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flptm-bcioV 1WII, biHliopH,* Tlwms wr no archbiHhopH at that 

mtoth<r**<iit. tHUfL I J 'Nnrrntivfof a Iliw- ] timo, but 1>r, Todd haw shown that the 
tli'iw in Hotitti Africa, by T, i'rinls with A j writoftuif both tlm IWB in whwh it- occur* 
itf tin* author,* ISM, !o, MHuMtrafiot)* | WWM Irkh, ami ud thi form im th awarost 
f flit* I'tltfrimV i*ro|tw, with a SMrh of ; translation of * ttrtt-rftwopj ilw vernacular 
tin* Author/ IHJMI III, *Th* Choir and ttm j word twrnl by tin? wliotiiwt on flu* * Hymn of 
OfHtory v orlVmmniid Prayer/ 1HU7. 17. *T!w ; Fitter,' ItHwal ftiwturigitt ^ttmumt lYwhop/ 
I*il#riwVif*ro#r*w*, wit tut Lit** tiffin* Author,* ami Si rfiMW*mIyto bin pi<rttomtl dLntmHwn, 
iHftH, 18, 'Ait AHftlvttml SltHrli of nit Hi*- and convey* no tdttit of jtiriHdirtion. (Vmd- 
1 %!*>/ I HHK H, *Th' hif**rrv HUtry f ! !iM*d one*/, lit bnt, hull travelled fthrojul, 
ihiN**wTi^tHmriit/ 1H4\ ;,?CK *l1illfirftiimy vkiittttf a rrmutry (mllwl * Lcwtha.* C'olgtm 



a 
Ufftry with IVopln+ry, itit Kifiltiittttifiit f atui flbr took this to mimn Italy, whilI)r, 



Thi P/*imof O'I)omvitn wttmiMwl it- to 



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HP* |**HUf thn Hiimtuary* but" In tlH oarlicwt Mimw* mitant Armorioa 
L WHIM/ 1*M' !*'>,* I IjriutM of l*ray^r ami (fttttMMit). Thin faut, and tho known con- 
l*rai', by ,1, dwd^r, *dVd by EiiMiiw It, 1 n*timt of thti Irmh church with that of 

I hill, wtikt* it probabb* that Arworica w it* 
ffiiwttiiff b**n, In km ubwmw lit 

'f i ' * i * * i 

on fb* i'Vitiii of 4 j 

t'ofitfo-r, by t, Ifjir^i'*, IUl M |H/t* Cluitf, Mil||, i, t , , * . 

' riPiriittfififf to htm wh*.h h only twtn 0tt 

" iT T 1 ft"* 

1 H'ymn/ a mirarlit wan wrought- to nwrt the 



r liitfUitii (A ft$H f 



Whim th*n>' wtw tltttr to 



t*i tJin tit^iitff**^ h**r* hwr Hon 

f * ^ H ^ K ^^ *l * * AtJt' e a *4st <en * a * ^ % n 

in frb * |$i*rt|i nf ftHti'/hn* and 4ifltf iiiifiifi j jrn|iit!i*u . ff Imittgfit j likttj wttii^nt in 

r of nimWIjri in a chariot cif two whttob.' 

<lti tb Itwt' omtaHinn of hi* wttbtf out on 



Im wklml to vMt Ilomi*, but 
r i*f Hi, flftniii jii, v, j in tttitrtlwr lift 

J ' f a * ^ 41 sft it'll 



Bfifi4 f in th i*4ff*i of Itnr 
i*H"**f, attfl wb* tin 
f w? w. ^williiifv MflniJ wiflt | rft* |ifi*il f lut^ofrllng to a l<#itn<l of 

in I lit' nf$ f fl* i tlwit*^ ifwt h might wi ton M 
t ttiiM fttitp flri^ifl Unit fic**ritiwglj f tmfow tw had 
lint r* ^f* s t*f- lit*p* lit** famciiH i4w lv*n nr twlvo mlhn from 



ilrIn*?lilititiKlft i Inviii In th* mwnty cif Willow. Hi* 

hwt * it 14p|lt firip^f' t" ifii* ,' l f wit I if mm wi fmrhapM not 
nif4 t *<fi,tJo (** ti^Iiiiiwfi* ; with lit ttv of tirt t for h* w 

twr 'h*** f^iitf'ii'i 1 * I *nttillf4! from hi* i darNtf CEiigti^ bft ( *{4iif urtkt/ Th*t word 

tlwxt* it*tiif iIiil' | riiiiir*t'i*ii wofkif lit gold, Mtlvnr, or otltut 
him to *gi'vw* fSw ; wn^fiii, ft jtiwilctir of thorns Iwills^ wwiwr^ and 
Ur tit r*{MH**|il digtijty tlnl. i ytiriwunt wtiHi mittiy ^tttlf*iik Tlt^oiily 
ii'rfiiifi^ i f ."?'>!.*! >1 i>'*l*r' f*Vbt li/witftt- ! Mft**i*tiiii*ii of iik aft wmaintMtf in tlim^oiskr 
iiiv in Jt r fi44M'c'h* u .' H* li^t ib' h|ii-*rf*pt , ofSt. l*'ilmrrff 1Vrwonlmt*ry Irtf*rmrugbt f 

rlntir, sit** ff it- iM'iMtt'tl "htr ti-ntftrr/rtt /ttert* \ Itt tl**l lilttWWItt flf ttlti ttoyal IrfA 

ill IWiilii* 

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i f Th iKnUtN* of lliIi<p 
iitidlbf* holy vtrgin Ht. "" 
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4 f rtlfll "rf f *tMi'!'U < l;?r*' l l "f*' |u ? ,,-'fj! !; ||tJcp)'? 1'i'M 

I'jim^i't ti*I *f^M-i!< Tl''' j ti4| if -*^i i , tl'*^F* ,<m4 I^'it 

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J*i *Tbn rowrri'tfrttionnl Hymn-book/ IK'U, i bishops/ Thorn wnrn no arehbiMhopn at. that 
mtotWf'dh, lri'W. 1 f. 'NaYrativi'of a Knwi- I timn, hut l)r, Todd ha nhown that the 
tlnnr*' in Smith Africa, hy T, l'rim*b, with a | writnrn of both thn livns in which it occur.fi 
**k**f(*h ofthfjinf hor/ |mjr>, I f>, * Illustrations | wnrn Imh, and usnd tho tnrm JIM UN* nnnnwt 
if iffi* Pilgrim*/* IVuirn"^, wish n Sknfnh of j translation of * to't/-pjwtif)J tho vernacular 
I hi* Author/ iKIfl, HI, *Thn Choir and HIM ; w<*nl nwl hy thn wholiaKt on thn * Hymn of 
Ortorynr Pwiwnand lVaynr/lH.'l7. 17, *Tbn i Mar**/ Ifspnal mnuninfr w *nniitinnt fiihliop/ 
l*iJtfriw*tfl*m*friw, \\itha Ufnofilin Author/ j am! it mlWnonly to his pnfwnal distinction, 
|H,*H, )H, * An AtiHlytiriti SKntt-h of all U*- ! and coavnyM no Idnn, of jnrtMdicfion, Cond- 
ligiiitw/ |^:H 1^ *ThM*itnniry HiMory of , land onns rit Iniwt, tmd t-ravnlhnl ahrond, 
tb'N*wT*MtjinM'it/l M J'", ifO, *Tl*llHrmoy ; vi^itiu^ a country r.nlliul 'l^iithn/ C'olgaw 
of ffii4*ry with Pro|iiirv, tin K\|Iiinttttoti of I nmioiJitw took ffiin to turnn Italy, while- l)r. 
ifi* AJHI'!\ !.-/ 1^1'*, lil, ' Th< I*ihi**'* of JHlommm Mti|i|KiKiul it to mmn Armoricti. 
Hnvi*! !j(!ii!iif*i h\ I, \Vnff 4tr<*viHwt by *),( ion* ! it.n|MH*Hrtlmttm munnwuM applied to both, 
il'r/ I'-.M, !*;!, 'Tbn PM*( of thi S;'liiHr>% ; but in it <nriii*nt wtiw* innitrit Annorica 
1, Wait */ l^'l, :**, *IhtiiiH of i*rnyir tid | 1 7*\ MM rut). Thw fn,r,t t and thn known ccwi- 
IVfti t n, In ,1, * *ouhr, ilif'd by Ku^titro H, | itnotion of thn Irth rburt*h with that of 
(tmdrr/ lK,'fi, Until, itiiiki* if prtihfibh* that. Annorini In ttn 



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. , 'Hili of J, ! ) ln " 1 , "Pl-ivi*ly itvi; iwiiy to tlm poor 

. l.v ^ H '*-.), Hit,, |s; ij rltf< M;iiJ * lH " ltmm4flmu 



kr I*."//. | -*,*! f, | <,<*, II, > KWit fi'ttvn)H, Aciwrdwtf to 

* * Hymn/ it- mir-nclo WIIH wrought to avnrt tha 

** * Whnn thnro wim dtitig'nr to 

tit f,h< * il***!i f |.*'uiii!f*r *nnd otlmr wnthori- ' propitious Ho brought ( flkn) rnhwnt in it 
ft^ vuf/i d""i'**nd*"l from Ciii'orb, kinjf of ' wiftnr of .wfttakin in it rhariot of two whnnK" 
ihn*n?l* hint froml'i/Hiii** Mor, i On thn In^t ominwn of hU nntfing 1 out on 
li'-'biodi tvbo wiivJ ftl'-o ftp* nn- ; bi?< tmvnl** hn wwhnd to VJH$(, Uouu\ but 

Jli-i ifi;|tnl iiisiit^ w'* iiom^mnd nd lt* in i j*rft<!, and whnn hn dirngttfdt'<l hnr wihn 
ilt'1-i iii*4t4 *f ,H ii 'Moliitiry iidornwl with ! ho jntyK iw'nordhtg to it, In^vwl of later 
itv^ry viftii*** ubodivHt ti ih '^mth of lit** tim**,^ tfiftt bo tm^lit ttomu to a Htiddnndnath; 
<*f* JiH \Mv, ;\$. flm lint** l$f%!;l i mid awordirijyfly, bnfom 1m Imd gonn morn 
*t r|'t^ntiin j l In *'f*n't Jwr*-* tfi* fiitiioti^ ! tlntit id*tvt*n or twt'lvo iniln?* from houtts ho 

by wolv<*at it plit^n tnmr Ihtn- 
Htfity of Wirkmw, IIw 

rr< I'litifflir" iiiid to ^ j fflr th> i^nd'^inMti- with bis 1<w of art, for lit* w d**wribi*<l an 

fnr tu<i" ft luti\' CndJHft frmfii ItiH *|ti,r*of iKngtw, hnr^nhinf ttrtirtf/ Thn word 
fir* ilji* ubid"t <*I* tboxi* ls?fff>if Mihif^ tlwnoirt n work*r in ^old wilvr or ot-hnr 

(ihnrttU *iHi II^F t rui^^ml diipiitv tliftf whriwMof which MO many ntillnsHt. Thotmly 

* i * k * * t "' * t*t* * 'it ' 

iiwtpiiti* 1 HI hitr^rdof jd ir4if winiit !' wttfif* Mpncintnn ot iuw Aft ronHHininjtf w tun <roj5W>r 
in^i in |t*''f ^iiitffli**''^* fl*< lifttf flu* njjNu'opiii of Ht* Mnbarrol 1 t^rtnon harry itH 
i*Ii$iir h* tils-' vir)nul ctoiir iwtMiw //- , now In thn mu^*nm of thn I toy A! Iri 

m ttl* lip'. 1 Ht***f'^ ill * bsipjtv Hticifi^rijloit titwl ' toMM^ of fliH i*ltiift*ti til fiildfifn^ n r A it 
'^l.ttiti ordf*f/ It i"i in i.itiu f huf i dtl^iift b**}Virn Al* HJiO| whnn It wiw wivi^nil by 
i4iiii||'ittirtiiiwn'*nif to bfifig* tftwn fttr.tn : lliimH, hi* iy* : * Thn botJiw of ^llwhop 

. |iifp*i$y ittiit thrt ^rl*irttif>il MIK*^ (Jwidtuwl ami (hi* holy virgin Ht-, llrig-id art* 

of ttifrr fittr-i* r*<m<ttH*ifi ww in ff*t a or* tlc ritfut aurt Wl of th dt*omNl altar 
t.st it* bi*hw iindf tlin ttfilnw of I lit* linitii ! f li>|nwitHi In mi witnit m2orm*ti with variotw 
i,tit*li ( Jtti'Ht ( wit** ittirftif l# w tiffin- ; c*m)xlti*htno!t*H of gold rtrid wlvt*r,wwl g*iiw 

, . . ,. ^ 'it , ^^* j^i^f* 



, nn in tbnOotml*it *-.u:i n u- , ar n, ' wiI pwiotw strmiw, withcruwiw of goitl 

' ' frw atoms' Thin hiw 



it'tiv, In t, li*' ' .-'. Uri >t-l by ! 

ffMfti wtiirli tlii^t^ fiti?f*f tw* fiilwtt, \ thiiutfht liitjifobftbl? f but it. dwriv^M po 
in t*rn*d MiKfitbUhiiu f flw* Irish : tiou ln>m tin* m^imulmi Authority of Urn 

1 J ' nil 



Conduitt 4 Condultt 




;ngua 

recorded thus: 'The death of Condlaod, a lair emphatically contradicts tho rumour that he 

pillar/ and the scholiast undorstandtt the name paid a portion of his salary to the, latter as a 

to mean ' JEdh. (or Hugh) tho friendly.' In compensation for waiving IHH claim, Con- 

the third and fourth lives in Colgun Ms name dui U'N fitness for tho oilieo wan shown l)y hm 

appears as Oonlianus, which is a latinised 'ObwiryationHonthePruBeutHtateofourdold 

form of Ooixdlaod. In these lives he is refer red and Silver Coins,' an essay commended- by 

to as 'the bishop and prophet of God.' Nothing Jo von H as^lummouw, sound, and masterly.' 

is recorded of any prophecies of his, and it It was written iti 1730, and first published 

seems highly probable that tho lattor term in 1 774 from a manuscript copy ibrmorlv in 

has reference rather to the expounding of the the poHHoasion of Swift;, Tho chief object** 

holy scriptures, in which sense it w used of tho memoir, drawn up at a time when "gold 

in the earliest) Irish glosses. It way mm- WHH falling in value and silver rising, were 

understood in later times, like many other to advocate the coinage of tho latter motal in 

terms, and hence tho many spurious prophe- preference to the former, and to recommend 

cies attributed to famous Irish saints, Cond- a reduction, in the weight; of the silver cur- 

laed's day is JJ May, rency . It. was also proponed to legalise tho ex- 




L 409; Tortd'a St. Patrick, pp, 11-26 ; /ixnmor'B of tho history of the currency, and much, caro 

KeltiHche fttudion, zwoitoa Hoffc; Annnln of tho " m oxperi mental OHHayiug. Swift had no doubt 

Itour MasterR, i. 171 ; Oal of (Kngun, p. Ixxxiii; j )r0 (surd a copy on account of liin interest in 

O'Curry'B Manuscript Mateiinls,i). 338.] T. 0. irmh currency maUors, then and long after- 

COISCBUITT, JOHN* (1088-17^7), mantop wardH a fortito source of anxiety t^o govorn- 

of the mint, of (Jranbury Park inllampHhire, mcmt. ArchbiHhop Boulter'B lettew make 

nephew by marriage of Sir Isaac Newton, in frequent mention of Oonduitb, especially of 

all probability the HOU of Loonard and Hamli his plan for rtmiedying the dearth of small 

Oonduitt, waH baptiKed at 8t, l^ul'w, ("Jo vent chaug-e in Ireland by a" copper coinage, Next 

Garden, 8 March 1088, He wan admitted to hiw labours as a financier and economist^ 

into WestminHter School in June 1701, and Oonduitt'w chief title to remembrance m his 

in June I70tf was elected to Trinity Collofro, contribution to tho biography of his illustrious 

Cambridge, After leaving the university he uncle. Shortly after Nbwton'w death Oon- 

travellccl for some time upon tho continent, duitt drewjip a_memorial ftkotch for the two 
In 
British, forces 




ing 

dragoons serving in that country. In March in Tumor's 'Collections for the History of 
1,715 ho was elected member for WhltchurcL the Town and Soke of Grantham ' ( I BOO) . Tho 
Hampshire, for which borough ho continued use made of it by Fontenelle wa$ by no means 
to sit until, in 178-4, he was returned for satisfactory to Conduitt. ' I fear,* says he, 
Southampton, On 20 Aug. 17 17 he was mar- 'ho had neither abilities nor inclination to 
ried to Mrs, Kutuorino Barton, Newton's do justice to that groat man, who has eclipsed 
niece, Tho circumstances of this lady's ae- the glory of their hero, Descartes/ lie ac- 
quaintance with Halifax belong more pro- cordingly resolved to write Newton's life 
perly to the biography of the latter [see MOT- himself and sent round a circular letter soli- 
TAOTE, CHARLES, EABL HALIFAX], They citing information, from which the above 
have been minutely investigated by Professor sentence is an extract. Eighteen months aftor- 
Be Morgan in a special monograph (Newton, wards, however, he only says in a letter that 
his Friend and M# Niece, IB8&). The marriage he has some thoughts of writing Newton's 
appears to have "been a very happy one, and biography, 'That he made the attempt/ 
Conduitt manifested an exemplary affection says Sir David Brcwster, 'appears from an 
and respect for his great relative, Upon New- indigested mass of manuscript which he has 
ton's death on 20 March 1727, Conduitt sue- left behind him, and which docs not lead us 
ceeded him as master of the mint, having to regret much that he abandoned his design. 
already, according to Hutton, relieved his The materials, however, which ho obtained 
uncle of the more onerous duties of the post from Mrs. Conduitt and froni the friends of 
for several years. It had nevertheless been Newton then alive are of great value,' They 



Condy 5 Coney 

are still in the possession of his descendants, St. Andrew's churchyard, By his marriage 

the family of the Earl of Portsmouth, and withAnnTrevanionPyll,whodiedonl8Feb. 
were used by Brewster for his biography, of 1866, aged 74, he was the father of NICHOLAS 

Newton. We have to thank Conduitt among MATTHEWS COFDT, who has often been con- 

other things for having preserved Newton's fused with him. He was born at Union 

famous comparison of himself to ' a boy play- Street, Plymouth, in 1818, and having been 

ing on the sea-shore and diverting myself in educated at Exeter was intended for the army 

now and then finding a smoother pebble or a or navy, but preferred becoming a professor 

prettier shell than ordinary, while the great of painting in his native town. He exhibited 

ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. ; three sea-pieces at the B,oyal Academy from 

Tumor's book also contains Conduitt's minute 1842 to 1845, which gave hopes of his becoming 

of a remarkable conversation with Newton a distinguished artist ; but he died suddenly 

on the exhaustion of the fuel of the sun, and and prematurely at the Grove, Plymouth, on 

its possible renovation by comets, which shows 20 May 1851, when aged only thirty-three. He 

the interest he himself took in such questions, married Flora Ross, third daughter of Major 

Conduitt died 23 May 1737, and was buried John Lockhart Gallie, of the 28th regiment, 
in Westminster Abbey on the right-hand 

* "i /* /H * T TLT , ~r~r* T t "i *i 



side of Sir Isaac Newton. His only child, a i^ , Tn ^' p,' P 

' raS 



daughter, married on 8 July 1740 iscout 

T-J- 1 1 -L J> Zl J^ L Tn 1 f 

JLymmgton, eldest son of the nrst Earl of 

Portsmouth, Their son succeeded as second CONEY, JOHN (1786-1833), draughts- 

Earl of Portsmouth. man an( j engraver, was born in Ratcliff High- 

[Bro-wstor's Life of Newton ; Chester's Regis- way, London, in 1786. He was apprenticed to 

tors of "Westminster Abbey ; Welch's Scholars of an architect, but never followed the profession. 

St. Peter's College, Westminster; G-ent. Mag. Among his early studies were pencil draw- 

vol. Tii. ; Turner's Hist, of Grantham ; Boulters ings ? t]ie interior of Westminster Abbey: 

Letters to Ministers of State ; Jevons s Investi- tliese he sold principally to dealers. In 1805 

cations m Currency and Finance ; De Morgan s he exllibited t t^Royal Academy a < Per- 

Newton, his Friend and his Niece.] R &. spective y[&w Q ^^ ^^ &nd re _ 

CONDY or CUNDY,NICHOLAS(1793?- sided at 39 Craven Street, Strand. Coney's 

1857), painter, is supposed to have been born first publication was a work entitled ' A 

at Torpoint, in the parish of Antony East, Series of Views representing the Exterior 

Cornwall, in 1793, but no entry of his bap- and Interior of Warwick Castle . . . with 

tism is to be found in the register kept at an accurate plan and brief account of that 

Antony Church. He was gazetted to the . . . example of British Architecture,' Lon- 

43rd regiment as an ensign on 9 May 1811, don, fol., 1815. The plates were drawn and 

and served in the Peninsula ; became lieu- etched by himself. He was next employed 

tenant on 24 Feb. 1818, and was thenceforth for fourteen years by Harding to draw and 

on half-pay during the remainder of his life, engrave a series of exterior and interior views 

Prom 1818 he devoted his attention to art, of the cathedrals and abbey churches of Eng- 

and became a professional painter at Ply- land, intended to illustrate the new edition 

mouth. He chiefly produced small water- of Sir William Dugdale's ' Monasticon,' edited 

colours on tinted paper, about eight inches by by Sir Henry Ellis, &c., 8 vols., London, fol., 

five inches, which he sold at prices ranging 1846. In 1829 he commenced the engravings 

from fifteen shillings to one guinea each, of the cathedrals, hotels de ville, town halls, 

Between 1830 and 1845 he exhibited at the &c., in France, Holland, Germany, and Italy, 

Koyal Academy two landscapes, at the with descriptions in four languages. These 

British Institution four, and at the Suffolk were published in an imperial folio, 32 plates, 

Street Gallery one. His best known painting London, 1832. The next important work, 

Is entitled ' the Old Hall at Cotehele on a also engraved and designed by himself, was 

Bent-day/ and is in the possession of the Earl ' The Beauties of Continental Architecture/ 

of Mount-Edgcumbe at Mount-Edgcumbe. 28 plates and 50 vignettes, fol., London, 1843. 

He brought out a work called < Cotehele, on Cockerell, the eminent architect [q. v.], em- 



the BanEs of the Tamar, the ancient seat of ployed Coney to engrave a large view of Rome, 

the Eight Hon. the Earl of Mount-Edg- and he also engraved some drawings of the 

cumbe, by N. Condy, with a descriptive ac- Law Courts, Westminster, for Sir John Soane. 

count written by the Kev. F. V. J. Arundell, Coney; died of an enlargement of the heart 

17 plates, London, published by the author, in Leicester Place, Camberwell, on 15 Aug. 

at 17 Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. 7 He 1833. 

-died at 10 Mount Pleasant Terrace, Plymouth, In addition to the above-mentioned works 

on 8 Jan. 1857, aged 64, and was buried in he was the author of ' English Ecclesiastical 



Congallus - 6 Congreve 




Edifices of the Olden Time/ 2 vols. large foL, tish Dalriada (G42-60Q), succeeded as king of 
London, 1842 (the plates in this boc" 
viously used inDugdale's ' Monasticon 
1 Original Drawings of London Ohu 
London, 8vo, 1820, There is in the depart- reigned till 060 (TiaiiERKAon), during' ]>art 
ment of prints and drawings in the British of the time in conjunction with another king,, 
Museum a fine set of Coney's etched and on- Donald, who is supposed to have belonged to 
graved works, besides several original draw- another race and not to have been descended 
ings. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from Aidan. Thin m a period of great dark- 
ten works between 1805 and 18^1 , news in the annalu of Dalriada, and M r. Sheuo's 
[Bedgrare's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng- explanation may be given as the best conjoo- 
lish School, 1878 ; manuscript notes in tho British * U F of tho cauw \ : ' Dun , n ff *& remainder of 
Museum.] L. F. " U K century we find no descendant of Aidan 
/H/Mir/N A T T TT T nrvw A T T f v\ recorded bwiring the title of king of ])al- 
CONGALLIJS I, OONALL, son of I)o- r j a( i a . m( \ ^ ; H ])ro bable from Adamnan's 
mangart, son of Fergus Mor Mac Earc, king r(miar ] {? that "from that clay, i.e. tho death of 
of the Scots of Dalriada (511-535 r>), accord- Dmwiia Brec, to thin they have boon trodden 
ing to the chronology of Father limes and down by stranger* " that the Britons now ex- 
Mr. Skene, was the third king ol this race crciH(J(1 a rulo ovor tllom ( 6W ^ C Scotland, 
who ruled m Argyll and tho Isles, but is ' L ^50). 

reckoned as the forty-fourth accord ing to thu ' mT^,.+ u /; ,.-,1 uw, Mrt n ? ivr 

/>,.,. i i J ^,i it i , lujuoruBOB. anu oKono. JKI. IYL. 

fictitious chronology oi the older historians, J 

Eordun, Boece, and Buchanan, who date tho CONGLET03ST, JjO'iU). [See PABNELL, 

origin of this kingdom from Fergus I, son of HUNKY BUOOKU, 1770--1842/" 

Perchand, in the fourth century B.C. CONGREVE, WILLIAM (1070-1729), 

[Robertson's Scotland under her Early Kings ; dramatist, was born at Bardsey, near Leeds, 

Skono's Celtic Scotland ; tables in Innos's Essay whore ho waw baptiBed on 'JO Fob, 1000-70. 

on Ancient Inhnbitauts of Scotland, vol. i] a f act first ascertained by Malono (7/j/5j of 

^ - Dry den, i. ^25). He was the son of "William 

002TOALLUS II, OONALL, son of Oongrovoj his mother's maiden name was 

Oongallus I, king of the Scots of Dalriada Browning, His grandfather, Richard OOE- 

(557-574), according to the chronology of grove, was a cavalier named for tho order of 

Innes and Skene, is redeemed from the oliscu- lille ftoyal Oak, whoso wife was Anne Fitz- 

rity of the early kings and brought within the Herbert. The family had been long settled at 

pale of history by the brief notice of Tigher- Stretton in Staffordshire. Congreve's father 

nach,the Irish annalist, who states tho year of was m officer, who soon after the son's birth 

his death, and adds that he gave the island of waB appointed to command the garrison at 

lona to Colutnkillo (St. Oolumba), Bede at- Youghal, where he also became agent for the 

tributes the grant to Brudo, the Jftctish king, estates of the Earl of Cork, and ultimately 

whom Oolumba visited and converted at his moved to Lismore. Congreve was educated 

fort on Loch Ness, but the discrepancy is iiv at Kilkenny school, where ho was a school- 

geniously, if not certainly, reconciled by tho &Uow of Swift, his senior by two years. He 

hypothesis of Dr. Beeves, that Oonall' gave was entered at Trinity College, Dublin, on 

and Brude confirmed the grant as a superior 6 April 1085, where, like Swift, he was a 

"I* 1 * ^J* * "^ W .^*m^.!! I *%,/? C^.J. /H JB ja^i^^-t A -ul P "1 O( * f*t "t 



king, or perhaps because lona lay on the P U P^ of St. George Ashe fo.v.] Swift, who 

confines of the Fiotish territory. On the tQ ^ ni8 B - A - on ^ l^b. 1086, resided at 

death of Oonall, Columba ordained Aidan, Dublin till the revolution. They wore there- 

the son of Gabran (the king who preceded ^ ore contemporaries at college, and formed an 

Oonall), as his successor, apparently in con- earning friendship. 

formity with the law of tanistry. In the Congreve, on leaving Dublin, entered the 
year of OonalTs death a battle, recorded by Middle Temple, but soon desortoci law for 
Tigkernaeh, had been fought at Delgin in literature. His first publication was a poor 
Kintyre, in which Duncan, son of Oonall, and novel called 'Incognita, or Love and Duty- 
many of the kin of Gabran were killed, pro- reconciled/ by OleophO, written <in tho idler 
bably by the Picts, who were endeavouring hours of a fortnight's time.' His first play, the 
to crush the rise of the Dalriad kingdom. t ^ Bachelor/ was brought out in January 

[Beer* ; Adamnan's Life of Columba; Koborfc- l^ 2 " 3 ' ^s written, as ho says in the dedi- 

soi and State.] k M. f il \ n ^ rl l, f N u f ^ TB P^ous y, m order 

J (reply to Collier) to ' amuse himself in a slow 

OONGALLIJS III, CON ALL CEAK- recovery from a fit of sickness/ Dryden pro- 

DONNA, son of Eocha Buidhe, king of Scot- nounced it to be the best first play he had 



h. ., ., "I 



Congreve 7 Congreve 

ever seen ; and the players, to whom lie had at of the World/, was produced, again at Lin- 
first read it so badly that they almost rej ected coin's Inn Fields, in 1700. Congreve declares 
it, soon changed their opinion. The manager in the dedication that he did not expect suc- 
granted him the l privilege of the house ' for cess, as he had not written to suit the pre- 
six months "before it was acted, a then un- vailing taste. The play was coolly received, 
precedented compliment. Its great success and it is said that Congreve told the audience 
prompted him to produce the ' Double Dealer,' to their faces that they need not take the 
first performed in November 1693. This met trouble to disapprove, as he meant to write 
with some opposition, and some ladies were no more. The play succeeded better after a 
scandalised. Queen Mary, however, came to time ; but Congreve abandoned his career, 
see it, and was afterwards present at a new In 1705 a new theatre was built for the same 
performance of the ' Old Bachelor,' when Con- company by Vanbrugh, and Congreve was for 
greve wrote a new prologue for the occasion, a time Vanbrugh's colleague in the manage- 
Dryden had generously welcomed Congreve, ment. He did nothing, however, beyond 
who helped him in the translation of Juve- writing ' a prologue or so, and one or two 
nal (1692), and to Congreve Dryden now ad- miserable bits of operas ' (LEIGH HUNT) (the 
dressed a famous epistle, in which he declares ' Judgment of Paris/ a masque, and ' Semele, 
Congreve to be the equal of Shakespeare, and an Opera/ neither performed), 
pathetically bequeaths his memory to the care From this time he lived at his ease. In 
of the l dear friend ' who is to succeed to his 1710 he published the first collected edition 
laurels, a bequest acknowledged by Congreve of his works, in three vols. octavo. A pro- 
in his preface to Dryden's plays (1718). Dry- raise of Tonson to pay him twenty guineas 
den also acknowledges (in 1697) Congreve's on publication is in the British Museum 
services in revising the translation of Virgil, (Addit. MS. 28275, f. 12). He was commis- 
in which he was also helped by Addison and sioner of wine licenses from December 1705 
Walsh. . till December 1714. At the last date he be- 
Betterton [q. v.] and other players revolted came secretary for Jamaica. According to 
from Drury Lane, and obtained permission to the ' General Dictionary/ Lord Halifax gave 
open a new theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields, him a 'place in the pipe-office/ a 'patent 
It was opened on 30 April 1695, the first per- place in the customs of 600Z. a year/ and the 
formanee being Congreve's ' Love for Love/ Jamaica secretaryship, worth 700/. a year. 
The brilliant success of this comedy was He is said to have been latterly in receipt of 
acknowledged by a share in the house, on con- 1,2002. a year. Swift, in his verses on ( Dr. 
dition of Congreve's promise to produce a Delany and Dr. Carteret/ says that 
new play every year On 12 July 1695 Con- on writi k 
greve was appointed by Charles. Montagu, And fe one * p office half ^^ 
afterwards earl ox Hahlax, ' commissioner lor 

licensing hackney coaches/ a small office, But Swift when writing satire did not stick 
which he held till 13 Oct. 1707. His 1 next pro- to prosaic accuracy. Congreve, at any rate, 
duction was the ' Mourning Bride/ acted at was universally nattered and admired. He 
Lincoln's Inn Fields, 'for thirteen days with- is always spoken of by contemporaries as a 
out interruption/ in 1697. The success saved leader of literature, and had the wisdom or 
the company, though the tragedy is generally the good feeling to keep on terms with rival 
regarded as an unlucky excursion into an un- authors. He never, it is said, hurt anybody's 
congenial field. Johnson always maintained feelings in conversation. Swift, while at 
that the description of a cathedral in this Sir TV. Temple's in 1693, addressed a remark- 
play (act ii. sc. 1) was superior to anything able poem to his more prosperous friend, and 
in Shakespeare (BosWELL, 16 Oct. 1769, and always speaks of him with special kindliness. 
Life of, Conffreve). In the same year Con- Many meetings are noticed in the ' Journal 
greve was attacked by Jeremy Collier [q. v.] to Stella/ It is odd that Congreve was 
in a ' View of the Immorality and Profane- almost solitary in disliking the ' Tale of a 
ness of the English Stage/ He replied in a Tub ' (JtooK BERKELEY, Literary Relics, 
pamphlet called ( Amendment of Mr. Collier's p. 340), Steele dedicated his miscellanies to 
False and Imperfect Citations ' (from his him, and when assailed by Tickell in 1722 
four plays). Although the critical 'prin- addressed his vindication (prefixed to the 
ciples laid down by Collier are not such as 'Drummer') to Congreve as the natural arbiter 
would be now admitted, he was generally in a point of literary honour. Pope paid him 
thought to have the best both of the argu- a higher compliment, by concluding the trans- 
ment and of the wit, Nor can it be doubted lation of the ' Iliad' with a dedication to him. 
that he was attacking a serious evil. Con- Pope was anxious to avoid committing him- 
greve felt the blow, His last play, the ' "Way self to either party, and Congreve's fame was 



Congreve 8 Congreve 



sufficient to make him a worthy represents- Bracogirclle, and an annuity of 201, to Anne 

tive of national literature. Swift (letter to Jellatt, besides a few small sums to his rela- 

Pope 10 Jan. 1721) repeats tho famous reply tions. Young says (SrwNwa, p. 876) that 

of Harley to Halifax when Congrevo was tho duchess showed him a diamond necklace 

afraid of being turned out by tho torios in which, she had bought for 7,000/. from Oon- 

1711 Breve's bequest, and remarks that it would 

^ Y , . , n rt TV- havo boon hotter if the money had been left 

Non obtusa acleo gcstanras poctora Poem, M r> r . 1 ^ IMr : r< n J 

Nee tarn aversus oquos Tyri& Sol j xmgit ab urhe. ^ ^UH. onu.u^uuu,. 

ritji, bam avoxauo 4 j ,j b Besides hiR plays, OongTOvo wrote minor 




_ ._ _3garded as a gentlomr . . - , ,,,,,., 

author, a sentiment which is susceptible of tor upon, humour in comedy, published mthe 

more than one explanation (Zettre* *ur ks workw of Dennis, to whom it was first ad- 

Anglais). Congreve wan a member of the dressed. H'o contributed to the 'Tatlor'tho 

_^,.^_ .. " _-. j "^ ^A.I_ _ t *^t j wy j \ ill ("^l 'V T . i . ...... ... ,J ...... ^ _ I I ., . u j-. T 1 1 I . j. . ^.. I . ., J I . 1 I .^ ., .. A , ,.._ ..... -u. / ..I. I . ^ 




Vanbrughwt , , 

real ^ood men ' of tho poetical members (ib. occura in No, 49, hy Slioc,le), Oongrevo has 

p. 46), Lady Mary W, Montagu addressed a "been oxctjllmilly criti^iHed by ITaxlIttjJ Lee- 




Mrs. Bracogirdle [(][. T.], who 
heroines, aiid spoke a prolog 
his plays, were ambiguous, 

rery intimate. lie became in later "years with tho ocjcamonaldoduclaon that tilm fltram 
the special favourite of the second J)ucliORS of \m perpetual rpifjnun bocomos tirosomo. 
of Marlboroug'h, and was constantly at her Hunt, a Hympat'hotie and acute critic, ad- 
house. Ho had, according 1 to Swift (to l?opo, mit. that Lainb'n FamouH clefmme of Coiigrove 
13 Feb. 1729), ' squandered away a very good against the charge of immorality IB more in- 
constitution in hin young(ir dayB.' In 1710, as genious than Hound, Tho oharac.tnra, inflte.ad 
we learn from the ' Journal to Stella/ be was of 1 KM tip mim croationH of faiusy, ar< only too 
nearly blind from cataract, and he muTorod faithful portraits oi'thomnn (arid women) of 
much from gout. Probably his bad health tho town in his day, 0<mgrovo'H dofootfl are 
helped to weaken his literary activity, Like to bo sought not BO much in the external 
Byron, ho seems to havo combined epicurean MomUhos poiatod out by Oollior m in, tlie 
tastes with the 'good old g-ontlemanly vico/ absonco of real rfi,nomc.nt of ftwlin. His 
avarice. An attack of gout m tho stomach was eharaetora, a Voltaire o))H(*r vo, talk 1 ilco men 
nearly iutal in the aummar of 1 7^6 (Arbuthnot of fanhion, whilo thtMr action a aro thoso of 
to Swift, 20 Sept. 1720), Ho had gone to drink knavea, LamV audacious praiso of him for 
the waters atBath in tho summer of 1728 with excluding any prottmsions to jyood ft^nlin^ in 
the Duchess of Marlborough and Gay. lie MB persons might; bt^ ac(|)t(id if it implied 
there received some internal injury from tho (aa lie xirg-es) a mere 'privation of moral 
upsetting of his carriage, and died, at his house, light/ But, although a ' ninths gush of moral 
in Surrey Street, Strand, on 19 Jan, 1728-9, feeling' would, a& Lamb nays, }M felt as a 
The body lay in state in the Jerusalem discord, a perpetual gush of cynical sontinxont 
Chamber and was buried with great pomp is Quite in harmony, Ills wit; is saturnine, 
in Westminster Abbey, A monument was ana a perpetual exposition of tho baser kind 
erected in the abbey by the Duchess of Marl- of what passes for worldly wisdom, Tho 
borough, with an inscription of her own writ- atmosphere of his plays is asphyxiating. 
ing, and a hideous cenotaph was erected at There is consequently 'an absence of real 
Stowe by Lord Oobhana, It was ftported gaiety from his acencss and of true charm m 
that the duchess afterwards had a figure of his characters, while the teasing intricacy of 
ivory or wax made in his likeness, which his plots makes it (as Hunt observes) impos- 
was placed at her table, addressed as if alive, sible to remember them even though jnat 
served with food, and treated for t an imagi- read and noted for the purpose. It is there- 
, nary sore on its leg.' The story, if it has any fore almost cruel to suggest a comparison bo- 
foundation, would imply partial insanity, tweon Congreve and Moli&ro, tho model of 
Congreve left 10,OQO/., the bulk of his fortune, the true comic spirit. The faults are suffi- 
to the duchess, a legacy of 200. to Mrs. cient to account for the neglect of Oongreve 



Congreve 9 Coningham 

"by modern readers in spite of the exalted tinent, and served at tlie battle of Leipzig- 

eulogiesnot too exalted for the purely lite- His rockets there did not do much actuai 

rary merits of his pointed and vigorous dia- damage to the enemy, "but their noise and 

loguebestowed upon him by the best judges bright glare had a great effect in frightening 

of his own time and by some over-generous the French and thro wing them into confusion , 

critics of the present day. and the czar of Russia showed his appreciation 

[Sam. Hayman's New Handbook for Youghal of ^ e ^If nt ? r bv m ^% Hm a lmi g llt of tlie 

(1858), pp. 53, 55; Giles Jacob's Poetical Re- . r ^r o bt. Anne. They had the same nega- 

gister (1719), pp. 41-8 (information acknow- ^T 6 eti 5 ct ln tne passage of the Bidassoa, 

lodged from Congrevo); Memoirs by Charles Wil- where, Napier remarks, they did little real 

.son (pseudonym for one of CmiTs scribblers), damage, but caused terror lay their novelty. 

1730 (a catchpenny book which includes the I n April 1814 he succeeded his father as 

early novel, the reply to Collier, and a few lot- second baronet, and also as comptroller of 

ters) ; Life in General Dictionary, vol. iv., with the Royal Laboratory and superintendent of 

information from Southerns ; Monck Berkeley's military machines, a post which he held until 

Literary Relics, 317-89 (letters to Joseph Koa- his death. He was a great personal favourite 

ley); WaltorMoyle's Works (1727), pp. 227, 231 ; with George IV, who on his accession to the 

Letters to Moyle ; Gibber a Ijves, iv. 83-98 s ; throne made him one of his equerries, and 

Cibberi B Apology (1740), pp. 161, 224, 236 262, also Md a hi h ition in ^^ ^ 

263; Davies's Dramatic Miscellanies, m. 330- pr _ rt f a ,?, " ' 

407 Johnsons Lives of the Poets; Genest's His- 7 



of the Stage, vol. ii. ; Leigh Hunt's Intro- f QOA ' TT i? V ^'*x L y m mm 

ion to Dramatic Works of Congrove, &c., and J; l Il i s 1 ? eat ^ at . J-Ouloufle on 16 May 

Maeaulay's Review, reprinted in his Essays. iy ;Tv -L i *} lowin ff 1S a list of Congreve's 

Leigh Hunt prints some original letters ; Notes Published works : 1. < A Concise Account of 

and Queries, 2nd ser. ix, 418, 3rd ser. v. 132, xi. the Origin and Progress of the Rocket System,' 

280.] L. S. 1807. 2. ' Description of the Hydro-pneu- 

matic Lock, invented by ColonerConereve,' 

CONGREVE, SIB WILLIAM (1772- 1814. 3. 'Of the Impracticability of the Ee- 
1828), the inventor of the Congreve rocket, sumption of Cash Payments/ 1819. 4 <Prin- 
was the eldest son of Sir "William Congreve, ciples on which it appears that a more Per- 
lieutenant-genoral, colonel commandant of feet System of Currency may be formed either 
the royal artillery, comptroller of the Royal in the Precious or Non-Precious Metals,' 
Laboratory at Woolwich,, and superintendent 1819. 5. <A Short Account of a Patent 
of military machines, who was created a lately taken out by Sir William, Congreve 
baronet on 7 Doc. 1812. "He was born on for a New Principle of Steam Engine, 7 1819. 
20 May 1772, and, after pawing through the 6. 'A Treatise on the General Principles, 
Royal Academy at Woolwich, entered the Powers, and Facility of Application of the 
royal artillery as a second lieutenant in 1791, Congreve Rocket System, as compared with 
He was at. once attached to the Royal Labo- Artillery/ 1827. 
ratory at Woolwich, of which 1m &tlior was [aent< M Jul 1828 D , m 
comptroller, and after many exponments the Eoyal Ai^ T , for the services of the rocket 
there he succeeded m minting the cele- company at Leipzig ; Congreve's pamphlets.] 
brated Congrovo rocket in 1808. The war H. M. S. 
office and board of ordnance, influenced doubt- 
less by his father's strong recommendations, COOTN"GHAM, JAMES (1670-1716), 
determined to make use of this invention presbyterian divine, was "born in 1670 in Eng- 
for military purposes, and highly applauded land and educated at Edinburgh, where he 
its inventor. The first trial of its efficacy graduated M.A. on 27 Feb. 1694 The same 
was made at sea, in Lord Oochrano's attempt year he became minister of the presbyterian 
to burn the French fleet in the Basque roads congregation at Penrith. Here he employed 
in 1809. Its success was not BO great as had himself in educating students for the minis- 
been expected, but its value was perceived, try, probably with the concurrence of the 
and the ingenious inventor was largely re- t provincial meeting 7 of Cumberland and 
compensed and allowed to raise and organise Westmoreland. In 1700 he was chosen as 
two rocket companies in connection with the colleague to John Chorlton [q . v.] at Cross 
corps of royal artillery. He was chosen a Street Chapel, Manchester. He shared with 
fellow of the Royal Society, and elected M.P. Chorlton the tutorial work of the Manchester 
for Gatton in 1812, and in the December of academy, and on Chorlton's death (1705) 
the same year his father was created a baro- carried it on for seven years without assis- 
net. In the following year he was ordered tance. His most distinguished pupils were 
with one of his rocket companies to the con- Samuel Bourn the younger [q. v.] and John 



Coningsburgh 10 Coningsby 

i 

Turner of Preston, famous for his warlike In 1477 he was promoted to the arch- 
exertions against the relbel army in 1715. bishopric of Armagh '(COTTON, Fasti JSccl. 
During the reign of Anne, Coningham was Ilibern, iii. 17, v. 196), and on 3 July in that 
several times prosecuted for keeping an aca- year he obtained the custodium oi' all the 
demy; and though a man who combined strict temporalities of the see then in the king's 
orthodoxy with a catholic spirit, he was not hands, On 1 Jan, 1477-8 he and Alvared Con- 
strong enough to cope with the divergences nesburgh, esquire of the body to Edward IV, 
of theological opinion in his flock. He left had a commission from the King to hoar and 
Manchester for London in 1712, being called determine all controversies, suits, and debates 
to succeed Richard Stretton, M.A. (d. 3 July depending between, any of the great men or 
1712, aged 80), at Haberdashers' Hall. His peers of Ireland (UYMEK, Fonlem, edit. 1711, 
health was broken, and he died on 1 Sept. xii. 44, 45, 58). But although the king had 
1716, leaving the remembrance of a graceful engaged to support him, and laid an in June- 
person and an amiable character, tion (2 May 1478) upon the lord deputy and 

Conlngham published three sermons, 1705, all his subjects not to admit any other person 
1714, and 1716, and wrote a preface to the to the see, yet the pope having been against 
second edition of Henry Pendlebury's *In- his promotion, and being desirous of displacing 1 
visible Realities,' originally published 1696, him, appointed Octavian do Palatio adminis- 
12mo. trator-goneral of the see, both in spirituals 

[Wright's Funeral Sermon, 1710; Toulmm's and temporals, on the pretence that the pay- 
Hist. View, 18H, p. 246 ; Galamy's Hist, Ace, ment of the fees for the papal bulls had been 
of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 31 sq. 257, neglected (WAtit'3, Buhops of Ireland, od. 
523; Cat. of Edinburgh Graduates (Bammtyne Harris, pp. 87,88). This not only gave Con- 
Club), 1858; Baker's Mom. of a Disn. Cliapol, ingsburgh much uneasiness, but kept lam so 
1884, pp. 19, 61, 140 ; Extracts from records of poor that in 1479 he was glad to resign after 
tho Presbyterian liand, per W. D. Jeremy.] \wfag covenanted with the administrator, 

A - ** who was his successor, for tho discharge of 

CONINGSBIJKGH, EDMUND, LL.D. all tho debts contracted at .Rome, and for an 
(jtf. 1479), archbishop of Armagh, in all pro- annual pension of fifty marks during his life, 
lability received his education at Cambridge, Of his subsequent career nothing is known, 
where he took the degrees of bachelor and (MASIJSBS, Corpus Christi College, ii. 27^ ; 
doctor of laws. He became rector of St. COLE, Athena Cantab. 0, p. 230). 
Leonard, Fostcsr Lane, London, 12 Jan. 1447- [Authorities cited above.] T C 

1448, vicar of South Weald, Essex, 13 Get, J 

1450, and rector of Cop-ford in the same CONINGSBY, SIR HARRY (/. 1604), 
county, 3 Nov. 1451 (NwcomiT, lleperto- translator, was BOH of Thomas Coningsby of 
riim, i. 394, ii, 192, 645). In 1455 and fre- North Minms, Hertfordshire. Thefamilywas 
quently afterwards he was employed in uni- descended from John, third yon of Sir ll'um- 
versity business at Cambridge. He was one of phray Coningsby, a judge under Henry VIII 
the syndics for building the philosophical and [see COSTING 8J3Y,&nt WILLTA M]. John Conings- 
law schools in 1457. It appears that he was by married Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress 
a proctor in the Bishop of Ely's court. If he of Henry Frowielc of North Mimrns. Sir 
were not originally a member of Benet (now Harry's grandfather was Sir Ralph, who was 
Corpus Christ!) College, he occupied chambers sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1500. I{JH lather, 
there as early as 1469, when he and Walter Thomas, born in 1591, was high sheriff of 
Buclr, M.A., had a joint commission from Hertfordshire in 1638 and in 1042; avowed 
Bishop Gray of Ely to visit, as that prelate's himself a supporter of Charles 1 ; wan arrosted 
proxies, the holy Bee and < limina apostolorum,' by the parliamentarians at St. Allans early in 
He became rector of St. James, Colchester, 1643, while endeavouring to execute a com- 
1 Jan. 1469-70 (NEWOGTTBT, ii. 109). On mission of array ; was imprisoned first in Lon- 
10 Aug. 1471 Edward IV addressed a letter don House, and afterwards in the Tower; 
of congratulation to Sixtus IV on his being was deprived of most of his property ; was 
elected pope, and sent his councillor, James released from the Tower after aovon years' 
Goldwell, bishop of Norwich, and Conings- suffering in 1650; translated into English 
burgh to Home, to beseech his holiness to Justus LipsiiiH's 'Discourse on Constancy/ 
grant them certain things concerning his of which nothing 1 Ii an survived ; and died on 
honour and dignity (Calendar of State Papers, 1 Oct. 1654, Harry, Thomas's only son, sold 
Venetian, i, 130). In 1472 Coningsburgh the North Minims estate to Sir Nicholas 
styles himself president, that is, represents Hide in 1058, retired with his mother to 
tive of the chancellor, of the university of Weild or Wold Hall, Shenley, Hertfordshire, 
Cambridge (Cole's MS& xii. 108). married Hester Cambell, and was knighted 




Coningsby n Coningsby 

i> ._ 

1 ~ """' 'J..-.-T-- i-j--..""iii-iii .....-!.-.. .... r ;^jnmim. -... ... _ i- ' ' ' ._ ...-- .--- _. i ii , _ __ . . i i 

at the ^Restoration. He devoted his leisure daughters, Katharine married Frankfenall- 

to the compilation of an essay on his father's man of Kinnersley Castle, Heref<SiSltt^ 

sad career, and to a free verso translation of Elizabeth married Sir Humphrey BaskerWte 

Boethi us's ' Consolation of Philosophy.' These of Erdesley Castle, Herefordshire, and Anne 

works were printed together, apparently for married Sir Richard Tracy of Hatfield, Hert- 

private distribution, in 1604. The British Mu- fordshire. 

seum copy, which formerly belonged to the Coningsby is the author of an interesting 

Bev. Thomas Oorser, contains a manuscript diary of the action of the English troops in 

letter a<l<lroHH<ul by Coningsby (30 March France in 1691. It proceeds day by day 

1065) to Sir Thomas Hide, the son of the through two periods, 13 Aug. to 6 Sept., and 

purchaser of North Minims, requesting Sir 3 Oct. to 24 Dec., when it abruptly termi- 

Thomas to l allow this little booko a little nates, The original manuscript is numbered 

roome' in tho house which was BO nearly as- 288 (If. 253-79) among the i Harleian MSS.' 

sociated with tho ' glorious and honest de- at the British Museum. It was first printed 

portment of my most clear father.' and carefully edited by Mr. J. G-. Nichols in 

r _. , ,, 4. AM 01 nu * ^ ie fi rst volume of the Camden Society's 

[Oorsov'w Collectanea, iv. 427-31; Chaimcy's 'Miscellanies' (1847^1 Internal evidence 

HertforclBhiro, 402-3; Cluttorbiinfc's Hertford- ^isceuatues (is*/ ). .internal evidence 

SSI i 444 ; Brit, Mu. Oat. ; Preface to Con- alo r ne ^ tlie clue * tL ? aut ^hip 

Pnninlifionl S L L jJ. &. Nicnolss Introduction to the OamaSoc. 

C,onB.>latwm.J b. ii. I* . ciuttorbuck's Hertfordshire, i. 



CONINGSBY, 8 IB THOMAS (d. 1625), 444 ; Duncumb'a Collections for Herefordshire, i. 
soldier, was ,son and heir of Huniphrey Con- 05; Price's Hist .Ace J of H^rd. 21 a - Pn*. 



DUAVa.1^1 , rx t*n IT/** *n.v* *%<**, >'* . ,,, ***!,< A. fcwir vv** -^ , _. . ., CN Til -T n< i r\ ^-r\ 

ingsby i., of Hampton Court/ Hereford- ?J ?** e * S 5 P J*P Sidney, pp. 69-/0; 

shire, by Anno, daughter of Sir Thomas John Dayies's Works, ed. Grosart] S. L. L. 
Ingbfiel'd, j iulg of tho common pleas. His CONITOSBY, THOMAS, EAEL (1656 ?- 

father wan p'nt.loman-tr(MiHurc,r to Quoon 1729), born about 1656, was great-grandson 

Elizabeth. OonintfHby vwil ed Italy with Sir of Sir Thomas Coningsby [q[. vj, and the son 

Philip yidnoy in 1573, and ho was intimate of Humphrey Coningsby, by Lettice, eldest 

with Sidnoy until Sir Philip'H death, although daughter of Sir Arthur Loftus of Rathfarn- 

their friomlKhip waw Hovorofy Htraiiied on thoir ham,lreland, Ferdinando Gorges, of Eye in 

Italian journey by an unfounded charge of Herefordshire, a merchant from Barbados, 

robbery brougllt by Sidney against Ooniogsby. contrived to possess himself of some of the 

ConingHby wont to Normandy in attendance Coningsby estates, and to marry his eldest 

on the Karl of EBHOX in 1 591 , and took part in daughter Barbara to Thomas Coningsby when 

the siego of Itouon, fighting against tho forces a lad. The marriage license was applied for to 

of the league. He acted an muster-master to the vicar-general of the Archbishop of Canter- 

theEngliHhd(l.aclnent f wa8infroquontintor- bury on 18 Feb. 1674-6, when Coningsby was 

course with I Icmri of Navarre Wore Itouon, described as aged about nineteen, and Barbara 

and was knighted by Jtox on 8 Oct. 1591 Gorges was stated to be about eighteen years 

(Earl. MH. ();*, art, Si). Coningsby was old (Marriage Licences, 1558-1690, HarLboc. 

M.P. for Hereford iti IfiM and 100,1, and xxiii,287). The misdeeds of Ferdinando, who 

sherilF of tins county in 1598, On J^ Nov, ia sometimes styled Captain Gorges, were pro- 

161 7 ho joined the council of Wales under tho d active of ruinous loss to his son-m-law, rpm 

presidency of WiUiiun,lord(3omptoii, Inl614 which he could never succeed in extracting 

7v i ! 111 _.... -j i '.. j,l.. .1 A.- Itiiwinnl'P' nrk-ninrvantr onfcxTAn HTVOn nflTllfl,- 



servants cauea * uomngHuy H uompany ox uia uui'uuguuj.AJou*wj.ow** *.*-.*** ~~; ~ 

Servitorfl,' and died on JK) May 1625. John Btituoncy which he ' represented continuously 

Davies of Hereford addrosBod a Bonnet to from that time to 1710, and Irom 17 15 until 

him. A portrait of him with lii favourite his elevation to the English peerage. Jlewas 

dog is at Oashiubury Ilouao, IIortfordBbire, au ardont supporter of the revolution ot iWb, 

in the posBtmaion of tho Karl of Eox. He and throughout his life resolutely resisted, 

marriod Philippa, wjcond daughtor of Sir sometimes with more > zeal .than discretio.n, 

William Mtwilliam, of MVlton, near Peter- the aims of the Jacobite faction. When Wil- 

borough, and Hit Philip Hidtno/s cousin, by Ham III crossed to Ireland, Coningsby was 

whom he had six om ami throe daugliters. with Mm, and when the kmg was wounded 

All Ms BOHH except one, FitahvUHani, died atthebattleoftheBoyne,hewasbyhismas- 

before him. Fitewilliam married Oicoly, ter's side. He was appointed joint receiver 

daughter of Henry, seventh lord Aborga- and paymaster : geaeral of the forces employed 

venay, and thoir sou, Humphrey, was father in the reduction of * 

of Thoxnas, oarl Coinngsby [qfv,] Of his 1692 he acted as the j 



unior 



Coningsby 12 Coningsby 

justices of Ireland, the treaty of Limerick, so barony in the English peerage was granted 

'it is said, having "been arranged through his to him on 18 June 1715, and he was raised 

skill. His political opponents accused him to the higher dignity of Earl Coningsby on 

of having used his position to gratify his 30 April 1719. In the later years of his life 

greed. The embezzlement of stores, the ap~ Ooningsby was involved in perpetual trouble, 

propriation of the estates of rebels, the sale He was a widower, without any male heir, 

of pardons, and dealings in illicit trade were and with innumerable lawsuits. For some 

among the offences imputed to him ; but such severe reflections on Lord Harcourt, the lord 

charges were of slight moment so long as the chancellor, in connection with these legal 

royal influence was at his back. Through worries, he was, as Swift notes in his diary, 

the king's favour he was created Baron Con- committed to the Tower on 27 Feb. 1720. 

ingsby of Clanbrassil in Ireland on 17 April After having been in ill-health lor some time, 

1692, sworn as privy councillor on 13 April he died at the family seat of Hampton, near 

_-..*,, -| t*i T t "i t 1* "IT * i ""I tl'.T' 1 t*tr\f\ ~9"\ 1 * /"* i 




Ireland. From 1695 to his death he held the divorced, he had four daughters and three 

honourable office of chief steward of the city sons, and his grandson by this marriage suc- 

of Hereford, an appointment winch involved ceoded to the Irish barony, but diecl without 

him in a duel with Lord Chandos, another issue on 18 Dec. 1720. His second wife, 

claimant of the post, t but no mischief was whom he married in April 1 698, was Lady 

done.' In April 1097 ho received a grant Frances Jones, daughter of Richard, earl of 

under the privy seal of several of the crown lianelagh, by whom ho had one son, Richard, 

manors in England, and in October 1698 he who died at Hampton on 2 April 1708 when 

was again created the vice-treasurer and two years old, choked by a cherrystone ; and 

paymaster of the forces in Ireland. During two daughters, Margaret and Frances. The 

Queen Anne's reign he acted consistently second countess was buried at Ilope-under- 

with the whigs, but his services received Dinmore on i#J Feb. 1714-15, aged 42; and 

slight acknowledgment even wlionhis friends Lord Cpningsby was buried in the same 

were in oflico. All that Godolplun did was church in 1729, under a handsome marble 

to write a civil letter or two complimenting monument, on which the child's death is do- 

Lord Coningsby on ' his judgment and expo- picted in striking realism. The grant of hirt 

rience ' in parliamentary affairs, and it was English peerage contained a remainder for 

not until October 1708 that Conmgsby was the eldest .daughter of his second marriage. 

sworn of Anne's privy council. He was one Her iostio male, John, the only child of this 

of the managers of Saehcvercll's trial, and, daughter, Margaret, countess of OoningBby, 

like most of the prominent whigs, ho lost his by her husband, Sir Michael Newton, died an 

seat in parliament through the tory reaction infant, the victim of an accidental fall, said 

which ensued. "With the accession of George I to have been caused through the fright of 

ho resumed his old position in public life, and its nurse at Booing an ape, a*nd on the mother's 

once more basked in court favour. Ho was death in, 1761 tho title became extinct. Tho 

included in the select committoo of twenty- younger daughter of Lord Ooningsby mar- 

one appointed to inquire into tho tiegotia- riod Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, tho well- 

tions for the treaty of Utrecht, and, accord- known satirical poet, and was buried in the 

in^ to Prior, was one of the three most in- chapel of St. Erasmus, "Westminste 

' 



er Abbey, 

quisitive members of that body. As a re- in December 1781. 

suit of their invest! gutiotis, the impeachment Coningsby's troubles in law arose from IUB 

ofBolingbroke was moved by Walpole, that purchase of the manors of Loominstor and 

of Harley by Gonmgsby a family feud had Harden. After elaborate investigations, ho 

lon| existed between the two Herefordshire convinced himself that tho lord's rights had 

families of Harley and Ooningsby and Or- in many instances been, trespassed upon by 

monde's by Stanhope. Two years later liar- the copyhold tenants. He caused ejectments 

ley was unanimously discharged, but this to be brought against many personw for being 

concord of opinion was only obtained by Oon- in possession of estates an freehold which he 

ingsby and some others withdrawing from claimed to be copyhold, and aw those claims 

the proceedings. For hia zeal in behalf of were resisted by the persons in possession, 

the Hanoverian succession he was well re- his last clays were embittered by constant 

warded. The lord-lieutenancy of Hereford- strife- His collect-ions concerning Harden 

shire was conferred on him in November were printed in 172&-7 in a bulky tome, 

1714, and in the following month he obtained without any title-page, and with pagination 

the same pre-eminency in Radnorshire. A of great irregularity, but were never pub- 



Coningsby 

lished. When his right to the Harden pro- 
perty was disputed, all the copies of this 
work but a few were destroyed, and these 
now fetch a high price in the book-market. 
Some proofs of his irritable disposition have 
been already mentioned. Through his sharp- 
ness of temper he was exposed to the caustic 
sallies of Atterbury in the House of Lords, 
and to the satires of Swift and Pope in their 
writings. His speech to the mayor and com- 
mon council of the city of Hereford in 1718 on 
their presumed attachment to the Pretender, 
a speech not infrequently mixed with oaths, 
is printed in Richard Johnson's ' Ancient 
Customs of Hereford 7 (1882), pp. 225-6. A 
portrait of Coningsby and his two daughters, 
Margaret and Frances, was painted by Knel- 
ler in 1722, and engraved by Yertue in 1723. 
The peer's coat-of-arms is on the left hand, 
and a roll of Magna Charta is in his hand. 
His two daughters are dressed in riding ha- 
bits, and with a greyhound and King Charles's 
spaniel. He was also painted by Kneller 
singly, and there is a whole-length of him in 
1709 in his robe as vice-treasurer of Ireland. 
Numerous letters and papers relating to him 
are preserved in public and private collec- 
tions, but especially among the manuscripts 
of Lord de Ros, his descendant (Hist. MSS. 
Comm. 4th Rep.)? an< i tne Marquis of Or- 
monde and the Rev. T.W.Webb of Hard- 
wick Vicarage, Herefordshire (ib. 7th Rep.) 
[Chester's Registers of Westminster Abbey, 
p. 433 ; Robinson's Mansions of Herefordshire, 
146-9; Townsend's Leominstor, 134-281; Lut- 
trell's Relation of State Affairs (1857), passim; 
Pope's Works (viii. od. 1872), p. 323; Private 
Corrosp. of Duchess of Marlborough, i. 166, 174, 
ii. 85, 87, 251, 389; Duncumb's Herefordshire, 
ii. 130-1 ; Swift's Works (1883), xvi. 282, 351, 
353 ; Burke's Extinct Baronage, iii. 203-5 ; Case 
of Earl ConingHby to Five Hundreds in Here- 
ford, passim ; Doyle's Official Baronage.] 

VV JL VJ/P 



CONINGSBY, SIR WILLIAM 011540 ?), 

judge, second son of SJLK HUMWIKEY Cosr- 
INGSBT (who figures as a pleader in the Year- 
books from 'J480, was appointed serjeant-at- 
law on 9 Sept. 1495, king's serjeant on 30 Oct. 
,1500, a puisne judge of the king's bench on 
21 May 1609, was knighted then or shortly 
afterwards, and was still living and on the 
bench in 1527), was born in London and edu- 
cated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, 
into which he was elected hi 1497 and of 
which he became a fellow, though he left the 
university without taking a degree, was Lent 
reader at the Inner Temple in 1519, treasurer 
of the same inn in 1525-0, reader again in 
1526, one of the commissioners appointed to 
hear causes In chancery in relief of Wolsey 



Conington 

in 1529, and one oi the governors of the 
Inner Temple in 1533-4, 1536-7, ^and 1538-9. 
In 1539-40 he was arraigned in the Star- 
chamber and sent to the Tower for advising 
Sir John Skelton to make a will upon a 
secret trust, in contravention of the Statute 
of Uses (27 Hen. VIII, c. 10). He was re- 
leased after ten days' confinement, but lost 
the offices of prothonotary of the king's bench 
and attorney of the duchy of Lancaster, 
which he then held. On 5 July of the same 
year he was appointed to a puisne judgeship 
in the king ? s bench, and was knighted ; but 
as his name is not included in the writ of 
summons to parliament in the next year, it 
would seem that he died or retired soon after 
his appointment. Coningsby was also re- 
corder of Lynn in Norfolk, in which county 
his seat, Eston Hall, near Wallington, was 
situate. His daughter Margaret married, first, 
Sir Robert Alyngton of Horseheath, Cam- 
bridgeshire, and secondly, Thomas Pledgeor 
of Bottisham in the same county. Coningsby 
is said to have been descended from Roger de 
Coningsby, lord of Coningsby in Lincolnshire 
in the reign of John. 

[Year-books, 19 Ed. IV, Hil. term, pi. 11, 
19 Hen. VIII, Trin. term, pi. 10; MS. Cole, 
xiii. 128 ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. ; Dugdale's 
Chron. Ser. pp. 75, 76, 85 ; Orig. pp. 163, 170, 172 ; 
Piddes's Wolsey, p. 532; Blomefield's Norfolk, 
vii. 413; Collect. Cant. p. 33 ; Hall's Chron. p. 
837; Rymor'sFcedera(lsted.),xiv.738; Cooper's 
Athense Cantab. ; Poss's Lives of the Judges.] 

J. M. K. 

CONINGTON, FRANCIS THIRKILL 
(1826-1863), chemist, was a younger brother 
of Professor John Conington [q. v.J He was 
educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
graduated B. A., taking a second class in clas- 
sics in 1850, was elected a fellow of his col- 
lege, and afterwards proceeded M.A._ For 
some time he was scientific examiner in the 
university. He devoted himself chiefly to 
chemistry, and his t Handbook of Chemical 
Analysis,' Lond. 1858, 8vo, based on Hemrieh 
Will's ' Anleitung zur chemischen Analyse/ 
has taken its place among the text-books on 
the subject. He died ab Boston, Lincoln- 
shire, on 20 Nov. 1863, aged 35. 

[Gent. Mag. ccxvi. 130 ; Cat. of Printed Books 
in Brit. Mus. ; Oxford Ten Year Book (1872), 
p. 478.] T. 0. 



CONINGTON, JOHN (1826-1869), clas- 
sical scholar, born 10 Aug. 1825, was the 
eldest son of the Rev. Richard Conington of 
Boston in Lincolnshire. In 1836 he was sent to 
the grammar school at Beverley, and two years 
afterwards to Rugby, where he was placed in 
the house of G. E, L. Cotton [q. v.], afterwards 



Conington 



Conington 



successively head-master of Marlborough Col- 
lege and bishop of Calcutta, On 30 June 
1843 Conington matriculated at University 
College, Oxford, but immediately afterwards 
obtained a demyship at Magdalen. He went 
into residence in October 1843, and in the 
Lent term, of the following year carried off 
the Hertford and Ireland university scholar- 
ships. Having but little prospect of a lay 
fellowship at Magdalen, and having deter- 
mined not to take holy orders, he returned 
in 1846 to University College, where he was 
elected to a scholarship. In December 1846 
he obtained a first class in the school of f lit- 
teree humaniores.' In 1847 he won the chan- 
cellor's prize for Latin verse, and in 1848 that 
for an English essay. In the same year he 
was elected to a fellowship at University, and 
obtained the chancellor's prize for a Latin 
essay in 1849. 

He was a layman, and to all appearance 
cut off from any hope of an academical career, 
He determined, therefore, to try his chances 
at the bar, and accordingly in 1849 applied 
for and obtained the Eldon law scholarship. 
As Eldon scholar he was required to keep his 
terms regularly at the Inns of Court, and do- 
vote himself bond fide to the study of law. 
Finding residence in London and the study 
of law insupportable, Conington resigned the 
Eldon after six months and returned to Ox- 
ford,. After more than three years of a some- 
what unsettled existence, he was, in 1 854, 
elected to fill the newly founded chair of the 
Latin language and literature. This profes- 
sorship he held until he died at his native 
town, Boston, after a few days' illness, on 
23 Oct. 1869. 

Some of Ooninglon's earliest and unpub- 
lished writings seam to show that he had 
the ordinary ambition of a clover English- 
man to make a figure in the world. Lite- 
rature was, no doubt, his real love, yot lie 
never ceased to keep his eye upon public 
affairs, and was even supposed to have all 
through Ms life a secret but forlorn hope of 
one day becoming a member of parliament, 
But the bias of his intellect was peculiar, and 
necessarily drove Mm away from public life 
to books. Ho combined with a fondness for 
books, and especially for poetry, an extraor- 
dinary verbal memory. Before ho was eight 
years old he repeated to his father a thousand 
lines of Virgil. At the age of thirteen, when 
at Beverley school, he wrote a poem on the 
Witch of Itlndor, and spent II, 15s. on a copy 
of Sotheby's ( Homer.' 

Before leaving Rugby in 1 843 (aged 1 8) 
Conington felt a strong inclination to go to 
Oxford. He was probably attracted by the 
prospect of an active and exciting intellec- 



tual life. It is curious that his judgment, 
which he did not follow, drew him' in the di- 
rection of Cambridge. Cambridge, he thought, 
insisted upon a valuable preparatory train- 
ing, whereas ' Oxford men, without any such 
preparation, which they affect to despise, pro- 
ceed to speculate on great moral questions 
before they have first practised themselves 
with lower and less dangerous studies. And 
this, I look upon it, is the cause of the theo- 
logical novelties at Oxford. 7 To Oxford, how- 
ever, he went, and read with the eminent 
scholar Linwood, who had the same passion 
for Greek plays as his pupil, and something 
of the same powers of memory. After his 
brilliant success in gaining the Hertford ancl 
the Ireland in one term Conington betook 
himself to the ordinary course of Oxford 
reading, the central point of which was the 
study of ancient hi story and philosophy. For 
history and metaphysics Conington had little 
taste ; for Aristotle and Plato he hardly cared 
at all. 

His interest in religious and moral ques- 
tions was much deeper, and for the discussion 
of these he then, as always, had a strong 
taste. He took an. active part in tho debates 
of the Union Society, of which lie wan se- 
cretary in 1845, president in 1840, and libra- 
rian, in 1847. These debates -wore at that 
time,, says Professor Smith, ' in groat favour, 
and it was quite the fashion to attend them. 
. . . Conington h'ad some personal dillicultios 
to contend against, among which his near 
sight, and an occasional hesitation, in speak- 
ing, were not the least, But, in spite of thorn, 
lie soon established for himself a good position 
with liia audience, and obtained an much con- 
trol over thorn as any of his contemporaries:. 
There wan sense and sound reasonrng oven in 
hifl most unprepared speeches, and he always, 
iii speaking "no IOHH than in writing had at 
his command^ a copious supply of policed 
language, Hw delivery was never free from 
embarrasBmmit ; but notwithstanding this 
there was something fine andelaHwieal in IUB 
way of Breaking,' That lie should have ton 
touched by the entlniHiafmi of tho Anglican 
movement, and with another entlnmiaHm 
Bometimos combined with it, that of political 
radicalism, during 1 those yearn w only natu- 
ral. Ho was indeed, for a few yearn lifter ho 
took his degree, connidered by tlie Oxford 
tory party as adangeroun innovator. Others 
saw a little further. ' Oonington/ Home one 
ia reported to have wiid, ' write about the 
working clawBOK ! They arc only a largo gene- 
ral nation from hin Heout.' 

In the rammer of 1847 IKS went to Drondon 
with Inn Jriondfl, Mr, Ooldwin Smith and 
Mr. Plulpot, and had an interview at Luipssig 



Conington 



Conington 



with Godfrey Hermann. He did not visit 
'Germany again/nor did his stay there produce 
any appreciable intellectual result. While in 
London (1849-1850) he contributed regularly 
to the ' Morning Chronicle/ in which he wrote 
the articles relating to university reform. He 
probably wrote on the same subject in other 
periodicals between 1850 and 1854, when the 
scheme of the Oxford University commission 
came into operation. Certainly he threw his 
whole force into the movement of reform. The 
opening of close fellowships, the restriction 
of the number of clerical fellowships, the 
foundation of new professorships, the aug- 
mentation of the number and value of scho- 
larships, the new power given to congrega- 
tion ; all these measures had his warm ap- 
proval. When, some years later, the liberals 
went on to move for the repeal of all religious 
tests, Conington was willing to relax the 
test, but only within the limits of received 
Christianity. This attitude caused some es- 
trangement between Conington and the libe- 
ral party in Oxford. Nothing, however, dis- 
couraged him from taking an active part, 
whenever an opportunity was open to him, 
in university business. 

The beginning of his career as a scholar 
was full of brilliant promise. Pie had alway s 
a special fondness for the Greek tragedians, 
and especially for yEschylus, whose plays he 
knew by heart. In his twenty-fourth year 
he edited the ' Agamemnon ' with a spirited 
verse translation and notes (1848). The 
notes, though slight, contained one brilliant 
emendation, \eovros Ivw for \fovra crlvw (v. 
696). Conington was m later years very 
severe upon this little book ; but it was for a 
long time, and very j ustly, popular with clever 
undergraduates. In his 'Epistola Critica,' 
addressed to Gaisford (1852), he proposed 
emendations in the fragments of ./Eschyliis, 
some of which have been accepted as certain 



by later editors. In a paper in the f Bhei- 
n'isches Museum' of 1861, subsequently ex- 
panded into an article for the ' Edinburgh 
Beview,' and now printed in both forms in 
his ' Miscellaneous Writings,' he exploded 
, the spurious second part of the * Fables of 
Babrius,' the manuscript of which had, in 
1857, been sold as genuine to the British 
Museum, and had imposed upon Sir George 
Lewis. 

In 1852 he began, in conjunction with Mr. 
Goldwin Smith, his edition of ' Virgil/ Mr. 
Goldwin Smith was soon, obliged, by the 
pressure of his occupations as secretary to 
the university commission, to give up the 
work. Conington was occupied npon it, 
with various interruptions, for the rest of 
Ms life. 



In 1857 he published an admirable edition 
of the : Choephoroe ' of JSsehylus. In this 
work a growing caution and distrust of con- 
jectural emendation may be observed. This 
habit of mind was strengthened as he worked 
upon f Virgil.' He formed the conviction that 
the text of Virgil was exceptionally well esta- 
blished by manuscript evidence, and, as a rule, 
regarded with something like horror any at- 
tempt to depart from the fourth-century 
copies. It is true that the manuscripts and 
ancient commentators on Virgil preserve so 
many variants that the chances of modern 
conjecture helping the text are very small. 
There is also much in Virgil's style which is 
peculiar to himself, and which suggests that, 
in the ruined state of Latin literature, we 
have lost the data for understanding him. 
But Conington was wrong if he supposed 
that the text of Virgil is certainly established. 
This it is not, and in all likelihood never will 
be, if it be the fact, as it probably is, that the 
numerous ancient manuscripts are derived 
from one copy, itself full of corrections, and 
in many places corrupted by glosses, as the 
text of a widely read poet was certain in the 
course of time to become. 

Conin^ton's general view of the study of 
ancient literature cannot be better expressed 
than in the language of his own inaugural 
lecture (Miscellaneous Writings, i. 220) : 
& The way to study Latin literature is to 
study the authors who gave it its characters ; 
the way to study those authors is to study 
them individually in their individual works, 
and to study each work, so far as may be, in 
its minutest details. . . . The peculiar train- 
ing which is sought from the study of lite- 
rature is only to be obtained, in anything 
like its true fulness, by attending, not mere.ly 
to each paragraph and each sentence, but to 
each word, not merely to the general force 
of an expression, but to the various consti- 



tuents which make up the effect produced 
by it on a thoroughly intelligent reader.' 

Width of knowledge, however, and large- 
ness of conception, as well as minuteness of 
observation, are essential to the making of a 
true student of ancient literature. Ooning- 
ton, without any useful result, chose to limit 
the range of his classical reading. For Cicero, 
Coesar,andLivyhe did not care much, nor had 
he any gretit sympathy even with Lucretius. 

The edition of ' Virgil,' as originally con- 
ceived and executed by him, was a charac- 
teristic monument both of his strength and 
his weakness. The essays introductory to 
the l Bucolics/ 6 Georgics/ and ' JEneid ' are 
careful and solid, if not exhaustive, pieces of 
literary criticism. They abound in delicate 
perceptions, and unquestionably opened up 



Conington 16 Conington 



new aspects of 
commentary w 
lysis, and solid 

V ' 

y V^jLXJi 1,/%/JL, CuJn V .LTJL IttiJlX A, \J * v** w ^K^ *iVj**. r^iA =* v**- 1 w * v^' v * m *** ^ w* *' v * * "*< " *> - * ^-M^r ^ m 1, r j,- ^ . r ,.,,.< i ,t m , , ^^ T i . ^ ^^, ( . ^ >,.* i ,/ ^ | L/AI I s w 

was contented with a side view of the ad- These translations were, an a rule, oxo- 

vances which were being made in Latin echo- cuted with #roat rapidity, (Jonington learnt. 

larship on the continent, and showed at the long' passag'es by heart, and often translated 

same time a curious indifference to points of thorn at odd moments, during 1 walks or in bed, 

history and antiquities. only transcribing 1 them when ready for prim 

Ti. ~-_ i- 1 . 1- - .... ~ * -1 i-1- - J. j-1- .. - ... .. 1 TT_ I....J1 j.._.l. . j, . _..",.. ..1 /* . *1'j *i i * , 

feeling 
this 

V \>f O XW^lf !"-* MM*B ^fV H,' . ' iwf .ft rw * -* -Vl/ -^ *f""lW *" J I , 1 f tafc (.,> W " *v * 1 KF ,_ - v - I I H MM HH'f'l*'! |> )T V |I *i , f"* 1 *,*!*' Ml * ' TF i*ll I|JI\*|,1 ( #| | / 1 / \ t 1 * (4|11\1 

Oxford took more interest in. reforms of or- tho creative touch is wanting' in bin work, 

ganisationthanin the advancement of know- Again, he wrote too quickly for perfection, 

ledge. Conington from circumstances and and was content to leave unexfwng'ed a good 

temperament was essentially one of thorn, deal of prosy and eominonplaco hnglinh. 
He was anxious always to address the gene- Of these versions, the ballad translation of 

ral public, and to interest it in what into- the '/Knoid/a very (jurHtumable thougli V(ry 

rested himself. But, making all those dedue- ehjvf^r four rf? forw, was by far (he most 

tions, there can bo no doubt that during tho popular. The ' Odes of I loraee ' won the ap- 

fifteou yeara of his professorship Coning'ton proval of Tuany men of taste an<l stdiohi.rship; 

based the study of Latin in Oxford on a new but probably the best , the most (inished, and 

foundation. Not only by his writ ton works, most poetical was tho hist, the * SutiroH ' and 

bub by the fiympathetie contact which ho 'Kpistlort* of Horace, Taken UM a whole, 

was careful to keep np with the most pro- there can bo no doubt that these* t.raiiHlatiotm 

mising undergraduates, he gave a powerful increaHed the public interest in Latin litem- 

stlmulus to the j)rogroH of learning and lite- turn, 

rary culture in England Tho translations formed tho imwt at.trac- 
Oonington had always had a f^rcat loyo for tlv(^ part of Inn profwNor'wl loctiu-oH ; but 
translation, believing strongly in HH oilicftcy they were far from being tho most valuable 
as a means of bringing out tluj moaning of the part of his instruction to (hose who winhed 
original. Jlaupt r<nnarlj(l that ' trariHlat.ion to learn, HIM most important courses wore 
was the death of understanding,' moaning upon Porsius, on Plautus, on Virgil, and on 
that it is very seldom that a modern word Latin prose and vorno. 1 1 is l PersiuH* WHH pub- 
is an exact oquivalent for a (Jrtuik or Latin lished after bin doatli by the (Clarendon PHWH 
one. But Conington had his own theory of (IHW), In tho learning attd analytic, power 
translation. Inaccurate ho could not be, oHi is amummtarioHUw students found torc*H 
but ho would add something in tho English of information and ample matter for t bought, 
which was not strictly in tho Latin, in order His led, tiros on Latin verse doMorve special 
to produce tho effect which ho thought the notice on account of Mm thomtiglmeHM of 
Latin suggested. Early in the years of bin their method, He alwayn be'a,n with an 
professoriate he had translated PorsiitH, for analysis of the piece of"Knglih w\i,, mm- 
the benefit of his class, into prose j and ho paring it sentence by Horttmico with arty imn- 
did tho samo with Virgil while loctiiring and sages of tho Latin dmmw which occurred 
commenting on that author, reading his to him an similar either m spirit or (xpr'H- 
rendormgbookby^book in the form of pub- ion, and laldug wpeeiai (saw* to point, out 
lie locturos. During tho last BIX years of anything modem or unchwtoal f imrl to ahow 
his life he devoted himself much more nori- the nearest approximation to it which wan 
ously to translation Uian ho hacl over done likely to have occurred to u Roman poet. Tin* 

DteinTVL ITl 1 W ift llfH rinlJIuIuwl ti -vfnvui/i ***<k4u.,. Mi^Mor.. J,.^. ..Y* ^ I, .. 1 I j I "j i i 



before. In 1803 he published a voiwi trans- 
lation of the 'Odes oi IJoraco,' and in 1 80(5 



in tho ballad metre of Hcott, 
In the samo year tho death of his friend Mr. 
Woraley, the author of tho admirable ' Odys- 
sey ' in Spenserian, measure, turned his atUm- 
tion to a new field Worsloy bad completed 
a version of tho first twelve boolia of tho 
' Iliad/ and Comnpton, with tlio full appro- 
val of his dying friend, undertook to finwh, 
the work, The completed ' Iliad ' was pub- 



romaindor of the hour ho took tip with road- 
ing 1 out amlcriliciHing a neleetlon of tho btwt 

piocoH sent in by tlicj jjupiln ; the whole con- 
clwtintf with, a dictation of hin own rondor- 
Tlie hint; part of tho led.ure, though 
r ^ p aw Hcrvicoabltj; but t-ht pnnHnineEtly 
oriffiual and Hu^ewtivo portion wrw the pro 
limtnarv analymn. To a Htudont frtwh iron 

i/* li / 1/ 1 1 1 4 * WKJ-* i . it .*.,,-. I * , ...1 . j.. A . . i . _ . . .j v i /* 



it WOH n new light to have Het before* 
him, by 0110 wluwo memory wa Htared with 
of the boat Latin and English 



Conington 17 Conn 

literature, and who touched all poetry with | of 1858 he said that he did not think f that 
an innate tact and sense of its meaning, a ! phenomenon ought to be encouraged/ This 
comparison in detail "between modern and characteristic trait drew from him a great 
ancient poetical feeling and modes of utter- deal of humour at his own expense. There 
ance. - w r as, indeed, a Mnd of sublime detachment 

The ' public lectures,' two of which are in the way in which, while his young friends 
exacted by statute annually from the Latin j would be earnestly expatiating on the beau- 
professor; were, in his hands, either literary ties of a country, Conington would tramp 

T i , i i T IT i 1 1 " t T/* 



essays on Latin authors, or prose transla- 
tions of Virgil. Most of them have long 
been before the world, either in his published 
editions of 'Virgil 'and ' Persius/ or in the col- 
lection of his ' Miscellaneous "Writings.' One 
of the best, perhaps, is the comparison of the 
style of Lucretius aiid Catullus with that of 
Virgil and Horace, 1867 (Miscellaneous Wri- 
tings, i. 256). 

After his appointment to the professorship 
he seldom left the field of Latin literature. 
His edition of the ' Choephoroe ' (1857) had 
no doubt, in great part, been written before 



vigorously along the high road, refusing to 
be allured by any blandishments to the right 
hand or the left. 

The real secret of his influence in Oxford 
lay in his unbounded powers of sympathy, his 
desire of making friends, and his smgleminded 
determination to be of use to all the students 
whom he had any reasonable hope of benefit- 
ing. All this won him many devoted friends 
and pupils, not a few of whom were without 
any special interest in his own pursuits, and 
perhaps disagreed with his opinions. But 
again, behind this there was a moral dignity 



1854 ; for the rest, all that need be men- and seriousness in him which was rooted in 

tioned here is the essay on Pope (Oxford a deeply religious nature. His speculative 

Essays, 1858), and some slighter papers in religious opinions were for the greater part 

the ' Contemporary Review 7 in 1868, re- of his life those of an evangelical Christian, 

printed in the first volume of the ' Miscel- Criticism of an illustrative or exegetical kind 

laneous Writings.' He had intended, after he was always ready to welcome, but he had 

finishing his' Virgil,' to write a 'History of the no sympathy with rationalism. He seems 

Latin Poetry of the Silver Age.' Two of his in 1854 to have gone through a mental and 

public lectures, one on Statins, the other on moral crisis, in which what before had been 

the tragedies of Seneca, may perhaps be re- an intellectual assent was transformed into 

garded as preliminary studies for this work, an absorbing practical conviction. The result 

He had also hopes of one day undertaking an of this was that Conington was not only what 

edition of Tacitus, on whose English trans- is commonly described as ( a good Christian 

lators he once gave an interesting public man/ but that he set himself to mould all 

lecture. details of conduct and observance according 

But all these plans were extinguished by to his belief. Thus his natural simplicity and 

his premature death, which robbed Oxford of warm affections were deepened into an in- 

a lofty character and an imposing personality, vincible goodness, which was, perhaps, of all 

For Conington was a man whose personality his characteristics, that which was the most 

impressed itself on those who knew him in superficially obvious to those with whom he 

a way which those who did not would find it came into contact. When he died, it was felt 

hard to realise. His flow of conversation, his that Oxford had lost a man unlike others, of 

most characteristic humour, enhanced by a remarkable powers, who set himself a noble 

slight hesitation in utterance, his transparent and disinterested work in life, and never 

sincerity and childlike simplicity, made him abandoned it. 

a delightful companion. One or two quaint [Memoir by Professor H. J. S. Smith, prefixed 

peculiarities heightened the general impres- to t ^ e Miscellaneous Writings of John Coning- 

sion. His numerous friends were classed ton; personal knowledge.] H. K. 

according to degrees of intimacy ; and to 

.each of those who had been promoted to the CONN" OT THE HUKDEED BATTLES (d. 
inner circle a certain day in the week was 157), king of Ireland, was son of King Fed- 
allotted for an afternoon walk. To miss limid,Reichtmar or the Lawgiver. There is a 
this engagement on short (still more with- strange story that ' on the night of his birth 
out any) notice was a high crime and mis- were discovered five principal roads leading- 
demeanor. The reading parties, on which, to Tara which were never observed till then/ 
during part of the long vacation, he used to The names of the roads are given, and most 
gather a few promising men, were great of them have been identified. The explana- 
events. Conington, who was very short- tion of Dr. O'Donovan is that these roads 
sighted, had hardly any appreciation of the were finished by the king on his json's birth- 
wonders or beauties of nature. Of the comet day. On the death of King Fedlimid he was- 

VOL. XII. 



Conn 18 Conn 



succeeded by Cathaeir Mor, a distant rela- 
tive. Conn, who seems to have held the 
command of the fianna, or military force, 
during his father's reign, continued to occupy 
the same position under Cathaeir, haying as 
second in command a brave warrior named 
Oumhal. This officer, having incurred the 
displeasure of Conn, fled to Scotland, whore 
he remained in exile for some years. After 
a brief reign of three years Cathaeir was 



by his appellation of Mogh N uadat) succeeded, 
the power of the Ebereans had so increased 
that he determined to assort his rig-lit to the 
sovereignty of Munster. Finding himself un- 
equal to the task without allies, ho applied 
to Daire Barrach, king of Loinwtor, his foster 
father, who supplied him with troops, upon 
which he attacked and defeated Aengus, one of 
his adversaries, at Ui Liathain (Oastlelyons, 
co. Cork). Aengus then sought the assist- 



killed in the battle of Magh Agha (near Tail- ance of Conn, who sent him five battalions 
tin, co.Meath) by Conn, who then succeeded I of chosen troops, with which ho renewed the 

,.%, p*\ r\. s"*\. rt * "l*i ill) * J*ljj1*lit^l 



to the throne, A..D, 123. One of his earliest 
acts was to bestow the kingdom of Leinster 



contest, but was again worsted at the battle 
of Ard-neimhcdh (the Groat Island, oo. Cork). 



on his tutor, Crimthann Culbuidhe, or ' of : Conn then ajpoars to havo ontorocl into direct 
the yellow hair,' a member of the race to ' conflict with Mogh N uadat, but after many 
which he belonged himself. Cumhal re- defeats was obliged to submit to a division 



turned from Scotland, and laid claim to the 
kingdom of Leinster, asserting that he had 
as much right to it as Crimthann. To vin- 
dicate his authority as sovereign Conn sum- 



of Ireland between himself and IUH adversary. 
The boundary line agreed on wan the Eiscir 
Hmda, a gravel riclgo running from Dublin 
to Olarin Bridge in the county of Qalway. 

rVW ,i* , "M , % , It j>H W" t 'HI * *^ 



moned to his aid Conall, king of Connaught, Thenceforth the north of Ireland wan known 
and Aedh Mac Morna, captain of the fianna as Loth Cuitm, ' Conn's hall',* and the south 
of Connaught. On the other hand, dumlial as Loth Mogha, ' Moth's half,' from which is 
formed an alliance with Mogh Neid, king- of said to have boon derived tho name of Mun- 
Munster, Mac Niadh, son of Lughaidh, his stor. The early and continuous two of these 
nephew, and Conaire II, both then princes names in Irish litoraturo attOHts tho historical 
and tanists of that province. The Munster reality of the event* The year after the par- 
chieftains, accompanied by Eogan Mor, son tition of tho kingdom war waw again renewed 
and heir of Mogh Neicl, having marched to between them, owing, according to tho 'An- 
Ms aid, Cumhal gave battle to Conn at nalwof Clonmacnois,' to the ambition of Mogh 
Cnucha (Castleknock, near Dublin), where Nuadat, who demanded a division of 'tho 
the Leinster men and their allies were do- customs of tho shipping of Dublin/ which 
feated by Conn, and Cumhal was killed ; ho Conn having refused, each Bide prepared for 
was father to the famous warrior Finn Mac battle ; but this story evidently belongs to a 
Cumhail (Finn Mac Coole). later ago. The war was carried on (luring 
The union of the Munster forces was only fourteen years, when it wan finally brought to 
temporary, and on their return after tho battle a close by tho battle of Magh Lena ( Moylena 
of Cnucha dissensions broke out among them, in tho parish of Kilbride, King's* County), in 
There were at the time three races in the which Mogh N uadat was killed. Uoliad'hudn 
province. The line descended, as supposed, married to a daughter oft/he king of Cantile, 
from Eber, son of Milodh or Milesius, and and on this occasion is mwl to have been as- 
represented by Mogh Neid, the ruling king ; mated by a body of Spanish troops led by the 
the race of 1th, who had settled in south king's son, who was also killed, lie, and Mogh 
Munster along with and under Ebor, and Nuadat were buried 'in two little hillocifl, 
who were represented by Mac Niadh, son of now to bo seen at the said plain, which, as 
Lughaidh ; and the Ultonian race descended some say, are the tombs of the said Owen 
from Ir, and represented by Conaire, son of and Fregus' (An. Clomnacnou}. 
Mogh Lamha, A colony of tho latter, who Conn now became once more kitig 1 of all 
were called Euronn or Ernaidlie, from an Ireland, and after a reign of thirty-five -years 
ancestor, Ailill Euronn, driven from Uladh was slain by TiobraideTiroacli, king of Uladlt, 
by the Clanna Kudhraidhe, according 1 to the at Tuath Amrois, near Tara, A.I), 157, an he 
Saltair of Cashel, settled in middle Munster was preparing to celebrate the/few or festival 
in the time of Duach Dalta Deaghaidh, about of Tara. lie was buried at Brugh na Boinno, 
the end of the second century B.C. These the cemetery of the pagan kings of Ireland, 
Ernaidhe, forming an alliance with the race and hie monument, a stone cairn, is men- 
oflth/in course of time drove the old Eberean tioned among the tombs enumerated in the 
tribes back to the western coasts and islands ' Dinnsenohus.' 

of Munster. This compact was broken up An ancient treatise attributed to him, and 

by Dergthine, grandfather of Mogh Neid, quoted so early aa in the ' Tripartite Life of 

' and when his son Eogan Mor (better known St. Patrick,' is in existence, entitled ' Bail6 



Conn 



huinn-Ched-Chathaigh/ ' The Ecstasy (or 
Prophecy) of Conn of the Hundred Battles/ 
and another entitled l Bail an Scail/ or ' The 
'Champion's Ecstasy/ said to have been de- 
livered to him ; but the ascription of these 
compositions to his age only proves his cele- 
brity at the period in which they were writ- 
ten. He was termed ' Cead Cathach/ gene- 
xally translated i of the hundred battles/ 
because, according to the ' Annals of Clon- 
macnois/ he fought exactly that number, 
but cathach is an adjective which Colgan 
elsewhere translates pr&liator. The true 
meaning, therefore, is e the hundred battler/ 
or fighter of hundreds of battles ; and this is 
borne out by a poem quoted by Keating, in 
which 260 battles are attributed to him. 

The dates followed for the accession and 
death of Conn are those of the 'Pour Masters.' 
According to Dr. O'Donovan the ' Annals ' 
are much antedated at. this period, but the 
authorities vary so much that it seems hope- 
less to arrive at an exact chronology of events, 
which, nevertheless, as there is reason to be- 
lieve, belong to the domain of history in their 
general outline. 

[Koating's Hist, of Ireland, Beign of Conn 
Cead Cathach ; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 
123 ; Petrie's Round Towers, p. 102 ; the Battle 
of Magh Lena, Dublin, 1855 (Celtic Society) ; 
O'Curry's MS. Materials, p. 385.] T. 0.' 

CONN-NA-MBOCHT (d. 1059), < Conn 
of the Paupers/ was head of the Culdees and 
bishop of Clonmacnois. The term Culdee 
Is the English form of the vernacular C$U 
de, ' companion of God/ which, though not a 
translation,was suggested by theLatin ' servus 
Dei/ as applied in a technical sense to a monk. 
One of the earliest instances of the use of the 
term C6le de is in the ' Life of St. Findan/ 
compiled shortly after A.D. 800. The latest 
mention of the term is in the t Annals of 
the Four Masters ' at A.D. 1595. During this 
period of nearly eight hundred years it was 
used with a large variety of application. If 
we may credit certain Irish records, it is found 
at the close of the eighth century in a defi- 
nite sense and in local connection with a re- 
ligious class or institution. St. Maelruain 
of Tamlacht (now Tallaght, near Dublin) (d, 
792), abbot and bishop, gathered round him 
a fraternity, for whom he composed a religious 
rule, called the Rule of the Culdees, the 
term being employed in the sense of ' ascetics ' 
or * clergy of stricter observance/ They ap- 
pear also to have had the care of the sick, as 
may be gathered from the vision of St. Mo- 
ling of Ferns (d. 697). In that legend, when 
Satan, assuming the form of an angel of light, 
appears to the saint and assures him he is 



Conn 

Christ, St. Moling refuses to believe it, for 
1 when Christ came to converse with the Cul- 
dees it was not in royal apparel he appeared, 
but in the forms of the unhappy, viz. the 
sick and the lepers/ They had also the con- 
duct of divine service, and in later times the 
charge of the fabric of the church. On the 
rise of the great monastic orders the term 
Culdee came to mean an old-fashioned Scotic 
monk living under a less strictly defined 
discipline. 

It had not yet lost its original meaning at 
the time when Conn-na-mbocht was proud 
of the name of Conn of the Paupers. The 
origin of this title is thus given in the t An- 
nals of the Four Masters : ' ' He was the 
first who invited a party of the poor of Clon- 
macnois at Iseal Chiarain and presented them 
with twenty cows of his own/ In other 
words he endowed the institution at Iseal 
Chiarain in the only way possible in that 
age, that is by stocking the land with cattle 
and making them over to it. The land so 
termed, e the low ground of St. Ciaran/ as 
the meaning is, had been under tillage in the 
founder's time when the excellence of the 
crops is referred to. It afterwards became 
the name of the hospital established there 
under the auspices of Conn, the first instance 
of such a foundation, and endowment in Ire- 
land for the maintenance and care of the 
poor, and perhaps also of the sick and lepers. 
There was a church attached to the hospital, 
in which it may be presumed the Culdees 
ministered to those under their charge. The 
moral effect of this charitable act seemed so 
great in that age that a poet quoted by the 
' Four Masters ' says : ' Conn ! Head of 
dignity, it will not be easy to plunder thy 
church/ In 1072, however, the 'Annals' 
record that ' a forcible refection was taken 
by Murchadh, son of Conchobar Maeleach- 
lainn, king of Meath, at Iseal Chiarain, and 
from the Culdees, so that the superintendent 
of the poor was killed there, for which Magh 
Nura was given to the poor/ At that period 
a refection or entertainment of the king and 
his followers corresponded to the rent pay- 
able in later times. Looking at it in this view 
it is possible that there may have been a ques- 
tion of title here, as we find that in 1089, 
seventeen years after, Cormac, son of Conn- 
na-mbocht, purchased Iseal Chiarain for ever 
from the king of Meath, that is the succes- 
sor of the king who had plundered it. 

The descendants of Conn considered his title 
so honourable that it became a family desig- 
nation, and they were known as the Meic- 
Conn-na-mbocht. He himself was descended 
from a long line of ancestors, all of whom 
held some pmce at Clonmacnois, from Torbach, 

C 2 



Conn 20 Conn 

an abbot; of Armagh, who died in 812, and ! accompanied him when heaven I. as nuncio 

who was the son of Gorman, an abbot of, to Franco (DBMhsTrju, IliM, JtwL^dvnti* 

Louth, 

niacnois 

was AnmcJiar 

monastery. C 

Maelfinnen, whose aonCormac became abbot; ! other benefices,' He also became * neirretary 

Maelchiarain, who was abbot; Oormac, who , to the, congregation of rites, and domestic 

was reversionary abbot; (Jeiloclmir, whoso | prolate to tho popo' (GoitnoN, iv. 5J*7). In 




son Maolmuire was the writer of tlit) well- 
known manuficri])t Leliar na h-Uidhro ; and 
lastly Gillacrist, who di(jd in 1 OS5. Thoy were 
a family of eminent piety and practical bene- 
volence, and continued to take a warm intoreMt 
in the hospital Maelchiarain, who wan abbot 
at the time of the outrage on the Culdten, 
was alyo guardian of the hospital, and the 
Culdeeft are called in the ' Annftln of Olon- 
macnois' 'the family of MaelcAiiarain,' and 
it was Cormac, another son of Conn, who, 



tho (Uidication of his life of Mary Stuart, pub- 
liHlied in HW-l, tluj h^.ters Rl*. appt^ar after 
bin name, and it may tluirefore be taken for 
granted that he had become a Dominican 
friar before that- date, 

(Jonti'M historical importunee arineH from 
bin miHHion to (England to (ill tlni- place of 
papal agent at the court of Henrietta Maria, 
which waH vaented by 'Panssani'H rtil.urn to 
Italy. Panssani had l>e.en engaged in a vain 



attempt to <m<',ourntfo thoHo KtgliHhmti who 



as we have soon, parchanod tluj i'oo of Tutjal wiwliod to ofloivl, a union IjoUviumtho church 

Ohiarain. From tho inwtaiKios of Maul- of lOtitfland and that, of Homo, with tho ob 

chiarain and Oonn liimHtdf, whom O'Curry joct of obtaining l.h(M'.omplc.t,o Hubminmon of 

strangely terras 'a lay reli^ioiiH,' an wtill an tlw forrnor to Mui latter, ('onn, who landed 

thosoof'SS. MaolruamanclMolitig-, who wore at Hyo on 17-^TJuly 10IMI, WHH content to 

bishops and abbots, there does not noem any win ovonwlividual('.onvoriH,and to make UHO 

foundation for that writor'n assertion that tho of the favour in which lie Htoo<l at court t o- 

H were a lay order. ameliorate the lot of the Kng'lifth Itoman 

The fame of this foundation enhanced the oatholicH. I!n both t-lume ainm \w Hucccoded 



celebrity of OlonmacnoiB, Tidingn of it btiyond <x])ectation. HeHt.imulu|)tl)L<MiiU'(m, 
reached even to Scotland, aw wo are informed who had before boon Hlugtfiwh in tho mattier^. 




chiarain, was also ' the g-lory and veneration Hpicuous additionH to th(i roll of couvertn. 

of Clonmacnois in his time/ In Oetobtw IGiJT th(^ convt^nion of Lady 

[Tho Annals of tho "Four Masters, A,D. 1031, ^ ttW l K)rt brcm f l 1 lt ' ^f* to a e.rink Tho 

1059, 1079; Bishop Reeves on the OuMooH in *K ^iw ur^odby Laud tocmiomj tho lawn, 

the Transactions of tho Eoyal Iriflh Academy, ]> ' lt ' ' ll ? ( l llt ! t 1 ' i co l ltl t to J ! ( \ r T >fk } W }' (m }> 

vol. xxir,; O'Curry's MS. Materials, p, 184; plwadod agawmt Laud, und mihootid, though 

Martyrology of Donegal, p. 241 ; Ohronicon tt proclamation WEB "mHiuul t-o nsHtrain eon- 

Scotorum, Bolls od., p. 209.] T, 0. vorwion, itn Uirmw were HO mild that tliy did 

not provoke any further objection from the 

CONN(OON'-fflTIS), GEORGE ^.1640), q.uoen horseli 1 . 'Ocmn, no doubt, owod the 
was brought up as a catholic by his fatber, BUCCOHH of bin intervention in part to Inn 
Patrick Conn of Auchry, near Turriff. His poraonal influence with the king, Agreo- 
mother was Isabella Ghy n of EsBolmont. He able and well informed, with charming man- 
was sent when very young to be educated tiera and diplomatic ftkill, Charles found in 
at Douay, from which he passed in. succession him a companion aueh an he dearly loved- 
to the Scots College at l^aris and at Borne, A hearty aisliko of puritanism wan corn- 
He completed his education at the university mon to both. Oonnremaituid in England till 
of Bologna, where he attracted the notice of the summer of 16*39, the latter in which he 
the Duke of Mirandola, who made him tutor announces that he bad introduced bin HUC- 
to his son. In order to devote himself to an cesflor, Kosflotti, and had received tho pass- 
ecclesiastical life he went to Bom in the ports which would enable him to leave the- 
summer of 1623, where he was admitted into country, being dated 30 Aug.~9 Sept. in that 
the household of Cardinal Montalto, who be- year, 

queathed him a handsome legacy at his death Conn had long been in. weak health, and 

six months afterwards. Conn transferred Ms death took place at Rome, according to 

his services as secretary to Cardinal Barbe- the monument erected to his memory in the 

rini, the nephew of Pope Urban VIII, and church of St. Lawrence in Damaso by 



Connell 21 Connor 



patron Cardinal Barberini, on 10 Jan. 1640 CORNELL AN, OWEN (1800-1869), 

N. S. (ib. p. 537). Irish scholar, a native of co. Sligo and son of 

[In addition to the works quoted above, refer- % fa er wh cl ^ med de f f ent &^ ^ 

*nce may be made for full information on Conn's Bunnyconnellan in Mayo and through 

proceedings in England to his own despatches. J 1 "* 1 irom Laoghaire MaciN eiU ? king ol Ire- 

Most of them are to be found in the transcripts JP d > ' was born - ln 180 - H studied Irish 

in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 15389-92. literature, and obtained employment as a 

Transcripts of others are in the Public Eecord scribe in the Royal Irish Academy, where 

Office. Dempster states that while he was still he worked for more than twenty years, and 

at Bologna, that is to say before 1623, he planned copied a great part of the large collections of 

(' estmeditatus') a work called InstitutioPrincipis Irish writings known as the Books of Lecan 

and also an attack on the enemies of the Scots and of Ballymote. After George IVs visit 

under the name of Prsemetiae. Of the former no to Ireland he was appointed Irish historio- 

copy exists in the British Museum Library or the grapher to the king, a post which he also held 

Bodleian, and it is not mentioned by Brunet. Pos- throughout the reign of William IV. Shortly 

sibly therefore it was never published or even after the establishment of queen's colleges 

Completed The latter -work was published ^ at Connellan was made professor of Irish at Cork, 

jDOlognam 1621 under the title of Prsemetise sive rt T , -i-i ,, ,,-u +MI i j nn4 .i, -u* i 4.^1* 

.Calumni^Hirlandorumindi C at8e,etEpos;Deipara a ? d ^l^t ^^ 1 ^ dea ^ T^ ** 

Virgo Bononiensis ad Xenodochium vitse. Conn's place in Dublin in 1869 He published in 1830 

next work was Vita Marise Stuart*, published Grammatical Interlineary Version of the 

at Eome in 1 624, another edition being published ^ospel ot bt. J onn, Grammatical Praxis on 

in the same year at Wiirzburg ; followed by De the Gospel of St. Matthew/ ' Dissertation 

duplici Statu Beligkmis apud Scotos libri duo, on Irish Grammar,' 1834, and compiled the 

also published at Rome in 1628. Assertionum * Annals of Dublin 'in Pettigre wand niton's 

Catholicarum libri tres, published at Eome in i Directory ' for 1835. In 1844 he published 

1629, is in the Bodleian but not in the British a * Practical Grammar of the Irish Language.' 

Museum Library.] S. R. GK He admired Sir William Betham, whose 

' Etruria Celtica' had, he thought, proved the 

CONNELL, SIB JOHN (1765 P-1831), identity of the frish and Etruscan languages; 

lawyer, son of Arthur Connell, merchant in but the grammar is nevertheless of value as 

Glasgow, and lord provost of that city, was preserving the idiom and pronunciation of 

educated at the university there, and ad- Irish in the north of Connaught. In 1846 he 

mitted a member of the Faculty of Advo- published, in a large quarto volume, 'The An- 

'Cates in 1788. He married a daughter of Sir nals of Ireland, translated from the Original 

Islay Campbell of Succoth, bart., lord presi- Irish of the Four Masters.' This creditable 

dent of the court of session. In 1795 he was work was superseded by the publication of 

Appointed sheriff depute of Renfrewshire, and the full Irish text of the ' Annals,' with a 

in 1805-6 he was chosen procurator, or law translation by O'Donovan. In 1860 Connel- 

adviser, for the church of Scotland, and en- lan's most important work appeared a text 

joyed an extensive practice in church causes, with translations and notes of the interesting 

In 1816 he was appointed judge of the court 'Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe/ an ancient 

of admiralty, and held this office till 1830, tale, which relates how the ' Tain Bo Cuailgne/ 

when that court was abolished. In 1822 he the most famous story of the Irish bards, was 

received the honour of knighthood on occa- recovered in the time of St. Ciaran. 

sion of the visit of George IV to Edin- [Works; information from Connellan Gre- 

burgh. He died suddenly in April 1831 at saidhe Piobaire, his relative.] N. M. 

*Garscube. the seat of his brother-in-law, Sir ^,^-KT- T -nT T * TVT mrr A T^T\-OTTC< /- j 

03S T ^ ( 



Archibald Campbell. He was the author of _ ,\ f r ? 

two books: 1. 'A Treatise on the Law of Irish scholar published an Insh-English die- 

Scotland respecting Tithes and the Stipends tionary(1814) Irish grammars (1824-^) and 

of the Parochial Clergy,' 3 vols, 1815, of translations of parts of the Bible. He died 

which a second edition in two vols. appeared at Sll S> 25 J^J 1854. 
in 1830. 2. < A Treatise on the Law of Scot- [Cooper's Biog. Diet.] 
land respecting the erection, union, and dis- COKNTOB, or O'CONNOR, BERNARD, 

junction of parishes, the manors and glebes J^D. (1666 P-1698), physician and historian, 

of the parochial clergy, and the patronage descended from an ancient Irish family, was 

of churches/ 1818. To this a supplement ^ om ~ m the county of Kerry about 1666. 

was added in 1823. Being brought up as a catholic he was unable 

[Kay's Edinburgh Portraits, vol. ii. ; MS. to receive a university education in Ms native 

Minutes of the Faculty of Advocates ; private in- country, but he was thoroughly instructed 

formation.] W. GK B. by private tutors. With the intention ot 



Connor 22 Connor 

adopting the medical profession lie went to of Fellows of the, lloyal Hoc. p. xxix). On 
France about 1686, and studied at tlie uni- A])ril 1000 he was admitted a licentiate) of 
versities of Montpolier and Paris, but took the College of Physicians. In tho latter year 
tlie degree of M,I). at llheims on 18 Sept. lie lectured at Cambridge. 
1691 (Minsric, Coll. of Phys, 2nd edit. L5ll). In 1(597 lie published his ' Evangelimn 
He became highly distinguished in liisprofes- Medici; sou mediciua mystica do susponsifc 
sion, and was particularly skilled in anatomy natuwo legibus, sive do uiiraoulis ; roliquia- 
and cliemistry. When, the two sons of tlie (j_ue V rot? ftif&ims uionioratis, qum medico) 
high chancellor of Poland were on the point indagini subjici possunt/ London, 8vo (two 
of returning to tlieir own country, it was ar- editions in tlie same year), reprinted at 
ranged that they should be accompanied by AniBterdam 1099. In tins work he endea- 
Connor. He first conducted them to Venice, vou.ru to show that the niiraculoiiH cures, 
where he cured the Hon. William Legge, performed by our Lord and his apostles may 
afterwards Earl of Dartmouth, of a fever, be accounted for on natural principles, Its- 
He then proceeded to Padua, and thence, appearance made a great sensation, and the 
through the Tyrol, Bavaria, and Austria, orthodoxy of the writer, who, after hissottle- 
to Yienna. After some stay at the court of ment in London, had conformed to the osta- 
the Emperor Leopold he passed through Mo- Wished church, was impugned. I le had taken 
ravia and Silesia to Cracow and Warsaw, the ])recautiou, prior to tl to publication of tht> 
He was appointed physician at the court of book, to obtain the lieeuHe oi* the College of 
King John Sobieski in consequence of letters Physicians. In tho British Muswun there- 
of recommendation addressed to Ilieronimo arc two letters iroinOonnor, each printed, on 
Alberto de Oonti, the Venetian minister, a single sheet, defending himself from the 
whose wife- was the Lady Margaret Passion, charge of heterodoxy, One of these letters. 
eldest daughter of Robert and sister to Wil- is addressed t;o the archbishop of Canterbury, 
liam, earl of Yarmouth. Ilia reputation was AH a further attestation of Ian sincerity l'u 
increased by the decided opinion he gave, received the saeramont in the church of St 
that the king's only sister, the Duelie'sK of Martin-in-tho-l^ieldH. 
Radzovil, was auirering not from ague -aw The election of a nucceHHor to King John 
other physicians maintained, but from atx Sobienki having drawn public attention to 
abscess in the liver. A post-mortem exami- the affairs of .Poland, Oonnor was de.Hiriul to 
nation proved the correctness of Connor's publish what he know about that country, 
diagnosis, tu 1094 he was appointed to lie accordingly wrote hurriedly 'Tho History 
attend the king of Poland's only daughter, of Poland, in' wovoral letters to persons of 
the Princess Teresa Cunigimda, who was to quality, giving an account, of the ancient and 
travel from Warsaw to Brussels to marry the jjrescmt state of that kingdom,' 2 vols, Lou- 
elector of Bavaria, Tie sot out with the clon, 1(J98 ; Bvo. In preparing this work ho 
princess on 11 Nov. 1694, and they arrived had the assistance of a Mr. Havag-e, who 
at Brussels on 12 Jan. 1694-5. Having ro- wrote almost the whole of the second volume, 
signed his charge to l)r. Pistorini, the elector's It contained much new and mlorostiug in- 
physician, he cam in February to London formation, and wan for a long time regarded 
and took up his residence in Bow Street, as the best work on, tho subject. From it 
Oovent Garden. the account of Poland in Dr.'HarriB'H ( Col- 
Soon afterwards he visited Oxford, where lection of Travels/ vol. ii. (1748), was prin- 
he lectured with great credit upon the dis- cipally derived. 

covories of Malpighi, Bellini, liecli, and other Connor was attacked by a fever, of which 

celebrated scientific men whom lie had known he died in October 1098. lie was buried at 

abroad. In 1696 he published MMsseito- St. Giles's-in-the-Fields on the 30th, when 

tiones Medico-Physicse. De Antris Lothi- his funeral sermon was preacliod by William 

feris. Be Montis Vesuvii Incendio. De Stu- Hayley, D.I). Hayley, who regarded him a 

pendo Ossium Coalitu. De Immani Hypo- a true and penitent member of tho church 

gastrii Sarcomata,' Oxford, 1696, 8vo. The of England, attended him in liin last illmm 

above treatises, which are printed separately and gave him the sacrament, but almost im- 

with distinct titlo-pa^es, show tlieir author mediately aifterwarda a catholic priest visited 

to have been a man of much thought and ob- the dying man, gave him absolution, and it 

servation, as well as of great reading and is supposed administered the last rites of tho 

general knowledge. He returned in the Eoman church, 

summer of 1695 to London, where in the Besides the above-mentioned works, he- 

ensuing winter he gave another course of lee- wrote : 1 . l Lettro 6erite t\ Monsieur le Che- 

tures* On 27 Nov. 1695 he was elected a valier Guillaume de Waldegxave, premier 

fellow of the Royal Society (THOMSON, List medecin de sa Majesty Britannique. Con- 



Connor 2 3 Connor 



tenant 



ntune Dissertation Physique sur la con- had a good face,figure, and voice, and was fairly 

W *ut6 ' de plusieurs os, a 1'occasion d'une popular. His career in London cannot "be 

fabrique surprenante d'un tronc de Squelette regarded as a great success, seeing that he 

humain, oules vertebres, les cotes, 1'os Sacrum, made no advance. He died suddenly of heart 

& les os des lies, qui naturellement sont dis- disease on 7 Oct. 1826 while crossing St. 

tincts & separez, ne font qu'un seul os continu James's Park to his home in Pimlico, and was 

& inseparable/ Paris, 1691, 4to. 2. 'ZaoQa- buried on 13 Oct. 1826 at the New Church, 

vda-Lov 6avpa<rTQv, sen Mirabilis Viventium Chelsea. Connor was a Roman catholic. He 

Interitus in Charonea Neapolitana Crypta. left two children and a wife who had been 

Dissertatio Physica Romse in Academia ill. D. on the stage. 

Ciampini proposita, 7 Cologne, 1694. On the Mrs. Connor is said to have acted at the 

title-page of this and the previous work the Haymarket as Grace Gaylove in the ' Re- 

author's name appears to have been originally view. 7 She played at Covent Garden on 

printed < O'Connor, 1 but the letter ' ' has 22 May 1820 Manse Headrigg in the 'Battle 

been carefully cut out. of Bothwell Brigg,' in which her husband 

[Funeral Sermon by Hayley ; Biog. Brit, was Graham of Claverhouse, Servia in .< Vir- 

(Kippis); Sloane MS. 4041; MacG-ee's Irish guuus to her husband sAppius, Co vent Gar- 

Writers of the Seventeenth Century, p. 213 ; den, December 1821, and Duchess of York 

Cat. of Printed Books in Brit.Mus. ; Lowndes's in i Richard III, 7 Covent Garden, 12 March 

Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 511; "Wilford's Memorials, 1821. A benefit was given her at the English 

p. 345.] T. C. Opera House (Lyceum) after her husband's 



CONNOR, CHARLES (d. 1826), come- 
dian,was a native of Ireland, and was educated [Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Bio- 

at Trinity College, Dublin. He is said in the graphy of the British Stage, 1824; Gent. Mag. 

c Gentleman's Magazine ' for December 1826 1S26 ; New Monthly Mag.; Theatrical Inquisitor.] 
to have played at school Euphrasia in the J. K. 

6 Grecian Daughter/ to have made his first ap- T^- *r /-, nnn 

pearance as an actor at Bath as Fitzharding CONNOR, GEORGE HENRY (1822- 

in the ' Curfew,' and to have been the original 1883), dean of Windsor, eldest son of George 

Lothair. These statements must be taken with Connor, master in chancery in Ireland, born 

reserve. The original Lothair of ' Adelgitha ' in 1822, was educated at Trinity College, 

was Elliston, and that of the < Miller and his Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1845, 

Men' was Abbott, and the first appearance and proceeded M.A. in 1851. He was or- 

in London of Connor did not take place until dained deacon in 1846 and priest m the tol- 

18 Sept. 1816, two years after the first pro- lowing year. After officiating for some time 

duction of the latter, and nine after that of at St. Thomas's Chapel, Newport, Me ot 

the earlier piece. Of his Bath performances, Wight, he held a cure of souls at bt. J ude s, 

moreover, no record exists. His first London Southsea, and subsequently at W areham, 

character was Sir Patrick McGuire in the Dorset. He was appointed vicar of Newport 

' Sleep Walker 7 of Oulton. From this period in 1852. Here it was due to his initiative 

until 14 June 1826, when as Kenrick in the and energy that the parish church was^ re- 

< Heir-at-Law ' he took a benefit and made built at a cost of 22,OOOJ. The foundation- 
his last recorded appearance, he played at stone was laid by the prince consort. He 
Covent Garden a round of characters. These also built a vicarage and some almsJiouses, 
consisted of Irish characters, servants, vil- and effected some improvements in tne 
lains, and the like, the most prominent being schools. He was for some years honorary 
Sir Calladian in Maddux's 'Love & laMode,' chaplain and chaplain m ordinary to the queen, 
Foiffard in the ' Beaux' Stratagem/ Sir Wil- chaplain to the governor of the Isle of Wight, 
Ham Davison in an adaptation of Schiller's and official and commissary of the arch^ea- 

< Mary Stuart/ Julio inBarry Cornwall's 'Mi- conry of Wight. He was preferred to the 
randola,' Dennis Brulgruddery in the younger deanery of Windsor in January ittBd. -tie 
Colman's ' John Bull/ and Filch in the left Newport amidst the general regret of his 
'Beggar's Opera.' He also played characters parishioners. He had no sooner entered on 
in various adaptations of Scott's novels. The his new duties than Ms health broke down. 
original characters assigned him included He preached once m St. George s Ohapel, and 
Terrv O'Rourke, otherwise Dr. O'Toole, in several times in the private chapel. It taxed 
the 'Irish Tutor,' written expressly for him, his strength severely to be present on tne 
Cheltenham 12 July 1822, Covent Garden occasion of the christening of the cess 



e , 

280ct.l822;andDr.O'IUffertyin'Cent.per Alice of Albany on 26 March. He died 

Cent,,' 29 May 1823. He is said to have played on 1 May 1883. Connor married m 1852 

Sir Lucius O'Trigger in the < Rivals.' Connor Maude Worthington, eldest daughter ol J onn 



Conny 



Worthington of Kent "House, Southsea, by 
whom he had two sons and some daughters. 
His daughter Emily Henrietta married 1)r, 
Wilberforee, bishop of Newcastle, Connor 
published a volume entitled ' Ordination and 
Hospital Sermons/ 

[Times, 2 May 1883, p. 10 ; Cat, Ghrod. Univ. 
Dublin.] J. M. B. 

CONNY, ROBERT (1645 P-1713), phy- 
sician, son of John Conny, surgeon, and twitw 
mayor of Rochester, was born in or about 
1645, He was a member of Magdalen. Col- 
lege, Oxford, and proceeded B,A. on 8 June 
1676, M.A. 8 May 1679, M.B, 2 May 168SJ, 
and M.I). 9 July 1685, on which occasion ho 
4 denied and protested,' because the vice- 
chancellor caused one Bullarcl, of New Col- 
lege, to be presented LL.B. before him. In 
1692 he was employed by the admiralty an 
physician to the nick and wounded landed 
at Deal. HG married Francos, daughter of 
Richard Manley. He contributed a paper, 
in the form of a lot tor to .Dr. Plot, ''On a 
Shower of Fishoa,' to the 'Philosophical 
Transactions,' xx., and is said to have been a 
successful physician, and to have improved 
the practice of lithotomy. He diocl on ^5 May 
1713, at the age of sixty-eight, and was 
buried in Rochester Cathedral His portrait 
is in^tlie Bodleian picture gallery and in the 
lodgings of tho president "of Magdalen Col- 
lege, 

[Munk's Coll, of Phys. i. 497-8; Wood's 
Life, xcv; Wood's Fasti Oxon, (Bliss), ii, 397 ; 
Hist, arid Antiq, of Oxford (GHttch), 11. it. 964.] 

CONOLLY ARTHUR (1807-1842?), 
captain in tho East India Company's service, 
was one of the six sons of Valentine Conolly 
of 37 Portland Place, London, who made a 
rapid fortune in India at tho close of the last 
century, and who died on 2 Dec, 1819, three 
days after his wife (Oent. Mag. toeix, (ii.) 
569, 570). Arthur, the third son, was born on 
2 July 1807, and on 1 July 1820 was entered 
at Rugby School by his uncle, the Rov, Mr, 
Wake of Angley flouso, Oranbrook, Kent. 
Among his schoolfellows were Lord Sidney 
Oodolphin Osborne, Bishop Claiighton, and 
Generals Horatio Shirley and Sir Charles 
Trollope (Rugfy ^hool Eeguten^ 1881). A 
shy, sensitive hoy, Conolly was unat for 
public-school life, and often referred In after 
years to his sufferings at Rugby (Kjxia, 
Lives of Indian Officers , vol. ii,) Leaving 
Rugby, he entered Addiscombe Seminary 
8 May 1822, but resigned on receiving a 
cavalry cadetship. He proceeded to Bengal 
the same year, a fellow-passenger with Bishop 
Bfeber, and in January 1823 was made cor- 



Conolly 



net in the (>tli Bengal native light cavalry, 
to which his brother, Edward Barry Conolly, 
was appointed later. Arthur became, lieu- 
tenant in the, regiment IK May 18125, and 
captain Jtt) .Inly 1MN. .Being 'hi England 
on wide leave, in 18:29, he obtained leave 
to return to India through Central Ania, 
11(5 left; London 10 Aug. 18:29, travelled 
through Franco and Germany to Hamburg, 
thence by sea to St. Petersburg, where he 
stayed a, month, and then, proceeded by 
Till IN and Teheran to Astrabud. There he 
assumed the guise of a native merchant and 
laid in a Hloek of furH and Him win, in the 
hope of penet.raiing to Khiva,, I In left, AH- 
trabad for the. Turcoman wteppes on ii(l April 
1830, but when the little caravan to which 
he attached hintHelf was about- halfway be- 
tween KniHTiovoclsk and Ki^il Arvat ho waft 
Hoixed by some t reaeheroiw nomads and plun- 
dered. For day.s bin life hung in a balance, 
tho Turcomans being undecided whether to 
kill him or Nell him into ulavery, Tribal 
ealounieB in the end Meenrod liis reh^awe, and 
ie returned to Antrabad "2% May 18JK), whonco 
h(^ continued bin journey to India by way 
of Menhod, Herat, and Oandahnr, viHiting 
Scindo, and (inally croHHing t.lu^ Indian fron- 
tiier in January 18U1. A lively narrative 
of the jonrn< k y~rell(K5ting Ootiolly'n bright, 
hope Ful'tcjmpM'atmmt- was publisluHl by him 
under the title ' A Jonni(\y to Northern 
India/ &c. 2 VO!H. 8vo, .London, 18iJ4. Co- 
nolly also contributed papern on, 'Tho Over- 
land Journey to India' to *GloamngB m 
Sdencus' 1H:]1, i, 840-57, H89 -98, atwl on a 
' Journey t;o Norlhern India' to ' J. 1L (leog, 
Boc,,' iv, ^78-.'H7. AfttT an interview with 
Lord William Bent/hick at Delhi, Oonolly 
rejoined hi ro#im(mt,and when tation<ul at 
Cawnporo uppearn to havo acmiirod the hint- 
ing friendship of t'ho eccentric Jewwh convert, 
Dr. Joseph Wolff, then travelling UH a mis- 
sionary in India, In 18.14 ho wan appointed 
aflfiistant to tho govennw^nt agent in Kajpoo- 
tana, and in 1888 returned homo on furlough. 
Sorioualy dinappointed in love, Conolly nought 
relief in further professional activity (*V>.) 
'lluHsian movoinonts in Central Asia W(tro 
beginning to cause anxiety in England, and 
Oonolly proposed to tho homo "government 
to remove tho not unreasonable pretext for 
Russian advances in that quarter by nego- 
tiating with tho principal tlsbog chiefs, BO 
as to put a stop to the carrying off of lliia- 
sian and Persian subjectrt into slavery, ITo 
was furnished with tetters of recommenda- 
tion to Lord Auckland, then governor-gene- 
ral of India, together with 500/. to pay the 
expenses o an overland journey, Conolly 
leit London 11 Feb. 18$9, visited Vienna 



Conolly 25 Conolly 

(where he had an interview with Prince described by Sir Richmond Shakespeare, to 
Metternich), Constantinople, and Bagdad, Khiva. His speculations regarding the future 
where he first met Major (now Sir Henry) of Merv and his fruitless interviews with the 
Rawlinson, and reached Bombay in Novem- khan of Khiva are detailed in a notice of 
ber 1839, thence proceeding to Calcutta, his manuscript remains in the ' Calcutta He- 
The moment appeared propitious, and Co- view,' 1851 (vol. xv.) Subsequently he pro- 
nolly was sent on to Cabul, where in the ceeded to Khokand and Bokhara, where he 
spring of 1840 he joined the staff of Sir was arrested and imprisoned, it is believed, 
"William Hay Macnaghten, the British envoy in the third week in December 1841 (KAYE, 
with Shah Soojah in Afghanistan. One of ii. 142). Conolly was a voluminous and 
Macnaghten's brothers had married Conolly's rapid writer. When not in the saddle he had 
sister (see BUUKE, Baronetage, under ' Mac- nearly always a pen in his hand, and on his 
naghten'). A paper written by Conolly travels was wont to note down minutely all 
when in Afghanistan at this time, on ' The he said and did in his j ournal, a practice he 
"White-haired Angora Goat, . . . and another Appears to have kept up even in his dungeon 
resembling the Thibet Shawl Goat,' appeared at Bokhara. Five letters, all written in 
in Mourn. Asiat. Soc.' vi. (1841) 159-^8. February and March 1842, forming the main 
At the beginning of 1840 Shah Soojah portion of Conolly's prison journal, are now 
had been replaced on the throne of Cabul, in possession of Mr. George Pritchard, Lon- 
and the failure of the Russian expedition don and County Bank, Paddington, W., and 
under Perovskyto Khiva was still unknown are full of harrowing details. The latest direct 
In India. The openly expressed views of tidings of him alive were contained in a letter 
the envoy, Macnaghten, then were that the sent by him to his brother, then a hostage at 
British troops in Afghanistan should be Cabul, early in 1842, in which he describes 
pushed on to Balkh, and possibly to Bok- the sufferings of Stoddart and, himself. For 
hara, with the threefold object of reconsti- four months they had no change of raiment ; 
tuting the authority of Shah Soojah over the their dungeon was in a most foul and un- 
petty tribes between Cabul and Balkh ; of 'wholesome state, teeming with vermin to a 
effecting the release of Colonel Stoddart, degree that made life burdensome. Stoddart 
who had beeii despatched by the British en- was reduced to a skeleton. They had with 
voy in Persia in 1838 on a special mission difficulty persuaded one of their keepers to re- 
to Bokhara, where he had been detained and present their wretched condition to the ameer, 
repeatedly imprisoned by the ameer j and and were then awaiting his reply, having 
of making a sort of counter-demonstration committed themselves to God in the full be- 
against the Russian advance. There ap- lief that unless quickly released death mxist 
pears to have been some intention of send- soon terminate their sufferings (letter from 
ing Major Rawlinson and Arthur Conolly Sir V. Eyre in Calcutta JReview, vol. xv.) 
on a special mission to the Russian army The British government appearing unwilling 
( Calcutta Review, vol. xv.) Later in the to take action, a committee was formed in 
year the Russian disasters became known, London in 1842, at the instance of Captain 
and Conolly was despatched as envoy to John Grover, F.R.S., for effecting the re- 
Khiva, with directions to carry out certain lease of the Bokhara captives, and a sum 
objects at Khiva and Khokand, and, condi- of 600. so collected furnished the funds for 
tionally, to visit Bokhara. These objects Dr. Wolffs mission to Bokhara. An account 
are stated to have been ( sanctioned in a pri- of the transaction, with a roll of the sub- 
vate letter from authority, 7 so that the mis- scribers appended, was published by Captain 
sion could not be considered an amateur one, Grover, under the title 6 The Bokhara Vic- 
although Lord Ellenborough always insisted tims/ and conveys a painful impression of 
on so regarding it (ib.) Ardent and enthu- official procrastination and the cross purposes 
siastic by -nature, cherishing views and hopes, of many of the parties concerned. The re- 
which he himself allowed to be somewhat suits of Wolff's perilous investigations at 
* visionarv/ of the political regeneration of Bokhara were that Conolly, with Stoddart. 
Central Asia, and the ultimate ' conversion ' : and other victims, e after endxxring agonies 



of its warring tribes i to the pure faith of 
Jesus Christ ? ($.), Conolly started, full of 



heart and hope, in September 1840. Joining 
the 35th Bengal native infantry, part of the 
Bhameean reinforcement, he was present with 
it in the brilliant action of 18 Sept. under 
Brigadier Dennie, afterwards proceeding to 
Merv, and thence, by the route followed and 



in prison of a most fearful character 
were cruelly slaughtered some time in 1843' 
(1259 Hegira), and that the instigator of the 
foul deed was the pretended friend of the 
English, Abdul Samut Khan, nayeb or prime 
minister of Nasir Ulla Bahadoor, ameer of 
Bokhara (see preface to Wolff's narrative, 
7th ed.) The military records in the India 



Conolly 2 

Office give the probable date of his death, on 
the authority of Wolff, an 1842. Wolff ap- 
pears to have afterwards thought this too 
early 5 but Ktiye, after a careful review of 
all the evidence attainable, considered that 
Coaolly and Stoddart were most probably 
executed on 17 June 1842 (KA.YE, ii. 139). 

Many years after, Conolly's prayer-book, 
wherein he had entered a last record of Iris 
sufferings and aspirations when a prisoner at 
Bokhara, was left at his sister's house in 
London by a mysterious foreigner, who simply 
left word that he came from .Russia. The 
details there furnished are given in full in 
Kaye's account of Conolly. 

Three of Conolly's brothers lost their lives 
in the Indian service, vix, : 

CoNOjLr.y. EDWAUD JUmtx (1808-1840.). 

/ \ ,/ / 

captain 6th Bengal lig'ht cavalry, who at the 
time of his death was in command of the 
escort of the British envoy at, Cabul, lie 
was killed by a shot from the fort of Tootiim- 
durruh, in the Kohat, north of Oabul, when 
acting as a volunteer with Sir .Robert Sale, 
in an attack on thnt place on 29 So.pt. 1 840 
(see Journal Axiat, &oc. of Bengal, vol. ix, 
pt. i.) The following papers from his pen 
appeared in the ' Journal of the Asiatic So- 
ciety of Bengal : ' 'Observations on tho Pa^t 
and Present Condition of Grijein or Uijayana/ 
vol. vi j ' Discoveries of Gema from' Oanda- 
liar/ * Sketch of Physical Geography of 
Seistan/ VNottiH on the Eunofeye Tribew of 
Afghanistan/ vol. ix. ; ' Journal kept* while 
Travelling iu Sciwtan/ vol. x. ; * On Gems 
and Coins/ vol. xi. 

CONOLLY, JOHN BALFOTO (d. 1842), lieu- 
tenant 20th Bengal native inlantry, a cadet 
of 1833, was afterwards attached to the 
Cabul embassy, lie died of fever while a 
hostage in the Bala Ilissar, Cabul, on 7 Aug. 
184:2 (see Lady /Sfar&V Toumut,, p. 392), 

CONOLLY, IlWitY VALENTIN a ( 1 800-1855), 
Madras civil service, was entered at Itugby 
School in tho same year, as his brother Arthur, 
and was appointed a writer on the Madras 
establishment on 19 May 1824. lie became 
assistant to tlie principal collector at Bcllary 
in 18^0, and after holding various pots as 
deputy secretary to the military department, 
Canarese translator to the government, cashier 
of the government bank, additional govern- 
ment commissioner for the settlement of 
Carnatic claims, &c. he was appointed ma- 
gistrate and collector at Malabar, a post lie 
held for many years. Conolly, who was mar- 
ried, was murdered in his own house on 
11 Sept. 1855, by some Mopla fanatics, in 
revenge for the active share he had taken in 
the outlawry of their l Tlumgai/ or saint, a 
religious vagabond who had been deported 



J Conolly 

to Jeddah a few yeans before on account of 
his seditious acts. Shortly before his death 
Conolly was made a provisional member of 
the council of the Madras government (Over- 
land Bombay Tillies, 12 Hept. to 5 Oct. 1855). 
There is a monument to him in tho cathedral,, 
Madras, and a scholarship was founded in his 
memory at the Madras University. 

[The most authentic particulars of Arthur 
Oonollywill bo Found in tho biography in Kayo's 
Lives of Indian Officers, vol. ii., and in Calcutta 
Beviow, vol. xv. Much information respecting 
the military services of Arthur and Kdward 
Barry Conolly is contained in tho Service Army 
ListB kept at tho India Offir.o, Accessory infor- 
mation "will bo found in Kugby School JtogiHtorH, 
Annotated (Bugby, 1881) ; A, Oonolly'n Journey 
to Northern India, 2 voln. (London, 1834); in 
variouH historical and biographical works boar- 
ing on tho first Afghan war; in Captain John 
Grovpr's Bokhara Victima (London, 1845, 8vo); 
and in !)r, Jonoph Wolff's Mission to Bokhara, 
7th od. (Mdmlmrgh, 1852).] 11, M. 0. 

^ CONOLLY, mSKtNK (179<!1843) r 
Scotch poet, was Lorn at Grail, FiiMiiro, on 
Ii} Juno 179CJ, lie was edueatod at tho 
Imrgh school, of his native town, and after- 
wards apprenticed to a bool<Hollur at An- 
Htruther, Subsciquontly ho beg-an buflinoas 
on his own account in'OoliuHburgh, but. not 
succeeding to his HaMwlaction w<uit to J^din- 
fourgh, wlioro, atlur sc.rviug lor some time as- 
clerk to a writor to th<5 wig-not, ho obtained 
a partnership with a solicitor, and after hi& 
partner's death sticceedecl to the whole busi- 
noHB. He died at; Edinburgh on 7 Jan, 1843. 
Among tho best, known of his song's m ( Mary 
Macneil/ which appeared in the 'Edinburgh 
Intelligencer/ &*5 Dec, 1 840, He ntjver made 
any collection of his poems. 

[Oonolly'n Dictionary of Kniiiiont Mwn of Fife, 
p. 120 ; Charles Kogor'H Modern Sc-oUwliMiuHlrol, 
pp. ^47-8 ; Grant-Wilnon's PootH and Pootry of 
Scotland, ii. 175-0,] T. I'M I 

CONOLLY, JOHN (17J)4-I8(J) ? phyni- 
eian, was born at Mark(jt Kanon in Liiusoln- 
ahiro on *$! May 170-k JIw lather wan a 
member of a well-known Irish family, the 
Conolly B of Castletown, JltMidew of Mwift 
will remember the wlumwical paHHag( in which 
the Drapier refers to the proverbial wealth 
and importance of Squire Conolly. Little, 
if any, of tins wealth descended to John 
CoTXOlly's father, who came to England to 
seek his fortune, settled in Lincolnshire, and 
remained without, definite profeswion or call- 
ing. He married a lady named Tennyson, 
cousin-german to George Tennyson, grand- 
father to tho poet laureate. Mrs, Conolly 
appears to have been a woman of consider- 



Conolly 27 Conolly 

able ability and force of character, which friendship; but the district did not afford 
were displayed under the trying circumstances suilicieut employment for both, and in a year's 
of an early widowhood with narrow means, time Conolly moved again to Stratford-oix- 
Soon after his father's death, Conolly, then Avon. Here lie remained about five years, and 
in his sixth year, was sent to live with his appears to have achieved as great a measure 
mother's friends at Iledon, where there was of success as his capacities for the general 
a grammar school. He has left among his practice of his profession permitted, He did 
posthumous papers a somewhat bitter descrip- a good deal of miscellaneous literary work, 
tion of the quiet little village and the dull Associated with his friend, Dr. Darwall, he 
school where everything seemed to slumber assisted Dr. James Copland [q. v.] in editing 
except the cane. In after years he wondered ' The London Medical .Repository.' We en- 
at the folly of pedagogues who try to feed deavoured/he says, ' especially to call atten- 
tive infant mind with the philosophic and tion to the numerous valuable medical books 



Copland and Bar 



oi the prof essi 




6migr6. From him Conolly acquired a good the accomplishment of so laborious a task by 
knowledge of the French language. In after three men. It was subsequently undertaken 
life his acquaintance with the literature of by Copland alone. While at Stratford Conolly 
France was extensive, and its study formed took a prominent part in the affairs of the- 
the favourite amusement of his leisure. At town, was alderman and twice mayor of the 
the age of eighteen he became an ensign in borough. He interested himself in every 
the Cambridgeshire militia, and travelled movement for the public good, was enthusi- 
through various parts of Scotland and Ireland astic for e sanitation/ and took much trouble, 
with his regiment. To the last he retained both by writing and personally, to instruct his 
a pleasing recollection of his experiences as neighbours in physiological matters usually 
a soldier. A year after Waterloo Conolly neglected. He was more popular than re~ 
relinquished soldiering and married, when but formers generally are, and till very recently 
twenty-two, the daughter of Sir John Collins, many old people about Stratford recollected 
a naval captain. His brother, Dr. William him with affection. His professional income, 
Conolly, was at that time practising in Tours, however, did not exceed 400 per annum. In 
John spent the first year of his married life 1827 he moved to London, and in the folio wing 
near his brother, in a cottage beautifully year was appointed professor of the practice 
situated on the banks of the Loire, called of medicine in. University College. While he 
' La Grenadiere/ afterwards the home of Be"- held that chair he published his work on the 
ranger, who has celebrated it in a song, ' Les i Indications of Insanity.' At the same time 
Oiseaux de la Grenadiere.' The exhaustion he unavailingly endeavoured to induce the 
of his scanty fortune and the birth of a child London University authorities to introduce 
turned Conolly's attention to the need of clinical instruction in insanity into their cur- 
working. He returned home in 1817, and riculum. About this period be was an active 
entered upon the study of medicine in the member of the Society for the Diffusion of 
university of Edinburgh. He threw himself UsefulKnowledge, for whichhe wrote several 
into the pursuit of medical knowledge with papers. In spite of the friendship of Lord 
characteristic ardour. He was a keen debater Brougham, Lord John Russell, and many 
in the medical society of the university, and other very influential men, Conolly failed in 
obtained the coveted honour of being one of practice as a London physician, nor does it 
its vice-presidents. * There are few/ he says, appear that his professorial duties were per- 
writing in 1834, ' who, looking back on those formed with any distinguished ability. In 
studious, temperate, happy years, can say 1830 he left London and went to Warwick, 
that time has brought them anything more Here he again held the post of inspecting 
valuable/ He graduated as doctor in 1821, physician to the asylums in Warwickshire, 
when his inaugural thesis was a dissertation which he had occupied while at Stratford. 
6 de Statu Mentis in Insania et Melancholia.' He continued to write a good deal. He 
Having paid a short visit to Paris to complete assisted his friend Forbes in editing the ' Bri- 
his studies, he began to practise medicine in tish and Foreign Medical Review ' and the 
Lewes, whence he removed in a few months ' Cyclopsedia of Practical Medicine/ to which 
to Chichest er. Dr. (afterwards Sir John) he contributed several articles. One of these 
Forbes was then in practice in Chichester, on hysteria is judiciously written, and shows 
and the young men formed a strong and lasting considerable reading. It has been absurdly 



Conolly 28 Conolly 

said to have been written, in one evening in was effected throughout the country in the 

the intervals of conversation with his brother management of the insane. The enthusiasm 

editors. The length of the article and the of Conolly overcame every difficulty. He 

number of the extracts and references con- adhered firmly to the -principles he had laid 

tained in it deprive it of any claim to this down for himself, and by dint of intense 

supposed merit. While living at Warwick, earnestness, combined with very considerable 

Conolly maintained his interest in the neigh- eloquence, educated thopiblic in an incredibly 

Louring town of Stratford-on-Avon, was short space of time, and excited in minds akin 

chairman of a committee formed to restore to his own a fervour for reform which soon 

the chancel of Stratford church, and was secured its universal triumph. Oonollywas 

active in organising the successful opposition by no means original in the ideas to the exo- 

made by the inhabitants of that town to the cution and exposition of which he devoted 

removal of the dust of Shakespeare from its the remainder of his life. Tie generously 

resting-place. About this period he co-ope- acknowledged his obligations to his prede- 

rated with Hastings and Forbes in the foxm- cessors, and always truly referred the reform 

dation of a medical society which afterwards in the treatment of the insane in England 

became well known as the British Medical to the foundation of the York lletreat. ITo 

Association, In 1838 he moved to Binning- described himself as one of those ' who Ibl- 

ham. In 1839 he was appointed resident pliy- lowed in the path of William and Samuel 

sician to the Middlesex Asylum at Hanweil, Tuke/ and spoke ' gratefully of the extent 

then the largest institution of the kind in of our debt to them. 7 Thoir system differed 

England. About a year previously he li ad from that of GardinerlTill and Conolly merely 

competed unsuccessfully for the same post, in this, that they reduced restraint to the 

Others had already laboured to introduce a smallest point which they conceived com- 

huniane and rational method of treating the patible with the advantage and safety of the 

insane. In France, Pinel was the first, in patient, without laying down any absolute 

1 793 or 1 793, to boldly advocate and practi.se and inflexible rule for all eases ; while i Conolly 

the treatment of lunatics witho ut chains and maintained positively that c there is no any 1 unx 

stripes. In this country the projection by in the world in which mechanical restraint 

William Tuke, in 179^, of the celebrated may not be abolished not only with safety, 

'Ketreat' at York, which was practically but with incalculable advantage.' Although 

under his management although the property this formula was probably too unqualified, 

of the Society of Friends, inaugurated the new a great work was undoubtedly accomplished 

system. That institution was the first in by Conolly. Jle maintained that non-re- 

Great Britain established not only with the straint was but ono feature in his Byntom. 

avowed object of providing a place for the Its importance lay in the fact that it ren- 

kiadly care of tho mentally alliictod, but one derod possible, nay necessary, the entire adop- 

in which it wan actually carried out. When tion of a humane method o'f dealing 1 with tho 

Conolly entered on Jus labours, it had for insane. Yet non-rewtraint, if but one, Htono 

more than a quarter of a century been known in tho edifice, WUH tho keystone. Indirectly 

to the world through Samuel Take's *l)e- science haw gained by the reformed mothodH, 

scription of the Retreat,' and humane prin- for the fltudy of insanity as a diHeuso oom- 

ciplcs had begun to leaven the practice) of menceul when tiwyl ums ceased <:o be prinonH ; 

asylum physicians. Dr. Churlesworth and but the attitude taken up by Conolly in tho 

Mr. Gardiner Hill, at the Lincoln Aflylum, matter was esNontially an "miBewritiiicj ono, 

had even gone HO far as to cliBponHe altogether ' Non-roHtruint ' was a shibboleth with him. 

with instrumental, or, as itia called, mocluini- Somo of 1 he bent of hin literary labour bo mi- 

cal restraint, in the management of their fortunately devoted to mere deHtruetive crl- 

patientB. Oonolly warmly adopted tho most tioiHm. of the older sywtoin of any I urn manage- 

advanced practice of his predecessors. Ho mont. Though apt to (mtorlain broad and 

took charge of the flan well Asylum on enlightened viowBon medical BiibjootH, ho had 

1 June 18$). From Ul Sept, of tho same little natural tasto for merely medicjal work, 

year ovory form of mechanical restraint was lie was rath or a groal adminiHtrator 1-lian 

abHolutolydiHCoatmuod. The wholes armoury a great physician, Minute mvoHtigation, 

of strait-waist-coatw, st.raps, roHtramt-ehairH, patiOTit rtiHearch, or judioiourt w(ighing of 

&c, was laid aside, Tho experiment becames ovidonc<i did notconBt-iiutc. liiHHtirongth. HIH 

the subject of much discussion. Ithadnover taltmtB wen^ Jit(jrary mon^ t]ia,n BcJtmtific, 

before been tried on so large a scale* nor in I To inherit c,cl om(i of tho lrinh poculiarit.icm 

any place whores it could arouse much ati.on- of ardcwil* HentimontaliHin and nrndnoHH for 

tion. Witliin thes twulvo years during which tho rhetorical in expro.HKkm, though tlioso 

he was supremo at Uanwell a revolution were balanced by an extensive knowledge of 



Conolly 



the world, together with a width of general 
culture and a steadiness of purpose. In 1844 
Conolly ceased to reside in the Hanwell 
Asylum, but retained medical control as visit- 
ing physician till 1852, when his connection 
with ^institution, practically ceased, though 
he was 'still consultant. At this time he 
lived in the village of Hanwell, where he 
owned a private asylum. He had a very 
large consulting practice in cases of mental 
disease. His best works belong to the later 
period of his life : t On the Construction and 
Government of Lunatic Asylums,' 1847 (the 
most valuable and characteristic production 
of his pen) ; ' The Treatment of the Insane 
without Mechanical Restraints/ 1856 ; a 
short ' Essay on Hamlet/ 1863 ; and ' Clinical 
Lectures ' delivered at Hanwell and printed 
in the ' Lancet/ 1845-6. The style of hislater 
books is always easy and sometimes highly 
eloquent. His earlier writing is apt ^ to be 
turgid. Only by practice did he attain the 
polish which characterises his mature work. 
His laboured memoir of Dr. Darwall, though 
published when he was forty years old, can 
at best be called promising. Among the 
many honours which he received two may 
be specially mentioned. When the British 
Medical Association met at Oxford the uni- 
versity bestowed upon Conolly the honorary 
decree of D.C.L. On the occasion of his re- 
signation of the post of visiting physician to 
the Middlesex Asylum, a great public testi- 
monial was conferred upon him, in the shape 
of ' a handsome piece of plate emblematic of 
the work in which he had been so long en- 
gaged, and a portrait of himself by Sir Wat- 
son Gordon.' The presentation was made 
amid imposing ceremony by Lord Shartes- 
bury, chairman of the Lunacy Commission. 

Throughout life Conolly's health was never 
robust. During the years of his greatest 
activity he was tormented by a chronic cu- 
taneous affection. He suffered much from 
rheumatic fever, which left traces of heart 
disease. In 1862 he lost a favourite grand- 
child, and being always a man of the warmest 
family affections, he spent an hour the day 
before the funeral weeping over the child s 
coffin. Next night he was seized with con- 
vulsions, which were followed by paralysis 
of the right side ; he partially recovered, but 
had repeated similar attacks. After a severe 
recurrence of such seizxxres he died in his 
house at Hanw y ell on 5 March 1866. 

FSir James Clark's Memoir of Conolly ; Mauds- 
ley's Memoir in Journal of Mental Science ; obi- 
tuary notices in Lancet (by Conolly's son-in-law, 
Dr Harrington Tuke), and in Brit, Med. Journal; 
various works of Conolly ; also Dr Hack Tuke s 
Hist, of the Insane in the British Isles.] G. JN . 



29 Conolly 

CONOLLY, THOMAS (1738-1803), Lish 
politician, only son of "William Conolly, first 
M.P. for Bally shannon, by Lady Anne "Went- 
worth, eldest daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 
first earl of Stratford of the second creation, 
was born in 1738. The fortunes of the Oo- 
nolly family in Ireland had been founded by 
William Conolly (d. 1729) [q. v.], who was 
uncle to Thomas Conolly's father, and made 
his nephew heir to his property. Conolly's 
father died in 1760, leaving, besides his only 
son, four daughters, the Countess of Kosse, 
the Viscountess Howe, the Countess of Buck- 
inghamshire, whose daughter married Lord 
Castlereagh, and Anne Byng, whose son even- 
tually succeeded to the Stafford estates, and 
whose grandson, Field-marshal Sir JohnByng 

third creation. In 1758 Thomas Conolly 
married Lady Louisa Lennox, third daugh- 
ter of Charles, second duke of Richmond, and 
in 1759 he was elected M.P. for Malmesbury 
in the English House of Commons, and ^ in 
1761 for Londonderry county in the Irish 
House of Commons, which latter seat he 
held until the union. He showed no great 
abilities in either house, but from his wealth 
and connections he possessed very great in- 
fluence in Ireland, where he held various 
offices, such as lord of the treasury, commis- 
sioner of trade, and lord-lieutenant of the 
county of Londonderry, and where he was 
sworn of the privy council in 1784. After 
sitting for Malmesbury until 1768, and for 
Chichester, through the influence of his fa- 
ther-in-law, from 1768 to 1784, in the Eng- 
lish House of Commons, he gave up his" seat 
in that house, and took up his residence per- 



manently at Castletown. In 1788 he was 
one of the leaders in the revolt of the Irish 
House of Commons against the English min- 
istry, and was one of the members deputed 
to offer the Prince of Wales the regency 
without any restrictions whatever. This in- 
dependence lost him his seat at the board of 
trade, but his influence remained so great, 
that he was one of the ten chief persons in 
Ireland to whom Cornwallis broached the 
first idea of a legislative union with England 
in 1798. Cornwallis, in his despatch of 27 Nov. 
1798, writes that he had consulted seven 
leading peers, the attorney- and solicitor- 
general, and Conolly on the subject, and says 
that * Mr. Conolly had always been a decided 
friend to an union, and was ready to give it his 
best assistance' (Cornwallis Correspondence, 
ii. 450) . Conolly threw himself warmly into 
the debates on the question, doubtless under 
the influence of Castlereagh, who had married 
his niece Lady Amelia Hobart, and several 
times spoke in favour of the measure, which. 



Conolly 3 Conquest 

i 

however, extinguished his own. political im- of Henry, first earl Conyngham ; and dying 

portance. The passing of the union decided -without issue 30 Oct. 1729, he was buried 

him to abandon politics, for, though he might in Celbridgo church, co. Kildaro, being sue- 

easily have been returned for Londonderry to ceeded in his large estates by his nephew, 

the united parliament, he preferred to hand the Right Hon. William Conolly, M.P., of 

over the seat to Colonel Charles Stewart, Stratton Hall, Staffordshire. Archbishop 

Castlereagh's brother, and retired altogether Boulter, in a letter from Dublin of the above 

to Oastletown, where he died on 27 "April elate, thus refers to Conolly's death, and 

1803. His widow, Lady Louisa Conolly, sur- to the conse(p.ent official changes ; ' After 

vivedhim for some years. Her sister Sarah his death being expected for several days, 

married Colonel George Napier, and Lady Mr. Conolly died this morning about one 

Louisa helped to educate the young Napiers, o'clock. He has left behind him a very great 

her nephews, who resided near Castletowu fortune, some talk of 17,0()0/. per ann. As 

with their mother and father. A character his death makes a vacancy among tho corn- 

of her by Mrs. Kichard "Napier is published in missioners of the revenue, ray lord chance l- 

BruceV Life of Sir William Napier ,'ii. 493-6. lor and I have been talking 'with my lord- 

Sir Jonah Barrington, in his ' Historic Anec- lieutenant on that subject, and we all agree 

dotes of the Union,' devotes some pages (ed. it will be for his majesty's service that a 

1809, pp, 205-7) to Conolly, in which he native succeed him ; and as Sir .Ralph Q ore, 

criticises his attitude to the union rather un- the new speaker, does not care to quit the 

favourably, and thus analyses the causes of post of chancellor of the exchequer, which he 

his influence: * Mr. Conolly had the largest is already possessed of, and -which by an ad- 

connection of any individual in the commons clition made to tho place by his late majesty 

house. He fancied he was a whig because is worth better than BOO/, per ann,., and is 

he was not professedly a tory ; bad as a Htat.es- for life, to be made one of tho commissioners, 

man, worse as an orator, he was as a sports- we join in our opinion that the most proper 

man pre-eminent. . . . lie was nearly allied person here to succeed Mr. Conolly is Dr. 

to the Irish minister at tho time of the Coghill, who is already a person of'wcMght, 

discussion of the union, and he followed his and has clone service in the par! lament, ft 

lordwhip's fortune, surrendered his country, worthy of note that the plan which sti 



s 
till 




olly' 

[Chmt. Mag. Jtmo 1803 j Burle's Commoners ; ^ f Omng.r'B Biog, Hint. 

Cornwall Correspondence ; Barrington's His- f ^nd, n, 3 88 ; LcwW Pm^ o( Troland 

toxic Anecdotes of the Union ; Bruco's Life of ( A ^ (1 ^^ 

Sir William Kapior; Sir W. Napier's Life of Sir ' *ft > Warbiu-ton Win claw ancl Walsh B Uit 

rtu-s Ln r rtwrt Kr^n-n i i 7T TVT ^ * Du-blm, i. 37; Gilbert^ Hist, of Dublin, m. 

Charles James Nftpiw.J H-M.b, ;m); ^. wrfw ^^ {{ ^ 170/407, 



of tho IriRh House of CommonB, waB tho mn CONQUEST, JOHN TIUOKKU, M.I). 




himself more particularly in sicianH of London in December 1HIO, tn 
the Irish HOUHO of Commons, of which lie 18fK) he published ' Outlines of Midwifory/ of 

_ V| f"\. '*. *f* 1 ^T fN^ BWWH M if *" 1 ** # ! * " j'li4.4*''tfW 




through 

a few days Ixrforo ho died, Ho wan HktiWiHO manliury PoBt^rn, London, and ehargiul Lhroo 

a member of tho privy council ; was ten times guineaa'to (iach Btudent attoridin^, Tho loc- 



appointod to tho exalfcod ollice of a lord turos inolud(ul rfimarkn on tlu^ diHoaww of 

justice of Ireland between 17Hi and 1729, children and on fonmwic inodimno. In a fow 

'during tlu^ absence of Buccoawive viceroys ; years he moved into IFinnbnry Square, be- 

and waw cliief commission<r of tli,o Irish came lecturer on midwifery in the medical 

rovomios. Swift ways that Wharton, when school of Ht, Bartholoinew'H'lIoHi)ital (1825), 

lord-lieutenant, sold this place to Oonolly and attained eonwklerable practice. In 1880 

for 8,000^. Ho married Catherine, dangbter he published an ad dregs to t.lm Huntorian 

of Sir Albert Conyngham, Imt,, lieutenant- Society on puerperal inflammation (10 pp. 

general of tho ordnance in Ireland, and sister 8vo), and in 1848 ' Letters to a Mother on 



Conry 31 Const 



the Management of herself and her children 
In Health and Disease/ This work reached 
a fourth edition in 1852, but is written in a 
sickly style, and has no scientific or practi- 



1629, greatly respected by the people of that 
country. The friars of the Irish college at 
Louvain translated his bones thither from 

, - .- , T . . . i - , i Spain in 1654, and erected a monument to his 
cal merit. A physician who remembered the memory with a Latin inscription (which is 
men-midwives of Conquest's period of prac- printed by Sir James Ware) on the gospel 
tice used to relate that they were divided side of the high altar in their church, 
into two classes by their conversation : one His works, which display great erudition 
section quoted texts whenever they spoke, are: 1. < Emanuel. Leabhar ina bhfuil modh 
the other section poured forth stories which irrata agus fhaghala f horbhtheachda na bet- 
were more indecent than the drama of the hadh riaghaltha, ar attugadh drong airighthe 
Restoration. Never was midwifery 7> as a spe- Sgathan an chrabhaidh, drong oile Deside- 
cial branch of practice, less worthily repre- rius. Ar na chur anosa a ngaoidhilg, le bra- 
sented. Conquest did not rise above the thair airidhe ddrd S. Fpronsias F.C./ Lou- 
level of his fellows, but it must at least be vain, 1616, 8vo. This is a translation from 
admitted that his ' Letters to a Mother,' if the Spanish work entitled < Tratado llamado 
tainted with cant, are free from indecency, el Desseoso, y por otro nombre Espejo de 
He retired from practice, and after several religiosos.' 2, < De S. Augustini Sensu circa 
years of a melancholy decay died at Shooter's B. Maries Coneeptionem/ Antwerp, 1619. 
Hill on 24 Oct. 1866. 3. ' Tractatus de statu Parvulorum sine Bap- 
[Conquest's Prospectus of Lectures, 1820; tismo decedentium ex hac vita, juxta sen- 
Mimk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 204.] N. M. sumB. Augustini,' Louvain, 1624/1625, 1641, 

4to ; Rouen, 1643. It was also printed at 

CONBY, FLORENCE (1561-1629), arch- the end of vol. iii. of Jansenius's 'Augusti- 

bishop of Tuam, whose name in Irish is nus/ 1643 and 1652. 4. ' Scathan an Chrab- 

Flathri O'Moelchonaire, was a native of Con- huidh/ or ' Mirror of Religion/ a catechism 

naught. After receiving a suitable education in Irish, Louvain, 1626, Svo (O'REILLY, Irish 

in Spain and the Netherlands he became a Writers, p. clxxxii). 5. 'Peregrinus Jerichun- 

Franciscan friar of the Strict Observance at tinus, hoc est de natura humana,feliciter in- 

Salamanca, and he was for some time pro- stituta, infeliciter lapsa, miserabiliter vulne- 

vincial of his order in Ireland (SBARALEA, rata, misericorditer restaurata/ Paris, 1641, 

Supplementum et Castiyatio, p. 238). He 4to, edited by Thady Macnamara, B.D., and 

was commanded by Clement VIII to return dedicated to Urban VIII. 6. i Compendium 

to his native country, to assist by his coun- Doctrinse S. Augustini circa Gratiam/ Paris, 

sels the army which Philip II had sent to 1644 and 1646, 4to. 7. ' De Flagellis Justo- 

Ireland in support of the rebellious catholics, rum juxta mentem S. Augustini/ Paris, 1644. 

On the suppression of the rebellion he was 8. An epistle in Spanish, concerning the se- 

proscribed by the English, but he effected verities used towards some of the chief ca~ 

his escape to the Low Countries and thence tholic gentlemen of Ireland by the House 

proceeded to Spain (WARE, Writers of Ire- of Commons. Latin translation in Philip 

land, p. 111). In 1602 he acted as spiritual O'Sullivan's ' Historic Catholicse Ibernise 

director to Hugh Roe O'Donnell, prince of Compendium/ torn. iv. lib. ii. cap. ix. p. 255. 
Tyrconnel, who died at Simancas in Septem- [Authorities cited above ; also Cat. of Printed 

ber that year (MoRAK, Spmlegium Osso- Books in Brit Miu< . Bibl Grenvilliana ; Bre- 

riense, i. 161 ; Annals of the Four Masters, Dan g Eccl. Hist, of Ireland, p. 509; MacOee's 

ed. O'Donovan, vi. 2297) . He was nominated Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Century, pp. 1- 

by Pope Paul V to the archiepiscopal see of 23.] T. C. 

Tuam 30 March 1609, and was consecrated 

the same year by Cardinal Maifei Barberini, CONST, FRANCIS (1751-1839), legal 
protector of Ireland, afterwards Urban VIII writer, was called to the bar at the Middle 
(BRADY, Episcopal Succession, ii. 138). Temple on 7 Feb. 1783, He wrote some 
At Conry's solicitation Philip III founded epilogues and prologues, and numberedamong 
for the Irish a college at Louvain under the his convivial companions Henderson, John 
invocation of St. Anthony, of Padua, of which Kemble, Stephen Storace, Twiss, Porson, 
the first stone was laid in 1616 (O'CTORY, Dr. Burney, and Sheridan. He edited several 
Manuscript Materials of Irish History, pp. editions of J. T. Pratt's ' Laws relating to 
644,645). During his long banishment Conry the Poor/ and was chairman of the Middle- 
devoted himself entirely to the study of the sex magistrates and the Westminster ses- 
works of St. Augustine (WADDIK0-, Scriptores sions, holding the latter office till his death 
Ordinis Mmorum, ed. 1806, p. 74). He died on 16 Dec, 1839. By extreme parsimony and 
in a Franciscan convent at Madrid on 18 Nov. skilful speculations he amassed a fortune of 



Constable 3* Constable 



150 OOOL and left legacies to many of his cedent. Ifc was the union of lw)lcl liberality 
friends. w * tn an extraordinary sagacity in predicting 



' ^ -.. -. 0101 the chances of success oi^ailuro in any gi von 

[Gent, Mag. new sor. xui. 212.] ^ of uication tliat; (mal)lcd cViurtaWf ' 

._.... ....... . * 1 . *' n . * 1 /* " 




at Pittenweem having incited his desire to unheard-of prices' (Memorial*, p. 1M). The 
enter that trade, he was in February 1778 same year in which the 'Edinburgh Heviow" 




this branch of the trade. After remaining six assumed the titlo of Archibald Countable 

years with Hill, he, in January 1795, set up in Co, lie had a liaro with M 'ojwfl ;> Longman 

business on his own account in a small shop on <fc Co, in the publication of fcho ' Lay of tho 

the north side of the High Street, having pre- Last Minstrel' in 1805, and published for 

viously married Mary willison, daughter of Scott the ' Memoirs of Sir II wiry SHngsby T 




pnn< 

inform himself of ' the state of bookselling in stab hi, in 1807, offered Scott for Marmion * 
the metropolis.' He inscribed over his door a thousand guineas in advance, a Hum which 
' Scarce Old Books/ and as in London and Constable's biographer ntaton 'Ht.art.Iwl the 
during an excursion to Fifo-shire and Perth literary world/ and in 180H ho oilerod him 
he had purchased a considerable number of 1/>00/. for an edition of tho 'Lifoand Works 
valuable works, his shop soon 'became a of Jonathati Swift. 1 In tho latter your, how- 
place of daily resort, for the book collectors ovnr, sorious diiforoncoH arose ))ot\v(i<jn Scott, 
of Edinburgh/ Tho acquaintance ho thus andConntabhi, which LockhartaHcrib v Hchi(fly 
formed was of groat value in aswistmg 1 him to tho intemperate language of Constable H 
t 




pamphle 

paid by tho authors. Tho first sum paid by dotovminod to sot up a now publinhmg 1 IMHH 

liirn, amounting' to 20^., was in 1708 to John noss undor tho names of J'olui Bailantym^ & 

Graham Daly ell for editing 'Fragments of Co. 

Scottish History/ and his first purchase of a In Docembor of tho same year (UoiiHiablo 

copyright was a volume of sermons by Dr. and his partner joinotl Oharlon Hunter and 

Ersldno. TnlSOOhecommoncodthe 'Farmer's John Park in establishing a 



Magazine/ a quarterly ptiblication, and tho noeifl in London undor llunwimK)f C 
following year lie made an important advance, Iluntcr, Park, & Hunter, which was con- 
by becoming proprietor of the e Scots Maga- tinuod till 1811,' On tho Hoparation of Altw- 

andor Gibson Hunter from tho l 



t 

It is, however, with the publication of the firm in 1811, Kobert Oatlicart arid Robert; 

'Edinburgh "Review/ the first number of which Cadell were admitted partners, and on fcho 

appeared in October 1802, that Constable eame death of Cat-heart in IBliJOadoll nnnaiuod the 

kto prominence as one of the principal pub- sole partnor with Conatablo. Karly in 181 ii 

lisliers of his time. To the^ success of that the firm purchased tho copyright, and ntock 

;ity and wide and of the * Encycl opmclia J Jritariuica ' for between 



periodical his business sagacil, 

liberal views contributed almost as much as 13 ? 000/, and 14,*000^. ; and aa the issue of the 

did the smart and truculent method of writing fifth edition was already begun, Constable, 

adopted by its original projectors. Soon after to make good its deficiencies, resolved to pre- 

its commencement he raised the average re- pare a supplement, consisting of extended 

munerationto twenty or twenty-five guineas ( Dissertations' on the more important sub- 

a sheet, a rate up to this time without pre- jocts, Professor Dugald Stewart being paid for 



Constable 33 Constable 

is < Dissertations ' what was then regarded j Edinburgh booksellers, to be the occupant of 
s the enormous sum of 1.600Z. In 1813 ; an obscure closet of a shop, without capital, 

,^-M- ^ a ^^^ n f ^ T,,, n * ^ without credit, all his mighty undertakings 

abandoned or gone into other hands, except. 

.1 Ji I. ' . fr Tif 11 i -i-i i -. -. * 



Scott, on account of the embarrassments of 
the firm of John Ballantyne & Co., was forced 
to' open negotiations with Constable, who, 



indeed, his " Miscellany," which he had no 



Lockhart states, ' did a great deal more than resources for pushing on in the fashion he 
prudence would have warranted in taking on once contemplated, this reverse was too much 
himself the results of unhappy adventures, for that proud heart. He no longer opposed 
and by his sagacious advice enabled the part- a determined mind to the ailments of the body, 
ners to procure similar assistance at the and sunk on the 21st of this month [July 1827], 
hands of others.' In 1814 the opening chapters having, as I am told, looked, long ere he took 
of i Waverley ' were shown to Constable, who to bed, at least ten years older than he was. 
at once detected the author, and arranged to He died in his fifty-fourth year ; but into 
publish it by dividing the profits with Scott, that space he had crowded vastly more than 
By the advice of John Ballantyne, Scott the usual average of zeal and energy, of 
afterwards occasionally deserted Constable hilarity and triumph, and perhaps of anxiety 
for other publishers, but this led to no open and misery. 7 His first wife having died in 
breach in their friendly relations. On the 1814, Constable in 1818 married Miss Char- 
failure in 1826 of Hurst, Robinson, Co., lotte Neale. He had several children by both 
the London agents of Constable Co., the wives. His portrait was painted by Sir Henry 
latter firm became insolvent, as did also that Raeburn. He edited in 1810 the ' Chronicle 
of James Ballantyne Co., printers, Sir of Fife, being the diary of John Lamont of 
Walter Scott being involved in the failure of Newton from 1649 to 1672,' and was the 
the two latter firms to the amount of 120,0007. author of a c Memoir of George Heriot, 
Possibly the business of Constable Co. Jeweller to King James, containing an Ac- 
might again have recovered had not a breach count of the Hospital founded by him at 
occurred between the partners. On their sepa- Edinburgh.' 

ration Scott continued his connection with [Archibald Constable and his Literary Corre- 

Cadell on the ground, according to Lockhart, spo L ndentS) 3 vols . 1873 Lockhart's Life of Scott ; 

that Constable 'had acted on such a manner Lord Cockburns Memorials; ib. Life of Lord 

by him, especially in urging him to borrow Jeffrey.] T. F. H. 
large sums of money for his support after all 

chance of recovery was over, that he had CONSTABLE, CUTHBEET, M.D. (d. 
more than forfeited all claims on his confi- 1746), antiquary, was son of Francis Tun- 
dence.' Scott's judgment was probably more stall, esq., of Wycliffe Hall and Scargill 
severe than the facts warranted. In any case, Castle, Yorkshire, "by Cicely, daughter of John 
he admitted in reference to Constable's house Constable, second viscount Dunbar. He was 
that ' never did there exist so intelligent and educated in the English college at Douay, 
so liberal an establishment.' Previous to his which he entered in 1700, and afterwards he 
bankruptcy Constable had been meditating a took the degree of M.D. in the university of 
series of cheap original publications by authors Montpellier . In 171 8 he inherited from his 
of repute issued monthly, which in a glowing uncle, the last Viscount Dunbar, the estate of 
interview with Scott he affirmed 'must ana Burton Constable, near Hull, Yorkshire, and in 
shall sell not by thousands or tens of thou- consequence assumed the name of Constable, 
sands, but by hundreds of thousands aye by He has been styled the l catholic Maecenas 
millions.' This scheme his bankruptcy pre- of his age.' He was an accomplished scholar, 
vented him carrying out on the gigantic scale and corresponded with the most eminent 
on which it was originally planned, but a literary men of the kingdom, particularly 
modification of the original project was at with the antiquary Thomas^ Hearne. He 
once commenced by him in 182?, under the rendered great assistance to Bishop Challoner 
title of ' Constable's Miscellany of Original in the compilation of the ' Memoirs of Mis- 
and Selected "Works in Literature, Art, and sionary Priests,' and contributed to the cost 
Science. 7 Already, however, the dropsical of publishing Dodd's ' Church History/ At 
symptoms with which he had been threatened Burton Constable he formed an extensive 
for some time developed with alarming ra- library, enriched with valuable manuscripts, 
pidity, and the ' portly man became wasted Among the latter was a biography by him- 
and feeble ' (Archibald Constable and Ms Cor- self of Abraham Woodhead ; his correspond- 
respondents, iii. 447). ' Constable's spirit,' ence with Mr. Nicholson, formerly of Uni- 
says Lockhart in his ' Life of Scott/ ' had been versity College, Oxford, in reference to Wood- 
effectually broken by his downfall. To stoop head; and a volume of his correspondence 
from being primus absque secundo among the with Hearne. Constable died 27 March 1746. 

VOL. XII. B 



Constable 34 Constable. 

1 

[Dr. Kirk's Biographical MSS. quoted in G-il- poetical wit, who resides in Paris/ wrote au 

low's Bibl. Diet. i. 548; Catholic Miscellany English agent from. Liege (21 Oct. 1597), 

(1830), 135.] T. C. t 1^ j n hi s head a plot to draw the queen to 

CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613), be a catholic, 7 A few months later Constable 
poet, was son of Sir Robert Constable of wrote to Essex that he was endeavouring 
Newark, by Christiana, daughter of John to detach English catholics from their un- 
Dabridgecourt of Astley or Langdon Hall, patriotic dependence on Spain. In 1598 
Warwickshire, and widow of Anthony For- Constable was agitating- for the formation 
*ter, A niece of his mother, also called of a new English catholic college in Paris, 
Christiana Daubridgcourt, married William and was maturing a scheme by which the 
Belchier, and was mother of Daubridgcourt catholic powers were to assure King James 
Belchier [q. v.] His father, the grandson of of Scotland his succession to the English 
Sir Marmaduke Constable (1480-1546) [q.v.], throne, on the understanding that lie would 
and son of Sir Robert Constable of Evoring- relieve the English catholics of their existing 
ham, by Catharine, sister of Thomas Manners, disabilities. In March, 1 598-9 Constable ar- 
earl of Rutland, was knighted by the. Earl of rived in Edinburgh armed with a commission 
Essex while serving with the English army from the pope; but his rec|itoBt for an inter- 
in Scotland in 1570 ; a letter from him to his view with James I wan reluHtid. 1 le entered 
wife's kinsman, the Earl of Shrewsbury, dated into negotiations, however, with the Scottish 
in the same year, describes some military government in behalf of tho papacy, and re~ 
operations (\l*vmti<IUmtratiom'ii. 42). Sub- mainod in Scotland till September. After 

k _ _ ^ rt. ^ h^H. -^* *. _ 1 i i TT "V /"\l i 1 'I *t 1 . 



U *JIV^ ^' A V*iW fc A A I. CM VJ-JL *V Wf,4JJ.A.J. I'* W T Y V VV/ I/A Vfc? WiA Y *lJ.\JJl . v-v*i< ( ^y ,,,. ,,, .^ 4 .,., . -^ * * *,-ww ,* m^-wi *,.>,/,,, * A* *rv>#*, v 'M V A*Jt 

romain in manuscript at the British Museum the lung'H cause. He made James a prenont 

(Harl. MSS, 8ttt>, 887). lie was marshal of of a book, apparently his poems, in July 1000. 

Berwick from 1576 to 1578, and died in 1591. Meanwhile Constable became a pensioner of 

Henry was born in 1562 and matriculated tho king of France, but on James 1's accession 

at the ago of sixteen as a fellow-commoner in England ho resolved to rink returniitg to 

of St. John's College, Cambridge. On 15 .Fan. MH own country. ^ lie wrote without result 

1679-80 he proceeded B, A. by a special grace (11 Juno 1(503) for tho necessary jxyrmis- 

of the senate. Wood appears to be in error ion to Sir Robert Cecil; came, to London 

in asserting that Constable ' spent some time nevertheless, and in Juno of the following 

among the Oxonian muses ' (Athene Oxon. j ear wan lodged in the Tower, Ilepotitione'* 




his residence in Paris, Verse by him was IB known of his later history except that he 
meanwhile circulated, apparently in manu- died at Liege on Oct. 1 (i 1.3. Countable was 
script, among 1 his English friends and gave the friend of Sir Philip Sidney (ef. A.pohyie 
Mm a literary reputation* Letters of Ms for Poetry, 1595), of Sir John Haririgton (cf. 
addressed to Sir Francis Waltdnglmm from Orlando Mmow, p. xxxiv), and of Edmund 
Paris in July 1584 and April 1585 point Bolton. 

to his employment for a short time in the On 22 Sept. 1592 there was entered in the 
spy-service or the English government. In Stationers' Company RegiHtm a hoolc by 
1595 and the following year he waw in com- Countable entitled ' Biana.' This work,con- 
munieation with Anthony Bacon, ERBCX'S taining twenty-three sonnets, was published 
secretary, and his correspondent admitted in the same year, but only one copy, in the 
that his religion was the only thing to his possession of 1 Mr. Christie Miller of ftritwell, 
discredit, lie was clearly anxious at this is now known to be extant. Its full title 
period to stand well with, Essex, probably runs : ' Diana. The praises of his Mistres in 
with a view to returning- home. In a letter certaine sweete Sonnets, by IL 0. London, 
addressed to the earl (6 Get, 1595) he denied printed by I, 0- for Kichard Smith, 1 592.' 
that he wished the restitution of Roman The book opens with a sonnet to his absent 
Catholicism in England at the risk of sub- Diana, and is followed by a briof prose ad- 
mitting his country to foreign tyranny, and dress ' To the Gentlemen Readers ' (not re- 
begged for an introduction from Essex to printed). Each of the next twenty sonnets 
the king of France, or for some employ- is headed sonnetto prime, seoundo, and so 
ment in Essex's service. In October 1597 on, The last sonnet but one is entitled 'A 
lie had definitely thrown in his lot with the Calculation upon the Birth of an Honourable 
French government. ' One Constable, a fine Lady's Daughter; born in the year 1588 and 



Constable 35 Constable 

on a Friday, 7 and the final poem is headed were published for the first time sixteen other 

i Ultimo Sonnetto.' In 1594 appeared a sonnets attributed to Constable, entitled 'Spi~ 

second edition, under the title of * JDiana, or rituall Sonnettes to the Honour of God and 

the ex cellent cpnceitful sonnets of H.C. Aug- hys Sayntes, by H. C./ printed from the 

mented with divers Quatorzains of honourable Harleian MS. No. 7558. Constable contri- 

and learned personages. Divided into viii. buted a sonnet that was very famous in its 

Decades,' London (by James Roberts for Ri- day to King James's ' Poetical Exercises,' 

-chard Smith). A perfect copy is at the 1591 j four sonnets (' To Sir Philip Sidney's 

Bodleian; an imperfect one at the British Soule') to the 1595 edition of Sidney's <Apo- 

Museum, The date on the title-page is in logie for Poetry ; ' four pastoral poems to 

most copies misprinted 1584 for 1594. The * England's Helicon ' (1600), one of which 

collection includes all the sonnets which had ' The Shepheard's Song of Venus and Adonis ' 

appeared in the first edition except the open- (according to Malone) suggested Shake- 

ing one, ' To his absent Diana/ but they are speare's { Venus and Adonis j ' and a sonnet 

mingled with new matter, and no attempt to Bolton's ' Elements of Armoury/ 1610. 

is made to preserve the original order. The Constable's works were collected and edited 

edition is prefaced by a sonnet, signed Ri- by Mr. W. C. Hazlitt in 1859. 

chard Smith, * Unto her Majesty's sacred Constable's sonnets are too full of quaint 

honourable Maids/ and includes seventy-six conceits to be read nowadays with much 

sonnets in all, the eighth decade including pleasure, but his vocabulary and imagery 

only five, while on the last page is printed often indicate real passion and poetic feeling. 

the unnumbered sonnet from the first edition The l Spirituall Sonnettes ' breathe genuine 

dated 1588. Seven sonnets in ' the third de- religious fervour. His pastoral lyrics are 

cade ' and one in the fourth were rightly less laboured, and their fresh melody has 

printed as Sir Philip Sidney's compositions in the true Elizabethan ring. In his own day 

the appendix to the third edition of the ' Area- Constable's poems were curiously popular. 

dia' in 1598. The volume was doubtless a Francis Meres (Palladia Tamia, 1598) and 

bookseller's venture in which many poets be- Edmund Bolton (JHypereritica, in HASLE- 

sides Constable are represented. Other edi- WOOD, Critical Essays, ii. 250) are very loud 

tions are doubtfully referred by bibliographers in their praises, but the surest sign of his 

to 1604 and 1607, but no copy of either has popularity are the lines placed in the mouth 

been met with. Two facsimiles of the second of one of the characters in the ' Returne from 

edition were issued in 1818, one by the Rox- Pernassus ' (ed. Macray, p. 85) : 

burghe Club, under the direction of Edward Sweate Constabie doth take the wandring 



eare 



Littledale, and Professor Arber reprinted it And layes it up n ^ mog pr i sonm ent. 

in 1877 in his < English Garner/ 11. 225^64. * * * 

Whether i Diana/ the reputed inspirer of [Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. MTIS. 

Constable's verse, is more 4an a poet's fie- Addi t" ^: , 2 * 4 ? 7 ' ffi * 57 " 65 /; R *f iste * of Bi - 

tion or an ideal personage-the outcome of f> ra ^' '; V* * ^ . Mr ; J h Q om ^ n 

r & -i r,/ i ri-*+' Cooper); Corsers Collectanea, iv. 435-8 : Bit- 

many experiences -is very doubtful Ontics son | E i' lishPoets Lod > s nitrations; Cal. 

have pointed to Constables cousin, Mary, State p^ (Dom Y 1584-1601; Thorpe's Scot- 

countess of Shrewsbury (her husband was tigh State Papers ; Constable's letters to Essex 

Constable's second cousin on his mother s and Sir Robert Cecil at Hatfield, kindly corn- 

side), as the lady whom the poet addressed,* municated by R T. G-unton, esq. ,- Notes and 

one or two sonnets, on the other hand, con- Queries, 4th ser. ii. 292, xi. 491, xii. 179; Poster's 

firm the theory that Penelope, lady Rich, Sir Yorkshire Pedigrees.] S. L. L. 
Philip Sidney's ' Stella/ is the subject of the 

verse, but the difficulty of determining the CONSTABLE, HENRY, VISCOUKT DOT- 

authorship of any particular sonnet renders BAR (d. 1645), was son of Henry Constable of 

these suggestions of little service to Con- Burton and Halsham in the West Riding of 

stable's biographer. Todd discovered another Yorkshire, sheriff of the county in 1556 and 

small collection of sonnets in manuscript at M.P. for Heydon 1585-8 and 1603-8, by 

Canterbury, bearing Constable's name, and Margaret, daughter of Sir William Dormer of 

Park printed these in the supplement to Winthorp, Buckinghamshire (DEAKE, York- 

the < Harleian Miscellany' (1813), ix. 491. shire, p. 354; WILLIS, Not Part.) His 

They are addressed to various noble ladies mother was reputed an obstinate recusant, 

of the writer's acquaintance, including Mary, not to be 'reformed by any persuasion or yet 

countess of Pembroke; Anne, countess of by coercion' (STKYPE, Annals, fol. in. ii. 

Warwick ; Margaret, countess of Cumber- 179 ad fin.) On the death of his father 

land; Penelope, lady Rich; and Mary, coun- in 1608 Constable succeeded to the family 

tess of Shrewsbury. In Park's 'Helieonia' estates. He was knighted at the Tower 



Constable 36 Constable 

of London on 14 March 1614, and created son of Sir llobert Constable of Flaraborough 

Baron Constable and Viscount I") unbar in [q. v.] (see COOPER, Athence Cantabri(/iemes r 

the peerage of Scotland by patent dated i. 35, 527), 

at Newmarket 14 Nov. 1020. About the [Wood's AthonaeOxon. i. 27, Fasti, i. 32, 43; 

same time he was appointed deputy-justice Pita's Scriptores Angliae.] C, T. M. 
in eyre for Galtres Forest ( CaL State Papers, 

Bom. 1623-5, p. 219). He was charged with CONSTABLE, JOHN (1070 M744), je~ 

recusancy to the extent of not frequenting suit, was born in Lincolnshire on 10 Nov. 

church in 1629, but obtained a stay of pro- 1070 or 1078, and entered aB a scholar at the 

cess and a letter of immunity from the king college of St. Orner about 1(589, under the 

(ib. 1628-9, p. 522, "1635, p. 141), He was assumed name of Lacey, which was perhaps 

apparently much addicted to gaming, losing the family name of his mother. He was ad- 

on one occasion 3,000 at a sitting (ib. l()35--(>, initted into the Society of Jesus at Watten 

p. 462), He died in 1645. Constable mar- in September 1G95, and was professed of the 

ried Mary, second daughter of Sir, John Tufton, four vows on 2 Feb. 1713-14. For many 

of Hothfield, Kent. He was succeeded in years he was priest at Swimierton in Stai'- 

the title and estates by his son John. tbrdshire, the residence of the Fitzherbert 

[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, i. 457 ; Ni- * kmi .^; ^ w f als ?. ^ 1 ; iro < 1 f <? of the 

cMs's Progresses of James 1, vl. 629 ; PouiBon's J 1 * ^!?# r dlB lCit / ^ ?^ d 2 11 

Holdoinosa, i. 89, ii. 233.] J. M. B. W July 1735 (I<OLiar, Rmrds, vu. 169). In 

the parish register ol bwmnorton is this- 

CONSTABLE, JOHN (JL W2Q\ epi- entry: 'l74-4, March 28, buried Mr. Jolin 

grammatisfc, son of .Uoger and Isabel Con- Constable, from Mr. Fitzherbert's ' (ib. iii. 

stable of London, was educated at St. Paul's ^07), In Oliver's opinion Constable IB un- 

School during the mastership of "William questionably entitled to rank among the- 

Lilly. Thence he wont to Oxford and en- ablest and best informed men in the English 

tered Byham Hall, of which John Plaisted province. 

Yxruu Tiuii/1 Tina Wll srl'AArl in Mm-im-i St.wvAl-, Hlft WOl'l 



head. This hall stood in Merton Street, His works are: I. 'Remarks upon F, le- 

opposite the college church, and its site in Courayer's book in Defence of the English 

now in the possession of Corpus OKristi Col- Ordinations,' &c., 8vo, pp. 384, no place or 

ftl . i* * *l *~ * """ "* ' *' " .. J W w*. ( v . j/n v _< i. j*ta. i wt-'+mt* 

lege. Cotiatable took 
1511, and M.A. in 1615, 

Anthony *\ "Wood, he left the university with logy 

the reputation of a groat rhetorician and poet, entitled "J)6fonse do la Dissertation," &c. ; 

The titles of two books by him are known, wherein strong instances are produced to- 

but only one, it is believed, is now extant, show that he writes "Booty," and is onty a 

Joanni's Constablii Londinensis et artium wham defender of these Ordinations, while 





The epigrams are tuldreflHod to con- 3. ' The Convocation Controvertist advised 
temporary personages of note, among whom against pursuing wrong methods in his ou- 



a-re "Henry "VIII and Catherine of Aragon, (leave urs to reduce Dissenters and convince 

Sir Thomas More, Hugh Latimer, Lilly, his Catholics. To which is annexed a Letter in 

old schoolmaster, and others. A brother Hi- the name of the Church of England to Mr. 

chard and sister Martha are also mentioned. Trapp upon his strange Libel entitled " Po* 

Wood prints two as specimens, one addressed pory Stated." By Clorophilus Alethes/ 



to Plaisted, the master of Byham Hall, and 8vo. This is in reply to Joseph Trapp, D.IX 
the other to Constable's Oxford friends. This 4. ' Itojfleotions upon Accuracy of Stylo. In 
volume hardly justifies his reputation as a live dialogues/ Lond. 1734, Bvo, 1738, 12mo. 
poet, as the epigrams are dull and pointless, 6. ' The Doctrine of Antiquity concerning- 
though the versification is correct. There the most blessed Eucharist plainly shewed 
is a copy of this book in the Bodleian Li- in remarks upon Johnson's " Unbloody Sacri- 
brary, which formerly belonged to Robert iice," By Olerophilus Aletlies/ Lond, 1736,, 
Burton, author of the * Anatomy of Melan- -8vo. 6, i The Conversation of Gentlemen 
choly ' [q, v.] His other work was entitled considered. In six dialogues,' Lond, 1738, 
' Querela v entatis/ but nothing is known of it 12mp. 7. 'Deism and Christianity fairly 
except that the first words were 'Destmavimus consider'd, in four dialogues. To which is 
tibi hunc nostrum/ There was another John added a fifth upon Latitudinarian Chris- 
Constable, his contemporary, "who was dean tianity, and two letters to a friend upon a 
of Lincoln 1514-28, but he belonged to the Book [by T. Morgan] entitled " The Moral 
well-knownYorkshire family, being the fourth Philosopher,"' London, 1739, 12mo (anon.) 



Constable 37 Constable 



8. ' A Specimen of Amendments, candidly 
proposed to the compiler of a work which lie 
calls "The Church History of England." 
By Clerophilus Alethes/ Lond. 1741, 12mo. 
'This is a sharp attack on the Rev. Charles 
Dodd [q. v.], the catholic church historian, 
with special reference to the manner in 



"began when he was about eighteen, and he is 
said to have performed his duties carefully and 
well, but it lasted about a year only, during 
which time he earned for himself in the neigh- 
bourhood the name of l the handsome miller.' 
Other accounts say that he spent most of this 
time in observing the effects of nature, in 



which he speaks of the Jesuits and their sketching in the fields, and copying drawings 
policy. Dodd replied in ' An Apology for the by Girtin lent him by Sir George Beaumont of 
'Church History of England,' 1742. 9. ' Ad- Coleorton [q. v.], whose mother lived at Bed- 
vice to the Author of the Church History of ham. Sir George also showed Constable that 
England/ manuscript preserved at Stony- favourite Claude which he used to carry about 
hurst. This treats of the second volume of in his carriage, and allowed him to copy it. 
the History, and includes also a reply to the His first encouragement in art thus appears 
* Apology/ It is said to be ' searching, smart, to have been given him by the strong ad- 
and acute/ but it was not deemed advisable herent of the conventional school of land- 
to publish it, because the author i was not scape, the apostle of the f brown tree/ the 
-solicitous enough to keep the unity of the most noted champion, in fact, of those canons 
.spirit in the bond of peace ; (OLIVER, Jesuit of landscape art against which Constable was 
Collections, p. 73). to lead the first signal revolt. As Turner had 

[Authorities cited above; also Panel's Me- ^irtin and Crome his Ladbrooke Con- 

moirs, pref. p. 10 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains st / ble m h e manner ha a fellow-student 

de la Oompagnie de Jesus ; Cat. of Printed of nature hls name was Dunthorne, the vil- 

Books in Brit. Mus. ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. la g e plumber and glazier, who roamed and 

ix. 38 ; Grillow's Bibl. Diet. i. 552 ; Lowndes's studied nature with him in the fields, and 

Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 654, 655.] T. C. remained his friend through life. They used 

also to paint at Dunthorna's cottage, which 

CONSTABLE, JOHN" (1776-1837), was close to Constable's home, and also at a 
landscape-painter, was born at East Berg- room they hired for the purpose in the village, 
holt in Suffolk on 11 June 1776. His father, Sir George Beaumont, for all his dilettan- 
Golding Constable, was the grandson of a teism, had a fine discernment, and was a true 
Yorkshire farmer who had settled at Bures, lover of art, and he used his influence to per- 
a village on the Essex side of the Stour, suade Constable's parents to allow him to go 
some eight or nine miles west of East Berg- to London to study art, which he did for the 
liolt, where Golding Constable built himself first time in 1795. Here he met with en- 
a. house of sufficient importance to be men- couragement from Joseph Farington, R.A., 
tioned in ' The Beauties of England and and made acquaintance with J. T. Smith, the 
Wales.' Golding Constable inherited a con- author of * Nollekens and his Times/ &c v who 
siderable property from a rich uncle, includ- appears to have etched one or two of Con- 
ing the watermill at Flatford. To this he stable's sketches (contained in letters from 
added, by purchase, the watermill at Ded- Constable) inhis series of picturesque cottages, 
ham, a village in Essex, near to East Berg- From Smith Constable received some in- 
Tiolt, and two windmills near the latter place, struction in etching, and there are two small 
to which he moved in 1774. Here John etchings by Constable in the British Museum. 
Constable, the second child, was born, and At the end of 1797 he went home to take the 
he was so weakly at his birth that he was place of his father's old clerk who had died, 
baptised the same day. He developed, how- but in 1799 he returned to the metropolis, and 
-ever, into a strong healthy boy, and when on 4 Feb. was admitted as a student of the 
about seven he was sent to a boarding-school Royal Academy. His studies were assisted 
and then to a school at Lavenham, where by Farington and Reinagle, and he corn- 
there was a tyrannical usher. Thence he was menced his artistic life as a portrait-painter 
removed to the grammar school at Dedham, with an occasional attempt at historical paint- 
where he had a very kind master, Dr. Grim- ing. His desire for independence soon shows 
wood, from whom he gained some know- itself in his letters to Dunthorne. J. T. Smith 
ledge of Latin, to which he afterwards added has offered to sell his drawings in his shop, 
a little French. His father at first intended and he hopes thereby to clear his rent (1799). 
him for the church, and afterwards wished He was not without resources though, for 
Mm to be a miller, but his artistic proclivi- he and Reinagle club 7QI. together to buy a 
ties were too strong to be repressed, and even- Ruysdael, which he copies. ^ He goes about 
tually he was left to follow his natural bent, too a little ; he is at Ipswich in 1799, at Hel- 
JEis attempt to pursue the business of a miller mingham in 1800, in Derbyshire in 1801. In 



Constable 38 Constable 

London lie changes his lodgings from Cecil must not, however, be confounded with the- 

Street (1799) to 50 Kathbone Place (1802). Rev. John Fisher, his nephew, Constable's. 

It was not till this year that he exhibited at more intimate friend and enthusiastic ad- 

the Royal Academy, and the work that he sent mirer, who afterwards became the bishop's 

1 1 ^W"l"T i * i /** i 1 11" "1 IT /* "1"*^ "I 1 * A 




.encouragement. Constable used to confidence m his powers, 
say that the best lesson he ever had was from more than ever a decided conviction that I shall 
West, who told him to remember i that light some time or other makesome good pictures 
and shadow never stand still, 7 Another good pictures that shall be valuable to posterity if 
piece of advice given him by the president, I do not reap the benefit of them/ Ho was 
who himself occasionally tried landscape, was unfortunately almost alone in this convict ion. 
* Your darks should look like darks of silver, He was endeavouring to do what had never 
and not of lead or slate. 7 After this lie de- been done before, to paint English landscape 
voted himself to the study of nature and without 'fal-de-lal or fiddle-de-dee,' as he 
landscape art, and spent the summer months expressed it. He was altogether too original 
in the country, 'living nearly always in the and too English to succeed. Wilnoii's art had 
fields and seeing nobody but field labourers/ been based upon Claude, and Gainsborough's 
After this, with the exception of two altar- on the Butch school, and connoisseurs who* 
pieces, painted for churches in Suffolk at had not bought their landscapes when they 
Brantham (1804), 'Christ blessing Little were alive wore beginning to pay good prices 
Children/ and Nayland (1809), ' Ohriat bless- for them, now. But Constable followed no- 
ing the Bread and Wine,' and an oe-casional body, not even, in method ho painted effects 
portrait, there is no record of his again leaving which had never boon painted before in a 
that path of art which appears to have been stylo unassoeiated with tho name of any great 
marked out for him by nature horself, painter. Moreover, Ins subjects wero humble, 

The result of tho exhibition appears to have no lakes or castles, mountains or temples, and 
fixed his principles in art and tho rules of his it was scarcely yet rocogniflod that- the daily 
conduct for life. * In the last two years/ he beauties of ordinary English scenery wero 
writes, < 1 have been running after pictures worthy subjects for a great artist, and worthy 
and sookiug truth at second-hand. I have possessions' for men of tasfco. So Constable 
not endeavoured to represent nature with the had to content himself with his own opinions- 
same elevation of mind with which I sot out, and feelings, and to go on steadily in a path 
but have rather tried to make my perform- which he know was the right and only One 
ances look like the work of other men. I for him, His enthusiasm and patience woro 
am come to a determination to make no idle equal to the pjreat occasion, and thoy^ were not 
visits tins summer nor to give up any timo altogether without sympathy. II is friend, the 
to commonplace people, I shall return to Kev, John "Fisher (sixteen years his junior), 
Bergholt, whore I shall endeavour to get a believed in him, and bouglit as many of his. 
pure and unaffected manner of representing pictures aft he could afford, and his maternal 
the scenes that may employ mo., There is uncle, David Pyke Watts, was kind and li be- 
little or nothing in the exhibition worth ral to him,. J ie could also soon reckon aw hm 
looking up to, There is room enough for a friends several eminent artists, among whom, 
natural pa inter, The great vice of the present besides those already mentioned, woro Jack- 
day is bravura, an attempt to do something son and Wilkie (to whom he sat for the head 
" beyond the truth. Fashion always had and of the physician in 'The Sick Lady, 7 and again, 
always will have its day, but truth in all later in life for another physician in Wilkio's 
things only will last, and can only have just picture of Columbus) and Stothard, with 
claims on posterity. I have reaped consider- whom he used to take long walks. Newer- 
able benefit from exhibiting ; it shows me tbeless he did not sell a single picture to a 
where I am, and, in fact, tells me what nothing stranger till 1814. When lie was thirty-eight 
else could/ This year he was offered, through, years old, what little money he oarno'd came- 
Dr. John Fisher, rector of Langham, Suffolk, from portraits and copies of pictures. Seve- 
a situation as drawing-master at a school, but ral of the latter wore copies of portraits by 
he, by the advice and with the assistance of Sir Joshua Reynolds, painted for the Earl of 
"West, refused it without hurting- the feelings Dysart. He did not strive to make a show. 
of his patron. This Fisher was soon after- His pictures at the Academy wero not. largo 
wards made bishop, first of Exeter and then or striking in subject, and were generally de- 
of Salisbury. He was introduced to Con- scribed in the catalogue by such simple titles 
stable by the Hurlocks, and was always a as 'Landscape 'or 'Study from Nature/ The 
good friend to the artist till his death. He only work he ever exhibited with a subject 



Constable 39 Constable 

and title calculated to appeal to the popular her greatest pleasure. In 1812 he tells her 

mind was a drawing of ' H.M.S. Victory of a fire at his lodgings, and how he saved a 

Captain E. Harvey at Trafalgar,' which he poor woman's money which she had left in 

sent to the Academy in 1806. In 1803 he her bed. In 1813 he speaks of the success of 

had taken a trip from London to Deal in an his picture at the Academy, l Landscape 

East Indiaman, the Coutts, and made about Boys Fishing/ and of his growing reputation 
130 sketches. ^ These included three of the as a portrait-painter. He gets fifteen guineas a 
Victory, then just fresh from the dock at head, has painted full-lengths of Lady Heath- 
Chatham. In 1807 he sent three drawings cote and her mother. For the first time his 
of the lake country, to which he had paid a pockets are full of money. He 'is free from 
visit the previous year, but he never painted debt, and has had no assistance from his 
a picture from the numerous sketches he took father. He dines at the Royal Academy, and 
during the tour. His mind was not con- is a good deal entertained with Turner, who- 
stituted, as his friend Leslie admits, to enjoy sits next to him. ' I alway expected to find 
the sublimer scenery of nature. He was es- him what I did ; he has a wonderful range 
sentially a pastoral painter with an intense of mind. 7 Next year sees improvement in 
affection to the familiar scenes of his boy- his prospects as a landscape-painter. His 
hood, like the poet Clare. His power was in 'Windmill ? is given to John Landseer to en- 
a great measure due to his recognition of his grave, and he sells two pictures one to Mr. 
natural limits and his complete contentment Allnutt and another to Mr. James Carpenter, 
with them. He did not aspire to be a uni- In 1815 Constable is permitted to visit Miss 
versal painter, desiring only to paint well Bicknell at her father's house at Spring Gar- 
thpse things he knew and loved well. He dens, which makes Dr. Rhudde very angry, 

CHC\ t /"I I l w* f\ fWt V f\ -w 1 * T^n /\ I T 4-^% l-v^-x /-I " f-r-f -v\ * *% w A ^ I *** vn J L* *^ **, _.*. J. I J_ 1_ ^ _^_ * ^1 _ Tl 1C * _ . _ t _ 




attack others, though I may amuse myself, I stable's father also. Miss Bicknell was now 
do not advance beyond the first, while the twenty-nine and Constable forty, and they 
particular nail stands still.' In 1812 he writes agreed to wait no longer. His friend, the 
to Miss Maria Bicknell : ' I have now a path Rev. J. Fisher, seems to have suggested their 
marked out very distinctly for myself, and I marriage, and himself performed the cere- 
am desirous of pursuing it uninterruptedly.' mony at St. Martin's Church on 2 Oct. 1816. 
His health had been affected in the previ- His portrait by Constable appeared in the 
ous year (1811) from his love of this lady, next year's Academy. The father of Miss 
whom he had known when a boy. His love Bicknell was soon reconciled, and the grand- 
was returned by Miss Bicknell, but not ap- father, though it is not recorded whether he 
proved by the family. Her father was solici- relented during his life, left Mrs. Constable 
tor to the admiralty, and afterwards to the 4,000 at his death three years after. 
prince regent ; and her grandfather was the The newly married couple took up their 
Eev. Dr. Khudde, rector of East Bergholt, his abode at 63 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, 
native village. A millowner's son and an un- where Constable had lived for some years ; 
successful painter was not an eligible match, thence they moved, in 1817 or 1818, to 1 BLep- 
Dr. Rhudde did not know Constable, and pel Street. In 1822 their address was 8 Keppel 
Mr. Bicknell, though he knew and apparently Street, and in this year they moved to 35 Upper 
always liked him personally, did not wish to Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square (Faring- 
offend Dr. Rhudde, from whom his daughter ton's old house), where he remained till his 
had expectations. The lovers were driven to death. He also for some years had a sup- 
correspondence, which lasted for five years, plementary residence at Hampstead. In 1821 
The extracts from it in Leslie's 'Life' are well it was 2 Lower Terrace, but he does not ap- 
worth reading. Artless and without extra- pear to have taken a house there till 1826, 
vagance the letters breathe a spirit of quiet when he took a small one in Well Walk, and 
deep affection and perfect constancy. The let a great part of his house in Charlotte 
lovers do not go into raptures and do not Street, reserving his studio and a few other 
quarrel, have never anything of much im- rooms, and going backwards and forwards 
portance to say, nor any great thoughts to every day. In 1819 he was elected an as- 
communicate, but they are always brave and sociate of the Boyal Academy, and exhibited 
patient and faithful. At first Miss Bicknell's one of his finest pictures, now generally known 
duty seems to have a little the better of her as i The White Horse/ but called in the cata- 
love, but the f Dear sir ' soon ripens into logue f A Scene on the River Stour.' This 
* Dearest John/ and writing, which has was purchased by his friend Fisher, now arch- 
hitherto been disagreeable to her, becomes deacon. He was now forty-three years of 



Constable 40 Constable 

age, and he owed his election, not to any No such recognition was accorded him in 
favouritism or even popularity, but, as Fisher England. Things had improved a little down 
wrote, 'solely to his own unsupported, un- to 1825. In 1822 he writes that 'several 
patronised merits.' His house was full of cheering- things havo happened to me pro- 
unsold pictures, and he advertised for the fessionally. I am certain my reputation rises 
public to come to see them gratis. Whether as a landscape-painter and that my style of 
this invitation was largely accepted or not art, as Farington always said it would, is 
does not appear, but there is no doubt that, fast becoming 1 a distinct foaturo. 7 This year 
in spite of the opportunities afforded to the Bishop Fisher commissioned Constable, to 
public of seeing his pictures on the walls of paint a picture of Salisbury Cathedral from 
the National Gallery and the British Gallery, his grounds, as a present to his daughter on 
and in his own house, he never attained any her marriage, but ill-health prevented the 




exhibited at the Royal Academy a picture not quite pleiwo the bishop, and Constable 

called * A Landscape .Noon,' which is now painted him another, with a slight alteration, 

known as 'The Hay Wain,' presented by Mr. which is now in the possession of the bishop's 

Henry Vaughan to the National Gallery in descendants. In 1824 ho sold his large picture 

1880. Its first purchaser was a Frenchman, of i A Boat passing- a Lock ' to Mr. Morrison 

who bought it and two other pictures for for a hundred and fifty guineas (including 

250/. The purchaser sent it to the Salon in frame), but ho was not so successful with, 'The 

1824, together with a view on the Thames Jumping Horse ' of noxt. year, nor with the 

at the opening of Waterloo Bridge, call (id * Cornfield' of tho year aftor, which is now in 

by Constable tho * sra all Waterloo,' to difl- tho National Gallery. During thofloyoarsjiis 

tinguish it from the larger picture, then, pro- family had boon increasing, and in 1828 his 

jectod but not finished for many years alter, seventh and last child (Lionel) was born. 

What is called the romantic school of France ThougliHincotho legacy of Dr. Uhuddeandthe 

had them bogun. It was a revolt against tho death of his own father his income appears to 

habitual conventionalism, the pseudo-classic- havo been suittciont for his wants, it in evident 

ism, and the falseness of the school of tho that he was sometimes hard puslwcl and had 

empire headed by David. Tho revolt was to employ much of the time ho would have 




vealed to them a fresh and natural way of ob- M r. Bieknoll, who loft the Constables 20,000/, 

serving- and recording 1 natural effects. Their 'This/ ho wrof.o, 'I will sottlo on my wife 

profound influonco on the modern school of and children, and T shall then too able to 

French landscape is fully acknowledges! by stand before a six-loot canvas with a mind 

French critics (BOO TkmaiflR in IXutoirc. de at ease, thank God !' But a greater ;m isfor- 

Peintreti, article ' Constable/ and GHIWHAU" tuno than poverty was at hand. His wife, 

in La Ptinture A,n<]la.wi). IMacroix himself always consumptive, died towards tho end of 

was so impressed with Constable's landscapes, tho year, leaving him with seven children, t he 

that he painted his own ' Massacre do Scio ' youngest not a year old. 

entirely over again in four days, After being 1 lie bore xrp "bravely against tho bmmve- 

exhibited a few weeks they were removed inent, but wh'em he noxt year (1829) was at 

from their original situations to a post of length clocked an Academician ho felt the 

Tt has 




can- 

ledgo tho riclmoflR of texture and the stir- not impart it.' It was also accompanied by 
face of things. They are struck with their much bitterness against Sir Thomas Law- 
vivacity and freshness, things unknown to rence, the prosidont, who told him he ought 
their own pictures.' Constable was awarded a to consider himself fortunate at being elected, 
gold modal by the king of France (Charles X). This seems to have been also tho opinion of 
Medals were also given to Bonington Hq. v.] the public, who did not seem to appreciate 
and Copley Fielding, and Sir Thomas jbaw- him any more after his election. But lie 
rence was created a knight of the Legion of went on bravely working, though saddened, 
Honour. The effect of Constable's ' White till his death in 1837. In 1 831 appeared his 
Horse ' at the exhibition at Lillo in 1825 was grand ' Salisbury Cathedral from tho Mea- 
equally groat and produced another gold clows,' and in 18821ns long-delayed ' Water- 
medal, loo Bridge/ called in the catalogue ' White- 



Constable 41 Constable 

hall Stairs, June 18th, 1817.' Though of Landscape Scenery.' Lucas's large plates after 
extraordinary brilliance in its lighting and Constable, such as ' The Lock,' ' The Corn- 
colour, it achieved no success at its exhibi- field/ f Dedham Yale/ ' The Young "Wal- 
tion. Notwithstanding the years taken in its tonians/ and < Salisbury Cathedral from the 
execution it was judged unfinished even by Meadows/ are masterpieces of the art of 
his friend Stothard. In this picture Con- mezzotint applied to landscape. His pleasure 
stable carried his suppression of detail in order in his art and in his children, to whom he 
to gain general truth and power of effect to was a devoted father, never seems to have 
an extreme if not excess. It was almost en- failed, but the health of his eldest son John 
tirely executed with the palette knife, and gave him anxiety, and his own was not good, 
was probably the cause of the artist's writing He had at least two serious illnesses before 
to Leslie in 1833 : ' I have laid it (the palette his last, and he suffered much from depres- 
knife) down, but not till I had cut my throat sion. He wrote in 1834 that his life and 
with it.' In 1835 was exhibited ' The Valley occupation were useless, but to the end he 
Farm/ which was purchased by Mr. Vernon filled it with work and duty. In 1836 he 
and is now in the National Gallery. In 1832 delivered some lectures on l Landscape Art ' 
he lost his friend Archdeacon Fisher, and in at the Royal Institution, and he had pre- 
the same year died John Dunthorne (the son viously in 1833 given one or two at Hamp- 
of his older friend of the same name), who stead. The notes of these, preserved at the 
had for many years worked as his assistant end of Leslie's ' Life/ are full of good sense and 
in London, and had been set up by him as a fine observation. His death was sudden, 
picture-cleaner. He found some new and On 30 March 1837 he walked home from a 
valuable friends in Mr. Evans, his medical meeting of the Royal Academy with Leslie, 
adviser, Mr. Purton of Hampstead, and Mr. and next day he worked at his picture of 
Oeorge Constable of Arundel (a namesake l Arundel Mill and Castle/ and in the even- 
but no relation), and he seems to have found ing went out on a charitable errand in con- 
also a new source of inspiration in the scenery nection with the Artists' Benevolent Asso- 
round Arundel. He wrote to Mr. G. Con- ciation, of which he was president. In the 
.stable : ' I have never seen such scenery as night he was taken ill and died. A post- 
your country affords ; I prefer it to any other mortem examination was held, but it practi- 
for my pictures. 7 He was engaged on a pic- cally left the cause of death undecided, for it 
ture of ' Arundel Mill and Castle/ which he revealed no traces of disease except indiges- 
meant to be his best work, when he died. In tion. He was buried at Hampstead in the 
these later years (1830-7), marked by nume- same grave with his wife, 
rous fine pictures besides those already men- After his death a few friends bought his 
tioned, e.g. ' The Mound of the City of Old t Cornfield ' from his executors and presented 
Sarum 7 (1834) and < The Cenotaph to theme- it to the National Gallery, which now pos- 
mory of Sir Joshua Eeynolds at Coleorton ' sesses three of his finest and largest works 
(1836), he was also much interested in a ' The Cornfield," The Valley Farm/ and 'The 
series of twenty mezzotint engravings from Hay Wain.' At the South Kensington Mu- 
his works by David Lucas, which were brought seum are eight pictures, six of them left by 
out in five parts and published in 1833 with Mr. Sheepshanks. They include the ' Salis- 
the following title : ' Various subjects of bury Cathedral ' of 1823 already mentioned, 
Landscape characteristic of English Scenery, ' Dedham Mill,' two views of i Hampstead 
principally intended to display the Pheno- Heath '(one, No. 36, painted 1827, remarkable 
mena of the Chiar' oscuro of Nature from for its beauty), ' Boat-building/ and < Water 
Pictures by John Constable, E.A., engraved Meadows near Salisbury/ of singular delicacy 
by David Lucas. 7 In the preface Constable and freshness. At South Kensington are also 
describes the aims of his art and speaks of the some studies from the nude and a drawing 
'rich and feeling manner 7 in which Lucas had of Stoke, and in the British Museum are 
engraved his work. This praise was well one or two water-colour drawings and pencil 
deserved. Seldom has a painter found so sketches, including a beautiful sketch (in 
sympathetic an interpreter as Constable in colour) of a waterfall. Though Constable never 
David Lucas. The work did not sell, however, attained the same skill in water-colour as in 
and the plates were used to illustrate the first oils, his sketches in this medium are always 
edition of Leslie's life of the artist. Besides powerful and direct records of impressions, 
this series there was another called t English executed with extraordinary promptness and 
Landscape/ which contained fifteen plates, success. 

and both series were included with some So much has been said about his art in the 

others (forty in all) in a volume published course of this notice that it is unnecessary 

by H. G. Bohn in 1855, called ' English to add much more, and his character was so 



Constable 



Constable 



simple and noble that it maybe dismissed with 
a few words. He was above all things faithful 
faithful to one clear idea of art, faithful to 
one dearly loved woman. Except a certain 
sarcastic humour and a brusque independence 
not agreeable to all, no one has noted any 
defect in his conduct and disposition, which 
evidently endeared him unusually to all who 
knew him. No neglected genius ever bore 
the disappointments of life more bravely and 
patiently. Of his genius there can be no 
doubt. If its range was narrow it was emi- 
nently sincere and original. In those quali- 
ties few artists can compare with him. He 
was the first to paint the greenness and 
moisture of his native country, the first to 
paint the noon sunshine with its white li^lit 
pouring down through the leaves and spark- 
ting in the foliage and the grass (an od'oct 
which gave rise to the expression of* Con- 
stable's snow '), the iirsfr to paint truly the 
sun-shot clouds of a showery shy, the first 
to represent faithfully the rich colours of an 
English summer landscape, the firnt to aban- 
don the old brown grounding of the Dutch 
tjchool and to lay Ids tints at. ouco fresh and 
fair in exact imitation of nature, the iirst to 
paint so strongly tho volume of trees and 
clouds, the body and substance of the earth, 
the first to suggest HO fully not only the 
wights but tho sounds of nature, the gurgle 
of tho water, the rustle of the trees. Other 
painters have made us aoe naturo at a dis- 
tance or through a window; he alone has 
planted our foot in her midst. Fuseli's often 
misquoted remark, that Constable e mate me 
call for my great coat and umbrella/ was no 
slight tribute to his originality and skill ; 
and Blake once said of one of hits sketches, 
< This is not drawing, but inspiration." Much 
has boen written about Constable's art ; it 
has been unjustly depreciated by some (in- 
cluding .Huskin) ; but his claim to bo con- 
sidered the founder of the school of faithful 
landscape Is now widely recognised at home 
and abroad, and the artist ninxsolf would 
scarcely have wished for a higher title to 
immortality. 

[Leslie's Life of Constable; Constable's Va- 
rious Subjects of Landscape, &e,,l833 ; Cunning- 
ham's Lives (H'eaton) ; Itodgrayos' Century of 
Painting; Redgrave's X)ict; Bryan's Diet,; Wod- 
more'H Studios hi English Art (2nde6r.) ; Muator- 
piecee of English Art; Art Journal, January 
18.55; raven's Diet.; Histoiro doe Pemtras ; 
Ohesnoau's Lit Pointure Anglais ; Buskin's 
Modern Painters ; Itevuo Universelle des Arts, 
iv. 280 ; Catalogues of Royal Academy, &c.l 

C. M. 



CONSTABLE, SIR HARM AD LIKE 
(1455 P-1518), of Mamborough, IB known as 



' Little Sir Marmaduke.' His life is summed 
up in the following inscription on a brass 
tablet in J?lamborough church (the spelling 
is modernised) : 

Here Ueth Marmaduko Constable of 

burght, knight, 
Who made adventure into Franco for tho right 

of tho same ; 
Passed over with King Edward tho Fourth j that 

no bio knight, 
And also with noblo King Harry tho Seventh of 

that name, 
lie was also at Barwik at the winning of the 

same, 
And by King Edward chosen captain there first 

of any one, 
And rulod and governed there his time without 

blame, 
But. for all that, as yo soo, ho lioth under this 

fltorio. 

At Branldston Field, whoro tho King of Scots 

wan slain, 

JTo then being of tho ago of threescore and ten, 
With tho good Duke of Norfolk that journey he 

hath ta' en, 
And couragoly advanced himself among other 

there and thon, 
The king being in Franco with groat number of 

English men. 
lie, nothing heeding his ago there, but jeopard* 

him as ono 

With his sons, brethren, servants, and kinsmen, 
But now, as ye seo, ho lioth under this stouo. 

Tho family of Constable take their name 
from the oihco of constable of Chester, to* 
which Hugh d'Avranches, oarl of Chester in 
the Conqueror's time, appointed his kinsman 
Nigel, baron of Haul ton. Nigel's descendant 
John, constable of Chester under Richard I r 
assumed the name and claimed the lands of 
Lacy, baron of Pontolract. Hogor cle Lacy, 
son of this John (and father of John de Lacy, 
earl of Lincoln), gave tho lordship of Flam- 
borough to his brother Robert, surnamed 
Lo Constable, founder of the house of Klam- 
borough, wlio died in 1210, The following 
is taken from the diary of a Spanish envoy 
to England and Scotland in l5;J5(W':pKNBR, 
AarftbtrfitmnyGr, ill. 5243) ; i JIo (Sir John 
Campbell, a (Scottish courtier) said likewise 
that in England there was a noble family, 
Constable, who received their Jief from a 
former king of the Banes. Even now tho 
custom is iliat each year at Christmas the 
head of tho family goes to the sea shore and 
looking towards the north calls out three 
times that if any one will receive the rent in 
the name of the king of the Danes he is 
ready to give it, And thon he fixes a coin 
into an arrow and shoots it as fur as ho can 
out into the sea. Camwel (Campbell) said 



Constable 43 Constable 



he had been in England on Christmas day in 
the house of Marmaduke Constable and had 
seen this done, Marmaduke himself said his 
grant (litteras pTieudatarias) required this 
ceremony, if he neglected it he could be de- 
prived of his fief, and showed letters com- 
manding it. Four years ago Doctor (sic) 
Marmaduke Constable told me the same, but 



which was signed at Edinburgh on 29 Nov. 
1509, and in the following year he and Drury 
were commissioned to treat for the redress of 
grievances. He was then, 1509-10, sheriff 
of Yorkshire. On 9 Dec. 1510 he obtained 
an exemption from serving on juries, &c. 
(Pat. 2 Ren. VIII, p. 2, m. 9). To the 
battle of Flodden. in 1513 he accompanied the 

instead of a coin he said a rose was shot into Earl of Surrey with a powerful band. The 
the sea, and not at Christmas but on St. John ballad of Elodden Field describing the muster 
Baptist's day. 7 has it : 

Marmaduke Constable, son of Sir Robert a- ivr j i r\ T.I ^ *. 

r j. -LI -c-m -U -u j \ j -U kir Marmaduke Constable stout 

Constable of Flamborough. and Agnes, daugh- A,,*,,^ ^ u,- a i 

* cr T>i -V -XT?- j. 4.1 j? a c n Accompanied wifcn ms seemly sons, 

ter of Sir Philip Wentworth of Suffolk, was Sir W1 m Bulmer with Ms / Qllt 

the eldest of a family of eleven, five sons Lord Clifford with his clapping guns. 

and six daughters. His epitaph says his age 

was seventy at Brankiston (i.e. Flodden) He was one of those who signed the chal- 

Field in 1513. This would place his birth leuge sent, 7 Sept., by Surrey to the king of 

about 1443 ; but the ' Escheators' Inquisi- Scots. On the 9th, the day of the battle, 

tions/ taken after the death of his father in ' the captain of the left wing was old Sir 

1488, and of his mother in 1496, give his Marmaduke Constable, and with him was 
age respectively as over thirty-one and over Master "William Percy, his son-in-law, Wil- 
forty, from which we may infer that he was liam Constable, his brother, Sir Robert Con- 
born about 1455, a more likely date, as his stable, Marmaduke Constable, William Con- 
son Robert was born about 1478, when he stable, his sous, and Sir John Constable of 
would be twenty-three, and heirs to property Holderness,with divers his kinsmen, allies, and 
then married young. His wars in France other gentlemen of Yorkshire and Northum- 
must have been in 1475 with Edward IV, berland' (contemporary news-letter printed 
and 1492 with Henry VII. The latter ended by Ric. Fawkes ; reprint, Garret, 1822). His 
with the treaty of Estaples, and we find Con- two sons, his brother, and William Percy 
stable named among the gentlemen appointed were among those kuighted after the battle. 
to receive the French delegates who ratified Henry VIII acknowledged his services on 
it. Berwick was surrendered to the Duke that day by a letter of thanks dated Wind- 
of Gloucester in 1482. Under that duke, sor, 26 Nov. 1514 (PEICKETT, Bridlington, 
when king as Richard III, Constable held p- 186; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 208), 
the important stewardship of the honour of in which he refers to the royal license already 
Tutbury in Staffordshire. Henry VII, how- granted to him on account of his ' great age 
ever, pardoned his adherence to King Richard and impotency ; to take his ' ease and liberty/ 
(Pat. 1 Hen. VII, p. 2, m. 22) and received and addresses him as knight of the body. Sir 
him into favour. The first three years of Marmaduke Constable, the elder, ( called the 
Henry's reign were disturbed by repeated little. 3 In July 1515 he received a charter' 
risings in the north/ Humphrey Stafford, of liberties constituting Flamborough a sane- 
Constable's brother-in-law, was hanged for tuary for felons and debtors, &c. (Pat. 7 
his share in that of 1486 (Lord Lovel's), Sen. VIII, p. 1, m. 29). In the Record 
and in another the Earl of Northumberland Office are two orders, one dated 18 Jan, 1518, 
was murdered by a Yorkshire mob on 28 April by Lord Darcy to a servant, to deliver wethers 

1489. Constable was then sheriff of Staf- and kids to Constable. They are curious as 
fordshire, 1486-7, and of Yorkshire, 1487-8 ; written on the backs of playing cards (Cal 
in the latter year he received < by way of re- Sen. VIII, vol. ii. app. 43). He died on 
ward 7 340Z. He also obtained the steward- 20 Nov. 1518 (EsGh. Inq. 11 Hen. VIII). 
ship of some of Northumberland's lands His brother, John Constable, dean of Lin- 
during the minority of the young earl (Pat. coin, and brother-in-law, SirWilliamTirwhit, 
5 Sen. VII, p. 1, m. 21). His father dying executors of his will (dated 1 May, and 
in 1488 he became Sir Marmaduke Constable proved at York on 27 April 1520), afterwards, 
of Flamborough, having previously been by deed 4 July 1522, in his name founded 
known as of Someretby in Lincolnshire. He four scholarships in St. John's College, Cam- 
was a knight of the body to Henry VII, and bridge. His tomb in Flamborough church 
was at the reception of Catherine of Aragon is described by a writer in the ' Gentleman's 
in 1501. In 1509 Henry VIII sent him to " Magazine' of 1753 (p. 456) : 'This epitaph ' 
Scotland, with Sir Robert Drury and Dr. (quoted above) 'is written ^on a copper plate 
John Batemanson, to negotiate the treaty fixed into a large stone, which is placed upon 



Constable 



44 



Constable 



a large stone coffin or chest in which the 
body was reposited, find beside it is the 
upper part of a skeleton in stone ; the ribs 
project greatly and the breast is laid open, 
in the inner side of which appears what by 
tradition is held to be a toad at the heart 
(of which he was supposed to die), but it 
bears little or no resemblance of a toad.' The 
brass has now been separated from the coffin 
and skeleton, and their connection with each 
other forgotten (PiuOKBTT, liridlmyton, p. 
187). By his first wife, Joyce, daughter of 
Sir Humphrey Stafford of 'Grafton, he loft 
issue Sir Koberfc Constable [q. v.], Sir Mar- 
maduke Constable, Sir William Constable of 
Hatiield in Holdomesa, Sir John Constable 
of Kinalton, Agnes, wife of Sir Henry 
Ughtred, and Eleanor, wife, first of John 
Ingelby, afterwards of Thomas, lord Berke- 
ley. By his second wife, Margery, daughter 
of William, lord FitzTXugh, and widow of 
Sir John Milton of Swine, ho loft no isHiio. 

CONSTABLE, SLR MAiuaotncK! (1480P- 
1545), second sou of tho above, by his mar- 
riage with Barbara, daughter and heiress of 
Sir John Sotehill of Kvoringhiun, founded 
the family of Oonsfcablcn of Kveringham. Ho 
fought under his lather at Flodden, and waa 
knighted after the battle an Sir Marmacluke 
Constable of ItJvoringham, 9 Sept. 1511$. In 
1520 he went to Franco to the .Field of the 
Oloth of Gold, and was present at the sub- 
sequent, mooting of Henry VIII and the em- 
peror at GravelmoB. II o took an active part 
m the Scotch warn of lfi&2 and 152&, and in 
th(3 latter year distinguished himself at the 
capture of' Jtxlburgh (23 Sept.) and Forme- 
herst (27 Sept.) In tho parliament of 1529 
ho was one of the knights of the shire for 
Yorkshire* On tho establishment of the 
council of the north in 15&7 Constable was 
appointed to it and continued an active mem- 
ber till his death in 1545. Ho had been 
sheriff of Lincolnshire in J 51 3-14, and of 
Yorkshire in .15^2-8. Ilia share in the spoil 
of the monasteries was tho priory of Drax 
in Yorkshire of which he had a grant, 
22 July 15)58 (Pat, fall, 30 Henry VIII, 
p. 3, m, 12), 

[Cooper's Athonas Cantab. ; Collect, Topog. ot 
Goneal. ii. 60, 399 ; Prickott's BridlingUm, pp. 
184-7 ;< Allan's Yorkshire, ii. 310; Q-airdnor's 
Henry VII; CampMl'w Henry VII; Calendar 
-of Henry VI II; Ballad of Madden Eiold, cd. 
Wobor; IJafctlo of Kloddcm, od. Garret; Hall's 
Ohroniclo; Oont. Mag;. 1763, 1835; Notes and 
Queries, 2nd sor, iii, 409, 3rd scr. ii. 208 ; Pos- 
ter's Yorkshire Pedigrees, vol. ii. ; DugcUilo's 
Baronage, i 100; TTarleian MSS, H99 61, 
1 420 f. 1 37 ; Patent Bolls Eon. VII and Hen. VIII; 
Esehoators' Inquisitions ; Dodsworth MRS. vol. 
. f. 212.] E, H, B, 



CONSTABLE, SIB ROBERT (1478 ?- 
1537), one of the leaders of the Pilgrimage of 
Grace, born about 1478, was eldest son of Sir 
Marmaduke Constable (1455? 1518)^. v.] O f 
Flamborough. In his yout h lie carried oif a 
ward of chancery, and tried to marry her to 
one of his retainors (FKOUD'K, iii. 1 66). In the 
reign of Henry VII he was ol' signal service to 
tlio crown upon tho commotion of Lord Audi ey 
andt]ieCornislimen ; who marchod on London 
and were defeated at Hlackhoath in 1 497. Oon- 
stablo was ono of tho knights bannereits that 
were created at Blackheathby tho king after 
his victory (lUcoisr, Henry *VIX). In the 
following niign, on tho outbreak of the great 
Yorkshire rising, known as tho Pilgrimage of 
Grace, caused by tho beginning of the destruc- 
tion of monasteries in, 153(>, h(3 took tho lead- 
ing part, along with Asko tho captain and 
Lord Darcy . I to was with tho robol 1 ions host 
on thoir entry into York; and aftor tht>ir 
advance cm Pontcyfract, wliicsh b(wjamo their 
headquarters, ho -was among thoso who ro- 
C(ivecl Iho royal horaldwit.h oxtromo haughti- 
nosB (Statt. Pape.rtf, i. 480), Ho then tlirew 
hiniv4(ilf into II nil, and urgtul that, tho most 
resolute measures should bo taken j that ne- 
gotiation should bo refused until they were 
strong enough to defend themselves, that 
the whole country northward from, tho Trent 
should be closed, and tho rising of Lancashire 
and Cheshire expected. Tf this counsel had 
bettfi followed, the revolt would have been 
more serious. But tho advance on Doncaster 
followed, and tho fatal parley there with tho 
king's forces, and Constable was among those 
who aftorwarcln rode over the bridge, took oif 
their badges, made their submission, and re- 
ceived thoir pardon. At tho beginning of the 
next year, January 1537, when Sir Francis 
Bigod [c|. v.l rashly attempted to renew the in- 
surrection, Constable oxortocl himself to keep 
the country quiet (see his lot-tor to the com- 
mons, FEOXTDB, iii. 1 96), When this last com- 
motion was over, lie, like tho other loaders, 
was invited by the king to proceed to London. 
This he refused, and at tho same time removed 
for safety from his usual place of abode to a 
dwelling thirty miles away. Horcmpon tho 
powerful minister Thomas Cromwoll caused 
the Duko of Norfolk, tho king's general in 
the north, to send him up with a sorgcant-at- 
arras on 3 March (ILuiDWiOK, i. tt8). Ho 
with Asko and Darcy was committed to the 
Tower till thoy should be tried, and meantime 
Norfolk was directed to say in tho north that 
they were imprisoned, not for their former of- 
fences, but for treasons committed since their 
pardon. What thoso treasons wore the duke* 
was conveniently forbidden to say. Thoro was 
1 no special ity to be touched or spoken, of/ but 



Constable 



45 



Constable 



all ' conveyed in a mass together' (ib. L 457). 
True bills were returned against them, and 
after their condemnation it seemed to the 
king { not amiss' that some of them should be 
remitted to their county for execution, ' as 
well for example as to see who would groan ' 
(State Papers, i. 555). Constable and Aske 
were therefore sent down to Yorkshire, ex- 
hibited as traitors in the towns through which 
they passed, and Constable was hanged in 
chains at Hull in June. lie married Jane, 
daughter of Sir William Ingloby, by whom 
he had eight children (FOSTER, Yorkshire 
Pedigrees). 

[Authorities cited above.] K. W. D. 

CONSTABLE, THOMAS (1812-1881), 
printer and publisher, youngest son of Archi- 
bald Constable [q. v.] by his first marriage to 
Mary, daughter of David Willison, was born 
at Craigcrook, near Edinburgh, 29 June 1812. 
He learned the business of a printer with Mr. 
C. Richards in St. Martin's Lane, London, and 
commencing on his own account in Edinburgh 
soon occupied a position of prominence. On 
7 Sept. 1839 he was appointed her majesty's 
printer and publisher in Edinburgh. Shortly 
after the death of Dr. Chalmers in 1847 he pur- 
chased the copyright of Dr. Chalmers's works, 
and of the ' Life 7 by Dr. Hanna, for 10,000. 
Although the undertaking resulted in loss, it 
did not deter him from further publishing 
enterprises. About 1854 he began to issue 
the series of schoolbooks still known as ( Con- 
stable's Educational Series/ among the more 
notable books of the series being Morell's 
t English Grammar ' and Clyde's i Geography. 7 
In the same year he published the first 
volume of the complete edition of Dugjald 
Stewart's ' Works/ edited by Sir William 
Hamilton and extending to ten volumes. 
About 1865 he projected ' Constable's Foreign 
Miscellany,' consisting of translations of im- 
portant foreign works in general literature. 
The series was continued for several years, but 
was not remarkably successful. Among other 
publications of Constable were Calvin's 'Com- 
mentaries,' the novels of Giovanni Ruffini, 
and the earlier works of Dr. John Brown, 
author of l Rab and his Friends.' In 1860 
he discontinued the publishing business, his 
stock being chiefly disposed of to Messrs. 
Edmonston & Douglas. In his later years 
Constable devoted his leisure to literary oc- 
cupation. His life of his father, published 
under the title ' Archibald Constable and his 
Literary Correspondents/ 1873, while of per- 
manent interest from the valuable materials 
lie had at his disposal, displays both sound 
judgment and considerable literary skill. He 
was also the author of i Memoir of Lewis 



- 

D. B. Gordon, F.R.S.E., Professor of Civil 

j> n 8 neenng an( ^ Meenailic s in. the University 
of Glasgow/ printed for private circulation, 
Edinburgh, 1877, and of a < Memoir of the 
Kev. Charles A. Chastel de BoinviUe/ Lon- 
don, 1880. He died 26 May 1881. By 
his wife Lucia Anne, daughter of Alexander 
Cowan, papermaker, Valleyfield, near Edin- 
burgh, he had issue. His son Archibald be- 
came partner with him in 1865, and received 
the appointment of printer to her majesty in 
1869, the business being carried on under the 
designation of ' Thomas & Archibald Con- 
stable, printers to the queen and to the uni- 
versity of Edinburgh.' 

[Notice in Scotsman "by Dr. Walter C. Smith, 
28 May 1881 ; private information.] T. P. H. 

CONSTABLE, SIR THOMAS HUGH 
CLIFFORD (1762-1823), 'topographer and 
botanist, was the eldest son of Thomas Clif- 
ford (fourth son of Hugh, third Lord Clif- 
ford of Chudleigh), and Barbara Aston, 
youngest daughter and coheiress of James, 
fifth lord Aston of Forfar. His parents 
being catholics sent him to be educated in 
the^ academy opened at Liege by the English 
ex-jesuits after their expulsion from Bruges 
(Giixow, Bill. Diet, of the English Catholics, 
i. 556) ; and he continued his studies at the 
college of Navarre, in Paris, after which he 
travelled on foot over Switzerland. Having 
lost his mother in 1786, and his father in 
1787, he settled at Tixall in Staffordshire, 
the estate of the Astons, which he inherited 
from his mother ; and he married in 1791 
Mary Macdonald, second daughter of John 
Chichester of Arlington, Devonshire. Dur- 
ing his residence at Bath he gave a cordial 
welcome to the French emigrants, and when 
Louis XVIII visited that city in 1813, a few 
pionths before the Restoration, he twice in- 
vited him to his table (Annuaire Necrologique, 
1824, p. 337), By patent dated 22 May 1815 
Clifford was created a baronet at the particu- 
lar request of Louis XVIII. In 1821 he suc- 
ceeded to the estates of Francis Constable, 
esq., of Burton Constable and Wycliffe Hall 
(Gent. Mag. 1823, i. 470), and two years later 
he was, by royal sign-manual, allowed to 
take the name of Constable only. He died 
at Ghent on 25 Feb. 1823. 

Of his extensive knowledge of botany he 
has left a proof in the ' Flora Tixalliana/ 
appended to the ' Historical and Topographi- 
cal Description of the Parish of Tixall' 
(Paris, 1817, 4to, privately printed), which 
he composed in conjunction with his brother, 
Arthur Clifford [q.v.],and to which he fur- 
nished almost all the materials (Gent. Mag. 
1830, i. 274). One copy of this work was 



Constable 



printed on elephant folio, for the purpose of 
illustration; in the embellishment of which 
Sir Thomas was employed at the time of his 
death (MAT-MOT, Privately Printed Books, 
pp. 156, 157). He projected a 'History of 
the Normans' and made considerable pro- 
gress with it ; he translated La Fontaine's 
' Fables ' into English verse ; and in his later 
years he completed a new metrical version 
of the Psalms. Hejproduced also a work in 
French entitled * L'Byanpjile M6dit6.' From 
this he extracted forty ' Meditations on the 
Divinity and Passion of Christ,' which he 
translated into English and published at his 
own expense (NICHOLS, Illustr. of Lit. v. 
511*). 

[Authorities cited above ; Addit. MS. 24867, 
if. 115, 122.] T. 0. 

CONSTABLE, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1 655), 
regicide, son of Sir Itobort Countable of Flam- 
borough and Holmo, Yorkshire, scrvod in 
Ireland under the Earl of Essex, and waw 
knighted by him at Dublin on 12 July 1599 
(PmiLirs, Catalogue, of Kmghtt*)* , lie was 
involved in Essex's plot, but never tried, and 
on 20 March 1601 the cjuocm, by warrant fco 
Chief-justice Popliam, directed him to bo ad- 
mitted to bail (Iwrr-m, Yorkshire Pediyrc^}. 
He married on Itf Feb. 1608, at Newton 
Kyjme, Dorothy, daughter of Thomas, first lord 
Fairfax (ib.\imd on i^9 Juno 161 1 wan created 
a baronet {PortA/^sewntJi IteportofthfJkputy" 
Keep&r of Public Ifocordfi, p, 1 26), Rovoral of 
Constable'^ letters are printed in the ' Fairfax, 
Correspondence.' In one letter, dated 19 July 
1627, Constable gives an account of his sum- 
mons before the council for ref lining 1 to pay 
the forced loan levied in that year (i. 68}. 
Others relate to the* marriage "between Tli om as 
Fairfax and Ann Vere, which waft negotiated 
by him ($. i. 276, 297, 802). In 1026 Con- 
stable represented the county of York iti par- 
liament, in 1028 the town of Scarborough, 
and in the Long parliament he sat for Knares- 
borough, being declared elected on 10 March 
1 642, although he had only received 1 3 against 
83 votes given for his opponent (Cvmmom' 
Journals; Fairfax Corr. ii, 260), During 
these years Constable's debts had obliged 
him to sell his manors of Holme (1633) and 
Mamborougli (1636) (FOSTER) ; nevertheless, 
in spite of his embarrassments, he was able 
to raise a regiment of foot for the parlia- 
ment. At the battle of Eclgehill his blue- 
coats completed the rout of the king's rod 
regiment, and one of liis ensigns Had the 
honour of taking the king's standard (YiOABB, 
Parl. Ohron. i, 198, 199). His greatest ex- 
ploits, however, took place in the spring 
of 1644. In February lie took Burlington, 



Constantine 



assisted in the capture of Whitby, retook 
the town of Scarborough and shut up Sir 
Hugh Cholmley in the "castle, and defeated 
Newcastle's forces at Driifield and Malton 
(ib, ill 154-60). In March he also captured 
Tadcaster and Stamford Bridge (ib, iii. 171-3). 
Excluded from active service by the self- 
denying ordinance, ho still continued to ad- 
here to the independent party, and was one 
j of the members who joined the army in 
1647, In Jan nary 1 648 ho was commissioned 
! to assist Colonel Hammond in the guard of 
I the king at Carisbrook, and given by vote of 
, the House of Commons on 5 Jan. power 
with I lammoncl to remove any attendants, 
and take any measures necessary for the se- 
curity of tho king's person (RusirwoBTH, 
vii. 055). In the same month ho was ap- 
pointed governor of Gloucester, and was 
in command there throe years later, when 
Charles II inarched to Worcester (Riblio- 
tJieca GloiMwtrwtmti, p. ex vii). The 'House 
of Commons appointed Constable one of the 
king's judges, and ho attended with great 
assiduity nearly every sitting of the court, 
and also signed the warrant for tho execu- 
tion of Charles (NALSON, Trial of CharksT). 
During tho existence of the republic he was 
elected member oftho first, second, and fourth 
councils of state, and twice was appointed 
president of tho fourth council. He died on 
15 Juno 1055 in London, and was interred 
in Homy VIFfl Ohapol in Wpstminster Abbey 
on 21 Juno (Mervurius PoUtims). His wife, 
Lady Dorothy Constable, died on 9 March 
following, and was buried on 11 March 1656 
at Bishophill Elder, Yorkshire (FosTim). At 
the 'Restoration Constable wfts ono of the 
twenty-one dead regieidos whoso estates par- 
liamont resolved to confiscate (1 July), and 
on 14 Sept, in the samo year his body was 
removed from Westminster Abbey. 

[Foahor'H Yorkshire Pedigrees; Fairfax Cor- 
roHpondonco ; Vicars's Parliamentary Chronicle ; 
Rush-worth's Hist. Coll.] 0. 11. F. 

COKSTAKTIIS, WALTER m (fl, 
3199). [See CotrrANOBB, WALTER IVH.] 

CONSTANTINE I (d. 879), son of Ken- 
neth Macalpino, king of Scotland or Alba, the 
country north of tho Forth and Clyde, whose 
chiof seat was Scone, saccoodcnl his uncle 
Bonald in 803, His roign was one of the 
first when the attacks of tho Normans at- 
tained a formidable height, threatening the 
destruction of the Celtic and Saxon king-dome. 
Two years after his accession Olaf the "White, 
king of Dublin, wanted the country of the 
Picts, and occupied it from the Kalends of 
January to the feast of St. Patrick, i,e, 
17 March. According- to tho Pietish Ohro- 



Constantlne 47 Constantine 

nicle, Olaf was slain by Constantine when on year an assembly at the Moot HILL of Sronp 
a raid m the folio wing year, but the < Annals presided over by Constantine and Kellarh 
of Ulster ' relate that he destroyed Alrhyth the bishop of Kilrymouth f St Andrews V 
{Dumbarton), after a four months' siege, in agreed that ' the laws and discipline of the 
870, and retired in 871 to Dublin with two faith and the rights of the churches and *ros 
hundred ships and a great body of men, Anglo- pels should be preserved equally with the 
Britons and Picts. After this he disappears Scots.' By this obscure reference we are 
from the Irish annals, so that his death may probably to understand that the Pictish and 
possibly have been antedated by some years Scottish churches, both long before then chris- 
m the account of the Pictish Chronicle. Ivar, tian, were united on a footing of equality 
.another of the Norse Vikings of Dublin, ^who under the Bishop of St. Andrews, and that 
had fought along with Olaf, died about the the Dunkeld supremacy which had succeeded 
same time, but Scotland was still exposed to that of lona came to an end. In 908 the death 
incursions from other leaders of the same of Donald, the last British king of Strath 
race. Thorstein the Eed, a son of Olaf, by clyde, a district now almost confined to Gal- 
Audur, the wealthy daughter of Ketill Flat- loway, Ayr, and Dumfries, gave Constantine 
nore, attacked the northern districts, and, the opportunity of procuring what is usually 
according to the Icelandic Landnamabok/ called the election of his brother Donald to 
conquered 'Katanes and Suderland Ross the throne of that kingdom, which remained 
andlSfeway, and more than half Scotland.' in a condition of subjection, ruled over by a 
But his kingdom, which, perhaps, was ac- prince of the Macalpine family until its com- 
quiesced m by Constantine, who had slight plete union to Scotland in the reign of Mai- 
hold of the northern parts was brief, and he colm II. This peaceful addition to his kins-- 
was slam by the men of Alba by a stratagem dom was followed by a period during which 
or treachery in 875. In the South Halfdane Constantine had to maintain a fierce contest 
the Danish leader who led the northern of with the Danish pirates led by Regnwald 
the two bands (Guthrum, Alfred's opponent (Reginald), a descendant of Ivar, son of Raff- 
commanded the other), into which the for- nar Lodbrog. In 912, along with Ottir the 
merly united host of that people was divided, jarl and Oswyl Gracaban, Reginald ravaged 
ravaged the east coast of Britain, laici waste Dunblane (LAPPHNBBK&, Anglo-Saxon Kings, 
Northumbria, and destroyed the Picts (of ii. 114, but other writers understand by the 
Oalloway ?) and the people of Strathclyde. passage in Symeon of Durham, < Historia Re- 

Two years later another band of Danes, the gum/ Dublin and not Dunblane, AB^OLD, In- 
Insh Dubhgall, or Black Strangers, having induction to Symeon, ii. xxv). He then seems 
been driven from Ireland by the Fmgall, or to have transferred the scene of his operations 
White Strangers, made a sudden descent on to the Isle of Man and the south coast of 
bcotland by way of the Clyde and, penetra- Ireland, making a descent on Waterford but 
ting into the interior, defeated the Scots at in 918 he again invaded Scotland from the 
Dollar, from which they passed to Inverdovat, south, but having in view specially the con- 
in the parish of Forgan m Fife, where Con- quest of Northumberland. Eldred lord of 
stantme was slam (877). Tradition points Bamborough, called in the aid of Constan- 
to the long black cave, near Crail, as the tine to repulse the Danish invader, and at 
scene of his death. the memorable though apparently indecisive 

[Robertson's Scotland under her Early Kings ; battle of Corbridge-on-the-Tyne three of the 

Skene's Celtic Scotland.] JE. M. four divisions of the Danish army were de- 

feated by Constantine, and Earls Ottir and 

CONSTANTINE H(d. 952), son of ..Edh, Gracaban slain. Reginald with the fourth 

king of Scotland or Alba, one of the most division then attacked the Scots in rear, but 

important monarchs of the race of Kenneth night put an end to the battle, in which many 

Macalpine, as is indicated by; the length of his Scots, but none of their chiefs, were slain, 

reign. He succeeded his cousin Donald VI, son The victory was claimed by both sides, but 

of Constantine I, who was a brother of JEdh, Reginald succeeded in making his way east 

in 900. In the third year of his reign the and taking for a time possession of Bernacia, 

northmen plundered Dunkeld, but were de- the northern part of Northumbria. This view, 

feated in the following year in Strathearn, which is that of Mr. Skene, appears on the 

when their leader, Ivar of the Hy Ivar (i.e. whole a more probable and consistent account 

tribe of Ivar), or perhaps grandson of its of these transactions than the view of Mr. 

founder, the first Ivar, was slain by the men Hinde, followed with modifications by Mr. 

of Fortrenn, the central district of Scotland, Arnold, in his edition of Symeon of Dur- 

fighting under the protection of the Oath- ham, that there were two battles, one in 913- 

buaidh, the crozier of Columba. In his sixth 914, in which Reginald was victor, and drove 



Constantine 



4 8 



Constantine 



Ealdred to take refuge with the Scotch king, 
and another in 918, fought in (Alba) Scot- 
land, which was indecisive ; but we must 
admit with Mr. Arnold, l The truest form of 
the occurrence is unrecoverable. 7 

After the battle of Corbridge the northmen 
desisted for upwards of a century making any 
descent on Scotland. The kingdoms of Bri- 
tain were .^becoming consolidated and too 
powerful for the attacks of mere piratical 
loaders. "When the contest was renewed it 
was between the kings of united Scotland 
and united Norway. The remainder of Con- 
stantino's reign was occupied with a more 
formidable foe, the Saxon kings of Wessex, 
who had been advancing slowly but steadily 
northward since Alfred had, in the last cen- 
tury, driven off the Danes in the south, amal- 
gamating all England under their sceptre as 
they progressed. yEthelstan, the son of Ead- 
ward the Elder, who succeeded in 925, was 
the first king who really attempted the an- 
nexation of Northumbri'a, for the statement 
of the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' that in 924 
Eadward the Elder ' was chosen for father and 
lord by the king of the Scots and the Scots, 
by King llognall (i.e. Reginald) and the 
Northumbrians, arid also by the king of the 
Strathclyde Welsh and all the Strath Clyde 
Welsh/ "if interpreted to mean anything more 
than a nominal subjection, is inconsistent with 
the fact that he is said in the same year to 
liave erected a fort at Bakewell in the Teak- 
land of itorbyshire, showing the limits of his 
real advance. "Reginald, the Banish earl, one 
of those said to liave submitted, died throe 
years before 924. But with ^theLstan, the 
attack on Northumbria, -which was not to be 
finally subdued till after the Norman Con- 
quest, truly began. 

lie is said by the ' Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' 
t.o have subjugated in 920 'all the kings who 
were in this island,' but some discredit at- 
taches to this statement, which is probably an 
exaggeration of real victories by the addition 
in the same authority that Houre, king of the 
west Welsh, and Constantine, king of the 
Scots, two of those who submitted to him,, 
( renounced every kind of idolatry/ lor they 
were already undoubtedly Christian kings. 
In 933-4 it is recorded that JBthebtan went 
into Scotland with a land force and a ship 
force and ravaged a great part of it, reaching 
Dunottar by land and Caithness with his 
fleet (SzMEoV, Hwtoria Mef/um, ii. 124). Four 
years later a powerful league was formed 
to resist his farther advance. Confttantme 
and his son-in-law, Olaf Cuaran, the son of 
Sihtric, led their forces by land and sea on 
the east coast, while the Strathclydo Britons 
crossed the hills which divided them from the 



Angles, and another Olaf, the son of Godfrey,, 
came with a fleet from Dublin. ^Bthelstau 
on his side had a powerful ally in Egil, the 
son of Skalagrim, the hero of the Norse Saga. 
The decisive battle was fought at Brunan- 
burh, perhaps near Borough-on-the-H umber, 
or, according to Mr. Skene's conjecture, Aid- 
burgh, near Boroughbridge, sixteen miles 
from York (' Wendune alio nomine et brun- 
nanwerk vel Brunnanbyrig/ SYMBOL OF 
DUKHA.M, i. 7G), and resulted in favour of the 
"Wessex king. Olaf and Constantine were 
driven back to their ships. Five kings and 
seven earls and countless shipmen and Scots 
are said to have been slain in the famed 
Anglo-Saxon war-song which celebrated the 
victory. No greater slaughter had been known 

Since hither from tlio East 
Angles and Saxons came to land,-- 
O'er the broad soas 
Britain sought : 
Proud war smiths 
The Welsh overcame. 

/Ethelstan died three years after the battle,, 
but before his death he' had established the 
Norse jarl, Eric Bloody-axe, a eon of Harold 
Jlaarfagr (Fairhuired) j as ruler of Northum- 
bria. In 943 Constantino resigned the crown 
to Malcolm, the son of his predecessor, Donald, 
and became a monk in the Culdee monastery of 
St. Andrews, where he died in 952. lie re- 
tained his political interest notwithstanding 
his retirement, and in 949 incited Malcolm 
to join his Hon-iu-law Olaf in an expedition 
against Nortluonbria, which Olaf wrested 
from Eric Bloody Axe and held for throe years. 
Erie was then restored for ten years, when it 
finally submitted to the West-Saxon king, 
Eadred, and became an earldom under him- 
and his successors. "While Constantino was 
thus unsuccessful in IUH contest with ^ the 
Wossex kings and Northumbria remained 
under Anglo-Saxon rulers, ho was in all other 
respects a fortunate king, laying the founda- 
tion for the annexation of Strathclyde to 
Scotland and putting a stop to the incursions 
of the northmen. In 954 his son Imlulph 
succeeded, after the short reign of Donald, 
to the throne. His reign -was marked by the 
evacuation of Edinburgh, by the Angles, the 
first step towards the acquisition of Lothian 
by Scotland. 

[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Symoon of Durham ; 
Chronicles of the Picts and Scots ; Bobertson's 
and Skeno's Histories, ut supra.] M, M. 

CONSTANTINE. Ill (d, 997), was son of 
Colin, king of Scotland. lie succeeded after 
the murder of Kenneth II, son of Malcolm I, at 
Fettercairn, in 995, but his short reign of two 
years, when he was himself slain by another 



Constantine 49 Constantine 

Kenneth., perhaps an illegitimate son of Mai- the great emperor, as that of Gregory may 

colm I, has left no event on record. The place have been taken from the great pope. 

of his death is said to have been Rathinver [Eobertson > s Scotland under her Early Kings ; 

Almond, but whether the Perthshire Almond Sk ene ' s Celtic Scotland.] M. M? 

( Chronicles of the Picts and Sco ts, pp. 17 5-289) 

or the Almond in West Lothian (FoBDirar, CONSTANTINE, GEOEGE (1501 ?- 

Chronicle, ii. 168) is uncertain. He was sue- 1559), protestant reformer, born about 1501. 

ceeded by Kenneth, son of Dubh, and grand- was first brought up as a surgeon (FoxE, Acts 

son of Malcolm I. and Monuments, ed. Townsend, vii. 753 ; AN- 

[Eobertson's and Skene's Histories.] M. M. EEBSON", Annals of the English Bible, i. 188). 

He received his education in the university 

CONSTANTINE MAC FERGUS (d. of Cambridge, and was bachelor of canon law 
820), king of the Picts, acquired the mo- in 1524 (COOPER, Athence Cantab. L 205). 
narchy by the defeat of Conall Mac Taidg Adopting the reformed doctrines he went to 
(Teige), who was assassinated in 807 by Antwerp, where he assisted Tyndal and Joye 
another Conall, son of Aidan, a Dalriad king in the translation of the New Testament, and 
in Kintyre. After this date there is a blank in the compilation of various books against 
in the Irish annals of the names of any sepa- the Roman church (SrRYPE, Cranmer, p. 81 9 
rate kings of the Dalriad Scots, and Mr. fol.) While in Brabant he practised for a 
Skene conjectures that Constantine ruled year as a surgeon. About 1530 he was seized 
over them for some years (Celtic Scotland, on a visit he made to England for the disper- 
i. 302). The reign of this monarch was the sion of prohibited books. He was placed in 
era of the first advent of the Norsemen, who the custody of the lord chancellor, Sir Thomas 
in 793 attacked Lindisfarne, the holy island More, and in order to escape punishment for 
on the east coast of Northumbria, and almost heresy he made disclosures as to his associ- 
simultaneously the Hebrides, in 794 accord- ates abroad, and gave the names of l the ship- 
ing to the ' Annals of Ulster.' In 801, and men who brought over many of these books, 
again in 806, lona was ravaged by them, and the marks of the fardles, by which means 
their object at this period of their raids being the books were afterwards taken and burnt J 
to spoil the monasteries. The plunder of (STKYPE, Heel. Memorials, i. 166, fol.) The 
lona and the slaughter of the monks led to chancellor is represented by one manuscript 
the removal of some of the relics to Kells as having put his prisoner in the stocks, but 
in Meath, and of others to Dunkeld, where a subsequent letter shows that this was another 
Constantine founded a monastic church. He way of expressing that he was in irons (AN- 
died in 820, and was succeeded by his brother DBESOK, i. 308). Constantine succeeded, how- 
Angus. Constantine has usually been deemed ever, in making his escape, and arrived at 
the last of the Pictish kings, but the recur- Antwerp on 6 Dee. 1531. 
rence of his name in three monarchs of the Venturing to return to London after More's 
imited kingdom of the Picts and Scots, the death he entered into the service of Sir Henry 
fact that Donald, son of the first of these Con- Norris, who suffered on the scaflbld with 
stantines, is the first king called ' Ri (king of) Queen Anne Boleyn. He next entered the 
Alban ' in the Irish annals, while his prede- ministry of the church of England, having 
cessors are called kings of the Picts (with obtained the vicarage of Lawhaden or Llan- 
the exception of Kenneth Macalpine, who is huadairne, three miles north-west of Narberth, 
denominated the first of the Scots who ruled Pembrokeshire, underWilliam Barlow, bishop 
in Pictavia), appear to justify Mr. Skene's of St. David's. About 1546 he became re- 
hypothesis that Pictish blood still continued gistrar of the diocese of St. David's, _and in 
to flow in the veins of the sovereigns of the 1549 archdeacon of Carmarthen. Anticipating 
united monarchy, probably through their the public articles on the subject, he in 1549 
mothers. If so, it appears to follow that the pulled down the altar and set up a table in 
statement that the Picts were almost ex- the middle of his church. This proceeding- 
terminated by Kenneth is an exaggeration, caused much murmuring among the people, 
and the union may have been of a more pa- and gave offence to the bishop, Robert Ferrar, 
cific character than is often supposed. But who had not been consulted, and who corn- 
all this belongs to the dark period of hypo- manded the vicar to place the communion- 
thesis and conjecture in Scottish history, table on the spot formerly occupied "by the 
The name of Constantine, of which Constan- altar. This was subsequently made one of 
tine Mac Fergus is the first bearer, is re- the articles of accusation against Ferrar by 
markable, and, being equivalent to no known Constantine and his son-in-law, Thomas- 
Celtic word, it would seem to have been Young (STRIVE jEccl. Memorials, ii. 227, 228). 
adopted, perhaps at baptism, in imitation of They both sought for and obtained forgiveness 

VOL. XII. ^ B 



Conway 



C on way 



from the bishop shortly before he was burnt 
for heresy in 1555 ($.iii. 254, 256, 258, App. 
138, 143, 144 ; FOXB, vii. 4, 10-14, 17,23, 26, 
27, 758 ; STBYPB, Cranmer, p. 184). ^ In 1559 
Constantino became archdeacon of Brecon, 
which office was vacated the same year by 
his death (JONES and FBEEMAN", St. David's, 
p. 360). 

He was married and had a daughter, who 
became the wife of Thomas Young, afterwards 
bishop of St. David's, and ultimately arch- 
bishop of York. 

He was author of : 1. * Instructions for my 
Lord Privey Scale as towchinge the whole 
communication betwixt John .Barlow, Deano 
of Westbury, Thomas Barlow, Prebendary 
there,, clerkys, and George Constantino of 
Lawhaden, in their journey from Wostbury 
unto Slebech in Sowtlxwales' (1 539) ; in l Ar- 
xxiii, 56-78. 2. 'Trunfllation of 



was Dr. Henry More, with whom she kept 
up a regular correspondence on theological 
subjects "(WoRTHiNciTON, Diary, i ,140). After 
much hesitation she adopted the opinions held 
by the Society of Friends, with the chief foun- 
ders of which, Fox, Peun, and Barclay, she 
had held earnest conferences. In spite of 
Mora's remonstrances, shn adhered steadily 
to her now belief, in which she died on 23 Feb. 
1 678-0, Her husband was absent in Ireland 
at tho time of her decoaso, but in order that 
he might have a last look at her features Van 
Ilelmont preserved the body in spirits of wine, 
and placed it in a coffin with a glass over the 



^AI.cA>\/*v/ci AWM ^jwrffc** ** ** \s *!*,.* ww ,, w ^ m .,-., v ,.^..^. 

a sermon by John Wyclifle, 'Do Hominis 
Villieatione' (BAM, timptt, lirih Oat. i. 
732 ; TANNER, M& Brit p. 196). 3. 'The 
Examination of Master William Thorpe, 
priest, of heresy, before Thomas Arundoll, 
Archbishop of Canterbury, tho year of our 
Lord MOCO. and seven.' Boo Sir Thomas 
Moro'H ' English Works,' p. 342. This appears 
to bo the tract; which is reprinted in Arber'a 
i English Garner,' 1883, vi. 41. 

[Authorities cited above,"] T. C, 

CONWAY, ANNE/VTsooraTfiSfl CONWAY 
(fl 1679), metaphysician, was tho daughter 
of Sir Henry Finch [q . v.], recorder of London 
and speaker of the House of Commons. Be- 
sides the usual accomplishments of her BOX she 
was taught the Learned tongues j she eagerly 
perused tho worlca of Plato and Plotinun, 
Philo Judawfl, and the * Kabbala Donudata;' 
and her ruling passion was for the most ab- 
struse treatises on tlieoBOphy and mysticism. 
On 11 Fob, 1651 she was married to Edward 
Conway, who was created Earl of Conway in 

Mr - * * V f<i. & \ /"y 1 /V% *^ 

1679 (LYSOKB, JKnwrontf, xn.iJOO)* oliofliiuorod 
from a severe headache, which never left her, 
night or day, till her death. On one occasion 
she went to France in order that her cranium 
might b opened, but the French surgeons 
declined to undertake tho operation, though 
they ventured to make incisions in the jugu- 
lar arteries (WAUT>, Life of Dr. Henry More, 
p, 206), During her latter years frequent -fits 
increased her torments ; and Valentine Great- 



face (OnGfi a Weak, xii. 2^0; Ilawdon Papers , 
pp. 215, 265). Sho WOH buried at Arrow, 
"Warwickshire, on tho 17th of tho following 
April, 

Sho wrote numerous works, but only one 
of thorn has boon printed. In 1 000 a collec- 
tion of philosophical troatisoH appeared in 
Latin at Amsterdam, the first boin^ a trans- 
lation of a work by a certain English coun- 
tess 'learned boyoncl her sox. r Lmbnitz, in 
a Gorman literary journal, ascribes the au- 
thorship to tho OountosH of Conway on tho 
information of Van llolmont ( 
Jtoyal and Nobk Authors, ed. l^irk, iii, 
Gent. Mac/, liv. 728, 800, 972), Tins treatise 
was retranslated and published with tho title : 
1 Tho Principles of tho moat Ancient and Mo- 
dern Philosophy, concerning God, Christ, and 
the Creatures, viz, of Spirit and Matter in 
general; whereby may bo resolved all those 
Problems or Difueultios, which neither by 
tho School nor Common Modern Philosophy, 
nor by tho Cartesian, Ilobbewian, or Spino- 
flian could bo discussed. Being a little Trea- 
tise published nince tho Author's Death, 
translated exit of the English into Latin, with 
Annotations taken from the Ancient Philo- 
sophy of the Hebrews ; arid now again made 
Engliwh. By 1,0. Medicine Professor,' Lon- 
don, 1692, 8vo. Probably Jodooua Crull was 
the translator. Dr. Henry More wrote, under 
tho name of Van Helmont, a preface to Lady 
Con way's ( Remains/ but the projected work 



rakes [a.v.] the renowned Irish 'stroker/ 
exerted his art upon her in vain. In spit of 
her ailments she studied metaphysical science 
with extraordinary assiduity. In this she was 
greatly encouraged by her physician, Francis 
Mercury van Helmont.who resided with her at 

^ ^ "V*j *wi* .*1 B ntf m ff in -I 



was never printed (WAIU), Life of Dr. Henry 
More^ pp. 202-9). Ilor correspondence with 

More was in the possession of James Crossley 
of Manchester [q, v.] 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. 

CONWAY, EDWARD, VISCOUNT COK- 
WAT (d. 1031), was son and heir of Sir John 
Conway, knight [q. vj, by Ellen or Eleanor, 
daughter of Sir Fulke Grevillo of Beauchamp's, 
Court, Warwickshire. Ho was knighted by 
the Earl of Essex at the sacking of Cadiz 
(1596), where he commanded a regiment of 



Bagley Castle, Her most distinguished friend j foot. Afterwards he served in the Nether- 



Con way 51 Con way 



lands as governor of the Brill (CHAMBEBLAIF, 
Letters during the Reign of Elizabeth, p. 173). 
In the first parliament held in the reign of 
James I he sat as member for Penryn (WiL- 
xis, Notitia Parliament aria, iii, pt. ii. p. 158). 
"When Brill was delivered up to the States 
of Holland (1616), he received a pension of 
500 per annum (LoKD CAREW, Letters to Sir 
T. Roe, p. 35). On 30 Jan. 1622-3 he was 
made one of the principal secretaries of state, 
-and he was continued in that office after the 
accession of Charles I (THOMAS, Hist. Notes, 
ii. 497, 569 ; HACKMAST, Cat. of Tanner MSS. 
p. 88 a). He was returned for Evesham to 

T T* i "1 * 1 ITT T f\ 1 ' ^ T 



ters. His eldest son, Francis, succeeded to 
the titles. 

[Sharpe's Peerage (1830) ; Nicolas's Synopsis, 
ed. Courthope ; Grent. Mag. Ixiv. pt. i. p. 581 ; 
Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 330.] 



T. C. 



^CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721- 
1795), field-marshal, second son of Francis 
Seymour, first lord Conway, by his third wife, 
Charlotte, daughter of Sir" John Shorter, lord 
mayor of London, and sister of Catherine, wife 
of Sir Robert Walpole, earl of Orford, was born 
in 1721 and entered the army at an early age. 

I "\*M T . -* X^l_ _ *_ ^. /* T fa A f\ T * T*^ 



' i -mr^t^ tmT ^^ trf *-"V W ^d. *** %A> Jfc- ~r * '. J W \S ^jV J .* ^J VtJJ. J. V *|-VlC ^^ * 

r During the spring of 1740 he was in Paris 

1623-4 (WILLIS, p. 196), and on 22 March (WALPOLE, Letters, I 39), and spent the 

1624-5 he was created Baron Conway of summer of that year in London, applying him- 

Hagley in the county of Warwick. On 8 Dec. self diligently to the study of mathematics, 

1625 he was constituted captain of the Isle fortification, and drawing (Rockingham Me- 

of Wight. In 2 Car. I he was created Vis- moirs, i. 374). The projected marriage, which 

count Killultagh of Killultagh, county An- took place inMay 1741, of his brother, Francis 

trim, Ireland (LODGE, Illustr. of British Hist. Seymour Conway [q. v.], afterwards earl and 

ed. 1838, ii. 553), and on 6 June 1627 Vis- marquis of Hertford, to Isabella, daughter of 

count Conway of Conway Castle in Carnar- Charles, second duke of Grafton, led to a nego- 

vonshire (DTJGDALE, Baronage, ii. 453). fie tiaticm for his return as memberfor the duke's 

was also made lord president of the council, borough of Thetford. This came to nought, 

and was sent as ambassador to Prague (1623- and on 19 Oct. 1741 Conway was returned 

1625). He died in St. Martin's Lane, Lon- to the Irish parliament as member for Antrim. 

<Lon, on 3 Jan. 1630-1. On 28 Dec., however, he was returned to the 

By his wife Dorothy, daughter of Sir John parliament of Great Britain as member for 

'Tracy of Tedington, Gloucestershire, and Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, and, with 

widow of Edmund Bray, he had three sons the exception of ten months (1774-5), sat in 

and four daughters. His eldest son, Ed- successive parliaments until the dissolution 

ward, succeeded to the family honours. in 1784, being returned for Penryn, Cornwall, 

[Authorities quoted above.] T. C. 1 Jul 7 1747 5 for St - Mawes, in the same 

county, 19 April 1754 ; for Thetford, Norfolk. 

CONWAY, FRANCIS SEYMOUR, 28 April 1761 ; and for Bury St. Edmunds, 
MAEOTIS OF HEETPOBD (1719-1794), was son Suffolk, 27 March 1775 and 12 Sept. 1780> 
-and heir of Francis Seymour, first lord Con- in each case representing a close constifru- 
way (who assumed the name of Conway), by ency. In 1741 Conway was promoted cap- 
his third wife, Charlotte, daughter of Sir tain-lieutenant of the 1st regiment of foot- 
John Shorter, lord mayor of London, and guards, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 
sister of the wife of Sir Robert Walpole. and in the spring of the folio wing year joined 
He was born in 1719, and succeeded his the army in Flanders. Greatly to his disgust 
father as Earl of Hertford in 1736. On 3 Aug. he found himself condemned to inactivity 
1750 he was created Viscount Beauchamp and spent the summer at Ghent, employing 
and Earl of Hertford, those titles having re- himself better than his brother officers gene- 
cently become extinct by the death of Al- rally by reading l both morning and evening ' 
gernon, seventh duke of Somerset. He was (ib. 383). As the States refused to allow 
appointed a lord of the bedchamber in 1757 ; their troops to march with the British to the 
installed a knight of the Garter in 1757 ; Rhine, Conway, in common with all other 
sworn of the privy council in 1763, and soon officers who were members of parliament, 
afterwards sent as ambassador extraordinary received leave to return to England for the 
to France ; and appointed lord-lieutenant of session which opened in November, and 
Ireland in 1766. On 3 July 1793 he was formed one of the majority against a vote for 
created Earl of Yarmouth, co. Norfolk, and disbanding the army in Flanders. In May 
Marquis of Hertford. He died on 14 June 1743 he rejoined his regiment near Frank- 
1794. ^ fort, and was present at the battle of Det- 

He married (1741) Isabella, daughter of tingen on 27 June ; but to his mortification 

Charles Fitzroy, second duke of Grafton, the brigade of guards was hindered by Baron 

by whom he had seven sons and -six daugh- Ilton, the Hanoverian general, from taking 

E 2 



Conway 5* Conway 



part in the engagement. 11(3 rotunxul to 
Kngland and attended parliament in the 
auiumTi. Early the next year he obtained 
the appointment of aide-de-camp to Marshal 
"Wade, who nucccwdcd Lord Stair in tlw com- 
mand of the army in Germany, and in May 
joined ihemarshti.1 at Ghent. The campaign of 
1744 was inglorious, and Conway returned to 



England disheartened (Jtoakwfj/iam MwwirH, 
I. $95). lie was at tins time in love with 
Lady Caroline Fitzroy (the Lady IVtcrshnm 
and Count CHS of Harrington of Wai pole's 
' Letters ), tho sister of his brother's wife, hut 
MB means were small, and Horace Wnlpolo per- 
suaded him not to make her an offer (//;. 4012 ; 
WAiiPO'LH, Lfitfer*, i. ti 12), Between ( -onwuy 
and Walpolo there existed u strong and life.- 



Ue nerved with the duke in Inlanders in< 
1747, and was present at tho defeat of the 
allied army at*. Laulleld, in front of Maas- 
tricht, on 2 .July; here lie wan overpowered 
and barely escaped being stabbed when on 
the ground by a French hussar 



,s*, ii. 01), lie was made, prisoner, but 
was released on parole, lie, returned home, 
and on 19 Doe, married Caroline,, widow of 
jMharlos, earl of Ayleslmry, and daughter of 
Liouteuarit-goueral John Campbell, after- 
wards Duke of Argyll, by whom ho had one 
daughter, Anno Heymour, who married John 
Jhmier, son of Lord "Milton, afterwards Karl 
of Dorchester, On "24 July 1749 he received 
the command of the 29th regiment. After 
his marriage IKS lived at Latimors in Buck- 



long attachment., and Conway figures largely inghamHhire, which he hired for three years* 

botlimtliocomtspondtjncoandniemoirBofhis In August 17^1 he was ordered to join his 

cousin. I To wan by no moans BO remarkable regiment in Minorca and vimled Italy on his 

a man as Walpolo makes him out, His per- way, Receiving the command of tho 13tli 

flonal advantages wore* groat ; lie was flinpu- regiment of dragoons in December ho re 

larly handsome, hia voice was swoflt, and his turned liome curly the next year, and bought' 

manner, though reserved, was gracioiiH, No Park Place, near Honloy-on-ThunieH. He 

nmn of his time was ao generally liktul. While had Hcarccdy had time to sclth^ thcro before- 

ho was a man of iashion his I 1 antes wc-ro oul- he was ordorod to Irolaiul. Thither Lady 

tlvatecl and his habit H rcspocst ablo. In a Aylenbury accompanied him, leaving her 

period marked by political iutrJguo and cor- daughter, then throe years old, hi charge of 

rupt ipii he was conspiououB for integrity and Horace 'Walpolo, Tuoy were quartered at 

a aclioato sonso of honour. His liikmtHWoro Sligo, and returned home in the Bummer of 

not brilliant;: h< ladcod d(cision and insight', 175,% in which year he received a legacy of 

and hewaB easily swayed both byhiscmo- r),()()0/,, as joint heir of his uncle, Captain 

tionn and hi friends. Ho had not tho ability Erasmus Sl'iortor, In 1754 ho seconded the 




i. 28$; LORD K, FITSSMAXJUIOH, &if& of Mid- lord-licmtcmancy of Ireland, lio insisted on 

bwrW) ii. 55). Of bin porsonal courage tlit^ro having Con way as secretary. Oonway went 

is no doubt; ho was a bettor floldior than ho to Ireland in March, aricf, his conciliatory 

was a general, a better general than a states- temper did much towards tho pacification of 

Biam. ^ the country, His tenure of office cumo to- 

Wlum, in 1745, tho Duke of Oumlorland an end the following year. Although the 

replaced "Wado in tho command of the army place was one of great profit, he was a loser 

iii Germany, ho appointed Conway one of his by the employment, for his expenses were 

aides-do-eamp. Iho appointment had some largo, and ho (lid not have the opportunity 

influence on nis political life, Discontented of reimbursing himself by tho second or 

with the way in which the war was carried 'fallow 7 year, during which, as a matter 

on, ho had provoked the king and the duke of course, both, tho lord-lieutenant and the 




defended the war on all occasions (WAIXQLH, and in the autumn of 1 750 Walpolo employed 
Memoirs of George, II, L 85), He joined the him to use his influence with the duke to accept 
anwy just in time to take part in the battle the treasury without conditions, and allowing- 
of Fontenoy on 11 May, where he distiti- Pitt full liberty of action in the formation of 
guislxed himself by his personal bravery. In the ministry. 'Conway was successful in Ms 
the autumn ho accompanied the duke to tho endeavour, and thus on 8 Nov. defeated a 
north, received the command of the 48th cabal formed by Fox and the Bedford party 
regiment of foot on 6 April 1740, and on the (Memoirs of George, II, il 99-103). In par- 
loth took part in the battle of Culloden, liament Conway was in constant rivalry with 



Conway 



53 



Conway 



"Lord George Sackville. His desire to smooth 
matters over is illustrated by the suggestion 
he made on 26 Feb. 1757, in the course of the 
debate on the breach of privilege contained 
in the king's message on Admiral Byng's 
<case, that it was not necessary to enter the 
whole message in the journals of the house, 
,a course which the speaker refused to adopt. 
In April he received the appointment of 
.groom of the bedchamber. In the summer 
Conway, who had been promoted major- 
general in the January of the previous year, 
was summoned from Dorsetshire, where he 
was with his regiment, and, in conjunction 
with Sir John Mordaunt, received the com- 
mand of an expedition, planned by Pitt, 
which was to surprise Kochfort and burn the 
ships in the Charente. Pitt at first intended 
to give Conway the sole command, but the 
king considered that he was too young. Al- 
though he thought badly of the plan, he 
accepted the command, and the expedition 
sailed on 8 Sept., the fleet being under Sir 
Edward Plawke, with Knowles, Howe, and 
Kodney, while Cornwallis and Wolfe held 
military commands. On the 20th the ships 
.appeared off Oleron, and after some debate 
the little island of Aix was reduced on the 
22nd. Conway then proposed to advance up 
the river and attack Kochfort. A council 
of war was held, and it was decided that 
it was impracticable to take the town by 
surprise. Unwilling to accomplish nothing, 
he then proposed to attack Fouras, in the 
hope of being able to burn the French ships 
.and magazines. Some days were wasted, 
and then an attack was made which failed. 
Conway wished to renew it, and Mordaunt 
offered to agree if he would take the sole re- 
sponsibility. This he would not do, though 
he was willing to make the attempt if some 
one of the other officers in command would 
advise him to do so. At last Hawke declared 
that he would not keep his ships longer at 
sea at that season, and the expedition set 
<sail on the 29th, arriving in England on 
3 Oct. without having done anything. Great 
indignation was felt at this failure. Military 
men generally blamed the plan of the expe- 
dition, the ministers and the public blamed 
Its commanders. A court of inquiry was 
held, which reported that no sufficient ground 
^existed for abandoning the enterprise. Con- 
way's conduct was allowed to pass, and a 
<;ourt-martial held on Mordaunt ended in an 
.acquittal. In the course of the expedition 
Conway showed considerable indifference to 
personal danger. Associated, however, as 
he was with Mordaunt, whose powers were 
shattered by ill-health, his indecision was 
fatal. Nor was he altogether fitted in other 



ways for an enterprise of this sort, for his shy 
and reserved manner prevented his subordi- 
nate officers from feeling any enthusiasm for 
him, and he is accused by his detractors of 
having learned from the Duke of Cumber- 
land to be a martinet to his men. The king 
received him coldly, and struck his name out 
of the list of the staff; and Pitt was indig- 
nant with hi in. Lord George Sackville made 
the worst of the matter, an ill-turn which 
Conway was too generous to repay when 
Lord George himself fell into far deeper dis- 
grace. The question was debated in pamph- 
lets entitled e Military Arguments . . . fully 
considered by an Officer/ 'Reply of the 
Country Gentleman, by Thomas Potter/ and 
' The Officer's Answer to the Reply/ all in 
1758, the ' Officer ' probably being Conway 
himself. In consequence of the failure of 
the Kochfort expedition he failed in obtain- 
ing a command in America, and when Li- 
gonier told the king how eager he was for 
employment, adding that 'he had tried to 
do something/ George answered, ' Yes, apres 
diner la moutarde ' (Memoirs of George II y 
ii. 235-45, 277 ; Grenville Papers, i. 217-29 ; 
Chatham Correspondence, i. 277 ; Annual 
Register, i. 19). 

Although Conway was restored to the 
staff and promoted lieutenant-general on 
30 March 1759, receiving the command of 
the 1st or royal regiment of dragoons on 
5 Sept. following, and was employed on some 
military duty, he was not allowed to go on 
active service until March 1761, when he 
was sent to join the British army serving 
with Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On 
15 June the prince occupied a strong posi- 
tion near the village of Kirch-Denkern, his 
centre being commanded by Conway and his 
left by the Marquis of Granby, when Granby's 
wing was attacked first by De Broglie and 
the next day by Soubise. The French were 
repulsed with heavy loss. On Granby's re- 
turn to England Conway was left in charge 
of the English army, and took up his winter 
quarters at Osnaburg, where he was joined 
by his wife. Early the next summer he 
gained some credit by taking the castle of 
Waldeck by stratagem, and on the conclu- 
sion of the peace of Paris, signed 10 Feb. 
1763, brought back the army to England. 
When Conway returned he found Grenville's 
government engaged in their attempt to crust 
Wilkes, and though he did not formally join 
any party of opposition, he acted with the 
whigs in resisting the arbitrary measures 
adopted by the ministers. His conduct en- 
raged George III, who, as early as 16 Nov., 
proposed to Grenville that he should be dis- 
missed from all his civil and military employ- 



Con way 



54 



Conway 



ments. Grenville hesitated, and advised tho ' 
king to wait until the Christinas recess. On 
the 24th Conway voted against the goyorn- 
mont on the question of Wllkes's privilege, 
In the hope of smoothing matters over and 
keeping him from joining 1 tho opposition 
Ghrenvillo arranged a meeting with him on 
4 Dec,, which, by Conway'fl demand, took 
place in the presence of the Duke of Rich- 
mond. Conway refused to give any pledge, 
of support to the government, and oa 14 and 
17 Feb. spoke and voted against the legality 
of ' general warrants,' For this ofl'imee the 
king and tlfe minister not only dismissed 
him from his post in the household, but 1 , de- 
prived him of his regiment ( OrenvillQ PttjwrH, 
ii. 102, ICO, 239, ;&1~7). Other oflieers wore 
treated in the same high-haudod fashion, 
OonwayV dismissal was not made known 
until tho house rose in April, Tho loss of 
income canned him considerable ixieonve- 
nience. Walpolo at onco offered him 0,000/., 
and shortly afterwards tho Duke of Devon- 
shire wished him to accept 1,0001. a year 
until he was restored to his command. He 
refused both, o flora, and the duke, who died 
shortly afterwards, left him a legacy of 5, ()()()/, 
The* case for the government appears to have 
been stated in an e Address to the. -Public on 
the Dismission of a General Oflieor 7 in tho 
' Gazetteer ' of 9 May. This was answered, 
though without much ability, by 11. Wai- 
pole in 'A Counter-Address, <fee., published 
12 Aug., which called forth a singularly poor 
answer entitled t A Reply to tlio Counter- 
Address/ all in 17(M, The case roused a 
determined spirit of resistance in tho whigs, 
and Lord Rockingham went down to Hayes 
in the hope of inducing Pitt to take part in 
this opposition. Pitt condemned tho dis- 
missal, but 'considered the question touched 
too near upon prerogative ' (Jtockingham 
Mmoirs, i. 180), 

On 8 July 1765 the king was forced to accept 
the administration formed by the Marquis of 
Rockingham, in which Conway was secretary 
of state, in conjunction with the Duko of 
drafton, and leader of the House of Commons- 
Oonway accepted office somewhat unwillingly 
at the command of the Duke of Cumberland; 
he took the southern department, and em- 
ployed William Burke [q. v.l as his private 
secretary. The accession of the Rockingham 
ministry to office ' abolished the dangerous and 
unconstitutiohalpracticeofromovingmilitary 
officers for their votes in parliament ' (BxrRO, 
Short Account) , In order to allay the irrita- 
tion of the American colonies the government 
determined on the repeal of the Stamp Act, 
seeking at the same time to save the honour 
of the country by an act declaratory of the 



rights of parliament. Conway moved the 
repeal in February 1700, and, in spite of the 
intrigues of the king Mid the opposition of 



tho late ministry, Kucceeded in gaining- a 
majority. Referring to his triumph on this- 
occasion, Burke in after years said ; ' 1 stood 
noar him, and IUH face, to use tho expression 
of the Scriptures of the first martyr, his face- 
was as it were tho face of an angel' ('On 
American Taxation,' Works, Hi, ^00), On 
every account! the king disliked tho .Rocking- 
hum administration, and on 7 July he ac-* 
quaintod the ministers severally that he had 
sent for Pitt. On tho Ittth Pitt, who had 
undertaken to form an administration with 
Grafton as first lord of tho treasury and him- 
self as privy seal, with tho title of the Earl 
of Chatham, offered Conway the post of 
secretary of stale with the leadership of the 
house. The Duke of .Richmond tried to dis- 
suade him from accepting the oiler. The 
strength of the Rodungham whigs, such a& 
it was, consisted to no small extent in the- 
fact that, their party was founded on a strict 
aristocratic? alliance, and this the king and 
Pitt, each from a different motive, wore de- 
termined to break. The duke pointed out 
thatOonway's acceptance would further this- 
dnsign, and represented that he ought not to. 
desert the Cavendishes, hinting at the obli- 
gation he was under to tho lato Duke of 
Devonshire, On tho other hand, it waw pro- 
bable that, if he rofuHod, tho leadership of the 
house would go to Grenville, and to prevent 
this "Wai polo urged him to accept; he agreed 
to do so, and 4 , in common with, woven others 
of Rookmgham's followers, con tinned in office- 
under the now administration. Ilia conduct 
cannot, bojudged by the unwritten laws which 
regulate the party politics of the present 
day, The question presented to him was not; 
one of measures, and tho separation between 
tho whig sections was as yet rather a matter 
of cabal than of party. Roekingham appears- 
to have felt some soreness, not so much, at 
Conway's acceptance, but because he did not 
consider that he made a stand for his fol- 
lowers, many of whom,' like himself, were 
displaced by Chatham, Oonway was still 
held to belong to the Rockingham whigs, 
and formed < tho connecting link between the* 
two parties ' (MoGMtiffham MwnoirR, iL 18). 
Ho soon grew discontented with the violent 




whigs who had four boroughs at his disposal, 
from the treasurerahip of the household, and 
in November had an interview with Rock- 
ingham on the subject. Rockingham pointed 
out that it was evident that Chatham disre- 



Conway 55 Conway 

garded Conway's ' public honour to his party/ and took active steps to secure the preser- 
and even his private honour to his friend, vation of peace and the safety of the royal 
and urged him to resign. The Duke of Port- palace during the Wilkes riots (Junius, 
land and four other members of the late Letter xi.) When for political reasons Lord 
government threw up their places. Unfor- Granby resigned the post of master of the 
tunately for his character, Conway, though ordnance in 1770, the king offered it to Con- 
' very uneasy, perplexed himself with his re- way. As, however, he too felt dissatisfied 
finements' and stayed in (ib. 19-25). All with the government, he refused it, adding 
intercourse between him and Chatham now that ' he would take none of Lord Granby's 
ceased (Memoirs of George III, ii. 885; spoils' (Chatham Correspondence, iii. 399), 
Chatham Correspondence, iii. 126-30). A He took great interest in his work at the 
vague project is said to have been concocted ordnance, and effected large economic reforms 
by the Jking and Lord Hertford in January in the department. To his great annoyance 
1767 for placing Conway at the head of a he found that George Townshfind, who re- 
reformed administration. ' True to the prin- tired from the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland in 
ciples he had upheld under Rockingham/ Con- 1772, was to be appointed master-general, 
way was in favour of lenient measures towards and he refused to serve under him. In the 
the American colonies, and on 13 March stood debate on the Royal Marriage Act in March 
alone in resisting the scheme of the govern- of this year, he had annoyed the king by de- 
ment for suspending the legislative powers claring that though he approved the principle 
of the New York assembly (Life of Shelburne, of the bill he believed that the crown claimed 
ii. 55), but he was powerless to check Towns- too much ; he attacked the bill in committee, 
hend's headlong policy, and, as he still held and offended Lord North, who was then prime 
office, was forced to follow the administra- minister, by his remarks. The king remon- 
tion. He also objected to Chatham's oppres- strated with Lord Hertford on his brothers 
sion of the East India Company, holding course, and as Conway considered that his 
that they had a right to their conquests. At brother tried to dictate to him on the matter 
last on 30 May he signified to the king his he became more determined. Nevertheless 
wish to retire from office, ' without any view he could ill spare the pay he received as lieu- 
of entering into faction' (Grenmlle Papers, tenant-general of ordnance, andWalpole in- 
ly. 26; Chatham Correspondence, iii. 260). terfered on his behalf. The king was mollified 
The king, however, persuaded him at least by being told that Conway would not visit the 
to delay his resignation. In the preceding Duke and Duchess of Gloucester^ and, on his 
year Conway, in compliance with a request resignation of his post, appointed him governor 
from David Hume, procured a pension of and captain of the isle of Jersey on 21 Oct., 
100 a year for Rousseau, who was then an appointment worth about 1,200J. a year 
settled at Wooton in Derbyshire, and when (WALPOLE,X^^^femozr5,i.44,158;BEATsoN-, 
Burke ceased to be his secretary he gave the Political Eegister). During the summer ot 
place to Hume. In July negotiations were 1774 Conway, who had been promoted general 
entered into between Rockingham and Bed- 26 May 1772, made a tour on the continent 
ford for a union, but were broken off because for the purpose of witnessing the Prussian 
the marquis insisted on the condition that and Austrian annual reviews. Hewasaccom- 
Conway should be the leader of the com- panied, though they frequently parted com- 
mons, and to this Bedford and Rigby refused pany, by Sir Robert Murray Keith minister at 
to agree. Rockingham's hopes were disap- Dresden. AtBruns wick lie was kindly received 
pointed, and in January 1768 the Bedford by his old commander Ferdmand, he visited 
party joined the government. This put an the divorced queen of Denmark, King beorges 
end to Conway's long-continued state of in- sister, at Zell, was entertained at Potsdam 
decision, and he resigned office on 20 Jan. by Marischal Keith, and had a most flat- 
Conway nowreturned to military life, which tering gracious audience from the king, lie 
was far more to his taste than political office, then visited the Austrian camp and the gold 
He had been appointed lieutenant-general of and silver mines of Chemnitz, and at the end 
ordnance on 8 Sept. 1767, and as he drew of August came through Vienna to the Prus- 
the income of that office as well as full sian camp at Schmelwitz nearBreslau (KEITH, 
colonel's pay, he had refused the salary of Memoirs and Correspondence,. 21: OAELYLE, 
secretary of state from the date of his ap- Frederick the Great, x. 106). He reached 
pointment, because he was afraid that the Paris in October and spent the winter there 
Rockindiam -party iiffht accuse him of re- with his wife and his daughter, Mrs. Darner. 



ingham party might 
maininginthe administration from interested 
motives. In February 1768 he received the 
command of the 4th regiment of dragoons, 



During his absence from England, in October 
1774, he received the command of the royal 
regiment of horse guards. At the general 




Con way 56 Con way 

election liclcl in November the Duke of Graf- conduct of the bishops who supported a 
ton deprived him of his scat for Thetford, and policy that on tailed useless bloodshed. Tn the 
ho remained out of parliament until a seat was course of this Hummer the Icing is said to 
fouad for him atBury St. Kdinuuds, vacant by have proposed that he should undertake the 
the succession of Lord Augustus Her vey to the reconstruction of the government, entering 
earldom of Bristol. On his return to parliament, as eominauder-in-ohief, and retaining certain 
he opposed the policy pursued by the govern- members of the exiHting administration. The 
ment to wards the American colonies, he voted scheme was wholly impracticable, and it is 
against the address on the ground that it ap- doubtful whether the proposal was made with 
provedofthewar,andspokoagainsttliebiltfor full authority. On 14 Dec, 1781 Conway 
restraining trade with the southern colonies, made a -spirited attach on the mLsmanage- 
In July 1776 he was laid up with an attack of intuit of the government which had reduced 
facial paralysis. TI' 
by domestic trouble, 
in 1767 had j 
grand match, 

Milton, was very rich. Mr, and Mrs. Darner while thoy certainly do not evince any par- 
received an income of r>,Op()A a year, tho ticular power of oratory, they read well and 
settlements were ^2,000/., and Conway settled clearly. On 22 Feb. following he moved 
10,000., the whole of his fortune, upon his an addroHH urging the king to renounce any 
daughter. In spite, however, of this provision, further attempts to reduce America by force, 
the DatnorH had incurred debts to tho amount- in tho course of which he made a vigorous 
of70,OQO/. Conway's attack passed off with- attack on Wolbore Ellis, tho new colonial 
out leaving any ill effects (WAI/POU-I, fat torn, secretary. 'The oilcct of his speech,' Walpole 
vi. 360). From 1778 to 1781 he was con- says, ' was incredible. 7 On tho division the 
stantly engaged in, the affairs of Jersey, stay- mmifltorw were left with a majority of only 
ing there four and even seven months m one. Tic renewed the attack on the^7th, and 
on year- This was rendered necessary by taunted Dundas and Rig-by with possessing 
tho war with France, for itx May 1770 and the ' gift of tongues double tongues/ He 
January 1781 the island was invaded. On was now 'completely master of the delibera- 
hoaring of tho second invasion Conway at tionsof tho ho use on the subject of America' 
once sailed from Portsmouth, and encountered (ib, ii, 203), and on 4 March gained another 
a violent storm, which occasioned the loss of victory. On tho 20th North at last, obtained 
a transport with sixty men, and obliged him, permission to resign, In tho ministry formed 
after two days' boating about in tho Channel, by 'Rockingham, which entered ollieo on the 
to put into Plymouth. There he hoard of 27th, Conway was eommander-m-chief with 
the defeat of the invasion and returned homo, a seat in the cabinet, It was formed out of 
where ho was laid up with a severe illness a combination of tho parties of Kockingham 
brought on by exposure. "Before lies had re- andof81ielburne,w]u>waHafloc.retaryofatate, 
covered he received peremptory letters from When Rockingham died on 1 July following, 
Lord ITillsborough implying that he was tho kmgmatloShelbunic prime minister. Fox, 
loitering, and treating his absence from Jer- Burke, and some others resigned ; Conway, 
sey as a matter of leave. This caused him the Pake of Richmond, and other members of 
considerable annoyance, and Lord Hertford the party retained their ollicos. Although it 
interfered on his behalf, for the oiEco was not has been stated that some jarring took place 
residentiary (ib. viL 494-603), The success- on account of SholburnoV refusal to accede 
ful defence of the island was clue, to some to the wish of Conway and Pitt that Fox 
extent at least, to the preparations he had should be brought into the cabinet (Memorials 
made, he was exceedingly popular with tho of Pox, ii. 30), it is certain that; Shelburne 
inhabitants, and some years later the council would have admitted him, and that Fox ab- 
presented him with, a 'Druidic temple* that solutoly refused to act with him (Sir G. C. 
had boen discovered there, with am inscrip- LEWIS, Adminutmtiom, 57), On 9 July 
tion in French verse praising his watchful- Conway defended the government from the 
ness and military skill (ib. vi, 161). attacks of Fox, denying that there was any 

Meanwhile, as the war with America, which division in the cabinet or any departure from 
he had consistently opposed, grow constantly its original policy in the matter of the peace, 
more disastrous to our arms, Conway began Burke ridiculed him for serving under Shel- 
to take a prominent part in the attacks made burne, declaring that he was like Little Red 
on North's administration. * On 5 May 17_80, Ridinghood, who ' didn't know a wolf from 
in bringing forward a bill for the pacification her grandmother/ He disliked the treaties 
of the colonies, he reflected severely on the with France and Spain, and was not alto- 



Conway 57 Conway 

gether easy in tlie cabinet, especially after 1774 are in Carlyle's ' Frederick the Great/ x, 
the retirement of Keppel in January 1783. Several drafts and letters belonging to his 
The ministry resigned on 24 Feb. following, official correspondence are in the British 
During the prolonged crisis that ensued Museum, especially Addit, MSS. 12440 and 
on Pitt's acceptance of office, Conway, ever 17497-8. On 12 Oct. 1793 he was appointed 
swayed by those around him, was infected field-marshal. He died at Park Place on 
by the prevailing violence, On the defeat 12 Oct. 1795, in his seventy-fifth year. His 
of Pitt's East India Bill in January 1784, he picture, painted by Bckardt in 1746 (he refers 
taunted the minister with his silence, pressed to it in a letter written to Walpole during 
him to state his intentions, declared that the the campaign in Scotland, Rookingliam .Me- 
-conduct of the government was corrupt, and on moirs, i. 447), is engraved by Greatbatch, 
1 March supported Fox's motion for an ad- and is given in Cunningham's edition of 
dress to the crown for Pitt's dismissal. Parlia- "Walpole's ' Letters/ i. 38. 
ment was dissolved on the 25th, and Conway's r H Wa i po i e > s Letters, ed. Cunningham (1880), 
political life ended. He resigned his military i_ iXt . Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II 
command, and retired to Park Place, keeping (1822) ; Memoirs of the Reign of G-eorge III, ed: 
his governorship and occasionally visiting Sir Denis Le Marchant ; Journal of the Reign of 
Jersey. The remainder of his life was plea- George III, ed. Doran ; Earl of Albemarle's 
-santly spent; he enjoyed the beauty of his Memoirs of the Marquis of Kockingham; R. 
place, where, among other pursuits, he pro- Grenville's (Earl Temple) G-renville Papers ; 
pagated trees, raising poplars from a cutting [Conway's] Military Arguments, &c. ; [H. Wai- 
brought from Lombardy by Lord Bochford. In pole's] Counter-Address, &c. ; Burke's Works 
1778 he gave Crabbe fq. v.l, the poet, a work and Correspondence (1852); Lord B. Fitz- 
onbotany,alongwithotlerbooks: all through price's Life of the Earl of Shelburne; Chat- 
his life he appears to have been friendly with * Correspondence, ed Taylor and Pnngle, 
rr -a-j.x 3 JT i ~ in. iv. : R. P. T. Grrenvilles (Duke of Bucking- 
menof genius. His taste was good, and he has ham) c ourts and Cabinets of George III ; Ea?l 
left an enduring monument of it m the bridge ET1SSe lL's Life of . J. Fox; Stanhope's Life of 
.at Henley-on-Thames, about which he was pitt . sir a> c> Levis > s Administrations of 
busied m 1787 (WALPOLE, Letters, ix. 118). <} reat Britain ; Return of Members of Parlia- 
Before his retirement he invented a furnace ment; Annual Register; Parliamentary History; 
for the use of brewers and distillers, for which Beatson's Political Register.] W. H. 
he afterwards took out a patent. Part of the 

leisure of his last years was moreover devoted CONWAY, SIB JOHN (d. 1603), gover- 
to literary work. In 1789 he sent "Walpole nor of Ostend, was the son and heir of Sir 
a tale which his friend described as 'very John Conway, knight-banneret of Arrow, 
easy and genteel : ' it was evidently in verse. Warwickshire, by Katherine, daughter of Sir 
He wrote and printed a prologue to the play Ralph Verney (LiPSCOMB, Buckinghamshire, 
* The Way to keep him,' acted by amateurs i. 17 9). He was knighted in 1559 (Add/it. 
at the private theatre at Richmond House, MS. 32102, f. 122 a). As he was walking in 
in April 1787, and ' altered from the French/ the streets of London in 1578, Ludovic Gre- 
the original being ' Dehors Trompeurs ' of vil came suddenly upon him, and struck him 
Louis de Boissy, a comedy entitled ' False on the head with a cudgel, felling him to the 
Appearances/ which was first performed at ground, and then attacked him with a sword 
Richmond House, and then published in 1789 so fiercely that, but for the intervention of a 
with a long dedication to Miss Farren, who servant, who warded off the blow, he would 
acted in it at Drury Lane j the prologue is have cut off his legs. The privy council sent 
by the author, the epilogue by Lieutenant- for Grevil, and committed him to the Mar- 
general Burgoyne. Conway's pamphlets in shalsea. The outrage occasioned much ex- 
defence of his conduct of the Rochfort expe- citement, because on the same day Lord Rich 
dition have been already noticed. His speech was also violently attacked in the streets 
on American affairs, delivered 5 May 1780, (STBYPE, Annals, ii.^ 547, folio). Being a 
was published separately 1781. A collection person of great skill in military affairs, Con- 
of his private letters was made by C. Knight, way was made governor of Ostend on 29 Dec. 
with the intention of publishing a memoir of 1586 by Robert, earl of Leicester, who was 
him, which was never carried out. This col- then general of the English auxiliaries in be- 
lection appears to be in private hands. Several half of the States of the United Provinces 
letters to Walpole from 1740 to 1746 are in (THOMAS, Hist. Notes, i. 408, 436). For some 
an appendix to the *Rockingham Memoirs/ i., reason he was made a prisoner, as appears 
two or three of later dates are included in from an original letter addressed by him to 
the ' Letters J of H. Walpole, and some ex- Sir Francis Walsingham, dated at Ostend 
.tracts of letters written from Germany in 8 Sept. 1588, concerning his imprisonment 



Conway 



and the uses which might be made of one 
Bcrney ? a spy, who had groat, credit with the 
prince of Parma (IlarL MM. 287, f. 102; Note* 
and Qwries, 1st series, xi, 48), During his 
confinement ho wrote his { Mtidit.at.ious and 
Praiers ' on his trencher * with leathy peunoll 
of bade.' hi July 1590 ho wan I icon Bed to 
return to Gatend, and the ofllee of governor 
of Ostend was granted to Sir Kdward Nor- 
reys (MuKDi N, Mate Impart*, p. 794 ). Ho dunl 
on 4 Oct. 1003, and wan buried in Arrow 
church, where a monument, with a Latin in- 
scription, was erected to his memory (Duu- 
DAJJO, Wanin?.k$hire, ed. 17i30, p. 8W). By I 
his wife Ellen, or Kleunor, daughter of Sir [ 
Fulke Grevillo of Beauehamp's (burl;, War- j 
wickalrire, he had four HOUH ; Edward, who ' 
wan created Viscount Con way | q, v. (,Bi uun, ' 
EUmb&th, iu 9H) ; l^nlke, John, and Thonws j 
and lour daughters, Elizabeth, Kafcherine, j 
Mary, andFrnneeM(l)uuiHU^ Waruwltnhiw, ' 
p. 850 j Lil'HtiOMit, jjwskint/htMwhirt*) i, ii(M). 
lie "wrote: i. * Meditations and Praiers, 
gathered out of the sacred .Letters and ver- 
tuouH Writers; disposed in .Kourrno of the 
Alphabet of the Queene, her moftt excellent 
Majesties Name; whereunto an*. added, com- 
Ibrtuble ( 'on-solutions (drawn out of the Latin) 
loalllictedMIndoH/Lond, (printed by Henry 
Wykos), undated. Another edition, also 
undated, was printed by William How 
(AMBft, TypM/r.Anliq. ed, Herbert., p. IQUK). 
!2. TOOHIO of iloured Praiers,' Kvo, Loud, 1C 1 1 
(LowNDiw, Jtibl. Man, ed, Bohn, p. 514; (Jat* 
Lib, Impress, JHM, Ifo&l. ed. IBM, iy. ^5). 
!{. (Jomnitnulatory verweH profixtul to GeoiFrey 
Fenton'H * (Jortaine Tragie-all DiHcoursoH,' I f>07 
(A.MHH, 7)//^>//r, Antiq. od. Ilnrbort, p, 85(5), 



[Authorilio.H cited above; (Jal. State Panow ; 
Watt's Itibl. Brit.; Ilackmaifn (Jut. of Tutmor 
880 ; <Jolliot*H KxlraetiH from KotfiHtorH of 
more' Company,!. 105; Burked Dormant 
and Extinct IWugoH (1883), 133,] T. (J. 

COWWAY, HOGKU OK (d, 1800), Fran- 
ciscan, wasa native of Ocmway in Morth Wales, 
lie entered the Franciscan order, and studied 
at the univorsityof Oxford, where ho became 
doctor of divinity. He was afterwardn the 
twenty-second provincial of his order in Eng- 
land (Monummta lt'rairiGw<iana t pp. 5U8, 501, 
ed. Brewer), Ho is known, chiefly through 
the share he took in the controversy which 
had long agitated this Franciscan body rela- 
tive to thti doctrine, of evangelical poverty. 
In 1850 llicihard Fitasltalph, archbishop of 
Armagh, visited London ou the affairs of hia 
diocese, and found a discussion raging about 
th qxiestion whether or not Christ and the 
primitive Christians possessed any property 
(see his ' JDefonsio Curatorum' in G'^'^u^ 



Conway 

MiYMirchm Hawaii Romam Imperil, iii. 1^9^ 
ed. JbYankf< >rt, 102 1 ; el'. "W n A HTON'S appendix 
to CAVILS Historic Ltturaria, p. 47 b). The 
archbishop in his sermons strongly advocated 
the ailirmativo position, and was in conse- 
quence,, through, the in 11 mm co of some of the 
friars, cited to appear before Innocent VI at 
Avignon, where (8 Nov. 1.157) lie preached a 
sermon defending his view, which has been 
often printed under the title of 'Defensio. 
Curatorum.' To this sermon (Jonway wrote 
a reply . According to the * Vitm Pontiucurn ' 
ol 'William Undo, bishop of Chi oluirttor (manu- 
script cited by TANNMK, llibL Brit, p. 197), it 
was in 1 t'J59 that Con way pnMichod in J Condon, 
on the subj(H:t, He was opposed, it is added, 
by Uiehard of Kylmetono (or KyhmngUm), 
dtMin of St. PuuTs, and by Uichard Fitz- 
Jlalph. If thin notice- be cornsct, Conway 
was evidenlly om^ of the doctors whoMe dis- 
putations rouse.d th( archbishop int-o preach- 
ing against, them, and in this ease the date 
must bo not l}r>9 but* liJ5(>, Bo this as it 
may, (Jonway'w exinting treatisi^, M)c Con- 
leHsionibus |)ur n^gulanjs a,udiendis, contra 
informatiowH Armachani ' (aw it is entitled in 
manuscript, e f g. 0.0,0. Oxon,, Cod. <;lxxxii. ; 
OOXK'N (!titft<H/w, of Oxford A/MS*., Corpus 
(Jhristi Colh^ge, p, 72 b), or, as the printed 
editions give it, * Defonsio Mondicantium,' is 
a prolessiul reply to the i I )olonsio Ouratorum/ 
It cannot have been written long after U557 r 
since t.ho archbisho]) rtiturned to the contro- 
versy and wrote a rejoinder, of which a ma- 
nuscript once existed in the possession of 
italuzo (sue L. K, I)u Pin, Naw l&wlQitiaBtwM 
Hwtory") xii, 71, I^nglish trjumlation, 1099), 
and Fitsdlalph died at Avignon in December 
IJI59. On Uw other hand, a portion of Oon- 
wuy's tract stuns to have been written as 
early as l%y, since in chapter vii. he speaks 
of C/Ionu^nt VT us the prtwjint pope, while in 
chapter v, ho mentions Innociwit'V-I. Tito 
worn was printed with FitzlUlph's by John 
Trechnel at .Lyons (not, as is usually stated, 
at Paris; H(iol*ANifiBlt,-<<t'/m^ Typo(/ntphiai f 
i, 549) in 1490. It was reprinted at Paris in 
151 1, and Is generally accessible in Goldast's 
* Mouarchia, 1 iii. 1410 ot seq, Oonway was 
also, according to Bale, the author of a work 
i Do KxtravaguntiH Intolleetiono/ which may 
be in part identical with the treatise already 
mentioned. Another work, * De Christ! 
Panpertato ot Dominic temporal!,,' is ^also 
named as having beim formerly in Wadding's 
pOSBension ( WAD IUNG, ticriptvre.fi Or dims Mi~ 
norwn, p. $1$, ed. Home, 1H06). Besides 
these, Bale enumerates sermons, lectures, 
( (iumstiones theologicio,' and ' Doterminar 
tioneB scholastics ; ' but not one of these is 
known to be now in existence, Conway died 



Conway 59 Conway 

at London in 1360, and was buried in the choir Beverley in the ' Gamester,' Posthumus 
of the Minorite church. His name appears Henry V in Garnet's ' Jubilee/ acted 23 April 
in the printed edition latinised as ' Chonnoe.' 1816 for the Shakespeare bicentenary, and 
' Connovius ' is simply an invention of later other parts. He then disappears from Co- 
biographers, vent Garden, and is next heard of in Bath,, 

[Notices in Conway's own Defensio Mendi- jjere ^ e enacted on 6 March 1817 King 
cantium ; Leland's Commentarii cle Scriptoribus Charles II m the t Royal Oak,' and 29 March 
Britannicis, clxiii. p. 377 ; Bale's Scriptt. Brit. Joseph in the ' School for Scandal.' He re- 
Cat, vi. 7, pp. 459 et seq. ; Wharton, in Appendix mained in Bath until 1820, playing a round 
to Cave's Historia Literaria, p. 53 b \ Sbaralea, of characters in tragedy and comedy, and on 
supplement to Wadding's Scriptores Ordinis 5 July 1821 appeared at the Haymarket as- 
Minomm, p. 647.] K, L. P. . Lord Townley in the ' Provoked Husband.' 

Here he remained during 1 the season, at the 

CONWAY, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS end of which he withdrew from the English 
(1789-1828), actor, was born in 1789 in Hen- stage., A malignant attack upon him, said 
rietta Street, Cavendish Square, London, and to be by Theodore Hook, was the cause of his- 
was educated under a clergyman named Payne retirement. In December 1822 the manager 
in Barbados, whither he had been sent to of the Bath theatre, going to Clifton to en- 
live with friends of his mother. He returned gage Conway, obtained the answer that he 
to England in weak health at the age of eigh- would prefer breaking stones on the road to 
teen. Upon viewing for the first time in Bath returning to the most brilliant engagement. 
a theatrical representation, he contracted a At the close of 1823 he started for America, 
longing for the stage strong enough to triumph and appeared on 12 Jan. 1824 in New York,, 
over domestic objections. He appeared ac- where he played Coriolanus, Lord Townley, 
cordingly at Chester as Zanga in Young's tra- Beverley, Petruchio, &c., with complete sue- 
gedy 'The Revenge,' with so much success cess. Subsequently he delivered in New York 
as to induce the manager, Macready, to offer some religious discourses. Early in 1828 he 
him an engagement. After playing 1 in many took a passage to Charleston. When the ves- 
northern and midland towns as Macbeth, sel arrived off Charleston bar, Conway threw 
Glen Alvon in ' Douglas/ &c., he accepted in himself overboard, and was drowned. A 
1812 an engagement, to appear at the Crow curious circumstance in his life is the infatu- 
Street Theatre, Dublin, in the characters va- ation for him shown on his appearance in 
cated by Holman, who had gone to America. London by Mrs. Piozzi, then almost eighty 
He there formed, it is said, a violent but un- years of age. It is stated in the l New 
availing passion for Miss O'Neill, with whom Monthly Magazine ' for April 1861, on the 
he acted, and met Charles Mathews, who re- authority of 'a distinguished man of let- 
commended him to Co vent Garden, where he ters, 7 that Conway showed the late Charles 
came out on 4 Oct. 1813 as Alexander the Mathews a letter from her offering him mar- 
Great in a piece of that name altered from riage. More sensible conduct is, however, 
Lee's ' Rival Queens.' On the 7th he played generally assigned her, and the authenticity 
Othello, on the 21st Jaffier in ' Venice Pre- of ' The Love Letters of Mrs. Piozzi, written 
served, 7 and on the 25th Romeo. Henry V, when she was eighty, to Aug. W. Conway,' 
Coriolanus, Norval in ' Douglas, 7 Juba in London, 1843, 8vo, is disputed. Conway's 
i Cato/ Antony in f Julius Csosar/ Petruchio, conduct, at least, appears to have been manly 
Orlando, Richmond in < Richard III/ Alonzo and honourable. Macieady (Reminiscences, 
in the ' Revenge/ and the Prince of Wales i. Ill) says that c a few days before her death 
in < Henry IV, Part I.' &c., with one or two she (Mrs. Piozzi) sent him a cheque on her 
other characters, were played in the course bankers for 500J., which on her decease he 
of the dramatic season which, terminated on enclosed to her heir and administrator/ and 
15 June 1814. Holla in l Pizarro/ Wellborn adds that at the time Conway was in pecu- 
in ' A New Way to pay Old Debts/ Faulcon- niary straits. In the sale of his effects in 

"| * "I T* Jf T f .**** ' *v -m. ^* **"*>* rt. 1 "I i1/"fc *l __._ * 

bridge, Macdul 



f, Comus, and other parts of New York after his death figured a copy of 

importance were assigned him, though, as the Young's < Night Thoughts/ on which was 

company at Covent Garden included Young written < Presented to me by my dearly at- 

andKemble, he had occasionally to take se- tached friend, the celebrated Mrs. Piozzi. 

condary r61es. He was the original Prince Conway was a good actor. Genest, a severe 

Zerbino (7 April 1815) in the %oble Out- judge, speaks well of him, and a writer in 

law/ an operatic adaptation of Beaumont the 'New Monthly Magazine 7 for August 

and Fletcher's 'Pilgrim.' The season of 1821, probably Talfourd, says: 'Conway has a 

1815-1 6 added to his list of characters Mac- noble person, a strain of brilliant declamation, 

beth, Theseus in i Midsummer Night'sDream/ and no small power of depicting agony and 



Conybeare 



_______- ' ' ~ . 

' He was, however, self-conscious, ill 
i "and fantastic in movement. Macready, 
ftor Se statinff that he was deservedly a fa- 

ashasat srsp- 

|JJ>.(<v vAO*^ -**-WF ^ w^^k /4 11 T\/''\ I YY 

IS 6 HfitfSw.^^ S?ngS 

Qf rp ' 1818 dealinff with Miss OJNouis 
JuUot, has a' passage, omitted from the fol- 
lowing editions, on Conway ' Romeo. Ho 
belSos the stage like a Colossus, throws 
hif arms like tho sails of a windmi 1, and his 



' for I X o,,mbr im 

by Dcwild.t w in the Mathews collection 

in the (larrick Club. 



Pol back again.' Cony, while stall a prisoner 
in France, was tried by court-martial for the 
loss of hia ship, and very honourably acquitted 
on 20 Jan. 1705-0 ; and the court further re- 
portingtUathehadparticularlydistinguished 

himself in the action, and had received several 
dangerous wounds, recommended him to his 
royal highness's favour. Ho was accordingly 
shortly afterwards appointed to the Romney 
of 50 guns, and commanded her m tho Me- 
diterranean under the orders ol Sir Clowd.s- 
lev Shovell. He seems to have been success- 
fully engaged in cruising against the enemy s 
p vateers in the Straits, and was return- 
Lr homo tho following, year, when, m com- 
pany with the Association [see SHOVED, SIR 
EK.Bi.Brl, the Romney and all m her 

were lost among the Boilly Islands on M Oct. 

1707. 

fMimites of tho Court-martial and loiters m 

tJni Public Ilweord Offico ; Oharnock's Biog.Nav. 

iii. 187, 380, 11. 413.] J - K ' U 

CONYBEABE, JOHN (1092-1755) 
bisliop of Bristol, was born !5 1 Jan. l(9l--J at 
iChoo near Exeter, of which place Ins lather 
IS vicar? He was educated at the Exeter 



. 1801 i I 



. -, 

tv.J 



by the famous storm ot 170.5, and the 
died about 170(5 of a disorder caught on that 
JcS. Frienda hnlpod Oonybeare to con- 
tmuo WH education, and ho was adm^lgd at 
College, Oxford, 22 Marc 1707-a 



CONY, WILLIAM (A 1707), 

attained that rank on 1. April 17W, 

to 




the navy attainwi u\w> nuuvw^ * * i r "i ' 

rSS^^iSSS 



e graduated as B.A. 17 July 1713 and on 
50 5une 1714 wa appointed Factor m 
his college. On 19 l)oc. 1 / ift 






Conv 





i loss which, in the opinion of the , 



Harmon on ' Miracles ' t . - .... 

through four editions, and was 

another on tho ' Mystonos m 17 

Qibson appointed him one oi tho 

preachy at Whi^eha U, a nd m May 

Lord-chancellor Macclest 

to tho small rectory ot bt. ----,- D 

He became B.D. in Jmui ^ 2 \ m ^ ; ; ilT , ils 
Tanuarv 17S0. Among Conyboaroa pupUb 

i to tho solicitor-genoral and las lather. 



it M dd 



Conybeare 



61 



Conybeare 



was published in 1730, and excited a keen 
controversy. Conybeare's ' Defence of Re- 
vealed Religion against the Exceptions of 
[Tindal] ' appeared in 1732, and was praised 
as one of the four ablest books produced on 
the occasion, the others being those of James 
Foster, Leland, and Simon Browne. "War- 
burton called it ' one of the best-reasoned 
books in the world. 7 Conybeare is a tempe- 
rate and able writer, but there is little in his 
book to distinguish it from expositions of the 
same argument by other contemporary divines 
of the average type. The Exeter rectorship 
was a poor one, and soon afterwards Bishop 
Gibson exerted himself successfully to pro- 
cure Conybeare's appointment to the deanery 
of Christ Church. He was installed in Janu- 
ary 1733, and on 6 June following married 
Jemima, daughter of William Juckes of Hox- 
ton Square, London. At Exeter Conybeare 
effected many reforms, putting a stop to the 
sale of servants' places and restoring lectures. 
In 1734 he entertained the Prince of Orange 
at the deanery. Conybeare seems to have been 
energetic at Christ Church. In 1735 he pub- 
lished ' Calumny Refuted, in answer to the 
personal slander of Dr. Richard Newton,' who 
was endeavouring to obtain a charter for 
Hart Hall, a plan opposed by Conybeare. 
He afterwards published a few sermons. His 
hopes of a bishopric were lowered by the 
death of Charles Talbot, while lord chancel- 
lor, in 1737, and by Bishop Gibson's loss of 
influence at court. In 1750, however, he was 
appointed to the see of Bristol, in succession 
to Joseph Butler, translated to Durham, and 
was consecrated 23 Dec. of that year. His 
health was broken by gout. He died 13 July 
1755, and was buried in the cathedral. 

Mrs. Conybeare died 29 Oct. 1747. Two 
of five children survived him, Jemima (died 
1785) and William, afterwards D.D. and rec- 
tor of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate. They were 
left without much provision, and two volumes 
of sermons were published by subscription 
for their benefit in 1757. As there were 
4,600 subscribers, many of whom took more 
than one copy, the results must have been 
satisfactory. A pension of 100 a year was 
bestowed upon his daughter Jemima. 

[Life in Biog. Brit, on information from Cony- 
beare's son William ; Leland's Deistieal Writers 
(1776), i. 124-6; Boase's Register of Exeter 
Coll. xxxv, Ixiv, 62, 88, 94, 97 ; Wood's Antiq. 
Oxford (Ghitch), iii. 442, 516 ; Reliquiae Hearni- 
anse, ii. 771, 773, 845 ; Wordsworth's English 
Universities (1874), 61, 304.] L. S. 

CONYBEARE, JOHN JOSIAS (1779- 
1824), geologist and scholar, was the elder 
son of Dr. "William Conybeare, the rector of 
Bishopsgate,who was the son of Bishop (John) 



Conybeare [q. v.] The younger son was 
William Daniel Conybeare [q. v.]. 

John Josias, born in 1779, entered Christ 
Church, Oxford, in 1797. In due course he 
became vicar of Batheaston, Somersetshire. 
He was elected to the Anglo-Saxon professor- 
ship in 1807, and became the professor of poetry 
at Oxford in 1812. In 1824 he delivered the 
Bampton lectures, and published a volume on 
the t Interpretation of Scripture.' His versa- 
tility was remarkable. Notwithstanding his 
strict attention to his clerical duties, he gave 
some time to chemistry, and in 1822-3 pub- 
lished a paper ' On Greek Fire,' another on 
' Plumbago found in Gas Retorts/ and an ex- 
amination of ' Hatchettin, or Mineral Tallow, 
a Fossil Resin found in the Coal Measures 
of Glamorganshire/ In 1817 he began to 
publish upon geology ; his first paper being 
' Memoranda relative to Clovelly ; ; his second, 
which appeared in the Geological Society's 
' Transactions/ being ' On the Porphyritic 
Veins (locally Elvans) of St. Agnes, Corn- 
wall.' In 1821 he published a memoir ' On 
the Geology of the neighbourhood of Oke- 
hampton/ in 1822 one ' On the Geology of 
the Malvern Hills,' in 1823 another 'On the 
Geology of Devon and Cornwall/ and in 
1824 he was associated with Buckland in 
' Observations on the South-west Coal-field 
of England.' In June 1824 he died. His 
devotion to the literature of the Anglo- 
Saxons was very earnest, and his love of 
poetry of the most refined character, impart- 
ing a great charm to every production of 
his fertile mind, and rendering him a most 
agreeable companion. In 1826, after his 
death, his brother, Dean Conybeare, edited 
and published ' Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon 
Poetry, translated by the Vicar of Batheaston/ 
which contains large portions of the ' Song of 
the Traveller ' and ' Beowulf.' 

[Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers ; 
Geological Society's Transactions ; Thomson's 
Annals, 1821-2-3; Geni Mag. 1824, ii. 187, 
376, 482.] R H-T. 



CONYBEARE, WILLIAM DANIEL 

(1787-1857), geologist and divine, younger 
brother of John Josias Conybeare [q. v.], was 
born in June 1787, and educated at West- 
minster and Christ Church. At Oxford he 
was in the same year as Sir Robert Peel, with 
whom he took a first in classics and a second 
in mathematics, being classed with Arch- 
bishop Whately. Conybeare continued to 
reside at the university until -he took his 
M.A. degree. 

Among the students of science at the uni- 
versity at the commencement of the present 
century the two brothers Conybeare, Dr. 



Conybeare 



Conybeare 



Auckland, and a few others devoted them- 
selves to geology. Rome of the early mem- 
bers of the Geological Society of London 
wore in the habit of paying an annual visit 
in "Whitsun week to the university, and with 
the club they explored the geology of the 
neighbourhood of Oxford, Backlancl said 
that Conybeare would have been tho fitting 
person to fill tho odiee of lodmror on geology. 
Professor Kodgwick stated that ho looked upon 
Oonybeare an his early master in geology. 

In 1814 Oonybearo married and retired 
from tho univereity to a country curacy, and 
nine years afterwards ho removed to tho 
vicarage of Sully in (Hamorgttnshiro. I To 
subsequently hei'd tho ouraey of Banbury and 
lectureship of Brislintfton, near Bristol tn 
connection with Kir Ilonry do la Itoelw ho 
foutidod tho Bristol PhiloHophioal Institution 
and MuHnnin. At this time He was visited 
by Klie do Beaumont and Dufresnoy, who 
were desirous of acquiring a knowledge of 
the secondary rocks of England. On their 
return, to Franco they co-operated with Ou- 
vior in obtaining the election^f Ocmybuaw 
as a correspond ing meml)er of the Institute 
for geology. Tn 1H.W Oouyhearo presented 
himHolf to his family living of AxmhiHtor, 
and while there preached, at tho request of 
the university o I Oxford, the Bampton lec- 
ture for 18$). Tn 1814 ho resigned thin 
living, and became dean of LlandafT, where 
ho carried on tho work of 'restoration with 
mil and success. Gonyboare loft Llandaff to 
attend tho deathbed of Vis eldest son, William 
John [q . v,] At the house, of another son he was 
stricken with apoplexy, and died on the morn- 
ing of 1 ii Aug. 1 857. ( bnybearo's versatility is 
strikingly HluBtrated by one of his early con- 
tributions to paUoontological science in 1814, 
which appears in thn second volume of tho 
'Transactions, of the Geological Society,' en- 
titled ' On tho Origin of a remarkable Claws 
of Organic Impressions occurring inNodaloH 
of Flint,' lie arrived at tho conclusion that 
< these eolluloR were tho work of aniinalcules 
preying on shells, and on tho vormofi inhabit- 
ing thorn/ and Dr. Auckland folly confirmed 
those conclusions. 

Oonybemrc's examination of tho landslip 
at Gulverholo Point, near Axmouth, in 1839, 
alHO illustrates hifl knowledge of physical 
science. His paper on the ' Hydrographical 
Bfisin of tho Thames/ written with a view 
to determine the causes which had operated 
in forming tho valley of the Thames, and his 
examination of Elio do Beaumont's 'Theory 
of Mountain Chains/ arc proofa of the philo- 
sophical views which ho brought to bear on 
his favourite science, Oonybeare's paper on 
the ' Ichthyosaurus ' established in the most 



satisfactory manner tho, propriety of creating 
a now genus of rcptilia, forming an inter- 
mediate link between the 'Ichthyosaurus' 
and croeodile, to which he gave the name 
of l Plesiosaurus.' Sir Henry tie la Beche 
wart associated with (Jonybeare in this in- 
quiry, lie allows Sir Henry every praise 
for his assistance in working out the geo- 
logical details, but the osteo logical detail sand 
rousoiiingrt must be ascribed to Conybeare, 
When obliged to undertake a voyage to Ma- 

Ik.tv "* . * /fc-** 



, , -, , . j | ^ t f 

doira on account of tho health of his youngest 
won, Conyheare visited the peak of Tenerifle, 
and studied tho volcanic phenomena of the 
neighbouring islands. 

These labours wore fully recognised by the 
illustrious Ouvier, who, as already stated, 
advocated his admission to the French Aca- 
demy as a corresponding member for the 
science of geology. He became a fellow of 
tho Uoyal Society in 1832, and of tho Geo- 
logieal'Soeioty of London in 1821. In 1842 
(Vmybenrn presented to tho meeting of the 
British Association at Oxford a ' Report; on 
the "Progress, Actual State, and Ulterior Pro- 
speets of U oo logical Science/ in which ho 
displayed tho combined powers of the scholar 
and the man of science. 

f Royal Society's Catalogue offtciouti fie. Papers ; 
Ooologieal Sooioty'fl Tranwictions ; Thomson's 
Annals ; Philosophical Magazine, 1830-4 ; Kdin- 
bargh PhiloHophiftal Journal, 1840; Lyoll'H Prin- 
H of Geology.] K H-T. 



CONYBEARE, WILLIAM' JOHN 
(181 5-1857), divine and author, eldest son of 
the Rev. William Daniel Oonybearo [q. v,], 
afterwards dean of Llandaff, and well known 
aw one of the earliest pioneers of geology in 
England, was born on 1 Aug. 1815. Ue was 
educated at Westminster and Trinity Colleges, 
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. 
He took his decree in 18**7, being fifteenth 
wrangler and third classic, In 1811 ho took 
ordorfl, ami was appointed Whitehall preacher. 
In 1 842 he was appointed first principal of the 
newly founded Liverpool Collegiate Institu- 
tion/and married the same year Miss Eliza 
'Rose, 'daughter of tho late vicar of "Rothley, 
Leicestershire, Failure of health obliged him 
in 1848 to resign his post at Liverpool, and 
| he succeeded his father as vicar of Axminster, 
Devonshire, being followed as principal of 
the college by his friend and fellow-worker, 
tho Rev, J. 8, Howson (afterwards dean of 

/*"*dl J \ ^ _ .^ . . _ f , .. ... J, ., ,-. ..__ ^_,-i. JaiT*. OTUSW I* j*^<k>taf V\ f\ 



III HJfJ I LJIICT UIU1QJL VV%/A*fc" W* W ,A^*7Wfawj w *^ 

closiastioal aTid Social/ published in 1856, 
consisting of articles contributed to the 
< Edinburgh Review 7 (one of which, 'Church, 



Conyngham 6 3 Conyngton 



Lord Liverpool, an appointment which nearly 
caused a ministerial crisis (Greville Memoirs 
1st ser. i. 45). The Conynghams always 
lived with the Mng, whether at Windsor or 
Brighton, and Mr. Greville reports a speech 
of the king's to Lady Conyngham, after she 
had ordered the Pavilion to be lighted up 
which shows how great was the power sne 
exercised over him : ' Thank you, tliank you 



Parties,' passed through many editions), and 
< Perversion, 7 a novel, published in 1 856. His 
death took place the following year at Wey- 
bridge, after long-continued illness, which 
Taad obliged him to resign his benefice in 1854. 
He left two children : Edward, born 1843, 
vicar of Barrington, Cambridgeshire, and 
Grace, born 1855, married 1 878 to G. C. Mac- 
aulay, assistant-master at Rugby. 

[Information from his son, the Bev. R Cony- ! m y dear, you always do what is right : 'you 

t p e i cannot please me so much as by doing every- 
thing you please, everything to show you are 

CONYISTGHAM, HENRY, first MABQTTIS mistress here.' The king heaped presents 

CoisfTNGHAM (1760-1 832), the elder twin son npon her, and she even wore the crown 

of Francis Pierrepoint Burton [Conyngham], sapphires which Cardinal York had given to 

second baron Conyngham , by Elizabeth, sister the king. Her influence remained unbounded 

of the first earl of Leitritn,waa bora on 26 Dae. to the very last ; she used the king's horses 

1766. He succeeded his father as third lord and carriages, and even the dinners she gave 

Conyngham in 1 787, and on 6 Dec. 1 789 was at her town house were cooked at St. James's 

created Viscount Conyngham of Mountcharles Palace. With the death of George IV, how- 

in the peerage of Ireland. On 5 July 1794 he ever, the power of the Conynghams disap- 

married Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Deni- peared. Conyngham broke his staff of lord 

son of Denbies, Surrey, a lady who had much steward at the funeral of his friend, and was 

influence on his future career, and in the riot reappointed. He did not long survive 

August of the same year he was gazetted his master. He died at his house in Hamil- 

lieutenant-colonel of a regiment he raised ton Place, Piccadilly, London, on 28 Dec.l832 ? 

under the title of tho Londonderry regiment, and was buried at Patrickslbourne church, 

which was disbanded in 1803. For this ser- Kent. He left two sons and two daughters : 

vice, and his active influence as a magistrate the second Marquis Conyngham and Lord 

in troubled times, he was created Viscount Albert Conyngham, who succeeded to the De- 

Mountcha-rles and Earl Conyngham in the ni son property and was created Lord Londes- 

peerage of Ireland on 5 Nov. 1797. He was borough in 1849; Elizabeth, Marchioness of 

a vigorous supporter of the union in the Irish Huntly, ancl Harriet, Lady AtMumney. His 

House of Lords (Cornwall^ Despatches, Hi. widow long survived him, and did not die 

140), and when that act was passed he was until 10 Oct. 1861. 

elected one of the first Irish L representative [Gonti H Ja 1833; ^^ ^ 

peers, was made a knight ot bt. Patrick, and i s t"ser. i. 46, 48, 207, iii. 88 113.1 H. 
received 15,00()/. in cash for his close borough 
of Killybegs in the Irish House of Commons. CONYNGTCKN", RICHARD (d. 1330), 
After the passing of the union, Conyngham Franciscan, studied at the university of Ox- 
generally voted for the tory and ministerial ford, where he proceeded to the degree of 
party, but did not do much in politics, though doctor in theology (Monumenta Franciscana, 
from his wife's personal friendship with the 588, 560, ed> Brewer). He must also have 
prince regent he was created Viscount Slane, lived for some time on the continent, since a 
Earl of Mountcharles, and Marquis Conyng- younger contemporary, the famous John Ba- 
ham on 22. Jan. 1816. When that prince conthorpe fq. v.] (/. BctcJionis Quast. in 
succeeded to the throne as George IV, Conyng- Sentent. i. dist. iv. art. i. p. 112, ed. Cremona, 
ham's importance greatly increased ; he was 1618), says he was a pupil of Henry of 
created Lord Minster of Minster Abbey, Ghent(HenricusdeGandavo), who is known 
"Kent, on 17 July 1821, in the peerage of the to have held disputations at Paris at various 
United Kingdom, and was in the December dates between 1276 and 1291 or 1292, and 
of the same year sworn of the privy chamber who died in 1293 (see a minute examination 
and made lord steward of the household, and of Henry's biography by F. Ehrle, in the Ar- 
captain, constable, and liexitenant of Windsor chiv filr Litteratur- und J&rcken-Gcschickte 
Castle. The Conyngham influence now be- des Mittelalter*, i. 384-95, 1885). Conyng- 
came supreme at court. It showed itself ton was distinguished as a theologian, and 
as early as May 1821, when Lady Conyng- lectured publicly in. his faculty at Oxford 
ham secured for Mr. Sumner (afterwards (Monum. Franc, p, 553). He afterwards 
bishop of Winchester) a canonry of Windsor, settled at Cambridge, where he became mast er 
because he had been her eldest son's tutor, in (ib. p. 556). In 1310 he was chosen the six- 
spite of the opposition of the prime minister, teenth provincial of the Franciscan order in 



Conyngton 



Cook 



England (SitAKAU-jA, Supplement to WAD- 



Or<ti/ifa Minoruvn, p, G&'J, 
Uomo, lK(M}),and in the same year was aw- 
MM-iated with twelve nthw provincials in 
drawing 1 tip a nply to the. miHo.hievous opi- 
nions of Ubprtino <la (Jasalfj (WADDfNO, yl'n- 
OrditiiA MinoruM,) vu 171, d, Homo, 
who wan then among the most active, 
tvpnwrmtativos of the extreme doctrine re- 
8pHrtmg evangelical poverty, formerly cham- 
pioned by Peter Jolwnms of ( )livi. The part 
taken by (Wytigton in this ullair implies 
that bo was present at the, papal court at 
Avignon during the ri ej^ojl-i at ions preceding 
tlie council of Vienne (rf. KUKU-] in the 
Arr/rin above cited, ii. 350^9, 1880). But 
of his further history nothing in recorded, 
except that, ho died at Cambridge (Monnm. 
Vruw. pp. fl.'W, r>CK>) in 1330 ( BAMI, MS, Bod- 
leian Library, w M<L, supr. (>4, f. 21(5 /;), 
and was burled there, 

(kmyng'ton was held in high repute as a 
schoolman* His chief work, a commentary 
on the * Senteruu'H 1 of Pettjr Lombard, is re- 
peatedly cited, by Baconthorpo (ubi supra) 
and Robert of Walwngham (lUr/H, ffc.npfi. 
/inf. Oaf. iv. 8^ p. iH>), But ho alw> took 
part- in th(^ groat. Krancican cliHcuHsions of 
hw day, and wrote* a t Tractate de Paupor- 
tate contra opinionoH frat-rtH Petri Johannis,' 
of which a manuscript "m preserved, at Flo- 
nmcti (A. M. BAND INI, CfataJ. CorM Ha^, 
tHblioth. Mfidw* Lttur. iv. 717 ct floq., 1777; 
the title in incornictly glvcm by SHAKALBA, 
/ <?,), and which wt^' may perhaps connect 
with the proceedings aguin'flt, Ubertino da 
(lanale n^fe-rred to abovcL Another trtMitise 
by (Jonyngton, 1 1)(^ (Jhrinti BominJo ' (Lns~ 
I A KB, famm. (It fieripft. Brit, cccxli. 331) 
if the addition to itn'titlo given by "Wadding* 
(timptt. Ord.Min,i>.2W,Ml. 1 806), ' contra 
(')c-camum/ bo gonuinf*, would scm to in- 
volve him in the later dispute about evan- 
gelical poverty, in which Ockbam does not 
appear to have- engaged before 1322 (cf. 
It r MX i* Bit, Die lifcr(trwc.ken Widenacher dar 

Ludwig 



pxe, jsur e uwg e$ ,]., 

'24 i, Leipzig, 1874), It is presumably an 



answer tio (icMiam'H book, ' J)o 
OhriHti/ which has never been published 
( WADBINO, Script*. Ord. Mw.p. 106), Be- 
nidcB those. worl% Conyngton wrote a com- 

mentary on the i tiuadrageairnale ' of St. Ore- 

*^ . . -iVi.. Uf M- & h . * J1* h V 




the FraneiKcan monastery at Norwich (MS, 
ubi supra, 160), 

The name 'Conyngton' alternates with 
* Oonitcm' in the Franciscan limts printed "by 
Brewer. Ba0onthorpe regularly gives c Co- 



tnigton,' ' Covcdunus ' seems to be a fancy 
of Leland'w. 

[Authorities cited above; also Wadding's An- 
naloH Ordinis Minorum, vii. 1G8 et soq., ecL 
1733/1 E. L. P. 

COOK. [Seo also COKE and CQOICE.] 

COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829- 

$3), dramatic critic arid author, was son 
of George Simon Cook of Grantham, Lin- 
colnshire, a solicitor, of the lirm of Le Blanc 
& (Joolc, 18 New Bridge Street, Biackfriars, 
London, who died on VI Sept. 1852, leaving 
a family of nine children. Edward Button, 
the second Ron, was born at 9 Qrenville 
Street, Brunswick Square, London, on 30 Jan. 
1829. At the age of six he went to a school 
kept by a MIMH Boswell at Haverstock Hill, 
was removed to another school at Bradmore 
House, Ohiswick, and "finally, about 1843, en- 
tered King's College School. Having com- 
pleted his education, he was articled to his 
father, and remained in his office about four 
years, when he obtained a situation in the 
Madras Railway Company's office in New 
Broad Street, city of London, and in his 
spare time followed his artistic and literary 
tastes. As soon as he was able to do so he 
left the railway company and devoted himself 
entirely to literature as a profession. Having 
studied painting under liolt, and learned en- 
graving, he at one time sought employment 
on 'Punch' as a draughtsman on wood. In 
1859 he became a member of the Artists' 
rifle corps, and also a member of the Ramblers 7 
Club, which met every night from November 
to May at Dick's Tavern, 8 Fleet Street. 
About this period, in conjunction with Mr. 
Leopold Lewis, he wrote a melodrama en- 
titled 'The Dove and the Serpent,' which 
was produced with much success, under Mr. 
Nelson Leo's management, at the City of 
"London Theatre. From 1807 to October 1875 
he was dramatic critic to the ' Pall Mall Ga- 
zette,' and from that date to his death to the 
t "World ' newspaper, lie was the writer oT 
numerous 'articles on art topics in various 
reviews, newspapers, and periodicals, arid the 
author of many works of fiction. Of the 
latter, 'Paul Foster's Daughter,' his first 
work, served to establish las reputation, and 
the production of ' The Trials of the Tred- 
golds ' in the following year ( 1 80S) in ' Temple 
Bar' wa.s a great literary success. His later 
novels did not maintain the popularity which 
his earlier works achieved. This was from 
no lack of merit, but because he was not suf- 
ficiently sensational in his style to suit the 
spirit and fashion of the period. He was one 
of the contributors to this ' Dictionary/ and 



Cook v 65 Cook 

furnished the dramatic and theatrical lives in Scotland/ 3 vols., which was followed iii 
letter A to the first and second volumes. Pie 1815 by the t History of the Church of Scot- 
died suddenly of heart disease on 11 Sept. land/ in 3 vols., embracing the period from 
1883, and was buried in Highgate cemetery the regency of Moray to the revolution, 
on 15 Sept. He married, on 20 Aug. 1874, His style of narrative is somewhat cold and 
Linda Scates (second daughter of Joseph frigid, but it is generally characterised by 
Scates), a pupil of the Royal Academy of lucidity and accuracy. In 1820 he published 
Music and a well-known pianist, by whom he the ' Life of Principal Hill/ who was his 
left one daughter, named Sylvia after the maternal uncle, and in 1822 a ' General and 
heroine of her father's first novel. He was Historical View of Christianity/ 
the writer of the following works : 1. ' Paul Prom an early period Cook took a promi- 
Foster's Daughter/ 1861. 2. ' Leo/ 1863. nent part in the deliberations of the general 
3. <A Prodigal Son/ 1863. 4. ' The Trials assembly, and on the death of his uncle, 
of the Tredgolds/ 1864. 5. < Sir Felix Foy, Principal Hill, in 1819, virtually succeeded 
Bart./ 1865. 6. e Hobson's Choice/ 1867. him as leader of the ' moderate ; party. Hav- 
7. ' Dr. Muspratt's Patients, and other Stories/ ing, however, in opposition to the general 
1868. 8. ( Over Head and Ears/ 1868. views of the party, taken a decided stand 

9. l Art in England, Notes and Studies/ 1869. against ' pluralities ' and ' non-residence ' 

10. 'Young Mrs. Nightingale/ 1874. 11. 'The regarding which he published in 1816 the 
Banns *of Marriage/ 1875. 12. ' A Book of substance of a speech delivered in the gene- 
the Play : Studies and Illustrations of Histri- ra'l assembly he was for some time viewed by 
onic Story, Life, and Character/ 1876, three many of the party with considerable distrust, 
editions. 13. ' Doubleday's Children/ 1877. and when he was proposed as moderator in 
14.<HourswiththePlayers/1881 15. 'Nights 1821 and 1822, he was defeated on both oc- 
at the Play, a view of the English Stage/ casions by large majorities. Nevertheless he 
1883. 16. ' On the Stage : Studies of Thea- was unanimously elected in 1825, and from 
trical History and the Actor's Art/ 1883. this time was accepted as the unchallenged 

[Times, 13 Sept. 1883, p. 7, 14 Sept. p. 8; leader of the party, guiding both privately and 

Graphic, 29 Sept. 1883, pp. 314, 321, with por- publicly their poHcy in regard to theconstitu- 

trait; Theatre, November 1883, pp. 212, 272, tional questions arising out of the Yeto Act 

with portrait ; Longman's Mag. December 1883, of 1834, passed in opposition to his party 

pp. 179-87 ; information from his brother, Mr. against intrusion. In 1829 Cook demitted 

Septimus Cook.] G-. C. B. ]^ s charge at Laurencekirk on being chosen 

COOK, GEORGE (1772-1845), leader of professor of moral philosophy in the United 
the ' moderate ' party in the church of Scot- College, St. Andrews, but this made no change 
land on the question of the Yeto Act, which in his relation to the church of Scotland, 
led to the disruption and the formation of and he was annually chosen a representative 
the Free Church by the l evangelical ' party, to the general assembly. In 1834 he pub- 
was the second son of the Rev. John Cook, lished l A few plain Observations on the- 
professor of moral philosophy in the univer- Enactments of the General Assembly of 1834 
sity of St. Andrews, and Janet, daughter relating to Patronage and Calls/ and in the 
of the Rev. John Hill, minister of St. An- ten years 7 conflict on the subject which fol- 
drews. He was born in December 1772, lowed gave a persistent and strenuous oppo- 
and entering the United College, St. An- sition to the policy of the ' evangelical 'party 
drews, obtained his M.A. degree in 1790. led by Chalmers. Though unable to cope with 
After attending the divinity classes at St. Chalmers and others in brilliant or popular 
Mary's College he was licensed a preacher of oratory, he possessed great readiness of reply, 
the church of Scotland by the St. Andrews while his calm judgment, clear and logical ex- 
presbytery, 30 April 1795. In the following position and accurate knowledge of the laws 
June he was presented by the principal and and constitution of the church enabled him 
masters of St. Mary's College to the living of to hold his own, so far as technical argument, 
Laurencekirk, where he was ordained 3 Sept. apart from appeal to sentiment and popular 
and remained till 1829. In 1808 he published feelings, was concerned. He did not long- 
e An Illustration of the General Evidence survive the disruption of 1843. Shortly after 
establishing the Reality of Christ's Resur- the assembly of 1844 he was attacked by 
rection/ and jpae~same year received the de- heart disease, and he died suddenly at St. 
gree of I)JE^ from St. Andrews University. Andrews 13 May 1845. By his marriage 
Subsequently he devoted his leisure specially to Diana, eldest daughter of the Rev. Alex- 
to the/ study of the constitution and his- ander Shank, minister of St. Cyrus, he had 
tory^of the church of Scotland, and in 1811 seven children, of whom four sons and one 
published ' History of the Reformation in daughter survived him. His eldest son, John 

/YOL. XII. P 



Cook 66 Cook 



li (lw>7 -1*74), minister at lladdmgt on, with lifn-Mjw figumH. Ooolr also tried por- 

11 wpnruti* nutlet*. trait-painting, but doen not Room to have 

Mjv S,.f,H.V Fnsii Heeler Bcot i. 397, iii- iwvr<;d with it. A portrait of Thomas 

87H- H, HUH; AinU'tW* SwUMi Nation; ILaimn'H Mac oi Cambridge by him was engraved by 

iu'liiuma'a Ton Yoaw' Gem- W. luuthornn in, 1(>70, as a frontispiece to his 




Lift* f Clmlmiiw j 

flict.J T, i 1 . H. 'MuHiekV MomimontR.' A small oval por- 

trait of Cook, painted by liimsolf, ' In his own 

COOK, 11 KN I IY (1 (HSJ-l 700), painter, hair/ was in the possession of his family, and 
t Htntt'il to Iwvo bwn the won of another was bought by Vortno at Colonel Soymor's 
paint ir of tlw wmw nam, who in 1040 wan Halo. It was 8ubsec[uontly in tbo collection 
mployHl b;y thr Trontnon^rH* Company to of Horace Walpok, for whom, it was en- 
pttint *portraitB fur thmr hall, and to copy graved by Bannerman in tho ' Anecdotes ot 
otbf*r.s of former 1wn<ifactnrH; but it IB dilll- Famtmg.' (look had a large collection of 
cult to m-oneiln thin with the accounts of pictures and drawings, which were sold 
the company, which record payments for 'J6 March 1700. He died 18 Nov. following. 
tlwHo pieturt'H in Ktlward Ooclco, painter. Ho waBlmriecl on S3SJ Nov. in the churchyard 
Henry Cook the younger wan born in 10452, of St. GilcH-in-the-Pields. One of the chief 
and "m Htated to have boon of good education promoters of the Academy of Painting, esta- 
firul ac^ompliHhratMitH, and to have boon at bliahod in 1711 in Great Queen Street, was 
Cambridge Uiuvorwty, H went to Italy Henry Oooko; but it is uncertain if* he was 
and bw.umo a pupil of Halvator 'Roaa, and related to tho above. 
during' 
motw w 
Keturning 

fttusocKH, and lived in obscurity until ho ob- field Taylor's State of tho Arts in Great Britain 

tainod an introduction from Edward Luttorol and Ireland ; Ruhmd's Notes on the Cartoons of 

to Sir Godfroy Copley, who was so much Raphael ; Ekum's Epigramp on the Paintings of 

pUiiwcd with ILIH work* that lio took him tip tho most eminent masters ; Fiorillo's G-eschichte 

to Yorkshire and (jmploycd him to paint the der Mahleroy in Gross-Britannienj Brit Mus. 

d(jcorat,ionH of his now houses tliord, paying Add. MSS. 23068-76 ; Begisters of St. Giles's 

him ir>()/. for liw florvict. Subsequently he Olniroh, per Bev. B. H. Brown.] L. C. 

livod for fioran t imo with Theodore IJussol, a COOK JA , MES (d. 1611), divine, was a 

pupil oi Vandyck: but Cook, qtuurrolluiff one natiyo O f' hal6 in the Isle of Wight, and 

clay with a man about a woman with whom received his education at Winchester school, 

ha was Own living and afterwards mamed, wheace he was elected to New College, Ox- 

killod liw rival, and was obliged to flee to ford of wllidl lie became p Brpetua i f eUo ^ 

Italy to escape jiiHtice. JIoTohorosidodaffam in 1692> On 29 Oct 1697 e was admitted 

for sov(*n ytuu'H, at the expiration of which he j$ CL at Oxford and ^ was incorporated in 

rotwrnod to LnriaTHl, where 1 is o Hence seems that d at Cambridge in 1607. He was 

to havn })on fcjrgotUm. William III om- ^eatod D.C.L. at Oxford on 16 April 1608, 

1 )loy(ullnmtor(,purRaplm(al a cartoons,wluch ^0^^^ time he was rector of Honghton 

remained cut up m nlips over smoo they had in Hampshire, and chaplain to Bilson, bishop 

boon copied at Mortlalw under Francis Olom of Win Si iest er. It is said that he was also 

[a. v.] Cook reunited thoHO and laid them arclxdeacon of Winton, but this statement is 

down on canvas, and placed thorn in a gallery p robably erroneous. He died in 1611. 

at Hampton Court spocially deBtmed to re- r He ^ a8 autllor of: L ^j uri dica trium 

.ceivothem. Jlo also made copies, using tur- Q uflost ionum ad Majestatem pertinentium 

pontme oil in drawing them a process winch j) et erminatio, in quarum prima et ultima 

lie is said to ha introduced into England. Proce8SU8 ^ u di c ialis contra H. G-arnettum in- 

Oook was also employed to finish the large st itatusexJureCiyilietOanonicodefenditur, 

oqiwHtriaii portrait of OharloB II, commenced &c , Ox f ord 10 o8, 4to ; dedicated to Bishop 

by Vomo, which hangs at Chelsea Hospital. Bil ^ on< 2< P 00 mata varia. 

Ho also pauHed an altar-piece for Few Col- [( ^ M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ 

lege, ( xlord (which fleems to haye disap- w ^ oh i m)40 9; Witte'sBiarmmBiographicum; 

pearod), and aj a doooratnre artist pamteclthe ^ od , g Atllon8e Oxoni (BlifiB) iL 9 b 5 . Wood?8 

BtairctisoB at Kanelagh Hoiise and at Lord p asti Qxon. (Bliss), i. 275, 326.] T, C. 
Carlisle's house in Sono Square, and the 

ceiling of the great room at the Waterworks COOK, JAMES (1728-1779), circum- 

at Islington, .Tames Elsum wrote an epigram nayigator, the son of an agricultural labourer, 

on a picuire of * The Listening Faun ' by Mm, was born at Marton in Cleveland in Novem- 

Vertue records a picture of ' Charity/ ber 1728, and having, in the intervals of 



Cook 67 Cook 

^row-tending, received some little education reputation for exact accuracy, and give fair 

in the village school, was at the age of grounds for the belief that he might, under 

twelve bound apprentice to the shopkeeper other circumstances, have proved himself as 

in Staithes, a fishing village about ten miles eminent as a surveyor as he actually did as 

north of Whitby. After some disagreement an explorer. 

with his master his indentures were can- Shortly after his return liome the admi- 
celled and' he was bound anew to Messrs, ralty, at the instance of the Royal Society, 
Walker, shipowners of Whitby, with whom determined to despatch an expedition to the 
he served for several years in the Newcastle, Pacific to observe the transit of Venus, and 
Norway, and Baltic trades. In 1755, at the on the refusal of Sir Edward Hawke to 
beginning of the war with France, he was appoint Alexander Dalrymple [q. v.], the 
mate of a vessel lying in the Thames, and nominee of the Koyal Society, to a naval 
resolved to forestall the active press by command, Stephens, the secretary of the ad- 
volunteering for the king's service. He was miralty, brought forward Cook's name, and 
.accordingly entered as able seaman on board suggested that Pallisser should be consulted, 
the Eagle of 60 guns, to the command of This led to Cook's receiving a commission as 
which ship Captain Hugh Pallisser [q_. v.] lieutenant, 25 May 1768, and his being ap- 
was appointed in October. Pallisser, him- pointed to command the Endeavour for the 
self a Yorkshireman, took notice of his young purposes of the expedition. The Endeavour 
countryman, who is said to have been also sailed from Plymouth on 25 Aug. 1768, having 
recommended to him by Mr. Osbaldeston, on board, besides the officers and ship's corn- 
member for Scarborough, and four years later pany, Mr. (afterwards Sir Joseph) Banks 
obtained for him a warrant as master. On [q.v.], Dr. Solander, the botanist, Mr. Buchan, 
15 May 1759 Cook was appointed master of a landscape artist, who died on the voyage, 
the Mercury, in which he sailed for North and Mr. Sydney Parkinson, a painter of na- 
America, where he was employed during the tural history. Cook himself was also a quali- 
operations in the St. Lawrence in surveying fied observer. 

the channel of the river and in piloting the Having touched at Madeira and Rio Janeiro 

vessels and boats of the fleet. It is said that and doubled Cape Horn, the Endeavour ar- 

he furnished the admiral with an exact chart rived on 13 April 1769 at Tahiti, where the 

of the soundings, although it was his first transit was successfully observed on 3 June. 

essay in work of that kind. This is probably On the homeward voyage six months were 

an exaggeration ; but it appears certain that spent on the coast of New Zealand, which 

Cook did attract the notice of Sir Charles was for the first time sailed round, examined, 

Saunders, and that, when Sir Charles re- and charted with some approach to accuracy, 

turned to England, the senior officer, Lord Further west, the whole east coast of Australia 

Colville, appointed Cook as master of his was examined in a similar way. New South 

own ship, the Northumberland. While laid Wales was so called by Cook from a fancied 

up for the following winter at Halifax, Cook resemblance to the northern shores of the 

applied himself to the study of mathematics, Bristol Channel ; Botany Bay still bears the 

with, it is said, singularly good results, and name which the naturalists of the expedi- 

certainly attained a sound practical know- tion conferred on it; and further north the 

ledge of astronomical navigation. In the name of Endeavour Straits is still in evi- 

fiummer of 1762, being still master of the dence of the circumstances under which it 

Northumberland, he was present at the ope- was first established ' beyond all contro- 

rations in Newfoundland (BnA.TSOir, Afewwir*, versy' that New Guinea was not an out- 

ii. 577-81, iii. 409), and carried out a survey lying part of New Holland (HAWEESWOBTH, 

of the harbour of Placentia, which, on the Voyages, iii. 660 ; BoutupmLiE, Voyage au- 

appointment of Captain Pallisser in the fol- tour du Monde, 4to, 1771, p. 259. In the 

lowing year to be governor of Newfoundland, copy in the British Museum (c. 28, 1. 10) the 

led to Cook's being appointed f marine sur- map at p. 19 shows the Endeavour's track, 

veyor of the coast of Newfoundland and drawn in by Cook himself). After a stay 

Labrador.' For the prosecution of this ser- of more than two months at Batavia, the 

vice he was entrusted with the command of Endeavour pursued her voyage to the Cape 

the Grenville schooner, which he continued of Good Hope and England, and anchored in 

to hold till 1767, returning occasionally to the Downs on 12 June 1771. In her voyage 

England for the winter months, with a view of nearly three years she had lost thirty 

to forwarding the publication of his results, men out of a complement of eighty-five; and 

These were brought out as volumes of sail- though such a mortality was not at that 

ingdirections(4to,1766-8),whichhavemain- time considered excessive or even great, it 

tained, even to the present day, a singular must have given rise, in Cook's mind, to very 

p 2 



Cook 



68 



Cook 



serious reflections, which afterwards here 
most noble fruit. 

The success of the voyage and tho im- 
portance of tho discover! (w wore, however, 
universally recognised. Cook WHH promoted 



in Table Bay, and arrived at Plymouth on 
29 July. The Adventure had preceded her 
by more than a year. 

The geographical discoveries made by Cook 
in this voyage were both numerous and im- 



to commander's rank, "H) Aug. 1.77 1, and was i portant; and by proving the non-existence 
appointed to the command of a now oxpwli- of the groat southern continent, which had 
tionfor the exploration of tho Pacific, whidbi for so long boon a favoured myth, he esta- 
sailed from Plymouth on Itt July J77 This i blishecl our knowledge of the Southern Pacific 
expedition consisted of two ships -this lloso- 
lution of 400 tons, of which Cook had tho 



immediate command, and tho Adventuro of 
330 tons, commanded by Captain Tobias Fur- 
neaux [q. v,] and carried a competent stair 
of astronomies, naturalists, and artists, in- 



cluding Dr. Johann llainhold Korstisr 
his son Georg. Kovurning tho onlor of all 
previous circumnavigations, it touoliwl, in 
the outward voyage, at tho Capo of Good 
Hope, and sailed' thence (Mist wards on %'2 Nov. 
The primary objnet of tho expedition waH to 
verify tho roporU of a great; southorn conti- 
nent, and with this view tho ships were 
kept along tho aclgo of 1ho icn, passing tho 
Antarctic circle for tho lirst. time on 1(> Jan. 
1773. Tn tho fogs of tho high latitudes tho 
two shins woro Boparatwl (H Fob,), and the 



Southern Pacific 

on a wound basis. In fact the maps of that 
part of the world still remain essentially as 
ho left them, though, of course, much has. 
been done in perfecting tho details. ] kit the 



Resolution arrived alone at Now 
havmg'trawrrted rwurly four thousand leagues 
without Rooing land. AlW rasUng and re- 
freshing Ins ship's company in Dusky Bay, 
Cook proceeded to Quwm (Jharlotto's Sound, 
where on 18 May ho fortunately foil in with 
tho Advonturo ; 'but aftor n online t.o Tahiti, 
in tho course of which tho position of nume- 
rous islands waH notod or rectified, on re- 
turning to Now Zealand tho ships were again 
and finally separated (!50 ( )ct.) Sailing, then, 
alono onco more to the south, tlm Resolution 
foil in with tho ice hi lat. OiJ 10' 8., passed 
the Antarctic circle for the second time in 
long, 147 40' W., and on 27 Jan. 1774 at- 
tained her highest southern latitude, 71 10', 
in long. 100 54' W, All attempts to pene- 
trate further to tins south wore vain, and as 
the season advanced, Cook, turning north, 
reached Easter Island, having boon 104 days 
out of sight of land. The months of the 
southern winter were spent in intertropical 
cruising, in the course* of which the New 
Hebrides WOTB explored and New Caledonia 
was discovered. In October the Resolution 
arrived again at New Zealand, and Cook de- 
termined, as the last chance of finding & 
southern continent, to examine the high lati- 
tudes south of Gape Horn and the Atlantic 
Ocean. In the course of this cruise he dis- 
covered or rediscovered the largo island which 
he named Southern Georgia, on 14 Jan. 1775, 
and some days later he sighted Sandwich 
Land, On 21 March the Resolution anchored 



most important discovery of all was the pos- 
sibility of keeping- a ship's company at sea 
without woriouH loss from sickness and death. 
When we read tho accounts of the older 
voyages, those of A.mon, of Carteret, or even 
of Cook himself, and notice that in this se- 
cond voyage only one man died of disease 
out; of a complement of 1 1 ft, and that not- 
withstanding the great length, duration, and 
hardships of tho several cruises, we shall the 
more fully realise the value of Cook's dis- 
covery. The men throughout the voyage 
wore remarkably free from scurvy, and the* 
dreaded lever was unknown. f the measures 
and precautions adopted to attain this result 
a detailed account was read before the Royal 
Society (7 March 1776), which acknowledged 
the addition thus made to hygienic science, 
an well as the important service to the mari- 
time world and humanity, by the award of 
the Copley gold medal. r J?he paper is printed 
in ' Phil. Trans.' (vol. Ixvi. appendix, p. 39). 
Within a few days of his return (9 Aug. 
1775) Cook was promoted to the rank of 
captain, and received an appointment to 
Greenwich Hospital. But it being shortly 
afterwards determined to send an expedition 
into tho North Pacific to search for a passage- 
round tho north of America, ho at once 
offered himself to go in command of it. The 
odor was gladly accepted, and Cook, again 
in the Resolution, sailed from Plymoutlx on 
12 .July 1776, followed on 1 Aug. by tho 
Discovery, under the command of Captain 
Charles Clerke [q. v.], which joined the lie- 
solution at tho Capo of Good Hope on 10 Nov. 
The two ships sailed together from the Cap 
on 30 Nov., touched at Van Diem en's Land 
and Now Zealand, and spent the following 
year among the islands of tho South Pacific. 
On 22 Dec. 1777 they crossed the line, and, 
discovering the Sandwich Islands on their 
way, made the west coast of America, in 
lat. 44 56' N., on 7 March 1778. They then 
turned to -the north, along the coast, making 
a nearly continuotis running survey as far 
north as Icy Cape, from which, unable to 
penetrate further, they turned back on 29 Aug. j 



Cook 6 9 Cook 

after examining the islands and shores fugitives and in such a state of confusion that 

of these advanced regions, went to the Sand- it was unable to offer any assistance ; the 

^vich Islands, which Cook proposed to sur- other, commanded by Lieutenant John Wil- 

vey in greater detail during the winter months, liamson, lay off, a passive spectator, and 

'The ships anchored in Karakakoa Bay, in finally returned on board, leaving Cook's 

Hawaii, on 17 Jan. 1779, and remained there dead body in the hands of the savages. ' The 

for upwards of a fortnight, during which time complaints and censures that fell on the con- 

their people were well received by the na- duct of the lieutenant were so loud as to 

tives, Cook himself being treated with an oblige Captain Clerke publicly to notice them, 

extreme respect that has been described as and to take the depositions of his accusers 

worship and adoration. On 4 Feb. the ships down in writing. It is supposed that Clerke's 

-put to sea, but getting into bad weather, the bad state of health and approaching dissolu- 

Hesolution sprung her foremast, and they tion induced him to destroy these papers a 

returned to their former anchorage on the short time before his death 7 (SAMWELL, Nar- 

llth. The demeanour of the natives seemed rative, &c.) Justice, however, though tardy, 

-changed ; thievish they had been all along ; eventually overtook the miserable man, and 

they were now surly and insolent, and their nineteen years later he was cashiered for 

robberies were bolder and more persistent, cowardice and misconduct in the battle of 

On the 13th one of them was flogged on board Camperdown a sentence which Nelson 

the Discovery for stealing the armourer's thought ought rather to have been capital 

tongs ; but the same afternoon another again (Nelson Despatches, iii. 2). Cook's body was 

stole the tongs, jumped overboard with them, partly burnt by the savages, but the most of 

and swam towards the shore. A boat was it was given up a day or two afterwards and 

sent in pursuit, but the thief was picked up duly buried. In November 1874 an obelisk 

by a canoe and landed. The officer in com- to his memory was erected in the immediate 

mandof the boat insisted that the thief should neighbourhood of the spot where he fell, but 

be given up, and attempted to seize the canoe the truest and best memorial is the map of 

as a guarantee, a step which brought on a the Pacific. 

severe skirmish, out of which the English , There is no reason to suppose that Cook's 
escaped with difficulty. The same night the death was anything more than a sudden out- 
Discovery's cutter, lying at her anchor buoy, burst of savage fury, following on the ill-will 
was taken away, and so quietly that nothing caused by the sharp punishment inflicted on 
was known of the loss till the following the thieves. But the mere fact that this case 
morning. On its being reported to Cook he was one of the first on record was sufficient 
went on shore with an escort of marines, in- to call more particular attention to it ; and 
.tending to bring the native king off as a the exceptional character of the principal 
friendly hostage. The king readily consented victim seemed to distinguish the tragedy from 
to go on board, but his family and the is- all others. Hence divers stories have been 
landers generally prevented him ; they began invented and circulated, which are at variance 
to arm j they assembled in great numbers ; with the well-established facts and with the 
and Cook, wishing to avoid a conflict, re- testimony of those who were either eye- 
treated to the boats. At the waterside the witnesses of the murder, or received- their, 
t)oats and the marines fired on the crowd ; knowledge from eye-witnesses. t As compared 
Cook called out to cease firing, and to the with these, we cannot accept^ t&e story said 
boats to close in. One only obeyed the order; to be current among the naiives, that Cook 
the marines having discharged their muskets was put to death for breaking the tapii, or 
were driven into the sea before they could giving orders to pull down a temple (Athe- 
reload, and four of them were killed. Cook, naum, 16 Aug. 1884). Another idea is that 
left alone on the shore, attempted also to he had passed himself off as a god, accepting 
make for the boat. As his back was turned and requiring divine honours (Athen&um, in 
a native stunned him by a blow on the head ; loc. tit. ; COWPBE, Letters, 9 Oct. 1784 (Bohn's 
he sank on his knees, and another stabbed edit.), iii. 136), But the allegation seems quite 
him with a dagger. He fell into the water, unfounded, and in any case had nothing to do 
where he was held down by the seething with the attack and the massacre, 
crowd; but having struggled to land, was On 21 Dec. 1762 Cook married MissBatts 
again beaten over the head with clubs and at Barking, and had by her six children, three 
stabbed repeatedly, the islanders ' snatching of whom died in infancy. Of _ the others, 
the daggers out of each other's hands to have Nathaniel, aged sixteen, was lost in the Thun- 
-the horrid satisfaction of piercing the fallen derer in the V^est Indies 3 Oct. 1780 ; Hugh 
victim of their barbarous rage.' The inshore died at Cambridge, aged seventeen ; James, 
"boat was, meantime, so crowded with the the eldest, commander of the Spitfire sloop, 



Cook 70 Cook 




buried by the "side of hof sons, Ifug-h and -%^on MS. 2177 A.] J. K. L. 

James, in the church of St. Andrew-tho-Groat, COOK, JOHN (d, 1 6CO), regicide, is stated 
Cambridge. As, according to her recorded In a royalist nowspapor of 1049 (Mcrcurius 
age, shtnvafl only fourtoon yearn younger than Jtilmctwiw, No. f>(>) to liavo boon employed 
her husband, and as Cook at tho ago of four- in Ireland by StralFord, and this seems to be 
teen was either in tho village whop or on j confirmed by a 1 otter of Cook's to Stratford 
"board a North-Sea collier, tho story that ho during tho trial of tho hitter. Ludlow states 
was his future v/UVs godfather may bo dis- ; that Cook had in his younger years anon the 1 
missed as an idlo yarn. His portrait, by host part of Europe, spent some time at 

1 1 



Nathaniel Danco, is in tho Painted II all at i Koiuo, and Uvod soveral months at Goneva. 
Greenwich, to which it was presented by tho in. the* IIOUHO of Dux'lati (Memoir, p. 800). 
executors of Sir Jonoph Banks. Occasional roloronoo-H to his travote in Cook's 



[Life, by Kippi, in Biog. ".Brit. Tho biblio- 
graphy of Cook's voyages in very exttmwYo; tho 
following are tlio principal works win cli may bo 
considered as original ; AH Account of a Voyngo 
round tlio World in tho yoarw 1 708-71 j by Lieu- 
tenant JaincH Cook, commander of hia Majosty'K 
bark Endeavour (voln. ii. and iii, of J 
worth's Voyagow, 4to, 1773) ; A Voyage 
tho tfoutli Polo and round the World, performed 
in his MajoHty'H shipwKosolutionand Advonturo 
in thi) yearn 1772-5, written hy JTamos Cook, 
commander of the Resolution (with maps, chart H, 
portraits, and viowiO, 2vols. 4to, 1777; A Voyage 
round tho World in H.B.JVL H!OOJ 

1 11 / l < i . . / 4 "I 1 * 



own pamphlotH bear out thin fltatimiout. Like 
Bradnhaw and sovoral othor loading republi- 
cans, Cook wan a inombor of Gray's Inn. In 
February 1(14(5 ho ao.tocl in conjunction with 
BrudHlmw m onoof Iho counsel representing 1 
Lillmrn on tho rovwwal of the Star-chamber 
Btmteneo aft'aiimt tlx* latlor hy tho llonso of 
Lords (A True. Itdatwnof Li fluUmani -colonel 
Lilburn^ Sujfpnnt/af), On 8 Jan. 1049 tho 
high court of justioo oh OHO C^ook ono of tho 



to })(\ ( k ,ni])loyecl again Ht Charles I, 
and oti 10 Jan. lurwaw a]])ointo<l solicitor for 
the Commonwealth, and ordered to prepare 



round tni^ worm in JHUVL. HIOOU .Jicnomtion, "" wu*j*uivww*i,ii.4i, cuivi i/iwwivi w ^i^iajw 

conunandod hy Captain Cook, during tho yearn " charges. Owing to tho abfienco, tJirouffh 

1772-5. hy ('}oopgo Porntor, V.K.B,, 2 vol. 4to, illnoHS, of Stool o, tho attorn(^y-g<m(ii:al, tho 

. , -w i D*d M A A &. li/'tll 1* /"( II f W j( * ^ . 1 " 



1777; KomurkH on Mr, KorHtor's Account of conduct of tho proHoeution foil chieliy to his 1 

Captain (look's lant Voyage round tho World, hy lot. On 20 .Fan. Cook hrought forward the 

William WaloM, P.K.S., Bvo, 1778 ; A Voyage to charge. AH ho hogun towpoalc M-ho prisoner, 

tho Pacific Ocoan, tindortakon hy tlio command having a Btalf in hw hand, held it 'up, and 

of his Majesty for making <U8covirie0 in i,ho B oftly laid it upon th($ said Mr. Cook's filiouldor,, 

Norfchorn IIomiHpharo to determine tho poHitjoti bidding him hold; novortholosR, tho lord pro- 

tk **4 > I 4h"B#"f/ik<tl r ji 4 fc "*' I sfc /'t. Itta** i L a 1 4 / <t fi fc >*'(> M J V*1' \ \ t\ *Wu\ i \isvlu i to,!-*, .uu ^ _ m _ ^ ._ ~- ^= . , , " _ iu 




in ms lYLaieBty H m\m iiOHoiuwon ana inscovory :; - -- ^... ,.. h v..~ r .K.v.. -. 

in tho years 1770-80, vol. i. and H. mitten ly 1 1 court; ? anclroiuHiuff to plead, Cook prayed 

Captain Jamon Cook, lf.R.S., ToL iii. hy Captain o court oitlusr to oblige him to plead, or to 

Jatnos Kinp;, LL.I). and F.K.S., $ vols, 4to, and pronounce sentence} a.gamnt him (p. 55). The 

atlas in fol, 1784; Tho Original Astronomical charge drawn up a.g-airmt tho king was printed 

01>8orvationH made in tlio courao of a "Voyage under tho title of * A. Charge of Itigh iVeaHon 

towards tho South "Polo and round tho World iii hia and other high crimes exhibited to tlio High 

Majesty's nhips Besoltition and Adventures in tho Court of Justice hy John Cook, Ei-q., solici- 

yoars 1772-5, by William Wales and William tor-general appointed by tho said Court, for- 

Bayly, publiHhed by order of the Board of Longi- and on behalf of tho people of England,, 

tudMto, 1777; The Original Astronomical Ob- against Charles Stuart, King; of England.' 

somtions made in tho course of a voyage to tlio It is reF i nto a by Nalson (Trial of Charles l r 

Northern Pacific Ocean for the discovery of a 29)> ll lcreW aHalBO published immediately 

Cook, 1 ^! afJthe trial, < King krleshis Case, oral 

mander of tho Besolution, and Lieutenant Jamos W 1 *? aH rational men concerning lus> 

King and Mr. William Bayly, late assistant at * nal m the Hl ^J Court of Justice, being for 

the Eoyal Observatory, published by order of - e most P a ^ tliat wlll ch wa$ mtondod to 

the Commissioners of Longitude, 4to, 1782 ; A lmve been delivered at the bar if the long 

Narrative of tho Death of Captain James Cook, had pleaded to the charge. 7 This tract (with 

to which arc added some particulars concerning au answer to it attributed to Butler, but 

Ms Life and Character, ... by David Sam-well, more probably by Birkenhead) is reprinted 



Cook 71 Cook 

in the fifth, volume of Scott's edition of the Besides the pamphlets mentioned above 
' Somers Tracts.' It is a very scurrilous pro- Cook was the author of the following 
duction, comparing the king to Cain, Ma- works: 1. f A Vindication of the Professors 
chiavelli, and Richard III, and accusing him and Profession of the Law/ 1646, repub- 
among other things of complicity in the death lished with alterations and additions in 1652. 
of his father and in the Irish rebellion. In 2. ' "What the Independents would have, or 
it he says that when called to this service he a character declaring some of their tenets 
' went cheerfully about it as to a wedding, and desires, to disabuse those who speak ill 
and I hope it is meat and drink to good men of that they know not,' 1647. 3. ' Kedinte- 
to have justice done, and recreation to think gratio Amoris, or a union of hearts between 
what benefit the nation will receive by it.' the King's most excellent Majesty, the Lords 
Cook was rewarded for his services by being and Commons, Sir Thomas Fairfax and the- 
made master of the hospital of St. Cross Army under his command, the Assembly, 
(WHITELOCKE, 30 June 1649). In the fol- and every honest man that desires a sound 
lowing December he was further appointed and durable peace/ 1647. 4. ' TJmtm Neces- 
chief justice of Minister, and has left a very sarium, or the Poor Man's Case : being an ex- 
curious account of the dangers of his passage pedient to make provision for all poor people 
to Ireland. f It almost split my heart/ he in the Kingdom/ 1648. An article is de- 
says, ' to think what the malignants would voted to this tract in the second volume of 
say in England when they heard that we the ' Retrospective Review/ ser. iii. 5. <Mon- 
were drowned' (ATrue Relation of Mr. Justice archy no Creature of God's making, wherein 
CooKs Passage by Sea from Wexford to Kin- is proved by Scripture and Reason that Mon- 
sale, etc. See also Mrs. Cook's Meditations, archical Government is against the Mind of 
etc., composed by herself at her unexpected safe God, and that the execution of the late King 
arrival at Cork*). In ' Several Proceedings ' was one of the fattest Sacrifices that ever 
for 10-1 7 April 1651 a letter from Ireland der Queen Justice had/ Waterford, 1652. The 
scribes Cook as 'a most sweet man and very preface contains a character of Ireton and an 
painful, and doth much good/ and about the account of the legal reforms carried out by 
same time Cromwell affirmed to Ludlow that Cook in Ireland. 

Cook, < by proceeding in a summary and ex- [Lndlow's Memoirs, ed. 1751 ; Thuiloe State 

peditious way, - determined more causes in p ape rs; Domestic State Papers; Nalson's Trial 

a week than Westminster Hall in a year ' O f Charles I ; State Trials.] C. EL F. 
(LtTDiow, Memoirs, p. 123). By the Act of 

Satisfaction of Adventurers and Soldiers, COOK, JOHN, D.D. (1771-1824), pro- 
passed 26 Sept. 1653, Cook was confirmed fessor of Hebrew, eldest son of the Rev. John 
in possession of a house at Waterford, and Cook, professor of moral philosophy at St. 
lands at Kilbarry near that city, and Barna- Andrews, by Janet, daughter of the Rev. John 
hely in the county of Cork (ScoBELL, Acts, Hill, was born 24 Nov. 1771. He graduated 
ii. 250). On 13 June 1655 the council of at St. Andrews in 1788. On 19 Sept. 1792 
state appointed Cook a justice of the court he was licensed for the ministry of the church 
of upper bench in Ireland (Cal State Papers, of Scotland, and was ordained minister of 
Dom. 1655). In April 1657 he crossed over Kilmany on 9 May 1793. He held this charge 
to England, whence he writes to Henry Crom- until 12 Oct. 1802 ; his immediate successor 
well in February 1659, apologising for his was Dr. Chalmers. Cook left Kilmany to fill 
long absence ( Thurloe State Papers, vii. 610) . the Hebrew and divinity chair in St. Mary's 
But having returned to Ireland he was ar- College, St. Andrews, a position which he oc- 
rested by Sir Charles Coote, who was anxious cupied until his death. On 16 May 1816 he 
to make his peace with the royalists, and sent was moderator of the general assembly. He 
over to England in the spring of 1660. As died on 28 Nov. 1824. He published < Inquiry 
he had been excluded by name from the Act into the Authenticity of the Books of the New 
of Indemnity, he was tried on 13 Oct. 1660, Testament,' Edin. 1821, 8vo (the substance of 
and condemned to death. The sentence was a course of lectures, on Bishop Marsh s plan), 
executed on 16 Oct. A full account of his [Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. ; Anderson's 
behaviour during his imprisonment, and let- Scottish Nation, 1870, i. 680 J A. G-. 
ters to his wife and her daughter Freelove 

Cook, is contained in 'A Complete Collec- COOK, JOHN,D.D. (1808-1869), professor 

tion of the Lives and Speeches of those per- of ecclesiastical history, was the eldest son 

sons lately executed, by a person of quality/ of John Cook (1771-1824) [q. v.J He gra- 

1661. He exhibited great courage and cheer- duated A.M. at St. Andrews in 1823. In 

fulness on his way to execution and on the 1824 he was factor to St. Mary's College, 

scaffold. He was licensed for the ministry of the 



Cook 



Cook 



church of Scotland on 13 Aug. 1B2B, and or- 
dained minister of Laurencekirk, Kincardine- 
shire, on 3 Sept, 1829. From thin charge he was 
translated to St. Leonard's at St, Andrews, on 
11 Sept, 1845 (admitted 2 Oct.) On 9 Dec. 
1848 ho was made D.D, at St. Amlrown; 
and on 19 Juno I860 ho was appointed to the 
chair of divinity and ecclesiastical history in 
that university, which he held until 30 July 
1868, having resigned his pastoral charm* on 
30 Sept, 1808, on becoming ono of the ueiuiH 
of the chapel royal, Coolc was an excellent 
man of bunmoHS, and an able pamphleteer on 
church alFairn. The general assembly (of 
which he was elected moderator ,19 May 1859) 
made him convener of many of its important 
committee, e,#. on education (1 84 9), im- 
proving the condition of parish nclioolmaBturH 
(1850), aids to devotion (1857), army and 
navy chaplains (1H59). In lHf>9 ho was 
chosen an asowor to the university court of 
St. Andrews, under the now conwtituticmof tho 
Scottish univorBttioB, Jle tlind on 17 April 
1809 in IUH mxi.y-Heeond year. On 5) Way 
1837 ho married Itachol tounan, daughter of 
"William .Farquar, by whom he had five 
daughters. A painted" window to kin memory 
is placed in tho college, church ulHt. Andrews. 
Hew Seott ommioratoH thirtoon TwbUoatimiB 
by Cook, tho oarliewt boing 1. * Evidence on 
Church Patronage/ Ed in. 1 838, 8vo ; and tho 
. most important, 2, SSix Leeturcw on the 
Ohriatian'Kvidencas/ Edin, 1H52, 8vo. The 
othorB aro stwecluss, atatiatieai pamphlets, a 
catechism (1845), a faro well sormon (I84f>), 
&c. 



[How Scott's Fasti Ecelos. Bent.] 



A. CK 



COOK, JOHN, I). I). (1807-1874), Scot- 
tish divine, born 12 Sept* IH07, was the 
eldest sou of George Cook [q, v.'J, by Diana, 
eldest daughter of Itev. Alexander Shank, 
In 1828 he graduated A.M. at St. Andrews. 
He was licensed ibr the ministry of the Scot- 
tish clmreh by the presbytery of Fordoun on 
17 Sept 1828, and ordained minister of Cults, 
Fi&shire, on 1 Juno 1832, He waw translated to 
the second charge at Haddington on 26 Nov. 
1883 (admitted 19 Dec,) ; and ten years later 
was translated to the first charge in the same 
place (admitted SO Juno 184-3), In common 
with other members of the ecclesiastical 
family of Cook, he was a strong supporter of 
the moderate party in the Scottish church, 
A sentence of deposition having been passed 
by the general assembly (May 1841) on seven 
ministers of Strathbogie, who in. a case of 
patronage upheld a decree of the court of 

* * j * i t t i 1 * i /* j H 



tions for nine months, for taking part in sacra- 
mental communion with the deposed minis- 
ter. His promotion to the first charge at 
II aldington immediately followed the dis- 
ruption of 184.1 In the same year the degree 
of IX IX was conform! on him by- his university, 
I fe was a strong and powmaslve speaker, and 
wnw looked up to an a trusted leader in church 
eourtH. The assembly made him in 1864 
convener of it committee for increasing the 
means of education and roligiotis iiiHtruction 
in Scotland. 1 1'o was olt^ctod sub-clerk of 
awsumbly on ^5 May 1859, principal clerk 
on iJ2 May 18(J, and wan raiwtsd on 24 May 
18(>(> to tluj moderator's chair. Cook was a 
man of much public force and groat geniality 
of ebara.otnr. I UK position as a leader of the 
moderates in (iccloHiastical politics was unat- 
tended by any latitudinarian tondcmcios in 
mutter of doctrino. He died on ] 1 Sept. 1874. 
Ho married (14 July 1840) a daughter of 
llaury Davidson; hin wife diod 8 Jan, 1850, 
leaving* three daughtorH, II o publiahed : 
L 'Styles of 'Writs and Forms oi Procedure 
in the ( Jhurch (yourts of Scotland/ Edin. 1850, 
Hvo. ii. * L(^t4;cr * , , on ilw Parochial Schools 
of Scotland/ Kdiu. 1.854, Hvo, 3, ' Speech on 
, . , Scotch Education Bill/ 1871, Bvo. 

[TTowHcot.t'H FaHti Kcelus. Root, ; information 
from Itcv. R, K. Binith, lladdingtou,] A, OK 

COOK, JOHN DOUGLAS (1808 P-1808), 

editor of thf> * Saturday Roviow/ was born at 
Banchory-Tornan in 'AborcleonHhire, proba- 
bly in 1808, though, according 1 to Ids own 
belief, ho was born in 181 1 . At an oarly age 
ho obtained an appointment in India, proba- 
bly through an undo, ono of the Sir George 
ROHOH, llo cparrollod with IUH employers 
in India, rotumod, an ho used to relate, on 
foot for a groat part of the way, and found 
hirnsolf in destitution in London. He tried 
literature, and at last Bent an article without 
bin name to the 'Timos.' Upon its accept- 
ance ho made himself known, and became a 
friend of Walter, the proprietor. He was 
also known to Murray, for whom he indexed 
the early volumes of the ' Quarterly Review/ 
and through Murray he became known to the 
fifth Lord Stanhope, When Walter was 
elected for Nottingham as a tory in 1841, 
Oook accompanied him ,to help in the elec- 
tion. He there made acquaintance with Lord 
Lincoln (afterwards fifth duke of New- 



session in opposition to the authority of the 
assembly, Cook was, on 10 May 1842, sus- 
pended by the assembly from judicial ftmc- 



castle), who became chief commissioner of 
woods and forests in Peel's administration. 
Lord Lincoln Rent a commission into Corn- 
wall to inquire into the revenues of the duchy, 
and made Cook its secretary- The work came 
to an end aboxxt 1848. Some of the Teelite' 
party, to which Lincoln belonged, had bought 



Cook 73 Cook 

the 'Morning Chronicle' to be their organ, chiefly studies for book illustrations, executed 
and Cook was appointed to the editorship, in 1806 ; a large study for the ( Lady of the 
He showed great ability, and spent money Lake ' ; a charming portrait of Mrs. Cook 
lavishly. The paper, though of the highest seen full face, three-quarter length, executed 
character, did not pay ; and in 1854 Cook in pencil and slightly tinted ; and an in- 
ceased to be editor on its sale to other pro- teresting folio volume containing numerous 
prietors. He had collected many able con- carefully drawn figures, furniture arms &c. 
tributors, who supported him in the ' Satur- eighth to fifteenth centuries. Cook illus- 
day Review/ started in November 1855 on a trated the following works: Sharpe's i Clas- 
new plan. The ' Saturday Review 7 under sics/ Fe"nelon's ' Telemachus/ ' The Grecian 
his editorship almost immediately took the Daughter,' ' Apollonius Rhodius/ Miller's 
first place among weekly papers, and in some ' Shakespeare/ Homer's ' Iliad 'and i Odyssey/ 
respects the first place in periodical literature. G-oldsmith's ' Miscellaneous and Poetical 
Many of the contributors have since become Works/ Churchill's t Poems/ ' Ovid's Meta- 
aminent in various directions. Though not morphoses ' by Dr. Garth, Dryden's ' Virgil/ 
possessed of much literary culture, Cook had Tasso's t Jerusalem Delivered/ by Hoole, &c. 
a singular instinct for recognising ability in [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English 
others and judgment m directing them, which Sc]loolj LoncL 8v0j 1878; manuscript note in 
made him one of the most efficient editors of the British Museum.] I/. F. 
his day. In his later years he had a house at 

Boscastle,Cofnwall,where he spent brief vaca- COOK, ROBERT (d. 1593?), herald, is 
tions; but he was seldom absent from London, supposed to have been the son of a tanner 
He continued to edit the 'Saturday Review' and to have been brought up in the house- 
till his death, 10 Aug. 1868. hold of Sir Edmund Brudenell, an ardent 
[Information from the Bight Hon. A. J. B. genealogist. That he was of low birth is 
Beresford Hope.] probable because he obtained a grant of arms 

as late as 4 March 1577. Matriculating as 

COOK, RICHARD (1784-1857), histo- a'pensioner in St. John's College, Cambridge, 

rical painter, was born in London in 1784. 10 Nov. 1553, he proceeded B.A. there in 

He obtained admission into the schools of 1557-8 and commenced M.A. in 1561. He 

the Royal Academy when sixteen years of was appointed successively Rose Blanche 

age, and received the Society of Arts gold pursuivant extraordinary, 25 Jan. 1561-2 ; 

medal in 1832. He first exhibited at the Chester herald four days later (Pat. 4 Eliz. 

Royal Academy 'A Landscape/ in 1808. pt. 5); and Clarencieux king of arms, 21 May 

At that period he resided at 41 North 1567 (Pat. 9 Eliz. pt. 10). On 24 March 

Audley Street, Grosvenor Square ; in the 1567-8 he obtained a special commission to 

same year he sent to the British Institution visit his province. During the interval be- 

4 The Agony of Christ ' and l Hector re- tween the death of Sir Gilbert (3 Oct. 1584) 

proving Paris.' In 1814 he had in the Royal and the appointment of William Dethick 

Academy a portrait of Mr. G. F. Cooke, and [q. v.] (21 April 1586) Cook exercised the office 

' Acis and Galatea/ afterwards engraved by of Garter king of arms. In that capacity he 

"W. Taylor. He now lived at 12 Greek Street, accompanied the Earl of Derby to France in 

Soho Square. In 1816, being elected an as- 1585, carrying the garter to Henry III, who 

sociate, he sent from 50 Upper Marylebone rewarded him with a present of two gold 

Street five pictures, viz. : four from the ' Lady chains worth over 120 apiece. At this 

of the Lake/ and 'Ceres, disconsolate for the period there seems to have been some talk 

loss of Proserpine, rejects the solicitation of uniting the offices of Garter and Claren- 

of Iris, sent to her by Jupiter.' In 1822, cieux. Cook gave 20J. and a bond for SQL 

Cook was elected a full academician, and from to George Bentall, servant of Shrewsbury, 

that time forward he almost seems to have the earl marshal, to obtain him the office of 

relinquished his profession. He married a lady Garter, but his suit was unsuccessful. Bentall 

with fortune, which enabled him to enter- nevertheless sued him for the SQL He ap- 

tain liberally his brother artists. He died in pealed to chancery, and the last we know of 

Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, on 11 March the cause is that on 24 Oct. 1588 Sir Chris- 

1857. A sale of his pictures, sketches, prints, topher Hatton made an order referring it to 

&c., took place at Christie & Manson's 1 June Richard Swale, LL.D., one of the master*. 

1857. Among the lots there was Stothard's He died about 1592, and was buried at Han- 

i George III and Queen, sitting, surrounded worth, leaving a daughter Catharine, wife of 

"by a family of boys and girls. In the de- John "Woodnote of Shavington in Cheshire, 

partment of prints and drawings, British Cook was an industrious herald, and _ made 

Museum, are preserved several drawings, visitations in most of the counties of his pro- 



Cook 



74 



Cook 



vince. An Inventory (Lamd, MSS, vol. Ixx v. 
No. 31) of papers in his house in London, 
which Dethiok proposed should be bought 
for the Jloralds* College, was taken aftor his 
death by order of the privy council ; It is 
dated 11 Oct. 1593, and signed by the sheriff 
in presence of Dethick Garter, Lee llich- 
moncl, and John "Woodnot e. Cook wan also 
a painter, and it has been supposed that 
ho painted the portraits of Henry VII, 
Henry VIII, Queen Catherine, the l)ulce of; 
Suffolk, Sir Anthony Wingfield, and ^$tr 
Ilobert Winglield and hia family at Oockfiold 
Hall in Yoxford, Suffolk; but this Hoemw 
doubtful, Cook's portrait haw been engraved 
by T. Tovoy, Tho accusations laid against 
him by hi enemy, Dethiclc, jun.,are perhaps 
not worthy of much, credit.' Thny are that 
he was son of a tanner, ignorant of lan- 
guages, unable to speak French, (lissoluto, 
had married another man's wife, had granted 
anus to unworthy persons in taverns in ex- 
change for tho elioor they made him, &o,,, &c. 
Cook wrote: 1. ' An Knglinh Uaronago ' 
(Uarl. MSS. 214, 11(5:5, 10(5(5, 4^, 7Mi2 ; 
Addit. MSS, 405K-9, 5504, 5581, l^-MH; 
"MSS, Coll. Hogin, Oxon, 7iJ, 1 .'tl, IttO; AnuuL 
MS. in (loll. Arm. k M ; Hoyal MK 1H (J. 17 ; 
MSS, Phillipp. 1 11, HHi). Si. '.Heraldic Hn- 
dimentrt ' (Uarl. MS, 1-107, art. ). a. < An 
Ordinary of Armn ' (MS, Phillipp. 7^57). 
4. ^ A, Treatise on the Granting of Anna' 
(LanHd. MS, 255, f, SMO). All winnin in 
maniiHcriplu Upon one (U'arl. M.S. 214) Sir 
Symotul d'l^wcvs haw written a title con- 
cluding ' in which arc a world of errorH, cryo 
cawafi Iwtor? 

[HarLMSS.; Addit, MSS.; Cat. Arund, MRS. 
in tjoll. Arm. ; AyHeongh'w ('at,; COXU'H Cat. of 
Oxford MSH, ; Ltmnd. MSB.; MS8, ' 



Dublin on 7 May 1(589 declared him to 
be attainted as a traitor if lie failed to re- 
turn to Ireland by 1 Se.pt. following. His 
lirwt wife waw a Jklstol lady, and in conse- 
quence of hiw visits to that city he caused a 
pile of stones to bo erected on a rock in the 
Bristol Channel, which, aftor him, was called 
' Cook's Folly.' By hiw second wife, whose 
name was Cecilia or Ciclly, he had three 
BOIIH and two daughters (BuiiKE, Patrician, 
iv, CM-). He diod about ,1 720, and by Ins will 
directed that his body nhould bo interred in 
the cathedral or church, called 'Tempul' at 
youghal, ami that his whroud should be made 
6 of liu<m/ 

Cook was 'a kind of Pythagorean ululoso- 
plior, and for many ycarw neither eat fish, flesh, 
butter, cScc., nor drank any kind of fermented 
liquor, nor wore woollen olothoB, or any other 
produce of an annual, but linon ' (0. WMITH, 

Nfat& of Waforford, e.clit. 
>. 371. In 
(rop 

an explanation of IUH ]>eculiar religiouw prin- 
<ii])IcH.' Tlui Athenian Society wroto an answer 
to IUH paper and refuted his notions. 

[AutlioritioH eitod above. "| T. 0. 



nriwit 

1774, ]>. 371). In H591 htp^lialud a yaper 
roprintwl in Smith'H ' WatorfonV), giving 



Oat. of CahiH Coll. MHH. ; Onl. of Chime. 



Proo. Kliss. iii. 180; 



Athcmaa (lantab. ; 



Ballawa/Birral(lry,p}i, 108-7, 2(54, 290, pi. 11, 
12 ; Lomon'H Cul. of Htato Paporn ; Loycontor 
CorroBp. p. 32; Lod^t^s llhiHtr. ii. 14.3, JM1) ; 
Monro'n Acta (Jaricollarias, p. 586 ; NiehoVw 



Progr, 



Noble's Coll. of Arum, pp. 109, 



177, 1 88, App, F ; Rymor, xy ; 668, 672 ; Mhrypo's 
AnnalH, i. /358; "Walpolo's Paintora, od, "Womnm, 
p. 105.] B. 1C. B. 

COOK, KOBEET (1646P-1720P), vege- 
tarian, son of Kobert Cook, OBC[., of Cappo- 
qtiin, co. Waterford, waa born about 1(546. 
Ho was a very rich and eccentric gentleman, 
and generally "wont "by tho name of 'Linen 
Cook/ because ho -worn only linen garments, 
and used linen generally for other mirposoR. 
During the troubles in the roign of James II 
lie fled to England and resided for some 
time at Ipswich (Addit, MS. 19166, f. 64), 
During his absence the parliament held at 



COOK, SAMXTKL (1800-1850), wator- 
colot ir pn,int(vr, was born in 1 80C) at Camt^lford, 
Cornwall. I I'm mother kept a bakehouse, and 
under tho same roof there wan a small school, 
which ho attended early in life, learn ing there 
reading and writing, lie did not obtain any 
further education, as at tho age of nine he was 
apprenticed to a firm of woollen manufacturers 
at (Jumolford, hw duty being to feed a machine 
oallod a ' scribbler ' with wool. During tho 
intevalfl of his labour he lined to amuse him- 
wolf by drawing with chalk on the floor to the 
annoyance of the foreman, who said that ho 
won I'd never bo fit for anything Imt a limner. 
IFm talents gainuclhim (employment In paint- 
ing signboards and flcenos for itinerant show- 
men , and in graining wood, ( )n tho termination 
of lxi approntiaoHhip he went to Plymouth, 
and became assistant to a painter ana glazier 
there, subsequently setting up business in 
that lino on His own account. Every hour ho 
could spare he devoted to sketching, especi- 
ally by the seaside and on the quays at rly- 
moutlu As hiw sketches showed increasing" 
merit, they attracted tho attention of resi- 
dent connoisseurs, and found many generous 
and wealthy patrons. Encouraged by; them, 
lie sent, about 1880, some of his drawings to 
the New Water-colour Society, and was Im- 
mediately admitted a member, From that 
time he was a regular contributor to the 
gallery In Pall Mall till his death, which 
took place 7 June 1859. His pictures were 



Cook 75 Cooke 

yery much, admired, though, not numerous, as wards by a private tutor. At the age of 

he never relinquished his trade. They were nineteen he married a lady of considerable 

chiefly coast scenes, rather weak in colour, fortune, but squandered a large portion of it 

especially his early works, but they possessed in pleasure, and lost nearly all the remainder 

quiet simplicity] and truth and real artistic in his business, that of a woollen manufac- 

feeling. There is a view of Stonehouse, Ply- turer. In 1766 he left Cork for London with 

mouth, in the South Kensington Mxxseum. strong recommendations to the Duke of Rich- 

[Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Art mond, the Marquis of Lansdowne, Edmund 

Journal, 1861 ; Bryan's Dictionary of Painters Burke, and Dr. Goldsmith, whose friendship 

and Engravers (od. Graves).] L. C. he retained through life. He was called to 

the bar at the Middle Temple in 1777, and for 

. COOK, SAMUEL EDWARD (d. 1856), O ne or two years went on the home circuit, 

writer on Spain. [See WIDBEINGTOIT.] but already occupied himself chiefly with lite- 

*^^vr rrvr-r^ A o /-,^^oio-,nx rature. His earliest publication was a poem 
COOK, THOMAS (1744 P-1818), en- on 'The Art of Living -in London/ which met 
graver, of London, was a pupal of Simon with some Sliccess and in i 80 7 he published 
Francois Ravenet,* the well-known French anot her of greater pretension, entitled < Con- 
engraver, when resident in London. Cook ve rsation/ in the 4th edition of which, pub- 
was very industrious, and, soon reaching a lis]ied in 1815 ^ introduced the characters, 
high position in his art, was employed by O f several of the members of the well-known 
Boy dell and other art publishers on _ works literary club in Gerrard Street, Soho, such as 
which had a large circulation. He is best Burke Jolinson S ir Joshua Reynolds, and 
known from having copied the complete en- Goldsmith. He was also the author of <Ele- 
graved work of Hogarth, to which he de- m ents of Dramatic Criticism/ 17 75 j 'Memoirs 
voted the _ years 1795-1803, and which was of Hildebrand Freeman, Esquire/ n. d. ; < The, 
mibhshed in 1806 under the title of Hogarth Capricious Lady/ a comedy, altered from 
Restored/ This is a very valuable collection, Beaumont and Fletcher's 'Scornful Lady/ 
as many of Hogarth s prints were of great 1783 < Memoirs of C. Macklin/ the actor, 
rarity, and had not been made public before. induing a history of the stage during Mack- 
He was employed also in engraving portraits, lin > 8 lifetime ; ' Memoirs of Samuel Foote, with 
history, architecture, plates for magazines, some of his Writings/ 1805, in three volumes. 
&c. Among his best known works are < Ju- He died at his nous * in pi ccad illy 3 April 1824 
piter and Semele' and Jupiter and Europa, at a advanced age. 

after Beniamm West: e The English Setter/ m^* TW ; J? ; WA * Ar^ni T?* 
.&. T Ti/riw. j -J.T, o o -w-u I u-ent. JVLag. xciv. pt. i. 374-5; Annual Ke- 

after J. Milton, engraved with S. Smith in gis^^i.ais^io'gxapliiaDramatica.i. 147-8; 

1770 as a pendant to < The Spanish Pointer,' fc ict of LiT i ng All thor 74.] T. P. H. 

by Woollett; 'The Wandering Musicians, a 
copy of "Wille's engraving, after Dietrich; COOKE. [See also COKE and Coox] 

' S t- ^^l af ^t r WestaU, and several -news OOOKE, ALEXANDER (1564-1632), 

after Paul Sandhy for the Copperplate Ma- Ticar of L ^ ed Yorkshire, was the son of 

gazme He engraved many portraits, espe- wmiam Gale aKas Ooo]j ' e of Beeston in 

< lv for , tlle ' Gentleman's Magazine and ^ ish wl j ere ke wag t ^ tised on 3 Sept _ 

others, and as frontispieces. Among the per- 1 56 /(T H OEBSBT, Ducatus Zeodiensis, id. 

sons engraved m this -way were Thomas 1816 ^ 20 9). After studying at Leeds. 

Howard, earl of Arundel; George Washing- g^^,. sclu / ol ^ was adm f tte l a me mher 

n^'n ^ ^T?' n T ^ ? ^ ^ Brasenose College, Oxford, in Michaelmas 
Charles Churchill John Cunmngham, Wil- term 1681 ^^ ^ ^4^^ B . A . ^ 

Lam Harvey, David Hume Joseph Spence 15g5 ^ ^ elected to p fe&owshipat 

and others Cook executed a reduced set of University CoUege in 1587. In the foUow- 

his Hogarth engravings for Nichol and Ste- - ^ e cor ^ mencedL MA ^ he took 

yens s edition of Hogarth's works. He died tt | ^ of B _ D _ . Ig96 (-^' Fasfi ^ 

in London m 1818, aged 74. Bliss? 280) 243) 27g) Q \ & F ^ b ^^ 

[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Nagler's Kiinst- ^ e was inducted into the vicarage of Louth, 
kr-Leakon; Gent. Mag (1818) Izzsviii. 475 ; Lincolnshire, by virtue of letters mandatory 
Bromley Catalogue of Engraved Portraits.] from t]ie ^^ on the p resell tation of th& 

^ ' q.ueen (Lansd. MS. 984, f. 120). On the 

COOK, WILLIAM (d. 1824), dramatist death of his brother, Robert Cooke [<j. v.], he 

and miscellaneous writer, was descended was collated, upon lapse, to the vicarage of 

from an old family originally from Cheshire, Leeds, by Tobie Mathew, archbishop of York, 

but for some time settled in Cork. He was on 30 May 1615 (HoBABi, Eeports, ed. 1724, 

educated at Cork grammar school, and after- p. 197). He was buried in Leeds church on. 



Cooke 76 Cooke 

23 June 1C&2 (THOIIESBY, Vicaria Zeodien- Greek, poetry, history, and mathematics. He 

^w, pp- 71-9). lived a retired and studious life in youth ; 

Wood says that t he left behind him the married Anne, daughter of Sir William Fitz- 

charactor of a good and learned man, a man william of Milton, Northamptonshire, and 

abounding in charity and exemplary in his aius Park, Essex, and was by her the father 

life and conversation, yet hated by the It of a largo family. To the education of his 

Oatholicks who lived near Leeds and in children ho directed all his energies. His 

Yorkshire, and indeed by all elsewhere who daug-hters Mildnsd, Hulwequently wife of Lord 

had read hi works ' (At/tencs 0;t;on. ed. BliHS, Burghloy, and Ann, subsequently wife of Sir 

ii. 580). Cole observes, however, that there Nicholas Bacon [^eo BACON, ATO, LADY], be- 

is * no great aign of abundance of charity in hi came, under his instruction, the most learned 

letter to Archbishop Ussher, K'dCJ, in which women in England, HisBixceeHsas a teacher 

hotelln him that the dean of WinehoHtur had in liin own family, with whom the eon of 

offered 15,0002. for that bishopric, and calls Lord Seymour wan for a time educated, 

Dr, Land and Bishop Francis Whites men of led to liirt appointment an tutor to Prince 

corrupt mi nclnj with a deal of other puritan Edward (afterwardn Kdward VI), At his 

leaven/ Cooke vaH married and left Hovorai pupil's coronation (Jooke was made knight 

cliildrtm. Ilia daughter Anne became the of the Bath. On 8 Nov. 1547 he was re- 

lirst wile of Samuel Pulleyne, archbishop of turned to pariiaxnentlbr Shoreham, and in the 

Tuam, Hamu yoar was ones of the visitors eommis- 

Ho was author of: 1. 'Pope Joano. A Burned by the crown to inspect the dioceses 

'dialogue botwoene aProtentant and a Papist, of London, WeHtmiuftter, Norwich, and Ely; 

manifoHMy pro vingtlmfcu woman called Joano the injunctiouw drawn up by him and his 

was Pope of Rome/ London, 1010, 10S25, 4 to, companions are printed iu FOXO'B 'Acts and 

Ileprlntod in the * JIarhuan Miwdlany,' eel. JVTmuimenlH.' Two yearn later he served on 

Park, iv. <U1 A French, translation, by J. do two oeeloMiuHlieal ccSminiflBions, of markedly 

la Montagno, appeared at xSedan, 1G(KJ, 8vo. protcHtant ttvndencic^s. In November and 

2. Letter to Jamus U whor, dated LeeclB, 101 U, Xhicombor 1551 he attond<id tlie dwcussitm 

to prove that t-ho two treat IMS aHcribod to liold betwec^n Roman catholics and protes- 

iSt. Ambrose, vix, ' Do its <iui Saerin iuiti- tantis at the hounen o Sir William Cecil 

ant ur ? and r J)e Sacrament IB, aB also that of awl Sir Richard Moryaon, and his public 

AthanasiuH, i l)e Vita Aatonii/aro notg'tiiiu- services wtvn^ rewarded (i27 Oct. 1552) with 

ine. Harloiaii MS.^8^, f. 404. 3, * Work a grant of land. On 27 July 1558 he was 

for a Mass-Priest/ London, 1017, 4to ; on- committed to the Tower on suspicion of corn- 




more Worke, and yet a little more Worke Btranburg, where ho became intimate with 

for a MaHH-PrieHt' (1028,^1080). 4. ' Sfc. tlio scholar Sturm, for the following four 

Austins Religion ; Avherein ia manifestly years, and regularly corresponded with his 

pro nod out of the Workws of that learned aon-in4aw Cecil (llatfidd Cttlendar, L 140- 

tather that; he diBHontod from Poporio,' Lon- 140). Ou 301izabeth's accession he returned 

don, 1624, 4to. liaker ancriben to' Oooke the home ; was elected M.P. for Essex (^8 Jan. 

authorship of k this troatift<^, although William 1558-9, and 11 Jan. 150S-8), and carried the 

Orompton is generally credited with it [see Act of Uniformity to the House of Lords. In 

ANOTBTON, JAMES]. 5, 'The Abatement the discussion of this bill Cooke differed from 




Changes, Or, the World turned topsie-turne MUn, Parker Soc, 82). Oooke was nomi- 

by Papists/ London, 1025, 4to, nated a commifisioner for visiting Cambridge 

[Authorities eitod above,] T. C. University (20 Junel559), the dioceses of Nor- 

wich and Ely (21 Aug. 1559), and Eton Col- 

OOOKE, SIB ANTHONY (1504-1576), logo (September 156 1), and for receiving the 

tutor to Edward VI and politician, born in oaths of ecclesiastics (20 Oct. 1559). In 1565 

1504, was the son of John Oooke of Gidea he was steward of the liberty of Havering- 

Hall, Essex, by Alice Saiindors, and great- atte-Bower, and three years later received 

.-grandson of Sir Thomas Cooke [q, v.j, lord Queen Elizabeth at Gidea Hall, the rebuild- 

mayor of London in 1462, He was privately ing of which, begun by his great-grandfather, 

educated, and rapidly acquired, according to he had then just completed. The house was 

Ms panegyrist Lloyd, vast learning in Latin, pulled down early in the last century. In 



Cooke 77 Cooke 

July 1572 he was associated with the lord morials, n. i. 74, 385, in. i. vi. 24, 232 ; Strype's 
mayor in the government of London in the Annals i. i. 151, n. ii. 86; Burner's Eeformation;, 
temporary absence of Elizabeth, and was Fuller's Church Hist. ed. Brewer; Camden'sAn- 
commissioner of oyer and terrniner for fessex nals J Lloyd's Worthies ; Fuller's Worthies. A 
(20 Oct. 1573) and an ecclesiastical commis- pedigree of the family has been compiled from 
sioner (23 April 1576). Cooke died 11 June ? n ? nal . sources b ? Mr - E - J Sa 6 of s *> k T e ^ ew ~ 
1576, and was buried in the church of Rom- in ton -J s - L - Jj - 
ford, Essex, where many other members of COOKE, BENJAMIN (17 34-1 793), Mus. 
his family were buried. An elaborate monu- Doc., born in 1734, was the son. of Benjamin 
ment, inscribed with Latin and English verse, Cooke, who kept a music-shop in New Street, 
was erected there to his memory. By his wife Covent Garden. His mother's maiden name 
he had four sons, Anthony, Richard, Edward was Eliza Wayet, and she was a member of 
(M. A. Cambridge 1564), William (M. A. Cam- a Nottinghamshire family. The elder Cooke- 
bridge 1564), and five daughters. The eldest died before his son was nine years old, but 
daughter,Mildred, became second wife of Wil- the boy had been already placed under Dr. 
liam Cecil, lord Burghley ; Ann was second Pepusch, with whom he made such progress- 
wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon ; Margaret was that at the age of twelve he was appointed 
wife of Sir Ralph Rowlett, and was buried on deputy to Robinson, the organist of West- 
3 Aug. 1558 at St. Mary Staining, London; minster Abbey. In 1749 he succeeded Howard 
Elizabeth was wife first of Sir Thomas Hoby, as librarian of the Academy of Ancient Music, 
and secondly of John, lord Russell, son of and three years later took Pepusch's place as 
Francis, second earl of Bedford; and Katharine conductor. In September 1757 he was ap- 
was wife of Sir Henry Killigrew. Cooke's ex- pointed master of the choristers at West- 
ecutors under his will, dated 22 May 1576, and minster Abbey, and on 27 Jan. 1758 he 
proved 5 March 1576-7, were his sons-in-law became a lay vicar of the same church. On 
Bacon and Burghley and his two surviving 2 Nov. 1760 Cooke was elected a member 
sons Richard and William. The heir, Ri- of the Royal Society of Musicians, and on 
chard, steward of the liberty of Ha vering-atte- 1 July 1762 he succeeded Robinson as or- 
Bower, born in 1531, died 3 Oct. 1579, and was ganist of the abbey. He became a member 
succeeded by his son Anthony (1559-1604), of the Catch Club on 6 April 1767, and of 
with the death of whose third son, William, the Madrigal Society on 9 Aug. 1769, and in 
in J1650, the male line of the family became 1775 he took the degree of Mus. Doc. at Cam- 
extinct (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 480). bridge, where his name was entered at Trinity 
A Latin translation, dated 1560, of Gre- College. His exercise for this occasion was 
gory Nazianzen's ' Theophania,' attributed to an anthem, ' Behold how good and joyful, 7 " 
Cooke, is in the British Museum (MS. Royal which had been originally written in 1772 for 
'SE.xvii). He contributed Latin verses to the the installation of the Duke of York as a 
collections published on the deaths of Martin knight of the Bath. In 1782 Cooke received 
Bucer, Catherine and Margaret Neville, and theTionorary degree of Mus. Doc. at Oxford, 
to Carr's translation of ' Demosthenes.' The and in the same year was elected organist of 
'Diallacticon de veritate natura atque sub- St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, after a severe con- 
stantia corporis et sanguinis Christi in Eu- test, in which Burney was his chief op- 
charistia,' edited by Cooke and first pub- ponent. Oooke was an assistant director at 
lished in 1557, is not by him, but by his friend the Handel Festival in 1784, and received 
John Ponet or Poynet, bishop successively of one of the medals which G-eorge HI caused 
Rochester ,and Winchester, whose library to be struck to commemorate that event, 
came into Cooke's possession on the bishop's In 1789 changes in the constitution of the 
death in 1556. Peter Martyr's ( Commentary Academy of Ancient Music caused him to 
on the Epistle to the Romans, 7 1558, was dedi- resign the conductorship, a step which he 
cated to Cooke. Five letters addressed by felt so strongly that for some time he refused 
Sturm, Cooke's Strasburg friend, to Cooke to belong to a small musical club known as 
between 1565 and 1567 are printed with the 'Graduates Meeting,' as he objected 
'Roger Ascham's Letters' (ed. 1864, ii. 93, to meet his successor, Dr. Arnold. Cooke 
116,121, 162, 164). They are chiefly requests for many years had suffered from gout. He 
for protection in behalf of foreign scholars spent the summers of 1790-3 at Ramsgate, 
visiting England. Brighton, Oxford, and Windsor, but was 
[Cooper's Athene Cantab, i. 351-3, 563; attacked at the latter place by his old L malady, 
Morant's Essex; Froude's Hist. ch. mri. ; Biog. and shortly after his return died at his house 
Brit. (Kippis), 94-100; Ballard's Memoirs of in Dorset Court, Westminster, 14 bept. 17^. 
Learned Ladies; Strype's Cranmer (1845), ii. He was buried on 21 Sept. in the west cloister 
356 ; Strype's Cheke, 22, 47, 155 ; Strype's Me- of the abbey, where a monument was erected 



Cooke ?& Cooke 




to him bearing an Inscription, written "bj T. J. Loncl, 1078, 4to, with a dedication to the 

Mathias, and a canon of Iris own composition. Princess of Orange. Probably lie Is the same 

In person Cooke was * middle-sized, latterly person who translated t The Divine Epicurus, 

rather corpulent, though when young ex- or the Empire of "Pleasure over the Vertues. 

tremely thin ; he had a fine face, a soft con- Oompos'd by that most renown'd philosopher, 

cealed eye, and lie was most strongly affected Mr. A. Le Grand,' Loncl. 1676. 
by music ; showed groat change 
proceeding from a kind of creeping- 
and hair, as he described it.' A conte 

describes him as * one of the worthiest and 1. Qt ^notation, & Degeneration, 3. Regenera- 

best-tempered men/ and he must have been lion/ Loud, 16ttl, 8vo. In the address to 

an admirable teacher, numbering among his the reader he Hays: * It in almost 12 yearos 

pupils such musicians m Parsons, Crosdill, Hinee I (hushed thin subject, and now, by the 

Greatorex, the two Knyvettn, Hindlu, Bar- importunity of a learned friend, divulged. 7 

tleman, Walmisley, Beale, and Spoilbrtli. [Laugbaino's Dramatic Pootn, p. 25; Acldifc. 

His principal compositions wore written for MS. 24492, f. 328A; Bakor'a Biog. Dram. (1812), 

the Academy ot Ancient Muwc ; his services, i. 147, n 397; Qat. O f p r i tl tod Bookw in Brit. 

anthems, and numerous odes are now for- Mua.] T. 0, 
gotten, but hiw glees ? catches, and canons 

are still sung, and the library of the lloyal COOKIE, EDWARD (1770P-17D9), cap- 

College of Music pOBaesses a large collect. ion tain in the royal navy, waa the son of Colonel 

of his manuscript music. Oooke of HarofieLd, and brother of General 

Cooke was married ($$ May 1758) to MLss Sir George Oooke, who commanded the first 



Mary Jackson, who died 19 March 178-1-. division and lost Ids right arm at Waterloo j 
According to her son, ( she was a moat ami- , also of Colonel Sir Henry Frederick Cooke, 
able and affectionate woman, and possessed -private Becrotary to the l)uko of York. His 
good property; was sister to Churl OH .TuckHon, mother, a sister of Admiral Boyor, after 
esq., comptroller at the Foreign Oilleo, Gono~ Colonel Cooky's death, married G (moral Ed- 
ral Post Olfitjo.' By her he had ten children, ward Smith, th,e uncle of Admiral Hir W. 
live of whom diod in infancy* Benjamin, his Sidney Smith. Cooke was made lieutenant 
eldest son, a boy of ^peeat promise,* was born on 14 Soj>t, 1700, and in 1703 was appointed 
Aug. 1701, and died 25 Jan. 1772. Some to the Victory, going out to the M(litorra- 

' neatx as Lord Hood's flagship. In August 



at the Knyul Colh^gt^ of Music, The other lie was entrusted with the negotiations with 

children who survived were Mary (b. i28 July the royalist inhabitants of Toulon, a service 

17053, dio<lutmiarried2BFeb. 1810); Amelia which' lie conducted with equal skill and 

7 Oct. 170H,dits(l unmarried 16 May J 845); boldness (JAMiw, Nan. ttwt., I860, i. 75), 



i [q. v.], and Henry. The latter was and which resulted in I jOtd Hood's obtaining 

for many years in the General Post Oflico. poastission of tlio town and arsenal. Cooke 

He edited two books of organ pieces, and a was then appointed liiMitonant-goyernor of 

set of nine glees and two duets by his father; the town, Captain Elphhistono (afterwards 

lie also wrote a little music which is extant Lord Keith) being governor. He continued 




Ho died at 2 Little Smith Street, Woat- he was advanced to the rank of post captain. 

minster, K) Sept. 1840, aged 40. In June he had charge of the landing for the 

[Homo Account of Dr. Oooko, Lontl. 1837; siego of Oalvi, and took an active part in the 

Grove's Diet, of MXIHIC, i. ; ITurmonicon for 1 823 subsequent operations, his xoal drawing forth 

and 1831 ; Records of the Royal See, of Musi- the warm encomiums of Nelson, under whoso 

cians and Madrigal Society; PohTa Haydn in immediate orders he was serving (Nelson 

London, ii. W-9 ; L. M, Hawkins's AnocdotoH, fieHpafa/tas, I 409, 4-10, 413, 416, 4176). In 

i. 22fi-35; Unrnoy'H Account of thoHamlollToti- the following year he was appointed to the 

val in 17M; European Mag. IT ; 239; Add, Silbylle. a line ^0-gun 18-pounder frigate, re- 

M8B 27CK59, 27091 27003 ;0at ; of tho library of ^ ^pturedfrom the Trench, and in her 

Royal Coll of Music ; ChoBtox B Wostminstor W0nt j out 1 to ^ Qape of Good Hope, whence 



B. S. B0n 




the 

sented on the stage, in five act's axxd in verse, the Spanish force in the Philippines and, if 



Cooke 79 Cooke 

possible, to capture two richly laden ships the time the largest and most heavily armed 

reported as ready to sail from Manila. As frigate afloat ; was about one-third larger 

they neared the islands it occurred to Cooke than the Sibylle, and carried 24-pounders on 

that they might pass themselves off as French, her main deck, as against the SibyEe's 18- 

The Sibylle, a French-built ship, was easily pounders. And yet the Sibylle's loss was 

disguised, and he himself spoke French flu- comparatively slight. The darkness of the 

ently, an officer of the Fox spoke French night, which rendered still more marked 

.and Spanish, and a little paint enabled both the very superior discipline and trainino- of 

frigates to pass muster. On 14 Jan. they the Sibylle's men, must be held to acwrant 

were off Manila. No suspicion was excited, for the extraordinary result of this one of 

the guardboats came alongside, the officers the most brilliant frigate actions on record 

were taken down to the cabin and hospitably Lieutenant Hardyman was immediately pro- 

entertained, while in the foremost part of moted to be commander, and, in January 

the ship the Spanish seamen were stripped, 1800, to be captain of the Forte. But Cooke's 

and English sailors dressed in their clothes terrible wounds proved mortal. After IWer- 

were sent away in the guardboats to capture ing for some months in extreme agony he 

what they could. They thus took entirely by died at Calcutta on 25 May. He was buried 

surprise and brought off three large gunboats, with the highest military honours and a 

By the time the townsmen and the garrison monument erected tp his memory 'by the 

realised that the two frigates were English, directors of the East India Company. 

Oooke and Malcolm, in friendly talk with the I-T W XT ITT-* /, n /Ax - nn ^ ^ 

Spanish officers, had learned all that there C hSe if sTl ^M 1 }> "' ^^ 

was to learn. They then sent them on shore Chromcle > n - 26 *' 3 ? 8 > -] * K. L. 

,as well as all the prisoners, to the number of COOKE, EDWAED (1755-1820), under- 
two hundred, and, with the three gunboats secretary of state, born 1755, was the third 
in tow, stood out of the bay (JA.MES, ii. 237). son of Dr. William Cooke, provost of Bang's 
The carrying off the gunboats under cover of College, Cambridge [q, v.] He was educated 
-a false flag was a transgression of the re- at Eton and King's College, Cambridge ; B. A. 
cognised rules of naval war ; but they seem 1777, M.A. 1785. About 1778 he went to 
tp have considered the thing almost in the Ireland as private secretary to Sir Richard 
light of a practical joke, and the Spaniards, Heron, chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant ; 
who had been liberally entertained, bore no and in 1786 he was appointed second clerk 
grudge against their captors. to the Irish House of Commons. In 1789 
In February 1799 the Sibylle was lying at ' he was nominated under-secretary to the 
Madras when Cooke learned that the French military department, and in 1790 he was 
frigate Forte was in the Bay of Bengal, and elected for old Leighlin borough, which he 
on the 19th he put to sea in quest of her. represented till the union in 1801. In 1795 
On the evening of the 28th the Sibylle was he was removed from office by Lord Fitz- 
off the Sand-heads ; about nine o'clock she william, with whose policy he did not sym- 
made out three ships, which she understood pathise, and to whom, moreover, he proved 
to be the Forte and two Indiamen just cap- personally objectionable. He was offered a 
tured. The Forte supposed that the Sibylle pension, which, according to Fitzwilliam, he 
was another country ship, and, as she came rejected, thinking ' a retreat upon I,200 a 
within hail, fired a gun and ordered her to year an inadequate recompense for the mag- 
strike. The Sibylle closed at once, and, with nitude and importance of his services ' (A 
her main yard between the enemy's main and letter from Earl FUzwilliani to the Earl of 
mizen masts, poured in a broadside and shower Carlisle, 1795). There are conflicting state- 
of musketry with deadly effect. The Forte ments as to the value of the compensation, 
was, in a measure, taken by surprise ; the which it appears took account of services 
terrible broadside was the first intimation only, and not of Cooke's losses in being ' re- 
that she had to do with the largest English moved from a station of much advantage 
frigate on the station. For nearly an hour and opportunity ' (Observations on the Let- 
the two ships lay broadside to broadside at ters of Lord Fitz m to Lord Carlisle, 
a distance seldom greater than pistol shot. 1795 ; A Letter to a Venerated Nobleman 
About half-past one Cooke's shoulder and lately retired from this Kingdom, Dublin, 
breast were shattered by grape shot, but the 1795 ; Memoirs of the Court and Cabinet of 
action was stoutly maintained by Mr. Lucius George III, 1853, ii, 331). This dismissal 
Hardyman, the first lieutenant. At half-past was among the causes that led to Fitzwil- 
two^the Forte, being entirely dismasted, and liam's recall. Cooke was reinstated by Lord 
having lost a hundred and fifty men killed Camden, and in 1796 he was appointed under- 
and wounded, struck her colours. She was at secretary in the civil department. He was 



Cooke 80 Cooke 

thus brought into intimate relations with many years they exchanged views on public 

Lord Custlereagh, the chief secretary, an as- affairs on a footing of practical equality, 

sociatkm which was maintained and strength- Returning to England, Cooke served in the 

ened in later years. various departments over which Castlereagh 

In 1798 he published, anonymously/ Argu- presided, the board of control, the war and 

ments for and against an Union bet ween G-reat colonial department, and the foreign office. 

Britain and Ireland considered/ This pamph- lie retired from official service in 1817, and 

let, which was taken to represent views held died in Park Lane, London, 19 March 1820, 

iix higher quarters, called forth many replies, in his sixty-fifth year. 

It is a temperate examination of the problem, [aent> M A u mo Nicllols > 8 Lit . 

resting the case for the union on grounds Anec(L ix 68() . Oo ote's History of the Union, , 

conciliatory to all classes of the Irish people. 180 2 ; Plowdon's Historical Review of the State 

Large concessions to the Roman catholics of Ireland ; Sir Jonah Barrmgton's Eiso and 

are foreshadowed as the natural sequel to a Pall of the Irish Nation, Paris, 1833 ; Brit, 

measure which, in other ways, the writer did Mas. Cat. ; authorities citod in text.] 

much to forward. lie was the intermediary J. M. S. 
in most of the transactions, questionable and 

otherwise, by which legislative support was COOKE, EDWAED WILLIAM (1811- 

obtaineclfor the Union Act. Sir Jonah Bar- 1880), marine painter, son of George Cooke 

rington describes a scene in which, aided by [<}.v.J, the line engraver, was born at Ponton- 

Castlereagh, he bought over in the lace of the ville, London, 27 March 181 1. At an early 

Irish House of Commons a member who had age he exorcised his ]ovo for art by copying* 

previously declared against the project, and animals engraved inBarr's edition of Buffim 

who pronounced his retractation on the spot and Bewick's woodcuts. When he was nino 

(Itisc and Fall of the Irish Nation, p. 405). years of age lie was employed, although at 

Cooke was sent to London to confer with school at Woodford, in drawing upon wood 

Pitt and others on the question, and his ro- plants from nature, in the nursery grounds 

ports to Cawtlereagli arc important docu- of Loclclidgo's, at Hackney, to illustrate John 

meuta in the history of the negotiations. On London's ' Encyclopaedia of Plants.' These 

the passing of the act he shared the clisap- wore followed by others, afterwards published 

pointmtuit of tho statesmen responsible for the in the ' Botanical Cabinet ' (1817) by Lod~ 

Irish government cauwod by the refusal of the didge, whose daughter Cooke married. About 

concessions promised to tho Roman catholics, 1825 ho made the acquaintance of Ciarkson 

and iu spite of pressure he resigned his ap- Staniield, E.A., and made sketches of boats, 

pointment, ' I could not embark in an ad- anchors, &c,, after him. In order to increase 

ministration founded upon one principle alono, his acquaintance with ships, he studied under 

which principle, after mature consideration, Captain Burton of the Thetis. He now tried 

I think dangerous and untenable* (Cattle- oil-painting, and in 1825 produced tho sign 

reaffk (Jor respondent, iv. 28-9). A letter ad- of the 'Old Ship Hotel' at Brighton. Ho 

dressed by him to tho lord chancellor of Ire- then began to study architecture under Au- 

land in vindication of tho 1 toman catholic gustus Pugin, but soon gave this up for tho 

claims IB a noteworthy illuwtration of politi- study of boats, and etched two series of 

cal sagacity and provision (it>. iv. 41). plates entitled 'Coast Sketches' and 'The 

Cooke's administrative ability and groat British Coast/ In 1820, Cooke wan sketch- 
knowledge of Irish affairs are attested by ing about Crornor. In this year lie painted a 
many evidences, His inftuonce was not 'view of Broadstairs ' - his first picture-- 
that of a subordinate official, he wan felt as purchased by Mr. James Wodinore, a woll- 
a governing power. Fitzwilliam complained Known collector, and at whose Rale it realwed 
that while in Carlisle's time Cooko was a 78 Several other pictures followed, among- 
cleric he found him a minister. A later lord- which were ' The Isis at Oxford ' and, ' Tho 
lieutenant, Cornwallis, recognised that he Isle of Wight Coast.' Between 18S5 and 18IU, 
wa a man to be reckoned with, and described when the new London Bridge wan being con- 
him a ol" an unaccommodating temper, and structed, Cooke made seventy drawings of the 
' much more partial to tho old system of govern- operations, moat of which wore engraved arid 
mont than to the measures I have introduced ? published, with scientific and historical notices 
(Cornwallls Correspondence, iii. 810)* This of the two bridges, from information coTitri- 
opinion wafl aub8(M][tiontly modified, and it is buted by Gooryo Ilonnie (Lond, fol. 1833). 
clear that Oooke f s views on Irish administra- About this period he made numerous draw- 
tion were marked by growing liberality (ib. ings for Mr. Edward Hawkins of the British' 
iii. 315). Between Cooko and Castlereagh Museum, illustrating the various aspects of 
the understanding was complete, and for the Egyptian galleries while the antiquities 



Cooke 



81 



Cooke 



being removed from the old to the new 
"building. In 1830 Cooke went to Normandy, 
Havre. Rouen, &c., and in 1832 he executed a 



commenced the publication of Brewer's ' Beau- 
ties of England and "Wales,' and for that work 
he executed many plates, some of them in 



^*mJL*w f -t vrf * *** fcrw Vi*-"-- m ^f^f ^* m **< *!*. * -.-. ^ -- - r i^- . - '- v JL f 

series of pencil drawings for Earl de Grey. Be- ! conjunction with his elder "brother, "William 
tween 1832 and 1844 he travelled in Belgium, Bernard Cooke. He was afterwards engaged 
Holland (which he visited sixteen times), unon the nlates for Pinkerton's ' Collection of 
France, Scotland, Ireland, and other places. 



The years 1845 and 1846 he spent in Italy, 
and subsequently visited Spain, Morocco, 
Barbary, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. 
He was elected an associate of the Royal 
Academy in 1851, and a full member in 1864. 
Cooke became a widower early in life, and 
died at his residence, Glen Andred, Groom- 
bridge, near Tunbridge Wells, on 4 Jan. 1880, 
leaving several sons and daughters. He was 
a member of various learned and scientific 
societies, the Alpine Club, honorary associate 
of the Institute of British Architects, of the 
Royal Academy of Stockholm, and of the 
Accademia clelle Belle Arti, Venice. He 



tj *~j 

upon the plates for Pinkerton's ' Collection of 
Voyages and Travels,' during- the progress of 



*/ t? / t/ JL <*J 

which his brother William, projected the first 
edition of 'The Thames/ to which George 
Cooke contributed two plates. This work 
was followed by ' Picturesque Yiews on the 
Southern Coast of England/ from drawings 
made principally by Turner. It was com- 
menced in 1814 and completed in 1826, and 
for it George Cooke engraved fifteen plates 
nearly one-third of the whole and some 
vignettes. , Next appeared an improved edi- 
tion of ' The Thames/ for which he engraved 
the ' Launch of the Nelson ' and the l Pair 
on the Thames/ after Luke Olennell, and the- 
1 Opening of Waterloo Bridge/ after Reinagle. 



^ X- W f Jl M-V J x ' ^T 1 t-y v,t.V^-*.JU.^ j^^-.***-x **-*. *-.. y T _,-^ -. - j- ^-j l_J V-* 

exhibited altogether two hundred and forty- Between 1817 and 1833 he produced, in con- 
seven pictures ; i.e. one hundred and twenty- j nection with Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, a 
nine at the Royal Academy , one hundred and \ number of plates for the ' Botanical Cabinet/ 
fifteen at the British Institution, and three | and about the same time he engraved some 
in Suffolk Street. There are by him two of the plates after Turner for HakewilTs ' Pic- 
pictures in the National Gallery, ' Dutch turesque Tour of Italy/ 1820, and Sir Walter 
Boats in Calm/ engraved by I. Jeavons, and Scott's ' Provincial Antiquities and Pictur- 
' The Boat-house/ engraved by S. Bradshaw. esque Scenery of Scotland/ 1826, in which 
^ ^~ T^O m-,Tr Hnrr/vr-TrG miTO" hp rn p.n hi on ad 1 fl.ttfiT work should be esneciallv noted ' Edin- 



Among his many works may be mentioned : 
'Brighton Sands/ 'Portsmouth Harbour/ 
'The Hulks/ 'The Victory/ 'Mount St. 
Michael/ ' Hastings/ ' The Antiquary Cells,' 
&c., all in the Sheepshanks collection, South 
Kensington Museum. To these should be 
added : ' H.M.S. Terror in the Ice of Frozen 
Strait/ April 1837; 'French Lugger running 
into Calais Harbour; 7 'The Dogana and 
Church of Santa Maria della Salute/ Venice ; 
and finally, the 'Goodwin Lightship Morn- 
ing after a Gale/ exhibited at the Royal Aca- 
demy in 1857, and much praised by Mr. Rus- 
kin. In the department of prints and draw- 
ings, British Museum, there are two drawings 
by this master : ' Zuider Zee Fishing-boat/ 
and ' A Fisherman, with a stag on the oppo- 
site bank/ and a collection of his engraved 
and etched works. Sales of his remaining 
works, &c., took place at Christie & Man- 
son's, 22 May 1880, and 11 March 1882. 

[Art Journal, 1869, p.*253 ; manuscript notes 
in the British Museum.] L. F. 

COOKE, GEORGE (1781-1834), line en- 
graver, was born in London on 22 Jan. 1781. 
His father was a native of Frankf ort-on-the- 
Main, who in early life settled inEngland and 
became a wholesale confectioner. At the age 
of fourteen George Cooke was apprenticed to 
James Basire (1730-1802) [q. y . J About the 
time of the expiration of his indentures was 

VOL. XII. 



latter work should be especially noted 'Edin- 
burgh from the Calton Hill.' To these were 
added plates for Allason's 'Antiquities of Pola/ 
1819, Stanhope's ' Olympia/ 1824, and D'Oyly 
and Mant's ' Bible/ as well as some of those 
for 'Yiews in the South of France, chiefiy on 
the Rhone/ after De "Wint. Besides these he 
engraved a few plates for the publications of 
the Dilettanti Society, and for the 'Ancient 
Marbles in the British Museum/ and the 
' Ancient Terracottas } in the same collection, 
and single plates after Turner of a ' Yiew of 
Gledhow'forWhitaker's'Loidis and Elmete/ 
and '"Wentworth House' for Whitaker's 
'History of RichmondsMre.' He also en- 
graved the ' Iron Bridge at Sunderland/ from 
an outline by Blore, for Surtees's ' History of 
Durham/ and the ' Monument of Sir Francis 
Bacon ' in St. Michael's Church at St. Albans 
for Clutterbuck's ' History of Hertfordshire/ 
In 1825 he finished his fine engraving of 'Rot- 
terdam/ from Sir A. "W. Callcott's picture 
belonging to the Earl of Essex, and shortly 
afterwards he issued a prospectus announcing 
a series of plates from Callcott's works, of 
which two, 'Antwerp' and 'Dover/ were 
begun and considerably advanced when vexa- 
tion at the loss of the proceeds of his ' Rot- 
terdam/ caused by the failure of his agent, 
led to their abandonment. He then began 
in 1826 the 'Yiews in London and its Vi- 
cinity,' engraved from drawings "by Callcott ? 



ook c ? 

Il*tfrK Pfimt, rtfftrk, Hitrdmg 
(*otinun, iui HnvH, find tliiH, tit** favourite , 
obJH'f of hU Ufi% pftdfHl with tht* twelfth 
luunlmr jus4 Iwfow lilt* d*tttft, Mnrnwliile 
in 1K!W 1i** pmdwwl * VWH of the Old and 
Nuw London IVulgw,' exwiitwl nmjmntly 
with IIIH win, Bdward William Ooolw [q, v,J, } 
who alo math* the drawing. Ho alno pro- 
fhiwnl pltttm for NfitHh*M * VIWVH in Farm/ 
flotonm Batiy f * VWWH of Kurojwan OitWH,' 
Baron Tayl<V * Spain/ Hhw'WH ' Pintle 

lwlii 



is Cookc 

by suieki<v 4 March IHUJJ, he WHH playing so- 

condary f,harar*.t<TH nt tlin Olympic. 

[Thwtri<ut Timw, 1817'H; Kra and Hunday 
nH nciWMpafHjrH ; Litrrury <iuxntt.i\] J. K. 



j E f A 

{tannery * find * Yorlwhirh KWJWV/ nevoral for \ 
Stark VHcwnery of the Riven* of Nor folk,' and j 
tmn of ' Bout Iwmpton,' aft nr Ooploy Fielding j 
For the *(blltry of the Nooiety of Paintern ' 
hi Water Oolourn.* 

Ooo'ke wa one of t.lm original tiunnbia'H of 

tho Hociety of AHHoeiattul l^n^ravcrn, who 

joined t.o^(*!thcr for t.he puqjone of engraving 

tho pictures in the National (Hallory, and 

t,wo plate.8 from hiw hatul wen* in a forward 

wtat3 at the time of hm doat.lu Tie likewino 

att(.mpt<wl C'tigraving in mezssoiint, and in 

that style executcKl a plat<* of * Arundel 

OaHtlo/*aftcr Tunuvr ; but it was not a HUO- 

C(BH and watt never publiHhed. lie died of 

brain fewer 27 Fob. 18JJ4 at 'Harnes, whore 

ha was " 



Waff. 1884, i. ft 5 8-81 ; Athenaeum, 
B March 1834 ; Itodgruvo'HDicU of Art.mts of tho 
English School, 1 878/1 R. K. O. 



1H1J), actor, WIIH bom, according to an ac- 
riHint. Rupplh^l by hiraHolf, in WoHtminHter 
17 April 17WI ftoon afl(*r IHH birth \w lont 
hw fathr y who wan hi tin* army, and went 
with bin mothor, wlume, tin nw wan Henton, 
to live in Berwick, when* ho wan educated, 
Horc, aftt^r her dimt.h, he remdnd with her 
two HiHt(^rH, by whom hn wan br>uncl appren- 
tice to John Taylor, a Berwick printer, 
While, Hlill a nehoolhoy he c,ouc,nived from 
the performances of travelling companies a 
strong fancy for the stage, and took part 
with his fellowH tn rough and xinpn^t-enclmg 
p(^rformanc(H. In 1771 he went to London 
and aftcrwarclH to ITolland, probably as a 
sailor or cabin hoy, returning to Berwick in 
177 4 2, His first appearance an an actor was 
in Brentford in tho spring of 1776, when he 
played Duinont in ' Jano Shore,' In 1777 he 
joined in I Tastings a company under a mana- 
ger named Stnntlon. In the spring of the 
following year he played in London at tho 
Tlaymarket, which, out of the season, was 




COOK.E, nwonoE (isor-iaes), actor, 

was born iu Manch(^t.r on 7 March, 1807- 
After -performing Othttllo in amattuir thoatri- 
calB, lio qtiittoxl tho inorttantilo firm of Iloylo 
& Co., with which h<^ had beon placed, and 
began in March 1 K28 hw profoRHional caroor at 
Walsall. Under Ohamborlayno, thc^ manager 
-of th(i Walsall Th<witr<5, ho romainod oightoon 
months, playing in Oovontry, Tjichiiold, and 
Leamington, Ho thc.n joined oihor manago- 
metitH; played at Margate, at Doncaator, Sep 
tombor ISfe, whoro ho waft a BUCCOHS, and ap- 
poarod in Edinburgh on 10 Oct. 18,% as Old 
Crumbs in tho ' Rent Day.' In 1837 ho ap- 
ptsarod at tho Strand, them under the manage- 
ment of W, J. Hammond, playing on 10 July 
1 887 Mr. Wardloin MonriolTH adaptation, 
* SamWolloryOrtlKirioltwicJcianH.' Hoaccom- 
]>aniod Hammond to T)rury Lane in October 
1839 in hiB diflawtrotifl soafton at that thoatro. 
'Ooobi married in 1840 M'ias Eliza Stuart, 
Bister of tho well-known actor. Aftorplaymg 
ongagomontB at Tjiv(%r])0()l ? Manchostw, and 
Birmingham, ho appeared at tho Maryloboue 
in 1847, when that theatre was under the 
management of Mrs. Warner. Here he played 
the Old Shepherd in tho 'Winter's Tale,' Sir 
Oliver Surface, Colonel Damas, and Major 
Oakley, Previous to his death, which was 



Sudbury in Suffolk, Oooke was seen at the 
llaymarkot during the oil-season in more than 
one character, but failed to attract any atten- 
tion. After performing in many midland 
towns he appeared, 2 Jan. 1 784, in Manchester 
JIH Philotas in the 'Grecian Daughter' of 
Murphy, Tn Manchester he stood in high 
favour, and ho mot with favourable recogni- 
tion in Liverpool, NewcaHtlo-on-Tyno, York, 
and other northern towns. While wtill young 
he fell into habits of drinking. After living 
for some months in sobriety he would din- 
appear to hide himself in the lowest haunts 
of dissipation or infamy. Tn Newcastle the 
admiration for Oooke, according to the rather 
reluctant testimony of Tat-o Wilkinson, his 
manager, amounted to frenzy ( WmtUring 
Pftfentf.fi, iii. 23). On his first appearance in 
York, 29 July 1780, he played Count Bald- 
win in 'Isabella,' Oarriek's alteration of Sou- 
therne'H '"Fatal Marriage, 7 to the Isabella of 
Mrs, Riddons, Dur ing thoy ears immediately 
following Cooke played with various country 
companies, studying hard when sober, ac- 
quiring much experience, and obtaining a 
reputation, as a brilliant and, except in one 
respect, a trustworthy actor. On 10 Nov. 
1794 Oooke made his appearance at Dublin 
in 'Othello/ He sprang at once to the; 



Cooke 83 Cooke 

front rank in public estimation, and was re- until 19 Oct. 1802, when he played Richard, 

ceived in a round of characters of importance Public disappointment was the greater, as 

with augmenting favour. In March 1795 he Kemble, accepting the challenge involved in 

quitted the theatre on some frivolous excuse, his appearance in Richard III, had, contrary 

the real cause being drunkenness. Various to theatrical etiquette, announced that play 

mad proceedings in 1766 culminated in his as the opening piece at Drury Lane after it 

enlisting in a regiment destined for the "West had been advertised for Covent Garden. An 

Indies. Prevented by sickness from embark- apology, which was far from satisfactory, was 

ing, he spoke, in Portsmouth where he was spoken by Cooke and accept edby the audience, 

quartered, to Maxwell, the manager of the The spell was, however, broken, and worse was 

theatre. Through the agency of Banks and behind. On 11 May 1802 he was, for the first 

Ward, his former managers in Manchester, time in London, too drunk to continue the 

his discharge was bought, and after many performance. Between this period and 1810, 

relapses, which almost cost him his life, he when he quitted London, Cooke played among 

reappeared in Manchester. While at Chester Shakespearean characters : Jaques, King Lear, 

in 1796 he married Miss Alicia Daniels of Falstaff in ' Henry IV,' pts. i. and ii., and in 

the Chester Theatre. Shortly afterwards l Merry Wives of Windsor,' Hamlet, King 

Mrs. Cooke, who had been engaged in Dublin John, Hubert in ' King John,' Macduff, Ghost 

where Cooke reopened as lago 20 Nov. 1796, in * Hamlet/ Kent in ' Lear/ Henry VIII, 

quitted her husband and her engagement. On besides principal characters in the tragedies 

4 July 1801 Mrs. Cooke appeared before Sir of Otway, Addison, and others, and in the 

William Scott in Doctors' Commons to dispute comedies of Sheridan, Colman, and Macklin. 

the validity of the marriage, which was pro- His great characters were Sir Pertinax McSy- 

nounced 'null and void.' In Dublin as else- cophant, lago, Richard III, Sir Giles Over- 

where Cooke was in difficulties with debt. His reach, Shy lock, and Sir Archy McSarcasm, 

extravagance was so reckless that after in a everything indeed in which greed, fierceness, 

drunken fit challenging a working man, ac- and hypocrisy can be shown. Leigh Hunt 

3ording to one account a soldier, who, unwill- disputes on this ground his claim to be a 

ing to hurt him, declined to fight a rich man, tragedian, saying that much even of his Ri- 

he thrust his pocket-book with bank notes to chard III ' is occupied by the display of a 

the extent of some hundreds of pounds into confident dissimulation, which is something 

the fire, and, declaring he now owned nothing very different from the dignity of tragedy ' 

in the world, renewed the invitation to com- ( Critical Essays, p. 217). To his Sir Per- 

Tbat. After playing in Cork and Limerick he tinax McSycophant Leigh Hunt gives very 

eturned to Dublin. In June 1800 he ac- high praise. An opinion quoted by Genest 

^epted from Lewis, acting for Thomas Harris, (Account of the Stage, viii. 197) as that of 

an engagement for Covent Garden. What a very judicious critic is that ' Cooke did 

vas practically his first appearance in London not play many parts well, but that he played 

took place 31 Oct. 1801 as Richard III. His those which he did play well better than any- 

success was brilliant, though such limitations body else/ Sir Walter Scott speaks warmly 

in his art as want of dignity, and indeed of of Cooke's Richard, giving it the preference 

most humanising traits, were even then noted, over that of Kemble. His Hamlet, 27 Sept. 

Ihylock foHo wed, 10 Nov. ; Sir Archy McSar- 1802, was a failure, and was only once re- 

casm in 'Love a la Mode/ 13 Nov.; lago, peated. George III said, when he heard 

8 Nov. ; Macbeth, 5 Dec. : Kitely in l Every Cooke was going to play Hamlet : ( Won't 

Man in his Humour/ 17 Dec. ; the Stranger, do, won't do. Lord Thurlow might as well 

for his benefit, 27 Dec. ; and for the benefit of play Hamlet ' (Life and Times of Frederick 

tewis, Sir Giles Overreach, 28 March 1801. Reynolds, 1826, ii. 322). In 1808, while play- 

During the season he behaved with commen- ing in 'Love a la Mode/ Cooke was hissed off 

Sable discretion, and Harris, the manager of the stage for drunkenness, and the curtain was 

Oovent Garden, presented him on the occasion dropped. For this offence on his next appear- 

of his benefit with the charge (136Z.) ordinarily ance he made an apology, which was accepted, 

made in the case of benefits for expenses. The ice once broken his offences became more 

He acted sixty-six times in all, twenty-two frequent, and the magazines of the early ppr- 

of his representations being of Richard III. tion of the nineteenth century which deal with 

Jt was different upon his return. With cha- theatrical subjects are occupied with constant 

racteristic recklessness and improvidence he stories of his misdeeds. His apologies and 

^ut in no appearance on 14 Sept. 1802, when references to his old complaint were in time 

Covent Garden was announced to open with received with f shouts of laughter.' In 1808 

|iim as Richard. That night he was playing Cooke married a Miss Lamb of Newark. 

In Newcastle-on-Tvne, He did not arrive After the destruction by fire of Covent Gar- 

l 



Cooke 



Cooke 



den Theatre, 20 Sept,. 1808, he went with the 
Govent (krden Company, 90 Oct. 1808, to 
the Ivim/K Theatre In the llaymiirket, ami 
3 Dee, to the liny market. I to attempted ; 
to act during the period of the O,P. Riots, | 
commencing- September 1809. On 5 Juno ' 
as Faltttuir in l Htmry IV, Part I./ lie phiyod ! 
for the hint time in London. -In Liver- 
pool, whither ho proceeded, he met Thorn an 
Cooper, known an the Atnorican RowciuH, who 
offered him an (mgu^'ement for America of 
12,000 dollars and throe benefits for forty 
nights, with tho option of renewing 1 the en- 
gagement annually for three yeans. Thin 
Cooke accepted. &o besot.ted, ho weaver, WUH 
hin condition, and m under the control wan ho 
of men who preyed upon him, that ho had to 
be smuggled away in a manner that belong'H 
rather to a romantic abdtietiou of a heroine 
than a trannaction with a man of fi fly-four 
year,s. ManyacciiHationH, apparently unjust, 
of having inveigled away Oooke while drunk 
were brought, agairwt Uooper, Ooohe em- 
barked at Liverpool ! Oct. 1810 on board 
the Columbia, The VOHHO! was almont un- 
provided with HtimuIantH. What wan on 
board was noon drunk, and Cooke, after a 
eorwiderable period of enforced ahHtiwmen, 
arrived in New York, HJNov. 1810, in better 
condition than he had been for yearn. 1 1m 
first appearance in New York, took pkw 
21 Nov. 1810 aw Uichard. The IXOUHO wn 
crowded to the roof, ami lite reception wan 
triumphant, II i But',ec,HHive performaneeH 
were enthuRinHtiealiy followed, lie had lont, 
however, the habit of Helf-iwtramt, and on 
hirt th i rd a] jpeanuieo he waw "mix > x I eutod . Ho 
visited the principal American eitioB of the 
north, an object of mingled admiration and 
pity, obtaining in hincupB indulgence for the 
mc>Bt diHtre.BBingactH ofinHoleneo. On 19 July 
He married hin third wife, Mm, Bohn, who 
remained with him until bin death, which 
took place in New York, in, the Mechanic 
Hall, 4 20 Sept, 181 1, of dropsy, resulting from 
his irregular life, He acted for the lant time 
In Providence, Rhode Island, On ^7 Sept, 
1811 WH body was placed, in the presence) of 
a large astuMnblage, in the burymg-ground of 
St. Paul'B Church. Upon his visit to Ame- 
rica, 185JO-1, Koan, who nigarded Oooke a 
the greateBt of actors, had the body removed 
to another apot in tho same cemetery and re- 
buried, erecting a monument in honour of 
Oooke'a geni us,' During tho transmission lie 
abstracted one of tho toe bones, which lie 
kept aB a relic, compelling all visitors to 
worship it until Mrs. Kean, in disgust, threw 
it away (see Life of Kean, by Bryan Waller 
Proctor, 1885, il 10(5 et soq.) Cook had a 
fine person, though his arms were short, a 



jioblo prewence, and an, intelligent and ani- 
mated face. IIi voiw wa grating, atid he 
had a habit of pitching* it hi^h. Ilis position 
is in tho hipflujwl. rank of hia art. JJe left 
behind him n diury, which in very fragmen- 
tary, and doalrt principally with IUH opinions 
on literary, dramatic., or political Hubjocts. 
Abundant extracts from thin are included in 
tho ' MomoirB of (/ooke/ by Dunlap, 2 VO!H, 
Bvo, 1,8 1 IJ, FortionH of it were written while 
in confinement for debt. Itn recommence- 
ment is alwayw a wgn of attempted reforma- 
tion. In bin drunken moments ( /ooko boaHted 
of having- been the won of an ollicer, born hi 
Dublin harraeliM, and having' ImnHelf nerved 
an an ennign in the American war, He 
pointed out in America tho soeneH of bin own 
exploit**. lie alno claimed to have been a 
midHhipman. There w more Mian one hiatus- 
in hiHlife, and it in powsibh? he wan a HohUor 
and probable lu^ was a eabin boy, (Shortly 
before hin dtuith h<% Htat<jd gravely that he 
wan bom in YWHtrninHtor. Tin* information 
he KUpplioHiBto b( rocoivtul with littlo credit, 
Though viu'y (piarrolHonu^ (Jooko wan bur- 
dened with no HuperiluotiK courage. Many 
atori(JH aro told of hm maniusr of addrontting 
public. One, which IHIH Ixiou fnjqtuintly 
1, to tho ciloet Uiat wlwn Hptuiking to 
tho Liverpool public; which had hinwul him 
he I old thom there wan not a brkik in their 
hotiHen that waH not cemented by tho blood 
of a nlave, w not. too truntworthy. If ever 
delive.recl the Bpeoeh appoam at; loast not to 
have boon impromptu. CJooko, who com- 
wnuul in London an a rival to K(*ml)h^, actt/d 
with him and Mr. Hiddonn from tlui BeaHon 
180^-4 ttO the end of IUB London poriorm- 
anccw, Ho created at (/ovcmt (jlardtsn a few 
original (sharactern, ( )rmno in ( Monk' L<wiB'B 
' Alfonno/ 1 5 Jan. 1HOSJ ; a character unnamed 
in * Word of Honour/ attributed to Hkeflmg 1 - 
ton, SJ(J May 1802; ^(jregrine in the younger 
Oohnan'B'iolin, Bull/ 5 March 1803; Kandy 
MacTab in 'Thwjo per Oontn,/ by JieynoldB, 
1^ Nov* 1803; a character in llolman'B ' Love 

ivB the Alarm/ $% Feb. 1H04,' Lord Avon- 
ale in Morton's 'Behool of Reform/ 15 Jan. 
1805; LavonB'forth in 'To Marry or Not to 1 
Marry/ by Mrs. Inchbald, 16 Feb. 1805; 
Prince of Altenberg- in Dimond'n 'Adrian and 
Orrila/ll) Nov. 1806; and Oolonel Vortex in 
'Match-making/ aseribed to Mrs, 0. K unable, 
24 May 1808* ' No loss than seven portraits 
of Cooke by different artists are mthoQarricfc 
Olub, Five of them are in oharaototB. 

[Authoritiow cited above ; an anonymous Life of 
Oooko, 1813 ; Monthly Mirror, various rmmborB ; 
Mrs. Mathown'B Tea-Tablo Talk, 2 vol. 1857 ; 
Thespian Diet. 1805; Oulton'e H ist. of Theatres j 
Baker, Heed, and Jones's Biog, Dram.] J. K. 



Cooke 85 Cooke 



COOKE, GEORGE LEIGH (1780?- 

1853), Sedleian professor of natural philo- 
sophy in the university of Oxford, son of the 
Rev. Samuel Cooke, rector of Great Book- 



suited by the political student, and arranged 
and edited from the materials collected by 
Kippis, Martyn, and others, a c Life of the 
first Earl Shaftesbury.' For many years 

f\ I t ' f\"v* I ' f\ f\. I ^S\ ' rt ^i ^\^T* I f\^^*\ f**. "v^ T* ^ v^ I jf\ "w\ yJ A ^>"* Ls f\ * irV^L r^ 



Wr T pifc^fciU -.., I^^I^H* Jh. -N^- ifcX- -^f "-. '"'7 "" "-^ " - - - -- - ^j . ,_-_-._ 

ham, Surrey, was born about 1780. He en- after Oooke's settlement in London he was 
tered the university of Oxford in 1797 as a largely employed under the tithe commu- 
commoner of Balliol College, and was elected tation commission in defining the principles 
the same year a scholar of Corpus Christi, and supervising the mechanism for the com- 
of which he afterwards became fellow and position of tithes, and under that kindred 
tutor. He graduated B. A. 6 Nov. 1800, M. A. body the enclosure commission. These years 
'9 March 1804, and B.D. 12 June 1812. In were marked by the preparation and publica- 
1810 he was elected Sedleian professor of natu- tion of a number of legal treatises. The first 
ral philosophy. From 1818 to 1826 he was was entitled ' Criminal Trials in England ; 
keeper of the archives of the university. He their Defects and Remedies/ and then fol- 
also held the office of public preacher, and lowed, 2. ' A Treatise on Law of Defama- 
was several times public examiner. He was tion/ 1844. 3. ' Act for the Enclosure of 
presented to the rectory of Cubbington, War- Commons. With a Treatise on the Law of 
wickshire, in 1824, and to Wick Blsington, Rights of Commons/ 1846, the fourth edi- 
Gloucester shire, and Hunningham, Warwick- tion of which appeared in 1.864. 4. ' Letter 
.shire in the same year. He died 29 March to Lord Denrnan on the Enactments eonfer- 
1853! He published in 1850 'The first three ring Jurisdiction upon Commissions to try 
.sections and part of the seventh section of Legal Rights/ 1849. 5. ' Treatise on the 
Newton's ' Principia," with a preface recom- Law and Practice of Agricultural Tenancies/ 
mending a Geometrical course of Mathemati- 1850, new edition in 1882. 6. Treatise 
cal Reading, and an Introduction on the on the Law and Practice of Copyhold En- 
Atomic Constitution of Matter and the Laws franchisement/ 1853, which was frequently 
of Motion.' reissued in later years. 7. ' The Law of Hus- 

m 4. TI/T . nw i xl T^t ii tin g s and Po11 Booths/ 1857. These were 
[Gent. Mag. new ser. (1853), vol. *1. pt. 11. the product ^^^ 

P' -I even his holidays to advantage by publishing 
COOKE GEORGE WINGROVE (1814- the narratives of his long vacation rambles. 
1865) man of letters, eldest son of T. H. Most of these appeared without his name, 
Cooke of Bristol a Devonshire man by de- but in 1855 he visited the Crimea, and on his 
.scent, was born at Bristol in 1814. He re- return to his own country vividly described 
-ceived an early training in legal studies what he had seen in a volume entitled 'Bl- 
under Mr Amos at London University, and side Sebastopol/ 18o6. The managers of 
was called to the bar of the Middle Temple the < Times 'newspaper, to which he had long 
in January 1835 He was at the same time been a frequent contributor, despatched him 
<5ompletinff his classical education at Jesus to China as the special correspondent on the 
CoUeffe Oxford, where he took his degree of outbreak of the Chinese war in 1857, and his 
B A ml 834 His life was from first to last letters to that paper, narrating the progress 
marked bv severe toil. Even while an under- of the English expedition and the details of 
graduate he compiled his < Memoirs of Lord life among the Chinese, were incorporated in 
Bolinffbroke/ which was published in 1835, a volume m 1858 It enjoyed great popu- 
and reissued when 'revised and corrected by larity and passed through mimerous edi- 
the author/ in 1836. It was cleverly written, turns, the fifth appearing in 1861. One of 
but the circumstances under which it was his holiday travels took him to Algiers, 
-produced were not favourable to the research where he inquired into the intentions of the 
which the subject demanded, and a life of French, and speculated as to their prospects 
Bolinsbroke is still a desideratum in the of colonisation. The results of his investi- 
Enffliih language. Cooke's work being the gations appeared in a series of elaborate and 

evident composition of a whig was vehe- ^^^^^^'^^^ w ^ 

Sly denounced by Croker in the pages of iti I860 collected and published under the 

the' ^Quarterly Review/ and was defended title of < Conquest and Colonisation m North 

al earnestness by its political rivals. Africa.' Cooke was anxious to figure in 

^^m^^^^o^^ parliamentary life, but Hs efforts to enter 

deeper into the history of the last St. Stephen's were unsuccessful. He stood 

n^aSd composed l< History of twix* for Colchester -in the liberal interest, 

pT?ty from the Rise of the Whig and Tory and once for Mar^lebone, but m neither in- 

Ictionl to the passing of the Reform Bill ' stance did he attain his wishes. His labours 

(1836-7) which is still worthy of being con- under the copyhold commission were re- 



Cooke 



86 



Cooke 



warded in 1862 by his appointment, without 
any solicitation on his own part, to a commis- 
sionership in that department, and the choice 
was supported "by public opinion and justi- 
fied by success. He attended to his duties 
with unremitting zeal, but his protracted exer- 
tions had told upon his constitution. On 
17 June 1865 he was unable to proceed to his 
office, and on the morning of 18 June he died 
from heart disease at his house in Cheyne 
"Walk, Chelsea. Cooke was a facile composer, 
rarely correcting or retouching what he had 
written, and the illustrations which he wove 
into his narrative were often extremely 
happy, He possessed many gifts, and among 
them that of inexhaustible energy. 

[Times, 20 June 1865, p, 7; Men of the Time, 
1862 ; (rent. Mag. August 1865, p. 256.1 

W. P. C. 

COOKE, HENRY (d. 1672), musician and 
royalist captain, was educated as a chorister 
in the Chapel Royal in the reign of Charles I. 
On the outbreak of the civil war he sided 
with the royalists, serving in the army in 
1642, * and through inferior offices he became 
a captain ' (WOOD, JBodl. MSS. 19 D. (4), 
No. 106). Later under the Commonwealth 
he seems to have settled in London as a 
teacher of music ; for on 28 Nov. 1655 Evelyn 
records that during a visit to London there 
came to visit him ' one Captain Cooke, es- 
teemed the best singer, after the Italian 
manner, of any in England ; he entertained 
us with his voice and theorbo.' A. similar 
visit is chronicled on 2 Oct. 1656. In the 
latter year Cooke took part in Sir "William 
Davenant's operatic performances. In col- 
laboration with Dr. Coleman, Lawes, and 
Hudson, he wrote the music for the * First 
Dayes Entertainment at Jutland House/ 
which took place, according to a contemporary 
account (State Papers, Dom. Series, 1655-6, 
exxviii. No. 108), on 23 May 1656, and does 
not seem to have been very successful, as, 
though there was room for four hundred ad- 
missions at 55. a head, only a hundred and 
fifty came. In the ' Siege of Rhodes,' which 
followed the entertainment, Cooke not only 
played one of the principal characters, that 
of Solyman, but also composed the music of 
the second and third acts of the opera [see 
COLEMAN, CHABLES], On the Restoration, 
Cooke was appointed master of the children 
of the Chapel Royal, with a salary of 40 
The warrant granting him this post is dated 
January 1660-1, but he seems to have been 
already entrusted with the task of reorga- 
nising the chapel, for Pepys, on a visit to 
Whitehall Chapel in August of the previous 
year, chronicles : ' After sermon a brave an- 



them of Captain Cooke's, which he himself 
sung, and the king was well pleased with it ; ' 
\ and again on 7 Oct. : ' A poor dry sermon, but 
! a very good anthem of Captain Cooke's after- 
! wards.' At the coronation of Charles II 
(23 April 1661) Cooke wrote all the special 
music performed in Westminster Abbey. In 
1 the State Papers for the same year his name 
is of frequent occurrence. He obtained a 
grant of 16/. 2s. 6d. for livery, on 25 July 
another yearly sum of 40Z. was granted him 
for the maintenance and instruction of two< 
choristers, and on 14 Oct. the former payment 
of 15. 4s. 2^. per boy which he received as- 
master of the children was increased to 30. 
In 1662 he obtained another augmentation of 
30, and, according to an entry in the Chapel 
Royal Cheque Book, a third one of the like 
amount in 1663, but all these entries are- 
somewhat obscure, and probably some of them 
refer to the same sum. In 1663 his name 
occurs in the list of the king's musicians in 
ordinary, and in May 1664 he was appointed 
' composer in his majesty's private musick for 
voyces,' with a salary of 40Z. At the festival 
of the knights of the Garter (17 April 1661) 
a hymn specially composed by Cooke was per- 
formed instead of the litany ; he also acted 
as steward at the feast of the gentlemen of 
the chapel in 1662. On 28 Oct. of the latter 
year he became an assistant of the Corpora- 
tion of Musicians, and in the same year appears 
to have acted as deputy marshal to Nicholas 
Laniere. On 31 May 1664 Cooke, with Hud- 
son, Hingeston, and John Lilly, were deputed 
by the corporation to ' meete fower of the mu- 
sique of the cittie of London to treat upon 
such matters and things as concerne the good 
of the said corporation,' and on 21 Jan. 1670 
he succeeded Laniere as marshal, a post he 
held until 24 June 1672, when he requested 
the corporation to choose a successor, i he 
being by reason of sicknesse unable to attend 
the buysinesse of the said corporation.' .He 
died shortly after, and was buried on 17 July 
1672, in the east cloister of Westminster 
Abbey, near the steps. According to ^"ood, 
Cooke ' was esteemed the best of his time to 
singe to the lute till Pelham Humphrey came 
up, and then, as 7 tis said, the captaine died 
in discontent and with grief.' This story 
is probably mere idle gossip, though Cooke, 
great artist though he must have been, seem& 
to have been a vain and conceited man. But 
on the other hand it is certain that Humfrey 
on his return from France made no secret of 
his contempt for English music and musicians, 
and the favour which Charles showed 'the 
vain young composer was probably galling 
to his old master. Cooke's merits as a teacher 
must have been very great, for he taught 



Cooke 87 Cooke 

nearly all the composers who were the glory derived his force of character, his remarkable 
of the English school of the Eestoration. memory, and his powers of sarcasm. A vivid 
Blow, Wise, Humfrey, and Purcell were all impression, retained through life, of the events 
his pupils, and it must have been from him of 1798 influenced his political principles, 
that they learnt the solid traditions of the After struggling for an education in rude 
Elizabethan school which form the real foun- country schools, he matriculated at Glasgow 
dation of their peculiar merits. The notices College in November 1802. Owing to illness 
in Pepys's diary of Cooke are numerous and he did not graduate, but he completed the arts 
amusing, but it is sometimes difficult to dis- and divinity courses, not shining as a student, 
tinguish him from a Captain Cocke. On but taking immense pains to quality himself 
16 Sept. 1662 Pepys at Whitehall ' heard as a public speaker. Fresh from Glasgow, he 
Captain Cooke's new musique . . . and very appeared before the Ballymena presbytery in 
fine it is. But yet I could discern Captain the somewhat unclerical attire of blue coat, 
Cooke to overdo his part at singing, which I drab vest, white cord breeches and tops,, 
never did before.' On 22 Nov. 1661 there is proved his orthodoxy on trial, and was li- 
an amusing account of a dinner at the Dol- censed to preach. His first settlement was 
phin, where were ' Captain Cook and his lady, at Duneane, near Kandalstown, county An- 
a German lady, but a very great beauty . . . trim, where he was ordained on 10 Nov. 1808, 
and there we had the best musique and very though only twenty years of age, as assistant 
good songs, and were very merry, and danced, to Robert Scott, with a pittance of 251. Irish, 
but I was most of all taken with Madam Cook Here his evangelical fervour met with no> 
and her little boy. . . . But after all our sympathy. On 13 Nov. 18 10 he resigned the 
mirth comes a reckoning of 4., besides 4s. of post, and became tutor in the family of Alex- 
the musicians, which did trouble us, but it ander Brown of Kelts, near Ballymena. He 
must be paid, and so I took leave/ On 13 Feb. speedily received a call from Donegore, county 
1666-7 Pepys met Cooke at Dr. Clarke's, Antrim, and was installed there by Temple- 
1 where, among other vanities, Captain Cooke patrick presbytery on 22 Jan. 1811. This- 
had the arrogance to say that he was fain to congregation, vacant since 1808, had chafed 
direct Sir W . Davenant in the breaking of under an Arian ministry, and had shown its- 
his verses into such and such lengths, accord- determination to return to the old paths by 
ing as would be fit for musick, and how he rejecting the candidature of Henry Mont- 
used to swear at Davenant, and command gomery [q. v.] Cooke began at Donegore a 
him that way, when W. Davenant would be systematic course of theological study j and 
angry, and find fault with this or that note by leave of his presbytery he returned, soon 
a vain coxcomb he is, though he sings and after his marriage, to Glasgow, where he spent 
composes so well.' the winter sessions 1815-16 and 1816-17, 

Cooke seems to have died intestate. Of adding chemistry, geology, anatomy, and me- 

his music very little remains, and that mostly dicine to his metaphysical studies, and taking 

in manuscript. The Music School and Christ lessons in elocution from VandenhofF. He 

Church collections at Oxford contain anthems had been in the habit of giving medical aid to 

and other pieces by him, and there are also a his flock. In 1817-18 he attended classes at 

few pieces in the British Museum. Trinity College and the College of Surgeons, 

[Wood's Bodl. MS. ; Harl.MS.1911 ; Chester's Dublin, and walked the hospitals. He was 

Eegisters of "Westminster Abbey ; Cheque Book a hard student, but with his studies he com- 

of Chapel Royal, ed. Rimbault, pp. 125, 128, bined missionary labours, which resulted in 

*215; Ashmole's Order of the Garter; State the formation of a congregation at Carlow. 

Papers, Charles II, Dom. Series; Pepys's Diary. Shortly after his return from Dublin, Cooke 

ed. Braybrook; Evelyn's Diary; Baker's Chro- was ca ll e d to Killeleagh, county Down, and 

nicle,ed.l6S4, p. 745; Dramatists of theBestora- resigning Donegore on 6 July 1818, he was 

tion, Davenant s Works, voLm.; Musical Times installed at Killeleagh by Dromore presby- 

for 1881 ; Hawkms s and Burney s Histories of Qn g g Tne & i or d of the manor, and 

Music; CataloguesoftheMusieSchoolandChnst t]l / leading ^ resbyterian at Killeleagh; was 

Church Collections.] W . J5. fc>. , sr A l-u -u TT -U > ; 

J the lamous Archibald Hamilton Rowan. 

COOKIE, HENRY, D.D. (1788-1868), Rowan's younger son, Captain Rowan, an 

Irish presbyterian leader, came of a family of elder of KiHeleagh, was attached to the older 

puritan settlers in county Down from Devon- theology, and secured the election of Cooke, 

shire. He was the youngest son of John who was allowed to be ' by no means bigoted 

Cooke, tenant farmer of Grillagh, near Mag- in his opinions.' In fact, while at Donegore 

hera, county Derry, by his second wife, Jane he had been ' led to join in Arian ordina- 

Howie or Howe, of Scottish descent, and was tions,' a laxity which at a later period he 

born on 11 May 1788. Prom his mother he sincerely lamented. In 1821 the English uni- 



Cookc 88 Cooke 

tarians employed John Smethurst of Moreton Chapels Act (1844), which secured them in 

Hampstead, Devonshire, on a, preaching mis- ; the possession of congregational properties, 
sion in Ulster. Favoured by Kowan (the ! At the outset Cooke fought against great 

father) he came to Killeleagh, where Cooke odds. He had some able coadjutors, especially 

and the younger Eowan confronted him at his ; Robert Stewart [q. v.] of Broughshane, and 

lecture in a schoolroom. Wherever Smethurst ' the main body of the laity was heartily with 

went Cooke was at hand with a reply, in- ' him. Among the orthodox ministers an im- 

flicting upon the Unitarian mission a series of portant section, headed by James Carlile 

defeats from which it never recovered. In op- (1784-1854) [q. v.], looked with no favour 

posing later in the same year, the election of u;pon Cooke's policy of severance ; but the 

^n Arian [see BETJCE,WiLLiAM,1790-1868] to rejection of Carlile as candidate for the moral 

the chair "of Hebrew and classics in the Bel- philosophy chair (though an Arian was not 

fast Academical Institution,Cooke was unsuc- appointed) alienated the moderate party from 

cessful and he was discouraged by the result that of the Arians. The leader of the Arian 

of his appeal on the subject to the following opposition to Cooke in the synod was Henry 

synod (at Newry, 1822). He preached in the Montgomery, an orator of the first rank, and 

spring of 1824 as a candidate for First Ar- the speeches on both sides may still be read 

magh^ but was not chosen.. with interest for their ability. Cooke's expul- 

Cooke was elected moderator of the gene- sion of the Arian leaders was followed up by 
ral synod at Moneymore in June 1824. He the enactment of unqualified subscription to 
gave evidence before the royal commission the "Westminster Confession (9 Aug. 1836, 
on education in Ireland in January 1824 ; extended to elders 8 April 1840), and by the 
and before committees of both houses of union of the general synod of Ulster with the 
parliament in April upon the religious bear- secession synod, under the name of the l Gene- 
ings of the Irish education question. He ral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 
described the Belfast Academical Institu- Ireland' (10 July 1840); the Munster presby- 
tion as ' a seminary of Arianism.' He main- tery, formerly nonsubscribing, was incorpo- 
tained that among the protestants of the rated with the assembly in 1854. 
north there was an increase of feeling op- On 12 Oct. 1828 a xmanimous call had 
posed to catholic emancipation ; it is fair to been forwarded to Cooke from the congrega- 
add that he did not put forward this feeling tion of Mary's Abbey, Dublin. But his place 
as his own, but he uttered a warning against was in "Belfast, and thither he removed to a 
undue concessions. The publication of his church specially built for him in May Street, 
evidence produced the strongest excitement, and opened 18 Oct. 1829. From this time 
He defended himself against bitter attacks to the close of his active pastorate in 1867 
with vigour, and rallied the protestant sen- his fame as a preacher drew crowds to May 
timent of Ulster to his call. The resolution Street. The calls upon his pulpit services 
of synod (June 1825) in his favour, though elsewhere were not infrequent ; hence the 
cautiously worded, was an omen of triumph story, told by Classon Porter, that ' his people 
for his policy. once memorialled their presbytery for an oc- 

The proceedings of the next synod (at Bal- casional hearing of their own minister. 7 Esta- 
lymoney, 1826) were notfavourable to Cooke. Wished in Belfast, he became not merely the 
Cooke did not see his way to support a mo- presiding spirit of Irish presbyterianism (he 
tion for subscription to the Westminster Con- was elected moderator of assembly in 1841 
fession, and his proposal that c a condensed and 1862), but the leader and framer of a 
view ' of its doctrines should "be drawn up as a protestant party in the politics of Ulster, To 
standard of orthodoxy was negatived, In the this consummation his wishes tended, when 
three succeeding synods, at Strabane (1827)-, he purged the synod. The political principles 
Cookstown( 1828), and Lurgan (1829), Cooke of the Arian chiefs were as dangerous in 
carried all before him. By the successive his estimation as their lax theological notions, 
steps of exacting from all members of synod Till the election of 1832 Belfast had been a 
a declaration of belief in the Trinity, ap- stronghold of liberalism. Cooke turned the 
pointing a select committee for the exami- tide. So completely did his work transform 
nation of all candidates for the ministry, and the relations of parties that even Mont- 
instituting an inquiry into the * religious gomery, in later life, dropped his political 
tenets ' of a recently appointed professor of liberalism. 

moral philosophy in the academical institu- At the Hillsborough meeting (30 Oct. 
tion, he left the Arians no alternative but that 1834) Cooke, in the presence of forty thou- 
of secession, a course which, after presenting a sand people, published the banns of a mar- 
spirited ' remonstrance,' they adopted. Cooke nage between the established and presbyterian 
was a strong opponent of the Dissenters' churches of Ireland. The alliance was to be 



Cooke 89 Cooke 



politico-religious, not ecclesiastical, a union 
for conserving the interests of protestantism 
against the political combination of the Ro- 
man catholic, ' the Socinian, and the infidel.' 
Still more thoroughly did he succeed in his 
political mission by his dealing -with O'Con- 
nell's visit to Belfast in January 1841, Cooke's 
challenge to a public discussion of facts and 
principles was evaded by O'Connell. The 
.anti-repeal meeting which followed O'Con- 



control. The government, however, esta- 
blished the Queen's College 30 Dec. 1846, but 
endowed four chairs in a theological college 
at Belfast under the assembly (and two chairs 
in connection with the non-subscribing pres- 
byterians). It was expected that Cooke would 
be the first president of the Queen's College ; 
this office was conferred on Rev. P. S. Henry ; 
to Cooke was given the agency for the distri- 
bution of regium donwn, a post worth 320/. 



nell's abortive demonstration is still famous in i per annum, and on the opening of the Queen's 

Ulster. Almost his last platform appearance College in 1849 he was appointed presbyterian 

was at Hillsborough on 30 Oct. 1867, when, dean of residence. Cooke, who from 1835 had 

in his eightieth year, Cooke spoke against been lecturer on ethics to the students of his 

the threatened disestablishment of protest- ; church, was offered by the assembly (14 Sept. 

antism in Ireland. On 5 March 1868 he at- 1847) his choice of the newly endowed chairs 

tended the inaugural meeting of an Ulster of ethics and sacred rhetoric ; he chose the 

protestant defence association. In the same latter, and was shortly afterwards made pre- 

sense was the address (24 Oct. 1868) to the sident of the faculty. The assembly's college 

protestant electors of Ireland, penned almost buildings were opened in 1853. On becoming 

on his deathbed. Cooke's presbyterianism professor Cooke was compelled by the law of 

was of the most robust type ; he would not the assembly to resign the pastoral office ; 

rank himself as a ' dissenter,' claiming to be but at the urgent desire of his congregation 

a minister of ' a branch of the church of Scot- he continued to discharge all its duties, being 

land.' But he was anxious to support the appointed by his presbytery * constant sup- 

establishment of protestant Christianity as plier ' until the election of a successor (his 

' the law of the empire.' When, in 1843, the successor, John S. M'Intosh, was installed 

general assembly of his church passed areso- 4 March 1868). His resignation of congre- 

lution recommending its members to secure gational emolument was absolute; for twenty 

the return of presbyterian representatives to years he served his congregation gratuitously, 

parliament, Cooke formally withdrew from In 1829 Cooke received the degree ofD.D. 

the assembly, and did not return to it until from Jefferson College, U.S., and in 1837 that 

1847, when the resolution was rescinded. In of LL.D. from Trinity College, Dublin. On 

the non-intrusion controversy which divided various occasions, especially in 1841 and 1865, 

the church of Scotland Cooke used all his in- public presentations were made to him in re- 

fluence with the government to obtain con- cognition of his labours. The sums continually 

cessions satisfactory to the liberties of the raised by Ms preaching on special occasions 

church, and on the day of the disruption were remarkable tributes to the persuasion of 

(18 May 1843) gave the encouragement of his eloquence. He had a noble presence and 

his presence and voice to the founders of the thrilling voice ; he was a master of the art. 

!Free church. of stating a case, had an unexpected reply to 

The question of education, especially in its every argument of an opponent, seldom failed 

religious bearings, engaged Cooke at an early to make an adversary ridiculous, and when 

period. When the scheme for Irish national he rose to vehemence the strokes of his genius 

education was started in October 1831, Cooke were overwhelming. In the reports of his 

at once scented danger to the protestant in- speeches there is nothing so fine as his elegy 

terest. After many negotiations the synod on Castlereagh (in the debate on voluntaryism 

in 1834 broke off relations with the education with Dr, Ritchie of Edinburgh, March 1836), 

board. Qooke explained the views of the a passage imperfectly reported, because it is 

synod to the parliamentary committees of said the pressmen ' dropped their pencils and 

inquiry in 1837. In 1839 the synod, under sat with eyes riveted on the speaker ' (J. L. 

Cooke's guidance, organised an education POETEE, p. 264). 

scheme of its own, and applied to the govern- Cooke's habits of work would have been 
ment for pecuniary aid. The result was that impossible without the aid of an iron consti- 
the synod's schools were recognised by the tution ; he rose at four, needed little sleep, 
board in 1840 on Cooke's own terms. In and travelled, spoke, and wrote with incessant 
September 1844 the general assembly made energy. In public a dangerous and unsparing 
application to the government for the erection (some said an unscrupulous) foe, his private 
of a college which should provide a full course disposition was that of warm-hearted Mnd- 
of education for students for the ministry ness. Relations of personal friendliness be- 
under the assembly's superintendence and tween him and his old antagonist, Montgo- 



Cooke 



9 



Cooke 



mery, sprang up in their later years. Stem Arian controversy, but takes a very unfavourable 

protestant as he was 5 none was' more prompt "view of Cooke's character. Original authorities- 

to render assistance to a Roman catholic U be foim d in tne Minutes of Synod, which are 

neighbour in time of need. A strict discipli- P rinted in ful1 from 1820; reports of speeches 

narian, he leaned always to the side of mercy are S* P ^e < Northern Whiff,' a journal 

when the courts of Ms church had to deal **8 { 7 ^f^TT* v ^', ? ? es WQ 

with delinnuents ? gan was the Orthodo31 Presbyterian, a maga- 

A i , -If. \ , * r j n - zi ne not established till December 1829: the 

Ck)^esbio^plierquot8toinI^rdOaimB ^^ had the {Christiail Moderator/ 1826-8, 

the saying that^for half a century his life ancL the < Bible Christian' from February 1830. 

wasalarge portion of the religiousand public Smethurst's report is in the * Christian Reformer,' 

history of Ireland.' Orangemen carry his like- 1322, p. 217 sq. Worth reading, on the other 

aess on their banners (though he was no side, is 'The Thinking Few,' 1828, a satirical 

orangeman), and his statue in Belfast (ere cted po em, by the Rev. Robert Magill of Antrim. For 

in September 1875) Is still the symbol of the Cooke's encounter with O'Connell see ' The Re- 

protestantism of the north of Ireland. pea ler repulsed,' 18 41. Respecting Cooke's second 

Cooke died at his residence in Orineau Road, period at Glasgow College, information has been 

Belfast, on Sunday, 13 Dec. 1868. A public given by a fellow-student, the Rev. S. C. Nel- 

funeral was voted to him on the motion of soru ] -A-- & 

the presentprimate then Mskop of Down and COO KE, JO. (JL 1614), dramatist, was 
Connor. He was buried m the Balmoral ce- ' 

metery on 18 Dee. In 1813 he mamed Ellen 
Maun of Toome who died on 30 June 1868; 

by her he had tlurteen children. Queenes Maiesties Seruants. Written by Jo. 

Oooke s first publieat ion was a charity ^er- g k Q , 4 blished ^ 1614 ^ a 

^t P ri ea n t IS f+- -^ ml ' ^ P refa e by Thomas feywood. Another edi- 

went through three editions m 1815 ; of this ^ ^ ^ ^^ and there is also 

T 1 "^^M P t 6 M ""Sfaei 4to (1640?). Chetwood men- 

evangeheal sentiment.' Remark- tiong &n &&{ ^ lm \ ni no reliance can 

is Cooke s collection of hymns under be ^ d on ohetwood > s ' statemeilts . Greene, 



author rf afl XC ellent comedy entitled 
, Greene>s Tu Q or tne Oitti / Galknt _ 

. ^rtfc ^ ^ timeg acted 



. , 

v a i ' T ^ S J i atlonS ^ Paraphrases_m f come dian, took the part of Bubble 

Verse - 



fT^-,, M 
the use 



COI1ems 



, 
> 






lrl t t 

later lile he had the strongest antipathy to 

thepublic use of any hymna! but the metrical 
. In 1839 he undertook a new edition 



i _ 

. tor the use or the Presbyterian ,,-u rc^- n n 4. i. 4. 4.1 T~ 

Trmn .!, T> I-P,^ 1001 10 ^ e Oittie Gallant, who constantly has on 

Jlillileaffn, Joeliast, 1821. Izmo > v ..r j trv r\ ? i: J.T. 

^ i- f ^-4.- IQOA <j? ^s -^ps the words 'TuQuoque: 7 hence the 
speaks 01 an edition, 1829. f lor j? XT. ^ j. J.-XT * ri > m r\ ? 

rt t, i 4. iT origin of the first title ' Greene s Tu Quoque. 

erian churches, not seen by T 4.1 <a*. 4.- > r> 4. 7 j i a * 

\-4-i, 11 j 1 Q the ' Stationers Register/ under date 

' a 80116 22May 1604, wefind entered/ Fyftie epigrams 

writtel by J. Cooke, Gent.' 'Cooke's plfyhas 

beenreprmtedinthevariouseditionsofDods- 
f/Yi:i -m > ft A -m j. /^ j- 
' Old . Pla y s -L (' Vf I Oomedie: 
^ ctuse a Good Wif e from a Bad is 

of BroWs 'Self-interpretingBiHe,'Glasgow, f ed m a manuscript note on the title- 

1855, 4to ; second edition [1873], 4to, revised P a f? ^copy of the edition of 1602, preserved 

by XL. Porter. The manuscript of an analy- ^ Gamck $"*>*> to .' Joshu . a P ke ' 

tical concordance, begun in 1834 and finished whose name 1S otherwlse unknown.) 

in 1841, which be had taken to London for [kangbame's Dramatic Poets ; Dodsley's Old 

publication, perished in a fire at his hotel. P%s edHazlittTols.ix. X i. ; Arber's Transcript 

Sermons, pamphlets, and magazine articles ot btat ' Keg - lu ' 261 ' ] A " H ' B ' 

in great abundance flowed from his pen. COOKE, SIE JOHN (1666-1710), civi- 

[The biography of Cooke by his son-ia-lav, lian, son of John Cooke of Whitechapel, Lon- 

Josias Ledlie Porter, D J)., now president of don, surveyor of the customs, was born on 

Queens College, Belfast (1st edit. 1871 ; third, 29 Aug. 1666, was admitted into Merchant 

or people s edition, Belfast, 1875), is a sustained Taylors'Sehoolinl673,and was thence elected 

eulogy very ably and thoroughly done from the to St . Jo]m , s Coll Oxford in 1684 ^ 



terian Biographical Sketches, 1883, p. 39 sq. 
See also Killen's edition of Keid's Hist. Presb. 
Ch. in Ireland, 1867, iii. 396 sq. ; McCreery's 
Presb. Ministers of Killileagh, 1675, pp. 22-5 sq. ; 
andKillen's Hist, of Congregations Presb. Ch. in 
Ireland, 1886, p. 266 sq. Crozier's Life of H. 
Montgomery, 1875, i., throws light upon the 



o 



r erchant Taylors' School, i. 280). 
While in statu pupillari, being a partisan of 
William III, he obtained a lieutenant's com- 
mission in an infantry regiment, and served in 
Ireland at the time of the battle of the Boyne. 
Returning to Oxford he resumed his studies,, 
and graduated B.C.L. in 1691 and D.C.L.m 



Cooke 



9 1 



Cooke 



1694 (Cat. of Oxford Graduates, ed. 1851, 
p. 147). He was admitted a member of the 
College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons 
on 23 Oct. in the last-named year (CooTE, 
English Civilians, p. 105). On 21 May 1701 
he received the honour of knighthood (Addit. 
MS. 32102, f. 110 b). In the following year 
he was nominated a commissioner to treat of 
the union between England and Scotland 
(THOMAS, Hist. Notes, ii. 913). Archbishop 
Tenison, on the death of Dr. George Oxenden 
in February 1702-3, appointed Cooke dean 
and official of the court of arches. He was 
also vicar-general and principal official to 
the archbishop, and dean and commissary of j 
the peculiars belonging to his grace; and 
official of the archdeaconry of London. Wil- 
liam III appointed him his advocate-gene- 
ral. Cooke's competitor on that occasion 
was Dr. Thomas Lane, who had been a cap- 
tain of horse on King James's side at the 
battle of the Boyne, where he was wounded. 
His majesty, knowing this, said l he chose 
rather to confer the place upon the man who 
fought for him, than upon the man who 
fought against him ' (Annals of Queen Anne, 
ix. 412). In 1706 Cooke was appointed clerk 
of the pipe in the exchequer. He died on 
31 March 1710, and was buried at St. Mary's, 
"Whitechapel (Present State of Europe, xxi. 
119). 

He married Mary, only daughter of Mat- 
thew Bateman of London (she died on 6 Oct. 
1709), and left issue one daughter. 

He published i A Summary View of the 
Articles exhibited against the late Bishop of 
St. David's [Dr. Watson], and of the Proofs 
made thereon/ London, 1701, 8vo. 

[Authorities quoted above.] T. C. 

COOKE, JOHN (1763-1805), captain in 
the royal navy, entered the navy at the age 
of thirteen, on board the Eagle, carrying Lord 
Howe's flag on the North American station, 
and, havingremained in her throughher whole 
commission, was promoted to be lieutenant 
on 21 Jan. 1779. He was then appointed to 
the Superb, with Sir Edward Hughes, in the 
East Indies ; and having been obliged to in- 
valid from that station was appointed to the 
Duke with Captain (afterwards Lord) Gard- 
ner, who went out to the West Indies and 
took a distinguished part in the glorious ac- 
tion off Dominica on 12 April 1782. After the 
peace Gardner was for some time commodore 
at Jamaica, Cooke remaining with him as first 
lieutenant of the Europa. In 1790 he served 
for some time as a lieutenant of the London, 
bearing the flag of Vice-admiral Sir Alexander 
Hood, and in February 1798 was appointed 
first lieutenant of the Koyal George, bearing 



Sir Alexander's flag. After the battle of 
1 June 1794 he was promoted to be comman- 
der, and a few days later, 23 June, to be cap- 
tain. He then served for a year in New- 
foundland as flag captain to Sir James Wal- 
lace, in the Monarch, and on his return home 
was appointed, in the spring of 1796, to com- 
mand the Nymphe, which, in company with 
the San Fiorenzo, on 9 March 1797, captured 
the two French frigates Resistance and Con- 
stance. These were at the time on their way 
back to France after landing the band of con- 
victs in Fishguard Bay ; in memory of which, 
the Resistance, a remarkably fine vessel, 
mounting forty-eight guns, on being brought 
into the English navy, received the name of 
Fisgard (JAMES, Nav. Hist, 1860, ii. 91). 
When the mutiny broke out in April and 
May, the Nymphe was at Spithead, and her 
crew joined the mutineers. On Cooke's at- 
tempting to give some assistance to Bear- 
admiral John Colpoys [q. v.], he was ordered 
by the mutineers to go on shore ; nor was it 
thought expedient for him to rejoin the ship. 
Two years later he was appointed to the 
Amethyst, which he commanded in the Chan- 
nel till the peace. In October 1804 he was 
invited by Sir William Young, the Com- 
mander-in-chief at Plymouth, to come as his 
flag captain ; but a few months later, having 
applied for active service, he was appointed 
to the Bellerophon, in which he joined the 
fleet oif Cadiz in the beginning of October 
1805. To be in a general engagement with 
Lord Nelson would, he used to say, crown 
all his military ambition. In the battle of 
Trafalgar the Bellerophon was the fifth ship 
of the lee line, and was thus early in action ; 
in the thick of the fight Cooke received two 
musket-balls in the breast ; he fell, and died 
within a few minutes, saying with his last 
breath, 'Tell Lieutenant Cumby never to 
strike. * A monumental tablet to his memory 
was placed by his widow in the parish 
church of Donhead in Wiltshire. His por- 
trait, presented by the widow of his brother y 
Mr. Christopher Cooke, is in the Painted Hall 
at Greenwich. 



[Naval Chronicle, xvii. 354-.] 



J. K. L. 



COOKE, JOHN (1731-1810), bookseller, 
was born in 1731, and began life as assistant 
to Alexander Hogg, one of the earliest pub- 
lishers of the cheap ' Paternoster Row num- 
bers/ or standard popular works issued in 
weekly parts. Cooke started for himself, and 
made a large fortune in the same way of 
business. Southwell's (or rather Sanders's) 
' Bible with Notes ' is said to have brought 
him 30,0007. (Gent. Mag. Ixxx. pt. i. 386). 
The sum appears to be scarcely credible. 



Cooke 92 Cooke 

Leigh Hunt tells us : ' In those days Cooke's for twenty-three years, and delivered the first 

edition of the British poets came up. . .How clinical lectures ever given in that institu- 

I loved these little sixpenny numbers, con- tion. On 25 June in the same year he was 

taining whole poets ! I doted on their size ; admitted a licentiate of the College of Phy- 

I doted on their type, on their ornaments, on sicians. In 1799 an alarm of plague was 

their wrapper, containing lists of other poets, raised in London by the sudden death of 

and on the engravings from Kirk' (Autobio- two men who had been employed in carry- 

grapty, 1860, p. 76). These editions were ing bales of cotton ashore. Oooke, at the 

published in sixpenny whity-brown-covered request of the lord mayor, investigated the 

weekly parts, fairly well edited and printed, circumstances, and showed that the alarm 

They were divided into three sections select was groundless. In 1807 he was elected a 

novels, sacred classics, and select poets. A fellow of the College of Physicians, and ten 

shilling ' superior edition ' was also issued, years later F.R.S. He delivered the Croonian 

Cooke died at York Place, Kingsland Road, lectures at the College of Physicians in 1819, 

on 25 March 1810, aged 79. His son Charles 1820, 1821, and the Harveian oration in 1832. 

succeeded to the business at the Shakspeare's In 1820 he began the publication of ' A 

Head, Paternoster Row, but only survived Treatise on Nervous Diseases,' which was 

him six years, dying 16 April 1816, aged 56. continued in 1821 and completed in 1823, 

The son was a liveryman of the Stationers' and is usually bound in two volumes. An 

Company. American edition, in one volume, was pub- 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 719; Nichols's II- listed at Boston in 1824. This work is based 

lustr. viii. 488 ; Timperley's Encyclopaedia, p. 838 ; on h* 8 Croonian lectures. It gives an account 

Book Lore, iv. 11.] H. H. T. of the existing knowledge of hemiplegia, para- 
plegia, paralysis of separate nerves, epilepsy, 

COOKE, JOHN (1738-1823), chaplain of apoplexy, lethargy, and hydrocephalus inter- 
Greenwich Hospital, born in 1738, was edu- nus. It shows considerable clinical acquain- 
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where tance with the subject and a careful study 
he graduated B. A. 1761, M.A. 1764, and was , of old writers, but the imperfect state of 
presented to the rectory of Denton, Bucking- knowledge of this part of medicine is illus- 
hamshire,bythekingon2Aug,1773. He was ' trated by the fact that apoplexy and hemi- 
also chaplain to Greenwich Hospital. He plegia are treated as subjects having no rela- 
died on 4 May 1823. He published : 1. f An tion to one another. Cooke and Dr. Thomas 
Historical Account of the Royal Hospital for Young were friends, and there is considerable 
Seamen at Greenwich,' 1789, 4to. 2. < The resemblance between the general method of 
Preservation of St. Paul from Shipwreck on Young's i Treatise on Phthisis ' and Cooke's 
the Island of Melita.' A sermon preached at ' On Nervous Diseases.' Both show careful 
the opening of the chapel of the Royal Hos- thought on the subject and much reading, 
pitalfor Seamen, 20 Sept. 1789. 3. <A Voyage and both are trustworthy as representations 
performed by the late Earl of Sandwich round of all that was known in their time, while 
the Mediterranean. To which are prefixed neither contains any important addition to 
memoirs of the noble author's life,' 1799, 8vo. medical knowledge. Cooke was president of 

[Gent. Mag. (1823), i. (1773), 415, 572; Brit. tne Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1822 and 

Mus. Cat.] J. M. K. 1823.^ During his latter years he gave up 

practice and went little into society. He was 

COOKE, JOHN (1756-1838), physician, a well-read man, and throughout life studied 
born in 1756 in Lancashire, was educated by and enjoyed Homer. He died at his house 
Dr. Doddridge to be a dissenting minister, in Gower Street, London, 1 Jan. 1838. 
He preached at Rochdale and at Preston, [Munk > s ColL of pl iiL 53 Petfcigpew , B 
but preferred medicine, came to study at Biographical Memoirs ; Curling's Address at the 
<jruy s Hospital in London, completed his edu- London Hospital, 1 846.1 K M. 
cation at Edinburgh and Leyden, and gra- 
duated in the latter university. His thesis COOKE, ROBERT (1550-1615), vicar of 
was on the use of Peruvian bark in cases Leeds, Yorkshire, was the son of William 
where there is no rise of temperature. He Gale, alias Cooke, of Beeston in that parish, 
settled in London and became physician to 'the where he was baptised on 23 July 1550 
Royal General Dispensary in Bartholomew (THOEESBT, Ducatus Leodiensis, ed. 1816 
Close. No out-patients were then seen at p. 209). He entered as student at Brasenose 
the neighbouring hospital, so that the dis- College in 1567, 'where, with unwearied di- 
pensary^ offered a" large field of observation, ligence, travelling through the various classes 
In April 1784 he was elected physician to of logic and philosophy, he became the most 
the London Hospital, which office he held noted disputant of his time 7 ("VVooD Athena 



Cooke 93 Cooke 

Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 154). On 2 Dec. 1573 lie : of eight was published in 1805, and a song- 
was unanimously elected probationer of his in imitation of Purcell, composed expressly 
college, and three years afterwards he gra- for James Bartleman [q. v.] 
dilated M. A. In 1582 he was elected one of I [GrIQve > s Dict> of Mugi A ^ f 

the proctors of the university (Lu JNEVE, Musicians, 1827, 8vo.] E H A 

Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 490). He graduated ' J *" M - A> 

B.D. in 1584 (WOOD, Fasti, i. 228), and was , _ CpOKE, ROBERT (1820 P-1882), catho- 
instituted to the vicarage of Leeds on 18 Dee. lie divine, was born at Waterford about 1820, 
1590, on the presentation of the parishioners, and for some time studied medicine, but sub- 
Thoresby states that the Reformation went sequently, during a visit to France, joined 
on very slowly in Leeds, till ' the deservedly the congregation of Oblates of Mary Imma- 
famous Mr. Robert Cooke . . . revived a j culate. After his ordination he was stationed 
deep sense of true religion and piety. 7 Cooke ! at Grace Dieu, Leicestershire. Thence he 
was collated by Dr. William James, bishop j was sent in 1847 to Everiugham Park, York- 
of Durham (to whom he dedicated his ' Cen- j shire, and while there he established missions 
sura 7 ), to the sixth prebend in that cathedral j at Howden and Pocklington. In 1851 he 
(THOEESBT, Vicaria Leodiensis, pp. 55-60 ; I removed to Leeds. He established houses of 
LB NEVE, Fasti, iii. 314). He died on 1 Jan. } his order at Inchieore in Ireland, and at Eal- 
1614-15, and was buried in the church at burn, London. His last missionary labour 



Leeds (HoBART, Reports, ed. 1724, p. 197' 
His younger brother, Alexander Cooke [q,. v.], 
succeeded him in the vicarage. 

His works are : 1. Six Latin orations de- 
livered at Oxford, in a manuscript formerly 
in the possession of James Crossley. One 
of these orations was delivered on 10 April 
1583, when he resigned the office of proctor. 
It gives a vivid picture of the state of Ox- 
ford at that time, and the difficulties and ani- 
mosities which he had to encounter in the 
execution of the duties imposed upon him 
(Notes and Queries, 4th ser. xi. 465, 514). 
2. 'A Learned Disputation betwixt Robert 
Cooke, B.D., and a priest named Cuthbert 
Johnson, alias William Darrell, before his 
Majesty's Council and other learned Men at 
York, an. 1610.' Manuscript formerly in 
Thoresby's museum at Leeds (Musceum Tho- 



was in the east end of London, where he 
founded the church of the English Martyrs, 
Tower Hill. He died on 18 June 1882. 

His principal works are : 1. ' Catholic Me- 
mories of the Tower of London/ LoncL 1875, 
8vo, which has been translated into French. 
2. ' Sketches of the Life of Mgr. de Mazenod, 
bishop of Marseilles, and Founder of the Ob- 
lates of Mary Immaculate, and of the Mis- 
sionary Labours of the French Oblates of 
Mary Immaculate/ 2 vols. Lond. 1879-82, Svo. 

[Tablet, 24 June 1882 ; Cat. of Printed Books- 
in Brit. Mus. ; Oillow's Bibl. Diet. i. 557; Athe- 
naeum, 1879, i. 697.] T. C. 

COOKE, ROGER (b. 1523), astrologer, 
was born in 1523, and became Dr. Dee'& 
assistant at the age of fourteen. He seems 
to have shown considerable aptitude; for 

T*\ "T"\ * i t T 1 * * / i * * *t 



resbyanum, ed. 1816, p. 86). 3. ' Censura Dr. Dee instructed him in many of his dis- 

quorundam Scriptorum, quae sub nominibus coveries. Thus we find in Dr. Dee's 'Diary 7 

Sanctorum, et veterum Auctorum, & Ponti- in the Ashmolean Library at Oxford, under 

ficiis passim in eorum Scriptis, sed potissi- date 28 Dec. 1579, ( I reveled to Roger Coke 

mum in Quaestionibus hodie controversis the gret secret of the salt oqE> a/cereXe ow 

citari solent/ Lond. 1614, 1623, 4to. vmrov a ui/SpeS/ and in the Ashmolean MS. 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. V 88 ' foL 147 > '^ revealed to Roger Cooke 

the great secret of the Ehxar, as he called it, 

COOKE, ROBERT (JL 1793-1814), mu- of the salt of metalls, the projection whereof 
sician, was son of Dr. Benjamin Cooke the was one upon an hundred.' Cooke would 
organist [q. v.] He became organist of the seem to have been a man of morose and often 
church of St. Martin's-in~the~Fields on the violent temper ; but for reasons which do not 
retirement of his father in 1793. He was appear Dr. Dee seems to have been loth to- 
elected master of the choir-boys at West- part with him. Thus, we find under date 
minster, and was appointed organist at the 12 July 1581, 'About 10 of the clock J be- 
abbey on the death of Dr. Arnold in 1802. fore noone Roger, his incredible doggednes 
He held this post until 1814, when he went and ingratefulnes agains me to my face, 
mad, and drowned himself in the Thames, almost redi to lai violent hand on me, major 
The most celebrated works which he left be- Henrik can partly tel ' (the passage is in 
hind him are an ' Ode to Friendship/ which Greek character). Things culminated in the 
was sung on the first night of the British same year, on 5 Sept., when we read : i Roger 
Concerts, an, Evening Service in C, and Cook, who had byn with me from his 14 yeres 
several songs and glees, of which a collection of age till 28, of a melancholik nature, pycking 



Cooke 94 Cooke 

and divising occasions of just cause to depart Romford in Essex, and obtained a license 

on the suddayn, abowt 4 of the clok in the for fortifying and embattling it ; but on ac- 

afternone requested of me lycense to depart, i count of his subsequent misfortunes he com- 

wheruppon rose whott words between us : ! pleted only the front, the remaining sides of 

and he imagining with his self that he had the quadrangle being built by Sir Anthony 
on the 12 of July deserved my great dis- j Cooke [q. v.] Cooke was in all probability a 
pleasure, and finding himself barred from | draper by trade, and had extensive dealings 
vew of my philosophicall dealing with Mr. ! with foreign parts. A curious clause appears 
Henrik, thowght that he was utterly recist ' in his father-in-law's will (made and proved 

from intended goodnes toward him. Not- | in 1469), in which Malpas solemnly disavows 

withstanding Roger Cook, his unseamly deal- | any responsibility for i the tarying or taking 

ing, I promised him, yf he used himself to- ! of Sir Thomas Cooke's ship and goods ' when 

ward me now in his absens, one hundred he was last upon the sea, although he was in 

pounds as sone as of my own clere liability the ship at the time. Cooke's will shows that 

I might spare so much : and moreover, if he he owned at least four brewhouses, taverns, 

used himself well in lif toward G-od and the and beerhouses, besides fishing-weirs on the 

world, I promised him some pretty alche- Colne, a large farm at Gidea Hall, and nume- 

micall experiments, wheruppon he might rous properties and manors in London, Surrey, 

honestly live.' ' Sept. 7th. Roger Cook went Essex, and Kent. His residence was in the 

for altogether from me/ After this Cooke parish of St. Peter the Poor, Old Broad Street, 

seems to have set up for himself. An alma- where he had a ' grete place, 7 which he after- 

nack for 1585 bears his name, after which all wards sold to Robert Hardyng, goldsmith, 

trace of him is lost. In 1467 Cooke was impeached of high 

[Dr.Dee'sDiary, published by Camden Society; treason, for lending money to Margaret ? the 

Black's Cat. of MSS. in Ashmolean Library.] <l ueen of Henry VI. One Hawkins, tortured 

E. H.-A. ori "kh e rack, was the only, witness against 
him. Chief-justice Markham directed the 

COOKE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1478), lord jury to find it only misprision of treason, 
mayor of London, was the son of Robert whereby Cooke saved his lands and life, 
Cooke of Lavenham in Suffolk, by Katherine though he was heavily fined and long im- 
his wife. The family was along-established prisoned (FtfLLEB, Worthies, ii. 207). 
one. Hugh, another son, who died in 1443, While awaiting his trial in the Tower his 
possessed lands in various parishes of Suffolk effects, both at his town house and at Gidea 
(will in Probate Registry, Luffenham, 34). Hall, were seized by Lord Rivers, then trea- 
Thomas came to London, became a member surer of England, and his wife was com- 
of the Drapers 7 Company, and soon grew rich, mitted to the custody of the mayor. On his 
The earliest certain mention of him is in 1439, acquittal he was sent to the Bread Street comp- 
when he appears in the grant of arms to the terjandafterwardstotheking'sbencl^andwas 
Drapers'Company as one of the four wardens of kept there until he paid eight thousand pounds 
the company. He next appears, in June 1450, to the king and eight hundred pounds to the 
as agent to Jack Cade, who was encamped on queen. Lord Rivers and his wife, the Duchess 
Blackheath, and opened communications with of Bedford,also obtained the dismissal of Mark- 
the city. Cooke was requested by the rebels ham from his office for having determined that 
to tax the foreign merchants, to supply ' us the Cooke was not guilty of treason. In December 
captain 'with horses, accoutrements, weapons, 1468 Cooke, then alderman of his own ward 
and money. Cooke, though in sympathy with of Broad Street, was discharged from his 
the Yorkists, married Elizabeth, daughter and office by order of the king, but was reinstated 
coheiress of Alderman Philip Malpas, one of in October of the folio wing year. Accordingto 
the leaders of the Lancastrian party within Fabyan, Cooke was a member of the parlia- 
the city. By her he had one daughter and ment that met 26 Nov. 1470, on the tempo- 
four sons, of whom Philip, the eldest, after- rary restoration of Henry VI, and he put in a 
wards knighted, was born in 1454. He bill for the restoration of certain lands, to the 
served as sheriff in 1453, and was elected value of twenty-two thousand marks/whiche/ 
alderman of Vintry ward in 1454, and mayor says Fabyan, ' he had good comfort to have ben 
in 1462. allowyd of King Henry if he had prosperyd. 

Edward IV, upon the coronation of his And the rather for y t he was of the comon 
queen, Elizabeth, in May 1465, rewarded the house, and therwith a man of great bold- 
leading members of his party in the city, in- nesse of speke and well spoken, and syngu- 
clttding Cooke, by creating them knights of lerly wytted and well reasoned.' In the be- 
the order of the Bath. In 1467 Cooke began ginning of 1471 Cooke acted as deputy to 
to build a mansion called Gidea Hall, near the mayor, Sir John Stockton, who, fearing 



Cooke 95 Cooke 



the return of King Edward, feigned sickness 
and kept his house. Edward returned in 
April, and Cooke, attempting to leave this 
country for France, was taken with his son 
~by a ship of Flanders, where he was kept in 
prison many days, and was afterwards de- 
livered up to King Edward. Cooke lived seven 
years after this, and though he was probably 
again heavily fined, he left a large amount of 



'Dunciad.' News of Pope's intention reached 
Cooke, and Cooke, taking alarm, sent two let- 
ters_to_Pope (11 Aug. and 16 Sept. 1728) re- 
pudiating his connection with the offensive 
publications. With the second letter he for- 
warded a copy of his newly issued transla- 
tion of ' Hesiod.' In letters to Lord Oxford 
Pope showed some sign of accepting Cooke's 
denial, but when the Dunciad ' appeared at 



landed and other property. In 1483, when the close of the year, Cooke occupied a place 

the Duke of Buckingham addressed the citi- in it (ii. 138), and was held up to ridicule in 

zens of London in the Guildhall in favour of the notes. By way of reply, Cooke reissued 

the pretensions of Richard in to the throne, his ' Battle of the Poets ' and his letters on 

he referred at length to the sufferings and the Thersites episode, with new and caustic 

losses of Cooke as a notable instance of the prefaces, in 1729. The volume (dedicated to 

-tyranny of the late king (HourcsHED, ed. Lord Carteret) was entitled i Tales, Epistles, 

1808, iii. 391). Cooke died in 1478, and was Odes, Fables, &c./and contained several other 

buried, in compliance with his wish, in the of Cooke's published poems, some translations 

church of the Augustine friars, within the from the classics/ proposals for perfecting the 

ward of Broad Street in London. His will, English language,' and an essay on grammar, 

dated 15 April, was proved at Lambeth 1 June Pope was here described as * a person who with 

1478 (Probate Reg., Wattis, 36). His great- but a small share of learning and moderate 

grandson was Sir Anthony Cooke [q. v.] natural endowments has by concurring and 

[Herbert's Livery Companies ; Orridge's Par- uncommon accidents acquired as greatarepu- 

ticulars of Alderman Philip Malpas and Alder- tation as the most learned and exalted genius 

man Sir Thomas Cooke, K-B. ; Hook's Archbishops could ever hope.' In 1731 Cooke collected a 

of Canterbury, Y. 1 64 ; Foss's Judges, iv. 442-3 ; number of letters on the political and literary 

Drapers' Company's Records; Lysons's Environs.] controversies of the day, which he had contri- 

C. W-H. buted under the pseudonvm of Atticus to the 

COOKE, THOMAS (1703-1756), author, ' London Journal' in 1729 and 1730, and de- 

commonly called HESIOD COOKE, born 1 6 Dec. dicated the book to Horace Walpole. Lett erV. 

1703, was the son of John Cooke, an innkeeper is on ' the controversy betwixt the poets and 

of Braintree, Essex, by his wife Rebeckah Mr. Pope. 5 Pope renewed Ms attack on Cooke 

{JBraintree Parish Reg., kindly communicated in his ' Epistle toDr. Arbuthnot/1. 146 (1735), 

by the Rev. J. W, Kenworthy). His father, Cooke tried his hand with unflagging 

according to Pope, was a Muggletonian. energy at every kind of literary work. In 

Cooke was educated at Felstead, and made 1726 he published (1) 'The Bath, or the 

great progress there in classics. While a lad Knights of the Bath/ a poem suggested by 

he obtained an introduction to the Earl of the revival of the order, to which was added 

Pembroke, who gave him some employment 'The Scandalous Chronicle, a Ballad of Cha- 

and encouraged him in his classical studies, racters. Written for the Use of the Poets and 

In 1722 he came to London to earn his living proper to be sung at their next Sessions,' 

Tsyhispen; contributed articles to the daily which is rarely met with; (2) 'Philander 

papers, and attached himself to the whigs. and Cydippe,' a poem, and (3) an edition of 

He thus came to know Tickell, Philips, Wei- Marvell's works, with a memoir. Subse- 

sted, Steele, and Dennis. His earliest pub- quently he issued separately a long series of 

lication was a poem on the death of the Duke odes, with dedications addressed to Lord 

of Marlborough (1722) ; a translation of the Chesterfield and other persons of influence, 

poems of Moschus and Bion, and ' Albion, or Oldys says that Cooke compiled f Seymour's 

the Court of Neptune/ a masque, followed in Survey of London ' in 1734. Five years later 

1724. In 1725 he issued anonymously (in he wrote a dull poem entitled The Battle of 

folio) a poem entitled ' The Battle of the the Sexes/ Another edition of his. collected 

Poets/ in which he attacked Pope, Swift, and poems appeared In 1742. 

their friends, and eulogised the writers of his By his translations from the classics Cooke 

own school. He continued the campaign by achieved a wider and deserved reputation, 

publishing in the ' Daily Journal ' for 6 April In 1728 he translated * Hesiod/ and his early 

1728 notes on Pope's version of the Thersites patron, the Earl of Pembroke, and Theobald 

episode in the second book of the ' Iliad/ and contributed notes. This book gave him his 

proved to his own satisfaction that Pope was popular nickname of Hesiod Cooke. It was 

no Greek scholar. Pope was intensely irri- reissued in Anderson's i Poets ' (1793), vol. 

tated, and resolved to pillory Cooke in the xiii. ; in F. Lee's t English Translations from 



Cooke 96 Cooke 



(1737) 

About 1741 Cooke became editor and author 

.,. . , m - " f the well-known ' Craftsman/ in succession 

edition ot Terence, with an English trans- to Nicholas Amhurst [q. v.l In 1748 his free 

lation (3 Tols.)- probably the best in the criticisms of the Pelham administration led 

language-fojlowedml/ 34 ? and a translation the Duke of Bedford, then secretary of state 

oi Cicero s < De Natura Deorum/ with elabo- to proceed against him for libel, and he was 

rate, critical apparatus in 1737. In 1741 placed under the care of a parliamentary mes- 

Cooke produced an edition of Virgil with senger for several weeks, but received no fur- 

.English notes and a Latin paraphrase, and in ther punishment. Religious discussions in- 

1/54 appeared the first and only volume a terested him, and he approached them from 

translation of the ' Amphitruo 'of a long- an advanced point of view. In 1742 he pub- 

prpmised edition of Plautus. Dr. Johnson lished anonymously a letter (addressed before 

said that Cooke was soliciting subscriptions 1732 to Archbishop Wake) < concerning- Per- 

tor this book for twenty years, and that the sedition for Religion and Freedom of Debate 

proceeds of his canvass formed his main proving Liberty to be the support of Truth 

source of income. " and the natural property of Mankind/ toge- 

Cooke also wrote for the stage. In 1728 ther with < A Demonstration of the Will of 

he helped his friend John Mottley with God by the Light of Nature.' This work 

Penelope, a dramatic opera/ The 'Triumphs was dedicated to the third Earl of Shaftes- 

of Love and Honour,' by Cooke, was acted at bury, and portions of it criticise the arcu- 

Drury Lane 18 Aug ; 1/31, and was published ment of Samuel Clarke (1675-1729) Tq v 1 

in the same year with an essay ' on the stage, with whom Cooke was for the most part in 

and on the advantages which arise to a na- agreement. In 1756 he supplied Dr. Leonard 

tion from the encouragement of the arts.' The Howard, rector of St. Saviour's, Southwark 

essay, which included long criticisms of with some unpublished poems and old cor' 

bhakespeares'KmgLear andAddisonVRo- respondence as material for the second vo- 

samond, was also issued separately. < The lume of a collection of < Ancient Letters.' 
Eunuch, or the Darby Captain/ a musical Cooke was always in debt, and his diffi- 

farce adapted from Terence, was performed culties increased with his years. He died in 

at Drury Lane on 17 May 1737, with Charles great poverty 20 Dec. 1756 at a small house 

^Sf V 1 th tiPf V f Ca P t ? n Brag- * n ^ Lambeth, which he was in the habit of 
1739 Cooke published a tragedy called < The describing to casual acquaintances as a mao-- 
Mournful Nuptials, together with < some nificent mansion. A few literary friends sub- 
considerations on satire and on the present scribed his funeral expenses, and contributed 
state of our public entertainments.' It was to the support of his widow, Anne, a sister 
acted under the title of Love the Cause and of Charles Beckingham fq v 1 and his only 
Cure of Grief, or the Innocent Murderer/ at child, a daughter, Elizabeth. The former 
Drury Lane on 19 Dec. 1743, with a prologue died in March 1757, and the daughter took to 
i 7 A Robert Henley, and republished in immoral courses. Cooke, although of a con- 
1744. None of Cooke's pieces reached a se- vivial temper, had a cynical humour he in- 
cond representation. He subsequently wrote l X -- J - 1 "" * * ' ' '- 
songs for Vauxhall and the libretto for Rich's 
harlequinade. About 1742 Cooke took part in 

I *.f\ 1 I f\^r I 'T r\ r\fl"V* rt T 1 l> f\f\ 4"v**r s^f\ I x-u-mv ^n -* ^* I ^. * -J Z **.**.*.,* ^ ^ 



Colley Gibber's theatrical quarrel, and issued, 

T _ j- 1 _ ___.!_ / / Ot -It s-^ '. 




of - mff mJ ^^ f ^tf^aff^f^t ^f 

which included two new satiric dialogues, 
* Petty Sessions of the Poets' and t The Con- 
tention of the Laurel as it is now acting at 
the New Theatre at the Hay-Market/ together 
with a reprint of the * Battle of the Poets.' 
In 1743 an extravagantly eulogistic epistle, 
in verse addressed by Cooke to the Countess 
of Shaftesbury appeared, together with a pro- 
logue and epilogue on Shakespeare, the former 
' spoke by Mr. Garrick ' at Drury Lane, and 
the latter by Mrs. W oflington. Cooke formed 
a fine collection of printed plays, which he 
sold to Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, and on her 



troduced Foote to a club as ' the nephew of 
the gentleman who was lately hung in chains 
for murdering his brother.'* A friend, Sir 
Joseph Mawbey, to whom Cooke left his ma- 
nuscripts, contributed a long anecdotal bio- 
graphy, with copious extracts from his com- 
monplace books, to the ; Gentleman's Maga- 
zine 'for 1791, 1792, and 1797. Mawbey offered 
Garrick a manuscript play by Cooke entitled 
' Germanicus/ but Garrick declined it. 

[Gent. Mag. Ixi. pt. ii. 1089. 1178, Mi. pt. i. 26, 
215, 313, Ixvii. pt. ii. 560 ; Baker's Biog. Dram. 
Genest's Hist. vols. ii. and iii. ; Pope's Works, ed. 
Courthorpe and Elwin, yiii. 239-45, x 212-15 ; 
Lysons's Environs, vol. i. ; Oldys's Diary ; Bos- 
veil's Johnson.] S. L. L. 

COOKE, THOMAS (1722-1783), an ec- 
centric divine, born 23 Oct. 1722, was the son 



Cooke , i / ' ' ' 97 */, ' " Cooke 

: t 

of a shoemaker at Hexhaman Northumber- voyages, he was fired with the desire to 
land. He received his education as king's emulate them. He studied navigation dili- 
scholar at Durham School, and afterwards gently, and was on the point of engaging 
entered at Queen's College, Oxford (22 Feb. himself for a seaman, when his mother's tears 
1742-3), where he never took a degree. He persuaded him to seek a less distant liveli- 
obtained the curacy of Embleton, Northum- hood. Benewed application fitted him, at 
berland, and soon was brought into notoriety the age of sixteen, to open a school in hia 
by the singularity of his religious notions, native village, which he continued until his 
He maintained that the Jewish ceremonies removal to York about 1829. There, during 
were not abrogated by the Christian dispen- seven years, he supported himself by teach- 
sation, and insisted on the necessity of cir- ing, while his spare moments were devoted 
cumcision, supporting his doctrine by his own to the study of mathematics and practical 
practice. At this period he assumed the names mechanics. Optics attracted him, and his 
of Adam Moses Emanuel (SYXES, Local Re- first effort towards telescope-construction was 
cords, ed. 1833, i. 328). On being deprived with one of the reflecting kind. But the 
of his curacy he came to London, preached requisite metals cost money, and he turned 
in the streets, and commenced axithor j but to refractors, finding cheap material in the 
as his unintelligible jargon did not sell he was bottom of a common drinking-glass. Methods 
reduced to great distress. For two or three of shaping and polishing were gradually con- 
years he was confined in Bedlam (KiCHABD- trived, and, after a laborious process of self- 
SOK, Local Historian's Table J3oo7c, historical initiation, he at length succeeded in producing 
division, ii. 283). On his release he travelled a tolerable achromatic, afterwards purchased 
through Scotland and Ireland. Ultimately he by Professor Phillips of Oxford, his constant 
returned to the north of England, and until friend and patron. He was now induced, by 
a few years before his death subsisted on a offers of countenance from many quarters, to 
pension allowed him by the Society of the enter upon business as an optician, 
Sons of the Clergy. His last project was for His first important order was from Mr. 
establishing a grand universal church upon "William Gray ,F.H.S., for a 4J4nch equatorial, 
true evangelical principles. His death, which and so effectually had glass manufacture in 
occurred at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 15 Nov. England been obstructed by an oppressive 
1783, is said to have been occasioned by his excise duty, that the undertaking was then 
copying Origen too closely (BAKEK, Biog. regarded as of no small moment. It was 
Dram., ed. 1812, i. 146). succeeded in 1851 by a commission from Mr. 
He wrote, besides a large number of pub- Pattinson of Qateshead for one of seven inches 
lished sermons : 1. ' The King cannot err/ aperture, lent in 1856 to Professor Piazzi 
a comedy, 1762. 2, ' The Hermit converted; Smyth for his celebrated expedition to Tene- 
or the Maid of Bath married/ a comedy, Lon- riffe. Its successful execution added so much 
don, 1771, 8vo. No one but a lunatic could to Cooke's reputation and business that an 
have written the dramatic pieces. extension of his premises became necessary. 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. He accordingly erected new workshops, after- 

wards known as the Buckingham Works, in 

COOKE, THOMAS (1763-1818), writer Bishop's Hill, York, and removed his esta- 

on physiognomy, was born at Sheffield on blishment thither in 1855. It consisted at 

20 March 1763. He was engaged in trade that time of five or six workmen and one 

early in life, but when twenty-two years apprentice; when he died above one hun- 

old he began the study of physiognomy, of dred persons were in his employment. 
which * science' he became a devoted en- The enterpriseby which he gained European 

thusiast and expounder. He died at Man- celebrity was undertaken in September 1863. 

Chester on 26 July 1818, and in the following In the previous year Alvan Clark of Boston 

year his papers were collected and published had turned out a refractor of 18J-inches 

under the title of * A Practical and Familiar aperture. Mr. Newall, a manufacturer of 

View of the Science of Physiognomy.' submarine cables at Grateshead, now commit- 

[Memoir prefixed to work cited.] 0. W. S. ted <*> Coo , ke th ? onerous task of producing 

one of no less than twenty-five inches. So 

COOKE, THOMAS (1807-1868), opti- considerable an advance in size involved diffi- 

cian, the son of a poor shoemaker, was born culties overcome only by unremitting patience 

at Allerthorpe in the East Hiding of York- and ingenuity. The destruction of colour 

shire on 8 March 1807. His education was was rendered highly arduous by the magni- 

limited to two years at the national school, tude of the lenses, and their weight menaced at 

after which he was put to his father's trade, every moment the permanence of their figure. 

Poring over the narrative of Captain Cook's The optical part of the commission was com- 

VOL. XII. H 



Cooke 98 Cooke 

pleted early in 1868. A huge object-glass, torials J (Monthly Notices, xxviii. 210). He 

twenty-five incites across and of the highest left two sons, well qualified to carry on his 

quality in form and finish, was ready to "be business. 

placed in the tube. But its maker, worn [Monthly Notices,xsix. ISO; Athenaeum, 1868, 

out by the anxieties attendant on so vast ^ 534. j, eg Mondes, xviii. 331.] A. M. C. 
an undertaking, died on 19 Oct. 1868. The 

great telescope was mounted in the follow- COOKE, THOMAS POTTER (1786- 

ing year. It is still the largest, and is be- 1864), actor, was born on 23 April 1786, in 

lieved to be the best refractor in the United TitchfieldStreet,Marylebone, where his father, 

Kingdom, though its qualities have been whom he lost in his seventh year, practised 

obscured by the murky air of Gateshead. as a surgeon. The sight of a nautical melo- 

Among the novelties introduced in its fittings drama inspired Cooke with a passion, not for 

was that of the illumination, by means of the stage, but for the sea. In 1796, accord- 

Geissler vacuum-tubes, both of micrometer- ingly, he sailed on board H.M.S. Raven to 

wires and circle-graduations. A seven-inch Toulon, in the siege of which port he took 

transit-instrument formed an adjunct to it. part. He was present (1797) at the battle 

Cooke has been called the ' English Fraun- off Cape St.Vincent, and was engaged in other 
hofer.' He _ restored to this country some actions. After narrowly escaping drowning 
portion of its old supremacy in practical off Cuxhaven, where the vessel on which he 
optics. He brought the system of equatorial sailed was lost, and the crew had to take 
mounting very near to its present perfection, refuge in the rigging, he reached England, 
The convenience of observers had never be- only to sail again on board the Prince of 
fore been so carefully studied as by him, and Wales, carrying Rear-admiral Sir Robert 
observation owes to his inventive skill much Calder, to the blockade of Brest. The peace 
of its present facility. By his application of of Amiens, 1 802, deprived him of occupation, 
steam to the grinding and polishing of lenses In January 1804 he made his dtbut in an in- 
their production was rendered easy and cheap significant character at the Royalty Theatre 
and their quality sure. His object-glasses in Wellclose Square. He was then engaged 
were pronounced by the late Mr. Dawes (per- by Astley for the Amphitheatre, where he 
haps the highest authority then living) ' ex- appeared as Nelson. He subsequently played 
tremely fine, both in definition and colour 7 at the Lyceum, and then joined the com- 
{MonthZyNotices,xxv.%3I). And the facility pany of H. Johnston, who opened a theatre 
given by his method to their construction in Peter Street, Dublin. In 1809 he was en- 
brought comparatively large instruments gaged by ElHston as stage manager of the 
within the reach of an extensive class of Surrey Theatre, at which house he remained 
amateur astronomers. a favourite. On 19 Oct. 1816 he appeared at 

A pair of five-foot transits, constructed by Drury Lane as Diego Monez, an officer, in a 

Cooke for the Indian Trigonometrical Survey, melodrama attributed- to Bell, and called 

were described by Lieutenant-colonel Strange < Watchword, or the Quito Gate. 7 His name 

before the Royal Society on 16 Feb. 1867 appears during the one or two following 

'(Proc. JK Soc. xv. 385). They were among seasons to new characters, chiefly foreigners, 

-the largest portable instruments of their class, such as Monsieur Pas in ' Each for Himself/ 

the telescopes possessing a clear aperture of Almorad, a Moor, in ' Manuel 7 by Maturin, 

five inches. Hans Ketzler in Soane's < Castle Spectre/ &c. 

Cooke invented an automatic engine, of On 9 Aug. 1820 Cooke made a great success 
excellent performance, for the graduation of at the Lyceum as Ruthven, the hero of the 

circles, and was the first to devise machinery < Vampire/ and in the following year strength- 

for engraving figures upon them. He per- ened his reputation as Dirk Hatteraick in 

fected the astronomical clock, and builtnearly the 'Witch of Derncleugh/ a version of 

one hundred turret-clocks for public institu- < Guy Mannering/ George in the ' Miller's 

tions and churches. Admirable workmanship Maid/ and Frankenstein (1823) in < Presump- 

was combined, in all his instruments, with tion, or the Fate of Frankenstein. 7 Cooke 

elegance of form, while the thoroughness cha- then joined the Covent Garden company, and 

racteristic of his methods was exemplified in played Zenocles in ' Ali Pasha/ by Howard 

the practice adopted by him of cuttinghis own Payne, on 19 Oct. 1822, Richard I in < Maid 

tools and casting his own metals. Simplicity, Marian 7 on 3 Dec. 1822, and other parts, 

truthfulness, and modesty distinguished his When, in 1825, Yates and Terry took the 

private character. He was admitted a mem- Adelphi, Cooke was engaged and played 

ber of the Royal Astronomical Society in Long Tom Coffin in FitzbalPs drama ' the 

1859, and contributed to its proceedings a Pilot.' At the close of the season he visited 

paper, f On a new Driving-clock for Equa- Paris, and presented < Le Monstre ' (Franken- 



Cooke 99 Cooke 

stein) eighty successive nights at the Porte- in London at the Lyceum Theatre on 13 July 

Saint-Martin. In 1827 he was at Edinburgh, 1813. On 14 Sept. 1815 he began his long 

where he was frequently seen by Christopher connection with Drury Lane Theatre, ap- 

North, who more than once alludes to him pearing in Linley's i Duenna.' For many 

in the i Noctes Ambrosianse/ sneaking of him years he held the post of principal tenor, and 

as ' the best sailor out of all sight and hear- from about 1821 the direction of the music 

ing that ever trod the stage,' praise in which was placed in his hands. For some time he 

all authorities have concurred. In 1828-9 appeared alternately as a singer and as or- 

lie was again at the Adelphi. His most con- chestral leader. He was a member of the 

spicuous success was obtained at the Surrey, Philharmonic Society, and occasionally ap- 

on 6 June 1829, as William in Douglas peared as leader of the band at its concerts. 

Jerrold's ' Black-eyed Susan.' After playing He belonged also to the Royal Academy of 

it over a hundred nights he was engaged to Music, though he was not one of the original 

appear in it at Covent Garden, where he re- members. From 1828 to 1830 he was one of 

mained until 1834, when Bunn, who managed the musical managers of Vauxhall Gardens. 

both theatres, transferred him to Drury Lane. For many years he sang in the choir of the 

Two years later he returned to Covent Gar- Bavarian Chapel, Warwick Street, Eegent 

den, to act under Osbaldistone. In October Street. These various engagements were of 

1857 he played as a star at the Standard, course quite subsidiary to his work as musi- 

For the Jerrold Remembrance Night (29 July cal director of Drury Lane. The arrange- 

1857) he appeared at the Adelphi as William, ment of all the musical compositions pro- 

His last appearance was at Covent Garden, duced there during some twenty years was 

for the benefit of the Dramatic College, on entrusted to him, and in days when the com- 

29 Oct. 1860, when he once more played Wil- posers' intentions were entirely subordinated 

liam in a selection from ' Black-eyed Susan. 7 to popular effect, such arrangements entailed 

He died on 10 April 1864, at 37 Thurloe not a little trouble upon the director. The 

.Square, the house of his son-in-law. After adaptation of prominently successful foreign 

the death' of his wife, a few months before operas to the English stage was held to in- 

his own, he had given up his own houses in volve as a matter of course the composition, 

Woburn Square and at Ryde. He was buried of more or less suitable numbers to be inserted 

in Brompton cemetery. By his will he left according to the exigencies of public taste. 

2,000 to the master, deputy master, and Among the mass of operas and plays with 

wardens of the Dramatic College, the interest incidental music which were produced dur- 

of which, scarcely adequate to the occasion, ing his directorship it is extremely hard to 

was to be paid tor a prize nautical drama, disentangle his original compositions from 

In compliance with the terms of the grant, those which he borrowed, with a merely 

* True to the Core,' a drama by Mr. Slous, general acknowledgment, from all kinds of 

was played on 8 Jan: 1866. Since that time sources. The following list, taken with some 

no more ha been heard of the bequest. In alterations from Grove's ' Dictionary of Mu- 

addition to the characters mentioned, Cooke sic/ contains the names of the more impor- 

was seen to advantage as Aubrey in the 'Dog tant productions in which he had a larger or 

of Montargis/ as Roderick Dhu, as Philip in smaller share : ( Frederick the Great/ an 

t Luke the Labourer/ as Poor Jack, and the operatic anecdote, 1814 j ' The King's Proxy/ 

Red Rover. 1815, both written by S. J. Arnold [q. v.] ; 

[Genest's Account of the English Stage; Era, 'The Count of Anjou/ 1816 j 'A Tale of 

1 April 1 864 ; Cole's Life of Charles Zean, 1859, other Times ' (in collaboration with Bochsa), 

New Monthly Magazine; Theatrical Times; Sun- December 1822 ; ' Abu Hassan/ adapted from 

day Times ; Biography of the British Stage, 1 824, Weber's opera of the same name, April 1825 ; 

&c.] J. K t The Wager, or The Midnight Hour/ a pas- 



COOKE, THOMAS SIMPSON (1782- ticcio adapted from Mrs. Inchbald's ' Mid- 

1848), musical composer, was born in Dub- night Hour/ November 1825 ; < Oberon, or 

iin in 1782, and received his first musical the Charmed Horn/ another adaptation from 

instruction from his father. Subsequently Weber, 1826 ; Malvina/ February 1826 ; 

he became a pupil of Giordani, and in 1797 ' The White Lady/ adapted from Boieldieu, 

was engaged as leader of the band in the with several interpolated songs, &c., October 

Crow Street Theatre. After some years he 1826, i.e. two months before the opera was 

ventured to appear in a new capacity, as a produced in a more complete form at Covent 

dramatic singer, choosing for his first appear- Garden j ' The Boy of Santillane/ 1827 ; 

ance the part of the Seraskier in Storace's 'Isidore de Merida/from Storace, 1828 (an 

' Siege of Belgrade/ His success was such overture and two songs by pooke) ; ' The 

as to warrant his representing the same part Brigand/ and three songs in ' Peter the 



Cooke too Cooke 



Great,' 1829 ; ' The Dragon's Gift/ 1830 ; 
' The Ice Witch ' and < Hyder Ali/ 1881 ; < St. 
Patrick's Eve,' 1832. For Macready's pro- 
ductions of ' The Midsummer Night's Dream/ 
1840 ; ' Acis and Galatea/ 1842 ; ' King Ar- 
thur/ 1842, &c., Cooke i arranged ' the inci- 
dental music, relying, in the case of the two 



appointed king's serjeant on 22 Oct. 1550 7 and 
on 15 Nov. 1552 received a puisne judgeship 
in the common pleas. He died on 24 Aug. 
1553. He was buried in the church of Milton, 
Cambridgeshire, where a brass with two Latin 
inscriptions still preserves his memory. 
[Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, i. 429, 435, 



last, chiefly upon the compositions of Handel 452, v. 265; Dugdale's Orig. 117, 137, 293. 

and PurceU'; in ' King Arthur ' he drew upon Chron. Ser. 88, 89 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges ; 

Purcell's other works to a large extent, sacri- Cooper's Athense Cantab.] J. M. E. 

ficing some of the best numbers in the com- n^^-rr-n -n-T-r-r-r T A TT , -, irm 

poser's score. One of his last works for the COOKE, WILLIAM (d. 1780), a writer 

stage was < The Follies of a Night ' (PlanchS), ? n numismatic and antiquarian subjects, was 

1845. Of all his compositions, one song alone, instituted to the vicarage of Enford, Wilt- 

< Lovers Eitornella^ from < The Brigand/ !^ e > m } B > and ^ e ld it until his death, 

achieved a lasting success. From about 1830 He ^ s also ^ctor of Oldbury and Didmar- 

onwards he had given a good deal of atten- ton Gloucestershire, and chaplain to the Earl 

tionto glee composition, and several of his Suffolk. He published: 1. 'The Works 

productions in this branch of art gained prizes of Sallust translated into English .. ., 1746, 

at the catch and glee clubs. ' Six Glees 8vo - 2 - An Inquiry mto the Patriarchal 

for Three and Four Voices ' were published a * d ^ruidical Religion, Temples, &c., . . . 

in 1844, and others singly. As early as 1828 wltl1 an introduction in vindication of the 

he published a treatise entitled < Singing ex- se Y?l Hieroglyphical figures described and 

amplified in a Series of Solfeggi and Exer- ^ b j* ed ^ the c JP se f ^ e . wor ^' T Lo ^" 

cises, progressively arranged/ and he subse- do . n > 17 ?f - 3 -, Se 1 con 4 edition of No._ 2, 

quently became a widely popular singing ^ lth additions, and the title, An Inquiry 

master. Among his many distinguished mto Patriarchal and Druidical Religion, 

pupils the most eminent is Mr. Sims Reeves, Temples, &c., being the substance of some 

whose first London appearance was made letters to Sir Hildebrand Jacob, Bart., where- 

under Cooke's auspices. In 1846 he was m the Primaeval Institution and Universality 

appointed leader at the Concerts of Antient of tne Christian Scheme is manifested j the 

Music, succeeding John Fawcett Loder in Principles of the Patriarchs and Druids are 

that capacity. He died at his house in Great laid P en and snown to correspond entirely 

Portland Street, 26 Feb. 1848. and was with each other, and both with the doctrines 

buried at Kensal Green. of Christianity . . .' Illustrated with cop- 

m > -n- ,.*** ^ -r ^ -. per-plates. Second edition, London, 1755, 

[Groves Diet of Music; Gent. Mag 2nd aer. ^ 4 Boyse's ' New Pantheon/ sixth edi- 

x 559 ; Quarterly Musxcal Mag^ 371, &c.] ^ ^^ ^ c?rre(jted by ^ ^ ^^ 

12mo ; another edition, 1777, 8vo. 

COOKE, WILLIAM (d. 1553), iudge, ^ Cooke died at Enford on 25 Fel) - i 780 ; 

was born at Chesterton, Cambridgeshire, and i r some time Previously he had suffered 

educated in the university of Cambridge from iU-health, but managed to compile and 

He studied law first at Barnard's Inn and send to P ress a laborious numismatic work, 

subsequently at Gray's Inn, of which he was whlch was corrected and published by his 

admitted a member in 1528. He was called son m 1781 > mth tKe tltle ? ' Tlie MedaUic 

tothebarin!530. In Lent 1544 he was elected HlstOT 7 ^ Imperial Kome, from the first 

reader at Gray's Inn, but in consequence of triran virate ... to the removal of the Im- 

an outbreak of the plague did not read. On P enal seat b F Constantme the Great . . . / 

2 Dec. 1545 he was elected recorder of Cam- 2 vols -> Lolld o n > 1781, 4to. Cooke applies 

bridge. He was also counsel to King's Hall, coms to t]ie lustration of Roman history 

and steward of Corpus Christi College, Christ's and tlle Hves of tlie em P erc > r s. The plan of 

CoUege, Trinity Hall, and Gonville Hall In the book 1S 8 >ood ? tiat tne engravings are 

autumn 1546 he was again elected reader at yei 7 P oor - Most ^ the coins seem to have 

Gray/s Inn, having received in the previous been P re usly published in other works. 

Trinity term a writ of summons to take the .[Gent. Mag. 25 Feb. 1780, vol. 1. ; Nichols's 

degree of serjeant. The ceremony took place Lit< Aliecd - " 264-7; Hoare's "Wiltshire, s. v. 

on 3 Feb. 1545-6, Cooke receiving from Enford ;' Brit Mus. Cat.] W. W. 

Gray's Inn a present of 81. towards the ex- COOKE, WILLIAM (1711-1797), pro- 

penses connected therewith. The usual feast vost of King's College, Cambridge, was bora 

was held at the invitation of Lord-chancellor in St. James's, Westminster, 15 Oct. 1711. 

Wnothesley in Lincoln's Inn Hall. He was He was sent to Harrow in 1718, and placed 



Cooke ioi Cooke 

upon the foundation at Eton in 1721. In old saying as to the result of such studies by 
1731 he became a scholar, and in 1734 a fellow, afterwards becoming deranged (Gent Mao 
of King's College, Cambridge. He graduated for 1798, p. 774, and 1824, ii. 183). 



found his health too weak for the place, and 
in 1745 took the college living of Sturminster- COOKE, WILLIAM (1757-1832), legal 
Marshall, Dorsetshire. In 1748 he was elected writer, second son of John Cooke, was born 
fellow of Eton College, and resigned Stur- at Calcutta, where his father was a member 
minster on being presented to the rectory of the council, in 1757, and was educated at 
of Denham, Buckinghamshire ; he was also Harrow and Caius College, Cambridge, gra- 
bursar of Eton. In 1765 he proceeded D.D., duating B. A, in 1776. He was admitted a 
and was appointed chaplain to the Earl of student of Lincoln's Inn on 19 Nov. 1777. 
Halifax. In 1768 he accepted the rectory of He was called to the bar there in November 
Stoke Newington. On 25 March 1772 he was 1782, and in 1785 published a small treatise 
unanimously elected provost of King's Col- on the i Bankrupt Laws/ He soon obtained 
lege, Cambridge. He was vice-chancellor of a considerable practice in chancery and bank- 
the university in 1773. In April 1780 he re- ruptcy, and in 1816 was made K.C. and 
ceived a prebend in Ely, and on 9 Aug. was bencher of his inn. In 1818 he was commis- 
appointed to the deanery. He died at Bath sioned by Sir John Leach, V.C., to proceed to 
20 Oct. 1797. Milan for the purpose of collecting evidence 
He married Catherine, daughter of Eichard concerning the conduct of Queen Caroline. 
Sleech, canon of Windsor, in January 1746, He reached Milan in September of that year, 
and had by her twelve children. His second and reported the result of his investigations in 
daughter, Catherine, married Bishop Samuel July 1819. The report, which was forthwith 
Halifax [q_. v.], whose epitaph was written laid before the cabinet, led to the introduction 
"by Cooke. Cooke published a few sermons, of the celebrated * Bill of Pains and Penalties 
and in 1732 a small (anonymous) collection against Her Majesty. 7 About this time Cooke 
of poems called ( Musae Juveniles,' including began to be much troubled by frequent at- 
a Greek tragedy upon Solomon, called So<i'a tacks of gout, and abandoned court practice, 
OerjXdTos. In one of the sermons (1750) upon He continued, however, to practise as a 
the meaning of the expression in the second chamber counsel until 1825, when he retired 
Epistle of St. Peter, ' a more sure word of from the profession. He was one of the wit- 
prophecy,' he defends Sherlock against Con- nesses examined before the commission on 
yers Middleton, and produced a little con- chancery procedure in 1824. During the last 
troversy. He composed an epitaph for him- few years of his life he resided at his house, 
self in a south vestry of King's College Chapel, Wrinsted or Wrensted Court, Frinst ed, Kent, 
attributing what ever he had done to the mu- where he died on 14 Sept. 1832. His work 
nificence of Henry VI. One of his sons, Ed- on the ' Bankrupt Laws ? passed through 
ward Cooke [q. v.], became secretary at war eight editions, and was during his life the 
in Ireland. Another son, WILLIAM COOKE, was standard authority on the subject. It has 
fellow of King's College, Cambridge, professor long been superseded by more modern trea- 
of Greek at Cambridge from 1780 to 1793, and tises, and the successive modifications which 
rector of Hempstead-with-Lessingham, Nor- the law of bankruptcy has undergone during 
folk, from 1785 till his death, 3 May 1824. He the last fifty years have rendered much of it 
published an edition of Aristotle's ' Poetics ' entirely obsolete. It still, however, retains 
in 1785, to which was appended the first a certain value for the practitioner as an 
translation of Gray's l Elegy 7 into Greek verse, eminently lucid and virtually exhaustive 
a performance which had many imitators at digest of the earlier law. The fourth edition 
the time (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 154-5). appeared in 1797, and the eighth and last,re- 
Mathias praises Cooke's translation as equal vised by George Roots (2 vols. 8vo), in 1823. 
to Bion or Moschus, and calls the author an Cooke is often erroneously credited with the 
* extraordinary genius J (Pursuits of Liter a- works of William Cook [q. v.], miscellaneous 
ture, Dial, iii.) ; but De Quincey in ' Cole- writer. 

ridge and Opium Eating ' declares that ' scores r Legal Observer, iv. 3 75 (a very inaccurate ac- 

of modern schoolboys ' could do as well. In countj partially corrected in vii. 101) ; Oh. Com. 

1789 he also published ' A Dissertation on Rep. App. A. No. 6 ; Hansard, ii. 266 ; Twiss's 

the Eevelation of St. John,' comparing the Life of Lord Bldon,ii. 401 ; Gent. Mag. cii. pt. ii. 

Apocalypse to the ' OEdipus Tyrannus y of 286 ; Lincoln's Inn Beg. ; Hasted's Kent, ii. 

Sophocles and to Homer. He verified the 512.] J. M. B. 



Cooke 102 Cooke 

COOKJE, WILLIAM BERNARD (1778- ' in" various quarters in an experimental way, 
1855), line engraver, was "born in London in Indeed, the idea of the magnetic needle had, 
1778. He was the elder brother of George from the early part of the seventeenth cen- 
Cooke [q. v.], and became a pupil of William tury, occupied the minds of scientific men. 
Angus, the engraver of the ' Seats of the No- Dr. Miincke had closely followed the course' 
bility and Gentry in Great Britain and Wales.' of discovery, and, for the purpose of illustrat- 
Affcer the termination of his apprenticeship ing his lectures at the university, had con- 
lie obtained employment upon the plates for structed a telegraphic apparatus on the prin- 
Brewer's t Beauties of England and Wales/ ciple introduced by Baron Schilling in 1835. 
and then undertook the publication of i The Cooke's genius instantly caught at the pro- 
Thames/ which was completed in 1811, and spect that was thus unfolded. Up to that 
for which he engraved almost all the plates, time the electric telegraph had not been ex- 
His most important work was the i Pic- perimented upon much beyond the walls of 
turesque "Views on the Southern Coast of the laboratory and the class-room, and the' 
England/ chiefly from drawings by Turner, young medical student conceived the idea of 
which he produced between 1814 and 1826, at once putting the invention into practical 
conjointly with his brother, George Gooke, operation in connection with the various rail- 
and for which lie executed no less than way systems then rapidly developing. He 
twenty-two plates, besides many vignettes, abandoned medicine, and devoted his mind to- 
He also engraved after Turner i The Source the application of the existing knowledge and 
of the Tamar' and 'Plymouth/ and in 1819 instruments for telegraphy. Early in 1837 
five plates of Views in Sussex/ which were he returned to England, with introductions to- 
published with explanatory notices by R. R. Faraday and Roget. By them he was intro- 
Reinagle. Besides these he engraved ' Storm duced to ProfessorWheatstone, who had made 
cleaning off/ after Copley Fielding, for the electric telegraphy a special study, and had so- 
' Gallery of the Society of Painters in Water far back as 1834 laid before the Royal Society 
Colours/ 1833, as well as plates for Rhodes's an account of important experiments on the- 
'Peak Scenery/ 1818, De Wint's 'Views in velocity of electricity and the duration of elec- 
the South of France, chiefly on the Rhone/ trie light. Cooke had already constructed a* 
1825, Cockburn's ' Pompeii/ 1827, Stanfield's system of telegraphing with three needles on 
' Coast Scenery/ 1836, Noel Humphreys's Schilling's principle, and made designs for a 
s Rome and its surrounding Scenery/ 1840, mechanical alarm. He had also made some 
and other works. He likewise published ' A progress in negotiating with the Liverpool and' 
new Picture of the Isle of Wight/ 1812, and Manchester Railway Company for the use of 
' Twenty-four select Views in Italy/ 1833. his telegraphs. After one or two interviews^ 
He was an engraver of considerable ability, in which Wheatstone seems to have frankly 
and excelled especially in marine views, but revealed to Cooke all he had done towards 
the works which he published did not meet perfecting the electric telegraph, a partner- 
with much success. He died at Camberwell, ship was agreed upon between them, and 
of heart disease, 2 Aug. 1855, aged 77. duly entered into in May 1837. Wheatstone- 

[Gent. Mag. 1855, ii. 334; Art Journal, 1855, had ^ neither taste nor leisure for business 

p. 267 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the Eng- details, while Cooke possessed a good prac- 

lish School, 1878.] K. E. G-. tical knowledge, much energy, and business* 

ability of a nigh order. Wheatstone and 

COOKE, Sin WILLIAM FOTHER- Cooke's first patent was taken out in the- 
GILL (1806-1879), electrician, was born at same month that the partnership was entered 
Ealing, Middlesex, in 1806. His father was into, and was ' for improvements in giving 
a surgeon there, but was afterwards appointed signals and sounding alarms in distant places- 
professor of anatomy at Durham, to which by means of electric currents transmitted 
place the family remo ved. Oooke was educated through electric circuits.' Cooke now pro- 
atDurhamandattheuniversityof Edinburgh, ceeded to test the utility of the invention, 
and at the age of twenty entered the Indian the London and Blackwall, the London and 
army. After five years' service in India he Birmingham, and the Great Western rail- 
returned home, intending to quality himself way companies successively allowing the use 
for his father's profession, and passed some of their lines for the experiment. It was 
time on the continent, studying first at Paris, found, however, that with five needles and 
and subsequently at Heidelberg under Pro- five line wires the expense was too great, 
fessor Miincke. While with Professor Miincke and in that form the electric telegraph was 
in 1836 his attention was directed towards given up. In 1838 an improvement was 
electrictelegraphy,theprobablepracticability effected whereby the number of needles was 
of which had been previously demonstrated reduced to two, andapatent for this was taken* 



Cooke 103 Cookes 

out by Cooke and Wheats-tone. Before a [Sabine's History and Progress of the Electric 
parliamentary committee onrailwaysin!840, Telegraph; Dr. Turnbull's Lectures on the Elec- 
Wheatstone stated that he had, conjointly trie Telegraph ; the Practical Magazine, vol. r. ; 
with Cooke, obtained a new patent for a Jeans's Lives of the Electricians; the "Wheatstone 
telegraphic arrangement. The new appara- and Oooke Correspondence.] J. B-Y. 
tus required only a singlepair of wires instead COOKE, WILLIAM JOHN (1797-1865), 
of five, and was greatly simphfied. The tele- ^ engraver, was born in DuUk 11 Apr* 
graph was stJl too costly for general pur- 1797 ^ eame E x d ^ P u 
poses. In 1845, however, Oooke and Wheat- wken ^ a ^ He wag | * 
stonesucceededinproducingthesmgleneedle tte ^^ / f hig ^ Q 1 c , 
apparatus which they patented, and from engrave and in 1826 ^ rece f ved fro ^ t]ie 
that tmie the eleetnctelegraphbecameaprac- go | iet ^ a ld medal for ^ t 
tieal instrument, and was speedily adopted impro 4 ments wh 4 he made - m *& 
on all the radway lines of the country. In up S n ste el. He was employed upon the an- 
the meantime a bitter controversy arose be- ^ gtanfield , s , Q^/ g**, Danidr8 
tween Oooke and Wlieatstone, each claim- Oriental Ammal , and otter an^ted pub- 
ing the chief credit of the mvention. Oooke ^^^ of that d ' a tut their decline 
contended that he alona had succeeded in about 184Q ]ie left ^ ngla j and settled at 
reducing the electric telegraph to practical Darmstadt wliere he di = d 6 A u 1865 _ Hig 
usefulness at the time he sought Wheatstone s best plates ' ^e those after Turner of 'Not- 
asststance and on the other hand Wheat- tingllam > ^4 HymOTlth . ia the < views in 
stone maintained that Cookes instrument had England and w / le , < Newark Oas tle ' in 
never been and could never be practically gco tt , g , Poetical Wo ; ks ., Besides these te 
applied. More of the actual work of mven- engraved , The Thames at Mort i ake ' a i so 
tion was no doubt done by Wheatstone than affc 5 6r Turn , 0aMs pi , ^^ David c 
by his partner though Wheatstone could not for ^ , Gall ' of ^ goc ' iet rf Painters ^ 
altogetherwithholdfromCookeacertainshare Water Colou ^ . ^d < Retl i n ed from his 
of the honour of the invention. He admitted Travels or tlie TraveUed Monkey,' after Sir 
that he could not have succeeded so early E dw ia Landseer. 

without Cooke's ' zeal and perseverance and r _ , _. '. _ . , _ , 

j.- i i -n > v *. T, n *t4. ni,^ ,u [Bryan s Diet, of Painters and Engravers, ed. 

practical skill/ but held that Cooke could Gr ^ m6 information from ^ Coot ^ 

never have succeeded at all without mm. E E G- 
An arrangement was come to in 1843 by 

which the several patents were assigned to COOKES, SIB THOMAS (d. 1701), 
Oooke, with the reservation of a mileage "benefactor of Gloucester Hall, Oxford, be- 
royalty to Wheatstone ; and in 1846 the longed to an old Worcestershire family, and 
Electro-Telegraph Company was formed in resided at Bentley Pauncefot in Worcester- 
conjunction with Cooke, the company paying shire. He was a liberal patron of Bromsgrove 
120,0007. for Cooke and Wheatstone's earlier grammar school, and endowed the school of 
patents. F eckenham. By his will, dated 19 Feb. 1696, 
For some years Cooke employed himself and proved in the prerogative court of Can- 
very actively in the practical work of tele- terbury 15 Oct. 1701, he gave * to the arch- 
graphy, but does not appear to have achieved bishop of Canterbury, the bishops of Oxford, 
much in the way of invention after his sepa- Lichfield, and Gloucester, and to the vice- 
ration from Wheatstone. He tried to ob- chancellor and all the heads of colleges and 
tarn an extension of the original patents, but halls in the university of Oxford, for the time 
the judicial committee of the privy coun- being and their successors/ the sum of 10,000. 
cil decided that Cooke and Wheatstone to purchase lands, the profits whereof were to 
had been sufficiently remunerated, and that be devoted ' either to build an ornamental 
the electric telegraph had not been so poor pile of buildings in Oxford and endow the 
an investment as they had been led to believe same with so many scholars' places and fel- 
by the press, the shareholders having received lowships as they should think the revenue 
a bonus of 15Z. per share, besides the usual would maintain, or to endow such other col- 
dividend of four per cent, on 300,000. The lege or hall in Oxford with such and so many 
Albert gold medal of the Society of Arts was fellowships and scholars' places as they should 
awarded on equal terms to Cooke and Wheat- think fit.' In the election to fellowships and 
stone in 1867 ; and two years later Cooke scholarships preference was to be given to 
was knighted, Wheatstone having had the those who had been educated at Bromsgrove 
same honour conferred upon him the year or Feckenham. The executors and the law 
before. A civil list pension was granted to courts kept the bequest unsettled till 1714, 
Cooke in 1871. He died on 25 June 1879. when the property was acquired by Glou- 



Cookesley 104 Cookson 

cester HaU. and (by royal letters patent, temporary Biog. 1870; Athenaeum, 21 Aug. 1880, 

dated 14 July 1714) the hall was converted No. 2756, p. 240 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. "W. 
into Worcester College. It appears that 

Cookes had originally intended that the COOKSON, GEOKGE (1760-1835), ge- 

10,000/. should be devoted to building- a neral, sixth son of Captain Thomas Cookson, 

workhouse in Worcestershire, and that he B.N., and grandson of William Cookson of 

had abandoned this intention at the instance Wellington, Shropshire, was born at Earn- 

of Dr. Woodroffe of Worcester Hall. The borough, Hampshire, on 29 April 1760. He 

Kev. John Baron, fellow of Balliol, in 1699 entered the royal navy in 1773, but after his 

preached a sermon before Cookes at Fecken- father's death in 1775 Lord North gave him a 

ham, in the hope of diverting the stream of cadetship to the Royal Military Academy at 

bounty to Balliol, but the sermon failed to Woolwich. He entered the royal artillery as 

produce the desired effect. Cookes died 8 June second lieutenant in 1778, and was promoted 

1701. lieutenant in 1780. His early service was 

[Nashe's Worcestershire, i. 441, ii. 403; Wood's P^cipally in the West Indies, and on one oc- 

Hist, and Antiq. of Coll. of Oxford, ed. Gutch, pp. <*&*> name ^ ^ 7 ? 5 > commanded all the 

630-1 ; Eeliqt. Hearn. ii. 274 ; Ballard MSS. iv. *rtdUay on the Black Kiver until its evacua- 

25, vi. 37, xri. ; information fromT. W. Jackson, toon. In 1792 he was promoted captam-lieu- 

esq., vice-provost of Worcester College.] tenant, and in the following year accompanied 

A. H. B. the Duke of York's army to the Netherlands. 

~^~-r~ TTW W - I . TT .,. 1 ,, ^,-r^r^-r^ He opened the first English battery against 

COOKESLEY, WILLIAM QIFFOKD the city of Valenciennes, and commanded the 

(1802-1880), classical scholar, was born at English gunners in the trenches and at the 

Brasted in Kent on 1 Dec. 1802, and was storm O f t h at c j tv< Qn the conclusion of the 

educated at Eton and at King's College, Cam- campaign he was promoted captain and ap- 

bndge, where he graduated B.A. in 1825, pointed to the command of No. 7 company, 

M,A, in 1827. He was for many years one 6t h battalion, and in 1800 was made maior by 

of the assistant masters at Eton. In 1857 brevet. In that year he commanded the royal 

he was appointed jicar of Hayton, York- artillery w i t h General Maitland's expedition 

shire, and became incumbent of St. Peter's, against BeUeisle, which afterwards ioined the 

Hammersmith m 1860, and rector of Temps- force sent against Ferrol under Sir James Pul- 

ford, Bedfordshire, m 1868. He died _ on teney and was eventually incorporated with 

16 Aug. 1880. His publications on classical the art iUery under Sir Ralph Abercromb/s 

subjects are: 1 ^Selections from Pindar, command in the Mediterranean. Cookson 

With English Notes,' 1838, 8yo. 2. 'Pin- was appo i n ted to manage the landing of the 

dan Carmma. Notas quasdam Anglice scrip- field-pieces in Abercromby's disembarkation 

tas adjecit G.G.C., 1844, &c , 8vo (another on the coast of Egypt, and he was so rapid 

edition pars prima, 1850 &c., and an edi- tliat the guns were in action almost ag J on 

tion in 2 vols., 1851) 3. Selecta e Catullo > as t k e infantry, and did great service in co- 

(with notes), 1845, 12mo. 4 'Account and ve ring the landing of the rest of the army. 

Map of the Ancient City of Rorne' I860; During the whole Egyptian campaign Cook- 

and a similar ^Account and Map of Ancient son ^ Q&tlj distinguished himself, especially 

Athens/1851 8vo (also 1852 8yo) S <Se- atthesiegeof Alelandria, when for a time hi 

r%? ^P.^ 1 . (^ ^tes), 1851 > 12mo C0 mmanled aU the fifty-two guns employed 

6. ^ Eton Selections from Ovid and Tibullus ' at ^ siegej and in the Ittack on the castli of 

10 ^ I f n ; 12n ?^ t ^ f^' Marabout on 22 Aug., when he was publicly 
,12mo). 7. 'OowTfl Galkc War (with thankedby Sir Eyre Coote (1762-1821) [q.v.j 

l A^k ' ^' A ^i^oHV 180 On 29 Oct 1801 ^ ** commandant of 

w' ^ erm < Loild , T n ' 1 ^ 1 1 2 S /* theancientPharos,andappointedtocommand 

and 'Old Windsor Sermons 'London 1844, a ii the artiUery in Egyptf and he was after- 

K' 9 Vnl^ d translation of the New wards pre8 entid with a gold medal by the 

Testament, 1859 &c, 8vo. 10.; A few Be, grand vizier, an honour conferred on no other 

marks on some of the more prominent errors ^tili ery officer (VvxCAX, History of the Jtoyal 

^ T 1 P C i^ SO B i k i ^ 6 **MW, ". 132). After his reton to Eng- 

VWP^V r i 8 ! ' l k ?l 6 " l^hewaspromotedlieutenant-colonel,a^d 

Sketch of F. J. Cookesley, edited by in September 1804 was appointed to command 

v 



tlie Netherlands, and at that general's special 
[Men of the Time, 10th ed. 1879, llth ed, request he was appointed to command all the 
1 884 (' Necrology ')j Martin's Handbook of Con- artiUery accompanying the expedition to 




Cookson 105 Cookson 

Hanover in 1805. The expedition, however, as he always preferred to style 
did nothing, and after its failure Cookson re- ancient college in the university of Cai 
turned to Dublin. He was again, upon Lord His private tutors were Henry Philpi,^ ,^ 
Cathcart's request, ordered to accompany that as bishop of "Worcester pronounced the last" 
general's more important expedition to Den- words of the burial service over his grave 
mark in 1807, and commanded the batteries and the famous Hopkins of Peterhouse. Soon 
on the right during the bombardment of Co- afterwards he was appointed to the tutorship; 
penhagen ; but he received no recognition of and among his pupils was the present Sir 
his services on this occasion, though the officer William Thomson. In 1847 he succeeded 
commanding the artillery, Colonel Blomefield, Dr. Hodgson as master of his college, and as 
was made a baronet. In October 1808 he rector of Grlaston in Eutlandshire till 1877, 
embarked in command of the forty-eight guns when this rectory was by the new college 
and twelve hundred artillerymen ordered to statutes detached from the headship with 
form part of Sir David Baird's army intended which it had hitherto been combined. In 
for the Peninsula, and when Baird joined Sir 1855 he marriedEmily Valence, elder daughter 
John Moore, Cookson took command of all the of Gilbert Ainslie, D.D., master of Pembroke 
horse artillery with the combined army. He College, by whom he had one daughter. He 
commanded it with great ability throughout died, after an illness of a few days, on 
Moore's retreat, and especially distinguished 30 Sept. 1876, in Peterhouse Lodge ; and, 
himself at the action off Benevente on 29 Dec. in accordance with a wish expressed by him 
1808, when General Lefevre-Desnouettes was in writing two months before, he was buried 
taken prisoner. At the close of the retreat, in the churchyard of the college benefice of 
when but three miles from Oorunna, he sue- Cherry Hinton, near Cambridge, a simple 
cessfully blew up two great magazines of academical funeral appropriately closing a 
powder, containing twelve thousand barrels, to university life of great though absolutely un- 
save them from the enemy, but he missed the ostentatious usefulness, 
battle of Corunna, as he had embarked with the During a large proportion of the twenty- 
horse artillery the night before. In April nine years through which he held his master- 
1801 he received the command of the artillery ship Cookson was one of the most influential, 
in the Sussex district, which he held until as he was always one of the most active and 
1 Aug. 1814, except in July 1809, when he most conscientious, members of his univer- 
commanded the artillery in South Beveland sity. With mathematical acquirements he 
during the Walcheren expedition up to the combined strong scientific sympathies and 
fall ol Flushing. Few artillery officers saw distinct literary tastes; he was a sound pro- 
more varied service than Cookson, but as he testant of the least sensational type ; in poli- 
did not happen to serve in the Peninsula or tics his clear-eyed conservatism shrank with 
at Waterloo he never even received the C.B. unconcealed dislike from the more imagi- 
for his services. He was promoted in regular native phases of party opinion. His services 
course colonel on 17 March 1812, major- to the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of 
"general on 4 June 1814, and lieutenant-ge- which he was president 1865-6, were too solid 
neral on 22 July 1830. He died at Esher on to be forgotten ; and he worked with a will 
12 Aug. 1835. He was married three times, when chairman of Mr. Cleasby's committee 
and his eldest son, an officer in the 3rd guards, at the parliamentary election of 1868. It re- 
was killed at the battle of Fuentes de Onoro mained no secret that in 1867 he was offered, 
on 5 May 1811. through Lord Derby, the bishopric of Lich- 

[Koyal Military Calendar; Duncan's History fie1 ^ ^hich he declined. He was energetic 

of the Royal Artillery; Gent. Mag. for October m his college and ^ the university. Not only 

1835] HMS was he elected vice-chancellor as many as 

' four times (1848, 1864, 1872, 1873) ; but he 

COOKSOlSr, HENRY WILKINSON, was almost continuously a member of the 
PJX (1810-1 876), master of Peterhouse, born council of the senate from the institution of 
10 April 1810 at Kendal, Westmoreland, was that body in ^1856 ; and there was hardly a 
the sixth son of Thomas and Elizabeth Cook- syndicate of importance concerned with the 
son. Wordsworth, for whose poetry he always organisation or reconstruction of the univer- 
cherished a reverential admiration, was one sity studies and examinations from 1851 on- 
of his godfathers. He was educated at Ken- wards of which he was not a member. He 
dal grammar school and at Sedbergh school, also contributed very materially to the settle- 
then under the head-mastership of the old ment of the relations between the university 
friend of the family from whom he derived his and the town of Cambridge, which came 
second baptismal name. In October 1828 he under discussion during his vice-chancellor- 
commenced residence at St. Peter's College, ship in 1873. In all the transactions in whicli 



Cookson 



106 



Cookworthy 



he bore a part he showed the prudence and 
caution for which his name became prover- 
bial at Cambridge ; but he was hardly less 
distinguished by a genuine zeal for progress, 
manifesting itself especially in a desire for the 
extension of the studies of the university, and 
an increase in the number of its professorial 
chairs. Thus he delighted in such practical 
evidence of the success of his endeavours as 
the augmentation of the Woodwardian Mu- 
seum, the enlargement of the botanical gar- 
den, and the erection of the new museums ; 
and he was one of the first to advocate the 
application of a proportion of the funds of 
the colleges to the endowment of new pro- 
fessorships. Altogether, he has no slight share 
in the extraordinary development reached 
by Cambridge in the years which immediately 
preceded the time of his death, and in those 
which have since ensued. An admirable por- 
trait of Cookson by Lowes Dickinson occu- 
pies a place of honour in the college hall at 
Peterhouse ; in the parish church of Cherry 
Hinton, partially restored in remembrance of 
him, a mural brass, designed by Gr. G. Scott, 
records his deserts and renders justice to his 
qualities. The inscription was composed by 
W. M. Gunson of Christ's College. 

[Memorial articles in Cambridge Chronicle, 
7 Oct., and Saturday Bevies, 14 Oct. 1876 per- 
sonal knowledge.] A. "W. "W. 

COOKSON, JAMES (1752-1 835), divine, 
was a native of Martindale, "Westmoreland. 
He received his academical education at 
Queen's College, Oxford, as a member of 
which house he proceeded B.A. on 13 June 
1781, and M.A. on 13 July 1786, Mean- 
while he had been instituted, in September 
1775, on his own petition, to the rectory of 
Colmer with Priors Dean, Hampshire, to 
which he was inducted the following Octo- 
ber. He was also for many years curate of 
the neighbouring village of Steep, and about 
1796 was presented to the vicarage of Harting, 
Sussex. Popular report says that he was put 
into the last-named living as a locum tenens 
only, and that when asked to resign he said 
* his conscience did not allow Mm to do so.' 

Despite the cares of three parishes some 
miles apart, Cookson found time for writing. 
He published, first, ' Thoughts on Polygamy, 
suggested by the dictates of Scripture, Na- 
ture, Reason, and Common-sense ; with a 
description of Marriage and its obligations ; 
a contemplation of our National System of 
Laws relative thereto ; and particularly, an 
examination of 26 Geo. II, ch. 33, commonly 
called the Marriage Act. Including remarks 
on Thelyphthora [by the Hev. Martin Madan] 
and its scheme, with some hints for the pre- 



vention of Prostitution. ... In two parts/ 
8vo, "Winchester, 1782. His next work was- 

I A New Family Prayer-Book. . . . Eluci- 
dated with explanatory notes and observa- 
tions on an entire new plan,' 8vo,Winchester ? , 
1783 (3rd ed. 1786). This was followed by 
i The Universal Family Bible . . .illustrated 
with notes and observations,' fol. London^ 
1784, Between the appearance of the last 
two works Cookson had become master of 
Churcher's College, Petersfield, at which 
place he died on 6 Jan. 1835, aged 83, and 
was buried on the 12th in the chancel of 
Colmer church. He was of eccentric habits, 
and is said once to have announced in church,. 

I 1 have forgotten my sermon, but I will read 
you a true account of the battle of Waterloo/ 
In 1814 he was elected a fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries. 

[Hervey's Hist, of Colmer and Priors Dean,, 
pp. 1 90-4 ; information from the vicar of Harting ; 
Gent. Mag. 1835, iii. 441; Brit. Mus. Cat.; 
Watt's Bibl. Brit.] G. Ck 

COOKWORTHY, WILLIAM (1705- 
1780), porcelain-maker, was born at Kings- 
bridge, Devonshire, in 1705, his mother being 
left a widow with five sons and some daugh- 
ters. About the time of the father's death 
nearly all their property was lost in the South 
Sea stock speculation. The widow retired 
to a smaller house, in which she maintained 
herself and daughters by the most rigid eco- 
nomy. William Cookworthy and his brother 
eventually started in a small drug business 
in Plymouth. In this they were so suc- 
cessful that they had their mother to live- 
with them in Nut Street, Plymouth, and 
were enabled to allow her to be a liberal 
benefactor to the poor. The brothers appear 
to have followed the business of wholesale 
druggists for many years. Although edu- 
cated by the Society of Friends, Cookworthy 
did not, until he had reached his thirty-first 
year, manifest any strong religious feelings* 
At this time he retired from trade, and after 
a period of probation he accepted a gift 
in the ministry, and laboured diligently in 
the western counties. For about twenty- 
five years Cookworthy held a meeting in his 
own house every first day evening when at 
home,' as we are informed by the ' Testimony 
of Monthly Meeting 7 for 1781. A Friend 
of Plymouth thus described him : e A tall, 
venerable man, with three-cornered hat and 
bushy, curly wig, a mild but intellectual 
countenance, and full of conversation. . . . 
He used to travel as a wholesale chemist 
through Cornwall, and at Godolphin was al- 
ways the guest of Nancarrow, superinten- 
dent of mines in that district, who being also 



Cookworthy 



107 



Cooley 



a scientific person, they used to sit up most 
of the night engaged in their favourite sub- 



a letter written on 5 May 1745 Cook- 
worthy says : ' I have lately had with me the 
person who has discovered the china earth. 
. . It was found in the back of Yirginia, 
where he was in quest of mines, and hav- 
ing read Du Halde, he discovered both the 
vetunze and kaolin.' The first true porce- 
lain manufactured in Europe was made by 
Bbttcher in 1709 at Dresden, and in 1710 he 
was appointed director of the Meissen fac- 
tory, and after five years of experiment he suc- 
ceeded in making the fine porcelain known 
as 'Dresden china.' 

Cookworthy having seen the kaolin irpm 

Yirginia (china clay), and the petunze (china 

stone, or growan stone), he discovered on 

Tregonning Hill the Cornish china clay, and 

soon after he noticed that a portion of the 

granite, or moorstone, of the same district 

resembled in some respects the petunze, and 

on exposing it to a white heat in a crucible 

he obtained ' a beautiful semi-diaphanous 

white substance.' This was the Breage china 

stone, but, containing black particles which 

burnt red, it was not fitted for a porcelain 

glaze. At Carlegges, in St. Stephen's parish, 

near St. Austell, he found subsequently 

both the clay and the stone of the desired 

purity. This appears to have been between 

1755 and 1758. The clay and stone found 

in St. Stephen's was on the property of Lord 

Camelford, who assisted Cookworthy in his 

first efforts to make porcelain in Plymouth, 

the works being established at Coxside. His 

progress was slow, and it was not until 1768 

that he obtained a patent for the exclusive 

use of Cornish clay and Cornish stone in 

the manufacture of porcelain. In. the Ply- 

mouth works from fifty to sixty persons were 

employed. The company Lord Camelford 

being one of the firm obtained a high-class 

porcelain painter and enameller from Sevres. 

Henry Bone [q.v.] was educated in this 

pottery. 

Cookworthy afterwards sold the patent 
right to Mr. K. Champion of Bristol, who 
founded a pottery in that city. Neither the 
porcelain works in Plymouth nor those in 
Bristol were profitable, and in 1777 the pa- 
tent right was sold to a company in Staf- 
fordshire. Cookworthy brought his chemical 
knowledge to bear on the porcelain manu- 
facture, and he appears to have been the first 
chemist who in this country obtained cobalt- 
blue direct from the ores. A well-known 
Staffordshire potter writes of Cook-worthy's 
discovery : ' The greatest service ever con- 
ferred by one person on the pottery manu- 



facture is that of making them acquainted! 
with the nature and properties of the mate- 
rials, and his introduction of " growan stone " 
for either body or glaze, or both when requi- 
site.' Cookworthy is said to have been a be- 
liever in the dowsing, or divining rod, for 
discovering mineral veins, and we learn that 
he became a disciple of Swedenborg. As a 
Friend he was universally esteemed by the 
Society ; as a minister he was zealous, en- 
gaging, and persuasive ; as a lover of science 
he was much appreciated, as is proved by the 
fact that Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and 
Captain Cook dined with him at Plymouth 
before their voyage round the world. Cook- 
worthy died on 16 Oct. 1780, aged 76. 

[Prideaux's Relics of William Cook-worthy, 
1853; Testimony of Monthly Meeting, Ply- 
mouth, 1781; Polwhele's History of Cornwall; 
Burt's Review of Plymouth, 1816; History of 
Staffordshire Potteries, Hanley, 1827; Price's- 
Treatise on Mining ; De la Beche's Catalogue of 
British Pottery and Porcelain.] B. H-T. 



COOLEY, THOMAS (1740-1784), ar- 
chitect, was born in 1740 in England, and 
originally apprenticed to a carpenter. He 
obtained a premium at the Society of Arts- 
in 1753, and in 1769 was the successful com- 
petitor for building the Roy al^ Exchange in 
Dublin, which he completed in 1779, and 
continued to reside in Dublin. He also 
erected a tower to Armagh Cathedral, and 
theNewgateprison in Dublin ; neither of these 
was a successful work. He was employed 
on several other public buildings in Dublin,, 
but died in 1784 while engaged on the Four 
Courts, having only completed the western 
wing. From 1765 to 1768 he contributed 
architectural designs to the exhibitions of the- 
Free Society of Artists. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists; Grraves's 
Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Pasquin's Artists- 
of Ireland; Catalogues of the Free Society of 
Artists.] L - C - 

COOLEY, WILLIAM DESBOROUGH 

(d. 1883), geographer, was elected a fellow 
of the Royal Geographical Society of Lon- 
don in 1830, and was made an honorary free- 
member in 1864 (Proceedings of Royal Geogr. 



time ana jjuaua j^iauuvtuj, VWAO. j-^^w ^, 
a work of considerable merit which was trans- 
lated into French. On the publication of 
M. Douville's ' Voyage au Congo ' in 1832 
Cooley wrote a criticism in the ' Foreign 
Quarterly Review/ in which the fraud prac- 
tised by that pretended explorer was exposed. 
After that time his name was chiefly asso- 
ciated with African subjects. In 1852 her 



Cooley 108 Goombes 

published 'Inner Africa laid open, in an Lond. 1876, 8vo. A thoroughly original 

-attempt to trace the chief lines of communi- work. 

cation across that continent south of the He also contributed several memoirs to the 

Equator.' In this work, almost exclusively ' Journal of the Royal Geographical Society/ 

based upon Portuguese and native authorities, and a series of controversial articles on 

he maintained that there existed but one African subjects to the 'Athen&um' (MAKK- 

great lake in Central Africa, and that the HAH, Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geogr. 

.snowy mountains alleged to have been seen 8oc. pp. 233). 

by Krapf and Rehmann were myths. His [Authorities eited above Cat> of Printed 

protest against the existence of snowy moun- ^ O ok s i n Brit. Mus.l T C 
tains was repeated even after Von der Decken 

and Thornton's return from the Kilimanjaro COOLING or COLING, RICHARD (d. 

in 1863, and as late as 1864 he insisted upon 1697), clerk of the privy council, became 

the Nyassa and Tanganyika forming one con- secretary to the Earl of Manchester on that 

tinuous lake. Although the progress of geo- nobleman's being appointed lord chamberlain 

.graphical discoveries in Africa upset many of in 1660, and, being with the earl at Oxford 

his pet theories, he has the credit of being the when he was incorporated M.A. (8 Sept. 

first to deal in a scientific spirit with questions 1665), received the same degree from the uni- 

which have since been solved by actual obser- versity. He was apparently on intimate terms 

vations (Athen&um, 10 March 1883, -p. 315). with Pepys, to whom when in liquor he was 

In these discussions he distinguished him- communicative on the subject of the relations 

self by the vigour of his style of writing and of the king with Lady Oastieniaine, and other 

his mastery of the literature of African geo- court gossip. He also acted as secretary to 

graphy. He was also a good linguist, and the Earl of Arlington during his tenure of 

had perfected his acquaintance with Ki-Swa- the office of lord chamberlain (1674-80). 

hili, the lingua franca of Eastern Africa, by On 21 Feb. 1688-9 he was sworn clerk of 

taking lessons from an intelligent native of the privy council in ordinary. He died on 

.Zanzibar, whom accident had brought to the 19 June 1697. Wood says that he ' was origi- 

port of London. nally, as it seems, of All' Souls' College. 7 He 

For many years he lived quite alone in is described as Dr. Richard Cooling in the 

humble lodgings in London, supported almost ' Cal. State Papers ' (Dom. 1667), p. 28. 

solely by the civHHst pension oilOO^, panted [p , g D . 5 ^ 166Q and ^ 7 

to him in 1859. He died on 1 March 1883. Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 285 ; Luttrell's Eolation 

Besides the works already noticed and some O f state Affairs, i 504, iv. 241.] J. M. B. 
treatises on geometry he published : 1. 'The 

Negroland of the Arabs examined and ex- COOMBES, ROBERT (1808-1860), 

plained; 'or, an Inquiry into the early History champion sculler, was born at Vauxhall, 

and Geography of Central Africa,' Lond. 1841, Surrey, in 1808, and as a waterman at an 

8vo. 2. An edition of ' Larcher's Notes on early age commenced life on the Thames. 

Herodotus,' 2 vols. 1844. 3. ' The World sur- In height he was about 5 feet 7 inches, 

veyed in the XIX Century j or Recent Narra- and his rowing weight was generally under 

tives of Scientific and ExploratoryExpeditions 9 stone. Constantly matched against men 

translated, and, where necessary, abridged,' Ms superiors in strength and size, he by his 

2 vols. Lond, 1845-8, 8vo. 4. < Sir Francis superior skill, tact, and attentive training 

Drake, his "Voyage, 1595, by Thomas May- almost always proved victorious in the long 

narde/ edited from the original manuscripts run. His first public race was for the Duke 

for the Hakluyt Society, 1849. 5. < Clau- of Northumberland's purse of sovereigns on 

dius Ptolemy and the Nile ; or an inquiry 4 July 1836. His principal sculling matches 

into that geographer's real merits and specu- were against Kipping, Kelly, Jack Phelps, 

lative errors, his knowledge of Eastern Africa, Campbell, Tom Mackmning, Henry Clasper, 

and the authenticity of the Mountains of the and Tom Cole, and his most important oars' 

Moon,' Lond. 1854, 8vo. 6. l Dr. Livingstone's race was rowed with his brother as partner 

Reise vom Fluss Liambey nach Loanda in against the two Claspers. In sculling he 

1853-4 kritisch und kommentariseh beleuch- beat J. Phelps, F. Godfrey, George Campbell, 

tet,' 1855. 7. 'The Memoir on the Lake and the majority of the best men. On 3 Oct. 

Regions of East Africa reviewed,' Lond. 1864, 1838 he beat J. Kelly from "Westminster to 

&vo. In reply to Capt. R. Burton's letter in Putney, but the latter meeting with a slight 

the <Athengeum,'No. 1899. 8. 'Dr. Living- accident, and doubts being expressed as to 

stone and the Royal Geographical Society,' the nature of the victory, the two men raced 

Lond. 1874, 8vo. 9. 'Physical Geography, or again on the following day, when Kelly 

the Terraqueous Globe and its Phenomena/ was beaten easily. This was the first right- 



Coombes 



109 



Cooper 



away match, without fouling of which there 
is any record. As an oarsman his achieve- 
ments were numerous. With J. Phelps he 
beat W. Pocock and J. Doubledee. He was 
stroke in the winning four at the Liverpool 
regatta in 1840, winning against five crews. 
On 8 Sept. 1842 he beat E. Nowell, West- 
minster to Putney, for 50/. a side ; in the 
following month they rowed again, when 
Coombes was again the better man, and was 
presented with a piece of plate in commemo- 
ration of his victories. At Newcastle-on- 
Tyne 18 Dec. 1844, he staked 100Z. to 50Z. 
and was the winner in a sculling match with 
H Olasper. He became the champion of the 
Thames on 19 Aug. 1846, beating C. Camp- 
bell easily. He held the championship longer, 
and rowed the course. Putney to Mortlake, 
faster, than any other man of his time ; but on 
24 May 1852, when aged forty-three, although 
backed at 2 to 1 for 200Z. a side, he was 
beaten by Thomas Cole, a man half his age, 
by half a length, in a race lasting 29 minutes 
12 seconds, one of the most perfectly con- 
tested races ever witnessed. With Wilson 
he won the pairs at the Thames Kegatta in 
1845, and with his brother, Tom Coombes, 
beat Richard and Harry Clasper in a match 
on the Thames in 1847. As a trainer he was 
employed by the Cambridge crew in 1852, 
and in the same year his name is found in 
connection with a book bearing the following 
title, < Aquatic Notes, or Sketches of the 
Rise and Progress of Racing at Cambridge ; 
by a Member of the C.U.B.C., with a Letter 
containing hints on Rowing and Training by 
Robert Coombes, champion sculler/ 1852, 
12mo. Although he was sometimes defeated 
in pair and four oar races, yet he and his 
crews always came off with credit and stoutly 
contested the victories with their opponents. 
In speed and style during his time he was 
never surpassed, and he rowed many more 
races than any other man except H. Clasper. 
After an honourable career, in his later days 
he fell into poverty. His mind failed, and 
he was removed nine months before his death 
to the Kent lunatic asylum at Maidstone, 
wherehe died on 25 Feb. 1860, and was buried 
at the expense of his friends in Brompton ce- 
metery on 7 March, when the leading London 
watermen followed his remains to the grave. 

[Illustrated London Kews, 29 May 1 852, p. 436, 
with portrait; Field, 3 March 1860, p. 176; Bell's 
Life in London, 23 Aug. 1846, p. 8, 4Mareh I860, 
p. 6.] GK C. B. 

COOMBES, WILLIAM HENRY, D.D. 
(1767-1850), catholic divine, was born at 
Meadgate in the parish of Camerton, Somer- 
setshire, on 8 May 1767, At the age of 



twelve he was sent to Douay College, where* 
he was ordained priest in 1791. During the 
troubles consequent on the French revolution, 
he and several of his fellow-collegians with 
difficulty escaped to England. Soon after- 
wards he was appointed professor of divinity 
at Old Hall Green. On 12 Dec. 1801 Pope 
Pius VII created him D.D. In 1810 he ac- 
cepted the mission of SheptonMallett, Somer- 
setshire, which he held for thirty-nine years. 
In 1849 he retired to the Benedictine monas- 
tery at Downside, where he died on 15 Nov. 
1850. 

Coombes, who was an accomplished Greek 
scholar, published: 1. ' Sacred Eloquence; 
or, Discourses selected from the Writings of 
St. Basil the Great and St. John Chryso- 
stom, with the Letters of St. Eucherius to his 
kinsman, Valerian, on the Contempt of the 
World/ Lond. 1798, 8vo. 2, 'The Escape- 
from France of the Eev. W. H. Coombes, 
written by himself, with his Letter on the 
generous behaviour of the Duke of York to 
some of the students of Douay who escaped 
from Doulens/ Lond. 1799, 8vo. Printed 
also in The Laity's Directory for the Church 
Service * (1800). 3. Letters on catholic 
affairs under the signature of 'The British 
Observer/ which appeared in Cobbett's 'He- 
gister ' in 1804-6. 4. ' Life of St. Francis of 
Sales/ translated from the French of Mar- 
sollier, 2 vols. Shepton Mallett, 1812, 8vo. 
5. ' The Spiritual Entertainments of St. Fran- 
cis de Sales, with an addition of some Sacred 
Poems/ Taunton, 1814, 12mo, translated from, 
the French. 6. 'The Essence of Heligious 
Controversy/ Lond, 1827 and 1839, 8vo. 
7. 'Life of St. Jane Frances de Chantal/ 
2 vols. Lond. 1830, and again 1847, 8vo. 

[Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, p. 272 ; 
GKllo^'s Bibl. Diet, i 558 ; Cat. of Printed Book 
in Brit. Mus.] T. C. 

COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787-1868), 
battle and animal painter, was born in Hed 
Lion Street, Holborn, London, 8 Sept. 1787. 
His father was a tobacconist and afterwards 
an innkeeper in Holloway, and at one time 
at Edmonton. At the age of thirteen he 
found some employment as an assistant at 
Astley's Theatre. At this period the lad was 
fond of drawing animals, ana produced several 
portraits of horses for a Mr. Phillips. When 
he was about twenty-two years of ^age there 
was a favourite horse in the possession of Mr. 
Henry (afterwards Sir Henry) Meux of Ealing. 
Cooper desired to have a portrait of this horse, 
but could not afford to pay for it, and when 
a friend remarked, ' Why not try your own 
hand on old " Frolic " ? ' Cooper set to work, 
and having finished a picture, he showed it 



Cooper no Cooper 



to Sir Henry Meux, who not only purchased the ' New Sporting Magazine/ There is in 

it, hut became his friend and patron. He now the department of prints and drawings, Bri- 

began studying art by making careful copies tish Museum, a folio volume containing nu- 

of horses from engravings published in the merous engravings after Cooper, who exhi- 

'< Sporting Magazine.' These were drawn by bited, between 1812 and 1869, 407 works : 

Benjamin Marshall, to whom Cooper was in- 332 at the Eoyal Academy, 74 at the British 

troducedby his uncle Davis, the well-known Institution, and one in Suffolk Street. 

equestrian. Davis wished his nephew to ride [Sandby's History of the Eoyal Academy, i. 

-at Covent Garden Theatre, then under the 369; Art Journal, 1869, p. 45; Athenseum, 1869, 

management of John Kemble, about 1812- p. 23 ; manuscript notes in the British Museum.] 

1813. This, however, he declined, but placed L. P. 

lumself under Marshall, In 1812 he became mftpirR ATT7TATCTYCTP (-a ion 

a member of the Artists' Fund, and sub- ^2' ALEXANDER (fl. 1630- 

sequently its chairman. In 1816 he was 1660) miniature painter, was elder brother of 

awarded a premium of 150 guineas by the Samuel Copper [q. v.] and, like his brother, 

British Institution for his picture of the instructed in the art of miniature-painting by 

-Battle of Waterloo.' In 1817 he was elected their uncle, John Hoskins. Though he never 

as associate of the Eoyal Academy, and in attained the excellence that his brother did, 

1820 a full member of that body for his pic- he was J successful, being a good draughts- 

toe of < Marston Moor ' (engraved by John ^ painting both in oil and water colours. 

Bromley). He retired in 1866. He died at Vertue states that a miniature lie say in the 

his residence, Woodbine Cottage, Woodlands, possession of Dr. Mead was painted m the style 

Greenwich, on 24 Dec. 1868, and wasburiedin of ,^ e 9 ll l & ^ and there was a miniature of 

Hfehff ate cemetery. In thisyear he had at the a la f 7 m tte Strawberry HiH collection. He 

Royal Academy asubject from < DonQuixote.' f ttled for some time in Amsterdam, where 

Cooper's first picture, 'Tarn o' Shanter,' en- J 1 ? met Joachim Sandrart, the painter and 

graved by J. Rogers, was exhibited at the biographer, who narrates that Cooper showed 

British Institution in 1814. It was purchased Him_a great qLiiantity of miniatures of the 

bvtheDukeofMarlborough. In 1816 Cooper British court done by himself. He subse- 

sent to the same gallery 'Blucher at the qjentty passed into the service of Queen 



Battle of Ligny/ for which he received from Ohristma of Sweden, after which further de- 

f hls llfe are w *** A 



the directors of that institution 150 guineas. -_ 
The picture passed into the collection of the of this^ueen was exhibited at the special 
Earl of Egremont. In 1817 he had seven exhibition of mimatures m 1865. A portrait 
pictures at the Royal Academy. He now of William of Orange was engraved after 
resided at No. 6 New Millman Street, near Cooper by Hpndms m 1641. It is stated that 
the Poundlinff Hospital. Many other pictures there was a picture by him at Buxghley House, 
followed, among which were < Rupert's Stan- representing the story of Actseon and Diana, 
dard ' ' The First Lord Arundell taking a Tnis would P omt to tis Caving painted m 
TurMshStandardattheBattleofStrigomum/ other styles than miniature, and landscapes 
< TheBattle of Bosworth Field/ < William III are also recorded as bearing his name, 
wounded the day before the Battle of the [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists; Nagler's 
Bovne ' ' The Gillies' Departure/ ( TheBattle Kiinstler-Lexikon ; De Piles's Lives of the Ar- 
of Assave ' &c Two small pictures painted tists ' Heineken's Dictionnaire des Artistes ; Sand- 
In 1818 viz 'A Donkey and Spaniel' and rarts Deutsche Academie, vii. 328; Fiorillo's 
A Grey Horse at a Stable-door/ are in the ^ es . ehl ^? d _lf '***** er *l m ^oss-Britanmen ; 
Sheepshanks collection at .South ken^ton ^^^^^^^ 
Museum. As a painter of battle pieces Cooper O f Miniattires, 1865.1 LO 
stands pre-eminent. In the British school J 

lie held a somewhat analogous position to COOPER, ANDREW or ANTHONY 

that which Peter Hess at one time held in (fl. 1660), is best known as the author of 

Germany, and Horace Vernet occupied for < SrparoAoym, or the History of the English 

many years in France. It is said, however, Civil Warrs in English Verse/ London, 1660. 

that Cooper could never bear to be compared The poem, written in lumbering heroics and 
with his French rival. His knowledge of in behalf of the royalists, contains (in the 

horses was, from his early training, profound, words of the title-page) ' a brief account of 

Among the celebrated racehorses of his day ' all fights, most skirmishes, stratagems, and 

lie painted and drew Camel/ l Mango/ sieges in England, from the very first origi- 

* Galaba/ * Bloomsbury/ * Pussy/ ' Amato/ nail of our late warres till the martyrdom of 

4 Shakespeare/ ' Deception/ < Phosphorus/ King Charles the First of blessed Memory.' 

and many more. He largely contributed to The dedication to ( Conyers Darcy, Lord Dar- 



Cooper in Cooper 

<cey, Meynell, and Conyers ' is signed i An. sister, lived with Sir Daniel Norton, one of 

Cooper/ and the title-page bears the initials his trustees, at Southwick, near Portsmouth, 

<A.C.' The author describes himself as an eye- and was educated by various tutors. Upon 

witness of most of the incidents he details. Sir Daniel's death in 1635, the children went 

On these grounds he has been identified with to reside with another trustee, Mr. Tooker, at 

Andrew Cooper, the signature of a news-re- Maddington, near Salisbury. In 1636 he was 

porter who was with the king at York in entered as a gentleman-commoner at Exeter 

1642, and who published in London in August College, Oxford, and went into residence in 

of that year ' A Speedy Post, with more news 1637, but joined Lincoln's Inn in the begin- 

from Hull, York, and Beverley/ 1642, Mr. ning of 1638. He is said to have made an 

Corser gave Cooper the Christian name of unusual progress in learning (Raleigh Redi- 

* Anthony/ but Andrew is doubtless correct, vivus, p. 7), and appears from his own account 

[Corser's Collectanea, iv. 441-5 ; Park's Re- t have been recognised as a leader by the 

statute, iii. 331 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. freshmen of his college. In his 'Autobio- 
graphy 7 he gives most interesting notices of 

COOPER, ANTHONY ASHLEY, first his exploits in that capacity, though in the 

EA.RL OF SHAPTESBTJBT (1621-1683), was the physical contests which took place he was at 

eldest son of John Cooper of Rockborne in a disadvantage from his small stature. On 

Hampshire, and of Anne, daughter of Sir An- 25 Feb. 1639 Cooper married Margaret, daugh- 

thony Ashley [q. v.] of Wimborne St. Giles in ter of the lord keeper Thomas Coventry [q. v.] 

Dorsetshire, in whose house he was born on By this marriage he was connected with the 

" July 1621, and after whom he was named, two Coventrys, Henry [q_. v.] and "William 



He had one brother Q-eorge, and one sister [q. v.], and with George Savile, afterwards 

Philippa, who died in 1701. His parents Lord Halifax, whose father married his wife's 

were both 'of the first rank of gentry in sister. The versatility of mind and intellectual 

those countries where they lived/ His father, eagerness were already strongly developed, 

created a baronet in 1622, sat for Poole in the He took particular interest in palmistry and 

parliaments of 1625 and 1628. Lady Cooper astrology, and many expressions in after life 

died in July 1628, and Sir J. Cooper, who make it probable that he was not without some 

married again, in March 1631. At ten years belief in these arts. 

of age, therefore, Anthony Ashley Cooper be- After his marriage Cooper lived partly at 
came a king's ward, and the extensive estates Coventry's London residences of Durham 
which he inherited in Hampshire, Wiltshire, House in the Strand, and Canonbury House, 
Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire came under Islington, and partly at his own Dorsetshire 
the control of the court of wards, then exces- home at Wimborne St. Giles. At Tewkesbury, 
.sively corrupt. His father had left consider- where he visited, he appears to have made 
able debts, and through the agency of his "him self so popular, that he was created a 
great uncle, Sir Francis Ashley, then king's freeman of the town, and was chosen member 
,serjeant~at-law, a collusive order of sale was without a contest at the election of March, 
obtained, by which several properties were 1640, though his sitting in parliament was 
sold below their fair value to iSir Francis contrary to law, as he was not yet of age. 
nimself and to some of the commissioners, in There is no mention of any part taken by 
spite of the prolonged resistance of the trus- him in the debates of this parliament. Lord 
tees appointed by Sir John Cooper. From Coventry died on 14 Jan. 1640. Cooper re- 
further injury at the same hands the lad was mained with his mother-in-law until Durham 
^aved in 1634 by Ms own helpfulness. He House and Canonbury were given up in Janu- 
went in person to claim the help of Noy, the ary 1641, when he went to live with his 
Mng's attorney, who had drawn up the settle- brother-in-law, the second Lord Coventry, at 
ment which was now attacked, and, in his Dorchester House in Covent Garden, 
own words, performed his part e with that Cooper failed to obtain a seat in the Long 
pertness that he told me he would defend my parliament which met on 3 Nov. 1640. He 
cause though he lost his place.' He after- contested Downton in Wiltshire, and a double 
wards reckoned Hs losses, at 20,000?.; but return was made. In the autobiographical 
Hs rental is stated at over 7,OOOZ. a year, and fragment of 1646 he states that the committee 
he was always a wealthy man (Shaftesbury of privileges decided in his favour, but that 
Papers, Public Record Office). He had also no report was made to the house. The jour- 
plantations in Barbadoes, and a quarter share nals record that a day had been fixed in Fe- 
in a ship, the Rose, engaged in the Guinea bruary 1641 for the hearing, but there is no 
trade. further notice of the matter. Thus the seat 
After the death of his father, Sir Anthony remained vacant. It appears that Denzil 
Ashley Cooper, along with his "brother and Holies, who had married the daughter of Sir 



Cooper 112 Cooper 

Francis Ashley, had a suit against Cooper in decisions. Clarendon has, too, a long account 
the court of wards, and very probably opposed of Cooper's intention to raise another force 
him in this matter. called the ' Clubmen,' who were to put down 
Cooper does not appear to have taken both parties, and to insist on a general am- 
either side in the contest of king and parlia- nesty and a fresh parliament. An account 
ment. He was, however, at Nottingham on by a royalist, Trevor, to Ormonde, however 
a visit to his brother-in-law, "William Savile, (CHEISTIE, Life of first Earl of Shaftesbury 9 
when the king set up his standard on 25 Aug. i. 52), does not suggest any bad motive ; and 
1642, and witnessed the scene ; and he was it must be remembered that the royal cause 
also with the king at Derby. By the spring was at the time uppermost in Dorsetshire, 
of 1643 he was a declared adherent of the and that Cooper left a large part of his pro- 
royal cause, and attended Charles at Oxford perty at the king's mercy (cf. TEAILL, 8haf- 
with Falkland's introduction on a deputation tesbury, English Worthies Series, pp. 20-2). 
from the gentry of Dorsetshire, with offers It is worth noticing, in conclusion, that he 
of help if the Marquis of Hertford were sent had shortly before written to Clarendon, then 
with a small force into the western counties. Sir E. Hyde, asking for a license to leave his 
By Hertford he was commissioned, with three country, and complaining that the king's 
others, to treat for the surrender of "Wey- forces were weak and ill-paid there, and that 
mouth and Dorchester, and was made colo- his affairs were generally in bad condition 
nel of a regiment of horse and captain of a (Clarendon Papers, 1734, Bodleian Library), 
troop of foot, both raised at his own ex- On 24 Feb. Cooper presented himself at the 
pense. Hertford also appointed him governor parliament's quarters at Hurst Castle, and 
of Weymouth and Portland Isle when they then went to London, where, on 6 March 
should be taken. These places surrendered in 1644, he appeared before the committee of 
August 1643, but Prince Maurice, who had both kingdoms, and expressed his conviction 
succeeded Hertford, did not confirm the ap- of the justice of the parliamentary cause, and 
pointment. Cooper at once applied to Hert- his willingness to take the covenant, 
ford, who pressed the matter upon Charles On 3 Aug. 1644 Cooper received a corn- 
through Hyde, but in vain. Hyde then went mission from the Dorset committee to corn- 
in person to the king, and by urgency ob- mand a brigade of horse and foot in Dorset- 
tained the commission for the governorship shire with the title of field-marshal. His first 
of Weymouth. This is Clarendon's own service was in the taking of Wareham, the 
account, but Cooper himself does not men- garrison of which capitulated on 10 Aug. On 
tion any difficulty or dispute in the matter, the 14th he was added to the committee for 
Charles, however, expressed to Hertford his governing the army in Dorsetshire, and upon 
hope that Cooper and the person appointed the recommendation of the committee of se- 
Tby the latter to Portland would, in view of questration he was allowed to compound for 
the importance of the places and of his own his sequestrated estates by a fine of 500, 
inexperience in military matters, shortly re- which, however, was never paid, and which 
sign their offices (Shaftesbury Papers). Cooper was discharged by Cromwell in 1657. On 
was at the same time made sheriff and presi- 25 Oct. Cooper was appointed by the standing 
dent of the king's council of war for Dorset- committee at Poole commander-in-chief of 
shire. the parliamentary forces of fifteen hundred 
It is difficult to explain the sudden change men in Dorsetshire ; and in the beginning of 
which now came over Cooper's action. He November he took by storm, after a desperate 
himself declares that it was through convic- action of six hours, in which he showed great 
tion that Charles's aim was destructive to courage, the house of Sir John Strangways at 
religion and to the state that he gave up, in Abbotsbury. A vivid illustration of the fe- 
the beginning of January 1644, all his com- rocity of the fighting, and of an unexpected 
missions under the king, and went over to strain of cruelty in Cooper's character, is af- 
the parEament. Clarendon states that it forded by his own statement that he not only 
was from anger at his removal from the go- wished to refuse quarter to the garrison, but 
vernment of Weymouth ; but there is no did his best to burn them alive in the house 
evidence that he was removed, and he him- (Autob. Sketch), He then took Sturminster 
self asserts that only a few days before leav- and Shaftesbury without resistance. In De- 
ing the king's side he received tha promise cemberhe assisted, under orders from Major- 
of a peerage and a letter of thanks written general Holborne, in relieving Blake at Taun- 
by Charles's own hand. It is of course very ton, then besieged by the royalists. In his 
possible that the knowledge that he was ex- < Autobiographical Sketch ' he asserts that he 
pected shortly to resign his governorship at had a commission from Essex to command in 
Weymouth had a good deal to do with his chief during this expedition. This, however^ 



Cooper * 

is a misstaternent, and, since the sketch was 
composed in 1645, appears a deliberate one, 
intended to enhance his self-importance. Es- 
sex's commission, dated 31 Oct. (Shaftesbury 
Papers, Record Office), distinctly states that 
Shaftesbury is to take orders from himself, 
"both houses of parliament, and from the ma- 
jor-general commanding in the west, i.e. Hol- 
"borne (compare LUDLOW, Memoirs, i. 135, 
and YICAKS, Part. Ckron. iv. 77). In May 
1645 he was appointed to command the forces 
which were to besiege Corf e Castle, but, troops 
not being forthcoming, he was unable to ac- 
complish anything. It was in 1645 that he 
was called upon to bear witness against Den- 
zil Holies on the charge of transactions with 
Charles. Locke states that Cooper declined 
to give evidence in a case in which he was at 
enmity with the person concerned, that he 
was in consequence threatened with a commit- 
ment, and that this conduct brought about a 
lasting friendship with Holies (LoCKE, Me- 
moirs , p. 474). In June he went with his wife 
to Tunbridge to drink the waters, and in Oc- 
tober was again with the committee of the 
west, of which he was usually chairman. In 
December he succeeded in obtaining the force 
necessary to subdue Corfe Castle, which sur- 
rendered in April 1646. At the end of the 
month he was at Oxted in Surrey. His 
period of military service now came to an end. 
Though not actually included in the sell-de- 
nying ordinance, inasmuch as he was not a 
member of the House of Commons, his connec- 
tion with the presbyterian element in the par- 
liament, and the strong parliamentary feeling 
which, joined with that of religious tolerance, 
was through life his prevailing source of ac- 
tion, doubtless rendered him an object of sus- 
picion to the framers of the model. 

In the autumn of 1645 Cooper endeavoured 
in vain to obtain a confirmation of his elec- 
tion for Downton, being probably disquali- 
fied by the ordinance that no one who had 
been in the king's quarters might sit in either 
house. Whitelocke, however, records that he 
' was now in great favour and trust with the 
parliament.' 

During the next seven years Cooper occu- 
pied himself with private and local affairs. 
His sympathies and political relations were 
with the presbyterians, not on doctrinal 
grounds, but as parliamentarians. In De- 
cember 1646 he was high sheriff for Wilt- 
shire for the parliament, with leave to live 
out of the county, and was one of the com- 
mittee for Dorsetshire and Wiltshire for as- 
sessing the contributions for the support of 
Fairfax's army. His wealth and great posi- 
tion in the county are shown by his expendi- 
ture when as sheriff he attended the judges 

YOIr. XII. 



3 Cooper 

at Salisbury : * I had sixty men in liveries, 
and kept an ordinary for all gentlemen at 
Lawes's, four shillings and two shillings for 
blue men. I paid for all. 7 In March Jbe 
'raised the county twice and beat out the 
soldiers designed for Ireland who quartered 
on the county without order, and committed 
many robberies.' 

Cooper's health was never strong. During 
Ms youth he had been subject to acute spas- 
modic pains in the side, and he now was 
liable to attacks of ague. In February 164S 
he ceased to be sheriff of Wiltshire ; in July 
lie was made a commissioner in Dorsetshire 
for carrying out the ordinance of parliament 
for a rate for Ireland, and one of the commis- 
sioners of the Dorset shire militia. In February 
1649 he was appointed justice of the peace for 
Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, and for the west- 
ern counties. On 10 July 1649 his wife 
suddenly died, leaving no children. He ap- 
pears to have been devotedly attached to her,, 
but on 25 April 1650 he married Lady Fran- 
ces Cecil, sister of the Earl of Exeter. After 
the execution of Charles, Cooper was obedient 
to the supreme power, acted as magistrate, 
took the i engagement ' on 17 Jan. 1650, and 
on 29 Jan. sat at Blandford as commissioner 
for giving it. On 31 Jan. he went to Lon- 
don. At this point his own diary ceases, 
and we have no further account of him until 
17 Jan. 1652, when he was named by the 
Rump parliament as a non-parliamentary 
member of the commission for the reform of 
the laws, of which Matthew Hale was the 
leading member. On 17 March 1653 he wa& 
by the parliament solemnly ' pardoned of all 
delinquency,' and was * made capable of all 
other privileges as any other of the people of 
this nation are.' On 20 April 1653 Crom- 
well broke up the Rump parliament, and 
appointed a council of state ; and in June 
the Barebones parliament was nominated and 
summoned. Cooper, one of the few gentle- 
men in it, was nominated for Wiltshire, 
Among its first proceedings was a request that 
Cromwell would himself serve in it, and 
Cooper was head of the deputation which 
went for that purpose. The council of state 
was enlarged to the number of thirty, and lie 
was appointed upon it. Cooper was often a 
teller for the moderate party, and uniformly 
acted with Cromwell as against the violent 
root-and-branch section of this assembly. He 
was the mouthpiece of the council in recom- 
mending the house to keep John Lilburne in 
custody in spite of his acquittal and of the 
threatening attitude of the masses ; and he 
was deputed by the house to offer Hampton 
Court to Cromwell, and reported Cromwell's 
refusal to the house. When, too, a proposal 



Cooper 114 Cooper 

was made to construct a completely new code 1655 he was married a third time, to Mar- 
of laws on unheard-of principles, Cooper garet, daughter of the second Lord Spencer 
busied himself with passing into law the re- of Wormleighton, and sister of the Earl of 
commendations of the commission above men- Sunderland, who had been killed at Newbury 
tioned for cheapening legal proceedings and {Gent. Mag. 1850, ii. 367). By this wife, who 
facilitating conveyancing. The reform of the survived him till 1693, Cooper had no chil- 
court of chancery was not, however, carried, dren. She was a woman of an intensely de- 
nor was he successful in passing a bill for votional character, but they lived on terms 
the repeal of the t engagement. 7 In the de- of the warmest affection, 
bate on tithes, the question upon which the When the new parliament met, on 17 Sept, 
Protector determined to break up the Bare- 1656, Cooper appeared in opposition to Crom- 
bones parliament, he supported Cromwell in well, at the head of a coalition of presbyte- 
desiring that they should be continued. On rians and republicans. He was again elected 
12 Dec. a vote, moved by one of Cooper's for Wiltshire, under the provisions of the 
friends, was passed, by which the parliament Instrument of Government. Cromwell, how- 
put an end to its own existence and gave up ever, taking advantage of the requirements 
its powers to Cromwell. According to Bur- of the Instrument that all members must 
net, he was one of those who urged Crom- possess the council's certificate, would not 
well to accept the crown, and his desire to allow him to take his seat. With sixty-four 
secure fair representative government makes members similarly excluded, he signed a pro- 
the statement probable. He had been im- test to the speaker, which was delivered by 
mediately appointed on the new council of Sir G. Booth, a presbyterian royalist. This 
state of fifteen members, but he never re- proving useless, a remonstrance was drawn 
ceived the salary of 1,000/. a year attached up in terms of the most uncompromising op- 
to the office. In the election to the new position to Cromwell, and Cooper's name ap- 
parliament, which turned on the contest of pears among those of the 93 (or, according 
moderates against republicans, Cooper was to Whitelocke, 116) members who signed it. 
chosen for Wiltshire, Poole, and Tewkes- By the petition and advice, passed on 25 May 
bury, and elected to sit for Wiltshire. This 1657, the Instrument was superseded, and 
county had ten members, and ten candidates two houses of parliament were again created, 
were proposed by the cavaliers, presbyterians, Cooper's name did not appear in the list of 
and Cromwellites combined, against ten re- ( peers.' Cromwell, it is said, declared that 
publicans headed by Ludlow. Cooper and 
Byfield addressed the electors from Stone- 
henge, and all the moderates were elected 



with Cooper at their head. During the eight 
months previous to the meeting of parliament 
he took part in the repeal of the engagement, 



no one was so difficult to manage as the 
little man with three names (MARTYR, Life, 
i. 168). And yet there was evidently no 
great enmity between them ; for it was now 
(January 1658) that the fine of 5002., imposed 
on Cooper by the Long parliament for delin- 



the settlement of the terms of union with quency, was discharged by Cromwell on the 
Scotland, and the attempted reform of chan- former's petition j and it is certain that 
eery, and acted as one of the commissioners Cooper and Henry Cromwell were on terms 
for ejecting unworthy ministers. of intimacy. When the new parliament met, 
The house met on 3 Sept. 1654, and was on 20 Jan. 1658, the former House of Corn- 
dissolved on 22 Jan. 1655. On 28 Dec. 1654 mons being by the terms of the petition and 
Cooper made his last appearance at the advice still in existence, the members pre- 
privy council. He had acted strongly with viously excluded, Cooper among them, took 
Cromwell while he appeared to be trying for their seats. They immediately began a vigor- 
genuine parliamentary government, and was ous opposition ; they denied the legality of 
probably compelled to break away from him the petition and advice, and they espe- 
whenhe saw that the Protector was now dis- cially refused to admit the claims of Crom- 
posed to rule alone; but it is curious that as well's House of Lords. In this opposition 
late as 27 Nov. he was, with Richard Crom- Cooper took a leading part, speaking fre- 
well, a teller in one of the divisions. His quently and well. He urged the commons 
second wife died in 1654, leaving two sons, of first of all to debate the title which the other 
whom one died in childhood, and the other 3 house should bear. ' Admit lords,' he said, 
Anthony Ashley, succeeded him. Ludlow ' and you admit all.' He strongly supported 
states that the reason of the breach with Crom- the motion for a grand committee, by which 
well was Cooper's unsuccessful suit to Mary the utmost opportunity can be afforded for 
Cromwell (CABLTLE, Letters and Speeches of obstruction. It was defeated, Cooper being 
Cromwell, iii. 151), but this seems most im- one of the tellers of the ' ayes.' Dissatisfied, 
probable (CHKESTIB, p. 120 n.) On 30 Aug. however, with the smallness of the majority, 



Cooper i 

Cromwell (4 Feb. 1658) immediately dis- 
solved the parliament. 

In the election to Richard Cromwell's par- 
liament, which met on 27 Jan. 1659, the an- 
cient constitution was restored. Cooper was 
returned for Wiltshire and for Poole, a double 
election at the latter place being decided in 
his favour, and he once more elected to sit j 
for Wiltshire. He was again a constant and j 
leading speaker in opposition. In the dis- 
cussion on the bill for the recognition of 
Richard Cromwell's title he strongly sup- 
ported a resolution saving the rights of the 
parliament. He defended a certain member, 
Henry Nevil, who was charged with being 
disqualified by blasphemy and atheism, on the 
ground that no hearsay charge could be ad- 
mitted ; and he favoured the release of the 
Duke of Buckingham in February. He was, 
however, unsuccessful in trying to induce the 
house to begin by debating the limits of the 
Protector's power. He then vigorously op- 
posed the recognition of the other house, and 
used his utmost efforts to prolong the dis- 
cussion regarding the right of the Scotch and 
Irish members to vote, speaking on 9, 18, and 
22 March. On the main question he made 
a vehement and bitterly personal speech on 
28 March 1659, regarded at the time by Bur- 
ton (if indeed this is the speech to which he 
refers, CHRISTIE, vol. i. app. iv. n.) as sheer 
obstruction, attacking Oliver Cromwell and 
the government and ridiculing the so-called 
4 peers.' The question of transacting business 
was at length carried on 28 March. Cooper, 
however, continued his opposition on the bill 
for settling taxes for the life of Richard and 
for a certain time after his death, and carried 
a resolution that after the end of the parlia- 
ment no tax of any sort should be levied under 
any previous law or ordinance, unless it had 
been expressly sanctioned by the house. On 
the meeting of the Rump, on 7 May 1659, 
Cooper endeavoured to gain admission on his 
undecided petition for Downton , but for some 
reason not clear the petition was not allowed. 
He was, however, one of the ten elected 
non-parliamentary members of the council 
of state, and the only presbyterian in the 
council. From Ludlow's account, great jea- 
lousy was expressed of him as being in Charles 
Stuart's interest (ib. app. iii. p. Ix). He took 
the oath of fidelity to the Commonwealth, 
and there is no evidence for the charge of in- 
triguing 1 for or corresponding with Charles 
with which on 18 May 1659 both he and 
Whitelocke were accused by the republican, 
Thomas Scott. The charge* was indignantly 
denied by both of them before the council. 
The matter came before the Rump parlia- 
ment in September, and he was there ac- 



Cooper 

quitted. Eighteen years later, appealing to 
Charles from the Tower, Cooper solemnly 
denied the correspondence, when it would 
have given him a claim upon the king's grati- 
tude. _ In May 1659 Hyde was informed by 
Brodrick that Cooper had engaged to raise 
forces^ for the king ; but his evidence is not 
of weight, and there is no other. On 4 June 
he was in correspondence, as one of the coun- 
cil of state, with Monck (Shaftesbury Papers, 
Public Record Office). As late as February 
1660 he is mentioned by royalist agents as 
holding presbyterian views, and as working 
independently of the royalists; while the cor- 
respondence between Hyde and Mordaunt 
(CnitiSTiB, i. 182) goes far in the same direc- 
tion. 

Shortly after the unsuccessful rising of 
Booth, in August 1659, Cooper was arrested 
in Dorsetshire, upon the evidence of a boy, 
who stated that he had carried a letter from 
him to Booth. Cooper was summoned before 
the council, and a committee was appointed 
to inquire into the matter. On 12 Sept., 
after hearing the committee's report, the 
council unanimously acquitted Cooper. 

In October Cooper stood as usual for the 
parliamentary cause against Lambert. When 
the council of state was superseded by the 
committee of safety, on 25 Oct., he was in- 
defatigable in his efforts to overthrow this 
committee and restore the power of the 
Rump. Upon the arrival of Monck's com- 
missioners in London, he and Haselrig ob- 
tained a meeting with them at the Fleece 
Tavern, in Covent Garden, on 16 Nov., and 
endeavoured unsuccessfully to dissuade them 
from their arrangement with the committee 
of safety. On 19 Nov. Cooper, with eight 
other members of the late council, wrote to 
assure Monck of their co-operation 3 and a few 
days later gave him a commission to com- 
mand in chief all the forces in England and 
Scotland. Haselrig and Morley went to 
Portsmouth, and Cooper was left with a com- 
mission to command the forces in London, 
which it was hoped would revolt. Some sus- 
picion arising, he was taken before Fleetwood 
and questioned. When asked to give his 
word that he would not act to their prejudice, 
he refused, and declared his determination to 
do all in his power to restore the Rump. He 
was released, but next night an unsuccessful 
attempt was again made to seize him. 

On 16 Dec. he, with three others, wrote to 
Fleetwood owning an abortive attempt on 
the Tower (CHEISTIE, vol. i. app. v.) Only 
eight days later they actually did secure it. 
A still more important service was that he 
and two others induced Lawson, with the fleet, 
to declare for the parliament (CIABENDOK, 

12 



Cooper n6 Cooper 

pp. 704, 705). The parliament was restored Cooper met the king at Canterbury, and on> 
on 26 Dee. by the military, and Cooper was the nomination of Monck was one of twelve 
appointed one of the temporary commissioners who, though they had fought against the king, 
of the army. Until 7 Jan. 1660 he was one were yet, 27 May, placed on the privy council, 
of the four to whom the care of the Tower According to Clarendon (Life, i. 278), ' it 
was entrusted. On 2 Jan. a council of state was believed that his slippery humour would 
was created, of whom ten were non-parlia- be easily restrained and fixed by his uncle/" 
mentary, and of these he was the first elected. Southampton the treasurer. At the head of 
He once more brought up his old claim to sit his regiment he appeared among the troops 
for Downton, and it was at last allowed, assembled on Blackheath when the king made 
On 7 Jan. he took his seat and subscribed the his entry into London. He received a formal 
1 engagement/ He also received the colonelcy pardon on 27 June, and further pardons on 
of Fleetwood's regiment of horse. It was at 10 Feb. and 8 June 1661. Almost his first 
this time that he is described by Ludlow as duty was to examine the prisoners of the 
4 a known bitter enemy to the public and to all anabaptist congregations in the Tower, On 
good men.' Ludlow also speaks of his ' smooth 3 June he was called upon to repel, with what 
tongue and insinuating carriage ' (CHRISTIE, success we do not hear, an attack by Prynne, 
vol. i. app. iii. p. Ixii). He at once took a lead- who i fell upon ' him for * putting his hand to 
ing part in endeavouring to obtain the resti- the Instrument ' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 
tution of the excluded members. Mordaunt 204 a). On 2 July Prynne seconded a mo- 
wrote of him to Hyde thus : ' Cooper yet hath tion for compelling all officers of the pro- 
Ms tongue well hung and words at will, and tectorate to refund their salaries. Cooper 
employs his rhetoric to cashier all officers, civil closed the debate with saying that ' he might 
as well as military, that sided with Fleetwood freely speak, because he never received any 
and Lambert. 7 Upon Monck's arrival Hasel- salary ; but he looked upon the proviso as 
rig summoned those members of the council dangerous to the peace of the nation, adding 
whom he could trust to meet him, and Cooper, that it reached General Monck and Admiral 
with others of Monck's friends, in vain tried Montague. 5 The motion was rejected by 181 
to gain admittance ; he endeavoured, too, to 151. When the debate on religion came 
without success to dissuade the general from on, upon the question of a moderate episco- 
obeying the orders given him to dismantle pacy, Cooper, in the court interest, moved and 
the city. When parliament placed the com- carried that the debate be laid aside, and the 
mand of the forces under five commissioners, committee adjourned for three months. In 
Cooper's name was proposed, but rej ected by the debate which followed the third conference 
30 to 15. He and others still continued to between the houses on the Indemnity Bill he 
urge the admission of the excluded members, urged lenity. On the motion made against 
which took place on 21 Feb., Cooper, as colonel Haselrig he ' was for executing nobody but 
of Meetwood's regiment, commanding the those who were guilty of the king's blood, 
escort. A new council of state, composed of and said he thought this man not consider- 
friends of the Restoration, included his name ; able enough j but moved to put him with the 
and upon Monck being made commander-in- rest.' When the question arose, on the Bill 
chief, he received a commission as captain of of Attainder on 4 Dec., as to whether the 
foot in thelsle of Wight (5^/te^wn/ Papers), legacies of Cromwell, Pride, Bradshaw, and 
There is no evidence to support Wood's state- Ireton, who had been attainted, should be 
ment that he also received a commission from paid, he moved to allow settlements before 
Monck as governor of the Isle of Wight, marriage, or as far back as 1647, Le. before 
Cooper now steadily pursued the design of the king's death. According to Mrs. Hutchin- 
restoring Charles, and copies are preserved son, Cooper had declared that if the king were 
of letters from Charles to him dated 27 March brought back not a hair of any man's head, 
and 8 April (ib.) In the Convention parlia- nor a penny of any man's estate, should be 
ment he was returned for Wiltshire, and touched (CHRISTIE, i. 239). He speedily 
was one of the twelve deputed by the com- found that to uphold this was impossible, if 
mans to go to Breda to invite Charles to re- he were to continue in favour, and he there- 
turn. On this journey an accident occurred, fore did the next best thing he could. The 
by the upsetting of his carriage, which caused fact that he was on the special commission 
an internal abscess that was never cured. for the trial of the regicides has often been 
Cooper's apparent inconsistencies during quoted against him. Other commissioners 
the Commonwealth may be explained by his were in the same ease, and a year before the 
willingness to accept the de facto rule, and his Restoration Hyde wrote of him in terms that 
desire for a genuine parliamentary govern- he certainly would not have used had Cooper 

been in his eyes guilty of complicity in the 



Cooper 117 Cooper 

death of the king (Clarendon State Papers, were far in advance of his time; he hated 
iii. 512 ; CHKISTIE ; TBAILL, pp. 46, 47 ). \ monopolies, declaring that the restraining of 
On the occasion of the coronation, 20 April I a general trade was like the damming of in- 
1661, Cooper was raised to the peerage as | creasing waters, which must either swell 
Baron Ashley of Wimborne St. Giles, the them to force their boundaries or cause them 
title stipulated in his father's marriage settle- to putrefy where they are circumscribed. His 
ment, in case he should rise to such an practice in office delighted the businesslike 
honour (CoLLiNS, Peerage, iii. 419) ; and on | Pepys (3 June 1667). Ashley was probably 
13 May, Clarendon having given up the not quite free from corruption. Pepys seems 
chancellorship of the exchequer, he was ap- fairly to establish at least one case of genuine 
pointed to that post and the under-treasurer- j bribery (20, 21 May 1666). But nothing 
^TU; nm,,-., 1^+, ^VK v,^ -r^ /irmivt-. /vrxWi tn has been found to justify the words of Pepys's 

friend that ' my Lord Ashley will rob the 
devil and the altar, but he will get money if 



ship. This latter office he no doubt owed to 
his connection with Southampton, whose 
niece he had married as his third wife ; and 



he held it until 1667, when the treasury was j it be to be got ' (9 Sept. 1065). 

put in commission. On the outbreak of the Dutch war, which 

In the debate in the House of Lords on the he favoured in opposition to Clarendon, Cooper 
Corporation Act (passed 19 Dec. 1661), which was appointed treasurer of the prizes, and one 
destroyed presbyterianism in the towns, Ash- of the commissioners to sit upon all appeals 
ley, according to his biographer, Martyn against sentences given by the judge of the 
(i. 255) and his testimony is confirmed by admiralty (CLARENDON, ii. 87). His appoint- 
later events took a strongly liberal line. He ment contained a proviso that he was to be 
opposed the illiberal provisions of the Act of accountable to the king alone. Clarendon 
Uniformity (19 May 1662), which destroyed vehemently opposed this proviso, and, in spite 
presbyterianism in the church, and the Militia of Ashley's insistence, signed it at length only 
Act. He joined Bennet and Bristol in ad- on Charles's express order. Ashley showed 
vising Charles to issue his first declaration in great jealousy in keeping the money entirely 
favour of the dispensing power (26 Dec. under Charles's control, and when his brother- 
1662); and when on the meeting of parlia- in-law, William Coventry, proposed to devote 
ment, 18 Feb. 1662-3, a bill to turn the de- the proceeds to the war, ' my Lord Ashley 
claration into a law was presented by Lord did snuff and talk as high to him as he used 
Roberts, he warmly supported it, t out of his to do to any ordinary man.' Ashley's com- 
indifference in matters of religion 7 (CLAKJGN"- pliance with the king in this matter can 
BON, Life, ii. 95). Clarendon speaks strongly scarcely be regarded as honourable, consider- 
of the ability shown by Ashley. He i spake ing that he was chancellor of the exchequer, 
often, and with great sharpness of wit, and On the other hand, no imputation was ever 
had a cadence in his words and pronunciation made against him for misappropriation, nor 
that drew attention.' was any charge brought against him when 

There seems no doubt that Ashley now the accounts were inspected by the commis- 
threw in his loc with the cabal of young men sion of 1668. From the first Ashley had taken 
who were opposing Clarendon. His conduct a leading part in colonial affairs. He had 
in the matter of Roberta's bill had caused been one of the council appointed on 1 Dec. 
him to rise rapidly in favour. According to 1660 for foreign plantations, which met for 
Clarendon, he and Roberts now attended the the first time on 7 Jan. 1661, and then 
meetings of the cabinet; and Pepys (15 May constantly throughout the year (CaL State 
1663) mentions him as one of the favourites Papers, Col. Series, 1661-8 ; Shaftesbury 
a-t court through Bristol's means, and as the Papers, Public Record Office). He was also 
probable successor of Southampton at the one of the nine to whom Charles had given 
treasury, ' being a man of great business, and a grant of Carolina on 24 March 1663, re- 
yet of pleasure and drolling too/ The French newed in June 1665. He took a leading 
.ambassador, Comminges, declared of him part in the management of the 1 colony, ana 
{9 April 1663) that he was the only man that it was at his request that Locke drew up in 
could be set against Clarendon for talent and 1669 a constitution for it, of which, though 
firmness ; and this opinion is confirmed by aristocratic in form, toleration was an im- 
many witnesses. portant feature (LoCKE, x. 175, ed. 1812). 

As a minister Ashley was evidently very The manuscript copy in Locke's handwriting 

diligent. Papers written by him exist to is preserved in the 'Shaftesbury Papers/ 

show his minute care in collecting details as In 1670 another grant of the Bahamas was 

to the exchequer, customs and excise, the given to him and five others, and in this 

navy, merchant companies, manufactures, and charge too he showed the greatest industry, 

revenues. His views on all trade questions His interest in the Barbadoes and Guinea 



Cooper 



118 



Cooper 



has been noticed. In connection with this 
subject should be mentioned the bill passed 
byAshley In March 1670, in obedience to popu- 
lar outcry, against the practice of t spiriting 
away/ or kidnapping, children for the colo- 
nies (Cat. State Papers, Col. Series, preface, 
p. 29). 

In the Oxford parliament of 1665 Ashley 
strongly opposed Downiiig's appropriation 
proviso to the subsidy bill. The bill was 
already in the Lords, but at his instance 
(CLAREio>o;sr, Life, pp. 792-803) a few of the 
chief advisers of the crown were summoned 
to reconsider it, when he * enforced the ob- 
jections with great clearness and evidence of 
reason. 7 The reasons do not appear ; it was 
probably only to gratify the king that he 
took this line, supported for once by Claren- 
don, an unusual agreement noticed by B-u- 
vigny. They differed widely, however, on the 
iniquitous Five Mile Act, which, with South- 
ampton and Wharton, he vehemently opposed j 
(BtJE^ET, i. 390). In all questions of tole- 
ration Ashley was consistently upright. That 
he was now in favour at court is shown by the 
fact that in September 1665, while they were 
staying at Salisbury to be out of reach of the 
plague, Charles and the queen paid him a 
visit at St. Giles ( Miscellanea Aulica, p. 361). 

In June 1666 Ashley was again at Oxford, 
and while there first formed the acquain- 
tance of Locke, who was studying medicine 
at Christ Church, and who accompanied him 
as medical attendant to Sunninghill, where 
he was obliged to take the waters in conse- 
quence of the internal swelling which re- 
sulted from the accident at Breda. Locke 
was now taken under Ashley's patronage, 
was made his secretary on becoming lord 
chancellor in 1672, and shortly afterwards 
secretary to the council of trade and plan- 
tations, of which Ashley was president from 
1672 to 1676. He was tutor both to Ash- 
ley's son and grandson, and the friendship 
lasted until Shaftesbury's death. Locke's tes- 
timony is always favourable to Shaftesbury. 
Ashley now joined Buckingham in the most 
vehement support of the bill prohibiting 
the importation of Irish cattle; an act in 
direct contradiction to his former strongly 
expressed views on trade. The explana- 
tion least to his discredit is that the period 
was one of great agricultural depression in 
England, and that both Buckingham and 
Ashley were large landed proprietors (PEPYS, 
9 April 1667, 1 and 31 Jan. 1668). Carte 
speaks of a 'private combination between 
Ashley and Lauderdale to monopolise the 
trade of cattle between England and Scot- 
land' (iv. 264). It is probable that it was 
but one way of expressing opposition to the 



high church-and-king party, of which Or- 
monde, who would have greatly benefited 
by the importation, was a leading member. - 
Clarendon, indeed, states (Life, ii. 332) that 
Ashley was not ashamed to urge the acces- 
sion of fortune to Ormonde as itself a good 
reason for supporting the bill; and Carte 
describes him (iv. 265) as doing his best in 
the committee of privileges to hinder the 
Irish nobility from taking rank in England. 
Still more strange was Ashley's conduct in 
opposing the admission into England of the 
charitable gifts sent from Ireland to London 
after the fire. The cattle bill gave rise to de- 
bates wherein Ormonde's son, Ossory, used 
expressions for which, on Ashley's complaint, 
the house compelled him to apologise (CARTE, 
iv. 272), Carte also mentions a dispute with 
Conway during which the latter regretted 
that he had thus injured himself in Irish opi- 
nion, since he was so likely to be the next 
lord-lieutenant. Ashley, in reply, defended 
himself on the ground of the separation of 
the countries, expressed his extreme desire 
for legislative union, and by his professions 
of friendship to Ireland convinced Conway 
that his guess at Ashley's ambition was cor- 
rect (ib. iv. 275). It was probably with re- 
ference to these affairs that Ashley wrote to 
Essex in December 1672: 'My stars have 
not been very propitious as to Irish affairs or 
governors ' (J5$sex Papers, Brit. Mus.) 

In May 1667, on the death of Southamp- 
ton, the treasury was put in commission. 
Clarendon states that Charles was compelled 
to place Ashley upon it, but refused to make 
him one of the necessary quorum ; and that 
Ashley chose to be thus slighted rather than 
dispute the point. The cause of Charles's dis- 
satisfaction is not clear ; but Pepy s ( 1 6, 1 9 Jan. 
1667) says that it was because Ashley would 
not obey his orders as to the disposal of prize 
goods. He soon, however, became the lead- 
ing man upon the commission, and his efforts 
were apparently directed to economy ; it is 
mentioned in especial that he was active in 
cutting off' the customary presents of plate 
to the ambassadors (CHEISTIE, i. 308). 

"With the fall of Clarendon Ashley had 
apparently nothing directly to do. It can- 
not, indeed, have been displeasing to him, 
and we know that he was one of those who 
attended Lady Castlemaine's evenings, where- 
the cabal against the minister was carried 
on. But Pepys (30 Dec. 1667) mentions. 
Charles's anger with Ashley for his constancy 
to Clarendon, and the chancellor himself de- 
clares that Ashley opposed the impeachment ; 
and there is plenty of further evidence prac- 
tically conclusive on this point (ib. i. 312-13). 

Upon Clarendon's fall the government fell 



Cooper 119 Cooper 



chiefly to Buckingham and Arlington. Buck- sary to compass the other part of the treaty, 
ingham's programme was toleration and com- the declaration of war against Holland. Ac- 
prehension of dissent, and Ashley, from a cordingly Buckingham was permitted to 
mixture of interest and principle, joined him arrange a mock treaty, the conditions of 
warmly (PEPYS, 12 Feb. 1669 ; MIGNBT, JDocu- which were otherwise precisely those of the 
went* inedits, &c.,iii. 58). Ormonde particu- genuine treaty, "but in which the objection- 
larly was still the object of their attacks. They able articles were omitted. In this mat- 
promoted an investigation into his Irish ad- ter he consulted Ashley, who, while urging 
ministration and proposed an impeachment caution, took a decided part in arranging 
(CAETE,iv. 339). Under Buckingham's pro- its conditions; and on 31 Dec. 1670 the 
tection Ashley soon recovered his position latter, with the rest of the cabal, signed this 
with Charles; and, if Burnet may be trusted, mock treaty, the real treaty having been 
he strengthened his influence by ' managing signed by Arlington, Clifford, Arundel, and 
for the & kino- one of his mistresses, Miss Bellinge. Thus, while Ashley is free of all 
Boberts' (i. ^84). He now assisted Buck- complicity in the catholic plot, he is fully 
ingham by a remarkable paper addressed to responsible, from this early stage, for the 
the kino- in favour of toleration to all dis- second and iniquitous Dutch war. 
senters except Roman catholics and Fifth- As it was not found practicable to begin 
monarchy men, as a necessary measure for the war until March 1672, and as it was de- 
increase of population and improvement of sirable not to allow it to be known that the 
trade ; urging wider naturalisation with the engagement between Charles and Louis had 
hope of attracting the ablest foreigners to lasted so long, the treaty of 31 Dec. 1070 was 
the country, and suggesting with the same now replaced by a duplicate, signed on 2 Feb. 
object a measure for the registration of titles 1672 by the same ministers as before ; and 
to land as an infallible security to the pur- this was produced to parliament as the ori- 
chaser or lender (CHBISTIE, ii. app. i.) His ginal and sole treaty. That is, in common 
clear and statesmanlike views are still farther with the other members of the cabal, Ashley 
shown in the advice he gave the king in 1670 lent himself to a deliberate fraud. According 
(id. p. 9), with its distinction between trade to Martyn, Ashley had urged Buckingham not 
and commerce, which led to the appointment to make the treaty, and had endeavoured to 
in 1670 of the commission of trade. persuade Charles also ; but, finding this im- 

The question of the succession to the possible, did his best to make it favourable 
throne began already to occupy men's minds, for England, and especially he urged that the 
Buckingham first suggested the plan of di- number of ships employed by France should 
vorce, and afterwards that of legitimising be reduced, and the number of places to be 
Monmouth. In 1670, in support of the taken by England increased by Worne and 
former project, a bill was brought in for Goree; and this is borne out by Burnet 
enabling Lord Roos to marry again after ob- (i. 527), who quotes Shaftesbury's own state- 
taining a divorce. Ashley vigorously sup- ments. Buckingham also, in his defence 
ported the bill, which was warmly favoured before the commons in 1674, declared that 
by Charles (MARVBLL (Grosart), ii. 316). The Ashley had joined him in urging the duty 
result was (ib. ii. 326) to strengthen his in- of consulting parliament before the war was 
fluence at court. Buckingham, Lauderdale, begun. On the whole, having in mind the 
Ashley, Orrery, and Trevor are named as the view then taken of ministerial responsibility f 
governing cabal. In the second scheme Ash- there is little, with the exception of the fraud 
ley appears also to have co-operated (MAC- implied in signing the 1672 duplicate, to 
PHEKSOtf, State Papers, i. 46), and he soon blame in his conduct. There is no evidence 
afterwards kept the idea of using Monmouth of his having been bribed; he received no- 
as a stalking-horse steadily in view (Lauder- thing more than the formal presents (after 
dale Papers, iii. preface). the 31 Dec. 1670 treaty) customary on such 

The celebrated cabal was a toleration cabi- occasions ; Burnet's statement on this point 
net, but its members were at complete vari- (i. 535) being contradicted by the fact that 
ance on any question into which the advantage no such jewelled picture as he refers to had 
of Catholicism entered. Thus, when the in- ever been seen or heard of by those who, if 
famous treaty of Dover was concocted in it existed, must have known of it. 
1669 and 1670, it was necessary to keep from In 1670 Ashley had shared in the attempt 
Buckingham and Ashley at least the condi- made by the House of Lords to interfere in 
tion by which Charles bound himself, for a a money bill, which led to the loss of the in- 
money gift from Louis, to introduce catholi- tended supplies. Buckingham and Ashley 
cism into England. At the same time their urged in council that parliament should again 
support, and that of Lauderdale, was neces- be summoned to grant supplies, but were 



Cooper 



120 



Cooper 



overruled through French influence. To ob- 
tain the money rendered necessary by the j 
Dutch war, Charles now had recourse to the ' 
stop of the exchequer, a national act of J 
bankruptcy borrowed from the career of Ma- i 
.zarin, by which the government obtained j 
nearly a million and a half of money. Ash- i 
ley has been accused of complicity in this, | 
and Macaulay ascribes the plan entirely to 
him. It was in fact proposed to the king by 
Clifford, and received Ashley's strenuous 
opposition. It is stated by Martyn that 
Clifford had proposed it in 1671, and that it 
had then been withdrawn in consequence of 
Ashley's objections. When the proposal was 
renewed, Ashley laid before the king a paper 
of five reasons against it (MARTYR, i. 415; 
CHRISTIE, ii. 59). In this paper he contends 
that it is contrary both to law and justice ; 
that it violates the king's promises ; that it 
will bring ruin on thousands of innocent 
persons ; and that it will cause an. immediate 
depression of trade, and raise exultation 
among all enemies of England. He wrote 
also a letter to Locke on 23 Nov. 1674, in 
which he admits having known that it was 
about to take place, but says that of course 
he had not betrayed the king's secret; and in 
this letter he asserts his opposition. Temple 
also, only a few months after the event, 23 May 
1672 ( Works, ii. 184), positively ascribes the 
step to Clifford ; and Evelyn (12 March 1672) 
calls the latter the sole adviser, ' though 
some pretend it was Lord Ashley's counsel.' 
Ormonde and Lord Mohun appear to have 
borne similar testimony, saying that they 
were present in the council when Clifford 
proposed, and Ashley opposed, the measure. 
The witnesses on the other side consist of 
Roger North, who was a bitter opponent; 
of fiurnet, who says (i. 561) that * Shaftes- 
bury was the chief man in the advice ; ' that 
he excused the measure to him by the usury 
and extortion of the bankers ; and that, 
knowing of it beforehand, he took all his 
money out of the bankers' hands. Lord Dart- 
mouth also says that Ashley warned Sir C. 
Buncombe of what was to happen (BuRisTET, 
i. 561 n.) The accusation is also made in 
Clarke's ' Memoir of James II/ but this, a^ 
well as Burnet's book and Roger North's, was 
written thirty or forty years after the event. 
The antecedent improbability that a man of 
Shaftesbury's clear mind and commercial 
knowledge should propose such a step is so 
great as to amount to practical certainty. 

On 15 March 1672 appeared the declara- 
tion of indulgence for dissenters. This had 
now Ashley's warm approval. He argued 
that there was no logical distinction between 
a single ox limited dispensing power and a 



general one, nor between a dispensing power 
in civil and in ecclesiastical cases ; and he 
pointed out that in civil cases Charles had 
already exercised the prerogative twice. He 
declared that the executive ought to be able 
to suspend laws in the intervals of parlia- 
ment ; and further that it was to the interest 
of the church that it should live in content, 
and to that of trade that it should have no- 
thing to do with religion. He thought that 
the declaration was favourable to the protes- 
tants, and that papists should only be dis- 
qualified. The second Dutch war was the 
other of the great cabal schemes which Ash- 
ley vigorously supported. He was ignorant, 
as has been shown, of the ulterior design of 
introducing popery, and his defence must rest 
upon the ground which he always held, of the 
necessity of maintaining England's naval and 
commercial supremacy. 

Ashley was now made Earl of Shaftesbury 
and Baron Cooper of Pawlet, the patent 
being dated 23 April 1672. Shortly after- 
wards he was, as related in Stringer's me- 
moir (CHBISTIE, ii. app. in.), offered the post 
of lord high treasurer, and appears to have 
gone to extraordinary pains to avoid it. For 
this unwillingness the stop of the exchequer 
would be sufficient reason. It is difficult to 
disbelieve the memoir, which is extremely 
circumstantial ; Shaftesbury, however, no- 
where mentions the offer himself, but, on the 
contrary, speaks of the stop of the exchequer 
as i being the prologue of making the Lord 
Clifford high treasurer.' 

After the great sea battle of June 1672 
Shaftesbury and Clifford accompanied Charles 
to the Nore, and by Shaftesbury's advice the 
fleet, instead of again putting out to fight De 
Ruyter, was sent, against the wish of James, 
who was in command, to endeavour to inter- 
cept the Dutch East India fleet. Upon its 
return in September he seems again to have 
interfered in exactly the opposite direction, 
but was this time overruled (CLARKE, Mem. 
of James II, pp. 478, 480). 

On 27 Sept. 1672 Shaftesbury succeeded 
the Earl of Sandwich as president of the 
council of trade and plantation, created 
chiefly through his advice, with a salary of 
800J. a year; an office which he retained until 
April 1676. On 17 Nov. 1672 he was made 
lord chancellor, f in regard of his uninter- 
rupted services ' (London Gazette, 18 Nov.), 
succeeding Orlando Bridgeman [see BRIDGE- 
MAN, SIR ORLANDO], and the change was re- 
garded by the French ambassador as very 
favourable to French interests, since Shaftes- 
bury was sure to follow Charles's wishes im- 
plicitly, It is related in Carte (iv. 434) that 
after giving him the seals Charles asked Or- 



Cooper 121 Cooper 



monde what lie thought of the step, and that 
Ormonde replied, i Your majesty doubtless 
acted very prudently in so doing, if you know 
liow to get them again.' He at. once joined 
the cabal formed by Clifford and Lauderdale 
to keep Arlington out of power (Longleat 
Papers ; CHRISTIE, ii. 98), although at the 
same time he was on excellent terms with 
Essex, then viceroy of Ireland, Arlington's 
intimate friend. 



himself as far as the declaration is concerned. 
Shaftesbury's conduct was undoubtedly dif- 
ficult to understand (see North's charges ana- 
lysed by EALPH, i.- 222). Oldmixon describes 
the address with which he warded off the 
danger of an impeachment by bribing Sir E. 
Howard with an auditor ship of the exche- 
quer, though Marvel says that Howard had 
previously ratted to the king's side (ii. 351, 
28 Nov. 1670). Shaftesbury's personal safety 



^ ~ j' -.. .WUVMJ.J a fji^i. &\j mcLi. c.i.CL< V 

Before parliament met, on 4 ieb. 16/3, was in danger in this time of excitement. 
Shaftesbury had committed an act which North says (JExamen, p. 38) : ' Clifford and 
gave rise to vehement debates. He had, as Shaftesbury looked like high sheriff and un- 
chancellor, with the approval of the king, I der-sheriff. The former held the white staff 
issued thirty-six writs for elections to fill and had his name to all returns ; but all the 
vacancies caused during the long prorogation business, and especially the knavish part, was 
of nearly two years. That this step was not done by the latter.' It was now that the feud 
actually illegal seems proved (ib. ii. 124) ; within the cabal suddenly displayed itself. 
but it was against late precedents,- and at once The commons brought in the Test Act, which 
aroused ' much discourse and some grumbling/ rendered it impossible for a catholic to hold 
especially when it was noticed that eight of office. Shaftesbury warmly supported it ; a 
the constituencies lay in the county where change of front which is probably explained by 
Shaftesbury was influential. It was of the assuming that Arlington, disappointed at Clii- 
utmost importance at the time for the court ford's promotion to the treasurership over his 
to secure a majority, and almost all who were head, had revealed to Shaftesbury how he had 
chosen were supporters of the court. Shaftes- been duped in the matter of the Dover treatv 
bury had strong personal reasons for wish- The Test Act contradicted his own professions 
ing for a court majority, since he had been regarding toleration as advantageous to trade, 
threatened with impeachment for the share as well as the declaration of indulgence which 
he had taken in the declaration of indulgence he had supported. Its immediate effects were 
{Parl Hist. iv. 507-12). Colonel Strang- the resignations of James, Clifford, and other 
ways, whose house Shaftesbury had stormed Eoman catholics. The forced dismissal of 
in 1644, took the lead in opposition ; and the the king's favourite ministers, in a great de- 
result was that the thirty-six members were gree through Shaftesbury's efforts, would 
unseated, fresh writs issued by the speaker, naturally have brought about his fall also 
and the important principle finally established Burnet, "indeed (ii. 15), says that he had lost 
that the issuing of writs rested primarily with Charles's favour, but it was not thought fit 
the house, and -not with the lord chancellor, to lay him aside yet. Moreover, a protestant 

On 5 Feb. Shaftesbury made a long and ministry was wanted. Arlington and Shaft es- 
fiorid speech to the houses, which Burnet calls bury, henceforward acting together, secured 
4 a base complying speech.' He first urged the the support of Ormonde, Rupert, and Henrv 
prosecution of the Butch war, the Dutch being Coventry in opposing the continuance of the 
the common enemies of all monarchies, and French alliance and the Dutch war. Shaft es- 
their only rivals in trade. < Delenda est Car- bury himself now began his course of anti- 
thago, he declared, in an outburst of which he catholic agitation. A letter from him to the 
is said to have been reminded when, sick and Duke of York urging him to change his re- 
hunted, he landed ten years later at Holland, ligion was circulated in June (CHEISTIE, ii. 
He then defended, on the ground of minis- 150) ; and whether in real or feigned alarm 
tenal responsibility, the stop of the exchequer, he now caused his household to be well 
and urged a supply to pay the bankers their armed, and kept constant watch in his house 
promised 6 per cent. Finally he vindicated throughout the summer, 
the _ declaration of indulgence ; of the can- When parliament met on 20 Oct. the com- 
pelling of which, however, he had to inform mons were much excited about James's second 
the lords on 7 March. Charles had previously marriage. To baulk their attack, James was 
referred the question to the lords, following anxious that an immediate prorogation should 
probably in this a suggestion of Shaftesbury take place, and Shaftesbury is stated to have 
(CHRISTIE, 11. 132). Colbert on 27 Feb. in- purposely retarded this (BuEOTT,ii. 31). Bur- 
formed Louis that Shaftesbury, Buckingham, net adds that lie gave his advice to Charles to 
and Lauderdale were in favour of maintain- send James away. From a letter of Conwa v 
mg the declaration and dissolving parliament to Essex of 18 Nov. (Essex Papers, Brit. Mus.) 
if necessary; but on 17 April he contradicts we learn that 'the king fears and hates the 



Cooper 



122 



Cooper 



Duke of York, yet is wholly governed by him.' 
On Sunday 9 Nov. Shaftesbury was dismissed 
in as insulting a manner as possible, and Henry 
Coventry, his wife's brother, was sent to de- 
mand the seals, and an order to leave London 
was twice repeated. Shaftesbury, however, 
according to Conway (ib. 22 Nov.), ' refused 
to stir.' He is related to have said when 
Coventry came to him, *It is only laying 
down my gown and putting on my sword.' 

Shaftesbury had uniformly refused as 
chancellor to pass grants to the duchesses of 
Cleveland or Portsmouth. He had incurred 
the enmity of Lauderdale by encouraging 
Hamilton and other Scotch nobles to break 
down the system of personal despotism esta- 
blished in Scotland by that minister, who on 
18 Nov. describes to the king the consternation 
visible on the faces of his opponents when the 
news of Shaftesbury's disgrace reached Edin- 
burgh (Lauderdale Papers, ii. 240, 245, iii. 
12). Colbert mentions the joy felt l on the 
disgrace of the greatest enemy of France, and 
I may add without passion of the most kna- 
vish, unjust, and dishonest man in England; 
but a discarded minister, who is very ill con- 
ditioned and clever, left perfectly free to act 
and speak, seems to me much to be feared in 
this country.' On Ms dismissal Shaftesbury 
received the usual protecting pardon from the 
king (CHKISTIE, ii. 158). 

Shaftesbury was probably not a great lord 
chancellor ; but North is the only authority 
for the statement that he was despised, baited, 
and finally beaten and tamed by the bar; 
while the famous lines of Dryden demonstrate 
his unimpeachable character as a judge. 

Shaftesbury revived the obsolete custom 
of riding on horseback with the judges from 
his residence at Exeter House, which he had 
inhabited since 15 April 1650 (Skaftesbury 
Papers), to Westminster Hall. North, who 
makes great ridicule of this, says also that 
Shaftesbury used to sit * on the bench in an 
ash-coloured gown, silver laced and full-rib- 
boned pantaloons displayed, without any 
black at all in his garb unless it were his 
hat; 7 a dress which, though unusual, was 
perfectly appropriate, since he was a layman. 
As chancellor he expressed the same objec- 
tions to the methods of proceeding in the 
court of chancery as he had formerly done in 
1653. 

Within a very few days both Charles and 
the French ambassador were making Shaftes- 
bury the highest offers of money and honours 
if he would return to office. According to 
Stringer, Charles sent his regrets through 
the Earl of Oxford ; and Ruvigny visited 
him with compliments from the two kings 
and with the offer of ten thousand guineas on 



Louis's part, and that of a dukedom and any 
post he might choose from Charles. Shaftes- 
bury thereupon had an inter view with Charles 
at Chiffinch's lodgings, and there distinctly 
refused the offers. From this moment he- 
shook himself free of all connection with his 
former colleagues, and placed himself at the 
head of the parliamentary opposition to the- 
court (ib. 180-3). 

Parliament met on 7 Jan. 1674. As late 
as 4 Jan. it seemed probable that Shaftesbury 
might be again employed. On 8 Jan., how- 
ever, without disclosing his knowledge of the 
1670 treaty, he led the attack in the lords 
which resulted in an address to the king 
for a proclamation ordering papists to depart 
ten miles from London. He began now his 
extravagant course of exciting popular feeling 
by the most reckless statements. During the 
whole session he formed one of a cabal, of 
which Halifax, Buckingham, Carlisle, Salis- 
bury, and Faulconbridge were other leading 
members, meeting at Lord Holles's house 
(JEssex Papers, Brit. Mus.) He took part in 
preparing the bill for educating the royal 
children in the church of England, and for 
preventing the marriage of any member of it 
with a Roman catholic, supporting a pro- 
posal that the penalty should be exclusion. 
All these measures were stopped by the sud- 
den prorogation of 24 Feb. It stopped, too,, 
a petition with which Shaftesbury had been 
charged, to the effect that Ireland was in 
danger from a French invasion (CHRISTIE, 
ii. 192). A bill for a new test, specially 
aimed at the Duke of York, was, to his great 
disgust, defeated by two votes. He was at 
this time reconciled with Buckingham, from 
whom he had been estranged, and actively 
assisted him in the proceedings against him 
regarding his shameful connection with Lady 
Shrewsbury (JSssex Papers, 3 Feb. 1674). 

Shaftesbury's actions were carefully 
watched. According to Macpherson (i. 74), 
he now began to excite the city, and especi- 
ally the common council, which met once a 
month, by loudly expressed fears of a catholic 
rising. On 19 May he was dismissed from 
the privy council, and ordered to leave Lon- 
don, to prevent his acting in concert with 
the Dutch ambassador, who lodged in hi& 
house (CHKISTIE, ii. 198). He was also re- 
moved from the lord-lieutenancy of Dorset- 
shire (jBssex Papers, 29 May 1674). He now 
retired to St. Giles. The list of books which 
he took with him is preserved (Shaftesbury 
Papers), and affords a good idea of the com- 
prehensiveness of his intellectual interests. 
By successive prorogations parliament was put 
off until April 1 675. Shaftesbury determined 
that the cry should be for a new parliament. 



Cooper 123 Cooper 

i 

The court was fully alive to the danger, as is principles On 15 June, during the recess, 

shown by a letter sent to Lord Yarmouth, William Howard informed Essex (Essex Pa- 

lieutenant of the county of Norfolk, advising pers) that there were some < great designs 

that none of Shaftesbury's party should be afoot/ and that Shaftesbury had been with 

named deputy-lieutenants or colonels (Hist, the duke, along with Penn, Owen, and other 

MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. 374 b). A letter from leading nonconformists. He says, on 19 June : 

himself to Lord Carlisle was circulated before < The treasurer hath lost ground ; the duke is 

the meeting of parliament, and afterwards trying to bring in Shaftesbury ; he refused a 

printed, in which he mentions that a great conference with the king, and was three hours 

office with a strange name is preparing for alone with Shaftesbury.' On the 26th, Shaftes- 

him, but that he will accept no court office so bury, Cavendish, and Newport were forbid 

long as the present parliament shall last. This the court. When parliament again met on 

is confirmed by a letter from William Harbord 13 Oct., Shaftesbury revived and pressed to 

to Essex (Essex Papers, 23 Jan. 1675), in the uttermost the quarrel bet ween the houses, 

which he is mentioned as coming to court and carried a motion maintaining the lords' 

again. ^ rights (RANEE, iv. 12). Lord Mohun, one of 

Upon the assembling of parliament, Danby his party, now moved for an address praying 
brought forward his celebrated Test Bill, im- for a dissolution, which, through the accession 
posing an oath of non-resistance. Shaftesbury of the Duke of York and the other Roman 
led the opposition for seventeen days, 'dis- catholic peers, was defeated by only two votes, 
tinguishing himself,' says Burnet, * more in Parliament was immediately prorogued, on 
this session than ever he had done before j 22 Nov., for fifteen months. It was no doubt 
he spoke once a whole hour to show the in- a condition of the new alliance of Shaftes- 
convenience of condemning all resistance upon bury and James that nothing should be said 
any pretence whatever, and the very ill con- about exclusion (CLAJRZE, Mem. of James II, 
sequence it might be of to lay such an oath i. 505). During the autumn Shaftesbury 
on a parliament.' He had taken the pains to had had a violent quarrel with Lord Digby 
note down a number of reasons against the on a Dorsetshire election. Digby, in anger, 
bill, and spoke to them. He urged, with publicly accused him of being against the 
especial force, that it took away the very king and for a commonwealth, and threatened 
object of parliament, which was to make that he l would have his head next parlia- 
alterations when necessary, and at the same ment.' Shaftesbury now brought an action 
time destroyed the king's supremacy. In against him and obtained 1,000/. damages, 
committee of the whole house he pertinently Digby's father, Bristol, used language to 
asked whether the church was to be regarded Shaftesbury in the debate on privileges for 
as infallible, and what were the bounds of which he too was compelled to apologise. In 
the protestant religion. Upon being gravely February 1676 Shaftesbury was again advised 
informed by the Bishop of Winchester that it to leave town, a direct message being sent 
was contained in the Thirty-nine Articles, the him from the king, but he once more refused, 
liturgy, catechism, and homilies, he launched In April the council of trade and plantations, 
out on the spot into a copious disquisition on of which he had been president since April 
all these matters. During one of his speeches 1672, came to an end. In July he left Exeter 
he overheard one of the bishops say jeeringly, House, which he had taken on being made 
1 1 wonder when he will have done preaching,' chancellor, and rented Thanet House, Alders- 
and at once replied, ' When I am made a gate Street, instead, at 1601. a year, 
bishop, my lord.' The bill was carried in the Shaftesbury and his friends now looked 
lords, but went no further, as a dispute be- about for good ground for an attack on Danby, 
tween the two houses as to the right of the and for getting rid of the present parliament, 
lords to interfere in the commons' impeach- They asserted the illegality of a prorogation 
ments, fomented to the utmost by Shaftes- of more than a year, and^ they circulated 
bury and his friends, caused such a dead-lock pamphlets arguing that this illegality ipso 
to business that the king was forced to another facto dissolved the parliament. On the open- 
prorogation. During the debates Shaftesbury ing of parliament Buckingham and Shaftes- 
made one famous speech, given almost entire bury at once took up this position. Their 
by Ralph (i. 293), which exhibits his clear- motion was rejected, and another at once 
ness of view and power of expression more brought in by the court that Buckingham, 
aptly than anything else of his on record. Shaftesbury, Salisbury, and Wharton should 

As against Danby's scheme, the interests of be called to account for their action. They 

James, Shaftesbury, and the nonconformists were ordered to acknowledge their error and 

were for the while identical ; and Shaftesbury to beg pardon of the king and the house. Upon 

threw overboard his violent anti-catholic their refusal they were brought to the bar as 



Cooper 124 Cooper 



delinquents and committed to the Tower 
during the pleasure of the king and house, kept 
in separate confinement, and not allowed to 
receive visitors without the leave of the house. 
According to Burnet, Shaftesbury and Salis- 
bury, pretending fear of poisoning 1 , made a 
special request that they might be attended by 
their own cooks. In this agitation Shaftes- 



following day took his place in the lords. 
During Sliafbesbury's imprisonment negotia- 
tions had been going on between Louis XIV 
and the leaders of the opposition. There is 
no doubt that Shaftesbury was cognisant of 
their schemes, for Russell was a frequent 
visitor at the Tower during January, and in 
March Louis was informed by Barillon that 



bury and his colleagues were so flagrantly Shaftesbury would be fully engaged in the 

wrong (CHRISTIE, ii. 233) , that they only treaty. 

did harm to their cause ; and the immediate The alliance noticed above between James 
result of this grave political blunder was a and Shaftesbury appears to have lapsed, and 
great accession of strength to the court, and this with Louis to have taken its place, 
the entire alienation of the present House of During the spring of 1678 an overture was 
Commons, whose existence they had attacked, again made by James (CHRISTIE, ii. 283-5). 
The four peers now sent up a joint petition In James's l Memoirs,' indeed (i. 513), the 
to the king for release, with no result. They exact reverse is said to have occurred, namely, 
then petitioned separately, Shaftesbury's re- that Russell and others had promised to re- 
quest for leave to go to Dorsetshire (Hist, store him to the high admiralship if he would 
MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 232 a) being presented concur in Danby's removal. There can be 
on 2 May by Henry Coventry (MARVEL, ii. little doubt, however, from a comparison of 
551). On 23 June he moved the king's bench authorities, that the former is the correct state- 
for a writ of habeas corpus. On the 27th ment, and that Shaftesbury and his friends 
he appeared before the court, and his case refused the overtures. 

was heard on the 29th; he was opposed by Before the meeting of parliament on 21 Oct. 
the court lawyers, but allowed to speak for the popish terror had broken out. Shaftesbury 
himself. In. a very powerful argument he is not accused of starting, but of cherishing, 
admitted the supreme judicature of the lords, the agitation ( NORTH, Examen, p. 95). He 
but denied their power to commit to indefinite was from the first foremost in his zeal for the 
imprisonment on a general warrant. The plot. The temptation to use this means of 
judges, however, said that they had no juris- avenging himself upon his enemies was pro- 
diction in the case, and Shaftesbury was sent bably irresistible ; that he could have believed 
back to the Tower. Salisbury was released in the plot is impossible. According to Burnet 
in June, and Buckingham in July, but Shaf- (ii. 164, 171 ?2.) he declared that the evidence 
tesbury and Wharton were still detained, must be supported. On 23 Oct. he was one 
Shaftesbury, indeed, was for a while laid of a committee for drawing up an address for 
under still stricter confinement, but this was the removal of papists from London and 
taken off on his petition alleging that his Westminster, and on 26 Oct. on another for 
health was suffering (Hist. M$S. Comm. 4th examining Coleman and other prisoners. On 
Rep. 232 a). He now found relaxation in 30 Oct. he was added to the sub-committee 
reading and in studying the war maps of for investigating the murder of Godfrey, and 
Europe; while at the end of September his on 16 Nov. was one of the committee for pre- 
friends were allowed to visit him freely. He paring the papers for Coleman's trial. On 
appeared, too, though troubled with gout, to 4 Nov. the great attack was opened at his in- 
improve greatly in health through his enforced stance by Lord Russell in the commons ; it 
idleness. was proposed to address the king to remove 
Shaftesbury was not released until 26 Feb. James from his person and councils. On 
1678. His petition was presented in the 20 Nov. he carried a bill in the lords, disabling 
House of Lords by Halifax on 14 Feb. (MA.R- all Roman catholics from sitting in either 
VEL, ii. 580). A long debate on his conduct house, with a proviso, carried by only two 
in appealing to the king's bench was adjourned voices in the commons, to except the Duke of 
to the 21st, on which, day he made a final York from its operation. On 28 Nov., with 
petition, admitting that he might have done two other peers, he protested against a re- 
wrong in this respect, and asking forgiveness, fusal of the lords to concur in the address 
He was allowed to address the house on of the commons to remove the queen, her 
, 25 Feb., when he acknowledged that his main- retinue, and all papists from court. One of 
taming parliament to be dissolved was ill- the worst acts of Shaftesbury's career was his 
advised, and he begged pardon for it, as also vote in 1680 for Stafford's death, especially 
again for the appeal to the king's bench. In if (ib. ii. 272 n.) it was because Stafford 
fact, he made a complete submission. Upon had named him before the lords as having 
this he was released on the 26th, and on the undertaken to procure toleration for them at 



Cooper 125 Cooper 



the time of the Duke of York's conversion. 
Clarke (Memoirs of James, i. 546) declares 
that Shaftesbury went on this course of un- 
scrupulous violence in order to outdo Danby, 
who, to save himself, also affected belief in 
the plot. In December, however, Danby was 
ruined, and on 24 Jan. 1679 parliament was 



he took a prominent part in the debate on 
the question of requiring protestant noncon- 
formists to take the oaths exacted from Ro- 
man catholics. The motion, however, was 
carried against him, and he declared that he 
would not have taken office had he thought 
that he could not succeed in such a matter. 



dissolved. It seems probable that Danby had The new privy council rapidly disclosed two 
made arrangements with Shaftesbury and the parties on the question of Monmouth's sue- 
popular leaders for a dissolution on condition cession, which was favoured by Shaftesbury 
that he were not impeached. The new par- and opposed by his kinsman Halifax. After 
liament met on 6 March, The chancellor, James's dismissal to Manders many meetings 
Finch, opened it with a speech, in which he of Shaftesbury and Monmouth took place 
said that the king ' supported by his favour (ib. iv. 578). To defeat their design Charles 
the creatures of his power,' i My lords/ said again solemnly declared that he was never 
Shaftesbury, ' I think we are all agreed that married to Monmouth's mother, 
in this kingdom there are none but creatures On 4 May a resolution was passed in the- 
of the divine power ; the power of the king commons to bring in a bill to exclude James- 
does not extend further than the laws deter- from the throne. Shaftesbury always upheld 
mine ' (R,Aisno3, iv. 77). In the debate as to simple exclusion. Essex and Halifax, on the 
how to deal with Danby the opposition lords other hand, favoured the scheme of limita- 
voted for the lesser punishment of banish- tions, which Shaftesbury declared would 
ment, -and Shaftesbury, with Essex and the create a democracy rather than a monarchy, 
chancellor, drew up the argument for the The second reading of the bill was carried on 
conference with the commons. He vigorously the 21st ; but a sudden prorogation on 26 May y , 
opposed, too, the right of the bishops to vote at the instance of the Halifax cabal, and in 
in treason cases. Meanwhile Charles thought violation of the promise given by Charles, 
of reconciling himself with the opposition, put an end to the bill. Shaftesbury angrily 
On 7 April Barillon reported that Shaftesbury, avowed that he would have the heads of the 
Halifax, and other chiefs of the country party, advisers of this step (TEMPLE, Memoirs, ii. 
were professing good intentions to the king, 519). One great measure, the Habeas Corpus 
who showed a desire to satisfy them. In the Act, brought in by Shaftesbury, long known 
course of the month Shaftesbury was made as ' Shaftesbury's Act,' was passed during 
president of a newly constituted privy council, this short session, though apparently only by 
with a salary of 4,000/. a year and official an amusing trick (CHRISTIE, ii. 335). 
rank next to that of the chancellor, Charles The Halifax cabal, joined by Henry Sidney 
promising that nothing of importance should andtheDuchess of Portsmouth, now urged the 
be done without the consent of the whole Prince of Orange to come to England, in order- 
council. Balph (i. 438) assumes that this to take the position which Shaftesbury desired 
was only to buy off his opposition for the time, for Monmouth. Sunderland endeavoured also 
and Burnet says that the king thought that to bring Shaftesbury himself into the plan ; 
he was angry only because he was not em- but this was frustrated by the enmity be- 
ployed. Ralph's view is probably correct, for tween him and Halifax. In July the king 
on 25 March Shaftesbury had made a violent once more unexpectedly dissolved parliament^ 
but eloquent speech on the state of the nation an act again noticed by Shaftesbury with ex- 
(ib. i. 434), referring chiefly to the dangers pressions of the bitterest resentment. Mean- 
of protestantism, and especially to the mis- while the rebellion in Scotland in June had 
government of Scotland and Ireland under offered Shaftesbury an occasion for putting 
Lauderdale and Ormonde [see BTTTLBK, JAMES, Monmouth forward, by obtaining for him the 
first DUKE OF ORMONDE]. The attack on command of the troops ; but he failed in an 
Ormonde, for which he had been at great attempt to raise guards for the king's person 
pains to secure evidence in Ireland (CAKTE, to be commanded by the favourite. At the 
iv. 574), was one of the unprincipled actions end of August, when the king fell ill, Sunder- 
of Shaftesbury's life, and can be explained land, to frustrate Shaftesbury, sent for James 
only by his anxiety now to catch at any in haste. Both he and Monmouth were again 
weapons. Ossory, Ormonde's son, replied to ordered from court upon Charles's recovery ; 
Shaftesbury with such warmth that Ormonde but in October, having effected a money treaty 
a few weeks later wrote to excuse him [see with Louis, Charles was able to take the step 
BTTTLEK, THOMAS, EABL OF OSSOKY]. of recalling James and dismissing ' Little 
In taking his new office Shaftesbury had Sincerity/ the cant name for Shaftesbury 
relinquished none of his views. On 21 April used between the king and James, from the 



Cooper 



126 



Cooper 



council. It was known that on coming up 
from the country he had been received with 
great enthusiasm by the populace (RANKE, 
iv. 94), and that he had on 5 Oct. called to- j 
gether his friends in the council to induce them 
to remonstrate against the recall of James. 
The Meal Tub plot, in which it was asserted 
that Shaft esbury was implicated, was now dis- 
covered. He was fully persuaded that the ob- 
ject of Dangerfield was to assassinate him, and 
"Dangerfield stated this himself (CHRISTIE, ii. 
349). Mrs. Cellier is also said to have tried 
to do the same, and a Portuguese Jew named 
Paria afterwards declared (Lords' Journals, 
38 Oct. 1680) that he had been commissioned 
to do this as early as 1675. Within a month 
from Shaftesbury's dismissal the first com- 
missionership of the treasury was, on Essex's 
resignation, offered him. He insisted on the 
divorce of the queen and the dismissal of 
James as the conditions of taking office. They 
were of course refused, and Shaftesbury then, 
in spite of another attempt, remained in oppo- 
sition. North notices the growth of clubs as 
a marked feature of the time, and mentions 
Shaftesbury as the great prompter-general, 
especially of the Green Ribbon Club. 

Near the end of November Shaftesbury is 
said to have taken a distinctly treasonable 
step. Monmouth returned to London without 
Charles's permission, and, according to Ba- 
rillon, was concealed for three days in Shaftes- 
bury's house. He took, too, every step to 
agitate for the reassembling of parliament on 
26 Jan. 1680, which it was feared Charles 
meant to postpone. He was one of the ten 
peers who presented a petition in this sense, 
and he probably set on foot the general pe- 
titioning which now took place, and which 
Charles met in December by proclaiming it 
as illegal, and by immediately proroguing 
parliament from time to time until 21 Oct. 
1680. On 28 Jan. the king declared his in- 
tention of sending for James. Shaftesbury 
thereupon urged his friends in the council by 
letter to resign, in order that they might jus- 
tify themselves before the country, hinted at 
probable attempts to alter religion and go- 
vernment with the help of the Erench, and 
besought them, after taking notes of its con- 
tents, to burn the letter (CHRISTIE, ii. 357). 
The next day they followed his advice, Essex 
and Salisbury alone remaining. In March 
came news of a catholic plot in Ireland. 
Shaffcesbury at once demanded from the coun- 
cil the appointment of a secret committee. 
His informants, Irishmen of the lowest cha- 
racter, declared that aid had been asked for 
from Louis, and that Ormonde and Archbishop 
Plunket were in the plot. The information 
was undoubtedly false, and Shaftesbury could 



not have been its dupe. The court laughed 
at it ; but London, where Shaftesbury's in- 
fluence was very powerful, sustained him in 
the agitation. The judicial murder of Plunket 
a year later must be laid to his door. 

A second illness of the king in May put 
Monmouth's adherents on the alert. Meetings 
were held at Shaftesbury's house to consider 
the steps to be taken in case of Charles's death. 
Lord Grey, in the l Secret History of the Rye 
House Plot ' (pp. 3-5), states that a rising in 
the city was determined on, and steps taken 
in preparation. On 26 June Shaftesbury, 
with other leaders of the opposition, went to 
Westminster Hall, and indicted the Duke of 
York and the Duchess of Portsmouth as popish 
recusants. A pretence was, however, found 
for discharging the jury before the bills were 
presented. Barillon asserts that Shaftesbury's 
language was most violent, if not actually 
treasonable, and he continued to keep the city 
at fever point. There were now two parties 
at the court, that of Sunderland, Godolphin, 
and the duchess, who, with the Spanish am- 
bassador, wished to conciliate Shaftesbury 
(CLARKE, i. 599), and that of Lawrence Hyde 
and the Duke of York. Towards the end of 
September Sunderland was in active nego- 
tiation with Shaftesbury and Monmouth for 
satisfying parliament, and Charles was in- 
duced to send James to Scotland. In the 
middle of September Shaftesbury was ill of 
fever, and his popularity was shown by the 
crowds who came to inquire. By 9 Oct., 
however, he had recovered. 

On 21 Oct. parliament met ; by 15 Nov. a 
bill for excluding James from the throne had 
passed the commons and had reached the 
lords. There, through the ability of Halifax, 
f who was much too hard for Shaftesbury, 
who was never so outdone before' (Hist. MS8. 
Comm. 7th Rep. 18 Nov.), the second reading 
was rejected by 63 to 30. Shaftesbury of 
course joined in the protest against the re- 
jection. On the 16th he opened a debate as 
to the effectual securing of the protestant 
religion. He declared that as exclusion had 
been rejected the divorce of the king was 
the only expedient. Clarendon, he said, had 
purposely married Charles to a woman in- 
capable of bearing children. He did not, 
however, persevere in his proposal. In the 
debate on the king's speech of 15 Dec. he 
delivered another violent speech (CHRISTIE, 
ii. app. vi.), which was immediately pub- 
lished, but which was of such a character 
that after Christmas it was ordered to be 
burnt by the common hangman. The vio- 
lent course adopted by the whigs defeated 
itself. All legislation and all supply were 
stopped. Charles prorogued parliament on 



Cooper 127 Cooper 



10 Jan., and eight days later dissolved it, 
and summoned a fresh one to meet at Ox- 
ford, no doubt to avoid the influence of the 
city. Clarke (i. 651) mentions a design of 
giving Shaftesbury the freedom of the city 
and of next day making him alderman and 
lord mayor, so as to secure the machinery of 
the city for his purposes. 



bury that he -would never yield on the Mon- 
mouth proposal. 

The dissolution cut the ground from be- 
neath Shaftesbury's feet. The excessive vio- 
lence of ^the whigs, and his signal political 
blunder in espousing the cause of an illegiti- 
mate son of the king, had strengthened the 
natural tendency to a reaction. Shaftesbury 

ft "I I 7"1 "1 T f -m ^ 



_ _ n _ . _ . _ v _ mf ~r --*- -v _ " - - - -ii j.^^ . -w ^r w ^ W W4<*^ \J J, \jf AJt "w^ JUl, tCi \J t>O fj I 1,L V 

On 25 Jan. Essex presented a very strongly felt his danger clearly ; it was rumoured he 

worded petition to Charles, signed by Shaftes- wished to renounce the peerage that he might 

bury, himself, and fourteen other peers, pray- have the privilege of being judged by others 

ing that parliament might sit at Westminster, than peers selected by the king. In antici- 

Shaftesbury now prepared instructions to pation of attack he secured his estate to his 

be distributed among the constituencies for family by a careful settlement, and granted 

the guidance of the members whom they copyhold estates for their lives to several of 

elected (CHRISTIE, ii. app. vii.) viz. (1) to in- his servants. 

sist on a bill of exclusion of the Duke of York In a discussion of the committee of foreign 

and all popish successors ; (2) to insist on an affairs on 21 June, Halifax and Clarendon 

adjustment between the prerogatives of call- urged that Shaftesbury should be arrested 

ing, proroguing, and dissolving parliaments, before parliament should meet again $ and 

and the people's right to annual parliaments ; early in the morning of % July he was seized 

(3) to get rid of guards and mercenary sol- at Thanet House, Aldersgate Street, and 

diers ; and (4) to stop all supplies unless full carried to Whitehall, where he was examined 

security were provided against popery and at a special meeting of the council in the 

arbitrary power. king's presence. All his papers, too, had 

Lodgings were taken by Locke for Shaftes- been seized without his being allowed to 

bury at Dr. Wallis's, the Savilian professor ; make a list of them as a reasonable precau- 

but in the end he was provided for at Balliol tion (RALPH, i. 611). The witnesses against 

College. By the time of the meeting of the Ox- him were chiefly the very men who had been 

ford parliament Charles had again succeeded his informants regarding the pretended Irish 

in making a treaty with Louis, which, as re- plot. Shaftesbury, who had in vain requested 

garded money, rendered him free of the ne- to have his accusers face to face (#.), de- 

cessity of supply. He was thus enabled to fended himself; he was in the end committed 

open parliament with an uncompromising to the Tower on the charge of high treason, 

speech in which he especially declared that in conspiring for the death of the king and 

on the matter of the succession he would overthrow of government. He was taken 

not give way. The commons were equally to the Tower by water, and in the evening 

violent, and debated nothing but exclusion, was visited there by Monmouth, Grey, and 

In the lords Shaftesbury reintroduced a bill others of that party. It is mentioned, as 

for a repeal of ^ the act of 35 Eliz., which showing how completely and suddenly his 

imposed penalties on protestant dissenters, power was gone, that ( he was brought from 

and moved for a committee to inquire why it the heart of the city to his examination by 

had not been presented to the king for sig- two single messengers, and sent to the Tower, 

nature along with other bills before the last no man taking notice \Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th 

prorogation. A very unsatisfactory explana- Rep. 533 a). Two days later he was ordered 

tion^was given (CHRISTIE, ii. 406). A matter to be kept close prisoner. He and Howard 

leading to a hot quarrel between the houses petitioned the judges, under the new Habeas 

was the impeachment of Fitzharris, accused Corpus Act, that they might be brought to 

of a design of fastening upon Shaftesbury trial or bailed ; but the judges refused, on the 

alibel concocted by himself against the king, ground that the Tower was out of their juris- 

The commons wished to impeach him, but diction. In the Tower he was ill of his old 

the lords resolved that he should be left to ague, and on 14 July leave was given him to 

the common law. Shaftesbury and nineteen take the air. In the heat of August he was so 

other peers protested against the lords' refu- ill, having had two fits in twenty-four hours, 

sal. The commons, too, were furious, but the that the lieutenant of the Tower removed 

sudden dissolution on 28 March put an end him to cooler lodgings. In the meanwhile 

to the quarrel and to the exclusion agitation, the court were taking great pains to find 

Shaftesbury immediately returned to Lon- evidence sufficient to convict Shaftesburv, 

don. Barillon states (28 March) that a con- and it was widely said that much tampering 

versation took place between Charles and of witnesses was going on. In the beginning 

Shaftesbury in which the king told Shaftes- of September, and in October, applications 



Cooper 



128 



Cooper 



by Shaftesbury and Howard were again made 
to the Old Bailey for trial or bail, and again 
refused, as were those to the magistrates of 
Middlesex. In the September vsessions his in- 
dictments against the magistrate who had 
taken the information leading to his arrest 
and against the witnesses were not allowed 
to be presented. "While he lay in prison 
Stephen College [q. v.], one of his followers., 
was found guilty of treasonable language on 
the same evidence as that against himself, and 
executed. On 2 Aug. he instructed his agents 
at St. Giles to sell his stud, evidently not 
expecting to escape with his life. In October 
he petitioned the king, through Arlington, in 
vain, offering if released to retire to Carolina, 
of which he was part proprietor. On the 
12th his secretarv was committed to the 

is 

G-atehouse on charge of treason. At length 
on 24 Nov. a special commission was opened 
for his trial. Shortly before it began a 
statement was published by Captain Henry 
Wilkinson of the endeavours made by Booth, 
one of the witnesses, to suborn him to give 
false evidence against Shaftesbury, and of his 
examination by the king himself. The nar- 
rative is extremely circumstantial, and was 
never contradicted (CHRISTIE, ii. 419). The 
bill of indictment at the Old Bailey was 
framed on the statute of 13 Car. II, which 
made the intention to levy war high treason, 
and the designing and compassing the king's 
death high treason, without an overt act. At 
the close of the chief justice's charge to the 
grand jury the attorney-general asked that the 
witnesses might be examined in the presence 
of the judges, in order that they might thus be 
overawed, and this was granted, while a re- 
quest from the jury for a sight of the warrant 
for Shaftesbury's commitment was refused. 
On the other hand the grand jury had been 
selected by sheriffs favourable to Shaftesbury, 
and had been picked out ' from the very centre 
of the party,' a mob also being brought down 
from "Wappingto awe the court (NORTH, Ex- 
amen, p. 113). All the sharp practice of the 
court was of no avail. The witnesses were 
men of low character, and the grand jury 
disbelieved the evidence (RALPH, i. 648). 
' Immediately the people fell a holloaing and 
shouting ; ' the acclamations in court lasted 
an hour ; 'the bells rung, bonfires were made, 
and such public rejoicing in the city that 
never such an insolent defiance of authority 
was seen 7 (CLABKE, i. 714); and Luttrell 
gives the same account. 

A medal was at once struck to celebrate 
the occasion, a bust of Shaftesbury with the 
inscription 'Antonio comiti de Shaftesbury' 
on one side, and on the reverse a picture of 
the Tower, with the sun emerging from a 



cloud, the word ' Lsetamur,' and the date' 
24 Nov. 1681. The copper plate of this medal 
is preserved with the * Shaftesbury Papers/ 
But he was unmercifully satirised ; Dry den did 
his worst in ' Absalom and Achitophel ' and 
in the i Medal ; ' and Butler in ' Hudibras.'' 
Otway, in ' Venice Preserved,' represents him 
as the lewdest of debauchees. Duke, an imi- 
tator of Dryden, is still worse in his allusions 
to his abscess kept open by a silver pipe ; and 
in 1685 the same thing was done by Dryden 
himself in t Albion and Albanius/ which was 
illustrated by a huge drawing of ' a man with 
a long lean pale face, with fiend's wings, and 
snakes twisted round his body, accompanied 
by several rebellious fanatical heads, who 
suck poison from him, which runs out of a 
tap in his side.' He was called Tapsld in 
derision, and the abscess represented as the 
result of extreme dissipation (CHRISTIE, ii. 
428-39). It is to Shaftesbury's credit that 
he bore all this with such perfect temper as 
to excite the admiration of even Lady Hussell 
(ib. app. viii.) A week after the finding of 
the grand jury Shaftesbury was admitted to 
bail, four sureties in 1,500Z. and himself in 
3,000. ; Monmouth, to Charles's extreme 
displeasure, offered himself for bail. The joy 
at the acquittal extended to many parts of 
the kingdom ; and on 13 Dec. the Skinners r 
Company, of which Shaftesbury was a mem- 
ber, entertained him with a congratulatory 
dinner. He was finally released from bail 
on 13 Feb. 1682. He had meanwhile brought 
actions of scandalum magnatum and conspi- 
racy against several persons concerned in his 
late trials. The defendants moved for trial 
in another county on the ground that it 
would not be fairly conducted in Middlesex, 
and the claim was allowed. Shaftesbury re- 
fused to go on with the actions under these 
circumstances. Hitherto his support had lain 
in the city. He was an intimate friend of one 
of the sheriffs, Pilkington, the master of the 
Skinners' Company, who on 17 March gave a 
great dinner to Monmouth, Shaftesbury, and 
the other leading men of the party. 

But the tide had turned ; Charles was no 
longer dependent on parliament, and all mode- 
rate men were against Shaftesbury. Among' 
the papers seized at the time of Shaftesbury's 
arrest was one,. not in his handwriting, and 
unsigned, containing a project of association 
for defence of the protestant religion and for 
preventing the succession of the Duke of 
York. Another paper regarded with great 
suspicion was one containing two lists headed 
respectively ' worthy men,' and ' men worthy/ 
the latter being construed i worthy to be 
hanged.' Magistrates of Shaftesbury's party 
were now put out of the commission, and 



Cooper 129 Cooper 

the penal laws against protestant dissenters discovery, but, after waiting some days for a 
vigorously executed. To secure the support fair wind, was able to leave Harwich for 
of the common council for the crown, a false Holland on 28 Nov. 1682. After a stormy 
return, carried out with shameless illegality, passage, during which other vessels in corn- 
was made at the midsummer election of pany with his were lost, he reached Amster- 
sheriffs, two tories being returned in the dam in the first days of December. Upon 
place of Shaftesbury's friends. He now felt his petition he was placed in safety by being 
that there was no chance of escape if an- admitted a burgher of Amsterdam ; one in- 
other indictment were preferred against him, habitant welcoming him, it is said, with a 
since the sheriffs had the nomination of the pungent reference to his famous speech, 
juries. On the night of the election he is ' Carthago nondum est deleta.' For a week 
said to have left his house and to have found a he lodged in the house of an English mer- 
hiding-place in the city (RALPH, i. 710). With chant named Abraham Keck, on the Guel- 
Russell, Monmouth, and others, he began to der Kay, associating chiefly with Brownists. 
consult as to the possibility of a concerted Here, about the end of December, he was 
rebellion in different parts of the country, seized with gout, which flew to the stomach, 
He and Russell jointly were to make them- and which caused him excruciating pain. On 
selves masters of the Tower and manage the Sunday, 21 Jan. 1683, he died in his servant's 
city, and Russell the west country; while arms, between eleven and twelve in the 
Monmouth made a progress in Cheshire morning. It was stated that his death was 
(CHRISTIE, ii. 445). Burnet gives a different hastened by the cessation in the flow from 
account, declaring that Essex and Russell his abscess. The news reached London on 
were opposed to Shaftesbury's views (ii. 349). 26 Jan. ; on 13 Feb. his body left Amster- 
But in September Monmouth was arrested, dam to be taken to Poole in Dorsetshire 
Shaftesbury now urged an immediate rising (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. 389 a). Ac- 
in Cheshire under Russell, while he himself cording to Martyn it was met by the princi- 
answered for the city, promising Russell to pal gentlemen of the county of all shades 
join him with ten thousand brisk boys from of opinion, who accompanied the hearse to 
w apping. About Michaelmas day, however, Wimborne St. Q-iles, where he was buried, 
he left Thanet House, ' stept aside, but not Shaftesbury was undoubtedly the most 
before a warrant was signed for his apprehen- eminent politician of his time ; Burnet (i. 175) 
sion ? (Hist. MSS. Comm, 7th Rep. 497 #), and declares that he never knew any man equal 
was for some weeks concealed in obscure to him in the art of governing parties. His 
houses in the city and Wapping, busily en- subtlety and readiness of resource fitted him 
gaged in fomenting the rising. In the be- especially for a foremost place, under the 
ginning of November, at a meeting in the existing conditions of political life. The 
house of Shepherd, a wine merchant, a report leaders, with scarcely an exception, led lives 
was read from Shaftesbury, and it was ar- of mystery and intrigue; in Shaftesbury's 
ranged by those present to rise a few days case the springs of his action can even now 
later. At a second meeting on 19 Nov., how- be often only guessed at. "With the excep- 
ever, it was decided to postpone action for a tion of Locke he hacUno intimate friends ; 
few weeks. Upon this Shaftesbury ? know- North says that if he were a friend to any 
ing or being told that fresh warrants were human being, besides himself, it was to 
out against him, determined to flee at once. Charles II (p. 119). That he was a man 
It is difficult to believe that the search for of keen ambition is very certain, though 
Shaffcesbury was earnest j it was obviously Ralph's phrases (i. 711) are extravagant. As- 
more to the interest of the crown to frighten a statesman he will always remain memor- 
him away than to arrest him ; and it is pro- able, because, starting from the conception of 
bable that the same course was pursued in tolerance, he opposed the establishment of 
his case as in that of the Earl of Argyll an Anglican and royalist organisation with 
when he came to London [see CAMPBELL, decisive success. He seems always to have 
ARCHIBALD, ninth EARL OF ARGYLL]. Be- espoused the doctrines that had the greatest 
fore leaving London Shaftesbury had a meet- future, and he may be regarded as the prin- 
ing with Essex and Salisbury, when * fear, cipal founder of that great party which op- 
anger, and disappointment had wrought so posed the prerogative and uniformity on 
much upon him, that Lord Essex told me he behalf of political freedom and religious tole- 
was much broken in his thoughts-his notions ranee (RAOTCE, iv. 166, 167). The extremely 
were wild and impracticable ' (JBTJRKET, ii. modern type of Shaffcesbury's character ren- 
350). He reached Harwich in disguise as a ders him especially interesting as a politician. 
Presbyterian minister, with his servant Whee- In him, as is observed by Mr. Traill (Skaftes- 
lock, Here he was, in imminent danger of bury, 'English Worthies,' p. 206), are fore- 
YOL. 



Cooper 



130 



Cooper 



shadowed the modern demagogue, the modern 
party leader, and the modern parliamentary 
debater. As a demagogue he at the same 
time swayed the judgment of the House of 
Lords and the passions of the mob. As a 
party leader, e while sitting in one house of 
the legislature he organised the forces and 
directed the movements of a compact party 
in the other/ And in him we nrst meet 
with i that combination of technical know- 
ledge, practical shrewdness, argumentative 
alertness, aptitude in illustration, mastery of 
pointed expression, and readiness of retort, 
which distinguish the first-rate debater of the 
present day. 7 He was a man of wide accom- 
plishments ; he spoke Latin with ease and flu- 
ency ; he was also well acquainted with Greek 
and French, and especially with the literature 
of his own country. Ancient and modern 
history, and the state of Europe and foreign 
politics, were also favourite studies. Charles is 
reported to have said that he had more law 
than his judges and more divinity than his 
bishops. He had all the tastes of the Eng- 
lish country gentleman: estate management, 
hunting, horse-breeding, gardening, planting, 
and the like ; and he dabbled in alchemy, 
palmistry, and the casting of horoscopes. 
Bumet says that * lie had the dotage of astro- 
logy upon Mm to a high degree/ and that he 
told him l how a Dutch doctor had from the 
stars foretold him the whole series of his life ' 
(i. 175). He was reputed a deist, but the 
state of his mind is perhaps best represented 
by the anecdote in Sheffield's memoirs, which 
represents him as answering the lady who 
inquired as to his religion, Madam, wise 
men are of but one religion; ' and when she 
further pressed him to tell what that was, 
* Madam, wise men never tell.' Shaffeesbury's 
private life was of rare purity for the age ; 
the charge of licentiousness probably arose 
from the story told by Chesterfield ( Works y 
ii. 334, Mahon's ed.), and, in different ways 
by different authors, that Charles once ex- 
claimed, 4 Shaffeesbury, you are the wickedest 
rogue in England/ and that Shafbesbury 
replied, ' Of a subject, sir, I believe I am/ 
Christie shows that there is no certainty in 
the story, and that, even if it be true, there 



directly concerning the earl, and extending over 
his lifetime. There are also a large number of 
documents connected with the settlement of Ca- 
rolina, including many of Locke's composition, 
the draft of the first constitutions of the colony 
being among them, and with the government of 
Jamaica, the Barbadoes, and the Bahamas. The 
diaries, autobiographical fragments, and some of 
the more important papers have been separately 
printed by Mr. Christie. His larger work, the 
' Life,' in spite of the fact that he evidently holds 
a brief for Shaffcesbury, is of extreme value in 
sweeping away the misrepresentations which poli- 
tical partisanship or ignorance had allowed to 
gather about his name, and of which Macaulay and 
Lord Campbell have been in modern times the 
chief exponents; and it is only in one or two 
places that inaccuracies may be detected, or that 
a tendency is visible to keep out of sight or ex- 
tenuate really blameworthy actions. Where evi- 
dence can be obtained he is indefatigable in 
procuring it, aud he is, on the whole, impartial 
in weighing it. A few materials have become 
accessible since Christie wrote, such as the reports 
of the Hist. MSS. Commission, the Lauderdale 
and Essex Papers, the Calendar of State Papers, 

iect is Mr. Traill's * Shaffcesbury,' in the i English 

** v * ^^ w 

Worthies * series. Mr, Traill, without sufficient 
apparent justification, takes as a rule the un- 
favourable view of his character and conduct. 
The interesting and valuable part of his book, as 
noticed in the article, is the account of Shaftes- 
bury as a party leader of the modern type. The 
leading authorities are all fully referred to in 
the article.] 0. A. 

COOPER, ANTHONY ASHLEY, third 
EAKL OF SHAJTESBTTRY (1 671 -1713), was born 
26 Peb. 1670-1, at Exeter House in London, 
then the town residence of his grandfather, the 
first earl [q. v.] He was the son of Lord Ash- 
ley, afterwards second earl, by Lady Dorothy 
Manners, daughter of John, earl of Rutland. 
Lord Ashley, a man of feeble constitution 
and understanding, is the ' shapeless lump ' 
len's famous satire upon the first earl, 
acted to some extent as Lord 



gM f 



attended Ldy Ashley on her con- 
^ Marcll ^73-4 the guardian- 
infant 8 



meaning 

[Thematenals for this ^ticle are drawn cMefly 

important work, which is founded mainly upon 
them. These papers, so far as they are con- 
eemed with the first earl, consist of six sections, 
the contents of which will be found described in 
detail in the report of Mr. Noel Sainsbury. Be- 
sides the original diaries and autobiographies, 
is a large collection of letters and papers , 



finement in the Tower in 1677 wrote to Locke, 
th ^ in ^ ^^ Hm to discover what 

Wk. were used fo^le dauphin's Latin les- 
sons, with aview to procuring them for his 

F andson - When Locke returned to England 
in 1680 r ^ superintended the boys educa- 
tio n - In 1^4 he had recommended Eliza- 
beth, daughter of a schoolmaster named Birch, 
to act as governess. She could talk Greek 
and Latin fluently, and imparted the accom- 



Cooper 131 Cooper 



plishment to her pupil. A house was taken 
at Clapham, in which she lived with him, 
while Locke paid them frequent visits. After 
the death of the grandfather, the boy was 
taken out of Locke's charge by the parents, 
and in November 1683 was sent to Winches- 
ter, where he 
his son. Mr 



i stayed till 1686 (according to 
. Bourne in ' Life of Locke ' (i. 
273) gives the date 1688). His schoolfellows, 



zeal never cooled. He boasts that he was at 
one time alone in urging a dissolution in the 
last year of "William's reign. He did his best 
to influence elections, and to support the war 
party. William made offers to him, and it 
is said desired to make him a secretary of 
state. The statement that he had a share in 
William's last speech (31 Dec. 1701) is per- 
haps due to the fact that lie published an 

it is'said, made him suffer for his grandfather's anonymous pamphlet called i Paradoxes of 
sins as a politician. He then made a foreign State relating to the present juncture . . , 
tour in company with Sir John Oropley (his chiefly grounded on His Majesty's princely, 
close friend through life) and Mr. Thomas pious, and most gracious speech ' (1702). 
Sclater Bacon, under the tutorship of a Mr. Soon after the accession of Anne he was 
Daniel Denoune. He visited Italy, travelled removedfrom the vice-admiralty of the county 
through Germany, and learned to speak of Dorset, ' held by his family for three gene- 
French so perfectly as to be taken for a native, rations.' Warrants (preserved in the Record 
After his return he passed some years in study. Office), at the end of William's reign and the 
He was elected member for Poole in William's beginning of Anne's, order him to impress five 
second parliament, 21 May 1695 j and after hundred seamen, and take other military steps 
the dissolution in the autumn he was again in his capacity as vice-admiral. His political 
elected (4 Nov. 1695) for the same place. activity injured both his health and his for- 
In November 1695 a bill allowing counsel tune. He retired to Holland for a year dur- 
to prisoners accused of treason came before ing 1703-4. He lived on 200 a year, being 
the house. Lord Ashley, as his son says, alarmed, needlessly as it seems from his 
made his first speech in its favour, and was steward's reports, at the state of his income, 
so confused as to break down. The house Returning in the summer of 1704, he was 
encouraging him to go on, he made a great kept at sea for a month by contrary gales, 
impression by the ingenious remark : ' If I and came home in a very delicate state of 
am so confounded by a first speech that I health. He afterwards suffered continually 
cannot express my thoughts, what must be from asthma, and found the smoke of Lon- 
the condition of a man pleading for his life don intolerable. When not residing at his 
without assistance !' (General Diet., where it house at Wimborne St. Giles, he was often 
Is said that the story was erroneously applied at Sir J. Cropley's house at Betchworth, near 
to Charles Montagu, lord Halifax, in a < Life ' Dorking, and at the time of his marriage took 
published in 1715 ; an error repeated by John- a house at Reigate. He did not venture to 
son in * Lives of the Poets '). His health was stay nearer London than Chelsea, where he 
unequal to parliamentary labours, and he re- had a small house. In 1706 the ' great smoak ' 
tired after the dissolution of 1698. He spent forced him to remove from Chelsea to Hamp- 
a year in Holland, where he lodged, as Locke stead. In 1708 his friends, especially Robert, 
had done, with Benjamin Furly, a quaker afterwards Viscount, Molesworth,pressed him 
merchant, afterwards his attached friend, and to marry. After a long and unsuccessful ne- 
became known to Bayle and Le Clerc. His gotiation for a lady whom he admired, he 
first book, the ' Inquiry concerning Virtue,' was forced to put up with Jane, daughter of 
was surreptitiously printed by Toland during Thomas Ewer of Lee in Hertfordshire. He 
his absence. No copy of this, if published, has was married in August 1709. His chief end, 
been found. On 10 Nov. 1699 he became Earl he says, was the ' satisfaction of his friends,' 
of Shaftesbury upon his father's death. He who thought his family worth preserving and 
attended the House of Lords regularly till himself worth, nursing ; and he scarcely ven- 
William's death ; but his health limited his tures afterwards to make the claim, which 
participation in political struggles. He was, would be audacious for any man, that he is 
however, an ardent whig, and was exceed- ' as happy a man now as ever.' He had not 
ingly keen in supporting the cause. When seen the lady till the match was settled, and 
the great debates upon the partition treaty then found, in spite of previous reports, that 
began in March 1701 , he was < beyond Bridge- she was ' a very great beauty ' (to Wheelock 
water in Somersetshire,' but, on a summons 8 Aug. 1709, Shaftesbury Papers). His mo- 
from Lord^ Somers, posted to London at dest anticipations of happiness seem to have 
once, in spite of weakness, and was in the been fulfilled ; but his health rapidly declined, 
House of Lords next day a feat then re- andinJulyl711hesetoutwithLady.Shaftes- 
garded^as extraordinary. Somers afterwards bury for Naples to try the warmer climate, 
held his proxy. His letters show that his He passed through France, and was civilly 



Cooper 132 Cooper 

received "by the Duke of Berwick, then en- cernible in all his writings. His special idol 
camped on the frontier of Piedmont. He was Plato, whom he endeavoured to imitate' 
declined to take advantage of French civility in the 'Moralists.' Hurd and Monlboddo are 
by spending the winter at Montpelier, and enraptured with his performance as unsur- 
therefore went to Naples, where he settled passed in the language. Opponents, especially 
;,fbr the rest of his life. He died there 15 Feb. the shrewd cynic Mandeville, regarded him as- 
1713 (4 Feb. 1712-13 according to English a pretentious and high-flown declaimer; but 
reckoning), dying with peaceful resignation, his real elevation of feeling gives a serious value- 
according to the report of an attendant, Mr. to his ethical speculations, the most systematic 
CrelL His body was sent to England. He account of which is in the i Inquiry concerning 
left one son, Anthony Ashley, the fourth earl Virtue.' The phrase ( moral sense 7 which occurs- 
of Shaftesbury.- in that treatise became famous in the Scotch 
Shaftesbury was a man of lofty and ardent school of philosophy of which Huteheson, a 
character, forced by ill-health to abandon po- di sciple of Shaftesbury 's, was the founder. He 
litics for literature. He was liberal, though influenced in various ways all the chief ethi- 
much fretted by the difficulty of keeping out cal writers of the century. Butler, in the pre- 
of debt. He was resolved, as he tells his face to his sermons, speaks highly of Shaftes- 
steward, not to be a slave to his estates, and bury (the only contemporary to whom he 
never again to be 'poorly rich.' He supported explicitly refers) for showing the e natural 
several young men of promise at the univer- obligation of virtue.' Although, according to 
sity or elsewhere. He allowed a pension of Butler's teaching, Shaffcesbury's account of 
20/. a year to the deist Toland, after Toland's the conscience is inadequate, and Ms theology 
surreptitious publication of his papers, though too vague and optimistic to supply the needed 
he appears to have dropped it in his fit of sanction, his attack upon an egoistic utilita- 
economy in 1704. He gives exceedingly care- nanism falls in with Butler's principles, 
fol directions for regulating his domestic af- Shaftesbury, on the other hand, was attacked 
fairs during his absence. His letters to his both by the followers of Clarke's intellectual 
young friends are full of moral and religious system, as in John Balguy's l Letter to a Deist r 
advice, and the ' Shaftesbury Papers' show (1726),andbythethoroughgoingutilitarians, 
many traces of his practical benevolence to especially Thomas Brown (1778-1820) [q.v.J 
them. He went to church and took the sa- in Ms ' Essay upon the Characteristics/as giv- 
crainent regularly, respecting religion though ing so vague a criterion of morality as to reduce 
he hated the priests. He is a typical example it to a mere matter of taste. Shaftesbury's 
of the whig aristocracy of the time, and with assthetical speculations, given chiefly in the- 
better health might have rivalled his grand- ' Notion of the Historical Draught or Tablature 
father's fame. of the Judgment of Hercules,' are of some in- 
Shaftesbury is a very remarkable figure in terest, and anticipate some points in Lessing's, 
the literary history of his time. The l Cha- ' Laokoon * (see STUB, Lessing, i. 249, 266). 
racteristics ' give unmistakable indications of Shaffcesbury's style, always laboured, often 
religious scepticism, especially in allusions bombastic, and curiously contrasted with the 
to the Old Testament. He was accordingly simplicity of his contemporary Addison, has 
attacked as a deist by Leland, "Warburton, led to the neglect of his writings. He was, 
Berkeley, and many other Christian apolo- however, admired by such critics as Hurd and 
gists. He had been influenced by Bayle, and Blair, though Gray (letter to Stonehewer y 
shares or exaggerates the ordinary dislike of 18 Aug. 1758) speaks of him with contempt 
the whig nobles to church principles. His as a writer whose former vogue has become 
heterodoxy excited the prejudice of many rea- scarcely intelligible. His influence on the 
soners who might have welcomed him as an continent was remarkable. One of Diderot's- 
ally upon fundamental questions. As a phi- first publications was an l Essai sur le MSrite 
losopher he had no distinct system, and re- et la vertu' (1745), a free translation from 
pudiates metaphysics. He revolted against Shaftesbury's t Inquiry concerning Virtue,' 
the teaching of Locke, to which there are some and in 1746 he published the ' PensSes Phi- 
contemptuous references in the t Advice to losophiques,' a development of Shaftesbury's- 
an Author '(pt.iii. sect. L) (the first and eighth scepticism, which was burnt by the parlia- 
of the ' Letters to a Student ' give an explicit ment of Paris (see MOKLEY, Diderot, i. 42- 
statement). He was probably much influ- 47). The ' Characteristics ' were studied by 
eiiced by the c Cambridge Platonists,' espe- Mendelssohn, Lessing, and "Wieland (see- 
cially Whicheote and Cudworth, and shows SYME, Lessing, i. 115, 187, ii. 296), and in- 
many points of affinity to Cumberland. His fluenced the development of German specu- 
cosmopolitan and classical training, and the lation. Leibnitz, to whom Shaffcesbury sent 
traditional code of honour of his class, are dis- a copy of the 'Characteristics/ said that her 



Cooper 133 Cooper 

found in it almost all his own (still unpub- "bury Papers now in the Keeord Office. They 

lished) ' Th6odicee,' * but more agreeably include letters, account boots, copies of his works 

turned ' (DBS MAIZEAUX, Mecueil, ii. 283 ; the with manuscript corrections, rough copies of the 

original in the Shaftesbury Papers). son's > and many interesting documents. 

His chief works are collected in the < Cha- ull use has abeady been made of these in Prof. 

Tacteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, and f^ r s , Shaftesbury and^ Hutcheson' m the 

Times.' The first edition appeared in 1711 ; ^^ B ^ M i^ e ^ ffin 8 ? 'I? 
,, -, , , j i j - -i>-nA monographs on onaltesbury by U-ideon Spicker 

the second, corrected and enlarged, in 1714 (1872 | and a yon Gi H ( ^ 18 / 6) for ^^^ Qf 

{Shaftesbury gave elaborate directions for the his philosophy. An excellent account of Shaftes- 

allegorical designs in this edition, which are ^y j s j u Martineau's Types of Ethical Theory 

preservedinthe'Shaffcesbury Papers'); others (1885), ii. 449-73. Prof. Fowler also refers to 

in 1723, 1732, and Baskerville's handsome Zart's { Einfluss der englischen Philosophie auf 

edition in 1773. In 1870 one volume of a die deutsche Philosophie des 18 ten Jahrhunderts ' 

new edition, edited by the Rev. W. M. Hatch, (1881); see also Fox Bourne's Life of Locke; 

"was published, but the continuation was pre- Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 98 (letter to Le 

Tented by the editor's death. The ' Charac- Clerc upon Locke) ; "Walpole's Royal and Noble 

teristics ' include the following treatises, with Authors (Park), iv. 55 ; two interesting letters to 

dates of first publication : (1) ' Letter con- Halifax are in Addit. MS. 7121, ff. 59, 63.] 

cerning Enthusiasm,' addressed to Lord So- -k. S. 

mers (whose name is not given) ; suggested COOPER, ANTONY ASHLEY, seventh 

by the ' French prophets/ dated September EARL OF SHAPTESBUEY (1801-1885), phQan- 

1707 (1708). (2) ' Sensus Oommunis ; an es- thropist, was the eldest son of the sixth earl, 

say concerning Wit and Humour '(May 1709). and of Anne, fourth daughter of the third 

(3) 'Soliloquy, or Advice to an Author 3 Duke of Marlborough. He was born on 

(1710). (4) ' An Inquiry concerning Vir- 28 April 1801 at 24 G-rosvenor Square, Lon- 

tue/ published by Shaftesbury in ' Charac- don, his father being then a younger brother 

teristics/ 1711 ; described as ' printed first in of the family, but when his father succeeded 

1699 '(see above). (5) * The Moralists: aPhilo- to the title and estates in 1811 his home was 

flophical Rhapsody '(January 1709). (6) 'Mis- at St. Giles in Dorsetshire, the family seat, 

cellaneous Kefiections ; ' first published in He was educated at Harrow, and at Christ 

* Characteristics,' 1711. (7) ' A Notion of Church, Oxford, and obtained a first class in 
the Historical Draught or Tablature of the classics in 1822, In 1832 he took his degree 
Judgment of Hercules' (1713). (8) A 'Letter of M.A., and in 1841 he was made D.C.L. 
concerning Design ; 7 suppressed by his exe- He entered parliament as Lord Ashley in 
cutors in 1714, and first added to the ' Cha- 1826 as member for Woodstock, the pocket 
Tacteristics ' in 1733. Besides these Shaftes- borough of the Marlborough family, and gave 
bury published an edition of Whichcote's a general support to the governments of 

* Sermons,' with a characteristic preface, in Liverpool and Canning. He was returned 
1698, and ' Paradoxes of State ' in 1702. In for Dorchester in 1830 and 1831, and sat for 
1716 appeared ' Letters to a Student at the Dorsetshire from 1833 to 1846. His first 
University' (Michael Aynsworth, whom he speech was an earnest pleading in favour of 
supported at Oxford ; the originals of most, a proposed grant to the family of Mr. Can- 
with others unpublished, are in the ' Shaftes- ning, after his sudden death. In 1828, under 
feury Papers ') ; and in 1721 ' Letters from the Duke of Wellington, he obtained the 

* . . Shaftesbury to Robert, now Viscount, post of a commissioner of the board of con- 
Molesworth/ with an Introduction by the trol, and in 1834 Sir Robert Peel made 
editor (Toland). The last two have been him a lord of the admiralty. If he had 
three times reprinted in one volume. The chosen a political career, his rank, connections, 
edition of 1758 includes also the preface to and high abilities and character might have 
Whichcote. In 1830 appeared ' Original Let- placed the highest offices of the state within 
ters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and Lord his grasp. But he was early fascinated by 
Shaftesbury/ edited by T. Forster, a descen- another object of pursuit the promotion of 
dant of Furly, to whom Shaftesbury's letters philanthropic reform ; and in the ardour of 
are addressed. The originals are now in the his enthusiasm for this line of action he 
4 Shaftesbury Papers.' deemed it best to maintain a somewhat inde- 

' [Shaftesbury s Life by his son appeared in the Pendent position in relation to politics, 

ninth volume of the ' General Dictionary ' (1 734- I n 1830 he married Lady Emily Cowper, 

1741). This and the letters noticed above in daughter of Earl and Lady Cowper, and by 

Toland's introduction are the chief published au- the subsequent marriage of Lady Cowper to 

thorities. A valuable collection of papers re- Lord Palmerston he became stepson-in-law 

fating to Shaftesbury is in Series v. of the Shaftes- to the future premier. In 1851, on the death. 



Cooper 134 Cooper 



of his father, he succeeded to the earldom. 
Lady Shaftesbury died in 1872, to the deep 
grief of her much-attached husband. Their 
children consisted of six sons and four 
daughters. 

The first social abuse that roused the in- 
terest of Ashley was the treatment of luna- 



bill was carried. The operation of the act 
has proved most satisfactory, and many whe- 
at first were most vehement opponents after- 
wards came to acknowledge the magnitude 
of the improvement. At many times in the 
subsequent part of Ashley's life he got the 
factory acts amended and extended. New 



tics. In 1828, Mr. Gordon, a benevolent ; industries were brought within their scope, 
member of parliament, obtained a committee | He always maintained that he would never 
to inquire into the subject ; Ashley's in- | rest till the protection of the law should be 
terest was awakened, and he was himself ' extended to the whole mass of workers, 
named a member of the committee. Not During this struggle collieries and mines 
content with official inquiries, he did much engaged his attention. Here, too, the evils, 
by personal visitation to ascertain the real brought to light, especially with respect to 
condition of lunatics in confinement, and saw women and children, were appalling. Many 
such distressing evidence of ill-treatment women were found to be working in dismal 
that next year he brought in a bill to amend underground situations, in such a way as 
the law in one particular. All the rest of tended to degrade them to the level of brutes., 
his life he continued, as one of the commis- Children, sometimes not over four or five 
sioners in lunacy, to interest himself in the years of age, were found toiling in the dark,, 
subject, and before his death he had secured in some cases so long as eighteen hours a 
a complete reform of the Lunacy Acts, and day, dragged from bed at four in the morn- 
effected an untold improvement in the con- ing, and so utterly wearied out that instruc- 
dition of the unfortunate class who had for- tion, either on week days or Sundays, was 
merly been treated with so much severity utterly out of the question. Often they were 
and cruelty. This may be ranked as the first attached by chain and girdle to trucks which 
of his services to philanthropy. they had to drag on all-fours through the 

His next effort was to reform the law re- workings to the shaft. The opposition were 
lating to the employment of workers in mills struck dumb by these revelations. An act was 
and factories. About the time when he en- passed in 1842 under Ashley's care abolish-, 
tered parliament the condition of the workers ing the system of apprenticeship, which had 
in factories, and especially the children, had led to fearful abuses, and excluding women 
begun to attract the earnest attention of and boys under thirteen from employment, 
some. In parliament Mr. W. J. Sadler and underground. 

Mr. Oastler took up the matter warmly ; The treatment of * climbing boys,' as the 
Mr. Sadler, in particular, as Shaftesbury apprentices of chimney-sweepers were called, 
afterwards said with much generosity/ main- was another of the abuses which he set him- 
tained the cause in parliament with un- self to remedy. If the evil here was not so 
rivalled eloquence and energy.' Mr. Sadler glaring as in the factories and pits, it was 
having lost his seat at the election in 1833, only because the , occupation was more li- 
the charge of the movement was entrusted mited. Ashley obtained an act for the pro- 
to Ashley. His proposal that the period of tection of the apprentices, and many years 
labour should be limited to ten hours a day afterwards, when some laxity in the adminis- 
met at first with the fiercest opposition, tration was discovered, took steps to have it 
A bill which he introduced was so emas- more rigidly enforced, 
culated by the government that he threw The country was greatly agitated at this 
it over on them ; it was ultimately carried, time on the subject of the corn laws, 
but was not satisfactory. A deep impres- Hitherto Ashley had acted generally with 
sipn was produced by Ashley in describing the conservative party, but believing that 
visits paid by him to hospitals in Lancashire, a change in the corn laws was necessary, 
where he found many workers who had been he resigned his seat for Dorset in January 
crippled and mutilated under the conditions 1846, and for a time was out of parlia- 
of their work ; they presented every variety ment. In the next parliament he was re~ 
of distorted form, < just like a crooked alpha- turned (30 July 1847) for the city of Bath, 
bet.' Beturning afterwards to the subject, The leisure which he obtained by retiring- 
he showed the enormous evils and miseries from parliament was turned by him to ac- 
whieh the existing system was producing ; count in visiting the slums of London and 
but the government would not move. So acquiring a more full acquaintance with the 
late as 1844 his proposal for a limit of ten condition of the working classes. A state- 
hours was rejected. It was not till 1847, ment of some of his experiences in this field 
when Ashley was out of parliament, that the was given in an article in the 'Quarterly 



Cooper 135 Cooper 

Review 7 for December 1846. His interest ' Crimea, in regard to which Miss Nightingale 
was especially intensified in two movements : wrote that e it saved the British army/ 
the education of the neglected poor, and ^ Besides originating and actively promot- 
the improvement of the dwellings of the ing to the very end of his life the social re- 
people, forms now enumerated, Shaftesbury took an 

The movement for ' ragged schools/ as active interest in the Bible, Missionary, and 
they were now called, or l industrial feeding other religious societies, and was very closely 
schools/ as Mr. Sheriff Watson of Aber- identified with some of the most important 
deen had proposed to call them, had already of them. Of the British and Foreign Bible 
been inaugurated in the northern kingdom. Society, he was president for a great many 
Ashley became the champion of the cause years. The London City Mission, pursuing 
in parliament. In 1848 he told the House its labours among the London poor, deeply 
of Commons that ten thousand children had interested him. The Church Missionary 
been got into ragged schools, who, there was Society, as well as the missionary societies 
every reason to hope, would be reclaimed, of the nonconformists, found in him a most 
For thirty-nine years he held the office of ardent friend. He had great pleasure in the 
chairman of the Ragged School Union, and Young Men's Christian Association. He was 
during that time as many as three hundred the chief originator of a movement for hold- 
thousand children were brought under the in- ing religious services in theatres and music 
fluence of the society. The Shoeblack Brigade halls a movement which he had to defend 
was the result of another effort for the same in the House of Lords from the charge of 
class. At one time it numbered 306 members, lowering religion by associating its services 
and its earnings in one year were 12,000 The with scenes of frivolity. 
Refuge and Reformatory Union was a kin- Of the variety and comprehensiveness of 
dred movement ; ultimately it came to have the objects to which his life had been directed 
589 homes, accommodating fifty thousand an idea may be formed from the enumera- 
children. Lord Palmerston's bill for the care tion of the city chamberlain when the freedom 
and reformation of juvenile offenders, which of the city of London was conferred upon 
has had so beneficial an influence, was a fruit him. The chamberlain referred to his labours 
of Shaftesbury's influence. in connection with the Climbing Boys Act, 

Yery early in his career he had become the Factory and Ten Hours Acts, Mines and 

profoundly impressed with the important in- Collieries Regulation Acts, the establishment 

fluence of the dwellings of the people on of ragged schools, training ships, and refuges 

their habits and character. To the mise- for boys and girls, his share in the abolition 

rable condition of their homes he attributed of slavery, the protection of lunatics, the 

two-thirds of the disorders that prevailed promotion of the City Mission and the Bible 

in the community. In 1851 he drew atten- Society, and likewise his efforts for the 

tion to the subject in the House of Lords, protection of wronged and tortured dumb 

The Lodging House Act was passed, which animals. 

Dickens described as the best piece of legisla- In religion Shaftesbury was a very cordial 
tion that ever proceeded from the English and earnest supporter of evangelical views, 
parliament. This, however, represented but Ritualism and rationalism were alike abhor- 
a small portion of his labours for the im- rent to him.. "While attached to the church 
provement of houses. The views which he of England his sympathies were with eyan- 
so clearly and forcibly proclaimed led many gelicalism wherever he found it. Sometimes 
to take practical steps to reform the abuse, he expressed himself against opponents with 
The Peabody scheme was at least indirectly an excessive severity of language, inconsis- 
the fruit of his representations. On 3 Aug. tent with his usual moderation. All move- 
1872 he laid the foundation-stone of buildings ments in parliament and elsewhere in har- 
at Battersea, called the Shaftesbury Park mony with evangelical views, such as Sir 
Estate, containing twelve hundred houses, Andrew Agnew's for the protection of the 
accommodating eight thousand people. On Lord's day, the union of religion and edu- 
his own estate at Wimborne St. Giles he built cation, and opposition to the church of Rome, 
a model village, where the cottages were fur- found in him a cordial advocate. But his 
nished with all the appliances of civilised life, heart was especially moved by whatever 
and each had its allotment of a quarter of an concerned the true welfare of the people, 
acre, the rent being only a shilling a week. As Though the reverse of a demagogue, retaining 
chairman of the central board of public health always a certain aristocratic bearing as one 
he effected many reforms, especially duringthe who valued his social rank, he was as pro- 
visitation of cholera in .1849. He was also foundly interested in the people as the most 
chairman of a sanitary commission for the ardent democrat. Hating socialism and all 



Cooper is 6 Cooper 

schemes of revolutionary violence, he most thousand Lancashire operatives. Another was 
earnestly desired to see the multitude en- a donkey given to him by the London coster- 
joying a larger share of the comforts of life, mongers. His eightieth birthday was cele- 
He had thorough confidence in the power of brated by a great public meeting in the Guild- 
christianity to effect the needed improve- hall, presided over by the lord mayor, and re- 
ments, provided its principles were accepted presented on the part of the government by the 
and acted on, and its spirit diffused among late Mr., W. E. Forster [q. v.], who not only 
high and low. rehearsed Shaftesbury's achievements, but re- 

At various times, and especially after he ferred to his own obligations to his example, 
became connected with Lord Palmerston, In 1884 he received the freedom of the city 
Shaftesbury was invited to join the cabinet, of London. In May 1885 he was presented 
At one time he was offered the chancellorship with an address from old scholars of the 
of the duchy of Lancaster, but as he made it ragged schools. In reply he declared that 
a condition that he should be at liberty to op- he would rather be president of the ragged 
pose the Maynooth endowment the post was schools than of the Royal Academy ; but for 
refused. The first time the ribbon of the himself he would only say that the feeling 
Garter was offered to him he declined it, in his heart was, ' What hast thou that thou 
though he accepted it some years later (21 May hast not received ? ' 

1862). Beginning life as a conservative, his Shaftesbury retained a great part of the 
interest in the people and very genuine love for vigour both of his mind and body to very 
civil and religious liberty drew him towards near the end of his life. The infirmities of 
the popular side. His freedom from party ties old age showed themselves chiefly in gout 
sometimes enabled him to act as mediator and deafness. In the autumn of 1885 he 
when an understanding between parties was went to Folkestone for change of air, but 
indispensable. In many confidential matters caught a chill which led to congestion of the 
he was the adviser of Lord Palmerston, and lungs. He died on 1 Oct. 1885. 
especially in the filling up of vacant bishoprics The lives of Howard, Mrs. Fry, Wilber- 
and other important offices in the church of force, and other great philanthropists are 
England. His great influence with the people associated mainly with a single cause 
was recognised in times of peril and turned Shaftesbury's with half a score. They opened 
to useful account. He was oftener than once out to him one after another in a kind of 
consulted by the queen and the prince con- natural succession, and while at the very 
sort on trying emergencies. In 1848, when outset he had to contend with vehement op- 
the mob of London was believed to be me- position, during the latter part of his career 
ditating serious riots, Ashley was requested he was borne along by the applause of the 
to use his influence to prevent the out- community, found willing coadjutors in all 
"break. He summoned to his aid the City ranks of society, and had no more serious 
Mission, and for weeks together very earnest opponent than the vis inertice of a slumbering 
efforts were made to restrain the multitude, public. He was indeed the impersonation of 
with the result that when the panic was the philanthropic spirit of the nineteenth 
over. Sir George Grey, home secretary, wrote century. Mr. Carlyle, in his f Latter-Day 
to him and_ thanked him and the City Mis- Pamphlets/ has written severely enough 
sion for their valuable aid. On one occasion against 'this universal syllabub of philan- 
he received a memorial from forty notorious thropic twaddle/ but his sarcasm does not 
Londonthieves asking him to meet with them, hit Shaftesbury. What horrified Carlyle was 
He complied with the request, and addressed the coddling of criminals and increasing the 
a meeting of 450, whom he besought to burdens of honest labourers in the interest 
abandon their evil ways, and with such sue- of scoundrels. Carlyle wrote in the name 
cess that the greater part, availing themselves of justice. In the same name Shaftesbury 
of an emigration scheme, were rescued from worked. To redress wrong was the object of 
a life of crime. Ms first undertakings. He carried the same 

In appearance Shaffcesbury was tall and principle with him throughout. His mind did 
handsome, with a graceful figure and well- not greatly appreciate political changes which 
cut regular features. ^ He spoke with neat- sought to elevate the social position of the 
ness, force, and precision, and was highly workman, nor did he favour these much when 
effective without being much of an orator, others brought them forward. To promote 
From time to time he received valuable testi- industry, self-control, and useful labour, to 
monials from the class to whose benefit his make men faithful to the obligations of home 
labours were directed. ,One of these, which and country and religion, were his constant 
he valued very highly, was a colossal bust aims. It would not be easy to tell how much 
presented to Lady Shaftesbury in 1859by four the life of Shaffcesbury has availed in warding 



Cooper 



137' 



Cooper 



off revolution from England, and in soften- 
ing the "bitter spirit between rick and poor, 

[Burke's Peerage ; Quarterly Review, Decem- 
ber 1846 ; Times, 2 Oct. 1885 ;. Speeches by the 
Earl of Shaftesbury, with Introduction by him- 
-eelf, 1868 ; Books for the People, No. xxi. The 
Earl of Shaftesbury ; Hodder's Life and "Work of 
the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, 3 vols. 1886.1 

W. G-. B, 

COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON 

(1768-1841), surgeon, was fourth son of the 
Bev. SAMUEL COOPEK, D.D., curate of Great 
Yarmouth, and rector of Morley and Yelver- 
ton, Norfolk (B.A. of Magdalene College, 
Cambridge, 1760, M.A. 1763, D.D. 1777), 
author of a poem called ' The Task/ pub- 
lished soon after Cowper's famous 'Task/ 
upon which Dr. Parr made the epigram : 

To Cowper's Task see Cooper's Task succeed; 
That was a Task to write, but this to read. 

Samuel Cooper published a large number 
of sermons, wrote comments on Priestley's 
letters to Burke on civil and ecclesiastical 
government (1791), and died at Great Yar- 
mouth on 7 Jan. 1800, aged 61 (Gent. Mag. 
1800, i. 89, 177). 

Mrs. Cooper, a Miss Bransby, wrote story- 
books for children and novels of the epistolary 
kind. Their eldest son, Bransby, was M,P. 
for Gloucester for twelve years, from 1818 
to 1830. 

Cooper was born on 23 Aug. 1768, at Brooke 
Hall, about seven miles from Norwich* He 
was a lively scapegrace youth, and learnt little, 
being educated at home. His grandfather, 
Samuel Cooper, was a surgeon of good repute 
at Norwich, and' his uncle, "William Cooper, 
surgeon to Guy's Hospital. He was appren- 
ticed in 1784 to his uncle, but soon transferred 
to Henry Cline [q. v.], surgeon to St. Thomas's, 
who exercised very great influence over him. 
He spent one winter (1787-8) at the Edin- 
burgh Medical School, under Gregory, Cullen, 
Black, and Fyfe. Both before and after his 
return to London he attended John Hunter's 
lectures. He was appointed demonstrator of 
anatomy at St. Thomas's in 1789, being only 
twenty-one years old. Two years later Cline 
made him joint lecturer witii himself in ana- 
tomy and surgery. In December 1791 he mar- 
ried Miss Anne Cock, who brought him a con- 
siderable fortune. The summer of 1792 was 
spent in Paris, security being obtained through 
friends of Cline, whose democratic principles 
Cooper warmly espoused. 

On his return from Paris, Cooper devoted 
himself largely to study and teaching, and 
succeeded in developing the subject of sur- 
gery into a separate course of lectures from 
anatomy. At first too theoretical to please, 



he soon found that his strength lay in dis- 
cussing his own cases, with all the illustra- 
tion that he could supply from memory of 
other cases. He thus became a most interest- 
ing practical lecturer, and meddled little with 
theory. In 1793 he was selected to lecture 
on anatomy at the College of Surgeons, which 
office he held till 1796 with great success. 
In 1797 he removed from Jeffreys Square to 
12 St. Mary Axe, formerly Mr. Oline's house. 
In 1800 Cooper was appointed surgeon 
to Guy's on the resignation of his uncle, 
but not before he had abjured his democratic 
principles. From this time forward, while he 
gave much of his time to the hospital and 
medical school, his private practice rapidly 
increased until it became perhaps the largest 
any surgeon has ever had. In 1802 he was 
elected a fellow of the Royal Society, being 
awarded the Copleian medal for his papers 
on the ' Membrana Tympani of the Ear/ He 
continued an Indefatigable dissector, rising 
very early. All kinds of specimens of morbid 
anatomy which could illustrate surgery were 
brought to him, and he was also resolute in 
making post-mortem examinations wherever 
possible. He was often in contact with the 
resurrectionists of the period, and many inter- 
esting anecdotes of this part of his career are 
given in his ' Life.' He nimself stated before 
a committee of the House of Commons : 
' There is no person, let his situation in life 
be what it may, whom, if I were disposed 
to dissect, I could not obtain. The law only 
enhances the price, and does not prevent the 
exhumation/ 

In 1805 Cooper took an Important part 
in founding 1 the JVEedico-Chirurgical Society, 
being its first treasurer. Its early volumes 
of e Transactions ' contain several papers by 
him. He now published his important work 
on * Hernia/ part 1 in 1804, part 2 in 1807, 
the illustrations to which were so expen- 
sive that Cooper was a loser of a thousand 
pounds when every copy had been sold. In 
1806 he left St. Mary Axe for New Broad 
Street, spending here the nine most remu- 
nerative years of his life. In one year his in- 
come was 21,000. His largest fee, a thousand 
guineas, was tossed to him by Hyatt, a rich 
West Indian planter, in his nightcap, after a 
successful operation for stone. 

In 1813 Cooper was appointed professor of 
comparative anatomy by the Eoyal College 
of Surgeons, and lectured during 1814 and 
1815. In the latter year he moved to New 
Street, Spring Gardens, and in the following 
May performed his celebrated operation of 
tying the aorta for aneurysm. In 1820, having 
for some years attended Lord Liverpool, he 
was called in to George IV, and afterwards 



Cooper 138 Cooper 

performed a small operation upon him. This knowledge of himself, as evidenced by the- 
was followed by the "bestowal of a baronetcy, following quotations from an estimate he 
It was not till 1822 that Cooper became left, written in the third person (Life, ii. 
an examiner at the College of Surgeons, pub- 474-6). i Sir Astley Cooper was a good 
lishing in the same year his valuable work on anatomist, but never was a good operator 
Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints/ where delicacy was required/ Here, no doubt, 
In January 1825 he resigned his lectureship Cooper does himself injustice. ' Quickness of 
at St. Thomas's ; but finding that he was to perception was his forte, for he saw the 
be succeeded by Mr. South as anatomical nature of disease in an instant, and often 
lecturer, contrary to his understanding that gaye offence by pouncing at once upon his 
his nephew, Bransby Cooper, was to be ap- opinion . . . He had an excellent and use- 
pointed, he induced Mr. Harrison, the trea- ful memory. In judgment he was very in- 
surer of Guy's, to found a separate medical ferior to Mr. Cline in all the affairs of life 
school at Guy's, with Aston Key and Bransby . . . His principle in practice was never to 
Cooper as lecturers on surgery and anatomy suffer any who consulted him to quit him 
respectively. St. Thomas's claimed the valu- without giving them satisfaction on the 
able specimens Cooper had deposited there nature and proper treatment of their case/ 
to illustrate his lectures, and the latter vigor- His success was due to markedly pleasing 
ously set about making a new collection. His manners, a good memory, innumerable dis- 
energy and name, although he now became sections and post-mortem examinations, and 
consulting surgeon to Guy's, and seldom lee- a remarkable power of inspiring confidence 
tured, started the new school successfully. in patients and students. His connection 

In 1827 Cooper was president of the Col- with the resurrectionists and the marvellous 

lege of Surgeons. In 1828 he was appointed operations attributed to him combined to 

surgeon to the king. He had for some years fascinate the public mind to an extraordinary 

spent much time at his estate at Gades- degree. A great portion of his practice was 

bridge, near Hemel Hempstead. From 1825 really medical, and in this department his 

he took his home farm into his own hands, treatment was very simple. ( Give me,' he 

and one of his experiments was buying lame would say, ' opium, tartarised antimony, sul- 

or ill-fed horses in Smithfield cheaply and phate of magnesia, calomel, and bark, and I 

feeding and doctoring them himself, often would ask for little else/ He had a genuine, 

turning them into much better animals. Lady even an overweening, love for his profession. 

Coopers death in 1827 was a heavy blow to * When a man is too old to study, he is too 

him, and he resolved to retire altogether from old to be an examiner/ was one of his expres- 

practice. By the end of the year, however, sions j * arxd if I laid my head upon my pillow 

he returned to his profession, and in July at night without having dissected something 

1828 married Miss C. Jones. The publication in the day, I should think I had lost that day/ 

of further important works occupied him, and He cannot be classed among men of genius, 

in 1836 he was a second time president of or even of truly scientific attainments ; his 

the College of Surgeons. He died on 12 Feb. works are not classics, but they are more 

1841, in his seventy-third year, in Conduit than respectable. They are defective espe- 

Street, where he had practised latterly, and cially from their almost entire omission to refer 

was buried, by Ms express desire, beneath the to the works of others. The ' Quarterly Ee- 

chapel of Guy's Hospital. He left no family, view ' (Ixxi. 560) terms him i a shrewd, intel- 

Ms only daughter having died in infancy* ligent man, of robust vigorous faculties, sharp 

The baronetcy fell to his nephew, Astley, set on the world and its interests/ 

by special remainder. Mr. Travers, who became Cooper's articled 

A statue of Cooper, by Badly, was erected, pupil in 1800, says at that time he had the 

chiefly by members of the medical profession, handsomest, most intelligent and finely 

in St. Paul's Cathedral, near the southern formed countenance he ever saw. He wore 

entrance. An admirable portrait of him by his hair powdered, with a queue j his hair 

Sir Thomas Lawrence exists. His name was dark, and he always had a glow of colour 
is commemorated by the triennial prize of in his cheeks. He was remarkably upright, 

three hundred pounds, which he established and moved with grace, vigour, and elasticity, 

for ^the best original essay on a professional His voice was clear and silvery, his manner 

subject, to be adjudged by the physicians and cheerily conversational, without attempt at 

surgeons of Guy's, who may not themselves oratory. He spoke with a rather broad Nor- 

rompete. folk twang, often enlivened with a short 

No surgeon before or since has filled so 'Ha! ha! 'and, when he said anything which 

large a space in the public eye as Cooper, he thought droll, would give a very peculiar 

He appears to have had a singularly shrewd short snort and rub his nose with the back 



Cooper 



139 



Cooper 



of his hand (SotrTH, Memorials, 5. 33). He 
suffered from hernia early in life, but was 
able to keep himself perfectly free from de T 
rangement by his own method of treatment. 

His life by his nephew is a most tedious 
performance, but includes much interesting 
matter, including anecdotes of Lord Liver- 
pool and George IV. 

The following is a list of Cooper's most 
important writings : 1. ' Observations on the 
effects that take place from the Destruction 
of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear/ two 
papers, i Phil. Trans.' 1800, 1801, 2. < Ana- 
tomv and Surgical Treatment of Hernia/ two 
parts, folio, 1804, 1807 ; 2nd ed. 1 827. 3. < Sur- 
gical Essays, by A. Cooper and B. Travers, 7 
two parts (all published), 8vo, 1818, 1819. 
4. <0n Dislocations and Fractures of the 
Joints/ 4to, 1822. 5. 'Lectures on the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Surgery, with addi- 
tions by F. Tyrrell/ 8vo, 3 vols. 1824-7 ; 8th 
ed. 12mo, 1835. 6. ' Illustrations of Diseases 
of the Breast/ part i. 4to, 1829 (no more 
published). 7. ' Structure and Diseases of 
the Testis/ 8vo, 1830. 8. ' The Anatomy of 
the Thymus Gland/ 4to, 1832. 9. 'The Ana- 
tomy of the Breast/ 4to, 1840 j besides nu- 
merous articles in the ' Medico-Ghirurgical 
Transactions' and medical journals, and sur- 

ical lectures published by the ' Lancet ' in 

824-6 (see the full bibliography in DIE- 
' 



CHAMBEE'S Diet. JEncyc. des Sciences 
cales, vol. xx. Paris, 1877). 

[B.B. Cooper's Life, 2 vols. Lend. 184:3 ; Quar- 
terly Review, IxxL 528-60 ; Foltoe's Memorials 
of J". F. South; Bettany's Emment Doctors, i. 
202-26.] GK T. B. 

COOPEB,, CHABLES HENBY (1808- 
1866), biographer and antiquary, descended 
from a family long settled at Bray, Berkshire, 
was born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, 
on 20 March 1808, being the eldest son of 
Basil Henry Cooper, solicitor, by Harriet, 
daughter of Charles Shoppee of Uxbridge. 
He was educated at home until h reached 
his seventh year, when he was sent to a 
school kept by a Mr. Cannon at Heading. 
There he remained to the end of 1822. From 
an early age he evinced a passion for reading, 
and as his father possessed an extensive and 
excellent library, ne was enabled to lay the 
foundation of that stock of historical and 
antiquarian learning by which in after life 
he was so greatly distinguished. In 1826 
he settled at Cambridge, and applied himself 
with great diligence to the study of the law, 
On 1 Jan. 1836, when the Municipal Corpo- 
rations Act came into operation, he was 
elected coroner of the borough, though he 
was not admitted a solicitor until four years 



later. In 1849 he was appointed town clerk 
of Cambridge, which office he held till hi& 
death. In 1851 he was elected a fellow of 
the Society of Antiquaries. Having an in- 
timate acquaintance with the law and pos- 
sessing great powers as an orator, he acquired 
an extensive practice as a solicitor. In 1855 
he was engaged in the Cambridge arbitration 
which resulted in the Award Act of the fol- 
lowing year, and for the learning and legal 
acumen displayed by him on this occasion a 
high compliment was passed upon him by 
the arbitrator, Sir John Patteson. 

His claim to remembrance is, however,, 
mainly founded upon his elaborate works 
relating to the history and topography of 
Cambridge and the biography of distinguished 
members of the university. The first pro- 
duction of his pen was ' A New Guide to th& 
University and Town of Cambridge/ which 
was published anonymously in 1831. It is 
superior to most works of its class, the de- 
scriptions of the architecture of the various 
buildings being very excellent. In 1842 the 
first volume appeared of the f Annals of Cam- 
bridge/ which was followed by three other 
volumes, dated respectively 1843, 1845, and 
1852, and by a portion of a fifth (pp. 1-128) 
in 1853. This work is arranged chronologi- 
cally, and contains an account of all matters 
relating to the university and town from the 
fabulous times of Cantaber and King Cassi- 
belan down to the close of the year 1853. 
It was brought out in parts by subscription 
and amid great difficulties. Many of the- 
academical authorities were much averse to- 
its publication, as they entertained a wholly 
unfounded idea that it would in some way 
tend to deprive the university of its ancient 
privileges. In 1858 the first volume appeared 
of a work more ambitious in its plan and 
relating to a subject more widely interesting. 
This was the ' Athense Cantabrigienses/ writ- 
ten conjointly by Cooper and his eldest son, 
Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. The idea of the 
book was suggested by the famous ' Athenae 
Oxonienses ' of Anthony & Wood. It con- 
tains carefully written memoirs of the wor- 
thies "who received their education or were- 
incorporated at Cambridge, and, like the com- 
panion work of Wood, is arranged in chrono- 
logical order according to the date of death. 
The first volume embraces 1500-85, and the- 
second, published in 1861, extends to 1609. A 
portion of a third volume, extending to 1611, 
was printed but not published, though most 
of the memoirs in this unfinished volume were 
afterwards reproduced in Thompson Cooper's 
< Biographical Dictionary. 7 Like the < An- 
nals/ this work, which is universally admitted 
to be a valuable addition to our biographical 



Cooper 138 Cooper 



performed a small operation upon him. This 
was followed by the bestowal of a baronetcy. 
It was not till 1822 that Cooper became 
an examiner at the College of Surgeons, pub- 
lishing in the same year his valuable work on 
' Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints.' 
In January 1825 he resigned his lectureship 
at St. Thomas's ; but finding that he was to 
be succeeded by Mr. South as anatomical 
lecturer, contrary to his understanding that 
his nephew, Bransby Cooper, was to be ap- 
pointed, he induced Mr. Harrison, the trea- 
surer of Guy's, to found a separate medical 



knowledge of himself, as evidenced by the 
following quotations from an estimate he 
left, written in the third person (Life, ii. 
474-6). 'Sir Astley Cooper was a good 
anatomist, but never was a good operator 
where delicacy was required.' Here, no doubt, 
Cooper does himself injustice. ' Quickness of 
perception was his forte, for he saw the 
nature of disease in an instant, and often 
gave offence by pouncing at once upon his 
opinion . . . He had an excellent and use- 
ful memory. In judgment he was very in- 
ferior to Mr. Cline in all the affairs of life 



school at Guy's, with Aston Key and Bransby . . . His principle in practice was never to 

Cooper as lecturers on surgery and anatomy suffer any who consulted him to quit him 

respectively. St. Thomas's claimed the valu- without giving them satisfaction on the 

able specimens Cooper had deposited there nature and proper treatment of their case/ 

to illustrate his lectures, and the latter vigor- His success was due to markedly pleasing 

ously set about making a new collection. His manners, a good memory, innumerable dis- 

energy and name, although he now became sections and post-mortem examinations, and 

consulting surgeon to Guy's, and seldom lee- a remarkable power of inspiring confidence 

tured, started the new school successfully. in patients and students. His connection 

In 1827 Cooper was president of the Col- with the resurrectionists and the marvellous, 

lege of Surgeons. In 1828 he was appointed operations attributed to him combined to 

surgeon to the Mug. He had for some years fascinate the public mind to an extraordinary 

spent much time at his estate at Gades- degree. A great portion of his practice was 

bridge, near Hemel Hempstead. From 1825 really medical, and in this department his 

he took his home farm into his own hands, treatment was very simple. ' Give me,' he 

and one of his experiments was buying lame would say, * opium, tartarised antimony, sul- 

or ill-fed horses in Smithfield cheaply and phate of magnesia, calomel, and bark, and I 

feeding and doctoring them himself, often would ask for little else.' He had a genuine, 

turningthem into much better animals. Lady even an overweening, love for his profession. 

Coopers death in 1827 was a heavy blow to * When a man is too old to study, he is too 

him, and he resolved to retire altogether from old to be an examiner,' was one of his expres- 

practice. By the^end of the year, however, sions ; * and if I laid my head upon my pillow 

he returned to his profession, and in July at night without having dissected something 

1828 married Miss 0. Jones. The publication in the day, I should think I had lost that day/ 

of further important works occupied him, and He cannot be classed among men of genius- 

in 1836 he was a second time president of or even of truly scientific attainments ; his 

the College of Surgeons. He died on 12 Feb. works are not classics, but they are more 

1841, in his seventy-third year, in Conduit than respectable. They are defective espe- 

Street, where he had practised latterly, and cially from their almost entire omission to refer 

was buried, by his express desire, beneath the ' to the works of others. The { Quarterly Ee- 

chapel of Guy's Hospital. He left no family, view ' (bed. 560) terms him ' a shrewd, intel- 

his only daughter having died in infancy, ligentman, of robust vigorous faculties, sharp 

The baronetcy fell to his nephew, Astley, set on the world and its interests.' 

by special remainder. Mr. Travers, who became Cooper's articled, 

A statue of Cooper, by Bally, was erected, pupil in 1800, says at that time he had the 

chiefly by members of the medical profession, handsomest, most intelligent and finely 

in St. Paul's Cathedral, near the southern formed countenance he ever saw. He wore 

entrance. An admirable portrait of him by his hair powdered, with a queue j his hair 

Sir Thomas Lawrence exists. His name was dark, and he always had a glow of colour 
is commemorated by the triennial prize of in his cheeks. He was remarkably upright, 

three hundred pounds, which he established and moved with grace, vigour, and elasticity, 

for jfche best original essay on a professional His voice was clear and silvery, his manner 

subject, to be adjudged by the physicians and cheerily conversational, without attempt at 

surgeons of Guy's, who may not themselves oratory. He spoke with a rather broad Nor- 

compete. folk twang, often enlivened with a short 

No surgeon before or since has filled so f Ha! ha! 'and, when he said anything which 

large a space in the public eye as Cooper, he thought droll, would give a very peculiar 

He appears to have had a singularly shrewd short snort and rub his nose with the back 



Cooper 139 Cooper 

of his hand (SonTH, Memorials, p. 33). He later. In 1849 he was appointed town clerk 

suffered from hernia early in life, but was of Cambridge, which office he held till his 

able to keep himself perfectly free from der death. In 1851 he was elected a fellow of 

rangement by his own method of treatment, the Society of Antiquaries. Having an in- 

His life by his nephew is a most tedious timate acquaintance with the law and pos~ 

performance, but includes much interesting sessing great powers as an orator, he acquired 

matter, including anecdotes of Lord Liver- an extensive practice as a solicitor. In 1855 

pool and George IV. he was engaged in the Cambridge arbitration 

The following is a list of Cooper 7 s most which resulted in the Award Act of the fol~ 
important writings : 1. i Observations on the lowing year, and for the learning and legal 
effects that take place from the Destruction acumen displayed by him on this occasion a 
of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear/ two high compliment was passed upon him by 
papers, ' Phil. Trans.' 1800, 1801. 2. ' Ana- the arbitrator, Sir John Patteson. 
tomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia,' two His claim to remembrance is, however,, 
parts, folio, 1804, 1807; 2nd ed. 1827. 3/Sur- mainly founded upon his elaborate works 
gical Essays, by A. Cooper and B. Travers,' relating to the history and topography of 
two parts (all published), 8vo, 1818, 1819. Cambridge and the biography of distinguished 
4. ' On Dislocations and Fractures of the members of the university. The first pro- 
Joints/ 4to, 1822. 5. ' Lectures on the Prin- duction of his pen was ' A New Guide to the 
ciples and Practice of Surgery, with addi- University and Town of Cambridge,' which 
tions by E. Tyrrell,' 8vo, 3 vols. 1824-7 ; 8th was published anonymously in 1831. It is 
ed. 12mo, 1835. 6. ' Illustrations of Diseases superior to most works of its class, the de~ 
of the Breast/ part i. 4to, 1829 (no more scriptions of the architecture of the various 
published). 7. ' Structure and Diseases of buildings being very excellent. In 1842 the 
the Testis/ 8vo, 1830. 8. ' The Anatomy of first volume appeared of the 'Annals of Cam- 
theThymus Gland/ 4to, 1832. 9. 'The Ana- bridge/ which was followed by three other 
tomy of the Breast/ 4to, 1840 ; besides nu- volumes, dated respectively 1843, 1845, and 
merous articles in the ' Medico-Chirurgical 1852, and by a portion of a fifth (pp. 1-128} 
Transactions ' and medical journals, and sur- in 1853. This work is arranged chronologi- 

fical lectures published by the ' Lancet ' in cally, and contains an account of all matters 

824-6 (see the full bibliography in DE- relating to the university and town from the 

OHAMBKB'S Diet. Encyc. des Sciences Medi- fabulous times of Cantaber and King Cassi- 

calesy vol. xx. Paris, 1877). belan down to the close of the year 1853. 

[B.B. Cooper's Life, 2 vols. Lond. 1843 ; Quar- ^ ^ as Bought out in parts by subscription 

terly Review, Ixxi. 528-60 ; Feltoe's Memorials and amid g reat difficulties. Many at the 

of J. F. South ; Bettany's Eminent Doctors, i. - academical, authorities were much averse ta 

202-26.] G-. T. B. its publication, as they entertained a wholly 

unfounded idea that it would in some way 

COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (1808- tend to deprive the university of its ancient 
1866), biographer and antiquary, descended privileges. In 1858 the first volume appeared 
from a family long settled atJBray, Berkshire, of a work more ambitious in its plan and 
was born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, relating to a subj ect more widely interesting. 
on 20 March 1808, being the eldest son of This was the < Athene Oantabrigienses/ writ- 
Basil Henry Cooper, solicitor, by Harriet, ten conjointly by Cooper and his eldest son^ 
daughter of Charles Shoppee of Uxbridge. Thompson Cooper, RS.A, The idea of the- 
He was educated at home until he reached book was suggested by the famous * Athense 
his seventh year, when he was sent to a Oxonienses ' of Anthony & Wood. It con- 
school kept by a Mr. Cannon at Reading, tains carefully written memoirs of the wor- 
There he remained to the end of 1822. From thies who received their education or were- 
an early age he evinced a passion for reading, incorporated at Cambridge, and, like the com- 
and as his father possessed an extensive and pamc-* 1 work of Wood, is arranged in chrono- 
excellent library, ne was enabled to lay the logical order according to the date of death, 
foundation of that stock of historical and The first volume embraces 1500-85, and the- 
antiquarian learning by which m afterlife second, published in 1861, extends to 1609. A 
he was so greatly distinguished. In 1826 portion of a third volume, extending to 1611, 
he settled at Cambridge, and applied himself was printed but not published, though most 
with great diligence to the study of the law. of the memoirs in this unfinished volume were 
On 1 Jan. 1836, when the Municipal Corpo- afterwards reproduced in Thompson Cooper's 
rations Act came into operation, he was 'Biographical Dictionary.' Like the *An- 
elected coroner of the borough, though he nals, 7 this work, which is universally admitted 
was not admitted a solicitor until four years to be a valuable addition to our biographical 



Cooper 140 Cooper 

literature, was published by private subscrip- loved to identify himself with the university, 

tion. After the decease of the principal rejoicing when he could add a new name to 

author the university handsomely offered to our list of worthies. The void which Mr. 

defray the cost of printing at the University Cooper has left behind him cannot be filled. 

Press the remainder of the f Athense/ but Cambridge never had nor will have a town 

his two sons, after making some further pro- clerk so entirely master of its archives, or 

gress with the preparation of the manuscript, more devoted to its interests ; no town in 

were reluctantly obliged by the pressure of England has three such records to boast of 

their professional avocations to finally aban- as the " Memorials of Cambridge," the " An- 

don the undertaking. The extensive collec- nals of Cambridge," and " Athenge Cantabri- 

tion of notes for bringing the work down to gienses." Alma Mater has lost one who did 

1866 remains in the possession of Cooper's her work, under great discouragement, better 

widow, together with another vast mass of than any of her sons could have done it. 

manuscript materials for a new l Biographia One need not be a prophet to foretell that 

Britannica.' two hundred years hence Mr. Cooper's works 

Cooper's last work, 'The Memorials of will be more often cited than any other 

Cambridge,' appeared at Cambridge in 3 vols. Cambridge books of our time. 7 
1858-66. It was originally intended to be r ~ . ., Mf . ,, . , _ 

based on the work published under the same , P^.^f; ^' 91 > N ? te * -f l^Tf ' 

title by Lj >*eux, out during its progress it -*- ^^S& ^ S, WJ 

was altered and modified so extensively that A^^ Berkshire, iii. 19 ; Cambridge Ohil 

it may be^regarded as substantially a new nicle and Cambridge IndependentPress, 24 March 

and an original work. Cooper was a con- 1566 ; Gardiner and Mullinger's Study of Eng- 

stant and valued contributor to the ' Gentle- li sa History (1881), pp. 329, 330.1 T. 0. 
man's Magazine/ ' Notes and Queries/ and ' 

the proceedings of the antiquarian societies COOPER, CHARLES PURTON (1793- 
of London and Cambridge. He always freely 1873), lawyer and antiquary, was born in 
and ungrudgingly assisted in any literary 1793. He was educated at "Wadham College, 
undertaking. Thomas Carlyle, in his * Life Oxford, where he was a contemporary of 
and Letters of Cromwell/ acknowledges the Bethell, and in 1814 he attained a double 
value of the information given to him by first class in honours, and graduated B. A. on 
Cooper, and numerous other writers have 7 Dec., and on 5 July 1817 M.A. He was 
made similar acknowledgments. Cooper died called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in Michael- 
at Ms residence, 29 Jesus Lane, Cambridge, mas term 1816, and, after practising with sue- 
on 21 March 1866. The funeral took place cess as an equity draughtsman, was appointed 
at the cemetery, Mill Road, Cambridge, on a queen's counsel in 1837, and was long 
the 26th, when the members of the corpora- queen's Serjeant for the duchy of Lancaster, 
tion attended with the insignia of office. A In 1836 he became a bencher of Lincoln's 
bust of Cooper, executed by Timothy Butler, Inn, and in 1843 presented to the society 
was afterwards placed by public subscription two thousand volumes of civil and foreign 
in the Cambridge town hall. He married in legal works, having previously presented a 
1834 Jane, youngest daughter of JohnThomp- hundred and fifty volumes of American law 
son of Prickwillow, by whom he had issue reports. He was treasurer in 1855, and 
eight children. The survivors are Thompson master of the library in 1856. His enthu- 
Cooper,F.S.A.; John William Cooper, LL.D., siasm for the cause of legal reform attracted 
of Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; and a daughter, the attention of Brougham, by whom he was 
Harriet Elizabeth. introduced to the Holland House circle and 

He left in manuscript a < Memoir of Mar- the heads of the whig party. Lord Brougham 
garet, Countess of Richmond and Derby/ appointed him secretary of the second record 
mother of Henry VH. This work, written commission, in which capacity he bought and 
in 1839, was edited by the Rev. J. E. B. printed so many books, that the commission's 
Mayor 'for the two colleges of her founda- debt, over and above the 400,000 voted by 
turn' Christ's and St. John's in 1874, 8vo. parliament, rose to 24,000 Lord HoUand 
Mr. Mayor,who for thirteen years was Cooper's recommended him for the post of solicitor- 
intimate literary friend, wrote a character of general when Rolfe was appointed. He 
Turn shortly after his death. * The best years played an active part in public affairs in his 
of his life/ says Mr. Mayor, * were devoted to own county, Kent, where he resided at Den- 
mvestigating our academic history, though ton Court, near Canterbury, He appeared as 
tew of those for whom he toiled appreciated a candidate for Lambeth in 1850, but with- 
lus work, and many ignorantly regarded him drew from the contest; in 1854 he unsuc- 
as an enemy ; they might have learned that he eessfully contested Canterbury, and was pro- 



Cooper 



141 



Cooper 



posed as a candidate for West Kent in 1855, 
but declined to stand. His great knowledge 
of iurisprudence and legal antiquities pro- 
cured him a fellowship of the Koyal Society, 
and the degree of LL.D. of the universities 
of Louvain and Kiel. He was also a fellow 
of the Society of Antiquaries, and corre- 
sponding member of the royal academies of 
Lisbon, Munich, Berlin, and Brussels. He 
enioyed a leading practice in the court of 
Vice-chancellor Knight-Bruce, but, haying 
openly quarrelled with that judge, quitted 
his court and lost his practice. Disappoint- 
ment and difficulty now overtook him. Pie 
endeavoured without success to obtain go- 
vernment assistance for a project for digest- 
ing and sifting on a settled scheme all the 
law reports clown to that date. He at length 
retired to Boulogne, where, after unsuccess- 
fully endeavouring to carry on his projects 
of legal reform, he at length died of paraly- 
sis and bronchitis on 26 March 1873. His 
activity and industry were very great, and 
he was a most voluminous writer. In his 
later years he published a printed list of no 
less than fifty-two pamphlets, written, edited, 
or printed by him on political topics between 
1850 and 1857. His principal works were ; 
1. ' An Account of the Parliamentary Pro- 
ceedings relating to the Practice in Bank- 
ruptcy, Chancery, and the House of Lords/ 
1828. 2. 'Notes, etc., in French on the 
Court of Chancery/ 1828, 2nd edit. 1880. 
3. ' Notes on Registration and forms in Con- 
veyancing/ 1831. 4. 'An. Account of the Pub- 
lic Records of the United Kingdom/ 2 vols. 
1832. 5. < Speech for Eev. C. Wellbeloyed 
in the case of Lady Henley's Foundation, 
Attorney-general v. Shore/ 1834. 6. ' Notes 
on the Act for regulating Municipal Corpo- 
rations/ 1835. 7, ' Reports of Cases decided 
by Lord Brougham in 1833 and 1834 from 
the original MSS./ 1835. 8. 'Reports of 
Cases decided by Lords Oottenham and Lang- 
dale, and by Vice-chancellor Shadwell in 
1837 and 1888,' with notes 1838-41. 9. ' Re- 
ports of Lord Oottenham's decisions/ 1846. 
10. A letter to the Lord Chancellor on de- 
fects in the law as to the custody of luna- 
tics, 1849. 11. A pamphlet on the reform 
of solicitors' costs, 1850. 12. A letter to Sir 
George Grey on the sanitary state of St. 
George's parish, 1860. 13. A pamphlet on 
the condition of the court of chancery, 1850. 

14. A pamphlet on the masters in chancery. 

15. A pamphlet on the House of Lords as 
a court of appeal, 16. Chancery Miscella- 
nies under his editorship, Nos. 1-13, 1850 
and 1851. 17. Parliamentary and political 
Miscellanies under Ms editorship, Nos. 1-20, 
1851, 18, A letter on the pope's Apostolic 



Letters of 1850, 1851. 19. A pamphlet on 
the Government and the Irish Roman catho- 
lic members, 1851. 20. ' Reports of Cases and 
Dicta in Chancery from MSS., with notes/ 
Nos. 1-7, 1852. 21. ' Memorandum of a pro- 
posal to classify the Law Reports/ Boulogne, 
1860. 22. A similar proposal for digesting 
the statute-book, Boulogne, 1860. 23. On 
Freemasonry, Folkestone, 1868. 



[Law Times, 5 .April 1873 ; Solicitor's Jour- 
nal, 29 March 1873 ; Times, 2 April 1873.] 

J. A. H. 

COOPER, DANIEL (1817 P-1842), na- 
turalist, was born about 1817, being the 
second son of John Thomas Cooper, the che- 
mist. He was educated for the medical pro- 
fession, and while still a lad showed great 
love of natural history, particularly botany 
and conchology. He took an active part in 
establishing the Botanical Society of London, 
of which he became first curator, his duties 
being to receive and distribute the dried 
plants among the members. At this time 
he was an assistant in the zoological depart- 
ment of the British Museum, but had em- 
ployed his leisure hours in compiling his 
* Flora Metropolitan^' much being due to his 
own observations. This work contains a list of 
the land and freshwater shells round London, 
which was also separately issued. The next 
year, 1837, a supplement to his < Flora ' was 
published, the wrapper containing announce- 
ments of his botanical classes and sets of his 
shells, to be had at his address, 82 Black- 
friars Road. In 1840 he exhibited some ferns 
from Settle, Yorkshire, at the Linnean^ So- 
ciety, of which society he was an associate. 
With Mr. Busk he began the l Microscopic 
Journal/ and edited a new edition of Bingley's 
' "Useful Knowledge,' 

Shortly after this he gave up lecturing on 
botany and entered the army at Chatham ; 
then being attached to the 17th lancers, he 
joined his regiment at Leeds as assistant- 
surgeon, but died two months afterwards, 
24 Nov. 1842, at the early; age of twenty-five. 
He was buried with military honours at 
Quarry Hill cemetery, Leeds. 

[Proc. Linn. Soc, i. 62, 173 ; G-ent. Mag. new 
ser. xix. (1843), 108; Koy. Soc. Cat. Sci Papers, 
ii. 41.] B. D. J. 

COOPER, or COWPEB, EDWARD 
(d. 1725?), printseller, carried on the lead-^ 
ing business in London from the time of 
James II to nearly the close of the reign of 
George L His name as vendor is to be 
found on a great number of mezzotints, and 
this may have led to the belief that he was 
an actual engraver. He issued many im- 



Cooper 



142 



Cooper 



portant prints by Faithorne, Lens, Pelham, 
Simon (later period), Smith (earlier period), 
Williams, and others. He lived at the Three 
Pigeons in Bedford Street, Covent Garden, and 
probably died about the beginning of 1725, as 
an advertisement in the c Daily Post' of April 
in that year announced the sale of his house- 
hold goods and stock-in-trade. Bowles and 
other publishers purchased some of his plates, 
and issued inferior impressions from them. 
There are mezzotint portraits of Cooper by 
P. Pelham, after J. Vander Vaart, dated 
1724, of his son John (a child), of PrisciHa 
(wife or daughter), and of Elizabeth (a young 
-daughter), 

[J. C. Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits, 
pp. 144,463, 969, 1078, 1683 ; Granger's Biogr. 
Hist. 1824, v. 346, 399 ; Noble's Biogr. Hist. iii. 
428, 451 ; Strntt's Biogr. Diet. i. 215 ; Bromley's 
Catalogue ; "Walpole's Cat. of Engravers (Dalla- 
way), v. 207.] H. R. T. 

COOPER, EDWARD JOSHUA (1798- 
1863), astronomer, born at Stephen's Green, 
Dublin, in May 1798, was the eldest son of 
Edward Synge Cooper, upon whom, in 1800, 
through the death of his father, the Eight 
Hon. Joshua Cooper of Markree Castle, co. 
"Sligo, and the ill-health of his elder brother, 
devolved the management of the large family 
estates. Prom his mother, Anne, daughter 
of Harry Yerelst, governor of Bengal, Cooper 
derived his first notions of astronomy. The 
taste was hereditary on the father's side also, 
and was confirmed by visits to the Armagh 
observatory during some years spent at the 
endowed school of that town. His education 
was continued at Eton, whence he passed on 
to Christ Church College, Oxford, but left the 
university after two years without taking a 
degree. The ensuing decade was mainly de- 
voted to travelling. By his constant practice 
of determining with portable instruments the 
latitudes and longitudes of the places visited, 
he accumulated a mass of geographical data, 
which, however, remained unpublished. In 
the summer of 1820 he met Sir William Drum- 
mond at Naples, and, by the interest of a con- 
troversy with him on the subject of the Den- 
dera and Esneh zodiacs, was induced to visit 
Egypt for the purpose of obtaining accurate 
<jopies of them. He accordingly ascended the 
Nile as far as the second cataract in the winter 
of 1820-1, and brought home with him the 
materials of a volume entitled ' Views in Egypt 
and Nubia/ printed for private circulation at 
London in 1824. A set of lithographs from 
Drawings by Bossi, a Eoman artist engaged 
by Cooper for the journey, formed its chief 
interest, the descriptive letterpress by him- 
self containing little novelty. 

His excursions eastward reached to Turkey 



and Persia, while in 1824-5 he traversed Den- 
mark, Sweden, and Norway, as far as the 
North Cape. Unremitting attention to its 
conditions led him to regard Munich and Nice 
as the best adapted spots in Europe for as- 
tronomical observation. Succeeding on his 
father's death in 1830 to his position at Mark- 
ree, he immediately determined upon erecting 
an observatory there. An obj ect-glass by Cau- 
choix, 33J inches across and of 25 feet focal 
length, the largest then in existence, was pur- 
chased by him in 1831, and mounted equato- 
rially by Thomas Grubb of Dublin in 1834. 
Cast iron was for the first time employed as 
the material of the tube and stand ; but a 
dome of the requisite size not being then 
feasible, the instrument was set up, and still 
remains, in the open air. A five-foot transit 
byTroughton, a meridian-circle three feet in 
diameter, fitted with a seven-inch telescope, 
ordered in 1839 on the occasion of a visit to 
the works of Ertel in Bavaria (see DOBEBCE:, 
Astr. Nach. xcii. 65), and a comet-seeker, 
likewise by Ertel, acquired in 1842, were 
successively added to the equipment of what 
was authoritatively described in 1851 as i un- 
doubtedly the most richly furnished of private 
| observatories ' (Monthly Notices, xi. 104). 

Cooper worked diligently in it himself 
when at Markree, and obtained, March 1842, 
in Mr. Andrew Graham an assistant who gave 
a fresh impulse to its activity. By both con- 
jointly the positions of fifty stars within two 
degrees of the pole were determined in 1842- 
1843 (ib. vii. 14) ; systematic meridian obser- 
vations of minor planets were set on foot ; the 
experiment was successfully made, 10-12 Aug. 

1847, of determining the difference of longi- 
tude between Markree and Kllliney, ninety- 
eight miles distant, by simultaneous observa- 
tions of shooting stars ; and a ninth minor 
planet was discovered by Graham 25 April 

1848, named ' Metis/ at the suggestion of the 
late Dr. Bobinson, because its detection had 
ensued from the adoption of a plan of work 
laid down by Cooper. Meteorological regis- 
ters were continuously kept at Mar&ee during 
thirty years from 1833, many of the results 
being communicated to the Meteorological 
Society. In 1844-5 Cooper and Graham made 
together an astronomical tour through France, 
Germany, and Italy. The great refractor 
formed part of their luggage, and, mounted on 
a wooden stand with altitude and azimuth 
movements, served the former to sketch the 
Orion nebula, and to detect independently at 
Naples,7Feb. 1845, a comet (1844, iii.) already 
observed in the southern hemisphere. 

Erom the time that the possibility of further 
planetary discoveries had been recalled to the 
attention of astronomers by the finding of 



Cooper 143 Cooper 

Astrsea 8 Dec. 1845, Cooper had it in view to to the British Association in 1858 (Report, 

extend the star-maps then in progress at Ber- ii. 27). 

lin, so as to include stars of the twelfth or Cooper succeeded to the proprietorship of 
thirteenth magnitude. A detailed acquaint- the Markree estates on the death without 
ance with ecliptical stars, however, was in- issue in 1837 of his uncle, Mr. Joshua Cooper, 
dispensable for the facilitation of planetary and sat in parliament as member for the 
research Cooper's primary object and the county of Sligo from 1830 to 1841, and again 
Berlin maps covered only an equatorial zone from 1857 to 1859. He was twice married : 
of thirty degrees. He accordingly resolved first to Miss L'Estrange of Moystown, King's 
upon the construction of a set of ecliptical County, who survived but a short time, and 
star-charts of four times the linear dimensions left no children ; secondly to Sarah Frances, 
of the ' Horse ' prepared at Berlin. Observa- daughter of Mr. Owen Wynne of Haslewood, 
tions for the purpose were begun in August co. Sligo, by whom he had five daughters. 
1848, and continued until Graham's resigna- Her death preceded by a brief interval, and 
tion in June 1860. The results were printed probably hastened, his own. He died at Mar- 
at government expense in four volumes with kree Castle 23 April 1863, having nearly com- 
the title i Catalogue of Stars near the Ecliptic pleted his sixty-fifth year. He was a kind 
observed at Markree ' (Dublin, 1851-6). The as well as an improving landlord ; his private 
approximate places were contained in them life was blameless, and he united attractive- 
of 60,066 stars (epoch 1850) within three de- ness of manner to varied accomplishments, 
grees of the ecliptic, only 8,965 of which were He kept up to the last his interest in scientific 
already known. A list of seventy-seven stars pursuits, and numerous records of his work 
missing from recent catalogues, or lost in the in astronomy were printed in the ' Monthly 
course of the observations, formed an appendix Notices/ the i Astronomische Nachrichten,' 
of curious interest. The maps corresponding and other learned collections. He imparted 
to this extensive catalogue presented by his his observations of the annular eclipse of 
daughters after Cooper's death to the univer- 15 May 1836 to the Paris Academy of Sci- 
sity of Cambridge, have hitherto remained ences (Comptes JZendits, xxvi. 110). For some 
unpublished. Nor has a promised fifth volume years after his death the Markree observatory 
of star places been forthcoming. For this was completely neglected. It was, however, 
notable service to astronomy, in whichhetook restored in 1874, when Mr. W. Doberck was 
a large personal share, Cooper received in appointed director, and the great refractor be- 
1858 the Cunningham goldmedal of the Royal gan to be employed, according to Cooper's 
Irish Academy. He had been a member of original design, for the study of double stars, 
that body from 1832, and was elected a fellow ^^ R goc> xiii> i; observatory, vii. 283, 
of the Royal Society 2 June 1853. Cooper 329 (Doberck); Times, 27 April 1863 ; Burke's 
had observed and sketched Halley's comet Landed Gentry, 1868 ; E. Soe. Cat. Sc. Papers.] 
in 1835 ; Mauvais' of 1844 was observed and A. M. C. 
its orbit calculated by him during a visit to 

Schloss Weyerburg, near Innsbruck (Astr. COOPEB, ELIZABETH (ft. 1737), com- 
Nach. xxii. 131,209). The elements and other piler of ' The Muses' Library,' the widow of 
data relative to 198 such bodies, gathered an auctioneer, applied herself to the study of 
from scattered sources during several years, the early English poets, and in 1737 pub- 
were finally arranged and published by him lished ' The Muses' Library ; or a Series of 
in a volume headed ' Cometic Orbits, with English Poetry from the Saxons to the Beign 
copious Notes and Addenda ' (Dublin, 1852). of King Charles II,' vol. i. The preface is 
Although partially anticipated by Galle's list well written, the extracts are not injudi- 
of 178 sets of elements appended to the 1847 ciously chosen, and the critical remarks ap- 
edition of OlbersVAbhandlung,' the physical pended to each extract are sensible. Mrs. 
and historical information collected in the Cooper was largely assisted in her iinder- 
notes remained of permanent value, and con- taking by the antiquary Oldys, whose ser- 
stituted the work a most useful manual of vices she acknowledges in. the preface. No 
reference. The preface contains statistics of more than vol. i. was published. The un- 
the distribution in longitude of the perihelia sold copies were reissued in 1741 with a new 
and nodes of both planetary and cometary title-page, but the book attracted little atten- 
orbits, showing what seemed more than a tion. Mrs. Cooper was the authoress of ' The 
chance aggregation in one semicircle. Com- Rival Widows, or the Fair Libertine. A 
munications on the same point were presented Comedy,' 8vo, acted for nine nights at Covent 
by "hi to the Koyal Astronomical Society Garden (the authoress taking the principal 
in 1853 (Monthly Notices, xiv. 68), to the character on her benefit nights), and printed 
Hoyal Society in 1855 (Proc. vii. 295), and in 1735 with a dedication to the Dowager 



Cooper 144 Cooper 

Duchess of Marlborough. She also wrote an ham ministry in 1765 he plunged into poli- 

unprinted play, ' The Nobleman/ acted once tics in support of the new ministry. A 

at the Haymarket about May 1736, pamphlet published anonymously, but be- 

[Genest's Hist, of the Stage, in. 461-2 ; Bio- lieved to have been the composition of Charles- 

graphia Dramatica, ed. Jones, i. 148, iii. 84, Lloyd, private secretary to George Grenville, 

212-13; Oldys's Diary (1863); Gent. Mag. v. was issued in that year, and from the circum- 

138-9.] A. H, B. stance of its authorship attracted someatten- 

" ^^^-T^-r^ ^-n/-vr/-<-n /TO i om?x ^Lon. It was entitled 'An Honest Man's- 

COOPER, GEORGE (1820-1876), organ- Eeaso<for ^i^g to take any part in 
ist, was torn on 7 July 1820 at Lambeth. t]be New Admimstratlon,' and was promptly 
Hisfather was assistant organist at St.Paul s. ^werel w Cooper - m t^, anonymous pro- 
His early proficiency and facility of execu- ductions the first caUed' A Pair of Spectacles 
tion he had practised assiduously onan old for short-sighted Politicians; or a Candid 
pedal harpsichord were remarked by Att- Answer to a f ate extraordinary Pamphlet, en- 
wood, the chief organist of the cathedral, who titled An H(mest Man , g EeasonS) &c .> 
on several occasions made him extemporise 1765 and the gecond entit i ed < The Merits 
at the festivals of the Sons of the Clergy. of the New Administratioil tru i y stated ,' 
At the age of eleven he often took the service 1765- Ttege broc i ltlleB Tec ommended him 
instead of his father, and in 1834 received to the notice of the Roc kingham ministry as 
the appomtment of organist of St. Benet, a fit tolder of ^ office of 6 secretary of t h e 
Paul's Wharf. Two years later he became treasur ^ but as ^ acceptance of the post 
organist of St. Ann and St. Agnes, and on vould ^ inTolved Ms abandonment of a 
Attwood's death, mMarch 1838, he succeeded 1 &l caie he did not aaaaA to ch Ms 
his father as assistant organist of the cathe- m | de of ufe ^^ te had secured < ^^, 
dral. His father, who had resigned at that fe [on - m cage of ^j^sion.. His 
time, died in 1843, on which Cooper obtained ^ endce f ag -^ seoretary of th e treasury 
his post at St. Sepulchre^. In ttie same year wre gQ acc j table tllat J he was coatinueS 
he was appointed to Cihrists Hospital. In therein wae *Q a> SUCC e 8S i T e governments of 
September 1856 he was appointed organist of Lord Chatham, Duke of Gralton, and Lord 
the Chapel Royal, mce J. B. Sale, deceased. North Q 765 _8 2) . On t he downfall of the 
This i appointment, together ^with those : at St. lagt ^g^ he went out of office, but on 
Paul's and St. Sepulchre's, he retained .till the ^ folmati ^ in 1783 of t]le coalitio ^ cabinet 
time of his death. He published a book of rf Nort]l and Fox ^ beoame a lord of ^ 
'Organ Arrangements, an 'Organists Assist- trea and renla i ned thereuntil the dis- 
ant7 an 'Introduction to the Organ, and an aigsai^f'the ministry by the king, afterwhich 
' Organist's Manual (1851). In 1862 he re- date he never reg J; e / office . %hile one of 
vised the music for the Rev. W. Wmdle's ^ to secretaries under Lord North 
'Church and Home .Metrical Psalter and he J ^ Oomis]l boroug hs and the 

Hymn Book,' contnbutang several tunes of duch re | enues but ^ t hese exceptions 
his own composition. On the death of Dr. Ms e ^ eg we ; e confllied to the mor ^ le ^_ 
Gauntlett in February 1876 he dertook to timate | ^ of hig office ^ Decemb s er 
complete the musical editing of ' Wesley's m& ^ gtood for Eochester ainat Jdhn 
Hymns.' He had finished the task at the Oalcraft ^ du] dectod ." B At the dis- 
tune of his deaA, 2 Oct. 1876, and the book solution ^ 176g h(j ^ retoned for Gram _ 

appeared in 18/7. , ,, . . pound, from 1774 to 1784 he sat for Saltash, 

[Grove's Dictionary of Mnsieaiid Musicians; ^.j from 178 g to 1790 te was one of th& 

Cheque Boots of the _ Chapel Eoyal ; Prefaces mem bersforRichinond in Yorkshire. Cooper's 

to hymn boots quoted above; Bntash Museum administrat i Teab iiities were justly esteemed, 

a *J .... an( j ^ e ^. ag cons jji ere< j a j-Qg^ authority on 

COOPEH, SIE GEEY (d. 1801), poli- financial q[uestions. During the debates on 

tician, was lineally descended from John the commercial treaty with Prance (1787) 

Cooper, who is said to have been created a he took an active part in the opposition, and 

baronet of Nova Scotia in 1638. Sir John yielded to_few 'in his accurate knowledge of 

Cooper, the son and successor of the first the complicated interests which it included/ 

baronet, died without issue, but the title was On this and the other financial measures of 

assumed in 177 5 by Sir Grey, the great-grand- Pitt he directed a keen and searching criti- 

son of the Hev. James Cooper, the second cism. Cooper retired from public life some 

baronet ? s next brother. Cooper, who was a years before his death, and his nomination in 

native of Newcastle-on-Tyne, entered at the 1796 as a privy councillor was a worthy tri- 

Temple, and was in. due time called to the bute to his past services as a public official, 

bar, but on the formation of the KocMng- He died very suddenly at Worlington, Suf- 



Cooper 145 Cooper 

folk, on 30 July 1801, aged 75, and was buried with, much favour. Othello, which, followed 
in the church, where is a monument to his on 8 Nov. 1820, Booth being lago, was less 
memory. His first wife (1753) was Mar- successful. In the course of the opening 
garet, daughter of Sir Henry Grey of Howick, season at Drury Lane he played Titus in 
who died without issue in 1755. His second Payne's ' Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquin/ 
wife (1762) was Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. Alonzo in 'Pizarro/ Antony in 'Julius Caesar/ 
Kennedy of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; she died Hastings in ' Jane Shore/ TuHus Aufidius in 
at Worlington on 3 Nov. 1809, aged 75, 'Coriolanus/ Joseph in the i School for Scan- 
having had issue two sons and two daugh- dal/ Richmond in ' Richard III/ Inkle in 
ters. One of these sons came into possession ' Inkle and Yarico/ Frederick in the i Poor 
in 1797, under a reversionary patent, of the Gentleman/ Don Julio in 'Bold Stroke for a 
post of auditor of the land revenue in nearly Husband/ Rob Roy, lago to Kean's Othello, 
every county in England, a place worth and many other parts, besides ' creating ' 
about 2,000. per annum, and Cooper was several new r61es, the most important of 
supposed to share in the emoluments. Two which was the Doge in Byron's ' Marino Fa- 
of Cooper's letters on public affairs are in Hero.' Talfourd speaks of his performance as 
the ' Correspondence of the first Lord Auck- not readily to be forgotten (New Monthly 
land/ i. 357-9, 361-2, several to Sir Philip Mag. iii. 274). During the twenty-five years 
Francis are in the { Memoirs of Francis/ ii. which followed his services were generally in 
41, 85, and many sprightly notes from him request at Drury Lane, at Co vent Garden, 
are in ' Garrick's Correspondence/ vols. i. and where he appeared on 14 Oct. 1823 as St. 
ii. He was the author, in addition to the Franc in the ' Point of Honour/ a translation 
works already stated, of ' The State of Pro- by Charles Kemble of ' Le Deserteur ' of Mer- 
ceedings in the House of Commons on the cier, and at the Haymarket, Once, in mutiny 
Petition of the Duke and Duchess of Athol, at a proposed reduction of salary, he went as 
relating to the Isle of Man/ 1769, and of a star to the Surrey, and played in the ' Law 
'Stanzas. . . inscribed to the Reverend Wil- of the Land. 7 A steady, a capable, and an 
liam Mason, as a Testimony of Esteem and eminently conscientious but a heavy and me- 
Friendship.' chanical actor, he played during this period 
[Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 19167, f. 9; Gent, Mag. a singularly large number of parts, some of 
1801, pt. ii. 769-70, 1809, p. 1084; WraxalTs them of leading importance. Hewastheori- 
Memoirs (1884 ed.) } i. 428, iii. 56, iv. 402, v. 99 ; ginal Duke of Sheridan Knowles's c Love/ 
Almon's Anecdotes, i. 92-4 ; Albemarle's Eock- Covent Garden, 1839, and played many cha- 
inghara, i. 309-10 ; G-renville Papers, iv. 157 ; racters originally in the dramas of the same 
Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi. 700-1.] W. P. C. author. Among his best parts were lago and 

POOPUTR TOTTN (A 1fl9fn mmirian the Gll08t in ' Hamlet -' Previous to, and 

rQ n^T^ri J^TA^ -i '' musician - during CharlesKean's occupation of thePrin- 

[See COPEBAEIO, GIOTA^I.] cess's, he was at that theatre, taking such 

COOPER, JOHN (jL 1810-1870), actor, characters as Henry IV in < King Henry IV, 
was the son of a tradesman in Bath, in which Part I./ the Duke of York in 'King Ri- 
city he was born. After playing Alonzo in a chard II/ 12 March 1857, Kent in King Lear/ 
private theatre, he appeared on the Bath stage, 5 April 1858, and appearing as the original Mr. 
14March 1811, as Inkle in ' Inkle and Yarico/ Benson in Morton's ' Thirty-three last Birth- 
and subsequently enacted two or three other day.' Upon retirement from the Princess's^ 
parts. After a short visit to Cheltenham, he Cooper withdrew from the stage upon a corn- 
appeared on 15 May 1811 at the Haymarket petency he had saved. At the close of his life 
as Count Montalban in the ' Honeymoon/ he lived at 6 Sandringham Gardens, Baling, 
and, besides playing other characters, was the and he died on 13 July 1870 at Tunbridge 
original William Wyndham 1 in Dimond's Wells, whither he had gone in search of 
c Royal Oak/ 10 June 1811, and Hartley in health. 

Theodore Hook's < Darkness Visible/ 23 Sept. [Q-enest's Account of the English Stage ; Lon- 
1811. He then joined Cherry, the manager don Magazine and Theatrical Inquisitor, vol. iii. 
of several Welsh theatres, after whose death 1821 ; Macready's Reminiscences, by Sir F. Pol- 
he played in the north of England and Scot- lock, 1875 ; Cole's Life of Charles Kean, 1859 j 
land. In Edinburgh he acted Edgar to the Marshall's Lives of Actors ; Tallis's Dramatic 
Lear of Kean, and was in Glasgow ,the ori- Magazine ; Era newspaper, 17 July 1870.] 
ginal Virginius in Knowles's tragedy of that J- K. 
name, subsequently (17 May 1820) produced 

by Macready at Covent G-arden. On 1 Nov. COOPER, JOHN GILBERT (1723- 

1820 he made as Romeo his first appearance 1769), poet and miscellaneous writer, was de- 

at Drury Lane. His Romeo was received scended from an ancient family of Notting- 

VOL. XII. L 



Cooper 



146 



Cooper 



hamsliire, which was impoverished on account 
of its loyalty during the time of Charles I. His 
father possessed Thurgaton Priory, granted to 
one of his ancestors by Henry YHI, and here 
the son was born in 1723, He was educated 
at "Westminster School; and in 1743 entered 
Trinity College, Cambridge, but quitted it oa 
his marriage to Miss Wright, daughter of Sir 
Nathan Wright, the recorder of Leicester, 
without taking a degree. In 1745 he published 
the ' Power of Harmony,' in two boots, in 
which he promulgated that attention to what 
was beautiful and perfect in nature was the 
best means to harmonise the soul. The style 
is modelled on that of the author of the ' Cha- 
racteristics ' [see COOPER, AFEHOKT ASHLEY, 
third earl of Shaftesbury] , of whom he was an 
enthusiastic disciple. Under the name of ( Phi- 
laretes' Cooper became one of the chief contri- 
butors toDodsley's l Museum/ started in!746. 
In 1749 he wrote a Latin epitaph on the death 
of his son, who espired the same day that he 
was born. The epitaph, a very affected piece 
of composition, appeared in the 'Gentleman's 
Magazine' for 1778, p. 486, accompanied with 
a poetical English translation. In 1749 Cooper 
published a i Life of Socrates/ with an edition 
of his writings collected from all the ancient 
authorities. For this work he received notes 
from John Jackson, an opponent of "Warbur- 
ton,who took care to handle the conclusions of 
Warburton with some severity. Warburton 
replied in a note to his edition of Pope (ed. 
1751, i. 151), characterising the attack as 
* ignorant abuse, the offspring of ignorance.' 
To this Cooper replied in ' Cursory Remarks 
on Warburton's edition of Pope/ asserting 
that he attacked him as an author and not 
us a man. In 1754 he published ' Letters on 
"Taste/ which received a high encomium from 
Johnson. In 1755 he published { The Tomb 
of Shakespeare, a Vision/ and in the following 
year, in the { Genius of Britain/ denounced the 
"proposal to bring Hessian troops to defend the 
kingdom. In 1758 he published ' Epistles to 
the Great from Aristippus in retirement/ 
which was soon afterwards followed by the 
''Call of Aristippus, Epistle IV. to Mark 
Akenside, M.D? In 1759 he published a 
translation of Gresset's 'Vert- Vert/ which 
was reprinted in the 'Repository' in 1777. 
In 1764 Dodsley published those of his poems 
which had appeared in the 'Museum/ and in 
Dodsle/s collections, the title being 'Poems 
-on several subjects.' He died at Mayfair, 
^London, in April 1769. 

fBiog. Brit. (Kippis), iv. 262-6 ; Chalmers's 
JBiog. Diet. x. 226-30; Nichols's Lit. Anecd.i, 
130-1, ii. 294-7, 379, v. 602-3; Johnson's Lives 
of the Poets ; Thoroton's Nottinghamshire.] 

T, P. H. 



COOPER, RICHARD, the elder (d. 1764), 
engraver, was born in London, and studied 
engraving under John Pine. On the death, 
of his father he inherited some money and 
quitted his profession as an engraver in order 
to visit Italy and study art there. He re- 
mained there some years, acquiring consider- 
able knowledge of the great masters, and be- 
coming a good draughtsman and fair painter 
himself. He also formed a good collection 
of drawings by the old masters and prints of 
various schools and countries. On his return 
to England he was induced by a friend and 
brother artist, Mr. Guthrie, to accompany the 
latter on a visit to Edinburgh. Scotland was 
at that time suffering from alack of first-rate 
artistSj and Cooper was warmly welcomed, 
so much so that he decided on settling in 
Edinburgh, and resumed his old profession 
of engraver. Finding plenty of employment 
he built for himself a house in St. John Street, 
the interior of which he decorated with pic- 
tures from his own hand. Here he took 
various apprentices, the best known of whom 
was Robert Strange [q. v.], who was appren- 
ticed to Cooper for six years, and became not 
only an inmate but an intimate friend of the 
family. About 1738 Cooper married Miss Ann 
Lind, by whom he left a son, Richard Cooper 
the younger [q. v.], who followed his father's 
profession. According to Strange, Cooper as 
an engraver lacked practice, but all his work 
showed spirit and taste. He is chiefly known 
for his engravings of contemporary portraits, 
among which were John Taylor, oculist, after 
W. Be Nune ; William Garstares and Andrew- 
Allan, both afterW. Robinson j Sir Hugh Dal- 
rymple, after W. Aikman ; John Napier, the 
inventor of logarithms ; George, lord Jeffreys, 
and others. He also occasionally engraved 
in mezzotint, viz. Archibald, duke of Argyll, 
after "W. Aikman : John Dalrymple, earl of 
Stair, after Kneller'; LadyWallace, and others. 
He also engraved anatomical plates for the 
1 Edinburgh Medical Essays/ &c, , book-plates, 
and other similar compositions. He died in 
1764, and was buried in the Canongate church- 
yard, Edinburgh. "W. Robinson painted his 
portrait, and Cooper engraved it himself. J. 
Donaldson engraved his portrait in mezzo- 
tint, and this is perhaps identical with a 
mezzotint portrait of him from a picture by 
G. Schroider. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Dennistoun's Me- 
moirs of Sir Hobert Strange ; Huber and Boost's 
Manuel des Curieux et des Amateurs de 1'Art, 
vol. ix. ; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Por- 
traits.] L. C. 

COOPER, RICHARD, the younger 
(1740 ?~1814 ?), painter and engraver, son 
of Richard Cooper the elder, engraver, of 



Cooper 147 Cooper 

Edinburgh [a. v.l, was born in Edinburgh COOPER, ROBERT (fl. 1681), geogra- 
ubout 17 & 40, and after receiving instruction pher, son of Robert Cooper of Kiddermm- 
from his father went to Paris and studied ster, Worcestershire, became a servitor of 
engraving under J. P. Le Bas, the famous Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1666, graduated 
French engraver to whom he owed the cor- in arts, and was made fellow of his college 
rectness and brilliancy which distinguished through the influence of Dr. Hall, the master, 
some of his engravings. In 1761 he exhibited He was a^ good preacher and .well skilled m 
at the Incorporated Society of Artists a draw- mathematics. On 8 April 1681 he was ad- 
inff from a picture by Trevisani, probably for rnitted to the rectory of Harlington, _near 
"the engraving; of a Magdalen after that artist, Hounslow, Middlesex, on the presentation of 
which he exhibited at the Free Society of Sir John Bennett, afterwards Lord Ossuls- 
Artists in the following year. In 1762 also ton, and was alive in 1700 (NEWCOTTET). He 
he exhibited one of his best engravings, viz. wrote < Proportions concerning Optic-glasses, 
* The Children of Charles I/ after Vandyck ; with their Natural Reasons drawn from Ex~ 
at the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1764 periments,' 1679, 4to, and < A General Intro- 
he exhibited < The Virgin and Child,' after duction to Geography ' prefixed to the first 
Correggio, a very brilliant engraving. _ His volume of the ' English Atlas/ Oxford, 
name & does not appear again as an exhibitor 1680, fol. 

for some years, and during this period he [Wood's Atliense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 749 ; Life 
seems to have visited Italy and produced a (Bliss), Ixxxix; Kennet's Register, p. 500 ; New- 
series of tinted drawings of Rome and its court's Repertorium, i. 632.] W. H. 
vicinity, which have gained for him the name 



. , v j -iv v j * -1/7^70 5 T7>/Q graver, w as largely tumuuytju, uunjua wj.tj urau 

SSS^Sf of^l^S'S I"*" * the century in engraving portraits. 

the Royal Academy. In 1782 he completed 

a large and important work, which he aqua- 

tinted and exhibited in 1783 at the Ineor- - by Sir Walter Scott; Lodge's <Por- 

porated Society of Artists; this was the Pro- V,,* P B m . ' Tn,.n,h B ^ 



- llustrious Personages ; ' iamber- 

cession of the Kmghts of the Gaxter, from a , i mitations of Qriginll Drawings, by 

- 



Hans Holbein -TreshanandOttle 

Banqueting House at wtehan ^^^^^^1 

Otter engravings by hm were portraits of P ? J for ^ 

HI and Mary ; Thomas ^ ent- tjmt ^ ^ ^ known f ^ 6ge s 

ince * _. . _ 



worth, earl of Stranord ; rredenclc. prince * _. . _ , . _,, - 

^V4rr i j i.- - 4. f-p^^-u^^j-foM^ enffravmaf- Cooper executed of the ' Chandos 
of vv ales, and his sisters ; Kembrandt s Mis- => ., & r - i - 



, ., ai ! -& i - 11, 

tress' Hi mezzotint), <A Bacchanal,' after portrait of Shakespeare. For tun also lie 
KPoussin ; ' A View of the Port of Messina **g portraits of the Duke of Bucking- 



ou ; 

before the Earthquake in 1783,' after T. M. ^ after Saunders, and Earl Temple, after 

same i ^ Gondomar, after yela Z q.uez ; 
rquis de VieuviUe after Vandyck and 

selftodrawm^exhibitingnumerousdrawings ers - .^T',^ als ? ^ very prolific en- 

I JL -D i A r j ,^4-^iQAQ OTV.^I?. graver of book plates and vignettes, &c., and 
at the Roval Academy up to loUy ; among & r . i o > ? 

au LUC j-^j - ^-^ J;. f ' nra in 



Slade About 1787 Cooper settled in Charles * sam i , . 

Street, St James's Square, and devoted him- Marquis de VieuviUe after Vandyck and 

otters - ' als ver rolific en- 



als ? ^ very prolific en- 

and vignettes, &c., and 
. i o > ? 

au LUC j-^j - ^-^ J;. f p Q0 4.i ' ^T,;^ exhibited with the Associated Engravers in 

these were two ol Windsor uastle, wmcn T nr v n TT - IT,- rv i. j 

*,ueac YVCJ.C uwu u . ,, Q ' AitoT 1821. He was in addition a publisher, and 

were engraved and aauatintedDy b. AlKen. ,,! -?i- i j. t, x 

wcj-c cng o-v 1^,/L- ^ ^..o+i +* nntA^-n m ^is line of business he seems to have met 

He was appointed drawing-master to i^ueen -,1/2 i T ^ 01 /-\ j. TOO/> 

Charlottefand also held thlt position inEton wxth financial disaster as on 31 Oct. 1826 

School. He is stated to have been alive in and the two foUowmg_day S his collection and 

1814 Samples of his drawings may be seen stock ? P rmt > drawings, and copperplates 

ytheSouAensingtonMuslumandatthe ere dispersed by auction at Southgate's 

print room, British Museum ; in the latter Rooms m^leet Street Amon| the drawings 

collection there are also numerous engrav- ^f 6 s ome by Samuel de WiUe [q. v.], after 

ings, etchings, and lithographs by him. whom Cooper executed numerous engravings 

^' , 6 r j of leading actors and actresses of the day for 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Nagler s Kunst- various theatrical publications He is stated 

ler-Lexikon; Bryan's Diet of Artists (ed. to have been ^ in Ig3 g_ He left un _ 

Graves) ; SarsBeld Taylor s State of the Arts finig]led ^ Ig26 ^ vin of , ohrisfc 



logues of the Royal Academy, South Kensington [Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Leblanc's Manuel 
Museum, &c.] L. C. de V Amateur d'Estampcs ; Bromley's Cat. of 

L 2 



Cooper 148 Cooper 



British Engraved Portraits ; Collection of Sale 
Catalogues in the Print Room, British Museum.] 

L. C. 

COOPEB,, SAMUEL (1609-1672), minia- 
ture painter, was "born in London in 1609. 
He was a nephew of John Hoskins, who was 
eminent in the reign of Charles I as a painter 
of miniatures, and by whom he and his brother 
Alexander were instructed in the same branch 
of art. Samuel soon surpassed his uncle, who 
is said to have been iealous of him. Horace 

^ *j _ 



Mrs. Claypole, John Thurloe, Lucius Gary,, 
lord Falkland, George Monck, duke of Albe- 
marie, James Graham, marquis of Montrose, 
and Samuel Butler. In the royal collection 
there are miniatures of Charles II, Queen Ca- 
tharine of Braganza, James II, James, duke 
of Monmouth, George Monck, duke of Albe- 
marle, andR,obertWalker,the portrait painter. 
Cooper painted many other celebrated persons 
of the Commonwealth and the succeeding 
reign, including John Hampden, General Ire- 

/*** -i -r^i . "1 TTT TI * T *T 1*1 



Walpole says that he ' owed a great part of ton, General Fleetwood, William Lenthall, 
Ms merit to the works of Van Dyck, and yet Colonel Lilburne, Thomas Hobbes, Anthony 
may be called an original genius, as he was Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury, and 
the first who gave the strength and freedom Edmund Waller, the poet. Some of these are 
of oil to miniature.' His heads excel in the in the possession of the Duke of Northumber- 
variety of their tints and in the management land and the Earl of Gosford, while others- 
of the hair, but the drawing of the neck and are at Althorp, Burleigh, Castle Howard, and 
shoulders is often so incorrect as to afford Penshurst. Those which were in the collec- 
grounds for the conjecture that it was for this tion of Sir Andrew Fountaine were destroyed 
reason that so many of his works were left by fire at White's chocolate house in 1733.. 
unfinished. For many years he resided in the Many miniatures by him were lent to the Ex- 
then fashionable locality of Henrietta Street, hibition of Portrait Miniatures held at the 
Covent Garden, and allusion is made to him South Kensington Museum in 1865, and to 
in the i Diary ' of his Mend Samuel Pepys, the Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters 
who calls him < the great limner in little. 7 at the Royal Academy in 1879. A head of 
He was induced to visit France, where he Cooper from an original drawing by himself 
remained some time, and painted portraits on was engraved by Kaddon for Wornum's edi- 
a somewhat enlarged scale. He afterwards tion of Walpole's ' Anecdotes of Painting.' 
visited Holland. He died in London 5 May [Wal le > s Anec dotes of Painting, ed.Wornum, 
1672, aged 63, and was buried m the old 1 849, ii. 529; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Cat. of 
church of bt. Pancras, where there is a mu- Exhibition of Portrait Miniatures at South Ken- 
ral monument to his memory. He was an sington, 1865 ; Royal Academy Cat. Old Masters,, 
excellent linguist and musician, and played 1879.] R. E. Gr. 

well on the lute. Some verses ' To Mr. Sam. 

Cooper, having taken Lucasia's Picture given COOPER, SAMUEL, D.D. (1739-1800). 
December 14, 1660/ are in a folio volume of [See under COOPEK, SIB ASTLET PASTOBT.] 
* Poems by Mrs. Katherine Philips, the match- 
less Orinda,' published in London in 1667. COOPEE, SAMUEL (1780-1848), sur- 
His widow, whose sister was the mother of gical writer, was born in September 1780, 
Alexander Pope, received a pension from the His father, who had made a fortune in the 
French court, and was promised one by the West Indies, died when his three sons were 
court of England, but the latter was never still young. The eldest, George, became a 
paid. Cooper is the most eminent painter of judge of the supreme court in Madras, and 
miniatures that England has produced, and was knighted. The second, Samuel, was 
his works are much sought after. He painted educated by Dr. Burney at Greenwich, and 
Oliver Cromwell several times ; the profile in in 1800 entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 
the collection of the Duke of Devonshire being where Jie showed great promise. In 1803 
that from which Houbraken engraved his por- he became M.R.C.S., and settled in Golden 
trait. One of his best works is a fine head of Square. In 1806 he gained the Jacksonian 
Cromwell in the collection of the Duke of prize at the College of Surgeons for the best 
Buccleucb, and another profile is in the pos- essay on ' Diseases of the Joints.' In 1807 he 
session of Lord Houghton. The Duke of published his ' First Lines of Surgery,' which. 
Devonshire possesses also another miniature went through seven editions. In 1809 the 
of Cromwell, and one of Mrs. Claypole, the first edition of his great Surgical Dictionary r 
favourite daughter of the Protector ; and the appeared, and its popularity was instant and 
Duke of Buccleuch has in his fine collection great. During Cooper's lifetime seven large 
those of Milton, Prince Rupert, James II, and carefully revised editions appeared. In 
when duke of York, Charlotte de la Tre- 1810 Cooper married a Miss Cranstoun, but 
mouille, countess of Derby ,Eichard Cromwell, she died in the following year, leaving a 
Elimbeth Cromwell, wife of the Protector, daughter, afterwards married to Thomas Mor- 



Cooper 149 Cooper 



ton, surgeon to University College Hospital. 
After his wife's death Cooper (in 1813) entered 
the army as surgeon, and served on the field 
of Waterloo. Retiring on the conclusion 
of peace, he devoted his chief attention to 
editing the successive editions of his two 



principal works, and also gained a consider- 
able surgical practice. In 1827 he became a 
member of the council of the College of Sur- 
geons, and from 1831 to 1848 was surgeon 

,__p m f /'*N .11 _ ^^ ._ I I .*. A. A _ J* A. I A A. >-l w>\<kih^S 4" S\ r*X |N f\.^% 



Simultaneously with the e Chronicle ' he 
had engaged in another work, which was 
published in folio in 1548, 'Bibliotheca Eliotse. 
Sive Dictionarium Lat. et Angl. auctum et 
emend, per Thp. Cooper.' A second edition 
was published in 1552, entitled ' Eliot's Dic- 
tionary, the second time enriched and more 
perfectly corrected by Thos. Cooper, school- 
master of Maudlen's in Oxford.' And a 
third edition appeared in 1559. 

to University College Hospital and professor On the death of Queen Mary he recurred 
of surgery in the college. In 1845 he was to his original purpose and was ordained, 
elected president of the College of Surgeons, speedily gaining the character of a zealous 
.and in 1846 fellow of the Royal Society, preacher. And now he engaged in by far 
He died of gout on 2 Dec. 1848. his greatest literary work, e Thesaurus Lin- 

Besides his principal works Cooper wrote guae Romanse et Britannicse . . . op. et ind. 
a book on i Cataract,' 1805, and edited the T. Cooperi Magdalenensis. Accessit Die- 
third and fourth editions of Dr. Mason Good's tionarium Historicum et Poeticum,' Lond. 
* Study of Medicine.' He delivered the 1565. It was reprinted in 1573, 1578, and 1584. 
Hunterian oration in 1834. The ' Dictionary ' This book, commonly known as ( Cooper's Die- 
was translated into Erench, German, and tionary,' delighted Queen Elizabeth so much 
Italian, and several times republished in that she expressed her determination to pro- 
America, mote the author as far as lay in her power. 
nin .. tn , ,^ His life, however, was anything 1 but happy. 

f J^f^of 8 ', " 6 *t ; - <* a t ^ S i r V He tad married unhappily, Ms wife TO 
(March), 320 ; biographical notice by GL rf & H e condoned her un- 

Cooper, prefixed to vol. 11. 01 the otJi edition . , ,y, * . , . . , 

of the Dictionary of Practical Surgery, 1872; faithfulness again and again refusing to be 

Clarke's Autobiographical Recollections of the forced when the heads of the university 

Medical Profession, 1874, pp. 323-6; for dis- offered to arrange it for him, and declaring 

cussions connected mth Cooper's resignation of that he would not charge his conscience with 

the University College chair, see Lancet 1848, so great a scandal. On one occasion his wife, 

multis locis.] GL T. B. in a paroxysm of fury, tore up half his ' The- 

saurus/ and threw it into the fire. He patiently 

COOPEB, or COTTPEB,, THOMAS set to work and rewrote it (ATJBEEY'S Lives, 

(1517 P-1594), bishop of Winchester, was ii. 290). 

born in Oxford, the son of a very poor tailor In 1562 he began to engage in controversy, 
in Cat Street, and educated as one of the A reply to Bishop Jewel's i Apology ' had 
choristers in Magdalen College school. He been written, and circulated, apparently in 
made so much progress that he was elected manuscript only, entitled l An Apology of 
probationer of the college in 1539, and after Private Mass,' To this an answer now ap- 
graduating became a fellow and master of peared: ' An Answer in Defence of the Truth 
the school in which he had been educated, against the Apology of Private Mass,' the 
Among his eminent pupils was "William Cam- work replied to being prefixed. In the < Bio- 
den. It had been Cooper's intention to take graphia Britannica/ and in Jelf 's edition of 
orders, but having adopted protestant views Jewel's works, this treatise is attributed to 
he found himself checked by the accession of Jewel, but erroneously. In the preface Jewel 
Queen Mary ; he therefore changed his pur- is referred to as ' a worthy learned man/ and 
pose, took a degree in physic, and began to Dr. Cradocke, Margaret professor of divinity 
practise in Oxford. In 1545 Thomas Languet of Oxford, writing in 1572, speaks of it as 
died while writing a ' Chronicle of the World/ 'the treatise of the right reverend father, 
He had brought it down from the creation to Bishop Cowper? And Fulke, also writing 
A.D. 17, and now Cooper undertook to carry it in Cooper's lifetime, calls it his. This treatise 
on to the reign of Edward VI. His portion was reprinted under the auspices of the Parker 
is about thrice as much as Languet's, and the Society, and edited by Dean Goode in 1850. 
whole was published in 1549. Another edi- In 1566 Cooper was made dean of Christ 
tion was surreptitiously put forth, with addi- Church, and for several years was vice-chan- 
tions by a third writer, in 1559, greatly to cellor. In 1569 he was appointed to the 
-Cooper's annoyance, who published two more deanery of Gloucester, and in 1570 to the 
editions under the title of ' Cooper's Chro- bishopric of Lincoln. In 1573 he published 
nicle/ one in 1560, and another in 1565. All a Brief Exposition ' of the Sunday lessons, 
these are in quarto. of which Archbishop Parker thought so 



Cooper 



highly that he wrote to the lord treasurer 
requesting him to recommend to the queen's 
council that orders should be given to have a 
copy placed in every parish church, t for that 
the more simple the doctrine was to the 
people, the sooner might they be edified, and 
in an obedience reposed ' (SiBYPE, Parker). 
Other works of his during his occupation of 
the see of Lincoln were ' A True and Perfect 
Copy of a Godly Sermon preached In the 
Minster at Lincoln 28 Aug. 1575, on Matt, j 
xvi. 26, 27 ;' ' Articles to be enquired of 
within the Diocese of Lincoln in the Visi- 
tation/ 1574; ( Injunction to be observed 
throughout the Diocese/ 1577 ; and l Certain 
Sermons wherein is contained the Defence of 
the Gospel'against cavils and false accusations 
... by the friends and favourers of the 
Church of Borne,' 1580. There are twelve of 
these sermons, on Rom. i. 16 ; Matt. vii. 15, 
16 ; 1 Cor. x. 1, 3, 5 ; Matt. xiii. 3, 5 ; John 
viii. 46, 

In 1584, on the death of Bishop Watson, 
he was translated to Winchester, which he 
held for ten years, * where/ says Wood, ' as 
in most parts of the nation, he became much 
noted for his learning and sanctity of life.' 
Godwin agrees with this opinion, *a man 
from whose praises I can hardly temper my 
pen.' Winchester had been notoriously so 
rich a see, that a witticism of Bishop Edyng- 
don had been constantly quoted to the effect 
that c Canterbury had the highest rack, but 
Winchester had the deepest manger/ It was 
repeated to Cooper, who replied that he found 
that much of the provender had been swept 
out of the manger a reference to recent con- 
fiscation of church property. On his appoint- 
ment to this see he issued as visitor certain 
injunctions to the president and fellows of 
Magdalen, in which he lamented the infre- 
quency of the administration of holy com- 
munion, and ordered that it should be cele- 
brated on the first Sunday in every month, 
and received by as many members of the 
society as possible. Remarking on the negli- 
gent manner in which the public services of 
the chapel were performed on Sundays and 
at other times, he ordered that if any fellow, 
demy, chaplain, or clerk came late, went 
early, or misbehaved himself, he should be 
admonished and punished by the president, 
vice-president, and dean. 

He had not been long in Ms new see before 
he was again in controversy, and with a 
formidable adversary, namely ' Martin Mar- 
prelate/ Under this name appeared in 1 588- 
1589 a series of seven tracts, attacking the 
English prelacy with coarse wit and invec- 
tive. Several answers appeared of the same 
toxte and character, in rhyme and in prose. 



Cooper 

Cooper also replied, but with such gravity 
as became his position, in his * Admonition 
to the People of England, wherein are 
answered not only the slanderous untruths 
reproachfully uttered by Martin the Libeller, 
but also many other crimes by some of the 
brood, objected generally against all Bishops 
and the chief of the Clergy purposely to 
deface and discredit the present state of the 
church/ 1589. It was published anony- 
mously, but with the initials T. C. at the end 
of the preface. There is no question of its- 
being Cooper's. Martin retorted in a pam- 
phlet entitled, i Ha' ye any work for the 
Cooper ? 7 

A few manuscripts by Bishop Cooper are 
in existence. A Latin address of congratu- 
lation from the university of Oxford to Queen, 
Elizabeth on her visit to the Earl of Leicester, 
the chancellor of the university, delivered 
before her by Cooper himself, is at C. C. C. 
A document at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, 
is entitled ' Thomse Cooperi Christiana cum 
fratribus consultatio, utrum pii verbi minis- 
tri prsescriptam a magistratibus vestium ra- 
tionem suscipere et liquido possint et jure 
debeant.' And there is a book of ordinances 
and decrees drawn up for Magdalen College, 
Oxford, by Cooper as visitor in 1585. In the 
Record Office are also some autographs, one 
of much interest to local historians, concern- 
ing the musters of his diocese, addressed to- 
the Earl of Essex, lord-lieutenant of Hamp- 
shire. 

Bishop Milner, the Roman catholic his- 
torian of Winchester, charges Cooper with 
the establishment of a cruel persecution of 
his co-religionists in Hampshire. But this 
is somewhat hard on Cooper. The increase 
of persecution was owing to the new act of 
1581, and Cooper's appointment to Win- 
chester synchronises with the beginning of 
hostilities with Spain. Milner, after naming 
some priests who perished as traitors at 
Winchester, gives, on the authority of a ma- 
nuscript by one Stanney, of St. Omer, details 
of the execution of five laymen. But a letter 
of Bishop Cooper is in the Record Office in 
which he recommends * that an hundred or 
two of obstinate recusants, lusty men, well 
able to labour, might by some convenient 
commission be taken up and sent to Flandera 
as pioneers and labourers, whereby the country 
would be disburdened of a company of dan- 
gerous people, and the rest that remained be 
put in some fear.' A return made in 1582 
states the number of recusants in Hamp- 
shire as 132, more than in any county except 
York and Lancashire, which have 327 and 
428 respectively. 
Cooper seems also to have exerted himself,, 



Cooper 151 Cooper 

by command of Queen Elizabeth, in putting of the wonderfull deliuerance from the Gun- 
down i prophesyings ' in his diocese. poulder-Treason/ 4to, London, 1609. 4 'The 

He died at Winchester on 29 April 1594, Mystery of Witch-craft. Discouering the 
and was buried in the choir, near the bishop's Truth, Nature, Occasions, Growth and Power 
seat. ^ A monument placed over his grave therof. Together with the Detection and 
described him as ' miinificentissimus, doc- Punishment of the same. As also the seue- 
tissimus, vigilantissimus, summe benignus rail Stratagems of Sathan, ensnaring the 
egenis. 7 It has now disappeared ; probably, poore Soule by this desperate practize of an- 
as Milner suggests, it was removed on the noying the bodie/ &c., 3 books, 12mo, Lon- 
repairing of the choir. He left a widow don, 1617. 5. 'The Cry and Eeuenge of 
(Amy) and two daughters, Elizabeth, wife Blood. Expressing the Nature and hay- 
of John Belli, provost of Oriel, and after- nousnesse of wilfull Mtirther . . , exempli- 
wards chancellor of the diocese of Lincoln, fied in a most lamentable History thereof, 
and Mary, wife of John Gouldwell, gent. committed at Halsworth in High Suffolk/ 

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 608 ; Har- && 4to, London, 1620.^6. ' Wilie begvileye, 

rington's Nugse Antiques, i. 69 ; Cassan's Lives or the Worldlings gaine/ &c., 4to, London, 

of the Bishops of Winchester, ii. 36-48 ; Milner's 1621. 

History of Winchester, i. 290 ; Cooper's Athense Wood's account of Cooper is vague and 

Cantab, i. 166 ; Bloxam's Kegister of Magd. Coll., inaccurate. 

Oxford.] W. B. r-D f x -nr -i - -, -, <rrr -, t , 

J [Prefaces to Works as cited above ; Welch's 

COOPER, COUPER, or COWPER, ^LTlT^ 2w^-# 5? 1 ?^' S 

TTTHIVTAQ (-a i 9<^ j'li^* v^ - Cheshire, i. 452 ; Dugdales Warwickshire (Tho- 

THOMAS (ft. 1626) divine^ was born in mas)} ^ m CaL s * ate p D 16 J 8 _ 10 

London and educated at Westminster whence p . 263> 1625 _ 26 p . 425 Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 
he was elected in 1586 on the foundation of 250, 262, 285 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G-, G-. 
Christ Church, Oxford, and as a member of ' ' ' 
that house proceeded B.A. on 14 Dec. 1590, COOPEB, THOMAS, M.D. (1759-1840), 
M.A. on 19 June 1593, and B.D. on 14 April natural philosopher, lawyer, and politician, 
1600. His first call, as^ he himself tells us, was born in London on 22 Oct. 1759, and 
was to succeed ' that painefull and profit able is said to have been sent to Oxford, where 
Teacher Maister [ William] Harrison ' as one he thoroughly studied the classics, though 
of the preachers for the county palatine of the bent of his mind was towards the natural 
Lancaster, and on 1 Aug. 1601 he was pre- sciences. While studying law he extended 
sented by his college to the vicarage of Great his researches into anatomy and medicine. 
Budworth, Cheshire, which he held until His name does not occur in the official list of 
1604. _ On 8 May in the latter year he be- graduates. He was admitted to the bar and 
came vicar of Holy Trinity, Coventry, but re- went on circuit for a few years ; but entering 
signed in January 1610. In 1620 he wasliv- into the political agitations of the period, he 
ing m Whit ecr oss Street, London, apparently -was sent, in company with James Watt, the 
befriended by Lord-chief-justice Montagu, to inventor of the steam-engine, by the demo- 
whom and his lady Cooper expresses him- cratic clubs of England to the affiliated clubs 
self under deep obligations. In September in France, There he took part with the 
1626, having been appointed a ' preacher ' to Girondists, but perceiving their inevitable 
the fleet at 51. a month by Captain Eichard downfall he escaped to England! In his old 
Gyffard, he petitioned ' the most illustrious age he said that the four months he spent 
and renowned prince, George, duke of Buck- at Paris were the happiest of his life, and 
ingham/for a small advance of salary to en- that in them he spent four years (Encyclo- 
able him to get to Portsmouth. Cooper pub- pcsdia Americana, ii. 402). * For this journey 
lished: 1. 'The Romish Spider, with his he and Watt were called to account by Ed- 
Web of Treason. Wouen and Broken : to- mund Burke, and this led to the publication 
gether with the seuerall vses that the World of a violent pamphlet by Cooper in reply 
and Church shall make thereof,' 3 pts. 4to, (MiriEHEAD, Life of Watt, pp. 492, 493 ; 
London, 1606 (republished the same year BmL&BylfivesofBoultmandWatty'pip.AQQ, 
with a new title-page, ' A Brand taken out 414). When his publisher proposed to re- 
of the Fire, 3 &c.) 2. ' Nonae Novembris seter- issue the reply in a cheaper form, Cooper 
nitati consecrates in memoriam admirandse received a note from Sir John Scott, attorney- 
illius liberatipnis Principis et Populi Angli- general, informing him that, although there 
cani & proditione sulphurea.' [In verse and was no exception to be taken to his pamphlet 
prose] 4to, Oxford, 1607. 3. ' The Chvrches when in the hands of the upper classes, yet 
Deliverance, contayning Meditations ... the government would not allow it to appear 
vppon the Booke of Hester. In remembrance at a price which would insure its circula- 



Cooper 



152 



Cooper 



tion among the people (RiPLEY and DASTA, 
American Cyclopedia, ed, 1859, y. 674). 

While in France he had learned the secret 
of making chlorine from common salt, and 
he now became a bleacher and calico printer 
in Manchester, but his business was unsuc- 
cessful (SuTTOK", Lancashire Authors, p. 25). 
He next went to America, to which country 
his friend Priestley had already emigrated, 
and for some time he practised as a lawyer 
at Sunbury, Pennsylvania. Uniting with the 
democrats, he opposed with vivacity the ad- 
ministration of John Adams. In consequence 
of his making a violent attack on Adams in 
a communication to the Pennsylvania ' Read- 
ing "Weekly Advertiser ' of 26 Oct. 1799, he 
was tried for a libel under the Sedition Act 
in 1800 and sentenced to six months' im- 

frisonment and fined four hundred dollars 
WHAETOW, State Trials of the United States, 
pp. 659-81 ; RuiT, Life of Priestley, ii. 61). 
When the democratic party came into power 
he transacted, in 1806, the business of a land 
commissioner on the part of the state with 
such ability as to triumph over difficulties 
with the Connecticut claimants in Luzerne 
county that had broken down two previous 
commissioners. Governor M'Kean appointed 
Cooper, in the same year, president judge of 
one of the Pennsylvania common pleas dis- 
tricts, an office which he filled with energy, 
but from which he was removed in 1811 by 
Governor Snyder, at the request of the legis- 
lature, on representations chiefly of an over- 
bearing temper. 

He next occupied the chair of chemistry 
in Dickinson College at Carlisle. In 1816 he 
was appointed professor of mineralogy and 
chemistry in the university of Pennsylvania, 
and in 1819 he became, at first professor of 
chemistry, and then, in 1820, president of the 
South Carolina College, Columbia, Retiring 
on account of age in 1834, he devoted his last 
years, "in conjunction with Dr. McCord, to a 
revision of the statutes of South Carolina. 
These were published in 10 vols., Columbia, 
1836-41, 8vo. Cooper died in South Carolina 
on 11 May 1840. 

He was eminent for the versatility of his 
talent, the extent of his knowledge, and his 
conversational powers. In philosophv he 

J ^L Ju v 

was a materialist, and in religion a free- 
thinker. President Adams referred to him 
[in his old age as ' a learned, ingenious, scien- 
tific, and talented madcap.' 

His principal works are : 1. { Some Infor- 
mation respecting America/ London, 1794. 
#vo. 2. < Political Essays,' 2nd ed., Phila- 
delphia, 1800, 8vo. 3. ( The Bankrupt 'Law 
of America compared with the Bankrupt 
Law of England/ Philadelphia, 1801, 8vo. 



4. t Opinion in the Case of Dempsey v. The 
Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania, on the effect 
of a Sentence of a Foreign Court of Ad- 
miralty ; published by A. J. Dallas/ Phila- 
delphia, 1810, 8vo. Judge Brackenridge 
recommended every American student of law 
to read this judgment, as it was a model 
which deserved to be admired (Miscellanies, 
p. 525 ft.) 5. ' Introductory Lecture at Car- 
lisle College, Philadelphia/ on chemistry, 
&c., among the ancients, Carlisle, 1812, 8vo. 
6. ' An English Version of the Institutes of 
Justinian/ Philadelphia, 1812, 8vo ; New 
York, 1841, 8vo ; Philadelphia, 1852. He 
contrasts the Roman jurisprudence with that 
of the United States. 7. e A Practical Treatise 
on Dyeing and Callicoe Printing/ Philadel- 
phia, 1815, 8vo. 8. 'Tracts on Medical Juris- 
prudence/Philadelphia, 1819, 8vo. 9. 'Stric- 
tures on Crawford's Report recommending 
Intermarriage with the Indians/ Philadelphia, 
1824, 8vo. 10. ' Lectures on the Elements 
of Political Economy/ Columbia, 1826, 1829, 
8vo. McCulloch says that ' this work, though 
not written in a very philosophical spirit, is 
the best of the American works on political 
economy that we have ever met with ' (Lite- 
rature of Political ^Economy, p. 19). 11. 'Two 
Essays : On the Foundation of Civil Govern- 
ment; On the Constitution of the United 
States/ Columbia [S. 0.], 1826, 8vo. 12. ' A 
Treatise on the Law of Libel and the Liberty 
of the Press/^New York, 1830, 8vo. 13. ' On 
the Connection between Geology and the 
Pentateuch, in a Letter to Professor Silliman 
[occasioned by his Syllabus to Bakewell's 
' Geology ']. To which is added the Defence 
of Dr. Cooper before the Trustees of the 
South Carolina College/ Columbia, 1833, 
8vo. He was also engaged in the publica- 
tion of a magazine of scientific information, 
' The Emporium of Arts and Sciences/ five 
volumes of which appeared at Philadelphia, 
1812-14. Two of these were prepared by 
Dr. John Redman Coxe, the remainder by 
Cooper. 

[Authorities cited above; also Duyckinck's 
Cycl. of American Lit. (1855), ii. 331 ; Literary 
Memoirs of Living Authors (1798), i. 115 j Biog. 
Diet, of Living Authors (1816), p. 75 ; Allibone's 
Diet, of JEngl. Lit. ; Cat. of Printed Books in 
Brit. Mus. ; Cat. of Boston Public Library.] - 

T. C. 

COOPER, THOMAS HENRY (1759 ?- 
1840 ?), botanist, drew up a list of the indige- 
nous plants of the county for Horsfield's 'His- 
tory of Sussex/ which came out in 1835, and 
was printed in vol. ii. App. pp. 5-22 ; a sepa- 
rate 8vo edition was also issued.' His name 
appears as fellow of the Linnean Society in 



Cooper 153 Cooper 

1835 as living at Nottingham, in subsequent due west of Li-kiang-fu, where he obtained 

lists, from 1836 to 1841, as of Grafton Street, passports for Talifu. At a distance of three 

Fitzroy Square. days' journey from "Weisi, however, he was 

[Annual Lists, Linn. Soc.; Journ. Bot. new stopped by a tribal chief, who refused to 

,ser. iv. (1875), sup, p. 6.] B. D. J. allow him to proceed. He was compelled, 

therefore, to return to "Weisi, where he was 

COOPER, THOMAS THORNVILLE imprisoned and threatened with death by the 
(1839-1878), one of the most adventurous of civil authorities on suspicion that he was in 
modern English travellers, the eighth son of communication with the Panthay rebels of 
John J. Cooper, coalntter and shipowner, was Yunnan. For five weeks he was kept a close 
born on 13 Sept. 1839, at Bishopwearmouth. prisoner, and was afterwards (G Aug.) al- 
He was educated at the Grange School, lowed to depart. Finding It impossible to 
Bishopwearmouth, under Dr. Cowan, who by prosecute his exploration further, he returned 
his judicious sympathy helped to foster his to Ya-chow, and proceeding down the Min 
innate love of travel. He was then sent to a river he struck the Yang-tsze at Sui-fu, and 
tutor in Sussex, where his health failed, and thence descended the river to Hankow, where 
he was advised to take a voyage to Australia, he arrived on 11 Nov. 1868. Almost im- 
On the voyage the crew mutinied, and Cooper mediately afterwards he returned to England 
had to take it in turns with the captain to and published an account of his travels in a 
stand guard, pistol in hand, at the cabin door. ' valuable work entitled ' A Pioneer of Com- 
On arriving at St. George's Sound he decided merce.' Having failed to reach India from 
to remain in Australia and make several China, he attempted in 1869 to reverse the 
journeys into the interior of the country. In process, and to enter China from Assam. On 
"1859 he proceeded to India, and obtained em- this journey he left Sadiya in October of that 
ployment at Madras in the house of Arbuth- year, and passing up the line of the Brahma- 
riot & Co. In 1861 he threw up his appoint- putra, through the Mishmi country, reached 
ment and went to Scinde on a visit to a Prun, a village about twenty miles from 
brother who was resident there. In the fol- Eoemah. Here he again met with such de- 
lowing year he visited Bombay and thence termined opposition from the authorities, that 
went by way of Beypore and Madras to he was obliged to turn back. The history, of 
Burmah. At Rangoon he devoted himself his adventures on the journey he published 
to the study of Burmese, and had made con- in ' Mishmee Hills.' Shortly after his return 
aiderable progress in the language, when in to England he was appointed by the India 
1863 he took ship to rejoin his brother, who Office to accompany the Panthay mission 
was now established at Shanghai. He joined which had visited London to the frontier of 
the Shanghai volunteers and took his share Yunnan. On arriving at Rangoon, how- 
inthe protection of the city against the Tai- ever, he learned that the rebellion had been 
ping rebels. On the suppression of the rebel- crushed, and his mission was therefore at an 
lion, the question of opening up the country end. He was appointed by Lord Northbrook 
to foreign commerce was brought prominently political agent at Bamo. Unfortunately ill- 
forward, and in 1868 Cooper, at the invita- health obliged him to return almost imme- 
tion of the Shanghai chamber of commerce, diately to England, where he was attached 
undertook an attempt to penetrate through to the political department of the India Office. 
Tibet to India. On 4 Jan. he left Hankow In 1876 he was sent to India with despatches 
iand travelled byway of Ch'eng-tu, Ta-tsien- and presents to the viceroy in connection 
lu, and Lit'ang to Bat'ang. From this point with the imperial durbar of Delhi, and was 
he had hoped to reach Roemah on the Lohit subsequently reappointed political agent at 
Brahmaputra in eight days ; but the Chinese Bamo. While there (1877) he had the satis- 
authorities positively forbade him to continue faction of welcoming Captain Gill after his 
his j ourney westward. He therefore decided adventurous j ourney through China. Gill, in 
"to take the Talifu route to Bamo. He struck his ' River of Golden Sand,' speaks of his 
southwards, following the valley of the Lan- reception with lively gratitude. There also 
ts'ang and reached Tse-ku on the western he was treacherously murdered on 24 A^ril 
bank of that river the most westerly point 1878 by a sepoy of his guard, whose enmity 
that has been reached by any traveller from he had aroused by the infliction of a slight 
China in the region of the great rivers north punishment. Cooper was a man of great 
of Bamo. At this point he was within a physical powers, and was endowed ;with the 
hundred miles of Manchi, on the Upper Ira- calm courage essential for a successful tra- 
wadi, which was visited by "Wilcox from veller. Under a somewhat reserved de- 
India in 1826. Still continuing his journey meanour he possessed a warm and generous 
southward he arrived at "Wei-si-fu, nearly nature, and won the regard and affection of 



Cooper 154 Cooper 

all who knew Mm by Ms singleness of heart Glossary of ^ the Provincialisms ^ in use in 

1 -I rt> i T _ 1 I " Q*-,nnm-rr ~D-wi -\ 4- rt /3 -Ki-vrt 1T\TTTro 1 f^ /] 1 o4"Tl FM1 + 1 /-iv^ ' 



and his unaffected modesty. 



Sussex. Printed for private distribution/ 
1836, and reissued with considerable addi- 



[Yule's Geographical Introduction to the ipoo^ana rassueu wi.n u^utuauic ; ^un- 
abridged edition of Gill's Eiver of Golden Sand, ' tiona in 1853, when it was procurable by the 
& c 1 E. K. D. world at large. Local expressions had, fifty 

years ago, attracted "but slight attention, and 

COOPER, WILLIAM (Jl. 1653), puritan this little catalogue of the words and phrases, 
divine, married the daughter of a Dutch common on and around the South Downs 
painter who was in favour with Laud, and so tended to increase the study of provincial ex- 
obtained the living of Ringmere in Sussex, pressions generally, but it has now been 
Contrary to expectation, he showed Mmself superseded by the more complete collections, 
a puritan. From 1644 to 1648 he was chap- of Mr. Parish. AtMrd work, on Sussex, con- 
kin to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, sister sisted of a memoir of the ' Sussex Poets/ 
of Charles I, and resided in her household at published in 1842, and originally delivered 
the Hague. In 1653 he was appointed to ex- as a lecture at Hastings. He is stated in 
amine candidates for the ministry. He was 'Notes and Queries ' (13 Nov. 1886, p. 398) 
ejected from St. Olave's, Southwark, in 1662, to have printed privately in this year (1842) 
and in 1681 was confined in the crown office, a paper of ' Reasons for a new edition of 
He published several sermons, some of them the Nursery Rhymes/ During these years 
edited by Annesley in Ms ' Morning Exer- Cooper had not neglected to acquire the 
cisesat Cripplegate/ wrote the annotations on necessary training for Ms profession, and at 
Daniel in ' Poole's Commentary/ and is said the Michaelmas term of 1832 he was admitted 
also to have written Latin verses, but this attorney and solicitor. In the following year- 
may be a confusion with Dr. William Cooper, he gave some evidence on the parish registers 
He was alive in 1683. of his native sMre before the committee of 

[Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, i. 174; tne House of Commons which investigated 
Dunn's Seventy-five Eminent Divines, 60.] that difficult subject. Like his ancestors, 

he was a zealous liberal, and like them he 

COOPER, WILLIAM DURRANT battled energetically for his party in the 
(1812-1875), antiquary, came from a family Sussex elections. In 1837 he came to live 
intimately connected for many generations in London, and, practically deserting the law, 
with the county of Sussex. His ancestor attached himself to the parliamentary staff 
Thomas Cooper was a squire dwelling atlckles- of the ' Morning Chronicle ' and the ' Times.' 
ham in the seventeenth century ; Ms father, The Duke of Norfolk, mindful of a Sussex 
also called Thomas Cooper, was a solicitor antiquary who had done good service for Ms 
practising at Lewes. His mother, Lucy Eliza- own political creed, rewarded Mm with the 
beth Durrant, was a great-granddaughter of honourable posts of steward for the leet court 
Samuel Durrant of Cockshot in Hawkhurst, of Lewes borough and auditor of Skelton 
a parish situate in Kent, but on the borders Castle in Cleveland, and it was in the muni- 
of Sussex. Their eldest son, William Dur- ment room at Skelton that Cooper discovered 
rant Cooper, was born in the picturesque the ' Seven Letters written by Sterne and 
High Street of Lewes, in that section within Ms Friends/ which he edited for private cir- 
the parish of St. Michael, on 10 Jan. 1812, culation in 1844. He had long been a mem- 
and was educated at the grammar school of ber of the Reform Club, and since 1837 had 
Lewes. When only fifteen years old he be- acted as its solicitor, but the most lucrative 
came an articled clerk to Ms father, and at position wMch he obtained was that of soli- 
once occupied his leisure hours with the citor to the vestry of St. Pancras (20 Dec. 
study of the Mstory of his native county. 1858). Cooper's father died in 1841 and his 
When Horsfield undertook the task of com- mother in 1867. In 1872 he was Mmself 
piling a Mstory of Sussex, he found a ready stricken with an attack of paralysis, but he 
coadjutor in Cooper. The * Parliamentary lingered three years longer, dying at 81 Guil- 
History of the County of Sussex and of the ford Street, Russell Square, on 28 Dec. 1875. 
several Boroughs and Cinque Ports therein/ He was never married. Two of Ms brothers 
an inelegantly printed volume of fifty-three predeceased Mm ; a third, with an only sister,, 
double column quarto pages, was Ms first outlived Mm. 

publication (1834). It dealt with a subject Cooper contributed a host of valuable ar- 
unduly neglected in English Mstory, and as tides to the ' Sussex Archaeological Collec- 
the county contained numerous boroughs tions/ and for many years edited its annual 
wMch were by-words for venality, its pages volume gratuitously, during wMch period he 
disclosed many incidents of political intrigue annotated the papers of other antiquaries pro- 
and corruption. His next work was * A fusely. On Ms retirement from this post he 



Cooper 155 Cooper 

was presented, at the society's meeting at list of his useful and painstaking- publica- 

Pulborough (August 1865), with a handsome tions : 1. e Serpent Myths of Ancient Egypt/' 

silver salver. His contributions to the society's 1873. 2. ' The Resurrection of Assyria,' 1875. 

transactions on ' Hastings ' and i The Oxen- 3. Lectures on ' Heroines of the Past/ 1875. 

"bridges of Brede Place, Sussex, and Boston, 4, An address on ' Egypt and the Pentateuch/ 

Massachusetts/ and his articles in the eighth 1875. 5. ' Archaic Dictionary/ 1876. 6. ( The 

volume of its collections, were published sepa- Horus Myth and Christianity/ 1877. 7. l Short 

rately. For the Camden Society he edited History of the Egyptian Obelisk/ 1877 ; 2nd 

* Lists of Foreign Protestants in England, edition, 1878. 8. t Christian Evidence Lec- 

1618-88/ i Savile Correspondence, Letters to tures/ delivered in 1872 and published 1880. 

and from Henry Savile/ t Expenses of the In addition to these works, the valuable series. 

Judges of Assize on Western and Oxford of translated Assyrian and Egyptian docxi- 

Circuits, 1596-1601/ and ' The Trelawny ments, entitled ' Kecords of the Past/ owes 

Papers/ the last of which appeared in the its origin to Cooper's energy and zeal. He 

' Camden Miscellany/ vol. ii. For the Shake- translated Lenormant's 'Chaldsean Magic/ 

speare Society he edited Udall's comedy of 1887. 

' Ralph Roister Doister ' and the tragedy of [Athenaeum, No. 2665; Academy, No. 342; 

' Gorboduc. 7 To the 'Reliquary' he com- Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archseo- 

municated an article on f Anthony Babing- logy, 1878; personal knowledge.] S. L.-P. 

seJarateV 1862. SP Manyof hfe^apK^ COOPER, WILLIAM WHITE (1816- 

peared in the transactions of the London and 1886), surgeon-oculist, was born at Holt m 

Middlesex Archaeological Society, one was Wiltshire on 17 Nov. 1816. After studying, 

in the Surrey Archaeological Society proceed- at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, he 

ings, and a paper on 'John Cade's followers in became M.R.C.S. in December 1838, and 

Kent ' was contributed to the Kent Society, F.E.C.S. in 1845. His notes of Professor 

and published as an appendix to B. B. Or- Owen's lectures at the College of Surgeons 

ridge's ' Illustrations of Jack Cade's Rebel- ^ere published after revision, under the title 

lion. 7 Cooper was one of the earliest contri- of ' Lectures in the Comparative Anatomy 

butors to < Notes and Queries/ and a frequent aild Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals/ 

writer in the ' Archseologia.' He compiled'a in 18 43. Becoming associated with John 

history of Winchelsea in 1850, and wrote for Dalrymple, the ophthalmic surgeon [q. v.], 

vols. viii. and xxiii. of the ' Sussex ArchiBolo- Cooper followed in his footsteps and gamed 

gical Collection ' two further papers on the a lar g e practice. He was one of the original 

same subject. Lower was indebted to him staff of ^ North London Eye Institution, 

for information published in the work on an<1 subsequently ophthalmic surgeon to St. 

t Sussex Worthies/ and three manuscript vo- Mary's Hospital, Paddington. He was a care- 

lumes of his notes on Sussex were sold in the ^ steady, and neat operator, and judicious 

second parts of Mr. L. L. Hartley's library on and painstaking in treatment. In 1859 he 

3-14 May 1886 was appointed surgeon-oculist in ordinary to- 



[Two Sussex Archaeologists, W. B. Cooper and 7X~,? f ?, ' o T TQQC>\ TV , 

M. A. Lower, by Henry Campkin, 1877,- Notes (^rt Circular 2 June 1 886) It was , 

and Queries, 5th ser. r. 40 (1876) Lowers Hist, f ?^ d , * , 29 M ^ 1886 ****** was *9 ^ 

of Sussex, i. 261, ii. 251.] W. P. 0. knighted, but on the same day he was seized 

with acute pneumonia, of which he died on 

COOPER, WILLIAM RICKETTS 1 ^ une 1886. Cooper's personal character 

(1843-1878), oriental student, began life as was m ost estimable, combining kindliness,, 

a designer of carpet patterns, an occupation sincerity, and simplicity with much energy, 

which he exchanged for that of a London He wrote an ' Invalid's Guide to Madeira/ 

missionary, until the influence of Joseph 18^0 ; < Practical Remarks on Near Sight^ 

Bonomi the younger [q.v.] directed his varied Aged Sight, and Impaired Vision/ 1847, se~ 

energies to the study of Egyptian antiquities, con d edition 1853 ; ' Observations on Conical 

to which the rest of his short life was devoted. Cornea,' 1850 ; < On Wounds and Injuries of 

Without being precisely a scholar, he accom- the Eye/ 1859. He also published in 1852 a 

plished a great deal of valuable work. He volume of * Zoological Notes and Anecdotes 7 ' 

was one of the principal originators in 1870 under the pseudonym ' Sestertius Holt/ o 

of the Society of Biblical Archeology, of which a second edition appeared in 1861 under 

which he was the active and zealous secretary ^h e title * Traits and Anecdotes of Animals. 9 " 

from its foundation, until delicate health com- Jt "wa-s illustrated with full-page plates by 

peHed him in 1876 to retire to Ventnor, where Wolf, 
he died two years later. The following is a [Lancet, 19 June 1886, p. 1187.] G-. T. B. 



Coote 156 Coote 



COOTE, SIB CHARLES (d. 1642), mili- 
tary commander in Ireland, was the elder 
son of Sir Nicholas Coote of an old Devon- 
shire family, and first landed in Ireland in 
1600 as captain in Mountjoy's army, and 
.served in the wars against O'Neill, earl of 
Tyrone. He was present at the siege of Kin- 



of earl of Mountrath was taken by his eldest 
son when he was raised to the peerage. After 
taking part in the battle of BLilrush under the 
Earl of Ormonde against Lord Mountganet, 
Coote assisted Lord Lisle, lieutenant-general 
of horse, to capture Philipstown and Trim. 
At the break of day that town was, however, 



.sale in 1602, and on 4 June 1605 was ap- surprised by the Irish with three thousand 
pointed provost-marshal of the province of men, when Coote issued out of the gate with 
Oonnaughtforlifewiththefeeof5s. 7^d, per seventeen horsemen and routed them, but 
>day, and twelve horsemen of the army. On was shot dead, 7 May 1642. By his marriage 
23 Nov. 1613 he was appointed general col- with Dorothea, younger daughter and co- 
lector and receiver of the king's composition heiress of Hugh Cuffe of Cuffe's Wood in the 
money in Connaught for life. In 1620 he was county of Cork, he had four sons and one 
promoted vice-president of Connaught, and daughter, his eldest son being Charles, lord 
>sworn a member of the privy council, and on Mountrath [q. v.] 

2 April 1621 was icreated a baronet of Ireland. [Cox , s History of Ireland ; Carte'sLife of Or- 
On 7 May 1634 he was made < custos rotulo- monde Lod , g Pe of Ireland (AjchdaU) ^ 
rum'ofQueen'sCounty, which he represented 63 _ 8 . Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerage 
in the parliament of 1639. At the outbreak of (1883), pp. 133-4; Gilbert's History of the Irish 
the rebellion in 1641 he was in the possession Confederation (1882); Gal. State Papers, Irish 
of property, chiefly in Connaught, valued at Series.] T. F. H. 

4,000/. a year. In November after it com- 
menced he had a commission to raise a thou- COOTE, SIE CHARLES, EAKL OF MOTTNT- 
sand men, and was appointed governor of BATH (W,1661),was the eldest son of Sir Charles 
Dublin, On the 29th he marched towards Coote [q. v.], military commander in Ireland. 
Wicklow with five hundred foot and eighty In 1639 he was elected member of parliament 
horse for the relief of the castle, and, ,hav- for Leitrim, and succeeded his father as pro- 
ing effected his purpose, returned in haste vost marshal of Connaught. In 1641 he was 
to place Dublin in a state of defence, defeat- besieged in Castle Coote by about twelve hun- 
ing on the way Luke O'Toole at the head dred Irish, but succeeded in raising the siege 
of a thousand native troops. Cox (His- within a week. Not long afterwards he de- 
tory of Ireland) states that he was ' very feated Hugh O'Connor, titular prince of Con- 
rough and sour in his temper/ and committed naught, and also took Con O'Rourke and his 
& acts of revenge and violence with too little party prisoners. In April he relieved Athlone 
^discrimination/ In December he was ac- with provisions, and 12 May 1642 caused the 
cused by the lords of the Pale of having surrender of Galway. On 16 Feb. 1643-4 he 
thrown out suggestions for a general mas- and his brother were appointed collectors and 
.sacre of the Irish catholics ; but the lords jus- receivers-general of the king's composition 
tices cleared him of the imputation (SlK JOHN money and arrears in Connaught during their 
TEMPLE'S Irish "Rebellion, pp. 23-4;. On the lives, and on 12 May 1645 he was made lord 
15th of this month he sent aparty of horse and president of the province of Connaught, with 
foot to fall upon the rebels in the king's house a grant of 6001. a year. In November 1646 
-at Clontarf, and on 11 Jan. he dislodged four- he caused the Irish to withdraw from Dublin, 
teen hundred men out of Swords. On 23 Feb. In 1649 he was besieged in Londonderry 
he accompanied the Earl of Ormonde to Kil- by those of the Irish who had declared for 
.saghlan, and drove the Irish out of their en- Charles II, and was reduced to such extre- 
trenchments. On 10 April he was despatched rnities that in his letters asking assistance he 
-with Sir Thomas Lucas and six troops of stated that without immediate relief he must 
liorse to relieve Birr. On the _way he had to surrender (WHITELOCZB, Memorials, p. 396) ; 
-pass a causeway which the rebels had broken, but the siegehaving been raised by his brother, 
and at the end of which they had cast up en- he made a sally, scouring the country within 
trenchments, which were defended by a large a radius of seven miles, and taking many pri- 
force,but advancing at the head of thirty dra- soners. After this he arranged terms of peace 
goons he compelled them to retreat with a with Major-general Owen Row O'Neal, and 
loss of forty men. He then relieved in sue- having been reinforced with a thousand foot 
cession Birr, Burris, and Knocknamease, and and five hundred horse he cleared the country 
after forty-eight hours on horseback returned round Deny within a radius of fourteen miles 
to camp late on the llth without the loss of (ib. p. 426}. In December he defeated four 
a single man. From this successful dash thousand highlanders and Irish under Munro, 
through the district of Mountrath, the title who had come to the relief of Carrickfer- 



Coote 157 Coote 

gus, after which Carrickfergus surrendered For these services Copte was rewarded on 
(ib. p. 436 ; A Bloody Fight in Ireland and 30 July 1660 by the appointment to be pre- 
a great Victory obtained by Sir Charles Coote, sident of Connaiight, and by a orant of the- 
Lord President of Connaught, and comman- lands and liberties of the barony of West- 
der of those forces, and of Londonderry, meath, which was renewed to him 29 March. 
against the British forces of Laggan, with 1661. On 6 Sept. he was created Earl of 
some Regiments of Irish and Highlanders Mountrath. On 9 Feb. 1660 he was appointed 
under Major-general Monro, 1649). In the colonel of a regiment of horse, and on 31 Dec. 
beginning of 1650 he advanced towards Bel- was named one of the lords justices of Ireland, 
fast (WHITELOCKE, p. 433). On 21 June he to whom, 15 Oct. 1661, a grant was made 
routed the Irish with great slaughter at Skir- of 1,000/. to be equally divided among them 
fold, and on 8 July took Athlpne and Por- as it should become due upon forfeited bonds, 
tumna. In November 1651 he joined* Ireton By the Act of Settlement it was enacted that 
and harassed the barony of Burren. He then he should be paid his arrears due for service* 
blockaded Galway (ib. p. 497), which surren- in Ireland before 5 June 1649, not to exceed 
dered 12 May 1652. Having reduced Sligo 6,000 On 30 July 1661 he was appointed 
and the northern strongholds, he marched receiver-general of the composition money in 
against the royal forces in Kerry, after which Connaught and Thomond, and named go- 
the Marquis of Olanricarde surrendered. On vernor of Queen's County. He died 18 Dec. 
17 Dec. he was appointed a commissioner of of the same year, and was buried in the ca- 
the Commonwealth for the affairs of Ireland thedral of Christ Church, Dublin. By his first 
in the province of Connaught. Next to Roger wife, Mary, second daughter of Sir Francis- 
Boyle, lord Broghill, afterwards earl of Or- Ruish of Ruish Hall, he had a son, Charles,, 
rery [q. v.], Coote was the ablest friend of the who became second earl ; and by his second 
Commonwealth in Ireland, and enjoyed the wife, Jane, daughter of Sir Robert Hannay, 
implicit trust of the parliamentary party even knight and baronet, he had two sons and 
after the death of Cromwell, being in January three daughters. After his death she married 
1659 made one of the commissioners of go- Sir Robert Reading of Dublin, baronet, 
vernment. On the deposition of Richard [Whitelocke's Memorials ; LudloVs Memoirs ; 
Cromwell he, however, at once recognised Clarendon's History of the Rebellion ; Cox's Hi- 
that the cause of Charles II was in the as- berniaAnglicana; Borlase's Reduction of Ireland; 
cendant, and in order to secure the favour Contemporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641- 
of the royalists went to Ireland to take mea- 1652, ed. I. T. Gilbert, 1879-80; Cal. of State 
sures for his restoration. Notwithstanding Papers, Dom. Ser. ; Clarendon State Papers ; 
the mutual jealousy of Broghill and Coote, Prendergast's Cronrwellian Settlement in Ireland 
they saw the expediency of working harmo- (1870); Biog. Brit. (Kippis), iv. 266-9; Lodge's 
niously together in the cause they had decided Peerage of Ireland, ed. Acchdall, ii. 71-7 ; Carte's 
to support. According to Clarendon, the Life of 0* m onde ; Fronde's English in Ireland.] 
hesitation of Broghill, who was watching for * ^* "* 
a convenient opportunity to serve the king, < COOTE, CHARLES, D.C.L. (1761-1835), 
was removed by the decisive steps at once historian and biographer, was son of John, 
adopted by Coote, whom Clarendon describes Coote, a bookseller of Paternoster Row, and 
as ' a man of less guilt ' (than Broghill) l and the author of several dramatic pieces, who 
more courage and impatience to serve the died in 1808. He was sent to St. Paul's 
king ' (History of the Rebellion, Oxford ed. School in 1773 (GAKDINER, Register of St. 
iii. 999). Coote sent Sir Arthur Forbes, a Paul's School, pp. 154, 167, 397, 402), was- 
' Scottish gentleman of good affection to the matriculated as a member of Pembroke Col- 
king,' to Brussels to the Marquis of Ormonde, legs, Oxford, in 1778, took the degree of B. A. 
'that he might assure his majesty of his affec- in 1782, and on 30 Dec. 1784 was elected a 
tion and duty ; and that if his,majesty would scholar on the Benet or Ossulstone founda- 
vouchsafe himself to come into Ireland the tion in that society. He proceeded M.A. in 
whole kingdom would declare for him ' (ib. p. 1785, B.C.L. by commutation on 10 July 
1000). The king deemed it expedient to try 1789, D.C.L. on 14 July following, and was- 
his fortunes first in England; but meanwhile, admitted a member of the College of Advo- 
before the arrival of Sir Arthur Forbes in cates on 3 Nov. the same year (Cat. of Ox- 
March with letters expressing the king's sa- ford Graduates, ed. 1851, p. 150). He de- 
tisfaction at the proposal, though he deemed voted his attention to literature rather than 
it inexpedient to land in Ireland, Broghill and to law, and was for some time editor of the 
Coote had virtually secured Ireland for the ' Critical Review.' To adopt his own words, 
king, Coote having made himself master of ; even after his enrolment among the asso- 
Athlone, Drogheda, Limerick, and Dublin, ciated advocates he for some years did not 



Coote 153 Coote 



dwell within the circuit of the college, and 
when he became a resident member he rather 
patiently awaited employment than eagerly 
sought it' (Catalogue of English Civilians, p. 
133). Of a retired disposition, with much of 



520). 9. An edition of the works of 
Horace. 10. A continuation of Russell's 
' History of Modern Europe from 1763 to the 
Pacification of Paris in 1815/ London, 2 vols, 
1818 ; the same continued to 1825, London, 



that eccentricity and indolence which often 1827. 11. A continuation of Goldsmith's 

accompany literary merit, he passed through e History of England,' 1819, translated into 

his profession with credit and respect, but French and Italian. 

reaped little pecuniary reward (Gent. Mag, [Authorities cited above.] T. C. 
new ser. v. 93). Not being an able speaker he rinnmn T?-nTvjrrr\m / ^ i Krw\ 
was rarely employed as an advocate, but he . COOTE, EDMUND (JL 1597), gramma- 
frequently acte^d as a judge in the court of ? ian > inataiculated as a pensioner of Peter- 
delegates. He died at Islington on 19 Nov. *ff e > Cambridge ^ ^ 1566 and graduated 
1835 Henry Charles Coote, his son, is sepa- B. A. in 15/9-80, M. Am 1583. He was 
ratelv noticed elected head-master of the grammar school 
His works are: 1. ' Elements of the Gram- ?^T St. Edmunds Suffolk on 5 June 
mar of the English Language/ 1788, a work I5 ^ m succession to John Wright, MA, 
interesting to the grammarian and philolo- ^^^f^^^ 1 ^^^^- 
rat: a second edition appeared in 1806. ty Nicholas Martyn, M. A., on 18 May 1597. 
1. < the History of England from the earliest f J* 8 subsequent history nothing appears to 
Dawn of Record to the Peace of 1783,' Lon- be kno ^ ^uxmg his brief tenure of the 
don, 9 vols. 8vo. 1791-8; to which he added mastership of Bury school he published an 
in 1803 another Yolume, bringing down the educational work -which became popular to 
history to the peace of Amiens in 1802. This a * extraordinary degree In its thirty-fourth 
Mstory, though well written, is deficient in etolon ^1? entitled: 'The English School- 
antiquarian research. 3. "Tfc 'EXeysi'a* ty master * Teaching all his Scholars, of what 
eo>/zL Vpalos eV Koifirmpfy aypoiKV e><r a e S0e l e ^ ^ e m st ?? sie > s \ ort > and perfect 
luMpairis 'EAVwciJ,' 1^ 4. < Life of Caius orde 2L of distinct Beading, and true Writing, 
Julius C^sar,' 1796. 5. < History of the our English-tongue, that hath ever yet been 
Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and OTO ,r published by any/ Lond. 1668, 4to, 
Ireland : with an introductory Surrey of Hi- PJjf ^^L^Ll^ 
bernianAffairstracedfromthitimesof Celtic ^7,1638, 1667, 1673 1675 1692, and 1704. 
Colonisation,' 1802. This contains a naxra- The Dublin edition of 1684 purports to be 
tire of every important circumstance con- tae forty-second. Heber gave six guineas for 
nected with what G-eorge III called the hap- J_ c P5 r of the thirty-seventh edition (1673). 
piest event of his reign. The demand for the h JfP^on system revived as a novelty 
work was, however, very inconsiderable, even W Ollendorff was well known to Coote, who 
after the experiment of a formal appeal to the ^ \ I 1 hav 1 e so .^posed the placing of my 
members of the Union Club. 6. ' Sketches ^ Bi book y tliat rf a cbjld shoi:ild tear out 
of the Lives and Characters of Eminent Eng- eye3 7 leaf so fast as te learneth, yet it shaU 
lish CiviHans, with an historical introduction not be g rea % turtful : for every new chapter 
relative to the College of Advocates, and an jepeateth and teacheth again all that went 
enumeration of the whole series of academic J 6 6 / _ -^ aU tiie ^own copies of the < Eng- 
graduates admitted into that society, from ^ sh School-master the author is misnamed 
the beginning of the reign of Henry VHI to Edw ar d Coote. 

the close of the year 1803. By one of the [Donaldson's Retrospective Address read at. 

Members of the College,' London, 1804, 8vo. the Tercentenary Commemoration of King Ed- 

An incomplete and unsatisfactory "work, but vard?s &&ool, Bury St. Edmund's, 2 Aug. 1850, 

-^- --'' 7 - - -- " 



7. A continuation to the eighteenth ceutuiy ^JSjj^i tS P, ?V W^T 

of Mosheirn's -Ecclesiastical History' by ffi^WaS kMt 1^ ^ 

mr i - n, i -t m n / "r> T\ i i -r * ' J/J.1U. JU.UO. , VY <iblj b JD1U1. J_>rilj. J.. O. 

Maclame, 6 vols. 1811 (Bwff, Diet, of Living 

AutJwrs, 1816, p. 75). 8. 'The History of COOTE, SIR EYRE (1726-1783), general, 

Ancient Europe, from the earliest times to fourth son of the Rev. Ciudley Coote, D.D., 

the subversion of the Western Empire, with of Ash Hill, co. Limerick, a descendant, like 

a, survey of the most important Revolutions the Cootes, Earls of Bellamont, and the Cootes, 

in Asia and Africa/ 3 vols. London, 1815, Earls of Mountrath, of Sir Charles Coote, bart., 

8vaj this work was intended to accompany provost-marshal of Connaught, by Jane Evans, 

Dr. William Russell's ' History of Modern sister of the first Lord Carbery, was born at 

Europe 7 (Lowmms, JRibl. Man., ed. Bohn ? Ash Hill in 1726. He entered'the army at an 



Coote 159 Coote 



early age, and is said to have served in Ger- 
many and in the suppression of the rebellion 
of 1745 in Scotland. In 1754 he sailed for 
India with the 39th regiment, then known 
as Adlercron's from its colonel's name, which 
was the first English regiment ever sent to 



with a powerful army, and lie at once marched 
south from Madras with seventeen hundred 
English soldiers and three thousand sepoys 
to make a diversion. He moved with great 
rapidity and took the important town of 



Wandewash on 30 Nov. 1759 after a three 
days' siege, and immediately afterwards re- 
duced the fort of Carangooly. His move- 
ments had their intended effect, and Lally, 
abandoning his attack on Trichinopoly, came 
against the small English army at the head 



India, and received in consequence the famous 
motto 'Primus in Indis.' In the 'Army 
List ' of 1755 it appears that he was gazetted 
a captain in the 39th on 18 June 1755, and 
there is no doubt that he was in India in the 

following year, when his regiment formed of 2,200 Europeans and 10,300 sepoys, and 
part of the expedition sent to Bengal from at once besieged it in Wandewash. Coote 
Madras in that year to punish Suraj ah Dowlah closely watched the besiegers, and on 22 Jan. 
for the ' Black Hole of Calcutta ' atrocity. 1760 he suddenly burst out of the town, and 
He was present at the capture of Calcutta, in spite of the disparity in numbers he utterly 
where he hoisted the English colours on Fort defeated the French in their entrenchments. 
William, and of Chandernagore, and then This great victory sealed the downfall of the 
occupied Katwa, from which place Colonel French in India. It is second only to Plassey 
Clive advanced against Suraj ah Dowlah with in its importance, and even the Comte de 
750 European soldiers from the 39th regiment Bussy, who was taken prisoner, and had been 
^nd the French prisoners taken at Chanderna- second in command to Lally, expressed his 
gore, one hundred artillerymen, sixty sailors, admiration for Coote's courage and admirable 
2,100 sepoys, and seven 6-pounders. When generalship. The French never again made 
he came face to face with Suraj ah Dowlah's head in India; Lally's prestige was gone, 
army, Colonel Clive called his famous council and Coote, after taking Arcot, prepared to 
of war, consisting of twenty European officers, besiege Pondicherry, the last refuge of the 
Clive first gave his opinion against immediate defeated general. At this moment Maj or the 
action, and was supported by Maj orKilpatrick, Hon. William Monson arrived at Madras with 
commanding the company's troops, and Major a commission to take command of the forces 
Archibald Grant, commanding the 39th, and in the Madras presidency, and with directions 
by the majority of the officers present. In for Coote to proceed with his regiment to 
opposition to this weight of opinion, Captain Bengal. The Madras council, however, pro- 
Eyre Coote who is everywhere called major, tested against this measure, and Monson de- 
though there is no evidence that he held that clared that he could not besiege Pondicherry 
local rank, and he certainly had not been without the 84th, when Coote, with admir- 
gazetted to it argued that it was better to able self-abnegation, allowed his regiment to 
light at once. The men were in high spirits, serve under Monson, and remained himself 
and any delay would give time for Law to at Madras. Monson, however, soon fell ill, 
arrive with his Frenchmen to the assistance and on 20 Sept. 1760 Coote assumed the com- 
of Suraj ah Dowlah, to whom their French mand of the investing army, while Admiral 
prisoners of war would at once desert. After Stevens blockaded Pondicherry at sea. Owing 
the council Clive retired for a time to think, to the rains Coote could not undertake regular 
and on *his return he showed that Coote's siege operations, but the garrison of the block- 
arguments had convinced him., for he gave aded city was soon reduced to the extremity 
orders to prepare for battle. In the victory of famine. On 1 Jan. 1761 a tremendous 
of Plassey Coote himself played a great part, storm blew the English fleet to the north- 
for he commanded the 3rd division in the ward, and Lally hoped for succour from M. 
field, and was afterwards sent against M. Raymond at Pulicat, but Admiral Stevens, 
Law. His services were not forgotten by by great exertions, got back in four days 
Clive, and it was upon his recommendation before assistance arrived, and Lally was 
that Coote was gazetted on 20 Jan. 1759 lieu- forced to surrender to Coote, who took four- 
tenant-colonel commandant of a new regi- teen hundred prisoners and immense booty, 
ment, which was numbered the 84th, specially This conquest completed the destruction of 
raised in England for service in India. the French power in India, and in 1762 Coote 
This new battalion he joined at Madras returned to England. He purchased the fine 
in October 1759, when, as senior officer, he estate of West Park in Hampshire, and was 
assumed the command of all the troops in the presented with a diamond-hilted sword worth 
Madras presidency. The first news he heard 7QOL by the directors of the East India Corn- 
was that the Comte de Lally was threaten- pany. He was also promoted colonel on 
Ing the important fortress of Trichinopoly 4 April 1765 and elected M.P. for Leicester 



Coote 



160 



Coote 



in 1768. In 1769 he was again appointed com- 
mander-in-chief in the Madras presidency, 
"but he soon found that he could not get on 
with the governor of Madras, Josias Du 
Pre", so he abruptly threw up his command 
and came back to England by the overland 
route through Egypt, which he was one of 
the first to adopt, in October 1770, The 
king and the court of directors expressed their 
entire approval of Ooote's conduct ; he was 
invested a K.B. on 31 Aug. 1771, promoted 
major-general on 29 Sept. 1775, made colonel 
of the 27th regiment, the Inniskillings, on 
19 Feb. 1773, and finally appointed com- 
mander-in-chief in India on 17 April 1777 
and promoted lieutenant-general on 29 Aug. 
1777. 

Ooote assumed the command-in-chief at 
Calcutta on 25 March 1779, in the place of 
General Clavering, and Warren Hastings at 
once attempted to win him over to his side 
in the internecine conflict between himself 
and certain members of his council at Cal- 
cutta. It was one of the articles in the im- 
peachment of Hastings that he had worked 
upon the general's reputed avarice by allow- 
ing him 18,0007. a year field allowances, even 
when not actively employed, in addition to 
his salary of 16,000. a year. There is little 
doubt that Hastings did make use of his 
knowledge of Coote's weakness, and that he 
saddled the Nabob of Oude with the pay- 
ment of this additional sum. Coote, how- 
ever, was not a man to be bribed, and his 
temper was too like that of Hastings him- 
self to permit of opposition to the governor- 
general. Hyder All, who had made himself 
rajah of Mysore, rushed like a whirlwind 
over the Carnatic, and by his defeat and cap- 
ture of Colonel Baillie at Parambakam had 
Madras at his mercy. "Warren Hastings at 
once suspended Governor Whitehill, and des- 
patched Coote with full powers and all the 
money he could spare to Madras, while he 
ordered all the troops available to march 
down the coast under the command of Colonel 
Pearse. Coote reached Madras on 5 Nov. 
1780, and on 17 Jan. 1781 marched north- 
wards from Madras with all the troops he 
could muster, in order to draw Hyder Ali 
after him. His march was successful, and 
he raised the siege of Wandewash; but 
Hyder Ali, artfully enticing him further by 
threatening Cuddalore, induced him to march 
on that city, when the Mahometan suddenly 
interposed his great army between Coote and 
his supplies and base of action at Madras. 
Coote's position at Cuddalore would have 
been desperate if the French admiral d'Orves 
had kept him from receiving supplies from 
the sea, for the Nabob of Arcot was playing 



a double part and really deceiving his 
lish allies j but fortunately d'Orves soon 
sailed away and left Sir Edward Hughes in 
command of the sea. Yet Coote's position 
at Cuddalore was very precarious ; he could 
not bring Hyder Ali to an action, and his 
men were losing courage. On 16 June he 
left Cuddalore, and on the 18th he attacked 
the pagoda of Chelambakam, but was re- 
pulsed, and he then retreated to Porto Novo^ 
close to the sea, to concert measures for a 
new attack on the pagoda with Admiral 
Hughes. Then Hyder Ali came out to fight ; 
the repulse at Chelambakam had been greatly 
exaggerated, and he thought himself sure of 
an easy victory. Coote was at once told 
that the enemy was fortifying himself only 
seven miles off, and he called a council of 
war, which, even when he pointed out that 
defeat meant the loss of the Madras presi- 
dency, unanimously decided to fight. Coote 
accordingly marched out at 7 a.m. on the- 
morning of 1 July 1781 with 2,070 Euro- 
peans and six thousand sepoys, and found 
Hyder Ali with forty thousand soldiers and 
many camp-followers in a strong position 
resting on the sea, defended by heavy artil- 
lery. Coote examined the position for an 
hour under a heavy fire, and then ordered 
Major-general James Stuart to turn the ene- 
my's right upon the sandhills and attack 
him in flank. Stuart advanced at 4 p.m. 
and was twice repulsed, but at last, aided 
by the fire of an English schooner, he was 
successful. Coote then ordered his first line 
under Major-general Munro to advance, and 
Hyder Ali was utterly defeated. Coote fol- 
lowed up his great victory by a series of 
successes. He joined Pearse at Pulicat on 
2 Aug. ; he took Tripassoor on 22 Aug. ; and, 
with his army increased to twelve thousand 
men, he stormed Parambakam on 27 Aug., 
and defeated Hyder Ali on the very spot 
where but a year before he had captured 
Colonel Baillie's force. He continued his 
successes until 7 Jan. 1782, defeating Hyder 
Ali in four more regular engagements, and 
retaking fortresses from him, and then he 
was forced by ill-health to return to Bengal, 
handing over the command of the troops to 
Major-general James Stuart. His stay in 
Calcutta partially restored his health, but on 
his way back to Madras the ship he sailed in 
was chased by a French cruiser, which so 
upset his enfeebled frame that he died, two 
days after reaching Madras, on 26 April 1783. 
The victory of Porto Novo as surely saved 
Madras from Hyder Ali as Wandewash had 
saved it from Lally. Coote's body was brought 
back from India, and landed at Plymouth with 
great pomp on 2 Sept. ; it was interred at 



Coote 161 Coote 



Hockburne Church in Hampshire, close to 
his estate of West Park, where the Bast India 
Company erected a monument over it with 
an epitaph by Mr. Henry Bankes, M.P. Coote 
was married, but had no children, and left 



Island, Rhode Island, the expedition to the 
Chesapeake, and the battles of Brandywine, 
Germantown, and Monmouth Court House. 
He was promoted captain on 10 Aug. 1778, 
and served in the campaign in New York in 

T *+ > r\ til * n f^i * ^m . . ^ . 



his vast property to his nephew, the second 1779, at the siege of Charleston in 1780, and 
Sir Eyre Coote, K.B. [q.v. J finally ^throughout Lord Cornwallis's cam- 
Colonel "Wilks, in his ' Historical Sketches paigns in Virginia up to the capitulation of 
of the South of India,' thus shortly describes Yorktown, when he became a prisoner. After 
the character of Coote, under whom he served: his release he returned to England, and be- 
' Nature had given to Colonel Coote all that came major of the 47th regiment in 1783, 
nature can confer in the formation of a soldier; and lieutenant-colonel of the 70th in 1788. 
and the regular study of every branch of his In 1793, on the outbreak of the war with 
profession, and experience in most of them, France, he accompanied Sir Charles Grey to 
had formed an accomplished officer. A bodily the West Indies in command of a battalion 
frame of unusual vigour and activity, and men- of light infantry, formed from the light com- 
tal energy always awake, were restrained from panies of the various regiments in the ex- 
excessive action by a patience and temper pedition, and greatly distinguished himself 
which never allowed the spirit of enterprise to throughout the operations there, and especi- 
outmarch the dictates of prudence. Daring ally at the storming of the Morne Fortune" 
valour and cool reflection strove for the mas- in Guadeloupe, for which he was thanked in 
tery in the composition of this great man. general orders (see Military Panorama for 
The conception and execution of his designs May 1813). He was promoted colonel on 
equally commanded the confidence of his of- 24 Jan, 1794, and returned with Sir Ralph 
ficers; and a master at once of human nature Abercromby in 1795 to the West Indies, 
and of the science of war, his rigid discipline where he again distinguished himself, and 
was tempered with an unaffected kindness for his services was made an aide-de-camp to 
and consideration for the wants and even the the king. In 1796 he was made a brigadier- 
prejudices of the European soldiers, and ren- general, and appointed to command the camp 
dered him the idol of the native troops/ His at Bandon in Ireland, and on 1 Jan, 1798 he- 
portrait still hangs in the exchange at Madras, was prompted major-general, and shortly after 
and, when Colonel Wilks wrote, no sepoy given the important command of Dover. From 
who had served under him ever entered the his holding that post he was appointed to 
room without making his obeisance to Coote command the troops employed in the expedi^ 
Bahadur (WrLKS, Historical Sketches of the tion which had been planned by Sir Home 
South of India, ed. 1869, i. 251, 252). Popham to cut the sluices at Ostend, and 
[There is no good biography of Coote extant, thus flood that part of the Netherlands which 
For his Indian career, see all histories of British was then in the possession of the French. The 
India, but more especially Cambridge's War on troops were only thirteen hundred in number, 
the Coromandel; Orme's History of the late and were successfully disembarked and cut the 
Events in India ; Wilks's Historical Sketches of sluices as proposed on 18 May Ahig-h wind 
the South of India; while a good modern ac- off the land then sprang up, and the ships could 
count of the battle of Porto Novo is given m not come in to take &/<. off> ^.^ 
Malleson's Decisive Battles of Bntish^ndia.] t?oops were hmrried up? and ^ Eng- 

lish force was completely hemmed in, and 

COOTE, SIE EYRE (1762-1824?), gene- after a desperate resistance, in which he lost 

ral, was the second son of the Very Re v. Charles six officers and 109 men killed and wounded, 

Coote, dean of Kilfenora, brother of Charles Coote, who was himself severely wounded, 

Henry Coote, who succeeded the last Earl of was forced to surrender. He was soon ex- 

Mountrath as second Lord Castle Coote in changed, and then returned to his command 

1802, and nephew of Sir Eyre Coote, K.B., the at Dover, but was summoned from it in 1799 1 

celebrated Indian general [q. v.l, to whose vast to command a division in the expedition to the 

estates in England and Ireland he eventually Helder. Coote's and Don's division formed 

succeeded. He was born in 1762, was edu- Sir J. Pulteney's column in the fierce battles 

cated at Eton, and received his first commis- of Bergen, but the successes of Pulteney's and 

sion at the age of fourteen as an ensign in Abercromby's columns could not make up for 

the 37th regiment. He at once embarked the failure of the rest, and the Duke of York 

for America with his regiment, and carried had to sign the disgraceful convention of Alk- 

the colours at the battle of Brooklyn on maer. In 1800 Coote was appointed to com- 

27 Aug. 1776. He was then promoted lieu- mand a brigade in the Mediterranean, and bore 

tenant, and served with that rank at York his part in the disembarkation of Sir Ralph 

VOL. XII. 



Coote 



162 



Coote 



Abercromby in Egypt and in the battles there 
of 8,13,and21 March. When Sir John Hutch- 
inson, who succeeded Sir Ralph Abercromby, 
commenced his march to Cairo, Coote was left 
in command before Alexandria, and conducted 
the blockade of that city from April to August 
1801 . In the latter month General Hutchin- 
son rejoined the army before Alexandria, and 
determined to take it. He ordered Coote to 
take two divisions round to the west of the 
city, and to attack the castle of Marabout, 
which commanded it. The operation was 
successfully conducted ; Coote took Marabout 
after a stubborn resistance, and Alexandria 
surrendered. His services in Egypt were so 
conspicuous that Coote was made a knight 
of the Bath, and also a knight of the new 
order of the Crescent by the sultan, and ap- 
pointed to command an expedition which 
was to assemble at Gibraltar for service 
against South America. This expedition, 
however, was stopped by the peace of Amiens, 
and Coote returned to England, and in 1802 
he was elected M.P. for Queen's County, in 
which he possessed large property inherited 
from the famous Sir Eyre Coote. He did not 
sit long in the House of Commons at this 
time, for in 1805 he was promoted lieutenant- 
general and appointed lieutenant-governor 
and commander-in-chief of the island of Ja- 
maica. In April 1808 he had to resign his 
government from ill-health, for the West 
Indian climate greatly tried his constitution 
and affected his brain. Nevertheless, he was 
appointed second in command to Lord Chat- 
ham in 1809, when the expedition to the 
Walcheren was projected, and he superin- 
tended all the operations of the siege of Flush- 
ing until its surrender. His proceedings, 
however, were so eccentric during the expe- 
dition, that it was obvious that he could 
never again be trusted with a command. He 
was transferred from the colonelcy of the 
89th regiment, to which he had been ap- 
pointed in 1802, to that of the 34th in 1810, 
elected M.P. for Barnstaple, and promoted 
general in 1814. His conduct "became more 
and more eccentric, and on 25 Nov. 1815 he 
was brought up at the Mansion House before 
the lord mayor on a charge of indecent con- 
duct. The case was dismissed, but the Duke 
of York, the conimander-in-chief, heard of 
these proceedings, and, in spite of the strong 

i . * ^i* "I * i " T T tf* 



representations from many distinguished of- 
ficers, he directed Sir John Abercromby, Sir 
Henry Fane, and Sir George Cooke to report 
upon the matter. These three generals, after 
a long inquiry, reported that Coote was ec- 
centric, not mad, and that his conduct had 
been unworthy of an officer and a gentleman. 
Coote was removed from his regiment, dis- 



missed from the army, and degraded from the 
order of the Bath. This was undoubtedly very 
severe punishment for a veteran officer, whose 
brain had been affected by severe wounds and 
service in tropical climates. Coote lost his 
seat in parliament at the dissolution of 1818, 
and is supposed to have died about 1824, 

[See biographies in the European Magazine for 
April 1810, and in the Military Panorama for 
May 1813, and 'A Plain Statement of Pacts rela- 
tive to Sir Eyre Coote, containing the official 
correspondence and documents connected with 
his case,' 1816.] H. M. S. 

COOTE, HENRY CHARLES (1815- 

1885), writer of the 6 Romans in Britain ' and 
several legal treatises, was son of the well- 
known civilian, Charles Coote [q. v.] He was 
admitted a proctor in Doctors' Commons in 
184.0, practised in the probate court for seven- 
teen years, and, when that court was thrown 
open to the whole legal profession in 1857, 
became a solicitor. He wrote several books 
on professional subjects, but devoted all his 
leisure in middle life to the study of early 
English history, folklore, and foreign litera- 
ture. Coote frequently travelled in Italy, 
and was an accomplished linguist. He was 
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a 
founder of the Folklore Society, and an in- 
dustrious contributor to learned periodicals. 
He was attacked by paralysis in 1882, and 
died on 4 Jan. 1885, being buried at Kensal 
Green six days later. 

Coote's name is chiefly associated with his 
endeavours to prove that the Roman settlers 
in Britain were not extirpated at the Teutonic 
conquest of the fifth century, and that the 
laws and customs observed in this country 
under Anglo-Saxon rule were in large part 
of Roman origin. The theory was first ad- 
vanced by Coote in some papers published in 
the * Gentleman's Magazine, and in 1864 this 
material was expanded into a little volume 
entitled * A Neglected Fact in English His- 
tory/ Little attention was paid to Coote's 
researches until 1870, when Mr. E. A. Free- 
man subjected them to a fierce attack in a paper 
issued in ' Macmillan's Magazine.' Coote was 
stimulated to revise his work, and in 1878 
he published a larger volume entitled i The 
Romans in Britain.' All accessible authori- 
ties are here laid under contribution, and the 



importance of Coote's conclusions were ac- 
knowledged by Mr. Frederic Seebohm in his 
4 English Village Community, 3 1883. Al- 
though Mr. Freeman and his disciples decline 
to modify their opinion that the Anglo-Saxon 
rtyivne and population were free from any 
Roman taint, Coote's reasoning makes it clear 
that this opinion can only be finally accepted 



Coote 163 Coote 

"with, large and important qualifications. Sere- ! was a tall man of burly frame, of kindly dis- 

ral papers bearing on this and cognate points position and convivial tastes. He married 

were contributed by Coote to the l Transac- j twice, but was never in easy circumstances, 

tions of the London and Middlesex Archseo- nor attained much practice. While still in 

logical Society. 7 the prime of life he looked older than his 

Ooote's other writings are: 1. e Practices years, and was attacked by general paralysis 

of the Ecclesiastical Courts, with Forms and with delusions of boundless wealth, and died 

Tables of Costs/ 1846. 2. ' The Common in December 1872. 

Form Practice of the Court of Probate in [Memoir by Luther Holden in St. Bartholo- 

granting probates . . . with the New Act mew i s Hospital Reports, 1873 ; MS. Minute- 

(20 & 21 Viet. c. 77)/ 1858 ; 2nd edition book of Medical Council of St. Bartholomew's ; 

(with Dr. T. H. Tristram's ' Practice of the personal knowledge.] N. M. 

Court in Contentious Business ') 1859 ; 9th 

edition 1883. 3. ' Practice of the High Court COOTE, RICHARD, first EARL OP BBL- 
of Admiralty, 7 1860; and 2nd edition 1869. His LAMONT (1636-1701), governor of New York, 
last published work was a paper in the i Folk- was the only son of Richard Coote, lord Co- 
lore Quarterly Journal' for January 1885, to loony in the peerage of Ireland (who had 
which he was a very frequent contributor. been granted that title on the same day, 

[Athenamm for 17 Jan. 1885, p. 86, and Se Pt- ^ * hat ^ is elder bro j h r ' Si * 

24 Jan. p. 122; Brit. Mus. Cat.] Ckwies Coote [a. v.], was created Earl of 

Mountrath), by Mary, daughter of Sir G-eorge 

COOTE, HOLMES (1817-1872), sur- St. George of Carrickdrumruske, co. Leitrim, 
geon, was born on 10 Nov. 1817, and was and sister of the first Lord St. George. He 
second son of Richard Holmes Coote, a con- succeeded his father as second Lord Coloony 
veyancer. He was educated at Westminster in 1683, and having married Catherine, daugh- 
School, and at the age of sixteen was made ter and heiress of Bridges Nansan of Bridg- 
apprentice to Sir William Lawrence, one of norton, Worcestershire, he acquired an inte- 
the surgeons to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, rest in that county, and was elected M.P. for 
In 1845 he obtained a prize at the College of Droitwich. in 1688. He was a vigorous sup- 
Surgeons for an essay 'On the Anatomy of porter of William III both in parliament and 
the Fibres of the Human Brain, illustrated in the campaign in Ireland, and, though at- 
by the Anatomy of the same parts in the tainted by James's Irish parliament in 1689, 
Lower Vertebrata.' His first book was pub- he was largely rewarded by King William, 
lished in 1849, ' The Homologies of the Hu- made treasurer and receiver-general to Queen 
man Skeleton/ and is an explanation of the Mary, appointed governor of co. Leitrim, and 
relation of the several bones of the human finally, on 2 Nov. 1689, created Earl of Bel- 
skeleton to the parts of the archetype skele- lament in the peerage of Ireland. He was 
ton of Richard Owen. It is a mere piece of re-elected for Droitwich in 1689, and con- 
book-work. He was elected demonstrator of tinued to sit in the English House of Com- 
-anatomy in the St. Bartholomew's Medical mons until 1695 ; in which year he was ap- 
School, and continued to teach in the dis- pointed governor of New England, with a 
secting-room till elected assistant surgeon in special mission to put down piracy and un- 
1854. Shortly after he received leave from lawful trading. A certain Colonel Robert 
the governors of the hospital to be absent as Levingston suggested to Lord Bellamont that 
ivil surgeon in charge of the wounded from Captain Kidd was a fit man to put down the 
the Crimean war at Smyrna. After his re- piracy which prevailed in the West Indies 
turn he published 'A Report on some of the and on the American coast, and when the 
more important Points in the Treatment of king was obliged to refuse Kidd a ship of 
Syphilis/ 1857, and in 1863 he was elected war, Levingston and Lord Bellamont induced 
surgeon to the hospital. Besides some shorter the Duke of Shrewsbury, Lords Somers, Or- 
writings, Coote published in the ' St. Bartholo- ford, Romney, and others, to advance a sum 
lomew's Hospital Reports 7 three papers on of 6 ; 000/., with which the Adventure was 
diseases of the joints (vols. i. and if.), one on fitted out for Kidd, with special powers to 
the treatment of wounds (vol. vi.), on rickets arrest pirates. When Lord Bellamont ar- 
(vol. v.), on operations for stone (vol. iv.), rived at his seat of government in 1697 after 
and one on a case of aneurysm. In 1867 he the peace of Ryswick, he heard that Kidd had 
published a volume ' On Joint Diseases.' He been reported as a most audacious pirate by 
wrote easily, but without much collected the East India Company, and that he was 
observation, thought, or research, and it is again on the American coast, and he felt his 
only as evidence of the practice of his period honour involved in seizing this pirate captain, 
that his works deserve consultation. He whom he had been chiefly instrumental in 



Copcot 164 Copcot 

fitting out. KLdd wrote to Lord Bellamont should "be eligible for the vice-chancellorship 
that he was innocent of the crimes imputed (Addit. MSS. 5807 f. 40, 5866 f. 32 #). Cop- 
to him, and the governor replied that if that cot's official year was unquiet. Serious dis- 
was the case he might safely come to see sensions prevailed in several colleges, rigorous 
him at Boston. Kidd accordingly came to measures were deemed necessary to repress- 
Boston on 1 June 1699, but his former patron nonconformity and to preserve discipline, and 
immediately arrested him, and, as there was the university was involved in unpleasant 
txo -law in New England against piracy, sent disputes with the town (CooPER, Annals of 
him to England for trial in 1700. The whole Cambridge* ii. 428-51). 
question of the partners who had fitted out On 6 Nov. 1587 Copcot was, on the recom- 
Kidd's ship was discussed in the House of rnendation of Lord Burghley, elected master 
Commons, and it was finally decided on of Corpus Christi College. He was also rector 
28 March 1701 that the grant to Lord Bella- of St. Dunstan-in-the-East, London, preben- 
mont under the great seal of all the goods daryofSidleshaminthechurchof Chichester, 
taken by Kidd from other pirates was not and chaplain to Archbishop "Whitgiffc. On 
illegal. Lord Bellamont's short government more than one occasion he represented the 
in New England was not entirely taken up clergy of London in convocation, and he was- 
hy his efforts to arrest Kidd. Bancroft speaks among the fit and able persons recommended 
of him as ' an Irish peer with a kind heart, and to be employed in the conferences with priests 
honourable sympathies for popular freedom r and iesuits (SiEYPE, Life of Whitgift, p. 99 f 
(BANCROFT, History of the United States of folio). His ejection of Anthony Hickman 
America, ii. 233), and tells a story of him, from a fellowship in Corpus Christi College 
that he once said publicly to the House of As- occasioned many disputes in that society* 
sembly of New York : f I will pocket none of Hickman was eventually restored by superior 
the public money my self, nor shall there be any authority (MASTERS, Hist, of C. C. C. C. pp. 
embezzlement by others J (ib. ii. 234). Lord 120-2). Copcot died in the early part of 
Bellamont died at New York on 5 March 1701, August 1590; the place of his burial is un- 
and was honoured with a public funeral there, known (COOPER, Athena Cantab, ii. 94). 

[Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Archdall, iii. He is said n to haTe "been well skilled in con- 
209-12 ; Bancroft's Hist, of the United States troversy, and a great critic in the Latin lan- 
of America.} H. M. S. guage. Fuller relates that he was very fa- 

miliar with the elder John Drusius, who wrote- 

COPCOT, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1590), master a letter to him superscribed l Manibus Johan- 

of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is said nis Copcot ' to the ghost of John Copcot 

to have been a native of Calais. He ma- so much was the doctor macerated by constant 

triculated at Cambridge as a pensioner of study (Hist, of Cambridge, p. 103). 

Trinity College on 16 Nov. 1562, He became He was author of * A Sermon preached at 

a scholar of the college, proceeded B.A. in Powles Crosse in 1584, wherein answeare is 

1566, and was soon afterwards elected to a made unto the autor of the Counter-Poyson 

fellowship. He commenced M.A. in 1570, touching the sense of the 17th verse of the 

had a license as one of the preachers of the fifbe chapter of the first to Timothye. Also- 

university in 1576, proceeded B.D. in 1577, an answeare to the defence of the reasons- 

and was created D.D. in 1582. In 1584 he of the Counter-Poyson for the maintenaunce 

preached at St. Paul's Cross, London, upon of the Eldership/ Lambeth MS. 374, f. 115. 

Psalm Ixxxiv., in defence of the discipline of An extract from the sermon is in ' A Parte* 

the established church against the attacks of a Register of sundrie memorable matters 

contained in Dudley Fennels publication, en- written by divers godly and learned men,. 

titled * Counter-Poyson.' In October 1586 he who stand for a Reformation in the Church r 

preached a learned Latin sermon before the (AMES, Typogr. Antiq. ed, Herbert, p. 1675 ; 

convocation in St. Paul's Cathedral (FULLER, TAJOTER, Bill. Brit. p. 277). His 'Injunc- 

Church Hist., ed. Brewer, v. 83). In No- tions for Christ's College, Cambridge,' De- 

vember the same year he became vice-chan- cember 1586 (Latin), are in Strype's 'Annals.'' 

cellor of the university of Cambridge. "When Other letters relating to Cambridge affairs 

chosen vice-chancellor he was only a fellow have been printed. 

of Trinity College, l within which he gave To Copcot's exhortations the university of 
upper hand to Dr. Still (then master), but Cambridge is indebted for the valuable col-, 
took it of him when out of the walls of the lection of records made by Robert Hare (MAS- 
college ' (FULLER, Hist, of Cambridge, ed. TERS, Hist, of C. C. C. C. p. 124 j COOPER, 
Prickett and Wright, p. 281). An act was Athena Cantab, iii. 47). 
accordingly made among the doctors that for [Authorities cited above; also'Egerton MBS. 
the fature no one who was not head of a house 2528, 2598 f. 240.] T. C. 



Cope 165 Cope 



COPE, ALAJN T (d. 1578), catholic divine, 
was a native of the city of London. He was 
educated at Oxford, and after taking the de- 
gree of B.A. was made perpetual fellow of 
Magdalen College in 1549. He graduated 
M.A. in 1552, being that year senior of the 
act celebrated on 18 July. In 1558 he was 
unanimously chosen senior proctor of the uni- 
versity. He studied civil law for five years, 
and supplicated for the degree of B.C.L. on 
17 Dec. 1558, and again on 30 April 1560 
(BoASE, Register of the University of Oxford, 



[Authorities cited above ; Boase's Eegister of 
the Univ. of Oxford, 300 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. 
(Bohn), Suppl. p. 233 ; Fuller s Church Hist. 
(Brewer), ii. 358, 466, iv. 456 ; Cat. of Printed 
Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. 

COPE, SIB ANTHONY (d. 1551), author, 
second son of William Cope of Hanwell, Ox- 
fordshire, cofferer to Henry VII, by his second 
wife Joan, daughter of John Spencer of Hod- 
nell, Warwickshire, was a member of Oriel 
College, Oxford, but does not appear to have 



i. 218). In the latter year, when he saw that graduated. After leaving Oxford, he travelled 
the Roman catholic religion would be silenced in France, Germany, and Italy, visiting va- 
in England, he obtained leave of absence from rious universities, and became 'an accom- 
his college and withdrew to the continent, plished gentleman,' writing ' several things 
After staying some time in Flanders he went beyond the seas,' which, Wood says, are 
to Rome, where, applying himself to the study spoken of in an epigram made by Spagnoli, 
of canon law and divinity, he became doctor or, as he was called, Johannes Baptista Man- 
in those faculties (DoDD, Church Hist. ii. 62). tuanus. This epigram was seen by Bale, but 
The pope made him a canon of St. Peter's, appears now to be lost. At the age of twenty- 
thus providing for him an honourable and a six he succeeded to his father's estates, in- 
plentiful subsistence. He died at Rome in heriting an old manor house near Banbury 
September or October 1578, and was buried called Hard wick, and the mansion of Han- 
in the church belonging to the English college well left incomplete by his father, which he 
{Diaries of the English College, Dow#y, p. 145 ; finished, and which is described byLeland 
PITS, De AnglicB Scriptoribtis, p. 772), i leav- as ' a very pleasant and gallant house.' In 
ing behind him a most admirable exemplar of 1536 he had a grant of Brook Priory in Rut- 
virtue, which many did endeavour to follow, landshire, which he afterwards sold, and 
but could not accomplish their desires ' bought considerable property in Oxfordshire. 
(WooD, Athena Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 456). He was engaged in a dispute with the vicar 
His works are: 1. 'Syntaxis Histories Evan- of Banbury in 1540, and received the com- 
gelicae,' Louvain, 1572, 4to ; Douay, 1603, 4to mendation of the council for his conduct. He 
(DuTHiLLCGTJL, Bibliogmphie Douaisienne, p. was first vice-chamberlain, and then princi- 
56). 2. 6 Dialogi sex contra Summi Pontifi- pal chamberlain to Catherine Parr, and was 
catus, Monastics Vitae, Sanctorum, Sacra- knighted by Edward YI on 24 Nov. 1547, 
xumlmaginum Oppugnatores, et Pseudo-mar- being appointed in the same year one of the 
tyres; in quibus explicantur Centurionum royal visitors of Canterbury and other dio- 
etiam Magdeburgensiujxi, auctorum Apologise ceses. In 1548 he served as sheriff of Ox- 
Anglicanae, Pseudo-martyrologorum nostri fordshire and Berkshire. He died at Hanwell 
temporis, maxime vero Joannis Foximendacia on 5 Jan. 1551, and was buried in the chancel 
'deteguntur,' Antwerp, 1566, 4to, illustrated of the parish church. He married Jane, daugh- 
with a plate of the miraculous cross, found ter of Matthew Crews, or Cruwys, of Pynne 
in an ash tree at St. Donat's, Glamorganshire, in Stoke English, Devonshire, and by her had 
shortly after the accession of Elizabeth (GiL- a son Edward (who married Elizabeth, daugh- 
LOW, Eibl. Diet, of the English Catholics, i. ter of Walter Mohun of Wollaston, North- 
561). Although this work appeared under amptonshire, and had two sons, Anthony 
Cope's name, it was really written by Dr. and Walter [q.v.]), and a daughter Anne, wife 
Nicholas Harpsfield during his imprisonment of Kenelm Digby of Drystoke, Rutlandshire, 
in the Tower. Harpsfield entrusted its pub- He wrote: 1. 'The Historie of the two moste 
lication to Cope, who, to avoid the aggrava- noble Capitaines in the Worlde, Anniball and 
tion of his friend's hardships, put his own Scipio . . . gathered and translated into Eng- 
name to the book, concealing the name of the lishe out of T. Livius and other authorities ' 
author under the letters A. H. L. N. H. E. (black letter), T. Berthelet, London, 1544, 
V. E. A. C., that is, t Auctor hujus libri,Nico- 4to, also in 8vo 1561, 4to 1568 with date of 
laus Harpsfeldus. EumveroediditAlanusCo- colophon 1548, 8vo 1590 (all in the British 
pus' (REYNOLD, Conference with Harte, p. 36). Museum), with three stanzas prefixed by Ber- 
-3. ' Carminum diversorum lib. i.' (TAionsB). thelet, and dedicatory preface to the king, in 
Cope was not, as Fuller states, the author of which reference is made to 'youre most famous 
the ' Ecclesiastical History of England ' which subduynge of the Romayne monster Hydra.' 
goes under the name of Nicholas Harpsfield. 2. l A Godly Meditacion upon XX. select and 



Cope i w Cope 

chosen Psalmes of the Prophet David . . , and after lingering for four years, he died on 
by Sir Anthony Cope, Knight ' (black letter), 4 Aug. 1873, and was buried at Birmingham. 
J. Day, 1547, 4to, reprinted with biographical Although his forte lay in Greek and Latin 
preface and notes, 184&, by William EL Cope, scholarship, his knowledge of the chief modern 
Among the manuscripts at Bramshill are two languages of Europe was very remarkable, 
ascribed to Cope an abbreviated chronology His first published work of any importance 
and a commentary on the first two gospels was his criticism of Mr. Grote's dissertation 
dedicated to Edward VI, on the sophists in the i Cambridge Journal of 

SIB ANTHONY COPE (1548 P-1614), Cope's Classical Philology/ 1864-6. _ He published 
elder grandson, high sheriff of Oxfordshire a translation of the Gorgias in 1864, and an 
(1581, 1590, and 160S), represented Banbury introduction to Aristotle's 'Rhetorick' in 
in six parliaments (1586-1604), and was 1867. AAer his death his translation of the 
committed to the Tower (27 Feb. to 23 March ' Phsedo ' was edited by Mr. H. Jackson, and 
1586-7) for presenting to the speaker a puri- his complete edition of the ' Bhetorick of 
tan revision of the common prayer-book and Aristotle,' with an elaborate commentary,, 
a bill abrogating existing ecclesiastical law. appeared in 1877, edited by Mr. J. E. Sandys. 
He became a knight (1590) and a baronet Some valuable notes and corrections of his 
(29 June 1611) ; twice entertained James I will be found in one of the later volumes of 
at Hanwell (1606 and 1612); married (1) Grote's f History of Greece.' 
Prances Lytton, by whom he had four sons and [Munro's Memoir, prefixed to Sandys's edition 
three daughters, and (2) Anne Paston, who had O f the Khetorick, Camb. 1877; personal know- 
been twice a widow j died July 1614, and was ledge.] H. E. L. 
buried at Hanwell. The present baronet, Sir 

W. H. Cope of Bramshill, Hampshire, descends COPE, SIB JOHN (d. 1760), commander- 
from Anthony, Sir Anthony's second son. in-chief of the forces in Scotland during the 
[W. H. Cope's preface to the Meditations ; f? b ^J? of 1745, was at an early period of 
Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Kep. 242-4 ; Davenport's ^ ^ indebted to the favour of Lord Straf- 
Lord Lieutenants of Oxfordshire ; Nichols's Pro- &>rd, ^h whom, as appears from letters pre- 
gresses; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 192; served in the British Museum, he was on 
Bale's Brit. Scriptt. xi. 74 ; Pits, Angliae Scriptt. terms of intimate friendship. Except, how- 
735 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 198 ; Letand's Itine- ever, that he entered the army as a cavalry 
rary (Hearne, 1744), iv. ii, 59 ; Strype's Gran- officer, and in 1707 held the rank of cornet,, 
mer (8vo ed.), 209 ; Collins's Baronetage, i. 112.] n particulars of his early career have been 

W. H. preserved. He was afterwards colonel of" 

COPE, EDWAED MEREDITH (1818- the 7th regiment of foot, and obtained the 
1873), classical scholar, was born on 28 July dignity of a knight of the Bath. In 1742 he 
1818 at Birmingham, was educated at the was one of the generals appointed to the corn- 
schools of Ludlow and Shrewsbury, and en- mand of troops despatched to the assistance 
tered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837. of the queen of Hungary. In 1745, when 
After taking his degree in the mathematical Prince Charles landed in the highlands, he 
tripos of 1841, and appearing as senior in the was commander-in-chief in Scotland, and on 
classical tripos, he was elected fellow of rumours reaching him of the prince's arrival 
Trinity College in 1842, and took the degree he resolved to march to the highlands to check 
of M.A. in 1844. In 1845 he was appointed the prince's progress. The feverish eager- 
assistant tutor of Trinity College, and here, ness with which at the urgent request of the 
excepting the portions of the year he spent lords of the regency he set out on this expedi- 
in foreign travel, the greater part of his life tion was gradually spent on the march north- 
was spent. He was ordained deacon in 1848 wards. When he left Stirling on 19 Aug. 
and priest in 1850, but he found the work the number of men under his command 
of the educational clergy more congenial did not exceed fourteen hundred, and the* 
than that of the parochial. In 1867 he was auxiliaries on which he relied to join him on 
a candidate for the Greek professorship at the march, not having time for preparation,. 
Cambridge ; the votes of the electors were failed to appear. The difficulties of the- 
divided, and as the vice-chancellor and the mountain passes also began to overawe his 
master of Trinity College, on whom the elec- resolution, and when he came in sight of the 
tion then devolved, differed, the appointment rebels posted on Corryarak, barring the way 
lapsed to the chancellor, who gave it to Dr. to Fort Augustus, he became alarmed, and at 
Kennedy. There is no doubt that his disap- the junction of the roads at Catlaig turned 
jxjiiitment on this occasion preyed on Cope's southwards towards Inverness. The high- 
mind, and was one of the causes of his landers on learning the news uttered cries of 
seizure in 1869. His mind then gave way, exultation, and advanced to Garvamore. At 



Cope 167 Cope 

first they had the intention of cutting off of Sir John Cope, knight of the Bath, 1749; 

his retreat, but on second thoughts it was Culloden Papers ; Lockhart's Memoirs ; Gent. 

resolved to inarch southward into the low ^ a g- *v. 443, xvi. 593, xix. 51-60 ; Georgian, 

country in the hope of seizing Edinburgh *. ? 48 ; Chambers's History of the Rebellion ; 

before Cope should return. Cope now recog- ^ Bnrton s History of Scotland ; E wald's Life 

j 4.1 rtA -4-,r ~-P ^m-K^n l^c -forTYiPT- &Ji ^ Times of Prince Charles Stuart (1876) : 

msed the necessity of occ u P^.Kf Cope's Letters to Lord Strafford, 1707-11, AdoL 

position at Staling, but w^f ^mforce- M 22231 Letterg fo Lord Strafford 17 7 _ 24 

ments of highlanders which he found it Add. MSS. 31134, 31135, 31141 ; Cope's opinion 
unable to procure, could not dare to retreat in favour of a march inro Q ermany) Add> m 
by land. He accordingly sent news ot ins 22537.] T. P. H. 

predicament to the authorities in Edinburgh, 

and transports were sent to bring his troops COPE, MICHAEL (^ 1557), protestant 
back by sea from Aberdeen, but while they author, fled from England to escape persecu- 
were landing at Dunbar the rebels had taken tion in the reign of Mary, and took refuge in 
possession of Edinburgh. On news reaching Geneva, where he preached much in French, 
the rebels that Cope was marching to its re- He was the author of ' A faithful and fami- 
lief, they boldly resolved to meet him in the liar Exposition of Ecclesiastes,' written in 
open. On 20 Sept. both armies, nearly equal French, Geneva, 1557, 4to, with corrections, 
in strength, came in sight of one another at 1563 ; and ' An Exposition upon fyrste chap. 
Prestonpans, upon which Cope resolved to of ye prouerbis of Salomon by Mygchell 
take up a strong but cramped position, with Coope/ which Luke Harrison received li- 
his front to Prestonpans and his right to the cense to print in 1564. 
sea, a boggy morass about half a mile_in [ Wood s Athene Oxon. (Bliss), i. 192; Tan- 
breadth stretching between the two armies. ner > s BibL Brit> 199 . Ames's Typogr. Antiq. 
As night was approaching the troops on both (Herbert), 929.] W. H. 

sides resolved to defer the conflict till the 

morrow, but one of the rebels from Edin- COPE, RICHAKD (1776-1856), author 
burgh, who was thoroughly acquainted with and divine, was born near Craven Chapel, 
the ground, having undertaken to point out Kegent Street, London, on 23 Aug. 1776. 
a ford where the morass could be easily When less than twelve years old he entered 
crossed, Charles and his officers resolved to upon business life ; but it proved uncongenial 
cross over in the darkness, and make their to his disposition, and he became a student at 
attack just as day began to break. The ruse the Theological College, Hoxt on, in March 
was completely successful, for such was the 1798. After remaining in that institution 
impetuous rush of the highlanders that the for more than two years, he received an invi- 
troops of Cope, half awake and utterly be- tation from the independent congregation at 
wildered, could make no effective resistance, Launceston in Cornwall. He preached his 
and in a few minutes were in headlong flight, first sermon there (28 June 1 800), remained on 
Only one round of ammunition was fired, trial for twelve months, was ordained in the 
and not one bayonet was stained with blood, church on 21 Oct. 1801, and remained in that 
Few except the cavalry made good their position until 24 June 1820, having for the 
escape, the whole of the infantry being either previous twenty years kept with great suc- 
killed or taken prisoners. The ludicrous part cess a boarding school, which was attended 
played by Cope is ridiculed in the well-known by the sons of dissenters throughout the- 
song ' Hey, Johnnie Cope ! are ye waukin county. From 1820 to 1822 he filled the 
yet ? ' A council of officers was appointed post *of tutor in the Irish Evangelical Col- 
to inquire into his conduct, but they unani- lege, Manor Street, Dublin ; but the appoint- 
mously absolved him from all blame, their ment afforded him but slight satisfaction, and 
decision being that he ' did Jiis duty as an he eagerly withdrew. After this brief change 
officer, both before and after the action ; and of occupation, Cope returned to preaching, 
his personal behaviour was without reproach ; He was minister of Salem Chapel, Wake- 
and that the misfortune on the day of action field, from 1822 to 1829 ; of Quebec Chapel, 
was owing to the shameful behaviour of the Abergavenny, from 1829 to 1836 j and of 
private men, and not to any misconduct or New Street Independent Chapel at Penryn, 
misbehaviour of Sir John Cope or any of in his old county of Cornwall, from April 
the officers under his command.' In 1751 1836 until his death. He died at Penryn on 
he was placed on the staff in Ireland. He 26 Oct. 1856, and was buried on 31 Oct. 
died 28 May 1760 (Scots Mag. xxii. 387). He married Miss Davies at St. James's Church, 
[Report of the Proceedings and Opinions of Piccadilly, on 30 June 1801. The degree of 
the Board of G-eneral Officers on their Examina- M.A. was conferred upon him at Marischal 
tion into the conduct, behaviour, and proceedings College, Aberdeen, on 12 March 1819, and he. 



Cope 168 Copeland 

was elected F.S.A. on 13 Feb. 1824. The and retirement from the army, finding that 

* Autobiography and Select Remains' of Cope his uncle was declining practice, Copeland 

were edited by his son, E. J. Cope, in 1857. occupied his residence, 4 G-olden Square, and 

The 'Remains 'included many graceful poems, haying been appointed surgeon to the West- 

some of which appeared in the ' Evangelical minster General Dispensary, he at once en- 

Magazine ' (1815-17), and in the ' Youth's tered into a large connection, chiefly among 

Magazine' (1816). Cope published : 1. 'The the aristocracy. In 1810 he brought out 

Object accomplished by the Abolition of the ' Observations on the Diseases of the Hip- 

Slave-trade,' a sermon, 1807. 2. 'Adventures joint, by E. Ford ; edited and revised with 

of aRetigious Tract,' anonymous (1820, 1825). additions, by T. Copeland.' In the same 

3. 'Robert Melville, or Characters contrasted,' year he published 'Observations on some of 

Abergavenny, 1827. 4. e Pulpit Synopsis/ the principal Diseases of the Rectum,' a work 

outlines of sermons, 1837. 5. ' Entertaining which ran to three editions. His new and 

Anecdotes/ 1838. 6. 'Pietas Privata/ family scientific treatment of these diseases esta- 

prayers, 1857. Wished his reputation and fairly earned for 

[Autobiography, 1857; Boase and Courtney's him the distinction of being the founder of 

Bibl. Cornub. ; Boase's Collectanea Cornub. p. rectum surgery. As a consulting surgeon in 

161.] "W. P. C. this class of maladies his opinion in the west 

/MrvTrrn o TXT A T nvnvn> fj -\ GI A\ TV end of London was in much request. He was 

_COPE, fam WAJLTEB ,(d. 1614) pohti- tte first to suggest the removal of the septum 

CUD, second son of Edward and grandson of najium ^ J*^ rf an . ^^ cont ved 

+ S ^^\^ T % % ] '7?- S me ? nl3erof pair of forceps, in cases where its oblique posi- 

the Ehzabethm Society of Antiquaries; was |i on obstructed the passage of air througfi the 

knighted 20 April 1603; became chamberlain nogtrils _ He wag ^Jf p E g Qn g -^ 

of the exchequer, where he helped to cata- -IQCM ov ,j TCHQ i^ wrt -u __ ,. 

i 4.1. j -rcnn j. j? XL. -Loo4, and in Io-o became an nonorarv 

logue the records, in 1609, master of the R;R g F time he wag memb 

wards July 1613 and keeper of Hyde Park ^ comcil of ^ Coll rf g and 

1612. In 1607 he built at Kensington a ^^ surgeoMxtraor ^ nary to ^ueen Vic- 

house called Oope Oastle (designed by John tQria ^ lg fo He remOTed ^ jT^ayendish 

Thorpe), and bought Kensington manor in g ^ Ig42 butHs healthfaili Mm he 



i fii 8 97nnni T - He 

Hedled27 ' 00 Z - md t,31Julyl614, 



,.. 
and was buried at Kensington. His only tomg , and Trea^ent of tte Diseased 

ass * -- 



the Kensington mansion, which was renamed ^ 'g and ^ WQrk trans i at 

HoUand House by her husband Henry Rich, T E i anguages . Among his 

Wr - te 1 an .?P lo y t f r contributions to profeslional journals was a 

paper entitled History of a ^Case in which 

rae Hafid a ^ culus was Toided ^ om a Tumom the 

letters are at Matneid. Groin , , Trangf Med.-Chir. /Sbc. iii. 191). 

[Nichols s Progresses; Gal. State Papers, 1590- His care v er was marked by a becoming de- 

1614; Collins s Baronetage, i. 112; Princess , o < - 



to t ], e reonl la,tion<! of m-nfpwrninl 

Liechtenstein's Holland House; Hearne's Curious . to tj l e regulations ot professional 

T)i'miKiM T etiquette, and by courtesy and friendship 

JJo.oL-ULU.oo3. I J.IT-TJ'I , *,* i-r T T 

J towards his brother practitioners. He died 

COPELAOT), THOMAS (1781-1855), from an attack of jaundice at Brighton on 

writer on surgery, son of the Eev. William 19 Nov. 1855. His wife died on 5 Dec. 1855. 

Copeland, curate of Byfield, Northampton- He left 180,000, bequeathing 5,000/. both to 

shire (1747-1787), was born in May 1781, the Asylum for Poor Orphans of the Clergy, 

studied under Mr. Denham at CMgwell in and to the Society for the Relief of Widows 

Essex, and in London under Edward Ford and Orphans of Medical Men. 
[q. v.l his maternal uncle. _ He afterwards at- [Gent _ M Jammrv 1856> gi Pe ttigreVs 

^dedt^mg^^esm^tWiiuaimU Medical Portrait Oalfery (1840), vol. iv. So. 2; 

StreetandatStBartholomew'sHospital. On Hedical Circular, 13 July 1853, p. 31 ; Medical 

6 July 1804 he was admitted a member of the Directory, 1856, p. 727.] Gr. C. B. 

Royal College of Surgeons, and on the 14th of 

the same month was appointed an assistant COPELAND, WILLIAM JOHN (1804- 

surgeon in the 1st foot guards. He embarked 1885}, scholar and divine, was the son of 

with his regiment for Spain under Sir John William Copeland, surgeon, of Chigwell, 

Moore, and was present at the battle of Esses, where he was born on 1 Sept. 1804. 

Corunna in 1809. On his return to England When eleven years old he was admitted at 



Copeland 



169 



Copeland 



St. Paul's School (11 Sept. 1815), and while 
there won the English verse pme (1823) and 
-the high master's prize for the best Latin 
*essay (1824). In the latter year he proceeded 
-with a Pauline exhibition to Trinity College, 
Oxford, and, like another distinguished sym- 
pathiser with tractarian doctrines, was fust 
.a scholar and then a fellow of that college. 
Trinity College ranked second to Oriel only 
in sympathy with the Oxford movement, 
.and Copeland, though never wavering in his 
attachment to the English church, entered 
into close connection with all the leading 
tractarians of the university. While at col- 
lege he was ill and took no honours ; but he 
was always known as one of the best Latin 
scholars at Oxford. His degrees were B.A. 
1829, MA. 1831, and B.D. 1840, and he was 
duly elected to a fellowship. In 1829 he was 
ordained to the curacy of St. Olave, Jewry; 
for the next three years he was curate of 
Hackney ; and in 1832 he went to Oxford, 
where he remained until he accepted, in 1849, 
the college living of Farnham, Essex. This 
was his sole preferment in the church, and 
after a long illness he died at the rectory on 
26 Aug. 1885. He never neglected his paro- 
chial duties, and he rebuilt the parish church 
with extreme care of design and execution. 

Copeland was gifted with a keen sense of 
liumour and with strong sympathies, which 
attracted to him a host of friends. He col- 
lected materials for, if he did not actually 
begin to write, a history of the tractarian 
movement ; and as he possessed a tenacious 
memory, and had been intimately allied with 
the leaders of the cause, he would have com- 
pleted the task to perfection. Newman dedi- 
cated to Copeland his ' Sermons on Subjects 
of the Day ? as the kindest of friends, and 
Copeland edited eight volumes of Newman's 
* Parochial and Plain Sermons ' (1868), an 
edition which was more than once reprinted, 
"besides printing a valuable volume of selec- 
tions from the same series of discourses. 
The ' Homilies' of St. John Chrysostom on 
the Epistle to the Ephesians ' were translated 
toy Copeland, and included in the fifth volume 
of the t Library of the Fathers ; ' and Mozley 
says that Copeland contributed to the ' Tracts 
for the Times.' Part of his library passed, 
through the agency of his nephew, W. Cope- 
land Borlase, formerly M.P. for St. Austell, 
Cornwall, to the National Liberal Club. 

[Gardiner's St. Paul's School, 253, 403, 424, 
427 ; T. Mozley's Keminiscences, ii. 3 ; G-uardian, 
2 Sept. 1885, p. 1294.] W. P. C. 

COPELAISTD, WILLIAM TAYLOR 
(1797-1868), alderman of London, and porce- 
lain manufacturer, was born 24 March 1797. 
He was the son of "William Copeland, the 



partner of Josiah Spode, and after the decease 
of his father and the retirement of the latter 
he was for a long period at the head of the 
large pottery establishment known as that of 
' Spode' at Stoke-on-Trent, and also of the 
firm in London. In 1828-9 he served the 
office of sheriff of London and Middlesex, and 
in the following year was elected alderman 
for the ward of Bishopsgate. He became 
lord mayor in 1835, and was for many years 
president of the royal hospitals of Bridewell 
and Bethlehem, as well as a member of the 
Irish Society, which consists of certain mem- 
bers of the corporation, upon whom devolves 
the management of the estates in Ireland be- 
longing to the city of London. In 1831 and 
1833 he contested unsuccessfully the parlia- 
mentary borough of Coleraine, but was seated 
on petition in both years, and retained his 
seat until the general election of 1837, when 
he was returned for the borough of Stoke- 
on-Trent, which seat he held until 1852, and 
again from 1857 to 1865, He was a mode- 
rate conservative in politics, and although he 
did not take an active part in the debates 
of the House of Commons, he was a useful 
member of committees, and a watchful guar- 
dian of the interests of the important district 
of the potteries which he represented. He 
also took an active part in civic affairs, main- 
taining 1 with chivalrous zeal the ancient rights 
and privileges of the city of London when- 
ever any of these were objects of attack, 
Copeland's name will rank along with that 
of Minton and one or two others as the real 
regenerators of the industry of the potteries. 
Though not possessing the knowledge of art 
which distinguished Wedgwood, he chose as 
his associates men of unquestionable taste and 
judgment, among whom was Thomas Battam, 
with whose aid the productions of his manu- 
factory gained a world-wide renown, and in 
all the great international exhibitions of re- 
cent times obtained the highest commendation 
both for their design and execution. But the 
branch of ceramic art which Copeland carried 
to the highest degree of perfection was the 
manufacture of parian groups and statuettes, 
in which he secured the co-operation of some 
of the most eminent sculptors of the day, in- 
cluding Gibson, Calder Marshall, Foley, Ma- 
rochetti, and Durham. Cojjeland was in early 
life a keen sportsman, keeping a stud of race- 
horses, and always identifying himself with 
those who sought to maintain the honour of 
the sport as an old English institution. He 
died at BussellFarm, Watford, Hertfordshire, 
12 April 1868. 

[Times, 14 April 1868, reprinted in G-ent. Mag. 
1868, i. 691 ; City Press, 18 April 1868; Art 
Journal, 1868, p. 158.] E. E. G-. 



Coperario 



170 



Copinger 



COPEKAJRIO, GIOVANNI, whose name 
is also sometimes spelt OOPEABIO (d. 1626), 
musician, is said to have been an English- 
man, of the name of John Cooper. According 
to Wood, he was i an Englishman borne, who 
havinge spent much of his time in Italy, was 
there called Coprario, which name he kept 
when he returned into England, at which 
time he was esteemed famous for instrumental 
musick and composition of fancies, and there- 
upon was made composer to King Charles I. 
He was one of the first authors that set les- 
sons to the viol lyra-way, and composed 
lessons not only to play alone, but for two 
or three lyra-viols in consert, which hath 
been approved by many excellent masters ' 
(WOOD, Bodl MS. 19 (D.) No. 106). In 
1606 Coperario published ' Funeral Teares, 
for the death of ... the Earle of Devonshire. 
Figured in seaven songes, whereof sixe are so 
set forth that the wordes may be exprest by 
a treble voice alone to the lute and base 
viole, or else that the meane part may bee 
added, if any shall affect more fulnesse of 
parts. The seaventh is made in forme of a 
dialogue, and cannot be sung without two 
voyces.' 

At the great feast given on 16 July 1607 
to James I by the Merchant Taylors' Com- 
pany, when John Bull and Nathaniel Giles 
superintended the music, Coperario was paid 
12. for setting certain songs sung to the king. 
In conjunction with N. Laniere [q_. v.], he 
wrote music for a masque of Campion's, per- 
formed at Whitehall on St. Stephen's night, 
1613, on the occasion of the marriage of 
Somerset and Lady Frances Howard ; for 
this he was paid 20/. (DEVON", Issues of the 
Exchequer, 1836, p. 165). He is said also (but 
on doubtful authority) to have been the com- 
poser of the music to the ' Maske of Flowers,' 
represented at Whitehall by the gentlemen of 
Gray's Inn on Twelfth night, 1613-14, and for 
the masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's 
Inn performed on the occasion of the marriage 
of the Princess Elizabeth and the Palsgrave, 
in February 1612-13. In 1613 Ooperario pub- 
lished Songs of Mourning : Bewailing the 
untimely death of Prince Henry. Worded 
by Tho. Campion. And set forth to bee sung 
with one voyce to the Lute, or Violl,' and in 
the following year he contributed two com- 
positions (' Lord, how doe my woes' and ' I'll 
lie me down and sleep ') to Sir William Leigh- 
ton's i Teares or Lamentaeions of a Sorrow- 
full Soule.' Coperario was the music-master 
of Charles I, on whose accession he was made 
composer of music in ordinary, with a yearly 
salary of 4QL He died in 1626, and was suc- 
ceeded in his post by Alfonso Ferrabosco 
[q. v.] No portrait of him is now known to 



exist, but when Vertue visited the music- 
school at Oxford in 1732-3 he made a note 
that there was then in the collection a half- 
length of him, dressed in white (Add. MS. 
23071, fol. 65). There is much music extant 
by Coperario, principally in the libraries of the- 
queen, the British Museum, Christ Church and 
the Music School (Oxford), and the Royal Col- 
lege of Music. His compositions are chiefly 
instrumental fantasias, or ' Fancies/ in several 
parts, and show that he was a master in the art 
of polyphonic writing. But his importance- 
in the history of English music lies in the fact 
that he must have been in Italy at the very 
time when the homophonic school arose, and 
that though his own bent was clearly towards 
the earlier school, yet his compositions for solo 
voices are written in the new manner, which 
was afterwards so astonishingly developed by 
his pupils, William and Henry Lawes. Cope- 
rario, in fact, with Ferrabosco and Laniere, 
forms the connecting link between Italy and 
England at the period when the musical drama 
originated. 

[Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 398 b; State Papers, 
Dom. Ser., Charles I, App. 7 July 1626 ; Haw- 
kins's Hist, of Music, lii. 372; Fenton's Obser- 
vations on some of Mr. Waller's Poems (ed. 1742),, 
p. cii ; Olode's Memorials of the Merchant Tay- 
lors' Company, p. 177 ; information from the Rev. 
J. EL Mee and Mr. W. R. Sims.] W. B. S. 

COPHSTGER, WILLIAM (d. 1416), clerk, 
was a member of a family settled at Buxhall, 
Suffolk. His will is dated 20 Jan. 1411-12, 
and was proved on 2 March 1415-16. He was 
buried at Buxhall (DAVY, Athence Suffbl- 
censes, i. ? Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 19165, f. 53). 
Copinger's claim to be included among Eng- 
lish writers rests upon the testimony of Bishop 
Bale, who mentions in his note-book (Bodleian 
Library, Cod. Selden., supra, 64, f. 58 #) that 
he found two works of his in the possession 
of Balliol College, Oxford. These works, 
were a treatise, ' De Virtutibus et Vitiis/ and 
a ' Sacramentale ? in one book (so too in 
BALE, Scrip tt. Brit. Cat. xi. 48, pt. ii. 62 et 
seq.) Pits expands this account by the 
statement that Copinger was a master of arts 
of some note in the university of Oxford, and 
that he is supposed to have been a member 
of Balliol College (De Anglic Scriptoribm, 
appendix, ii. 22, p. 852). Two copies of the 
{ De Virtutibus et Viciis Auctoritates Sacre 
Scripture et Sanctorum ac Philosophorum * 
remain in the Balliol Library (codd. Ixxxiii. 
136-67, Ixxxvi. f. 2 et seq[.), both of the 
fourteenth century ; and the former has the 
following colophon ' Explicit tractatus de 
vieiis et virtutibus compilatus. Toppynger f 
(or perhaps ' Toppyng y the flourish is am- 



Copland 171 Copland 

biguous). The name is apparently that, not it probable that ke might have added some- 
of the author, "but of the transcriber (H. 0. thing to medical knowledge, but the method 
COXE, Catal. of Oxford MSS.i'B&ttiol College, he adopted inevitably ended in his becoming 
p. 24 ), and the initial letter is not C but T. an^eminent compiler and not a learned phy- 
Finally, there is no Christian name given; and sician. He began by writing on the medical 
it is possible that the name ' William' was topography of West Africa (' Quarterly Jour- 
prefixed through an inadvertent confusion nal of Foreign Medicine,' 1820), on human 
with a William Copinger of New College, rumination, on yellow fever, on hydrophobia, 
who proceeded B.C.L. in 1542 (WoOD, Fasti on cholera (' London Medical Repository/ 
Oxon. i. 116, ed. Bliss), or perhaps with 1821), and then engaged in a discussion ('Lou- 
another William Copinger who made extracts don Medical and Physical Journal ') on chro- 
from a Dublin chartulary which formed part nic peritonitis. The question disputed was 
of Sir James Ware's collection, and after- how to determine whether such cases were 
wards passed into the possession of the Earl due to tubercle or merely to chronic inflam- 
of Clarendon (Catal. Cod. MSS. Angl. vol. mation. Copland's paper shows no great 
ii. pt. ii. p. 8, 1697). As for the ' Sacramen- knowledge of morbid anatomy, nor does he 
tale ' referred to above, it is probably a copy know enough to grasp the extreme difficulty 
of the well-known ' Pupilla Oculi ' of John of determining the point in particular cases- 
Borough [q. v.], (Balliol MS. ccxx. f. 54). during life. In 1822 he took a house in Jer- 
It results, therefore, that Copinger has only myn Street, became editor of i The London 
found a place in English biographical die- Medical Repository,' and wrote much in that 
tionaries in consequence of an error of tran- journal on many subjects. In 1824 he pub- 
scription on the part of Bishop Bale. lished notes to a translation of Richerand's 

[Authorities cited above.! E. L. P. 'Physiology/ and in 1825 issued a prospectus 

for an l Encyclopaedia of Medicine.' At the 

COPLAND, JAMES, M.D. (1791-1870), same time he lectured on medicine at a me- 
physician, was born in November 1791 in the dical school then existing in Little Dean 
Orkney Isles, and was the eldest of nine Street, and somewhat later at the Middles ex 
children. He went to school at Lerwick, Hospital. In 1828 and 1829 he again issued 
and in November 1807 entered the university proposals for an encyclopaedia, but again 
of Edinburgh. His studies were at first di- without success, till at last the scheme was- 
rected towards theology, but after a time he adopted by Messrs. Longman, the publishers,, 
preferred medicine, and graduated M.D. in , and in 1832 the first part was issued and the 
1815. He at once sought occupation in Lon- work ultimately finished by Copland in three 
don, but finding none that suited him, after stout volumes, with double columns, on 3,509 
eighteen months, went to the Gold Coast as closely printed pages. The ' Dictionary of 
medical officer to the settlements of the African Practical Medicine,' a book, by one man, on 
Company. He landed at Goree, Senegal, every part of medicine, the small-type columns- 
Gambia, and Sierra Leone, learning all he of which would extend, if placed in succes- 
could of the diseases of the country, and on sion, for almost a mile, is a marvel of perse- 
leaving Sierra Leone had abundant oppor- vering industry, unfortunately more astonish- 
tunity of making use of his newly acquired ing than useful. The book is only comparable 
knowledge, for three-fourths of the crew fell to the ' Continent ' of Al Rhasis, a vast col- 
ill of fever, and in the midst of the epidemic lection of opinions and statements ungoverned 
a gale carried away the masts. Soon after by discernment. Our own time, wiser than 
the storm Copland landed and made his way the centuries which succeeded Al Rhasis y 
along the coast amidst the savages, sometimes leaves Copland's dictionary as undisturbed 
on foot, sometimes in small trading vessels on the shelves as the ' Continent 'itself. An 
or in canoes, till he reached Cape Coast Castle, abridgment was published by the author in 
where he lived for some months. In 1818 1866. 

he returned to England, but soon started on In 1832 the article on cholera was pub- 
travels through France and Germany. In lished as a separate book, * Pestilential Cho- 
1820 he became a licentiate of the College of lera, its Nature, Prevention, and Curative- 
Physicians of London, and settled in "Wai- Treatment/ Copland was elected F.R.S. in 
worth. In London physicians without friends 1833, and fellow of the College of Physicians 
and without hospital appointments, or the in 1837. He attained considerable practice 
opportunity of becoming known as teachers, and wrotein 1850 a small book ' On the Causes,, 
have from time to time endeavoured to rise Nature, and Treatment of Palsy and Apo- 
in their profession by constant writing and plexy,' and in 1861 ' The Forms, Complica- 
publication. This was the course which tions, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of 
Copland chose. His laborious habits make Consumption and Bronchitis/ comprising also 



Copland 



172 



Copland 



the causes and prevention of scrofula. He 
was president of the Pathological Society, 
but did not obtain the respect of the practical 
morbid anatomists who attended its meetings, 
and who were often led to smile when the 
president claimed as his own numerous mo- 
dern discoveries in pathology. Copland wrote 
more on medicine than any fellow of the col- 
lege of his time, or of any past time, and was 
respected in the college, where he was Croo- 
nian lecturer 1844, 1845, 1846; Lumleian 
lecturer 1854, 1855, and Harveian orator 
1857. He gave up practice about a year be- 
fore his death, which took place at BLilburn 
12 July 1870. 

[PettigreVs Medical Portrait Gallery, i. 109, 
where the materials for the memoir -were sup- 
plied by Copland himself ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. 
1878, iii. 216 ; verbal accounts of surviving con- 
temporary physicians.] IT. M. 

COPLAND, PATRICK, LL.D. (1749- 
1822), naturalist, was born in 1749 at the 
manse of Fintray, Aberdeenshire, where his 
father was minister, and elected professor of 
natural philosophy in Marischal College and 
University, Aberdeen, in 1775. In 1779 he 
was transferred to the chair of mathematics, 
'but in 1817 was again appointed to his former 
chair, which he held till his death (10 Nov. 
1822). He enjoyed considerable local reputa- 
tion as a teacher ; but his claim to notice lies in 
the pains he took to form a collection of models 
and other apparatus suitable for a museum of 
natural philosophy. Hardly anything of this 
Mnd was known In the north of Scotland ; 
but by means of assistance from the Board 
of Trustees and Manufactures, he contrived 
to form a valuable collection, travelling on 
the continent for information, and doing not 
a^little by his own mechanical skill, and by 
directing and superintending his workmen. 
This service looks but small in the light of 
our vast modern museums of science and art, 
our international exhibitions, and illustrated 
scientific journals ; but to Copland belongs 
the credit of having discovered a want, and 
done what he could in his circumstances to 
supply it. Copland was also among the first 
to extend the knowledge of science beyond 
academic circles by means of a popular course 
of natural philosophy. 

[Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Kennedy's Annals 
of Aberdeen, vol. ii.] ' W. Gr. B. 

COPLAND, ROBERT (Ji. 1508-1547), 
author and printer, was, according to Bag- 
ford, in the service of Caxton. Copland him- 
self, in the prologue to ' Kynge Appolyn of 
Thyre > (1510), mentions that he gladly fol- 
lows 'the trace of my mayster Caxton, begyn- 
ninge with small storyes and pamfletes, and 



so to other/ but a few lines lower down he 
requests the reader 'to pardon myn igno- 
rant youth/ and this at a period eighteen or 
nineteen years after Caxtqn's death. He 
was undoubtedly in the office of Wynkyn de 
Worde, who left him ten marks, and who in 
the same and other works is referred to as 
' my mayster.' The first volume bearing his 
imprint is 'The Boke of Justices of Peas 
. . . emprynted at London in Flete-strete 
at the signe of the Rose Garland by Robert 
Copland/ in 1515. W. de Worde issued the 
same book in 1510 and 1515. Copland was 
a bookseller and stationer as well as printer, 
as appears from the colophon to ' The Ques- 
tionary of Cyrurgyens ' (1541), < translated 
out of the Prensshe, at the instigacion and 
costes of the ryght honest parsone Henry 
Dabbe, stacyoner and biblyopolyst inPaules 
churche yarde, by Robert Coplande of the 
same faculte.' His known typographical pro- 
ductions are only about twelve in number. 
They are all rare, but are not distinguished 
for mechanical excellency. Herbert says that 
in 'ThexijFruytes of the Holy Goost/ printed 
by him in 1535, the comma stop is first to be 
found in black-letter books, the virgil or dash 
being used previously. In Andrew Borde's 

t^V*TT^* f^ ^ T ^ \ I f\ p* f\.+ n jb^iiui _*_ ... 5 1 T i T Tt 




' -" "^~ >*. w v +..*..\, f -fc\^\jL.fii \s ILFwiJJLi' CLU 

that time printing < at old Robert Copland's, 
the eldist printer of Ingland.' This date is 
believed to have been about 1547, which 
brings us to the time (1548) when Robert's 
successor, William Copland [q. v.], issued his 
first dated book. Stow records that a < Wil- 
liam Copland, Taylor, the king's merchant/ 
was churchwarden in 1515 and 1516 at St. 
Mary-le-Bow, and gave the great Bow bell, 
but what relation he was to the two printers 
of the name is not known (Survey, 1754 i 
542). ' 

The most famous of Copland's literary pro- 
ductions are two pieces of verse, ' The Hye 
way to the Spyttel Hous ' and < Jyl of 
BreyntfonTsTestament.' The former is a dia- 
logue, written with much force and humour, 
between Copland and the porter of St. Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital. ' It is one of the most 
vivid and vigorous productions of the time ' 
(C. H. HEKFOKD, England and Germany in 
the Sixteenth Century, 1886, p. 358), and is 
full of curious information about the cheats 
and beggars who resorted to the hospital 
at some period after Henry VIII's statute 
(1530-1) against vagabonds (see 1. 375), and 
subsequent to the Reformation (1. 551). ' Jyl 
of Breyntford ' is based upon a coarse popular 
tale. Both pieces were in Captain Cox's 
library. Copland translated three romances 
of chivalry as well as other works from the 



Copland 



173 



Copland 



French, and contributed verses to several 
books. It is extremely probable that we owe 
the first English version of ' EulenspiegeP 
to him. Three undated editions of ' Howle- 
glas ' were issued by William Copland between 
1548 and 1560. Wood believed him to have 
been a poor scholar at Oxford. 

The following is a list of his writings : 
1. 'The Kalender of Shepeherdes/ London, 
W. de Worde, 1508 and 1528, 4to, translated 
from ' Le Compost et Kalendrier des Bergers,' 
first printed in 1493, and. afterwards with 
variations (see NISAKD, Limes Pop., 1864, i. 
84^121). It contains many curious scraps 
of folklore, and consists of prose and verse 
mingled with woodcuts. In the prologue 
we are told that having come across the 
work ' in rude and Scottish language/ the 
translator ' shewed the said book unto my 
worshipful mayster, Wynkyn^ de Worde, 
at whose commandment and instigation I, 
Kobert Copland, have me applied directly to 
translate it out of French again into our ma- 
ternal tongue.' 2. ' Kynge Appolyn of Thyre/ 
London, W. de Worde, 1510. 4to (translated 
from the French ' Appolyn, roi deThire;' 
the Roxburghe copy in the possession of the 
Duke of Devonshire at Chats worth is the only 
one known, reproduced in facsimile by E. W. 
Ashbee, 1870, 4to). 3. ' The Myrrour of the 
Chyrche . . . by Saint Austyn of Abyndon/ 
London, W. de Worde, 1521, 4to, trans- 
lated, with additional verses (see Notes and 
Queries, 4th ser.xi.401), from the l Speculum 
Ecclesise 7 of Edm. Rich, archbishop of Can- 
terbury (see HOOK, Lives of the Archbishops, 
iii. 218-22), possibly from a French version. 

4. ' A Goosteley Treatyse of the Passyon of 
our Lorde Jesu Chryst, with many deuout con- 
templacyons, examples, and exposicyons of 
the same,' London, W. de Worde, 1521 and 
1532, 4to (translated from the French by 
Chertsey; Copland only supplied the verse). 

5. t The Introductory to write and to pro- 
nounce Frenche, compyled by AlexanderBar- 
cley/ London, R. Copland, 1521, folio (at the 
end ' The maner of dauncynge of base daunces 
. . . translated out of frenche by R. Cop- 
land '). 6. l The Rutter of the See, with the 
Hauores, Rodes, Soundynges, Kennynges, 
Wyndes, Flodes and Ebbes, Daungers and 
Coastes of Dyuers Regyons,' &c., London, R. 
Copland, 1528, 12mo (from the ' Grant Rou- 
tier ' of Pierre Garcie, first printed at Rouen 
about 1521, and frequently after. The l Rutter ' 
was also added to and ran through several 
editions) . 7 . ' The Secret of Secrets of Aristo- 
tyle, with the Gouernale of Princes,' London, 
R. Copland, 1528, 4to (translated from the 
French with l L'Envoy 7 in verse by the trans- 
lator). 8. 'The Hye Way to the Spyttel 



Hous ' [col.] e Enprynted at London in the- 



Flete-strete, at the Rose Garland, by Robert 
Copland/ n.d., 4to (printed after 1535, only 
two or three copies known ; reproduced in. 
Utterson's tf Select Pieces of Early Popular 
Poetry/ 1817, ii. 1-50, in Hazlitt's l Remains- 
of the Early Popular Poetry of England/ iv. 
17-72 ; and analysed in Herford's ' England 
and Germany in the Sixteenth Century/ 1886,. 
pp. 357-62). 9. ' The Complaynte of them 
that ben to late maryed/ London, W. d& 
Worde, n.d. 4to (8 leaves). Payne and 
Sorowe of Euyll Maryage/ W. de Worde,. 
n.d. 4to (4 leaves). ' A Complaynt of them 
that be to soone maryed/ W. de Worde, 1535, 
4to (13 leaves). All three are evidently 
translated from the French (see COIXIEB, 
Bibtiog. Account, i. 524-6). 10. ' The Life of 
Ipomydon/ London, W. de Worde, n.d. 4to 
(adapted from the romance of Hue of Rote* 
lande ; the former Heber copy is the only one 
known). 11. ' The maner to liue well . . , 
compyled by maistre Johan Quentin/ Lon- 
don, R. Copland, 1540, 4to (translated from 
the French). 12. 'The Questionary of Cy- 
rurgyens, with the formulary of lytel Guydo 
in Cyrurgie/ &c., London, R. Wyer, 1541, 4to 
(translated from the French). 13. ' The- 
Knyght of the Swanne : Helyas/ London, 
W. Copland, n.d. 4to (the copy in theGarrick 
collection in the British Museum is the only 
one known ; reprinted in Thorns, t Early Prose^ 
Romances/ vol. iii.) 14. 'The Art of Me- 
morye, that otherwise is called The Phoenix/" 
London, W. Middleton, n.d. 8vo (translated 
from the French). 15. (a) ' Jyl of Breynt- 
ford's Testament. Newly compiled' [col.] 
'Imprented at London in Lothbury ouer 
agaynst Sainct Margaretes church by me- 
Wyllyam Copland/ n.d. 4to (printed shortly 
after 1562; the only copy known is in the- 
Bodleian Library, privately reprinted by F. J. 
Furnivall as ' Jyl of Breyntford's Testament, 
the Wyll of the Deuyll, and other short 
pieces/ 1871, 8vo) ; (4) < Jyl of Bradford's 
Testament newly compiled 7 [col.] ' Imprinted 
at London by me William Copland/ n.d. 4to 
(pointed after (a) according to Furnivall; 
Collier and Hazlitt take the opposite view. 
Collier's copy of (#), described in his 'Bibl. 
Account/ i. 152-5, cannot be traced; no other- 
copy is known. There are many variations 
between the two editions). 16. 'The Seuen 
Sorowes that women have when theyre Hus- 
bandes be deade. Compyled by R. Copland,*" 
London, W. Copland, n.d. 4to (12 leaves ; copy 
in British Museum, not seen by Halliwell 
and Furnivall, dialogue in verse, with wood- 
cut). 17. Copland also contributed verses 
to Chaucer's ' Assemble of Foules/ 1530, W. 
Walter's ' Spectacle of Louers/ n.d. (see COL- 



Copland 



174 



Copleston 



UER, ii.482-3)j and a prologue to i The Castell 
of Pleasure,' W. de Worde, n.d. 

[Weever's And ent Eunerall Monuments, 1631, 
p. 402; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 252; 
Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetry, 1840, i. p. clxxxiii, 
iii. 259 ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), i. 
345-52 ; the same (Dibdin), iii. 111-26 ; Ritson's 
Bibl. Poetica, 173 ; Corser's Collectanea Anglo- 
Poetica, pt. iv. 445-55 ; Collier's BibL Account 
of the Rarest Books in the English Language, 
\ 865, 2 vols. ; Cat, of Books in the Brit. Mus. 
printed before 1640, 1884, 3 vols. Svo ; W. C. 
Hazlitt's Handbook, 1867, p. 122, Collections and 
Notes, 1 876, p. 99, and Remains of Early Popular 
Poetry, iv. 17, &c. ; Jyl of Breyntford's Testa- 
ment, ed. Purnivall, 1871, Svo; Captain Cox, 
his Ballads and Books, ed.Furnivall (Ballad Soc,), 
1871.] H. R. T. 

COPLAISTD, WILLIAM (fi. 1556-1569), 
printer, is believed by Dibdin ( Typogr. Antiq. 
iv. 127) to have been the younger brother 
of Robert Copland [q. v.] He worked in his 
office until the death of the latter, and con- 
tinued as printer in the same house. William 
Copland was one of the original members of 
the Stationers' Company, and was named in 
the charter of 1556 (A.RBEK, Transcript, i. 
xxviii). The first book for which he is re- 
corded to have had license was for an edition 
of IsocratesV Admonition to Demonicus/in 
1557 (ib. i. 79), but it does not seem ever to 
have been printed. The earliest dated volume 
bearing his imprint is ' The Understandinge 
of the Lordes Supper. . . . Jmprinted at Lon- 
don, in Fletestrete, at y e signe of the Hose 
Garland,' in 1548. In 1561 he was in Thames 
Street, in the Vyntre upon the Three Craned 
Warfe/ and at one time had an office in 
Lothbury, * over against Sainct Margarytes 
church/ Among the noteworthy books issued 
from his press were ' The xiii bukes of 
Eneados 7 (1553, 4to), ' The foure Sonnes of 
Aimon' (1554, folio), 'Kynge Arthur '(1557), 
folio, and the following without a date : * Syr 
Isenbras/ 4to, ' Howleglas ' (three editions), 
4to, The Knyght of the Swanne/ 4to, 'Jyl of 
Breyntford's Testament ' (two editions, 4to), 
Borders * Introduction of Ejiowledge/ 4to, 
* Valentyne and Orson,' 4to.and other popular 
romances. Dibdin knew of no book printed 
hy Copland after 1561, although ' A Dyaloge 
"between ij Beggers ? is registered for him be- 
tween 1567 and 1568 (Transcript, I. 355). 

He compiled * A boke of the Properties of 
Herbes,' 1552, 4to, issued from his own press. 
Both Robert and William Copland used the 
same kind df worn and inferior types, and 
their workmanship shows little of the beauty 
that marks the productions of Wynkyn de 
Worde, but the memory of William deserves 
respect as one who printed many interesting 



specimens of popular English literature, all 
of which are now extremely rare. The titles 
of many of them are in the list of Captain 
Cox's library, and it is extremely likely that 
Copland's actual editions were those in that 
famous collector's cabinet. William Copland 
died between July 1568 and July 1569 (AMES, 
Typogr. Antiq, (Herbert), i. 353), The fact 
that the Stationers' Company i Payd for the 
bury all of Coplande vjs' must not be con- 
sidered to mean that they were called upon 
to bear his funeral expenses, but rather that 
the company had in some way honoured the 
last ceremonies of a benefactor and original 
member. 

[Besides the authorities mentioned above see 
Collier's Bibliographical Account, i. 11, 153 ; 
Catalogue of Books in the British Museum, 
printed to 1640, 1884, 3 vols. Svo; Captain Cox, 
his Ballads and Books, ed. by P. J. Furnivall 
(Ballad Soc.), 1871.] H. E. T. 

COPLESTOIST, EDWARD (1776-1849), 
bishop of LlandafF, was born 2 Feb. 1776 at 
OSwell in Devonshire, of which parish his 
father was the rector. He was descended from 
one of the most ancient families in the west 
of England, which was said to have been in 
possession of its estates before the Conquest. 
The remains of them were all lost in the 
cause of Charles I by the bishop's immediate 
ancestor, John Copleston ; and his descendant 
was not a little proud of the family tree, 
which he spent much time in tracing back- 
wards to its roots. He was educated at home, 
and at the age of fifteen he gained a scholar- 
ship at Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, and 
two years afterwards the chancellor's prize 
for Latin hexameters upon i Marius amid the 
ruins of Carthage.' His Latin poetry was re- 
markably good, and a Latin epistle which 
he addressed to a friend in his seventeenth 
year will bear comparison with Gray's or Mil- 
ton's. After proceeding B. A. in 1795 he was 
invited by the authorities of Oriel to fill a 
vacant fellowship for which none of the can- 
didates were considered good enough. In 
1796 he won the prize for an English essay on 
the subject of agriculture, and in 1797 gra- 
duated M. A. and succeeded to a college tutor- 
ship, which he held for thirteen years. At this 
time he commanded a company in the Oxford 
volunteers, and was celebrated for his bodily 
strength and activity. He once walked all 
the way from Oxford to Offwell; and his 
biographer thinks he must be nearly the last 
man who was robbed by a highwayman near 
London, a calamity that befell Copleston 
between Beaconsfield and Uxbridge on 12 Jan. 
1799. As tutor of Oriel he made the ac- 
quaintance of John William Ward (after- 



Copleston 175 Copleston 



Awards Lord Dudley), with whom lie continued 
to correspond ; and in 1841 he published a selec- 
tion of his letters, which are full of interest. 
Copleston, together with the head of his 
college, Dr. Eveleigh, whom he described as 
the author and prime mover of tjbie undertak- 
ing, was a warm supporter of the new ex- 
amination statute which was promulgated in 
1800, and he volunteered to be one of the first 
examiners in the new schools. In the same 
year he became vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford, 

mm rm <f-\ f\ f*\ /* /> | * 1*T 



which it was proposed, in a bill brought in 
by the government in 1819 but never carried, 
to enable the parochial authorities to acquire 
land. Before quitting Copleston's connection 
with literature we may mention his notice in 
the ' Quarterly Review ' of a book very little 
known, namely, a Latin history of the in- 
surrection of 1745, written by a Scotchman, 
which Copleston pronounced to be in some 
parts almost equal to Livy. 

In 1814, on the death of Dr. Eveleigh, 



and in 1802 professor of poetry, in which Copleston was appointed to the provostship 
capacity he showed himself an accomplished of Oriel. He had for some years filled the 
critic, as well as a master of Latinity. His office of dean, and to him, perhaps more than 
Preelections were greatly admired by New- to any other single individual, is to be attri- 
man, who said, however, that the style was buted the high character which the college 
^rnore Coplestonian than Ciceronian/ His acquired during the first quarter of the present 
* Advice to a Young 1 Reviewer,' a parody of century. The best description of it during 
the method of criticism adopted in the earlier the twenty years that immediately followed 
numbers of the * Edinburgh Review/ is a Copleston's appointment is to be found in 
marvellous piece of imitation, full of the Cardinal Newman's ' History of his Religious 
finest irony. The review soon afterwards Opinions/ and in Mozley's i Reminiscences of 
published an attack on the Oxford system of Oriel.' But in the l Memoir of Bishop Cople- 
education, to which Copleston at once replied ston/ published in 1851, is to be found a very 
and completely demolished his antagonist, interesting letter from Mr. John Hughes, 
whom he convicted not only of stark igno- formerly a member of the college, containing 
ranee of what he had undertaken to condemn, a picture of Oriel men and manners during the 
but of much bad Latin besides. Lord Grren- time when Copleston's influence was supreme, 
ville wrote to thank him for his able defence which shows that in those days the whole 
of Latin versification against the swords body of Oriel undergraduates held their heads 
of the barbarians. The reviewer answered higher than their fellows, 
him, and Copleston wrote three l replies ' in Copleston was a tory of the Pitt and Can- 
all, which contain in a small compass the ning, not of the Eldon and Perceval, school ; 
whole case in favour of a classical education and in the contest for the chancellorship of the 
as then understood. This defence is the university in 1814 he threw his whole influ- 
more valuable as Copleston's own intellect ence into the scale of Lord Grenville, who was 
was of an order capable of grappling with elected by a small majority. Lord Liverpool 
tougher questions than the value of elegant had a just apprehension of his merits, and in 
scholarship. In 1819 he published two letters 1826 made him dean of Chester. In 1828 he 
to Sir Robert Peel, one on the currency and was further promoted to the bishopric of Llan- 
one on pauperism, showing a mastery of daif and deanery of St. Paul's. In parliament 
political economy. The mischievous effects of he supported the bill for the removal of Roman 
a variable standard of value was the subject catholic disabilities. But he opposed the Re- 
of the first, which was spoken of in the most form Bill, his dislike of which he explained 
Mattering terms by Tierney, Baring (after- at some length in a letter to Lord Ripon in 
wards Lord Ashburton), and Sir James Mac- November 1831. In Copleston's opinion the 
kintosh in the House of Commons. He better plan would have been to revive the 
advocated the immediate resumption of cash royal prerogative as to issuing and discon- 
payments, and considered that when this had tinuing writs, a practice by which the pro- 
Seen effected, then, and not till then, it cesses of enfranchisement were adjusted to the 
would be just to repeal ihe corn laws ; paper changes of population without any parliamen- 
<;urrency being a concession to the commer- tary agitation. As a politician he is classed 
cial world as protection duties were to the by Archbishop Whately as ' a decided tory.' 
agricultural. In the letters on pauperism But he was certainly more liberal than the 
he traced the condition of the labouring bulk of the tory party fifty years ago. He 
classes in England to the decline in the value was in favour of the admission of dissenters 
of money, and held that the true remedy was to the universities. He supported Dr. Hamp- 
a corresponding increase in the rate of wages, den ; and we may therefore attach to his dis- 
He disliked the principle of a poor law approval of the Maynooth grant, and of the 
altogether, and seems not to have discerned Jew Declaration Bill, more than ordinary 
the real utility of the allotment system, for weight. The protest against the third read- 



Copley 176 Copley 

ing of the Maynooth Bill entered on the of the King of Spain, in which he remained 
journals of the House of Lords was probably until shortly before 1590. In that year he- 
drawn up by the bishop, and expresses very returned to England without permission, and 
clearly and concisely his logical objection to was soon arrested and put in the Tower,, 
the measure. whence we have a letter from him dated 
As bishop of Llandaff he devoted himself 6 Jan. 1590-1 to Wade, then lieutenant of the- 
strenuously to the work of church restoration Tower, giving an account of his early life, and 
which was then commencing in Wales, and praying for pardon and employment. Other- 
more than, twenty new churches and fifty- letters from him (printed by Strype) give 
three glebe houses were built in his diocese information respecting the English exiles* 
during his tenure of the see. He also took care Soon after we find him residing as a married 
to require a knowledge of the Welsh language man at Roughay, in the parish of Horsham,, 
from the clergy whom he instituted, though he and on 22 June 1592, in a letter from Top- 
was always of opinion that the want of Welsh cliffe to the queen, he is described as 'the: 
services had been greatly exaggerated. All most desperate youth that liveth. . . . Copley 
the business of life, he said, was conducted in did shoot a gentleman the last summer, and 
English, and the natural inference was that killed an ox with a musket, and in Hors-* 
the vast majority of the Welsh people had no ham church threw his dagger at the parish 
difficulty in understanding an English service, clerk. . . . There liveth not the like, I think^ 
However, he quite recognised the necessity in England, for sudden attempts, nor one 
of having in every parish a clergyman who upon whom I have good grounds to have- 
could speak Welsh. His charges delivered watchful eyes ' (STEYPE, Annals, vol. iv.) 
to the clergy of the diocese between 1831 and He appears to have been an object of great 
1849 contain his views on this question, as suspicion to the government, and to have- 
well as on the great public controversies of been imprisoned several times during the re- 
the day. He was a high churchman, who mainder of Elizabeth's reign. His writings, 
at the same time was thoroughly opposed however, breathe fervent loyalty and devo- 
to the tractarians. He could see no logical tion to the queen. In 1595 he published 
distinction 'between the sacerdotal theory '"Wits, Fittes, and Fancies fronted and en- 
which they inculcated and the Roman doc- termedled with Presidentes of Honour and 
trine of the priesthood. But all this time Wisdom ; also Loves Owle, an idle conceited 
he had an equally strong aversion to dissent dialogue between Love and an olde Man/ 
as substituting unauthorised for authorised London, 1595 (Bodleian). The prose portion 
teaching, and the order which the Christian of this work is a collection of jests, stories, 
church hadsanctioned by ancient and universal and sayings, chiefly taken from a Spanish 
usage for the new-fangled systems of indi- work, ' La Floresta Spagnola,' and was re- 
viduals. The bishop died on 14 Oct. 1849, printed in 1614 with additions, but without 
and was buried in the ruined cathedral of t Love's Owle ' (Brit. Mus.) This work was 
Llandaff, having just completed his seventy- followed in 1596 by *A Fig for Fortune' 
third year. (Brit. Mus.), reprinted by the Spenser So- 

[W. J. Copleston's Memoirs of Edward Cople- cie ?7? ^ J * is a P? e f ] n six - line stanzas > 

stem, Bishop of Llandaff; Bemains of the late and > ^f e T Loyes Owle > does not convey a 

Edward Copleston, with an introduction by Arch- * very high idea of Copley's poetical powers, 

bishop Whately, 1854; Mozley's Reminiscences Extracts from it will be found in Corser's- 

of Oriel College, 1883 ; Annual Register, 1849.] ' Collectanea,' ii. 456-9. 

T. E. K At the end of Elizabeth's reign Copley 

took an active part in the controversy between 

COPLEY, ANTHONY (1567-1607?), the Jesuits and the secular priests, and wrote- 
poet and conspirator, third son of Sir Thomas two pamphlets on the side of the seculars, 
Copley [q. v.J, was born in 1567. He was ' An Answer e to a Letter of a Jesuited Gentle- 
left in England when his father went abroad, man, by his Cosin, Maister A. 0., concerning- 
but in 1582, ( being then a student at Furni- the Appeale, State, Jesuits,' 1601, 4to (Brit, 
vals Inn,' he t stole away' and joined his Mus.) This was folio wed by ' Another Letter' 
father and mother at Rouen. At Rouen he of Mr. A. C. to his Disjesuited Kinsman con- 
stayed for two years, and was then sent to cerning the Appeale, State, Jesuits. Also a 
Rome. There he remained for two years in third Letter of his Apologeticall for himself' 
the English college, having a pension of ten against the calumnies contained against him 
crowns from Pope Gregory. On leaving Rome in a certain Jesuiticall libell intituled A ma- 
he proceeded to the Low Countries, where he nifestation of folly and bad spirit/ 1602, 4to 
obtained a pension of twenty crowns from (Bodleian) ; in this he announces < my forth- 
the Prince of Parma, and entered the service coming Manifestation of the Jesuit's Com- 



Copley 177 Copley 



monwealth,' which, however, does not seem 
to have appeared. On the accession of James 
to the crown, Copley was concerned in the 
plot for placing Lady Arabella Stuart on the 

*i / & * i * /*"i* ^ * 



of London for improving natural knowledge, 
to be laid out in experiments or otherwise 
for the benefit thereof as they shall direct 
and appoint.' No award was made till 1731, 

T ".*!,. > , ^ n*vv _ f 



throne. (A proclamation for his apprehension when in that and the following year Stephen 

in 1603 is in the Brit. Mus.) He and the other Gray ^ received the prize for new electrical 

conspirators were tried and condemned to experiments ; J. T. Desaguliers was the next 

death (see State Trials], Tout Copley was after- recipient in 1734. On 10 Nov. 1736 the 

wards pardoned (pardon dated 18 Aug. 1604), Royal Society resolved to convert the bequest 

having made a confession relating the entire into a gold medal, to be awarded annually. 

history of the plot, which is print edm evte?iso J. T. Desaguliers was the first winner of the 

in the appendix to vol. iv. of Tierney's edi- Copley medal in 1736, and it has been awarded 

tion of Dodd's ' Church History.' We after- annually since that date. 
wards find him in 1606 (1607 ?) a guest, from [Noble's Biog. Hist. Continuation of Granger, 

January to April, in the English college at j. 201-2 ; Burke's Extinct Baronetage; Luttrell's- 

Rome, after which he disappears from view. Relation, iv. v, vi ; Weld's Hist, of the Boyal 

[Calendars of State Papers, Dom.Series, 1591- Society, i 384-6, ii. 566; T. Thomson's Hist. 

1594, 1603-10 ; Strype's Annals ; Dodd's Church ? f E 7 al Society; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. i. 478, 

History (Tierney); Corser's Collectanea.] J^ 74>-8, where several letters from Copley to 

B. 0. C. kis f rien d Thomas Kirk are printed.] S. L. L. 



COPLEY, SIB GODFREY (d. 1709), COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, the 

founder of the Copley medal, was son of Sir elder (1737-1815), portrait-painter, "born at 

Godfrey Copley of Sprotborough, Yorkshire, Boston, Massachusetts, 3 July 1737, was the 

who was created a baronet 17 June 1661. son of Richard Copley, a native of the county 

Copley became second baronet on his father's of Limerick, and Mary Singleton, daughter- 

death about 1684 Of his early life nothing of John Singleton of Quinville Abbey, county 

is known. He was elected M.P. for Aid- Clare. Both families were of English origin,, 

borough in 1678 and 1681, and for Thirsk in the Copleys a Yorkshire, the Singletons an 

every parliament that met between 1695 and old Lancashire family, who had settled in 

1705. He took no active part in the debates, Ireland in 1661. Richard and Mary Copley 

but in 1697 resisted the attempt to convict emigrated in 1736, immediately after their 

Sir John Fenwick of treason on the evidence marriage, to Boston, where the former died in 

of one witness ; was a commissioner of pub- the following year, leaving only one child, the 

lie accounts in 1701 ; and in April 1704 be- future artist. Ten years afterwards, 22 May 

came controller of the accounts of the army. 1747, his widow married Mr. Peter Pelham of 

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society Boston, who died in 1751, leaving one son, 

in 1691, and displayed great interest in its pro- Henry Pelham, who also became an artist, and 

ceedings f aided his friend, Sir Hans Sloane, attainedsome eminence in England as a minia- 

in forming his scientific collections, and him- ture painter, but ultimately settled down in 

self brought together a valuable collection of Ireland as the manager of Lord Lansdowne's 

prints and mathematical instruments. He estates there. The elder Pelham was a man 

died at his London house in Red Lion Square of superior education, and esteemed as a 

* of a quinsey,' and was buried at Sprot- portrait-painter and engraver. He was, ac- 

borough. He married, first, Catherine, daugh- cording to Whitmore, an American autho- 

ter of John Purcell of Nantriba, Montgomery- rity, 'the founder of these arts in New 

shire; and secondly, in 1700, Gertrude, daugh- England. 7 It was probably due to, his in- 

ter of Sir John Carew of Antony, Cornwall, fiuence that Copley showed in later life that 

The latter survived him, and remarried in he had been carefully educated, and had 

1716 Sir Coppleston Warwick Bampfield. early become familiar with the best Eng- 

Copley left an only daughter, Catherine, who lish literature. His bias for art, developed 

became the wife of Joseph Moyle, in favour in early boyhood, was fostered and directed 

of whose descendants the Copley baronetcy by his stepfather, who taught him to engrave 

was revived in 1778. The Moyles assumed as well as to paint. In both arts he had 

the name of Copley in 1768. Copley's portrait early made considerable progress, for por- 

by Sir Godfrey Kneller was engraved in mez- traits of undoubted merit, executed by him 

zotint in 1692. when he was fifteen or sixteen, still exist. 

By his will, dated 14 Oct. 1704, and proved The engraving of one of these, a likeness of the 

11 April 1709, Copley bequeathed to Sir Rev. William Welsteed of Boston, bears the 

Hans Sloane and Abraham Hill l one hun- date 1753, with the inscription, ' J. S. Copley 

dred pounds in trust for the Royal Society pinxit et fecit/ By 1755 his talent was so far 

YOL. XII, % 



Copley 178 Copley 

recognised that General (then Colonel) George able to offer to the beautiful, accomplished, 
"Washington sat to him for his portrait, and and amiable woman whom he made his wife 
he seems to hare found in the succeeding the assurance of a settled home, and the corn- 
years a good deal to do in painting the por- panionship of a man whose work was even 
traits of local and other celebrities. From then recognised in England as giving promise 
1758 onwards he made rapid strides in Ms art, of a great future. In 1766, not 1760, as 
both as a draughtsman and colourist. Of two stated by Allan Cunningham and other bio- 
of his portraits, Colonel and Mrs. Lee, painted graphers, he had sent to his countryman, 
in 1769, he often spoke in his later years as Benjamin West, then for three years es- 
of an excellence which he never surpassed, tablished in London, a picture represent- 
Mrs. Pelham and her son moved in the best ing a boy, his half-brother, Henry Pelham, 
society of Boston, and that society was com- seated at a table with a squirrel. The 
posed of remarkable elements, in which learn- picture showed the hand of a master. No 
ing and general culture, statesmanship and letter accompanied it, but that it was from 
business capacity, borrowed refinement from America West concluded from the canvas 
the presence of many women conspicuous for being stretched on American pine, and the 
beauty and accomplishments. Copley was squirrel being a flying squirrel peculiar to its 
not the only artist there. The younger western forests. Conjecture as to the artist 
Smibert, Greenwood, and Blackburn all prac- was subsequently removed by a letter from 
tised as portrait-painters. From these he Copley requesting West's good offices to get 
could not have learned much, though his pic- it into the exhibition of the Society of In- 
tures of this period, it is said, show that he corporated Artists. This was a privilege 
had imitated and surpassed Blackburn in the denied by the rules of the society to all but 
treatment of his draperies, in which Black- members. Such, however, were the merits 
burn excelled. There were a few good pic- of the picture, that the rule was waived, and 
tures by European masters in Boston, to Copley's reputation was at once established 
which Copley, of course, had access, among among his English brethren. Next year he 
them two portraits by Vandyck and one by sent over for exhibition by the society, of 
Sir Godfrey Kneller. But, like most men of which he was now admitted a member, a full- 
genius, Copley had to trust to his own per- length portrait of a young lady with a bird 
sistent study and practice and his close habit and a dog. This picture, as well as that of 
of observation for those qualities in his pic- the previous year, had an interest beyond 
tures which gave them value. The multi- that of mere portraiture. Both were sent 
tude of his portraits executed in America is over to be sold, ' should any one be inclined 
.sufficient proof of his industry and conscien- to purchase them,' Copley writes to an Eng- 
tiousness. His prices were of a very modest lish friend, c at such a price as you may think 
'Character, but by 1771 they had placed him proper.' Sold they probably were at a higher 
in fairly comfortable circumstances. He is price than they would have fetched in Ame- 
-described by a Colonel Trumbull, who then rica. But f The Boy with the Squirrel, 7 if it 
visited him, as * living in a beautiful house ever was sold, came again into the hands of 
fronting on a fine open common ; attired in the painter. It remained one of the most 
a crimson velvet suit, laced with gold, and cherished possessions of his son, Lord Lynd- 
having everything about him in very hand- hurst [see COPLEY, JOHN SIBTG-LETON, the 
.some style.' His income, it appears from younger, LOUD LYNDHTTRST], and after his 
one of his letters, was 'three hundred guineas death was bought (5 March 1864) for 230 
a year, equal to nine hundred a year in Lon- guineas at the sale of his pictures by Mrs. 
don,' and in 1773 he was the owner of about Amory of Boston, a granddaughter of the 
^eleven acres of land, ' the fine open common * artist. Desire to see the masterpieces of an- 
above spoken of, on which the finest and tique art, and more particularly of the great 
most populous portion of the city of Boston painters of Italy, and the natural ambition to 
is now built. On 16 Nov. 1769 Copley mar- try his fate in competition with the living 
ried Miss Susannah Farnum Clarke, daugh- artists of the age, had by this time taken 
ter of Richard Clarke, a leading Boston mer- a strong hold of Copley's mind. But the 
chant, soon afterwards famous as the con- hazards of the venture were serious. *I 
signee of the cargoes of tea which were thrown might in the experiment,' he writes to a 
into the sea at Boston (16 Dec. 1773) by Mend in England, ' waste a thousand pounds 
the citizens of Boston, disguised as Mohawk and two years of my time, and have to re- 
Indians, by way of protest against the tea turn bailed to America.' In 1768 he leaves 
duties recently imposed by England. It was it to his friend West's more experienced 
characteristic of Copley's conscientious na- judgment to say whether or not the time 
ture that he did not marry until he was was ripe for his coming to Europe, begging 



Copley 179 Copley 



'him at the same time not to let 'benevo- picture of Ms mind and character than Carter's 

lent wishes for his welfare induce a more splenetic caricature. ' Could I address you 7 

favourable opinion of his works than they he writes from Geneva (8 Oct. 1774) i by 

, **! y\n f\wwf\r\ ' I I * fi ^nm c\ rt-rtT f\ j-**/"* "i ** 4* l-i S\ TX\ I I /"\TYTi v> y*i rt in "Wr *" n > rt ^^*r*. >wAn ,.*] ^ _J_"I_ _ _ _ i "T i A * rt - 



J. */ 

-deserved.' His marriage in the following 
year, and the birth in rapid succession of 
three children, the eldest and youngest 
daughters, and the second the future Lord 
Lyndhurst, postponed for a time the thought 
of the visit to Europe. This could not be 



any name more dear than that of wife, I 
should delight in using it when I write ; but 
how tender soever the name may be, it is 
insufficient to convey the attachment I have 
for you/ His dominant thought is to get 
through the studies he has set before him, 

1 1 . . n * . * _ _ y 



thought of until money had been earned by that their separation may be as short as 
his pencil for the expenses of his tour and possible, ( for till we are together I have as 
the maintenance of his family during his ab- little happiness as yourself. As soon as 
sence. The prospect of a troubled future for possible you shall know what my prospects 
America, resulting from its uneasy relations are in England, and then you will be able 
with the mother country, was no doubt pre- to determine whether it is best for you to 
.sent to Copley's mind when he left Boston go there or for me to return to America.' 
to cross the Atlantic in June 1774, leaving Meanwhile revolution in America had become 
his family behind him. A cordial welcome imminent, and it appears by a letter from 
.greeted him in England. Strange (after- Eome (26 Oct. 1774) that Copley had heard 
wards Sir Eobert), the great engraver, and Sir from his wife that things were in such a 
Joshua Keynolds called on Mm. West took state that she would not regret leaving Bos- 
him to see all that_ was best in art in London, ton. This, he says, will determine him to 
and, along with Sir Joshua, was at pains to stay in England, where he has no doubt he 
find sitters for him during the brief interval will find as much to do as in Boston and on 
"between his arrival in London and his depar- better terms. One pang he has, the loss of 
ture for the continent. He began portraits his property in Boston. e I cannot count it 
-of the king and queen for Governor Went- anything now ; I believe I shall sink it all. 
worth. ' I might/ he writes to his wife from ... I wish I had sold my whole place ; I 
Eome_(26 Oct. 1774), ' have begun many pic- should then have been worth something. ' I 
tures in London^if I had pleased, and several do not know now that I have a shilling in 
persons are waiting my return to employ the world.' His deep anxiety about his home 
me. 7 But it was all-important for him to only quickened his study of the triumphs of 
make his visit to the galleries of the conti- art around him. ' I shall always,' he writes 
nent without loss of time. The relations be- (Eome, 5 Nov. 1774), enjoy a satisfaction 
tween England and America were becoming from this tour which I could not have had 
more strained every day, and he could not if I had not made it. I know the extent of 
say how soon he might have to decide be- the arts, to what length they have been 
tween returning to Boston and bringing over carried, and I feel more confidence in what 
lis family to England. Leaving England I do myself than before I came.' The next 
*on 21 Aug. he reached Eome in October by letter from his wife satisfied him that Eng- 
way of Lyons, Marseilles, Genoa, Pisa, and land must be his future home. The next 
Florence. A Mr. Carter, an artist, who could few months were devoted to the study of tho 
speak French and Italian, which Copley could best works of art in Eome, Naples, Bologna, 
not, accompanied him. Carter, says Allan Parma, Modena, and Venice. With little to 
Cunningham, was ' a captious, cross-grained, learn as a colourist, having already established 
and self-conceited person/ and in a journal of a distinct and admirable style of his own, his 
his tour which he kept he tried to present Cop- attention was chiefly directed to the master- 
ley in a most disadvantageous light, as selfish pieces of ancient sculpture, with a view to 
and stiff-necked in his opinions. Copley, on correcting his deficiencies as a draughtsman, 
the other hand, had a mean opinion of Carter's As he'had not time to make all the studies he 
abilities and breeding, and in later life spoke wished, he purchased casts of a few of the 
lof him as ' a sort of snail which crawled over finest statues in Eome, ' for even in Eome/ 
a man m his sleep, and left its slime and no he says truly, < the number of the very ex- 
more. In person Carter described Copley cellent is not great. 7 The casts arrived in 
and, allowing for a tinge of ill-nature, his England a mass of fragments, having been 
description may be trusted as < very thin, badly packed, a disappointment which Lord 
pale, a little pock-marked, prominent eye- Lyndhurst used to say his father never ceased 
orows, small eyes, which after fatigue seemed to mourn throughout his life. War had now 
a day s march m his head. 7 Copley's letters broken out in America. Copley had all along 
from Italy to his wife have been preserved, maintained that this would be the result of 
and they may be more safely relied on for a the attempt to tax the colony, and he was 



Copley 



180 



Copley 



equally confident that once begun it would not 
close until independence had been secured. 
He was at Parma engaged upon a copy of 
the St. Jerome of Correggio when he learned 
to his surprise and inexpressible relief that 
his wife had reached England (28 June 1775) 
safely with three of her children : Elizabeth, 
born in 1770 ; John Singleton, born 21 May 
1772 ; and Mary, born in 1773. A son, born 
after Copley left Boston, and who died there 
soon afterwards, remained behind with Cop- 
ley's mother, who was too feeble to bear the 
voyage, and with her son Henry Pelham. 
Knowing that his wife and children were 
well cared for on reaching England by her 
brother-in-law, a Mr. Bromfield, Copley felt 
himself free to carry out his purpose of seeing 
the galleries of Austria, Germany, and Hol- 
land before returning to London, which he 
reached in December 1776. He at once 
settled down to work, first in a house in 
Leicester Fields, from which he removed in 
a year or two to 25 George Street, Hanover 
Square, where the rest of his life was spent, 
and which was occupied by his son until his 
death in 1863. Copley now felt that he need 
not confine himself to portrait-painting, but 
might safely indulge a long-cherished ambi- 
tion, and follow the example of West in 
painting pictures of historical or imaginative 
interest. The first of these, ' A Youth rescued 
from a Shark/ illustrative of an accident 
which occurred to Mr. (afterwards Sir) Brook 
"Watson in the harbour of Havannah, was 
exhibited in 1779- It was presented by 
Copley to Christ's Hospital School, and in a 
fine mezzotint by Valentine Green became 
and is still familiar on many a wall in Eng- 
land, His reputation as a portrait-painter 
was enhanced hy a fine picture which con- 
tained portraits of himself, his father-in-law, 
Mr. Clarke, who had been driven from Ame- 
rica, his wife, and four children, a work 
which was greatly admired when last pub- 
licly seen in England, at the Great Exhibi- 
tion of 1862, for its composition, drawing, 
force of expression, and fine colour. It hung 
on the walls of the house in George Street 
until the death of Lord Lyndhurst, when it 
was bought for a thousand guineas by Mr. 
Charles S. Amory of Boston, U.S., husband 
of a granddaughter of Copley's. It is said 
to have been materially injured in the hands 
- of a cleaner to whom it was entrusted after 
the sale. Commissions for portraits at good 
prices were not wanting. While busy with 
these Copley had the happy thought of per- 
petuating on canvas the remarkable incident 
of Lord Chatham's last appearance in the 
House of Lords (7 April 1778). The picture 
is of high value because of the number of por- 



traits, carefully studied from the life, which it 
contains. In it Copley has preserved the re- 
markable incident, not generally known, that 
while the whole house rose, every member 
of it showing interest and concern, the Earl 
of Mansfield, who bore Lord Chatham a de- 
termined animosity, sat still, as Lord Cam- 
den, who was present, writes in a letter to 
the Duke of Grafton (see STAKHOPE, Eng- 
land, vi. 45, ed. 1853), ' almost as much 
unmoved as the senseless body itself.' The- 
picture, now, together with the sketch for it 
(in which the Earl of Mansfield is standing), 
in the National Gallery, created great in- 
terest. Two thousand five hundred copies of 
it, engraved by Bartolozzi in his best style, 
were rapidly sold. Copies were sent to Bos- 
ton and were hailed with pride by Copley's 
fellow-citizens. His mother, writing thence 
(6 Feb. 1788), tells him: 'Your fame, my 
dear son, is sounded by all who are lovers of" 
the art you bid fair to excel in.' Fine as this 
work is, considering the difficulty of the sub- 
ject, it yields in charm and artistic value to 
another picture of Copley's painted in 178& 
for Alderman Boydell's gallery, which is now 
also in the National Gallery, of ' The Death 
of Major Pierson ' in repelling the attack of" 
the French at St. Helier, Jersey (6 Jan. 
1781). The woman flying from the crowd 
in terror with a child in her arms was painted 
from a young American woman, the nurse of" 
Copley's family ; the figure between her and 
the wall is Mrs. Copley, who, as this and 
other pictures show, was as remarkable for 
her beauty as by all accounts she was for 
her worth ; the boy in a green dress running" 
by the nurse's side is young Copley, after- 
wards Lord Lyndhurst. This picture, for 
which the nation gave sixteen hundred 
guineas in 1864, had every justice done to it 
by Sharp, whose engraving from it is much 
prized by collectors. These works established 
Copley's reputation as an historical painter, 
and secured him a commission from the- 
corporation of London for a very large 
picture painted in 1789-90, now in the 
Guildhall, of 'The Hepulse and. Defeat of 
the Spanish Floating Batteries at Gibraltar ' 
(13 Sept. 1782). Having to introduce into 
it the portraits of four Hanoverian generals, 
Copley, accompanied by his wife and eldest 
daughter, went to Hanover to paint their 
likenesses, furnished with an autograph let- 
ter of introduction from George III, which 
secured for them a most hospitable reception. 
In society they met the Charlotte of Goethe's 
'Werther,' but were sorely disappointed to 
find in her none of the charm with which 
the novelist had invested her in what was to 
them a favourite romance. This picture, no 



Copley 



181 



Copley 



common, work, but not wholly pleasing, was 
also finely engraved by Sharp. Another of 
his historical pictures, ' The Surrender of Ad- 
miral de Windt to Admiral Duncan ' (after- 
wards Lord Camperdown), near Camjjerdown 
(11 Oct. 1797), helped to maintain his popu- 
larity. He also painted a fine portrait of 
Admiral Duncan, which was exhibited at the 
Eoyal Academy in 1798, and engraved, but 
remained in the family of the artist till Lord 
Lyndhurst's death. The larger picture was 
bought by Lord Camperdown in 1802 for a 
thousand guineas, and is now at Camperdown, 
the family seat in Scotland. Another of Cop- 
ley's best historical pictures, now in the pub- 
lic library of Boston, U.S., for which it was 
bought by subscription, represents Charles I 
.demanding in the House of Commons (4 Jan. 
1642) the surrender of Hampden, Pyra, Hol- 
lis, and Hazelrigg. This _ work, begun in 
1785, occupied some years in execution. It 
contained no fewer than fifty-eight likenesses, 
all taken from contemporary portraits, which 
in most cases had to be studied by Copley in 
the country houses where they were pre- 
served, it being his invariable rule to spare 
up pains in giving to his historical pieces the 
interest of actual portraiture. This picture, 
unhappily lost to England, is warmly prized 
in its home across the Atlantic, where every 
work that came from Copley's hand while in 
America has been carefully chronicled, and 
his name, as one of Boston's sons, is cherished 
with genuine pride. It has been given to 
Copley Square, one of the finest features of 
the town a square, built upon part of the 
property above mentioned as belonging to 
Copley. This property, which if preserved 
to the family would have been in itself a 
fine fortune, was unfortunately sacrificed 
either by the malversation or ignorance of 
Copley's agent. Young Copley went over to 
America in 1795 in the hope of recovering 
it, but found there was no alternative but to 
accept of a compromise of all his father's 
claims for a few thousand pounds. This loss 
fell heavily upon Copley. He had a strong 
personal attachment to the property, and to 
lose it became every day more serious, with 
the expenses of a rising family growing tipon 
him, and the demand for his pictures falling 
off during the protracted European war, when 
the purses of the British public were too much 
exhausted to have much to spare "for works 
of art. ' At this moment/ Copley writes to 
his son-in-law Mr. Green (4 March 1812), f all 
pursuits which are not among those which 
^re the essentials of life are at an end.' Still 
Copley worked on with untiring industry. 
He was especially happy in a home presided 
over by a wife conspicuous no less for good 



sense than for her sweet and cultivated man- 
ners, and in children who loved him, and gave 
him no^pain, who appreciated his genius, and 
vied with each other in making him forget 
the anxieties of contracted means. To the last 
he was a true enthusiast in his art. With 
his brush in his hand every care and anxiety, 
Lord Lyndhurst used to say, was forgotten. 
He loved books also. His daughters read to 
him while he worked, and when his easel 
work for the day was done, he turned to his 
favourite poets for refreshment and relaxa- 
tion. In 1800 his eldest daughter was most 
happily married to Mr. Gardiner Greene, a 
merchant of Boston, U.S. From this gentle- 
man, and from his own son, who was making 

' * O 

his way s uccessfully at the bar, Copley received 
very considerable assistance in his later years. 
In August 1815 he was struck down by para- 
lysis, and died on 9 Sept. following. His debts 
were found largely to exceed the value of his 
estate, but they were undertaken by his son 
and fully discharged. He was survived by 
Mrs. Copley, who died in 1836 at the age 
of ninety-one, and by his daughter Mary, 
who attained the great age of ninety-five, 
dying in 1868. The industry of Copley never 
flagged. Before he left America it has been as- 
certained that he had executed -at least 290 
oil paintings, forty crayon portraits, and nine- 
teen miniatures. These have all along been 
highly prized by his countrymen, many of 
whom seized the opportunity of a visit to 
Europe to have their portraits painted by 
him. It is probably by his portraits that 
Copley's reputation will be longest main- 
tained. There are many of them scattered 
throughout England. As a rule they bear 
the stamp of individuality, are well modelled, 
and rich in colour. In Buckingham Palace 
a fine specimen of what he could do in this 
way exists in the portraits of three daughters 
of George III playing in a garden, where 
the accessories are imagined, and treated with 
a fancy and care that are characteristic of 
the thoroughness which Copley put into his 
work. It has been engraved, as most of Cop- 
ley's important pictures were, but the en- 
^graving does no j ustice to the picture. Copley, 
like Beynblds, made experiments in colours, 
but not, like Eeynolds, so far as we can as- 
certain, to the prejudice of his pictures. ALLan 
Cunningham, who had seen the fine speci- 
mens of his work which Lord Lyndhurst col- 
lected wherever he could, and which at his 
death were again scattered, speaks highly of 
Copley's powers as a colourist. His l Samuel 
reproving Saul for sparing the Amalekites ' is 
mentioned by him as * a fine bit of colour- 
ing, with good feeling and good drawing too/ 
' Copley/ he adds, ' shares with West the re- 



Copley 182 Copley 

proach of want of natural warmth, uniting ' the elder Copley resided till his death in 1815,> 

much stateliness with little passion.' This ; where also his widow died at the ripe age 

is, no doubt, to some extent, true of some of of ninety-one in 1836, and where LordLynd- 

his imaginative works, such as his 'Abraham's ; hurst, except for a short interval, lived till 

Sacrifice,' ' Samuel and Eli,' ' Hagar and Ish- i his death in 1863. Young Copley, according 

mael/ and ' The Hed Cross Knight ; ' but his to family tradition, was full of vivacity and 

age was not favourable to the freedom and ; humour qualities which he carried into his. 

realistic force which marked the treatment ! future life. When friends from America, to 

of similar subjects by the old masters, and which his eldest sister returned on her mar- 

which are justly demanded from the modern riage, carried back to him in his old age the 

school. In colouring Copley avoided the tales they had heard of his boyish pranks, 

opaque and monotonous smoothness of West, which used to provoke his father into saying, 

He always kept nature before him, and had e You'll be a boy, Jack, all your life ! ' the 

no fear, as many of his contemporaries had, aged ex-chancellor would answer with a smile r 

that she ' would put him out.' Many of his ' Well, I believe my father was right there.' 

best pictures have gone to America; but his He was of a sweet, loving temper, and his 

merits being now better appreciated in Eng- pleasant way of looking at things was a wel- 

land, those that remain with us are not likely come element in contrast with the anxious 

to leave the country. His portrait, a fine work and meditative cast of his father's mind, and 

by Gilbert Stewart, engraved in Cunning- the somewhat serious temperament of his- 

ham's' Lives of the Painters,' where it is erro- mother. { I am naturally a friend to gaiety/ 

neously ascribed to Gainsborough, is that of a he writes in 1791 ; * I love to see what is ta 

man of marked character, of a contemplative be seen ' a characteristic which coloured all 

and dreamy disposition, and at the same time his life. He was devoted to his parents, and 

of great tenacity of purpose. It is now in the in their happy and well-regulated home he 

possession of Lady Lyndhurst. acquired the simplicity of tastes and the habit 

[Domestic and Artistic Life of John Sin- of strong family attachment for which he 

gleton Copley, Boston, U.S., 1884, by Mrs. was conspicuous through life. His educa- 

Martha Badcock Amory, daughter of Copley's tion was begun at the private school in Chis- 

eldest daughter, Mrs. Greene; Cunningham's wick of Dr. Home, of whom Lord Lyndhurst 

Lives of the Painters, &c., ed. 1833, vol. v.; Sketch { n Hs ninety-first year recorded that he was. 

of the Life and List of some of the Works of < a good c l ass i ca i scholar, and infused into 

J<to&ngktonCop^ his pupils a fair proportion of Latin and 

? n ts>Ti;YH "' ^73; Life of Lord Lynd- Qre ^/ ^ ^ h ^ of Mg 

hurst, by Sir Theodore Martin ; family papers.] ^ ^^ Q ^ ^ ^ ^) ^ t & 

prodigiously improved young man.' Early 

COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, the he acquired the habit, for which he was 
younger, LORD LTOTKUBST (1772-1863), celebrated in after life, of thoroughly master- 
lord chancellor, son of John Singleton Copley ing and fixing with precision in his memory 
the elder [q. v.], and of his wife, Mary Earnum whatever engaged his attention, whether in 
Clarke, was born in Boston, U.S., on 21 May science or in literature. When repeating his 
1772. He was brought over by his mother lessons in the classics to his sister, he used 
to England in June 1775, along with two to say, ' No matter whether you understand 
sisters. His father had come to Europe in the text or not, be sure I make no mistake 
1774. ^ His uncle, Mr. Clarke, having become in a single word, or even in an accent.' For 
obnoxious to his fellow-citizens from Ms at- mathematics, and also for mechanical sci- 
tachment to the English government, had ence, he early showed a marked aptitude, 
"been compelled to fly for safety to Canada. He had no gift for the painter's art, but living 
The position of Copley's wife and children in as he did in the midst of artists, and de- 
Boston had become so unpleasant, and the pro- lighting in the results of their labours, he 
spects of Copley himself as an artist, should he gladly availed himself of his opportunities of 
return to America, were so doubtful, that Mrs. attending the lectures on art of Sir Joshua 
Copley decided on removing to London, where Reynolds, Barry, and others. He used to 
Mends and relatives were already settled, and tell of being present at one of Reynolds's. 
a career as an artist awaited her husband on lectures, when, an alarm having arisen that 
his return from abroad. The family first the floor was about to give way, Burke, who- 
lived in a house_ in Leicester Fields, from the was there, appealed to the audience to be 
windows of which Lord Lyndhurst remem- calm, and not to accelerate the catastrophe 
"bered to have seen, the Gordon riots in June by a rush. In these early days he took a 
1780. A few years afterwards they removed keen interest in the progress of art and in 
to 25 George Street, Hanover Square, where the prosperity of the Eoyal Academy. How 



Copley 183 Copley 

thoroughly conversant he was with its early accounted for. Young Copley soon found 
history and what it had done for art, and that the transaction could not "be annulled, 
how this had been retained in his memory and he was glad to compromise with the 
through more than fifty years, was shown purchasers, who had bought the property in 
when, speaking in the House of Lords (4March good faith, and who now agreed to pay 4,000. 
1859) on the proposed removal of the Aca- to Copley to have their title confirmed. Had 
demy from the National Gallery to Burling- things turned out otherwise, Copley would 
ton House, he brought forward all the cir- undoubtedly have returned to America, and 
cumstances attending its establishment with his son would probably have carried out an 
as much freshness and fluency as if they were intention he for some time entertained of 
of recent occurrence. His wish in youth settling there as a farmer. Young Copley 
was to be an architect, but of this his father made a tour through the United States, with 
would not hear. He had formed a high es- Volney, the French author, for a travelling 
timate of his son's abilities ; and, as these companion during a portion of his travels, 
seemed especially fitted to win distinction at In admirable Latin letters, addressed to Dr. 
the bar, young Copley was sent to be edu- Bellward, the vice-chancellor of the univer- 
cated, with a view to the legal profession, to sity of Cambridge, he recorded the more 
Cambridge, where he was entered as a pen- important details of what he had seen, and 
sioner at Trinity College on 8 July 1790. so fulfilled his duty as a travelling bachelor. 
He had every motive to make the best use On his return to England he went back to 
of his time at the university. His father Cambridge for a short period, and took the 
was not rich, and was dependent on a preca- M.A. degree, 5 July 1796. He then devoted 
rious profession. "With an intellect so keen himself to the study of the law. His first 
and a memory of unusual tenacity, it was practice was as a special pleader, his scanty 
comparatively easy for young Copley to cover briefs being mainly supplemented by the al- 
a wide field of study, not only in literature, lowance attached to his fellowship, which 
but also in mathematics, physics, and me- he enjoyed up to 1804. His first chambers 
chanical science. In the mathematical tripos were in Essex Court, Temple, where he was. 
of 1794 he took his degree as second wrangler, installed in 1800, in which year his eldest 
dividing the highest honours of the university and favourite sister was married to Mr. Gar- 
with George Butler [q.v.], afterwards head- diner Greene, a merchant of Boston, U.S. 
master of Harrow and dean of Peterborough. To Mr. Greene young Copley owed the funds- 
A failure in health alone prevented him from which enabled him to be called to the bar. 
coming out as senior wrangler. ' My health,' His prospects up to 1804 were so gloomy,, 
he writes to his father (17 Jan. 1794) in an- that he thought seriously of forsaking the 
nouncing this fact, t was my only enemy. I bar for the church. Of this his father would 
am the more pleased at my place, as this study not hear, and wrote to Mr. Greene for as- 
(mathematics) has only been adopted by me sistance. It came promptly, and in acknow- 
within these nine months, whereas several of ledging it (30 May 1804) young Copley writes 
my opponents have been labouring for years, to Mr. Greene : e Assisted by your friendship, 
As I predicted, I &m first in my own college.' I am about to launch my bark into a wider 
He also took the King William prize in the sea ; I am not insensible to the dangers with 
Michaelmas term 1794. On 19 May of the which it abounds. But while to some it 
same year he was admitted a member of the proves disastrous and fatal, to others it affords 
Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn, and kept the a passage to wealth, or, what is of more value 
Easter term there. Returning to the uni- than wealth, to reputation and honours.' 
versity, he obtained (10 Aug. 1795) the ap- On 18 June 1804 he was called to the bar 
pointment of travelling bach elor, witli a grant and joined the midland circuit. His great 
of 100 a year for three years, and in the abilities were by this time recognised, by his 
following month was elected a fellow of his brethren at the bar. He worked hard, and 
college. At the end of 1795 he sailed for was assiduous in attendance on the courts. 
America, where, since the peace of 1784, Briefs came in, he continued to rise, but even 
friendly relations with England had been es- in 1806, we are told, ' the profits increase very, 
tablished. He was warmly welcomed in his very slowly.' During 1807 the progress grew 
native city of Boston, where his father's more rapid the work harder, and, though he 
reputation as an artist stood very high. The was a brilliant talker, and enjoyed dances, 
chief object of his visit was, if possible, to he renounced society, finding it incompatible 
recover a valuable property on Beacon Hill with the pressure of business. By this time, 
there which belonged to his father. It had his mother writes, ' his prospects are satis- 
been sold by Mr. Copley's agent in his absence factory, and remove our anxious concern on 
without due authority, and the price never that score. He has made a great advance ? 



Copley 184 Copley 



and says lie must style himself, as others 
do, " a lucky dog." ' Meanwhile he had re- 
moved his chambers to Crown Office Row, 
and these he retained until he left the bar. 
Out of his increasing income he was able to 



ing 1 the machine at his client's works, and 
turning out with his own hands an unexcep- 
tionable specimen of bobbin-net lace. Copley 
succeeded in proving that the plaintiff's ma- 
chine was only an improvement on the spin- 

* * * , * 1 A 



assist his father, whose art had ceased to ning-jenny invented some years before by 
be profitable ; but down to 1812 it did no Mr. Heathcot, and in so doing not only se- 
more than meet the immediate wants of his cured a verdict for his clients, but enabled 
parents and himself. In the March of that Heathcot to take measures, which he did 
year Copley got his first great start in his forthwith, to reap the solid fruits of his in- 
profession by his defence at the Nottingham vention. From this time fees poured in upon 
assizes of John Ingham, one of the leading Copley so largely, that he was able by degrees 
Luddites, who was charged with what was to pay off his father's debts, and to place his 
then the capital offence of rioting and the family in greater comfort than they had 
destruction of machinery. By an ingenious known for years. He now became the ac- 
objection to the indictment he got his client knowledged leader of his circuit, and was 
off scot-free. The sympathies of the mob recognised by his professional brethren as 
were all with Ingham, and Copley had dim- marked for distinction. This opinion was con- 
culty in preventing them from carrying him- firmed by the brilliant appearances which he 
self to his hotel upon their shoulders. Just made in two celebrated trials for treason in 
before this he had resolved to give up the 1817. The first of these was that of Dr. Wat- 
circuit, finding it did not pay ; but he never son and Thistlewood, afterwards the head of 
afterwards wanted briefs when he came to the Cato Street conspiracy. Copley's speech is 
Nottingham. The turn in his affairs had said by Lord Campbell, who heard it, to have 
come which ' led on to fortune.' In 1813 been * one of the ablest and most effective 
he was raised to the dignity of serjeant-at- ever delivered in a court of justice.' It was 
law. During the next two years his success marked by that ' luminous energy ' which 
enabled him to increase the comforts of his characterised all his speeches. Not a super- 
father, but it was not such as to enable him fluous sentence, no patches of rhetoric, the 
to fulfil his mother's wish that he should points chosen with unfaltering judgment, and 
marry. His father's death in September 1815 driven home with convincing force, all indi- 
threw the whole burden of his family upon eating a mind which, as Sir Samuel Shepherd 
Mm. It was cheerfully accepted by ' the best once said of Copley, < had no rubbish in it.' 
of sons and the best of brothers,' as he was Mainly through Copley's eloquence a verdict 
called by Ms father. Old Copley left heavy of acquittal was obtained. The exceptional 
debts ; Ms son assumed them all, and paid ability shown by Copley determined the go- 
them out of his hard-won earnings to the last vernment to secure his services at the next 
penny. Years had only drawn closer the state trial. This was that of Brandreth 
bonds of affection between Ms mother and Turner and others for riot at a special assize 
sister and himself. Mr. and Mrs. Greene in Derby (October 1817), when effective use 
tried hard to get them to make a home with was made by Mr. Denman of the fact that 
them at Boston, but they refused. l It would his clients, the accused, were in this way de- 
be distressing indeed,' Mrs. Copley writes, prived of ' that bulwark which they would 
6 to break up my son's only domestic scene otherwise have found in Copley's talents, 
for comfort and resort from his arduous at- zeal, eloquence, and useful experience.' Less 
tention to business. ^ His kind and feeling scrupulous politicians accused Copley of de- 
heart you know, and it has had a large scope serting Ms principles, assuming that he had 
for action.' In the action of Boville v. Moore shared the opinions of the Luddites and 
and others for infringement of a patent, others whom he had defended, simply because 
tried in March 1816 before Chief-justice he had done Ms duty as their counsel to the 
Gibbs, Copley gained great distinction by best of Ms ability. Soon after this trial Lord 
the masterly way in which he explained the Liverpool was the means of bringing Copley 
intricate machinery of the bobbin-net frame* intoparliament,but without ' pledge, promise, 
which, according to Dr. Ure, is ' as much or condition of any sort/ which he certainly 
beyond the most curious chronometer as that would not have done, unless he had felt sure 
is beyond a roasting-jack,' illustrating Ms that Copley's political opinions were such th,at 
exposition as he went along by working a his support of the general policy of the go- 
model of the machine with what seemed the vernment might be relied on. Copley took 
dexterity of a practised hand. He had made Ms seat in March 1818 as member for Yar- 
lumself master of the subject by running mouth in the Isle of Wight. During this 
down to Nottingham two days before, study- session he spoke only twice, but Ms position 



Copley l8 5 Copley 



is denoted by the fact that on the first oc- This office and that of master of the rolls, 
casion he was selected to answer Sir Samuel which, like Lord Gifford, he held along with 
Romilly, and on the second his speech brought it, he retained for only eight months, having 
up Sir James Mackintosh to reply. In the by the wish of the king, on the refusal of 
following session Copley sat for the borough Lord Eldon to continue in office, been nomi- 
of Ashburton, and in 1829 he received his nated as chancellor in the following April, 
first step to wards judicial promotion in being and raised to the peerage as Baron Lynd- 
appointed king's serjeant and chief justice of hurst. When Canning's brief administration 
Chester in which capacity he gave proofs of was closed by his death on 8 Aug. follow- 
the high judicial qualities for which he was ing, Lord Lyndhurst was continued in the 
afterwards pre-eminently distinguished. His office of chancellor by Lord Goderich. On 
first labours as a judge were soon ended, for power passing, or rather being forced, from 
in June 1819 he was appointed solicitor- that nobleman's feeble hands in the ensuing 
general on Sir Robert (afterwards Lord) December, the Duke of Wellington at once 
Gifford becoming attorney-general, and was requested Lyndhurst to retain his seat on the 
knighted. In March 1819 he married Sarah woolsack, which he did until the fall of the 
Garay, daughter of Charles Brunsden, and Wellington administration in 1830. During 
widow of Lieutenant-colonel Charles Thomas this period the duke and Sir Robert Peel 
of the Coldstreain guards, a beautiful and leaned so greatly upon his advice and assist- 
brilliant woman, between twenty and thirty ance, that, next to theirs, his was the most 
years of age. By this time he had esta- potential voice in the cabinet. In debate his 
blished his reputation as a great lawyer, services were of the highest value. He spoke 
with a mind of unusual subtlety, while dis- rarely, and only on great occasions, when he 
tinguished as a speaker by terseness and lu- made his powers so strongly felt by his poli- 
minous vigour of expression. ' He is more tical adversaries that he became the mark, as 
than a lawyer/ says Mr. J. P. Collier in a dreaded enemy in those days was sure to 
his f Criticisms of the Bar,' published in 1819, become, for envenomed slanders in their jour- 
* and apparently well read not only in the his- nals. These he treated with contempt, except 
torians, but also in the poets of his country, when they impugned his integrity as a public 
so that at nisi prius he shines with peculiar man. At last he was driven to put two of his 
brightness.' These qualities were enhanced libellers to proof of their charges that he had 
by a singularly handsome presence and a fine used the patronage of his office to put money in 
voice, as well as by perfect courtesy to both his pocket, and obtained triumphant verdicts 
bar and bench, which, Lord Campbell says, against them, The charge was never more 
4 made him popular with all branches of the misapplied, his rule on all such matters being 
profession of the law,' In the House of detur digniori, and this, as appointments given 
Commons the charm of these characteristics by him to such sturdy political opponents as 
was heightened by dignity of bearing and Mr. (afterwards Lord) Macaulay and the Rev. 
frank courage in debate, his bearing ' always Sydney Smith proved, without reference to 
erect, his eye sparkling, and his smile pro- party considerations. As Lyndhurst's prac- 
claiming his readiness for a jest/ while tice had been confined to the common law 
in office as solicitor-general Copley added bar, he was for some time at a disadvantage 
greatly to his reputation both as a debater as the head of the court of equity. But this 
and as a leading counsel. His appearance disadvantage he set himself to conquer, and 
in the trial of Thistlewood and others for with the success which might have been ex- 
high treason, and in the proceedings in the pccted from an intellect so acute, and so ac- 
House of Lords against Queen Caroline, both customed to refer all questions to governing 
in 1820, will always be a model of the dignity, principles. Although in the question of par- 
the moderation, tlae mastery of essential de- liamentary reform, on which the Wellington 
tails, the skill in cross-examination, the scru- administration fell in November 1830, to 
pulous accuracy, and the tempered glow of be succeeded by that of Earl Grey, he did 
-eloquence, which make the triumphs of the not share the extreme views of his leader, he 
great advocate. In 1824 Copley became was too much attached to him, and too little 
.attorney-general, and held the office till the in sympathy with the views of Earl Grey, to 
death of Lord Gifford in September 1826, have accepted office under him. Itwascre- 
when ^he was appointed master of the rolls, ditable to Lord Grey, and to his chancellor, 



retaining his seat, upon re-election, for Cam- 
bridge, for which he had been returned in the 
previous June. He was also appointed, in 
succession to Lord Gifford, recorder of Bristol, 
by the unanimous vote of the town council. 



Lord Brougham, that on the retirement of 
Sir William Alexander in December 1830 
from the office of chief baron, they proposed 
to Lyndhurst to take his place, thus securing 
to the state the benefit of his fine judicial 



Copley 



186 



Copley 



powers, and doing a kindness to an honoured 
friend, though redoubtable political opponent. 
With the full concurrence of the Duke of 
Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, and Lord Aber- 
deen, whom he consulted, Lyndhurst accepted 
the appointment, the emoluments of which, 
7,000?. a year, were of moment to him ; and 
in the four years during which he held it 
he raised the reputation of his court to the 
highest point. So sound were his judgments 
that they were very rarely carried to appeal. 
The operation of taking notes was so irksome 
to him that he left the task to his chief clerk. 
But such was the tenacity of his memory, and 
his skill in arranging the details of evidence 
during the progress" of the case, that his 
summings-up were masterpieces of accuracy 
as well as terseness, helping the jury when 
mere reading of the evidence in the ordinary 
way would probably have bewildered them. 
The most signal instance of his marvellous 
power of digesting masses of evidence, reduc- 
. ing them into order, and retaining them in 
his memory, was his judgment in the case of 
Small v. Attwood. The hearing of the case 
began 21 Nov. 1831, and occupied twenty- 
one days in reading the depositions and hear- 
ing the arguments of counsel. On 1 Nov. 
1832 Lyndhurst delivered a judgment ' by all 
accounts/ says Lord Campbell, 'the most 
wonderful ever heard in Westminster Hall. It 
was entirely oral, and without even referring 
to any notes, he employed a long day in 
stating complicated facts, in entering into 
complex calculations, and in correcting the 
misrepresentations of counsel on both sides. 
Never once did he falter or hesitate, and never 
once was he mistaken in a name, a figure, or 
a date. 7 He had to defend this judgment 
some years afterwards on an appeal to the 
House of Lords in a speech which, Lord Camp- 
bell says, ' again astounded all who heard it.' 
His judgment was reversed, wrongly, as is 
now admitted by the soundest lawyers. In 
the discussions in the House of Lords in 
1831 Lyndhurst took a leading part, and his 
speeches, read by the light of what has since 
happened, while they prove him to have had 
the prophetic intuitions of the statesman, are 
worthy to be read no less for political instruc- 
tion^than for that best eloquence which, hav- 
ing important things to say, says them in the 
clearest and most emphatic and tersest lan- 
guage. He succeeded (7 May 1832) in carry- 
ing a motion for postponing consideration of 
the ^clauses for disfranchisement, and, the 
ministry having resigned, he was at once sent 
for by William IV, who, upon his advice, au- 
thorised him to ascertain the views of the 
leaders of the opposition as to taking office. 
The Duke of Wellington was prepared to have 



done so; Sir Robert Peel, however, was 
not. Lord Grey resumed office, and the Re- 
form Bill passed without further opposition. 
Unlike his great rival and friend Brougham, 
Lyndhurst never rose to speak in the House 
of Lords unless he felt that his silence might 
be misconstrued or injure a good cause. He- 
was always eagerly listened to. His speeches 
were never prepared, except in this, that the- 
subject was thought over and over. ' With 
the exception of certain phrases, 7 he told the 
Rev. Whitwell Elwin, ' which necessarily 
grow out of the process of thinking, I am 
obliged to leave the wording of my argument 
to the moment of delivery. 7 But here he 
seemed to be never at a loss. His mind as. 
he spoke worked with an energy that com- 
pletely took possession of his hearers. In 
delivering his judgments also this was emi- 
nently conspicuous. Pie so stated the facts- 
that those who listened saw things with the 
same clearness as himself, and so were led in- 
sensibly up to his own conclusions. He was- 
well described by a writer in 1833 : ' You 
can hear a pin fall when he is addressing the 
house j you may imagine yourself listening* 
to looking at Cicero. His person, gesture, 
countenance, and voice are alike dignified, 
forcible, and persuasive. . . . He stands 
steadily, however vehement and impassioned 
in what he is delivering, never suffering him- 
self to " overstep the modesty of nature, 77 to 
be betrayed into ungainly gesticulations. 7 
On the fall of Lord Melbourne 7 s administra- 
tion in November 1834, Lyndhurst again be- 
came chancellor during the short administra- 
tion of Sir Robert Peel, which terminated in 
the following April. Being free from con- 
stant work as a judge, he now took a more 
active part in the discussions of the House- 
of Lords. He led the opposition (1835) in 
the debates on the Municipal Reform Bill, in 
the face of a very determined and angry op- 
position, carrying several important amend- 
ments which he believed, and which have been 
found to be, improvements on the measure 
as introduced. To the principle of the Irish 
Municipal Reform Bill (1836) he set up a 
determined resistance, which was fatal to- 
the measure, and drew down upon him the 
envenomed attack of the whigs, as well as. 
of 7 Connell and others, for having spoken 
of the Irish as ' aliens in blood, in language, 
and in religion,' a phrase which he proved, 
when the bill came back with the commons 7 ' 
amendments, that he had never used, demon- 
strating at the same time, from the language 
of Irish agitators themselves, that it had been 
made their boast that their countrymen were- 
what Lyndhurst was accused of having called 
them, In this session he was the means of 



Copley 187 Copley 

carrying the valuable bill for authorising the himself quite equal to the heavy work of Ms- 
defence by counsel of prisoners in criminal office. During his tenure of it he displayed 
trials. A singular fatality had this year be- in a pre-eminent degree the judicial aptitude,, 
fallen most of the government measures, a fact the desire to arrive at truth, and the splendid 
of which the most was made by Lyndhurst in a power of statement for which he had pre- 
review of the session (18 Aug.), the first of a viously made a great reputation. His speeches 
series of similar assaults on Lord Melboixrne's in the House of Lords were confined almost 
administration, which helped materially to exclusively to questions of legal reform raised 
shake it by the skill of analysis and the by himself or others. Despite the pressure- 
vigour of their invective. This was a busy of advancing years and the threatened loss 
year with Lyndhurst, ^f or besides playing a of eyesight, he forbore to retire, as he wished 
prominent part in politics, he attended closely to do, when his leader became involved in 
to appeals in the House of Lords as well as difficulty with his party by the pressure of 
to the business of the ^rivy council. In 1837 the question of free trade in 1844-5, and 
his attention was chiefly directed to judi- remained to fight and fall with him upon 
cial business. But, in concert with Lord that question. "With heartfelt delight he 
Brougham, he rendered important service in retired from office, and retreated to a country 
bringing into shape several bills for the re- house at Turville, which he had taken on 
form of the criminal law, introduced by Sir lease some years before, and where he was 
John Campbell, then attorney-general. The happy with his family, his books, his friends,, 
Irish Municipal Corporations Eeform Bill, and the occupations of a farm. In 1846 he 
again introduced in much the same terms as made, with the approval of the Duke of Wei- 
the previous year, was again defeated, the lington, an unsuccessful attempt to reunite- 
house refusing by a majority of eighty-six to the broken ranks of the conservative party, 
let it go into committee. In two successive under the leadership of Lord Stanley. But 
sessions the bill shared the same fate, and it all hope of healing the breach failed owing 
only passed in 1840 with material modifica- to the resistance of Lord George Bentinck,, 
tions in the direction indicated by Lor dLynd- the leader for the time of the protectionists, 
hurst. In January 1834 Lady Lyndhurst, to On this Lyndhurst was glad to retire for a 
whom he was warmly attached, had died after time from active participation in the debates- 
a short illness. Four years afterwards, in of the House of Lords, but he continued to- 
August 1837, he married Georgiana, daughter keep up intimate relations with Lord Stanley 
of Lewis Goldsmith, a union the happiness and other leading men of his party. For the- 
of which was unbroken to his death. His next two years he appeared little in public 
skill as lawyer and legislator was shown in life. The blindness with which he had been 
the session of 1838 by his amendments on for some time threatened had become so great 
the bill for the abolition of imprisonment that for the greater part of 1849 he could 
for debt, and also on the Juvenile Offenders neither read nor write. But his family made 
Bill. In 1840 he was elected, in opposition this deprivation comparatively light for him 
to Lord Lyttelton, by a majority of 485, to by reading to him whatever he wished, and 
the office of high steward of the university his remarkable tenacity of memory came to his. 
of Cambridge, an honour which he prized as aid by retaining every fact and figure of im- 
one of the chief distinctions of his career, portance. In June 1849 he created surprise by 
especially as men of all shades of opinion rising to speak in the House of Lords against 
had combined to confer it. ' His reception the royal assent being given to an act of the- 
in the senate house/ writes one who was Canadian legislature, under which he con- 
present, ' was a striking and strange exhibi- tended that compensation for loss in the Cana- 
tion of reverential uproar, such as I never dian rebellion might be given to those who- 
witnessed except in the same place five years had abetted it. Frail and feeble physically 
before, when the great duke was presented as he obviously was, it was apparent that 
as " Doctor " Wellington. 7 When Sir Robert nothing but a strong sense of duty could 
Peel was called, in August 1841, to form a have induced him to appear ; but it was soon 
ministry on the defeat of the Melbourne ad- seen that he had lost nothing of his old in- 
ministration, he at once named as his chan- tellectual vigour, as for more than an hour 
cellor Lord Lyndhurst, with whom he had he rivetted the attention of the house. There- 
for years ' been on the most confidential in- was something singularly pathetic in his- 
tercourse on political matters/ and on whom, words, when, apologising for having addressed 
to use his own words, ' he could confidently their lordships at all, he said, i Perhaps it is- 
rely when real difficulties were to be en- the last time I shall ever do so. 7 It was, 
countered.' Lyndhurst was now in his sixty- happily, very far from being so ; for although 
ninth year, but he was strong, and proved now verging on his eightieth year, his eyes. 



Copley 



188 



Copley 



were on two several occasions successfully 
operated upon, and for nearly ten years more 
the voice of * the old man eloquent' was heard 
with perhaps greater effect than at any pre- 
vious period of his career. His spirit retained 
something of the buoyancy of youtlu He 
was happy in his home and in his friends, 
felt a keen interest not only in the political 
movements, hut also in the literature and 
.scientific discoveries of the day. The bitter- 
ness of his political adversaries was subdued 
'by the commanding powers and unmistakable 
patriotism by which every speech he made 
was distinguished. Even so late as 1851 Lord 
Derby was anxious for him to become lord 
chancellor for the fourth time. He was quite 
equal to the fatigue of office, but he could 
not afford its expenses ; and he was at ^an 
age, and had long been of a temper, which 
prefers to speak on public questions unfettered 
by the ties of party. After a successful opera- 
tion for cataract in July 1852 he was present 
in the House of Lords at all important de- 
bates, and his speeches excited universal ad- 
miration by their ripe sagacity, their play of 
humour and invective, the glow of genuine 
feeling, and the marvellous command of all 
historical and other facts bearing upon his 
-argument. Thus of his speech against the 
proposal to create life peerages (7 Feb. 1856) 
Lord Campbell, who did not love the man, 
rsays that it was i the most wonderful ever 
heard. It would have been admirable for a 
man of thirty-five, and for a man of eighty- 
four it was miraculous.' Even more remark- 
able were his speeches in 1859 and 1860 on 
the national defences, passages in which will 
.always be of priceless value as warnings how 
.alone England can maintain the pre-eminence 
and the empire she has won. His last speech 
was spoken (7 May 1861) on a bill for esta- 
blishing the validity of wills of personal 
estate. It showed no decline in the strong 
reason and masculine eloquence with which 
he had long fascinated the peers ; but, though 
lie frequently attended the house afterwards, 
he was no more heard in debate. The re- 
maining years of his life were happy, if life can 
Tie made happy by i love, honour, troops of 
friends/ and by carrying into the enforced 
quiet of extreme age the keen appreciation 
of all that is best in literature and art and 
human nature, and a living hope of a better 
life to come. All these Lord Lyndhurst had 
in an eminent degree. After a brief illness he 
passed gently and tranquilly away on 12 Oct. 
1863, being then in his ninety-second year. 
Of the many panegyrics which appeared after 
his death perhaps none is at once more true 
.and stroking than that by Lord Brougham 
{Memoirs^ iii. 437) : ' Lyndhurst was so im- 



measurably superior to his contemporaries, 
and indeed to almost all who had gone before 
him, that he might well be pardoned for look- 
ing down rather than praising. Nevertheless 
he was tolerably fair in the estimate he formed 
of character, and being perfectly free from 
all jealousy or petty spite, he was always 
ready to admit merit where it existed. What- 
ever he may have thought or said of his con- 
temporaries, whether in politics or at the bar, 
I do not think his manners were ever offen- 
sive to anybody, for he was kind and genial. 
His good nature was perfect, and he had 
neither nonsense nor cant any more than he 
had littleness or spite in his composition. 7 
The life of Lyndhurst in the volume of Lord 
Campbell's ' Lives of the Chancellors ' pub- 
lished after Lord Campbell's death, while 
containing some interesting facts, is so full 
of misstatements and malignant innuendo as 
to be worthless as an authority. Written 
apparently to blast the good name of a great 
lawyer and statesman, it has ^ only proved 
damaging to the reputation of its author for 
accuracy, candour, and honourable feeling. 

The portraits of Lyndhurst are : 1. As a 
child in his mother's lap, in what is known 
as the family portrait, by his father, now in 
the possession of Mr. Amory, Boston, U.S. 
2. As the boy in the green jacket in the picture 
of ' The Death of Major Peirson,' National 
I Gallery. Between this period and his be- 
! coming chancellor no portrait of him has 
been traced. 3. In Sir George Hayter's pic- 
ture of the House of Commons, 5 Feb. 1833, 
now in the National Portrait Gallery. 4. In 
; the picture in the same gallery of Fine Arts 
I Commission, 1846, by J. Partridge. 5. Sepa- 
1 rate life-size half-length portrait, study for 



the preceding, in the possession of Lady 
Lyndhurst, excellent. 6. Full-length in robes 
of lord high chancellor, by J. Phillips, now 
in National Portrait Gallery, not good as a 
likeness. 7. A miniature when at the age 
of sixty-three, by Sir William Eoss, in the 
possession of Lady Lyndhurst, excellent. 
8. A crayon drawing by Mr. George Rich- 
mond, in the possession of Francis Barlow, 
long his lordship's secretary, excellent. This 
has been admirably engraved, first as a pri- 
vate plate, and again as the frontispiece to 
Martin's 'Life or Lyndhurst,' by the late 
Francis Holl, B.A. 9. A bust by Belies, 
presented to Lady Lyndhurst by his lord- 
ship's friends in 1841, and after his death 
presented by her to Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge, which is considered by those who 
knew Lord Lyndhurst best to be faultless as 
a likeness. 10. An unsatisfactory unfinished 
portrait, taken about two years before Lord 
Lyndhurst's death, by Mr. GL F. Watts, in 



Copley 



189 



Copley 



National Portrait Gallery. There is also a 
good engraved likeness of Lyndhurst, about 
the age of sixty, in Ryall's ' Portraits of Con- 
servative Statesmen.' 

[Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices and 
Lives of the Chancellors ; Brougham's Memoirs ; 
G-reville's Memoirs ; Sir Henry Holland's Recol- 
lections ; State Trials ; Hansard ; Mrs. Amory's 
Life of John Singleton Copley; Sir T. Martin's 
Life of Lord Lyndhurst; family papers ; personal 
knowledge.] T. M. 

COPLEY, SIB THOMAS (1514-1584), 
of Gatton, Surrey, and Koughay, Sussex, and 
of the Maze, Southwark, who was knighted 
(perhaps by the king of France), and created 
a baron by Philip II of Spain, and who is 
frequently referred to by contemporaries as 
Lord Copley, was one of the chief Roman ca- 
tholic exiles in the reign of Elizabeth. Cam- 
den styles him <e primariis inter profugos 
Anglos. 7 He was the eldest son of Sir Roger 
Copley by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
William Shelley of Michelgrove, a judge of 
the common pleas [q. v.], and was one of 
the coheirs of Thomas, last lord Hoo and 
Hastings, whose title he claimed and some- 
times assumed. Lord PIoo ? s daughter Jane 
married his great-grandfather, Sir Roger Cop- 
ley. Another daughter married Sir Geoffrey 
Boleyn, and was the great-grandmother of 
Anne Boleyn. The lords 01 the manor of 
Gatton then, as for nearly three centuries 
afterwards, returned the members of parlia- 
ment for the borough, and in 1533 Copley, 
when only nineteen years of age, was re- 
turned 'by the election of Dame Elizabeth 
Copley 7 (his mother) as M.P. for Gatton. 
He sat for the same place in the parliaments 
of 1554, 1556, 1557, 1559, and 1563, and 
distinguished himself in 1558 by his opposi- 
tion to the government of Philip and Mary 
(Commons' Journals'). He was then a zealous 
protestant, and was nmch in favour with his 
kinswoman Queen Elizabeth at the com- 
mencement of her reign. In 1560 she was 
godmother to his eldest son Henry. Ac- 
cording to Father Parsons (Relation of a 
Trial between the Bishop of Evreux and the 
Lord Plessis Mornay, 1604) the falsehoods 
he found in Jewel's ' Apology ' (1502) led to 
his conversion to the church of Rome. After 
suffering (as he intimates in one of his letters) 
some years 7 imprisonment as a popish recu- 
sant, he left England without license in or 
about 1570, and spent the rest of his life in 
France, Spain, and the Low Countries, in 
constant correspondence with Cecil and others 
of Elizabeth's ministers, and sometimes with 
the queen herself, desiring pardon and per- 
mission to return to England and to enjoy 
Ms estates ; but acting as the leader of the 



English fugitives, and generally in the service- 
of the king of Spain, from whom he had a, 
pension, and by whom he was created baron 
of Gatton and grand master of the Maze (or 
Maes) (CAMDBST). He also received letters of 
marque against the Butch, His title of baron 
and these letters form two of the subjects of 
the correspondence that passed between him- 
self and the queen's ministers (Cal. State- 
Papers, Dom. Ser.) Much of his correspon- 
dence is to be found in the c State Papers,' and 
in the Cottonian, Lansdowne, and Harleian 
MSS. He died in Flanders in 1584, and in 
the last codicil to his will styles himself ' Sir 
Thomas Copley, knight, Lord Copley of Gat- 
ton in the county of Surrey ' (Probate Office). 
By his wife Catherine, daughter and coheiress, 
of Sir John Luttrell of Dunster, Somerset, he 
had four sons and four daughters. His eldest 
son Henry, Queen Elizabeth's godson, died 
young ; William succeeded at Gatton. The- 
third son was Anthony [q. v.] 

JOHK COPLEY (1577-1662), the youngest 
son of Sir Thomas, was born at Louvain and 
became a priest, but in 1611 left the church 
of Rome for that of England, and in 1612 
published ' Doctrinall and Morall Observa- 
tions concerning Eeligion : wherein the au- 
thor declareth the Reasons of his late un- 
enforced departure from the Church of Rome j. 
and of his incorporation to the present Church, 
of England . . . ,' imprinted by W. S. for R. 
Moore, London, 1612, 4to (Brit. Mus.) In the 
same year he obtained the living of Bethersden 
in Kent, to which he was collated by Arch- 
bishop Abbot j he resigned it four years later 
on receiving from the same prelate the rectory 
of Pluckley in Kent. "We find from the ' State- 
Papers ' and the ' Commons' Journals ' that 
he and the puritan squire Sir Edward Dering 
[q. v.] were at constant feud. Dering com- 
plains of Copley's l currishness ' in a character- 
istic letter dated 27 May 1641. In 1643 the 
House of Commons found him to be a ' delin- 
quent, 7 and sequestered the living of Pluckley. 
On the Rest oration his benefice was restored to 
him, and he died there in 1662, aged 85. THO- 
MAS COPLET (1594-1652 ?), the eldest son of 
William Copley of Gatton (the heir and suc- 
cessor of Sir Thomas, and elder brother of 
Anthony and John), became a Jesuit, and took 
an active part in the foundation of the colony 
of Maryland. 

[Cal. S. P. Dom. 1547-80, 1581-90, 1591-4, also- 
Harl. Lansd. and Cotton. MSS. ; Commons' Jour- 
nals ; Strype's Annals ; Camden's ' Annales ; r 
Loseley MSS. ; Collect. Topog. et Geneal. v. viii ; 
Hasted's Kent ; Life of Father Thomas Copley y 
a founder of Maryland, by K. C. Dorsey, in the 
' Woodstock Letters/ 1885 (Baltimore, U.S.A.); 
Proceedings in Kent,Camd, Soc. p. 47.] B. C. C. 



Coppe 190 Coppe 



COPPE, ABIEZER,a&wHiG-HAM (1619- parliamentary commissioners for confirming 
1672), fanatic, son of Walter Ooppe, was born (1655) Pordage's ejection from his living 
at Warwick on 30 May 1619 (Wood erro- We lose sight of Coppe tiU the Restoration" 
neously says 20 May). From the Warwick when he changed his name, and practised 
grammar school he proceeded in 1636 to All physic as Dr. Higham, in the parish of Barnes 
Souls, Oxford, as servitor, and shortly after- Surrey. He still continued occasionally 
wards became one of^the ' post-masters ' of to preach in conventicles. His earlier ex- 
Merton. Wood describes his student life as cesses had undermined his constitution and 
grossly immoral. He left the university on he died in August 1672 (buried at Barnes 
the outbreak of the civil war without a degree. 23 Aug. ) 

He was first a presbyterian, but it is not as- That Coppe's mind was disordered is clear 
serted that he exercised any ministry in that The licentiousness of which he is accused does 
connection. Becoming an anabaptist, he was not appear in his writings, but he makes a 
zealous in the cause throughout Warwickshire merit of his sins of the tongue. 'It's meat 
and the neighbouring counties. He was ana- and drink to an Angel [who 'knows none 
baptist preacher to the garrison at Compton evil, no sin] to swear a full-mouthed oath ' 
House Warwickshire. ^John Dury [q. v.], (Fiery Flying Itoll,&. u.p.l2,secondpairinff) 
the well-known enthusiast for the union of His tenets are the ordinary mystical views 
protestants, writes to him (23 June 1651), of the ranters, who were charged with hold- 
" You have been a preacher and a leading man. 7 ing that there is no God and no sin His 
He boasted of having baptised seven thousand denial of sin in the elect was a distorted 
persons in the midlands. Then he turned antinomianism. Coppe's style is fantastic 
ranter^and is said to have been in the habit of enough, but he has some passages of almost 
preaching stark naked. This may account for poetical beauty. His account of his jnvino- 
Ms fourteen weeks' imprisonment at War- all he had to a chance beggar (' Because I 
wick. He joined a society of ranters of the am a king I have done this, but you need not 
worst type, known among themselves as < My tell any one ') reveals the patnetic side of 
one flesh, Lawrence Olaxton.. who w 



(really a 



mians in was o tat i e a come 1648, i.e. 1649) prefixed to < John the 

a little sooner he might have 'seen Mr. Copp, Divinity/ &c., by J.F., 1649 ( WOOD). 

who then had lately appeared in a most dread- Additional and Preambular Hint ' y a 

ful manner. Wood adds that he became a postscript) to Coppin's < A Hint of the Glo- 

Muggletonian, but of this there is no evidence, rious Mystery/ &c., 1649, 4to; reprinted in 

He had dealings with Richard Coppin [q. v.], Coppin's 'Divine Teachings' 1649, 4to 

the umversalist, and describes himself as a 3. < Some Sweet Sips of some Spirituall Wine/ 

leveller, but not a sword-leveller. 7 The pub- &c., 1649, 12mo. 4 < A Fiery living- Roll ' 

Hcation of his 'Fiery Flying Roll > (1650} got &c., 1649, 4to (very long title, in which the 

him into prison at Coventry, whence he was authors name is given as < Auxilium Patris, 

removed to Newgate in January, a follower pp, alias Coppe'). 5. < A Second Fiery Flying 

having collected 50* to pay his Coventry tioule/ &c., 1649, 4to (this and the preceiin| 

debts. At this time he was married, and had were printed in London and issued together, 

a young family but was at variance with hts without publisher's name, on 4 Jan. 1650 

wife, of whom, however, he speaks kindly, according to the British Museum copy; the 

A Tl v nS ^*i ?f- ^**1?** ' contents ' of pt. ii. are printed in pt. i ; some 

T^ t i ^% P w en ? dlsca ; rded ^ 0* copies have the imprint < Coventrie, 1650 '). 

1 Feb. 1650 CWood erroneously says 2 Feb.) 6. < A Remonstrance of the Sincere and Zea- 

parkament issued an order that his book, bus Protestation . . . against the Blasphe- 

containing' many horrid blasphemies/ be rnous and Execrable Opinions ... the Author 

eued and burned by the hangmaii The two hath (though mistake) been mis-suspected 

ordnances against blasphemy of lOMay and of/ c., 1651, 4to (published 3 Jan.) 7. 'Copp's 

9 Aug 1650, were occasioned by his case. Return to the Wayes of Truth/ &c., 1651 Ito. 

From Newgate he put forth an exculpatory Posthumous (or perhaps reprint) was, 8. < The 

protest, and at -length ta complete ^recantation, Character of a True Christian/ 1680, fol. 

dating it 30 May, the day of his nativity, (poem in fourteen stanzas). ' ' 

1619, and of his i new birth/ 1651. Regain- rTxr ,, Ai , ^ ' 

ing his liberty, he preached a recanUtion TS ^^ 8 , A /?! n86 /^ n * ( . Bliss ^ iil 959 ' 1099 ' 

seSnonat Buiford, Oxfordshire, on 23 Dec ^S ' rSf? * ^^S^ J F ?/ 1649 

a ~ m a noted 



Coppin 



191 



Coppin 



or COPPING, JOHN (d. 

1583), Brownist, was an inhabitant of Bury 
'St. Edmunds. He enthusiastically accepted 
the teachings of Robert Browne [q. v.] ; 
preached Browne's doctrines in his native 
town ; contrived to distribute books written 
by Browne and his friends ; and refused to con- 
form to the established ecclesiastical usages. 
For this conduct, the commissary of the Bishop 
-of Norwich committed him to prison in 1576. 
He remained in confinement for seven years, 
but under no very close surveillance, and 
his family was permitted to live with him. 
ii Many godly and learned preachers ' visited 
him, and tried to convert him from his un- 
orthodox views. In August 1578 his wife 
was delivered of a child, but Coppin refused 
to have it baptised by e an unpreaching mi- 
nister.' Meanwhile he sought to bring his 
fellow-prisoners to his way of thinldng ; 
called a clergyman for reading the Book of 
'Common Prayer ' a dumb dog ; ' asserted that 
all who observed saints' days were idolaters ; 
and frequently argued that e the queen was 
sworn to keep Grod's law, and she is perjured. 7 
'Coppin found a disciple in Elias Thacker, 
another prisoner, and their violent language 
produced such disorder in the prison that 
the magistrates applied to the Bishop of Nor- 
wich and to the judges of assize to remove 
them elsewhere, "but this request was refused. 
The attention of the government was, how- 
ever, directed to the scandal, and an indict- 
ment was drawn up against Coppin, Thacker, 
and one Thomas Gibson, a bookbinder of Bury, 
for disobeying the ecclesiastical laws of the 
realm, and for conspiring ' to disperse Browne's 
books and Harrison's books.' They were 
brought before Sir Christopher "Wray, lord 
chief justice, at the summer assizes on 4 June 
1583. Gibson was acquitted of the charge of 
supplying the prisoners with the books, and 
released. The judge extracted from the other 
defendants the admission that they acknow- 
ledged ' her majesty chief ruler civilly . . . 
and no further. 7 Both expressed unqualified 
admiration of Browne's book ; were convicted, 
and condemned to be hanged. Thacker was 
executed before the court rose ; Coppin on the 
following day, 5 June. Many books by Browne 
and Harrison forty in all were burnt in 
front of the stake. Stow, in his chronicle, 
represents their offence as solely consisting in 
circulating seditious books ; Strype points out, 
however, that the judges distinctly asserted 
that the punishment of death was awarded 
them for denying the queen's supremacy. The 
proceedings appear to have been hastily and 
irregularly conducted. Dr. Dexter (1880), fol- 
io wing Governor Bradford in his i Dialogue 7 
(1648), numbers Coppin and Thacker among 



the six early martyrs to Congregationalism. 
Bradford assigns to them the last words (ad- 
dressed to the judge) : ' My lord, your face we 
fear not, and for your threats we care not, and 
to come to your read service we dare not.' 

[Strype's Annals, n. ii. 186-7, nr. i. 28, 269, 
ii, 3 72 ; Fuller's Church Hist. ed. Brewer, v. 
70; StoVs Annals, p. 1174; Young's Chroni- 
cles of the Pilgrim Fathers of Plymouth (1841), 
p. 427 ; Dexter's Congregationalism, 206-10 ; 
Brook's Puritans, i. 262-4 (where Coppin is 
called minister near Bury St. Edmunds) ; Neal's 
Hist, of Puritans, i. 342.] S. L. L. 

COPPIN, BICHAKD (fl. 1646-1659), 
unlversalist, was probably a native of Kent, 
where, early in the seventeenth century, there 
were several families of Coppin, at Bekes- 
bourne and Deal. About 1530 one Coppin 
introduced the doctrines of the ' spirituels/ or 
brethren of the free spirit, at Lille. Richard 
Coppin says that he was brought up in the 
church of England, and spent an idle but not 
a vicious youth. In religion he was repelled 
by the formality of the services and the care- 
less lives of the clergy in his neighbourhood. 
After the suppression of episcopacy (9 Oct. 
1646) he attached himself for a short time 
to the presbyterians in London. He after- 
wards joined the independents and the ana- 
baptists. Two years later he became the 
subject of an inward experience very similar 
to that of the early quakers, and received a 
commission to preach, ' not from Oxford or 
Cambridge or the Schools of Antichrist/ but 
( given by Christ at Sion house in Heaven. 7 
He was not to exercise a settled ministry, or 
receive ' yearly maintenance ; ' anything given 
him for his preaching he gave to the poor. He 
began to preach in Berkshire, whither he had 
removed from London, the effect of his first 
discourse being that he was 'persecuted, 
hated, and rejected.' Not having 'freedom to 
speak, 7 he ' fell a writing.' His first publication 
came out (1649) under the patronage of Abie- 
zer Coppe fa. v.l Se,ven Berkshire ministers 
and several in Oxfordshire opposed his book 
and endeavoured to bring him to a recanta- 
tion, some offering to help him in that case 
to preferment, A curious story is told of a 
Berkshire gentleman, who at the suggestion 
of the clergy bought up 10Z. worth of his 
books, but who did not burn them as intended, 
remarking that he ' did not know but that 
they might yield him his money again, if the 
things should after come in request.' On 
7 July 1651 he had a discussion at Burford, 
Oxfordshire, with John Osborn, or Osborne, 
minister of Bampton in the Busk ; at this 
time he is described as of Westwell, a parish 
two miles from Burford (see OSBOBIT, World 
to come, 1651). He first got into trouble by 



Coppin 192 Coppin 

preaching on four successive days in the parish Major-general Kelsie and other magistrates 

church of Evenlode, Worcestershire. He had committed him to Maidstone gaol. Before 

been invited by parishioners, with the consent 26 June 1656 he had been set free by habeas 

of the rector, Ralph Nevil. Nevil, however, ; corpus. Nothing further has been ascertained 

brought neighbouring clergy to discuss mat- of him beyond the date of his last publica- 

ters with Coppin in the church, and eventu- | tion ? 1659. 

ally got a warrant against him for blasphemy. It is not certain whether Coppin or Gerard 
Coppin was tried before Chief Baron Wilde at Winstanley was the first in England to preach 
the "Worcester assizes on 23 March 1652. The ! universal salvation ; both began to publish 
jury found him guilty of deny ing heaven and in the same year, 1649. The universalist 
hell ; but Wilde reproved them for their ver- views of their contemporary, Jeremy White, 
diet, and bound over Coppin to appear for were not published till 1712. Coppin writes 
judgment at the nest assize. By that time with a good deal of unction, and deals more 
his accusers had fresh evidence, relating to moderately with his opponents than they 
Coppin's proceedings at Enstone, Oxfordshire, with him. There is no question of the blame- 
whereupon Judge Nicholes bound him to ap- lessness of his life. His followers seem to 
pear at the next Oxford assize. On 10 March have formed a sect ; the tenets of ' the Co- 
1653 he was tried at Oxford before Serjeant pinists ' are given by S. Rogers (The Post- 
Green ; the jury at first disagreed, but even- Boy robb'd of his Mail, 2nd ed. 1706, p. 428). 
tually found him guilty. Green bound him In later times he has found an admirer in 
over to the next assize, when Judge Hutton Cornelius Cayley [q. v.l, and a critic in James 
gave him his discharge. Preaching at Stow- Relly, a universanst of another type (see his 
on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, on 19 March 'The Sadducee detected,' &c. 1764, 8vo). 
1654, Coppin was again apprehended and Coppin published : 1. ' A. Hint of the 
brought for trial at Gloucester on informa- Glorious Mystery of the Divine Teachings/ 
tions before Serjeant Glyn on 22 July. Glyn &c., 1649, 4to, with addendum by Abiezex 
would not receive the informations, and so Coppe [q. v.] 2. ' Antichrist in Man, oppo- 
the matter ended. We next meet Coppin at seth Emmanuel, or, God in us/ &c., 1649, 4to 
Rochester. About 1650, Joseph Salmon, a (dedicated especially to his followers ' about 
Kentish minister, had ' set up a course of Redding and Henly upon Thames ; ' paging 1 
preaching every sabbath day 'in Rochester Ca- runs on from no. 1). 3. ' The Exaltation of 
thedral. Salmon was an allegorist, and is said all things in Christ and Christ in all things/ 
to have ' sowed the seeds of ranting familism.' &c., 1649, 4to (dated 18 Sept. ; paging runs 
In midsummer 1655 Salmon went abroad, on from no. 2) ; 2nd ed. (really the 3rd), un- 
and his chief followers brought Coppin from dated, 4to, with preface by Cornelius Cayley 
London to fill his place. Whatever Salmon (dated London, 3 Oct. 1763), 4. ' Divine 
may have been, Coppin was no ranter, indeed Teachings : in three parts/ &c., 1649, 4to 
lie speaks of being persecuted by ranters ; (consists of the above three tracts bound 
yet it is probable that his acquaintance with together with general title) ; reprinted with 
Abiezer Coppe introduced him to the sectaries title e The Glorious Majestie of Divine Teach- 
of Rochester. At the end of September or ings, e.,' 1653, 4to. 5. i Man's Righteous- 
beginning of October 1655, Walter Rosewell, nesse examined/ c., 1652, 4to (partly an 
incumbent of Chatham, went to hear Coppin exposition of 2 Pet. ii.) 6. ' Saul smitten 
preach, and gained the impression that he for not smiting Amalek/ &c., 1653, 4to, re- 
affirmed the peccability of Christ and denied printed without date [1763 ?], 12mo. 7. ' A 
the resurrection of the flesh. Rosewell, with Man-Child born, or, God manifest in Flesh/ 
other presbyterians, agreed to conduct a &c., 1654, 4to (published 25 June ; consists 
Tuesday lecture in the cathedral to counter- of a sermon preached at St. Giles's, Cripple- 
act Coppin's heresies. A public discussion gate, 25 Dec. 1653). 8. ( Truth's Testimony/ 
was held in the cathedral (from 3 to 13 Dec.) c., 1655 (published 3 March) ; reprinted 
"between Coppin and Rosewell, assisted by without date [1763 ?], 12mo (contains an ae- 
Daniel French, minister of Stroiid, the mayor count of the author's life and trials up to 
presiding; before it ended, Gaman, an ana- date). 9. 6 A. Blow at the Serpent/ c., 
baptist, put himself forward to oppose both 1656, 4to ; reprinted 1764, 4to (preface dated 
parties. On Saturday night, 22 Dec., Cop- 12 Feb. ; account of the Rochester discus- 
pin was served with a warrant forbidding sion ; prefixed are verses by J. L., i.e. Jane- 
Kim to preach next day, and requiring his Leade. Replies were published by Rosewell, 
attendance before the magistrates on Mon- * The Serpent's Subtilty/ &c., 1656, 4to ; and 
day. He preached, not in the cathedral, by Edward Garland, minister at Hartlip, 
where a guard of soldiers was set, but in the Kent, i An Answer to ... a Blow at the 
college-yard, and in the fields. On 24 Dec. Serpent/ c., 1657, 4to). 10. { The Three- 



Coppinger 193 Coppock 

fold State of a Christian ' [1656?], reprinted power in politics. When, a few years later, 

at end of 1764 of No. 9. 11. ' Michael op- the society's operations ceased, he took the 

posing the Dragon/ c., 1659, 4to ; reprinted, lease of the premises in Cleveland Row, 

in weekly numbers, 1763, 4to (reply to Gar- and established himself as a solicitor and 

land), parliamentary agent. From this time for- 

TW rks cited above 1 A. Gr. ward there was scarcely a contested return 

L * J ' before the House of Commons in which he 

COPPINGER, EDMUND (d. 1592), had not an active interest. The coolness 

fanatic, is described as ' descended of a good and daring with which he fought his oppo- 

house and linage, and one of her Maiestie's nents with their own weapons have become 

sworne servants, but a yonger brother, having proverbial. He helped to establish the London 

no great livelihood' (CosiN, Conspiracie for Reform Club, and was elected an honorary life 

Pretended Hej *om0&ow,1692). "With a York- member and appointed solicitor. Although 

shire gentleman, Henry Arthington, he cham- in his day no man was a fiercer partisan, Cop- 

pioned the claims of the notorious religious pock was respected by friend and foe. In the 

enthusiast, "William Hacket, who had a wild August before his death he received the ap~ 

scheme for abolishing bishops and deposing pointment of county court treasurer, but busi- 

Queen Elizabeth. Hacket proclaimed him- ness, both private and public, of a harassing 

self to be the Messiah, and Coppinger joined nature accumulated, and the strain of over 

Arthington in holding a demonstration (In work was too great. He died at his house 

Cheapside) to support the impostor's claim, in Cleveland Row on 19 Dee. 1857. Well- 

The three men were thrown into prison, executed and excellent portraits of Mr. and 

Hacket was hanged on 28 July 1592 ; Cop- Mrs. Coppock (lithographs) were published 

pinger died eight days afterwards from volun- in London in 1850. 

tary starvation; Arthington repented of his [Stockport Advertiser, 23 Dec. 1857; Times, 

errors and was pardoned. The affair caused 21 Dec. 1857; private information.] A.N. 
considerable excitement. 

[Cosin's Pretended Reformation, 1592 ; StoVs n OOPPOOK or CAPPOCH THOMAS 

Annales, ed. Howes, 1615, pp. 760-1; Fuller's (1719-1746) Jacobite, a native of Manchester 

Church History, book .] A. H. B. y* educated m the free school there and at 

Brasenose College, Oxford (B.A. 15 Oct. 

COPPOCK, JAMES (1798-1857), elec- 1742). Afterwards he took holy orders. He 

tioneering agent, born at Stockport on 2 Sept. joined the army of Prince Charles Edward 

1798, was the eldest son of William Coppock, at Manchester, and was one of those left be- 

mercer, of that town. He was educated at the hind at Carlisle. Having been tried and 

school of the Rev. Mr. Higginson, Unitarian condemned for high treason, he was drawn, 

minister of Stockport, and, after serving an hanged, and quartered at Carlisle on 18 Oct. 

apprenticeship to his father's business, was 1746. An absurd report was circulated that 

placed as a clerk with a wholesale haber- the Pretender had nominated this young 

dasher in London. He afterwards ventured clergyman to the see of Carlisle, and one of 

a small capital as a partner in a silk firm, the witnesses at the trial, improving the 

but, owing to commercial disasters following story, stated that Coppock received that ap- 

on the French revolution of 1830, he lost all. pointment from Hamilton, the governor of 

He married in 1829. After careful considera- the town for the prince. In contemporary 

tion he resolved to enter the legal profession, journals Coppock is seriously spoken of as 

and in 1832 articled himself to a solicitor in ' the titular bishop of Carlisle.' It has been 

Furnival's Inn. He was admitted on the roll said that Coppock led a very irregular and 

of attorneys in 1836. He had always been an immoral life ; but no reliance can be placed 

active politician, and on the occurrence of the on these statements. They emanated from 

first election for Finsbury after the Reform his political enemies, and are to be found in 

Act of 1832 he took a prominent part in the the following pamphlets : ' An Authentic 

contest. After the second general election History of the Life and Character of Thomas 

under the act, on the formation of a county Cappoch, the rebel-bishop of Carlisle/ London, 

registration society by the liberal party, with 1746, 8vo, reprinted in the < Carlisle Tracts/ 

branches throughout England, Coppock was 1839 ; < The Genuine Dying Speech of the 

appointed secretary, with a residence in the Rev. Parson Coppock, pretended Bishop ot 

society's rooms at 3 Cleveland Row, St. Carlisle/ Carlisle [1746], 8yo. This pretended 

James's. These rooms were the rendezvous speech is an obvious iabncation. YVnat is 

of agents and solicitors from all parts of the probably a correct version of Coppock^ last 

country, and from his rapid decision and words is givenin ' True Copies of the Dying 

sound judgment Coppock quickly became a Declarations of Arthur, lord Balmermo^ 
VOL. xii. 



Copsi 



194 Coram 



! 



Thomas Syddall,' and others, Edinburgh, j a deed dated 8 Dec. 1703 he gave fifty-nine 
1750, 8vo. acres of land at Taunton to be used for a 

[Pamphlets cited above; Chambers's Hist, of schoolhouse, whenever the people should de- 
the Kebellion of 1745-6 (1869), 462; Cat of [ sire the establishment of the church of Eng- 
Oxfoid Graduates (1851), 151.] T. C. land. In the deed he is described as 'of 

~^N-r ^^-r^-r^-r-* *^^r^ -n Boston, sometimes residing in Taunton/ and 

COPSI, COPSIGB or 00X0, BABE OF aes eems to have been a shipwright. Hegave 
NOKCHUMBEEIAND (A 1067) a thegn noted gome boots to the ub at Taunton o e of 
for his wisdom in council, administered the ; c a Bot f Oommon p raer i 



a Boot of Oommon p rayer given to 
government of NprthumberlandunderTostig, ! Mm , Spea]Eer Qnslow, is (or was in 1844) 

t]l ? ^'^Tr* 11 ? 6 of e Nor f bna ?.. re - ' preserved in St. Thomas's Church, Taunton. 
volt of 1065. He lost office at the deposition ^ 17Q4 Ooram M d to obtain an aot of 

of his master, andmay have shared his banish- , parliament giving a Wnty on the importa- 
ment, for he is >Sal d to have taken part in ; i<m of fa/fa^the colonies. In 1719 he 



> . 

Tostigs expedition against England in the , wag gtranded off Quxhaven, when sailing for 

spring of 1066. After the coronation of Wil- Hamb ^ the Sea Flower and tne ship was 

ham the Conqueror, Copsi like the other ^^1 b the neighbouring inhahitants. 

northern lords, made hissubmission to the ^ then serfled in London where he carried 

newknigat_Barkin g . When William was on business for some time. He became known 

a 1^ ^Normandy, he gra nted Oopsi for Ms pubUc spirit. Old Horace Walpole(af- 

the earldom of Bernicia, or Northumberland terwar ^ s Lor / Wa i po i e) called h[m ( f 8 April 

north of the Tyne. This grant involved the 1735) , t]lellolxestes f mo ; st disintorested, most 

deposition of Oswutf, the descendant of the j^ rson about the p i antat i ons te had 

ancient earls. By thus appomtmg a native ever ta f k ^ d with , (0 Walpol ^ 243) . 

as his heutenant, William hoped to gam the He obfcailied an act v of p ar l ia nfent taking ofe 

obedienceof the yet unconquered north, whde ^ proai bition upon deal from Germany and 

Copsi probably looked onhis appointment by ^ & etlierlands / In 1732 ne was a ppoLt e d 

the Norman king simply as a means of self- Qne rf ^ trugtees for Q j then founded 

aggrandisement Havmg gathered an army, ^ t o letll , g exe rtions. In 1735 he 

he marched northwards and dispossessed Os- br | t fo ward scaeme for settlin unem . 

wulf who was forced to betake himself to the <fa E lish artisans ^ Noya goo | a _ The 

forests and mountains Before long how- Q wag d b ^ board f trad ftnd 

ever the banished earl formed a band of men, ^ fter teinl^opped for a time was carried 

like himself of broken fortunes, and came be f ore S C oram's death. Brocklesby also 

upon Copsi unawares whOe he was feasting ^ j h obta f ned a 
at Newman on 12 March 1067. The earl 



mensettnecnurcnoniire,andsoiorceauopsi take a wa d from Ms ' clients t a 

to come forth When he came to the door, fl Meanwhile he had become interested 

Oswulf cut off his head The Normans, who ^ another . . g. ; ^ d 

rtn I I Chfl h"ITH I jA"VA TY1 CLfi A ft n AT^A rVT rll YY1 QTiri w O 7 "^ /Jt 

i^j i^iiX ^ i[jj i^j, i iii ii \^\j ^^,\j * j- 1-^ fM i^j .c_,i ^^j JULCJL v/ VB/JL j i i ii i . (jui * VrC T T 1 T T J? _i_T T ITT 

William of Poictiers speaks in warm terms .r ~ ^ * *. J-X-L j. 4. 

-CO.T, I.-TJ. JM.- T.- 4.-U j J>T_- j TJ. the siffht oi infants exposed in the streets, 

t1tte?7elrinXt a Hs 3 often il a dying state. V began to agitate 

1^ ^^oS'S C g ope5e ^gaiSt he ^r the foundation of a foundling hospital 

Conqueror, and that his deatn was the con- Helabouredfor seventeen years, and induced 

sequence o his faithfulness. He gave several ^ny ladies of rank to sign a memorial given 

git of land to the church of D^ham,and a ^S^ rtCSSS"fi2; 
silver cup, which was there in the time of cilarte r w as at last obtained, considerable 
the writer of the Durham history. sums subsenbed, and the first meeting of the 
r _ , -rr. ^ T -rv -, -r, -, >. TT- - guardians was held at Somerset House 20 Nov. 
TT,". te^lm. EccL 37, Histpna 1739> At a later court a yote of thanks wag 



n 5 presentedtoCoram,whorequestedthatthanks 

158 ((rues); Uraeric, 506 (JJucnesne): Graimar, ^ u i v - , .r" 1 IT , 4. j 

5164 (Mon. Hist. Brit.) ; DugdaWs ^onasticon ^uld also be given to the ladies interested, 

i. 235 ; Freeman's Korman Congest, ii. 484, iv. om * hou f es were first taken in Hatton 

21, 76, 107 741-4.1 "W. H. trarden, wnere children were first admitted 

in 1741. A piece of land was bought for 

COBAM, THOMAS (1668 P-1751), phi- 7,000/. Lord Salisbury, the owner, insisted 

lanthropist, was born at Lyme Eegis, Dorset- that the whole of his ground i as far as Gray's 

shire, in 1667 or 1668. His father is supposed Inn Lane ' should be taken ; but he subscribed 

to have been captain of a ship. In 1694 he 500^. himself. The foundation was laid 16 Sept. 

was settled at Taunton, Massachusetts. By 1742. The west wing was finished, and the 



Corbaux 



195 



Corbeil 



children removed from Hatton Garden In Oc- 
tober 1745. Great interest was excited in the 
undertaking, especially by Hogarth, who in 
May 1740 presented his fine portrait of Ooram 
to the hospital. Hogarth also presented a pic- 
ture of Moses with Pharaoh's daughter, and 
gave tickets in the lottery for the i March to 
Einchley,' one of which won the prize. He 
also introduced a portrait of Coram into an 
engraved power of attorney for receiving sub- 
scriptions to the hospital. Handel gave per- 
formances at the hospital in 1749 and 1750. 
Coram continued to be interested in the hos- 
pital. In his later years he advocated a scheme 
for the education of Indian girls in America. 
After the loss of his wife he neglected his 
private affairs, and fell into difficulties. A 
subscription was raised for him. He told 
Brocklesby that as he had never wasted his 
money in self-indulgence, he was not ashamed 
to confess that he was poor (HAWKINS, John- 
son, p. 573). On 20 March 1749 an annuity 
of 1617. was assigned to him, the Prince of 
Wales subscribing 21 1. annually, and, it is 
added, paying as regularly as the merchants 
who were the principal contributors. The 
pension was transferred on Coram's death to 
Leveridge, a worn-out singer. Ooram died 
29 March 1751, aged 83, and was buried 
3 April following in the chapel of the Found- 
ling Hospital. An inscription is placed there, 
and a statue of him by "W. Calder Marshall 
was erected in front of the building a hun- 
dred years afterwards. Brocklesby describes 
him as a rather hot-tempered, downright 
sailorlike man, of unmistakable honesty and 
sterling goodness of heart. His portraits by 
Hogarth and by R. Nebot have been engraved. 
[Memoranda, or Chronicles of the Foundling 
Hospital (1847), and History of the Foundling 
Hospital ( 1 858). by John Brownlow, where Broek- 
lesby's account of Coram and other documents are 
given ; History of St. Thomas's Church, Taunton, 
Mass., by N. T. Brent, rector; Accounts of the 
Foundling Hospital (1798 and 1826); London 
Mag. viii. 627, xx. 188 ; Gent. Mag. xii. 497, 
xix. 235, xxi. 141 ; Hutchins's Dorsetshire, 
i. 409.] 

CORBAUX, MARIE FRANCOISE CA- 
THERINE DOETTER (1812-1883), painter 
and biblical critic, usually called FAOTY 
CORBATJX, was daughter of an Englishman 
who lived much abroad, and was well known 
as a statistician and mathematician. When 
she was very young her father was reduced 
from affluence to poverty, and she was obliged 
to turn her talents for painting to account. 
Having studied at the National Gallery and 
the British Institution, she received in 1827 
the large silver medal of the Society of Arts 
for an original portrait in miniature, the sil- 



ver Isis medal for a copy of figures in water- 
colours, and the silver palette for a copy of 
an engraving. In 1828 an original compo- 
sition of figures in water-colours again ob- 
tained the silver Isis medal, and a portrait 
in miniature, exhibited in 1830, won the gold 
medal. In the latter year she was elected 
an honorary member of the Society of British 
Artists, and for a few years she exhibited 
small oil pictures at its gallery. Subsequently 
she joined the New Society of Painters in 
Water Colours, and became a regular con- 
tributor to its annual exhibitions. She de- 
signed the illustrations for Moore's ' Pearls 
of the East,' 1837, and for < Cousin Natalia's 
Tales,' 1841. As a biblical critic she gained 
some reputation by her communications to 
periodicals and literary societies on subjects 
relating to scripture history. Among these 
were f Letters on the Physical Geography of 
the Exodus, 7 published in the ' Athenaeum.' 
Another series, giving the history of a re- 
markable nation, called *the Rephaim 7 in 
the Bible, and showing their connection with 
the political and monumental history of 
Egypt and that of the Exodus, appeared in 
the ' Journal of Sacred Literature.' She like- 
wise wrote an historical and chronological in- 
troduction to < The Exodus Papyri/ by D. I. 
Heath, 1855. In 1871 she received a civil 
list pension of 50. She died at Brighton, 
after many years of suffering, on 1 Feb. 1883. 

[Men of the Time (1879), p. 268; Vapereau's 
Diet, des Contemporains (1880), p. 468; Athe- 
naeum, 10 Feb. 1883, p. 192; Cat. of Printed 
Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. 

CORBEIL, CURBTJIL or CORBEUIL, 
WILLIAM OP (d. 1136), archbishop of Can- 
terbury, was doubtless born at the little town 
of Corbeil, on the Seine, halfway between 
Paris and Melun, unless indeed the unim- 
portant village, Corbeil-le-Cerf, some distance 
south of Beauvais, has a better claim to this 
distinction. He studied at Laon under the 
famous Anselm of Laon, where he dwelt in 
the house of the bishop and acted as tutor to 
the sons of ' Ranulf, chancellor of the king 
of the English ' (Liber de Miraculis 8, Maries 
Laudunensisj ii. c. 6, in MiGftna, vol. clvi.) A 
Ranulf was chancellor from 1107 to 1123 j 
but a plausible attempt has been made to 
identify the father of William's pupils with 
Ranulf Elambard, the notorious bishop of 
Durham, and minister of William Rufus, one 
of whose clerks William undoubtedly was 
(English Historical Review, No. 5, pp.lQ3-12). 
In that capacity he was present in 1104 at 
the great ceremonies which attended the dedi- 
cation of the new cathedral and the trans- 
lation of the relics of St. Cuthberht to a wor- 

o 2 



Corbeil 



196 



Corbeil 



thier shrine within it, and was one of those 
who with Alexander, brother of Eadgar, king 
of Scots, were commissioned to visit the relics 
to ascertain their genuineness (SriiEON Dtr- 
KELM. i. 258, cf. ii, 269, Eolls Ser.) It is cu- 
rious that the clerk of Flambard should also 
be described as a special friend of Anselm. 
This may possibly point to some change in 
William's character, which ultimately led 
him, ' gratia meliorandse vitse/ as Symeon 
says, to renounce the world for the quasi- 
monastic position of a canon regular of the 
order of St. Augustine. This rule had re- 
cently been introduced into England, and 
found a special patron in Richard of Belmeis 
[q. v.], bishop of London, one of the most 
important of Henry I's ministers. Belmeis 
founded a house of Austin canons at St. Osyth 
or Ohich in Essex, and made "William its first 
prior. 

On 19 Sept. 1122 Archbishop Ralph died. 
After an interval of nearly five months 
Henry I held a great gathering of magnates 
at Gloucester to deliberate as to the appoint- 
ment of his successor (2 Feb. 1123). Besides 
a large number of bishops, earls, and knights, 
the prior and some of the monks of Christ 
Church were in attendance. The latter de- 
clared that they had resolved to elect a monk 
of their own body, and requested the king to 
mention which of them would please In'm 
best. The bishops, however, who were nearly 
all seculars, urged the king to appoint a clerk. 
The secular magnates, the earls and knights, 
sided with the monks, who for two days 
withstood the pressure of the bishops. But 
the will of Bishop Roger of Salisbury was 
all-powerful with Henry, and ultimately led 
him to adopt the policy of the bishops. At 
last four clerks were selected, and it was 
agreed that whomsoever of the four the 
chapter should select should be appointed 
archbishop by the king. One of the four was 
William, and on him the final choice of the 
monks fell, as an Augustinian canon was the 
nearest approach to a monk which circum- 
stances allowed them to select. They had, 
however, great misgivings, because only three 
seculars had previously been appointed succes- 
sors of St. Augustine ; and, though a monkish 
writer admitted that he afterwards did no- 
thing they ought to be sorry for, the relations 
between William and his monastic chapter 
were never very cordial (SxK. DOTELUT. ii. 
269 ; Chron. Sax. s. a. 1123 ; WILL. MAIM. 
Gesta Pontif. p.146 ; OKDEKICTJS, bk. xii. c. 16, 
in MIGKNE, Patrologia, clxxxviii. 896 ; Itar. 
HOTT. p. 245 ; HOVHDEN, i. 180). 

Henry's ratification of the compulsory 
choice of the monks completed the pre- 
liminaries, but a new difficulty arose over 



William's consecration. Thurstan of York,, 
who had recently succeeded in vindicating the 
independence of the northern archbishopric 
offered to perform that ceremony. But Wil- 
liam refused, except on the impossible condi- 
tion that Thurstau would acknowledge him as 
primate of all England. Finally William was 
consecrated at Canterbury by his own suffra- 
gans on 18 Feb. Gervase says that he was 
consecrated by Richard of Belmeis, William 
Giffard of Winchester and other bishops 
assisting ; but the continuator of Florence 
of Worcester says that the Bishop of Win- 
chester consecrated him, while another autho- 
rity asserts that the Bishop of London was* 
already suffering from paralysis. 

The disputes of the rival primates still 
continued. William at once proceeded to 
Rome to obtain the pallium, and Thurstan,, 
fearing lest his enemy should obtain some 
advantage over him in the papal curia, started 
off on the same destination, on the pretext 
of a summons to a council then being held 
at Rome. King Henry, who seems to have 
done his best to support William, sent a strong 
embassy, including the Bishop of St. David's 
and several clerks, to Rome to help him. 
But Thurstan managed to get there first and 
to prejudice the curia against William to such 
an extent that on his arrival he found great 
difficulties in attaining the object of his mis- 
sion. It was objected that he had been elected 
uncanonically in the royal court, ' in curia quse 
a cruore dicitur, ubi sanguinum judicia fiunt/ 
that the chapter had not consented to his 
election, that the choice of a clerk was con- 
trary to the orders of St. Augustine, and 
that he had not been consecrated by his 
brother archbishop. In addition the old ques- 
tion of the relations of York and Canterbury 
seems to have been revived. For seven days 
he was unable to obtain an interview with 
the pope, and Calixtus II in his previous 
patronage of Thurstan had already manifested 
his hostility to Canterbury (GEKVASE, i. 72). 
At last the strenuous intercession of King 
Henry and of his son-in-law, the Emperor 
Henry V, just released from excommunica- 
tion, had its effects on Calixtus. Moreover, 
'they overcame Rome by what overcomes all 
the world, gold and silver 7 {Chron. Sax. s. a. 
1123). In a public audienceWilliam bitterly- 
complained of Thurstan's persistent hostility 
and derogation of the rights of the see of 
Canterbury. Thurstan's unsatisfactory an- 
swer and inability to produce the documents 
on which he relied for the support of the 
liberties of his church induced the pope to 
confer the pallium on William, but he post- 
poned making any decision as to the claims 
of the rival churches. Both prelates returned 



Corbeil 



197 



Corbeil 



liome. A papal legate, the Cardinal John of 
Crema, was sent to England to settle the 
question on the spot (SrH. DmraiLM. ii. 269, 
273). On his way back to England William 
visited the king in Normandy (FLOK. WIG-. 
cont. ii. 78). On his arrival he was enthroned 
-at Canterbury, and consecrated Bishops Alex- 
ander of Lincoln and Godfrey of Bath. 

The legation of John of Crema (1125) ex- 
cited great indignation in England, as attack- 
,ing the rights of Canterbury and the English 
church. Received with great pomp by both 
William and Thurstan, John on Easter day 
usurped William's function by officiating at 
high mass in Canterbury Cathedral. The 
spiteful monks regarded this indignity as a 
retribution for the election of a clerk as 
archbishop. In the legatine council held on 
'9 Sept. in Westminster Abbey the cardinal 
took precedence over both archbishops, though 
in the writs of summons William claims that 
the council was celebrated with his assent 
(WILKINS, i. 408). The canons passed were 
mainly directed against the married clergy 
(GEEVASE, ii. 279-81, gives them at length) ; 
but nothing effectual was settled with regard 
to Thurstan and William. In consequence 
probably of this, both archbishops again 
started for Italy on the conclusion of the 
council, Thurstan accompanying the legate, 
and William being summoned by his rival, 
though his indignation at the proceedings of 
the legate and a desire to prevent the con- 
tinuance of such missions also contributed to 
take him there. He was, however, well re- 
ceived by the new pope, Honorius II, and 
-won an important victory by obtaining for 
himself the appointment as papal legate in 
England and Scotland, while Thurstan had 
to return empty-handed. This was the most 
important act of William's archbishopric. It 
secured him personally an immediate pre- 
cedence over the northern primate, though 
.at the expense of some diminution of the 
independence of his own see. It saved Eng- 
land for a time from the unwelcome presence 
of an Italian legate. It became the prece- 
dent for the later custom of making the 
archbishop of Canterbury the t legatus natus ' 
of the Roman see. The supreme jurisdiction 
of the pope was thus admitted, though in 
English hands it assumed its least offensive 
form (StTTBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 229 ; the bull, 
dated 25 Jan. 1126, is in WILKINS'S Concilia, 
i. 409). 

Even now, however, William's difficulties 
with Thurstan were not at an end. Soon 
after his return Thurstan rushed into a new 
quarrel becaxise his rival alone was suffered 
to impose the crown on the king's head at 
the Christmas court at Windsor. Again, 



William refused to allow Thurstan to bear 
his primatial cross erect before him within 
the southern province, and turned his cross- 
bearer out of the royal chapel. At a council 
held by him at Westminster in 1127, as arch- 
bishop and legate, Thurstan refused to* at- 
tend. At the council of 1129, however, Thur- 
stan got over his scruples, and on one occasion 
went so far as to ask for William's advice. 
After the secession of several monks from 
the abbey of St. Mary's, York, to which the 
establishment of the great Cistercian house 
of Fountains was ultimately due, Thurstan 
wrote a long and temperate letter to William, 
as legate, dwelling on the advantages of in- 
tercommunication between the chief rulers 
of the church and asking hirp. to join in pro- 
tecting the stricter monks and to co-operate 
with him in restoring order in the divided 
monastery (WALBBAK, Memorials of Foun- 
tains, pref. xxx-xxxii. Surtees Society, and 
pp. 11-29, where the letter is printed in full). 
It is unknown whether William interfered 
or not. If he did, his good offices were of no 
avail. 

With King Henry William seems to have 
generally remained on fair terms. In 1126 he 
was the first to take the oaths to observe the 
succession of Matilda. At Michaelmas 1129 
he, with the king's permission, held a council 
at London to deal with the chronic difficulty 
of the married clerks. It was agreed by the 
bishops that the offenders were all to put 
away their wives by St. Andrew's day or 
give up their benefices. But the king took 
advantage of the simplicity of the archbishop 
and allowed all who paid him a sufficient fine 
to keep their wives; at which the bishops 
were both sorry and angry (HEtf. HTTNT. p. 
251; Chron. Sax. s. a. 1129). 

William of Corbeil was, like his early pa- 
trons Flambard and Belmeis, a great builder. 
He received a gift from the king of the church 
and castle of Rochester, a see always inti- 
mately connected with the archbishopric, and 
to which William had appointed his arch- 
deacon John as bishop. There he continued 
Gundulf s great works "by constructing the 
lofty and massive keep of the castle which is 
still standing (GEKYASE, ii. 381 ; cf. HASTED, 
Kent, iv. 695, from Regist. Priorat. Christi 
Cant, and G. T. CLARK, Medieval Military 
Architecture, ii. 421). He also took an 
active interest in the rebuilding of the ca- 
thedral of St. Andrew in that city, and 
attended its dedication, 5 May 1130. His 
benefactions to the chapter were also nume- 
rous (^^tms^IlegistrumJloffense). Imme- 
diately before that he had celebrated, with a 
magnificence that contemporaries could only 
parallel by the opening of Solomon's Temple, 



Corbeil 198 Corbet 



the dedication of the magnificent new cathe- 
dral at Canterbury which Lanfrane had "be- 
gun, Anselm continued, and to which Wil- 
liam himself had contributed largely (4 May 
1130). The kings of England and Scotland 
and a whole crowd of bishops, earls, and barons 
were present. Henry signalised the event 
by giving the collegiate church of St. Mar- 
tin's, Dover, to the church of Canterbury. 
He resolved to refound St. Martin's, to turn 



(WiLL. MALM. Hist. Novella, lib. i. cap. 11). 
But lovers of portents noticed that in hi& 
flurry the archbishop forgot the kiss of peace^ 
and that the consecrated host slipped from 
his trembling hands (GEEVASE, ii. 383). He 
officiated at the burial of Henry I at Bead- 
ing. But before long he removed from court 
disgusted, because at the Easter feast of 1136- 
Henry, earl of Huntingdon, the son of David, 
king of Scots, was placed by the new king in 



out the secular canons, whose corrupt life was, the most honourable position on his right hand, 
according to the monks, but typical of their William's health, however, was now break- 
class, and put in their place Augustinian ing up. His journey from Mortlake hastened 
canons from Merton, for whose greater pro- his end. He died at Canterbury on 21 Nov. 
tection from the distractions of town life he 1136, and was buried in his cathedral. _ The- 
transferred the college from the old church partisans of the Angevins rejoiced that within 
within Dover town to a new and sumptuous a year of his perjury he had lost his life 
structure in the neighbouring country, built (HEN". HOTT. p. 256). 

with Caen stone. But the monks of Christ- William of Corbeil seems to have been a 

church at once claimed that the church was weak man, easily moulded by his surround- 

theirs and not the archbishop's. Though the ings, and without very decided character, 

prior supported the archbishop, a bolder cham- Good luck rather than wit won him his ex- 

pion of their rights was found in a monk alted station. His panegyrists can only say 

named Jeremias, who prevented the bishops that he was a man of modest life and of good 

of St. David's and Eochester from introdu- education (SYMEON, ii. 269), and that he was 

eing the Merton canons, and appealed to very religious, rather affable, and neither 

Home on behalf of the rights of Christchurch. inert nor imprudent (WiLL. MALM. Gesta 

The archbishop's death was accelerated by Pontif. p. 146). Henry of Huntingdon, ho w- 

his hurrying from his sick bed at his manor ever, roundly declares that his glories could 

house of Mortlake to support by his presence not be celebrated, for they did not exist (De 

the unlucky canons. Advantage was taken Contemptu Mundi, in Holls edition, p. 314). 

of his death to secure St., Martin's for Bene- The author of the ' Gesta Stephani ' (p. 6) 

dictine monks as a cell of Christchurch (GEE- goes still further in denouncing him as a hy- 

VASE, i, 96, ii. 383 j DTTGDALE, Monasticon, iv. pocrite, whose meekness and piety were but 

528, 544). cloaks to an avarice which massed up trea- 

Another quarrel broke out between Wil- sures that it would have been better to dis- 

liam and Hugh, abbot of St. Augustine's, tribute in alms. 

Canterbury (GEKVASE, THORN in TWYSDEF, [Q-ervase O f Canterbury, Henry of Hunting- 

Scriptores Decem, p. 1798). His restoration don, Anglo-Saxon Chroni cle, Sym eon of Durham, 

of the abandoned nunnery at Minster in Shep- all in Rolls Ser. ; William of Malmesbury's Gesta 

pey proved more fortunate than his attempt Pontificum (Kolls Ser.) and Historia Novella 

at Dover (DTTGKDALE, Monasticon, ii. 50, from (Eng. Hist, yoc.); Gesta Stephani and the Conti- 

charter of Henry IV to Minster ; cf. LELA:NT>, nuator of Florence of Worcester, both in Eng. 

Colkctanea, i. 89). Hist. Soc. ; T. Stubbs's Act. Pont. Ebor. in Twys- 

In 1134 William became involved in a den's Scriptores Decem. The modern life in Hook's 

quarrel with Bishop Alexander of Lincoln, Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. ii. ch. v., is fairly 

which drove both prelates to Normandy to accurate though carelessly incomplete; Canon 

lay their grievances before King Henry. Eaine>s Life of Thurstan in Pasti Eboracenses, 

Next year, when Henry died, William, after es P f f ial j7 PP- 198 T?' 8? * m , th orth ? n 

some ^Litation^co^ed to'the election of ^^^^l^^'S^^, 

Stephen His weak plea for delay and en- ted - n the S011th or e * 6n at Durlla b m>] 

cumspection and his insistence on the oaths T P T. 
he had sworn to maintain the succession of 

Matilda were overborne by the improbable CORBET, CLEMENT (d. 1652), civilian, 

assertion of one of Stephen's partisans that was the sixth son of Sir Miles Corbet of 

Henry on his death"bed had released them Sprowston, Norfolk, who was high sheriff of 

from their oaths. On 22 Dec. 1135 he that county in 1591, by Katherine, daughter 

crowned Stephen at Westminster, doubtless of Sir Christopher Heydon (Visitation of 

consoling himself for his perjury by the full Norfolk in 1563, ed. Dashwood, i. 35). He 

promises of increased liberties for the church was admitted a scholar of Trinity Hall, Cam- 

Stephen had offered in his charters bridge, on 7 Dec. 1592, took the degree of 



Corbet 199 Corbet 

LL.B. in 1598, -was elected a fellow of his little to his liking. He was also elected one 

college on 10 Dec. the same year, and was of the visitors of the university, * yet seldom 

created LL.D. in 1605. In May 1607 he was or never sat among them.' On 20 Jan. 

chosen professor of law at Gresham College, I 1647-8 he was installed public orator and 

London, and he occupied that chair till No- canon of the second stall in Christ Church 

vember 1613 (WARD, Lives of the Gresham in room of Dr. Henry Hammond, who had 

Professors, with the Author's MS. Notes, been ejected by the visitors, but being, as 

p. 238). On the death of Dr. John Cowell he Wood observes, ' a person of conscience and 

was elected to succeed him in the mastership of honesty/ he resigned both places in the fol- 

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 12 Oct. 1611, being lowing August. The same year he proceeded 

at that time chancellor of the diocese of D.D. on 12 April. At length in the begin- 

Chichester (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. ning of 1649 he was presented, on the death 

679). On 9 May 1612 he was admitted a of Dr. Thomas Soame, to the valuable ree- 

member of the College of Advocates at Doc- tory of Great Hasely, near Oxford. Corbet 

tors' Commons (CooTE, English Civilians , p. married Margaret, daughter of Sir Nathaniel 

71). He was vice-chancellor of Cambridge Brent [q. v.] r by whom he had three children, 

in 1613-14 (Addit. MS. 5866, f. 34). In Edward, Martha, and Margaret. He died in 

1625 he was appointed vicar-general and London on 5 Jan. 1657-8, 'aged fifty-five 

principal official to the bishop of Norwich, years or thereabouts,' and was buried on the 

and the following year he resigned the master- 14th in the chancel of Great Hasely near his 

ship of Trinity Hall (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ii. 496). wife, who had died in 1656. By his will he 

He died on 28 May 1652, and was buried in left 'to the publique Library of the uniuer- 

the chancel of Belaugh church, Norfolk, sitie of Oxford Bishop Eobert Abbot's Comen- 

where a monument, with a Latin inscription, taryes on the Romans in fower Volumes in 

was erected to his memory (Lu NEVE, Monu- manuscript/ besides gifts of books to Shrews- 

menta Anglicana, Suppl. p. 10, No. 21; BLOME- bury and Merton. 

FIELD, Norfolk, ed. 1808, viii. 189). By his [Wood's Life prefixed to Athense Ozon. (Bliss), 

wife Elizabeth Kemp, he had one son, Samuel, p. xxx; Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 226, iii. 325, 

and five daughters. The portrait of him 795, iv. 285, 343 ; Wood's Fasti, i. 405, 500, ii. 

which is preserved in the master's lodge at 80, 100, 117-18, 159; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 

Trinity Hall was bequeathed to that society 1638-9 pp. 46, 68, 1639-40 pp. 508-9, 1640-41 

by Thomas Baker the antiquary (Addit. MS. P- 325; History of the Troubles and Tryal of 

5807, ff. 110 b, 111). Archbp. Laud, cap. 19, p. 207 ; Prynne's Cauter- 

r . ,. . . . , , .. ^ ~ buries Doome, p. 71; Bushworth's Historical Col- 

[Authonties cited above.] T. 0. lections (ed- 1669 _ 1701)( pt . iiit vol< H< pp . 330j 

COKBET, EDWAKD (d. 1658), divine, ^.% sfc f S v^^^^ 

born at Pontesburv in Shropshire < of the Fastl ( Hard y)> u * 520 > 11L 493 > 53 '> Wilkinson's 

born at A ontesoury in tonropsnire oi tne p uneral Se rmon on Mrs. Margaret Corbet, 1656 ; 

ancient family oi the Corbets in that county/ Wl - n VQfV - p p p, f- Q TW^? -\ /V n 

-, , i . en i. j -\ir j. n t Will. reg. in Jr.O.u. 5o, Wotton. Or. (jr. 

was educated at Shrewsbury and Merton Col- J 

lege, Oxford, of whichhousehe was admitteda GOBBET, JOHN (1603-1641), minister 

probationer fellow in 1624. Meanwhile he had of Bonhill, anti-presbyterian author, son of 

taken his B. A. degree on 4 Dec. 1622, and be- William Corbet, a ' portioned of Glasgow, 

came proctor on 4 April 1638. At Merton he "was born about 1603. He graduated at the 

distinguished himself by his resistance to the university of Glasgow in 1623, and after 

attempted innovations of Laud, and subse- acting for some time as schoolmaster at Ren- 

quently gave evidence at the archbishop's trial, frew was ordained minister of Bonhill in 




preacher before the Long parliament. In the the presbytery of Dumbarton 7 he was put 

latter capacity he published: e God's Provi- ' to some subjection of the assembly's declara- 

dence-: a sermon [on 1 Cor, i. 27] preached tion,' and ' not being willing to do so ned to 

before the Hon. House of Commons, at their Ireland/ This is in direct contradiction of 

late solemne fast, 28 Dec. 1642,' 4to, London, the statement of Burnet (Life of Bedell, 140) 

1642 [O.S.] For this discourse he received that it was for writing a book called 'Lysi- 

the thanks of the house, and by an ordinance machus Nicanor ' he was * forced to flee his 

dated 17 May 1643 was instituted to the country. 7 The book, however, was published 

rectory of Chartham, Kent. He held this in 1640, while Corbet was already deposed 

living until 1646, when he returned to Ox- by the assembly 16 April 1639. ^ The fall 

ford as one of the seven ministers appointed title is l The Epistle Congratulatorie of Lysi- 

by the parliament to preach the loyal scho- machus Nicanor of the Societie of Jesu to 

lars into obedience, which office he found the Covenanters in Scotland, wherein is pa- 



Corbet 200 Corbet 

ralleled our Sweet Harmony and Corresjjon- fused to admit the five appellants to "bail 

dence in Doctrine and Practice/ By Baillie (COEBETT, State Trials, 1809, iii. 1-59). They 

(Letters and Journals,!. 243) it is erroneously therefore remained in custody until 29 Jan. 

ascribed to Bishop Lesley. It was answered following 1 , when they were released by the 

by Baillie in his ' Ladensium AvTOKaraKpicns, order of the king in council. The date of 

the Canterbvrians self-conviction, &e., with a Corbet's baronetage seems, however, to throw 

postscript to the personat Jesuite Lysimachus considerable doubt upon Blake way's state- 

Nicanor,' Amsterdam, 1640 ; and a metrical ment, as Corbet must have refused to pay the 

answer to it, ascribed to Sir William Moore, loan prior to September 1627, and it is hardly 

was also published in the same year under credible that he could have been created a 

the title 'A. Covnter BviF to Lysimachus baronet after his refusal. Probably his identity 

Nicanor, calling himself a Jesuite/ Previous has been confused with Sir John Corbet of 

to the appearance of ' Lysimachus Nicanor,' Sprowston, Norfolk, whose baronetage was 

Corbet had published at Dublin in 1C39 ' The of earlier date (see Cal State Papers, Dom, 

Ungirding of the Scottish Armour, or an 1627-8, p. 327 ; FOESTEK, Life of Eliot, 1864, 

Answer to the Informations for Defensive vol. ii. passim). In 1629 Corbet served the 

Armes against the King's Majestie which office of high sheriff of Shropshire. Having 

were drawn up at Edinburg by the common publicly stated at the quarter sessions for 

help and industrie of the three Tables of the Shropshire that the muster-master wages 

rigid Covenanters/ described by Baillie as were illegal and contrary to the petition of 

* one of the most venemous and bitter pamph- right, he was ' put out of the commission of 

lets against us all that could come from the the peace, attached, and brought before the 

hand of our most furious and enraged enemie/ council board, and was committed to the 

Corbet had been recommended to Adair, arch- Fleet and there kept prisoner twenty-four 

"bishop of Eillala, for a living in his gift, and, weeks and three days, the plague being then 

according to Baillie, the archbishop, playing in London ' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 99 ). 

upon his name Corbet, i which means crow in On 10 June 1635 Corbet was again imprisoned 

Scotland/ declined to patronise him on the in the Fleet on an information against him 

ground that ' it was an ill bird that defiles in the Star-chamber (Cal. State Papers, 

its own nest.' He, however, obtained the liv- Dom. 1635, p. 238), and in October he pe- 

ing of Elillaban and Ballintubride in 1640, titioned the Mng for his release, stating that 

but during the rebellion of 1641 was < hewn he had ' remained four months a prisoner, to 

in pieces by two swineherds in the very arms the great affliction of his lady and his sixteen 

of his poor wife.' children, the eldest not above sixteen years 

[Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals, i. 162, of a e ' ($ P- 455). In the following month 

189, 243; Ware's Hibernia, i. 652, ii. 340-1; he was released on giving a bond for 2,000/. 

living's Scottish Writers, ii. 65, 123; Hew Scott's for his appearance (ib. p. 507). In 1640 he 

Fasti Eceles. Scot. ii. 346.] T, F. H. was returned as one 01 the knights of the 

county of Shropshire, which he continued 

COKBET, SIB JOHN (1594-1662), pa- to represent throughout the Long parliament, 

triot, was the eldest son of Richard Corbet, The House of Commons by a resolution of 

by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas Brom- 4 June 1641 declared that the imposition of 

ley, lord chancellor of England, and grandson SOI. per annum laid upon the subjects of the 

of Reginald Corbet [q_. v.], one of the justices county of Shropshire for the muster-master's 

of the queen's bench in the reign of Eliza- fee by the Earl of Bridgewater, lord-lieu- 

beth. He was baptised at Stoke-upon-Terne, tenant of the county, was an illegal charge ; 

Shropshire, on 20 May 1594 (parish register), that the attachment by which Corbet had 

He was created a baronet on 19 Sept. 1627 been committed was an illegal warrant, and 

(patent Roll, 3 Chas. I, pt. xxxvi. No. 2). that he ought ' to have reparation for his 

Blakeway states that Corbet ( was one of unjust and vexatious imprisonment' (House 

those five illustrious patriots, worthy of the of Commons' Journals, ii. 167). 

eternal gratitude of their country, who op- On 30 Nov. 1641 he was chosen one of the 

posed the forced loan ' in 1627. Though many twelve gentlemen who were deputed to pre- 

of the country gentlemen were imprisoned sent the petition and remonstrance to the 

for refusing to pay the loan, only five of them, king (ib. 327). In June 1645 his name ap- 

" i rl olln C . orbet > Sir Thomas Darnel, Sir pears in the list of those whom the committee 

Walter Earl, Sir John Heveningham, and Sir appointed *to consider the necessities of the 

Edmund Hampden, sued out their habeas members thought proper recipients of a 

corpus. The case was heard in Michaelmas ' weekly allowance of four pounds per week 

term 1627, and judgment was given on for their present maintenance ' (ib. iv. 161). 

A* JNov., when the court unanimously *re- Corbet died in July 1662, in the sixty-eighth 



Corbet 



2OI 



Corbet 



year of his age, and was "buried in the parisli 
church at Market Drayton. He married 
Anne, daughter of Sir George Mainwaring 1 , 
knt., of Ightfield, Shropshire, by whom he 
had ten sons and ten daughters. She was 
known as the * good Lady Corbet/ and sur- 
vived her husband twenty years, dying on 
29 Oct. 1682. He was succeeded in the 
baronetcy by his eldest son John, sometime 
M.P. for Bishop's Castle, who was opposed 
to his father in politics and sided with the 
royalists. For this he had to compound by 
payment of 10,0007. He only outlived his 
father a few years, and was buried in "West- 
minster Abbey on 22 Feb. 1665. The baronetcy 
became extinct upon the death of Sir Henry 
Corbet, the seventh baronet, on 7 May 1750, 
when the family estates passed to his nephew, 
Corbet D'Avenant, who assumed the name 
of Corbet, and was created a baronet on 
27 June 1786. Upon his death, on 31 March 
1823, the second baronetcy also became ex- 
tinct. A portrait of the first baronet by Sir 
Peter Lely is in the possession of Mr. H. 
Reginald Corbet of Adderley Hall. 

[Blakeway's Sheriffs of Shropshire (1831), 
p. Ill ; Lloyd and Duke's Antiquities of Shrop- 
shire (1844), p. 147; Collectanea Topographica 
et Genealogica (1841), vii, 98, 372; Wotton's 
English Baronetage (1741), ii. 75 ; Burke's Ex- 
tinct and Dormant Baronetage ( 1838), pp. 132-4 ; 
Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers (1875), 
pp. 33, 161, 369 ; Official Eeturn of Lists of 
Members of Parliament, pt. i. p. 492.1 

G-. F, K. B. 

CORBET, JOHN (1620-1680), puritan 
author, son of Roger Corbet, a shoemaker of 
Gloucester, was born in that city in 1620, and, 
having received his early education at the 
grammar school there, became a commoner 
of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, in 1636, where he 
proceeded B.A. 5 Jan. 1639 (WooD, Fasti 
Oxon. i, 507). Having taken orders, he was 
the next year appointed incumbent of St, 
Mary-de-Crypt, Gloucester, one of the city 
lecturers, and usher in the free school attached 
to his church. When Gloucester was garri- 
soned for the parliament, he was appointed 
chaplain to Colonel Edward Massey, the go- 
vernor, and preached violently against the 
royal cause, saying that ' nothing had so much 
deceived the world as the name of a king, 
which was the ground of all mischief to the 
church of Christ. 7 His official connection and 
friendship with Massey gave him the oppor- 
tunity of learning full particulars of military 
events, and his account of the civil war and of 
the siege of Gloucester up to June 1643, which 
is written without invective and in a simple 
style, is of the greatest value. At the close 
of the war he became a preacher at Bridg- 



water, Somerset (Woos), and afterwards re- 
moved to Chichester. He was next presented 
to the rectory of Bramshot, Hampshire, and 
while holding that living supplicated for the 
degree of B.D. on 14 May 1658 ; but whether 
he performed the necessary exercises or was 
admitted to the degree does not appear. In 
1662 he was ejected from Bramshot for non- 
conformity, and retired to London, where he 
lived without preaching until the death of 
his first wife, of whom nothing is known 
(BAXTEB, Works, xviii. 185 ; WOOD). He 
then lived, probably as chaplain, in the house 
of Sir John Micklethwaite, president ^of the 
College of Physicians, and after a while, de- 
siring to be near Richard Baxter [q.v.], en- 
tered the household of Alderman W ebb at. 
Totteridge in Hertfordshire. About this time 
he married his second wife, a daughter of Dr. 
William Twiss, and took up his abode with 
Baxter, who says that they never once ^dif- 
fered in any point of doctrine, worship, or 
government, ecclesiastical or civil, or ever had 
one displeasing word. 7 On the publication of 
the king's license in March 1671, he was in- 
vited by some of his old congregation to return 
to Chichester. During his residence there he 
took part in a disputation between the bishop, 
Gunning, and the nonconformists, and it^is 
said that the bishop treated him with unfair- 
ness and discourtesy. Althmigh he suffered 
terribly from stone, he continued to preach 
until November 1680. He then went^up to 
London, hoping to obtain relief, but died on 
26 Dec. before an operation could "be per- 
formed. He was buried in St. Andrew's, 
Holborn, and his funeral sermon was preached 
by Baxter, who declared that ' he was a man 
so blameless in all Ms conversation/ that he 
never heard any one ' accuse or blame him 
except for nonconformity. 7 

Corbet's works are : I. ' A historical! rela- 
tion of the Military Government of Gloucester 
from the beginning of the Civill Warre be- 
tweene the King and the Parliament, to the 
recall of Colonell Massie/ 1645, 4to, repub- 
lished as ' A true and impartial! Historie of 
the Military Government . . .' 1647, 4to, also 
in the : Somers Tracts/ v. 296-375, and in 
Washbourn's 'Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis/ 
1-152. 2. ' A Vindication of the Magistrates 
of the city of Gloucester from the calumnies 
of Robert Bacon. . / 1 646, 4to; and together 
with this, 3. Ten Questions discussed 7 
[against] ' close Antinomianism.' 4. ' The 
Interest of England in the matter of Religion/ 
in 2 parts, 1661, 8vo. This was answered by 
Sir Roger L'Estrange in his ' Interest Mis- 
taken, or the Holy Cheat/ 1661, and by the 
author of the ' Presbyterian unmasked,' 1676, 
1681. ' A nameless writer/ Baxter says, 'pub- 



Corbet 202 Corbet 

lished a bloody invective against Ms pacifica- i was, even like dooms-day itself, to judge per- 
ook, " The Interest of England," as if , sons of all sorts and sexes ! ' (Memoirs, p. 148). 



tory book 

it had been written to raise a war 7 (Works, In May 1644 parliament appointed Corbet 
xviii. 188). 5. < A Discourse of the Religion j to the post of clerk of the court of wards 
of England . . . ' 1667, 4to, answered in the i (WHITELOCK, p. 87), and on 7 March 1648 
same year by * A Discourse of Toleration,' he was made one of the registrars of the 
anon., but by Dr. Perinchief, prebendary of court of chancery in place of Colonel Long,. 
Westminster (Wool)); and by ' Dolus an Vir- one of the impeached members (ib. 294). In 
tus?' 6. 'A Second Discourse of theKeligion the following December Corbet acted as one 
of England,' 1668, 4to, also answered. 7. 'The of the king's judges, to which he thus refers 
Kingdom of God among Men/ 1679, 8vo, with : in his dying speech : ' For this for which we 
which are : 8. ' A Point of Church TJnity \ are to die I was no contriver of it ; when the- 
discussed ; ' and 9. ' An Account of Himself business was motioned I spoke against it, but 
about Conformity.' 10. i Self-employment being passed in parliament I thought it my 
in Secret/ 1681, 12mo, posthumous, 1700, and duty to obey. I never did sit in that which 
many subsequent editions. 11. 'The Non- , was called the high court of justice but 
conformist's Plea for Lay Communion with ' once. 7 But from the table of attendances in 
the Church of England/ with < A Defence ! Nalson's edition of the 'Journal of the High 
of my Endeavours for ... the Ministry/ in ! Court of Justice/ it appears that Miles Cor- 
answer to Bishop Chinning, 1683, 4to. 12. A bet was present at five meetings, and in ad- 
humble Endeavour of ... explication . . . | dition to this signed the death-warrant. 
of the Operations of God/ 1683, 4to. 13. 'Re- Ludlow (Memoirs, p. 378) and the author 
mains/ 1684, 4to. Corbet also took part in of ' Kegicides No Saints ' (p. 91) agree in 
compiling the first volume of Rushworth's affirming that he did not sit till the day of 
* Historical Collections.' sentence was pronounced, and it is possible 

r-rrr i, -^ .- E A* A n_ s\ f ov \ that he has been confounded with* John 

Corbet. In October 1650 Corbet was nomi^ 

Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, ii. 259; natedoneof the four commissioners appointed 
Washbourn's Bibl. Gloucestr. i. inteod.] V parliament for settling the affairs of Ire- 

W. H. land; his instructions are printed in the 
f Parliamentary Hi story' (xix, 406). During 

CORBET, MILES (d. 1662), regicide, was the remainder of the commonwealth and the 
the second son of Sir Thomas Corbet, knight, protectorate he continued to be employed 
of Sprowston, Norfolk, and Anne, daughter in Ireland. On 13 June 1655 he was ap- 
of Edward Barret of Belhouse, Essex (BTTEEE, pointed chief baron of the exchequer in Ire- 
Extinct Baronetage). He became a barrister, land (State Papers, Dom.) Ludlow states 
entered Lincoln's Inn, and was appointed re- that he manifested such integrity in his- 
corder of Great Yarmouth, which place he different employments in Ireland that < he 
represented in the parliaments of 1628 and improved his own estate for the public ser- 
1640. In the civil war he took part with the vice whilst he was the greatest husband of 
parliament, and became a member of the com- the treasure of the commonwealth ' (Memoirs, 
mittee for the county of Norfolk. According p. 378). In December 1659 Dublin was sur- 
to Whitelock, Corbet was chairman of the prised by a party of officers, and Corbet was 
committee for managing the evidence against arrested by Major Warren as he was coming 
Laud, and was very zealous in the prosecution from church (ib. p. 299). He soon after re- 
of the archbishop (WHITELOCK, Memorials, turned to England, but on 19 Jan. 1660 a 
p. 75). But he was specially notorious as charge of high treason was presented against 
chairman of the committee of examinations, him by Sir Charles Coote and others (KEN"- 
whose arbitrary and inquisitorial procedure KET, Register, p. 24). Ludlow, who was in- 
gained him great unpopularity. In that volved in the same accusation, encouraged 
capacity Corbet examined the papers of James Corbet to appear in spite of it in the House 
Howell (Epistolee Ho-eliana^ ed. 1754, p. of Commons, and the house fixed a day for 
285), and came into collision with John Lil- the two to make answer to the charges (Ltn)- 
burne and Clement Walker, who have left de- low, p. 312 j KEIOTET, p. 46). But the hear- 
tailed accounts of their controversies with him ing of this defence was adjourned, and a 
(LiLBURira, Innocency and Truth justified, few days later Corbet was called before the 
p. 13 j WALKER, History of Independency, council of state and obliged to enter into 
i, 52). l The committee of examinations, where an engagement not to disturb the existing 
Mr. Miles Corbet kept his justice seat/ writes government (LtrDiow, p. 331). He succeeded 
Holies, * was worth something to his clerk if in getting returned to the Convention parlia- 
not to him ; what a continual horse-fair it , ment for Yarmouth, but there was a double 



Corbet 203 Corbet 



return, and on 18 May his election was an- 
nulled, and he thought it best to fly from 
England. In 1662 Corbet, in company with 
Barksteadand Okey, was seized by Sir George 



romantic fancies, and exploits, which he made 
and performed extempore, shew'd.' Aubrey 
says that ' he was a very handsome man, but 
something apt to abuse, and a coward.' He 



Downing in Holland, and shipped over to took holy orders, and his quaint wit in the 
England (HEATH, Chronicle, p. 842). As Cor- pulpit recommended him to all 'ingenious 
bet, like his companions, had been excluded men.' In 1612, while proctor of the univer- 
irom the act of indemnity, it was sufficient sity and senior student of Christ Church, he 
to prove his identity to obtain a sentence of pronounced funeral orations at Oxford on 
death against him. He was executed on Prince Henry and Sir Thomas Bodley ; the 
19 April 1662 (KEKNBT, Register}. In his latter was published in 1613. Corbet was for 
dying speech Corbet protested that a sense some years vicar of Gassing-ton, Oxfordshire, 
of public duty, not self-interest, had been the and James I made him one of the royal chap- 
inspiring motive of his political life. ' When lains in consideration of his 'fine fancy and 
I was first called to serve in parliament I preaching. 7 When preaching before the king 
had an estate ; I spent it in the service of the at Woodstock on one occasion Corbet broke 




serve God and my country was that I aimed 1616 he was recommended for election to the 

at.' projected Chelsea College, and on 8 May 1617 

[LudloVs Memoirs, 1751 ; Heath's Chronicle, he was admitted BJD. at Oxford. In 1618 

1663 ; Kennet's Eegister ; Noble's Lives of the he made a tour in Prance, which he humor- 

Eegicides. A list of contemporary pamphlets ously described in an epistle to his friend Sir 

dealing Tvith the trial and execution of Corbet is Thomas Aylesbury, and in 1619 the death of 

appended tothelifeof John Barksteadin vol. iii.] his father left him a little landed property in 

C. H. F. the city of London. He was subsequently 

GOBBET, REGINALD (d. 1566), iudge, a PPomted to the prebend of Bedminster Se- 

second son of Sir Robert Corbet, knight, of funda in the cathedral of Salisbury, which 

Moreton Corbet, Shropshire, by Elizabeth, ^ re^ed on Jun 16 - 31 (cf ' ^ J^" ' 

daughter of Sir H. Vernon, knight, of Had- ^ astl > 11 * 6 ?)> ??* * the vicarage of Stewk- 

donT was elected reader at the Middle Temple l e ^ J^^/l 620 ^^ ? ke he 

in the autumn of 1551, though he did not <* eatk . ? ? 4 P e I 620 *? was 

perform the duties of the post until the fol- fe St F C \' ^ f 

lowing Lent, received a Serjeant's writ on thir ty-seven and was then friendly ^ 

27 Oct. 1558, which was renewed on 12 Dec,, powerful Diike of Buckingham. On 9 Oct. 

Queen Mary having died in the meantime * 62 f > Y^ en the deanery was required by the 

and took the degree on 19 April 1559. On J arl of Doet for Brian Duppa [q v ], Cor- 

16 Oct. following he was appointed to a tet w as elected to the vacant see of Oxford, 

puisne judgeship in the queen's bench. He an anBl*tea t0 ^ f ? f ^^"^ ? 

diedinl566. BQs son Richard married Anne, '*JV 168 ?- H * $F^^? ^^ I 

daughter of Lord ChanceUor Bromley, and at Newmarket on 9MarchlG33-4(^>r^ 

thei? son, John, was created a baronet in P f ^.^ 2 ^)' a ^ d contributed 400/ to the 

1627 [see COEBET, SIB JOHN]. rebuilding of St Paul's in 1634. Corbet was 

r-T 4.4. '-o 4. ^, > ,^^ ji.rs- stronffly opposed to the puritans, and ire- 

217 OhZ^r^q'a 11 ' wiJSS V ? qenfly a^Koniahed his clergy for p^itan 

zly, t-nron. oer. 90, 92 Jrlowdens Keports. * , . J ^ c\r> T\ T?o< \r j 4.1. 

p. 356 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. E. Prices. On 26 Dec. 1634 he turned the 

to J Walloon congregation out of the bishop s 

CORBET, RICHAED (1582-1635), chapel, which had been lent to them for their 
bishop successively of Oxford and Norwich, services since 1619. He died at Norwich on 
and poet, born in 1582, was son of Vincent 28 July 1635, and was buried in his cathedral. 
Corbet, a gardener or nurseryman of Ewell, Throughout his life Corbet was famed for 
Surrey. He was educated at Westminster his conviviality. Stories are told of his merry- 
School, whence he proceeded to Broadgates making in London taverns in youth in corn- 
Hall, afterwards Pembroke College, Oxford, pany with Ben Jonson and other well-known 
in Lent term 1597-8. In 1598 he was elected dramatists, and of the practical jokes he played 
a student of Christ Church, and proceeded at Oxford when well advanced in years. It 
B.A. on 20 June 1602 and M.A. on 9 June is stated that after becoming a doctor of di- 
1605. Wood says that in his young days he vinity he put on a leathern jerkin and sang 
was ' esteemed one of the most celebrated ballads at Abingdon Cross, when bishop he 
wits in the university, as his poems, jests, l would sometimes/ writes Aubrey, * take the 



Corbet 



204 



Corbet 



key of the wine-cellar and lie and his chaplain 
(Dr. Lushington) would go and lock them- 
selves in and be merry. Then first he layes 
down his episcopal hat "There layes the 
Dr." Then he putts off his gowne " There 
lyes the bishop." Then 'twas " Here's to thee, 
Corbet," and " Here to thee, Lushington."' 
"Wood says that Corbet 'loved to the last hoy's 
play very well/ and Aubrey, who describes 
his conversation as ' extreme pleasant/ gives 
some very entertaining examples of it. Ben 
Jonson was always on intimate terms with 
him, and repeatedly stayed with him at the 
deanery of Christ Church. Jonson wrote a 
poem on Corbet's father (printed in BEIST 
Jo^rsoK", Underwoods), which attests the dra- 
matist's affectionate regard for both father 
and son. Corbet appears to have built a 
* pretty house ' near Folly Bridge, Oxford, 
where he often stayed after leaving Christ 
Church. 

Corbet's poems are for the most part in a 
rollicking satiric vein, and are always very 
good-humoured, with the single exception of 
his verses 'upon Mrs. Mallet, an unhand- 
some gentlewoman that made love to him.' 
The well-known ' Fairies Farewell,' a grace- 
ful and fanciful piece of verse, is his most 
serious production. The ' Iter Boreale,' an 
account of the holiday tour of four Oxford 
students in the midlands north of Oxford, is 
the longest, and probably suggested Brath- 
waite's ' Drunken Barnabees Journal/' 1 One 
of Stratford's correspondents describes Corbet 
as ' the best poet of all the bishops of Eng- 
land.' The poems were first collected and 
published in 1647, under the title of ' Certain 
Elegant Poems written by Dr. Corbet, bishop 
of Norwich,' with a dedication to l the Lady 
Teynham.' A part of this collection appeare'd 
in 1648, under the title of ' Poetica Stromata,' 
and it is probable that that volume was edited 
by some of the bishop's friends. In 1672 the 
former collection was reissued with a few ad- 
ditions, some typographical corrections, and 
a dedication to Sir Edmund Bacon of Red- 
grave. In 1807 Mr. Octavius Gilchrist re- 
published all Corbet's printed poems, and 
added several from Ashmolean and Harleian 
MSS., together with the funeral oration on 
Prince Henry from an Ashmolean MS. and a 
complete memoir. Alexander Chalmers re- 
printed Gilchrist's volume in his collection 
of the poets. In 'Notes and Queries' (3rd 
ser. ii. 494-5) is a version of Corbet's poem 
on the Christ Church bell ' Great Tom '- 
printed from an Ashmolean MS., which is far 
longer than any other printed version. Some 
verses before Richard Vaughan's ' "Water- 
works ' (1610), subscribed Robert Corbett, 
are attributed to the bishop. A manuscript 



volume of satires in the library of Canterbury 
Cathedral, dated about 1600, and entitled 
'The Time's Whistle, a New Daunce of the 
Seven Sins and other poems, compiled by 
R. C., Gent.,' was printed for the first time 
by J. M. Cowper for the Early English Text 
Society in 1871. Mr. Cowper suggested that 
the author ' R. C., Gent.' was the bishop. 
Internal evidence gives some support to the 
theory, but the description of the author 
and the date of the collection destroy it. 

Corbet married Alice, daughter of Leonard 
Hutton, vicar of Flower, Northamptonshire, 
by whom he had a daughter, Alice, and a 

; son, Vincent (b. 10 Nov. 1627). Some ex- 
quisitely tender lines, addressed to the latter 
when three years old, are printed among 
Corbet's poems, but young Corbet disap- 
pointed his father's hopes. 'He went to 
school at Westminster with Ned Bagshawe/ 
writes Aubrey, ' a very handsome youth, but 
he is run out of all and goes begging up and 
down to gentlemen.' 
A portrait of Corbet by Cornelius Jansen 

! is in Christ Church Hall,' Oxford. 

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 594-6 ; 
"Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. and ii. ; Welch's Alumni 
Westmonast. pp. 67-8 ; Corser's Collectanea ; 
Eitson's English Poets; Gilchrist's Memoir; 
Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Addit. MS. 
24489, ff. 104-8 ; Cowper's preface to Time's 
Whistle (Early English Text Soc.), 1871 ; Au- 
brey's Lives of Eminent Persons, ii. 290-4 ; Biog. 
Brit. (Kippis) ; Retrospective Review, xii. 299- 
322 ; Thorn's Anecdotes and Traditions (Camd. 
Soc.) p. 30 ; Black's Cat. Ashmolean MSS.] 

o. JL. Ju. 

CO&BET, ROBERT (d. 1810), captain 
in the navy, of an old Shropshire family, at- 
tained the rank of lieutenant on 22 Dec. 
1796 ; and having served with distinction 
during the operations on the coast of Egypt 

! in 1801, in command of the Fulminette 

I cutter, was promoted to be commander on 
29 April 1802. On the renewal of the war 

I he was appointed to the Bittern brig, and sent 
to the Mediterranean, where he won high 
praise from Nelson, then commander-in-chief 
of the station, and especially by the capture of 
the Hirondelle privateer (Nelson Despatches, 

I vi. 51, 58, 363). In April 1805 he was ap- 
pointed, by Nelson, acting captain of the Am- 
phitrite, but he was not confirmed in the rank 
till 24 May 1806. Shortly afterwards he com- 
missioned the N6re" ide frigate, and in her took 
part in the operations in the Rio de la Plata. 
He then passed on to the Cape of Good Hope, 
and in August 1808 was sent to Bombay to 
refit. His conduct at Bombay, in taking on 
himself the duties of senior officer and break- 
ing through the routine of the station, drew 



Corbet 



205 



Corbet 



on Mm the displeasure of tlie Commander-in- 
chief, Sir Edward Pellew, afterwards Vis- 
count Exmouth, who represented that Cor- 
bet's letters and actions were unbecoming. 
The ship's company of the Nerelde also pre- 
ferred a complaint against him of cruelty and 
oppression. Corbet, in reply, demanded a 
court-martial ; and Pellew, not being able to 
form a court at Bombay, ordered the ship to 
return to the Cape of Good Hope, in order 
that he might be tried there. This was, un- 
fortunately, not explained to the men, who, 
conceiving that their temperate complaint 
had been unheeded, broke out into open mu- 
tiny. The mutiny was quelled, and when the 
ship arrived at the Cape, ten of the ringleaders 
were tried, found guilty, and sentenced to 
death, protesting their innocence of any evil 
design, beyond a wish for the ship to return 
to the Cape, so that their grievances might 
be inquired into. One of the ten was left 
for execution, but the other nine were par- 
doned. When this trial was over, that on 
Corbet began. No charges of diabolical cruelty 
were ever more simply put, or more clearly 
proved, even if they were not admitted. It 
was acknowledged that the number of men 
flogged was very great ; that the cat in or- 
dinary use had knots on the tails, and that 

, f T T rt . i /v i - * , -i ^ 



capture of the Caroline frigate and d, 
vessels in St. Paul's Bay in the Isle ^ 
Bourbon (JAMES, Nav. Hist. ed. 1860, v. 58) 
1 he Caroline was received into the service as 
the Bourbonnaise, and Corbet appointed to 
command her for the voyage to England. He 
arrived at Plymouth in the spring of 1810 
and was immediately appointed to the Afri- 
caine, under orders to go out to the station 
from which he had just come. The Africaine 
had been some time in commission, and her 
men were extremely averse to receiving their 
new captain, who was reported to be a mon- 
ster of cruelty. They forwarded a round- 
robin to the admiralty, expressing their de- 
termination not to let Corbet come on board. 
But the ship was in Plymouth Sound, and 
the Menelaus dropped alongside ready to fire 
into her. The mutiny was thus repressed 
almost before it broke out, and Corbet going 
on board read his commission and assumed 
the command. Some further display of ill- 
will was repressed without undue severity, 
and during the passage out to Mauritius the 
ship's company seem to have been well satis- 
fied with their lot. On 11 Sept. 1810 they 
sighted Mauritius. During the previous 
month things had gone badly with the Eng- 
lish squadron. The Sirius, Magicienne, and 




/ t ~1 w. j_*j.v^ fsjjjL.i.n.Qj a.iJ.ajgi._ij.cJU.Jj.C cLiiU. 

the backs of the sufferers were habitually Nerelde had been destroyed[seeWiLLOUGHBY 
pickled ; that the boatswain's mates and other NISBET JOSIAH], and the Iphigenia had been 
petty officers were encouraged to thrash the captured [see CHADS, HBNEY DTJCIE]. Cor- 
men without any formalityan irregular bet learned at the same time that two sail 
punishment known as < starting,' and that seen in the distance were the French Mgates 
these startings were administered with thick Astree and Iphigenie (the former Iphigenia). 
sticks. There were numerous other minor He stood towards them ; was joined by Corn- 
charges, and Corbet, making no attempt to modore Rowley in the Boadicea frigate, to- 
refute the evidence, based his defence on the gether with the Otter and the Staunch /and 
necessities of his position and the custom of the capture of the French ships appeared 
the service. The ship's company, he urged, probable. It was not till the morning of 
was exceptionally bad j drunkenness, malin- the 13th that the Africaine was close up with 
gering, and skulking were everyday offences ; the French ships ; they were then within two 
desertion was frequent ; the petty officers or three hours' sail of Port Louis, and the 
were as bad as or worse than the men j ' seve- Boadicea was some five miles dead to lee- 
rity was necessary to reform their conduct, ward. Corbet, fearing they might escape, 
and perhaps it was used.' The prisoner was, opened fire on the Astree, which immediately 
strangely, acquitted on all the counts except returned it. In her second broadside a round- 
on that of having caused men to be punished shot took off Corbet's right foot, and a 
' with sticks of an improper size and such as splinter smashed his right thigh. He was car- 
are not usual in his majesty's service,' and ried below, and died a few hours afterwards, 
for this alone he was reprimanded. The ad- But meantime the Africaine, overpowered by 
miralty, however, wrote (4 Aug. 1809) to the two French ships, all her officers being 
express high disapproval e of the manifest killed or wounded, having sustained a total 
want of management, good order, and disci- loss of 163 killed and wounded out of a com- 
pline ' in the ship, and strongly condemned plement of 295, and being dismasted and 
and prohibited ' starting,' which they pro- helpless, struck her flag and was taken pos- 
nounced < unjustifiable,' and ' extremely dis- session of. In the afternoon, when the Boa- 
gusting to the feelings of British seamen/ dicea with the Otter and Staunch came up, 
After the court-martial, however, Corbet re- the French fled, leaving their prize, which 
sumed the command of the JSTe>elde, and on was recaptured without difficulty (JAMES, v. 
21 Aug. 1809 Had an important share in the 176). 



Corbet 206 Corbet 



The loss of the Africaine and the death of 
Corbet have been fertile subjects for naval 
myths. It was currently said that the men 
refused to fight, and allowed themselves to 
be shot down by the dozen, sooner than en- 



treasonable song had been sung at a social 
meeting in Corbet's rooms ; Lord Clare as- 
serted the existence of an assassination com- 
mittee, and Corbet was solemnly expelled with 
eighteen others, including T. A. Emmett. 



/ / f_J -~ . -, WA , ^T^^^-M,^- ^, * ^.ju.11 -M. .J 1 i^ | J |,\^ U U 

deavour to win a victory for their hated cap- He then went deeper into treasonable practices 
tain (BASIL HALL, Fragments of Voyages and and started for Prance, where he received a 
Travels, 2nd ser. iii. 322), a statement which commission as captain, and was appointed to 
is clearly disproved by the evidence of Cap- accompany the staff in the expedition of Hum- 
tain Jenkin Jones, a master's mate on board | bert. He was on the same ship as Napper 

-J- T-i / A +TT rtrt iT-i r\ / /*** /<*/* y^-Ayi t* xv/iin fJ tfX/i/i/i jJn i xarA s\-f? -/ n Hn^i--* J w 1, ^ ^ 1_ J*J1 __ 1_ 1 _Tf " . "T" T T * 



the Africaine ( Character and Conduct of the 
late Captain Corbet vindicated) 1839, p. 15). 
It was also reported that Corbet was shot by 
one of his own men, which the character of 
his wounds shows was impossible ; and again 
that, refusing to survive his defeat, he tore the 
bandages off the stump of his leg, and so 
bled to death (BREm?osr, Nav. Hist. iv. 477), 
a story possible, but entirely unsupported by 



Tandy, which did not land in Ireland, and 
he therefore got safely back to France. He 
was then made an adjutant-general, and 
while he was at Hamburg, planning another 
descent upon Ireland, he was arrested there, 
contrary to the law of nations, by Sir James 
Craufurd, the English resident, together with 
Napper Tandy, Blackwell, and Morres, in 
November 1798. After being confined for 



t/J_ f / 4. J, */ | -- .. w VM r*r v*->>*tK **S\*T *.*,,! AJ.J.W\.*. A\^JL 

any evidence. It seems certain, however, that, some months at Hamburg, he was sent off 
notwithstanding the good behaviour of the to England in an English frigate in Septem- 
men, which Captain Jones extols, and the ber!799. Lord Grenville did not quite know 
discipline on which Corbet prided himself, what to do with these prisoners ; Bonaparte 
the fire of the Africaine was wild and inef- loudly declaimed against their arrest, and 
fective ,- that she fired away all her shot declared his intention of executing certain 
without inflicting any serious loss on either English prisoners at Lille if any harm hap- 
of her opponents, whose return, on the con- pened to them ; and they were therefore con- 
trary, was deadly and effective. Of Corbet's fined in the Kilmainham prison at Dublin 
courage there can be no doubt ; but his judg- without being brought to trial. From Kil- 
ment in engaging maybe questioned, his ne- mainham Corbet and Blackwell made their 
gleet of the essential training of his men must escape in 1803, and after many risks and ad- 
be blamed, and the brutal severity of his ventures arrived safely in Paris. Corbet 'scorn- 
punishments has left a stain on his character mission of 1798 was recognised, and he entered 
which even his gallant death cannot wipe the Irish Legion, from which he was soon 
away, transferred as a captain to the 70th French 
[Minutes of the courts-martial and official regiment of lihe line. "With the French army 
letters in the Public Kecord Office ; the pamph- Jie &< ~rved. in Massena s expedition to Por- 
let by Captain Jenkin Jones which is referred tu gal, and greatly distinguished himself in 
to in the text is a collective reprint of articles tne ^treat from Torres Vedras and especially 
which appeared in the United Service Journal, a ^ the battle of Sabugal. When Marmont 
1832, pt. iii. pp. 162, 397.] J. K. L. succeeded Massena he tookCorbet on his staff, 

and after the battle of Salamanca, Clausel 

GOBBET, WILLIAM (1779-1842), Irish made him chef de bataillon of the 47th regi- 
rabel and French general, son of a schoolmaster ment, with which he served until 1813, when 
in the county of Cork, was born at Ballythomas Marmont summoned him to Germany to j oin 
In that county on 17 Aug. 1779, He was well Ms staff. He served with Marmont through- 
educated by his father, who was a good scholar, out the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, at 
andashewasaprotestant,hewasenteredwith Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Leipzig, &c., and 
Hs brother Thomas at Trinity College, Dublin, he was made a commander of the Legion of 
In 1794. At^ college he took more interest in Honour. After the first abdication of Napo- 
politicsthaninhiswork,andbecameamember leon he was promoted colonel in January 
of the Society of United Irishmen and a friend 1815, and acted as chief of the staff to Gene- 
of T. A. Emmett and Hamilton Eowan. He ral d'Aumont at Caen. After the second 
was also a leading debater in the Trinity restoration he was placed on half-pay, and 
College Historical Society, of which he was was looked upon with disfavour by the Bour- 
for some time secretary, and was one of the bons because of his friendship with General 
students who signed the address to Grattan Foy, the leader of the opposition, whose ac- 
in 1795. In 1798 took place the famous in- quaintance he had made in Spain. In 1828 
quiry by Lord Clare, the chancellor of the he was selected by Marshal Maison to ac- 
university, and Dr." Duigenaninto the conduct company him in his expedition to the Morea, 
of the undergraduates ,- it was alleged that a and was allowed to go, in spite of the opposi- 



_ Corbett 207 Corbett 

tion of Lord Stua^Kothesay, the,English and halfee sons, Thomas, Vincent, and Wil- 
ambassador at Pans. His services In Greece \ Ham, cashier of the nary. Thomas, the secretary 
were very great. After serving as governor ! of the admiralty, had a younger brother, William 
of Navarino, Messina, and Nauplia, lie relieved ^o be gan life as secretary to Viscount Torrino-- 
Argos from the attack of Colocotroni, who tou in tlie Baltic expedition of 1717, and was 
was then acting in the interest of Russia and afterwa rds cashier of the navy ; but there never 
Count Capo dTatria, and utterly defeated him. va | a w ' lliai a Corbett secretary of the admiralty ; 
This victory was of the greatest importance ; '? Andrew Corbett, the 'instrument' of the 



it finally overthrew the Russian party, upset ! ^ easu T r f of the nav 7; ga*d his name with two 
the schemes of Capo d'Istria, and practically f^Jj^v^ Jf?^? 16 that ' 



order of Saint Louis and of the Redeemer of ' 

Greece, and was promoted general of brigade. CORBETT, WILLIAM (d. 1748) vio- 

He succeeded General Schneider as comman- ! linist and composer, seems to have held the 

der-m-chief of the Frendi forces in Greece in latter position at the theatre in Lincoln's 

1831, and returned to France m 1832 with Inn Fields at the beginning of the eio-h- 

them. _ He was soon after promoted general teenth century, since he wrote the music b for 

of division, and after commanding at Caen 'Henry IV (produced there by Betterton 

t^9 ' at Samt - I)enis on 12 Au - in 1700), for < Love Betrayed/ an adaptation 

ltf ;: *>y Burnaby of < Twelfth Night/ and for < As 

[His autobiography, printed first at Paris in you find it/ by the Hon. C. Boyle (both pro- 

1807 is reprinted with an interesting biography duced in 1703). In 1705 he became leader 

founded on facts, related by Mrs. Lyons of Cork, of the opera band, a position which he re- 

t s n fy Bister in RRMadden's third series tained until 1711, when the production of 

Thiw-n i Si* ^' -V^Vi 1 8 and Times > Handel's < Rinaldo ' occasioned the removal 

1^^'e^^^^S^ no2 f the T h le b d Y ! rchestral ^ ers in 
of Ormond 1 ^ewortn s novel favour of a new . get of i nstrumeiltalists> It 

seems to have been at this juncture that 

CORBETT, THOMAS (d. 1751), secre- Corbett went for the first time to Italy, since 
tary of the admiralty, of the family of Cor- Burney implies that he was there during 
bet of Moreton Corbet, and apparently a near Oorelli's lifetime, and it is probable that he 
relation of Andrew Corbett, an 4 instrument ' was tliere at the time of Corelli's death in 
of the treasurer of the navy, temp. Wil- 1713, as he became possessed of the master's 
Ham HI (Cal S. P., Treasury), was secretary own violin. Whether or no he was a pupil 
to Sir George Byng,viscounttorrington[q.v.], of Oorelli, it is certain that he was greatly 
during the expedition to Sicily (1718-20), influenced by that composer's style, as his 
of which he afterwards published an account, own Y or ^ s conclusively prove. As a concert 
On his return to England he was appointed was S lveiL i n Hickford's Room on 28 April 
secretary of the admiralty, subordinate to 1714 i for Signora Lodi and Mr. Corbet/ he 
Josiah Burchett [q. v.], and on Burchett's ^msthave returned by that time, and it would 
retirement in 1742, as senior, having under seem to ^ ave ^ een about this year that he 
him John Cleveland. He appears to have was appointed to the royal band of music, 
held this office till his death in 1751, and 1? 1710 his name is not on the list of musi- 
during the whole time to have lived on terms c i ans ? an d from 1716 it appears without in- 
of friendly equality with the many distin- termission until 1747. By this time he had 
guished officers with whom he was thrown "written, besides the theatrical music we have 
in contact. His letter to Anson (Add. MS ' mentioned, several sets of sonatas for violins, 

1QKK -P OKAN _-.' A: ...j_ j-i - x .. n ' n "' - ., . i 



15955, f. 250), pointing out the impropriety 
of his promotion of Peircy Brett [see AKSO^, 
GEOEGE, LORD], is not that of a mere official, 
but rather that of an old shipmate and social 
equal. 

[Corbett's official letters in the Public Record 
Office are very numerous, but contain little of 
biographical interest. The notice of the family 
in Burke's * Landed G-entry ' is very inaccurate, 
and makes it quite impossible to identify this 
member of it. It is there said that William 
'Corbett, who adopted the mode of writing his 
name with two t's, was secretary of the admiralty 



flutes, fec., and 'one of the i act-tunes' in 'As 
you find it ' had been set as a song, ( When 
bonny Jemmy first left me. ' A few years later 
he went again to Italy for the express purpose 
of collecting musi$ and instruments of all 
kinds. He remained abroad for a good many 
years, making Rome his headquarters, and 
visiting all the principal cities of Italy. He was 
suspected in many quarters of being employed 
by the government as a spy upon thePretender, 
but the truth seems to have been that his 
researches were not only sanctioned by the 
government (he was allowed to retain his posi- 



Corbett 208 Corbie 



tioninthe court band during his absence), but 
actually paid for by the English authorities. If 
we may believe a pencilled memorandum on 
the back of a copy of his mezzotint portrait in 
the British Museum, he was given an addi- 
tional salary of 300Z. a year ' to travel into 
Italy and collect fine music.' His acquisi- 
tions, however, remained his own property, 
as appears from the advertisements of various 
sales, at which he disposed of some of them. 



tion ? the musical instruments, &c. on 9 or 
11 March 1750-1, at < the Great Room over 
against Beauford Buildings in the Strand, 
formerly the Hoop Tavern,' and the music 
at his house in Silver Street, Golden Square. 
By the terms of his will, four sets of his works 
were to be given every year to strangers 
'from foreign countrys if they are good 
performers, but they are not to be sold on 
any account.' He directed also that he was 



In March 1724-5 he was at home again, for to be buried 4n my family grave in the 

at this time he advertises ' an entertainment churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster, 

of music, with variety of new concertos for in a private manner, with two coaches only 

violins, hautbois, trumpets, German-flutes, besides the hearse, at or some short time 

and Erench-horns ; with several pieces by before twelve of the clock at night. 7 How 

Mr. Oorbett on a particular new instrument far these injunctions were complied with we 

never heard in England ' (BUK^EY). These have no means of knowing. There are two> 

' concertos ' had probably nothing to dp with mezzotints by Simon, after a portrait by 

his most celebrated work, to be hereafter re- Austin, representing Corbett with and with- 

ferred to, nor is it known what the i particu- put Ms wig. A copy of the second of these is 

lar new instrument ' was, unless it was the in the British Museum, and has been already 

Grescentini harpsichord mentioned in the list referred to. It shows his coat of arms, argent, 

of his effects contained in his will. In 1728 two crows in a pale sable, with a label of 

the first part (twelve) of his best known three points for difference, all within a bor- 

concertos was published under the title of dure engrailed bezante"e. These arms prove 

1 Le Bizzarie universal!.' They are in four him to have belonged to some branch of the- 

parts, for strings only, and the author appends Shropshire family, though his exact place in 

the word ' Diletante ' to his name, adding the genealogy is impossible to find, 
that they are composed < on all the new [Groye , s -^ of Mlisi . Blime , g Hist of 

gustos in Ins travels through Italy/ .They MusiCj ^ ^ ^ 65Qj &e . Ch / mberl , g 

were published by subscription, and in the Anglise Notitia ; Smith's British Mezzotint Por- 

year of their appearance the composer gave a traits, iii. 1078 ; London Advertiser, 5-9 March 

concert on the occasion of his farewell to 1750-1; Corbett's will in Probate Registry, 11 l y 

public life at Hickford's Room, where they Strahan.] J. A. F. M. 

were performed. On two separate occasions, 

the second in 1741, he advertised sales of CORBIE or COBBINGTON, AM- 
his foreign collection of instruments and BROSE (1604-1649), Jesuit, one of the sons 
music, probably with only partial success, of Gerard Corbie [q_. v.] and his wife, Isa- 
and in 1742 two more sets of concertos were bella Richardson, was born near Durham on 
issued, each set containing twelve as before. 7Dec.(0,S.)16Q4(0:LiVE:R,7esm Collections,. 
The title this time is in English throughout, p. 74). At the age of twelve he was placed 
and runs : i Concertos, or the Universal Biz- in the English college at St. Omer, whence 
zaries in seven parts, for four violins, tenor he removed in 1622 to the English college at 
violin, and violoncello, with a thorough-bass Rome. He was admitted into the Society of 
for a harpsichord. 7 The peculiarity of the Jesus at "Watten in 1627, and became a pro- 
concertos is that to each one is prefixed the fessed father in 1641. For some years he taught 
name of an Italian city or a country of Europe, the belles-lettres with great applause in the 
implying that each is written in the cha- college at St. Omer (SOUTHWELL, BibL 8crip- 
racteristic style of the place after which it is torum Soc. Jesu, p. 45). In 1045 he was 
named. It cannot be said that there is much minister at Ghent (FoLEY, Records, vii. 167). 
difference of style between the ' Alia Mi- He was appointed confessor in the English 
lanese' and the f Alia Scotese/ or between college at Rome, where he died on 11 April 
any other of the concertos, but they are all 1649. 

written with considerableknowledge of effect. He wrote : 1. ' Certamen Triplex a tribus 

Corbett died on 7 March 1747-8, bequeath- Societ. Jesu ex Provincia Angfrcana sacer- 

ing his collections to Gresham College, with dotibus RR. PP. P. Thoma Hollando, P. Ro- 

a salary of 10Z. a year to a female servant of dulpho Corbseo, P. Henrico Morsaeo, intra 

his own, who was to show them to visitors, proximum triennium, pro avita fide, reli- 

The college authorities refused the legacy on gione, sacerdotio, contra veritatis, pietatis^ 

account of the insufficiency of space at their ecclesiseque hostes, susceptum fortiter, decer- 

disposal, and the collection was sold by auc- tatum constanter, confectum feliciter, Lon- 



Corbie 209 Corbmac 



dini In Anglia,' Antwerp, 1045, 16mo, with 
three engraved portraits; reprinted, Munich, 
1646, 16mo. The two Latin editions of this 
"book are in great requisition among collectors 
, Bill, des Ecrivains de la Compagnie 



seized by the rebels at Hamsterley on 8 July 
1644, when vesting for mass, he was con- 
veyed to London and committed to Newgate 
on the 22nd of that month, together with 
John Duckett, a secular priest. At their 

de Jesus, ed. 1869, i. 1369 ; Cat. of the Huth trial at the Old Bailey sessions (4 Sept.) they 
Library, i. 282). An English translation by both admitted they were priests ; they were 
William Barclay Turnbull was published at condemned to death and executed at Tyburn 
London, 1858, 8vo (GiLLOW, Bill Diet, of on 7 Sept. 1644. 

the English Catholics, i. 564). 2. An ac- There is a long life of Corbie in Foley's 
count of his father. Printed in Foley's ' Eecords/ iii. 68-96, taken principally from 
( Eecords,' iii. 64. 3. i Vita e morte del fra- the ' Certamen Triplex' written by his brother 
tello Tomaso Stilintono [i.e. Stillington, alias Ambrose Corbie [q. v.] From the latter work 
Oglethorpe], novitio Inglese della Compagnia Father Matthias Tanner in his i Societas Jesu 
di Giesu, morto in Messina, lo Sept. 1617 ; ' usque ad sanguinis et vitse profusionem mili- 
manuscript at Stonyhurst College (Hist.MSS. tans/ and Bishop Challoner in his ' Memoirs 
Comm. 3rd Eep. 338). of Missionary Priests 7 (edit. 1742, ii. 278-85), 



r K. 4.1, -4-Vr, /-+^ o-u rt TTfti T p derived their notices. There is an engraved 

Authorities cited above.] J.. o. . . * n __. m - i > 

L portrait of him in the i Certamen Triplex/ 

COBBIE or COEBINGTON, GEEAED [Authorities cited above ; also Bodd's Church 

(1558-1637), catholic exile, was a native of Hist. iii. Ill ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England 

the county of Durham. He was a severe (1824),ii. 386; GiUow's Bibl. Diet. vol. i.; Hist, 

sufferer for his profession of the catholic MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. 339.] T. C. 
faith, being compelled frequently to cross to 

Ireland, and ultimately he became a volun- CORBMAC, SAIHT (6th cent.), was the 
tary exile with his family in Belgium. Three son of Eogan, and descended in the ninth 
of his sons, Ambrose [q. v.], Ealph [q. v.], generation from Olioll Olum ? king of Mun- 
and Eobert, having joined the Society of ster (d. 234). He had five brothers, all of 
Jesus, his son Eichard having died when a whom * laboured for Christ' in different pro- 
student at St. Omer, and his two daughters, vinces of Ireland, and ' to each the piety of 
May and Catharine, having become Benedic- after times assigned heavenly honours.' One 
tine nuns, he and his wife Isabella (nee Ei- of them, St. Emhin, is the reputed author of 
chardson) agreed to separate and to conse- the ' Tripartite Life of St. Patrick.' 
crate themselves to religion. He accordingly Corbmac, desirous of pursuing a religious 
entered the Society of Jesus at Watten as a life, set out from his birthplace in Munster for 
temporal coadjutor, in 1628, and she in 1633, the north of Ireland, in search of a solitary 
when in her eightieth year, became a professed place. Arriving in Connaught, he first visited 
Benedictine nun at Ghent, and died a cen- the court of Eogan Bel, who lived in the 
tenarian in 1652. Gerard became blind five fortress of Dun Eogain, situated on an island 
vears before his death, which occurred at in Lough Measg. The remains of this fortress 
*Watten on 17 Sept. 1637. were visible when Dr. O'Donovan visited the 

rFoley's Eecords, iii. 62-8; Oliver's Jesuit ^* in 1888. Not being weU received^by 

prtiUAHAnc RTA. i T r "the Jong, Uorbmac left the island, announcing- 

^oiiecciuiib, o/*.j -- v/. o/ ,<>/-* T ,-_ , / -, 7 j . & 

as a prophet of God that i it was preordained 7 

COBBIE or COEBnSTGTOlSF, EALPH that the palace should become a monastery. 

(1598-1644), Jesuit, son of Gerard Corbie Crossing the river Eobe on his journey 

[q. v.], was born on 25 March 1598, near northward, he arrived at Fort Lothair, in the 

Dublin, his parents having been compelled territory of Ceara (Carra, county of Mayo), 

to retire to Ireland from the county of Dur- Here he was hospitably received by Olioll 

ham in order to escape persecution at home , Inbanda and Aedh Flaithemda, sons of Cel- 

(OlilVEE, Jesuit Collections, p. 74). At the lach, and twelve chieftains, but when about 

age of five he was taken to England by his to settle among them he was opposed by St. 

parents, and he spent his childhood in the Finan, who had built an oratory there, and 

bishopric of Durham or in Lancashire. After- was afraid that ' the boundaries of his church 

wards he studied in the English college at would be narrowed if another set up near 

St. Omer, at Seville, and at Valladolid, where him.' This Finan was abbot of Teampull 

he was ordained priest. He entered the So- Eatha, a church the ruins of which are still to 

ciety of Jesus at Watten ij| 1626. About be seen in the parish of Eaymochy,co. Donegal. 

1631 he was sent to the English mission, and In consequence of this opposition he pursued 

the county of Durham was the scene of his his journey, and arrived at the dwelling of 

labours (FoLEY, Records, vii. 169). Being a virgin named Daria, daughter of Catheir, 

TOL, xn. ' p 



Corbmac 210 Corbmac 

son of Lugaidh, a prince in that territory, determined to return to his friends, the sons 
She was also known as So-deilbh, or ' of "beau- of Amalgaid, and devoted himself to the office 
tiful form/ and according to Colgan was of peacemaker, endeavouring 1 to establish 
venerated on 20 Oct. In consequence of her good feeling "between them and the race of 
kindness he promised her an abundance of Cian. For this purpose he induced them to 
cattle ; hence the plain was known as the hold a meeting at a hill called Tulach Cha- 
4 plain of the heifers/ now Moygawnagh, in paich, c the hill of friendship/ at which were 
Tirawley. present with him St. Froech of Cluain Col- 
Travelling still-northwards, he reached the luing and St. Athracht of Killaraght. Here 
estuary of the Moy, where the sixteen sons a perpetual league of friendship was formed, 
of Amalgaid were assembled in convention. This was afterwards renewed, and three cele- 
St. Emhin in the l Tripartite ' reckons only brated conventions were held there, 
twelve ; but the statement of Colgan, taken ' So devoted was Corbmac and so holy his 
from the * Book of Lecan/ is in some degree manner of life that gifts were bestowed on 
supported by the ' Tribes and Customs of Mm continually, and he was treated as their 
Hy jPiachrach/ which states them as fifteen, tutelar divinity.' Once more, however, in- 
Amalgaid had two wives, Tressan, daughter trigues were set on foot against him as a 
of Nadfraoich, king of Minister, and Ere, stranger an t d intruder, and three messengers 
daughter of Eochaidh, king of Leinster. The in succession were sent to order him to leave 
sons of the former were favourable to Corb- the district. The first of these having been 
mac when he presented himself at the assem- cursed by the saint was devoured by wolves 
bly, and requested permission to settle there, on the mountain of Sliabh botha, near Kos 
but the sons of Ere opposed him. In the Airgid, where a cairn marks the spot. The 
end, however, he was permitted to choose a other two messengers having deprecated the 
place to dwell in, and he accordingly selected saint's wrath escaped with their lives. This 
a favourable spot at the estuary of the Moy. incident was evidently suggested by the story 
The fishery, according to the Bardic accounts, of Elijah in 2 Kings chap. i. 
had been famous from the remotest times, and Corbmac is credited with having cured a 
in later ages had been visited and blessed by youth who suffered from a ' deadly, contagious 
St. Patrick, St. Brigid, and others. The esta- disease caused by a pestilential exhalation' 
blishment founded here was enriched by from the mountain Sith badha, near Rathcro- 
grants of lands and tithes. Among other giffcs ghan, co. Boscommon, believed to be haunted 
bestowed on it were the lands of Gill-roe and by demons. To him is also ascribed a bath, 
Oill-aladh, held formerly by Bishop Mure- called Dabhach Corbmaic, in which whoever 
dach and the sons of Droigin. Besides the bathed should not die a violent death, and, 
sons of Amalgaid other chieftains became his if a maiden, should have a happy marriage, 
supporters, as for instance Eochaidh Breac, Such are the facts recorded in the ' Book 
whose posterity, the Hy Eachach of Hy Fia- of Lecan/ The question, however, of the 
chrach Aidne, were devoted to him. In the date at which he flourished is one of peculiar 
lapse of time their devotion grew cold, and difficulty, owing to the anachronisms which 
Oorbmac was superseded by later saints, abound in it. Colgan thought he flourished 
among whom were St. Cumain Fota, a de- in the fifth, century, and Lanigan considered 
scendant of Ere, and St. Deirbile, also a na- that some indications pointed to the seventh ; 
tive saint. ^ "but there are grounds for thinking that his 
When his establishment was placed on a true date is the sixth century ; for as he was 
secure foundation, he turned his thoughts to ninth in descent from Olioll Olum, A,D. 234, 
the neighbouringterritory of Luigni (Legney, allowing thirty years for each generation, we 
county Sligo), over which and the adjacent have 270 + 234, which gives A..D. 504. Again, 
territory of Gaileanga (Gallen, county Mayo) his brother St. Emhin, according to Ussher, 
Diermid, son of Finbarr, then ruled, who was flourished in 580, and most of the events of 
of the race of Cian, son of Olioll Olum, and his history, as his visit to King Eogan Bel 
therefore of his kindred. This prince received (d. 547) and Olioll Inbanda (544), fall within 
him kindly, and bound his seven successors the sixth century. There is, it is true, a diffi- 
to pay three cows annually to Corbmac and culty in the case of St. Becan, who is reckoned 
those who should come after him ; but Aidan, among his brothers^ as the 'Four Masters' 
son of Colman, who had a monastery near, give his death at C88 ; but Keating (Reign 
fearing lest the interests of his church should of Diarmuid Mac Fergusd} says some autho- 
suffer, remonstrated with him, and advised rities held thdk besides Fiacha Muillethan, 
that he as a stranger should return to his Eogan Mor hal another son Diarmuid, from 
own country, and seek for lands there. King whom Becan was descended. He would thus be 
Diermid tried to make peace, but Corbmac a near relative, not a brother of Corbmac, and 



Corbould 



211 



Corbould 



the period of his death does not affect the cal- 
culation. Colgan suggests that the anachro- 
nisms are due to interpolations, and perhaps 
also what is said of the sons of Amalgaid may 
be referred to the tribes descended from them, 
and thus belonging to a later period than the 
narrative would lead one to expect. Colgan 
gives his life at 26 March, but is uncertain 
whether that or 13 Dee. is the right date. 
At the latter the Corbmac mentioned in the 
* Martyrology of Donegal ' seems to be our 
saint, and is called Oruimther [i.e. presbyter] 
Corbmac. 

[Book of Lecan, Royal Irish Academy, fol. 60 a a j 
Colgan's Act. Sanct. p. 751 ; Marfcyrology of Do- 
negal, O'Currey's MS. Materials, p. 351 ; Tribes 
and Customs of Hy Fiacbrach, p. 7 ; Lanigan's 
Eccles. Hist. iL 215 ; Keating's Hist, of Ireland, 
reign of Diarmuid Mac Fergusa ; Annals of the 
Four Masters, A.D. 544.] T. 0. 

CORBOULD, HENEY (1787-1844), 
painter, son of Richard Corbould [q.v.], a land- 
scape and miniature painter, was born in Lon- 
don on 11 Aug. 1787. He entered at an early 
age the schools of the Royal Academy, where 
he gained a silver medal for a study from the 
life, and while there obtained "the friendship of 
Flaxman, Westmacott, Chantrey, and "West, 
to whom he sat as a model in the pictures re- 
presenting i Christ rejected' and i Christ heal- 
ing the Sick in the Temple. 7 Corbould's first 
picture, ' A Study, 7 was hung in the Academy 
in 1707, when he resided at 70 John Street, 
Fitzroy Square. In 1808 he exhibited * Corio- 
lanus.' For a considerable time he was princi- 
pally engaged in designing for book illustra- 
tions, such as ' The Nightingale, a Collection 
of Songs set to Music/ 'Elegant Epistles from 
the most Eminent Writers,' ' The Beauties of 
Shakespeare/ f The Works of Virgil, translated 
into English by John Dryden/ ' The Poetical 
Works of James Beattie, LL.D., and Wil- 
liam Collins, 7 ' Logic, or the Right Use of 
Reason, by Isaac Watts, D.D./ &c. He was, 
however, employed for about thirty years 
"by the trustees of the British Museum in 
making highly finished drawings from the 
Elgin and other marbles in that institution, 
which were afterwards published, and are 
now preserved in the department of prints and 
drawings. Corbould made drawings from 
the Duke of Bedford and Lord Egremont 7 s 
collections ; the Dilettanti Society, and the 
Society of Antiquaries, of which he was a 
distinguished member. Several of his pictures 
were engraved by John Bromley, Hopwood, 
and Robert Cooper. He designed in 1838 
the diploma of ' The Manchester Unity of the 
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 7 en- 
graved by J. A. Wright. He also made the 



drawings for an edition of Camden's ' History 
of England,' most of winch were engraved 
by W. Hawkins. Corbould was seized with 
apoplexy while riding from St. Leonard's 
to Hurst Green, Sussex, and expired at Ro- 
bertsbridge, in about ten hours after the 
attack, on 9 Dec. 1844, and was buried in 
Etchingham Church, Susses. He left four 

oi^rN 1 *-* n 



sons. 



[Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English 
School; manuscript notes in the British Museum.] 

L. F. 

CORBOULD, RICHARD (1757-1831), 
painter, born in London 18 April 1757, pos- 
sessed talents of a very versatile kind, which 
he exercised in nearly every department of 
his art. He painted, both in oils and water- 
colours, portraits, landscapes, still life, and 
history, miniatures on enamel and ivory, also 
on porcelain, and occasionally etched. He 
was very clever at imitating the style of the 
old masters, and yet could show an originality 
of his own. He first appears as an exhibitor 
in 1776 at the Free Society of Artists, to 
which he sent < The Morning/ after Claude 
Lorraine, a stained drawing, 'A Bunch of 
Grapes/ and another landscape. In 1777 he 
sent a miniature to the exhibition of the Royal 
Academy, and continued to exhibit there 
numerous pictures in varied styles up to 1811. 
Among these may be noticed : ' Cottagers 
gathering Sticks 7 (1793); four pictures re- 
presenting f The Seasons ' (1794) ; The Fisher- 
man's Departure ' and ' Return ' (1800) ; ' The 
Millennial Age ; Isaiah xi. 6, 8 ' (1801), a pic- 
ture very much admired at the time ; * Eve 
caressing the Flock' (1802); Hero and Lean- 
der ' (1803) ; i Hannibal on his passage over 
the Alps, pointing out to his soldiers the fer- 
tile plains of Italy 7 (1808) ; ' Contemplation ' 
(1811). He last appears as an exhibitor in 
1817 at the British Institution. It Is, how- 
ever, as a designer of illustrations for books 
that Corbould is most widely known. He 
was largely employed by publishers, and his 
illustrations, engraved by the "best artists, 
show great taste, and occupy one of the 
highest places in that department of art. We 
may instance those that he contributed to 
Cooke's pocket editions of l English Classics ' 
(published 1795-1800), especially those for 
Richardson's ' Pamela. 5 Corbould resided for 
some years in John Street, Tottenham Court 
Road, but later in life removed to the north 
of London. He died at Highgate 26 July 
1831, aged 74, and was buried in the church- 
yard of St. Andrew's, Holborn, Gray's Inn 
Road. He left a family of whom two sons, 
Henry [q. v.] and George Corbould, also dis- 
tinguished themselves as painters, 



Corbridge 212 Corbridge 

Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Grraves's Diet, of Little of great importance happened during* 
Artists (1760-1880); G-ent. Mag. (1831), ci. 2 ; Corbridge's tenure of the archbishopric. His 
Catalogues of Royal Academy, British Institu- episcopal register, though copious enough in 
tion, &c.] L. C. i S entries, testifies by the singular absence of 

CORBRIDGE, THOMAS OF (d. 1304), public documents of general interest the per- 
archbishop of York, was probably native of sonal insignificance or want of influence of 
the little town of Corbridge on the Upper the archbishop. His name is rarely found in 
Tyne, near Hexham. He became a doctor of the state papers of the period, and still less 
divinity (RISHAETGKER, p. 194, Rolls Ser.), in the chronicles. In 1301 he attended the 
but at what university seems to be unknown, parliament of Lincoln, and in 1302 those of 
Dr. Stubbs (Act. Pont.Ebor. col. 1728) also de- Westminster and London. In 1303 he sent 
clares him to have been an incomparable pro- his contingent against the Scots. The northern 
fessor of all the liberal arts. He became pre- war brought the king and court a great deal 
bendary of Oswaldwick in York Minster (Ln to York, and on several occasions Corbridge 
NEVE, iii. 206) ? but resigned it in 1279, when was involved in disputes with Edward. In 
he was made chancellor of the cathedral on Ms quarrels with the provost of Beverley, who- 
Wickwaine's elevation to the archbishopric, wished to settle the question of the visitation 
In 1280 he was appointed with the archdeacon of that church in the English courts, while- 
of Richmond to inquire into the election of Corbridge wanted to have it decided at Rome, 
Robert of Scarborough to the deanery. In Edward strongly took the side of Beverley. 
1281 he was sent to Rome on cathedral busi- Again in 1304 Corbridge resented Edward's 
ness at the expense of Archbishop Wick- attempt to force John Bush, one of his clerks, 
waine. On 16 June 1290 he was made sa- into his own old preferment, now vacant ap- 
crist of St. Sepulchre's Chapel, York, and gave parently by Francesco Gaetani's resignation, 
up the chancellorship on the condition that The king completely disregarded the appoint- 
he should not be annoyed or molested in his ment of Gilbert Segrave, favoured both by 
office, the previous occupant of which, Per- pope and archbishop. John Bush won his- 
eival de Lavannia, an Italian nominee of the suit in the royal courts, which adjudged that 
pope, had left everything in confusion. But the benefices were in the royal gift. Thetem- 
Corbridge soon found such troubles on the poralities of the see were seized upon by the 
manors of his new benefice, that he took ad- king, and remained in Ms hands until the 
vantage of a stipulation he had insisted on archbishop's death. Under Corbridge's pre- 
to resume his post of chancellor, which, how- lacy the chronic feud with the archbishop of 
ever, had been already occupied by Thomas Canterbury with reference to the right of the 
of Wakefi eld. An unseemly dispute ensued, northern primate to bear his cross erect within 
in which Archbishop Romanus upheld Wake- the southern province involved him in more 
field, while the dean and chapter vigorously than one dispute with Archbishop Winchel- 
supported Corbridge. The latter went to sea. The equally interminable feud with 
Rome to urge his claims on the curia, but York's only powerful sufiragan, the Bishop of 
failed to win his case. He had already in- Durham, was also continued. Corbridge wrote 
eurred sentence of excommunication (27 July a strong letter to Bishop Antony Bek [see 
1290). The remission of the sentence in BEE, A:N"TO:NT I], remonstrating against his 
March 1291 probably points to his submission, extraordinary conduct in besieging the prior 
Wakefield seems to have held the chancel- and convent of Durham, cutting off their sup- 
lorship until his death in 1297, and even then plies, and stopping their water. We do not 
the appointment of Robert of Riplingham was learn that he obtained much satisfaction. It 
in complete disregard of Corbridge's claims was probably much easier to compel the weak 
(LsNEVE, iii. 164). He retained, however, the bishop of Whithern to cause the restoration to 
sacristy and also the stall of Stillington. His Alexander, son of Robert Bruce, of the goods 
favour with the chapter led to his election by of his church of Carnmoel, stolen while he 
<a majority as archbishop on 12 Nov. 1299 in was at his studies at Cambridge. Corbridge 
succession to Henry of Newark. On 16 Nov. showed, as his dealings with Durham and 
Edward I gave his consent (Pat. 27 E. I, m. Beverley prove, a commendable zeal for the- 
2, in LE NEVE, iii. 104). Corbridge proceeded interests of his see. He also vindicated the 
to Rome for his pallium, and was there con- old right of the archbishop to coin money, 
secrated bishop by Boniface VIII himself. He manifested Ms strictness by forbidding 
The pope insisted, however, on a surrender of tournaments and duels during Lent. His 
the archbishopric into his own hands, and on papal leanings came out in his quarrels with 
reappointing Corbridge of his own authority, the king. He was, however, a friend of Ed- 
He also nominated his own grandnephew to mund, earl of Cornwall, and was left in that 
Corbridge's vacant preferments. noble's will the legacy of a ring of gold. He- 



Corcoran 213 Cordell 

provided fairly for his kinsfolk, several of at Roundhay, Yorkshire, and in the Isle of 

whose names appear in the documents of the Man ; and on 10 June 1765 took charge of 

period. He died in disgrace at Laneham in the chapel in Newgate Street, Newcastle- 

Nottinghamshire on 22 Sept. 1304. He was on-Tyne, where he continued till his death on 

"buried at Southwell on 29 Sept. heneath a 26 Jan. 1791 (Catholic Miscellany, vi. 387). 
Hue marble slab close to the pulpit. The He published : 1. The Divine Office for 

effigy is now destroyed. the Use of the Laity/ 4 vols. 16mo [Sheffield], 

[All that is known of Corbridge is to be found W& ; second edit. 2 vols. Svo [Newcastle- 

collected in Canon Eaine's biography of him in on-Tyne], 1/80 ; new edition, 'with correo- 

Pasti Eboracenses, pp. 353-61, the main authori- tions and additions by the Rev. B. Rayment, 

ties for which are the life in Stnbbs's Act. Pontif. Manchester, 1806 (Notes and Queries, 3rd 

Ebor. cols. 1728-9, and Corfield's MS. Register, ser. x. 330, 383). 2. ' A Letter to the Author 

extracts from which are given. Several of his of a Book called " A Candid and Impartial 

letters from the same source are printed in Canon Sketch of the Life and Government of Pope 

Eaine's Letters from the Northern Registers Clement XIV," ' 1785. The work to which 

(Eolls Series). Other facts come from Prynne's this f Letter 7 relates was written by Father 

Records, vol. iii.; Parliamentary Writs, i. 89, John Thorpe, an English ex-jesuit. and edited 

112, 114, 367, 370 ; Wilkins's Concilia 11 255, b Father Charles Plowden. It is a collec- 
264; Abbreviatio Placitomm, pp 201-2; Le 



ff 19 that were circulated at Home by his enemies. 

104, 163, 206, 212: MS. Cotton V iteliius A. 11. j ^ j-nj j -j. j. -U i_- a j. 3 * j 

Godwin, De iWlibus (1743), pp. 684-5.] Cordell deemed it to be Ins duty to. defend 

TFT kke action of the pope in suppressing the 
Society of Jesus (GiLLOw, Bibl. Diet, of the 

CORCORAN, MICHAEL (1827-1863), English Catholics, i. 565, 567). 
Ibrigadier-general of federal volunteers in the Cordell also translated several works from 

American civil war, was born at CarrowsMH, the French, including- i The Life of Pope 

co. Sligo, Ireland, 21 Sept. 1827. He emi- Clement XIV ' (G-anganelli), by Caraccioli 

grated to America in 1849, and obtained em- (1776) ; : Interesting Letters of Pope de- 

ployment at first as a clerk in the New York ment XIV (2 vols. 1777) ; The Manners 

city post office. He became colonel of the of the Christians ' by Fleury (1786), and 

*69th New York militia, and on the call for i The Manners of the Israelites ' by Fleury 

troops in April 1861 took the field with his (1786). 

battalion, and distinguished himself at the [Authorities cited above.] T. C. 

first battle of Bull's Run, where he was 

wounded and made prisoner. He was con- CORDELL, SIE WILLIAM (d. 1581), 

fined successively at Richmond, Charleston, master of the rolls, son of John Cordell, esq., 

Columbia, Salisbury, N.C., and other places, by Eva, daughter of Henry Webb of Kimbol- 

and was one of the officers selected for exe- ton, Huntingdonshire, was born at Edmonton, 

cution in the event of the federal authorities Middlesex, and educated at Cambridge,though 

having carried out their threat of hanging at what college is not known. He was ad- 

the captured crews of confederate vessels as mitted a member of Lincoln's Inn in 1538, 

pirates. Exchanged on 15 Aug. 1862, he was and called to the bar in 1544. In 1545 he 

made a brigadier-general, and raised an Irish became possessed of the manor of Long Mel- 

legion. He took part in the battles of Nauso- ford, Suffolk. In the parliament which met 

mond and Suffolk in North Carolina in 1863, on 1 March 1552-3 he sat as member for 

and checked the advance of the confederates Steyning, and he became solicitor-general to 

on Norfolk. He died, from the effects of a Queen Mary on 30 Sept. 1553. In that car 

fall from his horse near Fairfax, Virginia, on pacity he took part in the prosecution of Sir 

22 Dec. 1863. Thomas Wyat for high treason. He served 

mw* A^ -R;I TT ivr r 1 the office of Lent reader of Lincoln's Inn in 

I Drake s Amer. JtJiog. I H. 1VL. u. .. .. , 

L & J 1553-4, and shortly afterwards became one 

CORDELL, CHARLES (1720-1791), of the governors of that society, a post which 

catholic divine, son of Charles Cordell, of he held on many subsequent occasions. On 

the diocese of London, and his wife, Hannah 5 Nov. 1557 he was constituted master of the 

Dare!!, of the ancient family of. Darell of rolls, having previously received the honour 

Scotney Castle, Sussex, and Calehill, Kent, of knighthood. Queen Mary appointed him 

was born on 5 Oct. 1720, and educated in a one of her privy council,* and granted him a 

school at Fernyhalgh, Lancashire, and in the license to have twelve retainers. He was re- 

English college at Douay, where he was or- turned for Suffolk to the parliament which 

dainedpriest. He became chaplain at Arundel assembled on 20 Jan. 1557-8, and was chosen 

Oastle in 1748 j was subsequently stationed speaker of the House of Commons. In 1558 



Corden 214 Corder 

he was despatched to the north with Thirleby, George IV, and in 1843 from Queen Victoria, 
bishop of Ely, to inquire into the cause of In 1844, at the wish of the prince consort, 
quarrel between the Earls of Northumberland he was -sent to Coburg to copy the family 
and Westmorland. portraits at the castle of Rosenau. In 1836 

Queen Elizabeth; though she removed him he exhibited at the Royal Academy a portrait 
from the privy council, continued him in the of Sir Walter Scott on china, copied from the 
office of master of the rolls, and he was in the portrait at Windsor by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 
ecclesiastical commission. In the course of Corden died at Nottingham on 18 June 1867. 
this reign he was a member of various impor- William Corden, jun., of Windsor, who exhi- 
tant royal commissions. He was M.P. for bited various pictures at the Royal Academy 
Middlesex in the parliament which met on from 1845 to 1855, was in all probability his 
11 Jan. 1562-3. In 1569 he subscribed a de- son. 

claration of his obedience to the Act of Uni- [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of 
formity. He was returned by the city ot Artists, 1760-1880; Wallis and Bemrose's Pot- 
Westminster to the parliament which assein- tery and Porcelain of Derbyshire; Eoyal Aca- 
bled on 2 April 1571. On 4 Aug. 1578 he demy Catalogues.] L. C. 

most sumptuously entertained the queen in 

his house at Long Melford. He died at the COKDEK, WILLIAM (1804-1828), mur- 
Rolls House in Chancery Lane, London, on derer, was a young man of some property, 
17 May 1581, and was buried in Long Mel- He had become the father of an illegitimate 
ford church, where a fine marble monument child by Maria Marten, a native of Polstead, 
was erected to his memory. Suffolk, who had before borne children to at 

He married Mary, daughter of Richard least two other men, but who still continued 
Clopton, esq., but, leaving no children, Joan, to live with her parents. Corder frequently 
his sister, the wife of Richard Aldington, esq., promised to marry Marten, and at length, 
became his heir. By his will he made pro- arranged that she should leave her home on 
vision for the foundation at Long Melford of 18 May 1827, dressed in male attire, and join 
a hospital, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, for him at a place known as the Red Barn, whence 
a warden, twelve brethren, and two sisters, they would proceed together to Ipswich to 
He evinced much interest in the progress of be married on the following morning. Maria 
Merchant Taylors' School, and rendered very Marten left her home as desired, and was- 
essential assistance in the foundation of St. never again seen alive. At first no suspicion 
John's College, Oxford, of which he was visitor was aroused, for Corder paid frequent visits 
for life. In that college is a curious portrait to his wife's parents, telling them that their 
of him, by Cornelius de Zeem. daughter was living happily as companion to 

[Baga de Secretis ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ^ la V , He ke P t them regularly informed of 
i. 431, 568; Dav/s Suffolk Collections, ii. 51, 93, -^ s wifes supposed movements, and wrote 
99, 100, 124-30; Foss's Judges of England, v. many letters, in which he professed great sur- 
476 ; Fuller's Worthies (Suffolk) ; Manning's prise that her letters to her mother had never 
Speakers, 214 ; Sfcrype's Works (general index) ; reached Polstead, and mentioned his inquiries. 
Wilson's Merchant Taylors' School.] T. C. on the subject at the post-office. Matters con- 
tinued thus till the following April, when the 

CORDED, WILLIAM (1797-1867), body of Maria Marten was discovered buried 
china and portrait painter, was born at Ash- beneath the floor of the Red Barn, a search, 
bourne, Derbyshire, 28 Nov. 1797, and served having been made at the instigation of the 
his apprenticeship at the china works at Derby girl's mother, who, as was said at the time, re- 
under Mr. Bloor ; here he was employed in peatedly dreamed that her daughter lay buried 
painting flowers and portraits. At the close in the place in question. It was found that 
of his apprenticeship he set up for himself as Maria Marten had been shot through the head 
a portrait-painter, commencing with portraits and stabbed in the heart. Corder was at 
of his employer's family. His early works in once arrested, and in the August following 
this line were mostly miniatures on ivory, was brought up for trial at Bury St. Edmunds. 
but later he reverted to painting on china Conclusive evidence was adduced to prove 
and also on enamel. He often attained a that he had committed the murder. Corder, 
delicate and beautiful finish, but spoilt many however, protested his innocence and ad- 
pieces by carelessness and haste in firing dressed the jury in his own defence, alleging* 
them. In July 1829 he received a commis- that he had quarrelled with the deceased in the- 
sion to paint the portrait of Mr. Batchelor, barn and had then left her ; that he stopped 
one of the king's pages, at "Windsor. This on hearing the report of a pistol, and going 1 
led to his securing the patronage of the royal back found that she had shot herself ; and 
family, and he received commissions from that in the fear of being charged with murder 



Corderoy 215 Cordiner 



he had buried the body. Chief-baron Alex- 
ander summed up strongly against the pro- 
bability of the prisoner's story; the jury 
brought In a verdict of guilty ; Corder was 
sentenced to death, and executed on the 
Monday following, 11 Aug. 1828. In the in- 
terval between his trial and execution Corder 
made a full confession of his guilt. The 
amount of public interest aroused by this case 
was almost unparalleled, there being several 

- * i . , i 1 1 * i ~TJ 



such as he could enter Into with a good con- 



science. 



[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss) ii. 47 ; Brit. 
Mus. Cat.] A. V. 

CORDESTER, CHARLES (1746 P-1794), 

writer on antiquities, became episcopalian 
minister of St. Andrew's Chapel, Banff, in 
1769. He was the author of ' Antiquities- 
and Scenery of the North of Scotland, in a 

extraordinary incidents connected with it. It series of Letters to Thomas Pennant/ Lon- 
came out, for instance, that in the period don, 1780 ; and i Remarkable Ruins and 
between the murder and its discovery Corder Romantic Prospects of North Britain, with 
had advertised for a wife, and had married a Ancient Monuments and singular subjects of 
very respectable schoolmistress, who was one Natural History/ 2 vols. London, 1788-95. 
of forty-five respondents. Six columns, or a This work, which is illustrated with engrav- 
quarter of its entire space, was given by the ings by Peter Maxell, was published in parts ? 
' Times ' to the report of the trial, which ex- but Cordiner did not live to see the publiea- 
tended over two days. The execution was tion of the last part. He died at Banff* 18 Nov. 
witnessed, it was estimated, by ten thousand 1794, aged 48, leaving a widow and eight 
persons, and the rope with which the criminal children. James Cordiner [q. v.] was his son. 
was hanged is said to have been sold at the [Advertisement to Remarkable Ruins and Be- 
rate of a guinea per inch. Macready informed mantie Prospects ; Scots Magazine, Ivi. 735.] 
the Rev. J. M. Bellew that at a performance 

of < Macbeth ' at Drury Lane on 11 Aug., when CORDHTER, JAMES (1775-1836), au- 
Duncan asked ' Is execution done on Cawdor ? ' thor of ' A Description of Ceylon/ third son 
a man in the gallery exclaimed ' Yes, sir; he of the Rev. Charles Cordiner [q. v.], episcopal 
was hung this morning at Bury. J Corder's minister of Banff, was born in 1775. He re- 
skeleton is still preserved in the Suffolk Gene- ceived the first rudiments of education at 
ral Hospital at Bury St. Edmunds, and in the Banff, and afterwards studied at the Univer- 
Athenseum of the same town is a history of sity and King's College, Aberdeen, where in 
the murder and trial, by J. Curtis (Kelly, an i album 7 or register of students now in the 
1828), bound in Corder's skin, which was university library his name appears among 
tanned for the purpose by George Creed, those entering the first class in Greek (taught 
surgeon to the hospital. by Professor John Leslie) in the session 1789- 

[Oent. Mag. August 1828 ; Annual Register, 1790 > and in a ro11 of * Artium Magistri ' of 

1828, pp. 106etseq, ; Times, 8,9, 10,and 12 Aug. 29 April 1793. Inl797he was appointed to 

1 828.] A. V. a charge at the Military Orphan Asylum, Ma- 
dras, and to do duty as chaplain with the 80th 

CORDEROY, JEREMY (Jl. 1600), di- foot, then at Trincomalee, where he remained 
vine, was the son of a Wiltshire gentleman, about twelve months. Thence, at the desire 
He was sent about 1577 to St. Alban Hall, of the governor, Hon. F. North, afterwards 
Oxford, and after taking his degree in arts earl of Guildford, he proceeded to Colombo 
in due course continued to reside there for to do chaplain's duty with the 51st foot, under 
the purpose of studying theology. He took orders for that place. He remained in Ceylon 
holy orders, and in 1590 was appointed a as garrison chaplain at Colombo and principal 
chaplain of Merton College, a post which he of all the Schools in the island, where he was 
occupied for at least thirteen years and pos- the only church of England clergyman, up to 
sibly longer. He was the author of two small 1804, when he returned home. On his de- 
works : e A Short Dialogue, wherein is proved parture he was presented by the civil and 
that no Man can be Saved without Good military officials at Colombo with a piece of 
Works, 7 Oxford, 1604, 12mo, 2nd edit. ; and plate of the value of 210 guineas, as a mark 

* A Warning for Worldlings, or a Comfort to of their attachment and esteem. 

the Godly and a Terror to the Wicked, set On 26 May 1807 Cordiner was appointed 

forth Dialoguewise between a Scholler and a by the constituent members of the congrega- 

Trauailer,' London, 1608, 12mo. In the latter, tion one of the ministers of St. Paul's Epi- 

which Is an argument against atheism, the scopal Church (or chapel as it then was called) 

* scholler ' would appear to be meant for Cor- at Aberdeen, at a stipend of 70. a year. He 
deroy himself, and speaks of his not having appears to have come to them from London 
been preferred to any living-, since, although on the recommendation of the Rev. Dr. Mac- 
some had been offered to him, they were not leod of St, Anne's, Soho. The important com- 



Corey 



216 Corfe 



munity of episcopalians worshipping at St. stage. In 1701 he produced at Lincoln's Inn 
Paul's Chapel was at that time, as it continued Fields ' A Cure for Jealousy/ 4to, 1701, a 
down to 1870 or later, not part of the Scottish poor comedy which rnet with no success. It 
episcopalian church, but one of those episco- was followed at the same house, 2 Oct. 1704, 
palian communities claiming 1 connection with by e Metamorphosis, or the Old Lover out- 
the church of England as distinct from the witted/ 4to, 1704, a farce said by the author 
native nonjuring episcopalian body. After to be taken from Moliere, but in fact ex- 
faithfully discharging the duties of the minis- tracted from * Albumazar 3 by Tomkis. These 
try for many years, Cordiner resigned, on ac- were his only dramatic essays, though l The 
count of ill-health, on 13 Nov. 1834, and was Generous Enemies,' 4to, 1672, by another 
granted a retiring annuity of 100Z,, with the John Corey, licensed 30 Aug. 1671, has been 
chapel-house as a residence. He died of con- erroneously ascribed to him. His first re- 
gestion of the lungs on 13 Jan. 1836, in the corded appearance as an actor took place on 
sixty-first year of his age and the thirty- 21 Oct. 1702, when at Lincoln's Inn Fields 
seventh of his ministry, and was buried in the he played Manly in i The Beau's Duel, or a 
churchyard of St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, where Soldier for the Ladies/ by Mrs. Carroll, after- 
is a tombstone to his memory. He left a widow, wards Mrs. Oentlivre. For twenty-nine years 
who for many years received a small annuity he played at this house, the Haymarket, or 
(twelve guineas) from the chapel funds, and Drury Lane, acting at first young lovers in 
a son Charles, a clergyman of the church of comedy, and afterwards characters in dramas, 
Scotland, who down to 1864 or later was pres- but seldom apparently in his long career being 
byterian minister of Kinnenmouth, a chapel- troubled with a part of primary importance, 
of-ease in Lonmay parish, Aberdeenshire. Dorante in the ' Gamester/ an adaptation of 

After his return from Ceylon Cordiner pub- Le Joueur ' of Begnard, 22 Feb. 1705 ; Sey- 
lished ' A Description of Ceylon, with narra- ton in ' Macbeth/ 1708 ; Numitorius in Den- 
tives of a Tour round the Island in 1800, nis's ' Appius and Virginia/ 5 Feb. 1709 ; 
the Expedition to Candy in 1803, and a Visit Egbert in Aaron Hill's ' Elfrid, or the Fair 
to Eamasseram in 1804' (London, 1807). Inconstant/ 3 Jan. 1710; Gonsalvo in the 
From the preface it appears that the author l Perfidious Brother/ claimed by Theobald 
did not accompany the expedition to Kandy, and by Mestayer, 21 Feb. 1716, and Amiens 
"but was furnished with the particulars from in ( Love in the Forest/ an adaptation of 'As 
official sources. He is therefore not respon- you like it/ 9 Jan. 1723, indicate fairly his 
sible for statements which, as Sir Emerson range. According to Isaac Reed's unpub- 
Tennent has pointed out (TENSTENT, Ceylon, lished'NotitiaDramatica' he played 26 April 
ii. 77), when read by the light of Governor 1725 Macbeth for his benefit. He is unmen- 
North's confidential correspondence, jjlace tioned in the i Apology 'of Gibber, with whom 
the authorities in a very regrettable fight, he constantly acted. He was short in stature 
The work, which is in two quarto volumes, and his voice was poor, but he was otherwise 
contains fine plates from original drawings a fair actor. The 'Biographia Dramatica' 
by the author of objects of interest in the is- says he died ' about 1721 / He was on the 
land. Cordiner also wrote 'A Voyage to stage, however, ten years later, since on 
India/ which was published in 1820. 31 May 1731 his name appears as filling the 

[Reference has been made to Cordiner's and P arb f Sir William Worthy in < Patie and 
Sir Emerson Tennent's writings, but the above Peggy?' an alteration by Theophilus Gibber 
details have been chiefly obtained, through the of Allan Ramsay's ' Gentle Shepherd/ and it 
courtesy of the librarian of Aberdeen University, is to be found in the playbills of intervening 
from the collegiate and church records of Aber- years. 

deen. and from an obituary notice of Cordmer in r _ ,, . , ... _ .. , _ _ , 

the Aberdeen Journal, 20 Jan. 1836: of this [<>enests Account of the English Stage; Baker, 
paper the University Library contains a com- g ee f; *?, J ne ? ^S^phia Dramatics, ; Isaac 
plete file from 1747, which is probably unique. Eee 1 d s MS * NoW -Dramatica ; List of Dramatic 
The misstatements as to the circumstances as well f^ora; A PP 6ndl ^ to Whincop's Scanderbeg, 
as the date of Cordiner's death in Notes and 1< 4 '-J J- -K-- 

Queries, 3rd ser.vi., are stated to have probably pn-o-crp A-RTTTTTR TTTHMAQ /iw> 
arisen from confusion with the case of a relative 10 ~~ ' A.K1U.UK IJdOMAb (1773- 
of the same name.] H. M. 0. 1863), organist and composer, third son of 

Dr. Joseph Corfe [q_. v.], was born 9 April 

COKEY, JOHN O 1700-1731), actor 1773, at Salisbury, where his father was or- 
and dramatist, came of an ancient family in ganist. In early life he was a pupil of a Mr. 
Cornwall, and was born in Barnstaple. He Antram of Salisbury, and in 1783 he became 
was entered at New Inn for the study of the a chorister of Westminster Abbey under Dr. 
law, but abandoned that profession for the Cooke. He was for some time a pupil of Cle- 



Corfe 2I 7 Corker 




menti for the pianoforte, and in 1796 he 1792 

married Frances, daughter of the Rev. J. Da- tYere 

Ties, vicar of Padworth, Berkshire, by whom as Ms' depuU 

he had fourteen children. In ISO^on the 1791 In 18 T 

resignation of his father, he succeeded him as g^ st fefe of Ms fon 

organist of the cathedral, and by 1 813 he had Corfe fa v 1 aad diad L 1 5* , 

got the choir into a state of remarkable per- 1 Oct o^'which < hW, ' ly 

v ,. /? IT ii 1^*0. V-/UU., UIL wmcu date liis successor wa o-n 

feetion if we may believe the account given pointed to the ChapelEoyal His m Tst im" 

.of the Salisbury service by a correspondent of portant oridaal production i , IM,, ~f 

the < Gentleman's Magazine ' of that date. In Lurch musOSgTe Lce n B kt 

1838 he organised and undertook at Ms own by which his name is chiefly knoZ o cathe- 

risk a fest l val at Salisbury which took place dral organists, and eleven anthemlX wrote 

with very great success on 19-22 Aug of that also thirty-^ glees, most of wMch a 

year. He himself conducted the whole of range d from wlll-known melodies, several 

the performances and Ins eldest son, John selections of sacred musical compo itiols a 

D /- ^^(l 8 ? 4 - 1 , 8 ^)^^ was orgamst 'Treatise on Singing,' and < ThorouSss 

.of Bristol Cathedral for more than fifty years, simplified, or the whole Theory and Practice 

played the organ for his father. Among the of Thorough-bass laid open J the meanest 

solo singers were Mtss Paton Mme Oara- capacity.' I n estimating^ works,7t mu^t 

don-Allan, and Braham. Corfe's work as a be remembered that he was a content 

composer is not remarkable He wrote a of Jackson of Exeter, and that the inZS 

^ervice and afew anthems, besides somepiano- whichformed that mostinsipid composer were 

forte pieces He published .also a good many notunfeltbyhim. Though some of Reverses 

arran^mentsofdiffere n tkmds,anaabookon and other portions of thl anthems in hisV 

' The Prmciples of Harmony and Thorough- lume show the weaknesses wMch were pit 

bass.' Towards the end of Ms life Ms health Ta lent at the time, they are more than made 

showed signs of failing, but he attended the up for by the strength and interest of many 

daxly service regularly until the end. On O f the grander numbers, in wMch a soun& 

28 Jan. 1863 he was found in the early morn- fugal style is frequently apparent. 

ing dead, kneeling by Ins bedside as if in m , _. , J,, / " 

prayer. He was buried in the cloisters ofthe ...L^esDict. of Music; Cheque Books of the. 

cathedral. Several of his sons were choristers St p ,W ; .^^ Musi ?f: 1 ^ ^ }^ 

at Magdalen College, Oxford. His fourth TZ ' V a ^*^ 
son, Georg-e, became resident medical officer 

at the Middlesex Hospital, and wrote several CORK, EAELS OP. [See BOYLE, EICHA.ED, 

medical treatises. His younger son, CHARLES 1566-1643 ; BOYLE, EICHARD, 1612-1697 ; 

WILLIAM (b. 1814), took the degree of Mus. BOYLE, BIOHAKD, 1695-1753.] 

Doc. (Oxon. 1862), and was organist of Christ rrvR-R- n^ n-Rp-p-RV ^^T ^ ro 

Church, Oxford, from 1846 tAis retirement BOYLE JOH^ 170^ 17^ [ 

shortly before his death on 16 Dec. 1883. ' ' i7U7 - i7b ^J 

He was appointed choragus to the university COKKER, JAMES or MAURUS (1636- 

in I860, and published several glees, part- 1715), Benedictine monk, was a native of 

songs, anthems, &c. Yorkshire. He was brought up in the pro- 

[arore's Diet, of Music; Quarterly Musical tenant religion, but was converted to catho- 

Mag. x. 1, 1 40, &c. ; Gront. Mag. 3rd ser. xiv. 394 ; licism, and joining the Benedictine order was 

Brown's Biog. Diet, of Musicians ; information professed in the monastery of St. Adrian 

from the family.] J. A. F, M. and St. Dionysius at Lambspring in Ger- 

many on 23 April 1656 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 

COKFB, JOSEPH (1740-1820), bom at 3rd Rep. 236). He was sent on the English 

Salisbury in 1740, was in all probability a re- mission in the southern province in 1665, and 

lation of the two musicians of that name who for twelve years he was chaplain to a widow 

were lay vicars of Winchester Cathedral near lady of distinction. Being alarmed at the 

the end of the seventeenth century, and of a narrative of Titus Gates, who had included 

James Corfe who published some songs under him among those concerned in the pretended 

initials about 1730-50. Joseph Corfe received popish plot, he concealed himself for several 

his early musical education from Dr. Stephens, months, but at last he was apprehended and 

the organist of the cathedral, and was for committed prisoner to Newgate. On 18 July 

some time one of the choristers. On 21 Feb. 1679 he was tried at the Old Bailey with Sir 

1783 he was appointed one of the gentlemen G-eorge Wakeman, William Marshall, and 

of the Chapel Roy^al. He had previously William Rumley ; but their innocence was 

been made a lay vicar of Salisbury, and in so evident that the jury returned a verdict of 



Corker 



218 



Corker 



' not guilty. 3 Corker was detained, however, 
on account of his sacerdotal character, and on 
17 Jan. 1679-80 was tried for high treason in 
having taken holy orders from the see of 
Borne, was found guilty, and sentenced to 
death. It is stated that during his confine- 
ment in Newgate he reconciled more than a 
thousand persons to the catholic church (WEL- 
DOK, Chronological Notes, p. 219), and he acted 
as spiritual director to the unfortunate Oliver 
Plunket, catholic archbishop of Armagh (ib. 
p. 223 5 MOHAN, Memoirs of Archbishop Plun- 
ket, pp. 346, 365). He was elected president- 
general of his order in 1680, being installed in 
Newgate, and in the following year he was 
made cathedral prior of Canterbury. 

On the accession of James II he was re- 
stored to liberty, and was even received by 
his majesty at court as resident ambassador 
of the elector of Cologne on 31 Jan. 1687-8. 
He has been charged with indiscretion in ac- 
cepting this public appointment, but the cir- 
cumstance seems to have been overlooked that 
the abbot of Lambspring had been sometimes 
accredited to the court of Charles II by this 
very elector (OilVEH, Catholic Religion in 
Cornwall j p. 495). Lingard states that Corker 
on the occasion of his reception at court was 
accompanied by six other monks in the habit 
of the Benedictine order. He remarks that 
* it was a ludicrous rather than an offensive 
exhibition ; but while it provoked the sneers 
and derision of the courtiers it furnished Ms 
enemies with a new subject of declamation 
against the king, who, not content with 
screening these men from legal punishment, 
brought them forward as a public spectacle 
to display his contempt of the law and de- 
fiance of public opinion ' (Hist, of England. 
ed. 1849, x. 294). 

From a manuscript preserved at Ample- 
forth College it appears that in the reign of 
James II Corker, having first set up a chapel 
in the Savoy, from which, owing to a dispute 
with the Jesuits, he was persuaded by the king 
toremove/went to St. John's, corruptly called 
St. Jone's [at Clerkenwell], and there built a 
mighty pretty convent, which the revolution 
of 1688 pulled down to the ground, to his 
very great loss, for as he was dean of the rosary 
he melted down the great gold chalice and 
patten to help towards this building, supply- 
ing the want of them with one of silver just 
of that make. He counted this convent, for 
the conversion of souls, amongst those things 
which the holy fathers of the church allow 
the church treasures to be spent on ' (CBOM- 
WELL, Hist, of Clerkenwell, pp. 86, 87). The 
establishment had but a brief existence, being 
the first object of attack by the populace when 
the news reached London of the safe landing 



of William, prince of Orange. On Sunday r 
11 Nov. 1688, a crowd assembled round the 
building and was about to demolish it when 
a military force arrived. The ecclesiastics 
at Clerkenwell tried to save their property. 
They succeeded in removing most of their 
furniture before any report of their intentions 
got abroad ; but at length the suspicions of 
the rabble were excited. The last two carts 
were stopped in Holborn, and all that they 
contained was publicly burned in the middle 
of the street. 

Forced to seek refuge on the continent^ 
Corker was declared the second president-elect 
of the English Benedictine congregation held 
at Paris in 1C89, and in the following year 
(but in 1693, according to Oliver) he was 
elected abbot of Lambspring in Germany 
(WBLDON, Chronological Notes, Append, p. 
23). It is stated that in 1C91 he was voted 
abbot of Cisniar. He caused the quarters of 
his friend, the martyred archbishop of Armagh, 
to be transferred to Lambspring and honour- 
ably embalmed. On 27 July (O.S.) 1696 he 
resigned his dignity and returned to England. 
He lived ' in a recluse solitary manner ' at 
' Stafford House, near the park ; ' his room 
was lined with books and ' ghastly pictures 
drawn dead with ropes about their necks'/ 
representing the victims of the popish plot. 
He said that he was comforted when under 
sentence of death by the hope that his suffer- 
ings would expiate the guilt of an ancestor 
in accepting Norstall Abbey (Letter from E. 
Corker, 4 Jan. 1703-4, communicated by Mr. 
L. J. D, Townshend). He died at Padding- 
ton, London, on 22 Dec. 1715, and was buried 
at St. Pancras. 

His works are: 1. 'Stafford's Memoires; or 
a brief and impartial account of the birth and 
quality, tryal, and final end of "William, late 
Lord Yiscount Stafford. Beheaded on Tower 
Hill, "Wednesday, 29 Dec. 1680' (anon.), 
Lond., 1681, 12mo ; 2nd edit. 1682 (PEZWS, 
JSpistolce Apologetic pro Or (line S. Benedicti, 
p. 240). 2. ' Eoman Catholick Principles in 
reference to God and the King ' (anon.) This 
remarkable treatise first appeared as a small 
pamphlet in 1680, and at least two other 
editions of it were published in that year. It 
is reprinted in t Stafford's Memoires.' Six 
editions of the ' Principles 7 were published 
before 1684, and six were published by Goter 
in 1684-6 at the end of his ' Papist misre- 
presented and represented.' Bishop Cop- 
pinger gave at least twelve editions of the 
'Principles,' first in his 'Exposition/ and 
afterwards in his ' True Piety.' Eleven or 
twelve more editions were published between 
1748 and 1813, and a reprint appeared in the 
Pamphleteer y in 1819 (xiii. 86 et seq.), and 



Corker 219 Cormac 



again with the title of ' The Catholic Eireni- 
con, in friendly response to Dr. Pusey,' Lond., 
1865, 8vo. On perusing the work Dr. Leland, 
the historian, is said to have declared that if 
such were the principles of catholics no govern- 



Lifleaekair, and died in 260. He appears first 
in history in connection with the death of 
Lugaid Mac Con, king of Ireland, who is said 
to have "been slain at his instigation, when 
distributing gold and silver to the learned 



ment had any right to quarrel with them, j The next occupant of the throne, according 
Charles Butler, who reprints it (Memoirs of to the * Annals of the Four Masters,' was 
the English Catholics, ed. 1822, iii. 493), de- Fergus dubhdeadach, ' of the black teeth/ an 

T , r " 1 "I i * j " TTT1 * ~l * i " f* TTl *t t > j 



clares it to be a clear and accurate exposition 



Ulidian or native of Uladh. Cormac, to 



of the catholic creed on some of its most im- avenge an "insult received from him, made 
portant principles, and Dr. Oliver calls it a an alliance with Tadg, son of Cian, on con- 
' concise but luminous treatise '(Catholic He- dition that Tadg should receive a grant of 
ligion in Cornwall, p. 509). Bishop Milner, land in Breagh or East Heath. Fergus, at- 
however, asserted in an official charge to his tacked by their united armies, was defeated,, 
clergy in 1813 that it ' is not an accurate ex- and he and his two brothers were slain in 
position of Roman catholic principles, and the battle of Crinna, a place on the river 
still less the faith of catholics ' (Supplemen- Boyne near Stackallen Bridge. The stipu- 
tary Memoirs, pp. 264-78). In consequence lated reward was duly paid, and the posterity 
of some exceptions taken against the accuracy of Tadg dwelling there were afterwards known 
of the Propositions ' which form the heading as the Cianachta of Breagh. All rivals being 
of i The Faith of Catholics ' by the Rev. Joseph now removed, Cormac succeeded to the throne. 
Berington and Dr. John Kirk, the latter re- His reign, like that of all Irish kings of the 
printed Corker's treatise in 1815 (Rambler, period, was a constant succession of wars with 
ix. 248 ; GILLOW, BibL Diet, of the English chieftains who were supposed to be under his 
Catholics, i. 670, 571). 3. i A Remonstrance sway. His chief opponents appear to have 
of Piety and Innocence ; containing the last been the people of Uladh, a district cor- 
Devotions and Protestations of several Roman responding with the counties of Down and 
Catholicks, condemned and executed on ac- Antrim, whose king Fergus he had slain, 
count of the Plot/ Lond., 1683, 12mo. 4. * A More than once he was driven from his king- 
Sermon on the Blessed Eucharist/ Lond., dom, and sailed away with his fleet, remain- 
1695, 12mo. 5. ' Correspondence with Oliver ing on one occasion three years in exile, during 
Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh ; ' manu- which he visited Scotland, and according to 
scripts formerly in the possession of the Rev. the 'Four Masters' became king there; at 
Charles Dodd, who, in his i Church History/ another time he expelled the Ulidians, and 
ii, 514-19, has printed some letters from drove them to the Isle of Man. ' His reign 
Corker, giving an account of Plunket's life, was rendered illustrious by his victories over 
6. t Queries to Dr. Sacheverell from North the Ulidians and the success which attended 
Britain ' (anon.), no place or date, 4to ; pro- his arms in Albany. . At this period it pro- 
bably printed in 1710. 7. ' A Rational Ac- bably was that Cairbre Riada and his ad- 
count given by a Young Gentleman to his herents obtained a footing in those parts of 
Uncle of the Motives and Reasons why he is Erin and Albany which afterwards bore his 
become a Roman Catholick, and why he de- name' (REEVES). 

clines any farther disputes or contests about A romantic incident in his life is connected 

Matters of Religion ' (anon.), s. 1. aut an. 4to, with these expeditions. One of the cap- 

pp, 8 (GiLLOW, Bibl. Diet, of the English Ca- tives carried off from Scotland was Ciarnuit, 

tholics, i. p. xx). daughter of the king of the Picts, said to 

[Authorities cited above; also Hist. MSS. have been the handsomest woman of her time. 

Comm. 3rd Eep. 233, 236, 261, 7th Kep. 474, 744 ; Cormac hearing of her beauty took her to his 

Snow's Benedictine Necrology, 88; Dodd's Church house, but his wife, moved by jealousy, m- 

Hist. iii. 488 ; LuttrelTs Eelation of State Af- sisted that the bondmaid should be under 

fairs, i. 18, 32, 430, 474, 475, 477; Howell's her orders, and imposed on her the task of 

State Trials, vii. 591 ; Letters of Kachel, Lady grinding a large quantity of corn every day 

Russell, ed. 1853, i. 237; Macaulay's Hist, of with a handmill or quern. After some time 

England, ed. 1858, ii. 497, 498.] T. C. Cormac, learning from her that she was no 

longer able to perform the task, and being 

CORMAC MAC ART, also known as greatly attached to her, sent over the sea to 

COKMAC UA CTOTN and CORMAC ULFADA (d. Scotland for a millwright, who erected a 

260), grandson of Conn of the Hundred water-mill at Tara. This was the first mill 

Battles [q. v.], became king of Ireland, ac- erected in Ireland. Its situation is known, 

cording to Tigernach, in 218 ; reigned till 254, and local tradition preserved the memory of 

when he abdicated in favour of his son, Cairbre its origin in the time of Dr. Petrie. 



Cormac 220 Cormac 



One of the most tragical occurrences of his personal blemish could reign at Tara, He 

reign was the murder of thirty princesses was accordingly succeeded by his son, and re- 

by Dunlaing, king of Leinster, in the house tired to Aicill, now the hill of Skreen near 

known as the southern Claenfert at Tara. Tara, visiting occasionally Cleiteach on the 

Oormac quickly avenged their deaths by slay- Boyne. He now applied himself to legisla- 

ing twelve chieftains of Leinster, and imposing tion, and his reputation in this capacity far 

the tax called the Boruma on Leinster with in- exceeded his martial achievements. i He was 

creased severity. This tax had originally been a famous author in laws, synchronisms and 

exacted by Tuathal Teachtmhar (A.D. 106), history; for it was he that established ? law 

.and was a perennial source of warfare between rule, and direction for each science and for 

the Leinster rulers and their overking. It each covenant according to propriety, and it 

was finally remitted through the intervention is his laws that governed all that adhered to 

of St. Dairchell [q. v.] them to the present time' (Four Masters). 

Towards the close of his reign occurred the Dr. Petrie, in his 'Essay on the History 

expulsion of the Desi, descendants of Fiacha and Antiquities of Tara Hill/ discusses at 

Suighdhe, brother of Conn of the Hundred some length the question of the laws attri- 

Battles, who were seated in the plain of buted to him. On the subject of the use of 

Breagh. According to one account of the letters in Ireland at that early period, which 

cause of this event, Aengus, ' of the dreadful affects the authenticity of Cormac's alleged 

spear/ or, as < Lebar na h-Uidhre ' has it, < the legislation, Innes observes : ' It may have very 

poisoned spear/ having been wronged by well happened that some of the Irish before 

Cellach, son of Cormac, hastened in a fury to that time passing over to Britain or other 

Tara, slew Cellach in his father's presence, parts of the Roman empire where the use of 

killing also the steward of Tara, and piercing letters was common might have learned to 

ids father's eye by the same stroke that killed read and write/ 

his son. For this crime the tribe of the Desi, Cormac is said to have become a Christian 

to which Aengus belonged, were expelled seven years before his death, being < the third 

by Cormac after several battles, and finally man in Ireland who believed.' This will appear 

settled in Waterford, where they have given possible when it is considered that he had 

their name to the baronies of Decies. been in contact with Roman civilisation in 

To the reign of Cormac belongs the history Britain, where Christianity is known to have 

ot the famous warrior Finn mac Cumhail, spread among the Roman colonists about the 

who was slam, according to the ' Four Mas- commencement of the third century (HAD- 

ters/in283. The only unsuccessful battle in DAST). He died at Cleiteach, A.D. 260 The 

which Cormac was engaged was that of Drorna early account simply says he was choked by 

.Uamgaire, now Knocklong, in the county of a salmon bone ; but an interlined gloss in 

Limerick. Oormac had made an unprovoked ' Lebar na h-Uidhre ? suggests that it was the 

attack on Fiacha Muilleathan, king of Mun- siabhra or genii that killed him, and the 

ster, assigning as a pretext that a double tri- 'Four Masters' add that it was on account 

bute > was due to him as overking, inasmuch of his abandoning the worship of idols. The 

as there were two provinces in Munster. account of his burial seems to favour the belief 

Keceiving a reply that there was no prece- that he was a Christian. It is said in < Lebar 

dent for such a demand, he marched direct na h-Uidhre' that he desired to be buried at 

tor Drprna Damgaire, and a battle ensued Ros na righ, but after his death it was de- 

m which he was defeated and pursued to cided that he should be interred at Brush na 

Ussory and also obliged to give hostages Boinne, < where all the kings of Tara were 

and jndemmry Fiacha for his losses. Neither buried. 5 When, however, they proceeded to 

the _ * our Masters ' nor Tigernach make any carry out their purpose, the river Boyne ' rose 

special mention of this expedition, though against them three times/ and they had to 

minute accounts of it are preserved in the abandon the attempt, and he was taken to 

f Book of Lismore' and elsewhere. 'Thetruth Ros na righ, which was thenceforward the 

i - (a . S * T D 1 ^ ov . an observes) < that the an- burial-place of the Christian kings. The reign 

nahsts of Leath Cuinn (the north of Ireland) of Cormac is the epoch at whicl most of the 

pass over the affairs of Munster very slightly, monuments remaining at Tara had their ori- 

and seem unmlling to acknowledge any tri- gin, Of these an interesting account will be 

umph of theirs over the race of Conn of the found in the learned essay of Dr. Petrie. 
Jlundred Battles, and this feeling was mutual nr + -a- * * T -, , 

on the part of the race of Olioll Olum ' ivr L A t f S ^fV 3 *^' reign of Cormac 

In* custom, to abdicate, u no one witk a Materials/pp. 4^1 ; B^lrt 



Cormac 221 Cormack 



'Down, Connor, and Dromore, 319 ; Remains of 
Bev, A. Haddan, p. 223.] T. 0. 

CORMAC, PRESBYTER (6tli cent.), 

Irish saint. [See COBBMAC.] 

CORMAC (836-908), king of Oashel, born 
in 836, was son of Cuilennan, chief of the 
Eoghanacht, or elder branch of the descend- 
ants of Oillil Olum. He received literary edu- 
cation from Sneidhghius of Disert Diarmada, 
and attained excellence in all the parts of 



ii ^ ^ 

a very ancient stone cross with twelve rudely 
carved apostles on the base near the field of 
battle. A glossary' of hard Irish words called 
banas Chormaic ' is invariably attributed to 
this king Cormac. Later editors have made 
alterations, but enough remains of the original 
to make the < Sanas ' valuable as the most 
venerable monument of the literature of 
Munster and as the earliest Irish dictionary. 
It contains explanations of more than thir- 
teen hundred words. The etymologies are 



learning as then esteemed in Ireland ; that is of course merely fanciful, but blended with 
in verse composition, in the explanation of them are stories, allusions to customs, some 
hard words, in history, in the art of penman- of the few relics of Irish pagan lore, and 
ship ; to all which he added the reputation of other historical fragments. The oldest ex- 
piety, and crowned the whole by becoming the tant fragment of the glossary is in the i Book 
chief bishop inLeth Mogha. The very ancient of Leinster, 7 a manuscript of about A.D. 1200 
church which is the present glory of the rock and the oldest complete manuscript (Royal 
of Cashel was then unbuilt, and the summit Irish Academy, H. and S. No. 224, s. 3/67), 
of the crag was enclosed by a rampart of loose is of the fifteenth century. Some Irish 
stones, the stronghold of the kings of the writers state that the glossary was part of a 
south, within which a small low stone-roofed large work known as ' Saltair Chaisil. 7 This 
building was the bisliop's church. In 900 he has been generally attributed to Cormac, but 
became king of Cashel, and was thus the chief there are no safe grounds for believing it to 
temporal as well as the chief spiritual autho- be his, or indeed for regarding it as anything 
rity in the south of Ireland. When the south but an ancient collection of transcripts, such 
was threatened with invasion, Cormac led as the existing 'LebornaHuidri.' The 'Sanas 
the men of Munstor against Flann, king of Chormaic' was first printed by Whitley Stokes 
Ireland, at Moyltma (the present Tallamore, in 1862 (' Three Irish Glossaries/ by W. S., 
King's County), and having won a battle London). This edition contains a general 
marched on into southern Meath and against introduction, an account of the codices, an 
the Connaughtmon, and brought hostages Irish text, and copious philological notes. 
and booty homo down the Shannon. But The glossary had been previously translated 
the south of Ireland has never been able to and annotated by John O'Donovan, and 
achieve mores than a temporary success over Whitley Stokes has also edited this trans- 
the north, and two years later, in the early lation. 

autumn, Mann with Cearbhall, king of Lein- [Sanas Chormaic ; Connac's Glossary, trans- 
ster, and Cathal, king of Connaught, brought lated and annotated by the late John O'Donovan, 
a great force against Cormac. Me met them LL.D., edited with notes and indices by Whitley 
on the road into Munwtor, at the present Stokes, LL.D., Calcutta, 1868; Stokes's Three 
Ballymoon. Hiw army was routed, and an Irisl1 Glossaries, London, 1862; Annala Eiog- 
old account of the battle thus relates his J ac ^ a Eireann, vols i ^and ii. ; O'Donovan's 
death: <Afew romained with Cormac, and 
he came forward along- the road, and abun- 
dant was the blood of men and horses along 
that road. The hind feet of his horse slipped CORMACK, SIB JOHN ROSE, M JX 
on the slimy road in the track of that blood, (1815-1882), was born at Stow, Midlothian,, 
the horse foil backwards and broke Cormac's on 1 March 1815, his father, the Rev. John 
back and his neck, and he said when falling Cormack, being minister of the parish. He 
" In manus tuas Domino commendo spiritum studied medicine at Edinburgh, graduating in 
meum," and ho gives up his spirit, and the 1837, and receiving a gold medal for his thesis- 
impious sons of malediction come and thrust on the presence of air in the organs of cir- 
spears into his body and cut his head from culation. In the same year he was senior 
his body ' (O'DoNOVAK, Three Fragments, president of the Edinburgh Royal Medical 
Dublin, 1800). It was Fiach ua Ugfadhan Society, and presided at its centenary festival. 
who decapitated the "body on a stone still After study in Paris he commenced practice 
pointed out and within a drive of Ballitore. in Edinburgh, and was appointed physician 
A poera ascribed to Dalian mac Moire (An- to the Royal Infirmary and the Fever Hospital. 
nalaJ^wffhacktaJ^lreann^gl'v^Bt'h&d&yofi'he His < Observations on the Relapsing Fever 
battle as the seventeenth of the calends of Epidemic in 1843 ' increased his reputation, 
September. The true year was 908, There is and he sought permission to give clinical 



Cornelisz 222 Cornelius 

lectures at the infirmary. This being refused, where the fine arts had received much eneou- 
he resigned in 1845, and removed to London ragement since the accession of Henry VIII. 
in 1847, where he practised until ill-health He is said by Sandrart to have arrived here 
compelled him to settle in Orleans in 1866. soon after 1509, but the fact of his having 
In 1869, on the death of Sir Joseph Olliffe, brought with him a wife and seven or eight 
physician to the British embassy, he removed children renders it improbable that his arrival 
to Paris, graduating M.D. in the university here took place earlier than about 1527. The 
of France in 1870. With his wife, one son return of Holbein to England in 1532 would 
(a doctor, who died in 1876), and one daugh- materially affect the position of other artists, 
ter, he remained in Paris during the siege and it is probable that after a sojourn of five 
and the Commune, and rendered conspicuous years Lucas departed, and then went to Italy, 
services to British residents, and to the as conjectured by M. Eugene Miintz, who 
wounded of both sides. He was made che- has proved that a certain Luca Cornelio, or 
valier of the Legion of Honour in 1871, and Luca d'Olanda, was in the service of the court 
knighted in 1872. He was afterwards ap- of Ferrara, and assisted in the manufactory 
pointed physician to the Hertford British of tapestry under Hercules II, between 1535 
Hospital, established by Sir R. Wallace, and and 1547, for which he designed cartoons of 
had a considerable practice in Paris. He was the cities of the house of Este, of grotesques, 
a skilful physician, characterised by great and of the favourite horses of the duke, No- 
sympathy and devotion to duty. He died on .thing further is known of Lucas Cornelisz, but 
13 May 1882 at his house in the Rue St.- he is said to have died in 1552. 
Honore, leaving a widow, who only sur- Van Mander mentions pictures by him, 
vived him three months, one son, and four especially ' The Adulteress before Christ/ 
daughters. which existed at Leyden in his time ; but 
Cormack was much occupied in medical t many of his works are said to have been 



literature. In 1841 he started the ' Edinburgh 
Monthly Journal of Medical Science/ and con- 
ducted it ably until 1847. He established 
the ' London Journal of Medicine ' in 1849, 
carrying it on till the end of 1852, when he 



brought to England by persons who accom- 
panied the Earl of Leicester when he went 
as governor to the Low Countries. The most 
important works of Lucas Cornelisz which 
remain in this country are the sixteen small 



was appointed editor of the ' Association Me- portraits of the constables of Queenborough 

dical Journal ' (now known as the f British Castle, now at Penshurst, although almost all 

Medical Journal'). He resigned this post in of them must be copies of earlier pictures, if 

September 1 855. He translated four volumes not apocryphal. Five small heads of ladies 

of Trousseau's i Clinical Lectures' (vols. ii-v.) including those of Margaret, archduchess of 

for the New Sydenham Society, In 1876 he Austria, and Elizabeth of Austria, queen 

published a collection of his principal writings, of Denmark in the collection at Hampton 

including some valuable papers on cholera, Court, and a portrait of John of GJ-aunt, duke 

diphtheria, and paralysis, under the title of of Lancaster, in the possession of the Duke 

' Clinical Studies/ in two volumes. of Beaufort, are also attributed to him. 

[British Medical Journal, 20 May 1 882, p. 761 ; The two elder brothers of Lucas Cornelisz 

Medical Times, 10 June 1882, p. 624; Lancet, were likewise artists. The eldest, Pieter 

20 May 1882, p. 847.] G-. T. B. Cornelisz Kunst, was a painter upon glass; 

CORNBURY, VISOOTOT. [See HYDE.] the second, Cornells Cornelisz Kunst, a painter 

; L J of scriptural sumects, was born at Leyden m 

CORNELISZ, LUCAS (1495-1552?), 1493, and died in 15M. 

historical and portrait painter, was the third r Van Mander s Livre des p e i n tres, ed. Hymans, 
son of Cornells Engelbrechtsen, one of the 1884 _ 5i j. 178; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting 
earliest Dutch painters, who was the master of j n England, ed. Wornum, 1849, i. 64; Miintz's 
Lucas van Leyden. He was born at Leyden Histoire genfeile d la Tapisserie, Ecole Ita- 
in 1495, and' became a pupil of his father, but Herme, 1878, p. 34; Miintz's Tapisserie [1882], 
finding the pursuit of art in his native city a p. 227 ; Law's Historical Catalogue of the Pic- 
precarious means of existence, he combined toes at Hampton Court, 1881, pp. 187, 188, 190, 
with it the business of a cook, and so obtained 211.] B. E. G-. 
the cognomen of 'deKok/ He painted well C ORKELITJS A SANCTO PATRI- 
m oil and m distemper, and his designs are CIO [gee M ^ HOKY Corannara] 
described by Van Mander as having been exe- L 7 J 
cuted with care and much expression. But CORNELIUS, JOHN (1557-1594), Jesuit, 
the struggle to maintain his wife and family was a native of Bodmin, Cornwall. His 
by the practice of his art in Leyden was so parents were Irish, and, though living in the 
severe that he resolved to come to England, humblest station, are said to have sprung from 



Cornelius 



223 



Cornelys 



the illustrious family of the O'Mahons or 
O'Magans, His patron, Sir John Arundell 
of Lanherne, sent him to Oxford, where he 
was elected a Cornish fellow of Exeter Col- 
lege on 30 June 1575. He was expelled for 
popery by the royal commission on 3 Aug. 
1578 (BoASB and COUKTN-EY, BibL Cornubi- 
ensis, iii. 1134 ; cf. DoDD, Church Hist, ii.74). 
Thereupon he proceeded to the English col- 
lege at Rheims, and after staying there for 
some time, he entered the English college at | 
Rome for his higher studies and theology 
on 1 April 1580 (FOLEY, Records, vi. 141). ! 
Having been ordained priest he left the col- ; 
lege for England in 1583. He returned to j 
his kind patron, Sir John Arundell, after 
whose death he became chaplain to his widow, 
Anne, daughter of Edward, earl of Derby, and 
relict of Charles, seventh lord Stourton. For 
ten years he laboured in maintaining the 
catholic faith not only by his admirable dis- 
courses, but by the exercise of the powers he 
was reputed to possess as an exorcist. It is 
reported that before he attained his thirtieth 
year his prayer, fasting, and the austerities 
he underwent in the expulsion of evil spirits 
made his hair grey in a few months. So 
great was his supposed power in driving evil 
spirits out of the bodies of the possessed that 
his fame was spread abroad among all the 
catholics of England. The expelled spirits, 
it is said, often went forth uttering terrible 
curses, and vociferating that they could by 
no means withstand the charity of the father, 
whose very approach sometimes put them 
to flight (FoLEY, Records, iii. 446 et seq. ; 
GEBAJRD, Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, 
p. 17 ; Monus, Hist. Missionis Anglican Soc. 
Jesu, pp. 165-6 ; CHALLONEB, Missionary 
Priests, ed. 1741, i. 306). At length he was 
"lendedatLady Arundell's country seat, 



Jhideock Castle, Dorsetshire, on 14 April 
1594, by the sheriff of the county. At the 
same time Thomas Bosgrave, a Cornish gentle- 
man, who was a kinsman of Sir John Arundell, 
and two servants of the family were taken into 
custody for aiding and assisting the priest. 
Cornelius was ordered to be sent to London, 
where he was examined by the lord treasurer, 
the Archbishop of Canterbury, and other 
members of the privy council, who strove to 
extort from him, first by words, and after- 
wards by the rack, the names of such catholics 
as had relieved him, but he refused to the 
last to make any discovery which might pre- 
judice his benefactors. He was remanded to 
Dorchester for trial, where he and his three 
companions were found guilty, Cornelius of 
high treason for being a priest and coming 
into this kingdom and remaining here : Bos- 
grave and the servants of felony, for aiding 



Cornelius, knowing him to be a priest. They 
were executed at Dorchester on 4 July 1594. 
Cornelius had been admitted into the Society 
of Jesus at London shortly before his ap- 
prehension (TAKKEB, Sodeias Jesu mque ad 
sanquinis et mt<& profmionem militans, p. 29). 
The i Acts 7 of this martyr, written by Sir 
John Arundell's daughter Dorothy, who 
became a nun at Brussels, are among the 
archives of the Jesuits at Rome (FOLEY, 
Records, iii. 437, 474). His portrait is pre- 
served at the Gesu in that city. A photo- 
graph of it, from a sketch by Mr. Charles 
Weld, will be found in Foley's ( Records.' 

[Authorities cited above ; also HutcMns's 
Dorset, ii. 340 ; Diaries of the English Coll. 
Douay ; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Fore- 
fathers, 2nd ser. ; Gillow's Bibl. Diet. i. 572 ; 
Oliver's Jesuit Collections, 74 ; Hist. HSS. 
Comm. 3rd Rep. 334; Foley's Eecords, vii. 170.] 

T. C. 

CORNELYS, THERESA (1723-1797), 
of Carlisle House, Soho Square, born at Venice 
in 1723, was the daughter of an actor named 
Imer. At the age of seventeen she became 
the mistress of the senator Malipiero, and 
thirteen years later held the same relation to 
the margrave of Baireuth, at that time being 
married to a dancer of the name of Pompeati. 
For a time she had the direction of all the 
theatres in the Austrian Netherlands. When 
at Amsterdam as a singer she was known as 
Mme. Trenti, and took the name of Cornells 
(or Cornelys) from that of a gentleman at 
Amsterdam, M. Cornells de Bigerboos. As 
Mme. Pompeati she sang in Gluck's opera, 
' La Caduta de' Giganti/ at the Haymarket, 
7 Jan. 1746,, and l though nominally second 
woman, had such a masculine and violent 
manner of singing that few female symptoms 
were perceptible' (BTJKNTEY, History of Mu- 
sic, iv. 453). Casanova speaks of her as 
being at Venice in 1753. On 26 Feb. 1761 
she was advertised, as Madame Pompeati, 
to take part at the ' Music Room in Dean 
Street/ for the benefit of a Signer Siprutini, 
and again on 29 Feb. 1764 at the chapel of 
the Lock Hospital in Dr. Arne's oratorio of 
i Judith.' In 1760 (not 1762 or 1763 as 
usually fixed) Mrs. Cornelys purchased Car- 
lisle fiouse in Soho Square, and made her 
first appearance as a manager of public assem- 
blies. The two houses Nos. 2lA and 21s on 
the east side of the square, at the corner of 
Sutton Street, stand upon the site of the 
mansion, which was built by Charles Howard, 
third earl of Carlisle, between 1686 and 1690. 
The third and fourth meetings of ' The So- 
ciety/ as the ladies and gentlemen who sub- 
scribed to the balls organised by Mrs. Cor- 



Cornelys 224 Cornelys 

nelys called themselves, are noticed in the ing ' a common disorderly house.' The open- 

* Public Advertiser/ 30 Dec. 1760 and 15 Jan. ing 1 of the Pantheon and the institution of 
1761. She showed herself well versed in the ' The Coterie/ by certain of the members of 
art of advertising. In February 1763 she ' The Society of Carlisle House/ were also fatal 
gave a ball ' to the upper servants of persons blows. The list of bankrupts of the ' Lon- 
of fashion, as a token of the sense she had of don Gazette ' (November 1772) includes the 
obligations to the nobility and gentry, for their name of ' Teresa Cornelys, dealer/ and the 
generous subscription to her assembly/ The following month Carlisle House and its con- 
assembly-rooms became highly successful, tents were advertised to be sold by auction, 
and the eleventh meeting was advertised by order of the assignees. Goldsmith's t Thre- 
to take place on 5 May 1763. She endea- nodia Augustalis ' for the death of the Prin- 
voured to preserve orderly and respectable cess Do wager of "Wales, with music by Vento, 
behaviour by appropriate regulations. On was given at the rooms 20 Feb. 1772. In 
Friday, 24 Feb. 1764, she first added to the 1774 Mrs. Cornelys kept an hotel at South- 
inducement of a ball a ' grand concert of ampton ; and on 20 June 1775 a grand re- 
vocal and instrumental music/ and on 6 April gatta took place on the Thames, on which 
of the same year it was announced to the ' sub- occasion a fete was given at Ranelagh. Mrs. 
scribers to the society in Soho Square that Cornelys had the sole management of the 
the first meeting for the morning subscription decorations and supper, for which she was 
music will be held this day.' She became in- allowed seven hundred guineas (MALCOLM, 
volved in quarrels, and appears to have been London during the Eighteenth Century, 1808, 
threatened with the terrors of the Alien Act. 416-18). A Mrs. Cornelys acted in various 
This did not prevent her from enlarging and Irish theatres between 1774 and 1781, but it 
redecorating her apartments. 'But/ says is doubtful whether she can be identified with 
"Walpole, writing to George Montagu, 16 Dec. Theresa Cornelys, who was able in 1776 to 
1764, t Almack's room [opened February reobtain temporary possession of Carlisle 
1765], which is to be ninety feet long, pro- House. She appears to have had no further 
poses to swallow up both hers, as easily as connection with Carlisle House after that 
Moses's rod gobbled down those of the magi- date. It was pulled down in 1788 and the , 
cians ' (Cunningham's ed. iv. 302). Bach and present houses built on the site. St. Patrick's- 
Abel directed her concerts in 1766, and the (Eoman catholic) Chapel (consecrated 1792) 

* society nights ' were so well attended that in Sutton Street was the old banqueting- or 
she was obliged to make a new door in Soho ball-room ; the entrance for carriages and 
Square. In April 1768 her assembly included chairs was at the end of the chapel, in what 
some of the royal family and the Prince of is now Messrs. Crosse & Blackwell's cooper- 
Monaco, and in the following August the age yard. A ' Chinese bridge ' connected the 
King of Denmark and suite visited Carlisle house in the square with the banqueting- 
House. A gallery for the dancing of ' cotil- room 

Ions ' and l allemandes ' and a new range of The notorious i White House/ also in Soho 
rooms were opened in January 1769, and in Square, has frequently been confused with 
the same year there was a festival and grand Carlisle House. l She has been the Hei- 
concert, under the direction of G-uadagni, on degger of the age, and presided over our di- 
6 June, with illuminations, in honour of the versions/ says Walpole ; she l drew in both 
king's birthday. This was the most flourishing righteous and ungodly . . . and made her 
period of Carlisle House. At a masked ball, house a fairy palace for balls, concerts, and 
given on 27 Feb. 1770, by the gentlemen of the masquerades ' (Letter to Sir H. Mann, 22 Feb. 
'TuesdayNight's Club/ the Duke of Gloucester 1771, Cunningham's ed. v. 283). Casanova, 
and half the peerage were present. Miss who saw her in prosperous days, refers to her 
Monckton, afterwards known as ' Old Lady as possessing a country house at Hammer- 
Cork/ appeared in the character of an Indian smith, and, i outre les immeubles, trois se- 
sultana, wearing 30,OOOZ. worth of jewellery, cretaires, trente-deux domestiques, six che- 
With a view to future opposition, a portion vaux, une meute et une dame de compagnie ' 
of the profits of the first harmonic meeting, (MSmoires, v. 426). A contemporary cari- 
in 1771, was devoted to the poor of the cature, 'Lady Fashion's Secretary's Office, 
parish. The proprietors of the Italian Opera a Peticoat recommendation the best/ repre- 
House considered the ' harmonic meetings ' sents her as a dignified-looking, middle-aged 
an infringement of their privileges and as dame, with somewhat marked features, 
forming a dangerous rival to their attrac- She remained in obscurity many years 
tions. She and the other organisers were fined under the name of Mrs. Smith. Sometime 
at Bow Street, and an indictment brought before her death she was a seller of asses r 
before the grand jury 24 Feb. 1771 for keep- milk at Knightsbridge, and tried to get up a 



Corner 



225 



Corner 



i 

series of public breakfasts under royal patron- | 
age. This final effort had no success, and 
she died in the Fleet Prison 19 Aug. 1797, 
at the age of seventy-four (Gent. Mag. 1797, I 
pt. ii. p. 890). She had a son and a daughter. ! 
The former, ' le petit Aranda ' of Casanova, 
took the name of Altorf, and was tutor for 
some years to ' the late Earl of Pomfret, who 
. . . held him in esteem for his talents, at- 
tainments, and moral character' (J. TAYLOR, 
Records of my Life, i. 266). He died before 
his mother, for whom he had provided during 
his life. Sophie, the, daughter, was highly 
educated at the Roman catholic nunnery at 
Hammersmith. ' An artful hypocrite' (ib. i. 
271), she gave out, after her mother's fall, that 
she was of noble parentage. Casanova, on the 
other hand, claims the paternity. Charles 
Butler made her an allowance, and she subse- 
quently lived with the Duchess of Newcastle 
in Lincolnshire, and with Lady Spencer (who 
left her an annuity) at Richmond. She took 
the name of Miss Williams, and was employed 
by the Princess Augusta as a kind of almoner. 

[Newspaper cuttings and manuscript mate- 
rials brought together by the late Dr. E. F. 
Bimbault for a History of Soho, and obligingly 
lent by Messrs. Dulau & Co. These collections 
" were also used in the privately printed pamphlet, 
Mrs. Cornelys' Entertainments at Carlisle House 
[by T. Mackinlay, of Dalmaine & Co., 1840]. 
The facts for the early career of Mrs. Cornelys 
are given by Casanova, of unsavoury memory. 
The statements made in his Me"moires respecting 
her (see Brussels edition, 1881, i. 72, 130, ii. 
305-6, iii. 311-21, 322-51, v. 426, &c.) are cor- 
roborated by notices derived from other sources. 
Thus some remarkable and hitherto unnoticed 
proofs of Casanova's veracity are furnished in 
addition to those supplied by F. W. Barthold, 
Die geschichtlichen Personlichkeiten in J. Casa- 
nova's Memoiren, Berlin, 1846.] H. B. T. 

CORNER, GEORGE RICHARD (1801- 
1863), antiquary, born in 1801 in the parish 
of Christ Church, Blackfriars Road, London, 
was the eldest of the six children of Richard 
Corner, a solicitor in Southwark, by Maria, 
daughter of Mr. James Brierley. He was 
educated at Gordon House, Kentish Town, 
and followed his father's profession with suc- 
cess. About 1835 he was appointed vestry 
clerk of the parish of St. Olave, Southwark ; 
during the prevalence of the cholera in that 
parish he displayed great activity. On 28 Nov. 
1833 Corner was elected a fellow of the So- 
ciety of Antiquaries, and from this time for- 
ward he published numerous archaeological 
papers, many of them connected with the his- 
tory of Southwark. His first communication 
to the Society of Antiquaries was made on 
9 Jan. 1834, when he pointed out the dis- 

VOL. XII. 



tinction, not previously recognised, between 
the three manors of Southwark (see the me- 
moir in the Arch&ologia, xxv. 620). He con- 
tributed other papers to the ' Arehseologia ? 
from 1835 to 1860. 

Corner was one of the original members of 
the Numismatic Society of London, founded 
1836 (see list of members in Isumismatio 
Journal), but apparently did not make a spe- 
cial study of coins. He was also a member 
of the British Archaeological Association from 
the time of its establishment in 1843 ; he ex- 
hibited numerous antiquities before this so- 
ciety, and contributed accounts of them to 
its journal (a list is given in Journ. Erit. 
Arch. Assoc. xx. 184-6). He took much in- 
terest in the Archaeological Society of Sur- 
rey, and contributed to its ' Proceedings,' as 
also to the 'Sussex Archaeological Collec- 
tions/ vol. vi., the ' South London Journal ' 
(1857), and the l Collectanea Topographica 
et Genealogiea,' vols. v. and vii. He was also* 
an occasional contributor to the ' Gentleman's 
Magazine. 7 Corner published separately : 
1. ' A Concise Account of the Local Govern- 
ment of the Borough of Southwark,' South- 
wark, 1836> 8vo. ' The Rental of St. Olave 
and St. John, Southwark/ 1838, 4to ; a second 
edit, in 1851. Corner is described as a man 
of social habits and of kind and agreeable 
manners. Towards the close of his life ' he 
fell into difficulties occasioned ... by family 
misfortunes.' He died suddenly on 31 Oct. 
1863, at Queen's Row, Camberwell, and was 
buried in Nunhead cemetery, Peckhain. Cor- 
ner married in 1828 Sarah, youngest daughter 
of Timothy Leach of Clapham, by whom he- 
had two sons and two daughters who survived 
him. His brother, Arthur Bloxham Corner 
(d. 17 Jan. 1861), was her majesty's coroner 
and attorney in the court of Queen's Bench. 
Another brother, Richard James Corner, was 
appointed chief justice of her majesty's settle- 
ment on the Gold Coast, and was joint author 
(with A. B. Corner) of Corner's ' Crown 
Practice,' 1844. 

[G-ent. Mag. xv. 3rd ser. (1863), 80S, xvi. 3r<3 
ser. (1864), 528-30 ; Journal of British Archaeo- 
logical Association, xx. 181-6 ; Proceedings Soc. 
Antiquaries, ii. 2nd ser. (1864), 392.] W. W. 

CORNER, JOHN (fl. 1788-1825), en- 
graver, is best known by a publication entitled 
' Portraits of Celebrated Painters.' This work 
was intended to be a serial, and the first part 
was published in 1816. The plates combined 
a portrait of each painter with his most cele- 
brated work, accompanied by a memoir ; but 
as it did not command any sale it only reached 
twenty-five portraits. Corner was largely 
employed as an engraver, especially for por- 

Q 



Corneto 



226 



Cornewall 



traits, among which were : Charles Macklin, 
actor, from a model by Loehee ; Mr. Merry 
as Calista, after De Wilde, for Bell's < British 
Theatre ; ' W. T. Lewis, actor, after M. Brown ; 
John O'Keefe, poet, after W. Lawranson, in 
the ' European Magazine/ 1788 ; Sir Godfrey 
Kneller ; Simon Vouet, painter, after Van- 
dyck and others. He also engraved ' Ap- 
parent Difficulties/ from a print by E.Penny, 
The date of his death is unknown. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Leblanc's Manuel 
de r Amateur d'Estampes; Bromley's Catalogue of 
Engraved British Portraits ; Catalogue of "Works 
on Art (South Kensington).] L. C. 

OORKETO, ADRIAN. [See CASTELLO, 
ADKIAKT DB.] 

CORNEWALL, CHARLES (1669- 

1718), vice-admiral, son of Robert Cornewall 
-of Berrington, Herefordshire, and uncle of 
Captain James Cornewall [q. v.], was baptised 
:9 Aug. ] C69. He entered the navy in 1683 ; 
on 19 Sept. 1692 was appointed to the com- 
mand of the Portsmouth sloop ; and in 1693 
commanded the Adventure of 44 guns, and ac- j 
.companied Admiral Russell to the Mediterra- j 
nean, where he remained till 1690. On 18 Jan. 
1695-6 he shared in the capture of the two 
Trench ships Trident and Content. Captain 
Killigrew of the Plymouth, the senior officer 
present, was slain in the action, and Cornewall 
was promoted to the command of the Ply- 
mouth. In March 1701 he was appointed to 
the Shrewsbury, Tbut resigned the command 
ia few months later in consequence of the 
.sudden death of his father, whose concerns, 
he wrote on 25 Sept. 1701, ' are like to prove 
more troublesome and tedious than I ex- 
pected, though when settled may prove of 
very considerable advantage to my children.' 
In 1702 Cornewall commanded the Exeter, 
.and in 1705 relieved Captain Norris in the 
command of the Oxford. In her he again 
went out to the Mediterranean, where he re- 
anained for the next two years, under the 
command of Sir Clowdisley Shovell, and 
afterwards of Sir Thomas Dilkes, having for 
some time, in the autumn of 1707, the charge 
of a detached squadron on the coast of Naples. 
In March 1708 he returned to England, and 
during the next two years sat in parliament 
as member for "Weobley. In December 1709 
he was appointed to command in the Downs 
and before Dunkirk; and in October 1710 
Sleft England in command of the Dreadnought 
and in charge of the trade for the Levant. 
This he conducted safely to Smyrna, and by 
December 1711 was again in England. On 
the accession of George I he was appointed 
comptroller of the navy, an office which he 
Jxeld till promoted to be rear-admiral on 



16 June 1716. In the following October he 
was appointed commander-in-chief in the 
Mediterranean, with special instructions to 
take such measures as were requisite to re- 
strain the aggressions of the Sallee corsairs, 
and to enter into a treaty with the Emperor 
of Morocco. In this work he was occupied 
for the next year, residing at Gibraltar, where 
an angry quarrel sprang up between him and 
the governor, arising out of the soldiers' un- 
willingness to admit the admiral's authority 
even in matters relating to the ships in the 
port, and gradually increasing in bitterness. 
The blame of this seems to have lain entirely 
with the governor, who said publicly, at his 
own table, that ' either Mr. Cornewall or 
himself was the vilest fellow upon earth/ and 
permitted, if he did not encourage, his officers 
to ' drink damnation to the admiral and the 
negotiation he was conducting. 3 Cornewall 
may possibly have also used strong language, 
for he seems to have been a man of hot 
temper ; but the correspondence between the 
two ended in the expression of Cornewall's 
determination to refer the matter to the king 
or to the speaker of the House of Commons. 
He seems to have been prevented doing so 
by being called away from Gibraltar on more 
active service. He had already, in March 

1717, been advanced to the rank of vice- 
admiral, and in June 1718 he hoisted his flag 
on board the Shrewsbury, as second in com- 
mand of the fleet under Sir George Byng, 
in which capacity he had an honourable share 
in the victory off Cape Passaro on 31 July 
[see BYNB, GEOBGB ; BALCHEET, SIR JOHN]. 
He afterwards shifted his flag to his former 
ship, the Argyle, and convoyed the prizes to 
Port Mahon, whence he proceeded towards 
England. His health had been very feeble for 
some time ; and putting into Lisbon on the 
homeward passage, he died there on 7 Nov. 

1718. He left, among other children, a son 
Jacobs, the father of Charles Wolfran Corn- 
wall [q. v.] ; Wolfran was the name of Corne- 
wall's uncle, a captain in the navy, who died 
in 1719. Cornewall's younger brother, Frede- 
rick (d. 1748), vicar of Bromfield for forty- 
six years, was father of Captain Frederick 
Cornewall, R.N., father of Folliott H. W. 
Cornewall [q. v.1 

Till May 1709 Cornewall invariably spelled 
his name in this manner, as the collateral 
branches of his family still do. At that date 
he dropped the e. The change probably origi- 
nated in a desire to distinguish between the 
different branches of the family. 

[Captain's Letters, and Home Office Records 
(Admiralty), vol. xlvii., in the Public Record 
Office; Charnock's Biog. Nav. ii. 410; Burke's 
Landed Gentry.] J. K. L. 



Cornewall 



227 



Corney 



CORNWALL, FOLLIOTT HERBERT 
WALKER, D.D. (1754-1831), bishop _ of 
Worcester, was the second son of Frederick 
ornewall of Delbury (1706-1788), captain in 
-the royal navy, by Mary, daughter of Francis 
Herbert of Ludlow, first cousin of the first 
Earl of Powis. Charles Cornewall [q. v.] was 
Ms granduncle. His brother Frederick (d. 
1783) was M.P. for Ludlow in 1780. He was 
born in 1754 and educated for the church, in 
which, having graduated B.A. at St. John's 
College, Cambridge, in 1777, he took orders. 
He proceeded M.A. in 1780, and the same 
year, through the interest of his second cousin, 
fcharles Wolfran Cornwall [q. v.], speaker of 
the House of Commons, he obtained the post 
of chaplain to that assembly. He was pre- 
ferred to a canonry at Windsor in 1784 and 
.appointed master of Wigston's Hospital, 
Leicester, in 1790, dean of Canterbury in 
1792, bishop of Bristol in 1797. He ex- 
changed this see for that of Exeter in 1803, < 
,and in 1808 he was translated to the see of 
Worcester. He died on 5 Sept. 1831 at 
Hartlebury, and was buried in the family 
vault at Delbury, Shropshire. Cornewall mar- 
ried Anne, eldest daughter of the hon. and 
rev. George Hamilton, canon of Windsor, by 
whom he had issue two sons and one daugh- 
ter. He published l A Sermon preached be- 
fore the House of Commons on 30 Jan. 1782/ 
.and also ' A Fast Sermon preached before the 
House of Lords in 1798/ 

[Burke's Royal Families, ii. cxcix; Burke's 
Landed Gentry (art. * Cornewalls of Delbury ') ; 
-G-ent. Mag. (1831), p. 370.] J. JM. R. 

CORNEWALL, JAMES (1699-1744), 
captain in the navy, third son of Henry Corne- 
wall of Bradwardine, near Hereford, nephew 
of Vice-admiral Charles Cornewall [q. v.], 
was, on 3 April 1724, promoted to be captain 
of the Sheerness frigate, in which for the 
'next four years he was employed on the coast 
of North America, and principally at Boston, 
in protecting the legitimate trade, and in sup- 
pressing piracy. His correspondence at this 
time throws a curious light on the state of 
colonial navigation, and recalls to mind the 
opening chapters of Fenimore Cooper's ' Water 
Witch ? and ' Red Rover. 7 He returned to 
England in August 1728, and in December 
1732 was appointed to the Greyhound, a small 
frigate, in which, during the following sam- 
Taer, he was employed on the coast of Mo- 
TOCCO, where, in the course of 1733, he es- 
tablished friendly relations with the Sallee 
corsairs and the bashaw of Tetuan. He re- 
turned to England and paid off in the follow- 
ing March, and in June commissioned the 
Deptford of 50 guns, which for the next 



two years he commanded in the Channel and 
on the coast of Portugal under Sir John 
Norris. $ Early in 1737 he commissioned the 
Greenwich for service on the coast of Africa, 
where his duties would seem to have been 
regulating the trade with the negroes, as well 
for other commodities as for slaves. Some 
rumour afterwards reached the admiralty that 
he had himself been guilty of carrying slaves 
to Barbadoes, but it seems to have been quite 
unsupported by evidence, and led to nothing 
but a caution addressed to Anson, who suc- 
ceeded him (Admiralty Minute, 7 April 1738 ) . 
In 1739 Cornewall was appointed to the St. 
Albans of 50 guns, in which during the 
months of September and October, in com- 
pany with the Weymouth, he cruised off the 
Azores in quest of homeward-bound Spanish 
ships. It was afterwards proposed to send 
him, in command of a small squadron, into 
the China seas and Western Pacific, to co- 
operate with a similar squadron sent round 
Cape Horn into the Eastern Pacific [see AN- 
sosr, GEORGE, LOKD] ; but the project fell 
through, on account of the strain of the West 
Indian expedition. In 1741 Cornewall was 
appointed to the Bedford, in which, in the 
following year, he accompanied Vice-admiral 
Mathews to the Mediterranean. There, in 
1743, he was transferred to the Marlborough 
of 90 guns, which in the action off Toulon 
was next astern of the Namur, bearing Ma- 
thews's flag [see MATHEWS, THOMAS], and in 
support of the Namur was closely engaged 
with the Real Felipe and her seconds. It 
was on these two ships that the brunt of the 
fighting fell ; and when the Namur shot up 
into the wind, the Marlborough, being left 
to herself, sustained very heavy loss. She 
was completely dismasted, was reduced to 
a wreck, had 43 killed and 120 wounded. 
Among the former was Cornewall, whose legs 
were swept off by a chain-shot, A large and 
ornate monument to his memory was erected 
at the public expense in Westminster Abbey. 
Cornewall's cousin, Frederick Cornewall, 
was first lieutenant of the Marlborough, and 
on the captain's death succeeded to the com- 
mand, until he too was carried below, with 
his right arm shot off. He was promoted to 
post rank on the same day, commanded the 
Revenge in the action off Minorca in 1750, 
and died in 1786. 

[Official Letters, &c., in the Public Record 
Offi.ce ; Minutes of the Court-martial on Admiral 
Mathews ; Charnock's Biog. Kav. iv. 130, iii. 263, 
v. 288; Collins's Baronetage (1741), vol. iii. pt. 
ii. p. 580.] J- K L. 

CORNEY, BOLTON (1784-1870), critic 
and antiquary, was born at Greenwich on 

ft 2 



Corney 228 Cornhill 



28 April 1784, and "baptised In the parish 
church of St. Alphage. His son, writing- in 
1881, says : i Owing 1 to his exceeding deafness 
and consequent reticent habits, I know very 



illustrated/ Greenwich [1837], 12mo. To 
this caustic criticism DTsraeli replied in 'The 
Illustrator illustrated ' [1838], whereupon 
Corney brought out a second edition of his 



little of his early history, and I have never | work, ' revised and acuminated, to which are 
known any relations on his side, as he mar- added, Ideas on Controversy, deduced from 

* _ ,"1 ^ * T^J_ * "I 4- f \ ' I \T j-i^ *-,< jvn/i fi /li / rt i* i >n > 



ried so late in life' (Notes and Queries, 
6th ser, iv. 291). It has been stated that he 
served for some time in the revenue service, 



the practice of a Veteran ; and adapted to the 
meanest capacity/ Lond. 1838, 12mo. One 
hundred copies of the e Ideas on Controversy r 



but this is doubtful. He obtained in 1803 were separately printed. 3. ' On the new 
a commission as ensign in the 28th regiment General Biographical Dictionary: a Specimen 
of foot, and in 1804 a medal for good marks- of Amateur Criticism, in letters to Sir. Syl- 
manship inscribed l Eoyal Greenwich Volun- vanus Urban/ Lond. 1839, 8yo, privately 
teers.' The middle portion of his life was printed. In these letters, which originally 
spent at Greenwich, where he held the post appeared in the ' Gentleman's Magazine/ he- 
of first clerk in the steward's department at severely criticised the earlier portions of the 
the Royal Hospital (Navy List, 1840, p. 138). well-known biographical compilation pub- 
Prom this he did not retire till 1845 or 1846, lished under the name of the Rev. Hugh 
when he married a daughter of Captain (after- James Rose. 4. ' Comments on the Evidence- 
wards Admiral) Richard Pridham of Ply- of Antonio Panizzi, Esq., before the Select 
mouth. Hethenremoved to Barnes in Surrey, Committee of the House of Commons on the- 
where he continued to reside till his death on British Museum, A, E. 18GO; 'privately printed.. 
30 Aug. 1870 (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. 5. ' The Sonnets of William Shakspere : a 
vi. 206). He left an only son, Bolton Glanvil Critical Disquisition suggested by a recent 
Corney, born in 1851, who became a member discovery ' (by V. E. Philarete Chasles, relat- 
of the Royal College of Surgeons, and was ing to the inscription which precedes the- 
appointed government medical officer at Fiji, sonnets in the edition of 1609) [Lond. 1862] f 
In early life he formed an attachment to 8vo ; privately printed. 6. ' An Argument 
literature, and after his removal to Barnes on the assumed Birthday of Shakspere : re- 
he plunged more deeply than ever into his duced to shape, 1864,*' privately printed, 
bibliophilic researches, and lived and died He edited, from a manuscript in his own 
literally in the midst of his books. The walls, possession, ' An Essay on Landscape Garden- 
not only of his study, but of his bedroom, ing/ by Sir John Dalrymple, oneofthebaron& 
were lined from floor to ceiling with laden of the exchequer in Scotland, Greenwich, 
bookshelves, and the carpets were hidden by 1823, 12mo (Men of the Time, 7th edit.) ; 
masses of books piled four and five high on e The Seasons/ by James Thomson, with illus- 
the floor (Athen&wm, 17 June 1871, p. 754). trations designed by the Etching Club, 1842 
He was a member of the council of the Goldsmith's Poetical Works, illustrated, 
Shakspere Society and the Camden Society, with a Memoir,' in 1846 ; ' The Voyage of 
and one of the auditors of the Royal Literary Sir Henry Middleton to Bantam and the 
Fund. In all matters relating to the book Maluco Islands in 1604 ' (for the Hakluyt 
department of the British Museum he took a Society), 1855 ; ' Of the Conduct of the Under- 
lively interest. He engaged in several warm standing, by John Locke/ in 1859. He was 
controversies with Mr. (afterwards Sir An- a frequent contributor to ' Notes and Queries' 
thony) Panizzi, and in 1856 he sent a protest and the ' Athenaeum ; ' and he made special col- 
to Lord Palmerston against that gentleman's lections concerning Caxton, which he placed 
appointment as principal librarian (FAGAN, at the disposal of Mr. Blades (BLADES, Life 
Life of Panizzi, ii. 12, 13 ; British Museum and Typography of William Caxton, vol. i. 
Reports and Minutes of JSvidence, 1850, pp. pref. p. xi and pp. 282-5, ii. 259). 
400-3 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. iv 375). [Authorities cited above also Add> m 2om 
^ His works are : 1. 'Researches and Con- ff _ L 40> 45 Cat< of Printed Bookg in Brit MlIS -, 
jectures on the Bayeux Tapestry '[Greenwich, TO 

1836], 12mo, Lond. 1838, 8vo. He contended 

that the tapestry was not executed till 1205, COMTHILL, WILLIAM OP (d. 1223), 
and his view was adopted by Dr. Lingard bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, belonged 
(J. C. BRUCE, BayewL- Tapestry elucidated, to a family several members of which were- 
pp. 1,1, 163). Edouard Lambert published a high in the service of Henry II and his sons, 
reply ,to Corney under the title of f Refutation Their name indicates their London origin, and 
des objections faites contre I'antiqttit6 de la the first mentioned, Gervase of Cornhill, was 
Tapisserie de Bayeux/ Bayeux, 1841, 8vo. sheriff of London early in Henry IPs reign. 
2. ' Curiosities of Literature by I. DTsraeli He afterwards became an itinerant justice^ 



Cornhill 



229 



Cornish 



and was sheriff of Surrey and Kent for many 
years. He left three sons, Henry, Reginald, 
and Ralph, of whom Reginald was the most i 
conspicuous. This Reginald also was sheriff of j 
Kent for a very long period, the principal inte- j 
rests of the family being now centred in that 
county. He was"a close friend of King John, 
and hated as one of the cruellest of his evil 
counsellors. It was under his auspices that 
Cornhill, who was probably his nephew, "but j 
possibly his son, first entered into public life. | 
About 1204 Cornhill's name begins to appear 
frequently in the records as a royal clerk and 
an officer of the exchequer. In that year he 
received from King John the grant of some 
Louses in London (Rotuli Chartarum, L 123); , 
a little later the justiciar Fitz Peter was ' 
ordered to furnish him with a revenue of 
twenty marks out of the first vacant benefice \ 
in the king's patronage (Rot. de Libertate, 69, j 
80), and in September he received a grant 
of twenty acres in the wood of Tilgholt in 
Kent (Rot. Chart. 137). In 1205 the king 
presented him to the rectory of Maidstone 
(ib. 157)? and made him custos of the vacant 
bishopric of Winchester and abbey of Malmes- 
bury (Rot. Lit. Claus. i. 23 ; Rot Lit. Pat. 
i. 57). In 1206 he was put in charge of the 
temporalities of Lincoln (ib. 65). In 1207 
thekingmade him archdeacon of Huntingdon 
{ib. 73). His present to the king of five hun- 
dred marks was doubtless the price paid for the 
preferment (Rot. de Finibus, 412). The king's 
quarrel with the pope did not shake Corn- 
hill's fidelity. In 1208 he acted as a justiciar, 
and remained during the next two years in 
-constant attendance on the ^king. In 1208 
lie was also appointed guardian of the lands 
and goods belonging to clerks in the diocese of 
Lincoln, which had been seized by the crown 
on their owners refusing to celebrate divine 
.service during the interdict (Fcedera, Record 
ed. i. 100). In 1213 he was presented to the 
churches of Somerton and Fereby; was ap- 
pointed jointly with his cousin or brother, 
the younger Reginald of Cornhill, royal cham- 
berlain (Rot. Lit. Pat. 95, 96), and in return for 
the payment of two hundred marks received 
the custody of the estates of two rich minors 
(Rot. de Finibus, 466, 467). In August 1214 
John's influence succeeded in obtaining his 
election as bishop both by the monks of Co- 
ventry and the canons of Lichfield (Rot . Lit. 
Claus. i. 196 b ; Rot. Chart. 198 5), a see that 
had been vacant several years owing to a 
disputed election. After some delay he was 
consecrated byLangton at Reading on 25 Jan. 
1215 (An. Wav. in An. Mon. ii. 282 ; WALT. 
Cov. ii. 218), the king making him a large 
grant of venison from Windsor Forest towards 
his consecration feast (Rot. Lit. Claus. 182 b). 



The fidelity which had adhered to John during 
the troubles of the interdict was equally un- 
shaken by the revolt of the barons. Corn- 
hill remained actively on the king's side to 
the very last ; went on unsuccessful missions 
to persuade the Londoners and the Welsh 
princes to espouse his master's cause (Fcedera, 
Record ed. i. 121,127) ; accompanied him to 
Runnymede (MATT. PARIS, ii. 589, ed. Luard), 
and was named in the great charter as one 
of the magnates by whose advice it was issued. 
In the next reign he continued steadfast to 
John's son, and was among the four bishops 
present when the legate Grualo crowned 
Henry III at Gloucester (An. Wav. in An. 
Mon. ii. 286). Of his acts as bishop little is 
recorded. He made a grant, confirmed by a 
bull of Honorius III ? to the canons of Lich- 
field of the right of electing their own dean, 
an appointment previously in the hands of 
the bishop (THOMAS CHESTEEFIELD mAnglia 
Sacra, i. 436-7), and was further their bene- 
factor by his gift of the impropriations of 
Hope, Tideswell, Earnley, Cannock, and Ru- 
geley (Anglia Sacra, i. 446). In September 
1221 he was deprived of speech by a sudden 
stroke of paralysis in the midst of an ordi- 
nation service (An. Wav. ii. 295 j An. Dun- 
stap. iii. 76, which gives the date as 1222). 
He died on 19 Aug. 1223, and was buried in 
his cathedral. His body was discovered in 
1662, and an inscribed plate found on the 
coffin (WlLLis, Cathedrals, ii. 386). His 
kinsfolk continued to hold prominent posi- 
tions. One of the family, Henry Cornhill, 
| dean of St. Paul's, distinguished himself by 
leading the opposition to the papal collector, 
Master Martin, in 1244 (MATT. PARIS, iv. 374, 
ed. Luard ; NEWCOURT, Repert. Eccles. i. 36). 



[Rotuli Clausarum, Eotuli Chartarum, Rotuli 
Literarum Patentium, Eymer's Fcedera, vol. i., 
and Eotuli de Einibus, all in Record Commis- 
sion's editions ; Matthew Paris, ed. Luard (Bolls 
Series); Annales Monastics (Eolls Series) ; An- 
glia Sacra ; Eoss's Judges of England, ii. 53, 54 ; 
Madox's Hist, of Exchequer.] T. E. T. 

COEISTISH, HENEY (d. 1685), alderman 
of London, executed under James II, was a 
well-to-do merchant of London, and alder- 
man of the ward of St. Michael Bassishaw, 
In the * London Directory ' for 1677 he is de- 
scribed as a ' factor 7 residing in 'Cateaton 
Street, near Blackwelhall Gate.' He was in- 
clined to presbyterianism in religion, and in 
politics was a confirmed whig. On 24 June 
1680 he was chosen sheriff of London in con- 
j unction with Slingsby Bethel [q. y.] It was 
afterwards discovered that Cornish and his 
colleague had not taken the oath according to 
the Corporation Act, and the election was 



Cornish 230 Cornish 

declared void, A second election was fixed Cornish was arrested suddenly, and com- 
for 17 July, when Cornish and Bethel took the mitted to Newgate on a vague charge of high 
oath under the Corporation Act, and claimed treason. The trial took place at the Old Bailey 
the appointment. The court, which regarded on Monday, 19 Oct. ; Rumsey and Goodenough 
the city's choice with disgust , resolved to force gave evidence, and Cornish was convicted and 
on the city two sheriffs of its own choosing condemned to death. Benjamin Calamy at- 
named Box and Nicolson. The latter de- tended him in prison. Four days later he was 
manded a poll, which lasted, amid great ex- executed in Cheapside, at the corner of King 
citement, until 22 July, and on the 29th Street, within sight of his own house. The- 
following Cornish and Bethel were declared indignation which he displayed in his speech 
elected. Cornish headed the poll with 2,400 from the scaffold led his enemies to state that 
votes. t He was,' says Burnet, writing of he died drunk. But William Penn, who wit- 
these events, 'a plain, warm, honest man, and nessed the execution, declared that Cornish 
lived very nobly all this year. 7 On 14 May only showed the honest resentment natural- 
IBS 1 Cornish, with other members of the cor- to an outraged man (BUKFET). After his 
poration, went to Windsor to present a pe- body had been cut down and quartered it 
tition to the king for the summoning of par- was delivered up to the relatives and buried 
liament, but Charles declined to receive the in the church of St. Lawrence by the Guild* 
deputation. Cornish appeared as a witness hall. On 30 Jan. 1688-9 an act of parlia- 
for the defence at the trial of Fitzharris, a ment was passed reversing the attainder of 
papist informer (9 June 1681) ; and this con- Cornish, 

duct, which seems to have been due to a An account of Cornish's trial appeared in' 

misconception, brought him into no little 1685; his last speech in the press-yard of 

temporary odium. On 18 Jan. 1681-2 he Newgate was issued, together with the last 

was one of the five aldermen on the commit- words of Colonel Ruinbold. i Remarks OK 

tee of defence ' against the quo warranto the Tryal of Henry Cornish/ an attack upon 

brought against the charter of the city.' On the judicial procedure at the trial, was written 

3 July 1682 proceedings were taken against by Sir John Hawkes, solicitor-general under 

him by the court for rioting and abetting riots William III, and was several times published* 

in the city on the occasion of the election of [Litttrell's delation, vol. i. passim ; Bimiet's- 

sheriffs in the preceding June, when the lord Hist . O wn Times, Oxford edit. ii. 243, 271, iii. 

mayor, a mend of the court, had been roughly QI - State Trials, ix. 187-293, xi. 382-466- 

handled. After scandalous delay, on 8 May Echard's Hist. p. 1069*; JVTacaulay's Hist. ; Brit! 

1683, Cornish was convicted, and on 26 May Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. 
was fined a thousand marks (the account of 

the trial is printed in Howell's < State Trials/ CORNISH, JOSEPH (1750-1823), dis- 

ix. 187-293). In October 1682 the city whigs senting writer, youngest of seven children of 

desired to choose Cornish as lord mayor; three Joseph Cornish, woollen-dresser (d. 1776), 

candidates were nominated for the office, but by his second wife, Honour (d. 1769), was. 

by the wholesale rejection of votes Cornish born at Taunton on 16 Dec. 17oO. His family 

was defeated. He palled only forty-five votes was presby terian, and two of his father's eight 

below the successful candidate, although he brothers were in the ministry of that body, 

stood at the bottom of the poll. JolmRumsey, John at Leather Lane, London, and James- 

a fellow arrested on suspicion of complicity in at Dulverton, Somersetshire. Cornish, having* 

the alleged Rye House plot in 1683, was aware received a classical grounding under a clergy- 

of Cornish's unpopularity with the authorities, man named Patch, and Glass, a churchman 

and offered to produce evidence implicating not in orders, became in 1765 one of the first 

the alderman in the conspiracy. The offer was pupils of Joshua Toulmin (afterwards D.D.) y 

not accepted, because no other testimony a learned baptist divine. Toulmin gained 

against Cornish was forthcoming. But Cor- him admission (September 1767) as a foun- 

nish was narrowly watched by the agents of dation student in Coward's Academy, Hoxton. 

the court, and since he proved himself no more The divinity tutor was Samuel Morton Sa- 

conciliatory to James II than to his brother, vage, a moderate Calvinist, his coadjutor 

it was deemed advisable in 1685 to remove being Andrew Kippis and Abraham Bees, 

Mm. Goodenough, an attorney whom Cornish both Arians. Cornish became an author 

had made his enemy by declining to make him shortly before leaving the academy, his ' Ad- 

his deputy-sheriff in 1680, arranged with dress to Protestant Dissenters ' being issued 

Rumsey to corroborate the false testimony early in 1772. As a student he was much 

with regard to the Rye House plot, and to add noticed by Thomas Amory, D.D. (1701-1774) 

evidence proving an attachment for the Duke [q_. v.], to whose ministry at Taunton hi& 

of Monmouth. In the middle of October 1685 parents had been attached, and who recom- 



Cornish 



231 



Cornish 



mended him to a small presbyterian congre- 
gation at Colyton, Devonshire, vacant for 
four years. Though he had a unanimous call 
to Epsom, he preferred Colyton, as being 
nearer to his father's residence, and began 
his ministry there in July 1772. At the sug- 
gestion of Philip Furneaux, D.D. (1726-1783) 
[q. v.], he offered himself in the same year as 
a candidate for the afternoon lectureship at 
Salters' Hall, in succession to Hugh Farmer 
(1714-1787) [q. v.], but was unsuccessful. He 
received presbyterian ordination at Taunton 
on 11 May 1773. His stipend at Colyton, 
including endowment, averaged no more than 
40, but he boarded with one of his leading 
hearers for under 20/. a year, and always 
found it possible to i spare something for 
charitable purposes.' Late in 1781 he had a 
unanimous call to Tewkesburyj his regard 
for his Colyton friends led him, after some 
hesitation, to resist the temptation of a larger 
income. In the same way he declined over- 
tures from Banbury in 1792. Ten years be- 
fore this he had opened a classical school, 
which he taught in the gallery of his meet- 
ing-house till he was able at Christmas 1796 
to buy a house and take boarders. His school, 
which he continued in one shape or another 
till Christmas 1819, was very successful, and 
not confined to dissenters. His father's busi- 
ness had been ruined by the American war, 
and some time before his death he had made 
a composition with his creditors. As soon 
as his savings enabled him to do so, Cornish 
honoured his father's memory by paying every 
creditor in full. Cornish while at Hoxton 
Academy adopted what he calls the ' very 
high Arian scheme 7 associated with the name 
of Samuel 'Clarke (1675-1729) [q. v.], and to 
this he adhered through life. Under his 
preaching his congregation grew for a time, 
but eventually declined. On 28 April 1814 
four neighbouring ministers addressed to him 
a curious letter, suggesting that he should 
retire in favour of a Calvinistic successor. 
This he was not disposed to do, and a new- 
meeting-house was built for the Calvinistic 
dissenters. Cornish continued to discharge 
his ministerial duties till August 1823, when 
he was attacked by illness. He assisted at 
the Lord's supper on 5 Oct., and died on 
9 Oct. 1823. He was buried at Colyton on 
17 Oct.; a marble tablet to his memory was 
placed in his meeting-house. He never mar- 
ried. Among his benefactions was a sum of 
400 given to the London presbyterian fund. 
As a writer Cornish is a good specimen of 
the class of men to whom dissent meant re- 
ligious liberty rather than sectarian organi- 
sation or theological system. His breviates 
of nonconformist history are pointed and 



telling. His < Life of Thomas Firmin ' [q. v.] 
is an improvement on the earlier biography, 
but it_ was set aside by the Unitarians ' be- 
cause it contained some apology for Mr. Fir- 
rain's continuing in the church.' He pub- 
lished : 1. ' A Serious and Earnest Address 
to Protestant Dissenters,' 1772, 12mo (went 
through three large editions). 2. l A Brief 
and Impartial History of the Puritans/ 1772, 
12mo. 3. ' A Blow at the Root of all Priestly 
Claims,' 1775, 8vo. 4. 'A Letter to the 
Venerable Bishop of Carlisle,' c., 1777, 8vo 
(in reply to Bishop Edmund Law, on sub- 
scription). 5. < The Life of Mr. Thomas Fir- 
min, citizen of London,' 1780, 12mo (preface 
acknowledges the assistance of Kippis and 
Bretland). 6. l An Attempt to display the 
Importance of Classical Learning,' &c., 1783, 
12mo. 7. ' The Miseries of War,' &c., 1784, 
12mo (a thanksgiving sermon on 29 July). 
8. ' A Brief Treatise on the Divine Manifes- 
tations to Mankind in general, and to some 
in particular,' Taunton, 1787, 12mo. 9. * A 
Vindication of the Doctrine of the Pre-ex- 
istence of Christ,' Taunton, 1789, 12mo. 
10. < Evangelical Motives to Holiness,' Taun- 
ton, 1790, 12mo. 11. ' A Brief History of 
Nonconformity,' &c., 1797, 12mo (a rewritten 
issue of No. 2, revised by Samuel Palmer of 
the 'Nonconformist's Memorial'). Cornish 
projected a * Life of John Lilburne,' but the 
work, though announced, was never pub- 
lished. He wrote in the ' Monthly Reposi- 
tory ' (1819, p. 77 sq.) ' On the Decline of 
Presbyterian Congregations/ and some short 
pieces in later volumes, including a letter 
(September 1798) to Thomas Williams, im- 
prisoned for selling Paine's 'Age of Reason.' 
Cornish sent Williams five guineas as a tes- 
timony against a wicked prosecution, and at 
the same time advised him to read works 
on the evidences (Monthly Repository, 1822, 
p. 586 sq.) 

[Cornish's Autobiography, somewhat abridged 
by Rev. James Manning of Exeter, is printed in 
Monthly Repository, 1823, p. 617 sq. ; see also 
same magazine, 1816, p. 649 sq., 1823, p. 635; 
Huron's Hist. Presb. and Oen. Bapt. Churches 
in West of Eng., 1835, p. 336 sq., 340 sq.] 

A. a. 

COKNTSH, SIR SAMUEL (d. 1770), 
vice-admiral, is said to have risen from a very 
humble origin, to have served his apprentice- 
ship on board a collier, to have been after- 
wards in the East India Company's service, 
and to have entered the navy as an able sea- 
man. All this, however, is based only on 
vague tradition. The first certain knowledge 
that we have is that on 16 Nov. 1739 he was 
appointed lieutenant of the Lichfield, and 



Cornish 



232 



Cornwall 



that on 11 Nov. 1740 he followed Captain 
Knowles from her to the Weymouth. As 
first lieutenant of the Weymouth he served 
in the expedition to Cartagena in March to 
April 1741, and on his return to England 
was made commander of the Mortar bomb. 
On 12 March 1741-2 he was advanced to post 
rank and appointed to the Nainur as flag 
captain to Vice-admiral Mathews,with whom 
he went out to the Mediterranean. On 
21 Sept. 1742 he was appointed to command 
the Guernsey of 50 guns, and in her he con- 
tinued till the end of the war, doing occa- 
sional good service in the destruction of the 
enemy's privateers, and taking part in the 
action off Toulon (11 Feb. 1743-4), though 
without winning any distinction (Narrative 
of the Proceedings of His Majesty's Fleet in 
the Mediterranean . . . from the year 1741 
to March 1744, pp. 26, 57). In 1755 he com- 
missioned the Stirling Castle for service in 
the Channel, and in 1758 was transferred to 
the Union of 90 guns, with an order from 
Lord Anson to wear a distinguishing pen- 
nant. On 14 Feb. 1759 he was promoted to 
be rear-admiral of the white, and in May 
was sent out to the East Indies with a small 
squadron to reinforce Vice-admiral Pocock, 
who early in the following spring resigned 
the command of the station to Rear-admiral 
Steevens. Steevens died on 17 May 1761, 
and was succeeded by Cornish. Under his 
two predecessors the French j>ower in the 
East had been annihilated ; Pondicherry, their 
last stronghold, having surrendered on 15 Jan. 
1 7G1 . Cornish was thus at liberty, when the 
war with Spain broke out, to give his un- 
divided attention to the new enemy. The 
news was brought out by Colonel and Briga- 
dier-general Draper of tne 79th regiment [see 
I)BAPBK, SIR WILLIAM], who also carried 
orders to the admiral to co-operate in the re- 
duction of the Philippine Islands. This he 
did with his whole force, amounting to seven 
ships of the line, besides frigates ; and having 
taken the precaution of sending cruisers in 
advance to the entrance of the China seas, 
all intelligence was prevented reaching the 
islands. Their first intimation of the pending 
danger was the entry of the fleet into the Bay 
of Manila on 23 Sept. 1762. The Spaniards 
were thus found quite unprepared, and it was 
determined to take advantage of the sur- 
prise by attacking the town without delay. 
The troops under Draper, about thirteen hun- 
dred strong, were reinforced by some seven 
hundred seamen and three hundred marines. 
They landed on the 25th, and at once broke 
ground before the town. The siege was vigo- 
rously pushed. On the evening of 5 Oct. the 
breach was judged practicable; the Spaniards 



had no means of further resistance, nor do 
they appear to have formed any resolution of 
offering any, but they still obstinately re- 
fused to surrender. The next morning, at day- 
break, the place was taken by storm. There 
were, of course, some irregularities, which, 
however, were quickly repressed, on the go- 
vernor's agreeing to pay a ransom of four mil- 
lion dollars. A large quantity of naval and 
military stores fell into the hands of the cap- 
tors, and the islands were taken possession of 
in the name of the king of Great Britain ; 
but in Lord Bute's headlong eagerness ^ for 
peace they were restored without any equiva- 
lent, and on the bills drawn by the governor 
being presented in Spain, payment was re- 
fused : under Bute's leadership it was not in- 
sisted on, and was never made. 

On 21 Oct. 1762 Cornish was advanced to 
be vice-admiral of the blue, and returned to 
England in the following year. He had no 
farther service, but was created a baronet on 
9 Jan. 1766. The title, however, became ex- 
tinct on his death, without issue, 30 Oct. 
1770. His large fortune, acquired in the East 
Indies and by the Manila prize-money, was 
left to his nephew, Samuel Pitchford, then a 
captain in the navy, who, in accordance with 
the will, assumed the name of Cornish. He 
afterwards commanded the Arrogant of 74 
guns in the battle of Dominica, 12 April 
1782, and died, admiral of the red, in 1816. 

[Charnoek's Biog. Nav. v. 139, vi. 445; Pay- 
books of the Lichfield and other ships, in the 
Public Record Office ; Beatson's Nar. and Mil. 
Memoirs, ii. 485, iii. 354 ; Entick's Hist, of the 
late War, v. 409 ; Burkes Extinct and Dormant 
Baronetcies, 1838, s.n. Cornish of Sharnbrook; 
Wotton's Baronetage, by Kimber and Johnson 
(1771), iii. 227-] J- K. L. 

CORNWALL, EARL OF. [See PLAN- 

TACKENET, RlOHARD, 1209-1272.] 

CORNWALL, BARRY. [See PROCTER, 
BRYAN WALLER.] 

CORNWALL, CHARLES WOLFRAN 

(1735-1789), speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, grandson of Charles Cornewall [q.^v.], 
and only son of Jacobs Cornwall of Berring- 
ton, Herefordshire, by his wife, Rose, daugh- 
ter of Robert Fowler of Barton Priors, was 
born on 15 June 1735. He received his edu- 
cation at Winchester and New College, Ox- 
ford. Although he was called to the bar at 
Gray's Inn, and became a bencher of the inn, he 
does not appear to have had any considerable 
amount of practice, and soon retired from pro- 
fessional life. In 1763 he was appointed com- 
missioner for examining the German accounts, 
and on his retirement from that office received 



Cornwall 



233 



Cornwallis 



& pension of 1,500Z. a year. His political ca- 
reer was decided "by his marriage in 1764 
with Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Charles 
Jenkinson, and sister of Charles Jenkinson, 
then secretary-at-war, and afterwards Lord 
Hawkesbury and Earl of Liverpool. In the 
parliament of 1768 he represented Gram- 
pound, in those of 1774 and 1780 Winchel- 
,sea, and in that of 1784 Rye. Having fallen 
out with his brother-in-law, he attached him- 
self for a short time to Shelburne's party, and 
acted with the whigs in the Middlesex elec- 
tion case and some other like matters. His 
defection, however, did not last long. He 
held office as a lord of the treasury in North's 
.government from 1774 to 1780, and was made 
chief justice in eyre of the royal forests north 
of the Trent, and a privy councillor. At the i 
meeting of the parliament of 1780 he was | 
chosen speaker of the House of Commons, 
being proposed by Lord George Germaine, 
seconded by Welbore Ellis, and elected by a 
large majority in the place of Sir Fletcher 
Norton. ' As speaker,' Wraxall says, he pos- 
sessed a sonorous voice, a manly as well as an 
imposing figure, and a commanding deport- I 
ment.' He seems, however, to have owed | 
his position rather to family influence than 
to any peculiar merit, for he was not a man j 
of ability. His habit of relieving the weari- , 
ness of his position during the debates of the , 
house by frequent draughts of porter is noticed 
"by Wraxall and commemorated in the l Rol- 
liad:' 

There Cornwall sits, and ah ! compelled by fate, 
Must sit for ever, through the long debate. 

* 

Like sad Prometheus fastened to the rock, 

In vain he looks for pity to the clock j 

In vain th 5 effects of strengthening porter tries, j 

And nods to Bellamy for fresh supplies. 

He was re-elected in the parliament of 1784. 
On 27 Feb. 1786 Pitt brought forward a mo- 
tion for fortifying the dockyards ; the house 
divided, and the numbers being equal, 169 on 
each side, Speaker Cornwall gave his casting 
vote against the government. He died, while 
istill holding office, on 2 Jan. 1789. Being 
master of St. Cross Hospital, near Winches- 
ter, he was buried in St. Cross Church. A 
long epitaph was inscribed on his monument. 
He left no children. His wife survived him 
dntil 8 March 1809, and was buried with 
him. Wraxall, in his spiteful way, says: 
^ Never was any man in a public situation 
less regretted or sooner forgotten/ 

[Manning's Lives of the Speakers, 456-61 ; Re- 
turn of Members of Parliament, ii. ; Parliamen- 
tary History, xxv, 1156; Wraxall's Historical 
and Posthumous Memoirs (ed. 1884), i. 259-61, 
iii. 385, iv. 269 ; Grent.Mag. lix. i. 87.] W. H. 



CORNWALLIS, CAROLINE FRAN- 
CES (1786-1858) 3 authoress,was the daughter 
of the Rev. William Cornwallis, rector of Wit- 
tersham and Elham in Kent. When only seven 
years old Caroline produced 'histories, poems, 
commentaries, and essays' which would fill 
volumes, and at fifteen she made a vow ' to 
forsake all the follies ' of her age. From 1810 
to 1826, although suffering frequently from 
ill-health, she devoted herself to the acquire- 
ment of knowledge, while never neglecting 
her home duties. She learnt Latin, Greek, 
Hebrew, and German, and acquired some 
knowledge of philosophy, natural and social 
science, history, theology, law, and politics. 

Sismondi, who at an earlier period had 
offered her marriage and had ever since re- 
mained her warm friend, lent her his house 
at Pescia in 1826. She studied Tuscan cri- 
minal procedure, and made an abstract of the 
Tuscan code. She was delighted by the * con- 
trast between polished society and wild na- 
ture,' and ' enjoyed life for the first time for 
many years.' Her father's death in December 
1827 necessitated her return to England, but 
in 1829 she returned to Italy. In 1842 the 
outcome of much thought and study appeared 
in her first work, ' Philosophical Theories and 
Philosophical Experience, by a Pariah/ It 
was the first volume in a series entitled ' Small 
Books on Great Subjects,' a series projected 
and carried out by Miss Cornwallis with the 
assistance of a few friends. By far the greater 
number of the twenty-two volumes were from 
her pen. The series embraced such various 
subjects as Greek philosophy, theology, geo- 
logy, chemistry, criminal law, the philo- 
sophy of ragged schools, and grammar. These 
volumes, published anonymously, were widely 
read both in England and America. In 
1853 she was bracketed with Mr. Micaiah 
Hill for the prize of 200Z. offered by Lady 
Byron for the best essay on l Juvenile Delin- 
quency.' She was an ardent advocate for the 
higher education of women, and for the re- 
moval of the legal disabilities under which 
they suffered. On the latter subject she con- 
tributed two articles to the i Westminster 
Review' (1856,1857), She also wrote on ' Na- 
val Schools ' for ' Eraser.' After many years 
of bodily weakness, but with unabated vigour 
of mind, she died at Lidwells in Kent on 
8 Jan. 1858, having lived to see many of her 
hopes realised in the improvement of the laws 
relating to women, and in the establishment 
of ragged and industrial schools. In appear- 
iss Cornwallis was large-featured, tall, 



ance 



and thin. Her ' Letters,' published in 1864, 
are remarkable for thoughtfulness, variety, 
and grasp of subject, and a delightful play of 
humour. 



Cornwallis 234 Cornwallis 



[Selections from the Letters of Caroline Prances ^ Sir William's ' Essayes ' is believed to repre- 
irnwallis, 1864 ; No. I. Small Books on Great sent tlie author's father. 



Cornwallis 

Subjects; article in Chambers's Encyclopedia ; 

unpublished letters ; private information.] 

S. L. M. 

CORNWALLIS, SIB CHARLES (d. 

1629), courtier and diplomatist, second son 
of Sir Thomas Cornwallis [q. v.], controller 
of Queen Mary's household, who had been 
imprisoned by Elizabeth in 1570, was pro- 
bably born at his father's house of Brorae 
Hall ? Suffolk. Nothing is known of him till 
11 July 1603, when he was knighted. Early 
in 1605 he was sent as resident ambassador 
to Spain. He was from the first very active 
in attempting to protect English merchants 
from the persecution of the Inquisition, and 



Cornwallis wrote: 'A Discourse of the 
most illustrious Prince Henry, late Prince of 
Wales, written an. 1626,' London, 1641 and 
1644, 1738 and 1751 ; republished in ' Somers 
Tracts' (ii.), and in the 'Harleian Miscel- 
lany' (iv.) In Gutch's ' Collectanea Curiosa ' 
are two papers by Cornwallis detailing the 
negotiations for Prince Henry's marriage- 
with the Spanish infanta and the Savoyard 
princess. Win wood's ' Memorials ' (ii. and 
iii.) and Sawyer's ' Memorials of Affairs of" 
State,' 1725, include a large number of Corn- 
wallis's official letters from Spain ; many of 
the originals are in the British Museum 
(Harl. MS. 7007). 



endeavoured in vain to impress the home ^ , t . , Sffl " W " "R'tM 
government with the necessity of serving J^ $ 1 91 e^Vin wood's Memorials'! i'i. and 
English commercial interests He was re- Ui Correspondence of Lady Jane Cornwallis; 
called in September 1609, and his secretary, Lodge > s lUuBtrations, iii. 344 ; Birch's- History 
Francis Cottmgton, took his place at Madrid. O f Henry, prince of Wales (1760); Gardiner's- 
In 1610 he became treasurer of the house- Hist, of England, i. andii.; Spedding's Life of 
hold of Henry, prince of Wales, resisted the Bacon.] S. L. L. 

proposal to marry the prince to a daughter 

of the Duke of Savoy, and attended his mas- CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, first MAE- 
ter through his fatal illness of 1612. He QUIS and second EARL COENTVALLIS (1738- 
was a candidate for the post of master of the 1805), governor-general of India, and lord- 
wards in the same year,* was one of four lieutenant of Ireland, the sixth child and 
commissioners sent to Ireland on 11 Sept. eldest son of Charles, first earl Cornwallis, was 
1613 to investigate Irish grievances, and re- born in Grosvenor Square on 31 Dec. 1738, 
ported that Ireland had no very substantial The family of Cornwallis was established at 
ground for complaint. In 1614 Cornwallis Brome Hall, near Eye, in Suffolk, in the 
was suspected of fanning the parliamentary course of the fourteenth century, and mem- 
opposition to the king. One Hosldns, who bers of it occasionally represented the county 
had made himself conspicuous in the House in the House of Commons during the next 
of Commons by his denunciation of Scotch- three hundred years. Frederick Cornwal- 
men and Scotch institutions, declared when lis, created a baronet in 1627, fought for 
arrested that he was Cornwallis's agent. Corn- Charles I, and followed Charles II into exile., 
wallis disclaimed all knowledge of Hoskins, He was created Lord Cornwallis of Eye, Suf- 
but admitted that he had procured the election folk, in 1661, and his descendants by fortu- 
of another member of parliament, and had nate marriages increased the importance of 
supplied him with notes for a speech against the family. Charles, fifth lord Cornwallis,, 
recusants and Scotchmen. The privy council married Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Towns- 
placed Cornwallis under arrest in June 1614, hend and niece of Sir Robert Walpole, and 
and he' was imprisoned in the Tower of London was created Earl Cornwallis and Viscount 
for a year. Cornwallis, who was at one time Brome in 1753. His son Charles was edu- 
living at Beeston, Suffolk, retired late in life cated at Eton, where he received an injury 
to Harborne, Staffordshire, where he died on to his eye by an accidental blow at hockey 
21 Dec. 1629. He was buried in London at from the Hon. Shute Barrington, afterwards- 
St. Giles's-in-the-Fields. bishop of Durham. He, obtained his first 

Cornwallis married thrice : (1) Elizabeth, commission as ensign in the 1st, or grenadier, 
daughter of Thomas Farnham of Fincham, guards, on 8 Dec. 1756. His military edu- 
Norfolk ; (2) Anne or Elizabeth, daughter of cation then commenced, and after travelling 
Thomas Barrow, widow of Ralph Skelton on the continent with a Prussian officer, Cap- 
(d. 30 March 1617) ; (3) Dorothy (d. 29 April tain de Roguin, Lord Brome, as he was then 
1619), daughter of Richard Vaughan, bishop styled, studied at the military academy of 
of London, and widow of John Jegon, bishop Turin. 

of, Norwich. Sir William Cornwallis [q. v. J While at Geneva, in the summer of 1758,, 
was Sir Charles's son by his first wife, and he heard that the guards had been ordered to 
one of the portraits in the print preceding join Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. He tra- 



Cornwallis 



235 



Cornwallis 



veiled at once to Ferdinand's headquarters, 
and arrived there six weeks before the Eng- 
lish troops, when he was appointed aide-de- 
camp to the Marquis of Grranby. He served 
on Granby's staff for more than a year, and 
was present at Minden. He returned to Eng- 
land in August 1759, on being promoted cap- 
tain into the 85th regiment. In January 1760 
he was elected M.P. for the family borough 
of Eye in Suffolk, and on 1 May 1761 he ob- 
tained the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 12th 
regiment, and assumed its command in June. 
His regiment was hotly engaged in the bat- 
tle of Kirch Donkern, or VeBlnghausen, on 
15 July, and in many minor actions, and then 
went into winter quarters. Throughout the 
campaign of 1762 he was also present, and his 
regiment was particularly distinguished at 
the battles of "Wilhelmstadt and Lutterberg, 
and he returned to England in November to 
take his seat as second earl Cornwallis, to 
which title he had succeeded on the death of 
his father on 23 June. 

Cornwallis determined to act with the 
whig peers, and in opposition to Lord Bute, 
and when Kockingham became prime mini- 
ster in July 1765, Cornwallis became a lord 
of the bedchamber. He was also made an 
aide-de-camp to the king in August 1765, 
and colonel of the 33rd regiment in March 
1766. When Kockingham went out of office 
in August 1766, Cornwallis, under the influ- 
ence of his friend Lord Shelburne, consented 
to serve under the Duke of Grafton, and ac- 
cepted from him the appointment of chief 
justice in eyre south of the Trent in De- 
cember 1766. He took no great part in po- 
litical debates, but he was one of the four 
peers who supported Lord Camden in his op- 
position to the resolution asserting the right 
of taxation in America. He refused to remain 
in office after Shelburne's resignation, and in 
1769 threw up both his appointments as lord 
of the bedchamber and as chief justice in eyre, 
on which Junius observed, on 5 March 1770, 
that the ' young man has taken a wise resolu- 
tion at last, for he is retiring into a voluntary 
banishment in hopes of recovering the ruins of 
his reputation.' The voluntary banishment to 
which Junius alludes was probably due to a 
different cause, as in 1768 Cornwallis mar- 
ried Jemima Tullikens, daughter of Colonel 
James Jones of the 3rd guards. ^ The king 
certainly did not regard Cornwallis with the 
same detestation as most of the whig leaders, 
for in 1770 he was made constable of the 
Tower of London, and in 1775 he was pro- 
moted major-general. 

George 'III no doubt felt that he could de- 
pend upon the loyalty of Cornwallis, who did 
not refuse to take a command in the war 



against the American insurgents, though ha 
had systematically opposed the measures 
which caused the insurrection. The events of 
1775 made it necessary to reinforce the Eng- 
lish army in America, and on 10 Feb. 177& 
Cornwallis, in spite of the entreaties of his 
wife, set sail in command of seven regiments- 
of infantry. When he reached Cape Fear, he- 
found that Sir William Howe had evacuated 
Boston and retired to Halifax. To that place 
he brought the reinforcements, and when the- 
army was reconstituted he took command of 
the reserve division, while his seniors, Lieu- 
tenant-generals Henry Clinton and Earl 
Percy, took command of the 1st and 2nd 
divisions respectively. Under Sir William 
Howe, Cornwallis co-operated in the opera- 
tions in Stateii Island and Long Island, in the 
battle of Brooklyn and the capture of New 
York, and after the battle of White Plains he 
took Fort Lee on 18 Nov., and rapidly pursued 
Washington to Brunswick and then to Tren- 
ton, thus completely subduing the state of 
New Jersey. The military ability shown by 
Cornwallis in these operations was fully re- 
cognised by Sir William Howe (Cornwallis 
Correspondence j i. 25), but, unfortunately, 
Howe himself was quite unable to seize ^he- 
advantage which his subordinate's ability- 
gave him. In the following year Cornwallis 
won the victory of Brandywine on 13 Sept.,, 
and safely occupied Philadelphia on the 28th. 
He then came home on leave and was pro- 
moted lieutenant-general, and again sailed 
on 21 April 1778 to take up the post of second 
in command to Sir Henry Clinton [q.T.], who- 
had succeeded Sir William Howe as com- 
mander-in-chief in America. On j oining Clin- 
ton at Philadelphia, Cornwallis soon found 
that that general had no more grasp of the 
critical situation of affairs than Sir William 
Howe, and, in utter disgust at his refusal ta 
attempt operations on a large scale, he_ at 
once sent in his resignation, which the king- 
refused to accept. Cornwallis understood 
what a change had been made in the position 
of affairs by the active intervention of France ;. 
he saw the necessity of occupying every port 
at which French troops could be disembarked ; 
he wished to stop the supplies of money and 
stores which poured into the southern states 
by the Chesapeake, and he knew that the- 
English army must win some striking suc- 
cess to counterbalance the evil effects of the 
surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. As a 
general, he wished to make use of the untried 
resources of the southern states, to rally the 
loyalists there, and to act upon the focus of 
the insurrection from the south. Clinton, how- 
ever, could not understand these views of 
Cornwallis, and was quite satisfied with small 



Cornwallis 



236 



Cornwallis 



predatory expeditious. During 1778 Corn- 
wallis did little but cover the retreat from 
Philadelphia to New York, and then returned 
to England on the news of the dangerous ill- 
ness of his wife. Lady Cornwallis died on 
16 Feb. 1779, and after that event Cornwallis 
again offered his services to the king, and 
reached New York in the month of August. 
Cornwallis was now at last enabled to carry 
liis ideas about the southern states into exe- 
cution. Clinton agreed to go to South Caro- 
lina, and on 12 May 1780 Charleston surren- 
dered to him. In the following month he 
left the southern states, with a force of four 
thousand soldiers, to Cornwallis, and retired 
to New York to leave him to carry out his 
schemes as best he could. Cornwallis showed 
his military capacity in his defeat of General 
Gates at Camden on 16 Aug. 1780, and he 
managed to keep the southern states in fair 
order, and to repel the attacks of the various 
insurgent bands. In 1781 he decided to 
march northwards into Virginia, and hoped 
to form a junction with Clinton's army upon 
the Chesapeake, and from that point to sub- 
due the most important rebel state. Leaving 
LordRawdon to command on the frontiers of 
South Carolina, and Colonel Balfour at Char- 
leston, he moved northward, llie expedition 
Began with disaster. Colonel Tarleton was 
.defeated at Cowpens on 17 Jan. by General 
Greene, but on the next day Cornwallis formed 
A junction with a division under Alexander 
Leslie, and pursued the victorious Americans. 
He at last came up with them at Guilford 
'Court-house, where he defeated the insur- 
.gents, and took Greene's guns on 15 March 
after a sharp engagement, in which he was 
liimself wounded. His plans after this victory 
.are well shown in a letter to General Phillips, 
who had been sent to the Chesapeake by Clin- 
ton, dated 10 April : < I have had a most diffi- 
cult and dangerous campaign, and was obliged 
to fight a battle two hundred miles from any 
communication, against an enemy seven 
times my number. The fate of it was long 
'doubtful. "We had not a regiment or corps 
that did not at some time give way. It ended, 
however, happily, in our completely routing 
the enemy and taking their cannon. ... I 
last night heard of your arrival in the Chesa- 
peake. Now, my dear friend, what is our plan ? 
.. . .If we mean an offensive war in Ame- 
rica, we must abandon New York, and bring 
our whole force into Virginia ; we then have 
a stake to fight for, and a successful battle 
may give us America. If our plan is defen- 
sive, mixed with desultory expeditions, let 
us quit the Carolinas (which cannot be held 
defensively while Virginia can be so easily 
against us), and stick to our salt pork 



at New York, sending now and then a de- 
tachment to steal tobacco, &c. ; (Cornwallis 
Correspondence, i. 87). In May Cornwallis 
effected a junction with General Phillips's 
force at Petersburg, though Phillips died be- 
fore his arrival, and he established himself, 
by Sir Henry Clinton's express orders, at 
Yorktown on 2 Aug., though he did not re- 
gard his force as sufficiently strong to hold 
that exposed post (see his despatch of 27 July 
to Sir Henry Clinton, $>. i. 107-9). Wash- 
ington soon perceived the mistake, and after 
he was joined in the beginning of September 
by the French troops, which the Comte de 
Grasse had landed at James Town, he decided 
to move with all his forces against Oornwallis. 
The result of this movement was never doubt- 
ful ; Clinton sent no help ; the English force 
was surrounded and outnumbered; on 14 Oct. 
the advanced redoubts at Yorktown were 
stormed, and on 19 Oct. Cornwallis was 
obliged to capitulate. On that very day Sir 
Henry Clinton sailed from New York for the 
Chesapeake, and arrived there on the 24th to 
find that he was too late. The capitulation 
was signed, and the war of American inde- 
pendence was at an end. Neither the govern- 
ment nor the English people blamed Corn- 
wallis, His schemes had been admirable 



in a political as well as in a military aspect, 
and had it not been for the arrival of the 
French troops they might have succeeded. 

As early as May 1782, when Cornwallis 
was still a prisoner on ' parole,' he was asked 
to go to India as governor-general and com- 
mander-in-chief, but his position and his dis- 
trust of the ministry prevented him from ac- 
cepting the office. His great political friend 
was still Lord Shelburne, and, to show his 
dislike of the accession of Pitt to power, he 
resigned his office of constable of the Tower 
in January 1784 ; but in the November of that 
year he again received the office of constable, 
though as a military post only. Pitt had, 
however, set his heart on Cornwallis's ac- 
cepting the governor-generalship of India. 
Both Pitt and Dundas thought him the only 
man capable of restoring the military and 
civil services of India to an efficient state, 
and of repairing the bad effect upon English 
prestige of the defeats experienced in the 
second Mysore war. Cornwallis, however, 
positively refused the offer of the double ap- 
pointment when it was again made to him in 
February 1785, but at last, after a short mis- 
sion to Frederick the Great in August and 
September under the pretext of attending the 
great Prussian reviews in Silesia, he con- 
sented to accept it on 23 Feb. 1786, e much 
against his will and with grief of heart ' (ib. 
i. 208). 6 ^ 



Cornwallis 



237 



Cornwallis 



Cornwallis had great advantages over 
Warren Hastings, who had been thwarted 
and interfered with "by his council, for he was 
enabled to act, under the new arrangements 
of Pitt and Dundas, in all cases of emergency , 
in direct opposition to the opinion of his 
council. Yet he had great difficulties ; the 
revenue was badly collected, the civil ser- , 
vants were flagrantly corrupt, and while the j 
princes within the power of the company's offi- \ 
cials were pillaged, the independent princes 
were shaken in their opinion of English in- 
vincibility by the events of the second My- | 
sore war. Cornwallis's first task was to i 
examine into the corruption of the civil ser- 
vants. He soon discovered that it was hope- 
less to remedy the mischief without radical 
reforms, and in a despatch full of wisdom j 
(ib. i. 266-8) he announced to the directors 
that he had rearranged the salaries of the 
collectors on such a scale that they should 
not have to resort to peculation in order to 
obtain adequate incomes. Cornwallis's re- 
forms in the military forces of the company 
were of hardly less importance than those of 
the civil service. The utter inefficiency of the 
company's European troops, as compared with 
the king's troops, had caused the promulgation 
of a scheme for consolidating them into one 
royal army, obeying the king's regulations ; 
but the dislike felt by officers in the company's 
service to entering the royal army prevented 
them from helping in this consolidation, which 
was never carried into effect. The best com- 
pany's officers were all employed with native 
troops, and were hardly likely to abandon 
their chances of the colonelcy of a sepoy 
regiment, with from 7,OOQ/ to 8,OOOZ* a year, 
in order to become officers in the king's ser- 
vice, where promotion was governed by poli- 
tical interest (ib. i. 333). Though he had to 
abandon this scheme, Cornwallis never ceased 
to demand more English regiments from home, 
and he urged the despatch of more regiments 
from England, and the gradual decrease of 
the company's Europeans without insisting 
upon the scheme of consolidation. These la- 
bours of reform in the civil and military ser- 
vices and his ceaseless war against jobs of 
all sorts fully occupied the time of Corn- 
wallis for the first three years of his In- 
dian government ; but a storm was gathering 
in the south which threatened the English 
power. 

The letters of the governor-general at this 
time to his only son, Lord Brome, then a 
boy at school, are worth a notice, as showing 
the simple loving nature of the man. ' You 
must write to me by every opportunity,' he 
tells his son on 17 Sept. 1786, ' and longer 
letters than I write to you ; for I have a 



great deal more business every day than you 
have on a whole school day, and I never get 
a holiday. I have rode once upon an elephant, 
but it is so like going in a cart, that you "would 
not thinkit very agreeable' (ib. i.218). Again 
he writes to Lord Brome on 28 Dec. 1786 : You 
will have heard that soon after 1 left England 
I was elected a knight of the Garter, and very 
likely laughed at me for wishing to wear a 
blue riband over my fat belly. . . . But I 
can assure you upon my honour that I neither 
asked for it nor wished for it. The reason- 
able object of ambition to a man is to have 
his name transmitted to posterity for eminent 
services rendered to his country and to man- 
kind. Nobody asks or cares whether Hamp- 
den, Marlborough, Pelham, or "Wolfe were 
knights of the Garter. Of all things at present 
I am most anxious to hear about you. The 
packet that was coming to us overland, and 
that left England in July, was cut off by the 
wild Arabs between Aleppo and Bussora 7 * 
(ib. i. 236). 

The outbreak of the third Mysore war for 
a time stopped the progress of Cornwallis's 
peaceful reform in Bengal. The Madras go- 
vernment was weak and corrupt, and after 
the retirement of Sir Archibald Campbell 
(1739-1791) [q. v.] the utter neglect of all 
precautions emboldened Tippoo Sultan in 
1790 to attack a faithful ally of England, the 
Rajah of Travancore. In the first campaign 
of the war Cornwallis left the command of 
the troops to General Medows, the new com- 
mander-in-chief at Madras, but the failure 
of that general to do anything but capture 
Ooimbatore made it necessary for Cornwallis 
to proceed himself to Madras, and to take com- 
mand of the troops on 12 Dec. 1790. The 
campaign of 1791 was not one of a paramount 
importance, but every movement in it and 
every siege undertaken were necessary for the 
completion of the great end Oornwallis pro- 
posed to himself, the capture of Seringapatam 
and final overthrow of Tippoo's power. On 
7 March the pettah, and on 21 March the 
citadel, of Bangalore were stormed, and on 
13 May Cornwallis reached Arikera, within 
nine miles of Seringapatam itself. But it was 
too late in the season to undertake a great 
siege; Cornwallis did not know where the 
Mahrattas or Robert Abercromby's force from 
the west coast were, and therefore, after de- 
feating Tippoo on the 15th, he destroyed his 
battering train and heavy baggage, and com- 
menced his retreat to Bangalore. Hardly had 
he retired when he was joined by Hurry Punt 
and the Mahratta cavalry, and he immedi- 
ately planned out a great campaign for the 
following year. His political ability was 
shown in the manner In which he obtained the- 



Cornwallis 238 Cornwallis 

help of both the Nizani and the Mahrattas, gal, and to him the village community of the 
and thus isolated Tippoo. In securing these ryots or cultivators was bound to pay a cer- 
alliances he was materially assisted by the re- tain proportion of the produce of the soil. This 
sidents at the courts of Hyderabad and Poona, revenue was collected by royal officers called 
Mr.KennawayandMr.Malet[seeKEio-AWAY, zemindars, who were either paid by a com- 
SIR JOHN-, and MALET, SIRCHAELES"WAEKE]. mission on what they raised, or who farmed 
During the summer of 1791 he occupied him- the revenue of a district. "When the company 
self in reducing the various hill forts and pre- took over the government of Bengal, their 
paring for another march on Seringapatam, collectors raised the revenue through the ze- 
and on 19 Oct. he reduced Nundydroog, and niindars also, and were often bribed by these 
'on 21 Dec. Severndroog, both of which were native officials to let them off lightly. Corn- 
believed to be impregnable. The campaign wallis changed the zemindar from a mere 
of 1792 was commenced on 25 Jan., when revenue official into the absolute proprietor 
Cornwallis left Severndroog with his own of his district, with full rights of property in 
army, and a considerable force of Mahrattas it, on condition only that he paid over a iixecl 
and of the Nizam's troops. In about ten days sum yearly to the company's collector. This 
he reached Seringapatam, and on 6 Feb. the was a momentous revolution, caused reallv 
English troops stormed .the whole line of the by the ignorance of native Indian laws and 
forts to the north of the Kaveri river. A few customs. Even more mistaken was the re- 
days later General Robert Abercrornby [q. v.] solution of Cornwallis to make his land 
came up from the west coast and formed a settlement permanent, thus rendering it im- 
'junction with. Cornwallis, and the siege of possible for the company to obtain more 
Seringapatam proper then commenced. The revenue, and allowing all the i unearned in- 
rapid progress of the batteries frightened Tip- crement ' of the soil to go to this factitious 
poo, and on 25 Feb. he surrendered two of his aristocracy of zemindars. Shore (afterwards 
sons as hostages, as a sign of his willingness governor-general and Lord Teignmouth), the 
to make peace. After much discussion the most experienced revenue official in India, 
treaty of peace was signed, by which Tippoo pointed this out, and advocated that the 
agreed to cede about one-half of his territories settlement should be decennial (see Life of 
as well as to pay a sum of 3,600,000 The Sir John Shore, Lord Teignmouth, by his 
territory ceded was divided between the com- son) ; but Cornwallis was so thoroughly con- 
pany, the Nizam, and the Peishwa, with the vinced of the corruptness of the company's 
'natural result of jealous feelings between the civil servants, that he feared to leave them 
two native powers, which eventually led to the chance of being tempted by the bribes of 
war after Cornwallis had left India ; but the the zemindars, and insisted on making the 
power of Tippoo was broken, and the prestige settlement permanent. Next in importance 
of the conquering Mysore dynasty, which had to the Permanent Settlement were Corn- 
been established by HyderAli's successes, was -wallis's judicial reforms. He forbade the re- 
utterly destroyed. The way was thus paved venue officials to exercise judicial functions ; 
for the final overthrow of Tippoo by Lord he regulated the powers of the zillah and 
"Wellesley. In one point the behaviour of provincial courts ; he took over the whole 
Cornwallis and General Medows contrasts fa- criminal jurisdiction of Bengal by abolishing 
vourably with, that of General Harris, who the office of nawab nazim ; he established the 
finally took ^Seringapatam. Both, of the for- sudder nizanmt adawlut to be the supreme 
mer left their shares of prize money, amount- criminal court as the sudder dewanni adaw- 
ing to 47,2442. and 14,997/., to the army, while hit was the supreme civil court, and finally 
General Harris insisted upon every penny he he determined to apply the Mahomrnedan law 
could possibly claim. Cornwallis's whole con- in criminal cases with various modifications 
duct in India, and especially in the war with in accordance with English jurisprudence. 
Tippoo, was highly approved in England, and Cornwallis was now anxious to leave India, 
on 15 Aug. 1792 he was created Marquis in which country he had been detained two 
Cornwallis in recognition of his services, years longer than lie had intended by the 
After concluding the treaty with Tippoo war with Tippoo, and he had the satisfaction 
bultan, Cornwallis returned to Calcutta, and to learn before he started that his chief co- 
there occupied himself with the completion adjutor, Mr. (now created Sir John) Shore, 
of his various reforms. First and most im- was appointed to succeed him as governor- 
portant of these was the promulgation of the general, and his comrade, Sir Kobert Aber- 
Peraanent Settlement, which was issued, cromby, as commander-in-chlef. On 13 Aug. 
^o m S7 yearS f dlscusslon > on ^ March - he handed over the government to Sir John 
1793, The state or the monarch had always Shore, and sailed for Madras, in order to take 
been regarded as proprietor of the soil of Ben- command of the expedition against Pondi- 



Cornwallis 



Cornwallis 



cherry, which was rendered necessary by the place Irish, affairs under an experienced general 
outbreak of war between England and revo- ; and statesman with full powers. Cornwallis 
lutionary France. Pondicherry, however, had ' was "begged to accept the two offices of viceroy 
surrendered before he reached Madras, and he ; and commander-in-chief. ( I will not presume 
^anade up his mind to return to England at ! to say /wrote Pitt 011 hearing of his acceptance, 
once, and sailed on 10 Oct. 1793. I ' how much I feel myself obliged to vou for 

/ ^/ f^ ^j 

Cornwallis reached England on 3 Feb. such a mark of your confidence in the present 
1794, and his assistance was at once demanded j government. You have, in my opinion, con- 



by the ministers. Not only did they want 
to consult him on Indian affairs, but still 
more did they desire to make use of his mili- 
tary abilities in Flanders. The state of the 
war there against France was anything but 
encouraging. Prussian, Austrian, and Eng- 
lish were disheartened and disagreeing. 



ferred the most essential obligation on the 
public which it can perhaps ever receive from 
the services of any individual' (ib. ii. 350). 

The viceroyalty of Cornwallis was marked 
by the suppression of the rebellion of 1798, 
and by the carrying of the Act of Union. 
Many symptoms showed that a great insur- 



Such a state of affairs was fatal, and in June rection was in preparation, but only one man, 



1 794 Cornwallis started on a special mission 
to advise co-operation, and to bolster up the 
--coalition. The result of his mission was a 
curious suggestion from Yienna, that he 
should be made a local field-marshal, and put 
in command of the allied forces ; the sugges- 
tion, to his great satisfaction, came to nothing. 
He saw how perilous such a situation would 
be, and how it would necessarily embroil him 
with the Duke of York. But though this 
scheme failed, he was persuaded in February 

1795 to accept the office of master-general 
of the ordnance with a seat in the cabinet ; 
and as the only general officer in the cabinet, 
he was necessarily entrusted with the super- 
vision of the defences of the country in pre- 
paration for the expected invasion of the 
French. From this work he was called by 
the news of the threatening attitude taken 
by the East India Company's officers in Ben- 
gal. The higher relative rank of the king's 
officers, and their consequent absorption of 
staff appointments, had filled the company's 
officers with resentment, and the prospect of 
the abolition of the company's European 
troops, which would drive many of them into 
the king's service, had caused them to form a 
powerful secret association. Affairs looked so 
threatening that Dundas urged Cornwallis to 
go again to India, and on 1 Feb. 1797 he was 
sworn in as governor-general and commander- 
in-chief. However, the tact of Sir Robert 
Abercromby, and certain concessions made 
by the court of directors, quieted the officers, 
sand it was not found necessary for Cornwallis 
to leave England. More serious was the 
danger threatening the peace of England from 
the state of Ireland, and as early as May 
1797 a report that Cornwallis was going to 
Ireland as commander-in-chief caused Lord 
damden, the viceroy, to write him an enthu- 
siastic letter of welcome ( Cornwallis Corre- 
spondence, ii. 325, 326). The report was pre- 
mature, but in May 1798 things had come to 
.such a desperate pass that it was necessary to 



Lord Castlereagh, the acting secretary to the 
lord-lieutenant, appreciated the greatness of 
the crisis. Lord Camden and the castle 
officials were quite unfitted to cope with 
events. The military forces were also in a 
bad condition. The troops were chiefly Eng- 
lish and Scotch militia, and their want of 
discipline had caused Sir Ralph Abercromby 
to resign in despair [see ABERCROMBY, SIR 
RALPH], and since his resignation matters 
had gone from bad to worse. The insurrec- 
tion was fixed for 23 May, but Lord Castle- 
reagh was informed of the whole plan, and 
had the leaders of the rebellion, notably 
Lord Edward FItzGerald and the Sheares, 
arrested before the appointed day. Never- 
theless the rebellion did break out. Esmonde 
took Prosperous, and Father Murphy Ennis- 
corthy and Wesford. These successes ter- 
rified"the castle officials, and Cornwallis was 
sent over to suppress the rebellion. He 
reached Dublin on 20 June, and on the very 
next day Major-general John Moore, after 

_ u _ _.. _. J_~ _._ _., ~ _-i_ I A I>^v ' r*t ww A 4" <"v.^ii m ft *" \ / 1 -w^ f\ fiHf\ 'Wt 



co-operating In Lake's victory at Vinegar 
Hill, entered "Wexford. Cornwallis had still 
much to do to quiet Ireland. The bands of 
rebels were speedily hunted down, and the re- 
bellion kept from spreading. On 22 Aug. the 
serious, news arrived at Dublin that General 
Humbert had landed at Killala Bay, and the 
viceroy at once started to command the troops 
which were directed against him. The French 
were only eleven hundred strong, yet on 
27 Aug. they defeated the first army which 
came against them under General Hutchinson 
at the battle of Castlebar, better known as the 
1 Castlebar Races/ The French, in spite of 
their victory, found themselves badly sup- 
ported, and on 9 Sept. General Humbert 
surrendered to Cornwallis with all his men. 
This success finally ruined the last hope for 
the Irish rebels, and it remained only to 
pacify the country. In this labour he fol- 
lowed one simple rule, namely, to punish the 
ringleaders, and spare their unfortunate dupes. 



Cornwallis 



240 



Cornwallis 



The clemency of his character was shown in 
this policy, "but he saw that it was necessary 
to do something more to assure the peace of 
Ireland ; he saw that it was necessary to 
stamp out the corruption of officials as sternly 
in Ireland as in India ; he saw that the par- 
liament of Ireland did not represent the 
people of Ireland, and was useless from a prac- 
tical point of view for "business, and he there- 
fore became an ardent advocate for catholic 
emancipation and the abolition of the Irish 
parliament. 

In carrying the Act of Union more credit 
must rest with Lord Castlereagh than with 
Cornwallis; but nevertheless Castlereagh 
could not have done what he did without the 
viceroy's active help and steady support. As 
early as 12 Nov. 1798 the Duke of Portland 
[see BEKTINCK, WILLIAM HEKHY CAVENDISH, 
third DTOE OP PORTLAND] sent over the first 
scheme of the articles of union to Dublin, and 
from that time the question received the vice- 
roy's unceasing attention. The measure was 
at once introduced into the Irish House of 
Commons, but to the surprise of the govern- 
ment the opposition appeared in strength, and 
on 22 Jan. 1799, a motion of Mr. George Pon- 
sonby, ( That the house would be ready to 
enter into any measure, short of surrendering 
their free resident and independent legisla- 
ture, as established in 1782,' was carried by 
107 to 105. This defeat did not discourage 
Lord Castlereagh, and he prepared, by boldly 
bribing with titles, places, and money, espe- 
cially with money in the shape of compensa- 
tion for borough influence, to win a majority 
for the Act of Union. Cornwallis loathed 
this trafficking for votes, and left it to his 
subordinate, but he supported him consis- 
tently, and passed his word for the fulfilment 
of the promises which Castlereagh made. 
He took far more interest in. Castlereagh's 
grander scheme for the establishment of the 
Roman catholic church in Ireland, and be- 
lieved firmly that if the invidious laws against 
the catholics were repealed, when the union 
was an accomplished fact, peace and quiet 
would be restored to the country. Castle- 
reagh's bribery was successful, and on 7 June 
1800 the Union Bill passed the Irish House 
of Commons by 153 to 88. Cornwallis had 
still many difficulties to contend with, for the 
government, or rather the king, declined at 
first to fulfil the pledges which he had had 
to make in order to get the bill carried, and 
when he found that such was the case he 
as a man of honour felt it necessaryto resign. 
He announced this resolve in a manly letter, 
dated 17 June 1800 (Cornwallis Correspond- 
ence, iii. 262-6). The government on re- 
ceiving this letter at once gave in, and all 



the new peerages and promotions in the peer- 
age which Cornwallis had promised were 
duly conferred. But the question of catholic 
emancipation, which he had still nearer his 
heart, was not to be carried, and as soon as 
he heard that the king had refused to hear 
of emancipation, and that Pitt had resigned, 
he at once resigned both the viceroyalty and 
his post as master-general of the ordnance. 
His words in announcing his retirement to 
General Ross, in a letter of 15 Feb. 1801, are- 
striking : l No consideration could induce 
me to take a responsible part with any ad- 
ministration who can be so blind to the in- 
terest, and indeed to the immediate security of 
their country, as to persevere in the old system 
of proscription and exclusion in Ireland' (ib. 
iii. 337). He had, however, to wait until 
May, when his successors, Lord Hardwicke- 
and Sir William Medows, came over to Ire- 
land, and he then hurried back to his seat 
in Suffolk, Culford, intending to retire for 
ever from public life. 

In July 1801, however, he received the- 
command of the important eastern district,, 
with his headquarters at Colchester, and in 
October he was appointed British plenipoten- 
tiary to negotiate peace with Bonaparte. He- 
left Dover on 3 Nov., and after an interview 
with the first consul at Paris, he proceeded 
to Amiens to negotiate the treaty with the- 
French plenipotentiary, Joseph Bonaparte. 
This mission was the most unfortunate which 
Cornwallis ever undertook. He was no diplo- 
matist ; had partly forgotten his French 
(see Diary of Sir George Jackson, K. C.H. ) ; 
and was no match for Joseph Bonaparte, who 
was throughout cleverly prompted by Talley- 
rand. But in truthboth nations wanted peace,, 
though the plenipotentiaries wrangled until 
27 March 1802, when the treaty of Amiens- 
was signed. By it England surrendered all 
her conquests except Ceylon and Trinidad, 
which Holland and Spain were compelled to 
cede to her, and France lost nothing. Other 
questions were slurred over, and the treaty 
was in fact rather a truce than a peace. 

On his return from France, Oornwallia 
retired to Culford, where he lived a peaceful 
life for three years until a demand was sud- 
denly made upon him to go to India again as. 
governor-general and commander-in-chief. 
He felt that it was a desperate thing for a 
man of sixty-six to undertake such a task,, 
but his sense of duty forbade him to refuse, 
and he left England in March 1805. He- 
found the country much changed when he- 
landed at Calcutta on 29 July, The policy 
of Lord "Wellesley and the victories of Harris 
over Tippoo, and of Lake and Sir Arthur' 
Wellesley over the Mahrattas, had established 



Cornwallis 



241 



Cornwallis 



the company's power in India on a larger twin brother of Greneral Edward Cornwallis, 
and grander basis. But the question naturally and Cole relates that ' both the brothers at 



suggested itself whether it were possible for 
the company to hold safely such a vast 
extent of country. History has shown that 
Lord Wellesley was right ; and his grand 
schemes have been justified. But in 1805 the 
news of Monson's defeatby Holkar had just ar- 
rived, and the company, whose revenues were 
diminishing while its territories were ex- 
tending, desired to draw back from the posi- 
tion of honour into which Lord Wellesley had 
forced it. Cornwallis landed with the express 
intention of at once making peace with both 
Scindia and Holkar, and he wrote the day after 
his arrival to Lord Lake : ' It is my earnest 
desire, if it should be possible, to put an end 
to this most unprofitable and ruinous warfare ' 
(Cornwallis Correspondence, iii. 532). With 
this intention he started up the Ganges in order 
to be upon the scene of action, and expressed 
his views in his last despatch written while 
upon the river on 19 Sept. (ib. iii. 546-54). 
These views were not, however, carried out 
[see LAKE, G-EBABD, VISOOTTKT, and BABLOW, 
SIB GEOBGE HILABO], for a few days later 
his powers of mind seemed to fail, and he 
began to lose consciousness. He was landed 
at Ghazipore, but did not gain strength, and 
died there on 5 Oct. 1805. Every honour 
that could be paid to the memory of Corn- 
wallis was paid j a mausoleum was erected 
over his remains at Ghazipore, which has 
ever since been kept in repair by the Indian 
Government ; statues were erected to him in 
St. Paul's Cathedral, at Madras, and Bombay, 
and 40,OOOZ. was voted to his family by the 
court of directors. He deserved these honours, 
for if not a man of startling genius, he was 
a clear-sighted statesman and an able general, 
as well as an upright English gentleman. 

CHABLES, the only son (b. 1774), became 
second marquis and third earl, married Louisa, 
daughter of the fourth Duke of Gordon, had 
five daughters, and died 16 Aug. 1823, when 

ijj *j _ '*"* j-*+t *i *i * 

the marquisate expired. James Cornwallis 
[q. v.] became fourth earl. 

[The Correspondence of Charles, 1st Marquis 
Cornwallis, ed. by Charles Boss, 3 vols. 1859, is 
the storehouse of facts on his career : the ori- 
ginals of the letters contained in it are in the 
Eeeord Office ; see also Kaye's Lives of Indian 
Officers ; "Wilks's Historical Sketches of the South 
of India for the Mysore war; and the Castlereagh 
Despatches for his Irish policy and government.] 
* H. M. S. 



CORNWALLIS, FKEDEKICK, D.D. 

(1713-1783), archbishop of Canterbury, 
seventh son of Charles, fourth lord Cornwal- 
lis, was born on 22 Feb. 1713. He was a 

VOL. XII. 



Eton school were so alike that it was diffi- 
cult to know them asunder.' From Eton 
Frederick proceeded to Christ's College, Cam- 
bridge, of which he became a fellow (B.A. 
1736, D.D. 1748). Cole says he < was my 
schoolfellow and contemporary at the uni- 
versity, where no one was more beloved, or 
bore a better character than he did all the 
time of his residence therein : during which 
time, towards the latter end of it, he had the 
misfortune to have a stroke of the palsy, which, 
took away the use of his right hand, and 
obliged him to write with his left, which he- 
did very expeditiously ; and I have often had 
the honour to play at cards with him, when 
it was wonderful to see how dexterously he 
would shuffle and play them.' In 1740 he- 
was presented by his brother to the rectory 
of Chelmondiston, Suffolk, with which he 
held that of Tittleshall St. Mary, Norfolk ,- 
and afterwards he was appointed one of the 
king's chaplains-in-ordinary. He was ap- 
pointed a canon of Windsor by patent dated 
21 May 1746, and on 14 Jan. 1746-7 he was 
collated to the prebend of Leighton Ecclesia 
in the church of Lincoln. 

On 19 Feb. 1749-50 he was consecrated 
bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and on 
14 JSTov. 1766 he was nominated dean of St. 



Paul's. Soon after the death of Dr. Seeker,, 
he was appointed by the crown to succeed 
that prelate as archbishop of Canterbury. 
His election took place on 23 Aug. 1768, and 
he was enthroned at Canterbury on 6 Oct. 
following. He died at Lambeth Palace, after 
a few days' illness, on 19 March 1783, and 
was buried on the 27th in a vault under the 
communion-table in Lambeth Church. 

He married on 8 Feb. 1759 Caroline, daugh- 
ter of William Townshend, third son of 
Charles, second viscount Townshend, but had 
no issue. She survived till 17 Sept. 1811. 

Cornwallis, though inferior in learning to 
many of his predecessors, was much respected 
and beloved in his diocese. Hasted, the his- 
torian of Kent, writing from Canterbury, 
says: 'The archbishop gives great satisfac- 
tion to everybody here: his affability and 
courteous behaviour are much taken notice 
of, as very different from his predecessors/ 
At Lambeth Palace, from the instant he en- 
tered its walls, the invidious distinction of 
a separate table for the chaplains was abo- 
lished, and they always sat at the same board 
with himself. His hospitality was princely, 
especially on public days, it being formerly 
the custom for the archbishops of Canterbury, 
when resident at Lambeth Palace, to keep a 
public table one day in every week during 



Cornwallis 242 Cornwallis 

the session of parliament. At one period 1775 to the deanery of Salisbury, while he 

Cornwallis was the object of some censure, continued to hold his parochial cures, and at 

because his lady was in the habit of holding about the same time he received the honorary 

routs on Sundays. degree of D.C.L. from his university. In 

He published four single sermons, and con- 1781 he was consecrated bishop of Lichfield 

tributed verses to the university collections and Coventry, and then at length retired 

on the marriage of the Prince of Orange from his Kentish livings. On the transla- 

(1733) and the marriage of Frederick, prince tion of Bishop Douglas of Carlisle to the see 

of Wales (1736). His portrait has been en- of Salisbury in 1791, Cornwallis succeeded 

graved by Fisher, from a painting by Dance, him as dean of "Windsor, a position which 

[G-ent. Mag. xlviii. 438, liii. pt. i. pp. 273, three years later he exchanged for that of 

279, 280 ; Hasted's Kent, iv. 760 ; Manning and dean of Durham. 

Bray's Surrey, iii. 507 ; Cooke's Preacher's Assist- In August 1823 the second Marquis Corn- 
ant, ii. 90 ; Nichols's Lit. Aneed. ; Nichols's II- wallis died, and the marquisate becoming 
lustr. of Lit.; Brydges's Eestituta, iv. 262; extinct, the earldom reverted to his uncle the 
Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, Nos. 2573- "bishop, who was now in his eighty-second year. 
2574 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Hoi- On 20 Jan 1824 he died a t Richmond, Surrey, 
lis's Memoirs i. 429 ; Coles Athens? Cantab C. He had been bish of U d& Q l& for nearly 

V^V* "* JnT^fJ , 7 k i ' ^ fifty-three years, and was buried in his ca- 
175, 316, an. 408 ; Sketches from Nature, in high ,, s -, J ? 

preservation (1779), p. 46; Browne's Lambeth 5 . T^ M , . , ^ ^ *, -, , 

Palace 1621 T. C. In 1/71 he married Catharine, daughter 

of G-alfridus Mann of Newton and Boughton 

CORNWALLIS, JAMES, fourth EARL Malherbe, and sister of Sir Horace Mann, by 

COKIITWALLIS (1743-1824), bishop of Lich- whom he became the father of two daughters 

fteld and Coventry, was the third son of and a son James, who succeeded to the title. 

Charles, first earl Cornwallis, by Elizabeth, He published at intervals five sermons 

daughter of Charles, viscount Townshend, and (1777, 1780, 1782, 1788, 1811) 

the younger brother of Charles, first marquis ^ Ma ' 19167 foL U2 (inac ' curate in some 

Cornwallis [q v.] He was born m Dover ^ G ^ ^ A ^ m3 and A 

Street, Piccadilly, London, on 2o Feb. 1743, 182 ^. ^ sted ^ s Kent * iim | 45> 432) and iH> | 69j 

and was educated at &ton and Christ Church, 672 ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates, p. 1 52.1 A. V. 
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in June 1763, 

afterwards being given afellowship at Merton, CORNWALLIS, JANE, LADY CORE"- 

from which college he took the M. A. degree WALLIS (1581-1659), was the daughter of 

in 1769. On ceasing residence at Oxford he Hercules Meautys of West Ham, Essex, by 

entered as a member of the Temple, and in- Philippe, daughter of Richard Cooke of Gidea 

tended practising at the bar, but on the ad- Hall, in the same county. She became, in 

vice of his uncle, Frederick Cornwallis, arch- 1608, the second wife of Sir William, elder son 

bishop of Canterbury, he altered his mind of Sir Thomas Cornwallis [q. v.] of Brome, 

and took holy orders. He commenced his Suffolk. Her husband died in 1611, leaving 

career in the church by acting as chaplain to issue by her an only son, Frederick, who was 

his cousin, Lord Townshend, lord-lieutenant created Lord Cornwallis. In 1613 she mar- 

of Ireland, till in 1769 he was presented by ried Sir Nathaniel Bacon, K.B., of Culford, 

his uncle to the living of Ickham, Kent, to Suffolk, where she died on 8 May 1659. 
which that of the neighbouring parish of Her 'Private Correspondence' between 

Adisham was added in the following year. 1613 and 1644 was published at London in 

In this same year (1770) he was made a pre- 1842, 8vo. 

bend of Westminster, rector of Newington, There is a full-length portrait of her at 

Oxford, and then of Wrotham,Kent. On re- Audley End. 

ceiying this last appointment he resigned the rp re to Cornwallis Correspondence; Addit. 

livings of Ickham and Adisham, but six MS. 19079, f. 925, 95, 96 6.] T. C. 

months later he was for the second time in- 
ducted as rector of Ickham, a dispensation CORNWALLIS, SIB THOMAS (1519- 

having been granted allowing him to hold 1604), comptroller of the household, was the 

the rectory of Wrotham conjointly with that eldest son of Sir John Cornwallis, steward 

of Ickham and the chapel of Staple. In of the household to Prince Edward, son of 

1773, having in the meantime again resigned Henry VIII, by his wife Mary, daughter of 

the living at Ickham, he became, still by Edward Sulyard of Otes, Essex. He was 

his uncle's patronage, rector of Boughton Mai- knighted at Westminster on 1 Dec. 1548, 

herbe in the same county. From being a and in the following year was sent to Norfolk, 

3>rebend of Westminster he was preferred in with the Marquis of Northampton, Lord 



Cornwallis 



243 



Cornwallis 



"Sheffield, and others, to quell the insurrec- 
tion, which was headed by Robert Ket the 
tanner. Though they contrived to take Nor- 
wich ? that city was shortly afterwards retaken 
"by the rebels, when Lord Sheffield was killed 
and Cornwallis taken prisoner. Upon the 
defeat of the rebels by the Earl of Warwick 
and the G-erman mercenaries he regained his 
liberty. In 1553 he served the office of 
sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and upon the 
death of Edward VI repaired to Framling- 
ham to offer his assistance to Mary. In 
October of the same year he was commis- 
sioned with Sir Robert Bowes to treat with 
the Scotch commissioners for the purpose of 
settling the differences between the two king- 
doms, and the treaty of Berwick was signed 
by them on 4 Dec. (Cal. of State Papers, 
Dom. 1601-3, Addenda, 15-47-67, p. 430). 
In January 1554 Cornwallis and Sir Edward 
Hastings were sent by the queen to Dartford 
in order to confer with Sir Thomas Wyatt, 
whom they were instructed to tell that she 
4 marvelled at his demeanour,' i rising as a 
.subject to impeach her marriage. 5 "When 
Courtenay in the following month deserted 
Sir John Gage and fled to Whitehall on the 
arrival of Wyatt, crying ' Lost ! all is lost,' 
It was Cornwallis who rebuked him by saying, 
4 Fie, my lord, is this the action of a gentle- 
man ? ' In March Cornwallis served on the 
commission for the trial of Wyatt, who after 
a short respite was beheaded on 11 April 
1554 (HoLisrsHED, 1587, pp. 1103-4). In the 
previous February Cornwallis had been des- 
patched with Sir Richard Southwell and 
'Sir Edward Hastings to bring the Princess 
Elizabeth back from Ashridge in Hertford- 
shire, whither she had retired in 1553. Though 
.suffering from illness they compelled her to 
rise from her bed, and by slow stages of six 
or seven miles a day brought her to London. 
When it was suggested, with a view of ex- 
cluding her from the succession, that the 
princess should be sent out of England, Corn- 
wallis made a successful protest in the council 
against the scheme. In 1554 he was ap- 
pointed treasurer of Calais, a post which he 
retained until his recall, some two months 
before the town fell into the hands of the 
French in January 1558. On 25 Dec. 1557 
he was made comptroller of the household 
in the place of Sir Robert Rochester (STRYPE, 
vi. 23), and in the following month was 
elected one of the members for the county 
of Suffolk. Upon the accession of Elizabeth 
he was removed from his post in the house- 
hold as well as from the privy council, and 
thereupon retired to his Suffolk estates and 
rebuilt Brome Hall. Being a staunch pa- 
pist 'and a trusted servant of the late queen, 



he was naturally an object of suspicion to 
Elizabeth's ministers. On the appearance of 
symptoms of disaffection among the catholic 
nobles in 1570, Lord Southampton, one of 
the intended leaders of the insurrection, and 
Cornwallis were at once arrested. Shortly 
afterwards the threatened danger of a war 
with France was averted, and they were 
then set at liberty. In 1567 Cornwallis at- 
tended a conference on religious matters, the 
result of which was that on 20 June he made 
his humble submission to the queen, and 
1 entreated pardon for his offence in having 
withstood her laws for establishing true re- 
ligion' (Cal of State Papers ,Dom. 1547-80, 
p. 293). He seems, however, to have sadly 
relapsed, for in 1578 various complaints were 
made of his conduct, among others that he 
6 shared in drunken banquetings of bishops 7 
servants, and made scoffing excuses for coming 
to church ' (ib. Add. 1566-79, p. 551). In a 
letter, however, to Lord Burghley, dated 
9 July 1584, Cornwallis asserts that 'no 
action of his life discovers a disobedient or 
unquiet thought towards her majesty,' and 
transmits a copy of his letter to the bishop 
of Norwich justifying his non-attendance 
at church (ib. 1581-90, p. 190). His name 
heads the list of recusants for 1587 (SiBTPB, 
xii. 597). He died on 28 Dec, 1604 in the 
eighty-sixth year of his age, and was buried 
in the church at Brome, where a monument 
was erected to his memory. With regard to 
his age there is some doubt, as it is stated in 
1 Excursions through Suffolk ' (p. 22) that < his 
portrait when at the age of seventy-four, in 
1590, hangs in the dining-room.' This por- 
trait is unfortunately no longer there, but 
was sold with the rest of the family relics 
at Brome Hall in 1825-6. Cornwallis mar- 
ried Anne, the daughter of Sir John Jerning- 
ham of Somerleyton, Suffolk, by whom he 
had two sons and three daughters. William, 
his eldest son, was knighted at Dublin on 
5 Aug. 1599 for his services in Ireland under 
Bobert, earl of Essex, and was the father of Sir 
Frederick Cornwallis, bart., who on 20 April 
1661 was created Baron Cornwallis of Eye 
for his fidelity to Charles I. Of the younger 
son, Sir Charles Cornwallis, a separate notice 
is given. The suspicions of Sir Thomas's com- 
plicity with the French when treasurer of 
Calais, which are recorded in the lines, 

Who built Brome Hall? Sir Thomas Corn- 
wallis. 
How did he build it ? By selling of Calais, 

appear to be quite unfounded ; for in a letter 
written at Calais on 2 July 1557, Cornwallis 
warned the queen of the weakness of the 
garrison, and entreated that a larger force 
should be immediately sent over. 

B 2 



Cornwallis 244 Cornwallis 

[OolUns's Peerage (1812), ii. 544-6, 548-50; COBNWALLIS, SlE WILLIAM (d. 

Bnrke's Extinct Peerage (1883), pp. 137-8; Ed- 1631?), knight and essayist, elder son of Sir 

mondson's Baronagmm Genealogicum, iii. 289 ; Charles Cornwallis [q. v.l, knight and ambas- 

Cobbett's State Trials (1809), i. 862-70; Fronde's sador in Spain in tLe reign of Jameg j b 

History of England, v. 206-15 yi. 161-2, ,178, ^ fi rst wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas. 

192, 490, vu. 17, x. 71-5; Strype's Works Farnham of Fincham in Norfolk morri^d nn 
/icon A.f\*\ tr 198 ^QT Tri 93 195 ifin w i fid. <u imam uj. j. iiibLLdiii in ix onoiji, married on 

( ^ 82 ,^>^L hsin 816 819 821 2 26Aug.l5950atkerme,daugliterof SirPhilip 

Xll. 097 ; bpeeu. (loll), pp. OlO, oiy. o^l -s; -r I j?-m J. n .n? IT i i -i i "S 

Calendar of State Papers, Scotland, i. 103, PartoetfErw-arton, Suffolk by whom he ha& 

Domestic Addenda, 1 547-65, p. 430 ; Excursions Ms eldest scm > Charles, and other children. He 

through Suffolk (1819), ii. 21-3; Notes and appears to have been knighted in 1602. He was. 

Queries, 4th ser. i. 505-6, 7th ser. i. 69, 152 ; a friend of Ben Jonson, and employed him to 

Official Return of Lists of Members of Parlia- write 'Penates, or a Private Entertainment for 

ment, pt. i. p. 398.] G-. F. E. B. the King and Queen,' on the occasion of their 

visit to his house at Highgate on May-day, 

CORNWALLIS, THpM AS (1663-1731), 1604. His essays are written in imitation of 
commissioner of lotteries, fourth son of Montaigne, but lack the sprightliness of the 
Charles, second lord Cornwallis, by his wife French author. Cornwallis spent his life in 
Margaret Playsted, was born in Suffolk on studious retirement. His works are: 1. <Dis- 
31 July 1663. In April 1676 he, together courses upon Seneca the tragedian/ 1601, 
with his elder brother William, was admitted 16mo, 1631. 2. ' Essayes by Sir W. Corne- 
a fellow-commoner of Corpus Christi College, waleys ' (E. Mattes), 1st part 1600, 2nd part 
Cambridge, under the tutorship of Mr. Lane. 1610, 16mo and 12mo, 1616 4to, two parts 
To the latter's inspiration are possibly due with a frontispiece 1617, and 1632 small 8vo,, 
some creditable Latin elegiacs signed by with the essays upon Seneca, 1631. 3. 'The 
Cornwallis, which appeared in the < Epitha- Miraculous and Happy Union between Eng~ 
lamium . . . ab Academia Cantabrigiensi de- land and Scotland,' 1604, 4to. 4. l Essays on 
cantatum,' on the occasion of the marriage certain Paradoxes/ 2nd edit, enlarged twenty- 
of the Prince of Orange with the Princess four leaves, not paged, 1617, 4to ; one of 
Mary (Camb. 1677). On leaving Cam- these essays/ The Praise of King Eichard III/ 
bridge, where he apparently took no degree, is reprinted in the ' Somers Tracts/ iii. 316,. 
Cornwallis obtained a commission in the edit. 1810. 5. < Essays or Encomiums/ 
guards, and some years later succeeded his 1616,- 1626. 6. Verses in Sylvester's ' La- 
brother Frederick in the command of the crymse Lacrymarum 7 on the death of the 
independent company in Jersey. In 1709 Prince of Wales, and lines on the monument 
the system of parliamentary lotteries was of Lucy, lady Latimer, in Hackney Church ; 
introduced, and Cornwallis is credited with this lady was the wife of Sir William Corn- 
havingbeen the original projector. The scheme wa Uis (died 1611), uncle of the essayist, who 
was briefly as follows : 150,000 tickets were is therefore generally described as the younger, 
to be sold at 10J. apiece, making 1,500,000^., J n the 1632 edition of the ' Essays/ published 
the principal of which was to be sunk and 9 per after the author's death, there is a print of 
cent, allowed on it during thirty-two years : two men sitting and writing, supposed to- 
3,750 of the tickets were prizes varying in represent Sir Charles and Sir William Corn- 
value from 1,000 to 61. per annum ; the re- wallis, his son. 
mainder were blanks, of which there were m > TITO A^ ^ ^^ -,, n n- . 

therefore thirty-nine to one prize, but each p^JL^' j^f/S,!^ \ l j w |' S 

ui i J.-J.T jj, IA j? X.T -_L Jreerage ot Jiingland. (JbJryages), n. 547; Woods- 

blankwasentitledtoU^perannumforthirty- Athfl ^ O xon (Bliss), ii. 613; Page's Supple- 

twoyears. This scheme proved a great popular ment to the Suffolk Travellerj p< 5 ! Q-rainger's. 

success, and was the foundation of all the Bi og . Hist. (ed. 1775), ii. 333, 334.1 W. H. 
subsequent state lotteries, which continued 

to be set on foot in every session of parliament CORN WALLIS, SIB WILLIAM (1744- 

till 1824. Cornwallis was annually appointed 1819), admiral, fourth son of Charles, fifth 

a commissioner of lotteries up to the year of lord and first earl Cornwallis, was born on 

his death, which occurred in St. James's Street 20 Feb. 1743-4, and entered the navy in 

on 29 Dec. 1731 (Gent. Mag. 1731, p. 540). 1755, when his first service was on board the- 

Cornwallis was twice married; first, to Jane, Newark, in the fleet sent to North America 
widow of Colonel Yernam, and secondly, to under Boscawen. Afterwards, in the King- 
Anne, daughter of Sir Hugh Owen and widow ston, he was present at the reduction of 
of John Barlow of Laurenny, Pembrokeshire. Louisbourg in 1758, and in the Dunkirk at 

[Masters's Hist, of Corp. Chr. Coll. Camb. tie battle of Quiberon Bay. The Dunkirk 

p. 271 ; Waleott's Westminster, App. p. 39 ; En- was shortly afterwards sent to the Mediter- 

cydop. Met. sub voc. ' Lotteries.'] A, V. ranean, and in December 1760 Cornwallis^ 



Cornwallis 



245 



Cornwallis 



was moved into the Neptune, the flagship of 
Hear-admiral Saunders, by whom, on 5 April 
1761, he was appointed lieutenant of the . 
Thunderer with Captain Proby, in which, on 
17 July, he assisted in the capture of the 
Achille of 64 guns off Cadiz. In July 1762 
he was promoted to be commander of the 
"Wasp sloop ; in October was removed to the 
'Swift, in which he continued till April 1765, 
when he was posted to the Prince Edward, 
which ship he paid off in May 1766. He was 
shortly afterwards appointed to the Guade- 
loupe frigate, which he commanded in the 
Mediterranean and on the home station till 
1773 ; and in 1774 was appointed to the Pal- 
las, in which he was employed on the west 
coast of Africa till 1776 ; during the latter 
part of the period, in arresting the ships of 
the American colonies, which, in that out-of- 
the-way locality, had established a trade in 
powder (Cornwallis to sec. of the admiralty, 
^Sierra Leone, 30 Jan. 1776). He then went 
to the West Indies, and sailed from Jamaica 
in September with a convoy of 104 merchant 
.ships. Partly from bad weather, and still 
more from the carelessness and obstinacy of 
the masters, the convoy separated, and the 
Pallas arrived in the Channel with not more 
than eight or ten sail in company. The mer- 
chants, owners of the ships, made vehement 
complaints, and Cornwallis was compelled, 
in his defence, to enter into a detailed ac- 
count of the misconduct of the masters, on 
whom the blame ultimately fell. 

Early in 1777 he was appointed to the 
Isis of 50 guns on the North American sta- 
tion, with Lord Howe, by whom he was 
transferred for a short time to the Bristol ; 
was then sent home in command of the Chat- 
ham, March 1778 ; was moved into the Me- 
dea, May 1778; and on 5 Aug. was appointed 
to the Lion of 64 guns. In her, in the fol- 
lowing spring, he went out to the West In- 
dies in charge of convoy, and arrived at St. 
Lucia on 3 April 1779. Here he joined Vice- 
admiral Byron, and took an important part 
in the battle of Grenada (6 Julyl779). Owing 
to the confused way in which Byron rushed 
into action, the leading ships suffered severely, 
the Lion in an especial degree. She was al- 
most entirely dismasted, and drifted to lee- 
ward, so that when the French fleet tacked 
and returned to St. George's Bay, their line 
<wt her off from the English fleet. She ought 
to have proved no very difficult prize, but 
D'Estaing was fortunately too prudent to 
risk what might bring on a renewed engage- 
ment, and the Lion went off before the wind 
under such sail as she could set on the stumps 
of her lower masts. She reached Jamaica in 
safety, and, having refitted there, was in the 



following March sent, in company of the 
Bristol and Janus, to cruise in the windward 
passage. Off Monte Christi on 20 March he 
fell in with a French convoy under the es- 
cort of four ships of the line and a frigate, 
which gave chase, and in light baffling winds 
succeeded in overtaking and bringing him to 
action on the 21st. The unequal fight was 
maintained at intervals during the day, and 
was renewed the next morning ; but on Corn- 
wallis being joined by the Ruby of 64 guns 
and two frigates, the French drew off and 
rejoined the convoy. Three months later 
Cornwallis had been detached with a small 
squadron to see the West Indian trade safely 
through the gulf, and was on 20 June in 
the neighbourhood of Bermuda, when he 
sighted a convoy, which was in reality the 
fleet of transports carrying M. de Kocham- 
beau and the French troops to North Ame- 

_ . <* A . *t 



rica, under the escort of nine ships of the 
line and a frigate, commanded by M. de Ter- 
nay. Cornwallis's force consisted of only 
two ships of 64 guns, and two of 50, with a 
32-gun frigate; but De Ternay, probably 
judging that the interests at stake were too 
great to run any needless risk, made no se- 
rious effort to crush it, and the squadrons 
separated after a desultory interchange of 
fire (BEATSON, Memoirs, v. 98, vi. 231 ; Me- 
moires de Lauzun, 1858, 327 ; ADOLPHE DE 
BOUCLON, Liberge de G-randcJiain, 266-70). 
Towards the close of the year Cornwallis 
returned to England, taking with "him as a 
passenger in the Lion Captain Horatio Nel- 
son, who was invalided from the command 
of the Janus. The two had already become 
intimate during their stay in Jamaica, and 
contracted a friendship which lasted through 
their lives (Nelson Despatches, i. 8, 33). 

In the following spring the Lion formed 
part of the fleet under Vice-admiral Darby 
at the relief of Gibraltar. Cornwallis was 
shortly afterwards appointed to the Canada 
of 74 guns, and in August sailed for North 
America under the orders of Bear-admiral 
Digby. When the attempt to relieve York 
had proved futile, Digby placed the Canada, 
together with other ships, under the com- 
mand of Sir Samuel Hood, who was return- 
ing to the West Indies. Cornwallis had thus 
a very important share in the engagement 
with De Grasse at St. Kitts on 26 Jan. 1782 
[see AFPLECK, SIB EDMTOD], and afterwards 
took part in the actions of 9 and 12 April to 
leeward of Dominica. In August the Canada 
was ordered to England as one of the squa- 
dron under Bear-admiral Graves and a large 
convoy. The greater number of the men-of- 
war and merchant ships were overwhelmed 
in a violent hurricane on 16-17 Sept. (Navr 



Cornwallis 246 Cornwallis 



tical Magazine, September 1880, xlix. 719) 
[see GRAVES, SAMUEL, LOKD GRAVES; and 
ISTGLEFIELD, JOHN" NICHOLSON]. More for- 
tunate than most of her consorts, the Canada 
escaped with the loss of her maintop-mast 
and mizen-mast, and arrived in England in 
October. 
In January 1783 Cornwallis was appointed 



moved his flag to the Coesar of 80 guns, and 
in December to the Royal Sovereign of 100' 
guns. 

In the following June, still in the Royal 
Sovereign, and having with him four 74-gun 
ships and two frigates, he was cruising off' 
Brest, when on the 16th, to the southward 
of the Penmarcks, he fell in with the French 



to the Ganges, and two months later to the fleet under M. Villaret-Joyeuse, consisting 
Royal Charlotte yacht, which command he of twelve ships of the line and as many 
held till October 1787. He was then ap- large frigates, together with small craft, 
pointed to the Robust, and in October 1788 making an aggregate of thirty sail. Corn- 
to the Crown, with a broad pennant on being wallis was compelled to retreat. Two of his 
nominated commander-in-chief in the East ships, the Bellerophon and Brunswick, proved 
Indies, where he arrived in the course of the to be very heavy sailers ; in consequence of 
following summer. The force under his com- which, and a 'slight shift of wind to their ad- 
mand was small, though objected to by the vantage, the French were able to draw up 
French commodore as exceeding what had in two divisions, one on each quarter of the 
been agreed on, to whom Cornwallis replied English squadron, By the morning of the 
that he knew of no such convention. Al- 17th they were well within range, and a 
though the two nations were at peace, there brisk interchange of firing took place be- 
was some jealousy of the French negotia- tween their advanced ships and the rearmost 
tions with Tippoo, which was intensified of the English, especially the Mars, which 
when war with Tippoo broke out and it was suffered considerably in her rigging; so that 
reported that he was supplied with munitions Cornwallis, fearing she might be .cut off,, 
of war by French merchant ships. In No- wore round to her support. This bold front 
vember 1791 Cornwallis was lying at Telli- led the French to suppose that the English 
cherry when he learned that the French fri- fleet was in the immediate neighbourhood, a 
gate RSsolue was leaving Mah6 with two supposition which was confirmed by the Eng- 
merchant ships in company, The Phoenix lish look-out frigate making deceptive sig- 
and Perseverance frigates, each more power- nals, and by the fortuitous appearance of 
ful than the Re"solue, were ordered to search some distant sail. They bore up and relin- 
these ships for contraband of war. The R- quished the pursuit, leaving Cornwallis at 
solue refused to permit the search, and fired liberty to proceed to Plymouth with intelli- 
a broadside into the Phoenix, but after a gence of the French fleet being at sea. This, 
short, sharp action, in which she lost twenty- escape from a force so enormously superior, 
five men killed and forty wounded, she struck and especially the bold manoeuvre of the 
her colours. The Perseverance had mean- Royal Sovereign, raised the reputation of the- 
time examined the merchant ships, which, vice-admiral to a very high pitch. But it is- 
being found clear of contraband, were di- clear that had the French attacked seriously 
rected to pursue their voyage ; but the R6- the English must have been overpowered,, 
solue, insisting on being considered as a prize, and so considered Villaret-Joyeuse loses even 
was taken into Tellicherry, whence Cornwallis more credit than Cornwallis gains (JAMBS, 
sent her to Mahe. The French commodore, Naval Hist. 1860, i. 264 ; EKINS, Naval 
M. St. Felix, complained angrily of the con- Battles, p. 231). 

duct of the English, but made no further at- In the following February (1796) Corn- 
tempt to resist the right of search on which wallis was appointed commander-in-chief in 
Cornwallis insisted, and the dispute finally the "West Indies, and ordered to proceed to 
merged in the greater quarrel that broke out Ms station with a small squadron of ships of 
between the two countries. On the first in- the line and a number of transports. In 
telligence of the war Cornwallis seized on going down Channel the Royal Sovereign 
aU the French ships within his reach, made was fouled by one of these transports, and 
himself master of Chandernagore, and, in sustained such damage that, after seeing the 
concert with Colonel Braithwaite, reduced convoy well to sea, Cornwallis judged it 
Pondicherry ; shortly after which he sailed right to return, The admiralty disapproved 
for England, which he reached in the spring of his doing so, and sent him an order to 
of 1794. He had meantime, on 1 Feb. 1793, hoist his flag in the Astrsea frigate and pro- 
been promoted to be rear-admiral, and in May ceed to Barbadoes with all possible despatch. 
1794 he hoisted his flag on board the Excel- This order, conveyednot, as has been said, 
lent for service in the Channel. On 4 July in a private note from Lord Spencer, but^ 
he was advanced to be vice-admiral, when he in a formal letter signed by the board, was 



Cornwallis 



247 



Cornysshe 



dated 15 March ; and on the 16th Cornwallis 
replied, assuring their lordships of his { readi- 
ness to proceed in the Royal Sovereign the 
moment her defects were made good, "but 
that the very precarious state of his health 
obliged him to decline going out in a small 
frigate, a stranger to every person on board, 
without accommodation or any comfort what- 
ever.' This refusal was considered an act of 
disobedience, and the admiralty ordered a 
court-martial. The court pronounced a cen- 
sure on him for not pursuing the voyage in 
one of the other ships of the squadron, but 
acquitted him on the charge of disobeying 
the order to proceed in the Astrsca, accept- 
ing, it would appear, his defence that he had 
remonstrated against the order ; ' that his 
health would not permit him to go out under 
such circumstances, and that he would have 
resigned the command if the order had been 
made positive ; but as to disobeying, he had 
no thought of it ' (Minutes of the Court- 
martial). Notwithstanding his virtual ac- 
quittal, Cornwallis considered himself ill- 
treated by the admiralty, and requested per- 
mission to strike his flag. This was readily 
granted, and he had no further employment 
under that administration. 



[Letters and official papers in the Public Re- 
cord Office (the minutes of the court-martial 
have been printed, foL 1796) ; Ealfe's Nav. Biog. 
i. 387 j Naval Chronicle (with, an engraved por- 
trait of him, aged 30), vii. 1 ; Charnock's Biog. 
Nav. vi. 533. These memoirs are all exceed- 
ingly inaccurate IE their details, and must be 
read with great caution.] J. K. L. 

CORNYSSHE, WILLIAM (d. 1524?), 
musician, was a member of the Chapel Royal 
in the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII. 



The first information we have of him is de- 
rived from an entry in the Privy Purse Ex- 
penses of Henry VII on 12 Nov. 1493, when 
13^. 4:d. was paid to ' one Cornysshe for a 
prophecy.' On 26 Oct. 1502 he was paid 30/. 
for three pageants, and in the same year he 
received 13s. 4d. < for setting of a carrall upon 
Oristmas day/ According to Stow (Annales, 
ed. 1615, p. 488) he was the author of a 
satirical ballad against Sir Richard Empson, 
which he wrote at the request of the Earl of 
Kent. This it was which probably led to his 
being imprisoned in the Fleet, where he wrote 
a short poem called 'A Treatise bitweene 
Trouth and Enformacon.' Amanuscript copy 
of this is to be found in the British Museum 
________________________ (Royal MS. 18, D. 11), and a bad text of it 

On 14 Feb. 1799 he was made admiral, and is printed in Skelton's * Pithy, Pleasaunt, 
in 1801 succeeded Lord St. Vincent in com- and Profitable Workes ' (1568), where it is 
rnand of the Channel fleet. He resumed the classed among the newly collected works. 
command when the war broke out again in The manuscript version of the poem is headed 
1803, but without any opportunity of dis- In the fleete made by me Wllrn. Cornysshe, 
tinction. In March 1806 he was superseded otherwise called Nyssewhete Chapelman 
by Lord St. Vincent, and had no further ser- w th the moost famost and noble Kyng henry 
Vice. On the extension of the order of the the VII th , his raigne the xj^ th yere the 
Bath in 1816, he was nominated a Grand moneth of July/ and begins A. B. of E. 
Cross. He died on 5 July 1819. how C. for T, was P. in P./ which possibly 

Cornwallis is described as of middle size, may stand for ' A Ballad of Empson, jiow 
stout and portly, and, though strictly tern- Cornysshe for Treason was Put in Prison. 
perate, as having a jovially red face, which The pseudonym < Nyssewhete is evidently 
procured for him among the seamen the nick- formed from the author's name, wheat be- 
narne of ' Billy go tight.' He had, however, ing put as a synonym of ' corn. The poem 
a wealth of other names, the most com- contains many bitter complaints against m- 
mon of which was ' Blue Billy ; ' < Coachee ' formers ; it is of small literary value, but part 
and < Mr Whip ' he is said to have owed to of it, < A Parable between Information and 
a habit of twiddling his forefinger and thumb Musike/ is interesting from its use ot musical 
(Naval Chronicle,^.. 100, 207, xvi. 114). terms. Whatever may have been the reason 
These not ill-natured jokes point to his being for his imprisonment, Cornysshe was before 
a favourite, as is further illustrated by the long released, and reinstated m his appomt- 
story told of him when in the Canada, which, meat, for his name occurs as having placed 
though incorrect in the details, is possibly before Henry VII at ^^^^ 
founded on fact. The men, it is said, muti- and ' other of the , OhapaU. in 1508-9 and 
nied,and signed a round-robin declaring that on the death of William Newark m the latter 

tito* 



, 

they would not fire a gun until thewere part of 1509, 
paid. Cornwallis turned the hands up and at a yearly salary of 261. 



you ft if 



of Plyr.' 



Cornysshe 248 Cornysshe 

ance 14 yards of stuff were allowed for a Chapel Royal to prepare and perform inter- 
gown and bonnet, and 46 J- yards of green ludes and masques, generally at Christmas 
satin for another gown. Cornysshe and his and Twelfth Night. At Christmas 1514 'The 
colleague Crane's [q. v.] dresses were de- Tryumph of Love and Beauty ' was written 
corated with three hundred letters ' H. K./ and presented by Cornysshe and others of the 
but the mob on this occasion was so unruly chapel at Richmond, for which the king gave 
that most of the costumes, including those him ' a ryche rewarde out of his owne hand 
of the sub-dean and two gentlemen of the to be dyvyded with the rest of his felows,' as 
chapel, were quite spoilt. In the same year he himself recorded in an autograph roll of 
Cornysshe played at Greenwich in Gibson's the expenses of the revels. He seems to have 
pageant i The Dangerus Fortrees/ in which been in high favour, for in November 1516 he 
16J yards of white satin were allowed for his received a reward of 2007., the usual payment 
dress, On 12 March. 1512, for some unex- for playing before the king with the children 
plained reason, Cornysshe and Sir John Kyte of the chapel being 61. 13s. 4d. On 6 Jan. 
entered into a recognisance for the repay- 1516 he played at Greenwich in Gibson's 
ment of a loan of 2,6007. from James Har- pageant < The Pavyllyon on the Plas Parla,' 
rington, dean of York, but the whole sum and on 6 Jan. 1516 at Eltham he played the 
was repaid by 2 July in the same year. In part of Calchas, dressed in ' a mantel and 
December 1513, when the court was at bishop's surcoat,' in < The Story of Troylous 
"Windsor, Cornysshe received 20s. for sing- and Pandor. 7 In the same play he took the 
ing ' Audivi' on Allhallows day. As master part of a herald, the dresses he received in 
of the children it was part of Cornysshe's duty the whole piece being entered as a mantle, a 
to provide the Chapel Royal with choristers, surcoat of yellow sarcenet, a coat armour, a 
for which purpose he had, as was long the garment of black sarcenet, and a bonnet. In 
custom, wide powers of forcing children with another pageant, 'The Garden of Esperance ? 
suitable voices into the chapel. The Privy it is recorded that 16 yards of black sarcenet 
Purse Exp_enses of Henry VIII's reign contain and 52 yards of green sarcenet were used for 
many entries as to the costs paid to Cornysshe, his clothes, and after the entertainment the 
e.g. in April 1514, 66$. Qd. was paid to him king gave Mm three gowns of black, red, and 
for teaching, finding, and apparelling Robert green sarcenet and two coat armours which 
Philip, child of the chapel, for half a year ; in had been worn by the performers. In 1518 
J ?*f 1 ^. 1 1 4 lie recei ved S&. 4d. for < finding Cornysshe received 18*. 2s. Il$d. for two pa- 

oo A* ren ' ln July 1517 lie wa ? ai ^ g eaDLts at Greenwich, and in August 1520 a 
33s. 4& for finding and teaching "William masque by him was played before Henry at 
Saunders, < late a child of the chapel/ for one New Hall, Essex. In the same year he ac- 
quarter, and 2(R a week when the king companied the king, with ten of the children 
keeps no household ; and in May 1518 lie of the chapel, to the Field of the Cloth of 
received board wages for ten children at Gold, where he was entrusted with the de- 
8d. a week. His duties as master of the vising of the pageants at the banquet. For 
children seem at one time to have nearly led the diet of the children during their absence 
him into a dispute with Wolsey, for from a (sixty-two days) he was paid 2d. per diem. In 
letter to the latter from Pace, dated 25 March 1522, when the emperor visited Henry at 
1518, there appears to have been a chorister Greenwich, Cornysshe again devised the re- 
in the cardinal's chapel whom Cornysshe vels ; his name also appears on the list of 
wished to secure for the Chapel Royal Pace persons whose houses were occupied by the 
informs Wolsey that the king ' hath plainly visitors. He must have been in affluent cir- 
shown unto Cornysche that your Grace's cumstances, as he is put down as possess- 
chapelis better than his,' but Wolsey took the ing eight feather beds (Rutland Papers, ed. 
hint and surrendered the boy, for on 1 April Jerdan, Camden Soc. 82). His duties seem 
Pace writes : Cornysche doth greatly laud to have been multifarious, for in 1516 he was 
and praise the child of your chapel sent paid 1007. for repairs at Greenwich, and in 
hither, not only for his sure and cleanly sing- the same year 367. 10*. for < paving gutters 

m % 5 U i - ^? r hl8 g0od and craft ^ descaat > 0* l^d for urinals and other necessaries at 

and doth in like manner extol Mr. Pygote for Greenwich/ On 10 Aug. 1523 Cornysshe ob- 

the teaching of him.' In the earlier of these tained a grant of the corrody in the monas- 

letters we also learn how on a royal pro- tery of Thetford, vice John Lloyd deceased 

gross from -Reading to Abmgdon, where (also a member of the Chapel Royal), and ten 

iodder was likely to run short, Cornysshe days later a grant in survivorship was issued 

made a merry supplication unto the King's to him, his wife Jane, and Henrv his son of 

grace for a bottle of hay and an horseloaf,' the manor of Hylden, Kent. The Thetford 

It was also the duty of the master of the corrody does not seem to have been valuable 



Corpre Cromm 249 Corpre Cromm 

as it is recorded in 1524 that 3s. 4 d. was paid person, who bore the name of Corpre Cromm 

to Cornysshe by the prior. He also owned but was a layman, not an ecclesia^V T 

acorrody in the monastery of Malmesbury. was a prince of TJi Maine who flourished 

'The exact date of his death is unknown, but three centuries earlier, having been a con 

he was dead m November If*, when the temporary of St. Ciaran of ClonLcnoisrqvl 

Malmesbury corrody was granted to Edward who died in 549,-and to whom he made sevi 

Weldon. Of his music not much remains, ral grants for the benefit of his monastery 

Four pieces by him are printed in Wynkyn The 'Book of Leinster,' in which Corpre is 

deWorde's collection ol twenty songs (1536), styled correctly 'Episcopus' gives a brief 

and other for tw^three, and fouryoices notice of his parentage, and he 5 there stated 

unn 



MSS. 5465 and 31922). He seems to have son of Aelbad. 
been principally a composer of secular music, In the church of Clonmacnois he o-athered 
ajad set several poems by Skelton. Of his round Mm a band of twelve presbyters the 
church music there are extant the medius number being suggested, as Bishop Reeves 
part of a 'Salve llegma' (Harl MS. 1709, fol. has observed, in this and other instances bv 
51 fl), and a setting for lour voices of Skel- the desire which prevailed in the earlv fifes 
ton's ' Wofully Araid ' (Add. MS. 5465, fol. of Christianity to imitate even the accidental 
63 b). Hawkins (History of Music, iii. 2) has features of the apostolic system 
reprinted two of the songs from the latter In 895 he was engaged in holding a < synod 
manuscript, in which Cornysshe is described of seniors,' or learned men, at Inis Aincrean 
as Mohn Cornysshe, Junior.' This has led (now Hare Island) in Loughrea on the Shan- 
Hawkins and other writers to conclude that non, some nine miles higher up the river than 
there were two contemporary composers of Clonmacnois. Here St. Ciaran [q.v.l the foun- 
the same name, but it seems probable that der of that famous monastery, had erected his 
this was not the case, especially as the ' Libri first church. The synod was rudely inter- 
Computi ' of Magdalen College chronicle the rupted by a party of Connaughtmen, who had 
payment of 27s. 7d. in 150!2-3 to ' Cornysshe, made an inroad into Westmeath. Theyshowed 
pro hymnali,' and in 1508-9 of 7*. 7d. to entire disregard to the sanctity of the bishop 
Thomas Cornyssho * pro scriptura 13 tabu- and of the shrine of St. Ciaran which he had 
larum pro tcde sacra,' and in the British with him, and in the tumult which took place 
Museum (Add. MS. 5605) is a motet 'Dicant the island was profaned by murder. In the 
nunc Judei/ signed Johannes Cornysshe. community of Clonmacnois, however, Bishop 
The Bullix i Junior ' was therefore most likely Corpre was held in such reverence that the 
added to distinguish William Cornyssliefrom anniversary of his death was observed as a 
these individuals, either of whom may have festival, and his memory was perpetuated by 
been his lather. an inscription in the Irish language, described 

[Most of the factfl as to Cornysslie are to be ^.^ P f, trie as still to be seen there, and con- 
found in the Calendars of State Papers, Henry ^ mm ? Q word ?> 7* C F* Cromm.' 
VIII, Domestic Series ; Collier H Hist, of Dra- Chough. ew particulars of his lile have been 
matic Poetry, od. 1871); Magd. Coil Begisters, preserved, he is well known in Lrish hagiology 
od. Bloxam, ii, VM ; Kkelton's Works, ed. Byee, m connection with the story of the appari- 
1843 ; Archwologia, xli. 371-86 ; Tanner's Biblio- turn of King Moelsechlainn. Thus the 'Four 
thoca; author! ties quoted above.] W. B. B. Masters,' in recording his death, add that f it 

was to him the spirit of Moelsechlainn showed 

COEPEE CEOMM (Corpre the bent or itself.' The legend is of considerable anti- 
stooping), (SAINT (d. ^00), became abbot of quity, being found in the l Lebar Breec/ a 
Olonmacnois in 880, in succession to Mael- compilation of the fourteenth century. It 
dari, who died in that year. He was re- was intended to enforce on kings the duty 
garded an the ' chief ornament of his age of liberality to the church, the only allevia- 
and country, a ehermher and promoter of tion to his sufferings which the king of Ire- 
religion,' or, an the 'Lebar Breec' has it, land enjoyed after death being derived from 
4 the head of piety and charity in Ireland in the ring and the shirt which he had bestowed 
his time,' The *' Marty rology of Donegal ' in his lifetime. It further proved the ad- 
in giving IUH pedigree represents him as the vantage of burial in the sacred soil of Clon- 
aon of Jbwadach, a descendant in the fourth macnois, where the deceased had the benefit 
generation of Maine Mor, from whom were not only of the intercession of the departed 
the Ui Mainfc of tho race of Colla da Chrioch, founder, the great St. Ciaran, but of his sue- 
but this is a very Htraiige mistake. The cessor, the living St. Corpre, and his twelve 
author has, in fact, supplied the saint with priests. 
a pedigree belonging* to a totally different In the modern summary of the legend in the 



Corri 250 Corri 

' Martyrology of Donegal/ where tlie king's nership, setting up a short-lived music pub- 
release from torment through St. Oorpre's in- lishing business in 1797. They issued 
tercession is described, i purgatory ' issubsti- ' Twenty-four new Country Dances for the 
tuted for ' hell/ the compiler, O'Clery, being year 1797/ and a large collection of favourite- 
no doubt scandalised at the statement that opera songs and duets in 4 vols. dedicated to 
the power of St. Oorpre extended so far as is the queen. In a paper read before the Mil- 
there stated. His day is 6 March. sical Association on 6 Dec. 1880 Mr. "W. H. 

[The Lebar Brecc, pp. 259, 260 ; Book of Cummings demonstrated that the work last 

Leinster, p. 348?; Martyrology of Donegal, mentioned contams the first examples pub- 

p. 67 ; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 894-9 ; listed m England ot accompaniments fully 

Petrie's Essay on the Round Towers, p. 325; written out instead of being left to the player 

Colgan's Acta Sanct. 6 March ; Lanigan's Eccl. to fill in from the figured bars. A_< Musical 

Hist. iii. 426, 427; O'Donovan's Tribes and Dictionary ' and the ' Art of Fingering ' were 

Customs of Hy Many, pp. 15, 27.] T. 0. issued by the firm during the two years of 

PO-RttATSTTTS ANTONIO DF FSee its existence ; in 1800 its affairs were in so 

CoEEol AJNiumu M - L&ee bad condition that Dussek found it advisable 

'-' to quit the country for a time. Corri does 

CORRI, DOMENICO (1746-1825), mu- not seem to have lost his position in the mu- 
sical composer, was born in Rome 4 Oct. sical world by this failure. On 22 Jan. 1806- 
1746, and at the age of ten belonged to the he produced a five-act opera entitled ' The 
bands of the principal theatres. During his Travellers; or Music's Fascination/ written 
early life he was a fellow-pupil with Clementi by Andrew Cherry. This also failed, pos- 
and Rauzzini, for the latter of whom he wrote sibly in consequence of the strangeness of its 
his first important work. In 1763 he went dramatic construction. Its five acts are laid 
to Naples in order to study under Porpora, in Pekin, Constantinople, Naples, Caserta,, 
and remained there until his master's death and Portsmouth successively. The last act 
in 1767. Four years afterwards he was in- opens with an amusing quartet, supposed to 
vited to Edinburgh to sing and conduct the be sung by two watchmen, a lady singing the 
concerts of the musical society there ; he ac- gamut, and her sister singing a ' sprightly 
cordingly settled there as a performer and a song.' At the conclusion of this ' quodlibet * 
singing-master, and subsequently as a pub- an orchestral passage occurs representing a 
lisher. In 1774 he went to London for the storm, which leads into Purcell's ' Britons, 
production of his opera, ' Alessandro nell' strike home. 7 In 1810 he wrote a ' Singer's- 
Indie/ in which his friend Rauzzini made his Preceptor/ in 2 vols., prefixing thereto a bio- 
first appearance; the opera was only partially graphy of himself. "With an eye to business- 
successful, since, as Burney says, l his name he announces at the end of his preface that 
was not sufficiently blazoned to give his opera 6 Mrs. Corri also instructs in vocal and in- 
much 4dat t or, indeed, to excite the atten- strumental music/ He died on 22 May 
tion it deserved.' He did not again visit 1825, having been subject for some time to 
England for thirteen years, but remained occasional fits of insanity. His son, Philip 
fully occupied in Edinburgh. In collabora- Antony, published many songs and pianoforte 
tion with his brother Natale, who seems to pieces, and in 1813 did much to promote the 
have come from Italy with him, he published foundation of the Philharmonic Society, the- 
' A Select Collection of Forty Scotch Songs, prospectus of which was issued by him in 
with introductory and concluding sympho- conjunction with Cramer and Dance. His 
nies, proper graces/ &c., and 'A Complete Mu- name appears as a director for the first few 
sical Grammar/ In December 1787 he made seasons only, as he settled in America shortly 
another though humbler attempt at dramatic 
composition, joining with Mazzinghi and 
Storace in writing additional music to Pai- 



siello's <Re Teodoro.' He now settled in 
London, leaving his brother to carry on the 
Edinburgh business. * Three volumes of Eng- 
lish songs, several compositions for the theatre 
(notably the 'Bird Song ' in the < Cabinet/ 
the music of which was written conjointly 
with Braham, Davy, Moorehead, &c., and 
performed in 1802), and other works were 
written by him at this time. In 1792 Corri's 
daughter Sophia married the composer Dus- 
sek, with whom her father entered into part- 



after the foundation of the institution. 
Another son, Montagu P. Corri, wrote inci- 
dental music to several plays, e.g. ' The Wife 
of an Hundred/ < The Devil's Bridge/ < The 
Valley of Diamonds/ &c. j and a third, Haydn 
Corri, was for many years an esteemed teacher 
in Dublin. Domenico's brother, Natale, was- 
the father of Signora Frances Corri, who ap- 
peared as a mezzo-soprano singer in -1820 \ 
another sister, Rosalie, was less successful. 
This branch of the family went to Italy in 
1821, where the more celebrated daughter 
married a singer named Paltoni, and subse- 
quently appeared in different parts of Europe 



Corrie 



251 



Corrie 



with, uniform success. Natale died at Trieste I sionary Society, and also that at Meerut, which 
in 1823, and a charity concert, got up for the ! Corrie visited in 1814, owe their establishment 
benefit of his daughters, was announced in ! to his exertions. During a part of his resi- 

t.ViA ' T.nnrlrm TVToraryii-iv ' -PX-w A ^wil T Q<OQ ^l^,, m ^4- /"X , i. _ i' j -j_r TT Tl,T~_ 



the ' London Magazine' for April 1823. 
[Grove's Diet, of Music; Burney's History, 



dence at Cawnpur he lived with Henry Mar- 
_ tyn, then in very weak health, and about to 

iv. 501, 546, &c, ; Gent. Mag. 1st ser. xcv. ii. 88 ; j pay the visit to Persia from which he never 
Quarterly Musical Magazine, iii. 59, &c. ; Pro- ! returned. In 1815 Corrie was compelled by 
ceedings of the Musical Association, 1880-1, p. the state of his health, which had suffered 
19 et seq.; Corn's Singer's Preceptor, pref.; much from the Indian climate, to revisit Eng- 
London Magazine, April 1823.] J. A. F. M. land, where he received a cordial welcome from 
CORBIE, ARCHIBALD (1777-1857), ', the friends of missionary wort. Returning to 
agriculturist, was a native of Perthshire, i In(iia in 1 1 7 n e was promoted, after a short 
where he was born in 1777. In 1797 he ob- sta J at Benares, to the senior chaplaincy at 
tained a situation in a nursery near Edin- Calcutta, where, first as secretary to the local 
burgh, which he held for some years, After- committee of the Church Missionary Society 
wards he became manager of the estate of and afterwards as president of the Church Mis- 
Annat, Perthshire, farming also on his own sionary Association, he continued his active 
account. For many years his agricultural services to the missionary cause. In 1823 he 
reports contributed to the Scottish news- i w &s appointed by Bishop Heber archdeacon 
papers were read with interest in all parts of Calcutta, in which capacity the adminis- 
of the kingdom. In his early years he was | Cation of the diocese devolved upon him on 
associated with George Don, who published taree different occasions, first on the death 
a f System of Gardening and Botany ' founded of Bishop Heber, secondly on that of Bishop 
on Miller's ' Gardener's Dictionary.' To Lou- James, and lastly on that of Bishop Turner, 
don's and other magazines Corrie contributed ^ 1835, Madras and Bombay having been 
a large number of papers on different depart- constituted separate sees under the Charter 
ments of agriculture and horticulture, which ^ ct <# 1833, Corrie was appointed the first 



were of considerable value in advancing these 
arts. He died at Annat Cottage, near Errol, 
in 1857, in his eightieth year. 

[Gent. Mag. 1857, new ser. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 
344.] P. P. H. 

CORRIE, DANIEL, LL.D. (1777-1837), 
bishop of Madras, was the son of the Rev. 
John Corrie, for many years curate of Cols- 
terworth and vicar of Osbournby in Lin- 
colnshire, and afterwards rector of Morcott 
in Rutland. He appears to have received his 
early education partly at home and partly at 
the house of a friend of his father in London, 
whence in October 1799 he went into residence 
at Cambridge, first at Clare Hall and after- 
wards as an exhibitioner at Trinity Hall. In 
1802 he was ordained deacon, and priest in 
1804, and in 1806 was appointed to a chap- 
laincy in Bengal. "While at Cambridge he 
had come under the influence of Charles 
Simeon, an influence which appears to have 
affected the remainder of his life. Reaching 
Calcutta in September 1806 he became the 
guest of the Rev. David Brown [q. y.], at 
whose house he met and formed an intimacy 
with Henry Martyn. During the following 
eight or nine years he held various chaplain- 
cies in the north-western provinces, including 
those of Chunar, Cawnpur, and Agra, in all 
of them prosecuting missionary work in ad- 
dition to his duties as chaplain to the British 
troops. The Agra mission, which still exists 
under the management of the Church Mis- 



bishop of Madras, entering upon his duties- 
on 28 Oct. 1835. He survived his installa- 
tion little more than fifteen months, dying 
at Madras after a few days' illness on 5 Feb. 
1837 ; but short as the period was, it was 
long enough to impress the community of 
the Madras presidency with a very high esti- 
mate of the piety, devotion, and untiring-zeal 
with which he had discharged his duties. The 
beautiful statue in the cathedral at Madras 
and the Corrie scholarships in Bishop Corrie's- 
grammar school are worthy memorials of hi& 
brief but arduous work in that presidency. 
Nor was Bengal unmindful of the services 
rendered by the late archdeacon during _ a 
period of nearly thirty years. Monuments in 
two of the churches in which he had long 
been accustomed to minister, and scholarships- 
named after him in the Calcutta High School, 
attested the regard in which he was held. 
As a missionary chaplain Corrie ranks with 
Brown, Buchanan, Martyn, and Thomason. 
Corrie married in 1811 Elizabeth, daughter 
of 'Mr. W. Myers of Calcutta ; she died at 
Madras a few months before her husband. 

[Memoirs of the Et. Eev. Daniel Corrie, LL.D., 
first Bishop of Madras, London, 1847; History 
of Protestant Missions in India, 1706 to 1882 
by the Eev. M. A. Sherring, London, 1884 ; 
Eeg. 1837.] A. J. 



CORRIE, GEORGE ELWES 
1885),masterof Jesus College,Cambri 
born at Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, 28 Agril 



Corrie 252 Corrigan 

1793. His father, John Corrie, then curate published an abridgment of Burnet's e History 

of Colsterworth and afterwards vicar of Mor- of the Reformation,' and, with H. J. Bose, 

cottj Rutlandshire, was a direct descendant of wrote ' Outlines of Theology ' for the ' Ency- 

Oluny MacPherson [q. v.], the name having clopsedia Metropolitana/ He also wrote 

fceen changed. His mother, Anne MacNab, 'Historical Notices of the Interference of the 

w&s allied to the MacNabs of that ilk. He Crown with the English Universities/ ' A 

was the youngest of three sons, the eldest Concise History of the Church and State of 

being Daniel Corrie, bishop of Madras [q. v.], England in conflict with the Papacy ' (1874) ; 

and the second Richard Corrie, M.D., who and a series of five letters in the 'British Ma- 

afrer studying medicine took orders and be- gazine ' criticising Thomas Moore's * History 

.came rector of Kettermg, Northamptonshire, of Ireland/ dealing chiefly with the doctrines 

They were all educated by their father, under of the Irish church upon Pelagianism, With 

whom G-eorge Elwes Corrie acquired hardy his brother Eichard he edited the * Life and 

habits of life and a keen interest in country Letters ' of Bishop Oorrie. He was one of the 

pursuits. In October 1813 he entered Catha- founders and for several years president of the 

rine Hall, Cambridge. He graduated B. A. in Cambridge Antiquarian Society, He died 

1817, and took orders. In 1817 he became 20 Sept. 1885, 

.assistant tutor of hi^ college, and on the resig- [information from Miss Holroyd, Eev. Prof, 

nation of Thomas Turton, afterwards bishop Ln m by,and the present Master of Jesus College.] 
of Ely, succeeded to the tutorship, which he 

held till 1849. CORRIGAN, SIR DOMINIC JOHN, 

In 1838 he was appointed Norrisian pro- M,D. (1802-1880), physician, son of John 
fessor of divinity. He was a diligent student Corrigan, a tradesman of Dublin, was born 
of theology, displayed great research in the at his father's house in Thomas Street, a long 
history of the church of England and Ireland, and squalid thoroughfare, which is the way 
-and showed peculiar power of sympathy with out of Dublin to the south of Ireland, 1 Dec. 
young men, to whom he was always ready to 1802. After receiving the rudiments of gene- 
open his own stores of knowledge. In 1854 ral education at the school attached to May- 
he had, in conformity with the rules then in nooth College, and his first medical instruc- 
foree, to resign his professorship on attaining tion from the village doctor, he was sent to 
the age of sixty. While a professor he con- Edinburgh and graduated M.D. there in 
tinued to be a learner; he took lessons in 1825. He returned to Dublin and began 
languages, especially Danish and Irish ; and practice. In 1833 he became lecturer on me- 
te found time for his duties by taking his regu- dicine in the Carmichael School, and from 
lar walking exercise before morning chapel. 1840 to 1866 was physician to the House of 

In 1845 Turton, on becoming bishop of Ely, Industry hospitals. He attained large pxac- 

made Corrie his examining chaplain (an office tice, and was made physician in ordinary to 

which he held till 1864), and in 1849 pre- the queen in Ireland, and in 1866 was created 

sented him to the mastership of Jesus Col- a baronet. He was five times president of the 

lege. In 1851 Turton also presented him to Irish College of Physicians. In 1868 he con- 

the rectory of Newton in the Isle of Ely, tested the city of Dublin, and in 1870 was 

where he resided when not engaged npon returned to parliament as one of its represen- 

university work. He was an active parish tatives, and sat till 1874. He supported the 

priest, and for many years rural dean. As popular principles of the day, but had no know- 
master of Jesus College, Corrie showed un- ledge of politics, and failed to command at- 
varying tact, firmness combined with unde- tention in the House of Commons, In his 

viating courtesy, and lively interest in the later years he suffered from gout, and died of 
younger members of the society. The college hemiplegia 1 Feb. 1880. As a physician Cor- 



rose greatly in reputation during his master- 
ship, and he took a large share in the manage- 
ment of the estates. He had been strongly 
imbued with patriotic principles in the great 
wars during his youth, and he was long 
known as a leader of the conservative party 
at Cambridge. 

Corrie edited the f Homilies, 3 ' Wheatley on 
Book of Common Prayer/ and Twysden's 
Historical Vindication of the Church of 
England 7 for the University Press; and No- 
welL's * Catechism ' and Latimer's ' Sermons 
.and Remains ' for the Parker Society. He 



' 



rigan has received more praise than is his 
due. He has been spoken of as the discoverer 
of the form of valvular disease of the heart 
known as aortic regurgitation, and as the first 
describer of the peculiar pulse which accom- 
panies it ; but Corrigan's paper ' On Perma- 
nent Patency of the Mouth of the Aorta ' was 
published in the ' Edinburgh Medical and 
Surgical Journal ' for April 1832, while the 
disease had been described more fully by 
Hodgkin in 1827 and 1829 (London Medical 
Gazette j 7 March 1829), and the pulse by 
Vieussens in 1715. His paper shows that he 



Corro 



Corro 



had made some careful observations, "but he 
cannot have made many, for he remarks (p. 
244) that ' assurance may "be given against any 
sudden termination/ while the fact is that 
this form of valvular disease is the commonest 
morbid appearance associated with sudden 
and immediate death, and that patients suf- 
fering from it are liable to death at any mo- 
ment. His ' Lectures on the Nature and 
Treatment of Fever ' in Dublin, 1853, support 
the views then becoming 1 prevalent as to the 
distinction between typhus and typhoid fever. 
In 1866 he published some general remarks 
on cholera, and he wrote a few other medical 
papers of minor importance. His success was 
due to his good sense and large practical ex- 
perience, but he was not a profound physician 
nor a learned one. He had received little 
general education, and had no knowledge of 
the writings of his predecessors, but he was 
the first prominent physician of the race and 
religion of the majority in Ireland, and the 
populace were pleased with his success, and 
spread his fame through the country, so that 
no physician in Ireland had before received 
so many fees as he did. 

[Works ; Lancet, February, 1880.] N. 



CORRO, ANTONIO DH, otherwise COR- 
KA.NUS and BELLEEIVB (1527-1591), theolo- 
gian, was born in 1527 at Seville, his father 
being Antonio de Oorro, doctor of laws. He 
belonged in early life to an ascetic order 
(probably the monks of St. Jerome), but re- 
nounced the Roman catholic faith when about 
the age of thirty. This step he ascribes to 
the influence of certain disclosures made to 
him by a member of the Spanish inquisition, 



who also introduced him to the writings of 
Luther and Bullinger. At this time he seems 
to have been at Oompostella. The next ten 
(1558-08) he spent in France and 



ideas of John Laski [q. v.] On the arrival of 
the Duke of Alva at Antwerp in 1568 De Corro 
came to London with a wife, two children, and 
two servants, took up his abode in a house be- 
longing to the Duchess of Suffolk in Cripple- 
gate ward, and attached himself to the Italian 
congregation of the Strangers' Church. Soon 
after, by favour of Sir William Cecil and the 
Earl of Leicester, he became pastor of the- 
Spanish congregation. As early as 1563- 
he had written from France, respecting the 
printing of a Spanish version of the Bible, to 
Cassiodoro de Reyna (also a native of Seville) y 
the first pastor of the Spanish congregation 
in London. But when the letter arrived De 
Reyna was no longer in London, having fled 
under a grievous charge, and it would seem 
that the Spanish congregation had ceased to* 
exist, until the arrival of De Corro with other- 
exiles gave occasion for reviving it. On 
16 Jan. 1568 (i.e. 1569) he addressed a letter- 
to Archbishop Parker, accompanied by his 
two publications in French, which he thought 
would be good reading for two children of 
the archbishop, who were then learning that 
language. Doctrinal differences soon arose* 
between De Corro and his co-presbyter, Giro- 
lamo Jerlito, pastor of the Italian congre- 
gation, the main charge being that in his- 
teaching, and in a work printed at Norwich, 
De Corro showed a leaning to Pelagianisrru 
In seven letters De Corro laid the case be- 
fore Beza at Geneva, who did not like * the- 
hot, accusing spirit of this Spaniard,' and 
left the matter in the hands of Grindal, in 
whom, as bishop of London, was vested the- 
superintendence of the Strangers' Church. 
Grindal owned the l good learning ' of De- 



ears 



Flanders. Though not formally identifying 
himself with any; profcestant communion, he 
had exorcised ministerial functions for five 
years in the province of Saintonge, when he 
was excluded by the synod of Loudun. Re- 
pairing to Antwerp, he was chosen in 1567 
pastor of the Walloon church, but the civil 
authorities, under Spanish influence, refused 
to confirm his settlement. In his defence he 
publishnd a letter, addressed to Philip II of 
Spain, in which ho details the reasons of his 
change and gives the heads of his religious 
belief. In December 1567 the Lutherans of 
Antwerp published their confession of faith. 
Do Oorro at once (21 Jan. 1667, i.e. 1568) 
wrote them a l godly admonition/ recom- 
mending a greater moderation in the matter 
of Eucharistic doctrine, with a view to pro- 
testant unanimity, in accordance with the 



Corro, but disapproved 'his spirit and his 
dealings.' At length in 1570 (before 11 April) 
he suspended him for slander, at the instance 
of Jean Cousin, pastor of the French congre- 
gation, and the opanish congregation again 
came to an end. Cecil stood his friend, and 
got Sandys, Grindal's successor, to appoint 
him, in May 1571, Latin reader in divinity 
at the Temple. He held this post for three 
years, but did not get on well with Richard 
Alvey [q. v.], the master of the Temple, and 
was thought to have discoursed ' not wisely 
on predestination and suspiciously on Arian- 
ism ' (TANOTK). William Barlow, after- 
wards archdeacon of Salisbury [q. v.], praises 
his eloquence and learning, but deems him 
wanting in respect for recognised authori- 
ties, and too great an admirer of CasteUIo. 
On 5 March 1575-6 the Earl of Leicester, 
chancellor of Oxford University, sent letters 
to the vice-chancellor and convocation asking 
that he might proceed D.D. without fee. On 
2 April convocation granted the request or* 



Corro 



254 



Corry 



condition ' that lie purge himself of heretical 
opinions before the next act.' De Corro had 
already subscribed the Anglican articles be- 
fore the privy council, but Dr. Kainolds on 
7 June wrote to Humphrey, the vice-chan- 
cellor, reviving the charges against De Corro 
and hinting that he was the source of the 
heresies of Francesco Pucci, an erratic Flo- 
rentine who had given trouble to the uni- 
versity in the previous year. After ' severe 
examination ' he was admitted as a divinity 
reader in 1579 ; yet Wood finds no record of 
Ms obtaining an Oxford degree, As he styles 
himself S.T.P. in a publication as early as 
1574, he may have had a foreign or a Lam- 
beth degree. At Oxford De Corro lived as 
a student in Christ Church, and became 
reader of divinity to the students in Glou- 
cester, St. Mary, and Hart Halls, He was 
i censor theologicus ' at Christ Church, 1581 -5, 
and matriculated as a member of Christ 
Ohurch in 1586. In 1585 he obtained the 
prebend of Harleston in St. Paul's, London. 

The charge of heresy was reiterated against 
him at Oxford in 1582, and has clung to his 
memory. Bonet-Maury places him, on du- 
bious grounds, among those who have rejected 
the doctrine of the Trinity. His published 
articles of faith. (1574) are quite orthodox on 
that doctrine. Some of his London congre- 
gation may have been anti-trinitarian, but he 
aoes not seem to have been personally hetero- 
dox, except in the article of predestination and 
cognate doctrines, as held by Calvinists. He 
was a man of open mind, and had his temper 
been leas hot and his disposition more con- 
ciliatory, his career might have been brighter. 
De Corro died in London about 30 March 
1591, and was buried at St. Andrew's (per- 
haps St . Andre wWardrobe) . His wife (Mary) 
and daughter (Susan) ,who both survived him, 
were of no good repute, according to Wood. 
His sons John and James predeceased him. 

De Corro's writings show signs of con- 
siderable attainment j his later books are 
compiled mainly from his lectures. He pub- 
lished : 1. l Lettre envoy e*e a la Maieste* du 
Eoi des Espaignes,' &c., 1567, 8vo. Also in 
Latin (1567); and in English (1577). % Let- 
ter (in French) to pastors of Antwerp, 1568 ; 
also published inLatin; translated by Geffrey 
Fenton, with title, 'An Epistle, or godlie 
Admonition . . . sent to the Pastours of the 
Flemish Church in Antwerp (who name 
themselves of the confession of Auspurge),' 
&c. , London, 1569, 8vo ; 1570, 8vo. 3. ' Tableau 
de 1'QGuvre de Dieu/ &c., printed at Norwich, 
Strype implies that it was in print before 1568, 
but this does not seem probable. In Latin, 
* Tabula Divinorum Operum, 7 &c., London, 
1574, 8vo; 1584, 8vo. In English, < Tables of 



God's Works ; ' also in Flemish. 4. 'Dialogus 
Theologicus, quo epistolaD.PauliadRomanos 
explanatur/ <fec., London, 1574, 8vo ; Frank- 
fort, 1587, 8vo. In English, l A Theological 
Dialogue,' &c., 1575, 16mo; 1579, 8vo (has at 
the end his articles of faith). 5. 'Salomonis 
Concio . . . quam Hebraei Cohelet, Grseci et 
Latini Ecclesiasten vocant, in Latinam lin- 
guam . . . versa, et ex ejusdem prselectionibus 
paraphrasi illustrata/ &c., London, 1579, 8vo ; 
1581, 8vo ; Frankfort, 1618, 8vo (with ana- 
lysis by Abraham. Scultetus). Abridged by 
Pitt, ' Sermons on Ecclesiastes/ 1585, 8vo. 
6. l The Spanish Grammer, with certeine 
rules for teaching both the Spanish and 
French tongues, 7 London, 1590, 8vo (trans- 
lated fromDe Corro's Spanish by JohnThorie, 
who added a Spanish dictionary). 

[The best account of De Corro is by Christiaan 
Sepp, in Polemische en Irenische Theologie, Ley- 
den, 1881. Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), 1813, 
i. 578 ; Wood's Hist, and Antiq. TJniv. Oxford 
(G-utch), 1796, ii. 179 sq., 195; Tanner's Bi- 
blioth. 1748, p. 200; Strype's G-rindal, 1821, 
pp. 185 sq. 217 sq.; Strype's Parker, 1821, ii. 
402 sq. ; Strype's Annals, 1824, i. pt. i. p, 355, 
iv. 570; McCrie's Hist. Eef. in Spain, 1829^, 
pp. 223, 348, 369, 372 sq. ; Zurich Letters (Parker 
Soc.), 2nd ser. 1845, letters 101 (by De Oorro), 
105 (by Barlow); Bonet-Maury 's Early Sources of 
Eng. Unit. Christ. (Hall), 1884, pp. 133, 156 sq. 
(of. Christ. Life, 21 May and 4 June 1881).] 

A. G-. 

COKRY, HENRY THOMAS LOWBY 

(1803-1873), politician, second son of the 
second Earl of Belmore, by Juliana, second 
daughter of Henry Thomas, second earl of 
Carrick, was born in Dublin on 9 March 
1803. He was educated at Christ Church, 
Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. 1823. In 
1826 he entered the House of Commons as con- 
servative member forTyrone county, which be- 
fore and after the union had been represented 
by members of his family. His connection with 
this constituency, extending 'over forty-seven 
years, continued unbroken till his death, which 
took place at Bournemouth on 6 March 1873. 
He was comptroller of the household in Sir 
Kobert Peel's first administration, 1834-5, 
and in the latter year was sworn a member 
of the privy council. On the return of his 
party to office he served as a junior lord of 
the admiralty, 1841-6, and latterly, 1846-6, 
as secretary to the same department. He was 
not included in the conservative government 
of 1852, but in Lord Derby's second adminis- 
tration, 1858-9, he resumed his last post at 
the admiralty. In 1866-7 he was successively 
president of the hoard of health and vice- 
president of the council on education. The 
resignations of Lord Cranbourne, Lord Car- 



Corry 



255 



Corry 



narvon, and General Peel on the Beform Bill 
necessitating a reconstruction of the ministry, 
.he was nominated March 1867 a first lord of 
the admiralty, with a seat in the cabinet ; this 
office he held till the resignation of the go- 
vernment December 1868. Except on sub- 
jects connected with his department he took 
little part in debate, and he was a plain and 
simple rather than a brilliant speaker. As 
an administrator he had the confidence of 
both sides of the house, and his knowledge of 
naval affairs was unquestioned. He married, 
6 March 1830, Harriet Anne, daughter of the 
sixth Earl of Shaftesbury, and by her had two 
.sons and two daughters. His second son, Mr. 
Montagu Corry, private secretary to Lord 
Beaconsfield, was raised to the peerage (1880) 
under the title of Baron Bowton. Corry was 
author of 'Naval Promotion and Betirement, 
a letter to the Bight Hon. S. P. Walpole,' 
1863, and of three ' Speeches on the Navy,' 
with preface by Sir J. C. D. Play, Bart., M.P., 
1872. 

[Times; Standard, ' 
8 March 1873.] 



March ; Spectator, 
J. M. S. 



COBBY, ISAAC (1755-1813), Irish poli- 
tician, born in Newry in 1755, son of Edward 
Oorry, a merchant in Newry and sometime 
M.P. for that town, was educated at Trinity 
College, Dublin, and entered as a student at 
the King's Inns, but he never became a bar- 
rister. In 1776 he was elected M.P. for Newry 
in his father's room. He soon made his mark 
in the Irish House of Commons as a ready 
speaker and distinguished himself in the vo- 
lunteer movement of 1783, when he played a 
part on the popular side, and acted as a dele- 
gate in the convention. Ho was a purely pro- 
fessional politician, ancl as he was by no means 
a rich man he was bought over by the govern- 
ment of the Marquis of Buckingham, and ap- 
pointed surveyor-general of the ordnance in 
Ireland in 17EJ8. I to now became a warm sup- 
porter of the administration, ancl in 1789 was 
promoted to bo a commissioner of the revenue 
for his fidelity during the debates on the re- 
goncy in the Irish parliament. When the 
question of tlio union came on after the sup- 
pression of tlio insurrection of 1798, Oorry 
came to the front, and on tlio resignation of 
Sir John Parnoll ho was sworn of the Irish 
privy council and made chancellor of the 
Irish exchequer. In the debates on the ques- 
tion in the session of 1799 he was the prin- 
cipal speaker on behalf of the measure for 
Lord Qastloroagh, who had charge of it, was 
notoriously a bad orator and as a reward he 
was appointed s urvey or-general of crown lands 
and manors in Ireland for life. In the session 
of 1800, the last session of the Irish parlia- 



ment, Corry was again the chief speaker on 
the government side, and answered Grattan 
when that great orator took his seat in order 
to oppose the union on 16 Jan. 1800. The 
opposition between Grattan and Corry became 
more and more bitter, until at last, on 18 Feb., 
after Corry had accused Grattan of being 
familiar with traitors and conniving at their 
plans, Grattan answered him in a speech 'full 
of foul and opprobrious epithets, such as it 
was not possible for a gentleman to submit to ' 
(Cornwallis Correspondence, iii. 195). Corry 
therefore sent a hostile message to him by 
Colonel Cradock, afterwards Sir John Francis 
Caradoc, Lord Howden [q.v.j, and a duel took 
place between the two opponents at Ball's 
Bridge before the sitting of the house was 
over. At the first exchange of shots Corry 
was wounded in the arm, but he insisted on 
a second fire, when Grattan fired over his 
head, though he declares he might easily 
have killed him. It was absurdly said that 
this duel was the first of a series deter- 
mined on by the castle authorities which was 
to remove the prominent members of the op- 
position. Corry lost his seat for Newry for 
the first united parliament, but was elected 
for Dundalk, for which he sat until 1802, 
when he was successful at Newry. He re- 
tained his office as chancellor of the Irish ex- 
chequer until 1804, when he was succeeded 
by the Bight Hon, John Foster, and was 
sworn of the English privy council ; but he 
did not succeed in the English House of 
Commons, where, according to the younger 
Henry Grattan, 'his tones altered, he was 
cringing and creeping, begging pardon of the 
house tor taking up their time with Irish 
affairs ' (Life and Times of Grattan,^. 106). 
After leaving office in 1804 he was neglected 
by the government, who left him to die, ac- 
cording to the same authority, unregarded, 
forgotten, and almost unknown. He lived 
to repent his support of the union, which had 
destroyed his political importance, and died 
unmarried at his house in Merrion Square, 
Dublin, on 15 May 1813. In the 'Life and 
Times of Grattan ' (v. 104-6), it is said : ' He 
was unquestionably a man of talents, and not 
without just pretensions. In early life he 
began with the people, though he ended 
against them, and like most renegades, who 
never do things by halves, he ran violently 
into the other extreme. . . . He was bribed 
by the court and his wants compelled him to 
sell the country. ... In early life he was a 
close acquaintance of Mr. Grattan, and a 
frequent visitor to Tinnehinch. ... As a 
person of no property, lie was over-placed 
and over-salaried. ... As a speaker he was 
short, pointed, and neat, and what he said 



Corry 



256 



Corser 



was delivered with elegance and address; 
his manner was graceful and better than his 
matter ; his person was pleasing, and his voice 
clear and harmonious ; his invectives were 
good, and he possessed much spirit ; in per- 
sonality he was "better than in argument ; he 
was a brave man but a bad reasoner, and was 
always ready to back what he said with his 
sword.' 

[For biographical details -we are indebted to 
Mr. Joseph Foster, the genealogist ; for Corry's 
career during the debates on the union see Life 
and Times of Grattan, Sir Jonah Barrington's 
Memoirs, and Coote's History of the Union. 
Grent. Mag. 1813, pt. i. 591, gives date of death 
only.] H. M. S. 



on the expedience of the Addingtonian Ex- 
tinguisher 7 [i.e. Lord Sidmouth's Protestant 
Dissenting Bill], 12mo, Macclesfield, 1811. 
15. ' The Elopement . . . Third edition (the 
History of Eliza,&c.)/ 12mo, London [1810 ?]. 
16. ' The English Metropolis ; or, London in 
the year 1820,' 8vo, London, 1820. 17. ' Me- 
moir of John Collier ' (' Tim Bobbin '), pre- 
fixed to an edition of his ' Works/ 8vo [Man- 
chester? 1820?], and also to the quarto 
edition published at Manchester in 1862. 

t [Dict. of Living Authors (1816), p. 76 ; Fish- 
wick's Lancashire Library, pp. 53-4 ; Brit. Mus. 
Cat.] G. G. 



OOKRY, JOHN (fl. 1825), topographer 
and miscellaneous writer, was a native of the 
north of Ireland and a self-taught man. On 
reaching manhood he went to Dublin, where 
he followed the profession of a journalist. 
About 1792 he fixed his residence in Lon- 
don, and there found constant employment 
for his versatile pen. Most of his works were 
published anonymously. Besides editing a, 
periodical, he furnished the letterpress for 
the 'History of Liverpool/ 4to, Liverpool, 
1810, published by Thomas Troughton ; wrote 
vol. i. of the * History of Bristol/ 2 vols. 4to, 
Bristol, 1816, the second volume being sup- 
plied by the Rev. John Evans ; and the next 
year published a ' History of Macclesfield/ 
8vo, London, Manchester [printed], 1817. 
A more ambitious undertaking was the 'His- 
tory of Lancashire/ 2 vols. 4to, London, 1825, 
with a dedication to George IV dated 22 Sept. 
of that year. After this nothing is known of 
Corry's personal history. He was also the 
author of: 1. ' Poems/ 12mo [Dublin?], 17. 
2. ' The Adventures of Felix and Eosarito/ 
12mo, London, 1782. 3. ' The Life of George 
Washington, 12mo, London, 1800. 4. ' The 
Detector of Quackery/ 12mo, London, 1801 
(new edition under the title of ' Quack Doc- 
tors dissected/ 12mo, London, Gloucester 
[printed 1810]). 5. 'A Satirical View of 
London/ 8vo, London, 1801, which came to 
a fourth edition in 1809. 6. 'Edwy and 
Bertha/ 12mo, London, 1802. 7. { Memoirs 
of Alfred Berkeley/ 12mo, London, 1802. 
8. ' Tales for the Amusement of Young Per- 
12mo ? London, 1802. 9. 'The Life 



sons. 



of "William Cowper/ 12mo, London, 1803. 
10. 'The Life of Joseph Priestley/ 12ino, 
Birmingham, 1804 (another edition appeared 
in the same year). 11. e Sebastian and Zeila/ 
12mo, London riSOB?]. 12. 'The Suicide; or, 
the Progress of Error/ 12mo, London [1805 ?]. 
IB. 'The Mysterious Gentleman Farmer/ 
3 vols. 12mo, London, 1808. 14. e Strictures 



CORSER,, THOMAS (1793-1876), editor 
of ' Collectanea Anglo-Poetica/ third son of 
George Corser of Whitchurch, Shropshire, 
banker, and his wife Martha, daughter of 
Randall Phythian of the Higher Hall, Edge, 
Cheshire, was born at Whitchurch in 1793. 
Prom Whitchurch school he was removed in 
1808 to the Manchester grammar school,, 
whence in May 1812 he was admitted a com- 
moner of Balliol College, Oxford, taking with 
him one of the school exhibitions. He gradu- 
ated B. A. in 1815, and M. A. in 181 8. It was 
during his residence at Oxford, and through 
his intimacy with Dr. Henry Cotton [q. v,], 
sub-librarian of the Bodleian, that his love- 
of early English poetry jjidr^Elizabethan 
literature was formed ancThis bibliographical 
tastes encouraged. In the early part of 1816 
he was ordained to the curacy of Condover, 
near Shrewsbury, and in the following year 
received priest's orders, holding also the chap- 
laincy of Atcham Union at Berrington. From 
1819 to 1821 he served as curate of the ex- 
tensive parish of Stone, Staffordshire, and for 
the next year and a half was curate of Mon- 
mouth. Here, while meditating the accep- 
tance of the English chaplaincy at Antwerp, 
he accepted the offer of the curacy of Prest- 
wich, near Manchester, which proved the 
turning-point of his life. In 1826, while 
curate of Prestwich, he obtained the incum- 
bency of All Saints' Church, Stand, Man- 
.chester, where he was admitted on 8 Sept. 
and continued for nearly fifty years. By his 
care and exertions the parish was early sup- 
plied with large and flourishing schools. In 
1828 he succeeded to the vicarage of Norton- 
by-Daventry in Northamptonshire, but there 
being no residence he continued to remain at 
Stand. He was one of the founders of the 
Chetham Society in 1843. Of the four works 
edited by Corser for the society' Chester's 
Triumph' (1844), 'Iter Lancastrense' (1845), 
Robinson's ' Golden Mirrour/ and i Collecta- 
nea Anglo-Poetica ' the most important are 
the ' Iter ' and the ' Collectanea.' The first is- 



Cort 257 Cort 

an interesting account by Richard James, in What they were is unknown. In 1775 he 
verse, of his visit to Lancashire in 1636, illus- gave up his business as a navy agent, and 
trated by the editor's research and diligence, leased certain premises at Fontley, near Fare- 
The second is an alphabetical account, with ham, where he had a forge and a mill, 
extracts from each author, and elaborate bio- In 1784 Cort patented an invention, which 
graphical and bibliographical notices of the consisted essentially in subjecting pig-iron, as 
editor's magnificent collection of early Eng- obtained from the blast furnace, in a rever- 
lish poetry which he had begun to form at berating furnace heated by flame until it was 
an early age. The first part was issued in decarbonised by the action of the oxygen in 
1860. The rector's advanced age and infir- the atmospheric air circulating through it, 
mities interfered with the progress of the and converted into malleable iron. This pro- 
undertaking on the original scale beyond the cess is known as * puddling/ and certainly to 
letter C, which was concluded at the fourth it is due the rapid increase in the manufacture 
part (1869). But six parts (1873-1880) were of merchant iron in this country, 
subsequently issued on a briefer plan. Corser In the previous year, 1783, (3ort patented 
died after the fifth part was published in the so-called ' grooved rolls,' now known as 
1873, and James Crossley edited the remain- ' puddle rolls,' as they are used for drawing 
der. The work is a very valuable contribu- put the puddled ball into bars, &c. These 
tion to English bibliography. The collection inventions are intimately associated in the 
of books which formed the basis of this work development of the iron trade. The claims- 
was sold in London in portions at different of Cort have been disputed. In 1812 Mr. 
dates, from July 1868 to 1874, and realised Samuel Homfray stated before a committee 
upwards of 20,000 L Mr. Henry Huth pur- of the House of Commons that a process 
chased some of the most valuable volumes, called ' buzzing ' or i bustling ' had been in 
Corser was also a member of the Spenser, use before the date of Cort's patent, and that 
Camden, Surtees, Percy, and Shakespeare so- it was an analogous process to puddling, and 
cieties, and was elected a F.S. A. in 1850. His he also implied that grooved rolls had been 
name appears in the list of those who signed previously employed by John Payne in 1728. 
the remonstrance on the Purchas judgment Payne certainly in his patent specification 
in 1872. In 1867 he suffered from' an attack describes something like grooved rolls, but 
of paralysis; his eyesight failed, and he could there is no evidence that he ever used them. 
only write with his left hand. He died at Cort's discovery made way but slowly. He 
Stand rectory on 24 Aug. 1876. is said to have expended the whole of his 
He married, on 24 Nov. 1828, Ellen, eldest private fortune, exceeding 20,000, in bringing 
daughter of the Rev. James Lyon, rector of his process to a successful issue. Entering 
Prestwich, She died on 25 April 1859. into extensive contracts to supply the navy 

[Smith's Manchester School Register, 1874, iii. % Tolle 5 f on > for whi < ^e put up works 

32-6 ; Manchester Courier, 28 Axig. 1876.] at Gosport, he was compelled to seek lor more 

G-. C. B. capital, and he entered into an agreement 
with Mr. Adam Jelllcoe, deputy-paymaster 

CORT, HENRY (1740-1800), ironmaster, of the navy, that on the security of an assign- 
was born at Lancaster in 1740, where his ment of his patent rights he should advance 
father carried on the trade of a mason and 27 ? 000/., receiving therefor one-half of the 
brickmaker. He has been sometimes, not profits of the iron manufactory. Jellicoe 
very correctly, called the ' Father of the Iron died suddenly in 1789, a defaulter to the ex- 
Trade.' Dud Dudley, wnose 'Metallurn tent of 39,676/. It was then found that the 
Martis ' was printed in 1 605, has a much capital he had advanced to Cort had been 
stronger claim, to that title. Cort appears to withdrawn from the cash balances lying in 
have raised himself by his own unaided efforts his hands. The navy board at once issued 
to a position of considerable respectability, processes against the firm of Cort & Jelli- 
Ile was first established as a navy agent in coe, and against the private estate of the late- 
Surrey Street, Strand, in 1765, and he is said Mr. Jellicoe. This led to the complete ruiix 
to have realised considerable profits. of Cort ; property to the amount of 250,OOOL 

About this time there was a prevailing being absolutely sacrificed. In 1790 he offered 

belief that British iron was very inferior to his services^ to the navy board, but they were 

Russian, the former being prohibited for go- not accepted. In 1791 he made a similar ap- 

vernment supplies. The Russian government plication to the commissioners of the navy,, 

raised the price from 70 to 80 copecs to 200 to which only resulted in an acknowledgment 

220 copecs a ton. Cort probably made ex- of the utility of Cort's inventions. In 1794 

poriments on iron which convinced him that the lords of the treasury, on the representa- 

British iron might be considerably improved, tion of Mr. Pitt, granted Cort an annual 

VOL. xn. , s 



Corvus 



258 



Coryate 



pension of 200/., which by deductions was , is a ground-work of gold showing through the 
reduced to about 160 J. After the death of colour of the dress, which is painted over it. 
Cort the members of his family received in- | This makes it certain that the striking por- 
siordficant pensions from the" government. | trait of Princess (afterwards Queen) Mary in 
"When it is remembered that the production | the National Portrait Gallery (dated 1544) 
of pig-iron in these islands was in 1740 only j is the work of Corvus, and it may safely be 
48,000 tons, that in 1884 the produce of our j identified with the entry in the l Privy Purse 
blast furnaces amounted to 7,811,727 tons, 1 Expenses of the Princess Mary 7 (edited by 
and that in the latter year 4,577 puddling ; Sir F. Madden), < 1544 : It m , p d to one John 

furnaces entirely the result of Cort's inven- tl.t dm a TIAT om^a in *. ta-Wft. v "hV The 

tion made returns, it must be admitted that 
the story does not reflect any credit on the 



that drue her grace in a table, v li.' The 
portrait of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, in 
the same collection, may for similar reasons 
be ascribed to Corvus, who can claim a high 
place in the ranks of the portrait painters of 



government of this country. 

Cort died in 1800, and was buried in 
Hampstead churchyard. He left a widow | that age. 
and ten children, who, on the representation [whole's Anecdotes of Painting (ed. Dalla- 
of the comptroller of the navy, were allowed way an( j. Wornum) ; A. J. Wauters's Flemish 
an income of about 1001. In 1816, on the School of Painting ; Archseologia, xxxix, Addi- 
tional Observations, by G-. Scharf, F.S.A., on some 
of the Painters contemporary with Holbein ; Cat. 
of the National Portrait Gallery, 1884 ; inf or ma- 



death of Mrs. Cort, two unmarried daughters 
were each granted an annual pension of 20Z., 
and in 1856 Lord Palmerston, in answer to 



* claims on the bounty of the nation ' made in 
favour of the only surviving son, granted him 
a pension of 



[Scrivener's History of the Iron Trade ; Percy's 
Metallurgy, Iron and Steel ; Smiles's Industrial 
Biography; Smiles's Preparing, Welding, and 
Working Iron, 1783, No. 1351; Patent Manu- 
facture of Iron, 1784, No. 1420 ; Mechanic's 
Magazine, 15 July 1859; Henry Cort's Petition 
to the House of Commons ; Richard Gort's Facts 
.and Proofs, 1855 ; Richard Cort's Review of Re- 
port on Services rendered ; Abridgments of Spe- 
cification relating to Iron, 1771, No. 988.] 

R. H-T. 

CORVUS, JOANNES (J. 1512-1544), 
portrait painter, lias recently been identified 
with Jan Rave, a native of Bruges, received 
master in that town in 1512, who subsequently 
ame to England, and, like many of Ms fellow- 
countrymen, latinised his name. Vertue was 
the first to discover the fact of his existence, 
by finding the inscription i Joannes Corvus 
Flandrus faciebat ' on the frame of a portrait 
of Bishop Fox, the founder, at Corpus Christi 
College, Oxford, which lie engraved for Fid- 
des's 'Life of Cardinal Wolsey.' In 1820 this 
portrait was placed in a new and gorgeous 
frame, and the old frame was destroyed. 
Vertue's statement is fortunately authen- 
ticated by the existence of a portrait of 
Mary Tudor, the daughter of Henry "VH ? 
wliich lias a frame and inscription similar to 
that of Bishop Fox, as described by Vertue. 
This picture, after being ' restored ' extensively 
while in the hands of dealers, was in the 
possession of the Des Voeux family, and sub- 
sequently in the Dent collection. In this 
portrait a peculiarity of execution occurs 
which is characteristic of Corvus's work ; there 



tion from G-eorge Scharf, C.B., F.S.A.] L. C. 

CORY, ISAAC PRESTON (1802-1842), 
miscellaneous writer, was a fellow of Caius 
College, Cambridge, proceeding B.A. in 1824 
andM.A. in 1827. He was the author of: 
1. i Aoicient Fragments of the Phoenician, 
Chaldean, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, 
Indian. Persian, and other writers, Greek and 
Latin/ 2nd edit. 1832. 2. ' Metaphysical 
Inquiry into the Method, Objects, and Result 
of Ancient and Modern Philosophy/ 1833. 
3. i Chronological Inquiry into the Ancient 
History of Egypt/ 1837. 4. ' Practical Trea- 
tise on Accounts, exhibiting a view of the 
discrepancies between the practice of the 
Law and of Merchants; with a plan for the 
Amendment of the Law of Partnership/ 
1839. He died at Blundeston, Suffolk, on 
1 April 1842. 

[Annual Register, Ixxxiv. 261 ; Brit. Mns. 
Cat. ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 415.] 

CORYATE, GEORGE (d. 1607), writer 
of Latin verse, was born in the parish of St. 
Thomas, Salisbury, whence he proceeded to 
Winchester School, and from there was ad- 
mitted probationary fellow of New College, 
Oxford, 15 Dec. 1560. He was admitted to 
the B. A. degree in March 1564, and incepted 
as M.A. in July 1569. In the following year 
he became rector of Odcombe in Somerset- 
shire, and thereupon resigned his fellowship. 
He appears to have had the knack of writing 
Latin verses from boyhood, and on the occa- 
sion of Queen Elizabeth visiting Winchester 
in August 1560, he was either set, or set him- 
self, to write a copy of trumpery elegiacs 
which should be fixed on the door of the 
palace of the Bishop of Winchester. If any 



Coryate 



259 



Coryate 



serious interpretation is to "be found for the 
words prefixed to another copy of verses 
which follows, the queen gave the youth five 
pounds for his pains ; whereupon he wrote 
another poem recommending her majesty to 
marry without delay. He can hardly have 
"been more than fourteen years old when he 
tendered this piece of advice. While at 
Oxford he was evidently in needy circum- 
stances, and in great measure had to live by 
his wits. He translated the whole book of 
psalms into Latin verse, a performance which 
happily was never printed, and has perished, 
but its completion was the occasion of another 
letter to Queen Elizabeth. He seems to have 
had no scruple about writing Latin verses to 
the nobility and others from whom there 
was any hope of getting a douceur. Once, at 
least, he addressed Lord Burghley, who sent 
him forty shillings in acknowledgment. On 
the occasion of the death of William, earl of 
Pembroke, he composed a silly elegy upon 
the deceased peer, whose son, Henry, lord 
Pembroke, made him his chaplain. At another 
time he sent some verses to the Lord-keeper 
Puckering, as well as to Archbishop Whit- 
gift, besides writing epitaphs onBishop Jewell 
and Archbishop Piers of York. His son in- 
herited from him a considerable spice of the 
cunning and impudence which characterised 
that eccentric adventurer. According to his 
own showing Coryate proceeded to the B.D. 
degree upon leaving Oxford, but there seems 
to be no record of his ever having taken the 
degree. Pie was presented to the prebendal 
stall of Warthill in the cathedral of York, 
17 Jan. 1594, but never rose to higher pre- 
ferment, fie died in the parsonage house at 
Odcombe, 4 March 1606-7 ; ' whereupon his 
son Tom, upon some design, preserving his 
body from stench above ground, till the 
14th April following, 'twas then buried in 
the chancel of the church at Odcombe.' He 
leffc behind him a widow, Gertrude, of whose 
parentage nothing is known. She survived 
her husband nearly forty years, and was 
buried near him 3 April 1645. 

[Wood's AthensB Oxon. (Bliss), i. 774 ; Regis- 
ter of the Univ. of Oxford (Boase), Oxf. Hist. 
Soc. i. 254 j Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy) ; Posthtona 
Fragmenta Poematum Oeorgii Coryati, to be 
found at the end of some copies of Tom Coryate's 
Crudities.] A. J. 

CORYATE, THOMAS (1577 P-1617), 
traveller, son of the Rev. George Ooryate 
[q. v.], rector of Odcombe, Somersetshire, by 
'Gertrude his wife, was born in the parsonage 
house at Odcombe, about 1577, and entered 
at Gloucester Hall in the university of Ox- 
ford in 1596. He left the university with- 



out taking a degree, and appears to have led 
an aimless life for a few years, till, on the ac- 
cession of James I, he became a hanger-on 
of the court, picking up a precarious liveli- 
hood as a kind of privileged buffoon. Gifted 
with an extraordinary memory, and being 
no contemptible scholar, with what Fuller 
calls i an admirable fluency in the Greek 
tongue/ and a certain sort of ability which 
occasionally showed itself in very pungent 
repartee, and an appearance which must 
have been indescribably comic, he soon at- 
tracted notice, ' indeed was the courtiers' an- 
vil to try their wits upon : and sometimes 
this anvil returned the hammers as hard 
knocks as it received, his bluntness repaying 
their abusiveness. He carried folly,' says 
Puller ' (which the charitable called merri- 
ment), in his very face. The shape of his 
head had no promising form, being like a 
sugar-loaf inverted, with the little end before, 
as composed of fancy and memory, without 
any common sense.' When a separate esta- 
blishment was set up for the household of 
Prince Henry and his sister, the Princess 
Elizabeth, Coryate obtained some post of 
small emolument which brought him into 
familiar relations with all the eminent men 
of the time, who appear to liave amused 
themselves greatly at his expense. Prince 
Henry had a certain regard for him, and al- 
lowed him a pension. Always provided that 
they made it worth his while, Coryate had no 
objection even to the courtiers play ing prac- 
tical jokes upon him. On one occasion they 
shut him up in a trunk, and introduced him in 
a masque at court, much to the delight of the 
spectators (NICHOLS, Progresses of James /, 
ii. 400). The incident is alluded to by Ben 
Jonson and other writers of the time. It is 
probable that he inherited some little pro- 
perty on the death of his father, for within a 
year of that event he had determined to start 
on his travels. He sailed from Dover on 
14 May 1608, and availing himself of the 
ordinary means of transit, sometimes going 
in a cart, sometimes in a boat, and sometimes 
on horseback, he passed thro ugh Paris, Lyons, 
and other French towns, crossed the Mont 
Cenis in a chaise a porteurs on 9 June, and, 
after visiting Turin, Milan, and Padua, ar- 
rived at Venice on the 24th. Here he stayed 
till 8 Aug., when he commenced Ms home- 
ward journey on foot. He crossed the Splugen, 
passed through Coire, Zurich, and Basle, and 
thence sailed down the Rhine, stopping at 
Strasburg and other places, and reached 
London at last on 3 Oct., having travelled, 
according to his own reckoning', 1 ,975 miles, 
the greater part of which distance he had 
covered on foot, and having visited in the 



Coryate 260 Coryate 

space of five months forty-five cities/ whereof possible to say that there are not two per- 

in France five, in Savoy one, in Italy thirteen, feet copies in existence. At the end of one 

in Rhoetia one, in Helvetia three, in some of the British Museum copies is an autograph 

parts of High Germany fifteen, in the Nether- letter from Coryat to Sir Michael Hickes, 

lands seven/ Notwithstanding the novelty dated ' from my chamber in Bowelane this 

of this strange expedition and the very large 15th November 1610/ which was printed in 

amount of valuable information which he Brydges's 'Censura Literaria.' Two appen- 

had gathered in his travels, Coryate found it dices to the * Crudities/ also issued in 1611 r 

hard to get a bookseller who would under- are equally rare. They are: ' Coryats Crambe, 

take the publication of his journal ; and as or his Colwort twise sodden and now served 

late as November 1610 it seemed doubtful in with other Macaronicke dishes as the se- 

whether it would be printed at all. But cond course to his Crudities/ Lond. W. 

Coryate was not the man to be discouraged or Stansby, 4to ; and ' The Odcombian Banquet,, 

to be easily turned from his purpose. He ap- dished foorth by T. the Coriat and served in 

plied to every person of eminence whom he by a number of Noble Wits in prayse of his 

knew, and many whom he can scarcely have Crudities and Crambe too. Imprinted for 

known at all, to write commendatory verses T. Thorp/ Lond. 4to. 

upon himself, his book, and his travels, and In 1612 Coryate started again onhis travels, 
by his unwearied pertinacity and unblushing Before doing so he repaired to his native place,, 
importunity contrived to get together the most and there delivered a valedictory oration at 
extraordinary collect ton of testimonials which the market cross, announcing his intention 
have ever been gathered in a single sheaf. More of being absent for ten years, and formally 
than sixty of the most brilliant and illustrious hanging up in the church at Odcombe the- 
litterati of the time were among the contri- shoes in which he had walked from Venice, 
butors to this strange farrago, the wits vying These shoes had already become celebrated,, 
with one another in their attempts to pro- and appear in a droll woodcut, in which they 
duce mock heroic verses, turning Coryate to are drawn bound together by a laurel wreath, 
solemn ridicule. Ben Jonson undertook to They serve as an illustration of some hu- 
edit these amusing panegyrics, which ac- morous verses Tby Henry Peacham, author ot 
tually fill 108 quarto pages. Prince Henry the 'Complete Gentleman/ among the ' Pane- 
was applied to to further the printing of the gyricke v erses' prefixed to the i Crudities.*' 
book, and the volume was published in quarto The shoes were still hanging up in Odcombe 
by W. S[tansby?] in 1611. With the corn- Church at the beginning of the eighteenth 
mendatory verses and the posthumous poems century. Coryate sailed first to Constanti- 
of the author's father, George Coryate, it con- nople ; visited Greece and Asia Minor; got a 
tained nearly eight hundred pages. The title passage from Smyrna to Alexandria ; went up- 
ran: * Coryats Crudities. Hastily gobled up in theNile as far as Cairo, returned to Alexandria; 
Five Moneths Tra veils in France, Savoy, Italy, proceeded thence to the Holy Land, which he- 
Ehetia conionly called the Grisons country, traversed from the Dead Sea to the Lebanon; 
Helvetia alias Switzerland, c., &c./ together joined a caravan that was on its way to Meso- 
with i a most elegant Oration, first written in potamia; stood upon the mounds of Nimroud j 
the Latine tongue by H. Kircunerus . . . now thence made his way throughPersia to Canda- 
distilled into English spirit through the Od- har ; managed to reach Lahore; and arrived 
combian Limbecke ; ' and 'Another, also com- safely at Agra, where he was well received by 
posed by the Author of the former, in praise the English merchants who had a ' factory *' 
of travell in Germanie in particular. 7 It was there. He reached Agra in October 1616. 
illustrated by engravings on copper and steel, During the four years that he had been in the- 
which have now become extraordinarily valu- East, Coryate had learned Persian, Turkish, 
able. The folded frontispiece and the large and and Hindustani. On one occasion falling in 
careful copperplate of Strasburg Cathedral with Sir Thomas Eoe, who was the English. 
are especially rare. The book seems to have ambassador at the court of the Great Mogul,, 
had a large sale. In fact it was the first, and Coryate obtained an audience of the mighty 
for lono- remained the only, handbook for con- potentate, and delivered an oration in Persian., 
tinental travel ; and though the grotesque col- He sent home letters to his friends from time 
lection of commendatory verses went far to to time as opportunity occurred. One set of 
get for the work a character which it did not them was published in 1616, entitled ' Letters 
deserve of being only a piece of buffoonery from Asmere, the Court of the Great Mogul,, 
from beginning to end, it is quite plain that to several Persons of Quality in England/ in 
there were those who soon got to see its value, which, in a rather well drawn and well exe- 
Perhaps of no book in the English language cuted woodcut which serves as a frontispiece,, 
of the same size and of the same age is it he appears riding on an elephant. His last- 



Coryton 261 Coryton 



lie spoke in the debate on religious grievances 
on 27 Jan. 1028-9, in that on tonnage and 
poundage which followed, and in other de- 
bates. His tone was studiously moderate. 
He was present on the memorable occasion 
(2 March 1 628-9) when, Sir John Eliot having 
read a remonstrance on the subject of tonnage 
and poundage, the speaker (Finch) refused to 
put it to the house, and rising to dissolve the 
assembly was compelled to keep his seat by 
Denzil Hollos and Benjamin Valentine while 
resolutions against Arrninianisrn and illegal 



letter (* Mr. Thomas Coriat to his Friends in 
England sendeth greeting, from Agra .... 
the last of October 1616 ') was printed in 1618. 
There are some other pieces of his in ' Purchas 
his Pilgrimes/ published in 1625. Pie lived 
about a year after reaching Agra, but his con- 
stitution, naturally a very strong one, gave 
way under the hospitalities which were shown 
him when he came among his own country- 
men once more in the Indian frontiers, and 
after receiving one or two serious warnings he 
died of ' a flux' at Surat in December 1617. 
A humble tumulus marking the place of his exactions were read and declared carried, 
burial was shown half a century afterwards, Coryton was subsequently charged with hav- 
It is described in Sir Thomas Herbert's <Tra- ing aided and abetted Eliot, Hollis, and the 
vels' (1634). The fame of Tom Coryate pro- rest, and even with having assaulted Francis 
<luced at least one imitator, even in his lifetime, Winterton, member for D un wich, Suffolk. He 
in the person of "William Lithgow [<j.v.] Con- was summoned with the other ' conspirators ' 
sidering how faithful and instructive an ac- before the Star-chamber, and appeared, but 
count of the chief cities of Europe during the refused to plead on the ground of privilege of 
seventeenth century is to be found in his nar- parliament. He was accordingly committed a 
rative, and how simple and lucid his style close prisoner to the Tower. An application 
is when he is not intentionally fooling, it is for a habeas corpus made on his behalf in the 
strange that Coryate's ' Crudities ' should not following May was refused. He made sub- 
have been more continuously popular, and mission, however, was released, and reinstated 
that the book should not have been reprinted in his office in the stannaries court at some 
in our own day. date prior to 1C Jan. 1629-30 (ib. ii. 325). 
[The fullest account of Coryato's life is to be His administration of justice in the stan- 
fonnd in Wood's Athonse Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 208. naries court gave much dissatisfaction to 
Puller gives a notice of him in his Worthies of suitors, and in or about 1637 he was arrested 
Somersetshire. See too Nichols's Progresses of on a charge of false imprisonment (Cal. State 
James I, ii. 400 n, and the references there given. Papers, Dom. 1637, p. 244). The matter, how- 
There is a pretty full list of his printed works in ever, was not pressed, and on his release he 
the Catalogue of English books printed before resumed his judicial duties. 
1640 in the library of the British Museum, issued H e was returned to the first parliament of 
in 1884 and a careful description of the Crudities 1640 f or Ghrampound, and to the Long par- 

T n -t^t ; ^ n r*f n ?+ ^ liament for the same place ; but being found 

fcMririA S uilt y on petition of falsifying the returns 

in tne British Museum was a presentation copy y , / -. - 1 T ,. -> J *P , - T i 

from the author to Prince Henry. The copy ii lor the b< * ou f h of BoBSiney, of which he was 

the Chetham Library is said to be the only perfect ma 7 or > ? nd also of maladministration in the 

copy of the book in existence.] A. J. stannaries court, he was ' not admitted to 

sit.' At the same time he was removed from 

COKYTCOT, WILLIAM (d. 1651), poll- the office of vice-warden of the stannaries, 

tician, eldest son of Peter Coryton of Coryton and also from the stewardship of the duchy 

.and Newton Ferrars, Devonshire, by Joan, and deputy-lieutenancy of the county of 

daughter of John Wreye of Militon, Corn wall, Cornwall which he then held. He died on 

was appointed vice-warden of the stannaries 1 May 1651, and was buried in the church 

In 1G03. He was returned to parliament for of St. Mellion, near Plymouth. A rhyming 

the county of Cornwall in 1623, and sat for inscription on his tomb describes him as 

Liskeard in the first and for the county of ^ ,, -, , n , , , -, 

Cornwall in the second parliament of 1025. ?^ f od f - d f e - at ; and yot belov ? d ; 

In July 1627 he was arrested for refusing to In Judgmont ^> m trUStS appr Vcd ' 

subscribe the forced loan of that year, and By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John 

lodged in the Fleet prison, where he remained Chichester de Raleigh, who survived him, 

until March 1627-28, when, in view of the dying on 26 Jan. 1656-7, he had four sons and 

opening of parliament, he was released. His seven daughters. His son and successor, John, 

place of vice-warden of the stannaries had was created a baronet on 27 Feb. 1661-2. 

In the meantime been given to John, after- [Burke's Landed 0-entry ; Lysons's Mag. Brit, 

wards Lord Mohun (FoKSlEK, Life of Sir (Cornwall), p. vii ; Willis's Hot. Pad. iii. ; 

John Eliot, i. 394). Again returned to par- Bushworth's Mem. i. 428, 472, 6G7 ; Paxl. 

liament for the county of Cornwall in 1628, Hist, ii, 450, 466-8, 471, 487-90; Cobbett's 



Cosby 262 Cosby 

State Trials, iii. 235 ; Sir John Bramston's Auto- ficer, who after serving- in the Duke of Mon- 
biography (Camden Soe.), 55, 57 ; Gal. State Pa- tagu's regiment, and on the staff in Germany 
pers Dom. 1625-6), p. 105 ; ib. (Pom. 1627-8), and Minorca, went on half-pay, and was sent 
p. 275 ; Commons' Journals, ii. 29, 47, 57, 184, to India Toy the directors of the East India 
201 ; Parochial History of Cornwall, iii. 305; Company in 1753 with a special mission to 
WalhYs Cornwall Register, 335 ; Boase and reor g an i se the company's troops. He first 
Courtney, Bibl. Cornub. 88, 1137 ; Forsters Sir gerved && second in . comman a to Major Strin- 
John Eliot.] J . M. K. ^ Law *. ence in tte Madras presidency, and 
COSBY, FRANCIS (d. 1580), Irish gene- was then transferred to Bombay, where he 
ral, settled in Ireland in Henry VIII's reign, acted as second in command at the taking of 
In 1548 Bellingham, the lord deputy, ac- Surat in 1759, of which important city he was 
knowledged the resource and courage dis- appointed commandant, and where he died 
played by Cosby in attacking the marauders soon afterwards. Henry Cosby first saw ser- 
who infested the boundaries of the English vice as a volunteer in the capture of Gheria, 
pale, and ten years later Sussex was as en- tjle stronghold of the Maratha pirate Angria, 
thusiastic in his commendation, In 1558 ^7 Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson in 
Cosby was appointed general of the Kerne, 1760, when he was only thirteen years of 
and in 1562 was granted the suppressed a g e - Jn 1^60 he joined the company's Ma- 
abbey of StradbaUy in Queen's County. In dras regiment of Europeans, which his father 
1565 he became governor of Maryborough, na <l disciplined, as an ensign. He was at 
and seneschal of Queen's County. He helped 0:ace employed in Coote's advance on Pondi- 
to massacre, although the amount of his re- cherry, and at the capture of that place he 
sponsibility is doubtful, many of the O'Mores distinguished himself by saving the life of the 
at Mullagh, near Athy, in 1567 ; who had major commanding H.M/s 79th regiment, 
been summoned to the fortress on avowedly wn ? offered him an ensigncy in his regiment,, 
peaceful business. (The date 1577 in the "which he refused. He was present at the 
' Annals of the Four Masters ' is corrected s * e g e of Vellore, and on being promoted lieu- 
to 1567 in the ' Annals of Lough C6. 7 ) Cosby tenant was sent with a detachment of Euro- 
was not successful in repressing disorder in P ean ? an( l sepoys to Masulipatam, where he 
Queen's County. Rory Oge O'More was con- remained in command until 1764. He threw 
tinually threaten ing him, and took his eldest U P ^ s command in order to serve at the 
son prisoner in 1577. The murder of Rory g i e g e of Madura in that year, and in 1767 
in the following year relieved .Cosby of his ^ e was promoted captain and appointed to 
chief difficulty, but the outbreak of the Des- " t -^ e 6th battalion of Madras sepoys, which he 
mond rebellion in 1580 caused him new commanded at the battles of the Chengama 
anxieties, and he was killed by the rebels at an< ^ of Errore, and at the siege of Arlier, 
the battle of Glenmalure, 25 Aug. 1580. He ^here he was wounded in 1768. In 1771 he 
married Elizabeth Palmer, by whom he had commanded the troops which stormed Vel- 
three sons, Alexander, Henry, and Arnold, * ore orL ^7 Sept., and was appointed governor 
and one daughter. ALEXAITDER succeeded f tna k place ; in 1772 he went on the staff 
to the estates, received additional grants in as brigade-major, and in 1773 he was pro- 
Queen's County, and was, with his son Fran- ^oted lieutenant-colonel, and appointed the 
cis, killed at the battle of Stradbally Bridge, ^s* adjutant-general of the company's troops 
The estates subsequently passed to Richard, ^ n Madras. In that capacity he served at the 
another son of Alexander, whose descendants second siege of Tanjore in 1775, and was sent 
still possess them. AjtKOij), Francis Cosby's h m e with the despatches announcing its cap- 
second son, served under the Earl of Leices- ture by Brigadier-general Joseph Smith, the 
ter in the Low Countries. commander-in-chief at Madras. He returned 

[Burke's Landed Gentry ; Four Masters ed 5 India ^ n 177 7> and > after commanding a 

0'Donovan(1856); Bagwell's Ireland under the i? rce a g ai ? st tne celebrated palegar Bom 

Tudors ; Webb's Irish Biography ; Carew MSS. ; - R>auze ? resigned his staff appointment in De- 

Cal. Irish State Papers j Fronde's Hist, x 580*.] cem ^ er 1?78 to take up the lucrative appoint- 

S. L. L. " me3lt f commander of the nawab of Arcot's 



i *n A'I lieutenant -gene- the second war with HaidarAli. His forced 

ly son o baptam Alexander Cosby, a march from Trichinopoly was a great military 

descendant o? Prancis Cosby of Strad- feat, though he was just too late to join Colo- 

_q. v.J, was bom at Minorca, where Ms nel Baillie, who was defeated and forced to 

S^nlw the \? tatl ? ed ; . m . 1^43; Oap- surrender at Pullalur, and he managed to cir- 

tain Losby was himself a distinguished of- cumvent Haidar Ali, and cleverly joined Sir 



Cosby 



263 



Cosby 



Hector Monro, under whom lie did important 
service. In October 1782 lie was ordered to 
England on sick leave, but was taken prisoner 
at the Cape on his way ; he, however, managed 
to save the most important despatches con- 
cerning the war with Haidar Ali with which 
he was entrusted, and for so doing he was 
knighted by George III when he reached Eng- 
land on parole. In 1784 he returned to India 
for the last time, and after commanding in 
Trichinopoly and Tinnevelly as brigadier- 
general he was appointed colonel of the 4th 
Madras Europeans, and finally left India in 
December 1780, after thirty years of continu- 
ous service. He had made a large^ fortune in 
India, and purchased the beautiful seat of 
Barnsville Park, near Ohepstow, which^he 
greatly improved and embellished. In 1793 
he married Agnes, daughter of Samuel Eliot 
of Antigua, and sister of Lady Le Despenser. 
He continued to take the keenest interest in 
all Indian matters, and was president of the 
committee of Indian officers in London, who 
were chosen to draw up the new regulations 
intended to settle the grievances of the com- 
pany's officers. His services were so great 
and he became so popular in this capacity 
that he was presentee! with a piece of plate 
by the other officers on the commission, and 
was by their special request made one of the 
first major-generals on the Indian establish- 
ment, although he had been absent from In- 
dia more than five years, the period allowed 
by the new regulations. He was also ap- 
pointed to command the depot which the 
East India Company thought of establishing 
in the Isle of Wight in 1796 for the recruiting 
service of their European regiments, a scheme 
which eventually came to nothing. Cosby was 
promoted lieutenant-general in due course, 
and died at Bath on 17 Jan. 182)2. He was 
buried in Bath Abbey, where a monument 
was erected to him. 

[Dodwell and Miles's Indian Army List ; Gent. 
Mag. February and March 1822, nearly identical 
with the notice in the East India Military Ca- 
lendar, i. 1-24, and therefore probably written 
by Sir John Philippart, the compiler of the Ca- 
lendar,] H. M. S. 

COSBY, PHILLIPS (1727 P-l 808), ad- 
miral, was born in Nova Scotia, of which 
province his father, Colonel Alexander Cosby, 
was lieutenant-governor, and his godfather, 
General Phillips, the husband of his father's 
sister, was governor. He entered the navy 
in 1745, on board the Comet bomb, under 
the command of Captain (afterwards Sir 
Richard) Spry, with whom he continued in 
different ships the Chester in the East 
Indies and at the siege of Pondicherry, the 



Gibraltar in North American waters with 
Commodore Keppel, the Fougueux in the fleet 
under Boscawen in 1755, the Orford at Louis- 
bourg in 1758 and Quebec in 1759 until his 
promotion to the rank of commander on 
"2 June 1760. As lieutenant of the Orford 
he is said to have been specially attached as 
naval aide-de-camp to General "Wolfe, and 
to have been with him at his death on the 
heights of Abraham. In the early months 
of 17C1 he commanded the Laurel and 
Bea,ver sloops, and on 19 May was posted 
to the Hind frigate, and continued in her on 
the home station till October 1762, when he 
was transferred to the Isis, in which he con- 
tinued till the peace. In 1700 he was ap- 
pointed to the Montreal frigate, and com- 
manded her in the Mediterranean under his 
old captain, Commodore Spry, until 1770, 
with the interlude of "bringing to England 
the body of the Duke of York in October 
17G7. On paying off the Montreal he was 
appointed, in 1771, receiver-general of St. 
Kitts, a lucrative post which he resigned on 
the outbreak of the war with France in 1778. 
He was then appointed to command the Cen- 
taur, and was shortly afterwards moved into 
the Robust, in which he accompanied Vice- 
admiral Arbuthnot to North America in 1779, 
and continuing on that station had the honour 
of leading the line, and, owing to the ad- 
miral's ignorance and incapacity, of sustain- 
ing the whole brunt of the enemy's fire in 
the action off the Chesapeake on 10 March 
1781. The Robust was so shattered that it 
was not without great difficulty and clanger 
that she reached New York, nor could she 
be refitted in time to Bail with Rear-admiral 
Graves in September. When Graves returned 
to the Chesapeake in October, the Robust, 
though scarcely seaworthy, accompanied him, 
and being shortly afterwards ordered to Eng- 
land had to bear up for Antigua, where she was 
hove clown. She finally reached England in 
July 1782. 

In 1786 Cosby was appointed commodore 
and commander-in-chmf in the Mediterra- 
nean. I Ic held this post for three years, and 
shortly after his return was advanced to flag* 
rank, "2\ Sept. 1790. In 1792 lie was port- 
admiral at Plymouth, and in 1793, with his 
flag in the Windsor Castle, went out to the 
Mediterranean as third in command in the 
fleet under Lord Hood. His service in com- 
mand of a detached squadron was uneventful, 
and towards the end of 1794, having hoisted 
his flag in the Alcide, he returned to England 
with a large convoy. He had no further 
service afloat, though till the peace in 1801 
he had command of the impreHH sorvice in 
Ireland. He became vice-admiral on 1 2 April 



Cosin 264 Cosin 

1794. admiral on 14 Feb. 1799, and at the age ' [Strype's Memorials, in. i. 80 ; Cooper's 

of eighty died suddenly at Bath on 10 Jan. Athense Cantab, i, 204, 552 ; Egerton Papers 

1808? < He was at the rooms the preceding (Camd Soc .), p 65 ; -Nichols s Prog Ehz in. 

evening and played at whist.' He married 173 ; Blomefield s Norfolk.] S. L. L. 

in 1792 Eliza, daughter of Mr. W. Gun- ^c,. T /vrviKn< i^o\ -u- -u j?-n 

thorpe of Southampton, but left no children, 1 COSIN JOHN(1594-1672) ? bishop of Dur- 

and the estates of Stradbally (in Queen's ham was born in 1594 at Norwich, of which 

County) passed by his will to his next of kin, city his father, Giles Cosin, was a wealthy 

Thomas Cosby, who traced back to a common and much-respected citizen. His mother 

ancestor, their respective great-grandfather Elizabeth Cosin (nee Eemington), belonged 

and great-great-grandfather. Phillips Cosby to a Norfolk county family. He was educated 

himself was the second son of the ninth son of at the Norwich grammar school, and at the 

his grandfather, who had eleven sons and four a ge of fourteen was elected to one of the 

daughters; and had, contrary to all probabi- Norwich scholarships at Cams College , Cam- 

lities, succeeded to the estate in 1774, on the tedge. In due time he was elected fellow 

failure of all the elder branches of the family. of ^s college, and was then appointed secre- 

-,,,.,, , , t-. tary and librarian to Bishop Overall 01 Lich- 

[Burkes Landed Gentry; Charnocks Bi_og. ^ A similar offer was made to Mm by 

^* T -,Vr ; W5^ te^K* ' B^hop Lancelot Andrewes of Ely; but on 

xiv. 353; G-ent. Mag. (1808), vol. Ixxnii. pt. i. ., / <? - - , . r e J j -o- T_ 

p. 92; official letters in the Public Record *he advice of his tutor he preferred Bishop 

Office.] j j j^ Overall s oner. As the bishop died in 1619 ; 

Cosin was not long with his patron, but long 

COSIN or COSYN, EDMUND (jtf. 1558), enough to acquire an immense reverence for 

vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, a him, whom he always spoke of in later life 

native of Bedfordshire, entered King's Hall, as his lord and master.' Cosin next became 

Cambridge, as a bible clerk ; proceeded B, A. domestic chaplain in the household of Bishop 

early in 1535, M. A. in 1 541, and B.D. in 1547 ; Neile of Durham, by whom he was appointed 

was successively fellow of King's Hall, St. in 1624 to the mastership of Greatham Hos- 

Catharine's Hall, and of Trinity College (on pital, and (4 Dec. 1624) to a stall in Durham 

its formation in 1546) ; andheld from 21 Sept. Cathedral. He speedily exchanged his mast er- 

1 538 to November 1541 the living of Grendon, ship for the rectory of Elwick In 1625 he 

Northamptonshire, which was in the gift of became archdeacon of the East Riding of 

King's Hall. Cosin was proctor of the univer- Yorkshire, and in 1626 rector of Brancepeth 

sity in 1545, and his zeal in the catholic cause in Durham. In the same year he married 

combined with Gardiner's influence to se- Prances, daughter of Matthew Blakiston of 

cure his election early in Mary's reign to the Newton Hall, a canon of Durham, and a man 

mastership of St. Catharine's Hall, and his of ancient family in that county. Cosin was 

presentation by the crown to the Norfolk soon brought into collision with the puritans, 

rectories of St. Edmund, North Lynn (1553) He was a personal friend of Laud, and still 

and of Fakenham (1555), and to the Norfolk more intimate with Montague ; and in 1626 

vicarages of Caistor Holy Trinity, and of Ox- he attended the conference at York House 

burgh (1554). In 1555 Trinity College pre- respecting Montague's books, ' Appello Csesa- 

sented him to the rectory of Thorpland, Nor- rem } and 'A Gagg for the New Gospell, 7 

folk. At the same time Cosin held many as a defender of the author. The publica- 

minor ecclesiastical offices, being chaplain tion of his ' Collection of Private Devotions ' 

to Banner, bishop of London, and assistant in 1627 brought Cosin into still more hostile 

to Michael Dunning, chancellor of Norwich relations with the puritan party, and in 1628 

diocese. In 1558 he was elected vice-chan- he was further embroiled with them, owing to a 

cellor of his university, but failing health violent sermon preached in Durham Cathedral 

and the ecclesiastical changes which accom- by one of the prebendaries, Peter Smart, who 

panied Elizabeth's accession induced him to inveighed against ' the reparation and beauti- 

resign all his preferments in 1560 (cf. his tying of the cathedral/ in which Cosin had 

letter to Parker in STEYPE'S Parker, i. 176). taken a leading part. The preacher referred 

He subsequently lived in retirement in Caius to Cosin as ' our young Apollo, who repaireth 

College, Cambridge, of which he was a pen- the Quire and sets it out gayly with strange 

sioner in 1564. In 1568 the lords of the Babylonish ornaments.' For this sermon 

council summoned him before them to answer Smart was cited before a commission of the 

a charge of nonconformity, but Cosin appears chapter, Cosin being one of the commissioners, 

to have preferred leaving the country to com- and was suspended <ab ingressu ecclesige, 

Ijlyiag with the order. He was known to be and soon after his prebendal stall was se- 

Imng abroad in 1576. questered. Smart twice (1628 and 1629) 



Cosin 265 Cosiri 

"brought an indictment against the commis- Richard Brown, the English ambassador in 
-sion before the assizes, and, both times fail- France, and the father-in-law of John Evelyn, 
ing, "brought the articles before Archbishop fitted up the chapel at the residency, and 
Harsnett at York, again without success, there the English services were conducted for 
The principal things objected to were the nearly nineteen years, with all that imposing- 
position of the altar, the altar lights, the ritual which Cosin loved. The Homanists 
vestments used at Holy Communion, and made persistent efforts both to win over 
the position of the celebrant. It is a curious Cosin with offers of great preferment, and to 
illustration of that force of character which seduce the English in the household of Queen 
was a striking feature in Cosin that, though Henrietta, who was herself a Ilomanist. 
he was probably the youngest of the chapter Perhaps they thought the way would be prc- 
(he was only thirty-two), he was evidently pared for them by Cosin himself, who had 
and rightly regarded as the prime mover in been regarded by the puritans in England as 
the obnoxious alterations. This prominence half a Romanist. But if so, they quite mis- 
of Cosin is further shown by the fact that in took their man. Cosin was much further 
1633, when Charles I visited Durham Cathe- removed from Romanism than he was even 
. dral, Cosin had the whole regulation of the from puritanism ; and the attempts of the 
king's reception, and the arrangement of the Romanists only incited him to forge some 
services which the king attended. formidable weapons against themselves. lie 

In 1634-5 Cosin was elected to the master- held controversies with Roman priests ; he 
ship of Peterhouse, Cambridge, vacant by the devoted his enforced leisure to literary work 
promotion of Dr. Matthew Wren to the see against Romanism, and used his great per- 
of Hereford. Here again he at once made sonal influence for the same purpose. So 
his mark. The chapel services were brought that i whilst he remained in France he was 
up by the new master to the Laudian level, the Atlas of the protestant religion, support- 
* A glorious new altar,' writes Prynne, ' was ing the same with his piety and learning, con- 
set up, and mounted on steps, to which the firming the wavering therein, yea, daily acid- 
master, fellowes, schollers bowed, and were ing proselytes (not of the meanest rank) 
enjoynedtobowbyDoctor Cosins, the master thereunto f (FULLER, Worthies). One con- 
who set it up. There were basons, candle- vert the Romanists did succeed in making, 
stickes, tapers standing on it, and a great viz. Cosin's only son, to the intense grief of 
crucifix hanging over it/ and much more in his father, who disinherited him in conse- 
thesamevem(6tafertoy5Doc)m,pp.73,74). quence, It has been thought that Cosin's 
In 1639 Cosin became vice-chancellor of the annoyance caused him to fraternise with the 
university, and in 1040 was appointed by Huguenots more closely than might have 
Charles I, whose chaplain he was, dean of been expected from one of his views. He 
Peterborough. attended the services of the reformed church 

But his old enemy, Smart, had now an op- at Charenton, and was on terms of great in- 

portunity of paying off old scores. He pre- timacy with several ministers of that com- 

sented a petition to the House of Commons munion, who allowed him to officiate in their 

complaining of Cosin's ' superstitious and chapels, using the office of the church of 

popish innovations in the church of Durham/ England. But it is quite unlike Cosin to be 

and of his own ' severe prosecution in the high influenced by personal pique in such a matter j 

commission court.' Cosin was sentenced by and there is not the slightest trace of any 

the whole house to be ' sequestered from all his such feeling in his own writings. On the 

ecclesiastical benefices/ and thus became ' the contrary, he gives a perfectly cloar and logical 

first victim of puritanical vengeance who account of the course which he adopted, 

suffered by a vote of the commons ' (SuK- He drew a marked distinction between those 

TEES, Ifist. of Durham). In 1042 he was an who had not received ordination from bishops 

active instrument in sen ding the college plate because they could not help themselves, and 

to supply the royal mint at York, and was, those who deliberately rejected it when it 

in consequence, ejected from the mastership was within their reach. This was also the 

(13 March 1643-4) by warrant from the Earl view taken by Bishop Overall, and Cosiii 

of Manchester, being again the first to be thus was always deeply influenced by the judg- 

ejected. ^ ment of his ' lord and master.' 

He retired to Paris, and officiated, by order Cosin ' had lodgings assigned him in the 

of the king, as chaplain to those of Queen Louvre, together with a small pension from 

Henrietta Maria's household who belonged France, on account of his connection with 

to the church of England. He first officiated the Queen of England ' (STTBTEES). lie also 

in a private house ; but that soon proved too received some pecuniary assistance from 

small to contain the congregation, and Sir friends in England, notably from Dr. (after- 



cosm 



266 



Cosin 



wards Archbishop) Bancroft, to whom he 
gave practical proof of his gratitude as soon 
as it lay in his power. But there is no doubt 
that he was reduced to great straits at Paris, 
a stronger proof of which could not be found , 
than in the fact that he was on the point of 
selling his books to meet his exigencies. 
Cosin was an enthusiastic book collector, and 
his library was * one of the choicest collections 
of any private person in England' (EVELYN). 
Happily he was spared this sacrifice by the 
occurrence of the Restoration. Upon this 
event he returned to England and resumed 
his preferments. It is thoroughly characte- 
ristic of the man that, as he had been the first 
to suffer for his principles in the rebellion, 
he was the first to avow them openly at the 
Restoration. While other men were, as Pepys 
terms it, ' nibbling at the Common Prayer/ 
waiting timidly to see which way the wind 
would blow, Cosin, as dean of Peterborough, 
6 in the year 1660, about the end of July, 
revived the ancient usage [in Peterborough 
Cathedral], and read divine service first him- 
self, and caused it to be read every day after- 
wards, according to the old laudable use and 
custom, and settled the church and quire in 
that order wherein it now (1685) continues' 
(EjEoransr, Register, p. 229). Cosin, how- 
ever, did not remain long at Peterborough. 
On 2 Dec. 1660 he was consecrated bishop of 
Durham at Westminster Abbey, his friend 
and kind helper in adversity, and now his 
domestic chaplain, Bancroft, preaching the 
consecration sermon. He now began that 
course which deservedly won for him the 
reputation of being one of the greatest pre- 
lates of his own, or indeed of any age. This 
reputation he won not so much as a preacher 
or a writer, though he was great as both. 
But his preaching cannot be compared with 
that of Jeremy Taylor or Barrow or South j 
nor can his writings be compared with those 
of Pearson or StilSngfleet or Brian Walton. 
His strength lay in his administrative powers. 
He always had the clearest and most definite 
conception of the position of the English 
church, and was deterred by no obstacles 
from making good that position. His per- 
sonal influence was immense, and that influ- 
ence was no doubt enhanced by his splendid 
munificence. Hence the diocese of Durham, 
from being exceptionally backward, soon be- 
came exceptionally forward under his rule, 
and mainly owing to his energy. He gathered 
around him men of a kindred spirit, who 
worked loyally under him, and upon whom, 
like most strong men, he left a permanent im- 
pression, which survived long after his death. 
The bishop of Durham was prince of the 
palatinate as well as bishop of the diocese, and 



Cosin was as well fitted to sustain the former 
as the latter character. His reception into 
the see was enthusiastic. t The confluence,' 
he writes to Bancroft, ' and alacritie, both of 
the gentry, clergie, and other people, was 
very greate ; and at my first entrance through 
the river of Tease there was scarce any water 
to be seene for the multitude of horse and men 
that filled it when the sword that killed the 
dragon was delivered to me with all the for- 
mality of trumpets and gunshots and accla- 
mations that might be made.' (This was the 
tenure on which the bishops held the manor 
of Sockburn.) ' I am not much affected with 
such showes ; but, however, the cheerfullness 
of the country in the reception of their 
bishop is a good earnest given for better 
matters which, by the grace and blessing of 
God, may in good time follow here among us 
all.' ' The country ' had no reason to be dis- 
appointed. No doubt Cosin spoke truly when 
he said he was ' not much affected by such 
showes,' for he was personally a plain, homely 
man. Nevertheless he was, both in mind 
and appearance, admirably adapted to play 
the part that was required of him. With a 
tall, handsome, and erect person, he pos- 
sessed a commanding character, such as be- 
fitted the temporal as well as the spiritual 
ruler of the county palatine. He at once 
held * a solemne confirmation/ at which a 
vast number of catechumens were presented, 
as was natural, seeing that the arrears of 
twenty years had to be made up. He then 
held a synod of the clergy, determining, he 
says, * to put them in order, if by any fayre- 
means I can/ 

But meanwhile, besides the affairs of his 
diocese, the affairs of the church at large- 
had to be settled ; and in the settlement of 
them Cosin took a leading part. In 1661 the- 
Savoy conference, 'to advise upon and re- 
view the Book of Common Prayer,' was held. 
Cosin was a constant attendant, and the part 
which he took, both at this conference and 
at the convocation which immediately fol- 
lowed it, is exceedingly characteristic. At 
the conference he showed himself, as Baxter, 
after some depreciation of him, owns, ' excel- 
lently well versed in canons, councils, and 
fathers ; ' and, * as he was of rustick wit and 
carriage, so he would endure more freedom of 
our discourse with, him, and was more affable 
and familiar than the rest.' He earnestly 
endeavoured to effect a reconciliation with, 
the presbyterians, but in vain. 

At the convocation in November 1661 
Cosin's proposals were all in favour of making 1 
the services more in accordance with the an- 
cient liturgies. There was no inconsistency 
in this. As a staunch churchman he yearned 



Cosin 



267 



Cosin 



for unity, and was quite ready to stretch a 
point in order to secure it. But equally as a 
staunch churchman his personal predilections 
were in favour of ancient ritual and order. 
All his proposals as a very influential mem- 
ber of the revision committee were in this 
direction. The committee was instructed ' to 
compare the prayer-book with the most an- 
tient liturgies which have been used in the 
church in the primitive and purest times ; ; 
and no one was better fitted for this task 
than Cosin, for he was a profound liturgical 
scholar, and his suggestions were based on a 
thorough study of ancient liturgies, whose 
spirit as well as letter he had deeply im- 
bibed. He possessed the now almost lost art 
of composing prayers after the best and most 
ancient models ; and to him we are indebted 
for some of the most beautiful collects in our 
prayer-book, and probably for most of the 
alterations made. He suggested, at the re- 
vision of 1661 7 many further alterations, a 
few of which may be noticed. They are all 
in the direction of a greater strictness of 
order, or definiteness of doctrine, or supply 
obvious omissions. The rubric enjoining all 
priests and deacons to say daily the morning 
and evening prayer is worded more strictly. 
Proper psalms are suggested for the Epiphany, 
rogation days, St. Michael and All Angels' 
day, and All Saints' day. In the rubric 
concerning chancels the words ( shall be di- 
vided from the body of the church ' are in- 
serted. Instead of ' Endue thy ministers/ 
Cosin suggests ' Let Thy priests be clothed ' 
with righteousness. In the rubric respecting 
the Litany it is added, 'The priests (or clerks) 
kneeling in the midst of the quire, and all 
the people kneeling and answering as fol- 
loweth.' In the rubric before the Commu- 
nion Service, instead of ' the table at the 
communion time shall stand in the body of 
the church/ &c,, Cosin suggests 'the table 
always standing at the upper end of the 
chancell (or of the church, where a chancell 
is wanting), and being at all times covered 
with a carpet of silk, shall also have a faire 
white linnen cloth upon it, with paten, chalice, 
and other decent furniture, meet for the high 
mysteries there to be celebrated.' To the 
rubric 'The priest standing at the north 
side/ &c., is added ' or end.' The rubric re- 
specting the Gospel runs: 'And the Epistle 
ended, the priest (or the gospeller appointed) 
or a deacon that ministereth shall read the 
Gospel, saying first, " The Holy Gospel," &c. j 
and the people all standing up shall say 
" Glory be to Thee, Lord," and at the end 
of the Gospel he that readeth it shall say, 
"Here endeth the Holy Gospel," and the 
people shall answer, " Thanks be to Thee, 



Lord."' In the prayer for the church mili- 
tant the clause referring to the faithful de- 
parted is considerably amplified; and after 
the prayer of consecration there is a very 
beautiful ' memoriall, or prayer of oblation/' 
The Order of Confirmation is enlarged ; and 
in the ' Thanksgiving of Women ' &c. tluv 
rubric directs that ' the woman shall, upon 
some Sunday or other holy-day, come decently 
vayled into the parish church, and at the 
beginning of the Communion Service shall 
kneele down in some convenient place ap- 
pointed unto her by the minister before the 
holy table.' The fact that some of Oosin'a 
suggestions have been adopted without spe- 
cific direction shows how seemly they were. 

A prayer-book of 1619, with the emenda- 
tions and alterations in Coani's own hand- 
writing, together with some further sugges- 
tions of Cosin in Bancroft's handwriting, 
which Canon Ornsby thinks may ' certainly 
be regarded as that which was laid by him 
before the convocation,' is still preserved iix 
the library at Durham. Convocation com- 
mitted to Cosin's care the preparation of a 
form of consecration of parish churches and 
chapels. The bishop drew lip a form based 
on that of Bishop Andrewea, and xiBod it in 
his own diocese ; but it was not generally 
adopted by authority. One rubric in this- 
consecration service" is very significant, in 
regard of Cosin's views on the much-vexed 
question of the eastward position : ' Then 
shall the bishop ascend towards the table of 
the Lord, and then kneele downe at his fal- 
stoole before it/ &c. 

The convocation ended, Cosin returned to* 
Durham, and pursued that career of un- 
wearied diligence and extraordinary munifi- 
cence which left an impress upon the dipceHo 
greater, perhaps, than was made by any bishop 
in the kingdom. In 106^ he held a visita- 
tion both in Northumberland and Durham j 
and in November of the same year 'made a 
fair progress through the larger part of thin 
county palatine, preaching on every Sunday 
in several churches, and being received with 
great joy and alacrity, both of the gentry 
and all the people ' (KisNOTr). In the same' 
year he held his primary visitation of tho 
cathedral, making the fullest and most mi- 
nute inquiries. The intervals of tho year 
were filled up with visits to country churches, 
in his own neighbourhood, preaching, cate- 
chising, and inducing parents to bring their 
children to baptism, which sacrament had 
been much neglected during 'the troubles/ 
He had always one definite object in view, 
"viz. to have the church system fully worked,*, 
with the utmost order and the greatest beauty 
of ritual, and he succeeded to a marvellous 



Cosin 



268 



Cosin 



extent. Personally, lie was disposed to be 
friendly to men of all opinions ; but lie was 
a strict disciplinarian, and he felt it his duty 
to use rigorously the powers which the law 

fave him to bring all men into outward con- 
)rmity with the church he served, and then 
to turn mere conformists into real church- 
men, or at least the semblance of such. His 
position gave him a double power ; for he 
was not only bishop of the diocese, but also, 
qua bishop, lord-lieutenant of the county, 
and he had not the slightest scruple, as such, 
in employing the train-bands to hunt out 
nonconformists. There was a strong puritan 
element in his diocese, perhaps owing to its 
near neighbourhood to Scotland. There were 
also many old and influential Eoman catho- 
lics; and these of course drew after them 
many dependents. ' Popish recusant' and 
nonconformlng presbyterian were equally 
obnoxious to Cosin. Many of his acts in re- 
lation especially to the latter were utterly 
unjustifiable, according- to our modern no- 
tions ; but it is obviously unfair to judge a 
prelate of the Restoration era by the standard 
of the nineteenth century. And again, it is 
only fair to take into account the very real, 
though no doubt exaggerated, fear of danger 
both to the altar and the throne which pre- 
vailed. But after making full allowance for 
all this, such sentences as the following 
naturally shock us : i I am sorry to heare 
that Mr. Davison, vicar of Norton, hath so 
many obstinate men and women in his parish 
that will not yet let downe their conventicles. 
Here at London they are ferretted out of 
every hole by the train-bands of the city and 
the troops employed for that purpose by the 
king and his officers/ and so forth. In other 
respects Cosin was not a perfect character. 
His violent opposition to the election of par- 
liamentary representatives for the county a 
point which he succeeded in carrying seems 
rather an arbitrary proceeding ; nor can we 
at all approve of his sanctioning the sale of 
offices in his patronage. Indeed, he had 
always rather too keen an eye for business, 
exacting all that he considered his due to the 
ntmost farthing. But if he loved to acquire 
money, he also loved to spend it on purely 
unselfish objects. The amount he spent 
npon the castles at Durham and Auckland, 
npon the cathedral at Durham, upon the 
chapel at Auckland (which he brought up 
externally to the standard of ornate ritual 
which he loved), upon the library at Durham 
which still bears his name, upon the founda- 
tion of scholarships, both at Cains and Peter- 
house, upon general and rather indiscriminate 
almsgiving, upon help to the sufferers from 
the plague in London, at Durham, and at 



Cambridge, upon lavish hospitality, upon the 
redemption of Christian captives at Algiers, 
upon the building and endowment of hos- 
pitals at Durham and Auckland, upon the 
augmentation of poor livings, and upon in- 
numerable other objects of benevolence, must 
have been enormous. We can well under- 
stand his being called par excellence ' the 
munificent bishop of Durham ; ' and we 
could imagine that Archdeacon Basire's state- 
ment in his funeral sermon, that he spent 
2,000/. every year of his episcopate on works 
I of charity, was below rather than above the 
! mark. When his friends remonstrated with 
1 him for spending such vast sums of money 
upon church building and ornamentation, to 
the detriment of his children, he replied, 
' The church is my firstborn.' But his busi- 
' ness habits enabled him also to make ample 
, provision for his younger children. 
! Cosin died in London on 15 Jan. 1671-2, 
! after a long and painful illness, which was 
| probably aggravated by his persistence in 
i attending church, ' though the weather was 
! never so ill.' When his friends and physi- 
cians remonstrated with him, he replied that 
* when his body was unfitt to serve and 
honour God, 'twas fitt to go to the dust from 
whence it came.' He was buried, according 
to his own desire expressed in his will, at 
Bishop Auckland, with a magnificent funeral, 
as befitted one who may fairly be called a 
magnificent prelate. The funeral sermon was 
preached by the archdeacon of Northumber- 
land, Isaac Basire [q. v.], who had loyally 
seconded all his chief's efforts during his 
lifetime, and continued to carry them out 
after his death. The sermon is entitled ' The 
Dead Man's Real Speech/ and appended to 
it is a ' Brief of the great prelate's life. 

Though Cosin was a staunch and un- 
flinching churchman of a very marked type, 
and may, broadly speaking, be grouped with 
the Laudian school, he differed, both in 
general tone and in special opinions, from 
many churchmen of his day. For instance, 
at the Savoy conference he was, as we have 
seen, more favourable to the nonconformists 
than any of the bishops except Reynolds and 
Gauden, one of whom virtually was, and the 
other had been, a presbyterian. His attitude 
towards the foreign protestant churches was 
certainly different from that of many church- 
men in his day. He acted in this matter at 
Paris in a way which his friend, Bishop 
Morley, for instance, who on the whole was 
by^no means so advanced a churchman, could 
neither approve nor imitate. He held the 
same views to the end of his life, and drew 
an elaborate parallel between Rome and 
Geneva, showing that on every point the 



Cosin 



269 



Cosin 



English church was more in accord with the 
latter than the former. He also took quite 
a different line from most churchmen on the 
Sabhath question. He laid great stress on the 
Fourth Commandment, which he termed 
{ the very pith of all the Decalogue, by due 
observance whereof we come both to learn 
and put in practice all the rest of God's com- 
mandments the better, and without which, 
in a short time, they would all come to 
nothing/ Three out of his twenty-two ex- 
tant sermons are on this commandment, and 
he wrote a letter, which almost amounts to 
a treatise, on the subject. Of course, he 
fully distinguished between the Jewish Sab- 
bath and the Christian Lord's day. He 
classes the latter among other holy days, and 
he would have had all of them observed as 
strictly, though not as austerely, as the puri- 
tans would have had their Sabbath. His 
teaching on this point is strangely different 
from that which led to and defended the 
i Book of Sports.' His attitude towards Ro- 
manism was always one of uncompromising 
hostility; and by far the greatest propor- 
tion of his literary work is expressly directed 
against that system. He was also strongly 
in favour of divorce in the case of adultery, 
and of permission to the innocent party in 
such cases to remarry. In the famous case 
of Lord Boss eighteen bishops voted against 
the divorce, and only two in favour of it, and 
Cosin was one of the two. Again, though 
he was always emphatically the priest, though 
he maintained to the end the traditions of his 
early intimacy with men like Laud, Moun- 
tague, Erie, Morley, and especially Overall, 
yet he was also, in the good sense of the term, 
a man of the world. He was full of bonhomie, 
interested in the minutest points of secular 
business, on terms of great intimacy with 
the laity, and a great smoker. He was sin- 
gularly frank and outspoken, and showed a 
quaint originality of character and expres- 
sion, which must have been very attractive. 

Cosin's writings acquire an adventitious 
importance from the writer's own forcible 
and interesting character. It is not the writ- 
ings that have preserved the man, but the 
man who has preserved the writings from 
oblivion. Still, the writings themselves pos- 
sess a great intrinsic value. With two ex- 
ceptions, none of them were published dur- 
ing the bishop's lifetime. Probably the first 
written, though not the first published, of 
Cosin's works is that entitled ' The Sum and 
Substance of the Conferences lately held at 
York House concerning Mr. Mountague's 
Books, which it pleased the Duke of Buck- 
ingham to appoint, and with divers other 
honourable persons to hear, at the special and 



earnest request of the Earl of Warwick and 
the Lord Say.' These conferences were held 
in February 1625-6. The books were < The- 
Gagg ' and the ' Appello Csesarem ; ' and it 
appears from Mountague's letters to Cosin 
that the latter had seen and approved, If h e , 
had not actually had a considerable share 
in the production of, the offending volumes 
' The Sum and Substance ' is simply a narra- 
tive of all that took place at the conferences 
In February 1626-7 Cosin published his 
famous ' Collection of Private Devotions in 
the practice of the Ancient Church, called 
the Hours of Prayer ; as they were after this 
manner published by authority of Queen 
Elizabeth, 1560, ' John Evelyn gives the- 
following accotint of its publication: ' Oct. 12 
1051. I asked Mr. Deane (Cosin) the occa- 
sion of its being_ publish' d, which was this : 
the Queene coming over into England with 
a great traine of French ladys, they were often 
upbraiding our English ladys of the court 
that, having so much leisure, trifled away 
their time in the antechambers among the 
young gallants, without having something- to 
divert themselves of more devotion ; whereas 
the Bo. Catholick ladys had their Hours 
and the Breviarys, which entertained them 
in religious exercise. Our Protestant ladys 
scandalized at this reproach, it was com- 
plained of to the king.' The king consulted 
Bishop White, and ' the bishop presently 
named Dr. Cosin (whom the king exceedingly 
approv'd of) to prepare [a book], as speedily 
as he cou'd, and as like to their pockett offices 
as he cou'd, with regard to the antient forms 
before Popery/ Cosin prepared his "book in 
three months ; and the Bishop of London. 
(Mountain) < so well lik'd and approv'd, that 
(contrary to the usual custome of referring 
it to his chaplain) he wou'd needs give the 
imprimatur under his own hand.' Tie book 
sold very rapidly ; and if it had been pub- 
lished at any other time no outcry would 
have been raised against it. But it appeared 
when Laud and Mountague had lately roused 
the antipathy of the puritans, and Cosin was 
a known friend of both. It was therefore- 
found to contain popery in disguise. Henry- 
Burton wrote against it his ' Examination of 
Private Devotions ; or the Hours of Prayer 
&c./ W. Prynne his ' Brief Survey and Cen- 
sure of Mr. Cozen's Cozening [or ' cousining * 
or e cozenizing '] Devotions.' In fact Oosin 
as he told Laud, was ' the subject of every 
man's censure.' Most of the objections were* 
of the most ridiculous nature. ' In the fronti- 
spiece the name of I.H.S. is engraven, which 
is the Jesuit's marke.' 'The title, "The 
Houres," is both a popish and a Jewish name.' 
' Matins and Evensong are popish words) 



Cosin 270 Cosin 

* Nunc Dimittis and De Profundis are two ; was e A Seholastical History of the Canon of 
papistical songs.' ' Lent Is made a religious Holy Scripture ; or the certain indubitable 
fast,' and so forth. Two points only required , Books thereof as they are received in the 
an answer : (1) seven sacraments are men- Church of England.' Cosin tells us that Dr. 
tioned, but Cosin clearly showed that he ! Peter Gunning 1 (afterwards bishop of Ely) 
distinguished markedly between the two j * first requested him to make it a part of his 
sacraments of the Gospel and the five com- employment/ and the same Peter Gunning 
monly but not so truly called sacraments ; saw the work through the press when it was 
(2) prayers for the departed, but Cosin ! published in London in 1657. Cosin took so 
pointed out ' the tytle at the top of the page much pains over this learned work that he 
was, "Praiers^the point of death," ' not after \ injured his eyesight. It was dedicated to 
it, and that the printer omitted to place in i Bishop Matthew Wren, then a prisoner in 
the margin, as he was directed to do, ( re- the Tower. It gives a history of all the books 
peating the sentences untill the soule were that were held canonical before the Council 
departed. 7 Cosin, however, contends that ' the of Trent formed a new canon, and shows 
substance of these two prayers be nothynge that the universal testimony of the church 
els but what we all used to say, even after was for the. books we have without the Apo- 
we heare a man is dead, GrocFs peace be with crypha. Cosin also wrote many minor pieces, 
Jtim, and God send him ajoyfutt resurrection, almost all of them bearing upon the same 
-which kind of praiers for the dead the Arch- subject, viz. the position of the Anglican as 
bishopp of Armagh doth highly approve and opposed to the Romish church ; but these 
acknowledge to be the old and perpetual! scarcely require a separate notice. There is, 
practice of the church of Christ.' Of course, however, one work of importance, which was 
after the Restoration the tide turned, and not published until 1710, when Dr. Nicholls 

* Cosin's Devotions ' became one of the fa- Inserted it at the end of his i Comment on the 
vourite devotional works with churchmen of Book of Common Prayer/ It is entitled 
the period. ' Notes on the Book of Common Prayer/ and 

Cosin was a most uncompromising enemy contains (1) the first series of notes in the 
to popery. In Prance he wrote his ' Hist oria interleaved Book of Common Prayer, A.D. 
Transubstantialis Papalis ' at the request of 1619 ; (2) the second series of notes in the 
Gilbert Talbot, who had undertaken to argue interleaved Book of Common Prayer, A.D. 
the matter out with f a German prince ' (the 1638 ; (3) the third series in the manuscript 
Duke of Newbourg), in the presence of book, and three appendices. The importance 
Charles II at Cologne, and apparently did of this work to all who are interested in 
not feel quite equal to the task Cosin readily our Book of Common Prayer cannot be ex- 
consented, and showed in his treatise that aggerated. 

the church of England held the doctrine of Only twenty-two of Cosin's sermons are 
a real presence without in any way conn- now extant, and these all belong to the period 
tenancing the doctrine of transubstantiation. before he was bishop. They are in the style 
It was not published until nineteen years 1 of the earlier part of the seventeenth cen- 
affcer it was written (in 1675), and three years tury, before the q uaint roughness of Andrewes 
after the death of the author ; but the title was exchanged for the rather vapid smooth- 
says it was ' allowed by him to be published ness of Tillotson. But in one respect they 
a little before his death, at the earnest request differ from the fashion of the day, in that 
of his friends. 7 It was then given to the they are but sparingly embellished with quo- 
world, with an interesting preface by Dr. tations from the learned languages, and then 
Durel, in the original Latin. In the follow- only from the Latin. Cosin's ' Correspond- 
ing year (1676) an English ^ translation was ence/ in two volumes (1868 and 1870), edited 
published by Luke de Beaulieu. Cosin als by the Surtees Society, with an admirable 
wrote, in 1652, l Regise Anglise Religio Catho- introduction to each volume by Canon Ornsby, 
lica/ at the request of Edward Hyde, after- the editor, gives an interesting picture of the 
wards earl of Clarendon, in order to give life and character of the man, and also of his 
foreigners a right notion of the doctrine and friends and times. A full collection of Cosin's 
discipline of the church of England as con- works was not published until the excellent 
stituted by authority. This, too, was written edition, in five octavo volumes, of the ' Li- 
in Latin, and was first published in Dr. Thomas brary of Anglo-Catholic Theology ' was issued 
Smith's ' Vit/ as a sort of appendix to the (1843-55). Dr. T. Smith, in 1692, began to 
* Yita Joannis Cosini/ in 1707. The most prepare an edition, but did not carry it out. 
elaborate and important work which Cosin He inserts a short ' Vita Joannis Cosini ' in 
wrote during his exile, and the only one of his ' Vitas quorundam eruditissimorum, &c. 
them which he himself gave to the world, Virorum/&c. (1707) ; but though he had the 



Cosin 271 Costa 

advantage of knowing and receiving informa- Cambridge friends. Cosin left 40 to Trinity 

tion from several friends and contemporaries College Library, and 101. to two poor scholars, 
of the bishop, it is but a meagre performance, Cosin was the author of the following 

and hardly worth the trouble of wading works on ecclesiastical law, all of which were 

through in Latin, now that Canon Ornsby treated as high authorities : 1. An Apologie 

has given us the substance, and much more of and for sundrie proceedings by Jurisdic- 

than the substance, in a graphic and inte- tion Ecclesiastical!/ London, 1591, 1593, a 

resting form in the vernacular. defence of the ex-officio oath, in reply to i A 

[The Works of Bishop Cosin, 5 vols. (Library Brief Treatise of Oaths,' by James Morice, at- 

of Anglo-Catholic Theology) ; Bishop Cosin's torney of the court of wards. Morice's reply 

Correspondence, 2 vols. (Surtees Society) ; Vitse to Cosin was not published, and is in MS. Cott. 

quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium viro- Cleop. F. i, 2. l An Answer to the two first 

rum, scriptore Thoma Smitho ; The Dead Man's a nd principall treatises of a certeine factious 

Eeal Speech, with a Brief of the Life of the li^n put foorth latelie . . . under the title 

late Bishop of Durham, by I. Baaire ; Surtees's of An Abstract of certeine Acts of Parlia- 

History of Durham; Prynnes Canterbury s ment ,' 1584. The < Abstract 7 was a collection 

Doom; Neal'B History of the Puritans; Walkers o f canons and statutes claimed to support the 

Sufferings of the Clergy.] J. H. 0. presbyterian system of clmrch government. 

COSIN, RICHARD (1549 P-1597), civil 8. < Conspiracie for Pretended Reformation, 
lawyer, born at Hartlepool about 1549, was viz:. Presbyteriall discipline,' with a life of" 
the son of John Cosin of Newhall, lieutenant Hacket, executed as a presbyterian in 1591, 
to Thomas Dudley at the battle of Mussel- and accounts of the opinions of Edmund Cop- 
burgh (1547), who was either killed by the pinger [q.v.landH.Arthington. 4. 'Ecclesise 
Scots soon after that battle, or was drowned Anglicanse Politeia in Tabulas digesta,' 1604, 
onhis way home. Richard's mother remarried 1634. 

oneMedhope, by whom Richard was brought [Strype's Whitgift, i. 244, 261, 409-10, 560, 

up. He was educated at Skipton school, and 584, ii. 28, 32, 352, iii. 238 ; Strype's Aylmer, 

evinced so much precocity that he became 91; Strype's Annals, in. i, 338, iv. 196; Cooper's 

a pensioner of Trinity College, Cambridge, Athense Cantab, ii. 230-2, 551; Notes and Queries, 

12 Nov. 1561, before he was twelve years old, 3rd ser. xi. 300; Coote's Civilians, 55-8; Brit, 

and was soon afterwards elected a scholar, and ^ us - Cat.] S. L. L. 

-subsequently fellow. Whitgift was his tutor, COSPATRIC, EAKL OE NOBTHUMBEK- 

and was much impressed with his abilities. L1KD (1070 ?)> [See GosPAmic i 
He proceeded B.A. m 1565-6, M.A. m 1569, \ / L j 

and LL.D. in 1580. He subscribed against COSTA,EMANUELMENDESDA(1717- 

the new university statutes in May 1572 ; 1791), naturalist, was the sixth but second 

became chancellor of Worcester diocese and surviving son of Abraham, otherwise John, 

visitor of Lichfield Cathedral (20 Jan. 1582-3), Mendes da Costa, a Jewish merchant who 

&nd was appointed dean of arches and vicar- lived in the parish of St. Christopher-le- 

generalpf the province of Canterbury by Arch- Stocks, London. He was born on 5 June 

bishop Whitgift 10 Dec. 1583. Cosin was an 1717, and,being intended for the lower branch 

ecclesiastical commissioner of the diocese of of the legal profession, served his articles in 

Winchester in 1583-4, a visitor for the diocese the office of a notary ( Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxii. 

of Gloucester in 1584, a member of the Society pt. i. pp. 22-4). Prom his early 'years he had 

of Advocates 14 Oct. 1585, M.P. for Hindon, applied himself with enthusiasm to the study 

Wiltshire, in the parliaments meeting 29 Oct. of natural history ; the branches he most ex- 

1586 and 4 Feb. 1588-9, and master in chan- celled in were conchology and mineralogy, 

eery 9 Oct. 1588. He was also a member In November 1747 he was elected a fellow 

of the ecclesiastical commission court. He of the Royal Society, and from that period 

died at his lodgings in Doctors' Commons until his withdrawal in 1763 he enriched 

30 Nov. 1597, and his body was removed for the ' Philosophical Transactions' with many 

burial at Lambeth on 9 Dec. Lancelot An- papers upon his favourite studies. He was 

drewes preached the funeral sermon, and admitted fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 

William Barlow, afterwards bishop of Lin- on 16 Jan. 1751-2, and was also a member of 

coin [q. v.], for whose education Cosin had several other scientific associations, English 

paid, wrote a biography in Latin, published and foreign. Although he early obtained 

m 1598. Barlow describes Cosin as learned the reputation of being one of the best fossil- 

,and witty, and of powerful physique. With ists of his time, and was in correspondence 

Barlow's biography was issued a collection with many of the most celebrated naturalists 

of l Carmina Funebria ' in Greek, Latin, of Europe, his life appears to have been a 

English, and Italian from the pens of Cosin's continual struggle with adversity. In 1754 



Costa 



272 



Costa 



we find him imprisoned for debt, and his 
cabinets held in bond (A Selection of the 
Correspondence of Linn&us, &c., edited by 
Sir J. E. Smith, ii. 482-3). Upon his release 
in the following year he set about preparing 
for the press his long-promised * Natural His- 
tory of Fossils/ the proposals for which had 
been issued in 1751. Of this work vol. i., 
part i. 7 appeared in 1757, but no more was 
published, the author not finding or deserv- 
ing encouragement. Through the benevolent 
efforts of Dr. Stukeley, Peter Collinson, and 
other scientific friends. Da Costa was elected 
to the clerkship of the Eoyal Society on 
3 Feb. 1763, in place of Francis Hauksbee, 
deceased. He had held the appointment 
barely five years, when, being detected in 
various acts of dishonesty, he was summarily 
dismissed in December 1767 ? and shortly 
afterwards arrested at the suit of the society 
and committed to the king's bench prison. 
His library and collections were seized and 
sold by auction in the following May. He 
continued a prisoner until the end of 1772, 
supporting himself by his pen and lecturing, 
but was frequently in want. We next hear 
of him in 1774, when he petitioned to be 
allowed to read a course of lectures on fos- 
silology to the university of Oxford in the 
ensuing Act term ; but his reputation had 
preceded him, and permission was peremp- 
torily refused. Towards the close of his life 
he resumed authorship with some success. 
He published l Elements of Conchology ; or 
an introduction to the Knowledge of Shells/ 
8vo, London, 1776, and * Historia naturalis 
Testaceorum Britannise, or the British Con- 
chology, containing the . . . Natural History 
of the Shells of Great Britain and Ireland 
... in English and French/ 4to, London, 
1778. He also revised and contributed ad- 
ditional notes to Engestrom's translation of 
Cronstedt's * Essay towards a System of Mi- 
neralogy/ 8vo, London, 1770 (second edition, 
enlarged by J. H. de Magellan, 2 vols. 8vo, 
London, 1788). In these undertakings he 
was greatly assisted by Ms steady friends 
Dr. John Fothergill and Dr. Richard Pul- 
teney. Da Costa died at his lodgings in the 
Strand in May 1791, and was buried in the 
Portuguese Jews' cemetery at Mile End 
(Will. reg. in P.C.C., June 1791; LYSO^S, 
Environs, iii. 478). He was twice married : 
first, in March 1750, to his cousin Leah, third 
daughter of Samuel del Prado, who died in 
1763, leaving no issue ; secondly, about 1766, 
to Elizabeth SkQlman, or Stillman, by whom 
he had an only daughter. Many of his manu- 
scripts are preserved in the British Museum ; 
the more important are : his letters to and 
from scientific friends, which cover a period 



of fifty years (1737-1787), in Addit. MSS. 
28534-44 (a few are printed in NICHOLS,, 
Literary Illustrations, vol. iv.); 'Common- 
place Book/ in Addit. MS. 29867 (portions- 
of which appeared in Gent, Mag. vol. Ixxxii. 
pt. i. pp. 205-7, 513-17) ; < Collections re- 
lating to the Jews/ in Addit. MS. 29868 
(portions in Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxii. pt. ii. 
pp. 329-31) ; * Minutes of the Eoyal Society 
and Society of Antiquaries, 1757-1762/ in 
Egerton MS. 2381. Da Costa also mentions, 
his Athenae Regies Societatis Londinensis/ 
in three folio volumes, which he presented 
to the society's library in 1766 ; but of this; 
all traces have disappeared. 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 292, iii. 233, 757,. 
v. 712, vi. 80, 81, viii. 200, ix. 607, 799, 812, 
813, 816; G-ent. Mag. Lccriii. (pt. i.) 429, new 
ser. xxvi. 493 ; Quarterly Eev, cxxxix, 391 ; 
Monk's Coll. of Phys, (1878), ii. 156.] GK G-. 

COSTA, SIB MICHAEL (1810-1884), 
conductor and musical composer, son of Cava- 
liere Pasquale Costa, was born in Naples on 
4 Feb. 1810. He learnt the rudiments of 
music from his maternal grandfather, Giacomo 
Tritto, and was subsequently placed at the 
Royal Academy of his native town. Three 
compositions by him were composed for the 
theatre of the college, a cantata, i L' Imma- 
gine' (1825), and two operas, 'IL Delitto 
punito 7 (1826) and f H Sospetto funesto' 
(1827) % An oratorio, ' La Passione/ a mass r 
a 'Dixit Dominus/ and three symphonies 
were composed at this time, no doubt under 
the supervision of Zingarelli, then director of 
the college. In 1828 he wrote an opera, ' H 
Carcere <T Hdegonda/ for the Teatro Nuovo, 
and was appointed accompanist at San Carlo. 
In 1829 he wrote i Malvina ' for San Carlo, 
and * Seldlachek/ in which Tosi, Rubini, and 
Bendetti appeared. In the autumn of this, 
year he was sent to England by Zingarelli, 
who had composed a sacred cantata, based on< 
Isaiah xii., for the Birmingham festival, and 
wished that his pupil should conduct it. The 
directors of the festival, distrusting his abi- 
lity on account of his youth, refused not only 
to allow him to conduct the work, but to pay 
him any fee whatever unless he would under- 
take to sing at the festival. This he accord- 
ingly did, but, as may be imagined, with very 
moderate success. He was first heard on 6 Oct. 
in the duet i mattutini albori J from Ros- 
sini's ' Donna del Lago/ which he sang with 
Miss F. Ayton in character.' On the sub- 
sequent days of the festival he sang two 
solos, besides taking part in a few ensemble- 
numbers. The criticisms on his performance- 
were uniformly unfavourable, nor did his 
master's work obtain a much greater success. 
Zingarelli, according to the i Harmonicon/ 



Costa 273 Costa 

* would have acted with more discretion had certs was in the hands of Richard Wagner. 
he kept both his sacred song and his profane On 22 Sept. 1848 he was elected conductor 
singer for the benefit of his Neapolitan friends, of the Sacred Harmonic Society, and in the- 
As a singer he is far below mediocrity, and following year he directed the festival at 
he does not compensate for his vocal defici- Birmingham, the scene of his unfortunate 
encies by his personal address, which is abun- dbut, with very different results from those 
dantly awkward.' In ' Musical Reminiscences which followed his early attempts as a vocal- 
of the Last Half-century/ a work written by ist. The successive triennial festivals were 
an intimate friend of Oosta's, it is stated that conducted by him until 1879, as were also 
Clementi found him ' scoring ' a song from the Bradford festival of 1853 and the Leeds 
Bellini's ' Pirata,' and declared him to be a festivals from 1874 to 1880. To his energy 
composer rather than a singer. For ' scoring 7 must doubtless be ascribed the extraordinary 
we should probably read ' arranging from success -of the first Handel festival in 1857, 
the score,' since it is certain that he accom- and its successors from 1859 till 1877 in- 
panied himself in the song ' Nel furor delle elusive. The list of his official posts is com- 
ternpeste,' and that the audience testified pleted by that of director of Her Majesty's 
their displeasure in no doubtful manner. Opera, which he held from 1871 onwards. He 
That the proper direction of his talents was received the honour of knighthood in 1869, 
soon recognised, whether by dementi or some and was also decorated with many foreign 
other person, is evident from his being ap- orders. Shortly before the Handel festival 
pointed maestro al cembalo at the King's of 1883 he was struck with paralysis, and 
Theatre under Laporte's management. In died at Brighton 29 April 1884. 
1831 his ballet, ' Kenilworth, 7 was produced The most prominent among his composi- 
with considerable success, and in the follow- tions are the two oratorios ' Eli ' and ' Naaman, 
ing year he succeeded Bochsa as director of both produced at Birmingham, on 29 Aug. 
the musicunder MonckMason's management. 1855 and 7 Sept. 1864 respectively. Though 
It was at this time that hisf real power began it is impossible to deny that these two works 
to show itself. Many of his most effectual owe their form, if not their very existence, to 
reforms of abuses which had crept in among the success of Mendelssohn's ' Elijah, 7 there 
the orchestral players at the opera were now is yet no doubt that they contain many ex- 
set on foot, no doubt much to the disgust of tremely effective passages, many attractive 
the old members of the band, who on the melodies, and, in the latter case more especi- 
morning after his first appearance as con- ally, some instances of fine choral writing, 
ductor had presented him with a case con- Perhaps the best proof of their vitality is the 
taining seven miniature razors in mockery fact that they are still retained in the pro- 
of his extremely youthful appearance. A grammes of the Sacred Harmonic Society. 
ballet, ' Une heure & Naples, 7 is the principal In point of popularity * Eli 7 was far more 
work of this year ; in 1833 he wrote a similar successful than Costa 7 s second oratorio ; the 
work, ' Sir Huon/ for Taglioni, and the vocal simplicity of Samuel's evening prayer, ' This* 
quartet, ' Ecco quel fiero istante. 7 In the night I lift my soul to Thee,' was justly ad- 
beginning of 1838 an opera by him, 'Malek mired for many years, and the well-known 
Adhel, 7 was produced at the Italian opera in march has almost become part of our national 
Paris, with Grisi, Albertazzi, Bubini, Tarn- music. In ' Naaman ' the composer seems to 
burini, and Lablache in the cast. When pro- have aimed at a higher and more earnest 
duced in London it succeeded better than it style of writing- ; several somewhat noisy 
had done in Paris. A ballet/ Alma, 7 was com- marches occur, it is true, no doubt in conse- 
posed in 1842, and in 1844 another opera/ Don quence of the success of that which we have 
Carlos, 7 saw the light, but failed to obtain the just mentioned, but the structure is a good 
success which, in the opinion of Mr. Chorley, deal more ambitious in many ways. It has 
it deserved. In 1846, on the occasion of the never taken the public taste as ' Eli ' took it, 
secession from Mr. Lumley's company, Costa, nor does it possess enough sterling merit to 
with some of the principal singers and many secure the lasting admiration of musicians, 
of the members of the orchestra, joined the Living at a time before faithfulness to a 
new enterprise at Covent Garden, and in the composer's intentions was considered the first 
same year he was appointed conductor of the qualification for a conductor, it is not to be 
Philharmonic concerts. In this new capacity wondered at that Costa should have made 
he astonished every one by his unexpected additions to Handel's scores with a view to 
ability in the rendering of classical composi- rendering the compositions of that master 
tions, and he continued to conduct the con- thoroughly effective from his point of view, 
certs to universal satisfaction until 1854, He had not the perception to see that the 
when for one year the direction of the con- simple grandeur of the choruses in the ' Israel 

VOL. XII. T 



Costa 274 Costard 



in Egypt J requires no help from the brass Psalms ' in 1733 ; ' A Critical Dissertation 
instruments of modern times, and he there- concerning the words ACLL/JLOIV and Aat/*oVioz/, 
fore inserted trombone parts and occasional occasioned by two late Enquiries into the 
drum passages almost wherever he pleased. Meaning of Demoniacks in the New Testa- 
Though we may deplore his want of refine- ment ' in 1738. His learned researches into 
ment, we must remember that Costa perfectly the history of astronomy opened in 1746 
suited the taste of his generation, and that with ' A Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq., con- 
but for him the national love of Handel would cerning the Rise and Progress of Astronomy 
have been far less than it now is. amongst the Ancients/ The subject was 

It is as a conductor that his name will continued in e A Further Account of the Rise 

longest endure, for he was the first master and Progress of Astronomy among the An- 

of the art who had appeared in England, cients, in three Letters to Martin Folkes, 

Not so very long before his arrival the direc- Esq.' (Oxford, 1748), treating severally of 

tion of the orchestra had been effected from the Astronomy of the Chaldeans, of the 

a pianoforte or by the leader of the violins ; Constellations in the Book of Job, and of the 

the change to the present system of beating Mythological Astronomy of the Ancients, 

time from the front of the orchestra was in- The drift of his arguments was to show that 

troduced by Spohr in 1820, but it was some exact astronomy was a product of Greek 

time before conducting became a separate genius, beginning with Thales, and owed little 

art as it is at the present day. His chief either to Egypt or Babylon, 

characteristics as a conductor were his in- His essay on i The Use of Astronomy in 

domitable will, his absolute firmness and History and Chronology, exemplified in an 

-decision of beat, and his indefatigable energy; Inquiry into the Fall of the Stone into the 

he possessed also no small amount of diplo- JBgospotamos, said to have been foretold by 

macy, which was of the greatest use in ma- Anaxagoras ' (London, 1764), served as a 

naging recalcitrant prime donne and other further preparation for the work by which he 

mutinous persons^ Though many of the is chiefly remembered. * The History of As- 

,-subtleties of the highest kind of music were tronomy, with its Application to Geography, 

beyond his reach, he never failed to realise History, and Chronology, occasionally exem- 

the general effect of the compositions he di- plified by the Globes ' (London, 1767, 4to), 

rected, and Meyerbeer, whose contribution received a distinctive value from the ample 

-to the music of the 1862 exhibition he con- stores of Greek and Oriental erudition dis- 

'ducted, was no doubt in earnest when he played in it. Designed chiefly for the use of 

called him 'the greatest chef d? orchestra in students, demonstration accompanied narra- 

-the world/ tive, the purpose of discovery being thus 

[Grove's Diet, of Music; Quarterly Musical illustrated as well as its origin related. An 
Magazine, x. 462, &c. ; Harmonicon, vii. 273, &c.; * Account of the Arabian Astronomy/ ex- 
Times, 30 April 1884; Musical Recollections of tracted from its pages, was included in the 
the Last Half-century ; information from Dr. A. first volume of the l Asiatic Miscellany,' 
Nicholson.] J. A. E. M. printed at Calcutta in 1785. 



COSTAKD, GEORGE (171(^-1782), as- 1_, , 5 _, _ _ ^ _ uue ^_ 
tronomical writer, was born at Shrewsbury penses of his funeral were defrayed by a sub- 
in 1710, entered, about 1726, Wadham Col- scription among his parishioners (Monthly 
lege, Oxford, of which body he became fellow Review, 1787, Ixxvi. 419). By his particular 
;and tutor, having taken degrees of B.A. and desire he was buried, without monument or 
M.A. in 1731 and 1/33. He was chosen proctor inscription to mark his grave, in Twickenham 

^^ he ^ V ?f tyi - n ^^ Churchyard. His library, oriental manu- 

^f Dr. Wyndham m 1777, declined the war- scripts, and philosophical instruments were 

densnrp ot his college, on the ground of ad- ' sold by auction in March 1782. 

vanced age. His first ecclesiastical employ- Besides the works already mentioned he 

ment was the curacy of Hip, near Oxford, wrote : 1. < Some Observations tending to 

whence he was promoted to be viear of Whit- illustrate the Book of Job ' Oxford 1747 

church, Dorsetshire. Finally Lord Chancel- 2. < Two Dissertations (i.) containing an En- 

lor Northington, struck by the unusual at- quiry into the Meaning of the Word Zesitoh, 

tamments displayed in his writings, procured mentioned in Job xlii. 11 (ii ) on the Sig-- 

for him, in June 1764, the presentation to nification of the Word 'Hermes! Oxford, 

the vicarage of Twickenham, in which he 1750, criticised the same year in a tract from 

'continued until his death. an unknown hand, entitled < Marginal Anim- 

His two earliest works appeared anony- adversions/ &c. 3. 'Dissertations duse 

-.mously Critical Observations on some Critico-Sacra : quarum prima explicatur 



Coste 275 Coste 

Ezek. xiii. 18, altera vero 2 Reg. x. 22,' Ox- Masham, the son of Lady Masham, Cud- 
ford, 1752, of which the latter was the ob- worth's daughter. Locke then resided with 
ject of a bitter anonymous attack in ' A Dis- Sir Francis and Lady Masham at Gates in 
sertation upon 2 Kings x. 22, translated Essex, and Coste became intimate with the phi- 

from the Latin of Rabbi C d' (Costard), losopher, who superintended the translation 

4. e A. Letter to Nathaniel Brassey Halhead, of the ' Essay ' most minutely, even e correct- 
Esq., containing some Remarks on his Preface ing the original in several passages,' accord- 
to the Code of Gentoo Laws lately published/ ing to Le Clerc, ' in order to make them 
Oxford, 1778, disputing the high antiquity plainer and more easy of translation.' When 
claimed for them ; besides some papers in the Locke died in 1704, Coste wrote a kind of 
4 Philosophical Transactions ' (xliii. 522, xliv. character or ' 61oge ' of him, which was pub- 
476, xlviii. 17, 155, 441, Ixvii. 231). Costard lished in Bayle's paper, the i R6publique des 
edited the second edition of Dr. Hyde's i Ye- Lettres/ for February 1705. It was repub- 
terum Persarum, et Parthorum, et Medorum lished in a ' Collection of several pieces of 
Religionis Historia/ issued under his super- Mr. John Locke 7 (1720), and in the second 
intendence from the Clarendon Press in 1760, edition of Coste's translation of the ' Essay ' 
-and published, with a preface by himself, (Amsterdam, 1729). Des Maizeaux, the edi- 
Halley's translation of the e Spherics ' of Me- tor of the ' Collection of Several Pieces, 7 had 
nelaus (Oxford 1758). He contributed to inserted Coste's ' character 7 in that work 'at 
the first edition of Nichols's i Literary Anec- the request of some of the friends 7 of l Mr. 
dotes, 7 and his correspondence with Mr. Jacob Locke, who i judge its publication necessary/ 
Bryant touching the locality of the land of inasmuch as boste, l in several writings, and 
Ooshen is published in i Miscellaneous Tracts in his common conversation, has aspersed 
by the late William Bowyer and several of and blackened the memory of Mr. Locke. 7 
his learned friends/ London, 1785, p. 681. No public ' aspersion 7 is traceable, and it 
A letter written by Costard, 29 March 1761, seems more than probable that the republica- 
to Dr. Birch on the meaning of the phrase tion of the ' character ' in the second edition 
4 Sphsera Barbarica/ used by Julius Firmicus of the translation of the { Essay ? was Coste's 
and Scaliger, is preserved in manuscript at reply to Des Maizeaux's challenge. At the 
the British Museum (Birch MS. 4440, f. 89). same time there seems scarcely room for 
His works are still worth consulting for the doubt that Coste thought he had some griev- 
frequent references to and citations from ance against Locke; for Coste's biographer 
Hebrew, Arabic, and the less-known Greek observes : ' that learned man did not deal 
authors contained in them. very generously by Coste, which, however, 

[Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Phil. Trans. Abridg. id not 'P*** &* latt j* & P^Bjg a 

ix. 168 (1809); Nichols's Lit. Aneccl. ii. 428 ^andjust eulogium of him after his death/ 

(1812); Ironside's Twickenham, in Nichols's Wlien Locke died > Coste was successively 

Bibl. Topogr. Brit. x. 125; Gent. Mag. hcxv. tutor to several young noblemen and gentle- 

i. 305 (with portrait from a drawing by J. C. men > and > among others, to the son of Lord 

Barnes) ; "Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Lysons's Environs, Shaftesbury, the philosopher, with whom he 

iii. 586, suppl. 319.] A. M. C. was on terms of considerable intimacy. Mean- 

while, and afterwards, his pen was busy, not 

CObTE, PIERRE (1668-1747), trans- with much original work, but with transla- 
lator, was born in October 1668 in France, at tions from Lady Masham, Lord Shaftesbury, 
the town of Uzes, where his father was a Newton (the ' Optics '), and with annotated 
substantial cloth and wool merchant, The editions of La Fontaine, Montaigne, &c. His 
revocation of the Edict of Nantes seems to original work is indeed in no sense remark- 
have driven him from France at an early age, able ; but his translations were of durable 
and he was accepted for the protestant mini- service, and helped to introduce English 
stay at a synod held at Amsterdam in 1690. thought to the French of the eighteenth cen- 
He preached, however, but seldom, and soon tury. It was through them that Bayle, who 
devoted himself exclusively to literature, did not know English, became acquainted 
translating works from Latin, Italian, and with Locke's < Human Understanding. 7 The 
English, and writing what remains his most translations of Locke's works have been re- 
important original contribution to literature, published many times, that of the < Essay on 
a liie of Conde*. Education ' as lately as 1882. 

Goste had translated Locke's < Thoughts Coste, who appears to have had some 

concerning Education ' and < Reasonableness knowledge. of science, was made a foreign 

u c stiamt y/ and wa s in 1697 translating member of the Royal Society. His name ap- 

the Essay concerning Human Understand- pears for the first time in the list of members 

mg, when he was made tutor to Frank for 1743. He died in Paris on 24 Jan. 1747. 

T 2 



Costeley 276 Costello 

It is stated that there was a monument to 1803. His father, James Francis Costello 

his memory in old Paddington Church, but who became a captain in the 14th regiment 

no trace can be found of that monument in 25 May 1803 7 was born in the barony of Cos- 

the existing edifice. tello, county Mayo, and died at an early age, 

[A short biographical notice prefixed to the leaving his wife and two children in impo- 

third edition of the Life of Conde (the Hague, venshed circumstances. The son Dudley was 

1748). This book contains what seems to be a educated for the ^ army at Sandhurst, and 

complete list of Coste's works, and a portrait, received a commission from that college as 

References to Coste will also be found in Mr. Fox ensign in the 34th regiment on 4 Oct. 1821, 

Bourne's Life of John Locke (1876); in the but his regiment being in India and continu- 

Lettres choisies de M.Bayle (Eotterdam, 1714), ing there, he was placed on half-pay on 27 Sept 

and in the notes to the article on Locke in the 1823. He joined the 96th regiment on 29 Jan* 

first edition of the Biog. Brit.] F. T. M. 18Mj serv ' e a O n the staff in North America 

COSTELEY, GUILLAUME (1531- ^^e West Indies, and as an ensign went 

1606), organist and 'valet du chambre du ? n half-pay on 10 Sept. 1828. While resid- 

roy ' to Henry II and Charles IX of France, m ? mBermudahe showed much early literary 

according to Fetia (Dictionnaire des Musi- ta i e ^ W & *& and writing ma hand like 

dens, vol. ii. ed. 1860), the son of Scotch pa- Pt, aweeHyjournal entitled The Grouper/ 

rents, is said to have been born in 1531. He whic /i he continued with small means for a 

was a prolific composer of French chansons Considerable period. After his return to 

for several voices, many of which are still England he joined his mother and sister in 

extant in the collections printed by Nicholas 5 Wlt . h 3lo P es t^at through the interest of 

du Chemin, Adrien Le Eoy, Robert Ballard, ^ Canning, to whom he was related through 

and Jean Bellere between 1554 and 1597. tnat statesman smother, he might obtain some 

The Municipal Library of Orleans is said also appointment which would prevent the neces- 

to contain a manuscript collection of part- ^y of a return to his regiment, but by the 

books, in which are many of his compositions. death o Canning his chance of preferment 

A passage in Antoine du Verdier's ' Biblio- came to an end - For some months he was 

theque ' (Lyons, 1585, p. 476), repeated in associated as an artist with the labours of 

the 'Bibliotheca Exotica' of G. Draudius e_ichthyological department of the 'Regne 

(ed. 1625, p. 209), has been taken to mean Animal ^ nder -Baron Cuvier. After this he 

that he was the author of a treatise <La dev . oted himself to copying illuminated manu- 

Musique/ printed by Le Roy and Ballard at s< ? L P ts m theBibliothequeRoyale. His copies 

Paris in 1579 ; but no copy of this is known, of the work , of Km Ren of Sicil y on ' Toii r- 

though Fe*tis mentions that the work is a na ^ ents and their Laws ' are most accurate 

quarto. It is therefore possible that Du Ver- and . Beautiful, and were much admired in 

dier only records the publication of Oosteley's ? an * He continued for some years to draw 

music at this date. In his later years Coste- tlus Banner, and he and his sister [see 

ley retired to Evreux, where in 1571 he took COSTELLO, LOUISA STTJABT] were in fact the 

a prominent part in establishing a guild in ^ to cal1 public attention to manuscript 

honour of St. Cecilia, of which he was chosen c Pyi n g both in Pans and in the British Mu- 
" " He helped his sister in her works on 




---- - -- '"7 " ' - ' w*- MM. **- v -^r ***f mj luJpi V ^ur ^ ..!**. k^B^f A- * *^ ^ ~* ** T " 

cal competition was established by the guild, nous illustrations laboriously executed by 

he contributed ten livres and a yearly sub- hand - He returned to London in 1833. In 

scription of a hundred sols. The winner of the 1838 he accepted the place of foreign corre- 

first prize a silver harp at the first public spondent to the < Morning Herald/ being a 

competition was Orlando de Lassus. It is Yei 7 ^ ood linguist, and for some time lived at 

also recorded that when Costeley was elected -Hanover. ^ Paris and London afterwards di- 

prince he gave a dinner and supper at his Vlded his time, and in 1846 he was the foreign 

house, 'le Moullin de la Planche/ He died correspondent of the ' Daily News. 7 For thirty 

at Evreux, 1 Feb. 1606. y ears lie was a contributor to many of the 



and Chant's Puy de Musique 

^Evreuz,1838; Mendel's Miik. Lexilfon ; Ih Q W l 

ner's Bibliographie der Mnsik-Sammel^erke d^ Household Words, and ' All 

16ten und 17ten Jahrhunderts, 1877, p. 494; ^nd w^ also connected with the Examiner 

authorities quoted above.] W. B, S. rom I 845 * As an author, his charming ' Tour 

through the Valley of the Meuse' is stillmuch 

COSTELLO, DUDLEY (1803-1865), appreciated in Belgium. The drawings in it 

author and journalist, was born in Sussex in are executed by himself, and are done with his 



Costello 277 Costello 

usual delicacy. His industry and his talents first to call attention to the occupation of copy- 
did not, however, serve to make him rich, and ing illuminated manuscripts, and she worked 
on 19 April 1861 he was glad to accept a civil at this business herself both in Paris and in 
list pension of 75Z. a year. He married, on London. She was one of the most voluminous 
23 Sept. 1843, Mary Frances, widow of J. D. and popular writers of her day. Her best 
Tweedy of "Warley House, near Halifax, books, describing those parts of France least 
Her death, on 1 May 1865, contributed to known in England, combine graphic descrip- 
his end, for an insidious malady declared tion with anecdotal archaeology which varies 
itself when his broken spirits could not afford the narrative of travel and adventure. Louis- 
him the means of rallying. He tried a Philippe marked his approval of these works 
journey through Spain to divert his melan- by presenting Miss Costello with a very valu- 
choly, but it failed of its effect, and a work able jewelled ornament. She at length ae- 
on Spain which he had projected was not quired by her industry a small competence, 
even attempted by him. He died of granular which was supplemented by a liberal pen- 
degeneration of the kidneys at 54 Acacia sion from the Burdett family, and on 9 Aug. 
Road, St. John's Wood, London, on 30 Sept. 1852 she was awarded a civil list annuity of 
1865, aged 62. He was the author of : 75L Her mother died at Munich in 1846, 
1. ' A Tour through the Valley of the Meuse, and her brother died in 1865, when, although 
with the Legends of the "Walloon Country and she was blessed with troops of friends in 
the Ardennes,' 1845. 2. ' Stories from a England, she retired to live alone at Bou- 
Screen/ 1855. 3. t The Joint-Stock Bank,' logne. Here she died from the effects of a 
1856. 4. l The Millionaire of Mincing Lane/ virulent cancer in the mouth on 24 April 

1858. 5. ' Faint Heart never won Fair Lady,' 1870, and was buried in the cemetery of St. 

1859. 6. ' Holidays with Hobgoblins/ 1861. Martin, Boulogne, on 27 April. She was the 
7. ' Piedmont and Italy, from the Alps to the author of the following works : 1. ' The Maid 
Tiber, illustrated with a series of views taken of the Cyprus Isle and other Poems/ 1815. 
on the spot/ 1859-61. 2. * Redwald, a Tale of Mona, and other 

[Gent. Mag. November 1865, p. 659; Bentley's Poems/ 1819, 3. ' Songs of a Stranger/ 1825. 

Miscellany, November 1865, pp. 543-50; Ex- 4 ' Specimens of the Early Poetry of France, 

-aminer, 7 Oct. 1865, p. 637.] Gr. 0. B. from the Time of the Troubadours and Trou- 

veres to the Reign of Henri Quatre/ 1835. 

COSTELLO, LpUISA STUAKT (1799- 5. < A Summer among the Bocages and the 

1870),miniaturepainterandauthor,onlysister Vines/ 1840. 6. < A Pilgrimage to Auvergne 

of Dudley Costello [q. v.], was born in 1799, from Picardy to Le Velay/ 1841. 7. < The 

and, after the early death of her father, went Queen's Poisoner, or France in the 16th 

with her mother in 1814 to Paris. Although Century/ 1841 ; republished as ' Catherine 

not sixteen she was a proficient artist, and de Medicis, or the Queen Mother/ 1859. 

was able to add so considerably to her mother's 8. 'Gabrielle, or Pictures of a Reign/ 1843. 

pension by painting miniatures that she main- 9. < Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen/ 1844. 

tained her young brother at Sandhurst Col- 10. ' Be"arn and the Pyrenees, a Legendary 

lege, and assisted him not only while he Tour/1844. 11. ' The Falls, Lakes, and Moun- 

.served in the army, but subsequently till his tains of North Wales/ 1845. 12. ' The Rose 

death. Removing after some years to Lon- Garden of Persia/ 1845. 13. ' A Tour to and 

don to practise miniature painting as a pro- from Venice, by the Vaudois and the Tyrol/ 

fession, and almost unknown, she published 1846. 14. ' Jacques Coeur, the French Ar- 

in 1825 ' Songs of a Stranger/ dedicated to gonaut, and his Times/ 1847. 15. ' Clara 

Lisle Bowles. They are graceful verses, and Fane, or the Contrasts of a Life/ 1848. 

eo tunable that some of them set to music 16. ' Memoirs of Mary, the young Duchess of 

became popular. Her pale pretty face and Burgundy/ 1853. 17. ' Memoirs of Anne, 

engaging conversation soon gained friends, Duchess of Brittany/ 1855, 18, 'The Lay 

none firmer or more helpful than Sir Francis of the Stork, a poem/ 1856. 

^d Lady Burdett and their daughter 'The [Atlienjmm , 7 May 1870, p. 812; Men of the 

Maid of the Cyprus Isle and other Poems' Tir isfi Y 9fui a r n 

11 1-1,1 , . . * / mi - *- J. J,J4J.O, J. O\JO) U Av/^t. I \X. \J, JJ. 

attracted the attention of Thomas Moore, to 

whom, in 1835, she dedicated < Specimens of COSTELLO, WILLIAM BIBMING- 

the Early Poetry of France.' This work, by HAM, M.D. (1800-1867), surgeon, was born 

which she first became generally known, pro- near Dublin, received his education in that 

cured for her the friendship of Sir Walter city, and established himself in London about 

Scott, and caused her to devote herself entirely 1832 as a consulting surgeon. Subsequently 

to literature. With her brother, to whom she he became medical superintendent ofWyke 

was devotedly attached, she was one of the House Asylum, near Isleworth. The latter 



Cosway 278 Cosway 

part of Ms life was spent in Paris, where he j painted, and afterwards engraved by Luigi 
devoted himself chiefly to literature, and i Schiavonetti (1790). During her residence 
where he died on 15 Aug. 1867. in Lyons she sought the shelter of the cloister,, 

He edited the ' Cyclopaedia of Practical and also made a pilgrimage to the shrine of 
Surgery, including a copious bibliography/ the Virgin at Loreto, in fulfilment of a vow to- 
of which twelve parts were published at Lon- , do so if blessed with a living child. In 1804 
don, 1841-3, 8vo ; and was author of numerous she returned to London and resumed her art 
contributions to medical science. and evening parties. She now set out with 

[Lancet, 31 Aug. 1867, p. 282 ; Gent. Mag. er brother George Hadfield, the artist, for 
ccixiii. 540.1 T. 0, Rome, which she was unable to reach through 

illness. She lived in north Italy for three- 

COSWAY, MARIA CECILIA LOUISA years, and then came to England. The death 
(Jl. 1820), miniature painter, was born in of her only child, Louisa Paolina Angelica, 
Florence at an uncertain date. Her father, during her absence threw Mrs. Cosway upon 
said by some to have been an Irishman by art once more, and she executed several pic- 
birth and by others a native of Shrewsbury, tures for chapels. The father had the child's 
was named Hadfield. He kept an hotel at body embalmed and placed in a marble sar 
Leghorn, and was able to live in a luxurious cophagus ; yet Walpole writes : ' The man 
style. She was one of several children, but Cosway does not seem to think much of the* 
she, a brother, and a younger sister were the loss.' Again Mrs. Cosway went to France, 
only survivors of a tragical occurrence. A notwithstanding the war between England 
lunatic nurse killed four of Maria's brothers and that country. In Paris she was persuaded 
and sisters, under the persuasion that her by Cardinal Fetch to establish a college for 
victims would be translated at once to young ladies. This, however, failed ; but she- 
heaven, and was arrested after she had been afterwards carried out the plan at Lodi. Her 
overheard talking of murdering Maria. The sister Charlotte married Mr. "W. Coombe, the- 
nurse was sentenced to imprisonment for author of ( Dr. Syntax.' The date of Mrs. 
life. Maria was educated in a convent, and Cosway's death is unknown. Some autho- 
afterwards went to Home, where she studied rities say a few months after her husband's- 
art under Battoni, Mengs, Fuseli, and Joseph death in July 1821, and others that she was- 
Wright of Derby. On her father's death she living in 1833, It is certain that in June 182$ 
expressed a strong desire to become a nun ; she was in correspondence with the Italian, 
her mother, however, brought her to England, engraver, Giovan Paolo Lasinio, junior, re- 
where she became acquainted with Angelica specting the publication of her husband's 
Kauffrnann, and took to miniature-painting, drawings in Florence. The folio volume is- 
employing her talent chiefly in representing entitled: 'Raccolta di Disegni Original! scelti 
mythological subjects. In 1781 she exhibited dai Portafogli del celebre Riceardo Cosway r 
for the first time at the Royal Academy the R. A., e primo pittore del Serenissimo Prin- 
following three works : ' Rinaldo/ ' Creusa cipe di WaUia, posseduti dalla di lui vedova r 
appearing to ^Eneas/ engraved in mezzotint la Signora Maria Cosway, e intagliati da Paolo 
by V. Green, and 'Like patience on a monu- Lasinio, figlio/ Firenze, 1826. Among the 
ment smiling at grief.' In the same year she many engraved portraits of her after her hus- 
married Richard Cosway [q. v.l and it is re- band the following may be mentioned : by Va- 
corded that her manners were so foreign that he lentine Green, Luigi Schiavone tti, Francesco- 
kept her secluded till she mastered the English Bartolozzi, Anthony Car don, and a group with 
language. However, Mrs. Cosway soon made the title, < Abelard and Eloisa in the Garden 
her reputation as an artist, especially when of Fulbert's Country Residence at Corbeil/ by 
the portrait of the fair Duchess of Devon- R.Thew,1789. Her principal works engraved 
shire in the character of Cynthia was ex- and exhibited at the Royal Academy are : 
hibited. Among her personal acquaintances 'Clytie/ by V. Green; 'The Descent from 
were Lady Lyttelton, the Hon. Mrs. Darner, the Cross,' by V. Green ; ' Astrea instructing- 
the Countess of Aylesbury, Lady Cecilia Arthegal,' by V. Green ; < The Judgment on 
Johnston, and the Marchioness of Townshend. Korah, Dathan, and Abiram/ by S. W. Rey- 
Some say that she ran away from her hus- nolds;' A Persian,' by Emma Smith; *H.R.H. 
band, while others tell us, on the contrary, the Princess of Wales and the Princess Char- 
that she led a happy life with him. There lotte,' by S, W. Reynolds ; l The Hours/ by 
seems to be no doubt that Mrs. Cosway did F. Bartolozzi ; l Lodona/ by F. Bartolozzi ; 
on one occasion take a tour on the continent 'The Guardian Angel/ by S, Phillips; ' Going- 
mthout her husband, accompanied by Signor to the Temple/ by P. W. Tomkins; 'The- 
Lfuigi Marchesi, an Italian tenor of great Birth of the Thames/ by P. W. Tomkins ;. 
reputation, whose portrait Richard Cosway < Creusa appearing to /Eneas/ by V. Greeny 



Cosway 



279 



Cosway 



' The Preservation of Shadrach, Meshac, and 
Abednego/byW. S. Reynolds ; and 'Louis VII, 
King of France, before Becket's Tomb,' by 
W. Sharp. Mrs. Cosway drew ' The Progress 
of Female Dissipation/ and ' The Progress of 
Female Virtue/ published in 1800 ; besides, 
she brought out a series of twelve designs, 
entitled ' The Winter's Day/ contributed to 
BoydelTs < Shakespeare Gallery ' and Mack- 
lin's ' Poets.' She etched all the plates in a 
large folio work bearing the following title, 
' Gallery of the Louvre, represented by etch- 
ings executed solely by Mrs. Maria Cosway, 
with an Historical and Critical Description 
of all the Pictures which compose the Superb 
Collection, and a Biographical Sketch of the 
Life of each Painter, by J. Griffiths, &c. &c./ 
Paris, 1802, and numerous other plates, some 
in soft-ground etching, most of which are in 
the department of prints and drawings, British 
Museum. 

[Clayton's English Female Artists, London, 
1876, 8vo, i. 314 ; Cunningham's Lives of British 
Painters, London, 1836, 8vo, vi. 1 ; Smith's Nol- 
lekens and his Times, London, 1828, 8vo, ii. 392 ; 
manuscript notes in the British Museum.] 

L. F. 

COSWAY, BICHAKD (1740-1821), 
painter in water-colour, oil, and miniature, 
was born at Tiverton, Devonshire, in 1740. 
His father was master of the public school 
there, but the son received his first education 
at a school in Okeford, near Bampton, and 
very early displayed a strong disposition to 
the art of painting. He was therefore sent 
to London, at the expense chiefly of his uncle, 
who had been mayor of Tiverton, and his 
earliest patron, one Oliver Peard. Pie now 
studied under Thomas Hudson, Sir Joshua 
Keynolds's master, and afterwards joined Wil- 
liam Shipley's academy of drawing in the 
Strand. John Thomas Smith, in i JST ollekens 
and his Times ' (London, 1828), ii. 392, re- 
lates that Cosway when a boy was noticed 
by Mr. Shipley, who took him to wait upon 
the students and carry in the tea and coffee 
which the housekeeper was allowed to pro- 
vide, and for which she charged threepence per 
head. The students, among whom were Nol- 
lekens and Smith's father, good-temperedly 
gave ' Dick ' instructions in drawing, and ad- 
vised him to try for a prize in the Society of 
Arts, where, in 1755, he obtained a premium 
of 61. 6s. for a drawing. In 1757 he gained 
another premium of 4/. 4s., in 1758 one of 
4:1. 4:8. , in 1759 a premium of "2Z. 2s., and in 
1760 another of 101. 10s. He also excelled 
as a draughtsman from the antique, in the 
Duke of Richmond's gallery in Privy Gar- 
den, "Whitehall. After the expiration of his 



engagement with Shipley, Cosway began to 
teach in Parr's drawing school and to execute 
heads for shops, besides fancy miniatures, not 
always chaste, and used for lids of snuff- 
boxes. From the money he earned and from 
the gaiety of the company he kept Cosway 
rose < from one of the dirtiest boys to one of 
the smartest men/ Smith tells us how he 
saw him at the elder Christie's picture sales, 
full dressed in his sword and bag, with a 
small three-cornered hat on the top of his 
powdered toupt and a mulberry silk coat, 
profusely embroidered with scarlet straw- 
berries. In addition to his artistic works, 
which he disposed of readily, Cosway increased 
considerably his income by dealing in old 
pictures. 

In 1706 he became a member of the In- 
corporated Society of Artists, and in 1769 
a student at the Koyal Academy, At this 
period he resided in Orchard Street, Portman 
Square. His talent and great reputation 

fained him an early admission to the Aca- 
emy, for he was elected an associate in 1770, 
and a full academician in 1771. He exhibited 
at the Koyal Academy, somewhat irregularly, 
forty-five miniatures. In 1781 he married 
Maria Hadfield, a native of Italy, distin- 
guished for her talents and beauty [see COS- 
WAY, MAMA.], and now resided at No. 4 Ber- 
keley Street, Berkeley Square, and three years 
later in Pall Mall, in the centre portion of 
the house built for the Duke of Schomberg. 
Hence he moved to a residence at the corner 
of Stratford Place, Oxford Street, in what was 
then considered one of the best London man- 
sions (see Grace Collection, department of 
prints and drawings, British Museum, port- 
folio xxix. plates 95, 96 ; and ACKEKMANN, 
Repository of Arts, 1 March 1815). He left 
his house on account of some satirical verses 
referring to the sculptured lions (still in 
existence) near his doorway : 

When a man to a fair for a show brings a lion, 
'Tis usual a monkey the sign-post to tie on ; 
But here the old custom reversed is seen, 
3?or the lion 's without, and the monkey 's with in. 

The lines, posted on his door, are supposed 
to have been composed by Peter Pindar (I)r, 
Wolcott). Cosway moved to No. 20 in the 
same street. Here he practised his art with 
immense success, and fashionable people were 
in the habit of making his studio a morning 
lounge. The house was magnificently fur- 
nished ; it contained, moreover, a large col- 
lection of paintings, principally by masters 
of Dutch and Flemish schools, majolica, arms, 
prints, drawings, &c. The Prince of Wales's 
carriage was frequently seen at the door, 
Cosway having painted a remarkable minia- 



Cosway 



280 



Cosworth 



tore, engraved by John Conde", of Mrs. Fitz- 
herbert afterwards. His professional engage- 
ments at Carlton House were, it is said, so 
frequent that when residing in Pall Mall, 
Cosway had a private communication with 
Carlton Palace Gardens. He was appointed 
principal painter to his royal highness the 
Prince of Wales, and it was generally be- 
lieved among artists that Cosway received 
from his royal patron in one year no less a 
sum than 10,OOOZ. Owing to his wife's deli- 
cate health they went to Paris, where, at the 
instance of the Duchess of Devonshire, he 
painted the Duchess of Orleans and family 
and the Duchess of Polignac. They also 
visited Flanders together, but afterwards se- 
parated for some considerable time. During 
his latter years he endured great physical 
pain. Twice he was stricken with paralysis, 
and on 4 July 1821, when living at Edg- 
ware, he died suddenly while taking an 
airing in the carriage with his old friend Miss 
Udney, Cosway often expressed a wish to 
be buried either in St. Paul's or near Rubens 
at Antwerp, but he lies in the vault, north 
wall, of Marylebone Church, where a monu- 
ment, by H. "Westmacott, was erected to his 
memory by his widow. The sculpture (see 
SL print by Charles Picart, measuring 14 in. 
by 11 Jin.) represents a medallion of the ar- 
tist in right profile, surrounded by three figures 
of genii, emblematic of art, taste, and genius, 
with some verses by his brother-in-law, Wil- 
liam Ooombe ('Dr. Syntax'). 

In person Cosway was unlike his numerous 
portraits by him sen, which have usually the 
air of a cavalier of romance. He occasionally 
painted in oil with a strong predilection for 
Correggio, and one of these productions he 
presented to his parish church of Tiverton. 
He showed, in his later years, a decided ten- 
dency towards mysticism, being a Sweden- 
borgian and a strong believer in animal 
magnetism. He often alluded to mysterious 
conversations with the Virgin Mary, with 
Dante, and Apelles. His most popular por- 
traits were small whole-length figures, exe- 
cuted in a somewhat sketchy style, with 
the exception of the head and hands, which 
were highly finished. He had a beautiful 
and clever daughter, Louisa Paolina Ange- 
lica. At the age of five her portrait, after 
Cosway, was engraved by Anthony Cardon. 
She possessed a natural taste for drawing and 
music, and was set by her father to study 
Hebrew when ten years old, in order that 
she might read the Bible in the original. She 
died young. His own portraits have been 
engraved by J. Clarke, Mariano Bovi, Wil- 
liam Daniell, and R. Thew. About 1770 
Dighton drew a caricature of Cosway, after- 



wards engraved by Richard Earlom in mezzo- 
tint, and published by Bowles and Carver. 
It is called ' The Macaroni Painter, or Billy 
Dimple sitting for his Picture ' (see Catalogue of 
Satirical Prints in the British Museum, 1883, 
iv. 712, No. 4520). There is in the National 
Portrait Gallery a miniature of himself in 
water colours painted by himself (4 in. by 3 in.) 
In the British Museum there are several, but 
slight, sketches by his hand, and at Blenheim 
three portraits, viz. George Spencer Churchill, 
fourth duke of Marlborough, George, fifth 
duke of Marlborough, and his brother, Lord 
Charles S. Churchill, when boys, in fancy 
costume, and a fancy portrait of Lady Caro- 
line Spencer Churchill, daughter of George, 
fourth duke. To these may be added the fol- 
lowing compositions, portraits, &c., engraved 
in mezzotint : a portrait of James Hutton, 
engraved by J. R. Smith ; f Wisdom directing 
Beauty and Yirtue to Sacrifice at the Altar 
of Diana/ engraved by J. R. Smith. The 
figures in this picture are portraits of Lady 
Margaret Corry, Lady Harriet Butler, and 
Juliana, countess of Carrick; 'Sigismond/ 
engraved by Blackmoore j Lady Hume, by Y. 
Green ; Miss Elliot, in the character of Mi- 
nerva, by I. Saunders ; ' Love/ by I. G. Fluck; 
and ' Europa/ by J. R. Smith. In the stipple 
manner : ' Infancy/ by C. White ; ' The Royal 
Infant/ by F. Bartolozzi ; Caroline, Princess 
of Wales, and the Princess Charlotte, by F. 
Bartolozzi ; the Right Honourable Lady Anna 
Maria Stanhope, by A. Cardon ; Madame Re"- 
camier, by A. Cardon ; Major-general R. C. 
Ferguson, M.P., by A. Cardon; Frederick, 
duke of York, by G. Hadfield ; George, prince 
of Wales, by J. Conde* ; and others engraved 
by I. S. Agar, I. Godefroy, G. Minasi, W. 
Sharp, L. Salliar, C. Townley, &c. A book 
entitled ' A Miscellaneous Metaphysical Es- 
say; or, an Hypothesis concerning the For- 
mation and Generation of Spiritual and Ma- 
terial Beings, &c. By an Impartial Inquirer 
after Truth/ London, 1748, 8vo, is erroneously 
ascribed to Cosway in the British Museum 
Library Catalogue. The sale of his collec- 
tion of drawings and prints took place at 
Stanley's 14 Feb. (eight days) 1822. He 
stamped these drawings with the letters 
' C. R/ (see FAGA.K, Collectors 1 Marks, Lon- 
don, 1883, 8vo, No. 119). 

[Art Journal, 1858, p. 268; Cunningham's 
Lives of British Painters, &c., London, 1833, 8vo, 
vi. 1 ; manuscript notes and catalogues in the 
British Museum.] L. F. 



COSWORTH or COSOWARTH, MI- 
CHAEL (Jl. 1600), translator of the psalms, 
born in 1568, was the son of John Cosworth, 
a London mercer, of a Cornish family, by 



Cotes 2Sl Cotes 

Dorothy, daughter of Sir William Locke, al- mons, left Ireland, and settled in London 
derman of London, and widow of Ottiwell about 1720, Young Cotes became a pupil 
Hill, another London mercer. He matricu- of George Knapton, and soon outstripped his 
lated as a pensioner at St. John's College, master. He^becarne eminent for his portraits 
Cambridge, in December 1576, and proceeded in crayons, in which branch of art he sur- 
B. A. in 1579-80. Richard Carew, the well- passed all his predecessors, though it has been 
known topographer of Cornwall [q. v.], was said that he owed something of his excellence 
Oosworth's cousin, and writes of him thus in to the study of the works of Rosalba. He 
his ' Survey of Cornwall, 7 p. 145 : ' He ad- also painted in oil colours with considerable 
dicteth himself to an ecclesiastical life, and ability, and his portraits are often good pic- 
therein joining Poetry with Divinity, endea- tures, although somewhat hard and coarsely 
voureth to imitate the holy prophet David, pencilled. Hogarth declared, probably not 
whose Psalmes of his translation into English without a little malice, that Cotes was a 
metre receiveth general applause beyond a better painter than Reynolds ; but this opinion 
great many other well-deserving undertak- posterity has not endorsed. His crayon por- 
ino-s of the same type.' These translated traits are well drawn and have been much 
psalms were not printed by the author, but admired, and among them none are better 
were apparently widely circulated in manu- than that of Queen Charlotte, with the Prin- 
script. A manuscript copya neatly written cess Royal asleep on her lap, belonging to 
quarto volume is among the Harleian MSS. the Duke of Northumberland, which was ex- 
at the British Museum (No. 6906). The au- hibited in the National Portrait Exhibition 
thor's cousins, Carew and Henry Locke, con- of 1867. Cotes was at one time a member of 
tribute commendatory verses. Only selected the Incorporated Society of Artists, at whose 
psalms are translated ; the metres are various j exhibitions he exhibited forty-eight pictures, 
and the work is not conspicuous for literary but he seceded from it, and was one of the 
merit. Extracts have been printed in Farr's artists who memorialised George III for the 
4 Selected Poetry' (Parker Soc.), and in establishment of the Royal Academy of Arts, 
Brydges's < Excerpta Tudoriana,' i. 48-51. of which he became one of the first academi- 
Cosworth also contributed verses to Henry cians. He enjoyed a reputation in his day, 
Locke's ' Ecclesiastes ' (1597). and fashion followed him from London to 
Cosworth and his family appear to have Bath, and back again. He was very early in 
removed to Cornwall, their true home, in the life afflicted with stone, to which he fell a 
seventeenth century. The well-known judge, victim before he attained the age of forty- 
Sir John Bramston the elder [a. v.], whose . five, through having imprudently taken soap- 
wife was distantly related to the Cosworths, lees as a cure. He died 19 July 1770 at 
had a clerk of that name, who retired to Richmond, Surrey, where he was buried. His 
Cornwall before 1640, and resided there with residence, 32 Cavendish Square, London, was 
a brother, a justice of the peace with a good afterwards occupied by Romney, and then by 
estate (SiE " JOHK BKAMSTON the younger's Sir Martin Archer Shee. Among his best 
Autobiography (Camd. Soc.), p. 13). Cos- portraits in oil are the group of Joah Bates 
worth, the translator, has been conjecturally [q- v.] and his wife, in the possession of Mr. 
identified with both Bramston's clerk and his Henry Littleton, the full-length portrait of 
"brother, the Cornish justice. Henry Locke, Admiral Lord Hawke at Greenwich Hos- 
the translator's cousin, wrote to the Earl of pital, a portrait of Mary, duchess of Norfolk, 
Salisbury (8 Nov. 1605) that' Mr. Cosowarth, 7 at Arundel Castle, and that of his father, 
pstice of the peace for Cornwall, was ready his diploma work, in the Royal Academy, 
to place at the earl's disposal the representa- Most of his draperies were painted by Peter 
tion of a borough there. Toms, R. A. Many of his portraits have been 

rrr * TITO ni. TT * T> *. TV/T engraved by Me Ar dell, Houston, Valentine 

[Hunters MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit Mus. n b T Txr4. i^ ~o,,; rm, rt rt i Tr 

Add. MS. 24489, p. 386; .Cooper's Athena* Green James Watson and others The only 

Cantab, ii. 430; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. portrait of him which ever existed was a 

ornub. i. 88 ; Holland's Psalmist, i. 229; Gal. Iar ? miniature painted from memory by his 

State Papers (Dom.), 1603-10, p. 244.] brother, Samuel Cotes [q. v.] 

S. L. L. [Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed.Wormim, 

1849, ii. 711 ; JEdwards's Anecdotes of Painters, 

COTES, FRANCIS, R,A. (1725 P-1770), J808, p. 33; Sandby's Hist, of the Eoyal Aca- 

portrait painter, born in London about 1725, demy of Arts, 1862, i. 95 ; Bedgraves* Century 

was the son of Robert Cotes, an apothecary of Painters of the English School, 1866, i 42 ; 

1 in Cork Street, Burlington Gardens, who had Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English School, 

"been mayor of Galway, but who, having fallen 1878; Begui er's Critical and Commercial Diet, of 

winder the censure of the Irish House of Com- the Works of Painters, 1870.] K. E. G-. 



Cotes 



282 



Cotes 



COTES, ROGER (1682-1716), mathe- 
matician, was the second son of the Rev. 
Robert Cotes, rector of Burbage in Leices- 
tershire, where he was born 10 July 1682. 
His mother, Grace, daughter of Major Far- 
mer of Barwell in the same connty, was 
connected with the noble family of the De 
Greys. Before the age of twelve he disco- 
vered, while at Leicester school, so marked 
an aptitude for mathematics, that his uncle, 
the Rev. John Smith, took him to his house 
in Lincolnshire, that he might personally 
forward his studies. Removed to St. Paul's 
School, London, he made rapid progress in 
classics under Dr. Gale, then head-master, 
while keeping up a scientific correspondence 
with his uncle, portions of which have "been 
preserved and published (Correspondence of 
Newton and Cotes, p. 190 et seq.) He was ad- 



m 1708 (Corr. of Newton and Cotes, p. 198). 
The total solar eclipse of 22 April (O.S.) 
1715 furnished Cotes with the opportunity 
of making his only recorded astronomical 
observation, relative to which Halley com- 
municated the following particulars to the- 
Royal Society : 

' The Rev. Mr. Roger Cotes at Cambridge- 
had the misfortune to be opprest by too 
much company, so that, though the heavens- 
were very favourable, yet he missed both 
the time of the beginning of the eclipse and 
that of total darkness. But he observed the 
occupations of the three spots . . . also the 
end of total darkness, and the exact end of 
the eclipse' (Phil Trans, xxix. 253). 

His description and drawing, however, 
of the sun's corona, transmitted 12 May to- 



mitted a pensioner of Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge, 6 April 1699, was chosen fellow 
at Michaelmas 1705, and acted as tutor 
to his relatives, the sons of the Marquis, 
afterwards Duke, of Kent. In the follow- 
ing year he proceeded M.A., having taken a 
degree of B.A. in 1702. While stiU an un- 
dergraduate, his extraordinary proficiency in 
science had attracted the notice of Dr. Bent- 
ley, the master of Ms college. Bentley in- 
troduced him to Newton and Whist on, whose 
testimonials in his favour, combined with 
Bentley's influence, procured his election, in 
January 1706, to the new professorship of 
astronomy and natural philosophy founded 
by Dr. Plume, archdeacon of Rochester, then 
recently dead. Whiston, who, as occupant 
of the Lucasian chair, was one of the electors, 
thus describes his share in the transaction : 
1 1 said that I pretended myself to be not 
much inferior in mathematics to the other 
candidate's master, Dr. Harris, but confessed 
that I was a child to Mr. Cotes; so the 
Totes were unanimous for him ' (WHISTOK, 
Memoirs, p. 133). 

The project of founding, with his co-ope- 
ration, a first-class astronomical observatory 
in Trinity College was now eagerly embraced 
by Bentley. He raised a subscription for its 
erection over the King's Gate, and obtained 
a college order, assigning the chambers there 
in perpetuity to the Plumian professor. Here, 
accordingly, during the remaining decade of 
his life, Cotes dwelt with his cousin, Robert 
Smith, whom he chose as his assistant ; and 
here his lectures were delivered. He did not 
live to see the observatory finished, and it 
was demolished in 1797. A brass sextant of 
five feet radius, constructed by Rowley at a 
cost of 150/., was part of its equipment ; 
Newton contributed a fine pendulum clock ; 
and a transit instrument was in hand early 



Newton, amply compensate some technical 
shortcomings. A brilliant ring, about one* 
sixth the moon's diameter, was perceived by 
him superposed upon a luminous cross, the- 
longer and brighter branches of which lay 
very nearly in the plane of the ecliptic. The 
light of the shorter (polar) arms was so faint 
as not to be constantly visible (Corr. of New- 
ton and Cotes, pp. 181-4). This is precisely 
the type of corona seen in 1867 and 1878, 
and associated therefore with epochs of sun- 
spot minimum. But spots were numerous- 
in 1715, so that Cotes's observation goes far 
to disprove the supposed connection. 

In the beginning of 1709 Bentley at 
length persuaded Newton, by the offer of 
assistance from Cotes, to consent to a reissue 
of the * Principia.' It was not, however, 
until September that a corrected copy of the- 
work was placed in the hands of the new 
editor, when the remarkable correspondence- 
between him and Newton ensued, preserved 
in the original in the library of Trinity 
College, and published by Mr. Edleston in 
1850. It must be admitted that the younger 
man's patience was often severely tried by 
Newton's long cogitations over the various- 
points submitted to him ; but it proved 
imperturbable. 'I am very desirous,' he 
wrote to Sir William Jones, 30 Sept. 1711, 
' to have the edition of Sir Isaac Newton's 
" Principia " finished, but I never think the 
time lost when we stay for his further cor- 
rections and improvements' (Corr. of New- 
ton and Cotes, p. 209). Of all his contem- 
poraries, Cotes possessed the strongest^ and 
clearest grasp of the momentous principles 
enunciated by his author. He suggested 
many rectifications and improvements, for 
the most part adopted by Newton. The fre- 
quently interrupted process of printing occu- 
pied some three and a half years. Cotes T & 
preface, an able defence of the Newtonian 



Cotes 28 s Cotes 



system against Cartesian and other objectors, 
was dated 12 May 1713 ; the impression at 
the University Press was finished about 
the middle of June. The reception of the 
work was most flattering to the editor. His 
preface was retained, in the original Latin, 
in the edition of 1726, and was anglicised 
in Andrew Motte's English version of the 

t? *i *t t 



of the ' Logometria/ with extensive develop- 
ments and applications of the fluxional cal- 
culus. The beautiful property of the circle 
known as ' Ootes's Theorem ' was here first 
made known. Two months before his death 
Cotes had written to Sir "W. Jones, ' that 
geometers had not yet promoted the inverse 
method of fluxions, by conic areas, or by 



' Principia 7 in 1729. Bentley was profoundly measures of ratios and angles, so far as it is 
gratified at the encomium upon himself con- capable of being promoted by these methods, 
tained in it ; and spoke of Cotes, in a letter There is an infinite field still reserved, which 
to Bateman, as i one of the finest young men it has been my fortune to find an entrance- 
in Europe' (Moi^K, Life of Bentiey, p. 266). into' (Phil. Trans, xxxii. 146), adding in- 
Cotes was chosen a member of the Royal stances of fluxional expressions_ which he 
Society in 1711 ; he took orders in 1713. had found the means of reducing. Upon 
His sole independent appearance as an author this letter Dr. Brook Taylor based a chal- 
during his lifetime was in an essay styled lenge to foreign mathematicians, successfully 
1 Logometria/ inscribed to Halley, and corn- met by John Bernoulli in 1719 ; and by it 
municated to the Royal Society in 1713 by Smith was incited to a search among Cotes's- 
the advice of Newton (Phil, Trans, xxix. 5). tumbled manuscripts for some record of the 
It treated of measures of ratios, contained discovery it indicated. His diligence rescued 
directions for constructing Briggs's canon of the theorem in question from oblivion, It 
logarithms, and exemplified its use for the was generalised by Demoivre in 1730 (.Ms- 
solution of such problems as the quadrature cellanea Analytic, p. 17), and provided by 
of the hyperbola, the descent of bodies in a Dr. Brinkley in 1797 with a general de- 
resisting medium, and the density of the monstration deduced from the circle only 
atmosphere at any given height. Designs {Trans. It. Irish Acad. vii. 151). 
of further publication, timidly entertained, The second part of the volume comprised,, 
were destined to prove abortive. Cotes died under the heading t Opera Miscellanea/ 
5 June 1716, of a violent fever, in the thirty- 1. '^Elstimatio Errorunx in mixta Mathesi 
fourth year of his age. ' Had Cotes lived,' per variationes Partium Trianguli plani et 
Newton exclaimed, 'we might have known splisorici.' The object of this tract was to* 
something!' And he was no less loved than point oat the best way of arriving at the 
admired, attractive manners combining with most probable mean result of astronomical 
beauty of person and an amiable disposition observations. It is remarkable for a partial 
to endear him to all with whom he came in anticipation of the ' method of least squares/ 
contact. He was buried in the chapel of as well as for the first employment of the- 
Trinity College, the restoration of which he system of assigning different weights to ob- 
had actively superintended j and the monu- servations (p. 22, see also A. DE MOBGA.N", 
ment erected to his memory by his cousin Penny Cyol. xiii. 379). It was reprinted at 
and successor, Robert Smith, was adorned Lemgo in 1768, and its formulae included in 
with an epitaph composed by Bentley under Lalande's ' Traito* d' Astronomic/ 2. ' De- 
the influence of genuine sorrow. The master Methodo Differential! Newtoniana ' professes- 
was not onty attached to him as a friend, to be an extension of the method explained 
but valued him as one of his most zealous in the third book of the ' Principia/ for draw- 
adherents ; and had entertained the highest ing a parabolic curve through any given 
expectations of his career. Its premature ' number of points. 3. ' Canonotechnia ' treats. 
close was felt in his college as a calamity of the construction of tables by the method 
the keen sense of which the lapse of a century of differences. Its substance was translated 
failed to obliterate. into French by Lacaille in 1741 (Mem. Ac*. 
^ Robert Smith undertook the office of his ties Sciences, 1741, p. 238). Three short, 
literary executor. His papers were found in papers, ' De Descensu Gravium/ ' De Motu 
a state of baffling confusion. The resulting I?endulorum in Cycloide/ and e De Motu 
volume, dedicated to Dr. Richard Mead, bore Projectilium/ followed, besides copious edi- 
the title l Harmpnia Mensurarum, sive Ana- tonal notes. 

lysis et Synthesis per Rationum et Angulo- Cotes's ' Harmonia Mensurarum ' was,, 
rum Mensuras promote : Accedunt alia Professor De Morgan says, ' the earliest work 
Opuscula Mathematica per Rogerum Cotes- in which decided progress was made in the- 
ium. Edidit et auxit Rob. Smith/ Cam- application of logarithms and of the proper- 
bridge, 1722. The first part included a re- ties of the circle to the calculus of fluents r 
print from the ' Philosophical Transactions ' (Penny Cycl. viii. 87). But though highly 



Cotes 284 Cotgrave 

praised, it was little read. The style was Newton and Cotes ; Rigand's Correspondence of 

concise even to obscurity. A requisite and Scientific Men, i. 257-70 ; Smith's Pref. to 

excellent commentary was, however, fur- Harnaonia Mensurarmn ; Cole's Athense Cantab. 

nished by Dr. Walmesley in 1753 (Analyse Add - MS - 58 65, f. 53 ; Button's Mathematical 

<des Mesures, des Rapports, et des Angles). Dlct - ( 181 ^), Introduction to Math. Tables, p. 

Cotes's ' theorem of harmonic means/ dis- J 12 ' and Math. Tracts, i. 437; Montucla's Hist, 

-covered by Smith among his papers, and des MatWmataques, 111. 149 ; Suter's Gesch. der 

communicated to Maclaurin, was made the ^' ^T^ ^ n i^ 3 S?^ 68 ^- 

basis of the lattw's i-r^ti^ <TV liTiMrn n S de Math - 1X - 195 (1850); Delambre, Hist. 

oasis tttne latter s treatise, JJe iinearum de rAstronomieauxviii e Siecle, p. 449: Marie's 

^eometricarum proprietatibus generalibus' Hist, des Math. vii. 222. 1 P AM C 

(Juonaon, 17 JU). 

Smith announced his intention of publish- COTES, SAMUEL (1734-1818), minia- 

ing further Capers by Cotes on arithmetic, ture painter, was third son of Robert Cotes, 

the resolution of equations, dioptrics, and mayor of Galway, who settled in London 

P ^ lire ~ \ c F ves > but !t remained un- adopting the medical profession, and married 

fulfilled. Only in his own work on optics Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Lynn, chief 

he founded a chapter (ch. v. book n.) on a secretary to the Royal African Company, by 

^ noble and beautiful theorem/ stated to have whom he was the father of Francis Cotes 

been the last invention of his lamented re- [ q . v.] and Samuel. The latter was brought 

lative. He edited moreover, in 1738, his up by his father to the medical profession, 

JHydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures/ but was encouraged by his brother's ffreat 

issued for the third time in 17/5, and trans- success as a painter to throw over medicine 

lated into French by Lemonmer in 1740 for the fine arts. He received instruction 

under the title Lecons de Physique Expen- from his brother, who greatly assisted him : 

mentale The course of experiments for and though he never attained the eminence 

which they were composed, begun at Cam- his brother succeeded in doing, he became 

r ge fey- 6S and m i ston Conjointly, deservedly and highly esteemed as a portrait 

o May I/O/, was among the earliest of its painter, and was reckoned the first miniature 

land given in England. Twelve lectures painter of his time. His crayon portraits 

were written by each of the partners, and were also much admired. He painted in 

were repeated by Whiston and Hauksbee in miniature both on enamel and on ivory, and 

London and, in part, by Smith at Cambridge, exhibited from 1760 to 1789 at the exhibi- 

The ^cation of Cotes s set was finally tions of the Incorporated Society of Artists, 

-compelled by the prospect of a surreptitious of which he was a fellow, and at the Royal 

<edition. Whiston considered his own so Academy. During this time he resided at 

inferior that he could never prevail upon 25 Percy Street, Rathbone Place. He was 

Inmself to print them. devotedly attached to his brother, and after 

A Description of the Great Meteor/ a the latter's death he painted a laLe minia- 

brJlmnt aurora, ' which was on the 6th of ture of him from memory. Ootea retired 

March 1/16 sent in a letter from the late from active life some years before his death, 

Rev. Mr Rogei -Cotes to Robert Dannye, D,D., and then resided in Paradise Row, Chelsea 

rector of Spofferth m Yorkshire/ was in- where he died 7 March 1818 in his eiffhty- 

* i4>A n / * S? 108 ^ 111 ? 1 Tractions ' fifth year. He was twice married, first to a 

or 1720 (xxxi. 66). Cotes's zeal for practi- IVIiss Creswick, and secondly to Miss Sarah 

^al astronomy only waited opportunity for Shepherd, a lady of great attainments, espe- 

fuU development. He remodelled Flamsteed's cially as an artist, who died 27 Sept 1814 

and Cassim s solar and planetary tables, and aged 76. A portrait by him of Mrs. Yates' 

Tiad undertaken to construct tables of the as Electra, was engraved in mezzotint bv 

moon on Newtonian principles ; while his Philip Dawe, and a portrait of Thomas Pow- 

-descnption of aheLostat-telescope furnished nail, governor of New Jersey, was similarly 

with a mirror revolving by clockwork ( Corr. engraved by Richard Earlom. 

-of Newton and Cotes, p. 198) showed that he rT? A , Tv , , ^ ,. , . . 

had already in 1708* (independently, it is M^fc 6 i^ ^f^^ 1 ^ ^f 

[Biog, Brit. (Kippis); Phil. Trans. Abridg. Catalogues of the Boyal Academy and the Ineor- 

vi 77 (1809); 'Gen. Diet, iv. 441 (1736); porated Society of Artists.] L. C. 

23"iehols*s Lit Anecd. ii. 126 ; Nichols's Leicester- 

fihiie, iv. 35, 472 ; Knights Life of Colet, p. 429 ; COTGE AVE, JOHN" (fi. 1655), probably 

Monk's Life of Bentley, passim; Whiston's Me- related to Randle Cotgrave [q. v.J, and a 

moira, pp. 133-5 ; Edleston's Correspondence of member of the Cheshire family of Cotgreve, 



Cotgrave 285 Cotman 



was the author of l The English Treasury of 
Literature and Language collected out of the 
most and best of our English Dramatick 
Poems/ London, 1655. The author is described 
as 'gent.' on the title-page. The British 
Museum possesses Oldys's copy of this work, 



a second edition was published in 1632, to- 
gether with an English-French dictionary by 
Robert Sherwood. Subsequent editions, re- 
vised and enlarged by James Howell, ap- 
peared in 1650, 1660, and 1G73. The author 
presented a copy of the first edition of his 



in which the source of nearly every extract work to Prince Henry, eldest son of James I r 

quoted is noted in manuscript. The hand- and received from him a gift of ten pounds, 

writing is of the seventeenth century, and is Cotgrave's dictionary, although not free from 

not Oldy s's. Cotgrave's second publication is ludicrous mistakes, was, for the time at which 

of singular interest, It is entitled l Wit's it was published, an unusually careful and 

Interpreter : the English Parnassus, by J. C./ intelligent piece of lexicographical work, and 

Lond. 1655. It contains a prose treatise on is still constantly referred to by students, 

the ' Art of Reasoning, or A New Logick ; ' both of English and of French philology. 

' Theatre of Courtships/ extracts from plays Two autograph letters of Cotgrave are ex- 

of lovers' dialogues; ' A Labyrinth of Fancies/ tant, both addressed to M, Beaulieu, secre- 

a collection of conundrums, arithmetical puz~ tary to the British ambassador at Paris. The 

zles, and colouring tricks ; ' Apollo and Or- first of these, dated 27 Nov. 1610, was printed 

pheus/ a collection of love songs, epigrams, in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd ser. viii. 84, and 

drolleries, and other verses ; t The Perfect relates to the progress that was being made- 

Inditer, or Letters a la mode/ a model letter- with the printing of his dictionary, in the- 

writer; ' Compliments a la mo do;' and finally preparation of which he says that he had 

Richelieu's cipher interpreted. Some of tho received valuable help from Beaulieu him- 

dialogues and poems are very broad, but they self and from a Mr. Limery. In the other 

include several pieces not accessible elsewhere, letter (HarL MS. 7002, fol. 221) Cotgrave- 

Other editions of this book appeared in 1662 states that he has sent his correspondent two* 

and 1671. copies of his book, and requests payment of 

[Cotgrave's Works ; Hunter's MS. Chorus twenty-two shillings, < which they cost me, 
Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24492, f. 14.] "who have not been provident enough to re- 
ft. L. L. serve any of them, and therefore am forced 
to be beholden for them to a base and me- 

COTGRAVE, RANDLE (d. 1684P),loxi- chanicall generation, that suffers no respect 

cographer, may possibly be llandal, Ron of to weigh down a private gain/ It appears 

"William Cotgreve of Ohristloton in Ghosh iro, from this letter that Cotgrave was still in 




this identification is that the Ootgrovo arniH, bishop of Chester, and married Ellinor Tay- 
as depicted in this manuscript, ar (with the lor of that city, by whom he had four sons, 
exception of some trifling cliHcrqmneies in tho William, Randoll, Robert, and Alexander, 
tinctures, due probably to error on tho part and a daughter Mary. The 1632 edition of 
of the copyist) the same as those which appear tho dictionary was evidently carried through 
on a seal used by Handle Cotgrave on one the press by the author himself, the year of 
of his extant autograph letters. Tho arms whose death is given in Cooper's i Memorials- 
borne by Hugh Cotgrave, Richmond horalclin of Cambridge ' as 1634. 
1566, who has somotimeH been suppose! to r HarL MSS . 1500, fol. 118, 7002, fol. 221 
be the father of Handle Ootp-avo, aw quite Joseph Hunter, in Addit. MS. 24492, fol. 14; 
different. It is certain that Handlo Cotgravo Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 1 13 ; Notes 
belonged to Cheshire, and that lie was ad- and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 9, 3rd ser. viii. 84- ; 
mitted scholar of St. John's College, Cam- Cunningham's Extracts from the Accounts of 
bridge, on the Lady Margaret foundation, tho Bevels (Shakespeare Soc.), p. xvi.] H. B. 
10 Nov. 1587, Tie subsequently became 

secretary to William Cecil, lord JBurghley, COTMAN, JOHN SELL (1782-1842), 
eldest son of Thomas, first earl of Exeter, architectural draughtsman and landscape- 
In dedicating to Lord Burghley his French- painter, was the son of a prosperous silk mercer 
English dictionary, Gotgravo says that to MB and dealer in foreign lace at Norwich, whose 
patron's favour he owes ' all that, ho in or haft place of business was in London Lane of that 
been for many years/ and thanks him for his town, and whose residence was a small villa on 
kindness in ' ao often dispensing with tho or- the bank of the river Yare at Thorpe. Cotman 
dinary assistance of an ordinary servant.' was born on 16 May 1782, and was educated 
The dictionary was first published in 1(511 ; at the free grammar school at Norwich, under 



Cotman 286 Cotman 

Dr. Forster. He was intended for Ms father's I industry must have been very great when we 
business, but showing a decided preference ; consider the time occupied by his etchings, 
for art went to London, most probably in 1798 ! his drawing classes ? and the large number 
or 1799, for purposes of study, and made the | of drawings in water colours which he also 
acquaintance of Turner, G-irtin, Dewint, and ! executed, besides an occasional portrait or 
others of the group of young artists who met ! other picture in oils. From the catalogues of 
together at Dr. Monro's in the Adelphi. He j the Norwich exhibitions we learn that in 1809 
was, however, one of the later comers, being I and in 1810 he was living in Wymer Street, 
some seven years younger than Turner, and Norwich. He then removed to Southtown, 
nine years younger than Girtin. He must j Yarmouth, returning to Norwich in 1825, 
also have already attained much skill, for he when he took a stately red brick house in St. 
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1800, and Martin's at Palace. Here he had a large col- 
thenceforward to 1806, chiefly views in Wales, lection of prints and books, some fine armour, 
In 1807 he returned to Norwich and became and models of many kinds of vessels, from a 
a member of the Norwich Society of Artists, j coble to a man-of-war. During this time 
and a prolific contributor to their exhibitions, j Cotman gave lessons at both Norwich and 
He painted portraits as well as landscapes, j Yarmouth, and we learn from the ' Norwich 
and several of these were included in his large j Mercury ' of 2 Aug. 1823 that his terms l in 
contribution to the Norwich Exhibition of i schools and families* were a guinea and a half 
1808 which contained no less than sixty- and two guineas the quarter, and for i private 

lessons for finishing more advanced pupils, 



seven of his works. In 1810 he became vice- 
president, and in 1811 president, of the Nor- 
wich Society. Early in life he married Ann, 
the daughter of Edmund Miles, a farmer of 
Felbrigg near Cromer, by whom he had five 
children. As in the case of Crome his prin- 
cipal means of livelihood was obtained from 

*~ ,. TT * Tt Tt ' TIT 



24 lessons, 12 guineas. 1 

In 1817 Cotman accompanied Dawson 
Turner and his family on a tour in Normandy, 
which he visited again in 1818 and 1820. The 
result of these visits to the continent was 
shown in his t Architectural Antiquities of 



giving lessons in drawing, and his good looks Normandy,' which appeared in 1822, with let- 
and pleasant manners assisted his success terpress by Dawson Turner. As an etcher he, 
with the families in the neighbourhood. One according to his own statement, took Giovanni 
of his pupils was afterwards Mrs. Turner, Battista Piranesi for a model, and there is a 
the wife of Mr. Dawson Turner, the botanist breadth and simplicity of treatment about 
and antiquarian [q. v.] , a lady of considerable them which shows the influence of this master, 
artistic gifts, by whose hand there is an but he was less conventional than the Vene- 
etched portrait of Cotman after J. P. Davis, tian, and also less forcible in light and shade. 
Dawson Turner was one of the artist's most These etchings of Cotman's, as picturesque 
constant friends. They were united by a com- records of various forms of architecture, are 
munity of taste in art and archgeology, and admirable, but they did not call out his more 
Cotman taught all his children drawing, and imaginative gifts as an artist. These are better 
was associated with Mm in an important seen in a small collection of forty-eight soft ' 
work on the architectural antiquities of Nor- etchings which he published (1838) in a vo- 
mandy. Cotman soon began to publish, etch- lume called * Liber Studiorum,' in imitation 
ings of architecture by subscription. His of Claude and Turner, some of which, by their 
first volume appeared in 1811, and consisted charming composition, poetry of sentiment, 
of twenty-four plates of ancient buildings and elegant drawing, recallboth these masters, 
in various parts of England. Next year was In 1825 Cotman was elected an associate 
commenced his l Specimens of Norman and exhibitor of the Society (now the Eoyal So- 
G-othic architecture in the county of Nor- ciety) of Painters in Water-colours, and from 
folk,' a series of fifty plates completed and this year till 1839 he was a constant contri- 
pubtished in a volume in 1817. Next year butor to their exhibitions, sending views of 
appeared ' A Series of Etchings illustrative France and Norfolk, landscapes and sketches 
of the Architectural Antiquities of Norfolk ' of figures. In 1834 he obtained,greatly through 
(sixty plates), and the year after l Engravings the persistent championship of Turner, the 
of the most remarkable of the Sepulchral appointment of drawing-master to King's 
Brasses in Norfolk,' and ' Antiquities of St. College, London, a position he filled with 
Mary's Chapel at Stourbridge, near Cam- great success, and in which he was succeeded 
bridge.' During 1818 and 1819 was published by his eldest son, Miles Edmund. The ap- 
6 Excursions in the County of Norfolk,' a work pointment compelledhim to reside in London, 
neither published nor projected by him, but where he seems to have spent a hard-working 
illustrated by numerous small engravings but retired life in Hunter Street (No. 42), 
after drawings by himself and others. His Brunswick Square. His last years were 



Cotman 287 Cotman 

clouded with, ill-health, and mental depression, draughtsman, and of more refined and culti- 

which interfered seriously with his work and vated individuality than < Old Crome ' [q. v.] ; 

his happiness. The statement in Redgrave's but his efforts needed concentration to pro- 

* Dictionary of Artists of the English School ' duce their due effect, and there can be little 
that Cotman ultimately lost his reason is un- doubt that if he had had more time to devote 
warranted but there is no doubt that he suf- to the production of important pictures he 
fered from fits of alternate melancholy and would have taken much higher rank as an 
-excitement, and that the mental condition of artist while he lived, and have before now 
more than one of his children gave him great achieved a reputation as a colourist equalled 
anxiety. Some letters which have been pre- by few of his countrymen. There is one 
served show this and also the strength of his picture by Cotman in the National Gallery, 
affections his desire to do his duty towards his and some water-colour drawings at the South 
children, and the courage with which he en- Kensington Museum. 

deavoured to meet the difficulties of life. In Some fine oil-pictures of his ' The Mishap,' 
1836 he was elected an honorary member of a ' Sea Breeze/ and a ' Composition,' with a 
the Institute of British Architects, and after waterfall and bridge are in the possession of 
this except the publication of ' Engravings Mr. J.J.Colman, M.P., at Carrow House, near 
of the Sepulchral Brasses in Norfolk,' 173 Norwich, and Mr. J. S. Mott of Barningham 
plates 1839, there is no other event of suffi- Hall has a small but very beautiful ' Gale at 
cient importance to chronicle before his death, Sea.' Mr. Colman has also a good collection 
-which occurred 24 July 1842. He was buried of his sketches, and Mr. J. Reeve of Norwich 
In the cemetery behind St. John's Wood has a large number of sketches and drawings, 
Chapel on 30 July. Plis collections at Nor- including many good drawings illustrating 
wich had been sold when he left that place the different phases of the artist from 1794 
in 1834, but the contents of his house in to 1841, Many of his pictures have been ex- 
Hunter Street were sufficient to occupy five hibited of late years at the winter exhibitions 
days' sale at Christie's. On 17 and 18 May of the Royal Academy, especially in 1875 and 
1843 his drawings and pictures were sold 1878. 

by his executors at Christie's, and realised d Bedgiaves' Century of 

2622 ',14*. only nearly all the drawings fetch- p ^ ntin | Bryan's Diet. (Orayes); WedmWs 
ing but a few shillings apiece. The highest gtudios in Engligh Arfc) lst geries . Wodderspoon > 8 
price obtained for a water-colour drawing was John Crome and his WorkSj edited by Bacon, 
Z., and for an oil-pamtmg 81. 15s. His b- 18 7 6 . note s loft by the late Ed-win Edwards, 
brary, which contained many rare and beau- aad communications from "Mr. J. Eeeve of Nor- 
tiful works, was sold on 6 and 7 June, and w i c li.] C. M. 

realised 277 1. 18$. 6$., and his prints, sold on 

8 June, brought only 29J. 12*. COTMAN, JOSEPH JOHN (1814-1878), 

The reputation of Cotman as an artist has landscape artist, was the second son of John 
greatly increased of late years. It is now Sell Cotman, and was apprenticed to his uncle 
.seen that he was one of the most original and Edmund, who had succeeded to his (John's) 
versatile of English artists of the first half of grandfather's business [see COTMAN, JOHN 
this century, a draughtsman and colourist of SELL]. After about two years' apprenticeship 
exceptional gifts, a water-colourist worthy to he made the acquaintance of Joseph Geldart, 
be ranked among the greater men, and excel- a solicitor of Norwich, who was fond of 
lent whether as a painter of land or sea. Al- sketching, and Cotman, who down to that 
though the variety of his sympathy for both time had not applied himself to art, now de- 
art and nature was so great that Ms drawings termined to follow the profession of an artist, 
and pictures differ much in style, they are Geldart did the same, and the two friends 
generally remarkable for largeness of design worked together assiduously. He went to 
and unusual breadth of light and colour. It London with his father in 1834, and remained 
was his principle to ' leave out but add there till 1836, when he returned to Norwich 
nothing/ and no one has carried ' omissions 7 to take his brother Miles's [q, v.] practice as 
to a more daring extent than he in some of his drawing-master. He was a good teacher and 
later works, where great spaces of wall or of an artist of much original power, but he suf- 
sky are ' left/ to the sacrifice of detail but fered from periodical attacks of cerebral ex- 
the enhancing of the general effect. His oil- citement, followed by depression, which pre- 

* pictures are comparatively few. He had not sented an insuperable bar to success in life, 
time for them in his busy life, but he painted a As he grew older these attacks became more 
few large in size and fine in style and colour, frequent ; but in the intervals he worked with 
Taking him altogether he was the most gifted remarkable energy, producing a large quan- 
of the Norwich School, wider in range, a finer tity of drawings, many of them of great merit. 



Cotman 288 Cotta 



In his later years he was often reduced to gree in 1603, and immediately took up his 
destitution. In February 1878 he went into residence at Northampton, where, through 
the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital to undergo the patronage and _ influence of Sir Wil- 
an operation for cancer of the tongue. The Ham Tate, he ^ acquired a considerable pro- 
operation seemed quite successful, but his fessional practice. He was still at North- 
elation at the thoughts of recovery brought ampton in 1623, and possibly as late as 16pO, 
on symptoms of his malady, and imprudently if the date assigned to a manuscript opinion 
leaving Ms room in the hospital to sketch in of Cotta's, on the poisoning of Sir Euseby 
the eakv morning caused a relapse, from Andrews, be correct. In 1612 he published 
which he did not recover. He died at the A Short Discoverie of the Unobserved Dan- 
hospital 15 March 1878, leaving a widow and gers of SeueraU Sorts of Ignorant aadUn- 
several children. considerate Practises of Physicke m Eng- 
land, profitable not only for the Deceived 

[Information communicated by Mr. James j^^ft^ and Easie for their Meane Ca- 

Keeve of Norwich.] C. M. pac ities, but raising Reformed and more 

, . ^ ^^ A r-rr^T-rv /T m n Advised Thoughts in the Best Understand- 

COTMAN, MILES EDMUND (1810- - . w ith Di?ections for the Safest Election 

1858), landscape painter, eldest son of John of a potion in necessitie ' (London, 1612, 

Sell Cotman [q. v.J, was born 5 Jan. 1810. 4to ^ This book was dedicated to the author's 

He was brought up as an artist under nis patients in Northamptonshire, and seems to 

father's instruction. He continued to teach haYe met with but irLdifferent SUCC ess, for in 

his father's pupils and classes at Norwich 1617 there appeared' A True Discovery of the 

after the latter was appointed dramng-master Empericke ^^ the p ugitive Physition and 

at King's College, London. In 1836 he was Q uacksa i ver w ho Display their Banners upon 

appointed assistant to his father at Kings p ogts whereby His Maiestie's Subjects are 

CoUege, and in 1843 succeeded him in his not only deceived? but ^ atl endangered in 

appointment; but, owing to a change m the theHealthof their Bodies/ which was merely 

arrangements which would have required a a remainder of tlie ^j^ edition of <A 

longer attendance at the college than_his Short Discoverie' with a new title-page. In 

health permitted, he did not hold the appoint- the previous ear the work b wh f c Cotta 

ment long. In the latter part of his lite he ig begt remembe red had made its appearance, 

resided at North Walsham, ^ere he con- Thiswas c T he Triall of Witchcraft, showing 

tinued painting and teaching tall his 5 health the tme Methode of the Discovery with a 

declined. He was admitted mto the Norfolk Confutation of Erroneous Ways ' (London, 

and Norwich Hospital in December 1857, 1616 4tQ N The erroneous ways of proving a 

suffering from disease of the anHe-jomt, and witc]l confuted by Cotta are ^ 08e by means 

died there 23^ Jan. 185. of fire and water and the like, which are con- 

Cotman painted river and sea views in oil ^e^y shown to be foolisll and m i s l ea ding ; 

and water colours, and etched a few plates, but tKe author would have dese rved more 

some of which were published by C. Muskett credit had he not at the game time expressed 

of Norwich ; he also lithographed twelve fac- the inte^stea opinion that the best method 

similes of sketches made by his father in of discoverin g witchcraft is to take a physi- 

Norfolk, which were published. His works cWg adyiee ^ n the subject> A secoi f d edi . 

are marked by taste and skill rather than by tion of the book was pub ii s]ied ' m 1625 under 

power or originality. He exhibited four works the new title of . T he Infallible, True and 

at the Royal Academy, ten at the British In- Assured ^V'itch, 7 and differing in some few 

stitution, and nineteen at the Society of imimportaQt part i C ulars. The only other 

British Artists between 1835 and 1856. work which Cotta published was ' Cotta 

[Information communicated by Mr. James contra Antonium, or an Ant-Antony, or an 

Keeve of Norwich ; Graves's Diet, of Artists.] Ant- Apology, manifesting Doctor Antony 

0. M. his Apologie for Aurum potabile, in true and 
equal! baUance of Right Reason, to be false 

COTTA or COTTEY, JOHN,M.D.(1575?- and counterfeit 7 (Oxford, 1623, 4to) ; which 

1650 ?), physician and author, was a native was Cotta's contribution to the great An- 

of Warwickshire, but nothing is known of thony controversy [see ANTHONY, FRANCIS]. 

his parentage. In 1590 he was admitted a In addition to these three works Cotta left 

scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, and behind him the manuscript above referred to- 

five years later, after taking the B.A. degree, 'The Poysoning of Sir Euseby Andrew, 

he removed to Corpus Christi College, where, My opinion at the Assizes in Northampton, 

in the following year, he proceeded to the also my evidence,' which was first printed in 
M.A. degree. He obtained the M.D. de- j 1881 by J. Taylor from the original in the 



Cottam 289 Cotter 



possession, of Sir Charles Isham, bart., at p. 281 et seq.) His execution was deferred 

Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire. ^ for state reasons until 13 May 1582, when 

Whatever interest attaches to Cotta's writ- he was drawn on a hurdle from Newgate to 

ino-s is dependent on the matter contained Tyburn, with his companions William Pil- 

nAhem, his literary style being, as he him- bie, Luke Kirby, and Laurence Richardson, 

self seems to have been aware, singularly priests, and was hanged, disembowelled, and 

cumbrous and far from lucid. quartered (Historia del glorioso Martirio di 

[Add. MS. 5866, fol. 223 ; Masters Hist, of diciottoSacerdotimacerati,^ It 

r n n n 070 -R+ TVT^C paf i A V is said that ne was readmitted to the Society 

\j. O. O. O. p. Al & , -Drib. 1U.US. L/dl. II.. v . T.J.11P1- , -rr 

oi Jesus shortly before his execution. He was- 

COTTAM, THOMAS ( 1549-1582), beatified by Pope Leo XIII on 29 Dec. 1886. 
Jesuit, was a native of Lancashire, being son His portrait has been engraved (GnAKGEK r 
of Laurence Cottam, gentleman, of Dilworth Biog. Hist, of England, ed. 1824, i. 274). 
and Tarnaker, by his wife Anne, daughter of [Authorities cited above.] T. 0. 
Mr. Brewer, or Brewerth, of Brindle. who ^ m __- A , IP ,, rr < ^ 
after her husband's death married William COTTENHAM, EA.BL OP. [See PEPYS, 
Ambrose, gentleman, of Ambrose Hall in CHARLES CHKISTOPHER, 1781-1851.] 
Woodplumpton (GILLOW, Bibl Diet, of the COTTER, GEORGE SACKVILLE (1755- 
English Catholics, i 575) He entered at 1831), poet and translator, was the fourth son 
Brasenose College (B A. 23 March lo68-9 ; of Sir James Cotter. He was educated at 
M. A. 14 July 1572), and on the completion Westminster School, of which he was captain 
of his academical studies he undertook the in J^Q and in im he was e i ecte ^ to St. 
direction of a noted free grammar school m p eter > s College, Cambridge. He graduated 
London (DoDD, Church Hut. n. 116). He B A in 1775 and M A in 1779> Having* 
was converted to the Roman catholic faith taken ^ly orders he became vicar of Kilmac- 
by Thomas Pounde, esq., of Belmont (after- donough, and rector of Kilcreddan-Gamvoa 
wards a jesuit), and proceeded to Douay and Ightermorragh, diocese of Cloyne. In 
College, where he studied philosophy and 1788 he pu bli s hed two volumes of < Poems,' 
theology for some years (MOOTS, Hist. Mis- dedicated to Lady Shannon, and consisting 
sioms Anglican Soc. Jesu, p. 127). Ardently of a poem in two books? entitled < Prospects/ 
desiring to take part m the mission to the and a collection of odes and other fugitive 
East Indies, he left Douay for Rome, where p i eces . i n 1326 he published a translation 
he received the two lower sacred orders, was of Terence for the use of schools, in the pre- 
admitted to the Society of Jesus, and entered face to ^j^ ^ e states t h at w hen at West 
the novitiate of St. Andrew on 8 April 1579 minster School he had been an actor in three 
(FOLBY, Records, n. 148). In the sixth month of Terence's comedies. In the following 
of his noviceship he was attacked by violent year ^ pr i n ted seven of the plays of Plan- 
fever, and was sent by his superiors to Lyons tus? < translated laterally and grammatically, 
for change of air, but the sickness increasing, and c i ea red of objectionable passages.' Th& 
he appeared unfit for the sbciety, and there- later years of his i ife were spent at Youghal, 
fore was dismissed from the novitiate (CHAL- Cork, and he died in 1831. By his wife, a 
LONER, Missionary Priests, ed. 1741, i. 103). daughter of Bayley Rogers, physician and 
Cottam then went to^the English college of banker of Cork, he left, with other issue, four 
Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims, sons 

was ordained priest, and sent to England on ^^ Alumni We stmonasteriense S , ed. 
the mission. On his arrival at Dover in June 18 ^ 2 , pp . 383, 393, -394, 534, 536, 573; Foster's- 
1580, he was immediately arrested, having Baronetage and Knightage.] T. F. H. 
been betrayed by a spy named Sledd. Even- 
tually he was committed to the Marshalsea COTTER, PATRICK (1761 P-1806), Irish 
prison, where he was tortured, and thence giant, was born at Kinsale, co. Cork ; in or 
he was removed on Christmas day to the about 1761, of poor parents of ordinary star- 
Tower of London, where he underwent the ture. He was brought up as a bricklayer, but 
most terrible tortures of the rack and the at the age of eighteen was hired by a showman 
' Scavenger's Daughter 7 (TAKKEE, Societas for exhibition in England for the sum^of 50, 
Jesu usque ad sanguinis et vit& profusionem for three years. Soon after his arrival at 
militans, pp. 18, 19; FOIEY, ^?con&, ii. 159). Bristol, owing to a disagreement with his 
On 14 Nov. 1581 he was arraigned at "West- master, he was thrown into the debtors' prison 
minster Hall with Father Edmund Campion for a fictitious debt. Upon his release he 
and others, and condemned to death on ac- established himself at the Bristol fair, and 
count of his priestly character ( HOWELL, State earned 30 in three days. After the manner of 
Trials, i. 1078) ; SIMPSON, Life of Campion, Irish giants he changed his name to O'Brien^ 

VOL. XII. TJ 



Cotterell 290 Cotterell 

claiming to be a lineal descendant of Brian, closest friend at court was "William Aylesbury 
king of Ireland [q. v.], and to have i in liis [q. v.], whom he assisted in translating Da- 
person and appearance all the similitude of | Vila's i History of the Civil Wars in France.' 
that great and grand potentate. 7 Until the On Charles Fs execution, Cotterell, as a royal- 
last two years of his life he continued to travel ist, fled to Antwerp, and in 1650 entertained 
throughout the country exhibiting himself, at his house there many royalist fugitives, in- 
In 1804, having realised an independence, he eluding Dr. George Morley [q.v.] and Dr. John 
retired into private life, and died at his lodg- Earle [q. v.l About 1652 he was appointed 
ings in the Hotwell Road, Clifton, on 8 Sept. steward to Charles Fs sister, Elizabeth, titu- 
1806, in the forty-sixth year of his age. He : lor queen of Bohemia, and lived in her house 
was buried in the Jesuit chapel in Trenchard ! at the Hague for the two following years. 
Street, Bristol, where a tablet to his memory j He is frequently mentioned in the letters ad- 
states that he was eight feet three inches in i dressed by Elizabeth to Sir Edward Nicholas, 
height. The inscription on his coffin-plate, j and was in the confidence of Sir Edward 
however, was i Patrick Cotter O'Brien of "Kin- j Hyde and others of Charles IFs advisers 
sale, Ireland, whose stature was 8 feet 1 inch, i (CaL Clarendon Papers, ii. 310, 333, 339; 
Died 8 Sept. 1806, aged 46 years.' It is im- j cf. SIR G. BEOKLET, Coll Zetters,I787\ In 
possible to reconcile the numerous discrepan- I September 1655 Cotterell became secretary 
cies with regard to his height. According to | to Henry, duke of Gloucester. At the Re- 
Mr. Blair's account, written in 1804, Cotter storation he returned to England ; was rein- 
' could not have been more, on the whole, than stated master of the ceremonies; was from 
7 feet 10 inches 7 (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxiv. } 6 April 1663 to 1678 M.P. for Cardigan; lived 
pt. i. pp. 420-1) ; while the catalogue of the at Westminster, and was a prominent figure 



contents of the Royal College of Surgeons 



in all the court ceremonials of Charles IFs 



(pt. v. 1831, p. 51), in the description of a reign. Wood complains that by persistently 

plaster cast of one of his hands, states that \ worrying Archbishop Juxon in 1661 he foisted 

his ' height in the year 1802 was 8 feet 7 inches ; his brother-in-law, Dr. Thomas Clayton, into 

and a half.' An engraving by T. Smith of i the wardenship of Merton College, Oxford, 

the giant was published in 1785, and another against the wish of the fellows. In 1663 he 

by A. Van Assen, dated 1804, is given in the was sent for a short time as ambassador to 

.second volume of Kirby (opp. p. 332). There Brussels. In 1670 he was nominated master 

is also a curious etching by Kay done in 1803, of requests, and in December of the same year 

when Cotter was in Edinburgh (vol. ii. No. the degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him at 

210). The giant is here portrayed in the act Oxford, when he accompanied Prince Wil- 

of being measured for a great coat by a little liam of Orange on a visit to the university, 

tailor standing on tiptoe on a chair, while one Cotterell was permitted by James II to resign 

of Cotter's arms rests carelessly on the top of his offices at court in December 1686, and the 

the roomdoor. Cotter ha? often been con- mastership of the ceremonies was bestowed 

fused with Charles Byrne [q._v.], another Irish on his eldest son, Charles Lodowick, while 

,giant, who died in London in 1783. his grandson, John Dormer, became assistant 

[Wood's OHants and Dwarfs, 1868, pp. 166- f ^V 11 ^ created LLD. Cambridge, 

187, 375, 385, 457-8; Kirby's Wonderful and } 6 ' 2 ' . Sur Charles apparently died in the 

Scientific Museum, 1804, ii, 332-7,- Gent. Mag. following year (FtrLLEB, Worthies, ed. Nut- 

1806, vol. lxxvi.pt. ii. p. 983 ; Wilson's Wonderful tall > n - 309 )- 

Characters, 1821, i. 415-22 ; Kay's Original Por- Cotterell translated : 1. A Eelation of the 

traits and Caricature Etchings, 1877, ii. 115-17; Defeating of Card. Mazarin and 01. Crom- 

Chambers's Book of Days, 1864, ii. 326-7; Notes well's design to have taken Ostend by trea- 

.and Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 436, si. 369, 396.] chery in 1658, from the Spanish ' (London, 

G-. F. E. B. 1660 and 1666). 2. 'The Famous Eomance 

of Cassandra/ from the French of G. de 

COTTERELL, SIB CHAELES (1615- Costes, Seigneur de la Calprenede ; Cotte- 

1687 ?), master of the ceremonies and trans- rell's dedication to Charles II is dated from 

lator, born in 1615, was son of Sir Clement the Hague, 5 June 1653 ; a first edition of a 

Cotterell of Wylsford, Lincolnshire, groom- part of the work appeared in 1652, and the 

porter to James I for twenty years, who was whole was issued in 1661, 1676, and (in 5 vols.) 

appointed muster-master of Buckinghamshire 1725. Pepys read ' Cassandra ' and preferred 

"by the influence of Villiers in December 1616 it to ' Hudibras 7 (Diary, 16 Nov. 1668 and 

(Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc. 484). In early 5 May 1669). 3. l The Spiritual Year, or a 

life Charles was able to speak and read most Devout Contemplation digested into distinct 

modem languages, and in 1641 succeeded Sir arguments for every month of the year, and 

John Finet as master of the ceremonies. His for every week in the month/ from the 



Cotterell 291 Cottesford 



Spanish (London, 1693). Cotterell repub- 
lished his own and his friend Aylesbury's 
translation of ' Davila/ which had first ap- 
peared in 1647, in 1678, and claimed the exe- 



COTTEKELL, WILLIAM (d. 1744), 
bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, was grandson 
of Sir Charles Cotterell [q. v.], and the third 
son of Sir Charles Lodowick Cotterell, by 

T * * n mi . L >i A >. fJ * J.?^ T 71 "I "... _ 1 i 1 T TI . ** 



j_ - - ^ 7 w* >-'**' -i^ v v-\^ TT J.\_/.LX V-/\_/ U UwJ. C-L-L* hJ V 

cution of the greater part of the work. Robert his second wife, Elizabeth, only daughter of 
Codrington [q. v.] dedicated to Cotterell his Chaloner Chute of the Vyne, near Basino'- 

* Memorials of Margaret of Valois,' 1661. stoke, Hampshire. Sir Clement Cotterell was 

Cotterell married the daughter of Edward his brother. One of the same name (probably 

"West, of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire, by the future bishop), having passed through 

whom he had several children. A daughter Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduated 

Anne was the wife of Robert Dormer, of B. A. in 1721, and M. A. three yearslater (see 

Rousham, Oxfordshire, and another daughter Notes and Queries, 6th ser. iv. 385). In 1725 

married Sir William Trumbull. A younger on the death of Dean John Trench, he was 

son was killed in the sea fight of Southwold presented to the deanery of Raphoe in the 

Bay in 1672 (EVELYST, Diary, ii. 281). north of Ireland, and the degree of D.D. was 

Sir CHAELES LODOWICK COTTERELL, the conferred upon him by diploma from the uni- 
eldest son and his father's successor in the versity of Oxford 1 March 1733. His promo- 
mastership of the ceremonies in 1686, was tion to the bishopric of Perns and Leighlin was 
knighted on 18 Feb. 1686-7. He was edu- by patent dated 24 March 1742-3; but he en- 
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where joyed this dignity for little more than twelve 
he took the degree of LL.D. ; was incorporated months, his death taking place in England on 
D.C.L. of Oxford on 4 June 1708 (HEARSTS, 21 June of the following year. The mention 
Coll, Oaf. Hist. Soc. ii. 112) ; was commis- made of him in a letter from Swift to Mrs. 
sioner of the privy seal^in April 1697 ; ob- Caesar, dated Dublin, 30 July 1733, would 
tained the reversion of his mastership of the lead us to infer that he was on terms of inti- 
ceremonies for his son on 31 Jan. 1698-9; macy with the dean. He died unmarried on 
was robbed on Hounslow Heath on his way 21 June 1744, and was buried at St. Anne's 
to Windsor on 4 June 1706, and died in July Church, Soho, London, where there is a brief 
1710. On the death of Prince George of inscription to his memory. 
Denmarkinl708,hepublisheda^WholelLife' [Burke > s Bictio of the Landed a 

of that prince a* a chapbook A copy is m the (18 L 49) , j. 842 . Catalog of Oxford GrJhS e? 

^^lel^briOTattheBn^Muaeiim. Sir Cotton's Fasti Eccleaa Hibermcse; Scott's fd! 

Charles Lodowickmarned (1) Eliza, daughter of Swift's Works (1824), xviii. 152 1 B H B 
of Nicholas Burwell of Gray's Inn. and (2) * J ' 

Elizabeth, daughter of Chaloner Chute. COTTESFOBD, THOMAS (d. 1555), 

SIB CLEMENT COTTEKELL. the son by the protestant divine, a native of Winchester, 
first wife, became master of the ceremonies studied first apparently at Oxford, and af- 
on his father's death ; was vice-president of forwards at Cambridge, where he took the 
the Society of Antiquaries ; is described by degree of M.A. He adopted the doctrines 
Hearne, under date 28 June 1734, as <a ^ tne reformers, and in January 1540-1 was 
scholar and an antiquary, and well skill'd in charged before the privy council for setting 
matters of proceeding and ceremony ' (Reli- ^ rt ^ &* 1 epistle written by Melanchthon in 
qm& Hearn. iii. 144) ; and died on 13 Oct. violation of the act of the six articles, and 
1758. On the death of his cousin, General ^ e wa s committed to the Fleet during the 
John Dormer [q. v.], in 1741, Sir Clement king's pleasure. He held the rectories of St. 
inherited the Rousham estates and assumed Peter and St. Andrew in Walpole, Norfolk, 
the additional surname of Dormer. Sir Cle- ^"hich he resigned on 31 May 1544. On 
memVs son, who died in 1779, and grandson, 9 June following he was presented to the 
who died in 1808, each became master of the vicarage of Littlebury, Essex, and in 1547 
ceremonies. The family is still represented was appointed preacher to the royal corn- 
by C. Cotterell Dormer, and in his library is missioners for visiting the dioceses of Salia- 
a, valuable collection of letters and papers ^ ur y, Exeter, Bath, Bristol, and Chichester. 
relating to Sir Charles, Sir Charles Lodowick, On 20 May 1553 he was collated to the rec- 
and Sir Clement Cotterell (Hist.MSS.Comm. *ory of St. Martin, Ludgate, London, and 
2nd Eep. 82-3). on 10 July in the same year preferred to the 

[Wood'sFasti(Bliss),ii.324,325,390- "Wood's P re ^end of Apesthorpe in the church of York 

Athense Oxon. (Bliss), xliii, xlvi, xlvii, Mi, iii. ( L NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 167). On 

433, 441, 717, iv. 151 ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ^ accession of CJueen Mary he withdrew 

xi. 19, 2nd ser. x. iii. 365, 60, 6th ser. iv. 384 ; to the continent, and resided successively at 

Evelyn's Diary ; luttrell's Relation ; Burke's Copenhagen, Geneva, and Frankfort He 

Landed Gentry, s.v. Dormer.'] S. L. L. died at Frankfort on 6 Dec. 1555. 

TJ 2 



Cottingham 292 Cottingham 

His principal works are : 1. l The Recken- College, Oxford, for which lie was a successful 

yng-e and Declaration of the Faytli and competitor in 1829; the repairs of St. Albans 

Belefe of Huldrike Zwingly, Bysshoppe of Abbey (1833) ; the restoration and almost 

Ziiryk,' Zurich, 1543, 8vo ; [London ?], 1548, entire rebuilding of the cathedral at Armagh,, 

8vo ; Geneva, 1555, 12mo. To the last edi- a work which extended over several years ; 

tion of this translation from the Latin three the restoration of the tower and spire of 

pieces by Cottesford himself are appended, St. James's Church at Louth, Lincolnshire, 

viz. : l An Epistle wrytten from Copynhauen which had been shattered by lightning ; the- 

in Denmarke vnto an Englyshe Marchaunt restoration of the beautiful Norman tower 

dwellyng at Wynchestre in Englande,' i An of St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmund's ; 

Epistle written to a good Lady, for the com- the restoration of Hereford Cathedral, on 

forte of a frende of hers, wherein the Noua- which he was engaged at the time of his 

tions erroure now reuiued by the Anabap- death. In London he actively supported the 

tistes is confuted, and the synne agaynste retention and restoration of the lady chapel 

the holy Groste playnly declared,' and 'The in St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, and gave 

prayer of Daniel turned into metre and ap- valuable advice and assistance in the resto- 

plied ynto our tyme.* This metrical prayer ration of the Temple Church. He sent in 

was licensed to John Aide as a ballad in designs for the new Fishmongers' Hall and 

1569 or 1570. 2. ( Pious Prayers for every the new Houses of Parliament, but was not 

Day in the Week/ London, temp. Edward VI, successful with either. He exhibited many 

8vo. 3. 'Marten Micron, minister of the of his architectural designs at the Royal 

Dutch Church in London, his short and faith- Academy. Among the minor works may be 

full instruction for theedifyeng and comfort named: the restoration of the churches of 

of the symple Christians, which intende to Ashbourne, Derbyshire ; Chesterford, Essex; 

receyue the holy Supper of the Lorde/ trans- Clifton, Nottinghamshire; Horningsheath, 

latedfrom the Dutch, London [1552]. 4. A Market "Weston, and Theberton in Suffolk; 

translation of John a Lasco on the disci- Milton Bryan, Bedfordshire ; Boos, Yorkshire, 

pline of the church. -Cottesford was also, it and many others. He executed private works 

is said, engaged in the compilation of the for Lord Brougham at Brougham Castle, 

liturgy. Westmoreland ; for Lord Harrington at El- 

[Tanner's BibL Brit. p. 202; ISTewcourt's Re- vaston Castle, Derbyshire; for LordDunraven, 

pertorium, i. 415, ii. 394 ; G-ough's Index to Parker at Adare Manor, Limerick; and for Lord 

Soc. Publications; Cooper's Athene Cantab, i. Craven at Combe Abbey, Berkshire. One of 

HO; Ames's Typogr.Antiq. (Herbert), 711, 1571, Cotttngham's most important works was the 

1584 ; Wood a Athen* Oxon (Bliss), i. 231 ; Bale laying out, about 1825, of the extensive estates 

De Scnptoribus, . 63; Kitson's Bibl. Poetica, on thl Surrey side of Waterloo Bridge, belong- 

p ' >J i - u ing to Mr. John Field of Tooting-, and form- 

COTTINGHAM, LEWIS NOCKALLS ing the large parish of St. John's, Lambeth. 
(1787-1847), architect, born atLaxfield, Suf- Here he built a residence for himself in 
folk, 24 Oct. 1787, was the son of a farmer Waterloo Bridge Road, which comprised 
of an ancient and respectable family. As he suites of rooms specially designed to receive- 
quickly showed a taste for science and art, the valuable collections of architectural works 
he was apprenticed to a builder at Ipswich, and the library which he formed during his 
who had an extensive practice, where Cot- career. These collections were very well 
tingham, by several years of industry, ac- known to all students and lovers of Gothic 
quired a sound practical education. In 1814 architecture, and contained many specimens 
he commenced his career as an architect, and of Grothic carving in stone and wood pre- 
removed to London. In 1822 he obtained served from buildings that had been de- 
his first appointment as architect and sur- stroyed. A catalogue was published, but 
veyor to the Cooks' Company, and in 1825 the collection was dispersed, to the regret 
he was selected by the dean and chapter of of all, a few years after his death. Cotting- 
Eochester to execute repairs and restorations ham was a fellow of the Society of Antl- 
for their cathedral, the latter including a quaries and a member of other scientific so- 
new central tower. He was patronised by pieties. In < Archseologia,' vol. xxix., there 
Mr. John Harrison of Spelston Hall, Derby- is published his description of the encaustic 
shire, for whom he built a residence at that tiles in the pavement of the chapter-house 
place in the Perpendicular style of Grothic. at Westminster (engraved from his designs 
Cottingham soon gained a reputation as a in J. Gr. Nichols's ' Facsimiles of Encaustic 
Grothic architect, and executed several im- Tiles 7 ), and his account of the discovery in' 
portant works ; among these were the resto- the Temple Church of the leaden coffins of 
ration of the interior of the chapel at Magdalen the Knights Templars. 



Cottington 293 Cottington 

He published from 1822 to 1829: 1. ' Plans, Cottington was brought up, and was gentle- 



,1, / 

Elevations, Sections, Details, and Views, 



man of his horse, and left one of the executors 

Ski* -. __ 



with Mouldings, full size, of the Chapel of of his will, and by him recommended by Sir 

King Henry VII at Westminster Abbey,' Robert Cecil, then principal secretary of state, 

and also a second volume containing details who preferred him to Sir Charles Cornwallis 

of the interior of the same. 2. ' Plans, Ele- when he went ambassador to Spain in the be- 

vations, Sections, and Details at large of ginning of the reign of King James ' (Rebel- 

"Westminster Hall. 7 3. 'The Smith and | #o,xiii. 30). When Cornwallis was recalled, 

Founder's Directory, containing a series of Cottington acted for a time as English agent 

JDesigns and Patterns for Ornamental Iron (1609-J1), and was appointed English consul 

and Brass Work. 7 4. i Working Drawings for at Seville (January 1612, GARDINEK, History 

""<J . i y-v . * . 1 "1 "1 J" TT"* T -* -* f-\ j -IM-VV x-v *^ 



O <J 

Xjrothic Ornaments, selected and composed 
from the best examples, consisting of capitals, 
bases, cornices, &c.' These drawings, though 



of England, ii. 134, 151). On his return to 
England he was appointed one of the clerks of 
the council (September 1613, Court and Times 



v. ' urecian ana x^omciii ^xrcniLecture, m uronuomar to press lorwara tne proposal lor a 

-twenty-four large folio plates/ Cottingham Spanish marriage in opposition to the treaty 

.did a great deal to promote the revival of for the marriage of Prince Charles to a French 

.mediaeval Gothic architecture, but, as an princess then in progress (January 1614, Nar- 

architect, is now esteemed more for his ratweofthe Spanish Marriage Treaty, Camd. 

-draughtsmanship than the works that he Soc. 111). In 1616 Digby was recalled from 

'-carried out ; in the latter his enthusiasm for Spain, and Cottington for a time took his place, 

the Gothic revival frequently overcame his Through him King James made to the Spanish 

discretion in handling the buildings entrusted court his offer of mediation in the Bohemian 

to his care. He died in Waterloo Bridge quarrel (September 1618, Relations between 

Boad, after a long illness, 13 Oct. 1847, and England and Germany, Camd. Soc, 10, 19,26). 

,was buried at Croydon. He married in 1822 On his return, Cottington's knowledge of 

Sophia, second daughter of Robert Turner Spanish affairs made him continually in re- 

.Cotton of Finsbury, by whom he left two sons quest with the king, and he was also, in Oc- 

.and one daughter. The elder son, NOCKALLS tober 1622, sworn secretary to the Prince of 

.JOHNSON COTTINGHAM (1823-1854), also be- Wales (Court and Times of James I, ii. 352). 

-came^ an architect, and assisted his father, On 16 Feb. 1623 he was knighted, and at the 

especially in the restoration of Hereford Ca- same time created a baronet (Forty-seventh 

thedral, where the reredos is executed from Report of the Deputy-Keeper of Public Re^ 

Ms designs. He showed some skill also in cords, 130). When Prince^ Charles resolved 

.designing for stained glass. After a rather to go in person to Spain, Cottington was one 

.chequered career he perished in 1854 on his of the first persons consulted, and cornmuni- 

way to New York in the wreck of the ' Arctic ' cated to Clarendon, a lively description of tie 

at the early age of thirty-one. scene between himself, Buckingham, and the 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of kirL (CLARENDON, i. 30). In spite of his 

Artists, 1760-1880; (rent. Mag. (1847) pp. expressed disapproval of the plan, Cottington 

648-50 ; Builder, 23 Oct. 1847 and 2 Dec. 1856 ; was charged to accompany the prince, and 

Athenaeum, 16 Oct. 1847; Ipswich Journal, took part in the negotiations at Madrid which 

23 Oct. 1847; Art Union, 1847; Ward's Ken followed. On his return he was disgraced, 

,f the Reign ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. ; Brit. Mus. deprived of his office and emoluments, and 

^ at -] k. C. forbidden to appear at court. Buckingham 

COTTINGTON, FRANCIS, LOED COT- the j^urneyf to whichhf had latelTadded 

TINGTON (1578 P-1652), born about 1578, was the fault of protesting his belief that the 

the fourth son of Philip Cottington of God- restoration of the Palatinate was still to 

monston (COLLINS, Peerage, ix. 481), near be hoped for from the Spanish ministers 

.Bruton in Somersetshire. His mother, accord- (GABBINEE, History of England, v. 321). 

ing to the pedigree in Hoare (Modern Wilt- Buckingham therefore openly announced to 

ishire, Hundred of Dunworth, 21), was Jane, Cottington that he would do all he could 

daughter of Thomas Biflete. Clarendon, how- to ruin him, to which Cottington replied 

ever says 'his mother was a Stafford, nearly by requesting the return of a set of hang- 

alhed to Sir Edward Stafford, who was vice- ings, worth 800 J., which he had presented 

chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth, and had to the duke in hope of his future favour 

.toeen ambassador to France; by whomFrancis (CLAKENDON, i, 67). After the duke's death 



Cottington 294 Cottington 



Weston's influence secured Cottington a seat 
in the privy council (12 Nov. 1628), and on 
30 March 1629 the attorney-general was or- 
dered to prepare for him a grant of the chan- 
cellorship of the exchequer. In the autumn 



'the Lady Mora, 'the delayer of the honest and 
economical administration he sought to in- 
troduce ; he now wrote of Cottington as the 
great obstacle, 'the Lady Mora's waiting- 
maid/ who, perhaps, l would pace a little 



of 1629 he was sent ambassador to Spain, ' faster than her mistress did, but the steps- 
and signed with that power (5 Nov. 1630) a ] would be as foul 7 (Works, vii. 145). All 
treaty which put an end to the war, and Cottington's activity was directed to ob- 
reproduced, with a few unimportant modifi- taining the treasurership for himself, to 
cations, the treaty of 1604. This was fol- ; secure which he intrigued on every side* 
lowed on 2 Jan. 1631 by a secret treaty for In this struggle his self-control, and his 
the partition of Holland between England ' acquaintance with the business of the ex- 
and Spain, as the price of the restoration of the chequer, enabled him to hold his own against 
Palatinate (GABDHTEE, History of England, \ Laud, and sometimes, as in the instance of 
vii. 176: Clarendon State Papers, i. 49). As the enclosure of Richmond Park, to make 
a reward the negotiator was raised to the his adversary ridiculous to the king (CLA- 
peerage by the title of Baron Cottington of EEITDOIS", i. 208). Nevertheless, Laud suc- 
Hanworth, Middlesex (10 July 1631). With ceeded in securing the treasury for Juxon 
Weston and "Windebanke Cottington was (6 March 1636), and Cottington became ' no 
throughout in the king's confidence with re- more a leader, but meddled with his particu- 
spect to his secret foreign policy, and repre- lar duties only J (Strajfbrd Papers, i. 523,, 
sented with them in the council the party ii. 52). Besides serving on the committee 
favourable to Spain, and hostile to France of the council for foreign affairs, Cottington 
and Holland. Himself a catholic at heart, acted also as a member of the committee for 
and usually declaring himself such when se- Irish affairs appointed in April 1634 (LAUD,, 
riously ill, Cottington supported the catho- Works, iii. 67), and of the far more important 
lie propaganda in England, but was yet not committee for Scotch affairs (reproachfully 
trusted by the catholics. In March 1635 called ' the junto,' according to Clarendon) 
Cottington became master of the court of appointed in July 1638 (Sir afford Letters, 
wards, in which capacity he ' raised the re- ii. 181). In the latter committee he formed 
venue of that court to the king to be much one of the war party (ib, ii. 186), but hi& 
greater than it had ever been before his ad- position as chancellor of the exchequer made 
ministration ; by which husbandry all the him still more prominent in the different de- 
rich families of England, of noblemen and vices for raising money for the war. In June 
gentlemen, were exceedingly incensed, and 1639 Cottington attempted to raise a loan 
even indevoted to the crown ' (CLAEEISTDON, from the city, and, when the aldermen re- 
ii 102). His activity in extending the rights fused, supported Windebanke in urging co- 
of his office was one of the chief causes of its ercion (GABDINEE, History of England, ix* 
abolition; it also led him into a quarrel with 39). In the following May, after the disso- 
the lord-keeper Coventry (HETLTN, Life of lution of the Short parliament, he advocated 
Laud, i. 225). More serious was the hostility war against the Scots as a necessary measure- 
between Laud and Cottington whicli began of self-defence, and argued that in such an 
about the same time. On 16 March 1635 the extremity money might be raised without a 
treasury was put in commission, and both Cot- parliament. According to Vane's notes he 
tington and the archbishop named commis- added that the lower house were weary both 
sioners. Both at the treasury board and in the of king and church (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd 
committee for foreign affairs Cottington fre- Rep. 3). In July he in vain attempted to 
quently came into collision with Laud, whose persuade the city to lend, and the French 
correspondence is full of complaints of his ambassador to procure, the king a loan of 
1 Spanish tricks ' and general untrustworthi- 400,000/. ; in the end he was obliged to raise 
ness . In two important cases, the case of the money by a speculation in pepper (GrARDiiraK,. 
soap-makers' monopoly and the case of Bagge History of England, ix. 175, 190). He also- 
and Pell, Laud and Cottington took opposite prepared the Tower for a siege, having been 
sides. He also alarmed Laud by interceding appointed constable of that fortress (ib. 191). 
on behalf of Williams, bishop of Lincoln, At the meeting of the Long parliament the par- 
although, when his case actually came to a liamentary leaders resolved to call Cottington 
judgment, Cottington gave his sentence for the to an account (S ANTOED, Studies of the Great 
imposition of a fine of 10,000/. on the bishop Rebellion, 308). Seeing the danger, he re- 
(LATH), Works, vii. 139 ; RTJSHWOETH, ii. 416) . solved to efface himself and give up his offices. 
In the archbishop's confidential correspon- He was ready, in exchange for an assurance 
dence with Strafford he had termed Portland of indemnity, to surrender the chancellorship 



Cottington 295 Cottington 

of the exchequer to Pym, and the court of c without question we might have done more 

wards to Say. The i sharp expressions ' he in the king's business if it had not been for 

had used in the council, made known during him, who yet will not understand that they 

Strafford's trial by Vane's notes, added to his are not his friends' (Clarendon State Papers, 

danger. In May 1641 he did actually sur- iii. 25). The destruction of the Spanish fleet 

render the court of wards to Say (17 May), in the Downs by the Dutch in 1639 was ' most 

and also the lieutenancy of Dorsetshire to unjustly laid to his want of kindness/ and 

Salisbury (10 May), but he retained the chan- another cause of the Spanish king's ' notable 

cellorship of the exchequer till the appoint- aversion from him was furnished by Cotting- 

ment of Sir John Colepeper in January 1642. ton's apostasy from the catholic religion/ His 

According to Clarendon, Str afford had re- religious history was indeed somewhat re- 

commended the king to send Cottington to markable. Cornwallis records an attempt 

succeed him in Ireland as deputy, ' but the to convert him to Catholicism in 1607 ( Win- 

winds were too high and too much against wood Papers, ii. 321), but he did not actually 

him then to venture thither 7 (Rebellion, App. become a catholic till 1623, during a danger- 

M. 6). ous illness which took place while he was- 

Cottington was not one of the peers who at Madrid (Narrative of the Spanish Marriage 

joined the king at York at the beginning of Treaty, Camd. Soc., 249). 

the war. In a petition to the House of Returning to England he again adopted 

Lords he represents himself as ill with gout protestantism, but made a second declaration 

at Founthill, and appears as paying assess- of Catholicism during another illness in 1636 

ments to the parliament (Lords' Journals, v. (GAKDliraK, History of England, viii. 140). 



417). In 1643, however, he joined the king, Now resolving, as he wrote to the king on 

and was one of the 'junto ' set up by Charles 1 March 1651, to remain in Spain, he deter- 

in the autumn of that year (CLAEENDON, -{/<?, mined again to become a catholic, and was 

iii. 37). He also took part in the Oxford after considerable difficulties reconciled by 

parliament, was appointed lord treasurer on the papal nuncio (CLAKEifEOir, Rebellion,xii\. 

3 Oct. 1 643 (BLACK, Docquets of Letters 27 ; Calendar of Clarendon State Papers, ii. 

Patent signed by Charles I at Oxford,}*. 80), 97). He succeeded in obtaining license to- 

and signed the capitulation of Oxford in July remain at Valladolid, and a promise that his 

1646. Being one of the persons excepted by necessities should be supplied. The care of 

the parliament from any indemnity or com- the English Jesuits provided and made ready 

position, he went abroad,and during the earlier for him the house in that city where he had 

part of his exile seems to have lived at Kouen, before resided during the reign of Philip III, 

Thence the queen summoned him in May and there he died, on 19 June, 1652, at the 

1648 to attend Prince Charles, and after age of seventy-four. His body was brought 

being taken by an Ostend pirate, and losing to England in 1679, and interred in West- 

1,000^. on the way, he at length reached the minster Abbey by his nephew, Charles Cot- 

Hague (CLAKEKDOK, Rebellion, xi. 23 ; Life, tington. His epitaph and an engraving of 

v. 11). After the king's execution a deter- his monument are given in Dart's c West- 

mined attempt was made by Lord Jermyn monasterium 7 (i. 181). Clarendon, who de- 

to exclude Cottington from the council of scribes his character at length, terms him a 

Charles II. It was not successful; but, never- very wise man, and praises above all his 

theless, in April 1649, on the suggestion of great self-command. One of his chief cha- 

the prince, it was determined by the king r act eristics was his dry humour ; ' under a 

that Cottington should go to Spain to en- grave countenance he covered the most of 

deavour to raise money, and Hyde resolved mirth, and caused more than any man of the 

to accompany him (Rebellion, xii. 35 ; Ni- most pleasant disposition. 7 ( His greatest 

cholas Papers, Camd. Soc., p. 124). Their fault was that he could dissemble,' a fault of 

instructions are dated 24 May 1649 (Calen- which all who had any dealings with him 

dar of Clarendon State Papers, ii. 48). The continually complain. He raised by his in- 

ambassadors,who reached S])ain in November dustry an estate of about 4,000/. a year, and 

1649, were coldly received, slighted, and could built himself at Hanworth and Founthill 

effect nothing. The deliberations of the two of the finest houses in England (Straf- 

Spanish council on the question of their recep- ford Papers, i. 51, ii. 118). Clarendon con- 

tion have been printed by Guizot (Cromwell, eludes by saying that f he left behind him a 

i. App. vi. x. xi.) 7 and Clarendon has left a greater esteem of his parts than love of his 

long account of their mission (Rebellion, bk. person.' With his death the barony of Cot- 

xiii.) Cottington's old influence had entirely tington became extinct. He married in 1623 

vanished ; ' he is more contemned and hated Sir Robert Brett's young widow, Anne,daugh- 

here than you can imagine,' writes Hyde ; ter of Sir William Meredith, sometime pay- 



Cottisford 296 Cottle 



master of the forces in the Low Countries 
(Court and Times of James I, ii. 365). His 
children by her all predeceased him ; two, 
a son and a daughter, died in 1631 during 
his embassy to Spain (Court of Charles I, ii. 
65), while a second daughter died shortly 
after his return (Strafford Papers, i. 81). On 
11 March 1634 Cottington wrote to Strafford 
announcing the death of his wife (ib. L 



lege, in which capacity he signed an acknow- 
ledgment of the royal supremacy on 30 July 
1534. This document is now in the Public 
Becord Office. His connection with Lincoln 
College was terminated by his resignation on 
7 Jan. 1538, and shortly after (13 Sept.) he 
was collated to the prebend of All Saints in 
Hungate, Lincoln, being installed on 5 Oct. 
His successor was collated in October 1542, 

who died 22 Feb. 1634, aged 33. From notices so that Gutch's statement that he died in 
in the same papers it seems that he thought 1540 is, perhaps, not far wrong. The 'Mr. 
of marrying again, and Lady Stanhope and Cotisforde, preacher, 7 mentioned by Strype 
a daughter of the lord-keeper Coventry are (Cranmer^. 147) in the reign of Edward VI, 
mentioned, but he remained a widower (ib. ii. must be a different person. 
47 ? 168, 246). His estates passed to Francis, [Qal. State Papers Henry VIII, vols. iii. iv. v. ; 
son of his brother Maurice. A portrait, pro- Wood's Fasti Oxon. i. 14, 29, 41, 71, 76, 81, 84, 
bably painted in Spain by a Spanish artist, 85-90; Crutch's Colleges and Halls, 241, 428 ; 
is in the National Portrait Gallery. Strype's Eccl. Mem. i. i. 570; Foxe, v. 5, 422, 

rm A - T-* -a- 4. * +1. r> v iv 801, 829 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. it. 101, 
[Clarendon s Life, Hist, of the Rebellion ; -- %g 4 gg ^j -t C T M 

Clarendon State Papers; Domestic State Pa- -J 

pers ; Strafford Correspondence ; Gardiner's Hist. COTTLE, AMOS SIMON (1768 P-1800), 

of England ; Hoare's Modern Wiltshire, the elder brother of Joseph Cottle [q.v.], was born 

Hundred of Dunworth ; and the other authorities in Gloucestershire about 1768. He received 

mentioned in the text.] C. H. R a classical education at Mr. Henderson's 

rxr\mrnrc-n^T*TN T/VTTO- , * -\ r A* ^\ school at Hanham, near Bristol, and subse- 

COTTISFORD JOHN (A 1540?), rec- tl at Magda i ene College, Cambridge, 

tor of Lmcoln College, Oxford was educated ut ^ not tak | Ms B A d * until 17 o, 
at Lincoln Allege, taking the degrees of B A He ^ at Ms clianib6rs ^ Clifford's Inn on 
m 1505, MA. m 1510, and D.D in 1525 28 g t lgoa ffis Finc i P al work is <Ice- 
(3 July) He served as proctor for 1515, l an dic Poetry, or the Edda of Saemund,trans- 
and, on the resignation of Thomas Drax, i ate d into English verse/ Bristol, 1797. It 
was elected rector of his college (2 March is not stated whether the translation is made 
1518). This office he held for nearly twenty from the original Icelandic or from a Latin 
years. He was also / cornmissMv ' or vice- vergio mo | t probaMv the latter . It is 
chancellor of the university. He received neither faithf ul nor ^go^us, but displays con- 
this appointment from Archbishop War- s i der able facility of versification. It is pre- 
ham, the chancellor, on the death of Dr. ce ded by a critical introduction of no value, 
Thomas Musgrave in the autumnof 152/, aad a ^ etical address from South to the 
and took the oaths on 7 Dec. On Warham's ^^ w]lich contains ^ celebrated pane- 
death mAwxfitl532he resigned, and was sue- ic of M Wollstonecraffc, < who among 
ceeded by William Tresham, the nommee of ^ omen i e ft no equal mind ' As she died on 
John Longland, bishop of Lincoln, the newly 1Q g t< im a ^ d Cottle ; g face ig dated 
elected chancenor. As commissary, Cottisford on l ft it J must have bee ^ compose d im- 
was engaged in the attempt to stop the mtrp- mediate i y after her death. Several minor 
duction of heretical books into Oxford, and in ms J Oottl ineludillg a pan egyri c O n 
the arrest of Thomas Garret, parson of Honey ^0^^ enterprise and a Latin ode on the 
Lane, London who was active in the distri- French co J nquest of Italy, are published along 
bution of such literature and was subse- with Hs br ^ tlier > s i Malvern HiUs.' 
q uently burnt m Smithfieldm company with r . _ OAA T , n ,,, , ,, , 
Barnes and Jerome. A graphic account of Hi g e f' Ma ^ 1800 ' Jose P h Cottles ^ ern 
the whole affair, and the dismay of Cottis- "-* ' " 

ford on hearing of Garret's escape from his COTTLE, JOSEPH (1770-1853), book- 
prison by his friend Dalaber, is in Foxe's seller and author, born in 1770, was the 
* Martyrs' (v. 421). Both Foxe and Strype brother of Amos Cottle [q. v.] He did not, 
erroneously give 1526 instead of 1528 as the like his brother, enjoy a classical education, 
date of the occurrence. but was for two years at the school of Mr. 

In 1532 Henry VIII nominated him as Richard Henderson, and received some in- 
one of the canons of the new college (now stniction from his son John, who, though 
Christ Church) which he erected on thefoun- writing nothing, afterwards passed for a pro- 
dation laid by Cardinal Wolsey, but lie con- digy at Oxford. Henderson took great notice 
tinned to hold his rectorship of Lincoln Col- of Cottle, advised him to become a bookseller, 



Cottle 297 Cottle 

.-and so stimulated his love of reading that tlie lowest ebb by his indulgence in opium, 
before he was twenty-one he had read more Cottle had addressed to him some very well 
than a thousand volumes of the best English intended if not very judiciously worded re- 
literature. He set up in business in 1791. monstrances, which had extorted contrite and 
In 1794 he made, through Robert Lovell, the agonised replies. Writing a little later, in 
acquaintance of Coleridge and Southey^ then his l Biographia Literaria,' Coleridge alludes 
in Bristol and preparing for emigration to to_ Cottle as 'a friend from whom I never re- 
America [see COLEKIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR], ceived any advice that was not wise, or a re- 
Cottle, having himself a small volume of monstrance that was not gentle and affec- 
poems in the press, warmed towards the tionate.' In spite of the strongest rernon- 
young poets, and surprised them by the libe- strances from Poole and Gillnian, vanity and 
rality of his proposals. Coleridge had been self-righteousness together induced Cottle, in 
offered in London six guineas for the copy- his ' Early Recollections, chiefly relating to 
right of his poems. Cottle offered thirty, Samuel Taylor Coleridge ' (1837), not only 
and the same sum to Southey, further pro- to enumerate all his own little generosities to 
posing to give the latter fifty guineas for his Coleridge and Southey, but to enter into the 
* Joan of Arc,' which he would publish in painful details of Coleridge's opium infatua- 
quarto, allowing the author fifty copies for tion, printing his own letters and the answers, 
himself. He also assisted in making arrange- The unworthiness of such conduct is even 
ments for the lectures delivered on behalf of aggravated by an attempt to represent it as 
pantisocracy. He facilitated Coleridge's mar- the fulfilment of an injunction of Coleridge's 
riage by the promise of a guinea and a half own, wrung 1 from him by the extremity of 
for every hundred lines of poetry he might mental and bodily anguish. Cottle erred 
produce after the completion of the volume from sheer obtuseness and want of moral 
already contracted for. This eventually ap- delicacy, and hurt himself much more than 
peared in April 1796. 'Joan of Arc 'was Coleridge, whose failings would have become 
published in the same year. Cottle next sufficiently known from other sources, while 
undertook the publication of Coleridge's pe- even Cottle's poems would have given a very 
riodical, ' The Watchman,' the expense of inadequate idea of his stupidity without his 
which was chiefly borne by him. He was memoirs. ' The confusion in Cottle's " Re- 
shortly afterwards introduced by Coleridge collections " is greater than any one would 
to Wordsworth, and the acquaintance resulted think possible,' says Southey, It may be 
in the publication of the two poets' ' Lyrical added that the book is very inaccurate in its 
Ballads ' in the autumn of 1798. In the dates, and that the documents quoted are 
following year Cottle retired from business seriously garbled, Reprehensible and in some 
as a bookseller. He certainly could not have parts absurd, it is, however, by no means 
made a fortune by publishing the works of dull, and besides its curious and valuable 
the Lake poets, but his means must have particulars of the early literary career of 
been good, for he shortly afterwards produced Coleridge and Southey, has notices of other 
several volumes of his own. ' Malvern Hills' interesting persons, otherwise little known, 
was published in 1798, ' John the Baptist, a such as Robert Lovell and William Gil- 
Poem,' in 1801, < Alfred, an Epic Poem,' in the bert. It is embellished by youthful portraits 
same year, ' The Fall of Cambria ' in 1809, of Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, and 

* Messiah ' in 1815. These pieces attracted Charles Lamb. A second edition with some 
sufficient attention to expose him to the sar- alterations and additions was published in 
casm of Byron, whose lines would probably 1847 under the title of ' Reminiscences of 
have been forgotten if Cottle had not pil- Coleridge and Southey.' Cottle died atFair- 
loried himself in a more effectual manner, field House, Bristol, 7 June 1853, The ap- 

* You are,' wrote Southey when he heard, in pendix to the fourth edition of his ( Malvern 
1836, that Cottle was preparing his remi- Hills' (1829) contains several prose essays 
niscences, ' keeping up your habitual prepa- by him, including an account of his tutor 
ration for an enduring inheritance.' Pie cer- Henderson, a discussion of the authenticity 
tainly did succeed in immortalising himself of the Rowley poems, and a description of 
as the most typical example of the moral and the Oreston, Caves, near Plymouth, and the 
religious Philistine. His acquaintance with fossils found therein. His correspondence 
Coleridge, interrupted by the latter's depar- with Haslewood on the Rowley MSS. is pre- 
ture from Somersetshire, had been resumed served in the British Museum. 

on two or three occasions ; he had been the [Cottle's Recollections and appendix to Mai- 
channel of conveying to him De Quincey's V ern Hills ; Lives of Coleridge ; Southey's Life 
munificent gift of 300/. ; and when in 1814 and Correspondence; Waiter's Selections from 
and 1815 Coleridge's fortunes had sunk to Southey's Letters.] B. Gr. 



Cotton 



298 



Cotton 



COTTON, BARTHOLOMEW DE (d. 
1298 ?), historian, was a monk of Norwich, 
and probably a native of Cotton in Suffolk, 
but nothing is known of his life. His principal 
work bears the title of * Historia Anglicana/ 
and is in three books. The first bookis a literal 
transcript from Geoffrey of Monmouth. The 
second book, which contains the history of 
England from 449 to 1298, consists of three 
portions : the first, extending to the Norman 
conquest, is an unskilful compilation from 
Henry of Huntingdon ; the second, a chroni- 
cle of 1066 to 1291, is a copy of a work by 
an unknown writer, which exists in manu- 
script at Norwich ; and the third, from 1291 
to 1298, appears to be original, and has con- 
siderable value for the period to which it 
refers. The Norwich chronicle which Cotton 
has inserted in his history is largely made up of 
extracts from writers whose works have been 
printed in their original form, but for 1264 to 
1279 and 1285 to 1291 it is an independent 
authority of some importance., and it contains 
throughout many interesting notices of local 
history. The so-called third book is a sepa- 
rate work, entitled 'De Archiepiscopis et 
Episcopis Angliae/ which is an abstract and 
continuation of William of Malmesbury's 
' De Gestis Pontifieurn/ but furnishes much 
information which is not to be found else- 
where. An edition of the * Historia Angli- 
cana ' (omitting the useless first book) was 
published in 1859 in the ' Rolls Series,' edited 
by the Rev. H. R'. Luard, who has carefully 
indicated the sources from which the work is 
compiled, distinguishing the original portions 
by larger type. The only complete manu- 
script of the work known to exist is in 
the British Museum (book i, Reg. 14 C. 1, 
books ii. iii. Cotton, Nero C. v. 160-280). 
As the handwriting of the manuscript refers 
it to the beginning of the fourteenth century, 
and its colophon contains a prayer for the 
soul of the author, Bartholomew de Cotton, 
monk of Norwich/ it may be assumed that 
he died in or soon after 1298, the date at 
which his history ends. It is stated by 
Wharton that the Lambeth library in his 
time contained a manuscript of Cotton's 
* History/ with a continuation to 1445, but 
this appears to have been lost. The only 
other known work of Bartholomew de Cotton 
is a sort of glossary with the title t Optimae 
Compilationes de libro Britonis secundum 
ordinem alphabet!, per Bartholomeum de 
Cottune compilatse/ a manuscript of which 
is preserved in the library of Corpus Christi 
College, Cambridge. 

[Cotton's Historia Anglicana, ed. Luard (Rolls 
Sei.) preface; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 202 ; 
Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 397-402.] H. B. 



COTTON, CHARLES (1630-1687), poet,, 
friend of Izaak Walton, and translator of 
Montaigne's i Essays/ born at Beresford in 
Staffordshire 28 April 1630, was the only 
child of the Charles Cotton whose brilliant 
abilities are extolled in Clarendon's 'Life' 
(i. 36, ed. 1827). His father inherited a 
competent fortune, and by his marriage with 
Olive, daughter of Sir John Stanhope of El- 
vaston in Derbyshire, became possessed of 
estates in Derbyshire and Staffordshire. In. 
Herrick's ' Hesperides ' there is a poem ad- 
dressed to the elder Cotton, and Richard 
Brome dedicated to him (in 1639) Flet- 
cher's ' Monsieur Thomas.' Among his friends 
were Ben Jonson, Donne, Selden, Sir Henry 
Wotton, Izaak Walton, and other famous- 
writers. The younger Cotton was a pupil 
of Ralph Rawson of Brasenose College, Ox- 
ford, who was ejected from his fellowship 
by the parliamentary visitors in 1648. There- 
is no evidence to show that Cotton received an 
academical training, but Cole in his 'Athenae 71 
(Add. MS. 5865, f. 47) claims him for Cam- 
bridge. His classical attainments were con- 
siderable, and he had a close knowledge of 
French and Italian literature. In early man- 
hood he travelled in France and probably iu 
Italy. He seems to have adopted no pro- 
fession, but to have devoted himself from 
his youth upwards to literary pursuits. In 
1649 he contributed an elegy on Henry, lord 
Hastings, to Richard Brome's 'Lachrymse 
Musarum/ and in 1651 he prefixed some com- 
mendatory verses to Edmund Prestwich's 
translation of Seneca's ' Hippolytus.' No 
collection of Cotton's poems was published 
until after his death, but they had been passed 
among Ms friends in manuscript. Sir Aston 
Cokayne, who was constantly singing his 
praises, in some verses addressed 'To my 
most honoured cousin, Mr. Charles Cotton,, 
upon Ms excellent poems/ speaks of Ms early 
poems in terms of most extravagant eulogy* 
Lovelace dedicated ' The Triumphs of PMla- 
more and Amoret' to 'the noblest of our 
youth and best of friends, Charles Cotton, 
Esquire/ and hints not obscurely in the de- 
dicatory verses that he was under pecuniary 
obligations to Cotton. Aubrey states (WooD, 
AtTtenfB O.Ton.j ed. Bliss, iii. 462-3) that Love- 
lace was for many months a pensioner on Cot- 
ton's bounty. One of the elegies on Love- 
lace, printed at the end of * Lucasta/ 1659,, 
is by Cotton. He was an ardent royalist, 
and Waller's eulogy on Oliver Cromwell 
(written about 1654) provoked from him 
some bitterly satirical verses; but neither 
he nor Ms father appears to have suffered 
any persecution at the hands of the Common- 
wealth party. In the summer of 1656 he? 



Cotton 299 Cotton 



married his cousin Isabella, daughter of Sir 
Thomas Hutchinson of Owthorpe in Notting- 
hamshire, and sister of Colonel Hutehinson. 
Before the marriage took place he and his 
father vested the manors of Bentley, Borro- 
washe, and Beresford, with other lands, in 
trustees, to sell off so much of the property 
as would pay a mortgage of 1,700., and 
to hold the rest in trust for the younger 
Cotton and his heirs. The elder Cotton, who 
had greatly injured his estate "by lawsuits, 
died in 1658. At the Restoration, in 1660, 



That as for my parts, they were such as he saw ; 
That indeed I had a small smattering of law, 
Which I lately had got more by practice than 
reading, 

By sitting o' th' bench whilst others were plead- 
ing. 

It appears from another copy of verses> 
(' Poems,' 1689, p. 199) that he narrowly es- 
caped shipwreck on his voyage to Ireland. 
In an < Epistle to Sir Clifford Clifton, then 
sitting in Parliament,' he states that he had 
i grown something swab with drinking good 



Cotton published a panegyric in prose on ale ' (for he frankly confesses that ' his de- 
Charles II; and in 1664 issued anonymously light is to toss the can merrily round '), and 
his burlesque poem ' Scarronides, or the First again refers to the fact that he was besieged 
Book of Virgil Travestie/ which was reprinted by duns. In 1670 he published a translation 
(with a travesty of the foxu-th book) in 1670. of Gerard's t History of the Life of the Duke 
Six editions of ' Scarronides 7 appeared dur- of Espernon/ with a dedicatory epistle, dated 
ing the author's lifetime ; and it is noticeable from Beresford 30 Oct. 1669, to Archbishop 
that the later editions are more gross than Sheldon. He mentions in the preface that 
the earlier. There is a tradition that a kins- the translation had been begun about three 
woman of Cotton's, who had determined to years earlier, but that owing to a long and 
leave him her fortune, took offence at a sati- painful illness he had been obliged to desist 
rical allusion made in the poem to her ruff from literary labour ; and he hints that his 
and revoked her intention. In 1665 Cotton former literary ventures had been financially 
was empowered by an act of parliament to sell unprofitable. Another translation from Cot- 
part of his estates in order to pay his debts ; ton's pen, ' The Commentaries of De Montluc, 
and in the same year, for the diversion of his Marshal of France/ was published in 1674, 
wife's sister, Miss Stanhope Hutchinson, he with a dedication to his relative the Earl 
wrote a translation, which was published in of Chesterfield, and commendatory verses by 
1671, of Corneille's l Horace.' Another of Newcourt andFlatman. A curious and valu- 
Cotton's translations, ' The Moral Philosophy able anonymous work entitled ' The Com- 
of the Stoics/ ^from the French of Du Yair, plete Gamester/ which first appeared in 1674, 
had appeared in 1667. From the dedication and was frequently reprinted, has been attri- 
to his friend and kinsman, John Ferrers, buted to Cotton. The second and third parts 
dated 27 Feb. 1663-4, we learn that the of ' The Compleat Gamester : in Three Parts 
translation had been undertaken some years . . . written for the Young Princesses, by 
previously at the instance of the elder" Cot- Richard Seymour, Esq. The Fifth Edition/ 
ton. The posthumous collection of Alexander 1734, are compiled from the earlier 'Com- 
Brome's ' Poems/ 1C68, contains an epistle plete Gamester/ and in the preface it is stated 
by Brome to Cotton, and a reply, in which that ' The Second and Third Parts of this 
Cotton mournfully states that his only visi- Treatise were originally written by Charles- 
tors were duns, whose approach drove him Cotton, Esq., some years since.' Another 
to take sanctuary in the neighbouring rocks, anonymous book published in 1674, ' The 
About 1670 he composed ' A Voyage to Ire- Fair One of Tunis, or the Generous Mistress/ 
land in Burlesque/ a spirited poem full of which purports to be a translation from the 
autobiographical interest. It was 'neither French, is assigned to Cotton in the cata- 
improvement nor profit ' that induced him logue of Henry Brome's publications at the 
to take the journey, but having entered the end of i The Planter's Manual/ 1675. ' Bur- 
army and received a captain's commission, lesque upon Burlesque, or the Scoffer Scoft, 
he was ordered to proceed to Ireland. He being some of Lucian's Dialogues, newly put 
expresses his regret at being obliged to aban- into English Fustian,' appeared anonymously 
don his favourite pursuit of angling. At in 1675, and was frequently reprinted. la 
Chester he was invited to supper by the the prologue the author states that the work 
mayor, and, ^ being requested to give some was * both begun and ended' in a month, and 
account of his personal history, he informed he promised to travesty the ' Dialogues of 
his host, the Dead ' if the public would give him en- 
That of land I had both sorts, some good and couragement ; but the promise was not re- 
evil, deemed. Not only was Cotton an accom- 
But that a great part on't was pawn'd to the plished angler, but he was well skilled in. 
devil; horticulture. The taste which he showed 



Cotton 



300 



Cotton 



in planting his grounds ,at Beresford is com- 
mended by Gokayne j and his treatise, ' The 
Planter's Manual, being instructions for the 
raising, planting, and cultivating all sorts of 
Fruit-Trees, whether stone-fruits or pepin- 
fruits, with their natures and seasons/ first 
published in 1675, imparts practical informa- 
tion in a plain and easy style. He tells us 
that it was originally written ' for the private 
satisfaction of a very worthy gentleman, who 
is exceedingly curious in the choice of his 
fruits, and has great judgment in planting/ 
About 1670 Cotton lost his wife, who had 
borne him three sons and five daughters, and 
at some time before 1675 he married Mary, 
eldest daughter of Sir William Russell, bart., 
of Strensham in Worcestershire, and widow 
of Wingfield, fifth baron Cromwell, and se- 
cond earl of Ardglass, His second wife had 
41 -jointure of 1,500. per annum, but this ac- 
cession of fortune did not relieve him from 
pecuniary embarrassment, for in 1675 he was 
.again allowed by an act of parliament to sell 
part of his estates in order to pay his debts. 
To the fifth edition (1676) of Walton's ' Com- 
plete Angler/ Cotton contributed a treatise 
on fly-fishing as a * Second Part.' Prefixed 
is an epistle, dated from Beresford 10 March 
1675-6, t To my most worthy father and 
friend, Mr. Izaak Walton the elder,' from 
which we learn that Cotton's treatise had 
been hurriedly written in ten days. At the 
end of the ' Second Part * Walton printed an 
epistle to Cotton, dated from London 29 April 
1676, and Cotton's fine verses (written some 
years earlier) entitled The Retirement.' In 
the epistle Walton promised that, though he 
was in his eighty-third year and at a distance 
of more than a hundred miles, he would pay 
*L visit to Beresford in the following month. 
Cotton was singularly devoted to his old 
friend, who had also been a friend of the 
elder Cotton. To the 1675 edition of Wal- 
ton's ' Lives ' Cotton prefixed a copy of com- 
mendatory verses, dated 17 Jan. 1672-3, in 
which he speaks of Walton as ' the best 
friend I now or ever knew ; ' and in the 
Second Part of the 'Complete Angler 3 he 
writes : * I have the happiness to know his 
person, and to be intimately acquainted with 
him ; and in him to know the worthiest man 
and to enjoy the best and the truest friend 
<ever man had.' One of his most charming 
poems is an invitation (undated) to Walton 
to visit him at Beresford in the spring ; and 
another poem addressed to Walton, * The Con- 
tentation,' is equally attractive. In 1674 
" Cotton built his little fishing-house on the 
banks of the Dove, and set over the door 
.a stone on which were inscribed Ms own 
initials and Walton's, twisted in cypher.' 



The room was wainscoted, and on the larger 
panels were paintings of angling subjects; 
in the right-hand corner was a buffet with 
folding doors, in which were portraits of 
Walton, Cotton, and a boy servant. In 1681 
Cotton published a descriptive poem, i The 
Wonders of the Peak,' written in imitation 
of Hobbes's ' De Mirabilibus Pecci.' It was 
dedicated to the Countess of Devonshire. The 
last work published in his lifetime was his 
translation of Montaigne's l Essays,' 3 vols. 
8vo, 1685, which he dedicated to George Sa- 
vile, marquis of Halifax. Cotton's ' Mon- 
taigne ' ranks among the acknowledged mas- 
terpieces of translation ; it has been frequently 
reprinted. At the time of the publication of 
his 'Montaigne/ Cotton was undoubtedly 
living at Beresford. Plot, in his ' Natural 
History of Staffordshire/ which was licensed 
to be printed in April 1686, frequently men- 
tions his * most worthy friend, the worshipful 
Charles Cotton of Beresford, Esquire/ and 
speaks of f his pleasant mansion at Beresford.' 
But in Blore's ' MS. Collections for a History 
of Staffordshire ' it is stated that Cotton sur- 
rendered his Beresford property on 26 March 
1681 to Joseph Woodhouse of Wollescote 
in Derbyshire, gentleman, who sold it in the 
same year to John Beresford, esq., of Newton 
Grange in that county. After publishing 
his translation of Montaigne's * Essays/ Cot- 
ton proceeded to translate the ' Memoirs of 
the Sieur de Pontis/ but he did not live to 
finish the translation. In the burial register 
of St. James's, Piccadilly, is the entry, ' 1686- 
1687, Feb. 16, Charles Cotton, m.' ( Gent . Mag. 
1851, ii. 367). A contemporary manuscript 
diary (quoted by Oldys) records the fact that 
he died of a fever. Letters of administration 
of his effects were granted 12 Sept. 1687 to 
* Elizabeth Bludworth, widow, his principal 
creditrix, the Honorable Mary, Countess- 
dowager of Ardglass, his widow, Beresford 
Cotton, esq., Olive Cotton, Katherine Cotton, 
Jane Cotton, and Mary Cotton, his natural 
and lawful children, first renouncing.' An 
unauthorised collection of Cotton's poems 
was published in 1689. From the publisher's 
preface to Cotton's translation of the f Me- 
moirs of the Sieur de Pontis/ 1694, it appears 
that Cotton had prepared a copy of his poems 
for the press, and that the publication of this 
authentic edition had been prevented by the 
' ungenerous proceedings ' of the piratical 
publisher. 

Cotton was a man of brilliant and versa- 
tile genius. His * Ode to Winter/ a favourite 
poem with Wordsworth and Lamb, is a tri- 
umph of jubilant and exuberant fancy; and 
the fresh-coloured, fragrant stanzas entitled 
' The Retirement ' are of rare beauty. ' There 



Cotton 3 01 Cotton 

are not a few of his poems/ says Coleridge the Deal Castle on 24 Oct. 1772. After three- 
(Biographia Liter 'aria, ii. 96), ' replete with years in the Deal Castle he was moved to the- 
every excellence of thought, images, and pas- Niger, in which he went to North America,, 
sions which we expect or desire in the poetry and on 29 April 1777 was made lieutenant 
of the milder muse : and yet so worded that by Lord Howe. On 3 April 1779 he was 
the reader sees no one reason, either in the promoted to "be commander, and on 10 Aug. 
selection or the order of the words, why he of the same year was posted to the Boyne^ 
might not have said the very same in an ap- which he brought home and paid off on 17 Nov. 
propriate conversation, and cannot conceive 1780. In April 1781 he was appointed to 
how indeed he could have expressed such the Alarm, which was ordered to the West 
thoughts otherwise, without loss or injury to Indies, and was one of the repeating frigates 
his meaning.' His prose-style is always easy in the memorable actions of 9 and 12 April 
and perspicuous, instinct with energy and 1782. At the peace the Alarm returned to 
life. Though his pecuniary difficulties, which England, and Cotton had no naval employ- 
were doubtless largely due to his own im- ment till, on 1 March 1793, he was appointed 
providence, caused him constant anxiety, his to the Majestic for service in the Channel 
cheerfulness was unfailing. He was loyal fleet. In the action of 1 June 1794 the Ma- 
to his friends, and generous to the poor ; he jestic was next astern of the Royal George, 
loved good company and good liquor; he flagship of Sir Alexander Hood, by whom, 
was an excellent angler, a devoted husband, he was personally thanked for his gallant 
and a man of unaffected piety. The portrait support during the engagement. His name- 
painted by his friend Lely shows him to was nevertheless omitted from Howe's des- 
have been handsome in person, with an en- patches, and the gold medal was consequently 
gaging, frank countenance. not awarded to him, an indignity which he 
In addition to the works already mentioned, shared with many of his brother officers [cf. 
two anonymous pieces have been ascribed to CALDWELL, SIR BENJAMIN" ; COLLIN&WOOD, 
Cotton: 1. 'The Valiant Knight, or the Le- CTJTHBBET, LOKD]. On 1 Oct. Cotton was- 
gend of St. Peregrine,' 1663. 2. ' The Con- moved into the Impregnable, and on 28 Nov. 
finement. A Poem, with Annotations/ 1679. was appointed to the Mars of 74 guns. By 
A copy of commendatory verses by Cotton the death of his father on 23 Jan. 1795, and 
is prefixed to Thomas Flatman's * Poems and the still earlier death of his elder brothers,. 
Songs/ 1674. Some letters of Cotton to he succeeded to the baronetcy, but was still 
Philip Kynder, who had projected a * Natural commanding the Mars on 16 June 1795, when 
History of Derbyshire/ are preserved among the squadron under the Hon. William Corn- 
the Ashmolean MSS. The 1689 collection wallis [q. v. ] fell in with the French fleet off" 
of Cotton's poems has not been reprinted, but the Penmarcks. In the retreat which won 
selections are given by Chalmers and San- repxitation and fame for Cornwallis, the Mars 
ford. In 1715 was printed ' The Genuine was for long the sternmost ship, and thus 
Works of Charles Cotton/ comprising i Scar- more exposed to the enemy's fire, from which 
ronides/ ' Lucian Burlesqued/ ' The Wonders she suffered much damage. On 20 Feb. 1797 
of the Peak/ and ' The Planter's Manual ;' it Cotton was advanced to flag rank, and in 
reached the sixth edition in 1771. The trans- March 1799 hoisted his flag in the Prince as 
lation of Montaigne's ' Essays' has been fee- third in command in the Channel fleet. In 
quently reprinted down to the present time. June, when the French fleet escaped from 

[Memoir by W. 0[ldys] prefixed to the Second Brest > C tt011 / oll 7 ed ^ *o tiie tfediterra- 
Part of the Complete Angler, 1760 ; Langbaine's nean > w ^ nc T e h ^turned off Brest m com- 
Dramatick Poets, with Oldys's manuscript anno- E an F W1 -Lord Keith [see ELPHlKSTOOT3 r 
tations ; Memoir by Sir Harris Nicolas ; Hunter's GEORGE KEITH, LORD KEITH]. On 29 April 
MS. Chorus Vatum ; Hazlitt's Bibliographical 1802 ne was advanced to the rank of vice- 
Collections ; Cotton's Works.] A. H. B. admiral, and on the renewal of the war was 

again appointed to a command in the Channel 

COTTON, SIR CHARLES (1753-1812), fleet, in the first instance under Cornwallis, 

admiral, grandson of Sir John Tiynde Cotton and afterwards under St. Vincent. In 1807 

[q. v.], fourth baronet, of Madingley in Cam- he was appointed commander-in-chief in the- 

bridgeshire, and third son of Sir John Hynde, Tagus, in which capacity he strongly re- 

flfth baronet, by Anne, daughter of Alder- monstrated against the convention of Cintra r 

man Parsons of London, was educated at 22 Aug. 1808, and positively refused to ac- 

Westminster. When seventeen years old he cept it so far as related to the stipulation 

became a member of Lincoln's Inn, went for a in favour of the Russian fleet then lying in 

voyage to the East Indies in a merchant ship ; the Tagus, by which they were to have the 

and on his return entered the navy on board option of remaining or returning to Russia 



Cotton 302 Cotton 

without being 1 pursued for a specified time. College, which, established only nine years 
A special convention was therefore made before, had been very unfortunate in its 
"between Cotton and the Kussian admiral, by management, and stood urgently in need of 
the terms of which the ships were delivered reform. Cotton's mastership was the turning- 
up to Cotton, to be restored within six months point in the history of the college. By firm- 
after the conclusion of peace. Cotton re- ness, method, and untiring industry he re- 
turned to England in December 1808, and in stored the finances, improved the teaching, 
March 1810 was appointed to command in gained an almost unexampled influence over 
the Mediterranean in succession to Lord Col- masters and boys, raised the whole tone of 
lingwood. In May 1811 he was recalled to the school, and at the end of six years left 
take command of the Channel fleet in sue- it in possession of the high place among the 
cession to Lord G-ambier, and was at Plymouth publi c schools of England which it still main- 
when, on 23 Feb. 1812, he died suddenly of tains. His retirement from Marlborough was 
apoplexy; caused by his appointment as bishop of Cal- 

He married in 1778 Philadelphia, daughter cutta, made on the recommendation of Dr. 

of Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, bart., by whom Tait, whose colleague he had been at Rugby, 

he had two daughters and two sons, the elder and with whom he had afterwards been con- 

of whom was St. Vincent [q. v.] nected in the capacity of examining chaplain. 

[Naval Chronicle (with a portrait), xxvii. 354 ; On ^ l^Ting Marlborough the governing 

Ealfe's Xnv. Biog. ii. 215.] J. K. L. k<% of tie college paid him the rare compli- 

ment of allowing him to name one of the closest 

COTTON, GEORGE * EDWARD of his Rugby friends as his successor. 
LYNCH, D.D. (1813-1866), bishop of Oal- Cotton was consecrated bishop of Calcutta 
cutta, was son of Captain Thomas Davenant on 13 May 1858, his friend Dr. Vaughan 
Cotton of the 7th fusiliers, who was killed at preaching his consecration sermon. At Ma- 
the battle of Nivelle a fortnight before the dras, the first Indian port at which he landed, 
birth of his son. His grandfather, the dean the day of his arrival (8 Nov. 1858} happened 
of Chester, was the second son of Sir Lynch to be the day of the public reading of the 
Salusbury Cotton, bart., of Cornbermere Ab- royal proclamation issued on the occasion of 
bey, an uncle of Sir Stapleton Cotton, the first the queen's assumption of the direct govern- 
Viscount Combermere [q. v.] George Cotton ment of India. Although the rebellion had 
was educated at "Westminster and at Trinity been practically suppressed, men's minds were 
Oollege, Cambridge, where in 1836 he took full of questions of _ various kinds among 
a first class in the classical tripos, coming them that of the attitude to be maintained 
out eighth on the list. In the following year by the government of India in regard to Chris- 
he was appointed by Dr. Arnold an assistant- tian missions and the education "of the natives, 
master at Rugby School, with the charge of By some persons it was alleged that the ex- 
a boarding-house. Both at school and at the tension of education in India and the en- 
university he was remarkable for force of couragement which had been given to chris- 
character, accompanied by a quaint and gro- tian, missionary work by grants in aid of mis- 
tesque humour, was very industrious and sion schools under the education despatch of 
methodical in his work, and was earnestly 1854 had had much to do with the discontent 
religious. At Cambridge his most intimate which resulted in the mutiny. By others it 
friends were W. J. Conybeare [q. v.] and was contended that too little had been done in 
C. J. Vaughan, the present (1887) dean of recognition of Christianity, and that the com- 
Llandaff. His religious views at that time pulsory use of the Bible in government colleges 
were of the evangelical school, but at Rugby and schools ought no longer to be delayed. At 
lie speedily came under the influence of Ar- such a time an indiscreet or impulsive metro- 
nold, and in the words of his biographer politan might have added very seriously to 
1 thoroughly absorbed and reproduced in his the difficult task which the government had 
own life and work the most distinctive fea- before them. But Cotton was an eminently 
tures of Arnold's character and principles/ practical man, well able to see both sides of a 
He was i the young master ' of ' Tom Brown's complicated question. "While rendering most 
School Days.' He remained at Rugby for fif- valuable help to the missionary cause and 
teen years, gradually developing into a singu- promoting other measures of great importance 
larly efficient master, and devoting himself to in their bearing upon religion and education 
the moral, as well as the intellectual, training in India, he speedily acquired an influence in 
of his pupils. In 1852, having previously the administrative and official circles of In- 
failed in a candidature for the head-master- dian life which had not been possessed by any 
ship of Rugby on the retirement of Dr. Tait, of his predecessors. The work which will 
te was appointed master of Marlborough always be most closely associated with his 



Cotton 



33 



Cotton 



name is the establishment of schools on the 
lulls of India for the education of the children 
of Anglo-Indians belonging to those classes 
who cannot afford the expense of sending 
their children to England for their education, 
and also of Eurasians. At a very early pe- 
riod in his episcopate Cotton was struck _by 
the insufficiency of the means of education 
for the children of these two classes, and by 
the danger of leaving large numbers of them 
uneducated while education was Advancing 
among the natives with rapid strides. ' He 
saw that if there could be one thing fatal to 
the spread of Christianity it was the sight 
of a generation of unchristian, uncared-for 
Englishmen springing up in the midst of a 
heathen population. He felt that if there 
could be one thing subversive of our Indian 
-empire it was the spectacle of a generation 
of natives, highly educated and trained in 
missionary and government schools, side by 
side with an increasing population of igno- 
rant and degraded Europeans ' (Macmillaris 
Magazine, December 1866). The scheme by 
which Cotton sought to avert this danger 
was the immediate establishment on the hills 
of a school or schools imparting an education 
physically and intellectually vigorous, suited 
to the requirements of commercial life or the 
army or the Calcutta University, with reli- 
gious teaching in conformity with the church 
of England, modified by a conscience clause 
for dissenters, and the eventual establishment 
in the great towns in the plains of cheaper 
schools on the plan of day schools for those 
whose means did not admit of their sending 
their children to boarding schools on the hills. 
Cotton's proposals were warmly supported by 
the governor-general, Lord Canning, who, 
discerning their importance from a political 
-point of view, gave liberal aid to the scheme 
from the public funds. The schools, called 
by Bishop Cotton's name at Simla, Bangalore, 
and other places, are monuments of this part 
of his work. 

While thus striving to meet the educa- 
tional requirements of his poorer countrymen 
and of the Eurasians, and while devoting 
much attention to the duty of placing the 
government establishment of chaplains upon 
an efficient footing and supplementing it by 
additional clergymen, maintained partly by 
private contributions and partly by grants 
from the state, Cotton did not neglect mis- 
sionary work. In the course of his exten- 
sive visitation tours, ranging from Peshawur, 
Cashmere, and Assam to Cape Comorin, and 
including Burma and Ceylon, he visited a 
considerable number of mission stations, ex- 
amining the schools and conferring with the 
missionaries on matters connected with their 



duties. He also carried on a regular corre- 
spondence with the heads of the missionary 
societies in England. On the subject of native 
education he came to the conclusion, before 
he had been many years in India, that the 
object to be aimed at was the gradual abolition 
of the government colleges and a great en- 
largement of the grant-in-aid system, ' instead 
of the impracticable scheme of introducing the 
Bible into all the existing government schools.' 
Although thoroughly liberal in his views on 
ecclesiastical questions, Cotton could hardly 
be called a broad churchman in the ordinary 
acceptation of that term. He never forgot that 
he was a bishop of the church of England, and 
that it was his duty not e to lose sight of the 
chief peculiarities and distinctive merits of the 
English church in pursuit of an unpractical 
pretence at unity/ Thus, while he was ready 
to meet the dissenters on common ground 
and to surrender all exclusive and offensive 
church privileges, such as the sole validity 
of marriages by episcopal clergy, and to meet 
them as far as possible in concessions such as 
the loan of the English churches to Scotch 
regiments in cases of absolute necessity, he 
was not prepared to make churches or burial- 
grounds common ; and when it was proposed 
that the English church at Simla should be 
made available for a Scotch service for the 
few presbyterians at the station, he resisted 
the proposal as being uncalled for and certain 
to disgust the English clergy and the high- 
church laity, remarking that in all such mat- 
ters every concession comes from the church 
side and none from the dissenters, and that 
if Be became more and more of a high church- 
man he should be made one by captious and 
perverse agitations. 

The great extent of the Calcutta diocese 
and the need of additional bishops for the 
Punjab and Burma a need which has been 
since supplied was much felt by Cotton, 
Another ecclesiastical reform which, though 
originating from Madras, received his cordial 
support, and was in fact developed at his 
instance on one point of considerable im- 
portance the limitation of the period of ser- 
vice of the government chaplains to twenty- 
five years was an increase of the pensions 
of the chaplains who were thus compelled 
and enabled to retire before being incapaci- 
tated for duty. 

In the midst of his useful and varied 
labours Cotton lost his life by an accident. 
On 6 Oct. 1866, when returning in the dusk 
on board a steamer from which he had landed 
to consecrate a cemetery at Kushtia on the 
Ganges, his foot slipped on a platform of 
rough planks which he was crossing; he 
fell into the river and, being carried away 



Cotton 



304 



Cotton 



by the strong undercurrent, was never seen 



again. 

On receiving the intelligence of the bishop's 
death the government of India published the 
following order in council : ' The right 
honourable the governor-general in council 
has learnt with the deepest sorrow the death, 
through a calamitous accident, of the Right 
Reverend George Edward Lynch Cotton, lord 
bishop of Calcutta. There is scarcely a mem- 
ber of the entire Christian community through- 
out India who will not feel the premature loss 
of this prelate as a personal affliction. It has 
rarely been given to any body of Christians in 
any country to witness such depth of learn- 
ing and variety of accomplishments combined 
with piety so earnest and energy so untiring. 
His excellency in council does not hesitate 
to add the expression of his belief that large 
numbers, even among those of her majesty's 
subjects in India who did not share the faith 
of the Bishop of Calcutta, had learned to ap- 
preciate his great knowledge, his sincerity, 
and his charity, and will join in lamenting 
his death,' 

Cotton married in 1845 his cousin, Sophia 
Anne, eldest daughter of the late Rev. Henry 
Tomkinson of Reaseheath in Cheshire. His 
widow wrote his life. Pie left one son, now 
Captain Edward T. D. Cotton, M.P., and one 
daughter. 

[Memoir of George Edward Lynch Cotton, 
D.D., bishop of Calcutta and metropolitan, -with 
selections from his journals and correspondence, 
edited by Mrs. Cotton, London, 1871; Ann. Keg. 
1886.] A. J. A. 

COTTON", HENRY (1789-1879), divine, 
was a native of Buckinghamshire. He was 
born in 1789, and, having been for four years 
at Westminster School (into which he was 
admitted in 1803), entered Christ Church, 
Oxford, where he obtained in 1810 a first 
class in classics, and became Greek reader. 
There he graduated B.A. in the following 
year, and M.A. in 1818. While at Christ 
Church he attracted the notice of the dean, 
Cyril Jackson, to whose memory Jbis work on 
the various editions of the Bible is dedicated, 
and it was probably through the dean's influ- 
ence that he was appointed in 1814 sub-libra- 
rian of the Bodleian. This post he resigned 
in 1822, having two years before received 
from his university the degree of D.G.L., and 
having been admitted into holy orders. He 
was likewise a student of Christ Church. In 
1823 he removed to Ireland as domestic chap- 
lain to the learned Dr. Laurence, shortly be- 
fore promoted to the archbishopric of Oashel, 
who was also an Oxford man, and father-in- 
law of Cotton. In June 1824 the archdea- 



conry of Cashel was conferred upon him in 
1828 the union of Thurles ; he was appointed 
likewise in 1832 to the treasurership of Christ 
Church Cathedral, Dublin ; and in 1834, the 
temporalities of the deanery of Lismore having* 
been transferred to the ecclesiastical commis- 
sioners for Ireland, under the provisions of 
the act 4 and 5 William IV, c. 90, the ca- 
thedral chapter elected him to the honourable 
but unremunerative, dignity of dean of Lis- 
more. Until failing eyesight induced him ta 
retire from the active duties of the ministry 
he laboured faithfully, taking a deep interest 
in his various engagements. In 1872 he be- 
came almost totally blind, and thenfelt bound 
to resign his ecclesiastical preferments, havino- 
held an exemplary position as a scholar, an 
author, and a minister of religion. He died 
at his residence in Lismore 3 Dec. 1879, and 
was buried in the graveyard of Lismore Ca- 
thedral. 

Cotton's works (not including occasional 
sermons and articles in periodicals) are : 
1. ' Dr. Wotton's Thoughts on a proper Me- 
thod of studying Divinity, with Notes/ &c., 
Oxford, 1818. 2. < A List of Editions of the 
Bible^in English from 1505 to 1820, with 
Specimens of Translations/ &c., Oxford, 1821 
(second edition, corrected and enlarged, 1852). 

3. 'A Typographical Gazetteer attempted/ 
Oxford, 1824 (second edition, corrected and 
enlarged^ 1831; and a second series, especi- 
ally rich in details of the foundation of news- 
papers in the United States, and of missionary 
publications in our colonies, Oxford, 1866). 

4. ' Memoir of a French New Testament, with 
Bishop Bidder's Reflections on the same/ 
London, 1827 (second edition 1863). 5. ' A 
Short Explanation of Obsolete Words in our 
Yersion of the Bible/ Oxford, 1832. 6. 'Five- 
Books of Maccabees in English, with Notes 
and Illustrations, 5 Oxford, 1833. 7. Cui 
Bono ? A Letter to the Right Hon. E. G. 
Stanley/ Dublin, 1833. 8. ' Fiat Justitia, a 
Letter to Sir H. Hardinge on the Present 
State of the Church in Ireland/ Dublin, 1835. 
9. * Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse/ 6 vols., Dub- 
lin, 1845-78, 10. ' Rhemes and Doway : an 
Attempt to show what has been done by Ro- 
man Catholics for the diffusion of the Holy 
Scriptures in English,' Oxford, 1855. 11. < The 
Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles^ 
with short Notes for the use of schools and 
young persons/ Oxford, 1857. On the death 
of Archbishop Laurence in 1838 Cotton su- 
perintended the publication of Laurence's- 
reproduction of the first ' Visitation of the 
Saxon Reformed Church in 1527 and 1528/ 
and he likewise reissued the privately printed 
poetical pieces of Archbishop Laurence and 
his brother, French Laurence, the friend of 




Cotton 305 Cotton 

Fox and Burke ; but the volume, ' through of the eleventh or beginning of 
the unfortunate blindness of the editor,' was century. On the system of han 
very incorrectly printed. In the prefaces to period the whole work throws much light, 
his varied publications he feelingly refers to [Herbert's Scriptores Ecclesiastic! de Musica, 
his residence in remote country parts oi the Sacra, 1784, torn. ii. ; A. de la Page's Essais de- 
south of Ireland. All his writings, however, Diptherographie Musicale, 1864; Coussemaker's- 
are highly creditable to his scholarship, while Histoire de 1'Harmonie an JVEoyen .Age, 1852; 
his e Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse' (5 vols. 1845- Fetis's Biographie des Husiciens, TO!, ii. ; Am- 
1860) is a standing monument of the most hros's GeschichtederMusik,Ii. 192.] "W. B. S. 
patient industry. It has done for the Irish 

church what Hardy's ' Le Neve ' has done for COTTON, SIB JOHN HEYNDB (d. 1752),, 
the English; in fact, it excels its English rival Jacobite politician, was the only surviving 
in supplying skeleton biographies of all the son of Sir John Cotton of Lanwade and Ma- 
bishops and the more distinguished members dingley Hall, Cambridg'esbLire, whose grand- 
of the cathedral bodies. father (John) was created a Ibaronet 14 July 

[Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse ; Men of 16 ^; Hi . s Bother, who married Sir John 
the Time (ed. 1865), p. 207; Annual Register at Westminster Abbey, on 14 Jan. 1679, was 
(1879), p. 233; Academy, 13 Dec. 1879; Irish Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of Sir- 
Ecclesiastical Gazette, 3 Jan. 1880.] B. H.B. Joseph Sheldon, lord mayor of London in 

1676, and nephew and heir of Archbishop 

COTTON, JOHN (12th cent. ?), is the Sheldon. He was entered as a fellow-com- 

author of a valuable treatise on music, first moner at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 

printed by G-erbert in 1784. Of this work 29 Sept. 1701, was created M.A. in 1705, and 

there are two manuscripts at Vienna, and became fourth "baronet on hi s father's death in 

one each at Leipzig, Paris, Rome, and Ant- 1712. At every election from 1708 to 1734 he^ 

werp. A sixth, from which Gerbert printed was returned for the borough of Cambridge ; 

his edition, was destroyed in t^ie fire, at St. but during- the parliament of 1722 7 he chose 

Blasien in 1768. The Vatican copy is said to serve for the county of Cambridge, which 

by Fe"tis to contain much the best text. The had also returned him as its representative, 

exact date of the treatise is unknown. The Cole says that Cotton was accused of stingi- 

Vienna and St. Blasien copies entitle it merely , ness by the corporation of Cambridge ; and 

' Joannis Musica/ while the Paris and Ant- if, as is asserted, his election, in 1727 cost him 

werp copies have the name of Cotton or Cot- 8,000, his subsequent expenditure may of 

tonius. The anonymous monk of Melk who necessity have subjected him to this charge, 

wrote the work (De Script. JScdes.) quoted At all events, his parliamentary connection 

by Gerbert, says that there was a learned with his native county closed In 1741, when 

English musician known as Joannes, and the he was returned for the borough of Marlbo- 

English origin of the work is rendered more rough, and continued to* sit for it until his 

probable by the author's dedicating it ' Do- death. Cotton was always a tory, and after 

mino et patri suo venerabili Anglorum an- the death of Queen Anne was one of the 

tistiti Fulgentio/ thousrh the latter, like leaders of the Jacobite party. For a year 

Cotton, cannot be identified. One theory at- (September 1713 to September 1714) he was 

tributes the work to Pope John XXII (1410- a member of the board of trade ; but his 

1417), but this rests on the very slight foun- tenure of office ceased with the queen's death r ' 

dation that the author styles himself ^ Joannes and his principles forbade his accenting any 

servus servorum Dei. 7 Gerbert has pointed position under the new government until the 

out that this title was not solely used by fall of Sir Robert "Walpole. On tlat event 

popes, besides which it is improbable that a the Duke of Argyll, one of the most influ- 

supreme pontiff would address Fulgentius in ential in opposition to Walpole, received an 

the deferential manner adopted by the author, assurance that Cotton should be included In 

The work is also clearly of earlier date, for it the board of admiralty. But the appointment 

speaks of neums being in ordinary use at the was absolutely vetoed by George II, with 

time of writing. Another theory ascribes it the declaration that he was determined to 

to a certain Joannes Scolasticus, a monk of stand by those who had secured the throne 

the monastery of St. Matthias at Treves, all of England for his family ; and, to the indig- 

that is known of whom Is that he was living nation of the tories, Cotton's name did not 

about 1047, and that he wrote much music, appear in the list of the board's members., 

but there seems to be no reason why the work The king was at last forced to yield, and, 

should not have been written by the unknown although he disliked the Jacobite leader per- 

Englishman, John Cotton. From internal sonally as well as politically, was compelled 

evidence its date appears to be the latter part to accept him in 1744 in the post of treasurer 

VOL. XII. X 



Cotton 306 Cotton 



of the clumber, an office which conferred upon 534; Cole's MSS., Addit. MS., Brit. Mus. 5841, 

its holder rooms adjoining the palace, and the pp. 335-43; Le Neve's Knights (Earl. Soc. 

supervision of the accounts of the king's 1873), 208, 495.] W. P. C. 

tradesmen. Cotton was very tall and very nnrpfmT g. THWPTT H7^ io^ 
stout and the caricatures of the day repre- COTTON, JOSEPH (1745-182o), 
sented tie ministers thrusting him down the mariner and merchant the second surviving 
Muff's throat. The office of treasurer he held son of Dr. Nathaniel Cotton [q. y.], was 
umtilI746,durmgwhichperiodhenevervoted torn at St. Albans on 7 March 1745-6 and 
with the court. In 1746 he was dismissed, entered the royal navy in 1760. After 
md shortly afterwards led the remnant of his passing the examination for lieutenant he 
Jae-oMte friends to the standard of the Prince left the navy and was appointed fourth mate 
of ^Vales, in opposition to the ministry of the in the marine service of the East India 
day. He died, at Park Place, St. James's, Company. After two voyages in command 
London, on 4 Jan. 1752, and was buried at of the Queen Charlotte, East Indiaman, he 
Lanvade, in a vault made by himself, betveen retired on the fortune thus acquired, and 
Ids two wives. The first of these was Let- lived for the rest of his life at Leyton in 
tice, second daughter of Sir Ambrose Crow- Essex. In 1788 Captain Joseph Cotton was 
ley, who brought him 10,000 She died elected an elder brother of the Trinity, and 
in August 1718, leaving one son ? Sir John in 1803 deputy-master, which office he held 
Hynd.ft,father of Sir Charles Cotton [q.v.], and for about twenty years. In 1803 the Trinity 
one daughter. His second wife was Margaret, House raised a corps of volunteer artillery 
daughter of James Craggs the elder [q. v.], 1,200 strong, of which Pitt (as master) 
and vidow of Samuel Trefusis of Trefusis in was colonel and Captain Cotton lieutenant- 
Cornwall, and through her Cotton obtained colonel, to safeguard the mouth of the Thames 
a third of the property of her father and against a foreign fleet. A picture of the naval 
brother. She died on 23 Aug. 1734, having review_held on this occasion is preserved at 
lad issue one daughter, who died very young, the Trinity House, and has been engraved. 
otton possessed great ' wit, and the faithful Captain Cotton compiled a ' Memoir on the 
attendant of wit, ill-nature,' and was famed Origin and Incorporation of the Trinity House 
for his knowledge of the arts of the House of of Beptford Strond ' (1818), published with- 
Commons ; but his speeches were usually out his name on the title-page, though it is 
mark&d. by brevity, as he was subject to appended to the dedication to Lord Liver- 
* great hesitation and stammering in his pool. Shortly before this time the adminis- 
speecV defects which, like many other stam- tration of the Trinity House had been the 
mereis, be knew how to turn to his advan- subject of parliamentary inquiry, and the 
tags. Triennial parliaments and some other special object of this vork is to explain the 
m&asuies afterwards identified with radical- public duties of the co:rpqration and to defend 
ism -were advocated by him ; but his support the management of its large revenues. In- 
of fch&se views arose from the fact that they cidentally the book gives, much curious in- 
here disliked by the whigs rather than from formation about the lighting of the English 
a belief in their justice. He toot pleasure coast at that time and formerly. Captain 
in, antiq[iiarianism, numbering G-ough and Cotton was a director of the East India Com- 
,'Zachary Grrey among his correspondents ; and p&ny from 1795 to 1823; he was also a 
when Carte went to Cambridge to collect director of the East India Docks Company 
materials for his history, he dwelt at Mad- (chairman in 1803), and a governor of the 
ingley, and made great use of the family col- London Assurance Corporation. In 1814 the 
lection of pamphlets published between 1640 , Society for the Encouragement of Arts and 
and 1660. Good living was also among Ms ' * r * --- - - 1 -- 1 *-- 1 * - 1 J -"" 
pleasures, It was an age of hard drinking ; 
"but Cation was credited with the power of con- 
.aunmig as much wine as any man in England. 



[Lord Stanhope's History of England, 1713- 
1783, ill 114, 187, 330; Walpole's Last Ten 
Tears of Oeorge II, i. 28-9, 185 ; Coxe's Pelham 
.Administration, ii. 50; Sir C. H. Williams'a 
Works (1822), ii. 98, 115, 178; Betham's Baro- 
netage, i. 404-5 ; Cooper's Annals of Camb. iy. 
83-4, 109, 126, 168-9, 195; G-ent. Mag. (1752), 
p. 92; Chester's Eegisters of "Westminster Al> 
fcey, p. 16; Nichols's Xllusti:. of Lit. iy. 717, 



153, 15fr, 161 ; Nichols's Lit. Aneed. ii. 479, 481, 



Manufactures awarded to him a silver medal 
for the introduction into the country of rhea, 
or China grass, an Eastern fibre of extra- 
ordinary strength and fineness, which to this 
day has not been profitably utilised in manu- 
facture. He was a fellow of the Royal So- 
ciety. Portraits of him and his wife were 
painted "by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and en- 
graved in mezzotint by C. Turner. The pic- 
tures are now in the possession of his grand- 
son, Lord-justice Cotton. A marble bust ot 
him by Chantrey is preserved at the Trinity 
House. He died at Leyton on 26 Jan. 1825, 
and is buried, with Ms wife and many others 



Cotton 307 Cotton 



of Ms family, in a vault in the churchyard of 
the parish church. His son William is sepa- 
rately noticed. 



ment and Instruction of Younger Minds,' was 
published anonymously in 1751 j and a 

seventh edition, revised and enlarged, ap- 

v ^j ~~~ peared in!767. After his death his eldest sur- 

[Personal information; Gent. Mag. 1825, i. ^ iving son? the Eev< Nat]ianiel Cottoni rector 

of Thurnby in Northamptonshire, brought 

COTTON, NATHANIEL (1705-1788), out a collected edition of his works in two 

t>oet and physician, was born in London in volumes, entitled ' Various Pieces in Prose 

1705, the youngest son of Samuel Cotton, and Verse, many of which were never before 

,a Levant merchant. His biographer in the published' (1791). This book is dedicated to 

* Gentleman's Magazine ' (from which all the Dowager Coxmtess Spencer, * the author 

other accounts are taken) describes him as being well known to her ladyship for many 

ayeveaXoynros. He never put his name to years/ For some time afterwards Dr. Cotton's 

Ms own published writings ; his tombstone poems were included in most collections of 

gives neither date nor description ; and his English poets ; and two of his shorter pieces, 

,son, when editing his collected works, gives ' The Fireside 7 and ' To a Child of Five 

no life of the author. There is reason to be- Years Old,' may yet be found in anthologies, 

lieve that the family came from Northamp- It must be confessed that Dr. Cotton was 

tonshire, where Cotton or Coton is a not un- emphatically a poet of his century culti- 

common place name. A Nathaniel Cotton vated, didactic, and pious. His i Visions in 

was rector of Everdon in that county from Verse ' are an attempt, both in metre and 

1646 to 1683. Of the poet himself we only subject, to moralise for children the fables 

know that he studied medicine under Boer- of Gray. His ' Fables ' are less overweighted 

haave at Leyden, where his name appears in with allegory, and some of his occasional 

Peacock's ' List of English Students at Ley- verses still preserve their power to please, 

den 'under the date 23 Sept. 1729. Resettled The second volume of the collected works 

at St. Albans as a physician about the year consists entirely of prose. They comprise 

1740, and remained there until his death, five sermons in regular form, besides several 

Besides his general practice he kept a private essays on the duties of life, scarcely to be 

madhouse, which he dignified with the title distinguished from sermons, some allegori- 

of ' Collegium Insanorum/ It was at this cal stories, and sixty pages of extracts from 

madhouse that the poet Cowper was con- letters. These last show the writer in an 

fined during his first period of insanity, from agreeable light, as the adviser and consoler 

December 1763 to June 1765 j and perhaps, of his correspondents, and by no means with- 

now that his own poems are forgotten, this out cheerfulness and humour, 

association with a greater poet is Dr. Cotton's Dr. Cotton was twice married, and left a 

chief claim to distinction. For Cowper thus numerous family, including Joseph Cotton, 

writes of him : i I was not only treated with who is separately noticed. He died at St. 

kindness by him while I was ill, and attended Albans on 2 Aug. 1788, and he lies buried in 

with the utmost diligence ; but when my the churchyard of St. Peter's, beneath an 

reason was restored to me, and I had so much altar tombstone which bears the plain in- 

need of a religious friend to converse with, to scription, t Here are deposited the remains of 

whom I could open my mind upon the sub- Anne, Hannah, and Nathaniel Cotton/ He 

ject without reserve, I could hardly have is credited with one publication on a profes- 

found a fitter person for the purpose. The sional subject, ' Observations on a particular 

doctor was as ready to administer relief to kind of Scarlet Fever that lately prevailed 

me in this article likewise, and as well quali- in and about St. Albans ' (1749). 

fied to do it, as in that which was more im- [Gent H lyiii . 756} lxxyiL m ^ personal 

mediately his province/ And again : He is information.] J. S. C. 
truly a philosopher, according to my judg- 

ment of his character, every tittle of his kno w- COTTON, RICHARD LYNCH, D.D. 

ledge in natural subjects being connected in (1794-1880), provost of Worcester College, 

his mind with the firm belief of an omni- Oxford, third son of Henry Calveley Cotton, 

potent agent/ Dr. Cotton was also the friend was born 14 Aug. 1794, at Wooclcote in Ox- 

of another poet, Dr. Edward Young, whom fordshire. He was educated at Charterhouse 

lie attended in his last illness, and of whose and at Worcester College, where he graduated 

deathbed he has left an interesting account. B.A. 1815, M.A. 1818, and D.D. 1839. In 

In his own day Dr. Cotton was himself a 1823 he received the small college living 

popular poet. He contributed to Dodsley's (which he held for sixteen years) of Dench- 

4 Collection/ His best known volume of worth, near Wantage, and in 1839 he was ap- 

3>oems, l Visions in Verse, for the Entertain- pointed provost of Worcester College. From 



Cotton 3* Cotton 

1852 to 1857 lie was vice-chancellor of the i Thomas Cotton, were high sheriffs of Hunt- 
university, and it was during- his term of office j ingdonshire and CambridgesHre. 
that the first university commission whose j Sir Robert was "born at Penton, three- 
inquiries he merely acknowledged but did not miles from the family seat at Ctonnington, on 
answer substantially changed the old Ox- 22 Jan. 1570-1, and was baptised five days- 
ford into the new. Cotton published in 1837 j later. Soon after their marriage his parents 

)lainlv and practically > had removed to a small house at Denton,, 

* _ ,*'ii-T -nit . "i J.1 i 



traced/ and in 1849 * Lectures on the Holy which was pulled down early in this century,. 

Sacrament/ He also printed some funeral in order < to "be more at liberty from the in- 

sermons. He married (1839) Charlotte Bou- commodiousness of their own seat arising!' 

, J* TT\ "TV _ 1 1 _ J?i_ ^ n -^1_ 4"M/"kw A *-**vtf\f\'4 m f\ A/V/iC^Cil f\Y* f\~T Tl /"VTVT r\ /SW1 /\Cl4"I n& * 



verie, a sister of Dr. Pusey , and left one daugh- 
ter. All who knew him loved and respected 
him, for his kindness was unfailing and his 
pietv sincere. He died 8 Dec. 1880. His ten 

JET __ _-., MJ f^j -r ~^ 



from a great accession of new domestics 
(COLLINS, Baronetage, 1720, p. 187; Notes 
and Queries, 3rd ser . vi. 449-5 1 ] . A younger 
son, Thomas, born a year later, was always- 



brothers [see COTTON, SIB SYDNEY JOHN] on most affectionate terms with the anti- 
gained high distinction in the army, the navy, quary. His sisters were namedLucy, Dorothy, 
and the church. * aQ d Johanna. The mother died while her 

[Obituary notice by J. W. B[urgon] in the cMldrenwere young, and the fetter married: 
G^rdian, 29 Dec. 1880.] A. H. B. as tis second wife Dorothy, daughter of John 

Tamworth, 01 Hawsted, Leicestershire, by 

COTTON, EGBERT (fl. 1340), school- whom he had six other childrea three sons, 
man. [See COWXON.] Henry (d. 1614), Ferdinand, and John; and" 

three daughters. Catherine, Frances, and 
COTTON, SIB EGBERT BRUCE (1571- Rebecca. 

1631), antiquary, was eldest son of Thomas Robert, the eldest child, was sent at an 
Cotton of Connington, Huntingdonshire early age to Westminster school, where 
( M.P. for Huntingdonshire in 1557), by his William Camden [q. v.l was second master, 
first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Francis and und,er his influence Cotton doubtless first 
Shirley of Staunton-Harold, Leicestershire, acquired his antiquarian tastes. On 22 Nov.. 
Thomas Cotton was a rich country gentle- 1581 he matriculated at Jesus.ColLege, Cam- 
man, descended from a family of well- bridge, and proceeded B. A. in 1585. Former- 
ascertained antiquity, originally settled in accounts represent Cotton to have taken his> 
Cheshire. In the fourteenth century Wil- degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1575,. 
liam, son of Edmund Cotton or de Cotun, when his age could not have exceeded four- 
acquired by marriage the extensive Ridware years I A student named Eobert Cotton 
estates in Staffordshire, which descended to undoubtedly graduated at Trinity in that 
the eldest branch. In the fifteenth cen- year, but it is obvious tliat tte entry in Jesus- 
tury a younger son of this branch, William, College register can alone refer to the anti- 
was slain at the second battle of St. Albans quary (R. STUTTER in Notes and Queries, 6th 
in 1461, and lies "buried in St. Margaret's ser. vi. 533). Subsequently Cotton settled 
Church, Westminster. He married a wealthy in a house in Westminster, near Old Palace* 
heiress, Mary, daughter of Robert de Wesen- Yard, with a garden leading to the river, 
ham, and from this marriage the antiquary Part of the House of Lords now occupies 
was directly descended. Mary de Wesenham its site ( J. T, SMITH, Antiquities of West- 
was granddaughter and ultimate heiress of minster). Cotton's passion as a collector of 
Sir John de Bruis or Bruce, who claimed manuscripts, coins, and all other kinds of 
descent from the Scottish kings and owned antiquities, soon manifested itself here. With 
the manors of Conmngton, Huntingdonshire, conspicuous success he eng-agsd in this pur- 
and Exton, Rutlandshire. Sir Robert always suit throughout his life, and the library of" 
insisted with pride on his ancestral connec- Cotton House became the meeting-place of 
t ion with the royal line of Scotland, andadded all the scholars of the country, When about 
his second Christian name of Bruce to keep it twenty-two years old lie married Elizabeth, 
in memory. Mary de Wesenham married a daughter and coheiress of William Brocas of 
second and a third husband, Sir Thomas Bil- Thedingworth, Leicestershire. His eldest 
ling and Thomas Lacy [q . v.J, and died in child, Thomas, was born in 1594. 
1499, "but was buried at St. Margaret's with In early life Cotton took no part in public- 
her first husband, and "bequeathed the estates affairs. He joined about 1590 the Anti- 
of Connington, Huntingdonshire, and Exton, quarian Society (founded in 1572), which 
Rutlandshire, to Thomas Cotton, her eldest met at stated intervals for learned discus- 
son by him. In 1500, 1513, and in 1547, the sion. There he renewed his intimacy with 
antiquary's immediate ancestors, all named Camden, and made the acquaintance of Sel- 



Cotton 309 Cotton 

tlen, Sir John Davies, Speed, Richard Carew at his country house at Connington, and Ben 
of Antony, and other men of learning. The Jonson and Camden were Ids guests (DBTTM- 
meetingsof the society were held at Cotton's MOND and JOJTSOF, Conversation Skakspeare 
house at the end of Elizabeth's reign, and Soc. p. 20). He had just completed the re- 
many proofs are extant of his liberal treat- building of ConningtonHoiise; had purchased 
ment of his antiquarian guests. Dr. Dee the whole room in which Mary Stuart had 
enjoyed good cheer there in 1596 ; Sir John been beheaded inFotheringay Castle, and had 
Davies, who writes to him as l Sweet Robin,' fitted it up in his mansion. On presenting 
sent him a present of sweetmeats in 1602, himself at court he was knighted (11 May 
and arranged for a joint visit to Cambridge 1603), and was complimented by the king, 
(WRIG-HT, Queen Elizabeth^. 4Q3). In June who called him c cousin/ on his descent from 
1601 Sir Thomas Bodley received a contri- the Bruces. Henceforward Cotton signed 
foution of manuscripts ' to furnish the uni- himself ' Robert Cottoa Bruceus,' and desig- 
versity library 7 at Oxford. Before the Anti- nated himself Robert Bruce Cotton, 
quarian Society, which ceased to meet regu- James's tastes lay somewhat in the same 
larly after 1604, Cotton read many papers, direction as Cotton's. The antiquary was 
Eight of them have been published, and treat taken immediately into the royal favour, 
of the antiquity in England of castles, towns, and became very friendly with the favourite 
heraldry, the offices of high steward and con- Somerset. On 18 Felb. 1603-4 he entered 
stable, the ceremonies of lawful combat, and parliamentary life as M.P. for Huntingdon. 
the introduction of Christianity. All show On 26 March following he diew up a pedigree 
much heterogeneous learning, chiefly derived of James from the Saxon kings, and a few 
from manuscript sources. Other readers of years later wrote for Prince Henry, at the 
papers are profuse in their acknowledgment king's request, a history of Henry III, and 
of indebtedness to Cotton's library, and they t An Answer to such motives as were offered 
-spread his fame as a master of precedents so by certain military men to Prince Henry to 
far that in 1600 the queen's advisers referred incite him to affect arms more than peace.' 
to him a question of precedency which had In 1608 he was appointed to inquire into 
arisen between Sir Henry Neville, an Eng- abuses in the administration of the navy. His 
lish ambassador, and an ambassador from report was approved by the Idng, and although 
Spain, who were together at Calais discuss- it was not adopted he was invited to attend 
ing the terms of an Anglo-Spanish treaty, the privy council when it was under discus- 
Cotton in an elaborate paper decided in favour sion. In 1613 his influence led to a renewal 
of his own countryman. On 25 Nov. 1602 of the investigation, but with little result. 
Henry Howard, lord Northampton, invited In 1611 James seems to have discussed 
"hi to supply a list of precedents respecting with Cotton the question, of increasing the 
the office of earl marshal. In 1600 Cotton royal revenues, and the antiquary wrote a 
accompanied Camden on an antiquarian tour tract on the various means adopted by former 
to Carlisle, and brought back many Pictish kings in raising money (Cottoni Posth. 163- 
and Roman monuments and inscriptions, 200). He at the same time strongly sup- 
some of which a descendant deposited at ported, if he did not originate, the proposal 
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1753 (STTJKE- to create the new rank of baronets. He argued 
XEY, Memoirs , i. 52). Camden was benefit- in vain that baronets should have precedence 
ing at the time by Cotton's assistance in pre- of barons' sons, but was one of the second batch 
paring a fifth edition of his * Britannia/ which upon whom the honour was conferred (29 June 
^as duly acknowledged in print. No account 1611), and his was the thirty-sixth baronetcy 
of Cotton's travels to the continent is pre- created. In 1612 he carried a ' bannerol 7 at 
served, but he speaks in one of his early tracts Prince Henry's funeral, 
of having visited Italy, and it seems probable Meanwhile Cotton was giving very much 
that he undertook a foreign tour before the assistance to two of Ids friends, John Speed 
close of the sixteenth century. and Camden, both of whom were engaged 
At the time of James I's accession Cotton on elaborate historical treatises. Speed's 
-was intimate with most of the leading states- t History of England,' which was published 
men as well as the leading writers. Bacon and in 1611, was revised in the proof-sheets by 
Den Jonson were often inhis library. The for- Cotton in 1609, and Cotton supplied for it 
nxer entered in his notebook in 1608 the ad- the lists of the revemies of the abbeys and 
-visibility of making himself better acquainted full notes on Henry VIII's reign, besides 
yith its contents, and in 1604 sought a private lending innumerable manuscripts and the 
interview to learn Cotton's opinion about the many valuable coins which are engraved in 
union of Scotland and England. When the the volume. His association with Camden's 
iing arrived in England the antiqxiary was 'History of Elizabeth 'involves matters of 



Cotton 310 Cotton 

controversy. In 1610 lie showed a manu- argued, in many quarters by Cotton's i having' 

f\ * T^fc T "W *1 * i T i T * IT _i_l * T ^ i 




ditional sentences respecting his father, Sir was given of the evil uses to which Cotton's 
Nicholas Bacon. Early in 1612 a similar palseographical knowledge could "be put. His 
copy, forwarded by order of James I to De intimacy with Somerset was disastrous to him. 
Thou, was described as the joint work of In 1615 lie was induced "by Somerset to seek a 
Camden and Cotton. When the first part, private interview with Sarmiento, the Spanish 
bringing the reign down to 1588, appeared ambassador, for the purpose of informing the 
in 1615, Carndeu. did not acknowledge any envoy that the favourite was resolved, con- 
assistance from Cotton beyond the loan of au- trary to the policy of other advisers of the 
tograph letters, but it was still freely quoted king, on an alliance with Spain. On an- 
as Cotton's compilation. Late in James I's other occasion Cotton told Sarmiento that 
reign, and after Camden's death, Conway he was a catholic at heart, a phrase to which 
(25 June 1624) ordered the Stationers' Com- we are less ready than Mr. S.K. Gardiner to 
pany to abstain from reissuing the first part attach any serious importance. Meanwhile 
or publishing the second, which was then in Somerset's enemies were closing round him, 
the press, until the whole had been revised and in anticipation of the worst he prevailed 
by Cotton with the king's assistance. Cam- on Cotton to draw up a general pardon that 
den's first drafts of the book are now in the should be both prospective and retrospective. 
Cottonian Library, and show little signs of Cotton modelled the document on one that 
revision ; but it is probable that the story of Henry VIII had given to Wolsey, but Elles- 
Mary queen of Scots, about which James was mere, the lord chancellor, positively declined 
chiefly anxious, was largely inspired by Cot- to seal it (20 July 1615), an action which 
ton, and that, although Cotton's share in the Somerset attributed to Cotton's want of tact* 
undertaking was exaggerated by his contem- In September Somerset and his wife were in 
poraries, Camdeu worked immediately under the Tower on the charge of murdering Over- 
his direction. Cotton, who, as Chamberlain bury, and Cotton tried to protect Ms patron, 
wrote (13 July 1615), ' hath ever some old pre- He obtained a number of incriminating letters- 
cedents in store 3 ' often discussed antiquarian in Somerset's handwriting from the Earl of 
topics with tlie Mng, and a special order was Northampton and handed them to Somerset, 
issued to enable him to collect autographs who promptly burned them. Other of Somer- 
in 1618, James I implored him to write a set's letters were forwarded to Cotton, who 
history of the church of England down to set to work to change the dates, so as to 
the reformation, but Cotton does not seem substantiate Somersets plea of innocence. In 
to have seriously "begun it, and, when Areh- October Cotton was himself arrested, and 
bishop Ussher took up the subject, freely lent many of his books and papers were carried 
him books and manuscripts. In 1622 Cotton to "Whitehall. When examined before the 
was in treaty for the purchase of the Barocci council he confessed all his negotiation with 
Library at Yeniee, but it was unfortunately Sarmiento as well as his manipulation of 
sold ultimately to a London bookseller and Somerset's correspondence. After nearly 
dispersed. After Raleigh was committed to eight months' imprisonment he was freed from, 
the Tower in 1605 he applied to Cotton for custody without trial (13 June 1616), and a 
a loan of manuscripts. Bacon worked up his pardon was granted him in July. James I 
materials for the * Life of Henry VII ' in Cot- showed no resentment, and employed Tiim in 
ton's library, although admission was denied 1621 to search Sir Edward Coke's papers f 
him bv order of the government after his dis- but signs were soon apparent that Cotton 
grace in 1621. In 1623 Camden died and had lost his sympathy with the court, 
bequeathed to Cotton a valuable collection His friendship with Grondomar,Sarmiento J s- 
of papers. ^ successor, was notorious, but it is erroneous 

A feeling -was taking shape in James Ts to ascribe his change of political attitude to 
reign that there was danger to the state in the that connection. A pamphleteer states that 
absorption into jrivate hands of so large a col- Gfondomar obtained 10,0002. from Cotton and 
lection of official documents as Cotton was his friends (Scora, VoxPopuli, 1620), but it is- 
acquiring. In 1614 another intimate friend, not possible to attach much political signifi- 
Arthur Agard [q. v.], keeper of the public cance to this rumour. Cotton had little liking 
records, died, leaving his private collection of or aptitude for diplomacy, but Gondomar 
manuscripts to Cotton, Strong representa- had literary tastes, and, like Casaubon (EpJie- 
tions were made against allowing Cotton to meride&,-p 1036) and other learned foreigners,* 
exercise any influence infilling up the vacant was doubtless a welcome guest at Cotton: 
post. The Record Office was injured, it was House mainly on that account. Of Gondo- 



Cotton 



31* 



Cotton 



mar's knowledge of the contents of Cotton' 
library the same pamphleteer has much to say, 
and represents Gondomar as suggesting that 
' an especial eye should be had upon the library 
of Sir R. C- (an ingrosser of antiquities), that 
whensoever it came to be broken up (eyther 
before feis death or after), the most choice 
and singular pieces might be gleaned and 
gathered irj> "by a catholique hand.' That no 
real sympathy with the Roman catholics in- 
spired Cotton's political action is proved by 
a paper -which he compiled about 1616, re- 
garding- tie treatment which popish priests 
ought to receive. Although he argues for 
and against the punishment of death, he 
adopts most of the current calumnies. As 
a matter of fact, Cotton was interesting 
himself solely in domestic politics, and was 
studying the records of the past in order 
to arrive at definite conclusions respecting 
those powers of parliament which the king 
was already disputing. His studies inclined 
him towards the parliamentary opposition. 
About 1620 he became friendly with Sir John 
Eliot, and ke soon found that their political 
opinions coincided at nearly all points. In 
1621 he vrote a tract to show that kings 
must consult their council and parliament 
' of marriage, peace, and warre' (Cott, Posth.) 
Cotton appeared in the House of Commons 
for tlie second time as member for Old Sarum 
in James I's last parliament (2 March 1623- 
1624), and he was returned to the first par- 
liament of Charles Ts reign as M.P. for Thet- 
ford (May 1625). Here he first made open 
profession of his new political faith. On 
10 Aug. the discussion on supply was pro- 
ceeding, and Eliot's friends made a deter- 
mined stand against the government, then 
practically in the hands of Buckingham. 
Neither Eliot nor Cotton spoke in the debate, 
but the latter handed to Eliot an elaborate 
series of notes on the working of the consti- 
tution. The paper was circulated in the 
house in manuscript, and was worked up by 
Eliot into an eloquent essay. Mr. Forster 
believed that this was delivered as a speech 
(Life of Eliot, i. 244-6), but Mr. Gardiner 
shows conclusively that Eliot never inter- 
vened In the debate (Hist, of England, v. 
425-6). Cotton's notes came to Buckingham's 
knowledge , and he took a curious revenge. In 
the following February it was arranged that 
the king, on proceeding by water from White- 
hall to "Westminster for coronation, should 
land at the steps leading to Cotton's garden. 
The garden was for a long period before and 
after these events a favourite promenade for 
members of parliament (cf. CLABEN-DOK, Hist. 
i. 477), The Earl of Arundel, earl marshal, 
Cotton's intimate friend, helped him to make 



elaborate preparations for the king's reception, 
and early in the morning Cotton and a few 
friends awaited the arriyal of the royal barge. 
He held in his hand c a book of Atheist an' s, 
being the fower Evangelists in Latin, that 
king s Saxon epistle prefix'd [now MS. Cott. 
tit. A. II.] upon which for divers hundred 
years together the kinges of England had 
solemnlie taken their coronation oath.' (It is 
not apparent by what right Cotton had ob- 
tained possession of the volume, and he was 
summoned to deliver it shortly afterwards 
to a king's messenger, but it subsequently re- 
turned to his library.) The royal barge, how- 
ever, to Cotton's dismay, 6 bawked ' his garden - 7 
the king landed elsewhere, and the insult 
was rightly ascribed to the circulation of the 
obnoxious notes (Syruond D'Ewes to Sir 
Martin Stuteville, in. EMJS, Orig. Lett., 1st 
ser. iii. 215 ; D'Evras, Autob. i. 291-2). To 
the second parliament of the reign Cotton 
was not returned. In September 1626 he 
protested, in behalf of the London mer- 
chants, against the proposed debasement of 
the coinage, and his arguments, wJiich. he 
wrote out in i A Discourse touching Altera- 
tion of Coyne/ chiefly led to the abandon- 
ment of the vicious scheme. In December 
he was appointed anev a commissioner to 
inquire into abuses in "the navy. But the 
court was not reconciled to him, and when 
it was reported that ke was printing his 
c History of Henry III/ in which he freely 
criticised the policy of one of Charles I's pre- 
decessors, a prosecution of the printers was 
threatened. The book, however, duly ap- 
peared (13 Feb. 1626-7)- In May 1627 he 
drew up an elaborate account of the law 
offices existing in Elizabeth's reign. Early 
next year the council invited his opinion on 
the question of surnmonb g a new parliament, 
and he strongly recommended that course. 
In 1628 he published a review of the political 
situation under the title of 'The Dangers 
wherein the Kingdom now standeth, and the 
Kemedye,' where he drew attention to the 
dangers threatened by the growing power of 
the emperor, and to the sacred obligation of 
the king to put his trust in parliaments. He 
was returned to Charles I's third parliament 
as M.P. for Castle Rising, Norfolk. Before 
the house met (March 1627-8), the opposition 
leaders, Eliot, Wentworth, Pym, Selden, and 
Sir E. Coke, met at Cotton's house to formu- 
late their policy. In parliament Cotton was 
appointed chairman of the committee on dis- 
puted elections, and throughout the two ses- 
sions was in repeated correspondence with 
Eliot. 

After the dissolution Cotton was treated 
"by the court as an avowed enemy, and an 



Cotton 312 Cotton 

opportunity of crushing him was soon found, king for pardon and for restitution of his 
In November 1629 there fell into the hands books. In. the second petition, in -which lie 
of "Wentworth, who had just changed sides, was joined with his son Thomas, he sta,te<L 
a manuscript tract entitled ' A Proposition that the documents were perishing from lad: 
for his Majesty's Service to bridle thelmper- of airing, and that no one was allowed io 
tinency of Parliaments ' (printed in HUSH- consult them. But before these petitioms 
WORTH). Its authorship was unknown at the were answered the antiquary was dead* Any- 
time, and although it proved to have been guish and grief, according to his friend Sir 
written seriously it was treated by the king's Symond D'Ewes, had changed his ' rudd ;y 
friends as ironical, and a parody of recent and well-coloured * countenance into e a giLrn 
statements of their own policy. A copy was blackish paleness, near to the resemblance 
shown to Cotton by the Earl of Clare, father and hue 01 a dead visage.' He died on 6 Ma;y 
of his friend Denzil Holies. He declared 1631, and was buried at Oonnington. A 
that he knew nothing about it ; regarded it funeral sermon was preached by one Hughes. 
as a royalist manifesto ; and prepared notes Sir John Eliot wrote from the Tower to tlLe 
by way of answer. The council, where Laud author on receipt of a copy : l He [i.e. Cot- 
was ' a sore enemy/ took the matter up, and ton] that was a father to his countryman, 
placed Cotton, St. John, and the Earls of Bed- chariot and horseman to his country, all tL&t 
ford, Somerset, and Clare, all of whom were and more to me, could not but be sorrowed 
known to have read the pamphlet, under in his death, his life being so much to T>& 
arrest. St. John was examined, and stated that honoured and beloved/ Richard James -wrote 
the original was in Cotton's house. Orders to an elegy on his death. 

seal up Cotton's library were issued ; a search To the last Cotton was adding to his library 
was made there and the obnoxious document and helping scholars, In 1627 Sir Jawies 
found (20 Nov. 1629). Cotton denied all Ware sent him a manuscript register of St. 
knowledge of it, and the case was referred to Mary's Abbey, Dublin ; in 1628 Ussher gurre 
the Star-chamber. On investigation it proved him a Samaritan Pentateuch, In 1 629 A.~agii&- 
that the original manuscript in Cotton's li- tine Baker requested him to help in furnishing- 
brary was the work of Sir Robert Dudley, the library of the Cambray convent (Ems, 
titular earl of Northumberland [q. v.] ; that Oriff. Lett. 1st ser. iii. 256). Sir Robert's 
it had been sent by Dudley as early as 1614 liberality in lending "books did his library 
to Sir David Foulis, in order to restore the some inevitable injury. D'Ewes, wh^se 
author to the favour of James I ; that Cot- gossip usually bears traces of malice, states 
ton's librarian, Richard James [q. v.], who that Richard James, the librarian, WSLS ' a. 
was also arrested, had allowed the parlia- wretched, mercenaryfellow/ who disposed of 
mentary lawyer, Oliver St. John, to read it many of his master's books. Sir John Cotton, 
and to ^ copy it; that St. John had lent his Sir Robert's grandson, a better authority, 
transcript to the Earl of Bedford, who passed asserts that many works lent to Selden. -ware 
it on to the Earls of Somerset and Clare; never returned (AtTBREY, i. 23). Cotton him- 
and that Flood, a young man living in Cot- self was at times unwilling to give up Tsooks 
ton's house, and reputed to be his natural that had been lent him, and Laud complained 
son, finding the tract likely to be popular, bitterly of his retention of a volume whieh 
had sold copies of his own making at high he had borrowed from St. John's College. 
prices. On the day fixed for hearing (29 May His antiquarian zeal is attested by the story 
1630) an heir to the throne (Charles II) was that when he heard, after Dr. Dee's death La 
born, and Charles I announced that proceed- 1608, that the astrologer had buried may- 
ings would be stayed ^and the prisoners re- manuscripts in a field, he straightway pear- 
leased in commemoration of the event. But chased the land and began excavations, whi tik 
Ootton's library was not restored to him. An were not without success (ATTBKEY, ii. 311}. 
order had been previously made that he might Colomies states that he discovered by accident 
visit it in the presence of a clerk of thecouncil j in a London tailor's shop an original copy of 
i commission was now issued to search the the 'Magna Carta' (DISRAELI, Ouriositius). 
library for records to which the king had a Cotton interested himself in all mann of 
right (12 July), and a catalogue was begun learning. He owned the skeleton of an iin- 
but never completed. On 2 Oct. a further in- known fish which he dug up at Connington, 
struction to the commission ordered them to and many years later (1658) Sir Thouaas 
noteespecially everythinginthelibrary which Browne begged Dugdale to procure Man the 
concerned state affairs. Cotton was thus loan of it. His collection of coins and medals 
practically dispossessed of his most cherished was one of the earliest. Very many kn- 
property, and his health began to fail. Twice guages were represented in his library. His 
n May 1631 he pathetically petitioned the rich collection of Saxon charters proved Gie 



Cotton 313 Cotton 

foundation of the scholarly study of pre-Nor- 1 690. Eight papers read by Cotton "before the 
man-English history, and his Hebrew ^and Antiquarian Society are printed in Kearne's 
Greek manuscripts greatly advanced bibli- ' Curious Discourses '(1771). Manuscripts of 
cal criticism. Original authorities for every all these works abound in public ami private 
period of English history were in his posses- libraries in the Cottonian, Lansdovme, and 
sion. His reputation was European. De Harleian collections, at the British. Museum, 
Thou was one of his warmest admirers, and and in very many of the libraries -whosfe manu- 
Gruterus in his edition of Cicero, describes script contents are calendared in the reports 
him, as one of the most learned men of the of the Historical MSS. Commission. En 1657 
age. Duchesne, Bourdelet, Puteanus all ac- "William Prynne printed a catalogue of the 
knowledged obligations to him. Bishop Mont- records in the Tower from 12 Edward II to 
ague calls him 'the magazine of history/ 1 Richard III, 'collected (as is g&nerally 
and among his own countrymen, besides voiced and believed) by that most industrious 
Oamden, Speed, Selden, and Raleigh, whom collector. . . Sir Kobert Cotton' (^yref) A 
we have already mentioned, Spelman, Dug- better claimant to the authorship of the vo- 
dale. Sir Henry Savile, Kaolles, Gale, Bur- lume is, however, William Bovvyer, and Bo- 
net 'strype, and Rymer, the compiler of the bert Bowyer also helped in its compilation. 
4 Fcedera ' all drew largely on his collections. A new edition of Scott's ' Vox Populi/ 
Cotton wrote nothing- that adequately re- issued in 1659 under the title of c A, choice 
presented his learning-, and it is to be regretted Narrative of Count Gondomar's Tr ansactions 
that he did not concentrate his attention on . . . in England, by that renowned antiquary, 
some great historical wort. His English Sir Robert Cotton,' is not to be reckoned 
style is readable, although not distinctive, among Cotton's authentic works. It is re- 
and his power of research was inexhaustible, printed in Smeeton's t Tracts' (1820), vol. i. 
Only two works, both, very short, were printed It is impossible to describe very definitely 
in his lifetime, i The JUigne of Henry III/ Cotton's personal character. "While jnime- 
1627, and ' The Dangers -wherein the King 1 - rous letters addressed to him by liis friends 
dom now standeth/ 1628, But numerous are extant in his library, few of his own let- 
other pamphlets were widely circulated in ters are known to be in existence. Two, 
manuscript. dated 1624, in the Bublic Record, Office, ad- 
Many of his tracts were issued as parlia- dressed to his brother Thomas, in which he 
mentaxy pamphlets at the beginning of the calls himself David and his correspondent 
civil wars, among them the folio wing: 1. 'Se- Jonathan, give an attractive picture of his 
rious Considerations for repressing the In- domestic virtues, A little of his correspon- 
3rease of Jesuits,' 1641; 'An Abstract out dence with Sir John Eliot Is still at St. 
of the Eecords of the Tower touching the Germans, and proves Mm. to have been an 
King's Revenue, 7 1642 ; ' The Troublesome admirable friend. A few other of his letters 
Life ... of Henry III/ 1641, and twice in are in the British Museum. 
1642, once separately and once with Hay- Engraved portraits of Cotton are prefixed 
ward's ' Henry IV ; ' 'The Form of the Go- to Smith's Catalogue (from a painting 1 "by C. 
vernmentof the Kingdom of England,' 1642; Johnson, dated 1629) and to the 1665 edi- 
and e The Dangers wherein the Kingdom now tion of his treatise on peace (by T, Cross), 
standeth/ 1643. In 1657 James Howell col- The best portrait is that engraved "fcy George 
lected fourteen of Cotton's tracts, under the Vertue from a picture by Paul Van Somer, 
title of ' Oottoni Posthuma.,' dedicated to Sir in the Society of Antiquaries' ' VetustaMonu- 
Robert Pye. This included 'the l History of menta/ i. plate Ixvi. A painting "bjr an un- 
Henry III,' the arguments on the re venue and known artist, presented to the British Mu- 
diplomatic precedents, and the notes for Eliot's seum in 1792, is now in the National Portrait 
speech of 1625. In editions of 1672 and Gallery. A bust by Koubiliac was placed in 
1679 the l History of Henrf III ' was omitted. Trinity College Library, Cambridge, in 1750. 
The tract on peace written for Prince Henry Sir THOMAS COTTON, the second "baronet 
was reissued separately in 1655, and together (1594-1662), Sir Robert's only surviving 
with the reign of Henry III, by Sir John child, made great efforts for the restitution 
otton, third baronet, in 1675. The tract on of his father's library. D'Ewes states that 
the king's duty to consult parliament, written he showed no sorrow for his father's death, 
in 1621, was reissued (from the 'CottoniPos- On. 23 July 1631 the council ordered the 
thurna, ') separately in 1680, under the title of catalogue to be continued ; but ia September 
' The Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments,' Sir Thomas announced that it had Ibeen again 
and appeared in the Harleian Miscellany interrupted, and begged to be allo w<l to re- 
{1744 and 1808). ' A Discourse of Foreign tain possession of the books. This request 
War' was twice printed alone, in 1657 and was ultimately granted, althougli the date 



Cotton 



Cotton 



is uncertain. Sir Thomas was the intimate 
friend and correspondent of Sir John Eliot, 
and was entrusted by his influence with 
the representation of St. Germans (Eliot ? s 
native place) in the t ted of Charles I's par- 
liaments. He was M,P. for Huntingdon 
in the short parliament of 1640, bat toot 
no active part in politics. Like his father, 
Six Thomas gave scholars free access to his 
library. Dugdale from an early age was very 
often there, and obtained there much of his 
material for his * Monasticon.' In 1640 Sir 
Thomas lent his father's collection of coins 
to Sir Symond D'Ewes, a loan which the re- 
cipient hardly deserved after having written 
in his autobiography (ii, 43) l that Sir Thomas 
was wholly addicted to the tenacious in- 
creasing of his worldly wealth, and altogether 
unworthy to be master of so inestimable a 
library/ Sir Thomas seems to have taken no 
part in the civil wars, but, knowing the sus- 
picions which his library excited in all poli- 
tical parties, he removed the greater part in 
1650 to a villa at Stratton which belonged to 
his son's wife (STUOJLEY, Itin. Curiosum, r. 
78 ; LYSO^S, Magna Brit. i. 87). His house 
at Westminster was left at the disposal of the 
parliament, and Charles I slept there during 
his trial. He died at Connington on IS May 
1662, and was buried with his father. He 
married, first, Margaret, daughter of William, 
lord Howard, of jfra worth Castle, Cumber- 
land, Tby whom he had one son, John ; second, 
Alice, daughter and heiress of Sir John Con- 
stable of Dromanby, Yorkshire, widow of Ed- 
mund Anderson of Stratton and Ey worth, 
Bedfordshire, by whom hehadfour sons. (The 
second son, Robert, was M.P. for Cambridge- 
shire, was knighted, was commissioner of the 
post office, and friendly with Evelyn.) 

Sir JOHN COTTON (1621-1701)*, the eldest 
son of Sir Thomas by Ms first wife, showed 
himself more of a scholar than his father. 
His letters (1680-90) tohis friend,Dr. Thomas 
Smith, who first catalogued Sir Robert's li- 
brary, indicate a real love of learning and wide 
reading, They are Interspersed with Latin 
and Greek quotations, original Latin verses, 
and criticisms of ancient and modern wri- 
ters, besides exhibiting deep reverence for his 
grandfather's memory. In one letter he states 
that he was engaged on. his autobiography 
(ATTBKEY, Letters, i.20-6). Sir John, who 
edited two of his grandfather's tracts, added 
to the library, and allowed Dugdale, who 
introduced Thomas Blount to his notice, to 
make whatever use he pleased of it. Evelyn 
knew him well, and Pepys slightly; the for- 
mer describes him as i a pretended great 
Grecian, but had by no means the parts or 
genius of his grandfather' (Diary, 2 July 



166G, ii. 197). By his first wife lie became 
possessor of a villa at Stratton, Bedfordshire, 
where he lived in his later years. In 1700 
Sir John made known his intention of prac- 
tically giving the Cottonian Library to the 
nation, but died 12 Sept. 1702, aged 81, before 
any final arrangements for the public use of 
the library were made. His portrait was- 
painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, and has been 
engraved. Sir John married, first, Dorothy, 
daughter and heiress of Edmund Anderson 
of Stratton and Eyworth, Bedfordshire, his 
stepmother's daughter; and, second, Eliza- 
beth (d. 3 April 1702), daughter of Sir Thomas 
Honywood of Mark's Hall, Essex. By his first 
wife he had an only son, John, who died before 
him in 1681, and by his second wife another 
son, Robert. 

The third baronet's immediate successor 
was his grandson (son of his elder son), JOHN" 
(1679-1731). He was elected M.P. for Hunt- 
ingdon in 1705, was unseated on petition, and 
was M.P. for Huntingdonshire in 1711. In 
1708he married Elizabeth (d. 11 Feb. 1721-2), 
daughter of James Herbert of Kingsey, Ox- 
fordshire, granddaughter of the D uke of Leeds, 
and died 5 Feb. 1730-1, being buried in Lamb's 
Conduit Fields. He carried out his grand- 
father's wishes respecting the library. His- 
uncle EOBEBT (1669-1749) became fifth 
baronet. He was educated at Trinity Col- 
lege, Cambridge, was twice married, and died 
12 July 1749. His son, Sir JOHK", sixth baronet, 
died without issue on 27 March 1752, and the 
title became extinct. The sixth baronet was 
a friend of Dr. Stukeley (BTVICELBY, Memoirs, 
i. 216-20). Connington House was pulled 
down in 1753. 

Meanwhile the Cottonian Library had 
passed entirely out of the hands of the family. 
In 1700, in accordance with the wishes of the 
third baronet, who died in 1702, an act of 
parliament (12 and 13 Will. IH, cap. 7) was 
passed declaring that ' Sir John Cotton, in pur- 
suance of the desire and intention of his father 
and grandfather, is content and willing that 
his mansion house and library should con- 
tinue in his family and name, and that it be 
kept and preserved by the name of the Cot- 
tonian Library for public use and advantage/ 
In April 1706 Sir Christopher Wren was di- 
rected to fit up the library for public use, 
and reported that Cotton House had fallen 
into complete decay. William Hanbury, the 
fourth baronet's brother-in-law,was appointed 
keeper (June 1706), but soon afterwards Dr. 
Bentley, the royal librarian, and his deputy, 
David Casley, claimed full control. In 1707 
an act of parliament (6 Anne, cap. SO) recited 
that, to increase the public utility of the 
library, Cotton House, with the library and 



Cotton 315 Cotton 

garden, should be purchased of Sir John Cot- which are extant in the Lansdowne MSS. 

tonfor4,500J., and vestedin the queen andher (814, No. 56 ; 846, Nos. 65, 70 ; 841, No. 28). 
successors for ever, and a new building should [Cotton's life has never been, fully -written. Dr. 

be built for the library. The new building Thomas Smith prefixed a mem air to his catalogue 

was never erected, and the ruinous condition of 1696, and ho received some assistance from Sir 

of Cotton House necessitated the removal of Kobert's grandson, but although interesting, it 

the library to Essex House in the Strand in is not complete. The notices in the Biog. Brit. 

1712 It remained there till 1 730, when Ash- ( Ki PPis) and in Hearne's Curious Discourses are 

burnham House in Little Dean's Yard, West- n .* more satisfactory The contemporary autho- 

nnnster, was purchased to receive it, together * 1 *"**. S * Symond D J3*e s Autobiography 

^th the royal library. On 23 Oct. 1731 the ( e , d ; Harwell, 1845 2 yols.) ; the Calendars of 

vviuu WAC AWT, J j *. j v, state Papers, 1501-1631; the Parliamentary 

Cottoman WKBXJWM partially destroyed by Jom ^ f Ni ; hols > s Prog ^ sses of James j ^ 

fire (Gent Mag. 1731, p. 451). Exaggerated letters addressed to Ootto b n on ant i qiiar ian topics, 

reports of the damage done were circulated, manyo f w hich are printed in Letters of Eminent 

and Hearne speaks oi the irreparable loss m Lfo Men (Carnd. Soc.), and the official lists of 

the preface to his ' Benedictus Abbas ' (p. xiv), members of parliament. Valuable notices appear 

The House of Commons ordered a committee in Gardiner's Hist. ; in Forster's Life of Sir John 

to examine the remains of the library in the Eliot; in Spedding's Bacon; and in Nichols's- 

next year, and their valuable report, published Leicestershire, ii. 835-8. Mr. Sims gives a general 

in 1732, states that out of a total of 956 vo- account of the library in his Handbook of Brit. 

lumes of manuscripts, 746 were unharmed, Mus. ; the catalogues mentioned and the Galen- 

114 totally destroyed or injured, and 98 par- dars of Treasury Papers, 1 702-1 9, supply details. 

' 



, 

tiallv inmred. Some measures were taken to Nichols's Anecdotes and Illustrations give som 
repair the injured volumes, which were de- ^cUCoUmss Baronetage, i 128-4 iLuttrel 

elatlol > Au * re y e ' d Du 



some 
" 



posited with the rest of the library in a new > ' " 

K .rv? : :. ^ , , , n -, J f ^ xr , biography, are useful for the lives of Sir Eoberts- 

building mtended to be a dormrtory for West- des ^ a s .] S. L. L. 

minster School, but nothing very eliectual was J 

done. Inl753,onthefoundationoftheBritish COTTON", ROGER (/. 1596), poet, was- 

Museum, the library was removed to its pre- the fifth son of Ralph Cotton, esq., of Al- 

sent home in Bloomsbury. In 1824 a new kington, in the parish of "Whit church, Shrop- 

attempt was made to restore the burnt frag- shire, by Jane, daughter and heiress of John 

ments, but it was not till 1842 that a sue- Smith, alias Tarbock, of Newcastle-under- 

cessful method of repairing them was applied, Lyme, Staffordshire. He had five brothers, 

Under Sir Frederick Madden'a care 100 vo- most of whom were patrons of literature ; 

lumes on vellum and 97 on paper were reno- and Allen, the youngest, "became lord mayor 

vated, and among- tliem the valuable fourth- of London and received the honour of knight- 

century manuscript of Genesis, and the hood. Roger was born, at Whitchurch and 

chronicle of Koger of Wendover, both of probably educated in the newly founded free 

which were assumed to have been destroyed, school there. He settled in London and car- 

The first catalogue of the library drawn up ried on the business of a draper in Canning 

by Dr. Thomas Smith was published in 1696. Street, having been admitted a member of the 

It does not fully describe the contents of all Drapers' Company. Ilis nimd became deeply 

the volumes, and the 170 volumes of state imbued with the religious sentiment in con- 

papers and small tracts are practically over- sequence of his friendship with the celebrated 

looked. A history of the library is added, Hugh Broughton [q. v7] He proved to be 

and some notices of it are given from learned ' a true scholar of such a master, and so con- 

works. An unprinted class catalogue of about stantly plied the Scriptures, according to the 

the same date is in MS. Harl. 694, No. 21. admonitions he had received from him, that 

A more satisfactory catalogue than either of he read over the Bible twelve times in one 

these was issued with the parliamentary re- year ' (LiGHOTOOT, Life ofJBroughton). The 

port of 1732. But the one now in use was Cotton family esteemed Broughton so highly 

compiled by Joseph Planta, librarian of the that when he was abroad they sent him fre- 

British Museum, in 1802. The books were quontly large tokens of their love occasion- 

arranged in the original library in fourteen ally 100/. at a time. The date of Roger _Cot- 

presses, each of which was surmounted by a ton's death is not recorded, but by his will he 

bust. The busts included the twelve Eoman bequeathed 60,?. to be anaually paid by the 

emperors, together with Cleopatra and Faus- Drapers' Company for the use of_ the -poor of 

tina, and each press was named after one of "Whitchurch. He Carried Rather ine [ Jenkes] 

these personages, This nomenclature is still of Drayton, Shropshire, and left two sons,, 

retained. Humphrey Mosley drew up several Samuel and Alexander. 

papers of rules for the guidance of students, He was author of the following rare works : 



Cotton 



316 



Cotton 



1. < A Direction to the waters of lyfe. Come 
.and beholde, how Christ shineth before the 
Law, in the Law, and in the Prophetes : and 
withaH the iudgements of God upon all Na- 
tions for the neglect of his holy wor de, wherein 
they myght hatie seene the same/ London, 
1590, 1592, 4to. This prose discourse is de- 
dicated to Hugh Broughton. A third edi- 
tion appeared with the title : ' A Direct Way, 
whereby the plainest man may be guided to 
the "Waters of Life/ London, 1610, 8vo. 

2. 6 An Armor of Proofe, brought from the 
Tower of Dauid, to fight against Spannyardes, 
and all enimies of the trueth,' London, 1596, 
4to, dedicated to Gilbert Talbot, earl _ of 
Shrewsbury. A poetical tract, in six-line 
stanzas. 3. i A Spirituall Song : conteining 
an Historical! Discourse from the mfancie of 
the world, untill this present time : Setting 
do wne the treacherous practises of the wicked, 
against the children of God : Describing also 
the markes and overthrow of Antichrist, with 
a thankesgiuing to God for the preseruation 
of her Maiestie, and of His Church. Drawen 
out of the holy Scriptures,' London, 1596, 
4to ; dedicated to Sir Francis Drake. In five- 
line stanzas. 

Some of Ireland's forged manuscript re- 
marks, purporting to be by Shakespeare, were 
made in copies of Cotton's two poetical works. 

[Corser's Collectanea, ii. 484-97; Bibl. Anglo- 
Poetica, pp. 54, 55 ; Ritson's Bibl. Poet. p. 174; 
Brydges's Restituta, iii. 138-44; Addit. MS. 
24487, f. 107 ; Addit. Charter, 5979 ; Lowndes's 
Bibl. Brit (Bohn). p. 535.] T. 0. 

COTTON, SIE ST. VINCENT (1801- 
1863), gambler and driver of the Brighton 
^oach, eldest son of Admiral Sir Charles 
Cotton, baronet [q. v.], was bom atMadingley 
Hall on 6 Oct. 1801, and succeeded his father 
as the sixth baronet in 1812. He was edu- 
cated at Westminster and Christ Church, Ox- 
ford, but it is not on record that he took any 
-degree. He obtained a lieutenancy in the 10th 
light dragoons on 13 Dec. 1827, and served 
with his regiment in Portugal. Daring his 
residence abroad he kept up a correspondence 
with the driver of the ' Cambridge Times ' 
coach,, in which he did not give a very favour- 
able opinion of the Portuguese. After his 
return to England he retired from the army 
on 19 Nov. 1830. He very soon distinguished 
himself in the hunting, shooting, racing, 
Uricketing, and pugilistic world. He hunted 
at Melton and was ximpire for Captain Boss in 
the Clinker and Eadical match. , From 1830 
to 1835 he was a constant player in the Mary- 
lebone matches, and the love of cricket clung 
to him to the last. He was familiarly known 
either as Yinny Cotton or as Sir Vincent 



Twist. He lived among a roystering set who 
were great patrons of the prize-ring, and 
with Lord Waterford, Lord Waldegrave, 
and others he was a constant visitor to 
Jem Burn's parlour, whence they made mid- 
night sallies on area bells, door-scrapers, 
knockers, c. His favourite maxim with 
respect to the procedure to be adopted in a row 
was, ' Pitch into the big rosy men, but if you 
see a little lemon-faced nine-stone man, have 
nothing to do with him.' He was also, with 
his friends, frequently to -be found at Tom 
Spring's levies in Castle Street, Holborn. 
His insatiable passion for hazard was, how- 
ever, his ruin, and Crockford is reported to 
have said of Cotton that he never knew 
his equal in fondness for play or a more 
dangerous player. Having entirely dissipated 
the Madingley property, he was obliged to look 
out for some means of obtaining a living, and 
taking advantage of his skill as a coachman, 
and aware of the profits to be made on the 
Brighton road by a well-appointed coach, he 
bought the goodwill of the ' A^e ' from Jack 
"Willaw, and for years drove it from Brighton 
to London and back. Coach-travelling had 
never been brought to such a pitch of per- 
fection as it then reached under Cotton's 
auspices. The passengers were convinced 
that no team could get away from him, 
while his anecdotes and jokes caused the 
time to pass most pleasantly, and many a 
half-sovereign was the reward he received 
from his customers. The 'Age,' however, 
could not ultimately compete with the rail- 
way, and he had reluctantly to give up his 
coach. Nearly a quarter of a century before 
he died he was described as prematurely 
wrinkled and toothless, and for the last few 
years of his life he was so completely pa- 
ralysed that he had to be carried to his car- 
riage and strapped to the seat. He died at 
his residence, 5 Hyde Park Terrace, Kensing- 
ton Road, London, on 25 Jan. 1863. 

[Morning Post, 28 Jan. and 4 Feb. 1863; 
Sporting Mag. February 1863, p. 87 ; Gent. Mag. 
March 1863, pp. 393, 402 ; Lillywhite's Crickei 
Scores, ii. 140 (1862).] Gh 0. B. 

COTTON, SIK STAPLETON (1773- 
1865), sixth baronet, first VISCOUNT COMBBE- 
MERE, field-marshal, colonel 1st life guards, 
and constable of the Tower of London, was se- 
cond son and fifth child of Sir Robert Salus- 
bury Cotton, fifth baronet of Combermere 
Abbey, "Whitchurch, Shropshire, by his wife 
Prances, daughter and coheiress of Colonel 
James Russell Stapleton of Boddrhyddon, 
Denbighshire, and was born at the old seat 01 
the Stapletons, Llewenny Hall, Denbighshire, 
where his father resided until he succeeded 



Cotton 3*7 Cotton 

to the baronetcy, on 14 Nov. 1773. His fa- goons then went on to Madras, and served 
ther, who sat in parliament for Cheshire for through the campaign against Tippoo Sahib 
forty years, was ardently devoted to country in 1799, including the battle of Malavelly 
pursuits, and kept up an open-handed hospi- and the siege of Seringapatam, during which 
tality, which eventually caused him to sell Cotton appears to have made acquaintance- 
the Stapleton estates for 200,OOOZ. At the with Colonel Arthur "Wellesley. Cotton's- 
age of eight Stapleton Cotton was sent to a elder brother, Hobert, having died, his father, 
grammar school at Audlem, a few miles from anxious for the return of his surviving son, 
his father's park gates, where Vernon Har- procured for him an exchange home. Ac- 
court, afterwards archbishop of York, was cordingly, he left the 25th (re-numbered a 
one of his schoolfellows, and where his edu- year or two later as the 22nd) light dragoons 
cation was greatly neglected. A quick, lively at Madras early in 1800, and joined the 16th 
boy, he was known by his family as t Young light dragoons on the Kentish coast. There- 
Kapid,' and was continually in scrapes. Af- he met and, after a three months' courtship, 
terwards, he was four years at "Westminster married his first wife, Lady Anna Maria Clin- 
School (entered 28 Jan.l785) 7 his father atthat ton, a beautiful girl of nineteen, then staying 1 
time having a town house in Berkeley Square, at Margate with her mother, who was the 
Next he went to a private military academy widow of the third Duke of Newcastle, and 
at Norwood House, Bayswater, kept by Major afterwards married to General Catline Crau- 
Reynolds of the Shropshire militia, where ford. Cotton was next stationed with hi& 
he learned little more than cleaning his fire- regiment at Brighton for sometime, and then 
lock and accoutrements. On 26 Feb. 1790 proceeded with it to Ireland, and was sta- 
he obtained a second lieutenancy without tioned at Gort, where his eldest son was born,, 
purchase in the 23rd royal Welsh fusiliers, and afterwards in Dublin, where the 16th 
and joined that corps in Dublin the year after, were quartered during Emmett's insurrection. 
He became first lieutenant 16 March 1791, Cotton, who attained the rank of colonel on 
and did duty with the regiment until 28 Feb. 1 Jan. 1800, became a major-general 30 Oct. 
1793, when he was promoted to a troop in 1805, and for a time had command of a ca- 
the 6th carabiniers. That fine regiment valry brigade at Weymouth under the Duke 
the old 3rd Irish horse was then notoriously of Cumberland. In 1806 he was returned for 
Irish _ in tone, and the hard-drinking and Newark and sat for that borough until his 
duelling proclivities of his brother officers elevation to the peerage. His wife, to whom 
gave 'Little Cotton's ' friends some concern, he was tenderly attached, died in 1807, of a 
but his temperate habits and good, temper rapid decline, and for some time after Cotton 
kept him out of trouble. He embarked with remained in retirement with his family. In 
his regiment in August 1793, and joined the August 1808 he was despatched to Vigo with 
Duke^of York's army just after the siege of a brigade composed of the 14th and 16th 
Dunkirk, and made the campaigns of that light dragoons, the destination of which was 
year and the following spring, when he was changed to Lisbon. The brigade was em- 
present at PrSmont and the cavalry battle at ployed on the Portuguese frontier during 
Cateau in 1794. A few days after the lat- Moore's campaign in Spain, and afterwards 
ter Cotton was promoted to a majority in the served in the north of Portugal in 1809, in- 
59th foot, and on 9 March 1794, at the age eluding the operations against Oporto. Until 
of twenty-one, became lieutenant-colonel of the arrival of Lieutenant-general Payne, Cot- 
the newly raised 25th light dragoons, then ton was in command of the whole of the allied 
known _as Gwyn's hussars. He commanded cavalry. At Talavera he commanded a bri~ 
the regiment at several stations in the south gade and diet signal service, unrecorded in 
of England, including Weymouth, where he the despatches (see Comb, Corresp. i. 121-2). 
was a good deal noticed by George III and News reached him of his father's death at the 
the royal family, and in 1796 embarked with end of the year, and in January 1810 he went 
it for the Cape and India. The regiment ar- home. A baronet with a goodly estate, which, 
rived at the Cape about July 1796, and, in through his father's unbusiness-like habits, 
view of an expected attack by the French was sorely in need of supervision, a man of 
and Dutch fleets on the colony, was at once fashion and well received in society, Cotton 
mounted on Boer horses, in readiness for field had many inducements to remain at home; 
service. Cotton commanded the advance but he preferred to pursue a military career, 
guard of the force sent from Cape Town to his qualifications for which, owing, perhaps, 
Saldanha Bay, which witnessed the surrender, to his very youthful appearance at the time, 
on 18 Aug. 1795, of the Dutch ships which and his modest reticence in regard of his ser- 
had escaped when the colony was taken by vices, were not always fully recognised. He 
the British in September 1795. The 25th dra- is described at the time as of moderate stature, 



Cotton s 18 Cotton 



sparely built, very active, and an excellent ! at home Cotton became engaged to his se- 
horseman. He possessed a special aptitude ' cond wife, Caroline, second daughter of Cap- 
for inspecting troops of all arms, particularly , tain "W. Fulke Greville, royal navy. A pas- 
his own, having an intimate knowledge of sage out of twenty-eight days made him three 
details, and never allowing ' smartness ' to days late for the battle of Vittoria, bat he 
serve as a cloak for deficiencies. Splendid in commanded the allied cavalry throughout the 
dress 'his uniform and horse trappings were ; ensuing campaigns in Spain and the south 
declared to be worth 500 guineas ransom of France up to the peace, including the 
and ever foremost in danger, he was known ' actions in the Pyrenees, at Orthez, and at 
as the ' Lion d'Or,' but not in any case was Toulouse. On his return home Cotton, who 
betrayed into exposing his men or fatiguing i had already_ received the red ribbon of the 
his horses unnecessarily,* and "Wellington, ! Bath, was raised to the peerage as Baron Com- 
who recognised the imperative need of hus- ! bermere of Combermere Abbey, with a pension 
banding his inadequate force of cavalry, was of 2,000, a year for his own and two succeed- 
wont to declare that in entrusting an order to ing lives. His second marriage (18 June 1814) 
Cotton he knew it would be carried out with , took place at Lambeth Palace, at eleven o'clock 
discretion as well as zeal. On rejoining the j on the night of the grand entertainment to the 
army in the summer of 1810 Cotton was ap- j allied sovereigns at the Guildhall, where the 
pointed to the command of the 1st division, | new peer was one of the guests. The lady 
and afterwards to that of the whole of the allied was twenty years his junior, but the marriage 
Cavalry, with the local rank of lieutenant- | promised to be in all respects a happy one* 
general. He attained the same rank in the < Among other points in common were their 
British army 1 Jan. 1812. Among his more musical tastes, Combermere having some 
important services at the head of the cavalry vocal and musical pretensions and his wife 
which constituted a separate division after being an accomplished musician. Napoleon's 
May 1811, the divisional cavalry and other return from Elba brought Combermere to the 
duties being detached therefrom as needed front again, but to the Duke of Wellington's 
maybe mentioned the covering of the long re- annoyance the command of the cavalry in 
treat from Almeida to Torres v edras, lasting Belgium was given to Lord Uxbridge, affcer- 
from July to September 1810, in which not wards Marquis of Anglesey. The appointment 
a single baggage-wagon was left behind ,* the was known to have been made at the instance 
brilliant affair at Llerena, on 11 April 1812, of the Prince Hegent, and Combermere's bio- 
during a cavalry demonstration towards Se- graphers assume that the latter credited Com- 
ville, when, by judicious measures concerted bermere with a share in some gossip set afloat 
amid all the difficulties of a night march, he in Brighton years before concerning the 
attacked and overthrew a superior force of prince's relations with Mrs. Fitzherbert. On 
Soult's rearguard j his foresight at Castrejon, the very day after Waterloo the duke wrote: 
near Salamanca, on 18 July 1812, when with c We must have Lord Combermere, if he will 
Anson's brigade of cavalry and the 4th and come.' He came at his old leader's call, ar- 
light divisions he held Marmont's entire army riving in Paris on 18 July 1815, and com- 
at bay and baffled plans that would have manded the whole of the allied cavalry in 
jeopardised the whole British army ; and his France until the following year, when the 
services at the battle of Salamanca, where reduction of the army of occupation deprived 
he was second in command under Lord Wei- him of his post. In 1817 he was appointed 
lington, and led the famous charge of Le governor of Barbadoes and commander-in- 
Marchant's and Anson's heavy brigades. A ' chief in the Leeward Islands, which he held 
chance volley from a Portuguese picket after until June 1820. During his West Indian 
the battle severely wounded Cotton in the command Combermere's tact and sound sense 
right arm, and it was feared would have ne- did good service on several occasions, notably 
cessitated amputation. His arm was saved, in restoring friendly relations with the French 
and he went home, Lord Wellington writing West India islands, which had been disturbed 
to Colonel Torrens, the military secretary : by a supposed discourtesy to the French flag 
* Sir Stapleton Cotton is gone home. He on the part of an English man-of-war. A 
commands our cavalry very well indeed grievous shock befell him soon after his re- 
much better than some that might be sent to turn in the death of his eldest son, who died, 
us and might be supposed cleverer than he quite unexpectedly, of a neglected cold and 
is.' Wellington appears to have objected sore throat in 1821. From 1822 to 1825 
to Lord Bathurst's idea of conferring a peer- Combermere was commander-in-chief in Ire- 
age on Cotton, for fear of giving umbrage to land. A successor to Sir Edward Paget, as 
Marshal Beresford, who was Cotton's senior commander-in-chief in India, being then 
in. tike axmy (Suppl. Desp* vii. 484). While needed, and an expedition against the fortress 



Cotton 3*9 Cotton 

of Bhurtpore being not unlikely, Comberniere ments before recounted, was a grand cross of 
was selected by the court of directors of the the order of the Bath, of the Hanoverian 
East India Company as the fittest man for Guelphic order, of the order of the Star of 
the post, it is said, on the advice of the Duke India, and of the Portuguese order of the 
of Wellington (see Comb. Corresp. ii. 29-30). Tower and Sword, and a knight of St. Fer- 
Combermere, -who attained the rank of gene- dinand and of Charles III in Spain, and lord- 
xal on 27 May 1825, had by that time started lieutenant and custos rofculorum of the Tower 
for India, leaving Lady Combermere at home. Hamlets. For forty-five years he had been 
The expedition against Bhurtpore was sue- provincial grand master of the Freemasons 
cessfully carried out ; the great Jat fortress, in the county of Cheshire. A small cabinet 
which had been a standing menace to British portrait of him, about the time he was com- 
mie ever since Lord Lake failed against it mander-in-chief in Ireland, taken in the now 
twenty years before, was taken with com- obsolete uniform of a general of British 

Saratively little loss and razed to the ground, hussars the gold-barred jacket and pelisse, 
ombermere was made a viscount in 1827, and and scarlet overalls, which were his favourite 
on 16 Sept. 1829 colonel of the 1st life guards, battle garb in the Peninsula is in the Na- 
He remained in India for the customary pe- tional Portrait Gallery. Two others, in pos- 
riod of five years, during nine months of session of the family one representing him 
which he acted as governor-general while as a youthful lieutenant-colonel of twenty- 
Lord Amherst ^was away on the hills, and one, in the French-grey uniform of the 25th 
returned home in 1830. On his return Com- dragoons, the other as a field-marshal of 
bermere parted from his second wife, and ninety are engraved in the ' Combermere 
never saw her again. The cause of the sepa- Correspondence.' A memorial, in the shape 
ration was never known ; but on her death- of an equestrian statue, by Marochetti for 

!. *-* f\ rt -4- Tl /"\^-T/-VI/ i *** I n v* 11 fi *ww I W Q^7 1 >. Jj __ /i _. ^ . H *_'Lw ~ "1- J_"I_ _ &. _ "1 _*1 _ _ _ IT i . ** " 



bed, at Dover, in January 1837, Lady Com- 
bermere e absolved him of all blame and un- 
kindness throughout their union, and regretted 
the years of happiness lost to both by the 
misunderstanding ' (ib. ii. 243) . In 1838 Com- 
bermere married his third wife, Mary Woolley 
Gibbings, only child of Mr. Gibbings of Gib*- 
bings Grove, co. Cork, and grandniece of an 
old Minden officer of the same name, who was 
in command of the royal Welsh fusiliers when 
Combermere served in that corps in Dublin 
forty-eight years before. The last thirty years 
of his long life were passed in the unosten- 
tatious performance of his parliamentary and 
social duties, and, as related by his biographers, 
offer a pleasant picture. An old-fashioned 
conservative, he was opposed to catholic eman- 
cipation, and voted against the reform bill, 
the repeal of the corn laws, army short ser- 
vice, and other innovations, but his modest, 



which the field-marshal sat repeatedly a year 
or two before his death, has been erected at 
Chester Castle, the cost of which, amounting 
to 5,000^., was defrayed by public subscription 
in the county. 

[An excellent biography of Lord Combermere 
was prepared some years back, from original ma- 
terials, by his widow, Mary, Viscountess Com- 
bermere, assisted by Captain (now Colonel) W.W. 
Knollys, and published under the title of the 
Combermere Correspondence, 2 vols. 8vo (Lon- 
don, 1866)? It should be collated with the 
notices of Lord Comberraere in the Wellington 
Despatches and Supplementary Despatches and 
Correspondence, and with the personal narratives, 
English and German (for the latter see the works 
of North Ludlow Beamish), of those present in 
the campaigns wherein he was engaged ] 

H. M. C. 

COTTON, SIE SYDNEY JOHN (1793- 



Mndly nature made no political foes. On 1874), lieutenant-general, governor of Chelsea 
the death of the Duke of Wellington he was Hospital, was one of the twelve children of 
made constable of the Tower of London, and Henry Calveley Cotton of Woodcote Ox- 
m 1855 a field-marshal. His last public fordshire, uncle of the first Viscount Corn- 
duty was m April 1863, at the marriage of bermere, by his wife, the daughter and heir- 
the Prince of Wales, when, in the ninetieth ess of John Lockwood of Dewshall Essex 
year of his age and the seventy-third of his Among his brothers were the present General 
military service, he attended as gold stick Sir Arthur Cotton, K.O.S.I., the late Admiral 
in brigade waiting. His death was accelerated Francis Vere Cotton, royal navy General 

ft?* w H \ die . d /. eac /^7 on Frederic Cotton, royal engineers, and Eichard 

feb. 1865. He was buried m the family Lynch Cotton [q. v.], provost of Worcester 

vault m the parish church of Wrenbury, College, Oxford. Sydney Cotton, the second 

^Shropshire, where is a monument to his me- son,was born 2 Dec. 1792, and on 19 April 1810 

mory. His third wife and three children was appointed cornet without purchase in the 

by his second wife a son and two daughters, late 22nd light dragoons in India, in which 

-survived him. At the time of his death regiment he became lieutenant 13 Feb. 1812 

Lord Combermere held the military appoint- When the 22nd dragoons was disbanded' 



Cotton 320 Cotton 

Cotton was placed on half-pay, but continued every station in the three presidencies where- 
in India, where he was serving as aide-de-camp European troops were located. He served 
to Major-general Hare at Bangalore. In 1822 in a light cavalry regiment in the Oarnatic 
he purchased a company his only purchased and Mysore for over ten years, and in corn- 
step in the 3rd Buffs, then in New South mand of a squadron in the ceded districts 
Wales, and after its removal to India served during the Pindarree war of 1816-17 ; on the 
as aide-de-camp, and for a time as mili tary staff of a general officer at Bangalore for two 
secretary, to his kinsman, Lord Combermere, years ; in command of a station near Madras ; 
commander-in-chief in India. In 1828 he as deputy adjutant-general and deputy quar- 
was appointed to a majority in the 41st in termaster-general of the royal forces in Ma- 
Burmah, and subsequently exchanged to the dras : as aide-de-camp to the commander-in- 
28th in New South Wales. Hebecameabrevet chief in India, and military secretary. He 
lieutenant-colonel 23 Nov. 1841, and about the served under Sir Charles Napier in Scinde, 
same time was despatched from headquarters, and commanded a field-brigade at Deesa in 
Paramatta, in charge of five hundred male and the Bombay presidency, and brigades at Um- 
female convicts, to re-form an old station at balla, Rawul Pindi, and Peshawur in the- 
Moreton Bay, on the east coast, The district Bengal command (COTTOF, Nine Years on the 
was declared open to settlement soon after- N-W. Frontier } preface). The outbreak of 
wards, and is now the colony of Queensland, the mutiny furnished the opportunity for test- 
Cotton accompanied the 28th to Bombay, ing his fitness for higher military command 
whither it was sent on the news of the disasters which had hitherto been wanting, and the 
in the Khyber Pass, but the virulence with annals of the north-west frontier during that 
which cholera attacked the regiment on arrival most anxious time bear record that he was- 
and clung to it prevented its taking the field, equal to the occasion (KATE, Hist. Sepoy 
although it was so employed for a while under Mutiny, ii. 453 et seq.) He was, as Lord 
Sir Charles Napier in Scinde, when the ameer Lawrence pronounced him to be, the right 
threatened a renewal of hostilities a year man for the place (Life of Lawrence, i. 463). 
later. Cotton became regimental lieutenant- When the worst was over, Cotton was des- 
colonel 8 June 1843, and when the 28th was patched to Sittana, in command of an expedi- 
ordered home in 1848 effected an exchange tionary force, with the late Sir Herbert Ed- 
with Colonel, afterwards Sir John, Penne- wardes as political agent, to root out a colony 
father to the 22nd foot, with which he re- of Hindustani fanatics and rebel sepoys, who 
mained in India. He commanded a combined had established themselves over the Eusofzie- 
force of the three arms sent as a reinforce- border, a service performed with great judg- 
ment to the north-west frontier in 1853, during ment and success, the offenders being punished 
the agitation consequent on the murder of without rousing the hostility of the adjacent 
the British commissioner, Colonel Mackesay, tribes. For his frontier services Cotton was-, 
at Peshawur, and proceeded with it to the madeK.C.B. He became major-general 26 Oct. 
Kohat Pass, where he brought the refractory 1858, and was appointed colonel of his old 
tribes into submission. The same year he regiment, the 10th foot, on 5 Feb. 1863. For 
commanded the 22nd with a force under some years he commanded the north-western 
Brigadier Boileau, employed against the Bo- district with headquarters at Manchester, 
ree Afredees, and in 1854 was despatched He became lieutenant-general 20 April 1866; 
with a force of 4,500 men to punish the Mo- was appointed honorary colonel of the 1st 
mund tribes at Shah Mooseh Khef. He be- Cheshire Rifle Volunteers in 1869 ; was made- 
came brevet-colonel 20 June 1854, and when governor of Chelsea Hospital, in succession 
the 22nd foot went home he exchanged to to Sir John Pennefather, 10 May 1872 ; and 
the 10th foot in Bengal. At the outbreak of GKC.B. 24 May 1873. He died 20 Feb. 1874. 
the Sepoy mutiny Cotton was commanding Cotton married a daughter of Captain Hal- 
in the Peshawur valley as first-class brigadier, lack, late 22nd dragoons, and by that lady, 
Of moderate stature and spare active form, who died in 1854, left a son, the present 
his forty-seven years of military service sat Colonel Lynch Stapleton Cotton, 
lightly on him, and he was known to be Cotton was author of the following works : 
one of the best regimental officers in the ser- 1. 'Remarks on Drill, with rough sketches of 
vice. His previous Indian experience may be Field-days and Diagrams ' (Calcutta, 1857). 
summed up in his own words : He served 2. ' The Central Asian Question ; a prophecy 
in the Madras presidency many years, and in fulfilled ' (pamphlet, 16 pp. Dublin, 1869). 
Burmah for a time ; in the Bombay presidency 3. i Nine Years on the North- West Frontier,, 
many years, and in Scinde for a time ; in the from 1854 to 1863 ' (London, 1868, 8vo). In 
Bengal presidency, at two periods of his life, the latter, together with a narrative of events 
for a vast number of years ; and at almost preceding and during the mutiny, the writer- 



Cotton 3 21 Cotton 

has given his views on various Indian mill- resided, on Sunday, 26 Aug. 1621, and on 

tary questions, which, as embodying the ex- 31 Aug. was buried on the south side of the 

perience of a queen's officer whose knowledge choir, a monument to his memory, f eontain- 

of India was exceptionally great, and who ing his portraicture, at large in his robes, cut 

possessed in a remarkable degree the conn- in^ alabaster, curiously carved and painted/ 

dence of his soldiers, are of lasting _ value, with a long set of Latin verses, being placed 

although they give but an imperfect idea of in a different part of the cathedral. His 

the assiduity with which for years the writer widow, Mary, daughter of Thomas Hulme, 

persevered in the too often thankless task of of the county of Chester, and relict of Wil- 

pointing out abuses and in endeavouring in liam Cutler, citizen of London, was buried 

every possible way to ameliorate the condi- near the bishop in Exeter Cathedral on 

tion of the British soldier in India. 29 Dec. 1629. A full genealogical table of 

[Foster's Peerage, under ' Comberrnere ; ' Army ^ e ^ i } dre ? ^ . des ^nts of the bishop is 

Lists ; Colonel if. T3rodigan's Hist. Bee. 28th m Maclean s Trigg Minor,' i. 642-53. 

Foot (London, 1884), pp. 94-9 ; Kaye's Hist. [Oliver's Bishops of Exeter, pp. 143-4, 272 ; 

Sepoy Mutiny, ii. ; K. Bosworth Smith's Life of Fuller's Worthies, London (Nichols's ed. 1811), 

Lord Lawrence, two last chapters of vol. i. and ii. 66 ; Fuller's Church History (Brewer's ed.), 

first eight chapters of vol. ii. ; Lady Edwardes's bk. x. v. 501; Prince's Worthies (ed. 1701), 

Memorials of the Life and Letters of Sir Herbert pp. 222-3 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 263, 379- 

Edwardes (London, 1886) ; Cotton's Nine Years 380, 412, 422 ; Addit. MS. Brit. Museum 5865 

on the North-West Frontier (London, 1868), pas- f. 202.] W P C 
aim; Ann. Reg. 1874, p. 135.] H. M. C. 

COTTON, WILLIAM (1786-1866), mer- 

COTTOJST, WILLIAM (d. 1621), bishop chant and philanthropist, was the third son 
of Exeter, was the eldest son of John Cotton, of Joseph Cotton [q. v.] He was born at 
a citizen of London, but descended from an Leyton on 12 Sept. 1786, and was educated 
ancient family of Staffordshire, by Pery, at the Chigwell grammar school. Despite an 
daughter of Mr. Cheyne. Though he was inclination (which recurred more than once 
born in London, ' his infancy/ says Fuller, during his life) to take holy orders, he entered 
*was much conversant about Finchley in the counting-house of his father's friend, 
Middlesex.' He went to Queens' College, Charles H. Turner, at the early age of fifteen; 
Cambridge, in 1572, and became M.A. in and henceforth all his education was self- 
1575. Almost as soon as he had taken orders acquired in the intervals of business. In 
in the English church, its honours were 1807 he was admitted a partner in the firm 
showered upon him. The prebendal stall of of Huddart & Co. at Limehouse, which had 
Sneating in St. Paul's Cathedral was held by been founded a few years earlier by Sir TL 
him from 1577 to 1598, and the archdeaconry Wigram, Captain J. Woolmore, and 0. H. 
of Lewes from 1578 to 1598. On 12 Nov. Turner, in order to carry out on a large 
in the latter year he was consecrated bishop scale Captain Joseph Huddart's ingenious in- 
of Exeter, and in 1600 he obtained a dispen- ventionsfor the manufacture of cordage. Of 
sation to hold with this see the rich rectory this business he was soon entrusted with the 
of Silverton. He also held the office of pre- general management; and as surviving part- 
centor of the cathedral, with a canonry an- ner he disposed of Huddart's beautiful ma- 
nexed, from 1599 to 1606, when he resigned chinery to the government in 1838. In that 
this piece of preferment to his son, but quickly year he wrote a memoir of Huddart, with an 
consoled himself (1 April 1608) with a pre- account of his inventions, which obtained 
bendal stall in his cathedral. Cotton was from the Institution of Civil Engineers a 
notorious for the preferments which he be- Telford medal, and was privately printed in 
stowed upon his family, and for the fierceness 1855. In 1821 he was first elected a director 
of his opposition to any doctrines or practices of the Bank of England, an office that he 
savouring of puritanism. A clergyman called continued to hold until a few months before 
Snape (according to Fuller) came from Jersey his death, having been for many years ' father 
and sowed the seeds of nonconformity in the of the bank/ From 1843 to 1845 he was go- 
diocese of Exeter, but the bishop plucked them vernor, the usual term of two years being 
up soon. In his old age he was apoplectic, extended to three years, in consideration of 
and for some days before his death was de- his services in connection with the renewal 
prived of speech ; all that he could say was of the charter, which was then being man- 
' Amen, amen, often reiterated/ which made aged by Sir Robert Peel. A permanent me- 
* some ^scandalous tongues' exclaim that he inorial of his governorship is preserved in 
lived like a bishop, but died like a clerk. He the automatic weighing machine for sove- 
died of stone at Silverton, where he usually reigns, invented by him, which is still in use. 



VOL. XII. 



Cotton 322 Cotton 



and bears the name of ' the governor/ having 
been first Introduced in 1844. This machine 
weighs sovereigns at the rate of twenty-three 



^ h ^ * 

per minute, and is capable of discriminating 
to the ten-thousandth part of a grain, dis- 
charging the full-weight and the under-weight 
coins into two different compartments. A 



ground landlords should thus perform their 
duty to those who live in their houses. To 
this church Bishop Blornfield gave on his 
deathbed the gold communion plate that 
had been made for Queen Adelaide; and 
the first incumbent was William Cotton's 
youngest son. 

prize medal was awarded to Cotton for this But his charitable energies were by no 
machine by the commissioners of the exhi- means limited to the building of churches, 
bition of 1851. "When quite a young man (1811) he was 
But though Cotton prospered in busi- one of the founders of the National Society, 
ness, his chief title to fame is derived from formed for establishing schools in which the 
his lifelong devotion to the cause of philan- principles of the church of England should 
thropy, especially in connection with the be taught. He was on the original council 
church of England in the east of London, of King's College, and a governor of Christ's 
Though^ never a very rich man, the total of Hospital from 1821. For fifty years he was 
his charitable donations would amount to a a member, and for a large portion of that 
large sum, for from the first he set apart a time the treasurer, of the Society for Pro- 
tithe of his income for this purpose. But moting Christian Knowledge. He was also 
the time, the personal care, and the organising an active supporter of the Society for the Pro- 
faculty that he bestowed were of far more pagation of the Gospel, the Colonial Bishop- 
value than the mere money, and won for him rics Fund, the Additional Curates Society, &c. 
from Bishop Blomfield the honourable title With his friend, Sir H. Dukinfield, the vicar 
of his ' lay archdeacon. 3 His earliest philan- of St. Martin's, he was originator of the sys- 
thropic efforts, as was natural, were on behalf tern of public baths and washhouses, and he 
of the men employed by his firm at Lime- was concerned in the establishment of the 
house. Here he was the first to break down first model lodging-houses, 
the vicious practice of paying wages on Sa- In 1812, "William Cotton married Sarah, 
turday evening by orders on a public-house, the only daughter of Thomas Lane. By her 
This practice, it is curious to find, was sup- he had seven children, one of whom is the 
ported by the difficulty of getting small present Sir Henry Cotton, lord iustiee in the 
change during the French war. He took the court of appeal. From 1819 until his death 
greatest interest in St. Anne's schools, Lime- he lived at Walwood House, Leytonstone. 
house ; he was chairman of the committee Besides being J.P. and D.L. for the county 
in 1814 that placed the administration of the of Essex, he served the office of sheriff in 
London Hospital on its present successful 1837, and was for many years chairman of 
basis ; and he was active in building the quarter sessions at Chelmsford. The nni- 
church of St. Peter's, Stepney, the first ex- versity of Oxford conferred upon him the 
ample of parochial subdivision by private honorary degree of D.C.L. at the commemo- 
effort in the east of London. ration oi* 1846, and he was also a fellow of 
Henceforth the building of churches be- the Royal Society. He died on 1 Dec. 1866, 
came little short of a passion with him. A and lies buried in the churchyard of St. John 
letter of his to John Bowdler [q. v.], dated the Baptist, Leytonstone, a church which he 
1813, may be regarded as the earliest sugges- had himself been largely instrumental in 
tion of the Incorporated Church Building So- building. A painted window to his memory 
ciety, which dates its actual commencement was placed, by public subscription, in St. 
from a meeting held at the London Tavern in Paul's Cathedral. 

181 8, where his father, Captain Joseph Cotton. rr^+ TVT T IO*T m /-u. T. 

j.i -u - a T. 4. i j. i_ [(rent. mag. January 1867, p. Ill: Church 

was in the chair. Somewhat later he was D,,;* TOT,^-^ IQAT r Q Jr OTT( loc* 

TV -L -oi js ij? j. j.i j.' ^ ^ -builder, January 1867 ; truarcuan, 27 Dec. 1866: 

Bishop Blomfield s most enthusiastic helper personal information.] J. S. C. 
in the organisation of the Metropolis Churches 

Fund, which afterwards developed into the COTTON, Sm WILLOUGHBY (1783- 

London Diocesan Church Building Society. 1860), general, colonel 32nd light infantry, 

His own special work in connection with only son of Admiral Rowland Cotton, a cousin 

this society was the erection of no less than of the first Viscount Combermere, by his wife, 

ten churches in Bethnal Green, the last of daughter of Sir Willoughby Aston, hart., was 

which (St. Thomas's) he built and endowed born in 1783, educated at Rugby School, 

out of his own purse as a memorial of a son where he was the leader of a rebellion in 

he had lost. Yet another church that of November 1797, when the boys burned the 

St. Paul's, Stepney, on Bow Common he head-master's desk and books in the close, 

built himself, to carry out his principle that On 31 Oct. 1798 he was appointed an en- 



Cotton 



323 



Couch 



sign in the 3rd foot guards, in which he 
became lieutenant and captain 25 Nov. 1799. 
He served with his regiment in Hanover 
in 1805, and as deputy assistant adjutant- 
general of the reserve, commanded by Sir 
Arthur "Wellesley, in the Copenhagen ex- 
pedition of 1807, when he was present in 
-the action at Kioge, and was attached in the 
same capacity to the light division of the 
Peninsular army under General Oauford in 
the retreat to Torres Vedras and in the ope- 
rations on the Coa. Upon his promotion to 
the rank of captain and lieutenant-colonel, 
12 June 1811, he returned home, but rejoined 
the first battalion of his regiment in 1813, and 
was present at the battle of Vittoria, com- 
manded the light companies at the passage 
of the Adour, and the pickets of the second 
brigade of guards in the repulse of the French 
sortie from Bayonne. He received the Pe- 
ninsular medal, with clasps for Busaco, Vit- 
toria, and the Nive. On 17 May 1821 Cotton, 
then senior captain and lieutenant-colonel 
-3rd foot guards, and one of the dandies of the 
brigade, obtained a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 
47th foot in India, and on 25 July the same 
year became brevet-colonel. The 47th fol- 
lowed Sir Archibald Campbell's expedition 
to Rangoon at the end of 1824, and at the 
head of a brigade of the army, with the local 
rank of brigadier-general, Cotton bore a pro- 
minent part in the Burmese campaigns of 
1825-6, in an unsuccessful attack, made in 
.accordance with orders, on Donabew, at 
'Simbike, and elsewhere, up to the ratification 
of peace in February 1826, when the British 
force was within four miles of Ummerapoora. 
In Burmah Cotton made the acquaintance of 
the future General Havelock, who became his 
aide-de-camp, and who in after years dedi- 
cated to Cotton his i Narrative of the War 
in Afghanistan in 1 838-9,' in ' grateful re- 
jcnembrance of his numerous acts of kindness 
since 1825, when Captain Haveloek first 
served in the same army with him.' In 1828 
Cotton exchanged to the 14th foot in Bengal, 
and was promoted to the rank of major- 
.general 22 July 1830. The same year he was 
made K.C.H. From 1829 to 1834 he com- 
manded the troops in Jamaica, during which 
period the island was under martial law from 
December 1831 to February 1832. In 1838 
Cotton, then on the Bengal staff, was appointed 
to command the Bengal division of the army of 
the Indus commanded by Sir Henry Fane, and 
.afterwards by Sir John Keane, which entered 
Afghanistan and captured Ghuznee 23 July 
1839, on which occasion he commanded the 
reserve, which entered the city after the 
stormers had established themselves therein. 
In October of the same year he relinquished the 



command of the Bengal troops, then in camp 
near Cabul, for a command in the presidency. 
The same year he was appointed colonel of the 
98th foot. In 1840 he was made G.C.B. On 
23 Nov. 1841 he became lieutenant-general. 
From 1847 to 1850 he was commander-in- 
chief and second member of council in the 
Bombay presidency. At the outbreak of the 
Russian war, Cotton, despite his advancing 
years and unwieldy figure, again sought 
active employment, but without success. On 
20 June 1854 he became a general, and was 
transferred to the colonelcy of the 32nd foot. 
In 1806, soon after his return from Hanover, 
Cotton married Lady Augusta Maria Co- 
ventry, eldest daughter of the seventh earl of 
Coventry, by whom he had a family, and who 
survived him and died in 1865. Two chil- 
dren, the present General Corbet Cotton, and 
Augusta, widow of Colonel Henry Vaughan 
Brooke, C.B., also survived him. Cotton died 
at his residence in Lowndes Square on 4 May 
1860, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. 

[Burke's Peerage, under ' Combermere ; ' Kugby 
School Eegisters ; London Gazette, various dates ; 
Hart's Army Lists ; Narratives First Burmese 
and First Afghan "Wars, various ; Combermere 
Correspondence, vol. ii. ; Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. 
"(viii.), p. 628; Illustr. London Hews, xxxvii. 
(will proved 19 June I860).] H. M. G. 

COUCH, JONATHAN (1789-1870), 
naturalist, only child of Hichard and Philippa 
Couch, belonging to a family long resident at 
Polperro,asmall fishing village bet ween Looe 
and Fowey, on the south coast of Cornwall, 
was born on 15 March 1789. After receiving 
a sound classical education in Cornish schools, 
and some years' pupilage with two local me- 
dical men, he entered the united hospitals of 
Guy's and St. Thomas's in 1808, and in 1809 
or early in 1810 returned to Polperro, which 
he but rarely afterwards quitted, dying on 
13 April 1870, aged 81. For sixty years he was 
the doctor and trusted adviser of the village 
and neighbourhood, and used with remarkable 
shrewdness and perseverance the great op- 
portunities afforded to a naturalist at Pol- 
perro. He trained in succession a large 
number of fishermen to aid him in his pur- 
suits, and the observations made at and near 
Polperro during his lifetime and since his 
death have not been equalled in value at any 
British station. He was in correspondence 
with many of the foremost naturalists, and 
especially rendered aid to Thomas Bewick 
and to William Yarrell. Among his local 
fellow-workers and coadjutors, each of them 
notable, were C. W. Peach [q. v.], Matthias 
Dunn, and William Loughrin. 

Couch's principal work was done in ichthyo- 



Couch 324 Couch 

logy. In 1835 lie obtained a prize offered by British Cetacea ; ' l A Journal of Natural 

Mr. J. BuLler of Morval for the best natural History, being the result of my own obser- 

history of the pilchard, printed in the third vations or derived from living testimony/ 

report of the Royal Corn-wall Polytechnic 1805-70, 12 vols. ; figures of Cornish shells,. 

Society, and also separately. He had before coloured ; t A Natural History of Cornish 

this given much assistance to Bewick in his Fishes/ with pen-and-ink and coloured figures, 

' British Quadrupeds/ as well as in relation 1836, in the library of the Linnean Society. 

to his projected * Natural History of British This is the volume employed by Yarrell in 

Fishes,' and Yarrell was still more indebted his * British Fishes,' and quoted by him as 

to him in his i British Fishes/ to all three i Couch's MSS.' Dr. F. Day published a series 

editions of which (1836, 1841, and 1859) of most interesting extracts from Couch's 

Couch was a copious contributor. manuscript journals in ' Land and "Water r 

His t Cornish Fauna/ part i. 1838, part ii. from 11 Aug. 1883 to 29 March 1884. 

1841, completed by his son Richard Quiller Couch was a methodist of the Free church. 

Couch [a. v.] in 1844, was another valuable His sincere religious views tinctured much 

piece of work. But his magnum opus was of his writing and influenced his social con- 

* A History of the Fishes of the British duct. The welfare of the fishermen and the* 
Islands,' with coloured illustrations from his prosperity of the fisheries were equally his 
own drawings, 4 vols., London, 1860-5. This care. As a local naturalist whose conscien- 
is a storehouse of information, carefully col- tious and loving observation of nature has 
lected and sifted, as to the habits of fishes, made a lasting impression on science, he de- 
and in many cases the illustrations give serves to rank beside Gilbert White. 
unique representations of the vivid natural Couch left three sons by his second wife : 
colours of fishes while yet alive or imme- Richard Quiller, Thomas Quiller, and John 
diately after death. A multitude of shorter Quiller, who all became surgeons. Thomas 
papers and notes on natural history were practised successfully at Bodmin, and died on 
contributed by Couch to the ' Imperial Maga- 23 Oct. 1884, aged 58. He was a constant 
zine/ edited by his friend Samuel Drew, from contributor to ' Notes and Queries,' two series 
1819 to 1830, the * Transactions and Pro- of his articles, ' The Folklore of a Cornish 
ceediugs of the Linnean Society,' the < Maga- Village/ 1855 and 1857, being incorporated 
zine of Natural History,' the ' Reports of in the 'History of Polperro,' to which hecon- 
the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society/ the tributed a sketch of his father's life. He also- 

* Journal of the Royal Institution of Corn- published lists of local words in the e Journal 
wall,' the ' Reports of the British Asso- of the Royal Institution of Cornwall/ 1864 
ciation,' t Annals of Natural History,' the and 1870, afterwards expanded and included 

* Transactions of the Penzance Natural His- in a e Glossary of Words in use in Cornwall/ 
tory and Antiquarian Society/ the ' Zoologist/ issued by the English Dialect Society in 1880. 
the ' Intellectual Observer, 3 &c., which are He did some useful preparatory work in 
recorded in Boase and Courtney's ' Bibliotheca Cornish bibliography, afterwards incorporated 
Cornubiensis,' i. 89-92, and iii. 1138, and in in the < Bibliotheca Cornubiensis' (Academy r 
the ' History of Polperro J (a less complete 1 Nov. 1884, p. 289). 

Hst) He also contributed to 'Land and [Hist O f Polperro, 1871 ; Boase andCourt- 

Water/ under the signature < Video.' ^ ney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i. 89-92, iii. 1138,- 

Couch was an exceUent local antiquary, Western Morning News, 18 April 1870.1 

as to words, customs, and remains. The G-. T. B. 

* History of Polperro,' 1871, issued after his 

death by his son, T. Q. Couch, is his chief COUCH, RICHARD QUILLER (1816- 

work in this department. His ' Illustrations 1863), naturalist, eldest son of Jonathan 

of ^ Instinct, deduced from the Habits of Couch [q. v.], was born at Polperro on 

British Animals, 1 1847, is a very interesting 14 March 1816. After receiving a medical 

"book. He translated Pliny's * Natural His- education under his father and at Guy's 

tory/ with notes, and vols. i. and ii. and parts Hospital, London, where he gained several 

i. to v. of vol. iii. were published by the honours and prizes and obtained the ordi- 

"Wernerian Club, 1847-50. He left behind nary medical qualifications, he returned to 

him^in manuscript i Notes and Extracts on Polperro to assist his father, and employed 

Subjects of Natural History, and bearing on his leisure in careful zoological study. In 

the ancient condition of the Science/ now 1845 he settled in Penzance as a medical 

in the library of the Royal Institution of practitioner, and in a few years became 

Cornwall ; * A Treatise on Dreams j ' l His- recognised as an able zoological observer, 

torieal Biographies of Animals known to the "Within a few weeks of his arrival at Pen- 

Aneients j ' t Materials for a History of the zance he was elected one of the secretaries 



Couche 3 2 5 Coulson 



&nd curators of the Penzance Natural His- 
tory and Antiquarian Society, and he was 
for many years its president. His interest- 
ing annual addresses and many other papers 
on zoology by him are published in the 
4 Transactions ' of that society, vols. i. and ii. 
He contributed the third part (on the zoo- 
phytes) to the ' Cornish Fauna,' written by 
his father; and an account of the natural 



maturely cut off by small-pox at Liege on 
23 Peb. 1753 (OLIVER, Jesuit Collections, 77 ; 
FOLEY, Records, vi. 696, vii. 177). He was 
a promising member of the Jesuit order, and 
died in the odour of sanctity. His life was 
written by his cousin, Father Ralph Hoskins, 
under the title of 'De vita, virtutibus et 
morte Gulielmi Couche/ and is preserved in 
manuscript at Stonyhurst College (OLIVER, 



"history of West Cornwall to J. S. Courtney's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, 277 ; Notes and 

4 Guide to Penzance/ 1845. Other interest- Queries, 4th ser. vi. 112, 145 ; Hist. MSS. 

ino- papers on zoophytes, Crustacea, and fishes Comm. 3rd Eep. 340). Its principal contents 

were contributed by him to the ' Journal of have been printed by Brother Foley. 

the Eoyal Institution of Cornwall/ the ' Re- [Authorities cited above.] T. C. 
ports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic So- 

fiety,' the 'Zoologist,' 'Annals of Natural COULSON, WALTER (1/94P-1860) 
History ' &c., all of which are recorded in lawyer and man of letters, the second son of 
Boase and Courtney's < Bibliotheca Cornubi- Thomas Coulson, master painter for many 
ensis/ i. 92-4, iii. 1138. Among these may years in the royal dockyard at Devonport 
Ibe mentioned observations on the zoophytes (who died m 1845), by Catherine, second 
of Cornwall, on the development of the frog, daughter of Walter Borlase, surgeon of Pen- 
on the metamorphosis of the decapod cms- za nce, was born at Torpoint m Cornwall, as 
taceans, and the natural history of the macke- it is believed, m 1794. His rise is succinctly 
rel in the < Polytechnic Reports ' for 1842 and set forth m the following extract from Jeremy 
1844 : and on the nest of the fifteen-spined Bentham s life ( Works, x. 5 / 3) : l My brother 
stickleback in the 'Penzance Natural His- made acquaintance with the lather of the 

tory Transactions/ ii. 79-83. He contributed s [Coulsons], a man of cleverness and ex- 

to Haifa's < British Desmidiese/ 1848, and to penence, and a head on his shoulders. He got 

Thomas Bell's < British Stalk-eyed Crustacea/ an appointment m one of the dockyards. He 

1853. Couch was also interested in Cornish had two sons, W- [Walter] and 1 

geology, and did useful work in developing [Thomas]. I took W first, who was with 

the difficult subject of Cornish fossil remains, me two or three years. He was forward but 

Prom 1848 onwards he was curator of the cold, yet I once drew tears from his eyes. 

Eoyal Geological Society of Cornwall, and He became reporter to the "Chronicle, which 

contributed to its < Transactions ' several was his making. T was a good boy, who 

valuable papers, as well as annual reports, died young ' [1813, when aged 22]. Coulson 

The diseases of the Cornish miners were a acted as amanuensis to Bentham, and it was 

subject of his careful investigation, and his ao doubt through Bentham's influence that 

papers on the mortality of miners in the he obtained a place as parliamentary reporter 

'.Polytechnic Reports ' (1867-60) are, as far on the staff of the 'Mormng Chronicle. James 

as they go, of permanent value ; they were Mill and Francis Place, the famous W est- 

translated into French. minster reformer, were among his earliest 

Couch died, in the full vigour of his powers, friends, and the first writings of John Stuart 

on 8 May 1863, aged 47, leaving a widow and Mill appeared in the < Traveller in 1822, 

four children. tken the ' property of the well-known political 

_-,., ' n --urn! i -.o-rvT economist, Colonel Torrens, and under the 

iS b Vf 6S 'M ^ w ^iSV S editorship of an able man, Walter Coulson/ 

1863: Western Morning News, 12 May 1863 rr(1 , l .. -, -,-1 .-, / ni^i^' ; 

(by G. Bettany) ; Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. x/(1863) paper was united With the 'Globe in 

106-8; Hist, of Polperro, 1871, pp. 25-7 1^3, aad Ooidson ^ anointed the e^tor 

Boase and Courtney's Bil>l. Cornub. i. 92-4, iii. of the dual organ, with the salary ol 800f a 

1138.] G-. T. B. 7 ear an< ^ a share of the profits, continuing 

for some time as the reporter of the ' Chro- 

COUCHE, WILLIAM (1732-1753), nicle.' When the new venture became suc- 

scholastic of the Society of Jesus, eldest son cessful,he retired from reporting and confined 

of William Couche of Tolfrey, near Fowey, himself to editorship, which he prosecuted 

Cornwall, by Anne, daughter of Petef Hos- with such zeal and ability as to raise his 

tins of Ibberton, Dorsetshire, was born at paper to a high pitch of prosperity. Pie now 

Tolfrey on 5 Feb. 1732 (BoASB and COURT- determined upon studying for the bar, and 

TTEY, Bibl. Cornubiensis, i. 95). He made his was duly called at Gray's Inn on 26 Nov. 

humanity studies at St. Omer, and entered 1828, becoming a Q.O. in July 1851, and a 

the Society of Jesus in 1749, but was pre- bencher of his inn in November 1851. Con- 



Coulson 3 26 Coulson 

veyancing and chancery bar business was the Review ' was started about 1825 with, the 
branch to which he wisely, for he was no object of publishing the debates in a classified 
orator, confined his attention, and in this divi- form he wrote an article ' of great merit.' In 
sion of the law he quickly attained to a leading June 1821 he was elected a member of the 
position. By these labours he gained a com- Political Economy Club, and from 1823 to- 
petency as well as reputation, and was thus 1858 brought forward at its meetings nume- 
enabled, when differences of opinion arose be- rous questions for discussion, and he wa& 
tweenhim and the proprietors of the ' Globe/ placed on the royal commission for the exhi- 
to resign the editorship. He was long the par- bition of 1851, when he took an active part 
liamentary draughtsman or counsel for the in its proceedings. It was in a cottage on 
home department, when his labours, though Coulson's Kentish estate near Maidstone that 
not generally known, were warmly appreci- John Black, the editor of the e Morning Chro- 
ated by the leading politicians of the age. nicle/ lived from 1843 to 1855. 
The act for the sale of encumbered estates in [Bain's James Mill, 183, 314, 339-40 ; Memoir 
Ireland was draughted by him and Lord Ho- of M, D. Hill (1878), 62-3 ; Mill's Autobiogra- 
milly, and it is styled by Lord Eussell (Re- phy, 87-8 ; Leigh Hunt's Corresp. i. 98, 120,. 
collections,^. 195-6) an admirable tribute 126-34; Peacock's Works, i. xxxviii-xl; Bar- 
to their * constructive skill/ When the great ham's Life, ii. 29, 205 ; London Review, i. 517, 
change in the administration of Indian affairs 597; Gent. Mag. 1861, p. Ill; Political Eco- 
was effected, the duty of collecting informa- nom y Club Proceedings, iv. (1882), passim; 
tion on its laws and of drawing up a legal Boise's Collectanea Cormib. 170-1.] 
code was offered to Coulson, but he loved the ^- ^- C. 
social life of London, and preferred to stop COULSON, WILLIAM (1802-1 877), sur- 
at home, even though he acquired wealth less geon, younger son of Thomas Coulson, master 
rapidly. He died at North Bank, St. John's painter in Devonport dockyard, was born at 
Wood, London, on 21 Nov. 1860, and was Penzance in 1802. Walter Coulson [q. v.] 
buried at Kensal Green. His will was proved was an elder brother. His father was an 
14 Dec. I860, most of his landed property and intimate friend of Sir Humphry Davy; his- 
personalty being left to his brother William mother was Catherine Borlase. After re- 
[q. v.], the surgeon, for his life, and afterwards ceiving some classical education at the local 
to his two nephews. Coulson lived in early life grammar school, Coulson spent two years 
on intimate terms with the chief men of let- in Brittany (1816-18), and became pro- 
ters in London. At Charles Lamb's evening ficient' in the French language and litera- 
parties he was a frequent guest, and he en- ture. Having first been apprenticed to a 
joyed the reputation, according to Crabb Ho- Penzance surgeon, he entered as a pupil 
binson (Dz'#n/ ? i. 488, 506), of being 'a prodigy at Grainger's School of Anatomy in the 
of _ knowledge.' Cowden Clarke confirms Borough, and attended St. Thomas's Hos- 
this opinion, stating that the wits used to pital, where he became dresser to Tyrrell, 
tease him with the nickname of the giant Cor- Here, about the time when the ' Lancet * 
moran/ in allusion to his Cornish descent, but was first published in 1823, Coulson at- 
todub him also 'the walking Encyclopaedia/ tracted Mr. Wakley's attention, and was at 
as almost boundless in his varied extent of once accepted as a contributor, and after- 
knowledge (Recollections, p. 26). He was wards regularly engaged on the staff of the 
godfather to Hazlitt's first child, and was an ' Lancet/ From 1824 to 1826 he studied in 
occasional guest at the critic's house in York Berlin, supplying the ' Edinburgh Medical 
Street, Westminster (W. C. HA^LITT, .Life and Surgical Journal ' with foreign corre- 
of Hazlitt, p. 26). Leigh Hunt was another spondence, and making the friendship of the 
of Coulson's friends, and through Hunt he poet Campbell under circumstances highly 
was introduced to Procter, who calls him honourable to both (see Campbell's Life by 
'the admirable Coulson/ and adds that al- Beattie, ii. 448). After some months' stay 
though ordinarily grave Coulson was good in Paris, Coulson returned to London and 
in ' comic imitations/ but that the ' vis co- became a member of the Eoyal College of 
mica left him for the most part in later life ' Surgeons on 26 Sept. 1826. He at once 
(PEocTER,^wf o^.l36, 196). Barham,ofthe joined in the establishment of the Aldersgate 
* Ingoldsby Legends/ and Thomas Love Pea- Street School of Medicine with Tyrrell, Law- 
cock wrote^in his paper through their friend- rence, and others, and acted for three year& 
ship with him, and he was one of James Mill's as demonstrator of anatomy. At the same 
associates in his Sunday walks. Coulson is time he superintended the foreign department 
said^to have contributed to the ' Edinburgh of the * Lancet/ and made many translations 
Review / a review of Mill's ' History of India/ from foreign works. In. 1828 he was elected 
and when the * Parliamentary History and surgeon to the Aldersgate Street Dispensary/ 



Coulson 3 2 7 Coulton 

and in 1830 consulting surgeon to the City among such men to leave a distinct impress, 
of London Lying-in Hospital. His invest!- 'he had large subjective powers, and ruled 
gations on puerperal affections of the joints in the circle in which he moved. Possessing 
in connection with the latter did much to an inflexible will and indomitable persever- 
improve the knowledge of their nature and ance, he was occasionally rigid, stern, and 
pathology. They were published in the intolerant. His active sympathy was easily 
second edition of his work on ' Diseases of the aroused, and his efforts to relieve the oppressed 
Hip Joint.' In 1832 he, with his colleagues, never abated. Rest to him was little more 
resigned his connection with the Aldersgate than a myth' (Lancet, 19 May 1877). He 
Dispensary in consequence of the committee was marked by a strong belief in individua- 
maintaining the practice of 'virtually putting lity, in duty, and in the fulfilment of pro- 
up for sale all the most efficient offices of the mises. He was tall and vigorous-looking, his 
charity ' (CLUTTEEBUCK, Memoir of G. Birh- face late in life showing deep furrows along 
beck M.D., 1842, p. 9; Lancet, ii. 1832-3, the sides of the mouth and around the chin. 
477 790,821). In the same year he joined Coulson's principal works are: 1. ' On 
the 'medical board of the Royal Sea-bathing Deformities of the Chest/ 1836; 2nd edit. 
Infirmary at Margate, of which he long con- 1837, enlarged, with numerous plates. 2. ' On 
tinued an active member. In 1833 he failed Diseases of the Hip Joint,' 4to, 1837 ; 2nd edit, 
to secure election to an assistant-surgeoncy Svo, 1841. 3. f (3n Diseases of the Bladder 
at the London Hospital, being beaten by and Prostate Gland,' Svo, 1838 ; 2nd edit. en- 
Mr. T. B. Curling. Coulson's practice rapidly larged, with plates, 1840 ; 6th edit. 1865. 
increased with his various publications,which, 4. ' On Lithotrity and Lithotomy/ Svo, 1853. 
commencing in 1827 with a translation and 5. ' Lectures on Diseases of the Joints/ Svo, 
notes to Milne-Ed war ds's i Surgical Ana- 1854. Coulson also contributed the articles 
tomy/ and a second edition of Lawrence's ' Lithotomy ' and * Lithotrity ' to Cooper's 
translation of Blumenbach's ' Comparative ' Practical Surgery/ edited by Lane (1861- 
Anatomy/ became more and more original in 1872), and wrote for W. B. Costello's * Cyclo- 
their character, and culminated in those on the psedia of Practical Surgery/ 1841-3. 
bladder and lithotrity. He was also a valued [Medical Circular, 1853, th portrait, ii. 
contributor and adviser in connection with 329-32,349-51; Lancet, 1877, i. 740-2; Cornish 
the cyclopaedia and other publications of the Telegraph, 9 March 1864, p. 3; Boase and 
Useful Knowledge Society (see C. KNIGHT, Courtney's Bibllotheca Cormibiensis, i. 95, iii. 
Passages of a Working Life, cited below). 1139 , Life of E. H. Barham, 1870, ii. 205-6, 
He removed from his -early residence in 220; Beattie's Life of T. Campbell, 1849, ii. 
Charterhouse Square to a house in Frederick's 448-52 ; Charles Knight's Passages of a Work- 
Place, Old Jewry, where he commanded for ing Life, 1873, ii. 129.] G-. T. B. 
many years perhaps the largest city practice. 

He was elected among the first batch of fel- COULTON; DAVID TREYENA (1810- 
lows of the College of Surgeons in 1843, 1857), journalist and author, a grandson of 
became a member of the council in 1851, the Key. J. Ooulton, dean of Bristol, was born 
and in 1861 delivered the Hunterian oration, at Devizes, "Wiltshire, in 1810. His father 
When St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, was died during his early childhood. Owing to 
established, Coulson was elected senior sur- delicate health he was educated under a 
geon. Besides being a specialist and sue- private tutor. At an early age he began 
cessful operator in diseases of the bladder, to contribute both poetry and prose to the 
Coulson undertook a large proportion of periodicals, and in 1839 he founded the { Bri- 
more strictly medical cases. Combining sue- tannia ' newspaper, the aim of which was to 
cessful practice with good finance, and the extend and popularise the principles of con- 
inheritance of his brother Walter's fortune, servatism, and to uphold national protestan- 
he accumulated one of the largest fortunes tism as embodied in the institutions of the 
ever made in practice, viz. a quarter of a realm. As a journalist, while a close reasoner, 
million. He married in 1840 Miss Maria he possessed considerable skill in the popular 
Bartram, notable for her skill in painting as exposition of complex questions. In 1847 he 
well as her attractive manners and great withdrew from active journalism, and having 
intelligence. She died on 4 Jan. 1876, and in 1850 sold the < Britannia ' he settled at 
was followed by her husband on 5 May 1877. Goudhurst, Kent, where he took to farming, 
Coulson was noteworthy for more than his occasionally contributing to the ' Quarterly 

Eeview.' He published an ' Inquiry into the 

A J_1^ , T. * , -_ J/ J. Lh A 1 A J-X MWkM *"vi- 1 * -W* 1 II *"l ' f\ V* ^"1 1 -VI 



surgical skill. A liberal, a disciple of Carlyle, 
Maurice, and Stuart Mill ; a friend of Bar- 
ham, Francis Newman, and other leading 
literary men ; of sufficient individuality 



Authorship of the Letters of Junius,' and in 
1853 a novel entitled ' Fortune, a story of 
London Life.' Yielding to the solicitation 



Couper 328 Courayer 

of friends, lie undertook in 1854 to edit the at one time belonged to them, as did all 

* Press/ devoting himself to Ms duties with the most prominent doctors of the Sorbonne. 

remarkable vigour and energy. The strain The strife between them, and the constitu- 

of overwork was relieved by the recreation of tionist party was long and bitter. It was in 

mechanics, in which he acquired considerable the course of this strife that friendly relations 

proficiency, and he invented a plan for an at- were established between Wake, archbishop 

mospheric railway. He died of bronchitis at of Canterbury, and the Sorbonne doctors, 

Brighton 8 May 1857. Du Pin and Girardin. Negotiations were 

[Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. ii. 742 ; Art Journal, new s A et n n foot as to a possible union between the 

ser. 18o7 } iii. 228/1 T. F. H. Anglican and Gamcan churches. Courayer 

thus came to know somewhat of the real 

COTJPER, [See also COOPER and position of the Anglican church, and formed 

COWPEB.] a friendship with Archbishop Wake which 

was of lifelong 1 duration. With the arch- 

COTJPEK, ROBERT, M.D. (1750-1818), Chop's help he studied the question of the 

Scottish poet,son of a farmer at Balsier, parish validity of Anglican orders : but he had not 

of Sorbie, Wigtonshire, was born 22 Sept. determined to write anything on the sub- 

1750. He entered the university of Glasgow j ect until circumstances seemed to compel 

in 1769 with the view of studying for the ^ The Abb6 Eenaudot, famous for his 

ministry of the church of Scotland, but, his oriental learning, had published a memoir 

parents having died before he had completed on Anglican orders, in a book set forth by the 

his studies, he accepted the office of tutor Abb6 Gould in 1720, entitled 'The True 

in a family in Virginia, America. On the Faith of the Catholic Church/ This memoir 

outbreak of the American revolution in I// 6 was full of misstatements, and it excited 

he returned to Scotland, and after study- Courayer to give to the world a truer account 

mg medicine at the university of Glasgow O f t]ie su]3 j ect . < Th& tH iu question > he 

began practice at Newton Stewart, Wig- sa ys, <is no less than to know whether the 

tonshire. In 1/88 he settled in Fochabers, church of England, formerly so illustrious, 

Banffshire as physician to the Duke of Gor- and even no w so res p ect able for the enlighten- 

don. In 1804 he published at ^Inverary, in ment of her prelates and the condition of her 

two volumes, Poetry chiefly in the Scot- cleTgy? is ^thout a succession, without a 

tish Language, dedicated to the Duke of hierarchy, and without a ministry/ Courayer 

Gordon, the first volume mainly consisting does not altogether accept the position of the 

of poems on the seasons, and the second of Anglican church, but he defends the validity 

odes and songs Among the best known of of its orders in a most master l y manner. 

his songs are Bed l gleams the Sun/ tune By the valuable help of Archbishop Wake he 

tv ^1 7^- mSer te ^ in ^s own works under was able to avo id the mistakes as to the 

the title 'Kinrara; and 'The Ewebughts Eng i is]l cLu:rch into wMcK forei divines 

^T^S 6 le ?o ? od ^ ofo m 18 6 > and were so apt to fall. The Jesuit party, knowing 
died at Wigton, 18 Jan. 1818. O f the composition and character of the work, 

[Stenhouse's Notes to Johnson's Musical Mu- usec * every effort to prevent its publication, 

seum, ed. Laing ; Charles Eogers's Modern Scot- To dimmish Courayer's responsibility, his 

tish Minstrel, 15-16.] T. K H. friends stole the manuscript from him, and it 

appeared in 1723 with the name of a Brussels 

COUftAYER,, PIERRE FRANQOIS LE publisher, but without the author's name. 

(1681-1776), French divine, was born at This, however, was soon known, and then 

Rouen on 17 Nov. 1681. His father was Courayer was subjected to the most violent 

president of the court of justice of that city, attacks, both from Jesuits and Jansenists. 

Having^been educated at Vernon and Beau- The most remarkable assault was that made 

vais,Jie joined the fraternity of St. Genevieve. by the Abb6 Hardouin that erratic genius 

In 1706 he was made presbyter of the con- who wrote a book to j>rove that all the clas- 

gregation, and in 1711 librarian. He had sical writings were forgeries. A more for- 

published several small works on literary midable antagonist was the Dominican, Le 

subjects when, in 1714, he became one of the Quien. Another was a French-Irishman, one 

appellants against the bull * Unigenitus/ Fennel, whose book, as Courayer complains, 

which condemned the Jansenists, He took this was written in t French-Irish/ Against these 

step simply from love of justice, as he himself manifold antagonists Courayer wrote his 

m no way favoured the Jansenist opinions. ' Defence,' which appeared in 1726, published 

These appellants obtained the name of anti- by the same Brussels publisher. It was a 

constitutionaries, or the opposersof the papal larger work than the first, being printed in 

constitution^ The famous Car dinaldeNoailles three volumes. Replies were at once forth- 



Courayer 329 Courayer 

comma-, and these Courayer answered in his prisoners. He was in the habit of spending- 
* Historical Relation,' published in 1729. one evening weeMy at court with the queen 
Before this last work appeared Courayer had and princesses, when the king would often 
been obliged to fly from Trance and take make one of the party. Lady Mary Wortley 
refuse in England. At an assembly of twenty Montagu has given a humorous description 
bishops, with the Cardinal de Bissy at their of him in his lodgings over a toyshop in 
head held at the abbey of St. Germain Holborn, attired in a flowered dressing-gown 
near'Paris, Courayer's works were formally and a cap with a gold band. In 1744 he 
condemned, and soon after were suppressed published at Amsterdam an ' Examination of 
by authority. He was threatened with ex- the Defects of Theology/ &c., in which he 
.communication if he did not retract : but his began to show the rationalising spirit which 
great desire was to answer the misstatements is apparent in his later writings. At the age 
made against him. This he could not do in of eighty-two he published a translation of 
France* 3 and he began to meditate flight. Sleidan's t History of the Reformation/ a 
At this ? moment Bishop Atterbury , then liv- copy of which he presented to the university 
ing in exile in Paris, strongly encouraged him of Oxford, together with his picture which 
to fly to England, and gave him valuable had belonged to Atterbury, but which, at the 
assistance in arranging for his journey. At- bishop's death, had come into his hands. The 
terbury had long been Oourayer's warm ad- picture, still to be seen at Oxford, bears the 
mirer. His picture ornamented Atterbury's motto, ' Quocunque duxit veritasausus sequi/ 
rooms, and the bishop had been able to pro- which well represents the spirit of Courayer's 
cure for him from Oxford the honour of a D.D. writings. Two treatises which he left at his 
honoris causa (1727) . The timid scholar and death to the Princess Amelia, but which were 
recluse would probably never have found his afterwards published ( f Declarations as to my 
way to our shores had not the bishop fur- latest Opinions/ 1787 ; ' A Treatise on the 
nished him with a capable English attendant. Divinity of Jesus Christ/ 1810), have brought 
As it was, lie reached Greenwich in safety in on him the charge of Socinianism, and his 
January 1728. The greatest interest had life has been written by a Socixiian biographer, 
been excited about him in England. Lord There is no reason, however, to suppose that 
Percival sent his coach and six to convey him Courayer departed from the orthodox faith, 
to his house, which he desired Courayer to though his speculations are very bold. Ac- 
regard as his own, and made him a handsome cording to Milner's ' Life of Bishop Challoner ' 
present. Archbishop Wake received him the (1798, p. 28), Courayer to the last maintained 
next day at Lambeth with the utmost cor- that ' he was in the bosom of the catholic 
diality, and also made him a present. He church, and that he had been guilty of no 
was followed in this by Bishops Hare, Slier- crime what ever, and therefore was accustomed 
lock, and others. Lord Blandford sent him to present himself in the catholic chapels 
50 Courayer became the lion of the day. which he frequented, at the altar, in order to 
.Sometimes he stayed with his aristocratic receive the holy communion but our zealous 
friends for six months at a time. His man- prelate was inflexible in requiring a retracta- 
ners were charming, his vivacity unflagging, tion of his errors as public as his profession 
He never pretended to be converted to the of them had been, and likewise his return to 
Anglican church, though he occasionally at- religious obedience, before he would admit 
tended its services. He obtained a pension of him to the participation of the sacraments, 
100/. a year from the government. At Oxford and by his orders Father Courayer was always 
he delivered a Latin oration in the theatre publicly passed over by the officiating priest 
with unbounded applause. Queen Caroline when he presented himself among others at 
made him a favoured member of her learned the altar rail/ He died at his lodgings in 
.coterie. Courayer now (1736) published a Spring Gardens on 17 Oct. 1776, at the age of 
French translation of Father Paul's ' History ninety-five, and was buried in the cloisters of 
of the Council of Trent/ with valuable notes. Westminster Abbey, where a Latin inscrip- 
The previous French translation of this great tion, from the pen of Mr. Kynaston of Brase- 
work was very unsatisfactory. Courayer's nose, records the chief facts of his life and the 
was altogether an admirable work, and its virtues of his character. In his will he declares 
sale was very rapid. He purchased with the himself to die a true member of the catholic 
profits made by the sale an annuity of 100Z., church, but without approving many of ^the 
which, together with his pension, made him superstitions which have been introduced into 
a rich man, his wants being of the simplest it. The fact of his never having adopted the 
description. Pie remitted money to his nun- Anglican position gives an additional value 
sisters in France, and, it is said, gave as to his great work on Anglican orders, as 
much as 50. or 60 annually to the poor coming from an impartial outsider; and 



Courci 



33 



Courci 



Courayer's services to the church of Eng- 
land must be ranked very high. His state- 
ments have been severely tested, but have 
been found extremely accurate. The book 
on Anglican orders was badly translated by 
Daniel Williams, a nonjuring clergyman 
living in France, but has been excellently 
edited by an Oxford divine (1844). Williams 
also translated the ' Defence ? in 1728. 

[Courayer's Dissertation on fclie Validity of 
the Ordinations of the English, with Account of 
the Writer, Oxford, 1844; Works of Archbishop 
BramhaU, vol. iii. Oxford, 1842; Histoire dn 
Concile de Trente, trad, par Courayer, 3 vols. 4to. 
Amsterdam, 1751 ; Letters of Lady M. Wortley 
Montagu, 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1S37-J 

a. a. P. 



COURCI, JOHN DE (d. 1219?), con- 
queror of Ulster, was a soldier of fortune, 
whose parentage is a problem as yet, it would 
seem, unsolved. He was certainly one of the 
well-known house of that name established 
In Oxfordshire and Somersetshire, for he ap- 
pears with a Jordan de Courci (probably his 
brother) as a witness to a grant by William de 
Courci (a royal dapifer) to St. Andrew of Stoke 
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. app. i. p. 353 6), 
which foundation the De Courcis had be- 
stowed on the abbey of Lonlay in Normandy. 
On this abbey he subsequently bestowed his 
own foundation of St. Andrew of Ardes, a 
further proof of the connection, as is also his 
association with Guarine FitzGerald (see be- 
low). It has been pretended by Lodge (Peer- 
age of Ireland) and those who have followed 
him that John was the son and heir of this 
William de Courci (who died 1176). But as 
Alice, daughter of William (and wife of 
Guarine FitzGerald), is known to have been 
his heiress, this is impossible. He may have 
been a natural son of William, or a nephew, 
or merely a kinsman. 

Whatever his origin, the facts of his life 
have been lost in a maze of legend, and it is 
now a matter of difficulty to sift the true from 
the false. His first appearance in history is 
in the Norman-French poem assigned (but in 
error) to Mathew Regan, where he is repre- 
sented (lines 2733-6) as receiving in Ire- 
land from Henry II (1172) a license to conquer 
Ulster ; this, however, is scarcely consistent 
with the version given by Giraldus (jExpug- 
natio Hibernice), According to this, John de 
Courci was one of three leaders, 'with ten 
knights apiece, who were despatched to Ire- 
land by Henry on hearing of Stron^bow's 
death, as an escort to William FitzAldelm, 
whom he entrusted with plenary powers 
(cap. xv.) The expedition sailed in Decem- 
ber 1176, and within a month of his landing 



De Courci, with twenty-two knights and 
some three hundred followers, had set out 
from Dublin on his daring raid to conquer 
the kingdom of Ulster (cap. xvii.) Giraldua 
implies that John and his comrades acted in 
this on their own impulse, chafing at their 
enforced inaction under William Fitz Aldelm's 
rule. In the ' Gesta Regis Henrici/ indeed, 
he is stated to have forbidden the attempt 
(BEK. AEBAS, i. 137). It was the depth of" 
winter when they saltied forth, but by a forced 
march they traversed the distance (some hun- 
dred miles) so rapidly as to burst upon, Down 
on the fourth day, and to seize it by a coup- 
de-mam. Down (now Downpatrick) was the' 
capital of the land, and had the additional 
advantage of resting on the sea, so that the' 
Normans had secured a maritime base. The 
Irish, stunned by the suddenness of the blow,, 
had fled, carrying their king with them, and 
the adventurers were at length revelling in 
plunder. The cardinal Vivian now appeared 
upon the scene, and endeavoured, but in vain, 
to restore peace. The men of Ulster, thirsting 
for revenge, soon rallied, and headed by their 
king made a desperate effort to recover their 
stronghold. John sallied forth to meet them 
in the open, and swept them before him in 
headlong rout. He distinguished himself 
among his fellows by deeds of Homeric valour : 
' nunc caput ab humeris, nunc arma a cor- 
pore, nunc brachia separabat' (cap. xvii.) 
Giraldus presents us with an animated sketch 
of the young and victorious adventurer: 
' Tune impletum est illud Celidonii [Merlin] : ' 
" Miles albus albo residens equo aves in clipeO' 
gerens Ultoniam hostili invasione primus in- 
trabit." Erat enim Johannes plus quarn fla- 
vus, et in albedinem vergens, album forte tune 
equum equitans, et pictas in clipeo aquilas- 
preeferens . . . miles animosus audacter ingre- 
ditur. . . . Erat itaque Johannes vir albus eb 
procerus membris nervosis et ossosis, staturse 
grandis, et corpore praevalido ; viribus im- 
mensis, audacia singulari ; vir fortis et bel- 
lator ab adolescentia ; semper in acie primus,, 
semper gravioris periculi pondus arripiens. 
Adeo belli cupidus et ardens ut, militi dux 
prsefectus, ducali plerumque deserta constan- 
ti&, ducem exuens et militem induens, inter 
primos impetuosus et prseceps, turma vacil- 
lante suorum, nimla vincendi cupidine vic- 
toriam amisisse videretur, et quanquam in 
armis immoderatus et plus militis quam ducis- 
habens, inermis tamen modestus ac sobrius 
et ecclesiee Christ! debitam reverentiam prse- 
stans ; divino cultui per omnia deditus, gratise- 
que supernse, quoties ei successerat, cum gra- 
tiarum actione totum ascribens Deoque dans- 
gloriam quoties aliquidfeceritgloriosum.' He- 
tells us, moreover, that this ' white warrior, 



Courci 331 Courci 



seated upon a white horse/ carried about with death being furiously avenged by John him- 

him on his conquering progress certain pro- self upon the natives (Roe. Hov. iv. 25). 

phecies of Columba, in which he claimed it Though the records available for the'fol- 

was foretold. lowing 1 reign enable us closely to follow his< 

After his victory at Down, De Courci career, it is difficult to explain their openino* 

pushed his conquests with varying success for allusion (4 Sept. 1199) to his having in some 

some years, fighting no fewer than five battles, way acted with "W. De Lacy ' ad terrain nos- 

the fifth of them i apud pontem luori ' (iden- tramliibernise destruendam' (Obi 1 John, m. 

tified by O'Donovan with Newry Bridge) ' in 16 dors.} It would seem that, whatever their 

reditu ab AngliaV Eventually he obtained a offence had been, William de Lacy made his 

substantial hold on Ulster (Ulidia), or, more peace, and thenceforth proved his loyalty to- 

correctly, on the province of Uladh, the dis- the crown by becoming the enemy of John 

trict bounded by the Newry and the Bann ; de Courci, who refused to ' come in ' and de- 

and now comprising Down and Antrim. In fied its power. We accordingly find that the- 

accordance with the unvarying Norman prac- following year (1200) he succeeded with his 

tice he secured his hold upon the land by brother, by a treacherous invitation, in making 

building castles as he advanced, and in these John his prisoner (Roa, Hov. iv. 176). But 

he placed his followers and his kinsmen, who, this attempt (which probably suggested the* 

as his 'barones' or feudal tenants, became legendary tale of his capture at Downpatrick 

known as ' the barons of Ulster.' In their in 1203) was foiled by the loyalty of his ad- 

midst he kept at Down his own feudal court, herents, who at once rose and rescued him. 

His marriage (about 1180) with a daughter of Meanwhile his small estate in England (the 

Godred, king of Man (Chronicle of Man), only hold which the crown had on him) was- 

brought him within the circle of the reigning forfeited (Rot, Cane. 3 John). Our next 

houses, and he is accordingly spoken of by glimpse of the struggle is in 1203, when Hugh 

Eoger of Hoveden (iv. 25) as ' prince of the de Lacy (who had charge of Heath during 

kingdom of Ulster/ and similarly by his pane- his brother's absence in England) raided into 

gyrist, Jocelin the monk, as ' Joannes de Cursi, Ulster, attacked John, beat him out of Down, , 

Ulidise Princeps ' (Proloyus Jocelini in vitam and ' banished ' him from the province (Annals- 

8. Patridi). It was while he thus reigned of Four Masters, Clonmacnois, and Loch Ce]. 

at Down that he replaced the secular canons He failed, however, in his main object, that 

of its abbey by monks from St. Werburgh's, of securing John's person. The royal offer 

Chester, and placed it under the patronage of (21 Sept.) of a safe-conduct (Pat. 5 John, m. 

St. Patrick (in the place of the Holy Trinity), 6) failed to lure him from his retreat, and on 

for whom he professed a fervent adoration. the return of the invading force he was soon 

On the failure of John's expedition to Ire- back in Down. 

land (1185) recourse was had to John de But in the spring (1204) Hugh de Lacy 
Courci, and the island placed in his charge, returned to the attack, and this time with 
He accordingly witnesses three charters as complete success. The forces of Ulster were- 
'justiciar' (Cartulary of St. Mary's Abbey, utterly defeated and John himself taken pri- 
I)ublin,L 125, ii. 4, 21). It is always stated soner (Annals of Loch C6, i. 135 Chronicle' 
that on the accession of Richard he was dis- of Man). It is to this battle that reference 
placed in favour of Hugh de Lacy ; but this is made in the grant of Ulster to Hugh de* 
is not so, for one of these documents is de- Lacy (29 May 1206), 'as John de Curcylield 
monstrably of Richard's reign. By his ex- it on the day when Hugh conquered and took 
pression elsewhere, ' dum eallirus fui dpmini him prisoner in the field ' (Cart. 7 John, m. 
meicomitis' (ib. ii. 12), he appears to imply 12). So erroneous are the histories of this- 
that in this reign he acted as deputy for warfare that Mr .-Gilbert represents this battle 
John (Count of Mortain). So obscure is as a victory for John de Courci ( Viceroys, p. 
Irish history for these years that for a while 61). Meanwhile John had secured his release- 
he is almost lost to view. We gather, how- ( Chronicle of Man), whether, as implied by 
ever, that like his fellows he took part in the i Annals of Loch 06' (but the passage is 
the terrible struggles for the succession be- obscure), by submitting to take the cross, or, 
tween the sons of Roderic O'Connor, and as distinctly asserted in the records, by swear- 
was on one occasion signally defeated by the ing to submit to the crown, and giving hos- 
allied forces of the Irish chieftains while at- tages as a pledge for his doing so (' sic se 
tempting to invade Connaught. In 1193 his ventunun [in servitium nostrum] juravit et 
wife, Affreca, founded the beautiful 'Grey una obsides suos dedit '). A list of these hos-- 
Abbey ' for Cistercian monks on Strangford tages is preserved in tlie Patent Rolls (Pat. 
Lough, and four years later (1197) his brother 1 John, m. 6 dors.}, and, though assigned in 
Jordan was slain by a native retainer, his both the official calendars to 1205, is not later- 



Courci 332 Courci 



-than 15 July 1204. This further confirms the is despatched from Carrickfergus to Galloway 

date of the decisive "battle. On 31 Aug. (1204) to bring back with him the family of William 

the justiciar (Meiller EitzHenry) and Walter de Braose (Liber Niger, p. 382). John's pen- 

de Lacy, his assessor, were ordered to insist sion of 100Z. a year enables us to trace his 

,on his promised surrender under pain of total name in the records for some time longer and 

forfeiture (Pat. 6 John, m. 9), and the next on SO Aug. 1213 the justiciar of Ireland is 

<lay ' the barons of Ulster ' were ordered to ordered to provide his wife Affreca with some 

produce their lord as they valued their sons land 'unde possit sustentari 7 (Clam. 15 John 

(his hostages) and their lands (ib) It may be pars 2, m. 7). Of himself we have a glimpse in 

gathered, however, from the ' Irish Annals ' letters of commendation for ' John de Courci 7 

{Four Masters; Clonmacnois) that John and his comrades, 20 June 1216 (Pat. 18 

sought refuge with the Cenel-Eoghain in Ty- John, m. 7), and again in a writ to the sheriff 

rone, and that the safe-conduct offered him of Yorks and Lincoln, to give him seisin of his 

{Pat. 6 John, m. 7) in the autumn (21 Oct. lands, in November 1217 (Claims. 2 Hen. Ill, 

1204) failed to procure his surrender, for the m. 15 dors,} It would seem that this is 

De Lacys were duly assigned (13 JN T ov.) their the last occasion on which he is referred to 

share of his forfeited lands, and his hostages as alive ; but there is in later years an inci- 

were still detained. dental allusion (ib. 35 Hen. Ill, m. 1) to his 

After lurking, however, for a while in Ty- having been ' ever faithful ' to Henry and to 

rone he appears to have changed his mind his father, which probably implies that in the 

.and accepted a safe-conduct (12 Feb. 1205) strugle with the barons he had embraced the 



to the king (ib. m. 4), his submission being 
rewarded by the restoration of his small Eng- 
lish estate (CZaus. 7 John, m. 26). But his 
rival, Hugh de Lacy, followed him to court 
{March 1205), and obtaining a grant of the 

"T T /* T*YTI i /"/"vTiW V i . T *. . ^ 



royalist side. We may infer that he died 
shortly before 22 Sept. 1219, for on that day 
the justiciar of Ireland was ordered to pro- 
vide his widow with her lawful dower (ib. 
3 Hen, III, pars 2, m. 2). She was buried 

f X*VT * > - - ^ . ^. ' .. .__ 



^ _ - TTI Sr\ TV !T \ ' JT 7 *** ~*J* K-MJ.W yT tWJ KJUJU-L^U* 

whole of Ulster (2 May), together with the ! ( Chronicle of Man) in her own Grey Abbey 

title of earl (29 May), returned to Ireland in (dedicated to St. Mary < de Jugo Dei '), where 

triumph (ib. mm. 22, 24). John at once flew < the remains of her effigy, carved in stone, 

to arms, and his English estate was again with hands clasped in prayer, were in the last 

(22 May) seized and delivered to Warine century to be seen in an arch of the wall on 

PitzGerald (ib. m. 26). By the help of his the gospel side of the high altar ' ( Viceroys, 

brother-in-law, Ragnvald, king of Man (whom p. 63). The conqueror of Ulster was boun- 

lie had himself assisted some years before), tiful to the church. In addition to his Bene- 

he was soon at the head of a pirate fleet, dictine priory at Ardes, and his benefactions 

xecruited from the Norsemen of the isles, to Down Abbey, he founded the priories of 

Landing at Strangford the allied chieftains Neddrum and Toberglory, both in Ulster, 

feebly besieged the castle of i Rath,' ravaging the former as a cell to St. Bees, the latter to 

and plundering the country round tiU Walter St. Mary of Carlisle, also Innis Abbey on the 

-de Lacy, arriving with his forces, scattered isle of Innis Courey (Mon. Angl) 

their host in utter rout, and John, after in- John de Courci is usually stated to have 

trigumg with the native tribes, fled finally died in 1210; this, which is taken from his 
from the scene of his triumphs (Annals of legendary history, is but one of the strange 

Loch C$ ; Chronicle of Man). There would misstatements which disfigure his received 

.seem, to be in the English records a solitary history. Another of these is the assertion 

and incidental allusion to this attempt (Fin. that he was created earl of Ulster. This is 

'9 John, m. 12). repeated, it would seem, by all, even by the 

It is not till the close of 1207 that John best, authorities, including Air. Bagwell (En- 

reappears to view. He was then apparently eye. Brit), Mr. Gilbert ( Viceroys of Ireland). 

with Ms native allies, for he received (14 Nov. Mr. Walpole (History of Irelanf), Mr. 

1207) a license (Pat. 9 John, m. 4) to come O'Connor (History of the Irish People), the 

to England and stay with his friends (' mo- ' Liber Munerum,' &c. &c., Mr. Lynch adding 

retur cxim amicis 7 ), the king engaging not to (Feudal Dignities of Ireland) that the grant 

expel him without forty days' notice. After made on that occasion does not seem to have 

this glimpse of him he again disappears till been enrolled ' (p. 145). It is, however, cer- 

1210, when he is found not only in favour tain that this title was the invention of a late 

with John, but even a pensioned eoiirtier. chronicler, and that it first appears in the 

The t Prestita and Liberate Rolls ' now fre- i Book of Ho wth/ where we read of f Sir John 

^uently record his name, and he even accom- Courcey, earl and president \_sic} of Ulster/ 

panies John to Ireland (June 1210), where So also with John's issue. We have the 

Jie is employed by him on several matters, and positive statement of Giraldus himself that 



Courten 333 Courten 

he had no legitimate issue. Yet Munch holds Abchurch Lane, London, but afterwards re~ 

that the ' Affreca ' who laid claim to Man in moved to Pudding Lane, where they traded 

1293 was l no doubt ' his granddaughter ( Chro- in silk and linen. The son-in-law, Boudean, 

nicle of Man, p. 136), and peerage-writers, soon died, leaving a son Peter, and the daugh- 

following Lodge, have assigned him a son ter married a second husband, John Money, an 

Miles, from whom, by a grossly fictitious pedi- English merchant . The father and mother ap- 

gree, they have derived the Lords Kinsale. parently lived till the close of Elizabeth's reign.. 

The well-known tale of his great exploit, At an early age Courten was sent to Haer- 

as given in Fuller's ' "Worthies/ and repro- lem, as factor to his father's firm, and the 

duced in Burke's ' Peerage/ is that by which younger brother, Peter, went to Cologne. At 

he is best known; but it first appears in the Haerlem, "William married the deaf and dumb 

'Book of Howth 7 and in the Laud MS. daughter of Peter Cromling, a Dutch merchant 

(15th cent.) of the < Annals of Ireland' there, who brought him 60,000 About 1600 

(Cartulary of St. Manjs< ii. cxx), and iscer- William returned to London, and Peter re- 

tainly a sheer fiction. It is pretended that mained as his agent in Holland, but paid his. 

the privilege of remaining covered before the brother frequent visits. In 1606 the two 

sovereign was conferred upon John and his brothers entered into partnership with their 

heirs in memory of this exploit ; but this is brother-in-law Moncy^ to continue and extend 

an even later addition to the legend, and one the elder Courten's silk and linen business. 

of the earliest allusions to 'the offensive William contributed half the capital. In 1619' 

hat ' is found in a letter of George Montagu, proceedings were taken in the Star-chamber 1 

who so describes it to Horace Walpole in against Courten, Burlamacchi, and other fo- 

1762 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. App. ii. reign merchants settled in England, for ex- 

115 a). porting gold, and a fine of 20,000. was levied 

[For fuller details see the papers by the writer on Courten. The firm (Courten & Money) 

on < John de Courci ' (Antiquarian Magazine and prospered, and it was estimated in 1631 that 

Bibliographer, vols. iii-iv,), and on the Book of the capital amounted to 150,000 The pro- 

Howth (Antiquary, vols. vii-viii.) The original nnnence of the brothers m the city secured 

authorities for the subject are the Patent Rolls, each of them the honour of knighthood. Wil- 

Close Rolls, Charter Rolls, Oblate and Fine Rolls, Ham was knighted 31 May 1622, and Peter 

Prestita and Liberate Rolls, and Chancellor's 22 Feb. 1622-3. William's operations were 

Rolls (Record Commission Calendars) ; the Ex- not confined to his London business : he built 

pugnatio Hiberniae of G-iraldus Cambrensis (being ships and traded to Guinea, Portugal, Spain, 

vol. v. of the Rolls edition) ; the Annals of Loch and the West Indies. His fleet at one 

Ce (Rolls edition) ; Benedicts Abbas (#.) ; time num bered twenty vessels, with nearly 

Roger de . Hovedene (tfi); Gilbert s i Historical five thousand sailors on board. About 162i 

Documents of Ireland (&.) ; Cartulary of St. f r . -, - j: qflnVM . p j nri uni^^-Prl 

Mary's, Dublin (id.) ; the Book of Howth, ?? ? IS ? s ^covered. an uninhabited 

being vdL v. of the Carew Papers (fl.) ; Munch's S 1 *?*'* wh i-f Courtfi gave the name of 

Chronica regum Manni* (Christiania) ; Annals farbadoes. Jt seems at his agents m Zea- 

of the Four Masters (ed. O'Donovan) ; Regan's ^. d , nad suggested to him the expedition. 

Anglo-Norman Poem on the Conquest of Ire- Wltn a view to profiting to the fullest extent 

land (ed. Michel) ; Dugclale's Monasticon An- by his discovery, he petitioned in 1625 for the' 

glicanum ; and Hearne's Liber Niger. The other grant of all unknown land in the south part 

authorities referred to are the Reports of the of the world, which he called ' Terra A.US- 

Historical MSS. Commission ; the Ulster Journal trails Incognita.' In the same year he sent 

of Archaeology ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; out a few colonists to the islands, and on 

and Lynch's View of the Feudal Dignities of 25 Feb. 1627-8 received letters-patent for- 

Ireland.] J. H. R. mally legalising- the colonisation (Sloane MS.. 

2441 ; LIGON, Hist, of Barbadoes). The grant 

COURTEN' or CURTEENE, SIB WIL- was addressed to ' the Earl of Pembroke in- 

LIAM(1572-1636) ? merchant, was the son of trust for Sir William Courten/ Courten, in 

William Courten, by his wife Margaret Ca- accordance with the deed, began colonisation: 

siere, and was born in London in 1572. A on a large scale. He sent two ships with 

younger brother, born in 1581, was named 1850 persons on board to Barbadoes, under 

Peter. Their father was son of a tailor of Me- Captain Po wel, who, on his arrival, was nomi- 

nin and a protestant. After enduring much nated governor by Courten and the Earl of 

persecution at the hands of the Spaniards, Pembroke ; but the speculation proved dis- 

he escaped to England in 1568; his wife, a astrous. Three years later James Hay, earl of 

daughter Margaret, and her husband Michael Carlisle, disputed this grant, claiming, under 

Boudean accompanied him. The refugees at deeds dated 2 July 1627 and 7 April 1628, to 

first set up a manufactory of French hoods In be owner of all the Caribbee islands lying- 



Courten 334 Courten 

Between ten and twenty degrees of latitude, claims with Sir Paul Pindar on the crown, 

In 1629 Carlisle sent two ships, with Colonel and his claims on his nephew and on Lord 

Roydon and Captain Hawley as his eomrnis- Carlisle, were unsettled at the time of his 

sioners, to take possession of the island. On death. 

their arrival they imprisoned Captain Powel, Courten had a son, PETEB, "by his first wife, 
and established Lord Carlisle's authority. The who was made a baronet by James I in 1622 ; 
islands remained in Carlisle's hands till 1646, married Jane, daughter of Sir John Stanhope, 
when the lease of them was transferred to and died without issue early in 1625 (Cal. 
LordWilloughbyofParham. Courten claimed State Papers, 1623-5, p. 508). He is usually 
to have lost 44,OOOZ. by these transactions, described as of Aldington, Northamptonshire, 
und left his descendants to claim cornpensa- Courten's second wife was a daughter of Moses 
tion. In many of his speculations Sir Paul Tryon, and by her he had a son, William, and 
Pindar was associated with Courten, and they three daughters, Hester (wife of Sir Edward 
lent money freely to James I and Charles I. Littleton) ; Mary (wife of the Earl of Kent) ; 
Their joint loans ultimately amounted to Anna (wife (1) of Essex Devereux, esq., and 
200,000. Failure to obtain any considera- (2) of Richard Knightly). WILLIA.M, the 
tion for these heavy loans was the subject of younger, found his father's estate seriously 
much subsequent litigation. embarrassed by the proceedings of his cousin 
Losses of ships and merchandise sustained Peter Boudean, who declined to surrender 
at the hands of the Dutch in the East Indies, any of the Dutch property. Complicated liti- 
^bfter the massacre at Amboyna (1624), com- gation continued. Courten married Catharine 
bined with the injustice he suffered in the Egerton, daughter of John, first earl of Bridge- 
Barbadoes to injure Courten's credit at the water ; and, resolving to carry on his father's 
opening of Charles I's reign. In 1631 the business, chartered with his father-in-law's 
-death of his brother Peter, his agent at Mid- aid, two vessels (Bona Esperanza and Henry 
delburg, increased his difficulties. Sir Peter Bonaventura) for trade in the East Indies, 
-died unmarried, and left his nephew Peter In this enterprise nearly all his money was 
Boudean, who was then settled in Holland, invested, and the ships with their cargoes 
a legacy of 10,OOOZ. Boudean had quarrelled were seized by the Dutch in 1641. The Earl 
with his uncle "William, and used every un- of Bridgewater declined to assist Courten fur- 
scrupulous means to injure him. To satisfy ther j the disturbed state of the government 
Ms claim on the estate of Sir Peter, Boudean rendered any help from that quarter out of the 
now seized the whole property of the firm of question ; and in 1643 bankruptcy followed. 
Courten & Money in Holland. The death of Courten's landed estates were alienated to his 
Money in 1632 further complicated matters, brother-in-law, tfre Earl of Kent, and he him- 
Oourten was one of Money's executors, and self retired to Italy. His wife endeavoured in 
Peter Boudean, his stepson, was the other, vain to come to terms with Peter Boudean, 
But the latter declined to administer the es- and finally joined her husband, who died in- 
tate. Courten at once took action at law to testate at Florence in 1655. Two children, 
recover his share of the estates of his brother William [q. v.] and Katharine, survived him, 
and his partner ; the proceedings dragged on The former endeavoured to recover some of 
long after his death. In spite, however, of his father's property, and in 1660 Charles II 
these troubles, Courten was still enormously granted to George Carew, who had been as- 
wealthy. In 1628 he paid Charles I 5,000 sociated in business with Sir William Cour- 
and received lands in Whittlewood Forest, ten, power to administer the estates of Sir 
Northamptonshire. In 1633 he owned land William and his son. Proceedings were also 
in England, chiefly in Northamptonshire, begun in Holland against the Dutch East In- 
which produced 6,500Z. a year, besides possess- dia Company for compensation for the ships 
ing a capital of 128,0002. His love of mari- lost in 1641 ; the English courts of law and 
time enterprise was still vigorous. In the parliament were constantly petitioned for re- 
last years of his life he again opened up trade dress until the end of the century, but the 
with the East Indies, and sent two ships greater part of the enormous wealth of Sir 
(the Dragon and Katherine) to trade with William Courten never reached his descend- 
CMna. The ships never arrived at their desti- ants. In August 1660 the privy council 
nation, and the consequent loss was Courten's heard evidence in support of the claims of 
deathblow. He died at the end of May or Courten's grandson to the ownership of the 
beginning of June 1636, and was buried in Barbadoes, but did not deem the proof suffi- 
the church of St. Andrew Hubbard. Two cient. In 1677 petitions to the council and 
elegies on his death appear in ' MS. Lansd,/ parliament rehearsed the loans of Courten 
xcviii. 23. He left many legacies to chari- and Sir Paul Pindar to Charles I, but repay- 
table institutions in his will; but his joint ment was never ordered. George Carew is- 



Coiirten 335 Courtenay 

.-sued many tracts on the subject, but public COTTRTENAY. [See also COURTNEY 1 
interest was not excited. ' J 



[A very full account of Courten is given in the ElSTAYjEDWARDjEARL OFDu- 

Biog. Brit. (Kippis), chiefly drawn from Sloaue VONSHIKE (1526 P-1556), born about 1526. 

MSS. in the British Museum. The Calendars of was only son of Henry Courtenay [q. v.~| 

;State Papers (Domestic and Colonial) for the marquis of Exeter and earl of Devonshire 

reigns of James I and Charles I supply a few addi- by his second wife, Gertrude. With his father 

tional details. Besides numerous petitions for re- and mother he was imprisoned in the Tower 

dress to the English privy council and to the East in November 1538, at the ao- e of twelve 

*? a a Sr^ any n f ^ ?" etherUri( * s > and accounts W as attainted in 1539 ; was specially excepted 

' f fr ^ ll . la ^?T te ?r> COI ^ merc ! a . 1 ^rtunes, from Edward VI's amnesty in 1547, and was 

published in Charles II s reign, chiefly from the not ^ d ^ 3 A ^ > 



pen of George Carew there appeared m 1681 a ^ of , fif | yeas The ereater 

pamphlet entitled 'Hmc illse JLacrymse ; or an ^ n , <> -, . - / ^ XIJCC - U yvai*,. j.ue greater 

Epitome of the Life and Death of Sir William art of J" 8 ^pnsonment was spent in soli- 

Courten and Sir P. Pindar/ by Carew ; and in ^confinement, his lather having been exe- 

1683 ' Vox Veritatis, or a brief Extract of the cuted soon ater his arrest, and his mother 

ase of Sir William Courten,' by Thomas Brown, released. Queen Mary showed him much 

of Westminster. Other accounts of the litigation favour on her accession. He was created 

fcretobefoundin Addit. MS. 28957, f. 116; and Earl of Devonshire on 3 Sept. 1553, and 

Egerton MS. 2395, f. 602.] S. L. L. knight of the Bath on 29 Sept. At the 

coronation he carried the sword of state 

COURTEST WILLIAM (1642-1702), 1 Oct. 1553, and he was formally resLed in 

naturalist, grandson of Sir William Courten blood on 10 Oct. He received the Spanish 

[q. v.J, and son of William Courten, who ambassadors on their arrival in London on 

died insolvent at Florence in 1655, was born 2 Jan. 1553-4, and acted as special commis- 

m London on 28 March 1642 His mother sioner for the trial of Sir Robert Dudley on 

was Catharine Egerton, daughter of John, 19 Jan. 1553-4. But Courtenay was en- 

nrst earl ot Bndgewater. Courten seems couraged to seek higher dignities. Although 

to have had a good education. He travelled Queen Mary affected to treat him as a child, 

to Montpelier and there fell in with Tourne- ordering him to accept no invitations to dinner 

iort and Sloane It was here that he began without her permission, she regarded him 

his botanic studies. In 1663 he left to at- with real affection, and Bishop Gardiner led 

tend to his private affairs at home pro- him to hope for her hand in marriage. Elated 

bably on his attaining his majority . He lived with this prospect lie maintained a princely 

in England till 1670 with his aunt, Lady household, and induced many courtiers to 

Knightly at Fawsley Lodge, Northampton- kneel in his presence. The projected match 

shire. After this he went abroad again for wa s popular with the people, but the offer of 

fourteen years. Much doubt hangs over his Philip II proved superior in Mary's eyes. 

movements, but he is supposed to have spent Princess Elizabeth was, on the other hand, 

.-some of the time at Montpelier He was a not blind to Courtenay's attractions, and he 

close friend of William Sherard, afterwards -was urged to propose marriage to Elizabeth as 

consul at bmyrna and benefactor to the chair soonasMary showed herself indifferent to him. 

of botany at Oxford other friends being Dr. The national hatred of the Spaniard, it was 

Tancred Robinson, Martin Lister, Plukenet, openly suggested, would soon serve to place 

Ilwyd the antiquary, and Sloane. During Elizabeth and Courtenay on the throne inMary 

many years he lived under the assumed name and Philip's place. At the end of 1553 a plot 

o Gharleton, and in 1684 he opened a suite w ith this object was fully matured, and De- 

otroomsintheTemplecontainmghismuseum, vonshire an! Cornwall were fully prepared 

estimated then to be worth 50,000^. Sloane to give Courtenay active support Wyatt 

succeeded to this splendid collection, which joined in the conspiracy, and undertook to 

forms no small part of the original founda- 'raise Kent. In March 1553-4 Wyatt's re- 

tion of the British Museum treasures. His bellion was suppressed and its ramifications 

dried plants are now at the Natural History known. Courtenay was sent back to the 

Museum m Cromwell Road Courten died Tower and in May removed to Fotheringay. 

at Kensington >0 n 29 March 1702, and was At Easter 1555 he was released on parole 

buried there, with an epitaph written by Sir an d exiled. He travelled to Brussels, whence 

ians blpane. His name is perpetuated in h begged permission to return home in No- 

Courtema a genus founded by Robert Brown ve mber 1555 to pay his respects to his mother 

upon a plant from Java, and tho queen? but tMs re ^ U6St wag refused> 

[^ippis's Biog. Brit. iv. 334-52 ; Manuscripts He then proceeded to Padua, where he died 

in Brit. Mus. (Sloane).] B. D. J, suddenly and was buried in September 1556. 



Courtenay 336 Courtenay 

Peter Vannes, the English resident at Venice, created Earl of Devonshire by Henry VII j 
sent Queen Mary an interesting account of was granted at the same time very large es- 
his death. At the time some discontented tates in Devonshire ; was made knight of the- 
Englishmen in France were urging him to Garter in 1490 ; resisted Perkin "Warbeck's- 
return and renew the struggle with Mary attack on Exeter in 1497 ; and dying 1 March 
and Philip in England. His handsome face 1509, was buried at Tiverton. The earl was 
and figure were highly commended. Noailles, grandnephew of another Edward Courtenay,, 
the French ambassador, styled him l le plus earl of Devonshire (1387-1419), earl marshal 
beau et plus agr6able gentilhomme d T Angle- in 1385, but this earldom had been forfeited 
terre,' and Michel de Castelnau stated that by Edward IV, in the person of Thomas 
' il estoit Tun des plus beaux entre les jeunes Courtenay (great-grandson of the elder Ed- 
seigneurs de son age ' (MSmoires, p. 74). But ward Courtenay), who fought with the Lan- 
his prison education had not endowed him castrians at Towton, and was slain at Tewkes- 
with any marks of good breeding, and there bury (1461). 

can be no doubt that his release from his Henry Courtenay's father, SIB WILLIAM 

long confinement was followed by very dis- CcnraTENAY, was in high favour at the court 

solute conduct. of Henry VII in the lifetime of his wife's sister, 

Courtenay employed some of his leisure in Queen Elizabeth, and is praised for his bravery 
the Tower by translating into English from and manly bearing by Polydore Vergil. In 
Italian a work entitled * Trattato utilissimo 1487 he became knight of the Bath. There 
del Beneficio di Giesu Christo, crocifisso, is a letter from him describing his father's, 
verso i Christian!/ written about 1543 by and his own repulse of "Warbeck at Exeter 
Antonio della Paglia, commonly called Aonio in Ellis's ' Original Letters,' 1st ser . i. 36. But 
Paleario. It was deemed to be an apology on the queen's death in 1503, the king, fear- 
for^ the jreformed doctrines, and was pro- ing that Courtenay's near relationship to the- 
scribed in Italy. Courtenay translated it throne might tempt him to conspiracy, com- 
under the title of ' The Benefit of Christ's mitted him to the Tower on an obscure charge- 
Death 'in 1548, apparently with a view to of corresponding with Edmund de la Pole, earl 
conciliating Edward VI, and dedicated it to of Suffolk, the surviving chief of the Yorkist 
Anne Seymour, duchess of Somerset. The faction. Attainder folio wed. On Henry VIIPs 
manuscript is now in the Cambridge Univer- accession in 1509 he was released from prison, 
sity Library, to _ which it was presented in and carried the sword at his coronation. On 
1840, and contains two autographs of Ed 7 10 May 1511 he was allowed to succeed to 
ward VI. It was printed for the first time his father's earldom ; but the formalities for 
in 1856 by Mr. Churchill Babington in a restoring him in blood were not completed 
volume which also contained reprints of before his death on 9 Jan. 1511. He was 
the original Italian edition (1543) and of a buried in Blackfriars Church. His wife, the 
French translation issued in 1551. Princess Catharine, died 15 Nov. 1527, and 

With Edward Courtenay the earldom of was buried at Tiverton. 

Devon or Devonshire in the family of Cour- The boy Henry was treated kindly by his 

tenay became dormant, but a collateral branch first cousin, Henry VIII ; was allowed to suc- 

claimed the title in 1831, and the claim was ceed to his father's earldom in 1511, and the 

allowed by the House of Lords, The title attainder was formally removed in the follow- 

of Earl of Devon is now borne by William ing year. He took part in the naval campaign 

Reginald Courtenay of Powderham Castle, with France in 1513, when about seventeen 

Exeter. years old, as second captain of a man-of-war,. 

[Dugdale's Baronage; Burke's Extinct and and in 1520 was made both a privy councillor 

Dormant Peerage ; Doyle's Official Baronage ; (May) and gentleman of the privy chamber 

"Wriothesley's Chronicle (Camden Soc.) ; Chro- ( Jul 7)- On 15 A-P* 11 1521 te was created 

nicle of Queen Mary and Queen Jane (Camden K.G. in the place of the Duke of Bucking- 

Soc.) ; Machyn's Diary (Camden Soc.) ; Gal. State ham, who was tried and convicted of treason 

Papers (Dona.), 1547-80 ; "Wood's Letters of IHus- in May of the same year, and the lordship of 

trious Ladies, vol. iii.; Fronde's Hist. ; Lingard's Caliland, Cornwall, together with a mansion 

Hist.] S. L. L. in St. Lawrence Pountney, formerly Buck- 
ingham's property, was conferred on him at the 

COURTENAY, HENRY, MAHQJTIS OF same time. Courtenay attended Henry VHI 

EXETEB and EAKL OP DEVONSHIRE (1496 ?- at Calais, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 

1538), born, about 1496, was son of SirWil- in 1521, and took part in the tournaments. 

liam Courtenay, byPrincess Catharine, young- The keepership of Biding manor, the steward- 

est daughter of Edward IV. His grandfather, ries of Winkeley, Gloucestershire, and of the 

EDWAED COTFBTENAY, was on 26 Oct. 1485 duchies of Exeter, Somerset, and Cornwall 



Courtenay 337 Courtenay 

were granted him in 1522 and 1523. In tional ground for the suspicions with which 
April 1525 he "became constable of Windsor her husband was regarded as soon as Cromwell 
Castle, and on 18 June following Marquis of had become his avowed enemy. Gradually 
Exeter. In August of the same year Cour- information was collected in Devonshire and 
tenay went to France as the king's envoy Cornwall to justify a prosecution for treason, 
to negotiate an alliance, and to secure the At St. Keverne, Cornwall, a painted banner 
release of Francis I, taken prisoner by Spain had been made which was to be carried round 
at the battle of Pavia. On his return in the villages, rousing the men to rebel against 
September the king appointed him the priyy the crown in order to declare Courtenay heir- 
councillor to be in immediate attendance apparent to the throne, at any rate in the 
on him, and on 17 May 1528 he was nomi- west of England. Reginald Pole, the car- 
nated lieutenant of the order of the Garter, dinal, was found to be in repeated communi- 
Throughout the proceedings for the divorce cation with Courtenay. Pole's brother, Sir 
of Queen Catherine of Aragon Courtenay Geoffrey, turned traitor, and came to London 
actively aided the king ; he subscribed the to announce that a conspiracy was hatching 
articles against Wolsey (1529), signed the on the lines of the Pilgrimage of Grace. Early 
letter to Clement VII demanding the divorce in November 1538 Courtenay, his wife, and 
in 1531, and acted as commissioner for the de- son were committed to the Tower. On 3 Dec. 
position of Catherine in 1533. When the sup- Courtenay was tried by his peers in West- 
pression of the monasteries was imminent in minster Hall. Evidence as to the marquis's 
1535, Exeter was made steward of very many treasonable conversation with Sir Geoffrey 
abbeys and priories in the western counties, Pole was alone adduced ; but he was con- 
where he was also acting as commissioner of demned and beheaded on Tower Hill 9 Dec. 
array (6 Oct. 1534). At the king's request 1538. A week later he was proclaimed a con- 
he also acted as commissioner at the trial of victed traitor, and guilty of compassing the 
Anne Boleyn two years later, and was sent king's death. His wife and son were kept 
to Yorkshire with the Duke of Norfolk in in prison, and were attainted in July 1539. 
October 1536, in order to aid in the suppres- The marchioness for a time had for her com- 
sion of the Pilgrimage of Grace. But he panion Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury 
hurriedly retired from the north to Devon- (mother of Cardinal Pole), who was beheaded 
shire. A rebellion under Lord Darcy broke 27 May 1541, and the distressed condition of 
out in Somersetshire in 1537, and Exeter -was these two ladies was made the subject of 
ordered to act as lord steward at Darcy's a petition from their gaoler to the king in 
trial. 1540. Subsequently the king pardoned the 
Courtenay's power in the west of England marchioness, and she was released. The 
had now become supreme, and he assumed Princess Mary was always her friend: in 
a very independent attitude to Henry's mini- 1543 Mary sent her a puncheon of wine, and 
ster, Cromwell, whom he cordially disliked, other presents were interchanged between 
As the grandson of Edward IV, he had a them for many years afterwards. On Mary's 
certain claim to the throne, and his wealth accession to the throne she became a lady- 
and intimacy with the Yorkist Poles and the in-waiting ; her attainder was removed, and 
Nevilles readily enabled Cromwell to point she took part in the coronation and all court 
him out to the king as a danger to the succes- ceremonies. She died on 25 Sept. 1558, and 
sion. Of the character of his first wife, Eliza- was buried at Wimborne. Her extant letters 
beth, daughter of John Grey, viscount Lisle, to her son Edward [q. v.] show her in a very 
by whom he had no issue, nothing is known, attractive light. 

But his second wife, GEETETOB, daughter of [Dugdale's Baronage; Burke'sExtinet andDor- 

William Blount, fourth lord Mount] oy [q. v.], ma nt Peerage ; Wriothesley's Chronicle (Oamd. 

by whom he had a son Edward [q. v.J, was Soc.); Herbert's Life of Henry VIII; G-airdner 

a devout catholic ; had supported the agita- and Brewer's Letters and Papers of Henry VIII ; 

tion of Elizabeth Barton [q. v.], and had Polydore Vergil's Hist. (Camd. Soc.) ; Doyle's 

visited her shrine at Canterbury. In 1533, Official Baronage ; Fronde's Hist. ; Madden's 

when Barton was executed, the marchioness Privy Purse Expenses of Princess Hary; Wood's 

had begged the king to pardon the inti- letters of Illustrious Ladies.] S. L. L. 
macy (WOOD, Letters, ii. 9^-101). She was 

godmother to the Princess Elizabeth in the COURTENAY, HENRY REGINALD 

same year, and carried Prince Edward at his (1741-1803), bishop of Exeter, was the eldest 

christening in 1537 ; but her decided views surviving son of Henry Reginald Courtenay, 

in favour of the Roman catholic religion and M.P., who married Catherine, daughter of 

her affection for Queen Catherine, with whom Allen, first earl Bathurst. He was born in 

she corresponded after the divorce, gave addi- the parish of St. James, Piccadilly, 27 Dec. 

VOL. XII. Z 



Courtenay 338 Courtenay 

1741, and admitted at Westminster School Townshend to the ordnance office in 1772. 
in 1755, proceeding thence in 1759 to Christ As Townshend's nominee he was returned to 
Church, Oxford, where he took the degrees of parliament in 1780 as member for Tamworth. 
B.A. 1763, M.A. 1766, and D.C.L. 1774 In 1783 Townshend appointed him surveyor- 
Having taken orders in the English church, general of the ordnance. This vacated his 
some valuable preferments speedily fell to seat, but he was re-elected (23 April). In 
his lot. The rectory of Lee in Kent and the parliament he spoke much and with con- 
second prebendal stall in Eochester Cathedral siderable effect. In a speech of elaborate 
were conferred upon him in 1773. In the irony he supported, while feigning to oppose, 
following year he was appointed to the valu- Fox's bill for the repeal of Lord Hardwicke's 
able rectory of St. George, Hanover Square, Marriage Act La 1781 ; he advocated the re- 
when he vacated his stall at Rochester ; but nunciation of the right of legislation on Irish 
he was one of the prebendaries of Exeter matters in 1782; and spoke in favour of Fox's 
from 1772 to 1794, and he retained the fourth India Bill in 1783. He retained his seat for 
prebend at Rochester from 1783 to 1797. Tamworth at the election of May 1784. In 
Early in 1794 he was nominated to the poor a debate on navy bills in this year (6 Aug.) he 
bishopric of Bristol (his consecration taking somewhat startled the house by apostrophis- 
place on 11 May), and after three years' oc- ing Rose, the secretary to the treasury, who 
eupancy of that preferment was translated to was conspicuous by his silence when he ought 
the more lucrative see of Exeter (March to have been defending the government, in 
1797), holding the archdeaconry of Exeter in the lines : 

commendam from that year uatil his death, ^ j ^ E Delicatum 

and retaiBing as long as he kved Lie inch Lon- Effer e terrig ^ ^ 

don rectory. He died in Lower Grrosvenor Filia, cceli 

Street, London, 9 June 1803, and was buried 

in the cemetery of Grosvenor Chapel. His Rose being ignorant of the Latin tongue 

wife, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Thomas did not reply. In 1785 a proposal to levy a 

Howard, second earl of Effingham, whom he tax on domestic servants furnished him with 

married in January 1774, lived till 31 Oct. the occasion for a very humorous speech. He 

1815. They had two sons and four daughters, opposed Pitt's Irish commercial policy, aver- 

The elder son, William, sometime clerk-as- ring that if carried out it would be equivalent 

sistant of the parliament, became in 1835 the to a re-enactment of Poynings's act. He sup- 



eleventh earl of Devon; the younger son, 
Thomas Peregrine, is separately noticed, A 
letter from the bishop to the Rev. Richard 
Polwhele is printed in the latter's ' Traditions 
and Recollections,' ii. 536-7. Courtenay was 



ported the proceedings against Hastings in 
a speech which, according to Wraxall, stood 
* alone in the annals of the House of Com- 
mons, exhibiting a violation of every form or 
principle which have always been held sacred 

* i T * i i i 11 mn * -i t /v* ~i . 



stiff and reserved in social intercourse, but his j within those halls. The insult offered to 

letters were frank and unreserved. Several Lord Hood at its commencement (referring 

of his sermons for charities and on state oc- to his services as a spectator of Lord Rodney's 

casions were printed between 179 5 and 1802. glorious victory of 12 April 1782) became 

His charge to the clergy of Bristol diocese at eclipsed in the studied indecorum of the al- 

his primary visitation was printed in 1796, lusions that followed, reflecting on the per- 

and that delivered to the clergy of the diocese sonal infirmities or the licentious productions 

of Exeter on the corresponding occasion was of the member for Middlesex (Wilkes). His 

published in 1799. invectives against Hastings, however violent, 

[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, ix. 158, 184; might seem to derive some justification from 
Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 221, 383, 397, 430, the example held put by Burke, Sheridan, and 
432, ii. 584, 586 ; Oliver's Bishops of Exeter, I'Vancis, but the insinuation levelled at the 
165, 274 ; G-ent. Mag. 1803, pt. i. 602 ; Burke's kmg (of having taken bribes from Hastings) 
Peerage; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), with which Courtenay concluded, and the 
362, 366, 372, 410.] W. P. C. mention of the bulse, unquestionably de- 
manded the interference of the chair J (Post. 

CpTTRTENAT, JOHN (1741-1816), po- Mem. ii. 312). For the insult to Hood Cour- 

litieian, son of William Courtenay, by Lady tenay afterwards apologised. Courtenay gave 

Jane Stuart, second daughter of the Earl of a steady support to Wilberforce in his efforts 

Bute, was born in Ireland in 1741. He en- to arouse the public conscience to a sense of 

tered political life under the auspices of Vis- the iniquity of the slave trade, opposed the 

count Townshend, who, while lord-lieutenant suspension of the habeas corpus in 1794, and 

of Ireland, 1767-1772, made him his private gave an ironical support to the ' bill for the 

secretary. In this capacity he accompanied better observation of Sunday ' (1795). He 



Courtenay 339 Courtenay 



lost his seat for Tamworth at the election 
of 1796, but was returned for Appleby. He 
voted with the minority in favour of the re- 
form of the House of Commons in 1797, and 



Courtenay, bishop of Norwich [q. v.], and, 
though representing a younger branch of his 
illustrious family, a man of considerable 
wealth (see the list of his manors in Cal. 



opposed the renewal of the Habeas Corpus Inquis. post mortem, 3 Edw. IV, iv. 322), 
Suspension Act in 1798. In 1802 he ironi- Peter prosecuted his studies at Oxford and 
cally opposed the bill for putting down bull- in Italy, where it is said he became a doctor 
baiting. In 1806 he was appointed commis- of both laws at Padua. At Oxford he be- 
sioner of the treasury. Unseated in 1807, he came a member of the local foundation of 
was returned again for Appleby in 1812, but Exeter College (WooD, Colleges and Halls, 
accepted the Chiltern Hundreds the same year. p ; 109). In 1457, being then a student of 
He died on 24 March 1816. In his speeches civil law, he obtained a dispensation from 
Courtenay, who appears to have been well the university, relieving him from some of 
read in both classical and modern literature, the statutable residence and exercises re- 
was fond of quoting Locke, Montesquieu, quired before admission to read ' in the in- 
Rousseau, and other philosophers, as well as stitutes ' (ANSTEY, Munimenta Academiea, 
the poets. He expressed ardent sympathy Bolls Ser., pp. 744-5). He had already resided 
with the French revolutionists. Of his ya- three years in the faculty of arts, and the same 
rious literary productions, none of which time in that of civil law. On his admis- 
are of great merit, the following are the prin- sion as bachelor of laws he * kept great enter- 
cipal: 1. ' Select Essays from the Batche- tainment for the academicians and burghers ' 
lor, or Speculations of Jeffry Wagstaffe, esq., (WooD, Hist, and Antiq. of Oxford, i. 66, 
Dublin/ 1772, 12mo. 2. < The Rape of Po- ed. Gutch; cf. Mun. Ac. p. 745). He after- 
mona ; an elegiac epistle,' 1773, 4to. 3. 'Poeti- wards became a doctor. His rank secured 
cal Eeview of the Literary and Moral Cha- him rapid preferment, In 1453 he was made 
racter of Dr. Samuel Johnson,' 1786, 4to. r ect or of Moret on Hamp stead and archdeacon 
4. l Philosophical [Reflections on the late of Exeter (LE NEVE, i. 395). In 1463 he 
Kevolution in France,' 1790, 8vo (an ironical became prebendary of Lincoln (ib. ii. 124, 
letter addressed to Dr. Priestley, which went 221). In 1464 he was also appointed arch- 
through three editions). 5. ' Poetical and deacon of Wiltshire (ib. ii. 630). He held 
Philosophical Essay on the French Revolu- the post of master of St. Anthony's Hospital, 
tion addressed to Mr. Burke/ 1793, 8vo. London (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus (1743), 
6. i The Present State of the Manners, Arts, p. 414). In 1477 he was made dean of 
and Politics of France and Italy, in a series Windsor (LE NEVE, I. 386). On 5 Sept. 
of Poetical Epistles from Paris, Borne, and 1478 he was appointed by papal provision 
Naples, in 1792 and 1793/ London, 1794> bishop of Exeter j on 3 Nov. his, h temporalities 
second edition revised and augmented same were restored (Fosdera, xii. 945), and on 
year. 7. An elegy on the death of his son 8 Nov. he was consecrated, by license from 
prefixed to an edition of his poems, 1795, 8vo. the archbishop, by Bishop Kemp of London, 
8. ' Characteristic Sketches of some of the at St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster (LE 
most distinguished Speakers in the House of NEVE, i. 376). As bisliop he showed a good 
Commons since 1780/ 1808, 8vo. 9. ' Verses deal of activity in building. He completed 
addressed to H.R.H. the Prince Regent/ 1811, the north tower of his cathedral at his own 
8vo. 10. t Elegiac Verses to the memory of cost, and put in it a great bell, still called 
Lady E. Loftus/ 1811, 8vo. Peter's bell, and a curious clock showing the 
[Collins's Peerage (Brydges), ii. 575, vi. 267 ; state of the moon and the day of the month. 
Parl. Hist. xxi. 783, xxii. 387, xxiii. 32,xxiv p . 59, He also built the tower of floniton church, 
789, 1293, sxv. 571, xxvi. 1113, xxviii. 91, besides largely assisting in the erection of 
xxix. 1162, xxxi. 567, 1430, xxxii. 679, 1004, the church itself. Courtenay also took con- 
1162, xxxiii. 734, xxxiv. Ill, xxxvi. 841; Parl. siderable part in politics. Of a Yorkist family 
Debates, ix.xxiv.; Commons' Journals, Ixviii. 81; and in the service of Edward IV, he even 
Gill (1816), pp. 375, 467; Wraxall's Post. Mem. acquiesced in the revolution which made 

1 -. 1 ;L 1 2 > 3 , 1 V 2 ? ; /? i ?l s ' s ^'!?L I i it - Diehard III king, and was present at the 
vi. 719 ; Parr a Works (Johnstone), vm 520.] houge of the ]) U( | ess of York when Richard 

" " gave the great seal to John, bishop of Lincoln 

COURTENAY, PETER (d. 1492), bishop (Fcedera, xii. 189). He joined, however, the 
successively of Exeter and Winchester, was party of Buckingham, and in conjunction 
the third son of Sir Philip Courtenay of with his kinsmen, Edward Courtenay of Bo- 
Powderham, and his wife Elizabeth, daugh- connock and Walter Courtenay of Exeter, 
ter of Walter, lord Hungerford. Sir Philip and many others of the western gentry, en- 
{d. 1463) was the heir 01 his uncle, Richard deavoured in vain to excite a rising in Devon^- 

z 2 



Courtenay 340 Courtenay 

shire and Cornwall (POLYDOEEVER&IL, p. 551, [Fradera, vol. xii. original edition; Rolls of 

ed. 1570, and HALL, p. 393, ed. 1809, errone- Parliament, vol. vi. ; Campbell's Materials for 

ouslycaU Edward the bishop's brother). On the History of Henry VII, Bolls Series; Wood's 

their failure they escaped to Brittany to share | isto f y and Antiquities of Oxford, ed G-utch ; 

the exile of Henry of Richmond. Sparedhis Boases Eegister of Exeter College Oxford ; 

life with Bishops Morton and WydVille out ^TJS^^^t^ TT ^ n 
j? ^ j.- j? 1 JE "n 4.^ .basti Jicclesise Angiicanse, ed, xiaray ; Cleave- 

of consideration for their office, Courtenay land?g Geneal ica f msfco ' of t]ie family of 

was condemned m Eichardllls parliament Coiarten (1735) . The biographies in Prince's 

to lose his temporalities and estates (Hot. Worthies of Devon, p. 166, and Cassan's Lives of 

ParZ. vi. 250). He returned to England with ^ Bishops of Winchester, i. 314-16, contain 

Henry VII, and received from that monarch practically no additional information.] 
great favours to compensate for his sufferings T, F. T. 

in his cause. Edward Courtenay was made 

Earl of Devon. Peter was put on the com- COURTENAY, RICHARD (d. 1415), 
mission which was to perform the duties of bishop of Norwich, was the son of Sir Philip 
seneschal at Henry's coronation (Fo&dera, xii. Courtenay of Powderham Castle, Devon- 
277) ; received the custody of the tempora- shire, where, it is said, he was born. His 
lities and the disposal of the preferment mother was Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas 
of the Yorkist bishop of Salisbury (CAMP- Wake of Bisworth. He was the grandson, 
BELL, i. 81), and on 8 Sept. was appointed therefore, of Hugh Courtenay, second earl of 
keeper of the privy seal with a salary of Devon, and of Margaret Bohun, the grand- 
twenty shillings a day (ib, L 151). He was daughter of Edward I, and connected by mar- 
present at the first parliament of Henry VII, riage with Henry of Lancaster, afterwards 
where the sentences of Richard's time against King Henry IV. His uncle was "William 
him and his confederates were reversed (Hot. Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury [q.,v.], 
Parl. vi. 273), and where he served as a trier who superintended his education, and speaks 
of petitions of G-ascony and other places of him in his will as ' filius et alumnus meus.' 
beyond sea (ib. 268 a). In 1486 he was ap- On his death in 1397 the archbishop left 
pointed a commissioner of the royal mines Richard a hundred marks, a number of books 
and placed with the Earl of Devon and others in case he should become a clerk, and his best 
on a commission to inquire into the seizure mitre if he should become a bishop (Anglia 
of certain Hanse ships by the men of Fowey, Sacra, i. 416). Though apparently the eldest 
contrary to the existing amity (CAMPBELL, son, such patronage may well have inclined 
i. 315, 316). On the death of William of him for a clerical career. He became a mem- 
Waynfleet he received the grant of the tern- ber of the new western foundation of Exeter 
poralities of Winchester (F&dera, xii. 322), College, Oxford, a doctor of civil and canon 
and on 29 Jan, 1487 was translated to that law, and, though mostly resident at Oxford,, 
important see by papal bull (LE NEVE, iii. obtained a large number of ecclesiastical pre- 
15-16). He now ceased to be privy seal, but ferments elsewhere. In 1394 he received the 
was still a good deal engaged on state affairs, prebend of Sneating in St. Paul's (LE NEVE, 
In 1488 he was one of the commissioners ap- ed. Hardy, ii. 436). In 1400 he became pre- 
pointed to muster archers in Hampshire for center of Chichester (ib. i. 265). In 1401 he- 
the expedition to Brittany (CAMPBELL, ii. was made prebendary of Tame in the cathe- 
385), and in 1489 was put on a special com- dral of Lincoln (ib. ii. 221). Between 1402 
mission of the peace for Surrey (ib. ii. 478). and 1404 he was dean of St. Asaph (z#.L82). 
He received as a gift from the king ' a robe In 1403 has was chosen prebendary of North 
made of sanguine cloth in grain, furred with Newbald in York Minster (ib. iii. 203). In 
jure menever, gross menever, and byse ' (ib. 1410 he became archdeacon of Northampton, 
ii, 497). He was a witness to the creation and in the same year dean of Wells (ib. i. 
of Arthur as prince of Wales in 1490 (ib. ii. 152, ii. 57 ; Anglia Sacra, i, 589). In 1406 
542), and was present at the ratification of he succeeded, on his father's death, to the- 
the treaty with Spain in the same year family possessions (CoLLltfS, Peerage^. 254, 
(Fcedera, xii. 428). An unsuccessful attempt ed. 1779, from Inq . post mortem 7 Henry IV) . 
was made in 1487 to appoint him chancel- Courtenay soon obtained a great position at 
lor of Oxford, against John Russell, bishop Oxford. But even when chancellor of that 
of Lincoln (WOOD, Fasti Oxonienses, ed. university an office he first attained in 1407 
Gutch, p. 65), He died on 23 Sept. 1492, he was employed elsewhere, also on very 
and was probably buried at Winchester, different business. He early won, and pre- 
though the exact spot is uncertain, and local served till his death, the close confidence and 
writers have conjectured his tomb to be at friendship of Henry of Monmouth. In 1407 
Powderham. he accompanied the Prince of Wales in his 



Courtenay 341 Courtenay 

expedition against the Welsh insurgents, him of a decree of the university against 267 
When the garrison of Aberystwith Castle, erroneous opinions of Wycliffe (MS. Cotton, 
and the l new town of Llanbadarn 7 which it Faustina C. vii. 138 #). Courtenay, the friend 
protected, made a conditional submission, he of the Prince of Wales, could never have been 
administered to them an oath on the Eu- of doubtful orthodoxy, 
charist that they would absolutely surrender A large number of entries in the e boots 
if not relieved before 1 Nov. (RoiER, Fee- of the chancellor and proctors/ printed by 
dera, viii. 497, original ed. The royal let- Anstey, attest Courtenay's activity at the head 
ter, ib. 419, is put in the wrong year). If of the university. His crowning achievement 
we may believe a late authority, Courtenay was completing the library which Bishop 
was present at the martyrdom of the Lollard Cobham had given to the university, drawing 
Badby (1410), when the Prince of Wales up rules for its organisation and regulation, 
played so deplorable a part (FABYAF, p. 574, increasing its sLze, and appointing a librarian 
ed. Ellis). Before December 1410 he be- or chaplain. The university recognised his 
came chancellor of Oxford for the second time services by allowing him free access to the 
(Munimenta Academica, pp. 248-9). In 1411 library, whenever it was daylight, for the 
he, with the proctors Brent and Byrch, headed rest of his life, a privilege only allowed in 
a strong opposition to Archbishop Arundel, other cases to the actual chancellor (Munim, 
who, in his zeal against WyclifEtes, proposed Academ. 261-9; WOOD, Annals, i. 547-50). 
to hold a metropolitical visitation of the uni- Among those stirred up by Courtenay's energy 
versity. Arundel had already made a similar to present books to the university library 
attempt in 1397, but had been obliged to con- were the king, the archbishop, the Prince 
tent himself with a barren victory in the law of Wales and his brothers, including Hum- 
courts. In 1411 Courtenay again pleaded the phrey, who was afterwards to carry out the 
bull which on the former occasion the univer- work of Cobham and Courtenay on so noble 
sity had obtained from Boniface IX exempt- a scale. In 1412 Courtenay's name appears 
ing it from all episcopal jurdisdiction. The for the last time as chancellor. Affairs of 
archbishop and his magnificent train were state entirely occupied the remainder of his 
rudely repelled from the city, and violent dis- life. He became a member of the royal coun- 
putes ensued. It was ultimately agreed by cil, and was commissioned with others to 
both parties to submit the question to the treat with the Burgundian ambassadors for 
king's judgment. On 17 Sept. Henry IV de- the projected marriage of the Prince of Wales 
cided at Lambeth in favour of Arundel, and and Anne, daughter of Duke John, which was 
renewed an ordinance of Richard II, which to be the basis of a close alliance between the 
had already decided against the scholars. The two states (Foedera, viii. 721). He also con- 
university, however, was not yet beat en. The ducted some researches among the archives 
royal order that Courtenay should be replaced with reference to Flanders and to the rela- 
by the * cancellarius natus/ the senior doctor tions of the English and Scottish crowns 
of divinity, was sullenly complied with. (Calendars and Inventories of Exchequer, ii. 
But many masters ceased their lectures ; and 82). On Henry Vs accession he became trea- 
when the king, fearing that the university surer of the royal household and custodian of 
would empty, bade them choose a new chan- the king's jewels. In September 1413 he was 
cellor and proctors, they, in direct violation of appointed, by papal provision, bishop of Nor- 
his orders, re-elected Courtenay, Brent, and wich (Fader a, ix. 50), and, immediately re- 
Byrch. The parliament which met on 1 Nov. ceiving the royal confirmation and the resti- 
ratified and enrolled the royal ordinance at tution of his temporalities, was consecrated 
Arundel's petition (Hot. Parl. iii. 651-2). by Archbishop Arundel at the royal chapel 
Arundel procured from John XXIII a bull at Windsor, on 17 Sept. (STtTBBS, Eegistrum 
reversing that of Boniface IX. At last the Sacrum Anglicanwn, p. 63). But affairs of 
intervention of the Prince of Wales put an state prevented him from ever seeing his 
end to the struggle. But the university suf- diocese, where John Leicester, archbishop of 
fered a complete defeat. , Courtenay, who Smyrna, who had already acted as suffragan 
never seems to have forfeited the royal favour, for Bishops Spencer and Tottington, lived in 
obtained from the king the gift of a great gilt his palace and performed all his ordinations 
cross to the university, in recompense for and diocesan work (S'R&swp, Diocesan Hist, of 
which an annual mass was directed to be said Norwich, pp. 140, 235). On 31 May 1414 he 
before the masters on the king's behalf, while was sent, with the bishop of Durham, at the 
a similar service was offered for the prince head of a great embassy for treating with 
in return for his mediation. Arundel was ' our adversary of Trance 7 (Fader a, ix. 132). 
convinced that the scholars were no longer The embassy set out in great state, was lodged 
favourers of heresy by the transmission to sumptuously at Paris, in the Temple, but 



Courtenay 



342 



Courtenay 



could not avert the war, as the French, were 
not yet willing to accept the English terms 
(see for the embassy WATJBIK, Chroniques, 
1399-1422, p. 164). Courtenay was absent 
between 10 July and 3 Oct. (Fcedera, ix. 
190) . Later in the year the same ambassadors 
went on a second mission, and on 24 Jan. 
1415 signed at Paris a prolongation of the 
truce (ib. ix. 199). On his way to France he 
got the hangman at Calais into great trouble 
"by persuading him to cut the cord which sus- 
pended a dead felon sentenced to be hanged as 
long as the cord endured (ib. ix. 195). On his 
return his denunciation of some special French 
treachery excited Henry's anger and hastened 
the outbreak of the war (WAXSIKTGHAM, ii. 301. 
His accounts and expenses as ambassador are 
in Add. MS. 24513, f. 68). During the next 
arduous months Courtenay was much oc- 
cupied in raising money for the French ex- 
pedition on the security of the royal jewels 
(see many instances in JF&dem, ix. and Kal. 
andlnv. of Exchequer, ii.) On 24 July Henry 
made his will at Southampton, and made 
Courtenay one of his executors (F&dera, ix. 
293). On 11 Aug. he left England with 
Henry for Harfleur, and continued in atten- 
dance on the king during the siege of that 
town until on 10 Sept. he was attacked by 
the dysentery that was already ravaging the 
English army. On Sunday, 15 Sept., he 
died in the king's presence. Henry, who was 
much affected at his loss, ordered the body to 
"be conveyed to Westminster, where it found 
an honourable tomb in the Confessor's chapel, 
behind the high altar of the abbey. 

The chaplain of Henry Y, who commemo- 
rates his exploits, speaks of Courtenay as one 
of the dearest friends and most trusted coun- 
sellors of the king. He commends his noble 
birth, his lofty stature, his ability, his culture, 
and his eloquence (Gesta Hen. V, p. 27). The 
monk "of Norwich repeats the same praises 
(Anglia Sacra, i. 416). Walsingham and 
Capgrave agree that he was fully worthy of 
the honours he obtained. His heir was his 
nephew, Sir Philip (d. 1463), the father of 
Peter Courtenay, bishop of Winchester [q.. v.] 
(COLLINS, vi, 254). 

[Rymer's Fcedera (original edition), vols. viii. 
and ix. ; Anglia Sacra, vol. i. ; Eolls of Parlia- 
ment, vol. iii. ; Walsingham, vol. ii., Bolls Ser. ; 
Capgrave's Chronicle, Soils Ser. ; Memorials of 
Henry V, Bolls Ser. ; Chroniques par Waurin, 
1399-1422, Bolls Ser.; G-esta Henri ei Qtdnti 
(Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Anstey's JVCunimenta Acade- 
mica, Bolls Ser.; MS. Cotton Faustina C. vii. 
f. 126 sq.; "Wood's History and Antiquities of 
Oxford, ed. Ghitch ; Boase's Begister of Exeter 
College, Oxford ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise An- 
glicanae, ed. Hardy; Cleveland's Genealogical 



History of the Family of Courtenay (1735) ; 
Prince's Worthies of Devon, pp. 162-3, gives 
little additional.] T. F. T. 

COURTENAY, THOMAS PERE- 
GBINE (1782-1841), statesman and author, 
youngest son of the Right Rev. Henry Regi- 
nald Courtenay [q. v.], bishop of Exeter, by 
Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas, 
second earl of Effinghaxn, was born 31 May 
1782. He was returned to parliament in 1810 
as member for Totnes, and was re-elected to 
every succeeding parliament until the disso- 
lution of 1831. In 1812 he was appointed 
secretary to the commissioners for the affairs 
of India, and he filled that office till 1828, 
when he was promoted to be vice-president 
of the board of trade, being sworn a privy 
councillor on 30 May following. He retired 
from office in 1830 on a pension of 1,000. a 
year. Besides efficiently discharging his of- 
ficial duties, he devoted a large portion of his 
time to the interests of literature, and was 
a member both of the Camden and Granger 
Societies. In addition to various political 
pamphlets, mcluding 'Observations on the 



American Treaty, being a continuation of the 
Letters of Deems/ 1808/ ' View of the State 
of the Nation/ 1811, ' Treatise upon the Poor 
Laws/ 1818, and a i Letter to Lord Grenville 
on the Sinking Fund/ 1828, he was the au- 
thor of l Memoir of the Life, Works, and 
Correspondence of Sir William Temple, Bart./ 
1836, 2 vols., and ' Commentaries on the His- 
toric Plays of Shakespeare/ 1840, originally 
contributed to the l New Monthly Magazine.' 
After his brother's accession to the earldom 
of Devon, Courtenay was in November 1835 
raised to the rank of an earl's younger son. 
He died 8 July 1841 . By his marriage, 5 April 
1805, to Anne, daughter of Mayow Wynell 
Mayow of Sy denham, Kent, he left eight sons 
and five daughters. 

[Gent. Mag. (1841) new ser, xvi. 316; An- 
nual Begister, Ixxxviii. 213.] T. F. H. 

COURTENAY, WILLIAM (1342 ?- 
1396), archbishop of Canterbury, fourth son 
of Hugh Courtenay, earl of Devon, and Mar- 
garet Bohun, daughter of Humphrey Bohun, 
earl of Hereford, by his wife Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of Edward I, was born in the parish of 
St. Martin's, a suburb of Exeter, in or about 
1342. After receiving his early education in 
his father's house, he was sent to Stapledon 
Hall, Oxford, where he graduated in law, 
being described both as Doctor Decretorum 
and D.O.L. (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, pp. 288, 
498). In 1367 he was chosen chancellor, and 
the university having successfully resisted the 
claim of the Bishop of Lincoln to control its 
right of election, he was admitted without 



Courtenay 343 Courtenay 

the episcopal confirmation. He obtained a On the promotion of Sudbury to Canter- 
bull of confirmation from Urban V, declaring bury in 1375, Courtenay was translated to the 
that the election of a chancellor by the uni- see of London on 12 Sept., and received the 
versity was valid without the interference of temporalities on 2 Dec. following. The 
the diocesan (Munimenta Academica, i. 229) . struggle between the constitutional party and 
His election displeased the friars ; for he had the court came to a climax on the meeting of 
taken part with the university in its struggle the ' Good parliament 'in the next year, and 
to enforce upon them obedience to its rules ; Courtenay was appointed a member of the 
and in spite of an agreement into which they committee of magnates associated with the 
had lately entered, they cited the chancellor commons to assist them in their deliberations 
to Rome. This, however, was an infringe- (Jtot. Parl. ii. 322 ; STTJBBS, Constitutional 
ment of the rights of the crown, and the cita- History, ii. 428). The dispersion of the par- 
tion was quashed (ib. 226 ; WOOD, Antiquities liament was followed by the failure of its 
of Oxford, i. 480). Courtenay held prebends work. In the course of this year Courtenay 
in the churches of Exeter and "Wells, and on served on a commission to settle a dispute 
24 March 1639 was made a prebendary of that had arisen at Oxford between the faculty 
York. In this year also he was elected bishop of law and the rest of the university (WooD, 
of Hereford, and his defect in age having History and Antiquities, i. 488). About this 
been made up by a papal bull dated 17 Aug., time a bull of Gregory XI against the Flo- 
he was consecrated on 17 March 1370, and rentines, with whom the pope was then at 
enthroned on 5 Sept. following. As bishop war, was brought into England. Wherever 
he allied himself with the party of the Prince they were, the Florentines were to be pro- 
of Wales and William of \Vykeham, bishop nounced excommunicate, and their effects 
of Winchester, who opposed the attacks made were to be forfeited. Courtenay published 
on the clergy by John of Gaunt, and he vigo- this bull at Paul's Cross. He was always 
rously upheld the rights of the national ready to obey the pope when the interests of 
church against the twofold oppression of the the national church were not at stake. As 
pope and of the crown, to which it was exposed, a constitutional politician, he probably was 
Neither at this, nor indeed at any other period glad to forward the downfall of the Italian 
of his career, does his conduct appear to war- merchants, from whom the king had long de- 
rant the assertion that he was ' influenced by rived the money he wasted in extravagance, 
party, not principle 7 (HooK, Lives, iv. 322). and as bishop of London he was no doubt 
The welfare of the church of England and willing to gratify the citizens, who were jea- 
good government in church and state seem lous of foreign traders. The Londoners pil- 
to have been the ends for which he laboured ; laged the houses of the Florentines, and made 
and though, judged by the light of after days, a riot. This caused the interference of the 
some parts of his policy, such as his opposi- city magistrates, and they sided with the king, 
tion to Lollardism, may fail to command who took the foreigners under his protection, 
sympathy, they certainly were not held to be The bishop was summoned before the chan- 
contrary to the principles that became a loyal cellor to answer for his conduct. He was 
churchman or a constitutional statesman, reminded that he had acted in defiance of the 
He took a prominent part in vindicating the laws of the realm in publishing the bull, and 
rights of the church in the convocation of was ordered to revoke certain words he had 
1373.' When the king's demand for a subsidy used at Paul's Cross. With some difficulty 
was laid before the clergy, they declared that he obtained leave to do this by one of his 
they were utterly undone by the exactions, officials, who declared from the pulpit that 
not merely of the crown, but of the papacy, the people had misunderstood the words com- 
which were repeated nearly every year, and plained of (ChroniconAnglit&,-p. 109; F&dera, 
that they could help the king better ' if the viii. 103, 135 ; HOOK), At the meeting of 
intolerable yoke of the pope were taken from convocation, on 8 Feb. 1377, Courtenay made 
their necks/ and on this condition only they a vigorous protest against the conduct of the 
promised a tenth. Then Courtenay rose in archbishop in withholding the summons that 
anger, and loudly declared that neither he nor should have been sent to the Bishop of Win- 
any of the clergy of his diocese woul<J give Chester. He pointed out the injustice with 
anything until the king found a remedy for which the bishop had been treated by the 
the evils from which the church suffered government, and urged the clergy to make no 
(WiLKiNB, Concilia, iii. 97 ; WAKE, State of grant to the crown until he had received his 
theChurch,j).3Q&). The course of action seems summons. His opposition was successful. 
to have been settled by agreement between Wykeham took his seat, and John of Gaunt, 
him and Sudbury, bishop of London, who in whose interest the archbishop had acted, 
belonged to the Duke of Lancaster's party, was foiled. The quarrel between the two 



Courtenay 



344 



Courtenay 



parties was carried on "by the prosecution of 
Wycliffe, who was allied with the duke in the 
attempt to bring humiliation on the church- 
men, Courtenay virtually attacked Lancaster 
when he cited "WyclifFe to appear before the 
archbishop at St. Paul's on 23 Feb. The 
bishops sat in the lady chapel, and many 
nobles were with them. The church was 
crowded with the Londoners. WyclifFe ap- 
peared attended by the duke and Lord Percy, 
the earl marshal. They could scarcely pass 
through the crowd, and the earl ordered his 
men to clear the way. His order was obeyed 
with some roughness, and Courtenay, indig- 
nant at his conduct, declared that had he 
known he would have so acted he should not 
have entered the church if he could have pre- 
vented it. Hearing this, the duke declared 
that he would exercise his authority there 
whether the bishop would or no. "When they 
came to the lady chapel, the marshal with a 
sneer calledfor a seat for Wycliffe. Courtenay 
objected to this, saying that it was contrary 
to law and reason that an accused clerk should 
be seated when before his judges. The duke 
grew red with anger, for he saw that the 
bishop had the better in the dispute. He 
shouted that he would pull down the pride 
of all the bishops in England, and, addressing 
Courtenay, added: ' Thou trustest in thy 
parents, who can profit thee nothing ; for they 
shall have enough to do to defend themselves.' 
Coutenay answered with some dignity that 
he trusted in G-od alone. Still more enraged, 
the duke muttered that, rather than bear such 
things, he would drag the bishop out of the 
church by the hair. The Londoners heard 
the threat, and cried out angrily that they 
would not have their bishop insulted, and 
that they would sooner lose their lives than 
that he should be dishonoured in his own 
church, or dragged from it by violence. The 
court broke up in confusion. Later in the 
day the citizens rose against the duke, and 
proposed to slay him and burn his residence 
of the Savoy; but Courtenay interfered, re- 
minding them that it was Lent, and no season 
for such doings. At his bidding the riot 
ceased, though not before many insults had 
been heaped upon Lancaster (Chron. Anglia, 
p. 119, from which FOXE, Acts and Monu- 
ments, ii. 801, and the writer of the early 
translation in Archceologia, xxii. 257, took 
their accounts ; WAI/SIKGHAM, i. 325). 

Although Courtenay was appointed a mem- 
ber of the council of government formed on 
the accession of Richard II, he appears f or a 
while to have absented himself from it, on 
account of a fresh offence committed by the 
duke, Robert Hale, a squire with whom 
Lancaster had a quarrel, escaped from the 



Tower, where he was confined, and took re- 
fuge in Westminster Abbey. In defiance of 
the privilege of sanctuary, an attempt was 
made to drag him from the church, and when 
he resisted, both he and a servant of the abbey 
were slain. The archbishop excommunicated 
the offenders, and Courtenay published the 
sentence, with full solemnity, at St. Paul's 
every Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday. The 
duke, to whom the outrage was generally 
attributed, persuaded the council to order him 
to desist. To this order, however, Courtenay 
paid no attention, and Lancaster declared 
that he was ready, if he received permission, 
to go to London and drag the bishop to the 
council, in spite of the ' ribalds ' of the city. 
Meanwhile the archbishop and Courtenay re- 
ceived bulls from Gregory XI urging them to 
take measures against Wycliffe, and accord- 
ingly they cited him to appear before them at 
St. Paul's on 18 Dec., though a later date 
was afterwards named, and Lambeth was ap- 
pointed for the place of hearing. WyclifFe, 
however, at this date had considerable influ- 
ence at court (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, p. 258), 
and a strong party among the Londoners, 
headed by John of Northampton, was favour- 
able to him. The Princess of Wales sent a 
peremptory message forbidding the prelates to 
proceed against Hm, and the prosecution came 
to nought. In the course of this year (1378) 
Courtenay, it is said, was offered the cardi- 
nalate. A large body of cardinals withdrew 
their obedience from Urban VI at a meeting 
held at Anagni on 9 Aug. The pope hastily 
appointed twenty-six others, and wished to 
strengthen his party by gaining the most 
powerful of the English churchmen. If the 
story of the offer is true, and there seems no 
reason to doubt it, Courtenay was too sin- 
cerely devoted to the national interest to be 
dazzled by it (WAtsisreiLor, i. 382 ; GODWIK, 
De Prcesulibus, 794 ra.) On the suppression 
of the peasants' insurrection, in 1381, he ob- 
tained a. respite of two days for John Ball 
(d. 1381) [q.v.], who was sentenced to death 
on 13 July; for he was anxious about the 
state of the rebel's soul (WALSi3*GHAM,ii, 32). 
On 30 July Courtenay was elected to the 
see of Canterbury, vacant by the murder of 
Simon Sudbury. The royal confirmation was 
given on 5 Aug., the translation was made 
by a papal bull dated 9 Sept., and the tem- 
poralities were granted on 23 Oct. The archi- 
episcopal cross was presented by the prior 
and convent of Christ Church on 12 Jan. fol- 
lowing; on the 14th Court enay,_ though he 
had not yet received the pall, married Anne of 
Bohemia [q. v.] to the Mng, and on the 22nd 
crowned the new queen. He received the 
pall on 6 May. The great seal was committed 



Courtenay 345 Courtoenay 



to him on 10 Aug., and accordingly ie opened cation of a "bislaog , to artiest and imprison all 
parliament on 9 Nov., delivering the sermon preachers of Heresy", ^^ s statute did not 
In English (Hot. Parl, iii. 98), la this par- receive the assent oof tke commons, and on 
liament the charters granted to the villeins their petition it w:as mealed in the nextpar- 
Tvere annulled. Courtenay resigned the chan- liament, as an kfra.geuen.t of their right of 
cellorship on the 18th, and it has been sug- legislation. OoTite:m.af , however, held royal 
gested that his retirement, which was com- letters empowering tte bishops to imprison 
pleted by the surrender of the seal on the persons accused of he sresynn their own prisons, 
30th may have been connected -with a desire and to keep th&ni ~th&i'?e until the council 
to see some amelioration effected in the con- should determine vliat \ should be done with 
dition of the villeins (STUIBBS), Early in 1382 them, In 1388 the* lro;ig, at the demand of 
Courtenay received a formal complaint from parliament, issu&d lectors calling on the arch- 
parliament against Wycliffe, d-weLling, as it bishops and biskops to 3 seize heretical books, 
seems not merely on his heretical opinions, and to imprison t eacstas of heresy. Accord- 
but onthe disturbance of the pea-ceof the realm ingly the next y&ar ConHenay made an attack 
occasioned by his preachers, demanding that on the Leicestershire Lollards, in virtue of 
the archbishop and his suffragans should take the letters of L382S, Me laid the town of 
decisive measures against him, and promising Leicester under an io-tertlEict until the offenders 
them the support of the crown. Accordingly, were discovered, an.4 leaving found them re- 
on the close of the parliament, Courtenay ceived their recantations on 17 Nov., impos- 
nominated a committee of bishops, doctors, ing slight peaanc es oonfcHiem. In 1392, while 
friars and others to pronounce onthe opinions the king was sitting k council at ^Stamford, 
of the reformers. This council, as it was the archbishop held acoouncil of bishops and 
called, held its first session for business on clergyattheh.oti.se ^ofljOie Carmelites in that 
21 May, in the monastery of the Black Friars, town, and receiv esd fc" tolijuration of a heretic. 
at London, in the presence of the archbishop. The failure o the attempt at legislation in 
Its proceedings were disturbed "by the shock 1382 had, hcnveTer-, Ifeffb the churchmen no 
of an earthquake; and from this circumstance, other means of enJrort&ing submission than 
to which each party gave a different mean- that which belonged 1v'o their old spirittial 
ing, it was called the ( Synod of the Earth- jurisdiction (Si-wmi^ Constitutional History, 
quake.' WyclifiVs opinions were condemned, 'ii. 488, iii. 356), 

and on the following Whitsuntide a solemn In 1382 Courtenay te{jgan a visitation of his 
' procession ' or litany was performed in Lon- province, and aft er Iheiaad visited Rochester, 
don, at which Courtenay appointed Dr. John Chichester, Bath an-d Wells, and Worcester, 
Kynyngham to preach against them. The he proceeded to fcoUU visitation of Exeter. 
archbisnop further attacked the -whole Lollard Here he met with ressistsance ; for after he had, 
party at Oxford. "While proceeding against a according to custom, Qordered the ordinary 
prominent member of it named John Aston jurisdiction of tie Twbiops to be suspended, 
[q.v.] at the Black Friars, on 20 June, he was 'he delayed his Tis:itafciion so long ^ that the 
interrupted by the Londoners, -who broke into period during wTiioch suich suspension could 
the room where he and his council were sitting, lawfully "be eoaftimued, had elapsed, both in 
At Oxford his commissioner, Dr. Peter Stokys, this andin other diodes. The bishop, Thomas 
was so terrified that he believed kis life to be Erentinghm, thereefcse warned the clergy 
in danger. Courtenay recalled him, and com- and people of has cEtese to pay no heed to 
pelled Dr. Eygge, the chancellor,wlio favoured the archbishop's, rSsWaon, and finally ap- 
the Lollards, to beg pardon on Ids knees. On pealed to Eome on ttTie matter. Nevertheless 
Kygge's return to Oxford he again, acted with Courtenay jroce ede<l with his visitation, and 
theWycliffites. The archbishop now appealed excommunicate <! alii Ao disobeyed him, the 
to the council, and after a short straggle bishop himself ajoiong' them. The bishop's 
brought the whole party to submission. On men caught one of lid ( officials near Topsham 
18 Nov. he held a convocation of the clergy as he -was carrying &i citation directed to 
at St. Frideswide's, and received the recanta- their master, order -hf him to appear before 
tion of the leading men of the party. It is the metropolitan, amS this they forced the 
asserted that Wycliffe appeared "before him. man to eat, wax se -alsmd all. The kxng was 
This is highly doubtful. It is certain that so enraged at tkis, thatt the bishop was glad 
if he did so he did not, as his enemies pre- to make his peaces nitdi the archbishop and 
tended make any recantation, a-nd that he to drop bis -suit artftoome. The Bishop of 
was allowed to depart unmolested (KHTGH- Salisbury tried fco secure himself by pleading 
TON col. 2649). In this year Courtenay that the rifjlit of -wisitution had lapsed with 
obtained a statute commanding the sheriffs the death of Pope TUrkunYI, who had granted 
and other officers of the king, on, the certifi- bulls empowering blifc archbishop to hold it, 



Courtenay 



346 



Courtenay 



and by procuring an exemption for Mmself tion contained in the preamble, but guarding 
and his diocese from Boniface IX. Courte- the lawful and canonical exercise of papal au- 
nay, however, was a better canonist than his thority, by words which are embodied in the 
suffragan. He knew that though he had ob- statute itself (STTJBBS, Constitutional History, 
tained these bulls as a cautionary measure, ii. 598, iii. 330). In both these cases his 
his right did not depend on the papal per- conduct was consistent with the most jealous 
mission, and he declared that he would make regard for national rights, and any apparent 
a visitation of the diocese in spite of the exemp- inconsistency is to be explained by his sense of 
tion. Accordingly, he dealt so sharply with what was demanded of him by his office. And 
the bishop that he soon brought him to sub- though in 1389 he took some measures to col- 
mission. In 1389 he gave notice of his intention lect a subsidy in obedience to the pope's orders, 
to visit the Benedictines of Oxford, who resided his action in the matter in noway proves his 
in Gloucester College. This announcement approval of the tax it was simply what he 
created great excitement, both in the univer- was bound to do, unless he wished to embroil 
sity and among the order throughout England, himself in a personal quarrel with the pope. 
An elaborate scheme was devised by the The king ordered that the subsidy should not 
abbot of Westminster for defeating his claim, be levied, and the archbishop obeyed the com- 
and the abbot of St. Albans sent a monk mand, which he may possibly have instigated, 
with an urgent letter, begging him not to and which he probably approved. He re- 
prosecute it. The archbishop asked the mes- garded the king's extravagance and bad go- 
senger to dinner in a kindly fashion, and vernment with sorrow, and while he success- 
afterwards tried to prove to him that the house fully resisted the attempt of the commons in 
was really a college. He went to Oxford, and 1385 to seize on the temporalities of the 
met the monks in the church of St. Frides- clergy, he faithfully adhered to the party op- 
wide's. Although they refused to admit his posed to the luxury of the court, and so up- 



claim, they treated him with respect. Courte- 
nay, though quick-tempered and jealous of 
any attempt to slight his authority, was at 
the same time generous and good-natured, 
and when the monks appealed to his kindness, 
he freely abandoned his design (WALSHTG- 
HAM, ii. 190-2; Vita Rieardi, ii. 115; W'OOD, 
History and Antiquities, i. 522. For another 
illustration of Courtenay's character see the 
Chron. of a Monk of JSvesham, p. 58). He 
gave considerable offence by his attempt to 
levy procurations at the uniform rate 01 4$. 
in 20s. throughout the province, to defray 
the expenses of his visitation. This demand 
was resisted, especially in the diocese of Lin- 
coln, and the question remained unsettled at 
his death. 

In the part taken by Courtenay in the limi- 
tations placed on the exercise of papal autho- 
rity in England during the reign of Eichard II 
there is no proof of the assertion that his 
1 principles and character had changed' from 
what they were in his earlier years (for the 
contrary view see HOOK, iv. 383). When the 
statute of provisors was confirmed and en- 
larged (13 Me. II, st. 2, c. 2) in 1390, he 
joined with the Archbishop of York in enter- 
ing ' a formal protest against it, as tending to 
the restriction of apostolic power and the 
subversion of ecclesiastical liberty.' Three 
year slater, when the conduct of the pope called 
forth the statute of prsemunire (16 JS,ic. II, 
c. 5), the sharpest check placed on the inter- 
ference of Eome until the time of Henry VIII, 
Oourtenay had a hand in carrying the measure, 
and drew up a protest, not against the allegu- 



held the cause with which the commons were 
led to identify themselves (ib. ii. 468, 470). 
In this year he was instigated by the lords of 
his party to reprove the king for his evil con- 
duct, and he fearlessly told him that unless 
he ruled differently he would soon bring ruin 
on himself and on the kingdom. Eichard fell 
into a rage, and would have struck the arch- 
bishop had he not been restrained by his uncle, 
Thomas of Woodstock. He abused him vio- 
lently, and declared that he would take away 
the temporalities of his see. Courtenay was 
forced to take refuge in Devonshire. Accord- 
ing to one account, the king pursued him on 
the Thames, and he was forced to flee in the 
habit of a monk (WALSIITGHAK ; MON. EVE- 
SHAM ; ADAM OF USE). He was one of the 
eleven commissioners appointed by parlia- 
ment towards the end of the next year to 
regulate the household and the general ad- 
ministration of the kingdom. Eichard took 
active steps to overthrow the authority of 
these commissioners, and war became immi- 
nent. The archbishop acted as mediator be- 
tween the two parties. He persuaded the 
king not to resist the lords, and on 17 Nov. 
1387 brought them into Eichard's presence in 
Westminster Hall, and prevailed on him to 
give them audience (Chron, Anglia, p. 387). 
Courtenay died at Maidstone, Kent, on 31 July 
1396. He left directions that he should be 
buried there, and a flat stone, part of an altar- 
tomb, in Maidstone church is said to have 
been placed there in memory of him. It was 
probably intended tfrat he should lie there ; 
but his body was taken to Canterbury, and 



Courteville 347 Courteville 

"buried, in the presence of the king and of a 1735, and was succeeded by Ms son of the 

great number of bishops^earls, and barons, at same name ; but as the vestry minutes of the 

the feet of the Black Prince, near the shrine parish, in which all appointments &c. are 

of St. Thomas (THORtf, col. '2197 ; HOOK), carefully recorded, contain no mention of 

Courtenay founded the college of St. Mary such a change of organists, while no record 

and All Saints in the parish church of the of the father's death can be found, we are 

archiepiscopal manor of Maidstone, leaving compelled to believe that the existence of the 

the residue of his property for the erection of son is a mere assumption, made in order to 

the college, and joining with it the hospital account for the long tenure of the post by a 

established by Archbishop Boniface of Savoy person or persons of the name of Courteville. 

[q. v.] He repaired the church at Meopham, This conclusion is strengthened by various 

Kent, and founded five scholarships in Can- entries in the vestry minutes ; in January 

terbury College, Oxford. 1752-3, and ^ again in June 1754, letters are 

[Mtmimenta Academica, ed. Anstey, i. 229 ^ ri tten to him warning him that unless he 

(Bolls Ser.) ; Fasciculi Zizaniorum, ed. Shirley, attends personally to the duties of the post 

(Rolls Ser.) ; Wood's Antiquities of Oxford he ^ill be dismissed. "Whether he endea- 

(Ghitch), i. 480, 488 ; Wake's State of the Church, voured to perform the duties himself after 

303 ;Wilkins's Concilia, p.l 11; ChroniconAnglise, this we do not know, but he was certainly 

ed, E. M. Thompson (Rolls Ser.) ; T. Walsing- not dismissed, and shortly afterwards an 

ham, Eistoria Aoglicana (Rolls Ser.); Knyghton assistant, 'Mr. Richardson/ was appointed, 

ap. Decem Scnptt. (Twysden) ; Ohron. Mon. de On 12 June 1771 it was reported to the vestry 

Evesham ed. Hearne; Vita Bjcardi II, ed. that Courteville gave this assistant only one 

Eearne ; Chron. Ad* de Usk, ed. E. M. Thomp- qiiarter ofhissalaryfor doing the whole work, 

* re 8 " 



v ^~4; QOO ? QQ -MI 'T>^ * > T? i ""u- he was thereupon ordered to share the 

iiatnenu, 11. o&Zi. in. yo, J.TCI ; Jtxvniers JbCBdera. , -n -.-i -- ^ T ,-v 

viii. 103, 135; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, ii WP** equally with Richardson. Seven 

801 (ed. 1843); Arch^ologia, xxii. 257; Le y ears ^ore this, in 1764, the assistant, with 

Neve's Easti (Hardy), ii. 292; Godwin, Do Prse- ^ otli ers, was consulted as to the state of 

sulibus, 120, 186, 489, 497; Dugdale's Monasti- pe or g aa and tlie undertaking of repairs to 

con, vi. 1 394 ; Chron. "W. Thorn ap. Decem Scriptt. ; * ts structure. Neither at this time, nor when 

Stubbs's Constitutional History, ii. 428-38, 460- "the improved instrument, repaired byByfield, 

488, 598, iii. 330, 356 ; Hook's Lives of the Arch- was tried, was Courteville's advice asked in 

bishops of Canterbury, iv. 315-98.] W. H. the matter, from which wemay conclude that 

he was long past all work, although he was 

COURTEVILLE, RAPHAEL or allowed to keep the post. This Raphael Court e- 

RALPH (d. 1772), organist and political ville, whether or not he be identical with 

writer, was the son or grandson of one of the first organist of the church, took a some- 

the gentlemen of the Chapel Royal who bore what active part in politics towards the end of 

the same name, and who died on 28 Dec. Sir Robert Walpole's administration. He is 

1675. The organ from the Chapel Royal was stated to have married, on 14 Sept. 1735, a 

presented by Queen Mary in 1691 to the lady named Miss Lucy Green, with a fortune 

church of St. James's, Westminster, and on of 25,000/. In 1838 he published ' Memoirs 

7 Sept. in the same year a Ralph Courtaville, of the Life and Administration of William Ce- 

who had been strongly recommended by the cil, Baron Burleigh, &c., including a parallel 

Earl of Burlington, and who had previously between the State of Government then and 

been a chorister in the Chajjel Royal, was now/ with preface and appendix of original 

appointed the first organist, with a salary of papers, dedicated to the Right Hon. Edward 

20. per annum for himself and4/. for a blower. Walpole, secretary to the Duke of Devonshire. 

This Courteville, Courtaville, or Courtivill, It is signed only 'R. C., ; and was printed for 

was no doubt the composer of six ' Sonatas the author in London. He was the reputed 

two flutes/ published by Walsh about 1690; defence of the government, and it was pro- 
of a song introduced in Wright's 'Female bably inconsequence of this production that 
Virtuosoes/ and supposed to have been written he acquired the nickname of ' Court-evil/ He 
by Ann, countess of Winchilsea ; of a very also wrote a pamphlet published in 1761, en- 
graceful song, 'To Convent Streams/ in ' Duke titled' Arguments respecting Insolvency. 7 On 
and no Duke/ and of songs in 'Qroonoko.' 4 Dec. 1742 a letter appeared in No. 50 of the 
He was one of the composers who furnished 'Westminster Journal ' bearing his signature, 
the music for part iii. of D'Urfey's e Don to which were appended the words, i Organ- 
Quixote ' in 1695. The well-known hymn blower, Essayist, and Historiographer. 7 The 
tune, 'St. James's/ is also by him. It has letter was undoubtedly written as a joke, pro- 
been supposed that this Oourteville died about bably upon his own genuine productions ; it 



Courthope 343 Courtney 



is of, course not by himself, and the point of 
the joke is impossible now to discover, but 
the appearance of his name in this connection 
proves that he was more or less a well-known 
character. He died early in June 1772, as 
on the 10th of the month he was buried, and 
his place was declared vacant at the vestry 
meeting of that date. His assistant, 'Mr. 
Richardson/ was appointed, with the neces- 



Darling, one of Sir H. Middleton's fleet. 
With his commander and others he was 
taken prisoner by the Turks and kept in 
captivity at Aden and Mocha. On regaining 
his freedom he was appointed agent to the 
company's factory at Succedana (Borneo). 
In 1616 he was placed in command of two 
ships which were sent from Bantam to the 
islands of Banda. After two months' sail 



sary proviso ' that he perform his duty per- he arrived at Pulo Eoon, where the na- 

sonally/ tives readily agreed to surrender themselves 

[Grove's Diet, of Music ; Hawkins's Hist, of as subjects of the king. Courthopp, how- 

Musie ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 496 ; ever, was unable to carry on his expedition 

^Registers and Vestry Minutes of St. James's, further, being compelled to fortify the island 

Westminster; Cheque-books of the Chapel Royal ; on accoiint of the hostility of the Dutch, who 

Westminster Journal, quoted above ; Brit. Mus. seized one of his ships, and rendered his posi- 

Cat.] J. A. E. M. -fcion one O f great difficulty. With the excep- 

COURTHOPE, WILLIAM (1808-1866), tion of one or two % in g visits to neighbour- 
Somerset herald, son of Thomas Courthope in g islands, he remained at Pulo Eoon for 
and his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Bux- four years, undergoing great privations, till 
ton, born 6 May 1808, was engaged as private at last ; m October 1620, he sailed to Lantore 
clerk by Francis Townsend, Rouge Dragon, ** pursuit of two Dutch ships which, as he 
in 1824, entered the office of the College of was informed, had entered the harbour of 
Arms as clerk in 1833, was appointed Rouge tliat P lace - In an engagement which followed 
Cioix in 1839, Somerset herald in 1854, and Courthopp received a shot in the breast, and 
registrar of the college in 1859. He was leaping overboard was never seen again. The 
called to the bar as a member of the Inner sam ^ year the Dutch expelled the English 
Temple in 1851, but did not practise. He from both Pul Roon and Lantore. In the 
accompanied several missions sent with the preceding January the directors of the corn- 
insignia of the Garter to foreign sovereigns. P an 7 had agreed that in recognition of his 
In 1838 he married Frances Elizabeth, daugh- distinguished services Courthopp should re- 
ter of the Rev. Frederic Gardiner, rector of cei ^e 100Z. per annum, and be recommended 
Llanvetherine, Monmouthshire. He died for preferment. In addition to Courthopp's 
without issue at Hastings, on 13 May 1866, journal, which has beenpreservedbyPurchas, 
at the age of fifty-seven. He was a learned an(i some papers of his now in the Record 
and laborious genealogist, and his works are Office, there are two letters written by him 
critical and generally trustworthy. He pub- among the 'Egerton MSS.' at the British 
lished : 1. An edition of Debrett's < Complete Museum ( ~Eg, 2086, ff. 26, 44). One, dated 
Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland/ 1834, & om Neylacky, 29 June 1618, was addressed 
1836. 2. An edition of Debrett's ' Baronet- to Cassarian David, who occupied much the 
age/ 1835. 3. i Synopsis of Extinct Baronet- same . uncomfortable position at Pulo Way 
age/ 1835. 4. t Memoir of Daniel Chamier, as did Courthopp at Pulo Roon; and the 
minister of the Reformed Church, withnotices ot k er is a despatch to the president of the 
of the Descendants/ 1852, privately printed. Ea st India Company detailing the adventures 
Courthope was a descendant of Chamier. o f tn expedition up to the date of writing, 
5. A revised and corrected edition of Sir H. 15 April 1617. 

N. Nicolas's ' Historic Peerage of England/ [Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. i. bk. v. pp. 664-79 ; 

1857. 6. * A Pictorial History of the Earls Cal. State Papers, Col. Ser. vol. 1513-1616, 

of Warwick in the Rows Role/ 1859; the vol. 1617-1621, passim.] A. V. 

date 1845 borne on the work refers to the 

plates and title-page, which were prepared COURTNEY. [See also COTTRTEIS-A.Y,] 
in that year. He also contributed to ' Col- ,-^,_ m . mw , -r^- , ^-^ , ^ , n *^ 
lectanea Topographica et Genealogica ' and COURTNEY, EDWARD (1599 P-1677), 

to the < Gentleman's Magazine. 3 a Jesuit, whose real name was LEEDES, was 

m 4. TIT in oo* nr - j> -TV the son of Sir Thomas Leedes, K.B., by 

[Gent. Mag. ccxxi. Ill, 336; Memoir of D. M daup-htpr and hpir^nf Thomas Leedes 
Chamier* Brit Mus Catl W H iviary, aaugnier ananeiressoi j. nomas.Lieea.es 

* " " " J *' of ISTorthamilford, Yorkshire. He was born at 

COURTHOPP, NATHANIEL (d, 1620) , Wappingthorne, the family seat in Sussex, in 

sea-captain in the service of the East India or about 1599. His father, having embraced 

Company, enlisted in the company's service the catholic religion, voluntarily left this 

in November 1609, and left England in the country and settled at Louvain. Edward, 



Couse 349 Cousen 

after studying classics in the college of St. House, Chertsey, &c. Couse married, 23 June 
Omer, entered the English college, Home, for 1750, at St. Mary Woolnoth, London, Miss 
his higher course, as a convictor or boarder, Sarah Hamilton, and died in Scotland Yard 
under the name of Courtney, on 9 Oct. 1618 10 Oct. 1790 in his seventieth year. He left 
(Fop*, Records, vi. 287). He joined the three children, Captain Charles Couse, R.N., 
Society of Jesus at St. Andrew's in Rome in and two daughters, the elder of whom was 
1621, and was professed of the four vows in married to Sir C. Pegge, 
1634 (CtaVBB, Jesuit Collections?. 77) In [RedgraWs Dict< of E lis]l Artigt ^ 
the latter year he was arrested in London, M ag. (1790), lx. 959; Chambers Collections 
and committed to the Gatehouse prison upon (MS.) for a Biography of British Architects- 
a charge of having written against the con- Eegisters of St. Mary Woolnoth.j L. C. ' 
demned oath of supremacy [PANZAKI, Me- 
moirs, pp. 156,162,169, 177 ; FOLEY, Records, COtrSEN, JOHN (1804-1880), line en- 
i. 251 et seq.) He was rector of the college graver, was born at Mirashay near Brad- 
of St. Omer (1646-9), twice rector of the ford in Yorkshire 19 Feb. 1804. He was a 
English college, Borne, provincial of the pupil of John Scott, the animal engraver, 
English province of his order (1660-4), and but at an early period of his career he de- 
then rector of the college of Lie'ge. He died voted himself to landscape engraving, and 
at St. Omer on 3 Oct. 1677. became one of the ablest engravers of the 
He is the author of: 1. 'Thysia Philoso- best period of the art. His exquisite taste 
phica, sive Iseta Disciplinarum oblatio. II- is best displayed in his smaller book-plates, 
lustriss. Principi Gvidoni Bentivolio S.R.E. especially those after Turner for the 'feivers 
Card. Ampliss. Ad concentus musicos ex- of France/ viz. the ' Light-Towers of the 
pressa, cum sub foelicissimis illius auspiciis Heve/'Harneur/'Honileur/^Ch^teau-Gail- 
de vniuersa Philosophia disputaret in Colle- lard/ and the ' Bridge of Meulan.' These are 
gioAnglicano/ Rome, 1621, 4to. 2/Infvnere full of artistic feeling and power of execu- 
ElisabethaeaLotharingiaBavariEeDucisOra- tion. Nearly equal to them are his plates 
tio/ Liege, 1635, 4to. 3. < 11. P. Petri Writi, after Stanfield in < Heath's Picturesque An- 
Sacerdotis Angli e Soc. Jesu, Mors, quam ob nual ' for 1833 and 1834, and after Catter- 
fidem passus est Londini, 29 Mail 1C51/ Ant- mole in that for 1835, and those after David 
werp, 1651, 12mo (a translation of this bio- Roberts, James D. Harding, and James Hol- 
graphy of Peter Wright is printed in Foley's land in the < Landscape Annual' for 1834 to 
< Records/ ii. 506-G5). 4. t Manipulus re- 1839. Besides these he engraved a plate of 
gius Heroidum sanctarum Britannioe Serenis- * Babylon ' for Finden's i Landscape Illustra- 
simse Suecprum Reginoe Christinso oblatus tions of the Bible ; ' another for Stanfield's 
cum Collegium Anglicanum inuiseret/ Rome, t Coast Scenery;' two plates for White's 
1656,fol. (SQmKWJ&lfyBibl. Script. Soc.Jesu, ' Views in India; 7 and 'Folkestone Beach/ ' St. 
185). 5. * Regiis Anglire Divis Dithyrambus Agatha's Abbey/ ' Whitby/ and ' The Abbey 
prssside Octavio Card. Batidino in Disput. Pool/ the last four after Turner, and pub- 
Thom.86 Grini Coll. Angl. Alum, emodulatus/ lished in 'Art and Song ' in 1867. His larger 
4to (BAOKEE, BM. des JVcrivains de la Com- works/ Mercury and Herse' after Turner, and 
pagnie de Jesus, ed. 1869, i. 1434). l Towing the Victory into Gibraltar' and 'The 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. ^ nin g a: ? er tlie Wre k / both - after , St ^" 

field, are of great excellence, as are also his 

COUSE, KENTON (1721-1790), archi- plates for the Royal, Vernon, and Turner 
tect, received his training as an architect Galleries, issued in the e Art Journal.' Those 
under Mr. Flitcroft of the board of works, for the t Royal Gallery ' comprise f The Old 
and was subsequently introduced into that Mill ' after Sobbema, i The Fountain at Ma- 
establishment j eventually he rose to be first drid ' after David Roberts, and ' The Harvest 
clerk of the works and secretary to the board. Field' after Tschagemry ; while those for the 
In 1782, on the remodelling 01 the office, he * Vernon Gallery 'include 'AWoodland View' 
was reappointed as examining clerk. For after Sir David Wilkie/ Rest in the Desert' 
several years he was surveyor to the Gold- after W. J. Muller, ' The Cover Side ' after 
smiths' Company, and also enjoyed a very F. R. Lee, ' Cattle : Early Morning on the 
extensive practice as an architect both of a Cumberland Hills ' after T. Sidney Cooper, 
public and private character, gaming the es- * The Old Pier at Littlehampton' and ' Dutch 
teem and credit of all parties with whom he Peasants returning from Market/ both after 
was connected. Among the buildings de- Sir A. W. Callcott, ' The Battle of Trafalgar' 
signed by him may be noted the bridge over and ' The Canal of the Giudecca and Church 
the Thames at Richmond (erected 1774-7) ; of the Jesuits, Venice/ both after Stanfield, 
St. Paul's Church, Clapham Common jBotley and 'The Mountain Torrent' and t Peace' 



Cousins 350 Cousins 

after Sir Edwin Landseer, the figures in the portraits of Sir Joseph Banks, the Bev. T. 
last-named plate being Toy Lumb Stocks. The Lupton, Viscount Sidmouth, and the Eev. J. 
plates which he engraved for the fi Turner Mitchell executed between 1822 and 1825, 
Gallery' are ' Calais Pier : Fishing Boats off the name of Eeynolds is associated with that 
Calais/ ' Snowstorm : Hannibal and his Army of Cousins. On 19 Feb. 1824 Cousins wrote : 
crossing the Alps/ ' Peace: Burial at Sea of 'I have been lately finishing a half-length 
the Body of Sir David Wilkie/ ' Petworth plate from a picture by Sir W. Beechy. It 
Park/ and ' St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall. 7 is a portrait of the Duchess of Gloucester, a 
He engraved likewise for the ' Art Journal 7 tolerably good plate, and I am to have my 
' Labour ' and i Eest ' after John Linnell, name to it j but I believe it will not be seen 
1 Crossing the Stream ' after Sir A. "W. Call- abroad much, and therefore will be of little 
cott, and ' A Dream of the Future 7 after use. . . . Mr. Eeynolds has taken another 
Frith, Oreswick, and Ansdell. Cousen was pupil, . . . and by his improved behaviour 
of a somewhat reserved and retiring dispo- towards me certainly intends keeping me as 
sition, "but his kindness of heart, genial hu- long as he can.' At the end of his four years' 
mour, and unaffected simplicity of character partnership Cousins set up for himself at 
endeared Kim to those friends with whom he 104 Great Eussell Street. In 1826 he visited 
associated. In consequence of weak health Brussels, and in this same year he engraved 
he retired from the practice of his profession the first plate on his own account, the por- 
about sixteen years before his death. Twice trait of Lady Acland and her children, and 
only, in 1863 and 1864, did he exhibit at the also/ Master Lambton/ after Sir Thomas Law- 
Royal Academy. He died 26 Dec, 1880, at rence. In November 1835 he was elected an 
South Norwood, London, and was buried in associate of the Eoyal Academy, transferred 
Croydon cemetery. His younger brother, to the new class of associate-engravers in 1854, 
Charles Cousen, is also known as a line en- and was the first to receive, 10 Feb. 1855, the 
graver of ability. rank of academician-engraver. He deter- 
[Times, 29 Dec. 1880; Athenseum,! Jan. 1881 ; mined in 1874 to retire, but was induced to 
Art Journal, 1881, p. 63 ; Bryan's Diet, of undertake new work, and did not entirely 
Painters and En gravers, ed. Graves, 1886, i. 320 ; give up his art until 1883. He -died at his 
information from Lamb Stocks, esq., K.A.] house, 24 Camden Square, 7 May 1887. He 

E. E, GK never married. A sister lived with him dur- 
ing the greatest part of his life, and survived 

COUSINS, SAMUEL (1801-1887), mez- him. One of his latest works was an en- 

zotint engraver, was born at Exeter 9 May graving of his own portrait by Mr. Long 

1801. His father had five sons and four (1883). He was also painted by Mr. Frank 

daughters. His "early education was in the Holl in 1879, and etched by M. Waltner. 

Exeter episcopal school, and while there he In January and March 1872 Cousins deposited 

showed great taste for art, spending most of in the department of prints and drawings, 

his spare time in copying engravings with the British Museum, an almost complete set of 

pencil. Captain Bagnall accidentally saw his engravings, and presented a small set to 

some of Cousins's drawings in a shop win- the Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. He 

dow ; bought several, and sent him to the also gave about that period 15,0007. to the 

Society of Arts. Cousins was then under Eoyal Academy in trust for the benefit of 

ten years of age. He gained, on 28 May deserving and poor artists. In 1877 Messrs. 

1811, the silver palette of the Society of Thomas Agnew & Sons held an exhibition 

Arts for a drawing after a print by James of Cousins's works at Manchester ; in 1883 

Heath representing ' The Good Shepherd ' another exhibition took place at the Fine Art 

painted by Murillo. In the following year Society, 148 New Bond Street, and a third 

Cousins received the silver Isis medal for exhibition was held in the season of 1887 

another pencil drawing, the subject of which at Messrs. H. Graves & Co/s, Pall Mall. The 

was * A Magdalen/ This was seen by S. W. following is a list of the most important en~ 

Eeynolds, the mezzotint engraver, who in gravings by Cousins : Lady Acland and chil- 

September 1814 took the youth as appren- dren, after Lawrence (1826) j Master Lamb- 

tice without receiving the usual premium, ton, after Lawrence (1826) ; Pope Pius VII, 

which amounted to 300 Sir Thomas Dyke after Lawrence (1827) ; Lady Grey and chil- 

Acland was a warm patron, and took care dren, after Lawrence (1830) ; the Earl of 

that the boy's education should be car- Aberdeen, after Lawrence; 'The Maid of 

ried on. After finishing his apprenticeship Saragossa/ after Wilkie (1831) ; ' Bolton 

he reluctantly consented, at Acland's de- Abbey in the Olden Time/ after Landseer 

sire, to become assistant to his master for (1837); Queen Victoria, after Chalon (1838) j 

four years, at a salary of 250Z. On four plates Duke of Wellington as chancellor of Oxford, 



Coutances 351 Coutances 

after Lucas (1840) ; ' Queen Victoria receiv- Normandy (ib. i. 168, 175). In 1180 he was 
ing the Sacrament at her Coronation/ after seal-hearer to Henry II, and accounted for 
Leslie (1840) ; Sir R. Peel, after Lawrence the proceeds of the ahlbeys of Wilton and 
(1850) ; e A Midsummer Night's Dream/ after Ramsay, and of the honour of Arundel, then 
Landseer (1857) ; < The Maid of the Magpie/ in the king's hands, of which he had been 
after Landseer (1862) ; ' Piper and Pair of appointed guardian. He seems to have aimed 
Nutcrackers/ after Landseer (1865) ; i The at the see of Lisieux, and according to the 
Strawberry Girl/ after Reynolds (1873); letters of Bishop Amulph to have been some- 
' Yes or No/ after Millais (1873) ; ' Simpli- what unscrupulous in his endeavours to in- 
city/ after Reynolds (1874) ; Lady Caroline duce him to resign in his favour (AiusrrrtPH 
Montague as 'Winter/ after Reynolds LEXOV. Epist. 107, 117). In 1182 he is men- 
(1875) ; Moretta, a Venetian girl, after Leigh- tioned in the king's will as one of those pre- 
ton (1875), and Lavinia, Countess Spencer, sent at Waltham at the division of his pro- 
after Reynolds (1877) ; Cardinal Newman, perty (G-ERVASE CANT. i. 298). On the re- 
after Lady Coleridge (1877) ; ' Ninette/ after signation of Geoffrey Plantagenet he was 
Greuze (1877) ; ' Cherry Ripe/ after Millais elected to the see of Lincoln, and though at 
(1881) ; and ( Pomona/ after Millais (1882). first objected toby Henry II because elected 
rMr.aeorgePycroft'sprivatelyprintedMemoir without his will and consent, ultimately met 
of Samuel Cousins, 1887, supplies a full chrono- with, no opposition, and after being ordained 
logical list of Cousins's works. See also Artists priest on 11 June 1183, by John bishop of 
at Home, 1 April 1884, pt. ii. p. 19.] L. F. Evreux, was consecrated bishop of Lincoln 

on 3 July 1183 at Angers by Archbishop 

COUTANCES (DE CONSTANTIIS), Richard in the church of S. Laud, in the 
WALTER DE (d. 1207), bishop of Lincoln king's presence, and was enthroned on 11 Dec. 
and archbishop of Rouen, is said to have been He remained too short a time at Lincoln to 
of English birth, the son of Rainfred and leave any especial mark of his episcopate. 
Gonilla ; John de Schalby, in his compilation He was present at the council of Westminster 
from the Lincoln records, states that he was in 1184 when Baldwin was elected arch- 
a native of Cornwall, and to this Giraldus bishop (BEN. ABB.i. 319); and he is described 
Cambrensis ( Vita S. Remigii, cap. xxv.) as injuring the see of Lincoln by confirming 
adds that though called of Coutances he was to the Sempringham house of St. Katharine- 
sprung from the house of Corineus, the fabu- without-Lincoln the churches which his pre- 
lous Troj an immigrant into Cornwall. Both decessor Robert de Chesneyhad alienated from 
speak of him as a liberal and accomplished the see (GiBAXD. Vita & Remigii^ cap. xxv.), 
man, devoted to literature, and well skilled in and leaving the see in debt to the king because 
secular and courtly affairs. He was clerk he had not paid the tribute of a mantle ( Vita 
to Henry II and his eldest son, and is S. Hugonis, p. 184, ed. Dimock). 
styled chaplain of Blythe. His first piece In 1184, at the request of Henry II and 
of preferment was the church of Woolpit through the intervention of Pope Lucius HJ, 
in Suffolk (JoCEL. OP BBAKELONDE, p. 35). he was elected archbishop of Rouen (JAITE, 
In 1173, when Ralph of Warneville was chan- p. 847), though the canons had at first elected 
cellor of England, he was made vice-chan- Robert de Novo Burgo ; he was enthroned on 
cellor (DiCETO, i. 367), and he was also canon 24 Feb. 1185, little more than a year, as re- 
and treasurer of the church of Rouen. In marked by Diceto, since his enthronement at 
1175 he was made archdeacon of Oxford, and, Lincoln. The pall was sent to him at once, 
according to Diceto (ii. 14), held a canonry by the hand of the sub-deacon Humbald. 
at Lincoln. WTiile archdeacon we find him Newburgh says (iii. 8) that he hesitated .for 
writing to Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, sometime whether to prefer the more eminent 
on the question of dissolving illegitimate mar- to the richer see, but that at length ambition 
riages (PETEK OP BLOIS, Epist. 83), and attest- triumphed over the love of wealth. One of his 
ing the peace of Falaise between Henry II and first acts was to obtain from Henry II the union 
"William king of Scotland (BsioroiCT. ABB. of the abbeys of St. Helier, Jersey, and that 
i. 99). In 1176 he had an allowance of fifty of du Veen, Cherbourg (R. DE MONTE, ii. 133, 
marks for providing for the ambassadors of ed.Delisle). In 1186 he went as ambassador 
the king of Sicily on the occasion of their into France; he had an interview with Philip, 
demanding Henry's daughter Joanna in mar- and after passing through Flanders landed 
riage. In 1177 he went as envoy to Flanders at Dover (DiCETO, ii. 43). In 1187 he was 
to obtain the answer of Philip Count of appealed to by the convent of Canterbury 
Flanders as to the marriage of the daughters against the violation of their privileges by the 
of his brother Matthew ; and in the same archbishop of Canterbury, and we find him 
year he went as ambassador to France from afterwards appointed one of the arbitrators 



Coutances 35 2 Coutances 



in tliat prolonged and wearisome strife (JEpist. 
Cantuar. pp, 84, 317, 322). In 1188 lie took 
the cross, and was at the council of Le Mans, 
where the Saladin tithe was levied (BEIT. ABB. 
ii. 30). This year he was again sent to Philip 
to demand reparation for the outrages com- 
mitted by him in Normandy, and he was one 
of those to whose judgment as regarded the 
peace, under the direction of John of Anagni, 
the legate, the two kings promised to submit. 
In 1189, at the conference of La Ferte" Ber- 



land he found all things in confusion, the 
chancellor the actual ruler of the country, 
unpopular with all, as he had managed to 
offend all ; John aiming at supreme power, 
and others, such as Geoffrey of York and the 
justiciars, taking an independent line of their 
own. Besides the general pacification of the 
country, he was also to effect an election to 
the see of Canterbury, which had been vacant 
since Baldwin's death at Acre. The arch- 
bishop was named justiciar, but had fuller 



nard between Henry II, Philip, and Richard, powers than any of the others (GIEAID. iv. 
he was present on the part of Henry II. On 396). He had a very difficult part to play, 
the death of Henry II, he absolved Richard 'Richard's conduct,' says Bishop Stubbs(Pref. 
at Seez for his conduct to his father, and in- to HOVEDBN, iii. p. lx), ' was puzzling to all 
vested him with the sword of the duchy of parties ; at the very moment he was entrust- 
Normandy at Rouen; then preceding the new ing the widest powers to the archbishop, he 
king to England, he took part in the corona- was writing to urge John and others to act in 
tion at Westminster. In the same year we unison with the chancellor. 7 Devizes (pp. 29, 
find him attesting the king's grant of Sad- 31) accuses the archbishop of playing a double 
berge to the see of Durham ; at the council part, and a letter from the convent of Can- 
of Pipe well; pronouncing the decision of the terbury, written after the election to the see, 
arbitrators in the great question between the does the same (Epist. Cant. p. 360) ; but it 
Archbishop of Canterbury and the monks, would have been difficult for him to escape 
for which they called him a traitor (GERVA.SE such an accusation, as he was of necessity 
CAOT. i. 474-9) ; and witnessing the charter opposed to John, while at the same time he 
of release given by Richard to the king of had to act against the chancellor. The latter 
Scots. In December 1189 he was sent by at first received him with honour (DEVIZES, 
Richard to the legate to stay Geoffrey's elec- p. 28). One of his first acts was to take part 
tion to York, and soon afterwards accom- in the arrangement between John and the 
panied the king to Normandy, and held a chancellor, and to receive the surrender from 
council at Rouen in February 1190. After John of the castles of Nottingham and Tick- 
this, in pursuance of his crusading vow, he hill. On Geoffrey's complaint of the treat- 
joined Richard at Pisa. At Messina he acted ment he had received from the chancellor on 
with those who endeavoured to make peace landing at Dover, the archbishop, with John 
between the people of Messina and the cru- and others, summoned the chancellor to Read- 
saders (R. DEVIZES, p. 22), and by his advice ing. He did not come ; they all hastened to 
the spoils of Messina were restored to the London, the chancellor doing the same, and 
citizens (Itin. Regis Ricardi, p. 170). He their followers actually skirmishing by the 
took part in the arrangements for agreement way. They met in St. Paul's, and here the 
between Richard and Philip, and acted as one archbishop produced his commission. The 
of the treasurers for the crusading money, chancellor was deposed, and the archbishop 
He was also one of Richard's sureties for the made chief justiciar in his place, promising 
peace with Tancred, and his name appears to do nothing without the consent of those 
as witnessing Richard's charter of wreck, associated with him and the advice of the 
Hoveden also mentions his opposition to the barons of the exchequer. He then summoned 
wild views respecting Antichrist of Abbat the clergy to the election to Canterbury. Pro- 
Joachim, bably both himself and the chancellor had 
His crusade came to an end here, for the had their eyes on the see, and each regarded 
troubles in England through the disloyalty the other as a rival. There is a letter of John 
of John and the unpopularity of Bishop to the convent of Canterbury mentioning a 
Longchamp, the chancellor, came to a head, report that they intended to elect the chan- 
and Richard sent the archbishop of Rouen cellor, warning them that they were bound 
back to England to arbitrate, giving him full, to consult the Archbishop of Rouen, who was 
though secret, powers. Richard of Devizes sent for this purpose by the king, and one from 
(p. 27) mocks at his readiness to return, himself to the same effect (Epist. Cant, pp. 346, 
Though employing him for his own purposes, 347) ; the Bishop of Ely, on the other hand, 
Richard seized all the money he had brought forbade him to go to Canterbury till they had 
with Mm for his expenses on the crusade, met (DiOETO, ii. 92). At the election he dis- 
He returned to England in company with played the royal letter, and the Bishop of Bath 
Queen Eleanor (DETIZES, p. 28). In Eng- was elected. Gervase says that by this he 



Coutances 353 Coutances 

was *spe fraudatus/ and that he appealed chancellor in 1193 at St. Albans, and ar- 
against the election ; but that he acquiesced ranged for the collection and payment of the 
after the elect had accepted the see (GEKVASE ransom, being himself appointed one of the 
CANT. i. 511, 512). The Bishop of Bath, guardians of the treasure, he and the other 
however, died within a month of his elec- justiciary putting in force the exact ions neces- 
tion, and the Archbishop of Rouen took sary for its collection. Richard sent for him 
part in the second election, when Hubert to come with Queen Eleanor to him in Ger- 
Fitzwalter was elected. The archbishop con- many, and thus his justiciarship and leader- 
formed the privileges of the city of London, ship of English affairs came to an end. In 
and the Londoners took the oaths to Richard 1194 he was present at the meeting at Mentz 
and John. Bishop Longchamp resigned his between Richard and the emperor, and was 
castles, and after leaving the country was left on Richard's release as a hostage for the 
treated as excommunicate by the archbishop's payment of the ten thousand marks that still 
order in Normandy. He complained to the remained of the ransom (DiCETO,ii. 113). He 
king, and had interest enough with the pope mentions the king's release in a letter to Di- 
(Oelestine III) to obtain a letter in his fa- ceto (ii, 112). As soon as the ransom was 
vour to the English prelates, by which John paid he was released, and went to London, 
was threatened and his advisers excommuni- where he was received with a solemn pro- 
cated. On the strength of this he excommu- cession in St. Paul's and preached to the 
nicated the archbishop, whom he styles the people (DICETO, ii. 115). He then returned to 
1 Pilate of Rouen 'in a letter to S.Hugh of Lin- Normandy, and was the same year at Pont 
coin. His mandate was, however, neglected de 1'Arche, where the conference between the 
by the bishops, and the archbishop and the king of France and the Norman barons was 
other justiciars seized the property of the see to have been held, the occasion when Philip 
of Ely, and wrote to the king to point out the played false and did not come. Later he was 
harm the chancellor had done to the country, at Vaudreuil for the settlement of peace be- 
and how he had been deposed by the com- tween France and England. In the following 
mon council of the realm. The consequent dis- December he ransomed from Philip the lands 
tress in the diocese of Ely was so great that belonging to his see which Philip had seized. 
Queen Eleanor went to London and demanded A serious quarrel took place in 1195 between 
that the archbishop should relax the sentence the canons of Rouen and the citizens, respect- 
of excommunication, and restore to the bishop ing which there is a letter- of Pope Celes- 
his estates (DEVIZES, pp. 43, 56). Aletter from tine III (11 Oct.), exhorting the latter to give 
the archbishop's agents at Rome in 11 92 tells compensation for the injuries done (JA^FE, 
us that the pope took up Longchamp's cause, p. 902). The archbishop speaks of these and 
annulled both the excommunications, and his other troubles in a letter to Diceto (ii. 
sent messengers to mediate between them. 144). But he had further troubles before 
On their arrival at Gisors they were prevented him. In 1196 Philip demanded his manor of 
by William FitzRalph, the steward of Nor- Andely, and also required him to do fealty 
mandy, from entering the country, as not for the Vexin. Not trusting in Richard's sup- 
having the king's leave j they laid Normandy port, he appealed to the pope. Soon affcer- 
under an interdict in consequence; Queen wards, on Richard's fortifying Andely (by- 
Eleanor and the archbishop sent Hugh, bishop building his chateau Gaillard) in spite of his 
of Durham, to them, but could not induce prohibition, he laid the whole of Normandy 
them to give way. At length the pope re- under an interdict, urged on (according to 
laxed the sentence and compelled their obe- MATTHEW PAEIS, ii. 420) by Philip, and went 
dience, in spite of their still being prevented to the pope. He gives a full account of this 
from entering the country. matter in his letter to Diceto (ii. 148). The 

In the meantime the news of Richard's im- interdict was continued in all its severity 
prisonment arrived. The archbishop did all (HovEDEisr, iv. 16). The cause was tried at 
in his power on the occasion ; writing to the Rome, and the pope and cardinals gave their 
Bishop of Durham respecting the ransom, advice that he should allow the fortifications 
sending the abbots of Boxley and Roberts- to proceed as necessary for the safety of Nor- 
bridge to find out where the king was, re- mandy, and accept the compensation which 
fusing to listen to John's treasonable pro- Richard offered. Celestine III then relaxed 
posals, and arming the country against him, the interdict, and Dieppe and other places 
so as to defend the west and make invasion were given to the archbishop in exchange, 
impossible. Through the queen's influence a His and Richard's letters, and the confirmation 
truce was made with John till November afterwards of the exchange by Innocent III, 
1193, while "Windsor and other castles were may be seen in Diceto (ii. 154, 157, 160). It 
entrusted to her. The archbishop met the is to this exchange that the verses relate 

VOL, XII. A A 



Coutances 



354 



Coutts 



Vieisti, G-altere, tui sunt signa triumphi 
Deppa, Locoveris, Alacris mons, Butila, Molta, &c. 

He had some trouble with Pope Innocent III 
in 1197 for allowing William de Chemill6 
to exchange the see of Avranches for that of 
Angers. 

On Richard's death he invested John with 
the sword of Normandy, and received his 
oath to preserve the church and its dignities. 
John soon afterwards confirmed the exchange 
of Dieppe, Louviers, &c., for Andely. He took 
part in the meeting between Vernon and An- 
dely for bringing about peace between Eng- 
land and France ; he was appointed by the 
pope to settle the quarrel between the Arch- 
Bishop of Tours and the Bishop of Dol, and 
he quieted the strife between the chamberlain 
of Tancarville and the abbey of Le Yalasse. 
On the loss of Normandy by John he had no 
difficulty in transferring his allegiance to 
Philip, and he invested Philip with the sword 
of the duchy as he had Richard and John. 
He died 16 Nov. 1207, soon after dedicating 
Isle Dieu, and was buried in Rouen Cathedral. 

Excepting Devizes, as mentioned above, all 
the chroniclers speak well of him ; Giraldus 
(iii. 303) speaks of his handsome behaviour 
to him. He gives two curious anecdotes of 
his influence over animals (iv. 409). Richard 
had evidently the greatest confidence in him, 
as may be seen in the letters he wrote to him 
on the capture of Acre (Epist. Cant, ccclxxv. 
p. 347) and on the battle of Arsouf (a letter 
preserved by Wendover ; MATT. PABIS, ii. 376, 
377). He obtained the title of ' Magnificus 7 
in his own diocese. 

There are many letters to him in the re- 
gesta of the various popes from Alexander III 
to Innocent III ; in the letters of Peter of 
Blois, the ' Acta Roberti de Monte 7 (ii, 333, 
Delisle) ; besides those preserved by and to 
him in Diceto and the other chroniclers. He 
Is said to have written a treatise ' De Pere- 
grinatione regis Ricardi/andone { DeNegotiis 
Juris.' 

[The authorities for the life of Walter de 
Coutances have been chiefly indicated above, viz. 
Richard of Devizes, G-ervase of Canterbury, Bene- 
dietus Abbas, Hoyeden, William of Newburgh, 
the Epistolse Cantuarienses, ail of which, except- 
ing tie first, have been published in the Bolls 
Series of Chronicles and Memorials. There is a 
slight sketch of him by G-iraldus Cambrensis in 
his Vita S. Bemigii, cap. xxv., and in his Vita 
Gralfridi Arch. Ebor. ii. cap. x. (ed. Brewer, 
iv. 407). For modern sources see Grallia Chris- 
tiana, si. 51-9 ; Foss's Biographical Dictionary 
of the Judges of "England, p. 184 ; and especially 
Bishop Stubbs's Preface to the third volume of his 
edition of Hoveden, pp. lix-xeviii, ciii ; see also 
the note, iii. 96.] H. B. L. 



COUTTS, JOHN (1699-1751), merchant 
and banker, and lord provost of Edinburgh, 
eldest son of Patrick Coutts, a tradesman 
in Edinburgh, and formerly of Montrose, 
by Hs wife, Christina Smith, was born on 
28 July 1699. He entered into business as 
commission agent and dealer in grain, and 
rapidly acquiring capital became a negotiator 
of bills, a business which the banks had not 
yet taken up. In 1730 he entered the town 
council, and in 1742 was elected lord provost, 
when he sustained the dignity at great ex- 
pense, conducting the banquetings in his own 
dwelling. He held office till 1744, having 
been once re-elected. He was a great en- 
courager of the fine arts. He died at Nola, 
near Naples, in 1751, at the age of fifty-two. 
By his wife Jean Stuart, who died in 1736, 
he had five sons and a daughter, his two sons 
James and Thomas [q. v. ] being founders of 
the banking house of Coutts & Co. His 
portrait, painted by Allan Ramsay, is in the 
possession of the Baroneses Burdett-Coutts. 

[Rogers's Genealogical Memoirs of the families 
of Colt and Coutts, 1879, pp. 16, 18-21.] 

T. F. H. 

COIJTTS, THOMAS (1735-1822), founder 
with his brother James of the banking house 
of Coutts & Co. in the Strand, was the fourth 
son of Lord-provost John Coutts of Edin- 
burgh [q. v.], and was born on 7 Sept. 1735. 
He was educated at the high school of Edin- 
burgh. On the death of his brother James 
in 1778 he remained sole partner of the bank- 
ing house in the Strand. He became the 
banker of George III, and of a large number 
of the aristocracy. He was a gentleman of 
wide accomplishments, and very charitable. 
"While admitted into the highest circles, he 
was of economical habits, and amassed a for- 
tune to the value of about 900,000 He died 
on 24 Feb. 1822. By his first wife, Susan 
Starkie, a servant of his brother, he had 
three daughters : Susan, married in 1796 
to George Augustus, third earl of Guilford ; 
Frances, married in 1800 to John, first mar- 
quis of Bute ; and Sophia, married in 1793 
to Sir Francis Burdett, "bart. [q. v.] Three 
months after the death of his first wife, in 1815, 
he married Harriet Mellon, an actress, to whom 
he bequeathed the bulk of his property (cf. 
Notes and Queries, 6th ser. v. 108, 152). She 
married the ninth Duke of St. Albans, and 
died in 1837. 

[Rogers's Families of Colt and Coutts, 1879, 
pp. 22-6; Life of Thomas Coutts, 1822; G-ent. 
Mag. new ser. xxxi. 382; F. Gr. H. Price's 
London Bankers, pp. 44-5 ; Chambers's Emi- 
nent Scotsmen (Thomson), i. 389-90.] 

T. F. H. 



Cove 355 Covel 

COVE, MOBGAN (1753P-1830), divine, ' Porte. He went to Deal, intending to start 
was born in or about 1753. He received his I on 3 Sept, 1670, but, being delayed by con- 
academical education at Trinity Hall, Cam- trary winds, did not leave until the 21st, and 
bridge, where he was admitted sizar on 7 Nov. ! reached Constantinople before the end of the 
1768, scholar on 15 Jan. 1770, fellow-corn- j year. He resigned his engagement with the 
moneron26Nov. 1775, and proceeded LL.B. ! company on 23 May 1676 (PEARSOST). On 
in 1776 (College Admission Book}. He was ! 16 Feb. 1676-7 he took a journey to Nieo- 
incorporated of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on media andNicaea. He finally left Constant!- 

-1 f\ TT -I r~\i r\ It "I _ _T -~ 1 ~ ~-~ "V A __-.n T C'f7f7 "I 1 . i 



19 Jan. 1810, and became agrandcompounder 
for the degree of D.C.L. on 1 Feb. following. 
In 1795, when residing at Helston, Cornwall, 
he published anonymously an ' Essay on the 
Revenues of the Church of England, with an 



nople on 2 April 1677, and, having gone by 
water to Venice, made a tour through the 
Italian cities, and appears to have reached 
London on 20 Jan. 1679. His manuscript 
journals of his travels are illustrated with re- 



Inquiry into the . . . Abolition or Commuta- presentations of buildings and various natu- 
tion of Tithes * (second edition, with author's ral objects, drawn with considerable spirit, 
name, 1797 ; third edition, 1816), wherein he with maps, plans, and inscriptions. During 
showed himself a vigorous apologist for the his stay at Constantinople much interest was 
existing arrangements in the revenues of the taken both in England and in France in the 
church. The pamphlet attracted much at- doctrines and practices of the Eastern church, 
tention, and in the year of its publication the and before he left he was requested by Gun- 
author was collated to the vicarage of Sith- ning, Pearson, and Bancroft, all three after- 
ney, Cornwall, by Dr. Buller, the then bishop wards bishops, to investigate the question 
of Exeter. Four years later, in 1799, he was then in debate between Dr. Arnauld of the 
presented to the rectory of Eaton-Bishop, Sorbonne, and M. Claude, minister of Cha- 
Herefordshire, by Bishop Butler, who also renton, as to whether the Greeks held tran- 
gave him on 12 April 1800 the prebend of substantiation. Covel accordingly turned his 
Withington Parva, and on 23 March 1801 attention to that subject, as well as to scientific 
translated him to the prebend of Gorwall and pursuits, which seemed to be more natural 
Overbury in Hereford Cathedral. On 1 Oct. to him, and had many discussions on it with 
1828 he was appointed chancellor of the choir, the French ambassador. He collected seve- 
an office he continued to hold until his death, ral books and some few manuscripts, and in- 
which occurred at Hereford on 9 April 1830 tended to write a treatise on the Eastern 
at the age of seventy-seven, Besides the church shortly after he came back, but it was 
above-mentioned work Cove published ' An long before he did so. He also took great 
Inquiry into the Necessity, Justice, and Policy interest in botany, and sent home some rare 
of a Commutation of Tithes,' 8vo, London, plants. His manuscripts contain a few at- 
Hereford [printed], 1800. Both pamphlets, tempts at poetry ; one in praise of Mistress 
4 corrected and greatly enlarged,' were reissued Hester H., written in 1666, has a tune written 
in one volume in 1817. to it. On his return to England he resided 

[Gent. Mag. e. i. 648 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), J* Ms college. His travels Brought him some 

i. 494, 507, 533.1 GK GK f ame (EvELYK, Diary, u. 338), and in 1679 

he was the Lady Margaret preacher at the 

COVEL, CO VELL, or COLVILL, JOHN university. r The same year also he was made 
(1638-1722), master of Christ's College, Cam- D.D, by royal warrant. On 5 March of the 
bridge, son of "William Covel, was born at next year he was instituted to the sinecure 
Horningsheath, Suffolk, on 2 April 1638 (Add. rectory of Littlebury, Essex, on the presen- 
MS. 22914, ff. 27, 68). After receiving his tation of Gunning, bishop of Ely, and on 
early education at the grammar school, Bury 31 Oct. 1681 to the rectory of Kegworth, 
St. Edmunds, he was admitted a member of Leicestershire, a living in the gift of his col- 
Christ's College, Cambridge, on 31 March lege (NICHOLS, Leicestershire, iii. 856). In 
1654, being then in his sixteenth year. He this year also he was appointed to succeed 
graduated B,A. in 1658, and M.A. in 1661, Ken as chaplain to the Princess of Orange, 
and was elected a fellow of his college. Cole, and accordingly left England to reside at 
on the authority of H.Wanley, saystha* be- the Hague. In October 1685 the Prince of 
fore he took orders he studied physic, and Orange intercepted a letter Covel wrote to 
throughout his life he retained a strong taste Skelton, the English ambassador, giving an 
for natural science, and especially for botany, account of William's tyrannical behaviour 
On 17 March 1069-70 he was elected chap- towards his wife, and he was dismissed and 
lain to the Levant Company, and in that sent back to England at three hours' notice 
capacity served Sir Daniel Harvey and his (STRICKLAND; SIDNEY, Diary). Covel would 
successor Sir John Finch, ambassadors to the never speak of the cause of his dismissal, 



Covel ss 6 Covell 

and for a long time it remained a mystery Oxford. The sale was finally made on 27 Feb. 
(COLE). 1715-16, the price paid by tie earl being 3002. 
On 9 Nov. 1687 Covel was instituted chan- Some of the books which were missing were 
cellor of York on the presentation of the king to be delivered when they were found. Part, 
during the vacancy of the see. On the death at least, of the collection of New Testament 
of Dr. Cudworth, master of Christ's, in 1688, MSB. is now in the British Museum. Besides- 
the fellows had reason to fear that James was these, there are three volumes, chiefly of 
about to send them a mandate to elect a cer- travels ; the largest, containing an account of 
tain member of their society named Smith- Covel's voyage in 1670, is divided into chap- 
son, rector of Toft ; they therefore proceeded ters, and written as if for publication ; the 
in some haste to an election, and on 7 July smallest (22913) contains a journal of the tour 
chose Covel as master, a choice they proba- in Italy. MS. 22914 has a few autobiographi- 
bly would not have made had they had more cal notes. It is probable that Hearne's en- 
time (Cole MSS. xx). James, although his try of 'Dr. John. CowelVs (Head of Sennet 
scheme was defeated, approved of the elec- Coll. Camb.) Itinerary thro' Greece ' as a book 
tion, and appears to have been a popular which would be : of great advantage to the 
master. He was vice-chancellor when Wil- Republick of Letters ' refers to Covel's jour- 
Ham III visited Cambridge on 4 Oct. 1689, nals, and not to the work he published in 
and it is said that, when he expressed some 1722. Covel died unmarried, 
doubt as to how the king would receive him, [Davy's Athenae Suffolc. Add. MS. 19166, ii. 
William sent him word that he could distin- 95 ; Cole's Manuscript Collections, xx. fol. 72 ; 
guish between Dr. Covel and the viee-chan- Covel's Journals and Correspondence, Add. MSs! 
cellor of the university . The king accordingly 22910-14; Pearson's Chaplains" of the Levant 
received him courteously, but the old quar- Co. 16 ; G-. Williams's The Orthodox . . . and the 
rel at the Hague is supposed to have stood in Nonjurors, xii. ; Nichols's Leicestershire, iii. 856, 
the way of his preferment (z.) He was again 8 ? 9 >" Strickland's Queens of England, vii. 100-3 ; 
vice-chancellor in 1708. The book for which Sidney's Diary of Time of Charles H (ed. Blen- 
he had collected materials during his stay in cove ) > Bl g- Brit * "* 1488 > Hearne's Collections 
the East appeared in 1722 under the title ( Doble )> ' 86 -] W. H. 
1 Some Account of the present Greek Church, COVELL, WILLIAM, D JD. (d. 1614 P), 
with Eeflections on their present Doctrine divine, a native of Chatterton, Lancashire, 
and Discipline, particularly on the Eucharist received his academical education at Christ's- 
and the rest of their Seven Pretended Sacra- College, Cambridge, and was elected a fellow 
ments, compared with Jac. Gear's Notes on of Queen's College in that university in July 
the Greek Ritual or EvxoXoyiov,' fol. Cam- 1589. The dates of his degrees are as follows: 
bridge. It was little read, for men had ceased B.A. 1584, M. A. 1588, D.D. 1601. On 2 Jan. 
to care for the questions it handled. Covel 1595-6 Dr. Goade, vice-chancellor of the uni- 
in his preface says that the delay was caused versity, complained to Lord Burghley that 
first by his < itinerant ' life, and then by his Covell, in a sermon at St. Mary's, had railed 
engagements at Cambridge, where he de- against noblemen and bishops (Lands. MS. 
scribes himself as ' chained to a perpetual col- 80, art. 53 ; HEYWOOD and WEIGHT, Univer- 
lege bursar's place/ He died on 19 Dec. of sity Transactions, ii. 87). He was collated by 
the same year, and was buried in the chapel the Archbishop of Canterbury to the vicarage 
of Christ's, where there is an inscription to O f Sittingbourne, Kent, 27 Jan. 1602-3, and 
him ; He left by will 3/. a year to the poor he also held the living of Leaveland in the- 
of Littlebury. Cole, the writer of the ' Athense same county, resigning it on 9 May 1603. He 

liovita Tvi rfiatnocLCf \tn>n4-nn T\T-T /iT- A /-. 1* ^ _,,_.._ , i IT /i- ii-i/***, 




presented it to Christ's. It was painted one of the original fellows of < King James's 

by a certain Valentine Eitz, a German who College at Chelsea,' which was founded by 

lived some seven years at Cambridge, and died Dr. Matthew Sutcliffe for the maintenance of 

there. Covel's journals and correspondence polemical divines who were to be employed 

are in the British Museum Additional MSS. in writing against the doctrines of the Eoman 

22910-14 ; they consist of two large folios of catholic church (FATTLEOTB, Chelsea, ii. 225). 

autograph letters, some of considerable in- He was collated to the prebend of All Saints- 

terest, from Newton, Locke, Wanley, and in Hungate, in the church of Lincoln, 22 Sept. 

othersthe JN ewton letters, however, are not 1612, and he probably died in 1614, in which 

autographs, the originals are at Trinity Col- year his successor in that dignity was nomi- 

lege, Cambridge. There is a correspondence nated. 

with Wanley on the subject of the sale of His works are : 1. < A Just and Temperate- 

Covers manuscripts and books to the Earl of Defence of the Five Books of Ecclesiastical 



Coventry 



357 



Coventry 



Polity, written by Mr. Richard Hooker; 
against an uncharitable " Letter of certain 
English Protestants (as they call themselves) 
craving resolution in some matters of doc- 
trine," ' London, 1603, 4to ; reprinted in vol. 
ii. of Hanbury's edition of Hooker's ' Works/ 
ii. 449-568. 2. i A modest and reasonable 
Examination of some things in vse in the 
Church of England, sundrie times heretofore 
misliked, and now lately, in a Booke called 
the (Plea of the Innocents) and an Asser- 
tion for true and Christian Church Policy/ 
London, 1604, 4to. 3. 'A briefe Answer 
vnto certaine Reasons by way of an Apolo- 
gie deliuered to the Right Reuerend Father 
in God, the L. Bishop of Lincolne, by Mr. 
lohn Bvrges/ London, 1606, 4to. 

[Carter's Univ. of Cambridge, pp. 180, 233; 
Richardson's Athense Cantab. MS. p. 46 ; Le 
Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 41, 101 ; Home's Cat. 
of Library of Queens' Coll. Camb. p. 98 ; Cooper's 
MS. Collections for Athense Cantab. ; Cat. of 
Printed Books in Brit Mus. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] 

T. C. 



COVENTRY, ANNE, COOTTESS OF CO- 
VENTRY (1673-1763), religious writer, born 
in 1673,'was the daughter of Henry Somerset, 
third marquis and first duke of Beaufort, by 
Mary, daiighter of Arthur, lord Capel, and 
widow of Henry, lord Beauclerk. Before 
1700 she married Thomas, second earl of Co- 
ventry, by whom she was the mother of 
Thomas, third earl. Her husband died in 
1710 and her son on 28 Jan. 1712. She took 
up her permanent residence at her late hus- 
band's house at Snitterfield, Warwickshire, 
in 1726, and died there 14 Jan. 1763, aged 90, 
after a widowhood of fifty-three years. She 
was buried with her father at Badminton. 
The countess was renowned for her charity 
and piety. In 1707 appeared in duodecimo 
' The Right Honourable Anne, Countess of 
Coventry's Meditations and Reflections, Moral 
and Divine. 7 A frontispiece by Berchet re- 
presents the authoress at prayer. Perfect 
copies of this volume are now very rare. The 
countess's friend, Richard Jago, vicar of Snit- 
terfield, preached a biographical sermon after 
her death, which was printed at Oxford in 
1763 under the title of t The Nature of a 
Christian's Happiness in Death.' 

Another Aio"E, COUNTESS OF COVENTRY 
(1690-1788), born in 1690, was daughter of 
Sir Streynsham Masters of Codnor Castle, 
Derbyshire, and became the second wife of 
Gilbert, fourth earl of Coventry, shortly before 
his death in 1719. In 1725 she married Ed- 
ward Pytts of Kyre, Worcestershire, by whom 
she had five daughters. She died on 21 March 
1788, aged 98. This lady was the plaintiff 



in an important lawsuit which she brought 
against William, fifth earl of Coventry, a dis- 
tant relative of the fourth earl, to compel him 
to give effect to a defectively executed settle- 
Da ent made on her first marriage. The suit, 
heard 18 May 1724, was decided in her favour. 
A full report was appended by Richard Fran- 
cis to his < Maxims of Equity,' 1728. 

[ Chambers' s "Worcestershire Biography, 322, 
590; G-ent. Mag. 1763, p. 277, 1788, pt. i. 277; 
Burke's Extinct Peerage ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] 

S. L. L. 

COVENTRY,FRANCIS (d. 1680),Fran- 
ciscan. [See DAVESTPORT, CHBISTOPHEK.] 

COVENTRY, FRANCIS (d. 1759?), 
miscellaneous writer, a native of Cambridge- 
shire, was educated at Magdalene College, 
Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. 1748 
and M. A. 1752. He is the author of ' Pens- 
hurst, a poem, inscribed to William Perry, 
esc[., and the Hon. Mrs. Elizabeth Perry/ 1750, 
4to, reprinted in vol. iv. of 'Dodsley's Miscel- 
lanies ; ' and of the fifteenth number of the 
t World/ 12 April, 1753, containing ' Stric- 
tures on the Absurd Novelties introduced in 
Gardening.' He also wrote a satirical romance, 
' Pompey the Little, or the Adventures of a 
Lapdog/ 1751 (5th ed. 1773), which Lady 
Mary Wortley Montagu preferred to ' Pere- 
grine Pickle.' Several characters were in- 
tended for ladies well known in contemporary 
society. He was appointed by his relative, 
the Earl of Coventry, to the perpetual curacy 
of Edgware, and died of small-pox at Whit- 
church about 1759. 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v. 569 ; Cole's Athenae.] 

COVENTRY, HENRY (1619-1686), 
secretary of state, the third son by the 
second marriage of Thomas, first lord Co- 
ventry [q. v.l, brother of Sir William Co- 
ventry [q. v.j, uncle of Sir John Coventry 
[q. v.], and brother-in-law of Anthony Ashley 
Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury [q. v.l, after 
studying at All Souls College, Oxford, gra- 
duated in both arts and law. In the civil 
wars he adhered to the king's party, and ac- 
companied Charles II in his exile, during part 
of which time he was employed as royalist 
agent in Germany and Denmark, in company 
with Lord Wentworth, until the concert was 
dissolved by a violent quarrel, leading ap- 
parently to a duel (Calendar of Clarendon 
State Papers, ii. 332 ; 6 April 1654). The 
notices of him at this date are very confused ; 
Henry, his elder brother Francis, and his 
younger brother William being all attached 
to the exiled court and all commonly spoken 
of as Mr. Coventry. Before the Restoration 
Francis had ceased to take any active part 



Coventry 



358 



Coventry 



in public affairs, and William had devoted 
himself more especially to the service of the 
Duke of York, whose secretary he continued 
to be while the duke held the office of lord 
high admiral (PEPYS'S Diary). Henry re- 
mained in the service of the crown, and in 
September 1664 was sent as ambassador to 
Sweden, where he remained for the next two 
years, ' accustoming himself to the northern j 
ways of entertainment, and this grew upon 
him with age ' (BuRKBT, Hist, of his own 
Time, Oxford, 1823, i. 531). In 1667 he was 
sent, jointly with Lord Holies, as plenipo- 
tentiary to negotiate the treaty of peace with 
the Dutch, which, after the disgraceful sum- 
mer, was finally concluded at Breda. In 
1671 he was again sent on an embassy to 
Sweden, and on his return was appointed 
secretary of state. In this office he continued 
till 1679, when his health, which was shat- 
tered by frequent attacks of gout, compelled 
him to retire from public life. According to 
Burnet ' he was a man of wit and heat, of 
spirit and candour. He never gave bad ad- 
vices ; but when the king followed the ill 
advices which others gave, he thought him- 
self bound to excuse if not to justify them. 
For this the Duke of York commended him 
much. He said in that he was a pattern to 
all good subjects, since he defended all the 
king's counsels in public, even when he had 
blamed tihem most in private with the king 
himself' (ib. loo. titJ) It is to his credit that 
after holding public office for nearly twenty 
years he had not accumulated any large for- 
tune; and though no doubt in easy cir- 
cumstances, he wrote of himself as feeling 
straitened by the loss of his official salary on 
31 Dec. 1680. He died in London on 7 Dec. 
1686. He was never married. Writing to 
Sir Robert Carr on 12 Sept. 1676, and re- 
gretting his inability to fulfil some promise 
relative to a vacant post, he said : ' Promises 
are like marriages; what we tie with our 
tongues we cannot untie with our teeth. I 
have been discreet enough as to the last, 
but frequently a fool as to the first. 7 

[CoUins's Peerage (5th ed. 1779), iv. 163; 
Clarendon State Papers, and Calendar of Claren- 
don State Papers (see Index) ; Calendars of State 
Papers (Domestic), 1660-7; British Museum, 
Add. MS. 25125 : this is a collection of private 
letters, including several to Francis Coventry, 
which give some curious hints as to his peculiar 
troubles both in his money matters and in his 
family.] J. K L. 

COVENTRY, HENRY (& 1752), mis- 
cellaneous writer, a native of Cambridgeshire, 
born about 1710, was educated at Mag- 
dalene College, Cambridge, where he gradu- 
ated B.A. in 1729, and was elected to a 



fellowship, proceeding M.A. in 1733. He 

was the author of ' Philemon to Hydaspes, 
relating a conversation with Hortensius upon 
the subject of False Religion,' in five parts, 
1736-3^-38-41-44, Svo. Warburton accused 
Coventry of making unfair use of informa- 
tion, confidentially communicated, which was 
about to be published in the second volume 
of the ' Divine Legation. 7 A pamphlet en- 
titled < Future Rewards and Punishments 
believed by the Antients,' 1740, has been 
attributed to Coventry, who was also one of 
the contributors to the e Athenian Letters.' 
He died 29 Dec. 1752. Cole, who had met 
him frequently in the society of Conyers Mid- 
dleton and Horace Walpole, remarks : ' He 
used to dress remarkably gay, with much gold 
lace, had a most prominent Roman nose, and 
was much of a gentleman.' The five parts 
of i Philemon to Hydaspes ' were republished 
in one vol. 1753, by his cousin, Francis 
Coventry [q_. v.] 

[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iii.43, v. 564-71, 
ix. 801; Cole's Athenee; "Walpole's Letters, ed. 
Cunningham, i. 7.] 

COVENTRY, SIE JOHN (d. 1682), M.P. 
for Weymouth, was son of John Coventry, 
second son of Lord-keeper Thomas Coventry 
[q.. v.] His mother belonged to a Somerset 
family named Colles. His father is described 
by his friend and brother-in-law the first Earl 
of Shaftesbury as ' every way an extraordinary 
person, 7 who ruined his great mental gifts by 
drink. The son John was first elected to the 
Long parliament for Evesham in 1640. He 
was a zealous cavalier, and was disabled from 
sitting in the House of Commons on that ac- 
count in 1645. He served in the royalist army, 
and his attachment to the crown was so well 
known that he was made a knight of the Bath 
on the coronation of Charles II in 1661. He 
was elected M.P. for Weymouth on 25 Jan. 
1667, and though his uncles Henry and Wil- 
liam were both in office, he at once went 
into opposition. In 1670 the opponents of 
the government proposed in parliament to 
levy a tax on playhouses, and in the course 
of the debate Coventry asked 'whether did 
the king's pleasure lie among the men or the 
women that acted ? ' The allusion was ob- 
viously intended to apply to Nell G-wyn and 
Moll Davies. The Mng's friends expressed 
great indignation and prepared to avenge the 
insult. On 21 Dec., while on his way home 
to his house in Suffolk: Street, Coventry was 
taken out of his carriage by a band of ruffians, 
headed by Sir T. Sandys, and his nose slit to 
the bone. This deed caused the greatest 
excitement in the House of Commons, and a 
, special act was passed (22 & 23 Car. II, c. 1) 



Coventry 359 Coventry 

declaring nose-slitting or other mutilation of beauties/ and that on this the sisters flew 

the person to be felony without benefit of into a passion, and said that they were come 

clergy. Coventry's assailants were never cap- to see the palace, and not to be shown as a 

tured. The act was known as the Coventry sight. On 5 March 1752, less than three 

Act. Coventry was re-elected for Weymouth weeks after her sister had married the Duke 

in 1678, 1679, and 1681, but made no mark of Hamilton, Maria married George William, 

in politics. He died in 1682. sixth earl of Coventry, In the summer she 

[Burke's Peerage; Pepys's Diary, ed. Bray- went to France, but the Parisians laughed at 

brooke; Hallam's Constitutional History of Eng- her silliness, her want of breeding, and her 

land; Burnet's History of his own Time; Re- ignorance of French, and would scarcely allow 

resby's Diary ; Shaftesbury Papers, ed. Christie.] that she was beautiful. Her tour was not 

H. M. S. altogether a happy one, for her husband ap- 




. 

position through the care with which his tiful woman of the court She toed con- 

instruments were made. He was the inventor siderably especiaUy with Viscount Boling- 

of a new hygrometer, more accurate than any br ^ e - Jhe old king took a great deal of 

which had been previously in use. This in- notl <f of * a P d much amused when 

strument was very generally employed by on , e > da 7> th characteristic foolishness, she 

the chemists and other scientific men of his * old ^imthat she longed to see a coronation. 

day. His telescopes were found to be more Pe P le we j e *l ever tired of nmng after her, 

accurately adjusted than those usually em- and O1 \^nday evening m June 1759 she 

ployed, and the lenses with which they were ^ as Bobbed in Hyde Park. The king or- 

fitted were more truly ground. His gradua- dered that ' t0 FeYe ^ tb ? for ^ future A sLe 

tions were especially correct. He was a s^hould have a guard and on the next Sun- 

friend of Benjamin Franklin, who appears to da J sne made herself ridiculous by walking 

have consulted him on questions connected m <*e park from 8 till 10p.m. with two ser- 

with electrical apparatus. Coventry died in f a * ts <*&* guards m front with their hal- 

* r J berds, and twelve soldiers following her. In 



r ~' , . ,. . , T the course of the winter she was attacked by 

[General uf actuation from private sources.] consumptionj but recovered sufficie ntly to be 

present at the trial of Lord Ferrers in the 

COVENTRY, MARIA, COTOTESS OF following April. She lingered through the 
(1733-1760), elder daughter of John Gun- summer, and died on 1 Oct. 1760. It was 
ning of Castle Coote, co. Roscommon, and said that her health was injured by the use 
Bridget, daughter of the sixth viscount Mayo, of white lead, to which she, in common with 
was born in 1733. She and her sister Eliza- other ladies of fashion, was greatly addicted. 
beth, both, famed for their beauty, were so Throughout her last illness her personal ap- 
poor, that they thought of going on the stage, pearance was, as ever, her chief care. After 
and when they were presented to Lord Har- she took to her Bed she would have no light in 
rington, the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, bor- her room except the lamp of & tea-kettle, and 
rowed clothes from Mrs. Woffington, the ac- would never allow the curtains -of her bed to 
tress. On their appearance in London in the be undrawn lest others should see the ravages 
summer of 1751, when Maria was in her disease had made. Mason wrote an elegy on 
eighteenth year, and Elizabeth about a year her. She had five children: George William, 
younger, they were at once pronounced to afterwards seventh earl of Coventry, and four 
be ' the handsomest women alive. 7 Singly, daughters. Her brother, General Gunning, 
Horace Walpole says, they were surpassed was the husband of Susannah Minifie, the 
by others, but it was extraordinary that two novelist. 

sisters should be so beautiful in face and Lady Coventry's portrait was five times en- 
figure. Crowds followed them whenever they graved in mezzotint, after paintings by Francis 
appeared in public, and they were generally Cotes, Read, Hamilton, and Liotard (BuoM- 
called 'The Beauties.' Of the two, Maria LET, Cat. of Enff raved Portraits, -p. 305). An 
was the more lovely. They were both lack- etching by B. Wilson is dated 1751. 
ing in sense and knowledge of the world.^ It [Horace Walpole > s Letters (Cunningham), ii. 
is said that one day when they were going 259} 2 65, iii. 233, 358 ; Memoirs of George HI, 
over Hampton Court, the housekeeper, wish- iii. 190 ; Mahon's Chesterfield, iv. 10, 45 ; Jesse'e 
ing to show the company the room contain- G-eorge Sebvyn and his Contemporaries, i. 162- 
ing Kneller's pictures, or the Hampton Court 71 ; Collins's Peerage of England, iv. 170.] 
beauties, cried, ' This way, ladies, for the "W. H. 



Coventry 360 Coventry 

COVENTRY, SIB THOMAS (1547- In 1616 he was a candidate for the recorder- 
1606), judge, second son of Richard Coventry ship of the city of London, and Bacon wrote 
of Gassing-ton, Oxfordshire, was "born in 1547, to the king (13 Nov.) : l The man upon whom 
and educated at Balliol College, Oxford, of the choice is like to fall, which is Coventry, I 
which he was a fellow, and where he gra- hold doubtful for your service ; not but that 
duated B.A. on 2 June 1565. He studied law he is well learned and an honest man, but he 
at the Inner Temple. Has first appearance hath been, as it were, bred by Lord Coke and 
as a pleader is in a case reported by Croke in seasoned in his ways ' (SPEEDING, Life of 
Michaelmas term 1589. He was elected reader Hacon, vi. 97). In spite of this opposition 
at the Inner Temple in the autumn of 1593, Coventry was elected recorder on 16 Nov. 
but, in consequence of an outbreak of plague, Four months later he obtained the solicitor- 
nis reading was postponed over the winter, generalship (14 March 1616-17), and was 
and a new Serjeant, John Heale, being ap- knighted at the same time. He owed his 
pointed in the spring, took precedence of him, preferment to the influence of friends and to 
so that he did not read until the autumn of his reputation as a sound lawyer whose poli- 
1594. In the canvass for the post of solicitor- tical opinions, although not extreme, coin- 
general, which took place on Coke's appoint- cided in the main with those of the king's 
ment to the attorney-generalship (1594-5), supporters. On 11 Jan. 1620-1 he succeeded 
Coventry played an active part, and was sus- Sir Henry Yelverton as attorney-general, 
pectedof having bought Sir Robert Cecil's in- Almost his first duty in this office was to 
terestfor two thousand angels, as appears from request Bacon to form specific answers to the 
a very blunt letter from Bacon to Cecil, which charges of corruption brought against him 
though undated is probably referable to this in parliament. In April 1621 he was con- 
period. In 1603 he was appointed Serjeant- cerned in the proceedings against Edward 
at-law, in 1605-6 king's serjeant, and in the Floyd, a Roman catholic, who was reported 
same year justice of the common pleas, and to have rejoiced over the misfortunes of the 
knighted. He died on 12 Dec. 1606. He elector palatine after the battle of Prague, but 
was buried at Earle's Croome, otherwise he deprecated the brutal sentence passed by 
Croome d'Abitot, in Worcestershire. He is the commons. On 1 Nov. 1625 Coventry was 
said by Dugdale to have been descended from summoned to supply Bishop Williams's place 
John Coventrie, mercer, co-sheriff of London as lord keeper of the great seal. When ac- 
with Whittington in 1416, and lord mayor cepting office he thanked the Duke of Buck- 
of London in 1425. By his wife, Margaret ingham for the favour he had bestowed on him 
Jeffreys, of Earle's Croome, he had three sons in phrases which, although courtly, showed 
and four daughters. His eldest son, Thomas an independence unusual in contemporary of- 
[q. v.], was lord keeper in the reign of James I ; ficers of the crown, and he acknowledged very 
from the youngest, Walter, the present Earl modestly congratulations from Bacon (S?BD- 
of Coventry, traces his descent. DING, vii. 534-5). As lord-keeper, Coventry 

[Beg. of Univ. of Oxford, I 258 ; Wood's Fasti P. ened the second parliament of Charles Ts 
Oxon. i. 167; Dugdale's Orig. 166, Chron. Ser. reign, and before the close delivered the king's 
101, 103; Croke'sEeports (Eliz.), p. 158; Sped- reprimand of the unruly house, which de- 
ding's Life andLetters of Bacon, i. 288, 348, 355; clined to grant an adequate supply without 
Collins's Peerage (Brydges), in. 744; Dugdale's redress of grievances. The commons, he said, 
Baronage, ii. 459 ; Foss's Judges.] J. M. B. had liberty of counsel but not of control 

(29 March 1626). In May he drew up the 

COVENTRY, THOMAS, LORD COVBK- questions to be propounded to Sir John Eliot, 

TET (1578-1640), lord keeper, eldest son of then under arrest ; his manuscript is still 

Sir Thomas Coventry [q. v.], was born in at the Record Office. "When opening the 

1578 at Earl's Croome, or Croome d'Abitot, third parliament in March 1627-8 he an- 

"Worcestershire. After a private education nounced the royal threat that the prerogative 

he was sent to Balliol College, Oxford, in of the crown would be exercised without ap- 

Michaelmas term 1592, but took no degree, peal to parliament in case of further insubor- 

and in November 1594 entered the Inner dination, and henceforth steadily supported 

Temple. _ Coke's reports mention him as an the king, although he treated Buckingham 

advocate in 1611. "With his friends Henry without much respect. On 10 April he was 

Yelverton and James "Whitelocke he joined created Baron Coventry of Aylesborough, 

the Oxford circuit j became bencher of his Worcestershire. When Buckingham applied 

inn in 1614, autumn reader in 1616, and was to him soon afterwards for the office of lord 

elected treasurer for each year between 1617 high constable, Coventry declined to grant 

and 1623. Coventry was noticed favourably it him, and a personal' altercation ensued, 

by Coke, and thus incurred Bacon's enmity. Buckingham taunted Coventry withholding 



Coventry 361 Coventry 

the lord keepership by his favour. ' Did I said, i as it is an ancient and undoubted right 
conceive I held my place by your favour/ of the crown of England, so it is the best 
Coventry replied, i I would presently unmake security of the land. The wooden walls are 
myself by rendering the seal to his majesty.' the best walls of this kingdom' (RUSHWOHTH, 
It is probable that Buckingham would have ii. 294). But he said nothing as to the king's 
driven Coventry from office and have replaced right to levy the tax, and he took no part at 
him by a more servile instrument had his all in the great case of Hampden. In the 
attention not been absorbed in foreign affairs Star-chamber Coventry was usually, although 
for the few months which elapsed before his not invariably, on the side of clemency. In 
assassination in August (RACKET, Life of March 1626-7 he resolutely opposed the in- 
Williams, ii. 19). Meanwhile Coventry was famous doctrine that men refusing to be im- 
actively engaged in parliament. In the de- pressed could be hanged. He deprecated any 
bates in the lords on the council's powers of harsh sentence on Henry Sherfield, M.P. for 
commitment he argued that the council need Salisbury, who had quarrelled with the bishop 
not show cause (22 April 1628), and six days of the diocese on the question of painted 
later, when Noy's Habeas Corpus Bill was windows in parish churches (February 1632- 
before the commons, he told them that they 1633). In April 1635 one James Maxwell 
must be content with the king's verbal promise and his wife Alice stated in a petition to the 
to administer the existing law of the land, king that Coventry disobeyed the crown and 
In the following month, when the Petition of oppressed the subject. Maxwell was prose- 
Right was under discussion, he gave the more cuted in the Star-chamber and ordered to 
moderate opinion that no man ought, except pay 3,000. to Charles and the same sum to Co- 
in very special circumstances, to be impri- ventry, Coventry was absent when Prynne 
soned without cause shown. In June, when was before the court. His royalist zeal seems 
the debate was at its height, he informed to have much abated in his last years, and 
Charles that a dissolution would not solve he strongly resisted the king's determination 
the difficulty, and persuaded him to assent to enforce the payment of a loan by the city 
to the petition in the ordinary formula. But of London (June 1639). He himself lent 
in October Coventry complained (without the king 10,0002. in December, and died at 
taking further action) of the conduct of the Durham House in the Strand on 14 Jan. 
judges in bailing Richard Chambers [q. v.] 1639-40, being buried at Croome d'Abitot. 
without the council's consent ; dissented in The writs summoning the Short parliament 
vain from Charles I's resolution to dissolve were issued before his death, and in a dying 
parliament summarily in March 1628-9, and message he begged that *his majesty would 
endeavoured in September to bring about a take all distastes from the parliament sum- 
compromise on the question of bailing the moned against April with patience and suffer 
seven members of parliament imprisoned by it without an unkind dissolution ' (HACKET, 
Charles since March, He suggested that se- ii. 137). Besides Durham House, Coventry 
curity should be given for their good behaviour rented Canonbury House, Islington, 
during the vacation, but this concession the Coventry was personally popular, and all 
prisoners declined. In October Coventry was moderate men lamented his death. Claren- 
ordered by Charles I to inform Sir JohnWalter don states that 'he understood not only the 
[q.v.] } the chief baron of the exchequer, that his whole science and mystery of the law at 
services were no longer needed on the bench, least equally with any man who had ever 
Coventry drew up and enforced a royal pro- sate in that place, but had a clear conception 
clamation in June 1631, according to which of the whole policy of the government both 
gentlemen living in the country were tern- of church and state. . . . He knew the tem- 
porarily banished from London ; sentenced per, disposition, and genius of the kingdom 
Lord Audley to death after his trial by his most exactly. . . . He had, in the plain way 
peers in the same year (RusHWOBTH, ii. 96) ; of speaking and delivery, without much 
joined with Laud in bringing a charge of cor- ornament of elocution, a strange power of 
ruption against the Earl of Portland in the making himself believed.' Antony a Wood, 
council in May 1634, and strongly opposed Fuller, Lloyd, and his colleague on the 
Portland's scheme of a Spanish alliance. A bench, Sir George Croke, all write of him in 
month later he announced his approval of similar terms. Whitelocke speaks of him as 
Noy's scheme of levying shipmoney, and in without ' transcendent parts or form/ and 
June 1635 he addressed a powerful speech to Pepys writes of him contemptuously. "Wood 
the council in which he foreshadowed the attributes to Coventry a tract on i The Fees 
danger to England of a maritime war and j us- of all Law Offices,' London, 8vo, n.d. Letters of 
tifiedthe extension of the shipmoney tax to the Coventry are preserved in Cotton. MS. Julius 
inland towns. ' The dominion of the sea,' he C. iii. f. 140, and Harl. MSS. 286, 1581, 2091. 



Coventry 362 Coventry 

Coventry married (1) Sarah, daughter of is of no historical value; the second part, 

Sir Edward Sebright of Basford, Worcester- which deals with the history of England from 

shire, and (2) Elizabeth, daughter of John 1002 to 1225, is an abridgment and i com- 

Aldersey of Spurston, Cheshire, and widow pilation from a compilation ' from Florence, 

of William Pitchford. By his first wife he Henry of Huntingdon, and Roger of Hove- 

had a son, Thomas, and a daughter, Eliza- den, with a continuation derived from the 

"beth. Thomas succeeded him as second 'Barnwell Chronicle/ which comprises the 

Baron Coventry ; married (2 April 1627) annals of the reign of John, and is of great 

Mary (d. 18 Oct. 1634), daughter of Sir value. This part of the work has been pub- 

William Craven ; executed the commission lished in a mutilated form in the i Recueil 

of array in Worcestershire in 1640 ; signed des Historiens 7 (BoTOtJET, xviii. 164), as a 

the engagement with the king at York in continuation of Hoveden ; it was first edited 

1642 ; died 27 Oct. 1661, and left two sons, in its entirety by Bishop Stubbs for the 

of whom the younger, Thomas, was created Bolls Series. 

earl of Coventry on 26 April 1697. By his [All that is known of Walter of Coventry, and 

second wife he had four sons (John, father of all that has been written about him and the 

Sir John Coventry [q. v.], Francis, Henry Memoriale, will be found in the preface to his 

[q. v.], and William [q. v.]) and four daugh- Historical Collections, ed. by W. Stubbs, bishop 

ters (Anne, wife of Sir William Savile, and o f Chester, in the Bolls Ser. ; Hardy's Descriptive 

mother of George Savile, marquis of Halifax; ^ at - PP- 43 ?J W. H. 

Mary, wife of Henry Frederick Thynne of COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (1628 ?- 

Longleat, Wiltshire ; Margaret, first wife of 1686), politician, born about 1628, was fourth 

Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftes- son of Thomas, lord Coventry [q. v.], by his 

bury [q. v.] ; and Dorothy, wife of Sir John second wife, Elizabeth Aldersey. He became 

Pakington). a gentleman-commoner of Queen's College, 

A portrait by i Old Stone ' belonged to Sir Oxford, in 1642, but left the university with- 

William Coventry (PEPYS, ii. 404), which is out taking a degree. ' He was young,' writes 

probably identical with the existing picture Clarendon in his autobiography (1759, ii. 348), 

belonging to the Earl of Coventry at Croome ( whilst the war continued ; yet he had put 

Court, Worcestershire ; another, by Jansen, himself before the end of it into the army, 

"belonged to Edward Hyde, earl of Claren- and had the command of a foot company, 

don, and is now at Grove Park, Watford, and shortly after travelled into France, where 

Five engraved portraits (by Droeshout, Els- he remained whilst there was any hope of 

tracke,Houbraken,Martin,andVandergucht) getting another army for the king, or that 

are known. either of the other crowns would engage in 

[Foss's Judges, vi. 277 ; Gardiner's History of his quarrel. But when all thoughts of that 

England, ii-ix. ; Forster's Sir John Eliot ; Ola- were desperate, he returned into England, 

xendon's Hist. bk. i. 45, 131 ; Liber Famelicus where he remained for many years without 

of Sir James Whitelocke (Camd. Soc.) ; Gran- the least correspondence with any of his 

ger's Hist. ii. 218; Wood's Athense (Bliss), ii. friends beyond the seas.' On 22 June 1652 

650-2 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Lloyd's Worthies ; Hyde ^^ to Secretary Nicholas that Co- 

Foster s Peerage ; Lady Theresa Lewis s Claren- ye J nt < lmd ood rts but was void of re _ 

1U ' 3 J Cal< StatC PaprS D m0 ' liioi.' Just before the Restoration he went 



Q T 

. O. Jj. Jj. , j_l TT 1 "j. J j.1 1 * ' 

J to the Hague and visited the royal princes, 

COVENTRY, WALTER OP (/, 1293 ?), to whom he was already personally known 

historical compiler, giveshis name to a volume (1660). To James, duke of York, he offered 

of historical collections, entitled ' Memoriale his services, and he was straightway ap- 

Fratris Walteri de Coventria,' written soon pointed tfce duke's private secretary. On 

" ' -" - -~ - - * _ '1^1 _ *HL -m -* sl^ w 



after 1293. Nothing more is known about 
him. It is, of course, probable that he was 
a native of Coventry, and it has been con- 
jectured from some slight indications in the 
1 Memoriale J that he was a monk of York. 
A manuscript in the Bodleian Library (355), 
entitled ' Walteri Coyentrensis Chrpnicon/ 
has been wrongly ascribed to him j it is in 
a late hand (HARDY) ; nor does it appear 
that the Cottonian MS. (Vitell. D. v.) en- 
titled, 'Qnalteri Conventriensis Historia/ and 
now destroyed, should have borne his name 
The first part of the * Memoriale ' 



returning to England he was elected to the 
parliament which met in May 1661 as M.P. 
for Great Yarmouth, and when the Duke 
of York became general-at-sea, Coventry 
was largely concerned in the administration 
of the navy, and in 1662 was appointed a 
commissioner at 300. a year. He thus came 
into business relations with Pepys, who 
quickly became warmly attached to him, and 
Coventry is continually mentioned in the 
' Diary. 7 Reports were soon disseminated 
that Coventry was ' feathering his nest ' by 
a sale of offices, and quarrels with his fellow- 



Coventry 3 6 s Coventry 

commissioner, Sir George Carteret, whose He was at the same time excluded from the 
directions he claimed to have faithfully fol- privy council and the treasury, but this in- 
lowed, were perpetual. He admitted subse- dignity was doubtless cast upon him by the 
quently that, like everybody else, he did make influence of his political rivals 'to make 
money by selling offices (PEPYS,28 Oct. 1667). way for the lord Clifford's greatness and the 
In October 1662 Coventry was made a com- designs of the cabal/ His friends visited him 
missioner for the government of Tangier. He in the Tower in large numbers. On 9 March 
was created D.C.L. at Oxford 28 Sept. 1663, he petitioned for the royal pardon, and on 
together with Henry Bennet, earl of Arling- 20 March he was released. Coventry there- 
ton (WooD, Fasti (Bliss), ii. 275), and was upon retired to the country, and lived at 
knighted and sworn of the privy council Minster Lovell, near "Witney, Oxfordshire, 
26 June 1665. In the course of the Dutch interesting himself in local affairs for the 
war charges of corruption in connection with rest of his life and entertaining friends from 
the commissariat were again brought against Oxford. He tried to reduce the expenses 
Coventry, but he denied them vehemently attaching to the office of sheriff of the county 
in letters to the king, and subsequently took from 600 to 60/., and drew up regulations 
active measures to reduce the expenditure of for the purpose, No offer of posts at court 
his department. Meanwhile Coventry was could draw him back to public life, although 
distinguishing himself as a speaker in the Temple and Burnet concur in stating that at 
House of Commons. Burnet describes him one time almost any office was at his disposal, 
about 1665 as ' a man of great actions and He died unmarried at Somerhill, near Tun- 
eminent virtues, the best speaker in the house, bridge Wells, 23 June 1686, and was buried at 
and capable of braving the chief ministry/ Penshurst. He bequeathed 2,000/. to French 
He attached himself to Bennet, afterwards protestants expelled from France, and 3 ; 000. 
Earl of Arlington, and made very fierce at- for the redemption of captives in Algiers. 
tacks on Clarendon's administration. It was Burnet and Temple credit Coventry with 
mainly owing to his influence that war had the highest political ability, and Clarendon, 
been declared with the Dutch in 1663, and who naturally writes of him. with acerbity, 
during that and the two following sessions does not deny it. Evelyn calls him c a wise 
he and his brother Henry [q. v.] practically and witty gentleman.' 

led the house. Marvell, writing in 1667, Coventry's political views are summed up 

says : in ' The Character of a Trimmer. His opinion 

All the two Coventries their generals choose ; f *' ^ J^T* -^^S^^V Sv ^ 

For one had much, the other nought to lose, ^otestant Religion. III. The Papists, IV. Fo- 

Not better choice all accidents could hit, * e1 ^ Aff ^' b ? ^ e Honourable Sir W. C,/ 

"While hector Harry steers by Will the wit. -London, 1688. This is the first edition of a 

well-known vindication of the presence of 

Coventry's speeches in the House of Commons a middle political party, unconnected with 
immediately contributed to Clarendon's fall either of the two recognised parties in parlia- 
in 1667, and when the change of government mentary warfare. ' The second edition, care- 
took place it was fully expected that he would fully corrected and cleared from the Errors of 
become a secretary of state, but no office except the first Impression/ was issued in 1089, and 
a commissionership of the treasury then fell to bore the name of < The Honourable Sir "W. 
him (June 1667). The Duke of York resented Coventry ' on the title-page. The third edition 
Coventry's attitude to Clarendon, and told (1697) is described as 'By the Honourable Sir 
him so (30 Aug. 1667). Three days later W. Coventry, Corrected and Amended by a 
Coventry resolved to leave the duke's service, Person of Honour.' The advertisement here 
but he told Pepys at the time that he had no states ' that it is the production of Sir Wil- 
personal malice against Clarendon, although liam Coventry's Contemplation, who was uni- 
te believed him to be an incapable minister, versally reputed as an acute Statesman, an 
Coventry also informed his friend that he accomplisht Gentleman, a great Schollar, and 
had no wish to seek political advancement by a true Englishman, and stands obliged to the 
identifying himself with any faction (28 Oct. great care of the late [George Savile] M[ar- 
1667). Coventry's frankness and indepen- quis] of Hallifax [Coventry's nephew], who 
dence had raised up many enemies, and in thought it worthy of a strict and nice perusal, 
March 1668 he was informed that the Duke and with his own Pen delivered it from in- 
of Buckingham and Sir Robert Howard were numerable Mistakes and Errors that stuff 3 d 
contemplating a caricature of him on the and crowded the former Edition. 7 Had the 
stage. He thereupon sent a challenge to the marquis lived, the public would have seen it 
duke. As soon as the fact came to the king's c revised with a second Inspection and pub- 
knowledge, Coventry was sent to the Tower, lished by his particular order. 7 In a letter 



Coverdale 364 Coverdale 

to a nephew, Thomas Thynne (preserved at religious inclinations at that period. In it 
Longleat), Coventry denies the authorship, he states that he begins now to taste of 
although he admits himself to "be a Trimmer, holy scriptures, but requires books to help 
a title which he defines as l one who would him to a knowledge of the doctors. He 
sit upright and not overturn the boat by desires nothing but books, and will be guided 
swaying too much on either side.' But the by Cromwell as to his conduct and in the 
contrary statement in the book itself dis- instruction of others (Letters and Papers of 
credits Macaulay's statement that Halifax Henry VIII, v. 106, given in full in State 
was sole author. The work appeared in Hali- Papers, Henry VIII, 1830, i. 383-4). In 
fax's 'Miscellanies '(1 04), and was reprinted another letter to Cromwell, dated 27 Aug. 
separately in 1833. 1527, he says he would be delighted to come 

Coventry also printed l England's Appeal to London if he knew that his correspondent 
from the Private Cabal at White-hall to the wished it (Remains, 1846,pp.491-2). He was 
Great Council of the Nation, the Lords and among those who attended the meetings at 
Commons in Parliament assembled, by a the White Horse, near St. John's, called 
True Lover of his Country/ anno 1673 ; and * Germany,' says Foxe (Acts and Monuments, 
1 A Letter Written to Dr. Burnet, giving 1684, ii. 436), because of the Lutheran opi- 
an Account of Cardinal Pool's [i. e. Pole's] nions held there. Barnes was arrested on a 
Secret Papers,' 1685 a reprint of some letters charge of heresy, and sent to London for ex- 
by Pole, found by Coventry, and correcting animation in February 1526. Coverdale es- 
some statements in Burnet's 'History of the caped a personal accusation, and went to 
Eeformation.' London to help Barnes to draw up his defence 

Many of his papers are among the Ash- when in the Fleet About this time Coverdale 
burnham MSS. and Longleat MSS., among left the convent to give himself entirely to 
the latter being a catalogue of his own and evangelical preaching, and assumed the habit 
his brother Henry's libraries, which were sold of a secular priest. Early in 1528 he was at 
9 May 1687, Coventry told Pepys that he Steeple-Bumpstead, where Eichard Foxe was 
invariably kept a journal. minister, preaching 1 against confession and 

[Pepys's Diary, passim ; Evelyn's Diary ; Bur- the worshipping of images (ib. ii. 267). In 
net's own Time; Wood's Athense (Bliss), iv. 190; 1531 he took the degree of bachelor of the 
Macaulay's Hist. i. 244- ; Clarendon's Autobio- canon law at Cambridge (COOPEB, Athena, 
graphy; Clarendon State Papers; Hist. MSS. i. 268), and three years later brought out his 
Comm. Eep. iv. v. vi. ; Christie's Shaftesbury, i. nrs t books : ' Ye Olde God and the Newe,' 
21-] S. L. L. an( j i Paraphrase upon the Psalmes/ both 

COVEEDALE, MILES (1488-1568), translations. Foxe says that Coverdale was 
translator of the Bible, was born in 1488, with Tyndale at Hamburg in 1529, and as- 
* patria Eboracensis,' says his friend and con- sisted him in the translation of the Penta- 
temporary Bale (Scriptores, 1557-9, p. 721), teuch (ii. 303) ; but there is no confirmatory 
and Whitaker assumes the surname to have evidence of the latter statement. The bio- 
been taken from the district of his birth, graphers have been unable to account for his 
Cover-dale, in what is called Eichmondshire, movements between 1528 and 1535, but agree 
in the North Eiding (History of Richmond- that most of the time was passed abroad. 
shire, i. 16, 107). A "William Coverdale, On 19 Dec. 1534 convocation resolved to 
1 granator ; of Eichmondshire, is mentioned in petition the king for an English translation 
Brewer's l Letters and Papers of Henry VIII,' of the Bible, and Strype says that Cranmer 
1529 (iv. pt. iii. p. 2359). Coverdale was from (Life, i. 34, 38) made an endeavour to bring 
his childhood given to learning (J. VOWELL about the design by co-operation. The want 
alias HOOKER, Catalog of the Bishops of Hxces- was, however, supplied by a foreign pub- 
ter, 1584) . He studied philosophy and theo- lisher, who issued a folio volume, dated 1535, 
logy at Cambridge, was admitted to priest's with the title : t Biblia. The Bible, that 
orders at Norwich in 1514 by John, bishop is the Holy Scripture of the Olde and New 
of Chalcedon, and entered the convent of Testament, faithfully and truly translated 
Austin friars at Cambridge (TAiranGR, iblio- out of Douche and Latyn into Englishe. 7 
theca, 203), where he fell under the influence The dedication to Henry YIII is signed 
of Eobert Barnes [q. v.], who became prior ' Myles Couerdale/ who submits his ' poore 
about 1523. He was a visitor at Sir Thomas translacyon unto the spirit e of trueth in 
More's house, and made the acquaintance of your grace.' Some copies omit the words 
Thomas Cromwell [q. v.], afterwards a power- ' out of Douche and Latyn ' from the intitu- 
ful friend. An undated letter to Cromwell lation, and have the title and the preliminary 
from the Augustin's this May-day,' but prior matter in an English type. Possibly this was 
at least to 1527, says Mr. Gairdner, shows his the form in which the book was first issued in. 



Coverdale 365 Coverdale 

England, where James Nicolson of South- primerie et estoit doii6 de la cognoissanee de 
wark may have been the producer. No en- plusieurs langues, et autres bonnes sciences 
tirely perfect copy is in existence, and only tellement que des lors il sceust si bien dis- 
five or six have title-pages. These represent tinguer la lumiere des te"nebres, qu'il employa 
three issues, two in 1535 and one in 1536. sa peine et monstra son zele en Anvers a la 
The Bible was reprinted by Nicolson in folio traduction de la Bible Angloise, et employa 
and quarto form in 1537, and by Froschouer a cela un certain docte escolier nomm6 Miles 
at Zurich in 1550. The bibliographical pecu- Conerdal [sic]' (f. 721). Mr. Stevens be- 
liarities are detailed in the ' Bible by Cover- lieved that Jacob van Meteren was not only 
dale, 1535 ' (1867, 8 vo), by Francis Fry, who the printer (at Antwerp) but also the trans- 
points out (pp. 8-11) that the dedication to lator of the Bible of 1535 (The Bibles in the 
Queen Jane belongs to Nicolson's edition of Caxton Exhibition, 1878, pp. 38-42, 68-70). 
1537. The publisher and place of printing Although great weight is due to any state- 
of the 1535 Bible have always been a mys- ment of Henry Stevens, more recent evidence 
tery. Humphrey Wanley was the first who does not support the view that Jacob van 
attributed it to Christopher Froschouer of Meteren was the translator and Coverdale 
Zurich. Mr. Fry drew up a list of fourteen merely ' the best proof-reader and corrector 
persons who fixed the place either at Zurich, of his age. 7 In 1884 Mr. W. J. C. Moens re- 
Frankfort (by Christian Egenolph), Cologne, printed a document from an original copy 
or Paris. Mr. Fry was unable to obtain suf- made in 1610, and which had been found by 
ficient evidence to prove the claim of Frosch- him in an old box in the Dutch Eeformed 
ouer, but Dr. Ginsburg possesses two leaves Church in Austin Friars. This was an afn- 
pf a German-Swiss Bible which are printed davit signed by Emanuel van Meteren, dated 
in a type precisely similar to Coverdale's 28 May 1609, to the effect that he was 
English version of 1535. The comma is not brought to England anno 1550. . .by his father, 
used. The general ' get up ' and appearance a furtherer of reformed religion, and he that 
are identical. The woodcuts are the same caused the first Bible at his costes to be Eng- 
design, with minute differences in the en- lisshed by Mr. Myles Coverdal in Andwarp, 
graving. ^ The present writer has had the the w'h his father, with Mr. Edward Whyt- 
opportunity of comparing these leaves, which church, printed both in Paris and London ' 
Dr. Ginsburg affirms to have belonged to a (The Registers of the Dutch Reformed Church, 
unique copy of a Bible printed by Froschouer Austin Friars, 1884, p. xiv). With the ex- 
at Zurich, 1529-30, 2 vols. folio, formerly in ception of the place of printing and the ad- 
his possession. The larger types in the 1535 dition of the name of "Whitchurch (which 
Bible had already been traced to Froschouer, may be a mistaken reference to the folio 
but here for the first time we find the smaller Bible of 1537 (Matthew's), this statement 
type. The 1531 Bible used by Coverdale for agrees with that of Buytinck. It appears 
his translation was in a single and larger probable that the Bible was produced at the 
volume, in larger type and with headings to instance of Van Meteren, who paid Coverdale 
the chapters. The discovery of this 1529-30 for his labours as translator, that this part of 
Bible goes far to settle the question of the the work was done at Antwerp, and that Yan 
printer of Coverdale's Bible. The large type Meteren got the volume printed by some other 
is to be found in the German Bible of Mainz, printer, who may have been Froschouer of 
1534, and the Wittenberg of 1556. The Zurich. Nicolson seems to have bought the 
woodcuts encircling the title and other en- copies for sale in England, 
gravings passed into Nicolson's possession, The work must have occupied Coverdale 
and were afterwards used by other printers, a considerable period. The imprint states : 
In 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens, in the ' Prynted in the yeare of our Lord 1535, and 
catalogue of the Caxton Exhibition, first drew fynishedthe fourth daye of October/ The 
attention to a remarkable statement by book is in a German black letter, in double 
Simeon Kuytinck in a life of Emanuel van columns, with woodcuts and initials. It con- 
Meteren, appended to the latter's 'Neder- tains the Apocrypha. In the prologue to 
landtsche Historie,' 1614. In the French his own second edition of 1550 Coverdale 
translation, published at the Hague in 1618, says : i It was neither my labour nor desyre 
the words especially relating to the Bible and to have this worke put into my hande, never- 
its publisher are as follow : t Emanuel deMe- theless ... for the, which cause (accordinge 
teren, qui a este" fort diligent a amasser et as I was desired), anno 1534, 1 took the more 
mettre par escrit les choses contenues en ce upon me to set forth this specyall transla- 
livre, nasquit a Anvers le 9 de Juillet 1535. tion ; ' and in the dedication to Edward VI : 
. . . Son pere [Jacob van Meteren] luy avoit I ' was boldened in God sixteen yeares agoo 
faict apprendre en sa jeunesse Tart d'lm- to labour faithfully in the same.' He says 



Coverdale 



366 



Coverdale 



that the * Holy Ghost moved other men to 
do the cost.' He was not the projector but 
the sole worker. He made little or no use 
of the original texts. The cancelled conti- 
nental title announces that the Bible was 
translated 'out of Douche and Latyn,' and 
Coverdale expressly states that he had * with 
a clear conscience purely and faithfully trans- 
lated this out of five sundry interpreters/ 
These are supposed to have been the Vulgate, 
the Latin of Pagninus, Luther, the Zurich or 
German-Swiss, and Tyndale's Pentateuch and 
New Testament (J. EADIE, English J3ible, 
1876, i. 281). Dr. Ginsburg shows how Co- 
verdale chiefly relied upon the Zurich Bible of 
1531 (jEcclesiastes,lS6l, app. ii., andinKuxo's 
Cyclopcedia of Biblical Literature, 1862, i. 
567-9), whence he translated the headings of ! 
the chapters. Most of the notes are also from ' 
this source (EADIE, i. 286, c.) Many quaint | 
renderings are given by Eadie (ib. 298-301). 
The New Testament, chiefly based on Tyn- 
dale, is superior to the Old Testament, but the 
translation has considerable literary merit, 
and many charming touches in the authorised 
version belong to Coverdale. The first edition 
was soon absorbed, and, although it did not 
secure the royal license, was not formally sup- 
pressed. Convocation passed an apparent 
slight upon the version in June 1536 by pray- 
ing the king for a new translation. The 
quarto and folio editions were issued byNicol- 
son in 1537, c newly ouersene and corrected, 7 
and for the first time ' set forth with the 
kynges moost gracious licence.' In the fol- 
lowing year the same printer produced two 
editions of a Latin and English New Testa- 
ment, in order that readers might be able to 
compare the Vulgate and English versions. 
The latter, which is by Coverdale, differs 
from his former translation, and follows the 
Latin text. The first of these two editions 
is a handsome well-printed volume, but so 
full of blunders that when Coverdale received 
it in July 1538, while superintending the 
printing of the l Great Bible ' at Paris, he put 
into the press in that city a more accurate 
edition, which was finished in November. 
Nicolson produced another edition in spite 
of Coverdale's remonstrances, and placed the 
name of John Hollybush on the title-page. 
It differs from the first issue, but is also very 
incorrect. In 1537 John Rogers brought out 
a Bible under the name of Thomas Matthew. 
It was based largely upon Coverdale and was 
also printed abroad, probably at Paris. 

Cromwell determined to proceed with a 
new Bible, and Coverdale and Grafton the 
printer went over to Paris about May 1538 to 
carry on the work in the press of Eegnault. 
Francis I at the request of Henry granted a 



license (STKYPE, Cranmer, ii. 756). "Writino- 
on 23 June 1538, Coverdale and Grafton in- 
form Cromwell that they are sending two 
copies of what was afterwards known from 
its size as the ' Great Bible ' of 1539, and state 
that they i folowe not only a standynge text 
of the Hebrue, with the interpretation of the 
Caldee and the Greke, but we set, also, in a 
pryvate table the dyversite of redings of all 
textes, with suche annotacions, in another 
table, as shall douteles delucidate and cleare 
the same ' (State Papers, Henry VIII, 1830, 
i. 575-6). The text is really that of Rogers 
revised. Coverdale remained in Paris during 
the year, and other letters to Cromwell supply 
details connected with the progress of the 
1 Great Bible ' (ib. 578, 588, 591). Before the 
printing was finished, however, an edict was 
issued (see Cotton. MS. Cleop. E. v. f. 326, in 
British Museum) forbidding the work. The 
Englishmen fled, many sheets were publicly 
burned, but presses, types, and workmen and 
some sheets were brought over to England. 
In the e Athenaeum,' 20 May 1871, are a couple 
of despatches which passed on the subject be- 
tween the English and French governments. 
In April 1539 the volume was completed l by 
Bychard Grafton and Edward "Whitchurch, 
cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum,' and 
was presented to the king by Cromwell, who 
appears to have been at the entire cost of its 
production. Coverdale was also the editor 
of the second ' Great Bible/ or i Cranmer's, 7 
1540 (issued six times in 1540-1), and its 
reprint of 1562 (FuLKE, Defence of Transla- 
tions, Parker Soc. 1843, pp. 68, 548). 

Besides some publications which cannot 
be ascribed to him with certaintv, and the 

V ' 

' Goostly Psalmes,' which possibly belong to 
a later period^ Coverdale translated Luther's 
exposition on the twenty-second Psalm, and a 
sermon by Osiander, both printed by Nicolson 
in 1537. He returned from Paris early in 
1539, and applied to Cromwell for a con- 
tinuation of the royal license to Nicolson for 
bibles and testaments (Remains, 498). In 
February and March he was at Newbury 
helping to carry into effect the ' Injunctions 
set forth by the authority of the king against 
English books, sects, or sacramentaries, also 
with putting down the day of Thomas Becket ' 
(ib. 498-502, and STETPB, Mem. I. i. 530-2). 
On the execution in 1540 of Cromwell and of 
Barnes, Coverdale found it necessary to leave 
England. Shortly afterwards he married an 
excellent woman named Elizabeth Macheson. 
Her sister was the wife of Dr. Joannes Maccha- 
Ibaeus MacAlpinus or McAlpine, who helped 
to translate the first Danish bible. Lorimer 
says the wife of McAlpine was an English- 
woman. This practical protest against the 



Coverdale 



367 



Coverdale 



doctrine of the celibacy of the priesthood 
identified Mm completely with the reforming 
party. He lived for a certain time at Tubin- 
gen, where he obtained the degree of D.D. 
(GODWIN, De Pr&sulibus Anglice ', 1743, p.417.) 
Later on he was a Lutheran pastor and school- 
master at Bergzabern, in the duchy of Deux- 
Ponts, l where by translating in his leisure 
hours . . . various religious works into our 
language ... he is of very great service in 
promoting the scriptural benefit of those per- 
sons in the lower ranks of life who are anxi- 
ous for the truth J (R Hilles to Bullinger, 
15 April 1545, in Original Letters, Parker Soc 



have thought it good to set it forth once 
againe, according to the true copy of that 
translation that I received at the hands of 
M. Doctour Milo Coverdale, at whose hand I 
received also the copies of three other workes 



of Otho Werraullerus. 



The " Precious 



Pearle," which the author calleth of "Afflic- 
tion," another of a Death," the third of " Justi- 
fication," and the fourth of " The Hope of the 
Faithful/' These I have imprinted/ The 
original editions seem to have been printed 
abroad. On 20 July 1550 he had a gift of 
402. from the king (WooD, Athena, Bliss, 
ii. 762), and on 24 Nov. he preached Sir 



3rd ser 1846, p. 247). He took the name of j James Welford's funeral sermon at Little 

Michael Anglus during his exile. Letters -^^ '- =- T.J_ 

from him during this time are printed in the 
'Kemains' (Parker Society, 1846). Cover- 
dale's bibles and other works appear in the 
proclamation of 8 July 1546 among those 
forbidden to be imported, bought, sold, or 
kept (WiLKisrs, Concilia, iv. 1). He lived at 
Bergzabern in poor circumstances between 
1543 and 1547. The ' Order of the Commu- 
nion ' (March 1548) came to Frankfort during 
the fair-time, and Coverdale translated it into 
German and Latin. The latter was sent to 



Bartholomew's in London. 

When Lord Russell was sent down against 
the western rebels in 1551, Coverdale accom- 
panied him to assist the secular arm with 
his preaching, and subsequently delivered a 
thanksgiving sermon after the victory. On 
7 March 1551 he preached at Westminster 
Abbey on the occasion of the funeral of Lord 
Wentworth (MACHrN", Diary, pp. 3-4), and 
went with Peter Martyr and others on 19 May 
of the same year to visit Magdalen College, 
Oxford (CooisK, Athena, i. 556). His be- 



Calvin with a hope that he might cause it to | haviour in Devonshire gave satisfaction. He 
be printed. This was not done (F. PROCTEK, | acted as coadjutor to John Voysey, bishop of 
_,,,- ~ ^ I^H Exeter, wh,o resigned his see in his 103rd year, 

and Coverdale was appointed to the bishopric 
by the king's letters patent on 14 Aug. 1551. 
He was consecrated at Croydon on the 30th of 
the same month, and enthroned 11 Sept. (LE 
NEVE, Fasti Eccles. Angl. 1854, i. 377-8). 
Cranmer specially interested himself in this 



History of the JSook of Common Prayer, 1855, 

p. 61). 

He returned to England in March 1548, 
was well received at court through the in- 
fluence of Cranmer, and was appointed chap- 
lain to the king and almoner to Queen Ca- 
therine, whose funeral sermon he preached 
in September 1548 (MS. in Coll. of Arms, 
i. 15, f. 98). He wrote to Paul Fagius from 
Windsor Castle, 21 Oct. 1548 (Remains, 
p. 526). On 27 April 1549 some anabaptists 
were examined at St. Paul's, and one of 
them ( bare a fagot at Pauls crosse, Myles 
Couerdale preached ye rehearsall sermon 
there ' (Sxow, Annales, 1631, p. 596). In the 
same year Whitchurch printed the second 
volume of the ' Paraphrase ' of Erasmus, with 
a dedication by Covordale, who helped in the 
translation. lie was one of the thirty-one per- 
sons to whom was issued in January 1550 a 
commission to proceed against anabaptists as 
well as those who did not administer the 
sacraments according to the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer (STKJTPE, Mem. n. i. 385). In 
1550 there appeared a translation of Otto 
Wermueller's i Spyrytualland moost precious 
Pearle/ with a commendatory preface by the 
Protector Somerset, who alluded to the con- 
solation he had received from the book, but 
without speaking either of author or trans- 
lator. These are specially mentioned by H. 
Singleton, who reprinted the ' Pearle ' : { I 



appointment. Coverdale pleaded poverty as 
an excuse for not paying first-fruits (STRYPE, 
Cheke, p. 125, and Cranmer, i. 382). The 
revenues of the see had been much reduced 
by Voysey. Coverdale was one of the eight 
bishops and twenty-four other persons who 
were appointed in the same year to reform 
the ecclesiastical laws (Cranmer, i. 388). 
From Vowell we obtain our information 
about Coverdale's episcopal life. He ' most 
worthilie did performe the office committed 
unto him, he preached continuallie upon 
euerie holie daie ? and did read most com- 
nionlie twise in the weeke, in some church 
or other within this citie/ He was hospit- 
able, liberal, sober, and modest. ' His wife 
a most sober, chast, and godlie matron.' To 
Dr. Ilobert Weston, afterwards lord chan- 
cellor of Ireland, ' he committed his consis- 
torie and the whole charge of his ecclesias- 
ticall iurisdiction ' (Catalog of the Bishops of 
Excester, 1584). On his accession to the 
episcopal bench he was very constant in at- 
tendance at the House of Lords during the 
parliaments of 1552 and 1563. After the 



Coverdale 368 Coverdale 



death of Edward VI, Coverdale was deprived, 
28 Sept. 1553, and John Voysey reinstated 
(LE NEVE, i. 378). He was required to find 
sureties (FoXE, iii. 149), and when the pro- 
test ant prisoners drew up a declaration about 
a proposed disputation "between them and some 
Roman catholic champions, Coverdale signed 
in order to signify his consent and agree- 
ment. Christian III of Denmark, at the in- 
stance of Dr, J. Macchateus MacAlpinus, 
Coverdale's brother-in-law, wrote a letter, 



3 March he was collated to the living of St. 
Magnus, close to London Bridge (NBWCOTTRT, 
Repertorium, i. 398), by Grindal, who peti- 
tioned the queen to release Coverdale from the 
payment of first-fruits, which came to more 
than 60Z. The request was ultimately granted 
(SiEYPE, Parker, i. 295-6) , Grindal had a very 
high opinion of his piety and learning, and of- 
fered him other preferments, and endeavoured 
to obtain his appointment as bishop of Llandaff. 
His objections to vestments and other failings 



dated25 April 1554, to Queen Mary on Cover- in uniformity were connived at (ib. 296; 
dale's behalf. In her reply the queen stated Life of Grindal, p. 171). On 10 April 1564 
that he was only charged with a debt due to he was given power by the vice-chancellor of 
her treasury (ib. iii. 149-51), but a second Cambridge University to admit Grindal as 
appeal from Christian (24 Sept.) brought per- DD. ( Grindal, pp. 139-40), and in the same 
mission for him to leave England for * Den- year he published his last book, the ' Letters 
marke with two of his servants, his bagges, of Saintes and Martyrs/ In 1566 the govern- 
and baggage without any theire unlawful! ment determined to enforce a stricter obser- 
lette or serche ' (extracts from Privy Council vance of the liturgy, and Coverdale resigned 
Register in Arch&ologia, xviii. 181). One his living. Many of those who attended the 
of the two servants is supposed to have been churches of other deprived London ministers 
his wife. He was cordially received by Mac- ' ran after Father Coverdale, who took that 
chabeeus, and the king offered him a benefice occasion to preach the more constantly, but 
which was not accepted. His books were yet with much fear ; so that he would not be 
included in the proclamation of 13 June known where he preached, though many 
1555 (WIXKIKS, Concilia, iv. 128). He went came to his house to ask where he would 
to Wesel in Westphalia, where there were preach the next Lord's day 5 (STEYPE, Parker, 
many English refugees, and ' preached there i. 480). He preached on eleven occasions at 
no longe time, till he was sent for by Woul- the church of the Holy Trinity in the Mino- 
gange, duke of Bypont, to take the pastoral ries between 1 Nov. 1567 and 18 Jan. fol- 
charge ' of Bergzabern once more (Discourse lowing (Notes and Queries,^ 1st ser. xii. 443). 
of the Troubles at Franckford (1575), 1846, There is a considerable difference of opinion 
p. 184). It has been stated that he assisted among the biographers as to the date of his 
in the preparation of the Genevan version, death ; but the register of burials of St. 
He was in that city in December 1558, when Bartholomew's places the burial on 19 Feb. 
he signed the letter to those of Frankfort in 1568 (ib. 1st ser. i. 379). He was eighty-one 
congratulation at the accession of QueenEliza- years old when he died, and l was a celebrated 
beth, and praying that all private dissensions preacher, admired and followed by all the 
might henceforth be laid aside (ib. p. 188). puritans ; but the Act of Uniformity brought 
The first edition of the Genevan Bible came down his reverend hairs with sorrow to the 
out in 1560, but Coverdale had returned to grave. He was buried in St. Bartholomew's 
England before that date, as he preached at behind the Exchange, and was attended to 
Paul's Cross on 12 Nov. 1559 (MACHYir, Diary, his grave with vast crowds of people ' (NEAL, 
p. 218), as well as on 28 April 1560, before History of the Puritans, 1822, i. 153). In 
the lord mayor, the aldermen, and a large 1568-9 the ballad-printer, John Allde [q.v.], 
congregation at the same place. In spite of had license to print e An Epytaphe of the 
his deprivation in the previous reign he as- Lyf and Death of Master Coverdayle ' (As- 
sisted, with other bishops, at the famous con- BEB, Transcript, i. 384). No copy of this 
secration of Archbishop Parker on 17 Dec. ballad is known. His epitaph was copied by 
1559 (Account, ed. J. Goodwin, Camb. Antiq. Fuller from the brass inscription on his marble 
Soc. 1841). Coverdale, although he himself tombstone (destroyed in the great fire of 
was consecrated in surplice and cope (STEYPE, London) under the communion-table in the 
Cranmer, L 389), on this occasion appeared chancel (Church History, 1655, bk.viii. pp. 64- 
in a plain black gown. It is possible that it 65). The church was pulled down in 1840 to 
was owing to his scruples about vestments make way for the new Exchange ; but what 
that he did not take the bishopric of Exeter were thought to have been the remains of 
again on the deprivation of Turbervilleinl559. Coverdale were carefully reburied on 4 Oct. 
In 1563 he obtained the degree of D.D. from in a vault in the south aisle of the church of 
the university of Cambridge, and in the same St. Magnus (N. WHITTOCK, Exhumation of 
year lie got over an attack of the plague. On the Remains ofM. Coverdale, 1840), where the 



Coverdale 



369 



Coverdale 



parishioners liad in 1837 erected a monument 
to his memory ( Gent. Mag. now ser. viii. 490). 

A portrait of Coverdale, engraved by T. 
Trotter ' from a drawing in the possession of 
Dr. Gifford/ is in Middleton's i Biographia 
Evangelica/ vol. ii. An engraving appa- 
rently from the same portrait is prefixed to the 
f Letters of the Martyrs ' (1837), and redrawn 
and engraved by J. Brain for Bagster & Sons, 
who added it to the i Memorials ' and their 
reprint of the 1535 Bible ; also in Mrs. Dent's 
Annals/ 1877. The authenticity is doubtful. 

The tercentenary of the first complete 
English Bible was observed on 4 Oct. 1835. 
Many sermons and addresses were delivered 
on the occasion, and medals in honour of Co- 
verdale were struck. Coverdale had a grant 
of coat-armour in the reign of Edward VI : 
party per fess indented, gules and or, in chief 
a seeded rose between two fleurs-de-lis and 
in base a fleur-de-lis between two seeded 
roses, all countercharged. 

The name of Coverdale will always be re- 
vered as that of the man who first made a 
complete translation of the Bible into English, 
but he was not a figure of marked historical 
interest. He was somewhat weak and timo- 
rous, and all through his life leaned on a more 
powerful nature. Barnes, Cromwell, Cran- 
mer, and Grindal were successively his pa- 
trons. In the hour of trouble he was content 
to remain in obscurity, and left the crown of 
martyrdom to be earned by men of tougher 
fibre. But he was pious, conscientious, la- 
borious, generous, and a thoroughly honest and 
good man. He knew German and Latin well, 
some Greek and Hebrew, and a little French. 
He did little original literary work. As 
a translator he was faithful and harmonious. 
He was fairly read in theology, and became 
more inclined to puritan ideas as his life wore 
on. All accounts agree in his remarkable popu- 
larity as a preacher. He was a leading figure 
during the progress of the reformed opinions, 
and had a considerable share in the intro- 
duction of German spiritual culture to Eng- 
lish readers in the second quarter of the six- 
teenth century. 

The following are the titles of the editions of 
Coverdale's Bible and Testament : (a) ' Biblia. 
The Bible, that is the Holy Scripture of the 
Olde and New Testament, faithfully and truly 
translated out of Douche andLatyn into Eng- 
lishe, MDXXXV.' sine nota, folio (title printed 
in the same type as the Bible, and on the re- 
verse ' The bokes of the hole Byble '). (b) 'Bi- 
blia. The Byble : that is the Holy Scryp- 
ture of the Olde and New Testament, fayth- 
fully translated into Englyshe, M.D.XXXV.' 
sine nota, folio (title and preliminary matter 
printed in English black letter, text the same 

VOL. XII. 



as (). In ' Notes and Queries/ 6th ser. vi. 
481-2, the Rev. J. T. Fowler describes an 
edition, now in the Cambridge University 
library, with a prayer by Bishop Shaxton on 
the back of the title and other variations from 
the collation given by Fry), (c) i Biblia. The 
Byble : that is the Holy Scrypture of the Olde 
and New Testament, faythfully translated 
into Englyshe, M.D.XXXVI.' sine nota, folio 
(title and preliminary matter printed in Eng- 
lish black letter, text the same as (a] and (#)). 
(d) 'Biblia. The Byble, that is the Holy 
Scrypture of the Olde and New Testament, 
faythfully translated in Englysh, and newly 
ouersene and corrected, M.D.XXXVTI.' South- 
warke, J. Nycolson, 1537, folio and 4to (it is 
doubtful whether the folio or quarto was the 
first issued in 1537, probably the folio. The 
original woodcuts and map are reproduced, 
but the type is the ordinary English black 
letter), (e) ( The whole Byble, that is the 
Holy Scripture of the Olde and Newe Testa- 
ment, faythfully translated into Englyshe by 
Myles Couerdale, and newly ouersene and cor- 
recte, H.D.L.' London, A. Hester [printed at 
Zurich by Christopher FroschouerJ/1550, 4to 
(the second continental edition of Coverdale's 
Bible, in a German type similar, but smaller, 
to that of 1535. The title and preliminary 
leaves were printed in England in ordinary 
black letter. The original Zurich title had 
' by Mastr. Thomas Mathewe.' The edition 
was republished in 1553 by Richard Jugge, 
with a new title-page, almanac, &c.) The 
New Testament from the Bible of 1535 was 
reprinted by Matthew Crom at Antwerp, 
with Tyndale's prologues, 1538 and 1539, 
12mo, and by Grafton and Whit church, 1539 ? 
8vo. Lea Wilson (Bibles, Testaments, &c., 
p. 143) describes a 12mo copy of the New 
Testament, which he dates circa 1535. Fry- 
had two small New Testaments printed by 
Nicolson. The Book of Joshua from Cover- 
dale's translation was issued about 1539 in 
12mo, possibly by Gibson. The 1535 Bible 
wasTeprinted by Messrs. Bagster in 1847, 4to. 
(a) 'The Newe Testament both Latine and 
Englyshe, ech correspondent to the other 
after the vulgare texte, communely called S. 
Jeroms. Faythfully translated by Myles Co- 
u-erdale, Southwarke, J. Nicolson, 1538, 4to 
(the first edition of Coverdale's Latin-English 
Testament printed while he was in Paris. It 
is well executed but full of errors, and Cover- 
dale had a more accurate edition (/3) printed 
at Paris). () 'The New Testament, both 
in Latin and English, after the vulgare texte, 
which is red in the Churche. Translated 
and corrected by Myles Couerdale/ Paris, F. 
Regnault for R. Grafton and E.Whit church, 
1538, 8vo. (y) ' The Newe Testament, both 

B B 



Coverdale 370 Coverdale 

in Latine and Englyshe, eche correspondente p. 574). 8. t The Causes why the Germanes 
to the other after the vulgare texte, com- wyll not go nor consente unto the councell 
munely called S, Jeromes. Faythfullye trans- which Paul 3 hath called to be kept at 
lated by Johan Hollybushe/ Southwarke, Mantua/ Southwarke, J. Nicolson, 1537, 8vo 
J. Nicolson, 1538, 4to. (This edition is also (ascribed to Coverdale by Bale). 9. i An 
very inaccurate, although it differs consider- Exposicion upon the Songe of the Blessed 
ably from (a) both in the English and Latin.) Virgine Mary, called Magnificat. Translated 
Coverdale's other writings are: 1. 'A out of Latine into Englyshe by J. Holly- 
"Worke entytled of ye Olde God and the bush/ Southwarke, J. Nicolson, 1538, 8vo 
Newe, of the Olde Faythe and the Newe, of (see FOXE, 1st edition, p. 574 ; it will be re- 
the Olde Doctryne and ye Newe, or originall membered that Nicolson placed the name 
Begynnynge of Idolatrye/ London, J. Byd- of Hpllybush upon the title of the Latin- 
dell, 1534, 12mo (anonymous; translated English Testament of 1538 see above), 
through the Latin of H. Dulichius from ' Vom 10. i Goostly Psalmes and Spiritual! Songes 
altenundnewenGott/ 1523; among the books drawen out of the Holy Scripture for the 
prohibited in 1539 (really 1546, see No. 10), comforte and consolacyon of such as loue to 
according to the first edition of Foxe (1562- reioyse in God and his Worde ' [col.] ' Im- 
1563, p. 574), also prohibited in convocation prynted by me Johan Gough/ n. d.,4to. The 
1558, see WILKISTS, Concilia, iv. 163). 2. ' A only copy known is in the library of Queen's 
Paraphrase upon all the Psalmes of Dauid, College, Oxford. Bale mentions that Cover- 
made by Joannes Campensis, reader of the dale translated the ' Cantiones Vuitenbergen- 
Hebrue lecture, in the universite of Louane, sium ' (i.e. the ( Walther'sches Gesangbueh/ 
and translated out of Latyne into Englyshe/ first published at Wittenberg, 1524), but 
London, n. d., 16mo (in Cotton's i Editions of Professor A. F. Mitchell first pointed out 
the Bible/ 1852, p. 135, two undated editions, (The Wedderlurns and their Work, 1867, 
one printed by T. Gibson, are mentioned as small 4to) that the ' Goostly Psalmes ' were 
appearing in 1534 and one in 1535. The trans- translated from the German hymn-books, 
lation, which is attributed to Coverdale by In the ' Academy 7 of 31 May 1884 Mr. C. H. 
Bale, is from the Latin text printed by Keg- Herford gave the result of his independent 
nault at Paris in 1534), 3. ' The Concordance investigations, and Professor Mitchell con- 
of the New Testament, most necessary to be tributed a letter 28 June 1884. A table 
had in ye handes of all soche as the commu- of Coverdale's hymns and their correspond- 
nycacion of any place contayned in ye New ences with the Kirchenlied is in Herford's 
Testament, anno 1535/ T. Gibson, small 8vo i Studies in the Literary Relations of England 
(attributed to Coverdale by Bale). 4. ' A and Germany in the 16th century/ 1886, 8vo 
faithful and true Prognostication upon the (pp. 17-20; see also pp. 8-16, 399-402). 
Year 1536, translated out of High German/ The Rev. J. Mearns will also supply a table, 
1536 (among the prohibited books mentioned giving the first lines of the English and of the 
by Foxe, 1st edition, p. 573 ; the ' Prognostics-- German hymns, in his article on the ' Goostly 
tion' also printed by Kele for 1548 and 1549 ; Psalmes ' in the forthcoming ' Dictionary of 
authorship doubtful). 5. ' A very excellent Hymnology ' (Academy, 21 June 1884). Co- 
and swete Exposition upon the two and verdale introduced some metrical novelties, 
twentye Psalme of David, called in Latyn, and the ' Goostly Songs ' hold an interesting 
Dominus regit me et nihil. Translated out of position in English hymnology. They are se- 
hye Alnmyne into Englyshe by Myles Cover- lected from originals published between 1524 
dale, 1537 ' [col. ] ' Imprinted in Southwarke, and 1531. Professor Mitchell thinks they 
by James Nycolson for John Gough/ 16mo contain an imitation of a hymn which first 
(translated from Luther ; this is the 23rd appeared as late as 1640, but Mr. Herford 
Psalm, according to the notation of the He- does not take this view. Among the books 
"brew text). 6. i How and whither a Christen attributed to Coverdale in the catalogue of 
man ought to flye the horrible plage of the books forbidden at the end of the injunctions 
pestilence. A sermon by A. Osiander. Trans- issued by Henry VIII in 1539 (see frorE, 1st 
lated out of hye Almayninto Englishe/ South- edition, p. 573) appears i Psalmes and Songes 
warke, J, Nicolson, 1537, small 8vo; andLon- drawn, as is pretended, out of Holy Scrip- 
don, L. Askell, n. d., small 8vo (anonymous ; ture/ But the catalogue of forbidden books is 
at the end is ' A Comforte concernynge them omitted in subsequent editions of Foxe, and 
that be dead'), 7. 'The Original and Sprynge Townsend (see his edition, v. 565-6, and 
of all Sectes and Orders by whome whan or app. xviii) points out that it was not issued 
were they beganne. Translated out of hye until 1546. 11. 'Fruitful 1 Lessons upon the 
Dutch in Englysh/ J. Nicolson for J. Gough, Passion, Buriall, Resurrection, Ascension, 
1537, 8vo ; two editions (see FOSE, 1st edition, and the Sending of the Holy Ghost, gathered 



Coverdale 371 Coverdale 



out of the foure Evangelists ; witli a plain e 
Exposition of the same by Miles Coverdale ' 
(adapted from EL Zwingti's f Brevis comme- 
moratio mortis Christi ; ' Tanner says an edi- 
tion was printed at Marpurg between 1540 
and 1547, 8vo ; also London, T. Scarlet, 1593, 
4to). 12. ' The Old Faith, an evident pro- 
bacion out of the Holy Scripture, that the 
Christen fayth (which is the right, true, old, 
.and undoubted fayth) hath endured sens the 

__ - *^ ' m T-LJ- _ . ^ 



who else shuld haue bene condemned by the 
Popes la we ' [col.] f Printed at Nurenbergh 
and translated out of Douche into Englishe 
by Myles Couerdale in 1545 in the laste of 
October/ 16mo. 20. 'The second tome or 
volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus upon 
the Newe Testament,' London, E. Whit- 
churche, 1549, folio (dedication to the king 
on behalf of ( the translatours and printer of 
this right fruteful volume,' signed ( M. Couer- 



beginnyng of the worlde. Herein hast thou dall,' who translated the Epistles to the Eo- 
,-also a shorte summe of the whole Byble, and mans, Corinthians, and Galatians; the re- 
.aProbacion that alvertuous men haue pleased mainder is by Olde, Coxe, and others, see 
'God and were saved through the Christen STBYPE, Hccles. Mem. ii. pt.i. 45-8). 21. 'A 
fayth, 1541, by Myles Coverdale,' 1541, 1547, Spyrytuall and moost Precious Pearle, teach- 
16mo (translated from Bullinger's * Anti- yng all Men to Loue and Irnbrace ye Crosse 
.quissima Fides et vera Eeligio ; ' reprinted in ... set forth by the Duke of Somerset,' 1550, 
1624, 4to, as < Looke from Adam and behold small 8vo ; also 1555 (?), 1561 (?), 1593, in 
the Protestant's Faith and Eeligion evidently Welsh, 1595, 1812, 1838, 1870, 1871. (Trans- 
proved out of Holy Scriptures.' 13. <ACon- lated from the German of Otto Wermueller, 
futation of that Treatise which one John but no mention is made of him or Coverdale 
.Standish made agaynst the protestacion of D. in the first edition, issued under the patron- 
Barnes in the yeare 1540, wherein the Holy age of the Protector Somerset, who added a 
Scriptures (perverted and wrested in his sayd preface. Singleton's reprint (1561?) men- 
treatise) are restored to their owne true un- tions the authorship.) 22. JAmostFruteiull, 
derstanding agayne byMyles Coverdale '[Mar- Pithy e, and Learned Treatise how a Christen 
purg, 1541? and 1547?], small 8vo. 14. ' The Man oughte to Behaue Hymselfe in the 
'Christen state of Matrimonye, the orygenall Daunger of Death,' &c., n. d., 16mo, printed 
of Holy Wedlok, what it is, how it ought to abroad about 1555 ; also by Singleton, 1561, 
proceade, contrary wyse, how shamefull a 1579 (the second of the four treatises of 
-thinge whordome and aduotry is, and how Otto Wermueller translated by Coverdale ; 
,maried folkes shulde bring up their children contains the first publication of Lady Jane 
in the feare of God. Translated by M. Cover- Grey's Exhortation, written the night before 
dale,' 1541, small 8vo, 1543, with preface her execution). 23. <A Godly Treatise, 
by T. Becon, 1547 (?), 1552, and 1575, J. wherein is proued the true lustification of a 
Awdeley, 16mo, with four additional chap- Christian Man, to come freely of the Mercie 
iers, but without Becon's preface (translated of God, &c., with a Dialogue of the Faith- 
from the Latin of H. Bullinger). 15. < The full and Unfaithful!, translated out of High 
'Christian Eule or State of the World, from Almaine by M. Coverdale/ n.d.,16mo, printed 
the hyghest to the lowest : and how everie abroad about 1555 ; also by Singleton, 1579 
Man should lyue to please God in his call- (the third treatise translated from 0. Wer- 
ynge,' 1541, 1552, 16mo (ascribed to Cover- mueller). 24. ' The Hope of the Faythfull, 
-dale by Tanner). 16. ' The Actes of the declaring brefely and clearely the Eesurrec- 
Disputacion in the Cowncell of the Empyre tion of our Lord Jesus Christ past, and of our 
holden at Eegenspurg [1541] : That is to true Essential Bodies to come/ c., n. d., 
;saye, all the Artycles concernyng the Chris- about 1555, 16mo, printed abroad; also by 
ten Eelygion, set forthe by M. Bucere and Singleton, 1579 (the fourth treatise trans- 
P. Melangton. Translated by M. Coverdale, lated from 0. Wermueller, see STKYPE, Eccles. 
1542,' small 8vo. 17. <A Christen Exhor- Mem. iii. pt. i. 240). 25. ' An Exhortation to 
tacion unto Customable Swearers what a the Carienge of Chryste's Crosse, with^a true 
ryght and lawful! Othe is : whan, and before and brefe confutation of false and Papisticall 
whom, it ought to be. Item, the Maner doctryne,'n.d.,16mo (anonymous, see STETPE, 
of Sayinge Grace, &c. [in verse]/ 1543 (?), ib. iii. pt.i. 239-40; printed about 1555, and 
1545 (?), 1547 (P), 1552, and 1575, 16mo. part of a volume containmgNo.24). 26. 'A 
18. ' A shorte Eecapitulacion or Abrigement Faythful and most Godly Treatyse concern- 
of Erasmus Enchiridion, brefely compre- ynge the most sacred Sacrament of the Blessed 
'hendinge the summe and contentes thereof. Body and Bloud of our Sauiour Christ, cpm- 
Drawne out by M. Coverdale, anno 1545,' piled by John Calvine . . . and translated into 



Ausborch, 1545, 16mo (an abridgment of the Lattin by Lacius . . . and now last of al trans- 

< Enchiridion Militis Christiani ')- 19, < The lated into Englishe by a faythful brother 

Defence of a certayne poore Christen Man, Therunto is added the order that the Church 

B B <a 



Coverdale 372 Coward 

and Congregacyon of Christ in Denmarke I [The most extensive life is Memorials of Myle& 
doth use,' n. d., 16mo; again by John Day, Coverdale, jith Divers Matters relating ^to the- 



n. d. 7 with epistle to the reader enlarged 
(Calvin's e De la Cene du Seigneur' was 
first published in 1540, and translated into 
Latin by Me. des Gallars in 1545 ; in the 
preface Coverdale states that the book was 



Promulgation of the Bible in the Reign of 
Henry VIII, 1838, Svo. It contains a biblio- 
graphy. Shorter biographies are in the Parker 
Society editions of Coverdale's pieces mentioned 
above ; Bagster's reprint of the 1535 Bible, 1847, 



^ ^^ yoL . 



not translated from the French bycause Cyclopedia, 3rd ed.l 862, vol.i. ; Middleton'sBio- 
it hath pleased the lorde to geve me more grapllia Evangelica, ii. 101 ; Fuller's Worthies, 
knowledge in the Latyne tonge '). 2; . ' The j 1811 . Godwin, De Prsesul. Anglise, 1743 ; Biog. 
Supplication that the Nobles and Comons of j ;g r i t _ (Kippis), 1789, vol. iv. Bale, Foxe, Strype,, 
Osteryke made lately by their Messaungers ' an d Tanner are the only authorities for many 
unto Kyng Ferdinandus in the Cause of the particulars. Besides the works referred to im 
Christen Religion. Item, the Kjnge's an- the text, see also General Index to Strype, 1828; 
swere to the same. Whereupon foloweth H. G-ough's General Index to Parker Society,, 
the wordes that the messaungers spake again 1855 ; J. H. "Wiffen's House of Russell, 1833, u 
unto the Kyng againe at their departing/ 354-5, 361-6 ; Maitland's Essays on the Refor- 
n. d., 16mo (in Coverdale's preface he speaks mation, 1849 ; Rymer's Fcedera, 1727, xv. 281-9, 
of having received a copy of the original in 34 ' ; J?J whe le '? Devonshire, 1797, i. 289 ; Chair- 

- Tt i" i "N \t~i t f*\ "t"(~)T1 ^1 I 1 TA C\T \\ O"WTP 1 1 1 rt Q * fi^TM^PTl It OT1 f" ^ 1"*1 Q"** 

German in the previous March). Jo. Oer- .. _. . -'* t on T T m 4. 
*.: ,4- n.~n TT^^-t^n o^ynnmf^.o-Klo graphia Literaria, 1777, p. 132; J. L. Chester's 



. __ ^^^j* , n -, ln ir, , . . 

tarn most Godly Fruitful! and Comfortable J^ ^ Ho ' o P, s Li ; es of 

Letters of such True Samtes and Holy Mar- ^^ ^ ^ ix ; 24Q) 245 Noteg and 

- 



tyrs of God, as m the late bloodye persecu- lgfc ger _ L 3?9j ^ 552j 615> vii _ 97> siL 443j 2nd 
tion here within this Eealme, gaue their lyves ser> vi< 433j 3rd SGr< vi> 150> Drt Gj ns b U rg has 
for the defence of Chnstes Holy Gospel, tindly supp iied some information, besides allow- 
London, J. Day, 1564, 4to (nothing is said i ng the writer to see his two unique leaves of 
as to how these letters were obtained; in the German Bible of 1529-30. For Coverdale's 
the preface Coverdale speaks of desiring to Bible and New Testament, see J.Lewis's History 
publish some more; reprinted in modernised of the English Translations of the Bible, 1818 ; 
language, with introduction by Rev. Edward J. W. Whittaker's Enquiry into the Interpre- 
Bickersteth, 1837, Svo). Cation of the Scriptures, 1819-20; H. Walter's. 

Many of Coverdale's works, and nearly all Better to the Bishop of Peterborough, 1823;, 
Ms letters, have been edited for the Parker iHes, Testaments, &c., in the Collection of 
Society by theRev.GeorgePearson,in2vols.: ea ^ilson, 1845 ; Andersons Annals of the 

< Writings and Translations, containing the ^f sh B J* le ' ]**6 ; Cotton's Editions of the 
Old *4 a Spiritual and most Precious ^ ^^L^sS;^^?^ 
Pearl Fruitful Lessons a Treatise _ on the of the English Bible 2nd ed. 1872; Eadie'sThe 
Lord's Supper, Order of the Church m Den- En lish ^ 1876 . ton Celebration Cata- 
mark, Abridgement of the Enchiridion of logue? 1877 . H- stevens's The Bibles in the- 
Erasmus/ Cambridge, 1844, Svo ; and * Re- Caxton Exhibition, 1878 ; W. F. Moulton's His- 
mains, containing Prologues to the transla- tory of the English Bible, 1884; J. I. Mombert's 
tion of the Bible, Treatise on Death, Hope of English Versions of the Bible, 1885 ; Book Lore, 
the Faithful, Exhortation to the Carrying of March 1887, pp. 109-16 ; and communications in 
Christ's Cross, Exposition upon the Twenty- the Athenaeum, 11 Aug. 1877, pp. 180-2, 9 Nov.. 
second Psalm, Confutation of the Treatise of 1878, pp. 594-5, 25 Jan. 1879, p. 122, 12 July, 
John Standish, Defence of a certain poor Chris- P- 48, 19 July, p. 81, 26 July, p. 112, 2 Aug. 
tian Man, Letters, Ghostlv Psalms, and Spiri- PP* 146-7, 16 Aug. 1884, p 206, 30 Jan. p. 166, 
tual Songs/ Cambridge, 1846, Svo. *7 March p. 424, 3 April 1886, p. 457 ; and 

'A Christian Catechism' is attributed to Notes and Qnenes, 1st .ser v. 59, 109, 153, 
Coverdale by Bale, and < A Spiritual Alma- f*^** se a 11 ' ^>' ^ 17 ?'7 U?' 

nacke ' by Tanner, the latter possibly printed *- 8 ?> ' 79 ] ?li^l'Jl* Af 6th ser vi III 

J.-L J.T t-r> j.- j.- j f TNT A*\ trt n. 10, 35, 72, 1 1 3, *tn ser. i. 4:42, otli sor. vi. 4:8 1. 

with the 'Prognostication '(see No. 4). Foxe See also the bib iiographical works of Watt, 

speaks of having- possessed a manuscript Lowndes, Ames (by Herbert and Dibdin), Haz- 

< Confutation of a Sermon of Dr. Weston s ^ an a the Catalogue of Books in the British 
at Paul's Cross, 20 Oct. 1553,' and a transla- Museum Library printed to 1640.] H. K. T. 
tion of the Canon of the Mass, from the Salis- 

bury Missal, which Foxe reproduces (Acts ' COWAJRD, JAMES (1824-1880), organ- 

and Mon. iii. 11). The reprint of '"Wick- ist, born in London 25 Jan. 1824, was ad- 

lieffe's Wicket, faythfully overseene and cor- mitted at an early age into the Westminster 

xected/ n. d., is sometimes attributed to Abbey choir. Both in the abbey and in con- 

Coverdale. certs solos were frequently entrusted to him, 



Coward 373 Coward 

on more than one occasion he had the was eclipsed by a contemporary version pub- 
honour of singing with Madame Malibran. lished by Atterbury. Coward was ridiculed, 
His first appointment as organist was to the and, according to Wood, procured the inser- 
parish church of Lambeth, and on the opening tion of a notice in i Thompson's Intelligence/ 
of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham he was attributing it to i Walter Curie of Hartford.' 
.given the post of organist there. This situa- In 1683 Coward became M.A., in 1685 M.B., 
tion he filled with credit to himself and ad- and in 1687 M.D. He practised in North- 
vantage to the institution until his death, ampton; and in 1693 or 1694 settled in Lom- 
which took place at his house in Lupus Street, bard Street, London, having to leave North- 
Pimlico, 22 Jan. 1880. For some time be- ampton in consequence of some immorality, 
fore his death he had been conductor of the according to Hearne (ib. i. 304). 
Abbey and City glee clubs, In October In 1702 Coward published, under the 
1864 he succeeded Turle as conductor of the pseudonym ' Estibius Psychalethes,' ' Second 
Western Madrigal Society, an office which Thoughts concerning Human Soul, demon- 
lie retained until March 1872. Besides these strating the notion of human soul as believed 
various appointments he held the post of or- to be a spiritual, immortal substance united 
ganist to St. George's Church, Bloomsbury to a human body to be a plain heathenish in- 
{1866-9), the Sacred Harmonic Society, and vention . . . the ground of many absurd 
the grand lodge of freemasons. His last and superstitious opinions, abominable to the 
church appointment was to St. Magnus the reformed churches and derogatory in general 
Martyr, London Bridge, which he held till to true Christianity. 7 His argument was pos- 
his death. His compositions are not nu- sibly suggested by Locke's famous specula- 
merous, but they show considerable refine- tion as to the possibility that a power of 
ment and musical knowledge, as well as an thinking might be ' superadded ' to matter, 
earnestness of aim for which he was scarcely He maintains, partly upon scriptural argu- 
.given credit by those who were accustomed ments, that there is no such thing as a sepa- 
to hear his operatic selections or transcrip- rate soul, but that immortal life will be con- 
tions for the organ. Considering the musical ferred upon the whole man at the resurrec- 
taste of the time, it is not to be wondered at tion. Replies were made in Nichols's ' Con- 
that these performances formed part of his ference with a Theist,' John Turner's ' Yin- 
ordinary duties at the Crystal Palace, but it dication of the Separate Existence of the 
is to be regretted that so great a power of Soul,' and John Brought on's ' Psychologia.' 
improvisation as he possessed should so often Locke, in letters to Collins, speaks contemp- 
have been turned to account to provide mu- tuously both of the i Psychologia ' and of 
.sical accompaniment for acrobatic displays. Coward's next work, ' The Grand Essay ; or 
The most important of his published works a Vindication of Keason and Religion against 
.are : 1 Lord, correct me,' anthem ; l Sing Impostures of Philosophy/ to which was ap- 
unto God,' a canon (4 in 2); 'Ten Glees pended an ' Epistolary reply ' to the ' Psycho- . 
.and a Madrigal' (published 1857), ' Take thy logia.' Upon the publication of this, corn- 
Banner,' l Airy Fairy Lilian 7 (five-part song), plaint was made in the House of Commons, 
4 1 strike the Lyre,' part-songs ; * The Sky- 10 March 1703-4. A committee was ap- 
lark,' prize glee; marches, &c., for the organ, pointed to examine Coward's books. Coward 
and several pianoforte pieces. was called to the bar and professed his readt- 

[Musical Standard, 14 Feb. 1880 ; Mr. T. L. ness to recant anything contrary to religion 

-Sonthgate's Letter to Norwood News, February or morality. The house voted that the books 

1880; information from C. T. Budd, esq.] contained offensive doctrines, and ordered 

J. A. JF. M. them to be burnt by the common hangman. 
The proceeding increased the notoriety of 

COWARD, WILLIAM (1657 P-1725), Coward's books ; and- in the same year he 
physician, was born at Winchester in 1656 published another edition of the ' Second 
or 1657. His mother was sister of Dr. John Thoughts.' In 1706 (apparently) appeared 
Lamphire, principal of Hart Hall, Oxford, The Just Scrutiny; or a serious enquiry into 
.and Camden professor of history, whose pro- the modern notions of the soul.' 
perty he apparently inherited (HEA.BNE, Col- Henry Dod well's < Epistolary Discourse,' 
lections, i. 248). In May 1674 Coward was &c. in support of the natural mortality of 
.admitted as a commoner of Hart Hall ; and the soul, appeared in 1706, and led to a con- 
in 1675 a scholar of Wadham College. He troversy with Samuel Clarke and Anthony- 
proceeded B.A. in 1677, and in January 1679- Collins. Coward distinguishes his own posi- 
1680 was elected fellow of Merton. In 1682 tion from Dodwell's and attacks Clarke. In 
he published a Latin version of Dryden's 1706 Coward also published his 'Ophthal- 
4 Absalom and Achitophel ' (1681) which moiatria,' chiefly medical, in which he ridi- 



Coward 374 Coward 

cules the Cartesian notion of an immaterial meeting-house at Walthamstow, and selected 

soul residing in the pineal gland. From a Hugh Farmer as its first minister. A course- 

letter (published in the f Gentleman's Ma- of lectures 'On the most important Doctrines 

gazine,' 1787, p. 100) it appears that Sir Hans of the Gospel ' was instituted by him in 1730, 

Sloane corrected the proofs, and that in spite in the church of Paved Alley, Lime Street, 

of Sloane's remonstrances Coward declined where twenty-six in all, afterwards published 

to conceal his opinions. Swift and other con- in two volumes, were delivered. A second 

temporaries frequently ridicule Coward in set was established by him at Little St. Helen's 

company with Toland, Collins, and other in 1726, and a third course at Bury Street, 

deists. St. Mary-Axe, in 1733, the last set being, 

Co ward published two poetical works/ The printed in 1735. In the spring of 1734 he- 

Lives of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, an contemplated founding a college at Waltham- 

heroic poem ' (1705), whicli seems to have stow for the education of children of dis- 

disappeared ; and c Licentia Poetica discussed senters for the ministry, and the post of pro- 

... to which are added critical observa- fessor of divinity was offered to Doddridge, 

tionson . . . Homer, Horace, Virgil, Milton, but the scheme came to nothing, although 

Cowley, Dryden, &c. . . . ' (1709). Com- Coward continued, while alive, to assist the' 

mendatory verses by Aaron Hill and John poorer ministers and to aid in the teaching 

Gay are prefixed. It is a didactic perform- of their children. He died at "Walthamstow 

ance in the taste of the day, with an appa- on 28 April 1738, aged ninety, when his pro- 

ratus of preface, notes, and political appen- perty was valued in the paper at 150,000^.^, 

dix. Coward left London about 1706, and and the bulk was said to have been left u& 

in 1718 was residing at Ipswich, whence in charity. His arbitrary character is described 

1722 he wrote to Sir Hans Sloane, offering in^ a letter from the Rev, Hugh Farmer, 

to submit an epitaph upon the Duke of Marl- printed in Doddridge's Correspondence, iiL 

borough to the duchess, who was said to 251-2, and another of the same divine's cor- 

have offered 500. for such a performance, respondents (ib. iii. 315) went so far as ta 

He was admitted a candidate of the College say that the old man had ' a bee in his bonnet/ 

of Surgeons on 5 July 1695, and remained in It was this fiery disposition that caused a 

that position till 1725, when the absence of fierce quarrel between Coward and the hot- 

his name from the lists proves that he must headed divine, Thomas Bradbury [q. v.] 

have been dead. Coward's will is dated 25 Nov. 1735, and full 

His medical works are : 1. *De Fermento credit for the disposition of his property may 

volatili nutritivo conjectura rationis/ &c. fairly be assigned to the donor. With the ex- 

(1695). 2. 'Alcali Vindicatum' (1698). ception of his wife, no relatives are mentioned 

3. * Eemediorum Medicinalium Tabula ' as such ; but the similarity of name and the- 

(1704). 4. ' Ophthalmoiatria, 7 &c. (1706). largeness of the bequest would lead us to infer 

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 480 ; Biog. ^ at Mr William Coward of Saddlers 7 Hall in 

Brit. ; An Historical View of the Controversy con- Cheapside, to whom was bequeathed the mam 

cerning an Intermediate State, pp. 174-82 (2nd portion of the lands and hereditaments what- 

ed. 1772); Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 512 ; G-ent. soever lying in the island of Jamaica/and Mary- 

Mag. 1787, 100 ; Hearne's Collections (Oxford Coward, daughter of this William Coward, 

Hist. Soc. 1885), i. 248, 25, 3, 304.] L. S. to whom 500. was left, were nearly con- 

nected with him. Considerable property was 

COWARD, WILLIAM (d. 1738), a left in trust ' for the education and training. 

London merchant, famous for his liberality up of young men . . between 15 and 22, in 

to dissent, possessed large property, includ- order to qualify them for the ministry of the 

ing lands and hereditaments in Jamaica, gospel among the protestant dissenters ; ? and 

Little is known of his early life, but towards the four trustees, of whom Dr. Watts and 

the close of his days his charitable gifts the Eev. Daniel Neal were the best known,, 

brought him into notice. At that time he were enjoined to take care that the students 

lived in retirement at Walthamstow, a fa- should be instructed according to ' the as- 

vourite retreat for wealthy London noncon- sembly's catechism, and in that method of 

formists, where he purchased a fine house, church discipline which is practised by the 

and spent muc^i time and money in beauti- congregational churches/ For many years 

fying its gardens. His household arrange- two educational institutions, one in 



ments were very strict, the doors being rigidly close Square, and the other, first at North- 

closed against visitors at eight o'clock in the ampton and then at Daventry, were almost 

evening, and mention of his eccentricities is entirely maintained from the income of the 

frequently made by the ministers who par- -trusts ; but in 1785 pecuniary necessities 

took of his hospitality. He established a brought about the withdrawal of the grant 



Cowell 375 Cowell 

from the former academy, and the latter is headings 'King/ t Parliament/ 'Prerogative/ 

now merged in New College, St. John's Wood. ' Recoveries/ and ' Subsidies/ he advanced the- 

The "best account of these training colleges is opinion that the English monarchy was an 

in the official ' Calendar of the Associated absolute monarchy, and that the king only 

Colleges/ pp. 41-50. A three-quarter length consulted parliament by his 'goodness in 

portrait of Coward is preserved at New Col- waiving his absolute power to make laws 

lege ; it was taken when he was about fifty without their consent' (s.v. 'Subsidy '). This 

years old, and was left to the Coward trustees doctrine offended the commons, and early in 

by Dr. Newth, an old Coward College student, the session of 1610 the lower house invited 

who had acquired it a few years previously the lords to join with them in directing the 

from a collateral descendant of the subject, king's attention to the book. A conference 

The trustees also possess a copy of a thin was arranged by the attorney-general, Sir 

volume, eight pages in all, entitled ' Thalia Francis Bacon, but before further proceed- 

triumphans. A congratulatory poem to the ings were taken the Earl of Salisbury an- 

worthy William Coward on his happy mar- nounced that James had voluntarily sum- 

riage. By E. Settle, 1722. 7 From a line on moned Cowell before him and disavowed his 

page 7, the lady's maiden name is ascertained doctrine, which highly incensed him. Cowell 

to be Collier, and the marriage can be iden- duly appeared before the council in the middle 

tified with that of ' William Coward, of of March 1610. ' He was requested to an- 

StaplesInn,Midd x .,Bach r .,and Sarah Collier, swer some other passages of his book which 

of St. Bennet Grace Church, London, Sp r ./ do as well pinch upon the authority of the 

which was solemnised at St. Dionis Back- king, as the other points were derogatorie 

church on 24 April 1722 (Register printed to the liberty of the subject. . . . He could 

by Harleian Soc. 1878, p. 60). This was, no not regularly deliver what grounds he hath 

doubt, the William Coward of Sadlers' Hall, for the maintaining of those his propositions T 

to whom the property in Jamaica was left. (WIKWOOD). Cowell was therefore com- 

[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, i. 212, 244, fitted to the custody of an alderman; the 

253, 363, iii. 490 ; Stoughton's Doddridge, p. 228, book was suppressed by a proclamation, in 

&c.; Correspondence of Doddridge, iii. 146-8, which it was denounced as insulting alike 

231-2 ; Gent. Mag. 1738, p. 221 ; [Mrs. Le Bre- to king and commons, and was burnt by the 

ton's] Memories of 70 Years, p. 12 ; Lysons's En- common hangman (26 March 1610). Fuller 

virons, iv. 222 ; Williams' s Life of Belsham, states that Coke, moved by professional 

pp. 392-9; Belsham's Theophilus Lindsey, jealousy of Cowell, whose knowledge of civil 

pp. 286-7.] "W. P. C. law was reputed to exceed his own know- 

ledge of common law, was foremost in at- 

COWELL, JOHN (1554-1611), civilian, tacking the book, and habitually spoke of its 

born in 1554 at Ernsborough, Devonshire, author as ' Dr. CowheeU On 25 May 1611, 

left Eton College in 1570 for King's Col- Cowell resigned his professorship of civil law 

lege, Cambridge. Richard Bancroft, after- (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 657), and 

wards bishop of London, seems to have he died 11 Oct. following, being buried in 

advised him to devote himself to civil law the chapel of Trinity Hall. He left bequests 

at Cambridge, and he soon distinguished to Trinity Hall, King's College, and to Cam- 

himself in the study, proceeding LL.D. and bridge University. 

becoming a member of the college of civilians The f Interpreter ' was reissued in an ex- 

at Doctors' Commons in 1584. He was proctor purgated edition in 1637, 1672, 1684 (con- 

of his university in 1585 ; was incorporated tinned by Thomas Manley), 1701 (edited by 

D.C.L. of Oxford in 1600; became regius pro- White Kennet), 1709, and 1727. A copy 

fessor of civil law at Cambridge in 1594, and of Kennet's edition (1701), with valuable 

master of Trinity Hall in 1598. He was vice- manuscript notes by Bishop Tanner, is in 

chancellor of Cambridge University in 1603 the Bodleian. Cowell also wrote t Institu- 

and 1604, and in 1608 Bancroft, then arch- tiones Juris Anglicani ad methodum insti- 

bishop of Canterbury,madehimhis vicar-gene- tutionum Justiniani compositse et digestse/ 

raL In 1607 Cowell published at Cambridge Cambridge, 1605 and 1630. 
* The Interpreter, a booke containing the signi- r ,, T ,, ,-, .. ~ ,,. N . Aft . _ A . 

fication of Voids: Wherein is set foorth the ,, food's Fast! Oxon. (Blis^ i 289-SO ; Cat. 

, on , -, j. Brit.Mus. Books before 1640: Fullers Worthies; 

truemeamngofall.. v suchwordsandtermesas H arwood's Ahimni Eton. 18213; Weldon's Court 

are mentioned in the Lawe-writers or Statutes of Jameslj 1650>p> 191 . Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; 

. . requiring any Exposition. It was de~ Winwood's Memorials, iii. passim; Hallam'sHist. 

dicated to Bancroft, who had interested him- i. 325-6; Gardiner's Hist. ii. 66-8; Parliamen- 

self in its production. This book gave Cowell tary Journal, 1610 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. 

more than an academic reputation. Under the i. 9, 74, 6th ser. xi. 117. The proclamation 



Cowell 



376 



Cowell 



printed by Bobert Barker in 1610 suppressing 
the Interpreter appears in Man ley's and in White 
Kennet's editions of the book, as well as in 
Bapin and Carte. It is not in the Parliamentary 
Journals.] S. L. L. 

COWELL, JOSEPH LEATHLEY 

(1792-1863), actor, author, and painter, was 
born not far from Torquay in Devonshire on 
7 Aug. 1792. His real surname was WIT- 
OHETT. He was of good lineage, his father 
having been a colonel in the army; his uncle 
was Admiral Witchett, whose portrait is at 
Greenwich; his mother was indulgent to his 
every whim, and he had opportunities for 
mingling with seamen and of seeing Nelson 

__ VJ __ tj ^^ m i _ _ m 



a brilliant success. He obtained a regular 
engagement, soon acted along with Incledon, 
Munden, Mrs. Jordan, young Betty, and 
Charles Young. He received offers from the 
elder Macready for Newcastle, from Kelly 
for Portsmouth, but preferred to accept an en- 
gagement from Beverley at Richmond. He 
took all varieties of tragedy and comedy, 
laboured hard, but liked best low comedy. 
At Woolwich he commenced scene-painting, 
working also at Covent Garden with the 
elder Grieve, under Phillips. At Brighton 
he got his highest salary in England as actor 
and painter. Tempted by better business he 



and Earl St. Vincent. He has told how he 
first saw * Hamlet ' performed at Carey Sands, 
and how he interrupted the ghost by shouting 
4 That's the man who nailed up the flags/ and 
startled Hamlet when hesitating, ' whether 
'tis nobler in the mind to suffer/ by suggest- 
ing, ' If I were you I'd go to sea ! ' Pie made 
up his mind that he would rather be an actor 
like the one who played Horatio * than be 
Horatio Nelson, though he had lost an eye 
and banged the French.' He entered the 
navy when thirteen years old, served three 
years as a midshipman, and when turned 
sixteen got three weeks' leave of absence be- 
fore starting on a twelve months' cruise to 
the West Indies, He had been educated 
strictly in the Koman catholic faith, but 
curiosity led him into a protestant church in 
London, and he fell in love with a Miss Anna 
Creek, made acquaintance with the family, 
and first saw good acting, Charles Eemble 
as IRomeo, Miss Davenport as the Nurse, and 
Charles Murray as Friar Laurence. He was 
more than half * engaged ' before he rejoined 
his ship and went to the West Indies. In 
a quarrel with a superior officer he forgot 
himself, and struck his oppressor, thus ren- 
dering himself liable to a court-martial, with 
the probability of being shot. On the voyage 
home a French ship was met, and he begged 
to be allowed to lose his life honourably in 
action. He did his duty so bravely that on 
arriving at Plymouth the admiral obtained 
his ante-dated ' discharge by sick-list.' Hence 
the change of name from Hawkins-Witchett. 
He took to painting portraits, but on 11 Jan. 
1812 he wrote to George Sandford of New 
York, at the Plymouth Theatre, a short letter 
telling of his wish to become an actor, con- 
tent with a small salary, and gave his name 
as Leathley Irving. He was kindly received, 
taught his business, and made his first ap- 
pearance as Belcour in Cumberland's West 
Indian ' twelve days later, in the presence of 
^Admiral Calder, old shipmates, and some 
relatives. Though nervous at first, he achieved 



joined Faulkner at a lower salary on the 
northern circuit. Before this time he had 
married his first wife, a Miss Murray, and 
they had two children, Joseph and Maria. 
Ambition had led him into a ruinous struggle 
with difficulties, but Lord Normanby and a 
few other friends generously presented him 
with fifty guineas before he started for Shields 
and York, 'the stepping-stone to London.' 
Here he appeared as Crack in the < Turnpike 
Gate.' At Wakefield he left the company 
and joined Thomas Eobertson's at Lincoln. 
Stephen Kemble offered him an engagement 
at Drtiry Lane at 61. a week, and he opened 
as Samson Hawbold in Colman's l Iron Chest' 
and Nicholas in the ' Midnight Hour.' He 
was jealous of Harley, thanks to whose epi- 
leptic attack he secured the part of Goodman. 
On the death of Queen Charlotte, 12 Nov. 
1818, theatres were closed. Drury Lane 
ended the season in a state of bankruptcy, so 
he composed and acted a three hours' olio 
called f Cowell Alone ; or, a Trip to London/ 
on the Lincoln circuit. Thence he returned 
to London for the Sans Pariel ("c), otherwise 
the Adelphi. His daughter Maria died, aged 
five years. Engaged by Elliston at Drury 
Lane, he opened as James in t Blue Devils/ 
but he soon returned to the Adelphi on a 
three years' engagement. While drawing 
from memory a portrait of Charles Kemble 
as Homeo for his friend Oxberry, he was 
brought to the notice of Stephen Price, the 
American manager, arranged with him to sail 
for the States, being engaged at 10Z. a week the 
first season, 12 the second. He was then 
acting at Astley's in ' Gil Bias/ and did not 
scruple to escape on the plea of indisposition. 
He left behind his sons, Joseph and Samuel, 
sailed from the Downs on 8 Sept. 1821, and 
arrived at New York 24 Oct., to begin at the 
Park Theatre in < The Foundling of the Fo- 
rest ' and his ever-successful Crack. He took 
the audience by storm. From this date on- 
ward, until long after he published his clever 
and amusing autobiography in 1844, his career 
was prosperous, andhe was a favourite in all the 



Cowell 



377 



Cowell 



chief cities of the Union. Clever as he was, a de- 
lightful companion, brimming with anecdote, 
mirth, and song, sarcastic but not revengeful, 
Jie was frequently in quarrels owing to quick 
temper. The second of his three wives was 
Frances Sheppard,by whom he was the father 
of Sidney Francis, known afterwards as Mrs. 
Bateman jq. v.] On 24 July 1823 he left 
the Park Theatre. Early in February 1826 he 
was receiving warmest welcome at Charleston. 
In September 1827 he opened the Philadelphia 
Theatre at Wilmington, Delaware. In 1829 
his son Samuel [q. v.], nine years old, ap- 
peared for his benefit at Boston. His other 
.son, Joseph, distinguished himself as a scene- 
painter, but died in early manhood. When 
in 1844 Messrs. Harper Brothers of New 
York published the record of Joe Cowell's 
* Thirty Years of Theatrical Life,' he was 
.still a favourite among all classes. But he 
became weary of his profession, and desired 
nothing so much as a return to England and 
a retired life near London, at Putney, 'up the 
Thames. 7 This was the calm evening that he 
looked forward to with hope, and it was ful- 
filled in 1863. He had previously returned 
in 1846 and 1854. No man ever was more 
unselfishly and affectionately proud of the 
.genius of his descendants than he was of Kate 
Bateman's 'Leah.' He married a third time 
inLondon, 1848 (Harriet Burke, who survived 
until 1886). He loved to welcome the younger 
actors, and sometimes painted or sketched 
for amusement. His own portrait was a con- 
vincing proof of his rare talent. The old 
man lingered until 13 Nov. 1863, and lies 
"buried in Brompton cemetery, near London. 
A stone was erected by his son-in-law, H. L. 
Bateman [q. v.] 

[Personal knowledge ; obituary notice in the 
Era, by Leigh Murray ; Thirty Years passed among 
the Players in England and America, theatrical 
life of Joe Cowell, comedian, written by himself, 
1844.] J. W. E. 

COWELL, SAMUEL HOUGHTON 

(1820-1864), actor and comic singer, son of 
Joseph Leathley Cowell [q.v.] by his first 
wife (a sister of William Henry Murray of 
Edinburgh, and thus connected with the 
Siddons family), was born in London on 

5 April 1820, taken by his father to America 
in 1822, and educated in a military academy 
At Mount Airey, near Philadelphia. He made 
great progress in his few years of steady edu- 
cation, but at nine years of age first appeared 
on the stage at Boston, U.S., in 1829 as 
Crack in T. Knight's ' Turnpike Gate,' for 
his father's benefit, singing with him the 
duet ' When off in curricle we go, Mind I'm 

6 dashing buck, friend Joe.' From that time 



onward he earned his own living, was hailed 
as ' the young American Roscius,' and acted in 
all the chief theatres of the United States ; 
some of his other characters being Chick, 
Matty Marvellous, Bombastes Furioso, and 
one of the Droniios, his father playing the 
other, and declaring that * Sam is me at 
the small end of a telescope.' He went to 
England, and appeared at the Edinburgh 
Theatre Royal and the Adelphi, under the 
management of his uncle, W. H. Murray. 
He became an established favourite, not only 
as an actor, but as a comic singer between 
the acts. On 5 Nov. 1842 he married Emilie 
Marguerite Ebsworth, daughter of a highly 
esteemed dramatist and teacher of music. 
Nine children were the fruit of the union, of 
whom two daughters, Sydney and Florence, 
with one of the six sons, Joseph, afterwards 
adopted the stage professionally, and with 
success. After remaining four years in Edin- 
burgh he went to London on an engagement 
for three years, with Benj amin Webster, at the 
Adelphi, but soon abandoned this, and made 
his first appearance on 15 July 1844 as Alessio 
in f La Sonnambula ' at the Surrey Theatre. 
Before 1848 he removed to the Olympic as 
stock comedian under Bolton's management ; 
then for two years to the Princess's, under 
James Maddox, playing second to Compton ; 
next to Co vent Garden, under Alfred Bunn, 
taking Harley's class of business ; J and after- 
wards to Glasgow, under his old friend Ed- 
mund Glover, with other engagements at 
Belfast and Dublin. Everywhere a favourite, 
flattered and tempted towards conviviality, 
and naturally restless, he grew tired of dra- 
matic study, always arduous in the provinces, 
where a frequent change of performances is 
necessary, and determined to devote him- 
self to character singing. His i Billy Bar- 
low,' ' Lord Lovel,' 'Yaller BushaBelle,' ' Corn 
Cobs/ ' Molly the Betrayed,' ' The Railway 
Porter,' < The Ratcatcher's Daughter,' ' Clara 
Cline ' (one of the sweetest and best of his 
own compositions), * Robinson Crusoe, 7 and 
the burlesque ditties of ' Alonzo the Brave ' 
and ' Richard the Third/ &c., were embodied 
with so much dramatic spirit, in appropriate 
costume, with his rich voice and power of 
mimicry, that he virtually founded a new 
class of drawing-room entertainment, and 
gave such satisfaction that l Evans's ' of Co- 
vent Garden (' Paddy Green's ') and Charles 
Morton's Canterbury Hall owed chiefly to 
him their popularity. He has been hailed 
as the virtual founder of the music-hall en- 
tertainment. He joined Conquest at the 
Royal Grecian, enacting ' Nobody' with a 
' buffo ' song in E. Laman Blanchard's ex- 
travaganza of ' Nobody in London,' playfully 



Cowen 378 Cowherd 



satirising the Great Exhibition excitement 
of 1851. He twice appeared at Windsor 
Castle before her majesty at her court thea- 
tricals. In August 18*52 he was at St. James's 
Theatre. In 1860, after immense success in 
provincial towns, he returned to America. 
The vessel encountered such stormy weather 
that his health was permanently injured. He 
had been wonderfully robust, but the seeds 



in that island, making many sketches. La 
1843 he published a series of twelve etchings- 
of Corsica, especially of scenes connected 
with the early life of Napoleon Bonaparte. 
These were very favourably criticised, and. 
afterwards with two additions formed the 
illustrations to a book Cowen published in 
1848, called ( Six Weeks in Corsica,' con- 
taining an account of his adventures and some 



of consumption became rapidly developed translations of Corsican poetry. After his 

after his return to London in 1862. Always return from Corsica, Cowen took up his resi 

of singularly amiable disposition, devoid of dence at Gibraltar Cottage, Thistle Grove, 

jealousy or malice, and of domestic habits, Old Brompton, and in 1844 contributed to- 

although with such genial sociality that his the fresco competition in Westminster Hall 

company was sought and welcomed every- a view of ' Kilchurn Castle, Loch Awe, Scot- 

where, he was invited to Blandford in Dor- land/ In 1848-9 he contributed several of 

setshire, to recruit his health if possible, by his landscape works to the Free Exhibition 

his friend, Mr. Robert Eyers of the Crown of Modern Art at Hyde Park Corner. Be- 

Hotel. He was kindly received, but soon sides the etchings of Corsica mentioned 1 

afterwards died, on 11 March 1864. He above, Co wen published an etching of a church 

was buried in the cemetery at Blandford on in 1817, i Six Views of Italian and Swiss- 

15 March, and a monument has been erected Scenery 'in 1824; f A View of Rotherham/pub- 

by his friends. Few comedians have been lished 1826 in Rhodes's ' Yorkshire Scenery/ 

better loved, or, on the whole, passed through in which there are also two engravings of 

life so successfully. Collections of ' Sam Roche Abbey from Cowen's drawings ; ' Six 

Cowell's Songs,' and photographic portraits Views of Woodsome Hall/ lithographs, pub- 

of him in character, used to be enormously lishedin 1851; two large aquatints ofHarrow- 

numerous, and popular. Wherever he went on-the-Hill and Chatsworth ; a lithograph 

he was loved, and by all who had known view of Kirkstall Abbey, and a lithographed 

him he was mourned. His only fault was portrait of Jan Tzatzoe, a Kaffir chief. The 

improvidence. An excellent full-length por- date of Cowen's death is uncertain, but it 

trait of him as c Billy Barlow ' was painted was probably in 1860 or 1861. 
in oils by Richard Alexander, Edinburgh, ptedgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; Graves'* 

i84J - Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880 ; Nagler's Kiinstler- 

[Personal knowledge ; Scotsman and the Era, Lexicon ; Guest's Historic Notices of Rother- 

chiefly of 1864; private memoranda; brief Sketch ham : Catalogues of the Royal Academy, British 

of the Life of Sam Cowell, prefixed to Sam CoweU's Institution, &c.] L. C. 

Collection of Comic Songs, Edinburgh, 1853.1 

J. W. E. COWHERD, WILLIAM (1763-1816),, 
sect-founder, was born at Carnforth, Lan- 

COWEN, WILLIAM (fl. 1811-1860), cashire, in 1763. Little is known of his early 
landscape painter, was a native of Rother- life. He describes himself as ' formerly clas- 
ham in Yorkshire. He travelled a great deal, sical teacher in Beverley College/ an insti- 
making many sketches in the United King- tution for the preparation of candidates for 
dom, and was liberally patronised by Earl the ministry, and from Beverley he went to 
Fitzwilliam, at whose expense he proceeded Manchester as curate to John Clowes [q. v.], 
through Switzerland to Italy j there he studied the Swedenborgian rector of St. John's. Leav- 
for some time, returning with a stock of land- ing Clowes, he preached in the Swedenbor- 
scape sketches, which he turned to good ac- gian Temple/ Peter Street, for a short time- 
count during a long career as an artist. He before 1800, in which year he opened a chapel,, 
first appears as an exhibitor at the Society called Christ Church, built for himself in 
of Artists in 1811. In 1823 he exhibited at the King Street, Salford. Here he founded a 
British Institution, sending three landscapes, congregation on Swedenborgian principles f 
two Irish and one Swiss ; and he continued he is said to have been the only man who* 
to be a constant contributor of landscapes ever read through all Swedenborg's Latin 
to that exhibition up to 1860. He first writings. His preaching, into which he- 
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1824, freely introduced his radical politics, made- 
and contributed several landscapes up to him a favourite with the populace. Cowherd 
1839* In 1840 Co wen started with his sister broke with the Swedenborgians after their 
on a visit to Corsica, then an unexplored conference at Birmingham in 1808, mainly 
country for artists, and resided for some time on the ground of renewed attempts to esta- 



Cowherd 379 Cowley 

blish what he called i a Swedenborgian priest- Salford, 1850, 4to (< printed by Joseph Pratt, 

hood.' On 28 June 1809 a rival conference at the Academy Press, Salford ; ' it consists 

met in Cowherd's chapel, and continued its of a compilation of extracts from various 

sittings till 1 July. It was attended by four authors, those in part i. arranged under topics, 

ministers, Joseph Wright of Keighley, George those in part ii. under the several books 

Senior of Dalton, near Huddersfield, Samuel of the Bible ; the paging of the two parts- 

Dean of Hulme, and Cowherd, with a con- runs on). 

siderable number of laymen, including Joseph [Keport of a Conference, &c., 1809; White's- 

Brotherton [q. v.], afterwards M.P. for Sal- Swedenhorg, 1867, ii. 610 ; Inquirer, 17 July 

ford. This conference formulated a scheme 1869 ; Button's List of Lancashire Authors, 1876, 

of doctrine, which has a strong Swedenbor- P- 26; Axon's Handbook of the Public Libraries, 

man tinge. No mention is made of vegeta- of Manchester and Salford 1877, p. 38 sq. ;_ in- 

rianism or of teetotalism in the minutes of formation from Key Alfred Hardy (who assisted 

this conference, but in the same year the mCpyherd S school) and from Kev. James Clark, 

^. , j minister of Cross Lane Chapel.] A. Gr. 

practice of both was made imperative in (Jow- r J 

herd's congregation. The new religious body COWTE, ROBERT, MJD. (1842-1874),. 
thus formed took the name of Bible Christian, descriptive writer, was born in 1842 at Ler- 
a designation also used by several other dissi- wick, the capital of the Shetland Islands, 
milar religious bodies. Cowherd, on 26 March where both his father and uncle were well- 
1810, opened a grammar school and academy known medical practitioners. He was edu- 
of sciences; he had a large number of boarders, cated partly at Aberdeen, where he took the 
and was assisted by two masters. He built degree of M.A., and at Edinburgh, where he 
Christ Church Institute, Hulme, which came was a favourite student of Sir James Y. Simp- 
afterwards into the hands of James Gaskill, son. On the death of his father he took up 
who left an endowment for its support as his medical practice, and was held in high 
an educational institution. Besides being a esteem, both for his professional and general 
working astronomer, Cowherd was a practical character. He died suddenly in 1874, in his- 
chemist, and he treated the ailments of the thirty-third year. Cowie was an enthusiastic 
poor with remedies of his own, so that he was lover of his native islands, one proof of which 
familiarly known as Dr. Cowherd. In 1811 was his selection of certain physical peculia- 
he had a project for a printing office, to bring rities of the Shetland people as the subject of 
out cheap editions of Swedenborg's philoso- his thesis when applying for the degree of 
phical and theological works. Robert Hind- M.D. At a later period he contributed to the 
marsh [q.v.], the leader of the Swedenborgian International Congress at Paris an article on 
sect, went down to Manchester to assist the ' health and longevity,' bringing out a won- 
scheme; but Hindmarsh and Cowherd dif- derfol prolongation of life beyond the average 
fered about abstinence and other matters, and among the Sbetlanders, which excited con- 
soon came to a quarrel. Seceders from Cow- siderable notice. The interest excited by 
herd and from Clowes built in 1813 a ' New these papers led Cowie to prepare them for 
Jerusalem temple' for Hindmarsh in Salford. publication; but to make a more complete 
Cowherd died on 24 March 1816. He was and popular volume much other matter was 
buried beside his chapel ; inscribed upon his added. The book entitled ' Shetland, De- 
tomb is a brief epitaph written by himself, scriptive and Historical ' was the result, the 
with the curious summary (adapted from latter part being a descriptive account of the 
Pope), 'All feared, none loved, few under- several islands of the group. It forms one- 
stood.' Cowherd's portrait shows a good- of the best accounts of Shetland that have- 
looking man, with a rather florid countenance, appeared. 

His congregation (to which JosephBrotherton > [Shetland, Descriptive and Historical, 2nd 

edition, with memoir of the author ; British 
Medical Journal, 6 June 1874; Shetland Times,, 
4 May 1874; private information.] W. Gr. B. 

COWLEY, BAEOK-. [See WELLESLEY, 
HEKRY, 1773-1847]. 

COWLEY, EAKL. [See WELLESLEY,. 
HEKEY RICHAED CHAHLES, 1804-1884.] 

COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667),, 
poet, was born in London in 1618. He was- 
the seventh and posthumous child of his.. 
father, Thomas Cowley, a stationer (see Notes.- 



"& J " V '& 



ministered for many years) still flourishes in 
a new chapel (1868) in Cross Lane, Salford, 
and possesses a valuable library, founded by 
Cowhercl. Its members dislike the name 
* Cowherdite' by which they are often called. 
There is a sister congregation in Philadelphia, 
founded by Hev. William Metcalfe. 

Cowhercl published : 1. ' Select Hymns for 
the use of Bible Christians/ which reached a 
seventh edition in 1841. Posthumous was 
2. 'Facts Authentic, in Science and Religion: 
designed to illustrate a new translation of 
the Bible/ part i. Salford, 1818, 4to ; part ii. 



Cowley 380 Cowley 



.and Queries, 4th ser, xi. 340, 371, 389, 429, 
450, 530), who left 1,0002. to "be divided 
among his children. His mother obtained his 
admission as a king's scholar at Westminster. 
He had already been drawn to poetry by 
reading a copy of the ' Faerie Queen,' which 



Cowley meanwhile continued to write 
poetry, composing many occasional pieces 
and great part of his ' Davideis ' at the uni- 
versity. In 1643-4 he was ejected from Cam- 
bridge and retired to Oxford, whither his 
friend Crashaw had preceded him. A satire 



lay in his mother's parlour (Essay XI., l On called 'The Puritan and the Papist,' published 
Myself 7 ). A collection of five poems called in the same year, and republished in a col- 
' Poetical Blossoms ' was published in 1633. lection called ' Wit and Loyalty revived ' 
A second edition, with the addition of 'Sylva, (1682), is attributed to him by Wood, and 
or dyvers copies of verses,' appeared in 1636, was first added to his works by Johnson (it 
and a third in 1637. It is probable that no is also in ' Somers Tracts/ v. 480-7). At Ox- 
poet has given more remarkable proofs of pre- ford he settled in St. John's College, and 
<jocity. He says in his preface that he wrote here became intimate with Lord Falkland 
one of the pieces, the ' Pyramus and Thisbe/ at and other royalist leaders. He became a mem- 
the age of ten, and the ' Constantius andPhile- ber of the family of Jermyn, afterwards earl 
tus ' two years later. Cowley's masters could of St. Albans, and in 1646 followed the queen 
never force him to undertake the drudgery to France. Here he found Crashaw in dis- 
of learning his grammar, and excused him tress, and introduced him to the queen. Cow- 
>on the ground that his natural quickness ley was employed in various diplomatic ser- 
made it needless. Perhaps his scholarship vices by the exiled court. He was sent on 
.-suffered, for he is said to have been an unsuc- missions to Jersey, Holland, and elsewhere 
cessful candidate for election to Cambridge and was afterwards employed in conducting 
in 1636. On 14 June 1637, however, he be- a correspondence in cipher between Charles I 
came a scholar of Trinity College (see ex- and his wife. His work, we are told, occu- 
tracts from College Register in J. K. Lumby's pied all his days and two or three nights a 
preface to Cowley's Prose Works, 1887). week. The collection of his poems called 
At the university he continued his poetical ' The Mistress ' appeared in London in 1647, 
activity. In 1638 he published a pastoral They became the favourite love poems of the 
drama called l Love's Riddle/ written about age. Barnes (Anacreon, 1705, xxxii.) states 
the age of sixteen. On 2 Feb. 1638 his Latin that whatever Cowley may say in his poetry, 
'Comedy called i Naufragium Joculare ' was he was never in love but once, and then had 
played before the university by members of not the courage to avow his passion. Pope 
'Trinity College, and was published soon after- says that Cowley's only love was the Leo- 
wards. An elegy on the death of an intimate nora of his l Chronicle ' who married Sprat's 
friend, William Harvey, introduced him to brother (SPENCE, p. 286). In 1648 two satires, 
Harvey's brother John, who rendered him ' The Four Ages of England, or the Iron Age/ 
many services, and thro ugh whom, or through and ' A Satyre against Separatists/ were pub- 
Stephen Groffe (WOOD), he became known to lished in one volume under his name, but 
Lord St. Albans. He was B. A., 1639 ; 'minor were disavowed by him in the preface to his 
fellow/ 30 Oct. 1640 ; and M.A., 1642. He ' Poems ' (1656). Though he only mentions 
.appears never to have become a * major fel- the ' Iron Age/ he doubtless refers to the 
low 7 (LTJMBY). When Prince Charles was whole volume. 

passing through Cambridge in 1641, he was In 1656 Cowley was sent to England, in 
entertained (12 March) by a comedy, ' The order (as Sprat says) that he might obtain 
Guardian/ hastily put together for the pur- information while affecting compliance and 
pose by Cowley. It was not printed till . wish for retirement. He -was arrested by 
1650, when Cowley was out of England, mistake for another person, but was only re- 
Co wley (preface to ' Cutter of Coleman Street') leased upon bail for l,00(k, for which Dr. 
says that it was several times acted privately (afterwards Sir) Charles Scarborough [q. v.], 
^during the suppression of the theatres. In to whom one of his odes is addressed, be- 
1658 he rewrote it, and it was performed as came security. He remained under bail until 
* The Cutter of Coleman Street ' on 16 Dec. the Restoration. In the preface to his next 
1661 at Lincoln's Inn Fields, when Pepys book (165G) he declares his intention of aban- 
was present. Cowley published it in 1663. doning poetry and i burying himself in some 
It was first taken (as he tells us) for an attack obscure retreat in America.' A passage in 
upon the ' king's party/ and, as Dryden told which he intimates a disposition to acquiesce 
Dennis (dedication to ' Comical &allant '), in the new order was omitted by Sprat from 
was ' barbarously treated/ but afterwards the preface when republished, and provoked, 
.succeeded tolerably. According to Downes as Sprat admits, some disapproval from his 
it ran for ' a whole week * with "a full house, own party. This book is his most important 



Cowley 381 Cowley 

collection of poems. It consists of (1) ' Mis- Nor would lie have had, 'tis thought, a rebuke, 
cellanies/ including, with his juvenile pieces, Unless he had done some notable folly ; 
many later poems, especially the spirited Writ verses unjustly in praise of Sam Tuke, 
1 Chronicle ' and the fine elegies on Harvey Or Panted his pitiful melancholy. 
and Crashaw ; (2) ' The Mistress,' reprinted His claims were at last acknowledged by a 
from the edition of 1647. (3) ' Pindarique favourable lease of the queen's lands obtained 
Odes ;' (4) the 'Davideis ; ' four books out of for him by the Earl of St. Albans and the- 
twelve _as originally designed. This ponde- Duke of Buckingham. He was now enabled 
rous epic was chiefly written at college, and to live at his ease in the retirement which he 
Cowley says that he has now neither the often professed to love. He settled at Barn 
leisure nor the appetite to finish it. There Elms, and afterwards in the * Porch House y 
is quite enough as it is. The preface refers at Chertsey. He removed thither in April 
to an unfinished poem ' On the Civil War.' 1665. His health declined, and from a 
A poem professing to be the one mentioned letter to Sprat, 21 May 1665, preserved by 
was published in 1679, and is in later col- Peck, we find that his tenants did not pay 
lections. He now took to medicine, as a their rents, and that a fall had injured his< 
blind, according to Sprat, for his real designs, ribs. He died on 28 July 1667 ; Sprat de- 
He was created M.D. at Oxford on 2 Dec. clares that his death was occasioned by his 
1657, by an order from the government, which, t very delight in the country and the fields. 7 ' 
according to Wood, gave offence to his friends. He caught cold, according to Sprat, after 
He retired to ( a fruitful part of Kent to apparently recovering from his accident, by 
pursue the study of simples. 7 The result staying out too long ' amongst his labourers 
was a Latin poem, 'Plantarum Libri duo/ in the meadows/ A different tradition, pre- 
published in 1662, afterwards included in served by Pope (Spence's Anecdbtes, p. 13), 
' Poemata Latina in quibus continentur sex states that Cowley and Sprat came home' 
Libri Plantarum et unus Miscellaniorum/ late from a too jovial dinner with a neigh- 
1668 (2nd edition, 1678). bour and had to pass the night under a hedge. 

Cowley again retired to France. He tried Mr. Stebbing points out that there is pro- 
to put himself forward at the Restoration, bably some confusion with a ' dean ' men- 
In 1660 he published a heavy <Qde upon tioned in a letter from Cowley to Sprat, 
the Blessed Restoration . . .' In 1661 ap- probably the nickname of some convivial 
peared his fine ' Vision, concerning his late neighbour. Warton says that Ms income was 
pretended Highness, Cromwell the Wicked ,- about 300J. a year, and that in his last years 
containing a Discourse in Vindication of he avoided female society. He was buried 
him by a pretended Angel and the con- with great pomp in Westminster Abbey, near 
futation thereof by the author, Abraham Chaucer and Spenser, and Charles II declared 
Cowley.' In 1661 appeared also ' A Propo- that he had not left a better man behind him 
sitipn for the Advancement of Experimental in England. His will (dated 28 Sept. 1665) 
Philosophy/ He also wrote an ' Ode to the leaves the care of his works to Sprat. The- 
Royal Society. 7 ' Dr. Cowley ? took an inte- property is left to his brother Thomas, with 
rest, like all the cultivated men of the time, a good many small legacies. He gave some 
in the foundation of this society, and was books to Trinity College. Cowley's house- 
one of the first members incorporated (Bmcii, is now called by his name, and is on the- 
Royal Society, i.4). He was associated with west side of Gruildford Street, near the railway 
Evelyn and others in a project for the founda- station. The porch from which it was named 
tion of a philosophical college, for which he was removed by Alderman Clarke, a later 
gives a plan in his < Essays/ His ' Ode to occupant of the house, in 1786 (THOEFE, 
Hobbes ' gives further proof of his interest in Environs of London). 

new speculations. In 1663 appeared ' Verses Cowley's reputation was at its highest 
upon several occasions ' (after a piratical pub- during his lifetime, when he was regarded 
lication in Dublin). In one of these, called as the model of cultivated poetry. Dryden's. 
'The Complaint/ he describes himself as * the frequent references to Cowley show that his 
melancholy Cowley/ and bewails his neglect, reputation was beginning to decline. Dry- 
He applied unsuccessfully for the mastership den says (Essay on Heroic Plays, 1672) that 
of the Savoy (Cal, State Papers, Dom. 1661-2, 'his authority is almost sacred to me/ He- 
p. 210). Suckling's verses allude to this and elsewhere calls Cowley the darling of his 
the failure of his play : youth (Essay on Satire, 1693). He complains 
Savoy missing Cowley came into the court, of the ' Davideis ' as full of * points of wit and 

Making apologies for his bad play ; quirks of epigram' (Essay on Satire). He 

Every one gave him so good a report, greatly prefers the ' Pindaric ' odes to the 

That Apollo gave heed to all he could say. ( Mistress/ and thinks Cowley's latest com- 



Cowley 382 Cowley 

positions undoubtedly the "best of his poems. Two portraits of Cowley are in the Bod- 
From Dry den's preface to the ' State of Inno- leian. A portrait by Lely was bought by the 
cence' (1674) it seems that the odes -were nation in Peel's collection. In Trinity Col- 
already condemned for their ( fustian ' by lege there is a crayon drawing in the master's 
some critics, and in the preface to his ' Fables ' lodge, presented in 1824 by R. Clarke, cham- 
(1700) he remarks that Cowley is so sunk in berlain of the city of London, and a portrait 
reputation that now only a hundred copies are in the hall, probably a copy from an earlier 
sold in a twelvemonth instead of ten editions picture. Engravings by Faithorne are pre- 
in ten years. Addison, in his i Epistle to fixed to his ' Latin Poems ' (1668) and to his 
-Sacheverell ' (1694), is enthusiastic over the l "Works' (1668). An engraving of him at 
odes, but hints that Cowley's ' only fault is the age of thirteen is prefixed to the ' Poeti- 
wit in its excess.' Congreve, in the preface cal Blossoms/ but is missing in most copies, 
to his < Ode upon Blenheim,' complains, while [Sprat > s Life of Cowley (first published in 
professing the highest admiration for Cowley, Works, 1668. Sprat's life has been praised, at 
of the irregularity of his stanzas in the so- least as much as it deserves, for its elegance, but 
called 'Pindaric Ode. 7 The precedent set by is provokingly wanting in detail, and Sprat 
'Cowley of formless versification has found thought it wrong to publish Cowley's letters, 
many imitations in spite of Congreve's pro- while assuring us that they were charming) ; 
tests and the later influence of Collins and Johnson's Lives of the Poets; "Wood's Fasti, ii. 
"Gray. Cowley's odes themselves have fol- 209-14; Langbaine, pp. 77-88; Gosse's Seven- 
lowed most of his poetry into oblivion. Pope's teenth Century Studies, pp. 169-203; Stebbing's 
-often-quoted phrase, epistle to Augustus (75- Verdicts of History Reviewed, pp. 47-82; 

78), gives the opinion which was Orthodox in ? fl ? est f ?5 iy /n / 1 S ie .. S ^ / . L ^ *; 62; 

170/7 r Aubrey's Letters (1813), n. 295-6; Miscellanea 

Auliea (1702), pp. 130-60 (Cowley's letters from 

Who now reads Cowley ? If he pleases yet, Paris to H. Bennet, afterwards lord Arlington). 

His moral pleases, not his pointed wit ; A complete edition of Cowley, edited by Orrosart 

Forgot his epic, nay Pindaric art, (1880-1), forms part of the Chertsey Worthies 

But still I love the language of his heart. Library. A c memorial introduction ' collects 

~ , , . -, . -, i . -, most f the information about Cowley. Nichols's 

owley was still mentioned with high re- Illustrations, iv. 398.1 L. S. 

'spect during the eighteenth century, and was 

the first poet in the collection to which John- COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809), dra- 
son contributed prefaces. Johnson's life in matist and poet, was born in 1743 in Tiverton, 
that collection was famous for its criticism Devonshire. She was the daughter of Philip 
of the ' metaphysical ' poets, the hint of which Parkhouse, a bookseller of that town, a man of 
is given in Dryden's f Essay on Satire/ It some attainments, her paternal grandmother 
assigns the obvious cause for the decline of being a cousin of Gay, who was accustomed 
Cowley's fame. The 'metaphysical poets 7 to stay withherinBarnstaple. When about 
are courtier pedants. They represent the in- twenty-five years of age, Hannah Parkhouse 
trusion into poetry of the love of dialectical married Mr. Cowley, who died in 1797, a cap- 
subtlety encouraged by the still prevalent tain in the East India Company's service. She 
.-system of scholastic disputation. In Cow- hadbeen some years married before the idea of 
ley's poems, as in Donne's, there are many writing presented itself to her. When wit- 
-examples of the technical language of the nessing a performance she said to her husband, 
^schools, and the habit of thought is percep- in disparagement of the play, ' Why, I could 
tible throughout. In the next generation the write as well.' Her answer to his laugh of 
method became obsolete and then offensive, incredulity consisted in writing the first act 
'Cowley can only be said to survive in the of (1)' The Runaway.' The entire play was 
few pieces where he condescends to be un- finished in a fortnight, and sent to Garrick, 
affected, and especially in the prose of his by whom it was produced at Drury Lane 
Assays, which are among the earliest examples 15 Feb. 1776. Its success was complete. It 
in the language of simple and graceful prose, was printed in 1776, and was the precursor 
with some charming poetry interspersed. of (2) ' Who's the Dupe ?' farce, 8vo, 1779 ; 
The first collection of his works, in one Drury Lane, 10 May 1779. 3. 'Albina, 
Tolume folio, appeared in 1668, and in this, Countess Raimond/ a tragedy, 8vo, 1779; 
for the first time, -were included ' Several Haymarket, 31 July 1779. 4. ' The Belle's 
Discourses by way of Essays in Prose and Stratagem/ comedy, 8vo, 1782; Covent Gar- 
Verse.' Eight editions appeared before 1700, den, 22 Feb. 1780. 5. < The School for Elo- 
a ninth in 1710, and a tenth in 1721. Hurd's quence,' interlude, not included inher printed 
* Selections ' appeared in 1772, and < Works' works, Drury Lane, 4 April 1780. 6. ' The 
fey AiMn, 3 volfl., 1802. World as it goes, or a Party at Montpellier/ 



Cowley 

comedy, not printed, Covent Garden, 24 Feb. 
1781. It was played a second time 24 March 
1781, under the title * Second Thoughts are 
Best/ but was damned on both occasions. 
7. ' Which is the Man ? ' comedy, 8vo, 1782 ; 
'Covent Garden, 9 Feb. 1782. 8. ' A Bold 
.Stroke for a Husband/ comedy, 8vo, 1783 ; 
Covent Garden, 25 Feb. 1783. 9. ' More 
Ways than One/ comedy, 8vo, 1784; Covent 
-Garden, 6 Dec. 1783. 10. <A School for 
Greybeards, or the Mourning Bride/ 8vo, 
1786 ; Drury Lane, 25 Nov. 1786, taken from 
Mrs. Behn's 'Lucky Chance.' 11. 'The 
Fate of Sparta, or the Rival Kings/ tragedy, 
8vo, 1788 ; Drury Lane, 31 Jan. 1788. This 
piece, which is poor and inflated, elicited from 
Parsons the actor an extempore epigram : 

Ingenious Cowley ! while we view'd 
Of Sparta's sons the lot severe, 
caught the Spartan fortitude, 
And saw their woes without a tear. 



12. 'A Day in Turkey, or the Russian 
."Slaves/ comedy, 8vo, 1792 ; Covent Garden, 
3 Dec. 1791. 13. < The Town before you/ 
comedy, 8vo, 1795 j Covent Garden, 6 Dec. 
1794 These plays, with the exception of 
* The School for Eloquence ' and ' The World 
as it goes,' "were printed, together with some 
poems and a tale, under the title of l "Works/ 
vols. London, 8vo, 1813. An earlier col- 
lection of plays was also issued, London, 
1776, 2 vols. 12mo. Many of them are in- 
cluded in various dramatic collections. The 
best are sprightly and vivacious. One or 
two remain in the list of acting plays, and 
others might be revived with a fair possi- 
bility of success. Lsetitia Hardy in i The 
Belle's Stratagem ' has been a favourite with 
many between Miss Younge, the first expo- 
nent, and Mrs. Jordan, the second, and Miss 
Ellen Terry, whose late representation is 
still agreeably remembered. Doricourt, the 
hero, has also been played among others by 
Lewis, Kemble, and Mr. Irving. Mrs. Cow- 
ley prided herself on her originality and her 
indifference to stage triumphs. The boast 
was even put forward on her behalf that she 
never witnessed the first performance of one 
of her pieces. Her anxiety on their behalf, 
however, involved her in a newspaper war- 
fare with Hannah More, whom she taxed 
with plagiarism, and in quarrels with the 
managers of Drury Lane and Covent Garden, 
to whom, in a preface to e Albina/ subse- 
quently suppressed, she imputed, most pro- 
bably in error, some misuse of her manuscript. 
In her preface to the f Town before you ' she 
expresses her disgust at the vitiated taste of 
the town, and her determination to write no 
more for the stage, a resolution to which, un- 



Cowper 

fortunately, she adhered. Her plots are, as 
a rule, her own, though she is not above 
using the work of others, and is careful when 
so doing to minimise her indebtedness. Some 
of her characters are freshly conceived, though 
their motives to action are not seldom in- 
adequate. Her poems include * The Maid of 
Arragon/ in two books, of which one only 
was printed, London, 1780 ; * The Siege of 
Acre/ in four books, published in 1799 in 
the ' Annual Register/ and reprinted in six 
books in 1801; 'The Scottish Village, or 
Pitcairn Green/ 4to, 1787 ; ' Edwina/ a poem 
extracted from Hutchinson's i History of 
Cumberland/ Carlisle, 1794, 4to. Under the 
signature of Anna Matilda she carried on 
with Robert Merry, * Delia Crusca/ a poetical 
correspondence in the ' World.' These com- 
positions were printed with those of ' Delia 
Crusca/ in two volumes, with portraits of the 
two authors; the likeness of Mrs. Cowley 
presenting a bright, piquant face. In com- 
mon with others of the school Mrs. Cowley 
is lashed by Gifford in the *Baviad and 
Maeviad.' Merry and she were at the outset 
unknown to each other, and the raptures ex- 
pressed were Platonic, Gifford makes some 
mirth out of the first meeting between ' Delia 
Crusca ' and his ' tenth Muse/ who had ' sunk 
into an old woman.' The name Anna Matilda 
which she adopted in the correspondence has 
passed into a byword for sentimental fiction. 
Her verse is of the namby-pamby order, and 
merits Gifford's censure. On the strength of 
her comedies, however, she will maintain a 
place in literature. One or two well-written 
letters from her are printed in the ' Garrick 
Correspondence/ Loiid. 1832, pp. 222 et seq. 
In the c History of the Theatres of London/ 
1796, Oulton republishes the newspaper cor- 
respondence between Mrs. Cowley and Han- 
nah More. 

Mrs. Cowley died 11 March 1809 at Tiver- 
ton, leaving a son and daughter. The latter 
married the Rev. David Brown of Calcutta 
[q.T 



[Life of Mrs. Cowley prefixed to her Works, 
1813; G-enest's Account of the Stage; Baker, 
Beed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Grif- 
ford's Baviad and Mseviad; Poems by Anna 
Matilda, Lond. 2 vols. 8vo, 1788 ; British Album, 
1792, 12mo.] J. K. 

COWPER. [See also COOPEK and 
COUPEE.] 

COWPER, SIB CHARLES (1807-1875), 
Australian statesman, was born at Dryford, 
Lancashire, 26 April 1807. His father, Wil- 
liam Cowper (1780-1858), was an archdeacon 
of New South Wales, and is separately noticed. 
Charles Cowper, like his younger brother, 



Cowper 384 Cowper 



South Wales Cowper was returned at the- 
head of the poll as one of the representatives 
for Sydney, and was expected to be the first 
premier. He had previously resigned his. 
post as chairman of the railway company,, 
when the railways were handed over to 
government, and a service of plate valued at 
500. had been voted to him. He had also 
been offered by Sir Charles Fitzroy the post 
of civil commissioner at Sydney, with a salary 
of 1,OOOZ. a year, which he declined. On the 
advice, apparently, of Sir George Macleay,. 
Governor Sir William Denison sent for Mr. 
Donaldson to form a ministry. Donaldson 
offered Cowper the post of colonial secretary,, 
which he declined. The Donaldson ministry 
resigned after a few months, and Sir 



James Macquarie Cowper, dean of Sydney, who 
graduated at Oxford, spent his boyhood under 
the paternal roof. He entered the commis- 
sariat department under Commissary-general 
Wenrjrss, and in 1825 was appointed com- 
missariat clerk. The year after he was ap- 
pointed by Governor Darling secretary of 
the Church and School Lands Corporation, 
to which a very large area of the best lands 
in the colony had been granted by royal 
charter, in trust to the church of England, 
for the promotion of religion and education. 
He performed this duty until 1833, when, in 
pursuance of a condition in the original 
charter, the corporation was dissolved, and 
the trust lands applied to less exclusive pur- 
poses. In 1831 Cowper married Eliza, second 

daughter of Daniel Sutton of Wivenhoe, Denison then sent for Cowper, and he took 
near Colchester, England, by whom he had the post of colonial secretary, but resigned 
six children. When the lands above referred after being six weeks in power. The succeed- 
to reverted to the government, with a trust, ing Watson-Parker ministry resigned in Sep- 
as the authorities contended, for general re- tember 1857, when Cowper came into office a 
ligious and educational purposes, Cowper was second time. The difficulties and manifold 
offered the post of agent for these lands by absurdities of these early days of responsible 
Governor Bourke, which he declined, partly government are noticed under date in the- 
on the score of health, preferring farming first volume of the late Sir William Deni- 
pursuits. He removed to Argyll county, son's ' Varieties of Viceregal Life/ The 
occupied some sheep-runs on the Murray, second Cowper ministry had a longer spell of 
and applied himself to sheep and general office than its predecessors, and carried many 
farming. For a good many years he pursued important measures. In 1858 universal suf- 
the life of a country gentleman j was an frage and the ballot were established. The> 
active churchman and magistrate, and did same year the Municipalities Act was passed 
well in his grazing and farming transactions, establishing some forty municipalities in the 
In 1843 Cowper stood for Camden county, colony. In 1860 a land bill was introduced, 
as a candidate for the Legislative Council of and carried the year after, and in 1862 Cow- 
the colony, then a mixed body consisting of per introduced a bill for prohibiting further 
crown nominees and elected representatives, grants for purposes of public worship. Al- 
He was defeated by the attorney-general, though himself a staunch churchman, Cowper 
Therry, by a majority of ten votes j but was always steadily upheld the political principle 
afterwards returned for Cumberland county, that all denominations should be on an equal 
, by a large majority over his opponents, footing in relation to the state. All the 
Lawson and James Macarthur. In 1846 he measures thus carried settled for the time 
took lip the subject of colonial railways, questions which were agitating the public 
and was appointed chairman of a committee mind. In 1859 Cowper was defeated on his. 
formed to carry out the scheme. In the Education Bill, and resigned, being succeeded 
Legislative Council he exerted himself with by Mr. Forster, who resigned in March 1850,, 
good effect to secure various reforms, notably when the Robertson ministry came in, with 
the more humane treatment of lunatics. In Cowper as colonial secretary, but resigned in 
1850 he took a leading part in the organised 1863. In February 1865 Cowper again came 
opposition to further transportation of con- into office. The administration was embar- 
victs from the mother country to New South rassed by serious financial difficulties, andio 
Wales, and was chairman of the meeting of save the credit of the colony Cowper intro- 
delegates convened at Sydney for that pur- duced and carried a bill for the imposition of 
pose. During the next few years he intro- ad valorem duties, which cost him his popu- 
duced the bill for incorporating Sydney gram- larity, and in June 1865 he retired into pri- 
mar school and its affiliated colleges ; he also vate life j but at the beginning of 1870 took 
was an active supporter of the volunteer his place, for the fifth time, at the head of 
force, which was started in 1854, and of the the administration, in the Robertson cabinet, 
project for forming a naval brigade for colo- which had come into power in 1868. Changes 
nial defence. In 1856 in which year re- again followed, and in December 1870 Cowper 
sponsible government was established in New was appointed agent-general for New South 



Cowper 



385 



Cowper 



"Wales, the duties of which office he dis- 
charged with, much advantage to the colony 
until a long and serious illness disabled him 
from further work. He died 20 Oct. 187o. 
Some time before his death Cowper was made 
K.C.M.G. His country estate, named Wi- 
venhoe, after Lady Cowper's native place, 
had previously been settled on that lady by 
public subscription, in recognition of the 
eminent services of her husband to the colony 
of New South. Wales. 

[The biographical details here given are from 
Heaton's Handbook of Australian Biography. 
Braim's Hist. New South Wales, arid Governor 
Sir William Denison's Varieties of Viceregal Life 
(London, 1870), vol. i., may be consulted. Par- 
ticulars of the fruits of Cowper's public measures 
must be sought in the Colonial Statistical Ee- 
turns.] H. M. C. 

COWPER, DOUGLAS (1817-1839), 
painter, born at Gibraltar 30 May 1817, was 
third son of a merchant there, who removed 
to Guernsey. Here Cowper indulged an innate 
fondness for painting, and copied the few 
pictures that were to be found in that island. 
Eventually, overcoming the repugnance of 
his family to his being an artist, he came to 
London, and, after some preliminary lessons 
from Mr. Sass, entered the Royal Academy 
schools. Here he made such rapid progress 
that in four months he gained the first silver 
medal for the best copy of Poussin's ' Rinaldo 
and Armida ' in the Dulwich Gallery. While 
earning a livelihood by portrait painting he 
devoted himself assiduously to the higher 
branches of his art, and in 1837 exhibited at 
the Royal Academy ' The Last Interview,' 
followed in 1838 by < Shylock, Antonio, and 
Bassanio/ and in 1839 by i Kate Kearney,' 
' Othello relating his Adventures/ and ' A 
Capuchin Friar.' These last three works 
were very much admired, and the first two 
named were engraved by John Porter and 
E. Finden respectively. He also exhibited 
at the British Institution and the Society of 
British Artists, His pictures all found pur- 
chasers, and he seemed on the threshold of 
a prosperous career. Unfortunately in 1838 
he began to show signs of consumption, which 
increased alarmingly in 1839. After a fruit- 
less visit to the south of France he returned 
to Guernsey, and died on 28 Nov. 1839. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists ; G-raves's 
Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; The Art Union, 
1865; Catalogues of the Royal Academy, &c.] 

L. C. 

COWPER,, EDWARD (1790-1852), in- 
ventor, was born in 1790. In 1816, when 
he described himself as of * St. Mary, New- 
ington Butts, ironmonger and mechanist,' he 

VOL. XII. 



obtained a patent (No. 3974) under the title 
of ' a method of printing paper for paper- 
hangings and other purposes/ of which the 
chief feature consisted in curving stereotype 
plates and fixing them on cylinders for print- 
ing long rolls of paper. In 1818, styling 
himself as * of Nelson Square, printer/ he 
patented (No. 4194) certain improvements 
in printing, which consisted of a method for 
a better distribution of the ink, and an im- 
proved manner of conveying the sheets from 
one cylinder to another. This was the origin 
of the ' perfecting machine/ which prints on 
both sides of the paper at once, and is the 
model on which the great majority of such 
machines are contrived down to the present 
day. In conjunction with the inking arrange- 
ment, it formed the first machine, as distin- 
guished from a press, on which good book- 
work could be executed. Cowper did not 
invent the soft composition for distributing 
the ink, which superseded the old pelt-balls 
in hand-presses, but devised the system of 
forming it into rollers. He went into part- 
nership as a printer with his brother-in-law,. 



Stamford Street, was afterwards taken 
OT< ? V am Clowes [q. v], and they 
exclustvely devoted themselves to machine- 
*"*>* In 1827 they jointly invented 
the four-cylmder machine, which Applegath 
*** fot ^- e ^ lm f superseding Koenig's 
machine. The rate of printmg was five thou- 
sand an hour, an enormous acceleration of 
s P eed - Untd lately nearly all country news- 
P, a P. ers we e P^uced by machines of this 

**** ,. Ear . l *|7 7" Ed ^ ard was "J 
Partnership with his brother Ebenezer, and 

tte ma ?^f es of Messrs E. & E Cowper 

^f A ? T& ft? Q " at . Bnt fV 

but throughout Europe. They also invented 

^cylinder card-printing machine. Towards 
** end of his Me Edward Cowper was pro- 
f <f r . of manufacturing art and mechamcs 
at ^mg" 1 Col M Lond ? 11 - H IS improve- 



h improver, as Nicholson wa h 
and $^ ^ &gt ^ rf 

V J macMne _ He ^ 

* 7 Oc t 1862, in Us sixty-third 
lffo&gt EBEI ^ vto ^ bom 

f Ig04 and died at Birmingham 17 Sept. 

1880, aged 76, carried on the practical part 
4 sines ' 8 _ * p 



[Information from Mr. J. Southward ; Paper 
on 'Printing Machinery' by E. A. Cloves, in 
Minutes of Inst. of Civil Engineers, Ixxxix. 
pp. 242 -84; Smiles's Men of Inventi on and Indus- 
try, 1884, pp. 178, 195, 209, 215; Athenaeum, 

C C 



Cowper 386 Cowper 

23 Oct. 1852 ; G-ent. Mag. 1852, pt. ii. pp. 647-8 ; confidante she became. Though of a Jacobite 

Timperley's Encyclopaedia, 1842, pp. 857, 867, family, she ardently espoused her husband's 

885 ; Description of "Applegath and Cowper's Hori- political principles. On entering- the royal 

zontal Machine and of Applegath s Vertical Ma- household she began to keep a diary, an UQ- 

chine for printing the Times. .1851, 8vo : Bohn's n^-fi^* vn. ^f^;^ , i * 

** 



Pictorial Handbook of London, 1854, pp. 76, &c. ; A i p 

Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iii. 48fi,vii. 153 L rd O^pbell, and freely used by him 

Bigmore and Wyman's Bibliography of Printing, *f the P u T r P ose of his biography of Lord 

I. 14 ; Annual Register, 1880, p. 195.] Oowper. It was edited, with the addition 

H. E. T. * a subsequently discovered fragment, from 

__ the original manuscript, with an introduc- 

COWPER, HENRY(1758-1840),lawyer, tion, notes, and appendices, by the Hon. 

was the third son of General Spencer Cowper, Spencer Cowper in 1864 (London, 8yo). It 

by Charlotte, daughter of John Baber; grand- consists of two fragments, the first covering 

son of William Cowper, clerk of the parlia- the period between October 1714 and Oc- 

ments 1739-40, and great-grandson of Spencer tpber 1716, the second being the record of 
Cowper, judge (1669-1727) [q. v.] (Pedigree ' little more than two months, April and May 

In Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 195). He 1720, during which the negotiations for the 

was called to the bar at the Middle Temple reconciliation of the king and Prince of Wales 

26 May 1775. For many years he was clerk were in progress. The records of the inter- 

assistant of the parliament and clerk of the mediate and subsequent periods were de- 

house of peers. He published in 3 vols. in stroyed by Lady Cowper in 1722, when her 

1783 'Reports of Cases in the Court of King's husband fell under suspicion of complicity 

Bench from Hilary term 14 George III to 18 in the Jacobite plot, and she was apprehen- 

Oeorge III,' and a second edition appeared give lest his house might be searched. The 

in 1800. He died at Tewin Water 28 Nov. earlier papers probably contained matter re- 

1840. He married his cousin-german, Maria lating to the quarrel between the king and 
Judith, eldest daughter of Key. John Cowper, the prince which would not haye been grate- 
D.D., rector of Berkhampstead St. Peter's, M to the former. The reason for destroying 
but had no issue. By his will he left a sum the later papers is not apparent, as it seems 
of money for educating the poor children of yery unlikely that Cowper was really in- 
Hertingfordbury parish. volved in the conspiracy. Lady Cowper 

[Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 195 ; Cussans's survived her husband by about four months, 

Hertfordshire, ii. 118; G-ent. Mag. new series, dying on 5 Feb. 1723-4. 

1841, xv. 320; Brit. Mus. Cat.] p> iary of Maryj Countess Cowper, 1714-20, 

^ rtw ,^ wrv niri-r^T * ^ ^ edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper, London, 

COWPER, MARY first CONFESS Cow- i 8Mj 8v0j 2 nd edition, 1865 ; HistVReg. Chron. 

PEE (1685-1724), daughter of John Clavering Diary, 1724, p. 10.] J. M. E. 

of Chopwell, Durham, was married to Wil- 

liam, first earl Cowper [q. v.], in 1706. The COWPER, SPENCER (1669-1727), 

marriage was kept secret for some months judge, was the younger brother of William 

{September 1706 to February 1707). The Cowper the chancellor [q. v.] He was born in 

first letter which she wrote to her husband 1669, educated at Westminster, called to the 

after the marriage bears the following en- bar, and in 1690 made controller of the Bridge 

'dorsement by him : * First letter received from House estates, with a residence at the Bridge 

my wife, formerly Mrs. Clavering, having House, St. Olave's. He went the home circuit 

T)een privately married to her without con- and was acquainted with a quaker family at 

summation, by which it appears I judged Hertford, named Stout, who had been sup- 

* rightly of her understanding ; I hope also of porters of his father and brother at elections. 

her other good qualities ; I was not induced The daughter, Sarah Stout, fell in love with 

to the choice by any ungovernable desire ; him, though he was already married, and be- 

but I very coolly and deliberately thought came melancholy upon his avoiding her com- 

lier the fittest wife to entertain me and to pany. At the spring assizes in 1699 he was at 

live as I might when reduced to a private her house in the evening, having to pay her 

condition, with which a person of great es- the interest on a mortgage. He returned to 

tate would hardly have been contented/ &c. his own lodgings, and next morning she was 

She seems to have been a lady of consider- found dead in the river. Cowper, with three 

able attractions, intelligence, and accom- lawyers who had spent that night at Hert- 

plishments. On the accession of George I ford and gossiped about Sarah Stout, were 

she was appointed a lady of the bedchamber accused of murdering her. They were tried 

to the Princess of Wales, with whom she before Baron Hassell on 16 July 1699. There 

had corresponded for some years, and whose was absolutely no direct evidence ; the pro- 



Cowper 387 Cowper 

secution relying chiefly upon the argument married to Sir Thomas Hesketh (d. March 

that, as the body had floated, the girl must 1778) ; Elizabeth Charlotte, married to Sir 

have been put into the water after death, and Archer Croft ; and Theodora Jane the poet's 

therefore had not drowned herself. To meet first love, who died in 1824. The iud^e's 

this assumption evidence was given by the daughter, Judith, married Colonel Martin 

famous physicians Garth, Hans Sloane, and Madan, M.P., and by him was mother of 

William Cowper (no relation to the defen- Martin Madan, author of ' Thelyphthora/ of 

dant). The judge was singularly feeble, but Spencer Madan, bishop of Peterborough, and 

the defendants were acquitted. Their inno- of a daughter, who married her cousin Mai or 

cence is beyond a doubt, as was admitted by (William) Cowper, and died 15 Oct. 1797 in 

impartial people at the time (LTJTTEELL, iv. her seventy-first year. Some of Mrs. Ma- 

518, 539). The prosecutions were said to be dan's poems will be found in ' Poems by 

suggested by a double motive. The tories of Eminent Ladies ' (1755), ii. 137-44 
Hertford wished to hang a member of an [Eoss > s Jud ^ 1U __ 20 Bur ^ 5 p 

eminent whig family, and the (makers -to age (1883), 327; Cobbett's State Trials, xiii. 

clear their body of the reproach of suicide, u 06-1250, where are printed several pamph- 

Pamphlets were published on both sides, and lets relating to the trials ; Notes and Queries, 

an attempt was made to carry on the case by 3rd ser. i. 91, 191, 214, 275, 354, 438; Mac- 

an appeal of murder. The judges, however, aulay's History, v. 236-39 ; Blackwood's Mag. 

refused the writ, considering (besides various for July 1861; article reprinted in Paget's 

technical reasons) that the prosecution was Puzzles and Paradoxes.] L. S. 

malicious ^^^ 

kuut.u.v^j.uu.u. oOAVPTfR ^"pTnsrr^Tr'p T\ T\ s~\*7~\ Q 

Cowper represented Beeralston in the par- -, ^^. , ' ,. *v; t ^ u " u * v 1 ' L *~ 

liaments of 1705 and 1708. He was one of ijL(Zl> dean * Durll F youngest son of 
the managers of the impeachment of Sache- ^ p m? S?r X ow P er Lq- v.], lord chancellor 

verell, and lost his seat in the reaction which o* (jreat .Bntain, was born in London in 

followed. In 1711 he was elected member for i'^ST 6 i A 8 * te Ue e > Ox ~ 

Truro ; in 1714 he became attorney-general JSJU TT t ' 1 17 Vk, ?**VJ)< 

i -^^. m n -^-__ - . _*'ti _ - ^ I / a.f\ I H O rva/^Q -m r\ i*nn4-^\w /^+ Lj'^m^J.^^. U is __j_ 



ruro ; n e ecame aorney-genera > ' ' - .. 

to the Prince of Wales, and in 171? chief 1/4 1 6)< , He be ?ame rector of Fordwich, Kent, 
justice of Chester. On the accession of Pf^ary of Canterbury 1742 ^and dean 

746 ' He dd at E^am on 



George II he was made attorney-general of t f ' , e ^ at ; ^am on 
the duchy of Lancaster, and on 24 Oct. 1727 f Mar f } 774 m * ^ as ^l 6 ^ ^ ^ east 
judge of the common pleas. He died 10 Dec. ^ff 86 ?* , f ^ cathedral, caUed the Nine 
1727. He was buried at Hertingfordbury, ltars > wliere a monument was erected to 
where there is a monument to him by Eou- !S memory. 

. - Kesicles som e occasional sermons he pub- 



. 

lislied: *' 1^ Speech made at the Enthrone- 
InstaUation of Kichard [Trevor], 
Durham/ D^ham, 1753, 4to. 
Discourses preached on or near 

per had three sons and a daughter. William, > &f festivals m the cathedral church 
the eldest son. was clerk of the parliaments of Durlaam ,; To whidi is added a Letter to 



Coper was the grandfather of William sie: ' peec mae at te nthrone- 

Cowper the poet, in whose life several of this 5?* an( i InstaUation of Kichard [Trevor], 
fudge's descendants are mentioned. By his fstop of Durham/ D^ham, 1753, 4to. 
first wife, Pennington Goodere, Spencer Cow- f; Eight Discourses preached on or near 

> * festivals m the cathedr 



and died 14 Feb. 1740, when the patent of OT n T 7 ^ 6 - cra ^^ an 7r on ^e 

his office passed to his eldest son, William, Evidence for the Christian Religion/ London, 

"of Hertingfordbury, who is mentioned in the ' T?' 

poet's life as < Major Cowper/ and who died [Hutchinson's Durham, ii. 169; Nichols's 

in 1769. Spencer, the second son of the 1 ! 6 ?' 5 ' U6060; of Printed 



clerk of tte parliaments and brother of $* **<$<'* ? W 7 J T 8 V,^ 90 ' , 

TIT /-i j_i T ^71 : L/at. ot Oxiord (rraduates (1851^ t> 156 

Major Cowper was in the guards, com- Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 52, iii. 300] ' 

manded a brigade in the American war, be- v Jl ' T C 
came lieutenant-governor of Tynemouth, and 

died at Ham, Surrey, 13 March 1797 (Notes COWPER or COTJPEB, WILLIAM 

and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 248). He is men- (1568-1619), bishop of Gralloway, son of John 

tioned in the poet's life as ' General Cowper.' Couper, merchant-tailor, of Edinburgh, was 

'The judge's second son, John, was the poet's bornin!568. After receiving some elementary 

father. His third son, Ashley, was barrister, instruction in his native city, and attending a 

clerk of the parliaments, and died 1788. The school at Dunbar for four years, he entered in 

profits of his ' very lucrative office ' were 1580 the university of St. Andrews, where 

not his but his nephew's, General Cowper he graduated M.A. in 1583. He then went to 

(SOTJTHEY'S Cowper 9 vi. 259). Ashley Cowper England, where he was for some years assist- 

had three daughters: Harriet ($.15 Jan. 1807), ant-master in a school at Hoddesdon, Hert- 

cc2 



Cowper s 8 ^ Cowper 

fprdshire. Returning to Edinburgh, he was life, appeared in 1623, 2nd ed. 1629, 3rd 1726 ; 

licensed a preacher of the church, of Scotland and the ' Triumph of the Christian in three- 

in 1586, and admitted minister of the parish treatises ' appeared in 1632. 

of Bothkennar, Stirlingshire, in August 1587, rTV -, . -,. ^, r , TT- , . ~ 

^^*n^*&^^ cldeLf^^^^ 

of Perth in October 1595 He was a member Lit ffist O f Mloway? 8 VlO! w&ie's 
of six of the nine assemblies of the church Life of Andrew Melville; Keith's Catalogs of 
from 1596 to 1608. Although one of the Scottish Bishops; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot, 
forty-two ministers who signed the protest ii. 614, 693.] T. P. H. 
to parliament, 1 July 1606, against the in- 
troduction of episcopacy, he in 1608 attended COWPER, WILLIAM (1666-1709), sur- 
the packed assembly regarded by the presby- geon, was the youngest son of Richard Cow- 
terians as unconstitutional, and from this per of Petersfield in Sussex, where he was- 
time concurred in the measures sanctioned born in 1666. His name is sometimes spelt 
by the royal authority in behalf of episcopacy, phonetically Cooper. From the evidence upon 
When present at court in London in thelat- the trial of Spencer Cowper [q_. Y.], where he 
ter year, he was sent by the king to the Tower was called as a witness, it appears that he 
to deal with Andrew Melville, but as he was was not related to the chancellor's family, 
unable to influence him the matter was left He was apprenticed to William Bignall, a 
to Bishop Spotiswood (CALDERWOOD, History, London surgeon, on 22 March 1682, continued 
vi. 820). He was promoted to the bishopric his apprenticeship under another surgeon, 
of Galloway 31 July 1612, and was also made John Fletcher, was admitted a barber-surgeon 
dean of the Chapel Royal. His character as on 9 March 1691, and began practice in Lon- 
delineated by Calderwood is by no means don. In 1694 he published ' Myotomia Re- 
flattering, but the portrait is doubtless co- formata ; or, a New Administration of the 
loured by party prejudice. _ ' He was/ says Muscles of the Humane Bodies, wherein the 
Calderwood, ' a man filled with self-conceate, true uses of the muscles are explained, the 
and impatient of anie contradiction, more ve- errors of former anatomists concerning them 
hement in the wrong course than ever he was confuted, and several muscles not hitherto 
fervent in the right, wherin he seemed to be taken notice of described : to which are sub- 
fervent enough. He made his residence in joined a graphical description of the bones and 
the Canongate, neere to the Chapell Royall, other anatomical observations/ London. To 
whereof he was deane, and went sometimes his copy of this work the author made manu- 
but once in two years till his diocese. When script additions and corrections, and prepared 
he went he behaved himself verie imperi- a short historical preface and a long introduc- 
ouslie' (ib. vii. 349). Spotiswood, on the tion on muscular mechanics. Thirteen years- 
other hand, was of opinion that he f affected afteif his death a new edition, with these ad- 
too much the applause of the people.' He ditions, was published, at the charge of Dr. 
died 16 Feb. 1619, and was interred in Grey- Mead, and edited by Dr. Jurin, Dr. Pember- 
friars churchyard, Edinburgh. He had the ton, and Mr. Joseph Tanner, a surgeon, with 
chief part in the _ composition of the prayer- the altered title ' Myotomia Reformata ; or, 
book completed in 1619, but never brought an Anatomical Treatise on the Muscles of the 
into use._ His religious writings are much Human Body/ London, 1724. In 1696 Cow- 
superior in style and in cast of thought to per was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, 
most of the similar publications of the time, and in 1698 published at Oxford ' The Ana- 
Inhis lifetime were published : l The Anatomy tomy of Humane Bodies, with figures drawn 
of a Christian Man/ 1611 ; i Three Treatises after the life by some of the best masters in 
concerning Christ/ 1612 ; ' The Holy Alpha- Europe, and curiously engraven in 114 cop- 
bet of Zion's Scholars ; by way of Commen- perplates. Illustrated with large explications 
tary on the cxix. Psalm/ 1613 ; i Good News containing many new anatomical discoveries 
from Canaan ; or an Exposition of David's and chirurgical observations, To which is 
Penitential Psalm after he had gone in unto added an introduction explaining the animal 
Bathsheba/ 1613 j ' A Mirror of Mercy ; or economy/ A second edition was published 
the Prodigal's Conversion expounded/ 1614 ; at Leyden in 1637. This work gave rise to> 
'Dikaiologie ; containing a just defence of his a controversy with Dr. Bidloo, a Dutch pro- 
former apology against David Hume/ 1614; fessor, as to Cowper's use of plates taken 
, ' Sermon on Titus ii. 7, 8/ 1616 ; * Two Ser- from a book of Bidloo's on anatomy. Bidloo- 
mons on Psalm cxxi. 8, and Psalm Ixxxviii. began by attacking Cowper in f Gulielmus 
17/ 161 8. His * Works/ among which was Cowper, criminis literarii citatus coram tribu- 
ineluded ' A Commentary on the Kevelations/ nali nobiliss. ampliss. societatis Britanno [sic] 
and to which was prefixed an account of his regise per Godefridum Bidloo/ Leyden, IvO 0' 



Cowper 



389 



Cowper 



Dr. Hutton, physician to William III, had 
told Bidloo that Cowper was about to trans- 
late and plagiarise his work, whereupon Bidloo 
wrote an abrupt letter to Cowper in Latin, 
which received no answer ; other letters to 
'Cowper and to and from Dr. Hutton followed, 
and finally Bidloo accused Smith and Wai- 
ford, the publishers, and Cowper himself of 
fraud in publishing the plates and of issuing 
a mere pirated compilation from Bidloo's ana- 
tomy. After several months Cowper wrote 
to Bidloo denying Bidloo's sole right to the 
plates, and repudiating the charge of borrow- 
ing a text which was, he said, erroneous, and 
which he had made his own by endless cor- 
rections and amplifications, nothing resem- 
"bling Bidloo being left but a common basis of 
universally accepted anatomy. The whole 
correspondence is printed in Bidloo's tract 
with much abusive language, and a minute 
criticism of Cowper as an anatomist. Cow- 
per is called a highwayman in English, lest 
the Latin term should not be clear enough, 
and is said to be a miserable anatomist who 
writes like a Dutch barber. In 1701 Cowper 
replied in ' Eu^aptor/a in qua dotes plurimse 
et singulares Godeftidi Bidloo M.D. et in il- 
lustrissima Leydarum Academia anatomise 
professoris celeberrimi, peritia anatomica,pro- 
fcitas, ingenium, elegantise latinitatis, lepores, 
candor, humanitas, ingenuitas, solertia, ve- 
recundia, humilitas, urbanitas, &c., celebran- 
tur et ejusdem citationi humillime respon- 
detur. 7 These figures, says Cowper, were 
drawn by Gerard de Luirens for Swammer- 
dam, and Cowper's publisher had purchased 
impressions of them. Entirely fresh descrip- 
tions had been added, and the book was a 
new one and no piracy. Very little evidence 
is produced of these statements. The con- 
troversy has all the acerbity of its contempo- 
rary dispute on the epistles of Phalaris, and 
Cowper's title seems to have been suggested 
by parts of the index of Boyle against Bent- 
ley. An impartial perusal shows that Bidloo 
unjustly depreciates Cowper's work and has 
no ground for charging him with plagiarism 
as far as the descriptive anatomy is concerned. 
The origin of the work seems, however, to 
have been a request to Cowper from the Eng- 
lish publishers to write letterpress to the 
Dutch plates, and though the plates may have 
been prepared for Swammerdam, it remains 
clear that some invasion of the rights of Bidloo 
and his Dutch publishers in the plates took 
place, and that Cowper connived at this inva- 
sion. The book shows an amount of learning 
acquired by dissection and of original observa- 
tion beyond all plagiarism, and it took its 
place as the best English anatomy which had 
appeared. In 1702 Cowper published ' Glan- 



dularum quarundam nuper detectarum duc- 
tuumque earum excretionum descriptio cum 
figuris.' A pair of racemose glands, which 
are themselves situated beneath the anterior 
end of the membranous part of the urethra in 
the male, and whose ducts open into the bul- 
bous part of the urethra, are described, and 
are to this day known by anatomists as Cow- 
per's glands. There are some remarks by 
Cowper in Drake's * Anthropologia ' (London, 
1717, i. 138), and he published several papers 
in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' of which 
the most interesting are : (No. 208) experi- 
ments with Colbatch's styptic, in which he 
shows the dangerous and ineffectual nature 
of the nostrum, and incidentally points out 
the differences between the vascular system 
of youth and that of age ; (222) on the ef- 
fects of a renal calculus lasting eight years 
in the kidney of a woman j (252) a case of 
union of a divided heel tendon in a carpenter 
after Cowper had united the edges by su- 
tures ; (285) on cases of empyema ; (286) on 
the structure of the pulmonary vein ; (310) 
anatomical and chirurgical observations (in 
this important paper he describes how he had 
demonstrated the junction of arterial and ve- 
nous capillaries in a cat and in a dog) ; (299) 
in this paper he exactly describes degenerative 
disease of the aortic valves, and had clearly 
observed the pulse which accompanies such 
disease, a discovery often erroneously attri- 
buted to Corriganin 1829, more justly claimed 
for Vieussens in 1715, but certainly first made 
by Cowper. 

Cowper had a considerable surgical prac- 
tice, and these papers prove that his attain- 
ments in pathology and comparative anatomy 
were as respectable as his knowledge of human 
anatomy and practical surgery. 

In 1708 he suffered from difficulty of breath- 
ing, and during the winter became dropsical. 
He gave up work (MEAD'S Preface) and re- 
tired to his native place, where he died on 
8 March 1709, and is buried in the parish 
church. 

[Works ; Manuscript Apprentice Kegister and 
Freemen's Eegister of Barbers* Company.] 

N. M. 

COWPER, WILLIAM, first EABL COW- 
PEE (d, 1723), first lord chancellor of Great 
Britain, grandson of Sir William Cowper, 
created a baronet for his royalist devotion 
4 March 1642, was eldest son of Sir William 
Cowper, bart., a whig politician, who was 
concerned with Shaftesbury in indicting 
the Duke of York as a popish recusant in 
1680, and who represented Hertford in par- 
liament in 1679-81, 1688-90, 1695-9, and 
died in 1706. His mother was Sarah, 



Cowper 



39 



Cowper 



daughter of Sir Samuel Holled, a London 
merchant. The date and place of Cowper's 
"birth are unknown. After spending some 
years at a private school in St. Albans, he 
entered the Middle Temple on 8 March 1681- 
1682. A circumstantial statement is made in 
the ' Biographia Britannica ' (Kippis, IT. 389 
note), to the effect that he seduced a certain 
Miss Elizabeth Culling of Hertingfordbury 
Park, Hertfordshire, and it is suggested that 
he did so by means of a sham marriage cere- 
mony, and had two children by her. This 
story, which may have originated in mere local 
gossip, is probably the foundation of the no- 
velette of ' Hernando and Louisa ' in Mrs, 
Manley's ' Secret Memoirs from the New Ata- 
lantis ' (1709), and of the charge of bigamy 
insinuated by Swift in the ' Examiner ' (Nos. 
17 and 22), and retailed as matter of common 
notoriety by Voltaire (Diet, PM.art. 'Eemme 
Polygamie'), with the substantial addition 
that Cowper was the author of a treatise in 
favour of polygamy. Shortly before Ms call 
to the bar, which took place on 25 May 1688, 
Cowper married Judith, daughter of Sir Robert 
Booth, a London merchant. He attached 
himself to the home circuit, and soon obtained 
considerable practice. On the landing of the 
Prince of Orange in November, he rode with 
a company of about thirty volunteers from 
London to Wallingford, near Oxford, where 
he joined the prince's forces, with which he 
returned to London. In 1694 he was ap- 
pointed king's counsel, and about the same 
time recorder of Colchester. The following 
year, and again in 1698, he was returned to 
parliament as junior member for Hertford. 
The obituary notice in the ' Chronological 
Diary ' states that ' the very first day he sat 
in the House of Commons he had occasion 
to speak three times, and came off with uni- 
versal applause/ and Burnet (Own Time, 
orig. ed., ii. 426) observes, under date 1705, 
that ' he had for many years been considered 
as the man who spoke the best of any in the 
House of Commons/ He seems to have been 
appointed king's counsel in 1694. In 1695-6 
he played a subordinate part in the prosecu- 
tion of the conspirators against the life of 
the king, and of the nonjuring clergymen 
who gave them absolution on the scaffold. 
In the same year he was also engaged in a 
piracy case, and in the prosecution of Captain 
Vaughan for levying war against the king on 
the high seas, and took an active part in the 
parliamentary proceedings which issued in 
the attainder of Sir John Fenwick, speaking 
more than once, and giving his reasons for 
voting in favour of that judicial murder at 
considerable length. In 1699 he appeared 
for the prosecution at the trial of Lord Mo- 



hun for the murder of Blcliard Coote, killed 
in an affair of honour by the Earl of War- 
wick, and in a forgery case, and in the follow- 
ing year he successfully resisted an application 
for a new trial of his brother, Spencer Cow- 
per [q. v.] In 1700-1 he was returned ta 
parliament as junior member for Beeralston 
in Devonshire. He spoke against the motion 
for the impeachment of Lord Somers in 1701. 
On the accession of Anne in the following 
year his patent of counsel to the crown was 
renewed. In 1704 the celebrated case of 
Ashby v. White, in which an elector sued the 
returning officer for the borough of Ayles- 
bury for damages for having refused to re- 
ceive his vote at the general election of 1700, 
occasioned a serious conflict between the two- 
houses of parliament. The House of Peers 
having overruled a judgment of the queen's 
bench to the effect that no such action lay, 
the matter was forthwith made a question of 
privilege by the House of Commons. Cow- 
per argued elaborately but unsuccessfully 
that the jurisdiction of the house did not ex- 
tend to the restraining of the action, but as 
he admitted that the house was the sole judge 
of the validity of election returns, and of the 
right of the elector to vote, it is difficult to 
understand his position. In the summer of 
this year (1704) an information was laid by 
the attorney-general, by order of the House 
of Commons, against Lord Halifax for ne- 
glecting, as auditor of the exchequer, to trans- 
mit the imprest rolls half-yearly to the king's 
remembrancer, pursuant to the statute 8 & 9 
Will. Ill, c. 28, s, 8, and Cowper was one of 
the counsel retained for the defence. 

The prosecution broke down owing to a 
piece of bad Latin in the information. The 
house (18 Nov.) censured Cowper for the part 
he had taken in the matter. On 11 Oct. 
1705 he succeeded Sir Nathan Wright as. 
lord keeper, the appointment being, in part at 
least, due to the influence of the Duchess of 
Marlborough. He would not, however, ac- 
cept office except upon the understanding 
that he should have 2,000/. equipage money, 
a salary of 4,000, and be raised to the peer- 
age at the next promotion. Evelyn's state- 
ment that he bargained for a pension of 
2,000/. per annum on dismissal is not con- 
firmed by Cowper's ' Diary.' He was sworn of 
the privy council the same day, and took his 
seat on the woolsack on the 25th. His first 
public act of importance was to announce 
his intention of declining the new year's 
gifts which his predecessors had been in the 
habit of receiving from the officials attached to 
and the counsel practising in the court of chan- 
cery. Not being taken at his word, he refused 
admittance to all such as presented them- 



Cowper 391 Cowper 

selves with the usual offerings on new year's ' would hardly accept his surrender of the seaL 

day. His example was not followed by the He resigned, however, on 23 Sept. Cowper 

chiefs of the other courts, and he suffered now devoted himself with energy to the busi- 

a certain loss of popularity with them. He ness of opposition. St. John having attacked 

was placed on the commission for the treaty the late ministry in a letter to the i Exami- 

of union on 10 April 1706, and opened the ner,' he replied by a long letter in the l Tat- 

negotiations at the Cockpit on the 16th. The ler/ a somewhat ponderous affair, in which 

Scotch commissioners sat apart from the Eng- he denounces ' the black hypocrisy and pre- 

lish, the interchange of views being effected varication, the servile prostitution of all Eng- 

by writing, the lord keeper and the lord lish principles, and malevolent ambition r 

chancellor of Scotland acting as intermedia- characteristic of the other party. Both let- 

ries. Hence Cowper figures more prominently ters are printed in the ' Somers Tracts 7 (ed. 

in the history of the negotiations than any Scott), xiii. 71-85. In the debate of 11 and 

other English commissioner. As, however, 12 Jan. 1711 on the conduct of the war in 

the deliberations on either side were kept Spain, in which the late ministry were ac- 

strictly secret, it is impossible to say how far cused of having left the Earl of Peterborough 

his influence extended in the shaping of the without adequate means to prosecute the war 

treaty, which Burnet attributes mainly to with vigour, Cowper took a leading part, 

Lord Somers. On 23 July Cowper delivered though it is impossible to gather -from the 

to the queen a draft of the treaty, which, report how far his defence was effective, 

with slight alterations, was subsequently rati- The vote of censure was carried by a substan- 

fied by both parliaments. His first wife had tial majority. In the debate on the address 

died before he received the seal. In Septem- (7 Dec. 1711) he supported the Earl of Not- 

ber 1706 he married Mary, daughter of John tingham's amendment that a clause should 

Clavering of Chipwell, in the bishopric of be inserted to the effect ' that no peace could 

Durham, the marriage, however, being kept be safe or honourable to Great Britain or 

secret until 25 Feb. 1706-7. On 9 Nov. Europe if Spain and the "West Indies were 

1706 he was raised to the peerage by the allotted to any branch of the house of Bour- 

title of Baron Cowper of "Wingham in Kent, bon.' In the debate on the negotiations for 

His first reported utterance in the House of peace in June 1712, the Earl of Stafford in- 

Lords is a brief but extremely graceful speech sinuating that the backwardness of the Dutch 

(entered in the Journal 5 -Dec. 1706), in was due to the intrigues of the Duke of 

which he conveys to the Duke of Marlborough Marlborough, Cowper replied with much ani- 

the thanks of the house for the victory of mation that f according to our laws it could 

Hamillies. On 4 May 1707, the Act of Union never be suggested as a crime in the meanest 

having come into operation on the first of the subject, much less in a member of that august 

month, he was declared by the queen in coun- assembly, to hold correspondence with our 

cil lord high chancellor of Great Britain, allies.' This deliverance appears to have 

The intrigues of the Duke of Marlborough in been effective at the time, but it cannot be 

1709 to obtain the appointment of commander- regarded as enunciating a sound principle of 
in-chief for life met with determined opposi- constitutional law. A motion was made 
tion from Cowper, who declared that he would (17 March 1714) 'for an account of the in- 
never put the seal to the commission. In stances which had been made for restoring 

1710 Cowper presided at the trial of Dr. to the Catalans their ancient privileges and 
Sacheverell in Westminster Hall. The pro- the letters relating thereto/ This, as also a 
ceedings began on 27 Feb. and occupied three further motion on the same subject on the 
weeks. The lord chief justice and chief baron 31st, received Cowper's support. He spoke 
and ten puisne judges were unanimous in in favour of the Earl of Wharton's motion 
holding that the omission to specify passages that a, reward should be proclaimed for the 
on which the charge was based invalidated apprehension of the Pretender, dead or alive 
the proceedings. Cowper abstained from any (8 April 1714), and led the opposition to the 
public expression either of assent or dissent, second reading of the bill for suppressing 
and on the strength of an old precedent in schools kept by dissenters (June), but was 
the reign of Charles I, it was held immate- beaten, and attempted, without success, to 
rial. Cowper voted for Sacheverell's con- amend it in committee. At this time he was 
demnation. The excitement caused by the much courted by Harley, now earl of Oxford, 
trial led to the defeat of the whigs in the On the death of the queen Cowper was ap- 
autumn, and the expulsion of their leaders pointed by the elector of Hanover one of 
from the cabinet. Harley was anxious that ' the lords justices ' in whom, by the statute 
Cowper should continue in oifice, and re- 6 Anne, c. 41, ss. 10, 11, and 12, the supreme 
peatedly pressed him to do so, and the queen power was vested during the interregnum. 



Cowper 392 Cowper 

Almost the first act of the lords justices was the rebel lords who did not plead guilty, in 
to give a broad hint to Bolingbroke by ap- March 1716. Winton's complicity in the re- 
pointing Addison their secretary and direct- bellion was clearly proved, but he made per- 
ing 1 the postmaster-general to forward to him sistent efforts to obtain an adjournment on 
all letters addressed to the secretary of state, the alleged ground that he had not had time 
This not sufficing, they (3 Aug.) dismissed to bring up his most important witnesses, 
Bolingbroke from his office by the summary deprecating with some wit being subjected to 
process of taking the seal from him, turning ' Cowper law as we used to say in our country, 
him out, and locking the doors. On 21 Sept. hang a man first and then judge him/ a play 
Cowper was reappointed lord chancellor of upon the common Scotch expression * Cupar 
Great Britain at St. James's, taking the oath law ' and the name of the lord chancellor, 
the next day, and on 23 Oct. he went in state He was found guilty and sentenced to death, 
to Westminster Hall and again took the oath In the debate on the Septennial Bill (10 April) 
there. While still lord justice he had com- Cowper spoke at length, reviewing the history 
posed for the benefit of the new king a brief of the Triennial Act, and giving an unqualified 
political tract which he entitled 'An im- support to the measure. Cowper made what 
partial History of Parties/ and of which a appears to have been a powerful speech in 
Prench translation by Lady Cowper was pre- favour of the Mutiny Bill, which proposed to 
sented to the Hanoverian minister, Count establish a standing army of sixteen thousand 
Bernstorff(24 Oct. 1714), and by him laid be- men, and was violently opposed by Oxford in 
foretheking. In this memoir he traces the his- February 1718. On 18 March he was created 
tory of the whig and tory parties from their Viscount Fordwiche and Earl Cowper in the 
origin to the date of writing, defines their re- peerage of Great Britain. On 15 April he 
spective principles as dispassionately as could resigned office, the ostensible reason being 
reasonably be expected, and with great clear- failing health. The true cause is probably to 
ness and condensation describes the existing be sought either in intrigues in the royal 
posture of affairs and suggests the propriety household or in the jealousy of other members 
of avoiding coalition cabinets while admitting of the cabinet, combined with the opposition 
the opposition to a fair share in the subordi- which he had offered in the preceding January 
nate places. The history was first printed to a projected bill for providing the king with 
by Lord Campbell as an appendix to his life an annuity of 100,000?., with an absolute dis- 
oi Cowper in the fourth volume of his * Lives cretion to assign such portion thereof as he 
of the Chancellors. 7 Trevor, the lord chief might think proper to the maintenance of the 
justice of the king's bench, one of the twelve Prince of Wales. Cowper was a small patron 
peers created in 1712, was, by Cowper's ad- of literature. He had been the 'correspondent 
vice, removed from his office, being succeeded and host of the poet, John Hughes, and in 
by Sir Peter King. Certain minor changes November 1717 appointed him secretary to 
in the constitution of the judicial bench were the commission for appointing justices of the 
also made. On 21 March 1715 he read the peace, and on his resignation he wrote to his 
king's speech, and on the following day he successor, Lord Parker, begging him to con- 
took part in the debate raised by Trevor and tinue Hughes in that office, a request with 
Bolingbroke on the lords' address. Excep- which Parker complied. This elicited a brief 
tion being taken to an expression of confidence -ode in honour of Cowper from the grateful 
that the king would ' recover the reputation poet ( Works, ii. ode xx.) Cowper voted with 
of this kingdom in foreign parts/ Cowper re- the tories in the successful opposition which 
plied by drawing a distinction between the they offered to the repeal of the c act for pre- 
queen and her ministry, and the address was serving the protestant religion ' (10 Anne 
carried by sixty-six to thirty-three. He spoke c. 6, which imposed disabilities on papists), 
in the debate on the articles of impeachment and the more obnoxious clauses of the Test 
exhibited against the Earl of Oxford on 9 July and Corporation Acts, proposed by Lord Stan- 
1715, arguing against Trevor that they were hope in December 1/18. He opposed the 
sufficient to ground a charge of high treason. Peerage Bill, which proposed to fix a numeri- 
On the outbreak of the rebellion of 1715 cal limit to the house of peers, on its intro- 
Cowper exerted himself to infuse some of duction in February 1719. The bill was 
his own spirit into the king and his colleagues dropped owing to the excitement which it 
on the bench. Probably it was at his sug- created in the country, but was reintroduced 
gestion that the Riot Act, which had not been in November, when Cowper again opposed it. 
in force since the reign of Elizabeth, was in Having passed the House of Lords with ce- 
that year re-enacted, strengthened, and made lerity, it was thrown out by the commons, 
perpetual. Cowper presided as high-steward Cowper also opposed the bill for enabling the 
at the trial of Lord Winton, the only one of , South Sea Company to increase their capital. 



Cowper 393 Cowper 

The bill, however, passed the house of peers science he was deficient. Steele dedicated 
without a division (7 April 1720). A ques- the third volume of the ' Tatler' to him, and 
tion addressed by Cowper to the ministry an enthusiastic panegyric upon him under 
concerning- an absconding cashier of the South the name of * Manilius/ written by his hum- 
Sea Company on 23 Jan. 1721 appears to be ble friend Hughes at the time when there 
the earliest recorded instance of a public in- was least to expect from his patronage (1712), 
terpellation of ministers. On 13 Dec. he fills one number of the ; Spectator' (No. 467). 
moved the repeal of certain clauses of the He was a fellow of the Royal Society and 
Quarantine Act ; on 11 Jan. 1722 he called one of the governors of the Charterhouse, 
attention to ' the pernicious practice of build- By his first wife he had one son only, who 
ing ships of force for the French/ and moved died in boyhood ; by his second wife he had 
that the judges should be ordered to introduce two sons (William, who succeeded to the title, 
a bill to put an end to it. On 3 Feb., the and Spencer [q. v.], who took holy orders and 
lord chancellor being two hours late and the became dean of Durham) and two daughters. 
lord chief justice, who was commissioned to Two of his speeches in passing sentence on 
take his place on the woolsack in his absence, the rebel lords were printed in pamphlet form 
not being present, Cowper moved that the in 1715 (JSrit. Mus. Cat.), and a few of his 
house proceed to elect a speaker ad interim, letters will be found in ' Letters by several 
The lord chancellor then arriving excused Eminent Persons/ London, 1772, 8vo (JSrit. 
himself on the ground that he had been de- Mus. Cat.), and in the < Correspondence of 
tained by the king in council at St. James's. John Hughes/ Dublin, 1773, 12mo (JSrit. 
This excuse the lords refused to accept, and Mus. Cat.), others in Addit, MSS. 20103, 
entered a lengthy protest in the journal of ff. 7-33, and 22221, f. 256. 
the house (signed by Cowper) in which they r/>( , -n ^ T^ / ^ j 1000 j 

affirmed tkat" the house was ' the greatest 1?"? *""* ^ <pnn* "L lf * 3 and 

., . ,, T . -, , ,. -, ?-, ,-, presented to the Roxburghe Cmb by Ed. Craven 
council m the kingdom, to which all other ^ } coverg ^ f od from ^ to im 

councils ought to give way. On 26 Oct. it cons / gt ' g chiefly </ brief ^^^ of cabinet 
Cowper opposed the committal of the Duke COU ncUs and jottings of private conversations ^th 
of Norfolk to the Tower on suspicion of trea- politicians ; it becomes very slight and fragmen- 
son. An assertion by the Jacobite conspira- tary after his surrender of the seal. Lady Cow- 
tor Layer, in the course of his examination per's Diary (edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper, 
before a committee of the House of Commons London, 1864, 8vo) begins where her husband's 
in January and February 1723, that he had leaves off, but is only continuous for two years 
been informed that Cowper was a member of [see COWPER, MARY, 1685-1724]. Other sources 
a club of disaffected persons known as Bur- of information are : the obituary notice in the 
ford's Club, elicited from Cowper a public Chronological Diary, appended to the Historical 
declaration of the entire groundlessness of Register for the year 1723; Berry s County Ge- 
the charge. The bill of pains and penalties n f jS ies (Hertibrfiibire), p. 168; Clarke s Life 
against Itterbury was e/rnestly closed by ^^^^^^^^^^ 
Cowper, who closed the debate with a solemn tiim L ^ 5 ^ ^^ ^, 566, 574, 581, 586, 
protest against the exercise of judicial powers 5Q4j 60 ^ H< 2 . Qlutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 
by parliament without the formal proceeding 192; Burnet's Own Time (Oxford ed.), iv. 480 
by impeachment (15 May 1723). He also no te, v. 220, 248, 299, vi. 11 note, 31 note, 76 
opposed Walpole's bill for ' laying a tax upon no te ; Additional Annotations, p. 145 ; HowelTs 
papists ' (20 May). On 5 Oct. 1723 he took State Trials, xii. 1446-7, xiii. 123, 199, 219, 246, 
a severe cold while travelling from London 272, 274, 422, 465, 471, 494-5, 498-9, 501-2, 
to his seat in Hertfordshire, of which he died 504-5, 509-12, 515, 521, 555, 623, 742-44, 1035, 
five days later. He was buried in Herting- 1055,1091, 1198,xv. 466-7, 847, 893, 1046-1195; 
fordbury church. Ambrose Philips celebrated Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs, iv. v. vi.; 
his virtues in an ode styled by courtesy < Pin- Parl. Hist. v. 1227, vi. 279-85 ,546, 826 887, 

daric ' rCHALMEBS, E^lish frets, xii 121). *^> ?%^*% ^4 111 
The Duke of Wharton in the < True Briton ' 38 1351-5, 1364 , vn- 42-6 104 111, 




eulogy. Pope (Imitations of Horace, eput. 11. Despatch O f Lord To^nshend to Secretary Stan- 

bk. ii.) and Lord Chesterfield agree in de- ^ opej 2 Nov. 1716; Evelyn's Diary, ad fin.; 

scribing him as a consummate orator. His Qhron. Reg. appended to Hist. Reg. (3717), 

person was handsome, his voice melodious, p. 45, (1718) p. 11; Voltaire's Diet. Phil. 'Amnna- 

his elocution perfect, his style pure and ner- tion par serment; ' Welsby's Lives of Eminent 

vous, his manner engaging. On the other Judges; Poss's Lives of the Judges; Collins's 

hand, in logical faculty and grasp of legal Peerage (Erydges), iv.] J. M. R. 



Cowper 394 Cowper 

CpWPER, WILLIAM, M.D.(1701-1767), of Chester, which is printed in Ormerod's- 

antiquary, was the third son of the Rev. John ' Cheshire/ i. 203 seq. This description of the 

Cowper, M.A., of Overlegh, Cheshire, by siege had been printed twice previously at 

Catherine, daughter of "William Sherwin, Chester (in 1790 and 1793), but with con- 

"beadle of divinity and "bailiff of the university siderable alterations. 

of Oxford. He was baptised at St. Peter's, [Nichols < s Lit . Anecd . v . 816 . acmgh , s Bri . 

Chester, on 29 July 1701, was admitted a ^ Topography, i. 249, 253, 264; Oimerod'a 

student at Leyden on 27 Oct. 1719, and pro- Cheshire, i. 293, 294; Peacock's Leyden Stu- 

bably took his doctor's degree m that um- dents, p. 24 ; G-ower's Sketch of Materials for a 

yersity. For many years he practised as a Hist, of Cheshire, 61, 90 ; Notes and Queries, 

physician at Chester with great reputation. 5th ser. } x. 388.] T. C. 

In 1745 he was elected mayor of Chester. 

He died at Overlegh on 20 Oct. 1767, and was COWTER, WILLIAM (1731-1800),poet, 
buried at St. Peter's, Chester. He married in was born at his father's rectory of Great 
1722 Elizabeth, daughter of John Lonsdale of Berkhampstead 15 Nov. 1731. His father, 
High Ryley, Lancashire, but had no issue. John Cowper, D.D., was second son of Spencer 
Cowper, who was a fellow of the Society Cowper, the judge [q. v.] His mother was 
of Antiquaries, published anonymously ' A Anne, daughter of Roger Donne of Ludham 
Summary of the Life of St. Werburgh, with Hall, Norfolk. She left two surviving chil- 
an historical account of the images upon her dren, William and John, dying in childbed 
shrine (now the episcopal throne) in the choir on John's birth in 1737. On her death Cow- 
of Chester. Collected from antient chronicles per was sent to the school of a Dr. Pitman at 
and old writers, by a Citizen of Chester,' Market Street, Hertfordshire. He was cruelly 
Chester, 1749, 4to. This work is said to treated by a fellow-pupil till a discovery led 
have been stolen from the manuscripts of to the expulsion of the torment or and his own. 
Mr. Stone. He was also the author of ' II removal from the school, after a stay of two 
Penseroso : an evening's contemplation in years. A weakness of sight led to his being" 
St. John's churchyard, Chester. A rhapsody, now placed for two years with an oculist, 
written more than twenty years ago, and Specks which had appeared upon his eyes 
now (first) published, illustrated with notes were finally removed, he says, by a severe 
historical and explanatory/ London, 1767, attack of small-pox at the age of fourteen. 
4to, addressed, under the name of M. Mean- Some weakness of sight remained through 
well, to the Rev. John Allen, M.A., senior life. When ten years old he was sent to- 
fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Westminster School, where he was ' contem- 
rector of Tarporley, Cheshire. In this work porary of Churchill, Colman, and Lloyd, and 
Gowper takes a view of some of the most lodged in the same house with Cumberland.' 
remarkable places around Chester distin- Sir William Russell (drowned when still 
guished by memorable personages and events, young) was his closest friend, and he says- 
He was an intelligent antiquary and pre- that he had a ' particular value ' for Warren 
served many valuable manuscript collections Hastings (to Lady Hesketh, 16 Feb. 1788),, 
of Williamson and'others which would other- to whom he addressed some lines on the im- 
wise have perished. He also left several peachment. Cowper's 'Tirocinium 7 (1784) 
works of his own compilation relative to the proves that he formed a low opinion of Eng- 
ancient history of Cheshire and Chester, lish public schools. The severity of his judg- 
These manuscripts, which are frequently ment upon institutions where religious in- 
quoted by Ormerod, the Cheshire historian, are struction was scanty and temptations to vice 
preserved in the family archives at Overlegh. abounded is explicable without supposing 
They consist of various small volumes, most that he was himself unhappy. He says that 
of the contents of which are fairly tran- he became i an adept in the infernal art of 
scribed into two larger ones, containing me- lying/ that is, of inventing excuses to his 
moirs of the earls of the palatinate and the masters. lie shows, however, some pleasure 
bishops and dignitaries of the cathedral, lists in recalling- his schooldays. He imagines 
of city and county officers, and a local cliro- himself receiving a * silver groat 7 for a good 
nology of events. In his Broxton MSS. he exercise, and seeing it passed round the school 
takes Webb's ' Itinerary ' as the text of each (SOTTTHEY, v. 356). Another letter states 
township, adds an account of it transcribed that he ' excelled at cricket and football r 
from Williamson's 'Villare,' and continues (ib. iv. 102). Here he wrote his first pub- 
the descent of property to his own time. He lished poem ; he became a ^-ood writer of 
also wrote a small manuscript Tolume, en- Latin verses ; lie acquired an interest in lite- 
titled 'Parentalia,' containing memoirs of the rature, and a youthful veneration for literary 
Cowper family, and the account of the siege distinction (ib. iv. 44-51, 73). 



Cowper 



395 



Cowper 



Cowper left Westminster at eighteen, and 
after nine months at home was articled for 
three years to a solicitor named Chapman, 
with whom he lodged. He spent much time 
at the house of his uncle, Ashley Cowper, in 
Southampton How [for Cowper's relations 
see under COWRBE, SPENCEE, 1669-1727] . He 
introduced a fellow-clerk, Thurlow, after- 
wards the chancellor, to his uncle's family, 
and Thurlow and Cowper spent their time in 
' giggling and making giggle ' with the three 
daughters, instead of l studying the law ' 
(SOUTHS Y, v. 301). Thurlow, however, found 
time for serious work. Some years later (in 
1762) (ib. i. 411) he made a playful promise 
that when he "became lord chancellor he 
would provide for his idle fellow-pupil. Cow- 
per had been entered at the Middle Temple, 
29 April 1748; he took chambers in the 
inn upon leaving Chapman's office in 1752, 
and was called to the bar on 14 June 1754. 
He was seized with an ominous depression 
of spirits during the early part of his resi- 
dence in chambers. He found some conso- 
lation in reading George Herbert's poems, 
but laid them aside on the advice of a rela- 
tion, who thought that they stimulated his 
morbid feelings. After a year's misery he 
sought relief in religious exercises. He was 
advised to make a visit of some months to 
Southampton, where he made yachting ex- 
cursions with Sir Thomas Hesketh. One day 
he felt a sudden relief. Hereupon he burnt 
the prayers which he had composed, and long 
afterwards reproached himself with having 
misinterpreted a providential acceptance of 
his petitions into a mere effect of the change 
of air and scene. Cowper's father died in 
1756. Three years afterwards Cowper bought 
a set of chambers in the Inner Temple and 
was made a commissioner of bankrupts. An 
unfortunate love affair with his cousin Theo- 
dora had occupied biin about 1755 and 1756. 
She returned his affection, but her father 
forbade the match on the ground of their re- 
lationship, and possibly from some observa- 
tion of Cowper's morbid state of mind. Lady 
Hesketh told Hayley (14 Oct. 1801) that the 
objection was the want of income on "both 
sides ; but at the time Cowper's prospects 
were apparently good enough. The pair 
never met after two or three years' intercourse. 
Theodora never married ; she continued to 
love Cowper, and carefully preserved the 
poems which he addressed to her. She fell 
into a morbid state of mind, but lived to give 
some information through Lady Hesketh to 
Hayley for his i Life of Cowper.' Theodora 
died 22 Oct. 1824, and the poems which she 
had preserved were published in 1825. 

Cowper apparently was less affected. He 



continued the life of a young Templar who 
preferred literature to law. He belonged to 
the Nonsense Club, composed of seven West- 
minster men, who dined together weekly. 
It included Bonnell Thornton, Colman, Lloyd, 
and Joseph Hill, the last of whom was a life- 
long friend and correspondent. Thornton 
and Caiman started the i Connoisseur ' in 
1754, and to this Cowper contributed a few 
papers in 1756. He contributed to Dun- 
combe's ' Translations from Horace/ 1756- 
1757 ; he also contributed to the < St. James's 
Chronicle ' (1761),, of which Colman and 
Thornton were part proprietors. Cowper 
does not appear to have been intimate with 
Churchill, whose first success was made in 
1761 ; but he always admired his old school- 
fellow. At the Temple, Cowper and a Mr. 
Rowley read Homer, comparing Pope's trans- 
lation with the original, much to Pope's dis- 
advantage (Letter to Clotworthy Rowley, 
21 Feb. 1788). He helped his brother in a 
translation of the f Henriade,' supplying two 
books himself. Meanwhile his fortune was 
slipping away. He had reason to expect 
patronage from his relations. His cousin, 
Major Cowper, claimed the right of appoint- 
ment to the joint offices of ' reading clerk and 
clerk of the committees,' and to the less valu- 
able office of i clerk of the journals of the 
House of Lords.' Both appointments be- 
came vacant in 1763, the latter by the death 
of the incumbent, which Cowper reproached 
himself for having desired. Major Cowper 
offered the most valuable to Cowper, in- 
tending the other for a Mr. Arnold. Cowper 
accepted, but was so overcome by subsequent 
reflections upon his own incapacity that he 
persuaded his cousin to give the more valua- 
ble place to Arnold and the less valuable to 
himself. Meanwhile the right of appointment 
was disputed. Cowper was told that the 
ground would have ' to be fought by inches, 7 
and that he would have to stand an exami- 
nation into his own fitness at the bar of the 
House of Lords. He made some attempts to- 
secure the necessary experience of his duties- 
by attending the office ; but the anxiety threw 
him into a nervous fever. A visit to Margate 
in the summer did something for his spirits. 
On returning to town in October he resumed 
attendance at the office. The anticipated 
examination unnerved him. An accidental 
talk directed his thoughts to suicide. He 
bought a bottle of laudanum ; but after several 
attempts to drink it, frustrated by accident 
or sudden revulsion of feeling, he threw it 
out of the window. He went to the river 
to drown himself, and turned back at sight 
of a porter waiting on the bank. The day 
before that fixed for his examination he made- 



Cowper 396 Cowper 

a determined attempt to Lang himself with Huntingdon, then a town of under two thou- 
a garter. On a third attempt the garter sand inhabitants. By September he had made 
broke just in time to save his life. He now acquaintance with the Unwins. Morley Un- 
sent for Major Cowper, who saw at once that win, the father, held the living of Gfrimston, 
all thoughts of the appointment must be Norfolk (in the patronage of Queens' College, 
abandoned. Cowper remained in his cham- Cambridge), but lived at Huntingdon, where 
bers, where the symptoms of a violent attack he had been master of the free school, and 
of madness rapidly developed themselves, took pupils. His wife, Mary Cawthorne (b. 
Oowper's delusions took a religious colour- 1724), was daughter of a draper at Ely. They 
ing. He was convinced that he was damned, had two children, William Cawthorne and 
He consulted Martin Madan, his cousin [see a daughter. "William, born in 1744 or 1745, 
under COWPER, SPESTCEK] . Madan gave him was now at Christ's College, Cambridge, where 
spiritual advice. His brother came to see he graduated as ' senior optime 7 and second 
hun, and was present during a crisis, in which chancellor's medallist in 1764. The daughter 
he felt as though a violent blow had struck was a year or two younger. Cowper was 
his brain ' without touching the skull . 7 The spending more than hisincome, and on 1 1 Nov. 
brother consulted the family, and Cowper was 1765 became a boarder in the Unwin family, 
taken in December 1763 to a private mad- from motives both of economy and of friend- 
house, kept by Dr. Nathaniel Cotton [q. v.] at ship. His family, especially Colonel Spencer 
St. Albans. A copy of sapphics written in the Cowper, brother of Major Cowper, had made 
interval gives a terrible description of his state some complaints of his extravagance. He 
of mind. Cowper's religious terrors were ob- had engaged the services of a boy from Dr. 
viouslythe effect and not the cause of the Cotton out of charity,and his relations thought 
madness, of which his earlier attack had that he should not be liberal on other people's 
been symptomatic. Cotton treated him with money. An anonymous letter (no doubt from 
great tenderness and skill. He was himself Lady Hesketh or her sister) assured him that 
a small poet (his works are in Anderson's if the colonel withdrew his contribution 
and Chalmers's collections), and he sym- (which he did not) the deduction should be 
pathised with Cowper's religious sentiments, made up (to Lady Hesketn, 2 Jan. 1786). 
When after five months of terrible agonies Mrs. Unwin soon afterwards offered to reduce 
Cowper became milder, Cotton's con versa- her charges for board (from eighty guineas) 
tion was soothing and sympathetic. Cowper by one half. Cowper was often cramped for 
stayed with him a year longer, and then, being money, but seems never to have worried him- 
deeply in debt to Cotton, asked his brother, self greatly upon that score. He had appa- 
now a resident fellow of Corpus Christi Col- rentlycaredlittle for religion before his illness, 
lege, Cambridge, to find him lodgings near He now became intensely devout. A great 
Cambridge. He resigned his commissioner- part of his day with the Unwins was spent 
ship of bankruptcy (worth about 60Z. a year), in attending divine service (which was per- 
feeling that his ignorance of the law made it formed twice a day), singing hymns, family 
wrong to take the oath, and desiring to sever prayers, and religious reading and conversa- 
himself entirely from London. His family tion. He corresponded with Mrs. Cowper, 
subscribed to a small annual allowance ; his wife of Major Cowper, who, with her brother, 
chambers in the Temple were let, and he had Madan, sympathised with his religious senti- 
some stock, some of which he was soon, re- ments. He gave her the history of his con- 
duced to sell. He inherited 300?. or 400Z. version (to Mrs. Cowper, 20 Oct. 1766), and 
from his brother in 1770, and his will, made told her that he had had thoughts of taking 
in 1777, shows that he had then about 300Z. orders. His correspondence with Lady Hes- 
in the funds. He removed from St. Albans keth ceased after 30 Jan. 1767, apparently 
17 June 1765, and, after visiting Cambridge, because she was not sufficiently in sympathy 
went to Huntingdon (22 June) to lodgings upon these points. 

secured by his brother. He renewed a cor- On 2 July 1767 the elder Unwin died in con- 
respondence with his cousin, Lady Hesketh, sequence of a fall from his horse on 28 June. It 
and his friend, Joseph Hill. He rode half- was immediately settled that Cowper should 
way to Cambridge every week to meet his continue to reside with Mrs. Unwin, whose 
brother, and cared little for society. All behaviour to him had been that e of a mother 
other friendships ' were wrecked in the storm to a son* (to Mrs. Cowper, 13 July, 1767). 
of sixty-three 7 (to Joseph HiU, 25 Sept. 1770). Just at this time Dr. Conyers, a friend of the 
Hill continued to manage Cowper's money younger Unwin, had mentioned the mother 
matters with unfailing kindness. Thurlow,on to John Newton, who after commanding a 
becoming chancellor in 1778, appointed Hill slaveship had taken orders, and become a con- 
Ms secretary. Cowper became attached to spicuous member of that section of the church 



Cowper 397 Cowper 

which was beginning to be called evangelical, never to have been quite eradicated from his 
He was now curate of Olney, Buckingham- mind. It was not till May 1774 that he 
shire. The vicar, Moses Browne, was non- showed improvement, and Mrs. Unwin was- 
resident, and Newton's income was only about then able to induce him to return to his own 
7QL a year. John Thornton, famous for his house. Newton's kindness was unfailing, 
liberality, and the father of a better known however injudicious may have been some of 
Henry Thornton, allowed him 200Z. a year for his modes of guidance. It was at this time 
charity, and Newton worked energetically, that Cowper sought relief in keeping the 
At Olney he found a house called * Orchard hares whom he has immortalised. It was- 
Side ' for Cowper and Mrs. Unwin. Newton not till 12 Nov. 1776 that he broke silence 
employed Cowper as a kind of lay-curate inhis by answering a letter from Hill, 
parish work. Cowper tookpart in prayer meet- At the end of 1779 Newton was presented 
ings, visited the sick and dying, and attended by Mr. Thornton to the rectory of St. Mary 
constant services. The strain upon his nerves "Woolnoth. He had failed to attract the 
was great (see Early Productions of Cowper, people of Olney, and had a name, as he says 
68-70, for Lady Hesketh's view) ; hiscorre- (SOUTHED, Cowper, L 270), for ' preaching 
spondence declined, and he became absorbed people mad. 7 He adds some facts which 
in his voluntary duties. He did his best to tend to justify the reputation. The influence- 
help a poor population, and was much re- of Newton upon Cowper has been differently 
spected at Olney, where he was called the estimated by biographers according to their 
'Squire/ or ' Sir Cowper. 7 On 20 March 1770 religious prepossessions. Pacts are wanting 
his brother died at Cambridge. Cowper was to enable us to say positively whether Cow- 
with him for a month previously, giving per's mind was healthily occupied or over- 
religious advice. He wrote an account of his wrought under Newton's direction. The- 
brother's conversion in a pamphlet called friendship was durable. Newton, if stern, 
'Adelphi/ published in 1802 by Newton from was a man of sense and feeling. It seems- 
the original manuscript. Cowper was now probable, however, that he was insufficiently 
composing hymns at Newton's request, both alive to the danger of exciting Cowper's weak 
for edification and to commemorate their nerves. In lateryears Cowper'sletters, though 
friendship. "William Unwin, the son, had often playful, laid bare to Newton alone the- 
settled as a clergyman at Stock in Essex, gloomy despair whichhe concealed from other 
His sister in 1774 married Matthew Powley, correspondents. Newton was, in fact, his spiri- 
a friend of Newton's, who had been in trouble tual director, and Cowper stood in some awe 
at Oxford for methodism, and appointed by of him, though it does not seem fair to argue- 
Henry Venn to the curacy of Slaithwaite, that the gloom was caused by Newton, because- 
Huddersfield. Powley became vicar of Dews- revealed to him. Before leaving Newton pub- 
bury, and died in 1806. Mrs. Powley died lished the Olney hymns. He recommended 
9 Nov. 1835, aged eighty-nine. She had a Cowper to "William Bull (1738-1814) [q.v.], 
devotion to a Mr. Kilvington, resembling her an independent minister, an amiable and cul- 
mother's to Cowper (SotriHEY, vii. 276-90). tivatedman. A cordial affection soon sprang 
It is now known, although Southey denied up between them. 

the fact, that Cowper was at this time en- After his recovery Cowper had found re- 
gaged to marry Mrs. Unwin (John Newton, creation in gardening, sketching, and corn- 
by Josiah Bull, p. 192). The engagement posing some playful poems. He built the little- 
was broken off by a fresh attack of mania, summer-house which has been carefully pre- 
possibly stimulated by the exciting occupa- served. Mrs. Unwin now encouraged him 
tions encouraged by Newton. In January to a more prolonged literary effort. In the 
1773 the case was unmistakable. In March winter of 1780-1 he wrote the * Progress of 
Cowper was persuaded with difficulty to stay Error,' ' Truth/ ' Table Tali/ and ' Expostu- 
for a night at Newton's house, and then could lation.' Newton found a publisher, Joseph 
not be persuaded to leave for more than a J ohnson of St. Paul's Churchyard, who under- 
year. "When feeling the approach of this took the risk. Both Newton and Johnson 
attack, Cowper composed his fine hymn, t God suggested emendations, which the poet ac- 
moves in a mysterious way' (GBEATHEAD, cepted with good-natured submission. New- 
Funeral Sermon, p. 19). In the following ton also prepared a preface at Cowper's request, 
October suicidal tendencies again showed which was afterwards suppressed at the sug- 
themselves. He thought himself bound to gestion of the publisher, as likely to frighten 
imitate Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac, taking readers of a different school. It was, how- 
himself as the victim, and that for his failure ever, prefixed, at Newton's request, in an 
to do this he was doomed to eternal per- edition of Cowper's poems in 1793. Publica- 
dition. This last illusion seems henceforth tion was delayed, and Cowper continued to 



Cowper 398 Cowper 



add other poems during 1781. la the same them. In 1781 he made the acquaintance of 

year he published anonymously a poem, called Lady Austen. Her maiden name was Ann 

< Anti-Thelyphthora/ an attack, strangely Richardson, and she was now the widow of 

coarse for Cowper, upon ' Thelyphthora/ a Sir Robert Austen, a baronet, to whom she 

defence of polygamy published by his cousin had been married early, and who had died in 

Madan in 1780, which had caused a brisk France. She had met Cowper (July 1781) 

controversy and no little annoyance to Cowper when visiting her sister, Mrs. Jones, wife of 

and his friends. Cowper allowed this pro- a clergyman at Clifton, near Olney. She was 

duction to sink into oblivion. Lady Hesketh a lively, impressionable woman, and ' fell m 

and Hayley admired it, but thought it right love' at once with Cowper and Mrs. Unwin. 

to forbid the republication (Add. MS. 30803 Cowper soon called her ' Sister Ann, 7 and sent 

A). It was added to his works by Southey, her a poetical epistle when she returned to 

who accidentally discovered it. The volume town in October. A correspondence followed 

of ' Poems by William Cowper, of the Inner which led to a temporary breach in the winter 

Temple, Esq.,' appeared in February 1782. of 1781-2, in consequence of an admonition 

Besides eight longer poems, there were short addressed to her by Cowper, with Mrs. Unwin's 

pieces including an address to Thurlow on consent, warning her against an excessive 

his promotion. He had declined to apply to estimate of their own merits. The little tiff 

Thurlow, but evidently hoped for some ful- blew over. Lady Austen returned to the 



filment of the early promise. To Thurlow 
Cowper now sent a copy, with a respectful 
and formal letter. Thurlow took no notice 
of this, nor did Colman, to whom a copy was 
also sent. Cowper revenged himself by send- 
in^ to Unwin an indignant 'Valediction,' 
complaining of the infidelity of his friends 
(for a similar incident in regard to Thurlow, 
see CBAJBBE, GEORGKB). Both Colman and 
Thurlow had some friendly intercourse with 
him on occasion of his translation of Homer. 
The volume was condemned as * a dull sermon 



neighbourhood in the spring of 1782, and at 
once brought about a reconciliation. She 
took part of the vicarage, whence a passage 
between the gardens, opened in Newton's 
time, was again made available (SOUTHEY, 
ii. 60, 61). The two ladies and Cowper dined 
alternately with each other. Cowper's spirits 
were reviving amidst congenial society and 
renewed literary interest. Lady Austen urgjed 
him to try blank verse, and on his complain- 
ing of the want of a subject, replied, l You 
can write upon any subject ; write upon this 



in very indifferent verse' by the 'Critical sofa.' The result was the * Task/ begun early 
Review/ but judiciously praised by the in the summer of 1783, and ' ended, but not 
' Monthly-' A warm letter of praise came finished,' by August. Lady Austen about the 
from Benjamin Franklin, then in France, same time amused him one day with the story 
Cowper was sensitive, but seems to have taken of John Gilpin (for a discussion as to the 
the modest success of his volume philoso- historical reality of John Gilpin, see Notes 
phically. The 'Critical Review/ however and Queries, 2nd series, viii. 110; ix. 33; x, 
unappreciative, had indicated the probable 350 ; 3rd series, ii. 429 ; 5th series, ix. 266, 
feeling of the general public. The poems are, 394, 418; 6th series, i. 377, 416; ii. 177; 
for the most part, the satire of a religious v. 489). Next morning Cowper had pro- 
recluse upon a society chiefly known by report duced his famous ballad, sent to Unwin in No- 
or distant memory. His denunciations of vember 1782, who was made to l laugh tears' 
the 'luxury' so often lamented by contem- by it, and published it in the 'Public Ad- 
poraries is coloured by his theological views vertiser.' At the end of 1783 Lady Austen 
of the corruption of human nature. Some went to Bristol, and Cowper writing to Unwin 
verses against popery in e Expostulation' were (12 July 1784) states that he does not wish 
suppressed as the volume went through the to renew the connection (two undated let- 
press, not, as Southey thinks, in deference to ters which follow this in SOTJTHEY'S Col- 
the catholic Throckmortons, with whom he lection, v. 64-62, speaking of the reconcilia- 
only became intimate in 1784, but on con- tion, should be dated 1782). The cause of 
sultation with Newton. The acuter critics the final quarrel, which he assigns to Lady 
alone perceived the frequent force of his Hesketh (16 Jan. 1786), is that Lady Austen 
writing, his quiet humour, and his fine touches was too exacting. It is difficult to avoid the 
of criticism, In the attack upon Pope's inference, though Southey argues against it, 
smoothness and the admiration of Churchill's that some jealousy between Cowper's two 
rough vigour (see 'Table Talk') was con- muses was at the bottom of the breach, 
tained the first clear manifesto of the literary Some loverlike verses to Lady Austen, who 
revolution afterwards led by Wordsworth, wore a lock of his hair, were printed for the 
Cowper had now discovered his powers, but first time by Mr. Benham in the Globe edition 
had still to learn the best mode of applying of his poems. The relation was obviously a 



Cowper 



399 



Cowper 



delicate one, only to be maintained by a perfect 
congeniality of disposition. Lady Austen 
afterwards married an accomplished French- 
man, M. de TardifF, and died in Paris 12 Aug. 
1802 (HAYLEY). Cowper was left chiefly 
dependent upon the friendship of Bull, at 
whose suggestion he translated Mme. Guyon's 
poems. Thomas Scott, the biblical commen- 
tator, who had succeeded Newton, was re- 
spected, but apparently not loved, by Cowper. 
Meanwhile the 'Task' was finished, sent to 
Unwin, and accepted by Johnson in the 
autumn of 1785. Cowper's sensitive shyness 
had made him conceal the existence of his 
former volume from Unwin, who was hurt 
by his reticence. He now tried to make 
matters straight by confiding in Unwin in- 
stead of Newton, and gave some offence to 
Newton. While the 'Task' was in the press, 
Richard, or ' Conversation ' Sharp met with 
4 John Gilpin,' and gave it to his friend, the 
actor Henderson (SorrTHEY, ii. 82). Hender- 
son introduced it into some recitations which 
he was giving in 1785, and it had an astonish- 
ing success. One bookseller sold six thousand 
copies. It was inserted in the volume con- 
taining the ' Task,' which appeared in July 
1785, and with the help of Gilpin made an 
immediate success. The success called at- 
tention to the previous poems, which were 
again published with the second edition of 
the ' Task ' in 1786. Cowper at once obtained 
a place as the first poet of the day. In the 
* Task,' his playfulness, his exquisite appre- 
ciation of simple natural beauties, and his 
fine moral perceptions found full expression. 
Cowper now revealed himself in his natural 
character. He speaks as the gentle recluse, 
describes his surroundings playfully and pa- 
thetically, and is no longer declaiming from 
the rostrum or pulpit of the old-fashioned 
satirist. Hegavethecopyrightofthevolum.es 
to his publisher, who would afterwards have 
allowed him to resume the gift. Cowper did 
not consent. Besides general applause, the 
*Task' brought him a renewed intercourse 
with his relations. Lady Hesketh, a widow 
since April 1778, now wrote to him. Her 
long silence had "b,een due to absence abroad, 
ill health, and domestic troubles, as well as 
want of religious sympathy. He replied in 
a charming letter (12 Oct. 1785), the first of 
a delightful series. 

As soon as Cowper had finished the t Tiro- 
cinium,' published with the i Task/ he began 
(12 Nov. 1784) a translation of Homer. By 
9 Nov. 1785 he had finished twenty-one 
books of the 'Iliad.' He began the work 
e merely to divert attention' (SOUTHS Y, ii. 192) , 
and found the employment delightful. He 
translated forty lines a day, about the same 



number as Pope (to Newton, 30 Oct. 1784). 
He published a letter in the ' Gentleman's Ma- 
gazine ' for August 1785, and signed ( Alethea,' 
giving the usual reasons for dissatisfaction 
with Pope's false ornaments and sophistica- 
tion of Homer in English rhyme. He now 
sent out proposals for publishing by subscrip- 
tion, and with some reluctance accompanied 
them with specimens of his work. Oldfriends, 
Walter Bagot, Colman, his cousin, General 
Cowper, and new acquaintances, especially 
Fuseli, the painter, corresponded with him 
upon the undertaking. Newton was a little 
alarmed at his increasing intercourse with 
the world. Lady Hesketh persuaded him to 
see a Dr. Kerr of Northampton for troubles 
of digestion. In , 1786 he received a com- 
munication from an anonymous benefactor, 
who not only sent various presents, but set- 
tled upon him an annuity of 50/. a year. 
Cowper supposed the anonymous benefactor 
to be a man, and some one known to Lady 
Hesketh. In all probability it was his old 
love, Theodora. In June 1786 Lady Hesketh 
obtained additional subscriptions from his 
relations ; of 20Z., and afterwards 40 a year 



from Lord Cowper, and 10 from W. Cowper 
of Hertingfordbury (probably the son of Major 
Cowper), besides adding 20Z. herself (Add. 
MS. 24155, f. 123). ^Lady Hesketh herself 
came to Olney, having taken part of the 
curate's house. Her first good office was to 
induce Cowper and Mr. Unwin to remove 
from Olney to the neighbouring village of 
Weston. Lady Hesketh paid the expenses, 
and they occupied their new abode in No- 
vember 1786. The move had the advantage of 
facilitating the intercourse with the Throck- 
mortons, a Roman catholic family, whose 
family seat was at Weston. In 1791 Throck- 
morton, now Sir John, left Weston, and was 
succeeded by his second brother'George, then 
Mr. Courtenay, and afterwards Sir George 
Throckmorton. The intimacy, though valu- 
able to Cowper, again alarmed Newton, who 
addressed a stern warning to Cowper upon the 
dangers of ' gadding ' after friends who were 
scarcely Christian in his sense. Cowper was 
wounded, though not alienated, and defended 
himself with excellent temper. In November 
1786 William Unwin caught a fever from 
Henry Thornton, with whom he was travel- 
ling as tutor, and died at Worcester 29 Nov. 
1786. Cowper's letters show a calm which is 
perhaps forced. He tried to distract himself 
by Homer, but a nervous fever followed^ and 
in 1787 he had a fresh attack of insanity, 
lasting six months. He tried to hang himself, 
and was only saved by Mrs. Unwin acci- 
dentally entering the room and cutting him 
down. His recovery was rapid, but never 



Cowper 400 Cowper 

complete, He was henceforth subject to delu- competition. Cowper responded, and a warm 
sions, hearing voices, and occupied by strange friendship sprang up. Hayley, though a bad 
fancies. His fame was fortunately attract- poet, was a good friend. He tried to obtain 
ing new friends, and the friendships were a pension for Cowper from Thurlow. He- 
cemented by his singular sweetness of disposi- sent Lemuel Abbott [q. v.] to Weston to 
tion and charming correspondence. Samuel paint Cowper's portrait, and he induced 
Hose (1767-1804), son of a Chiswick school- Cowper to undertake a journey to Eartham 
master, brought him messages from the pro- near Chichester, where he then liyed. At 
fessorsof Glasgow just before his last attack, Eartham Cowper, with Mrs. Unwin, spent 
became ardently attached to him, and was six weeks, meeting Hurdis and Romney, who 
afterwards a frequent visitor. About Christ- again painted his portrait. Cowper and 
mas 1789 John Johnson, grandson of his Hay ley executed a joint translation of An- 
mother's elder brother, Roger Donne, and dreini's' Adam/ which they dictated to John- 
nephew of Mrs. Bodham, came to him during son. Cowper returned to Weston, apparently 
the vacation from Cambridge, where he was not the worse for his journey. He had now 
a student. Upon hearing of Cowper from formed a strange connection with a poor 
her nephew, Mrs. Bodham presented the poet schoolmaster at Olney named Teedon, a con- 
with a portrait of his mother, thus suggesting ceited and ignorant man, whom he treats in 
one of his most touching poems. The friend- earlier letters with good-humoured ridicule, 
ship of Johnson, fondly called ' Johnny of A new relation began just before Mrs. Un- 
Norfolk/ was afterwards invaluable. win's attack. Both Cowper and Mrs. Unwin 
Cowper's labours on Homer were inter- consulted Teedon as a spiritual adviser (Mrs. 
rupted by one or two minor labours a re- Unwin's first note is dated 1 Sept. 1791), and 
view of Glover's 'Athenaid 7 for the 'Ana- Teedon continued afterwards to give oracular 
lytical Review ' of February 1789, and a responses to Cowper's accounts of his dreams- 
translation of the letters of Van Lier, a and waking impressions. Teedon's vanity 
Dutch clergyman, undertaken for Newton in was excited, and he even treated Cowper to 
1790 ; but Homer at last appeared in the literary advice, and offered to defend Homer 
summer of 1791, and was received with a against the critics. The letters, first pub- 
favour not confirmed by later readers. If lished in 1834, in the appendix to the ser- 
Cowper had avoided Pope's obvious faults, mons of Henry Gauntlett (vicar of OLaey 
he had not the vigour which redeems them. 1815-34), are a melancholy illustration of 
The general effect was cramped and halting, the gradual decline of Cowper's sanity. Mrs. 
He is so preoccupied with the desire to Unwin's decay imposed fresh burdens on his. 
avoid Pope s excess of ornament that he be- strength. She became exacting and queru- 
comes bald and prosaic (see Cowper's own lous. He worked when he could at a second 
remarks, SOTTTHEY, vi. 235, vii. 75-83). He edition of his Homer and at Milton. The 
had about five hundred subscribers, including exquisite verses < To Mary,' written about this- 
the Scotch universities and the Cambridge time, show that his poetic power was not yet 
colleges. He appears to have received 1,000. weakened. Rose brought Lawrence the 
for the first .edition, preserving the copy- painter to visit him and take another portrait 
right (ib. iii. 10). The two volumes were in October 1793, and Hayley came soon 
sold for three guineas. Pope made nearly afterwards. Lady Hesketh followed on Hay- 
9,OOOZ. with about the same number of sub- ley's departure, and found Cowper sinking 
scribers, but on very different terms. Cow- into a state of stupor. She again sent for 
per next undertook to edit a splendid edition Hayley in the spring of 1794, and his arrival 
of Milton, projected by his publisher John- enabled her to go and consult Dr. Willis, 
son, to be illustrated by Fuseli ; while Cow- to whom Thurlow had written in favour of 
per was to translate the Latin and Italian his old friend. A letter arrived from Lord 
poems, and to furnish a comment. Milton Spencer announcing the grant of a pension 
soon engrossed him entirely, and apparently of 300. a year, for which Thurlow, who had 
prevented his completion of a promising poem ceased to be chancellor in June 1792, can 
on Yardley Oak, which he kept to himself, have no credit. Cowper was incapable of 
InDecember 1791 Mrs. Unwin had a paralytic attending to business, and the pension was 
stroke, followed by a second in May 1794, made payable to Rose as his trustee. Lady 
which left her permanently enfeebled. On Hesketh attended him affectionately, with 
the second occasion William Hayley (1745- great difficulties from Mrs. Unwin, who had 
1820) was with him. Hayley had been en- a new attack of paralysis in April 1795. It 
gaged by Boydell & Nicol to write a life was thought desirable, apparently on Willis's, 
of Milton for a new edition. He wrote in advice, to try a change of scene and to get 
generous terms to disown any thought of rid of Mrs. Unwin's nominal management of 



Cowper 401 Cowper 



the household. Cowper and Mrs. Unwin were 
accordingly removed, under the guardian- 
ship of Ms devoted cousin, Johnson, in July 
1795. They went first to North Tuddenham, 
near Johnson's residence at East Dereham. 
In August they visited Mundsley, on the 
Norfolk coast, where Cowper enjoyed walks 
by the shore, and began his last melancholy 



self. His letters, like his best poetry, owe 
their charm to absolute sincerity (see his 
own remarks to Unwin, 8 June 1780). His 
letters are written without an erasure at 
leisure but without revision ; the spontaneous 
gaiety is the more touching from the melan- 
choly background sometimes indicated ; they 
are the recreation of a man escaping from 

IS 111 "1 "1 "1 iT T I* *T , 



letters to Lady Hesketh. In October they torture ; and the admirable style and fertility 

settled at Dereham Lodge, where they passed of ingenious illustration make them perhaps 

the winter, and after another visit to Munds- the best letters in the language. A selection, 

ley settled at East Dereham. Here Mrs. edited by W. Benham, was published in 1884. 

Unwin died, on 17 Dec. 1796, Cowper re- Cowper's life was written by Hayley chiefly 

ceiving the news without emotion. His from materials supplied by Lady Hesketh. 

bodily health improved. Hayley tried to She was very reluctant to permit the publi- 

cheer him by the singular plan of obtaining cation of letters, and positively forbade any 

testimonials to the religious effects of his reference to Theodora, who was still living, 

works from Thurlow and Kenyon, whose and sent some information, but said that a 

judgments would have been more valuable personal interview with Hayley would kill 

in a question of law. Johnson tempted him her on the spot. To spare Theodora's feel- 

with occasional siiccess into literary occupa- ings, Cowper's relations to Mrs. Unwin were 

tion, and he finished a revisal of Homer and carefully represented as resembling devotion 

a new preface in March 1798. Shortly after- to a ' venerable parent/ and a false colouring 

wards he wrote the pathetic ' Castaway/ his thus given to the narrative. No reference was 

last original piece. He afterwards listened permitted to e Anti-Thelyphthora/ The cor- 

to his own poems, declining only to hear ' John respondence with Lady Hesketh is now in the 

GHlpin/ and translated some of Gay's fables Addit. MS. 30803 A, B. The first edition, 

into Latin. The last lines he ever wrote were called ' Life and Posthumous Writings/ 2 vols. 

a correction of a passage in his Homer, on a quarto, was published at Chichester in 1803 ; 

suggestion from Hayley. He gradually be- a second in the following year. A third, 

came weaker, and died peacefully on 25 April called ' Life and Letters/ appeared in 1809, 

1800. He was buried (2 May) in St. Ed- and a fourth in 1812. The later editions 

mund's Chapel, Dereham Church, where were greatly increased by the addition of cor- 

tablets, with inscriptions by Hayley, were respondence, Lady Hesketh having been grati- 

erected to him and to Mrs. Unwin. fied by the success of the book. 

Cowper's portraits by Romney, Abbott, Cowper's works are: 1. 'Anti-Thely- 

and Lawrence have been frequently engraved, phthora/ 1781 (anonymous). 2. 'Poems by 

Lady Hesketh thought Lawrence's admirable, William Cowper of the Inner Temple, Esq./ 

but was shocked by a copy of Romney's, 1782 ; preface by Newton is in some copies 

which gave, she thought, the impression of of first edition. 3. f The Task/ to which are 

insanity instead of poetic inspiration (to added the ' Epistle to Joseph Hill/ 'Tiroci- 

Hayley, 5 and 19 March 1801, Add. MS. mum/ and ' John Gilpin/ 1785, described on 

30803 A). The portrait by Romney was the fly-leaf as second volume of poems by 

sent by Mr. H. R, Vaughan Johnson to the William Cowper (a second edition of both 

Portrait Exhibition of 1858, to which Mr. volumes appeared in 1786 ; other editions in 

W. Bodham Donne sent the portrait of Cow- 1787, 1788, 1793, 1794, 1798 (two), and 

per's mother (by D. Heims). An engraving 1800). ' John Gilpin' had appeared in va- 

of the last by Blake is in Hayley's 'Life of rious forms as a chapbook in 1783 (Notes 

Cowper. 7 and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 207, 373, 395). 

Cowper pronounced his name as Cooper 4. ' Homer's Iliad and Odyssey/ 1791 (2 

(see Notes and Queries, i. 272). vols.); a second edition, revised by Cowper, 

Perhaps the best criticism of Cowper's was edited by Johnson in 1802. Southey 

poetry is in Ste.-BeuveVCauseriesduLundi/ represents the first edition as preferable. 

1868 (xi. 139-97). The 'Task' may have 5. 'The Power of Grace illustrated; in six 

owed some popularity to its religious tone; letters from a minister of the reformed church 
but its tenderness, playfulness, and love of (Van Lier) to John Newton, translated by 

nature are admirably appreciated by the . . . Cowper/ 1792. 6. 'Poems' (on his 

French critic, who was certainly not preju- mother's picture and on the dog and water- 
diced by religious sympathy. The pathos of lily), 1798. Posthumous were : 7. ' Poems 

some minor poems is unsurpassable. Cowper ... from the French of Mme. de la Motte 

is attractive whenever he shows his genuine Guyon, to which are added some original 

VOL. XII, B 3> 



Cowper 402 Cowton 

poems ? &c. (by ~W. Bull), Newport Pagnel, revised. G-rimshawe was able to insert the cor- 

1801 ' 8 'Adelphi, a Sketch of ... John respondenee published by Johnson in 1824; 

Cowper, transcribed ... by J. Newton/ 1802. Southey, whose publishers could not acquire 

9 < Lat n and Italian Poems of Milton, trans- the copyright, evaded the difficulty by quoting a 

latedby W. Cowper,' 1808 (with illustrations f f fc * ber <*&* IQ ^ S m his Memoir. The 

idwuuy YY.WUWJJCX, Auv i , ,-. last volume contains the remaining letters, the 

by Flaxman; published by Hayley for the h apparently been acquired in the 

benefit of Cowper's ^son, W. O.Rose). .^^ An excellent Life by John Bruce was 

10. ' Cowper's Milton (published by May ley, prefixed to tlie Aldine edition i n 1865> A list of 

with an introductory letter to Johnson, in Cowper's letters (1799 in number) by Bruce is 

4 vols. ; it includes the translation of An- in the A( ^it. ^ 29716. The Life by the Rev. 

dreini and Cowper's notes and translations -^ Benham, prefixed to the G-lobe edition, gives 

from Milton), 1810. 11. l Poems in 3 vols., all the latest information. Some important facts 

"by J. Johnson 7 (some new pieces in vol. 3), have been made known by the Rev. Josiah Bull 

1815 12. f Poems, the early productions of in his Memorials of (his grandfather) the Rev. 

"W Oowper ... by James Croft/ 1825 (the W. Bull (1764) ; the Sunday at Home for 1866 

poems to Theodora). Hayley says these (xiii. 347, 363, 378, 393); and in John tfew- 

iatires are in a copy of Buncombe's 'Horace/ ton ... an Autobiography from his Diary and 

orinted in 1750. Cowper also contributed other unpublished sources, published by the Re- 

Lty-seven hymns to the Olney Collection, %< Tract Society (1869). The last contains 

1779; two translations from 'Horace' to ^1 commentary by Cowpei :on the .tot chap- 

i; ' ' , , x-o- j /-I/7K/7 <Tk xr/Nfl m ter of St. John's Gospel. The collection of 

Duncombe's^ Horace (1757-9), Nos 111, Co > s Letters tot jj in andBose is in Addit 

116, 134, and 139 to the Connois eur ; two ^ anM and 21556>] ^ ^ 

papers to the ' G-ent. Mag. (on his hares, J une J 

1784, and on translating Homer, August COWPEH, WILLIAM, D.D. (1780- 
1785), and a review of Glover's ' Athenaid ' 1858), archdeacon, born at Whittington, Lan- 
to the 'Analytical Review' for February cashire, 28 Dec. 1780, took holy orders in 
1789. 1808, held for a time a cure of souls at Haw- 

fHayley's Life of Cowper appeared (2 vols.) don, near Leeds but having obtained the post 
in 1803. A third volume in 1804 contained of colonial chaplain left England for Sydney, 
the correspondence with Unwin and Newton, where he landed on 18 Aug. 1809. There he 
communicated by Johnson. A volume called held the benefice of St. Philip's. He was long 
* Supplementary Pages ' and ' Yardley Oak,' connected with and chiefly concerned in or- 
hitherto unknown (1806), gives the correspon- ganising the Australian branches of the Bible 
dence with Bagot. A second edition, in 4 vols. Society, the Beligious Tract Society, the So- 
8vo, appeared in 1806, where the additional ma- c i etv f or Promoting Christian Knowledge, 
terials are arranged in their proper places ; others and ' ^ Benevolent Society. He paid a brief 
in 1809 and 1812, The first editions are called vigit to England in 184 2. Qn his return to 
'Life and Posthumous Works, the last two 'Life Austra i ia g e was appo i nte d archdeacon of 
and Letters/ Hayley s correspondence with Cumberland and Ca ^ den (1848)> In 1852 
Ladv Hesketh, now in the .British JMuseum , ^ T>- T. T> lA? 

(Addit. MS. 30803 A t B), shows that he wrote ^ acted as Bishop Broughton's commissary 
under great restraint. His enforced reticence during the absence of that prelate in Europe, 
and natural looseness of style make the narrative His example and influence helped to raise the 
indistinct. A short Memoir by Johnson (Cowper's tone of society m the colony. He died on 
cousin) is prefixed to his Collection of Cowper's 6 July 1858. His son was Sir Charles Cow- 
Poems in 3 vols. (1815). A Memoir of the per [q. v.] 

Early Life of W. Cowper, written by himself, [Times, 6 Sept. 1851, col. 9 ; Heaton's Aus- 
published in 1816, gives the full accounts of his tralian Diet, of Dates.] J. M. E. 

first periods of insanity. Private Correspon- 
dence of William Cowper with several of his in- COWTON, EOBERT (fl. 1300), Fran- 
timate friends, &c., by J. Johnson (1824), 2 vols., ciscan, was educated at the monastery of hi$ 
gives letters which had been omitted by Hayley order at Oxford, and then at Paris, where he 
from the correspondence published in 1803 (vol. became doctor in theology of the Sorbonne. 
iii. of the ' Life/ &c.) Poems, the early pro- rj^ on i y positive date in his life is given in 
ductions of W. Oowper, &c., with preface by ; a n entry in the register of the bishop of Lin- 
James Croft, gives some anecdotes by Lady coln , TA^BE>^Z. Brit, p, 20i), which 
Hesketh, the editor's aunt A complete edition ^ ^ ^ 130Q ^ wa / censed 

of Cowper s Works by Southey. with a memon, . . >. ,, ,, 

15 Tiff (1884-7), gives many additional letters receive confessions in the archdeaconry of 
and is nearly exhaustive. It is reprinted in Oxford, whereas all the biographers ^ve his 
Bonn's Standard Library. A rival edition by the ' floruit as 1340. Bale states that he was 
Bev. T. S. Grimshawe (Johnson's brother-in-law) ultimately raised to the archbishopric of Ar- 
appearedin 1835 in 8 vols. ; the Life is Hayley's magh, but this is a mistake. Cowton is said 



Cox 403 Cox 

(De AngUa Scriptor&us, 527, [Captain Cos, his Ballads and Books; or Eo- 

p. 443) to have borne the distinguishing bert Laueham's Letter : On the Entertainment at 

title among schoolmen of l doctor amoenus.' Kenilworth in 1575, Ee-edited . . . by F. J. 

This, no doubt (as is the case apparently Furnivall, 1871; Ben Jonson's Works, ed. G-iiford 

with all the other titles of its kind), was not ( 18 ? 5 )> viii. 52-5.] A. H. B. 

given him by contemporaries. His l Quses- rrT- A AT\TO /j i com i ro 

tiones 7 on the four books of < Sentences > of w A ^V )> autlloress * l> ee 

T>^j. TIT ^.1 *T -T YYOODROITE, A2sTN"E. I 

Jreter JLombard must have enjoyed a wide ' J 

popularity, at least in Oxford, to judge by COX, COXE, or COCKES, BENJA- 
the large number of manuscripts which still MIN (jtf. 1646), baptist, the son of a minister, 
exist there. He also wrote ' Quodlibeta Scho- wa s born in Oxfordshire about 1595 He is 
lastica/ < Disceptationes Magistrates/ and said to have been the son of a bishop ; but 
_Sermones ad Crucem Sancti Pauli. 7 Cowton this is impossible, for Eichard Cox, bishop of 
is quoted as one of those who engaged in Ely, died in 1581. He was probably a mem- 
controversy relative to the conception of the ber of the bishop's family. Cox entered Ox- 
Virgin Mary. Bale speaks as though he op- ford as a commoner of Christ Church in 1609, 
posed the higher (or modem) view on the when lie was about fourteen, and afterwards 
subject; but it is evident, considering the became a member of Broadgates Hall, whence 
share which the Franciscan order took in the he took his degrees in arts, proceeding M. A. 
development of the doctrine of the immacu- i n 1617. He was ordained, and held a living 
late conception, that the presumption is the in Devonshire. According to one account, 
other way ; and this is, in fact, stated by Pits he was strongly in favour of ceremonies < in 
(L c. pp, 443 et seq.) and Wadding (Scriptores Laud's time/ and was afterwards taunted by 
Ordims Minorum, p. 209, ed. Rome, 1806). his presbyterian opponents for his zeal in this 
Oowton is also cited by Wycliffe as the author direction (CROSBY, History of the English 
of an abridgment of the theological works of Baptists). Wood, however, says that he 
Duns Scotus ( WYCLIEFE, De JSenedicta Incar- was always a puritan at heart, and it appears 
natione, ed. E. Harris, 1886, cap. iv. p. 57). that in 1639 he was convened by Hall, bishop 
_ Out of seven manuscripts of the < Qu&s- O f Exeter, for preaching that the Church of 
tiones Sententiarum ' in the college libraries England did not hold episcopacy to be jure 
at Oxford which bear Cowton's name, six divino, but made ' a handsome retractation ' 
offer the spelling ' Cowton/ and the remain- (BEOOK). The two accounts may to some 
ing one has 'Couton.' The forms <Conton ; extent be reconciled. Although a puritan 
and < Cothon ' are manifest blunders, which and an enemy to episcopacy, Cox in his 
seem to make their appearance first in Pits, earlier days may have upheld the sacramental 
[Bale's Scriptt. Brit. Cat. v. 65, p. 424 ; cf. system as warmly as many other presbyte- 
Sbaralea, supplement to Wadding's Scriptt. Ord. rians did. After the outbreak of the civil 
Min. p. 638 bJ\ E. L. P. war he ventured to express opinions that he 

COX. [See also COXE.] ^ tko ^ Jt P<*ent to conceal up to that 

J time. Me became a minister at Bedford, and 

'COX, CAPTAIN" , of Coventry ( fi. openly preached the invalidity of infant bap- 

1575), collector of ballads and romances, is tism. In 1643 he was invited to form a 
described as * an od man, I promiz yoo : by congregation at Coventry. On his arrival 
profession a mason, and that right skilfull ,* Richard Baxter [q. v.], who was then chap- 
very cunning in fens, and hardy as Gavin ; lain to the rebel forces in the town, chal- 
. . . great oversight hath he in matters lenged him to a controversy. Cox impru- 
of storie ' (ROBERT LABTEHAM, l A Letter dently accepted the challenge of an opponent 
whearin, part of the entertainment unto the whose arguments were supported by the 
Queenz Majesty at Killingwoorth Castl, in swords of an admiring congregation. After 
"Warwik Sh'eer, in this Soomerz Progress, the discussion had been held, the presbyte- 
1576, iz signified/ 8vo). The contents of rians ordered him to quit the town, and when 
the captain's library, which are described by he refused or delayed to do so they imprisoned 
Laneham at considerable length, are of the him. Baxter was afterwards reproached for 
most curious character. Among the enter- having instigated this act of intolerance ; and 
tainments provided for Queen Elizabeth dur- though he denied that he had done so, he can 
ing her visit to Kenilworth was a burlesque scarcely have opposed it. After his release 
imitation of a battle, from an old romance, Cox went to London, and preached to a con- 

* f^A _ . - ^j _. - _"I _ ._ ' " ._ <_ 



and Captain Cox took a leading part. He 
is introduced on his hobby-horse in Ben Jon- 
son's 'Mask of Owls, at Kenelworth. Pre- 
sented by the Ghost of Captain Cox/ 1626. 



gregation of baptists, or, as they were then 
called, anabaptists. He was one of the ma- 
nagers of a public dispute that was to be 
held at Aldermanbury on 3 Dec. 1645, and, 



Cox 404 Cox 

when it was forbidden, joined in writing a chemist and druggist, of Gloucester. It is 

declaration on the subject. He signed his dedicated to Sir Walter Farquhar, and the 

name as Benjamin Cockes to the second edi~ 1808 edition ends with advertisements of the 

tion of the ' Declaration of Faith of the author's wares. 

Seven Congregations in London, 1 published [Munk , g ColL of ph ^ m . Cat> of Eoyal 

in 1647. He conformed m 1662, but after- Me di c al Society's Library, i. 287 ; Brit. Mus. 

wards renounced his living, and continued a Oat. ; Cox's New Medical Compendium, 1808.] 
baptist until his death at an advanced age. W. H. 

He wrote : 1. A treatise answered by ' The 

great question . . . touching scandalous Chris- COX, DAVID (1783-1859), landscape 
tians, as yet not legally convicted, whether painter, was born in Heath Mill Lane at 
or no they may be admitted ... at the Lord's Deritend, a suburb of Birmingham, 29 April 
Table,' by M. Blake, B.D., 1G45. 2. Accord- 1783. His father, Joseph Cox, was a black- 
ing to Wood, a treatise on ' Infant Baptism.' smith and whitesmith, and his mother (whose 
3. Also according to "Wood, <A True and maiden name was Frances Walford) was the 
Sober Answer.' 4, With Hansard Knollys daughter of a farmer and miller. She had had 
and others, C A Declaration concerning the a better education than his father, and was a 
Publicke Dispute which should have been in woman of superior intelligence and force of 
the Meeting House of Aldermanbury, Dec. 3 character. She died in 1810, and his father 
[1645], concerning Infant Baptism.' 5, ' An married again, and died about twenty years 
Appendix to a Confession of Faith. . . . Oc- afterwards, having received an annuity from 
casioned by the inquiry of persons in the his son for many years. Joseph and Frances 
County,' 1646 ; republished by the Hansard Cox had only one other child, Maryanne, 
Knollys Society in < Confessions of Faith/ 49, older than Davicl, who married an organist 
6. < God's Ordinance ... the Saint's Privi- O f Manchester, named Ward. After her hus- 
ledge/ 1646. 7, < Some mistaken Scriptures hand's death she resided at Sale, where her 
sincerely explained,' 1646. brother used frequently to stay with her. 

[Wood's Athena Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 208, 209 ; Wlien about six or seven 7 ears old > Cox 

Crosby's History of the English Baptists, i. was sent to a day school. His first box of 

353; Brook's Puritans, iii. 417; Neal's Hist, of colours was given to amuse him when con- 

the Puritans, v. 196 ; Confessions of Faith (Han- fined to his bed with a broken leg. He used 

sard Knollys Soc.), pref., 23, 49 ; Brit. Mm Cat.] them first to paint kites for his schoolfellows, 

W. H. but when he got better he copied engravings 
and coloured them. Then came a short period 

COX, DANIEL (d. 1750), physician, pro- at the free school at Birmingham, after which 

ceeded M.D. at St. Andrews on 8 Nov. 1742, he worked for a little while in his father's 

was admitted licentiate of the College of smithy. As he was not a strong boy, they 

Physicians on 26 June 1749, elected physi- proposed to apprentice him to one of the 

cian to the Middlesex Hospital on 16 Oct. so-called ' toy trades ' originated by Mr, John 

1746, resigned 23 May 1749, and died in Taylor of Birmingham, the toys consisting" 

January 1/50. He wrote ' Observations on of buttons, gilt and lacquered buckles, snuff- 

the Epidemic Fever of 1741, . . . with Re- boxes, lockets, &c., mounted in metal work 

marks on the use of Cortex,' published anony- and painted. One workman is said to have 

mously 1741 ; ' with new cases, and on the earned 32. 10s. a week by painting tops of 

benefit of the coolmethod,' 1742 ; third edition, snuff-boxes at one farthing each. To qua- 

' with . . . the benefit of bleeding and purg- lify him for this employment, Cox was sent 

ing,' 1742 ; l An Appeal to the Public on to the drawing school of Joseph Barber 

behalf of Elizabeth Canning 7 [q. v/], 1st and [q. v.], where he made much progress. Joseph 

2nd editions 1753; the introduction to L. Barber was the father of the artists Charles 

Heister's i Medical and Anatomical Cases/ [q, v.] and John Vincent Barber [see BARBER, 

1755 ; letter on the subject of inoculation, JOSEPH]. Both were at that time studying 

1757, 1758 ; and ' Observations on the Inter- under their father, and Cox formed a lasting- 

mittent Pulse, 7 1758. To this Daniel Cox is at- friendship with Charles, 

tributed, both by Munk and by the compilers At the age of fifteen Cox was apprenticed 

of the catalogue of the Library of the Royal to a locket and miniature painter mBirming- 

Medical Society, a work entitled < Family ham, named Fielder. He attained to consi- 

Medical Compendium/ published at Glouces- derable efficiency in the art, as is plain from 

ter. This appears to be an error; for the a photograph of a locket painted with a boy's 

* Medical^ Compendium ' seems to have been head which is contained in Solly's ' Memoir/ 

fixst published about 1690, and an enlarged His engagement was terminated in about eigh- 

and improved edition in 1808, by D. Cox, teen months by the suicide of Fielder, whose 




Cox 405 Cox 

body Cox was the first to find hanging on David [q_. v.] was born next year, 
the landing. He then, through a cousin Colonel the Hon. H. Windsor (afterwards 
named Allport, got employed in grinding Earl of Plymouth), Cox got some good in- 
colours, &c., for the scene-painter at Bir- troduetions as a teacher oi drawing, and was 
mingham Theatre, and continued his studies able to raise his fees from 6s. to 10$. a lesson, 
at Barber's. Old Macready (the father of the While living atDulwich, Cox was drawn for 
great tragedian) was then lessee and mana- the militia, and, after trying in vain to get 
ger, and Cox worked with an Italian scene- off, he left home for a while quietly, return- 
painter named De Maria, an artist of whose ing when the fear of being arrested as a de- 
works Cox used in after years to speak with serter was over. This interrupted his en- 
enthusiasm. Cox soon began to paint side gagements as a drawing-master. His resources 
scenes, and brought himself specially into at this time appear to have been very low, 
notice by painting a portrait of an actress and he commenced giving lessons in perspec- 
which was needed for the scenery of a play, tive to builders and artisans. The prices ob- 
Macready then appointed him his scene- tained by him for his drawings (1811-14) 
painter. Always kind to children, he painted were still very small, ranging from seven 
scenes for little Macready's toy theatre, which shillings for a small sketch to six pounds 
were long preserved in the family. For two for a large coloured drawing. In 1812 he 
or three years Cox remained with the elder took his wife to Hastings, and sketched with 
Macready, travelling about with the 'players' Havell [q. v.] in oils. He also went home 
to Bristol, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, nearly every year, and took some sketching 
and other places, sometimes taking minor excursions in Staffordshire and Warwick- 
parts when wanted, once appearing as a clown, shire. He did not join the Society (now 
When he could he still went out sketching the Royal Society) of Painters in Water- 
with the Barbers. The life and manners of colours till 1813, but before this he be- 
his stage companions were not congenial to longed to another society which failed. This 
him, and, having quarrelled with Macready, was probably the short-lived 6 Association of 
he got released from his engagement, and de- Artists in Water-colours/ started in 1808. 
termined to go up to London. The works of the society to which Cox be- 
He was now (1804) twenty years of age, longed were, a year or two afterwards, seized 
and he accepted a proposal of Mr. Astley to by the owners of the Exhibition Gallery, and 
paint scenes for his theatre in Lambeth. His several of Cox's were sold. One of them, 
mother came with him and settled him in purchased by Mr. J. Allnutt (a view of 
lodgings with a widow named Ragg, in a ' Windsor Castle'), was found in 1861, when 
road not far from Astley's Circus. Mrs. Ragg Mr. Allnutt's collection was being prepared 
had two daughters, the eldest of whom, Mary, for sale, to have two other drawings tinder- 
Cox afterwards married. Finding the scene- neath it attached to the sketching-board, 
loft at Astley's full, and characteristically In 1813 he accepted an appointment as 
unwilling to intrude himself, he sought work teacher of drawing at the Military Academy 
elsewhere, and painted for the Surrey Theatre at Farnham, but this obliged him to break 
and for the theatre at Swansea, and (as late up his home, and after a few terms he found 
as 1808) for the theatre at Wolverhampton. the duties too uncongenial to continue. In 
By this time he had commenced his career the following year he took up his residence 
as a landscape-painter in water-colours. Mr. at Hereford as drawing-master in Miss Crou- 
Everitt, a dealer in drawings, &c., of Bir- cher's school, at a salary of 100Z. a year, with 
mingham, introduced him to some friends, liberty to take pupils. At Hereford he re- 
and his son Edward was one of his first mained till the close of 1826, living first in 
pupils. Charles Barber and Richard Evans an old cottage at Lower Lyde. In the spring 
came up from Birmingham and sketched with of 1815 he moved to George Cottage, All 
him, and he sold his drawings at two guineas Saints, and at the end of 1817 to Parry's 
a dozen to Simpson of Greek Street. At this Lane; here he stayed to the ^ end of_1824, 
time, and for some years after, the banks of when he moved to a house built by himself 
the Thames in and near London afforded on land of his own. This property, called 
materials for many of his drawings. He took ' Ashtree House,' he then disposed of for about 
lessons from John Varley, who refused to 1,OOOZ. to Mr. Reynolds, a West Indian 
accept payment from him after the first few. planter, who changed the name to Berbice 
In 1805 and 1806 he made sketching tours v ilia. 

in North Wales. In 1808 Cox married Miss These years at Hereford, like all his years, 

Ragg, who was some twelve years his senior, were filled with hard work, and marked by 
and removed to a cottage at the corner of gradual progress in the mastery of his art. 

Dulwich Common, where their only child He taught at Miss Croucher's till the end of 



Cox 



406 



Cox 



1819, and at the Hereford grammar school 
for some years from 1815, receiving only six 
guineas a year from the latter. He also 
taught at a school kept by Miss Poole, and 
at others at Leominster and neighbouring 
places. He gave lessons in many private 
families, some_at a distance from Hereford. 
About 1812 he began to make etchings (soft 
ground) on copper from his own drawings, 
for his educational works on landscape art, 
The first of these was published by S. & J. 
Fuller, London, 1814, and is called ' A Trea- 
tise on Landscape Painting and Effect in 
Water-colours, from the first Rudiments to 
the finished Picture, with examples in out- 
line effect and colouring.' This work was 
illustrated by a number of soft etchings and 
coloured aquatints. It was followed in 1816 
by ' Progressive Lessons in Landscape for 
young beginners/ a series of twenty-four soft 
etchings without letterpress. In 1820 ap- 
peared some views of Bath (Lansdpwne Cres- 
cent, the Pump Room, c.), and in 1825 his 
4 Young Artists' Companion, or Drawing- 
Book of Studies/ &c. All these works were 
published by S. & J. Fuller, London. During 
his stay near Hereford he (except in 1815 
and 1817) contributed regularly to the exhi- 
bitions of the Society of Painters in Water- 
colours. He sent twenty-three drawings in 
1824, thirty-three in 1825, and twenty-two 
in 1826. He also, both at Parry's Cottage 
and Ashtree House, took pupil-boarders at 
the rate of 70. or seventy guineas for board, 
lodging, and instruction. By dint of all 
this industry and the exercise of economy, 
Cox, though still poorly paid for his work, 
managed not only to live but to save a 
little. Every year he went to London be- 
fore the exhibitions opened, generally stop- 
ping at Birmingham on his way, to see his 
old friends and sell drawings. In London he 
usually spent a month or more, and gave 
lessons to his old pupils, and every year he 
took a sketching holiday. In 1819 he went 
to North Devon and Bath, in 1826 to Brus- 
sels with his brother-in-law, and through 
Holland with his kind friends the Hoptons 
of Canon-Frome Court ; but North Wales was 
his usual resort then as afterwards. So few 
were the striking events in his life that the 
entry of Ann Fowler into his service in 1818 
(who was never to leave him till his death) 
and the painting a large drawing in recollec- 
tion of Turner's picture of Carthage become 
facts of importance. This drawing was large 
and highly finished, far brighter in colouring 
than Cox's usual work. It was sold at the 
Exhibition of Water-colours in 1825 for 60 J., 
and was afterwards in the Quilter collection. 
In 1827 Cox removed to London, and took 



up his residence at 9 Foxley Road, Kenning- 
ton Common, where he remained till 1841. 
In 1829 and 1832 he made short trips to 
France, visiting Calais, Boulogne, St. Orner, 
and Dieppe; and between these years he made 
the acquaintance of William Stone Ellis, 
Norman Wilkinson, and William Roberts, 
who, with Charles Birch, were his principal 
companions on his sketching tours. In 1829 
he took lodgings at Gravesend for a while ; 
in 1831 he went with his son to Derbyshire, 
and made drawings of Haddon Hall, going 
afterwards to the lakes. In 1834 he ac- 
companied Ellis to Lancaster, and made 
studies of the Ulverston Sands, Bolsover 
Castle, and Bolton Abbey. In 1836 he visited 
Rowsley, Bath, and Buxton, and took a tour 
in Wales to make sketches for Thomas 
Roscoe's i Wanderings and Excursions, &c., in 
North Wales' (1836) and ' Wanderings and 
Excursions, &c., in South Wales 7 (1837). 
He made altogether thirty-four drawings for 
these works, which were engraved by Wil- 
liam Radclife q. v.] In 1837 he visited Lord 
Olive at Powis Castle, and stayed at Sea- 
brook, near Hythe, where he drew Lymne 
Castle, introduced into a celebrated water- 
colour drawing called 'Peace and War.' His 
life is indeed little more than an itinerary and 
a record of hard work in painting and teach- 
ing, accompanied by continual increase of 
power and slow progress in public favour. 

He now began to have a great desire to> 
paint in oils. He had, as lias been stated, 
sketched in oils as early as 1812, but had not 
hitherto painted any oil picture, or at least 
not one of any importance. Mr. Roberts was 
his great encourager and instructor in this 
new departure. In 1839, when W. J. Miiller 
[q. vj returned from his journeys in Greece 
and Egypt, Cox was introduced to him by 
Mr. George Fripp, the well-known artist. 
Cox was at that time fifty-six years old and 
Miiller twenty-seven, but the elder went, and 
went again, to seethe young genius paint. He 
wondered at the ease and rapidity of his exe- 
cution,and he watched him with that humility 
and desire to learn which were his constant 
qualities through life. One of the pictures 
which he watched Miiller paint was the 
famous 'Ammunition Waggon.' Some of 
Cox's friends endeavoured to deter him from 
his resolve to paint in oils, but he was deter- 
mined to succeed, and he did. One of his oil 
pictures, ' Washing Day/ painted in 1843, or 
four years after his lessons from Miiller, sold 
at Christie's in 1872 for 945Z., and this is far 
below the prices which his later oil pictures- 
have fetched in recent years. He soon pre- 
ferred the new medium, and it is now be- 
coming generally recognised that it waa 



Cox 407 Cox 



better adapted than water-colours to the ex- 
pression of Ms peculiar genius ; "but during 
his life and for many years after his death 
he was scarcely known as a painter in oils. 

It was partly because he wished to devote 
himself to painting in oils that he left Lon- 
don in 1841 and returned to the neighbour- 
hood of his native place ; and it was at Green- 
field House, Greenfield Lane, Harborne, near 



War ? (18J- in. by 24 in.) The former was 
returned unsold from the Liverpool Exhibi- 
tion, in the catalogue of which it was priced 
at eighty guineas ; the latter was given to a 
friend, and afterwards bought from him by 
Cox for 20/., and sold again by Cox for the 
same sum. In 1872 ' The Vale of Clwyd ' was 
sold for 2,200, and < Peace and War ' (quite 
a small picture) for 3,601Z. 105. Another 



Birmingham, that he lived from that year till ' Vale of Clwyd ' (painted 1848) sold the same 
his death. To this period belong all his great year for 2,500Z. Indeed he maybe said to have 
oil pictures and the noblest and most poetical spent the rest of his life in painting pictures 
of his water-colour drawings. The inspira- and making drawings which are now (in 
tion of most of these was drawn mainly England) among the most highly prized 
from North Wales, especially from Bettws- and coveted art treasures of the world. In 
y-Coed and its neighbourhood, to which 1883 his ' Going to the Hayfield ' brought 
he paid a yearly visit from 1844 to 1856. 2,405/., and in 1884, at the sale of Mr. Potter's 
In 1843 he had a somewhat serious illness, collection, * The Church at Bettws-y-Coed ' 
and to recruit himself he went to stay sold for 2,677Z. At a sale a little later in the 
with his sister at Sale. Though now attain- same year ' Going to Market ' fetched 2,047 I. 
ing the zenith of his power, his prices were ' The Skylark 7 (1849) and ' The Seashore at 
still low, and his greatness was only recog- Ehyl ' are other oil pictures painted by Cox 
nised by a few. One of his small oils was after 1845 which have in recent years sold 
rejected by the _ British Institution in 1844, for sums exceeding two thousand pounds, 
and the following year his drawings were His water-colour drawings also fetch large 
ill-hung at the Water-colour Society, and he sums. At the Quilter sale (April 1875) 
complained that he could not finish to please 114 drawings, of which many were quite 
the public. This year he had a bad chest small, sold for rather more than 22,900, 
attack, and went to Eowsley, Haddon Hall, averaging above 200Z. each. Two fetched 
and later to the Eoyal Oak at Bettws. It 998J., four others over 1,000/., and one, * The 
was in this year also that he lost his wife, Hayfield/ 2,950, a price unparalleled for 
whose health had been gradually failing for any water-colour, even by Turner. Nor has 
some time. They had lived very happily to- any landscape of the size of ' Peace and War ' 
gether for thirty-seven years, and he felt her (oil) ever sold for anything like the same 
loss deeply. She was a very intelligent woman, sum. Yet he never received more than 1002. 
who took the greatest interest in his work, for any one work. A good deal of pity has 
She sat with him while he painted, and was been expressed for him on this account, but 
an admirable and severe critic. Cox's deep it was well said by Mr. Edward Eadcliffe 
religious convictions aided him in recovering (son of the engraver already mentioned), in 
from this blow. In December he wrote to a speech delivered at a dinner given by the 
his son and daughter-in-law: 'I certainly Liverpool Art Club in 1875 to commemorate 
was very much out of spirits when I wrote an exhibition of David Cox's works, that f he 
on Thursday, but I am much better now ; would not like his life to have been changed 
and I believe I have no real cause to be other- one bit,' and ' no man more thoroughly en- 
wise, for all things, I feel, are ordained for joyed his life. His habits and tastes were of 
the very best, for my good. I have been at the most simple kind. He saved what to 
my work with more calmness, and shall, I him was a large competency. His house with 
have no doubt, do better and be better in all all its surroundings was a model of English 
ways, with God's grace and assistance. Your comfort. Suppose he had been besieged by 
letter was of the most encouraging kind, patrons and dealers, he might have launched 
too, with regard to my work, and yesterday out . . . kept his carriage, taken his '40 port, 
I took your advice and immediately took and died twenty years before he did, and, in- 
up a canvas to begin an oil for the institu- stead of being remembered by troops of friends 
tion.' This picture was called ' Wind, Eain, as a dear simple friend, only thought of as a 
and Sunshine ' (or ' Sun, Wind, and Eain'), big Mogul.' 

a title suggested by Turner's t Eain, Steam, The interest of these last years as regards 

and Speed/ exhibited the previous year (1844) his life is centred at Bettws-y-Coed. As 

at the Eoyal Academy. The next year Suffolk to Constable and Norfolk to Old 

(1846) he painted two of his most cele- Crome, so was North Wales to Cox. He 

brated oil pictures, 'The Vale of Clwyd' painted well wherever he went London, 

(3 ft. 3 in. by 4 ft. 8 in.) and ' Peace and Hereford, Yorkshire, Lancashire, or Calais 



Cox 408 Cox 

but it was Wales that he loved and under- He was soon sketching again, hut his eye- 
stood best; it was Wales that drew from sight was affected and one lid drooped. Never- 
him his deepest notes of poetry, his noblest theless in 1854 and 1855 he was able to exe- 
sympathy with his kind. He is the greatest cute some fine drawings and pictures, and 
interpreter of her scenery and her life, At the in the latter year he went to Edinburgh 
Eoyal Oak at Bettws he put up for some with his son and Mr. William Hall, an artist, 
weeks every autumn. In 1847 he repainted his intimate friend and biographer, to have his 
its signboard, a subject since of litigation, portrait painted by Sir John Watson Gordon. 
He also paintei a plastered-up door of the The cost of the portrait was subscribed by a 
inn with a copy of Redgrave's cartoon of committee of his friends and admirers^and it 
Catherine Douglas securing the door with was completed and presented to him in No- 
herarm. It was there in 1849 that he sallied vember at Metchley Abbey, Harborne, the 
forth in the night and washed off from the residence of Mr. Charles Birch, the chairman, 
church porch the drawings of some irreverent It now belongs to the Birmingham and Mid- 
young artists. It was there that he saw the land Institute. Next year it was exhibited 
touching scene which he afterwards wrought at the Royal Academy, and Mr. (afterwards 
into his noble drawing of the 'Welsh Funeral.' Sir William Boxall [q, v.] painted another 
It was there he sketched the church, the mill, portrait of him. This year also (1856) Rosa 
the t big J meadow, and the peasants gathering Bonheur came to Birmingham and paid a visit 
p ea t all subjects immortalised by his art. to Cox. Thus, though his full greatness was 
At home he worked as hard as ever. He not recognised, it cannot be said that he was 
writes to his son in 1849 : ' In an evening I without honour or fame, and his drawings of 

fo to oil painting (small pictures). I wish 1857, 'rougher' though they were than ever, 
could finish them by lamplight as well as I are said to have 'made a great impression on 
can make a beginning, for I find when I paint the public. It was known that the state of 
in oil and water colours by lamplight my pic- his health prevented his bestowing the same 
ture is always broader in effect and more bril- amount of labour as formerly on the e finish- 
liant, and often better and more pure in the ing ? of his works, and they were regarded as 
colour of the tints.' Now when his power was the last expressions of a great mind in har- 
developing to its greatest, when he was attain- mony with nature and at rest with itself. 7 
ing that breadth and brilliancy and that He went to London again that year, but he 
purity of tint in which he has no rival, when was taken unwell at the beginning of June, 
he was grasping more firmly than ever the and though he recovered sufficiently to enjoy 
greater truths of nature, its light and air and painting again, and exhibited drawings' in 
colour, when he could inspire his work with 1$58 and 1859, he did not leave Harborne 
that large spirit of humanity and that solemn any more. He died on 7 June 3 859. He 
deep feeling which may almost be called bi- was buried in Harborne churchyard on the 
blical, when his hand was trained to express 15th, and the funeral was marked by the 
the highest thought of which his nature was genuine emotion of all that were present, 
capable, just at this time some of his brother- including the poor of the neighbourhood, to 
artists, the committee of the society, thought whom he was constant in his charity. A 
his drawings too rough. 'They forget/ wrote stained glass window to his memory has 
Cox with a self-assertion rare to his humble been placed in Harborne Church, and a bust, 
nature, ' they forget they are the work of the by Peter Hollis, is in the Public Art Gallery 
mind, which I consider very far before por- of Birmingham. 

traits of places (views).' this was in 1853, The character of Cox was one of singular 
the year of ' The Challenge ' and The Sum- nobleness and simplicity, and he was be- 
mit of a Mountain/ two of the finest of his loved by all who came in contact with him. 
later works. The former was, however, hung Of book learning he had little, and his life 
in the place of honour, and the latter found was devoted to his art, which reflects his 
admirers at Harborne, for Cox wrote to his deep love of nature, his sympathy with his 
son : ' Perhaps I am made vain by some here fellow-men, his faithfulness, his industry, 
who think my " Summit of a Mountain " and his imagination. No man appreciated 
worth I am almost afraid to say 100, and more highly the work of his most gifted con- 
if I could paint it in oil, I shall some day, with temporaries. He was one of the earliest sub- 
D.V., get that sum.' - scribers to Turner's 'Liber Studiorum/ and 

This year Cox had a severe attack of bron- this at a time when he could ill afford it. 
chitis, and this was followed in June by a He painted, from memory, pictures by Turner, 
rush of blood to the head as he stooped to Martin, and Cattermole. He copied from 
cut some ^asparagus in his garden. The effect Bonin^ton, and has left records of his ap- 
of the seizure was something like paralysis, preciation of Cotman and others. Of his art, 



Cox 409 Cox 

technically, this is scarcely the place to speak, of 1809 in the cottage on Dulwich Common, 
but of the great band of early English land- where his parents had settled after their 
scape painters there is no one whose methods marriage. In 1812 he accompanied his father 
were more original or successful. He used to Hastings, and in the following year, on 
few colours and a full brush, disregarding the break-up of their home at Dulwich, spent 
small details in order to obtain greater breadth some time with his grandfather, Joseph Cox, 
and brilliancy of effect. In the purity of at Birmingham, and also with an aunt at 
his tints, in the irradiation of his subject Manchester. In the autumn of 1814 he re- 
with light, in his rendering of atmosphere joined his father in his new home at Here- 
and atmospheric movement, in the fulness ford, and was partly educated at the grammar 
and richness of his colour, his best work is school in that town. He became his father's 
unexcelled. And his colours were the colours constant companion and his pupil, and was 
of nature ; he belonged to what has been seldom parted from him, accompanying him 
called the faithful school of landscape-paint- on his excursions at home and abroad. In 
ing, and he is at the head of it, with Girtin 1826 he resolved to become an artist himself, 
and Constable and De Whit. and in the following year removed with his 
There are a number of his drawings in the parents from Hereford to London, in that 
British Museum and the South Kensington year exhibiting for the first time at the 
Museum, but no oil picture of his belongs Koyal Academy. About 1840 he married, 
to the nation, and his greatest water-colour but still continued to be his father's help- 
drawings are all in private hands. mate, and the sharer in all his domestic 
There have been several exhibitions of Cox's anxieties or good fortune. In 1849 he was 
pictures and drawings. One at the end of elected an associate of the Society of Paint- 
1858 (before his death), in the rooms of ers in Water-colours. Through his devoted 
the Conversazione Society at Hampstead j admiration for the works of his father's ge- 
another in 1859 (170 worlds), at the German nius, and the careful study he continually 
Gallery, New Bond Street ; another at Man- made of his father's method, Cox managed, 
Chester in 1870. The Burlington Fine Arts with the moderate ability that he possessed, 
Club had a small collection in 1873 (lent by to produce some very creditable paintings. 
Mr. Henderson, and now in the British Mu- As might have been expected, they seem but 
seum), and the Liverpool Arts Club a large a reflection of his father's work, and show a 
one (448 works, including five oil pictures) marked deterioration after he lost his father's , 
in 1875. He was also represented at the guidance. Among these were 'Near Bala,' 
Manchester Exhibition of 1857, at the Inter- 'Moon Rising/ and 'View on the Menai' 
national Exhibition of 1862, and at Leeds in (1872) ; i Loch Katrine ' and ' Ben Lomond ' 
1868, but his full power as a painter, espe- (1873) ; ' Sunday Morning in Wales ' and 
cially as a painter in oil colours, has never 'Rain on the Berwyn 7 (1875) ; 'The Path 
been so well displayed, nor so fully recog- up the Valley 7 (1877); 'Penshurst Park' 
nised, as at the exhibition at Manchester (1878). Specimens of his work may be seen 
this year (1887). in the national collections at the South Ken- 
[For the events of his life the chief authorities sington Museum and the Print Room, British 
are Hall's Biography and Solly's Memoir of David Museum. Cox died at Streatham Hill on 
Cox. Solly's book, though it appeared some years 4 Dec, 1885. He possessed a valuable col- 
before Hall's, was based on Hall's manuscript, lection of his father's works. 
Both books contain also much about his art, and [Times, 14 Dec. 1885; Athenaeum, 12 Dec, 
notes by the artist as to his own practice. For I$QQ . Solly's Memoir of David Cox ; Clement 
his views on art, see his Treatise on Landscape an( j Button's Artists of the Nineteenth Century ; 
and other works of his mentioned in the article. p r i va t e information.] L. C. 
See also Palgrave's Handbook to the Fine Art 

Collections in the International Exhibition of CJQX EDWARD WILLIAM (1809- 

1862 ; Redgraves' Century of Painters ; Bryan's lg7Q) s ^ eant ^ at . law e i dest son o f William 

Dictionary (Graves); Portfolio iv. 89, TU 9; Q J> ^ f Taun ^ mamL f ac turer, by 

Gent. Mag. new ser. xx. 230 ; Art Journal, ix. b l . * ^ u , ,~T * wnii'oTn TTWnH nf 

123; Dublin Univ. Mag. liii. 747; Chesneau's Harriet, daughter of William Upcott ol 

English School of Painting; Our Living Artists Exeter, was born at Taunton m 1809 and 

(1859) ; Wedmore's Studies in English Art.] educated at the college school in that town. 

v " C. M. He was called to the bar at the Middle 

Temple on 5 May 1843 and joined the west- 
OCX, DAVID, the younger (1809-1885), ern circuit, but never obtained much prac- 
water-colour painter, only child of David Cox, tice as a barrister. As early as 1830 he 
the famous water-colour painter [q- v.], and wrote a poem for the < Amulet called Ine 
Mary Kagg, his wife, was born in the summer Tenth Plague/ and produced a volume ot 



Cox 



410 



Cox 



poems entitled 'The Opening of the Sixth 
Seal.' He was recorder of Helston and Fal- 
mouth from February 1857 to June 1868, 
and recorder of Portsmouth from the latter 
date to his death. He contested Tewkes- 
bury as a conservative in 1852 and 1857, and 
Taunton in 1865. On 18 Nov. 1868 he was 
elected one of the members for his native 
town, "but on a petition and a scrutiny of 
votes he was unseated in favour of Henry 
James, Q.C., on 5 March 1869 (GPMalley and 
Hardcastle's Reports of Election Petitions, 
i. 181-7, 1870). He was appointed chair- 
man of the second court of Middlesex sessions 
in March 1870, and continued throughout 
his life to discharge the duties of that post. 
He established the ' Law Times ' on 8 April 
1843, and thenceforth devoted to it the larger 
portion of his time and attention. This 
journal's series of reports at once attracted 
the support of the leading members of the 
legal profession, who in 1859 presented the 
proprietor with a very handsome testimonial 
for his services in establishing and conducting 
the ' Law Times.' In 1846 he brought out 
the 'County Courts Chronicle and Gazette 
of Bankruptcy/ the only publication which 
gave exclusive attention to the inferior 
courts. Some years afterwards he purchased 
from Benjamin Webster the actor, for a 
mere trifle, 'The Field, a Gentleman's News- 
paper devoted to Sport' (originally esta- 
blished in 1853), which in a short time he so 
improved that it returned a profit of about 
20,OOOZ. a year. Subsequently he became pro- 
prietor of 'The Queen, a Lady's Newspaper,' 
which had been started in 1861. He next 
established the 'Exchange and Mart/ the plan 
of which was suggested by the correspondence 
columns of ' The Queen/ and this being a suc- 
cess, he in 1873 brought out 'The Country, a 
Journal of Rural Pursuits/ and then two other 
papers called respectively ' The Critic ' and 
' The Royal Exchange.' He was the author of 
several well-known legal works, the most im- 
portant of which, 'The Law and Practice of 
Joint-Stock Companies/ ran to six editions. 
He founded, and was the president of, the Psy- 
chological Society of Great Britain 22 Feb. 
1875), a society which collapsed on his death, 
and was dissolved on 31 Dec. 1879. In the in- 
terest of this association he published several 
treatises of great originality and vigour, such 
as 'What am I ? ' ' The Mechanism of Man/ 
and other works. He was a most consistent 
believer in spiritualism, and a great admirer 
of Mr. Daniel Home. He died at his residence, 
Moat Mount, Mill Hill, Middlesex, on 24 Nov. 
1879, and was buried in Colney Hatch ceme- 
tery on 29 Nov. He married first, in 1836, 
Sophia, daughter of William Harris, surgeon 



in the royal artillery ; and secondly, 14 Aug. 
1844, Rosalinda Alicia, only daughter of 
J . S. M. Fonblanque, commissioner of bank- 
ruptcy. His will was proved on 11 Dec., when 
the personalty was sworn under 200,OOOZ. 

The following is a list of the principal works 
written or edited by Cox : 1. ' 1829, a Poem, 
1829. 2. ' Reports of Cases in Criminal Law 
determined in all the Courts in England and 
Wales/ 1846-78, 13 vols. 3. ' Railway Lia- 
bilities/ 1847. 4. ' Chancery Forms at Cham- 
bers/ 1847. 5. ' The Law and Practice of Re- 
gistration and Elections/ 1847. 6. 'The new 
Statutes relating to the Administration of the- 
Criminal Law/ 1848. 7. ' The Powers and 
Duties of Special Constables/ 1848. 8. 'The 
Magistrate/' 1848. 9. ' The Practice of Poor 
Removals/ 1849. 10. ' The Advocate, his 
Training, Practice, Rights, and Duties/ 1852. 
11. ' Conservative Principles and Conserva- 
tive Policy, a Letter to the Electors of 
Tewkesbury/ 1852. 12. ' Conservative Prac- 
tice, a second letter/ 1852. 13. ' The Prac- 
tical Statutes/ 1853. 14 'The Law and 
Practice of Joint-Stock Companies/ 1855. 
15. ' The Law and Practice of Bills of Sale/ 
1855. 16. ' The Practice of Summary Con- 
victions in Larceny/ 1856. 17. ' A Letter 
to the Tewkesbury Electors/ 1857. 18. 'The 
Arts of Writing, 'Reading, and Speaking, in 
Letters to Law Students/ 1863. 19. ' How 
to prevent Bribery at Elections/ 1866. 
20. ' The Law relating to the Cattle Plague/ 
1866. 21. ' Representative Reform, proposals 
for a Constitutional Reform Bill/ 1806. 
22. ' Reports of all the Cases decided by the 
Superior Courts of Law and Equity, relating- 
to the Law of Joint-Stock Companies/ 
1867-71, 4 vols. 23. ' A Digest of all the 
Cases decided by the Courts relating to Ma- 
gistrates' Parochial and Criminal Law/ 1 870. 

24. ' Spiritualism answered by Science/ 1871. 

25. ' What am I ? ' 1873. 20. ' The Mecha- 
nism of Man/ 1876. 27. ' The Conservatism 
of the Future/ 1877. 28. ' The Principles 
of Punishment as applied to the Criminal 
Law by Judges and Magistrates/ 1877. 29. 'A 
Monograph of Sleep and Dreams, their Phy- 
siology and Psychology/ 1878. Cox prepared 
law books and reports with other persons, and 
contributed to tho Transactions ol the Psycho- 
logical Society and the London Dialectical 
Society. - 

[Times, 26 Nov. 1879, p. 8; Law Times, 
29 Nov. 1879, pp. 73, 88 ; Illustrated London 
News, 5 March 1859, p. 221, and 6 'Dec. 1879, 
pp. 529, 530 (with portrait) ; S. C. Hall's Retro- 
spect of a Long Life (1883), ii. 121-C ; Hatton's 
Journalistic London (1882), pp. 208-11; Pro- 
ceedings of the Psychological Society of Great 
Britain (1875-9).] G. 0. B. 



Cox 411 Cox 



COX, FRANCIS AUGUSTUS (1783- tiiree volumes, London, 1837, 12mo - three 

1853), baptist minister, was born at Leigh- translations from the German viz ' F C 

ton Buzzard, 7 March 1783. He inherited Dahlmann's ' Life of Herodotus/ London 

much property from his grandfather, who was 1845, 8vo ; J. A. W. Meander's < Emperor 

a leading member of the baptist congregation Julian and his Generation/ London 1850 

atLeightonBtizzard. After some study under Svo; and C. Ullmann's l Gregory of Nazian- 

a private tutor at Northampton, Cox went zum/ London, 1851, Svo ; also < Prayer-Book 

to the baptist college at Bristol, and thence Epistles/ c., London, 1846, Svo ; and i Be- 

to the University of Edinburgh, where he collections of Oxford/ London, 1868 Svo 

proceeded M.A. On 4 April 1805 he be- ._, . ^ . , ' 

camebaptistministeratClipstone,Northanip- LT he last-mentioned work contains many inte- 

tonshire ; afterwards occupied for a year te "S^T^AT^T^ 9 ^ " ' ' ^ 

1-4. j-ji T> i j.TT-n.i.n-u'jj autnonty ior tne facts stated above: see also 

pulprt vacated by Robert Hall at Cambridge, Athen J m> Jan ._j une 1878j 425 fe rit Mus 

and on 3 Oct. 1811 became minister at Hack- ^ at i J M B 

ney, Cox helped to found the ' Baptist 

Magazine' in 1809, and wrote largely for it. COX, LEONARD (ft. 1572), school- 

He was also secretary for three years to the master, was the second son of Laurence 

general body of dissenting ministers of the Cox of Monmouth, by Elizabeth [Willey] his 

three denominations residing in South London W ife 7 and received his education in the univer- 

and Westminster. About 1823 he actively sity of Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 

promoted the scheme for a London university, (GooraiE, Athena Cantab, i. 94). In 1528 

and came to know Lord Brougham. When he removed to Oxford, where he was incor- 

Brougham was lord rector of Glasgow, the porated as B.A. on 19 Feb. 1529-30, and he 

degree of LL.D. was conferred on Cox (1824). also supplicated that university for the de- 

In 1828, when the London University was gree of M.A., though whether he was ad- 

founded, it was decided that no minister mitted to it does not appear (WooD, Fasti 

of religion should sit on the council, and Cox Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 83 ; BOASE, Register of the 

was appointed librarian, but he quickly re- Univ. of Oxford, i. 159). Soon afterwards 

signed the post. In 1838 he travelled in Hugh Farringdon, abbot of Reading, ap- 

America as representative of the baptist pointed him master of the grammar school 

union, and received the degree of D JD. from in that town, which appointment was con- 

the university of Waterville. He died in firmed by the king by patent on 10 Feb. 

South Hackney 5 Sept. 1853, after holding 1540-1, his salary being 10Z. per annum 

the pastorate of Hackney for forty-two years, charged on the manor of Cholsey, which had 

Cox was thrice married, and had a family been an appendage of the abbey (RYMER, 

of five sons and two daughters. His works, Fozdera, xiv. 714). When John Frith, the 

other than separate sermons, were as follows: martyr, was apprehended as a vagabond at 

1. l Essay on the Excellence of Christian Reading and set in the stocks, Cox 'procured 

Knowledge/ 1806. 2. ' Life of Philip Me- his releasement, refreshed his hungry sto- 

lancthon/ 1815, 3. 'Female Scripture Bio- mach, and gave him money ' (Woon,Athen& 

graphy/ 1817, 2 vols. 4. ' Vindication of the Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 74). He was succeeded in 

Baptists/ 1824. 5. 'Narrative of the Jour- the mastership of Reading school by Leo- 

ney in America/ 1836. 6. i History of the nard Bilson in 1546 (MAif, Hist, of Reading, 

Baptist Missionary Society/ 1842. Cox con- p. 196). About this period he travelled on 

tributed an article on Biblical Antiquities the continent, visiting the xiniversities of 

connected with Palestine to the i Encyclo- Paris, Wittenberg, Prague, and Cracow (Ls- 

paedia Metropolitana/ which he published as LAND, Encomia Illustrium Virorum, p. 50). 

a separate volume in 1852. Afterwards he went to reside at Caerleonin 

[Gent. Mag. 1854, pt. i. 323 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] Hs native county, where he appears to have 

kept a school. In or about 1572 he became 

COX, GEORGE VALENTINE (1786- master of the grammar .school at Coventry, 

1875), author, born at Oxford in 1786, was founded by John Hales. If he held that ap- 

educated at Magdalen College school and pointment until his death, he must have died 

New College, graduated B. A., and was elected in 1599, when John Tovey succeeded to the 

esquire bedel in law in 1806, took the mastership (COLVILE, Worthies of Warwick^ 

degree of M.A. in 1808, and was elected shire, p. 883 ; TAMER, Bibl Brit. p. 205). 

esquire bedel in medicine and arts in 1815. Cox, who was a friend of Erasmus and Me- 

He held this office until 1866, when he re- lanchthon, was himself eminent as a gram- 

tired on a pension. He was also coroner to marian, rhetorician, poet, and preacher, and 

the university. He died in March 1875. He was skilled In the modern as well as the 

published 'Jeannette Isabelle/ a novel in learned languages (BALE, De Scriptoribus, 



Cox 412 Cox 



pt. i. p. 713). He was author of: 1. '. The Art 
or Crafte of Hhetoryke/ 1524 ; and also Lond. 
(Robert Kedman), 1532, 16mo (LowNDES, 
J3ibL Man. ed. Bohn, 543 ; COATES, Hist, of 
Reading, p. 322). 2. 'Commentaries upon 
Will. Lily's Construction of the eight parts 
of Speech,' 1540. He also wrote verses pre- 
fixed to the publications of others, and trans- 
lated from Greek into Latin ' Marcus Ere- 
mita de Lege et Spiritu/ and from Latin 

* f^i T 1 > '^f^i * ' fc. ^ /k . 1 



quashed by the interference of the king. In 
1546 he was one of the officials appointed to 
hear Dr. Crome publicly recant at Paul's 
Cross, and with the others he denounced the 
recantation as feigned and insufficient; and in 
the subsequent inquiry before the privy coun- 
cil * did notably use himself against Crome ' 
(State Papers, i. 843). On the accession ot 
Edward VI his advancement was rapid. He 
was already tutor and almoner (since 7 July 

^ *-t A 1 ^ /* , "W ** J^tk .--* f*i y"HJ . ^ u^ i^j . . _. ^j _ */ 



into English ' Erasmus's Paraphrase of the 1544) of the king. On 28 Sept. ] 547 he be- 

Epistle to Titus/ 1549, with a dedication to came rector of Harrow, Middlesex, and on 

John Hales, clerk of the hanaper (STKYPE, 23 April 1548 canon of "Windsor. He was 

Ecclesiastical Memorials, ii. 30, folio). He in high favour with Cranmer, insomuch that 

had a son, Francis, D.I)., of New College, he was one of the only two doctors who were 

Oxford. included with the bishops in giving answers 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. to tlie questions on the mass that were is- 

sued by the primate about the beginning 1 of 

COX, RICHABD (1500-1581), bishop of the reign (BuraraiT, Coll. to J3dw. VI, i. 25 j 

Ely, one of the most active of the minor Eng- DIXON, ii. 470). He was on the celebrated 

lish reformers, was born at WhaddoniiiBuck- "Windsor commission, which in 1548 compiled 

inghainshire. After receiving some education the first English communion, the first prayer- 

at the Benedictine priory of St. Leonard Snels- book in 1549, and probably the first English 

hall, near Whaddon, he went to Eton, and ordinal in 1550, and. which seems to have 

thence to King's College, Cambridge, in 1519, been further employed in revising the first 

proceeding B.A. in 1523-4. He was invited prayer-book, and making the alterations that 

by Wolsey to enter his new foundation of are found in the second, or book of 1552 

Christ Church in Oxford as junior canon soon (SmYPB, Mem, iv. 20 ; DIXOK, iii. 249). Cox 

afterwards, and was incorporated B.A. at ceased to be royal tutor at the beginning of 

Oxford 7 Dec. 1525, and was created M.A. 1550 (Oriy. Lett. p. 82), but he retained his 

2 July 1526. Becoming known as a Luthe- post of almoner, and was raised to the deanery 

ran, he was forced to leave the university , and of "Westminster (22 Oct. 1549), vacant by 

removed to Eton, where he was head-master, the death of the unfortunate Benson. From. 

He proceeded B.D. at Cambridge in 1535, 21 May 1547 till 14 Nov. 1552 he was clmn- 

and DD, in 1537, and was made chaplain to cellor of the university of Oxford. He was a 

the king, to Archbishop Cranmer, and to great harbourer of the foreign divines, and 

Gooderich, bishop of Ely. His name appears seems to have had the main hand in intro- 

m several important transactions of the reign dueing such men as Peter Martyr, St umphius, 

of Henry VIII. In 1540 he was on the com- and John ab Ulmis into the university. In 

mission which composed 'The Necessary 1549 he was one of the seven royal visitors or 

Doctrine and Erudition of a Christian Man,' delegates who swept the schools and colleges 

the third great formulary of Henry (Lords' with the most destructive zeal, confiscating 

Journals, April), and his answers to the ques- and converting funds, altering statutes, de- 

tions which wore preliminarily propounded stroying books and manuscripts with unspur- 

to the commissioners are extant among the ing fury. The ' mad work/ as Wood calls 

rest (BTTRNBT, Coll. m. 21). He was also on it, that lie made procured for the chancellor 

the commission of clergy, of the same date, the reproachful nickname of the cancellor of 

which pronounced the king's marriage with the university (WooD, Hist, et Ant. p. 270 - 

S^x T? S mi11 and void ( State pa P ers > FTOLBR; MACKAY, Bodleian : DIXON, ni. 101 
i. 634). In the same year (24 Nov.) he was 108). On this occasion he presided as mode- 
made archdeacon of Ely j on 3 June 1542 rator at the great disputation of four days 
?!S o m ? J? rel)en(iM y of Lincoln ; ,on 8 Jan. which was held between Peter Martyr and 
1543-4 he became dean of the cathedral, Os- the Oxford schoolmen, Tresham, Chedsey, and' 
ney, and when the seat of the deanery was Morgan (Smsrra, Cranmer : DIXON, iii, 116). 
transferred to Oxford he was the first dean He was said to have frequently interposed to 
of Christ Church (21 May 1547). Inl542he help Martyr (SA^ms) Next year he was 
was on the commission which was nominated sent by the council into Essex to appease the 
by convocation for making an authoritative people, who were excited by the resistance 
version of the Bible, where he was one of of Bishop Day of Chichester to the turning- of 
those to whom the^ Old Testament was as- altars into tables (HAKMAN, Specimen, p. 113). 

, m. 860). That project was In 1551 he was among the adverse witnesses 



Cox 413 Cox 

on the trial of Gardiner (FoxE, 1st ed.) , and in 1555). The English service of Edward was 

the same year we find him engaged in a re- then restored (Troubles at Frankfort-, FVL- 

newed and equally destructive visitation of LEE; HEYLYK). It does not appear that Cox 

Oxford (DixoK, iii. 384). During the same held any office in the church after this pacifi- 

period he was upon the several commissions cation. He apparently spent some time at 

that were issued for revising the ecclesiastical Strasburg ; but in a subsequent dispute which 

laws, which at last resulted in the abortive was waged at Frankfort with great bitterness 

code of the ' Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasti- between Horn, the deprived dean of Durham 

carum ' (STKYPE, Cranmer, ii. ch. xxvi. ; and Ashley, an eminent member of the con- 

Dixosr, iii. 351, 439). On the death of Ed- gregation, he was chosen by the magistrates 

ward, pox was apprehended (5 Aug. 1553) on to be one of the arbiters, and succeeded in 

suspicion of being concerned in Northumber- bringing the contending parties to a tolerable 

land's plot (Orig. Lett. p. 684; Grey Friars 1 agreement. 

Chron. p. 82). He spent a few weeks in the When Elizabeth came to the throne, Cox 
Marshalsea, and was deprived of all his pre- was at "Worms. He returned to England ; 
ferments. In May 1554 he made his way to preached frequently before the queen ; was 
the continent, choosing Frankfort for his place appointed visitor of the university of Oxford 
of exile, where he arrived 13 March 1554-5. (5 June 1559), and on 28 July 1559 was 
The English congregation in that city had placed in the see of Ely. It was at first de- 
adopted, by the advice of Whittingham, a termined to give him the see of Norwich, and 
form of service that differed widely from the the change was made after he had been ac- 
prayer-book, and accepted the Calvinistic doc- tually elected to that see. At Ely he re- 
trine. Most of the imorning prayers were omit- mained twenty-one years. He refused to 
ted, the confession was changed for another, minister in the queen's chapel because of the 
the responses were not repeated, the surplice crucifix and lights there, and justified himself 
was not worn. At the same time, with the in a letter to her majesty (STRYPE, Ann. App. 
view of making Frankfort, as the nearest to i. 23). He was considered severe towards the 
England, the head of the English church colo- Romanists in his custody, especially in 1577 
nies, ministers were invited from the other when Feckenham, the former abbot of West- 
congregations ; and from Strasburg came Had- minster, was his prisoner. John Leslie, bishop 
don, Lever from Zurich, from Geneva Knox. of Ross, was in his custody from 14 May till 
The celebrated i Troubles of Frankfort ' were 17 Oct. 1571. In 1579 several accusations 
now begun. Knox soon stood at the head of were brought against him and his wife by 
the party which desired further alteration, Lord North and others for covetous and cor- 
while the moderate party were supported by rupt practices (ib. App. bk. i.) He seems to 
the exiles of Strasburg and Zurich. After the have vindicated himself successfully, but he 
English service had been submitted by Knox was compelled to cede a manor to his chief 
to Calvin, and treated by Calvin with con- accuser North. He had already ceded much 
tempt, a compromise to last four months was property belonging to his see to the crown 
effected by which the rival forms of worship (1562), and in 1575 Sir Christopher Hatton 
were used alternately. Things were in this used the queen's influence to induce Cox to 
posture when, before the expiration of the give him his palace in Holborn. Cox resisted, 
four months, Cox arrived upon the scene, but ultimately yielded. Disgusted with the 
He immediately exhorted his countrymen to court, Cox petitioned for permission to resign 
maintain the Book of Common Prayer as his see, and this request was granted in Fe- 
it had been established in the reign of Ed- bruary 1579-80. He received a pension of 
ward VI. Knox replied by attacking Cox as 200Z. and the palace of Doddington. Cox 
a pluralist. The rival parties were thence- died on 22 July 1581. Twenty years after his 
forth distinguished by the names of Knoxians death an elaborate monument, erected to his 
and Coxians, and became so embittered in memory in Ely Cathedral, ^was defaced, be- 
their animosity as to require the interposi- cause, it was said, of his evil memory (WiL- 
tion of the magistrates of the city to prevent us, Cathedrals, iii.*359). Cox married twice : 
them from coming to blows. The Knoxians first while dean of Christ Church, and secondly 
at first obtained from these authorities a about 1568. His second wife was Jane, 
decision that the services should be after the daughter of George Auder, alderman of Cam- 
French or Calvinistic model; but their tri- bridge, and widow of William Turner, dean of 
umph was brief. In one of Knox's sermons Wells. His children were John; Sir Richard 
his adversaries discovered treason against the ofBrame, Ely; Roger; Joanna, widow of 
emperor. They accused him to the magis- John, eldest son of Archbishop Parker : and 
trates, and the state of Frankfort expelled him Rhoda. The executors of his will, dated 
and his followers from its territory (26 March 20 April 1581, were Archbishop Grindal, 



Cox 414 Cox 



by the English to this Present Time. With 
an introductory discourse touching the an- 
cient state of that kingdom.' The first part 
of this book appeared soon after the revolution 
in 1689, and the second part in the following 
year, a second edition appearing in 1692. 
Upon the arrival of the Prince of Orange, 
Cox went up to London, and there showed 
his zeal for the revolution by publishing ' A 



v - tJ 

Sheet of Aphorisms, proving by a fair deduc- 



Thomas Cooper, bishop of Lincoln, John 
Parker, archdeacon of Ely, his son John, and 
Richard TJpchare. Cox translated the Acts 
and St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans for the 
bishops' Bible, and published ' Articles to be 
inquired of . . . in his Visitations ' in 1573 and 
1579 . Manuscript tracts and letters on church 
policy are in the British Museum, and many 
are printed in Strype's ' Annals ' and Burnet's 
' History of the Reformation. 7 A notebook ( 

is in Corpus College library at Cambridge, tion the necessity of making the Prince of 
Portraits are at King's College and Trinity Orange king, and of sending speedy relief to 
Hall, Cambridge. Ireland.' A copy of this was presented by 

[Authorities cited above ; and Cooper's Athene him to ever y member who entered the house 
Cantab, i. 437-445, where the fullest account is the first day of the convention. He after- 
to be found.] E. W. D. wards published a half-sheet entitled ' A Brief 

and Modest Representation of the Present 

COX, SIK EICHARD (1650-1733), lord State and Condition of Ireland/ Declining 
chancellor of Ireland, son of Captain Eichard the offer of the post of secretary to the Duke 
Cox and Katherine, his wife, the daughter of of Schomberg, he accepted that of secretary 
"Walter Bird of Clonakilty, co. Cork, and to Sir Robert Southwell, whom he accompa- 
widow of Captain Thomas Batten, was born nied to Ireland. He was present at the battle 
at Bandon on 25 March 1650. Losing both of the Boyne, where the accuracy of his in- 
his parents before he was three years of age, formation was of considerable assistance to 
he was left to the care of his grandfather William. The Declaration of Finglas, which 
and his ' good Tinkle, John Birde/ seneschal was issued upon the king's arrival at Dublin, 
of the manor court of Bandon. He was edu- was wholly written by Cox, William having 
cated at the school at Clonakilty, and after refused to alter the draft, for he said that 
spending ' three years idely ' he commenced ' Mr. Cox had exactly hit his own mind.' On 
practising as an attorney in the manor courts, the surrender of Waterford, Cox was made 
Not being satisfied with his position, he real- recorder of that city, and not long afterwards, 
ised the little property which had been left on 15 Sept. 1690, was sworn second justice 
him by his grandfather, and came up to Lon- of the common pleas. After serving on two 
don. He was admitted a student at Gray's commissions of oyer and terminer he was ap- 
Inn in September 1671, and was called to the pointed military governor of Cork in 1691. 
bar on 9 Aug. 1673. Refusing an advanta- With great promptness he raised eight regi- 
geous offer from Sir Francis Ratcliffe, he re- ments of foot and three of cavalry, and issued 
toned to Ireland, and on 26 Feb. 1764 mar- a proclamation that all papists were not ' to 
ried Mary, the daughter of JohnBourme, < she be out of their dwellings from nine at night 
being, 7 as he relates, ' but 15, and I not full till five in the morning, or to be found two 
24 years old ; this was the rock I had like to miles from their places of abode, except in a 
split upon, for though she proved a very good highway to a market town, and on market 
wife, yet being disappointed in her portion, days, or to keep or conceal arms or ammuni- 
which was ill paid by her mother and by tion, on pain of being treated as rebels.' During 
driblets, and from whom I also received some his governorship, which lasted until the re- 
other unkindnesses, I retired into the coun- duction of Limerick, Cox successfully pro- 
try and lived at Cloghnikilty for 7 yeares, but tected a frontier of eighty miles long, and at 
very plentifully and pleasantly.' At length the same time was able to send assistance to 
finding it necessary to bestir himself in order General Ginkel. For these services he was 
to provide for his increasing family, Cox re- admitted a member of the privy council on 
moved to Cork, where he began practising at 13 April 1692, and was knighted by Lord 
the bar, and was appointed recorder of Kin- Sydney, the lord-lieutenant, on 5 Nov. fol- 
sale. On the accession of James II, Cox, who lowing. In February 1693 he was appointed 
as a-zealousprotestant had made a public at- one of the commissioners of forfeitures 
tack upon the catholics while presiding at Though far from being prejudiced in favour 
the Cork quarter sessions, thought it prudent of the Roman catholics, he insisted that they 
to come to England. He thereupon settled were in justice entitled to the benefit of the 
with his family at Bristol, where he < fell into articles of Limerick. These views gave great 
good practice/ and employed his leisure time displeasure to many of the more violent pro- 
m writing Ms < Hibernia Anglicana : or the , testants. He was in consequence removed 
History of Ireland from the Conquest thereof from the council in June 1695, and the com- 



Cox 



415 



Cox 



mission of forfeitures was dissolved, its duties 
being transferred to the commissioners of the 
revenue. In 1696 he went over to England 
for the recovery of his health. About this 
period he wrote 'An Essay for the Conversion 
of the Irish,' and the tract entitled ' Some 
Thoughts on the Bill depending before the 
Rt. Hon. the House of Lords for prohibiting 
the Exportation of the Woollen Manufactures 
of Ireland to Foreign Parts. Humbly offered 
to their Lordships ' (Dublin, 1698, 4to) is also 
attributed to him. Upon the death of Sir 
John Hely in April 1701 Cox was appointed 
chief justice of the common pleas, and "being 
sworn in on 16 May was a few days after- 
wards readmitted to the privy council. 

On the accession of Anne he was summoned 
to London i to consult about the future par- 
liament ' and other Irish matters. Though 
he strongly urged that ' it was for the interest 
of England to encourage the woollen manu- 
facturers in Ireland in the coarse branches of 
it/ and boldly stated that he ' thought it was 
the most impolitic step which was ever taken 
by England to prohibit the whole exportation 
of woollen manufactures from Ireland/ the 
ministers felt unable to act on his advice. On 
his leaving England the queen presented him 
with 500 for the expenses of his journey. 
In July 1703 Cox was nominated lord chan- 
cellor of Ireland in the room of John Methuen, 
appointed ambassador at Lisbon, and on 6 Aug. 
he took the oaths of office. In the first ses- 
sion of the new parliament, for which he is- 
sued the writs a few days after entering upon 
office ? the ' Act to prevent the further Growth 
of Popery ' was passed without, it is strange 
to say, a dissentient voice in either house in 
spite of the protests of counsel who were heard 
at the bar on behalf of the Roman catholics. 
On 4 Dec. 1703 he was presented with the 
freedom of the city of Dublin, and in the fol- 
lowing year, owing to his recommendation, 
an English act was passed, authorising the 
exportation of Irish linen to the plantations. 
He was created a baronet on 21 Nov. 1706. 
During the absence of the lord-lieutenant 
from Ireland Cox several times acted as one 
of the lords justices. His refusal to allow an 
election by the privy council of a new lord 
justice on the death of his colleague, Lord 
Cutts, gave rise to considerable contention ; 
but his action was upheld by the English legal 
authorities. Upon the appointment of tlie 
Earl of Pembroke to the post of lord-lieute- 
nant, Cox was removed from the chancellor- 
ship 30 June 1707, and Chief Baron Freeman 
appointed in his place. During his retirement 
from public life he devoted himself chiefly to 
the study of theology, and in 1709 published 
6 An Address to those of the Roman Commu- 



nion in England, occasioned by the late Act 
of Parliament to prevent the growth of Po- 
pery, recommended to those of the Roman 
Communion in Ireland upon a late like occa- 
sion.' He also wrote about this time 6 An 
Enquiry into Religion, and the Use of Reason 
in reference to it/ pt. I (London, 1713, 8vo), 
which apparently was never completed. In 
1711 he was appointed chief justice of the 
queen's bench ; but on the death of Anne was, 
with other judges, removed from the bench, 
as well as from the privy council. His dis- 
missal seems to have been chiefly owing to 
his refusal to comply with the directions of 
the lords justices of England in regard to the 
election of the lord mayor of Dublin. A num- 
ber of resolutions were passed in the Irish 
House of Commons censuring the late chief 
justice, his conduct in his judicial capacity 
was impugned, and insinuations were made 
that he had espoused the cause of the Pre- 
tender. The latter charge was destitute of 
any foundation, and the others falling to the 
ground upon investigation no further pro- 
ceedings were taken against him. Giving up 
all thoughts of further public life he retired 
into the country. In April 1733 he was seized 
with a fit of apoplexy, from the effects of 
which he died on 3 May following, in his 
eighty-fourth year. By his wife, who prede- 
ceased him on 1 June 1715, he had a nume- 
rous family. Cox was a strictly honest, up- 
right man, with considerable energy of pur- 
pose, and when his mind was not warped, as 
it too often was, by anti-catholic prejudices, 
a thoroughly just administrator. His writings 
have little or no reputation, his chief work 
being the t History of Ireland/ which is a 
mere hurried compilation. He was also the 
author of the ' Remarks upon Ireland/ which 
were printed in Bishop Gibson's translation 
of Camden's ' Britannia' (1695), and appears 
to have composed some pieces of poetry on 
General Ginkel's success in Ireland and the 
death of Lord-chancellor Porter. The latter 
piece was the means of eliciting the rebuke 
from Sir Robert Southwell, ' that poetry was 
not the way to preferment, but a weed in a 
judge's garden.' He was succeeded in the 
title by his grandson Richard, who established 
a linen manufactory at Dunmanway, co. Cork, 
near the family seat. It was he who wrote 
the letter (dated Dunmanway, 15 May 1749) 
to Thomas Prior, ' shewing from experience 
a sure method to establish the linen manu- 
facture, and the beneficial effects it will im- 
mediately produce/ which is erroneously at- 
tributed to his grandfather by "Watt. The 
baronetcy is supposed to have become extinct 
on the death of Sir Francis Hawtrey Cox, the 
twelfth baronet, in 1873; but the title is 



Cox 



416 



Cox 



claimed by the Rev. Sir George William Cox, 
vicar of Scrayingham. The portrait of the 
first Sir Richard Cox, which was presented by 
himself, is still to be seen in the dining hall 
of the hospital at Kilinainham. 

[Autobiography of the Rt. Hon. Sir Richard 
Cox, Bart., lord chancellor of Ireland, from the 
original manuscript preserved at the 'Manor 
House, Dunmanway,' co. Cork (ed. Caulfield), 
1860 ; Harris's History of the Writers of Ire- 
land, book i. 207-52, contained in his Translation 
of Sir J. Ware's History and Antiq. of Ireland, 
ii. 1764:; Biog. Brit., 1789, iv. 40 1-14 ; O'Flana- 
gan's Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers 
of the Great Seal of Ireland, 1870, i. 497-530 ; 
Burke's History of the Lord Chancellors of Ire- 
land, 1879, pp. 100-9 ; Chalmers's Biog. Diet. 
x. 434-6; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1851; 
Notes and Queries, 7th ser. i. 208, 394 ; Brit. 
Mus. Cat.] a. F. R. B. 

COX, ROBERT (1810-1872), author of 
several important works on the Sabbath 
question, was the son of Robert Cox, leather- 
dresser, of Gorgie Mills, near Edinburgh, and 
of Anne Combe, a sister of George and Dr. 
Andrew Combe [q. v.] He was born at 
Gorgie on 25 Feb. 1810, and received his early 
education at a private school and at the high 
school of Edinburgh. Besides attending the 
classes of law and of general science at the 
university of Edinburgh, he also studied 
anatomy under the not too reputable Dr. 
Robert Knox. For some years he was in the 
legal office of his uncle, George Combe, who 
so highly estimated his character and abilities 
that he wished him to become partner with 
him in the business, but Cox declined. He 
passed as a writer to the signet, but never went 
into general business, limiting himself to that 
pressed upon him by his family and friends, 
and occupying himself chiefly with scientific 
and literary matters, and with schemes for the 
general benefit of the community. He was 
the active editor of Combe's ' Phrenological 
Journal J from Nos. xxxiv. to 1. of the first 
series, to which he also contributed many 
able articles. At about the age of twenty- 
five he accepted the secretaryship of a literary 
institution in Liverpool, but resigned it in 
1839 from considerations of health, and re- 
turned to Edinburgh. Soon after his return 
he was induced by the Messrs. Black to un- 
dertake the compilation of the index to the 
seventh "edition of the ' Encyclopedia Bri- 
tannica/ In 1841 he also resumed the edi- 
torship of the ' Phrenological Journal ; ' but 
the issue ceased in 1847, on the death of Dr. 
Andrew Combe, of whom he contributed a 
memoir to the last number. 

The attention of Cox was first directed to 
the Sabbath question by the action of the 



Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Company, 
in withdrawing a limited passenger service in 
connection with their Sunday trains. Hav- 
ing qualified as a shareholder, he attended 
two half-yearly meetings of the company in 
1850, at each of which he moved that to the 
Sunday trains which were being regularly 
run passenger carriages should be attached. 
The substance of his speeches he formed 
into a small pamphlet, addressed to the di- 
rectors, and entitled ' A Plea for Sunday 
Trains.' As the result of subsequent reading- 
and study, it was afterwards expanded into 
an octavo volume of 560 pages, published 
in 1853 under the title of i Sabbath Laws 
and Sabbath Duties j considered in relation 
to their Natural and Scriptural Grounds, and 
to the Principles of Religious Liberty. 7 Hav- 
ing accumulated during his reading a mass of 
material beyond the scope of this publication, 
he continued still further his studies and re- 
searches on the subject, and published in 1865 
' The Literature of the Sabbath Question/ in 
two volumes, a work equally remarkable for 
its minute erudition and its lucid exposition 
of somewhat dull and entangled controver- 
sies. In 1860 he published 'The Whole 
Doctrine of Calvin about the Sabbath and the 
Lord's Day, extracted from his Commenta- 
ries,' and in 1863 ' What is Sabbath Break- 
ing ? a Discussion occasioned by the Proposal 
to open the Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh 
on Sunday Afternoons.' He also contributed 
the chief portion of the article ' Sabbath ' to 
( Chambers's Encyclopaedia/ He assisted his 
brothers Dr. Abram Cox of Kingston and Sir 
James Cox or Coxe, one of her majesty's 
commissioners in lunacy, in the revisal of 
reissues of Dr. Combe's popular physiological 
works, and those of George Combe's books 
specially dealing with the brain and nervous 
system. In 1869 he edited, along with Pro- 
fessor Nicol of Aberdeen, the * Select Writ- 
ings ' of Charles Maclaren, editor of the 
' Scotsman/ 

Especially fond of pedestrian exercise, Cox 
took an active part in the Right of Way 
Association, and was one of the parties to the 
action against the Duke of Athole, by which 
Glen Tilt was reopened to the public. A 
liberal in politics as well as in intellectual 
matters, he interested himself in every im- 
portant social and philanthropic movement 
of an unsectarian kind connected with Edin- 
burgh. He was practically the manager of 
the Phrenological Museum, a director and 
warm supporter of the United Industrial 
School, a director of the School of Arts, and 
an active promoter of university endowment 
and of schemes connected with the higher 
education of the country. He was a liberal 



Cox 



417 



Cox 



patron of art, and a member of the Edinburgh 
Association for Promotion of the Fine Arts. 
Privately he secured the attachment of many 
friends, who, while they respected Ms abili- 
ties and his somewhat stern sense of justice, 
were attracted "by his genial qualities and 
his considerate kindness of heart. He died, 
unmarried, on 3 Feb. 1872. 

[Scotsman, 5 Feb. 1872 ; Charles Gibbon's 
Life of G-eorge Combe, 1878.] T. F. H. 

COX, THOMAS (d. 1734), topographer 
and translator, a master of arts, became rec- 
tor of Chignal-Smealy, near Chelmsford, on 
19 June 1680, and continued there until 
1704. He was next preferred to the vicarage 
of Broomfield, Essex, on 11 Feb. 1685, and to 
the rectory of Stock-Harvard in the same 
county on 24 Feb. 1703, which livings he 
held until his death. He was also lecturer 
of St. Michael's, Corahill, "but resigned the 
appointment in 1730 (Daily Journal, 5 June 
1730). He died on 11 Jan. 1733-4 ( Gent. 
Mag. iv. 50). Newcourt's statement that he 
is the same with the Thomas Cox who held 
the vicarage of Great Waltham, Essex, from 
1653 to 1670, is unsupported. Besides an 
assize sermon, ' The Influence of Religion in 
the Administration of Justice/ 4to, London, 
1726, Cox published anonymously transla- 
tions of two of Ellies-Dupin's works, which 
he entitled ' The Evangelical History, with 
additions/ 8vo, London, 1694 (third edition, 
8vo, London, 1703-7), and ' A Compendious 
History of the Church/ second edition, 4 vols. 
12mo, London, 1716-15. He likewise trans- 
lated Plutarch's ' Morals by way of Abstract 
done from the Greek/ 8vo, London, 1707, and 
Panciroli's i History of many Memorable 
Things Lost/ 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1715 
(with new title-page, 12mo, London, 1727). 
The lives of Richard II, Henry IY, Henry V, 
and Henry VI in Kennett's ( Complete His- 
tory of England ' are also from his pen. But 
his chief and best-known undertaking was 
* Magna Britannia et Hibernia, antiqua et 
nova. Or, a new Survey of Great Britain, 
wherein to the Topographical Account given 
by Mr. Cambden and the late editors of his Bri- 
tannia is added a more large History, not only 
of the Cities, Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes 
mentioned by them, but also of many other 
Places of Note and Antiquities since dis- 
covered. . . . Collected and composed by an 
impartial Hand/ 6 vols. 4to ; in the Savoy, 
1720-31. Gough (British Topography, i. 33, 
34) says that this work was originally pub- 
lished in monthly numbers as a supplement 
to the five volumes of ' Atlas Geographus/ 
1711-17. It contains only the English coun- 
ties. The introduction or account of the an- 

VOL. XII. 



cient state of Britain was written by Dr. 
Anthony Hall, who also contributed the ac- 
count of Berkshire. Prefixed to each county 
is a map by Robert Morden. Altogether, it 
is a compilation of much merit (Notes and 
Queries, 6th ser. vii. 69, 338). Cox married 
Love, fifth daughter of Thomas Manwood 
of Lincoln's Inn and Priors in Broomfield, 
Essex. 

Cox's son, Thomas, besides succeeding Mm 
in the rectory of Stock, was rector of Chig- 
nal-Smealy (1714-1735), and rector of Rams- 
den-Bellhouse (27 Sept. 1733), and died on 
26 July 1763 (Gent, Mag. xxxiii. 415). Prom 
a sermon he published in 1712 on * The Neces- 
sity of a Right Understanding in order to 
True Wisdom/ we learn that he had been 
educated at the grammar school of Bishops 
Stortford, Hertfordshire, under Dr. Thomas 
Took. 

[Morant's Essex, i. 204, ii. 52, 77, 78, 82 ; 
Wright's Essex, i. 188; Newcourt'sEepertorium, 
ii. 96, 139, 633.] G-. G. 

COX, WALTER (1770-1837), Irish jour- 
nalist, was the son of a Westmeath black- 
smith, who apprenticed him to a gunsmith 
in Dublin. For some time he carried on busi- 
ness as a gunsmith, and in 1797 started a 
newspaper called * The Union Star ? in the 
interest of the United Irishmen, in which a 
policy of assassination was advocated. In 1804 
he went to America, but returned to Ireland, 
and founded in 1807 the ' Irish Magazine and 
Monthly Asylum for Neglected Biography.' 
The tone of this periodical being regarded as 
seditious by the government, he was fre- 
quently prosecuted, and spent much of his time 
in gaol. Nevertheless it continued to appear 
with regularity until 1815, when he accepted 
a pension of 100Z. per annum and a bonus of 
400Z., on condition that he should surrender 
all copies of it in his possession and emigrate 
to America. In 1816 he landed at New York ? 
where he started a journal called ' The Exile/ 
of a somewhat similar character to the * Irish 
Magazine.' This enterprise not succeeding,, 
he crossed to Prance in 1820, and subse- 
quently returned to Ireland, where his pre- 
sence being discovered in 1835 his pension 
was forfeited. He died on 17 Jan. 1837 in 
poverty. Before leaving America he had given 
expression to his dissatisfaction with the in- 
stitutions of the United States in a pamphlet 
entitled l The Snuff Box.' During his resi- 
dence in that country he is said to have been 
successively pawnbroker, chandler, dairyman, 
and whisky dealer. He stated in 1810 that 
his hostility to the English government arose 
in part from * atrocious indignities ' to which 
his father had been subjected by Lord Car- 

E E 



Cox 418 Coxe 

hampton, and that on a reward being offered obtained money, the college and hospital both 

for the apprehension of the editor of the became involved in a succession of serious 

4 Union Star ' (published anonymously) he quarrels between the founder and his asso- 

discovered himself to the authorities at Dub- ciates ' (Birmingham Daily Post, 28 Dec. 

lin Castle, and made terms with them. He 1875). These greatly injured the reputation 

was accused by a rival editor of receiving go- of the college ; the buildings were ill-planned, 

vernment pay, and of having betrayed Lord and the students' rents and other expenses 

Edward Fitzgerald. high. An inquiry by the charity commis- 

[Madden's United Irishmen ; Webb's Compen- sioners in I860 led to the severance of the 

dium of Irish Biography ; Proude's English in college and hospital, after which Cox ceased 

Ireland, iii. 269 ; Irish Magazine and Monthly to take part in the work of either. He left 

Asylum for Neglected Biography.] J". M. B. Birmingham in 1863, on his father's death, 

and lived successively at Bole Hall, near 

COX, WILLIAM SANDS (1802-1875), Tamworth, at Leamington, and at Kenil- 
surgeon, founder of Queen's College, Bir- worth, where he died on 23 Dec. 1875. 
mingham, was the eldest son of E. T. Cox, Cox was unquestionably disinterested. He 
a well-known Birmingham surgeon (1769- was a strong conservative and churchman, 
1863). After education at King Edward VI's and this hindered his success in Birmingham. 
Grammar School, and at the General Hospital, He was a skilful surgeon, but sacrificed much 
Birmingham, he studied at Guy's ana St. practice to his public projects. 
Thomas's Hospitals, London (1821-3), and Besides numerous articles in the ' London 
the Ecole de Me'decine, Paris (1824). Hav- Medical Gazette/ Cox published ' A Synopsis 
ing conceived the idea of establishing a school of the Bones, Ligaments, and Muscles, Blood- 
of medicine in Birmingham, on the model of vessels, and Nerves of the Human Body,' 
his friend Grainger's in London, he visited 1831 ; a translation of Maingault on ampu- 
numerous schools and hospitals on the conti- tations, 1831 ; a letter to J. T. Law on es- 
nent and in Great Britain. On settling in tablishing a clinical hospital at Birming- 
Birmingham in 1825 he was appointed sur- ham, 1849 ; ' A Memoir on Amputation of 
geon to the General Dispensary, and com- the Thigh at the Hip Joint/ 1845 ; a reprint 
menced to lecture on anatomy, with physio- of the charter, &c., of Queen's College, 1873 ; 
logical and surgical observations, on 1 Dec. and Annals of Queen's College/ 4 vols. 1873. 
1825, at Temple Eow. In 1828, after a good Contrary to expectation, Cox left nothing 
deal of opposition, he, in conjunction with to the institutions he had founded, but be- 
Drs. Johnstone, Booth, and others, founded queathed3,000, with his medical library and 
the Birmingham School of Medicine, himself instruments, to the cottage hospital at More- 
lecturing on anatomy at first and afterwards ton-in-the-Marsh, 12,QOCU. to establish and 
on surgery. In 1834 he took an active part support dispensaries in several suburbs of 
in the formation of the Provincial Medical Birmingham, 3,OOOZ. each to build and endow 
and Surgical (now the British Medical) As- a dispensary at Tamworth and Kenilworth, 
sociation. In 1836 he was elected E.KS. money to endow scholarships at King Ed- 
In 1840-1 he founded the Queen's Hospital, ward's School, Birmingham, and Guy's Hos- 
Birmingham, and by his sole exertions it was pital, London, besides money to complete and 
opened free of debt, and he was naturally endow a church he had built in Birmingham, 
appointed senior surgeon. Having secured [Birming}laffi D ail p OBt> 28 Doc< 1875 8 Jan> 
considerable contributions from the Rev. Dr. 18 ^ 6 Lan fo eet> 15 A ^ me 586 A ; nals of 
Warneford, he was able to enlarge the scope Qiaeen > s College . pfotographs of Eminent Medi- 
ol the medical school to that of a college, ca i Men, Barker, 1865, i. 6 preprinted in Annals 
with instruction in arts (1847) and theology of Queen's College, iv. 155-60.] G. T. B. 
(1851), and he secured for it in 1843 a royal 

charter by the title of Queen's College. In COXE, FRANCIS (/. 1560), a qu&ck 

1857 a sum of 1,050?. was publicly subscribed physician, who attained some celebrity in the 

as a testimonial to Cox, which he devoted sixteenth century, is best known by a curious 

to founding scholarships and to completing volume of receipts entitled ' Be oleis, un- 

the museums of Queen's College. In 1858- guentis, emplastris, etc. conficiendis/ London, 

1859 he was principal of the college. Cox 1575, 8vo. His practices having attracted 

aimed at making the college the nucleus of considerable attention, he was summoned be- 

a midland university, but unfortunately c he fore the privy council on a charge of sorcery, 

was^autpcratic in his mode of conducting both and, having been severely punished, made a 

Institutions, and as his administrative faculty public confession of his ' employment of cer- 

wa& by no means equal to Ms creative power, tayne sinistral and divelysh artes ' at the 

and to the readiness with which he gave and Pillory in Cheapside on 25 June 1561. On 



Coxe 419 Coxe 

7 July following John Awdeley issued a unfortunately become known even to their 

"broadside entitled ' The unfained Eetracta- ignorant owners, and the monks would not 

tion of Fraunces Cox, 3 a copy of which is in listen to any proposals for their purchase. A 

the library of the Society of Antiquaries fever compelled his return home before he had 

(LEKOiT, Cat. Broadsides, p. 16). Coxe sub- been able to visit Mount Athos, but the results 

sequently published a grovelling and terror- of his researches were already of considerable 

stricken pamphlet entitled 'A Short Trea- value, and appeared in an official report in 

tise declaring the Detestable Wickednesse of 1858 (reissued 1880). This was the chief voy- 

Magicall Sciences, as Necromancie, Coniura- age of his life ; but in his closing years he 

tions of Spirits, Curiouse Astrologie, and such accompanied his daughter and he? husband, 

lyke' (London, Jhon [sic] Aide, n.d., black the Eev. John Wordsworth (now, 1887,bishop 

letter, 12mo), written, as he says in the pre- of Salisbury), in several visits to Italy. Du- 

face thereto, 'for that I have myself been an ring these journeys he was already sufferino- 

offender in these most detestable sciences, from the painful disease which, after seven 

against whome I have compilyd this worke/ years of suffering, bravely borne, caused his 

'The dates of his birth and death are not death (8 July 1881). 

known. Coxe was at once a fine palaeographer and 

[Coxe's Works.] E. H.-A. editor of manuscripts, a hardworking coun- 
try parson, and an admirable librarian. The 

COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811- catalogue of the Greek manuscripts at the 

1881), Bodley's librarian, eighth son of the Bodleian and that of the manuscript collee- 

Eev. Eichard Coxe, was born at Bucklebury, tions of the several Oxford colleges are his 

Berkshire, 20 Sept. 1811. He was educated best known and the most generally useful 

at "Westminster, and under his elder brother works. He held successively various curacies 

Eichard, then a curate at Dover. He entered in the neighbourhood of Oxford : Culham, 

Worcester College, Oxford, as a commoner in 1839-48 ; Tubney, 1848-55 ; Yarnton, 1855 ; 

1830. Here he worked hard, both in the and in 1856 Wytham, of which in 1868 he 

'Classical school and on the river; but an became rector. He had a real gift for parish 

accident forced him to content himself with work, and was greatly beloved by his parish- 

the ordinary pass degree in 1833. While ioners. He was also select preacher to the 

.still an undergraduate he had been invited university in 1842, and Whitehall preacher 

to enter the manuscript department of the 1868; in 1878 he presided at the first annual 

British Museum, which he joined in May meeting of the Library Association at Ox- 

1833. Soon after this he took orders, and was ford. As a librarian of the good old scholarly 

for two years curate of Archbishop Tenison's type he was helpful in the highest degree, 

Chapel, and subsequently for two more years and an inimitable guide to his library. The 

of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, adding to his gigantic catalogue, in 723 folio volumes (each 

work in the museum zealous exertions among slip in triplicate), was compiled during his 

the London poor. In 1838 he was appointed tenure of office between 1859 and 1880. He 

an under-librarian at the Bodleian, where he never suffered his private work to encroach 

spent the rest of his life, and was so devoted upon his official time, and avoided interference 

to his work that for the first thirty years he in aca4emie controversy, lest it might lead to 

never once drew the full six weeks of his the intrusion of party spirit into the manage- 

statutory vacation. The year after his ap- ment of the library. He showed perfect tact 

pointment he married Charlotte, daughter of and consideration for Ms subordinates, who 

General Sir Hilgrove Turner, by whom he respected his authority the more because it 

had five children, only two of whom survived was exerted without fuss or self-importance, 

him.- His eldest son, William (Balliol Col- and with a genial air of camaraderie. His 

lege, Boden Sanscrit scholar, and assistant in personal charm was due to a rare combina- 

the department of Egyptian and Assyrian an- tion of playfulness, dignity, and old-fashioned 

tiquitiesin,theBritishMuseum),diedml869, courtesy ; and his witand stores of anecdote 

aged 29. In 1860 he succeeded Dr. Bandinel were equally remarkable. Hewasanhono- 

[tf . v.l as chief librarian. As an under-libra- rary member of the common rooms of Corpus 

rian he was sent by Sir G. C. Lewis, then chan- and Worcester colleges, a chaplain of Corpus, 

'Cellor of the exchequer, in 1857, to examine a delegate of the press, and curator of the 

the religious houses of the Levant, with a view university galleries. His social powers and 

to further discoveries of manuscripts, such as his unaffected sweetness of character made 
those which had rewarded the explorations of him a welcome guest in all society. 

'Tattam and Curzon. Coxe found a number His published works are: 1. ' Forms of 

of important codices at Cairo, Jerusalem, and Bidding Prayer, with introduction and notes/ 

Patmos, but the value of such treasures had Oxford, 8vo, 1840. 2. i Eogen de Wendover 

JE E 2 



Coxe 



420 



Coxe 



Chronica sive Flores Historiarum cum ap- 
pendice/ 5 vols. 8vo (Eng. Hist. Society), 
1841-4. 3. ' The Black Prince, an Historical 
Poem, written in French by Chandos Herald, 
with a translation and notes' (Roxbxirghe 
Club), 4to, 1842. 4. 'Poema quod dicitur 
Vox Clamantis, auct ore Joanne Q-ower : (Rox- 
burghe Club), 4to, 1850. 5. l Catalogus Co- 
dicum MSS. qui in Collegiis Aulisque Oxoni- 
ensibus hodie adservantur, 2 partes/ Oxford, 
1852, 4to. 6. ' Catalogi Codd. MSS. Biblio- 
thecae Bodleianse pars 1 ' (codd. Grseci), Ox- 
ford, 4to, 1853. 7.1d. < Partis 2 Fasc.l.' (codd. 
Laudiani), Oxford, 4to, 1853. 8. Id. 'Pars 3 ' 
(codd. Oanoniciani),0xford, 4to, 1854. 9. 'Re- 
port to H.M. Government on the Greet Ma- 
nuscripts yet remaining in libraries of the 
Levant/ 1858, 8vo, and 1881. 10. ' Letter in 
Reports on the Antiquity of the Utrecht 
Psalter/ 1874. . 11, The Apocalypse of St. 
John the Divine represented by Figures, re- 
produced in facsimile from a manuscript in 
the Bodleian Library 7 (Roxburghe Club), 
4to, 1876. 

[London Guardian, No. 1861, pp. 1089-90, 
signed J. W. B[urgon, Dean of Chichester] 
Athenaeum, 2803 ; Academy, 480 ; Times, 12 July 
1881; Libr. Assoc. Trans., 1881-2, p. 13; in- 
formation from Ooxe's son and son-in-la-w ; per- 
sonal knowledge.] S. L. P. 

OOXE or COCKIS, JOHN (fi. 1572), 
translator, probably of Brasenose College, 
Oxford, where one of his name was allowed 
to determine Michaelmas term 1546, and de- 
termined 1547 (BoASE, Megistrum Univ. 
0#07i.), or, "Wood says, possibly a student of 
Christ Church in 1555, translated Bullin- 
ger's ' Questions of Religion cast abroad in 
Helvetia by the Adversaries of the same . . . 
reduced into XVII Commqnplaces ' (black 
letter) ; H. Bynneman for G. Byshop, Lon- 
don, 1572, 8vo, in the British Museum ; also 
his ' Exhortation to the Ministers of God's 
Worde in the Church of Christ j 7 John Aide, 
London, 1575 (Wooj AMES); and' A Trea- 
tise on the Word of God by Anth. SaduU, 
written against the Traditions of Men/ 
printed for John Hanson/ 1783, 8vo (MAirir- 
SELL). 

[Boase's Registrum.IFniv. Oxon. (Oxford Hist. 
Soc.), 213; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 123 ; Tan- 
ner's Bibl. Brit. 205 ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. 
(Herbert), 800, 972, 1156 ; Maunsell's Catalogue, 
25, 94.] "W. H. 

COXE, PETER (d. 1844), poet, was a son 
of Dr. Ooxe, physician to the king's household 
in the reign of George II, and a brother of 
the Venerable William Coxe, archdeacon of 
"Wiltshire [q_. v.] He was educated at Char- 



terhouse School, which he entered at the age- 
of ten on a presentation from George II, per- 
formed by George III, and left when only 
thirteen. He followed the business of an 
auctioneer in London, but having obtained a 
competency spent his later years in retire- 
ment. He was the author of an anonymous 
poem published in 1807, entitled ' Another' 
Word or Two; or Architectural Hints in 
Lines to those Royal Academicians who are- 
Painters, addressed to them on their re-elec- 
tion of Benjamin West, Esq., to the Presi- 
dent's Chair ; ' of a political tractate published 
in 1809, entitled ' The Expose" ; or Napoleon 
Buonaparte unmasked in a condensed state- 
ment of his Career and Atrocities ; ' and of 
'The Social Day, a Poem in four Cantos/' 
published in 1823. He died 22 Jan. 1844. 

[Gent. Mag. 1844, new ser. xxii. 662-3 ; Brit. 
Mus. Cat.] T. F. H. 

COXE or COX, RICHARD (d. 1596), 
divine, matriculated as a pensioner of Christ's 
College, Cambridge, on 27 Nov. 1578, pro- 
ceeded B.A. 1581-2, and on 16 Dec. 1583* 
was incorporated in that degree at Oxford, 
where he proceeded M.A. 1584 as a member 
of Gloucester Hall. On 17 May 1589 he 
was instituted to the rectory of Diss, Nor- 
folk, on the presentation of Henry, earl of 
Sussex, but the earl's right being disputed, 
Coxe was ejected and an incumbent whom 
the earl had previously ejected re-entered. 
In November 1591 Coxe was reinstated, but 
before long was again turned out. At last, 
having obtained the queen's letters patent 
to void all other presentations, he was, on- 
2 Dec. 1593, instituted to the rectory for the* 
third time, and held it until his death, which 
took place in 1596. He wrote ' Richard Coxe,. 
his Catechisme/ printed by T. Orwin, 1591, 
8vo, and, Wood believed, also published some- 
sermons. 

[Cooper's Athen8eCantab.ii. 222 ; "Wood's Pasti 
(Bliss), i. 225 j Blomefield's Norfolk, i. 18 ;. 
Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), p. 1247.1 

W.H. 

COXE, RICHARD CHARLES (1800- 
1865), archdeacon of Lindisfarne, was born 
in l&OO, and educated at Norwich grammar 
school. He was elected scholar of Worcester 
College^ Oxford, in 18l8, and graduated B.A. 
in 1821 and M.A. in 1824. He was ordained 
deacon in 1823, and priest in the following- 
year. After for some time acting as chaplain of 
Archbishop Tenison's chapel, Kegent Street, 
London, he obtained in 1841 the vicarage of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, In 1843 he was ap- 
pointed honorary canon of Durham. From 
, 1845 till he left Newcastle he received an an* 



Coxe 



421 



Coxe 



aiual supplement of five hundred guineas to 
Jbis income, subscribed by his parishioners. 
In 1853 he obtained the archdeaconry of Lin- 
sdisfarne with the vicarage of Eglingham an- 
nexed, and in 1857 he was appointed canon 
of Durham. He died at Eglingham vicar- 
,age, Northumberland, 25 Aug. 1865. Ooxe 
enjoyed a high reputation as an eloquent 
preacher, and was a strenuous opponent of 
latitudinarianism in doctrine and practice, as 
well as a strong upholder of the rights and 
privileges of the clergy. His untiring energy 
is evidenced in his voluminous publications, 
the quantity of which has probably to some 
extent aided to modify their quality. Besides 
numerous single sermons and addresses he 
was the author of the following theological 
works : i Lectures on the Evidences from 
Miracles/ 1832 ; ' Practical Sermons,' 1836 
4 Death disarmed of its Sting/ 1836 ; < The 
Symmetry of Divine Kevelation a Witness to 
the Divinity of Christ/ 1845 ; and ' Remorse : 
Remorse for Intellectual and Literary Of- 
fences: Retribution/ 1864. He also published 
< Six Ballads/ 1842 ; < The Mercy at Marsdon 
Rocks/ 1844 , ' Poems, Scriptural, Classical, 
Miscellaneous/ 1845 ; ' The Snow Shroud, or 
the Lost Bairn o' Biddlestone Edge/ 1845 ; 
* Leda Tanah, the Martyr's Child ; Derwent 
Bank/ 1851 ; ' Woodnotes : the Silvitudia of 
M. Casimir Surbievius, with a translation in 
English verse ; Musings at Tynemouth, ten 
.sonnets ; Worth and South, ten sonnets/ 1848 ; 
and ' Ballads from the Portuguese' in the 
second part of Adamson's t Lusitania Illus- 
trata. 7 He married Louisa, daughter of Rev. 
JT. Maule of Dover, and left a daughter and 
two sons. 

[G-ent. Mag. xiv. ne-w ser. (1865), pp. 513-14; 
Men of the Time, 6th ed. ; Latimer's Local Records 
of Northumberland and Durham; Brit. Mus. 
Oat.] 

COXE, THOMAS, M.D. (1016-1685), 

physician, a native of Somersetshire, was 
-educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 
where he graduated B.A. 1635, M.A. 1638. 
He took his M.D. degree, like Harvey, at 
Padua 12 Dec. 1641, and was afterwards in- 
corporated at Oxford. Pie became a fellow 
of the College of Physicians 25 June 1649. 
In 1660 he delivered the Harveian oration, 
Jbut did not print his composition. From 1676 
to 1680 he was treasurer of the college, and 
in 1682 was elected president. He was one 
of the first list of fellows nominated by the 
council of the Royal Society in 1662, Of his 
practice nothing is known but that he was 
.physician in the army of the parliament during 
the rebellion, and that at the bedside of Syden- 
liam's brother he suggested the profession of 



physic to him, who became the greatest of 
English physicians. Coxe fell into difficulties 
in his old age, and flying from his creditors 
died of apoplexy in France in 1685. 

[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, i. 247; Wood's 
Athense Oxon. ; Thomson's History of the Eoyal 
Society, 1812, p. 3.] N. M. 



COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828), his- 
torian, born 7 March 1747, in Dover Street, 
Piccadilly, was the son of Dr. William Coxe, 
physician to the king's household. He was 
sent to the Marylebone grammar school 
when live years old, and in 1753 to Eton. 
In 1764 he was elected to King's College, 
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 
1768. In 1771 he was ordained deacon, and 
took the curacy of Denham, near Uxbridge. 
He soon left this to become tutor to the 
Duke of Marlborough's eldest son. Two years 
later he left this post to become travelling 
tutor to the son of the Earl of Pembroke. 
He travelled through Switzerland and after- 
wards in Russia, and published the results 
of his inquiries. He made a later continental 
tour, from which he returned in May 1786, 
with Samuel Whitbread, and another after- 
wards with H. B. Portman. In 1794 he made 
a tour to Hungary with Lord Brome, eldest 
son of Lord Cornwallis. 

He had meanwhile been receiving prefer- 
ment. In 1786 he took the college living of 
Eingston-on-Thames, which he resigned in 
1788 on his presentation by Lord Pembroke 
to the rectory of Bemerton. Here he chiefly 
resided until his death. About 1800 Sir 
Richard Colt Hoare presented him to the 
rectory of Stourton, which he held until 1811, 
when he was presented by Lord Pembroke to 
the rectory of Fovant, Wiltshire. He was 
appointed archdeacon of Wiltshire by Bishop 
Douglas in May 1804, and had been a pre- 
bendary of Salisbury from 1791. Coxe, after 
publishing his various travels, put out a pro- 
spectus in 1792 for an ' Historical and Politi- 
cal State of Europe. 5 This came to nothing, 
and he devoted himself chiefly to a series of 
memoirs, which are of great value for the 
history of the eighteenth century. He was 
entrusted with many valuable collections of 
papers, and was a laborious and careful editor. 
His books contain also original documents, 
though his own writing is of the dullest and 
shows no higher qualities than those of the 
conscientious annalist. He wrote a few pro- 
fessional works, but his chief article of faith 
seems to have been the impeccability of the 
whigs. In person he was short, stout, and 
erect, healthy and active ; he clearly had the 
amiability which makes friends of fellow- 
travellers, not the less when they are patrons 



Coxeter 422 Coxeter 

of livings, and seems to have been a really in 1710, on the death of his patron, Sir John 

worthy man in his way. Cook, dean of arches, he abandoned the legal 

He married in 1803 Eleonora, daughter of profession and devoted himself to literary and 

Walter Shairp, consul-general of Russia, and antiquarian pursuits. An elegy in a book en- 

widow of Thomas Yeldham of the British fac- titled ' Astrsea Lacrimans/ published anony- 

tory at St. Petersburg. He died 16 June mously in 1710, was probably written by 

1828, and was buried in the chancel of Be- Coxeter. In 1720 he contributed one or more* 

merton. of the indexes to Hudson's edition of l Jose- 

His works are : 1. ' Sketches of the Na- phus ; ' and in 1739 he published a new edi- 

tural, Political, and Civil State of Swisser- tion of Baily's (or rather Dr. Richard Hall's) 

land/ 1779 (French translation, 1781). ' Life of Bishop Fisher/ Coxeter was a zea- 

2. ' Account of the Russian Discoveries lous collector of old English plays, and al- 
between Asia and America/ 1780 (4th edi- lowed the Shakespearean editor, Theobald, to- 
tion, 1804 ; German translation, 1783). make free use of his treasures. He also as- 

3. ' Account of Prisons and Hospitals in sisted Ames in the preparation of * Typogra- 
Russia, Sweden, and Denmark/ 1781. 4. 'Tra- phical Antiquities.' In 1744 he circulated 
vels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Den- proposals for issuing an annotated edition of 
mark/ 3 vols. 1784 (in Pinkerton's collec- the dramatic works of Thomas May, but the- 
tion, vol. vi. ; French translations, 1786, scheme was never carried out. He stated in 
1791). 5. c Travels in Switzerland/ 3 vols. the prospectus that, having determined to ' re- 
1789; 4th edition, 1801, with 'Historical vive the best of our old plays, faithfully col- 
Sketch and Notes on late Revolution/ re- lated with all the editions that could be found 
printed separately in 1802 (Pinkerton's col- in a search of above thirty years/ he ' hap- 
lection, vol. v.) 6. e Letter on Secret Tri- pened to communicate his scheme to one who* 
bunals of Westphalia/ 1796. 7. c Memoirs now invades it/ the reference being to Ro- 
of Sir Robert Walpole/ 3 vols. 1798. 8. 'His- bert Dodsley, whose ' Select Collection of Old 
torical Tour in Monmouthshire/ 1801 (with Plays ' appeared in 1744. In the same pro- 
plates from drawings by his companion, Sir spectus he promised an edition (which was- 
R. C. Hoare). 9. ' Memoirs of Horatio, Lord never published) of the works of Thomas 
Walpole/ 1802, and, enlarged in 2 vols., 1808. Sackville, lord Buckhurst. In 1747 he was- 
10. 'History of the House of Austria . . . from appointed secretary to a society for the en- 
1218 to 1792/ 2 vols. 1807 (Bohn's Standard couragement of an essay -towards a corn- 
Library, 1807). 11.' Memoirs of the Bourbon plete English history. He died of a fever 
Kings of Spain ... from 1700 to 1788/3 vols. on 19 April 1747, and was buried in the- 
1813. 12. < Memoirs of John, Duke of Marl- chapel yard of the Royal Hospital of Bride- 
borough/ 3 vols. 1818, 1819. 13. i Private well, llis daughter, whose necessities were' 
and Original Correspondence of Charles Tal- frequently relieved by 'Dr. Johnson, died in, 
bot. Duke of Shrewsbury/ 1821. 14. l Me- 1807. 

moirs of the Administrations ... of Henry Coxeter's manuscript collections were* 

Pelham ' (posthumous), 1829. Besides these largely used in Gibber's ' Lives of the Poets 7 

Coze wrote a pamphlet against Dr. Price in and in Warton's < History of English Poetry. 7 ' 

1789, and edited Gay's < Fables 7 in 179ff, His statements are to be received with cau- 

with a 'Life of Gay/ published separately in tion, for he did not scruple to invent titles of 

1797 ; also ( Anecdotes of Handel and J. C. - imaginary books. In 1759 appeared, in four 

Smith/ 1798 ; a pamphlet against J. Benett volumes, an edition of Massmger's works, 

on 'Tithe Commutation/ 1814; ' Sketches of < revised, corrected, and editions collated by 

the Lives of Correggio and Parmegiano ' Mr. Coxeter.' Gilford pronounces a very se- 

(anon.), 1823 ; and a few sermons and religi- vere judgment on his predecessor's labours, 

ous tracts. Though educated at the university/ he re- 

[Oent. Map. for 1828, ii. 8(5-9; Annual mar H ' Coxeter exhibits no proofs of litera- 

Obituary for 1829, pp. 227-35.] ture - To critical sagacity he has not the 

>n,^,.-nrr,-r^T.v ovr^^ir smallest pretension ; Eis conjectures are void 

COXETER, THQMAS (1689-1747), lite- alike of ingenuity and probability, and his 

rary antiquary, born at Lechlade in Glou- historical references at once puerile and in- 

cestershire on 20 Sept. 1689, was educated correct.' If Coxeter's < Massinger ' had been 

at Ooxwell, Berkshire, and at Magdalen school issued during the editors lifetime, Gifford's 

in Oxford. On 7 July 1705 he was entered animadversions would not have been too 

a commoner of Trinity Coll-eg^;- Oxford. Hav- strong; but as Coxeter did not see the edi- 

ing completed his course -alt -t^e- university, tion through' the press, and had left only a 

ne came to London with the-intention of en- few scattered notes, the attack was hardly 

'gaging in the practice of the civil law j but justifiable. 



Coxon 423 Coyne 



[Gent. Mag. 



li. 173-4; Nichols's Literary ing still keep the stage: 'Sinks the Bae- 
Anecdotes, il 51213 ; Warton's Hist, of 'English ma ,n/ < Did you ever send your wife to Cam- 

S " berwell? ' ' Box aad Cox m 



- 

%' 1 84? i m% T ; / S T Vr ?" berwell? ' ' Box aad Cox married and settled / 

son, ed. 1840, pp. 1/1, 547 ; Introduction to G-if- ^Wcmtarl 1 nnn v^n-nn. AT;IK __ n >trrn T -^i 
ford's Massinger, 2nd edit. pp. Ixxxix-xciii ; 01- T^M^T^^J 1111 ? 1 ^ 'TheLittle 

dys's Annotated Langbaine, p. 353.] A. H. B. ^Li? v Fa *- cmat % and some th f s - 
J s ' -f -i His well-known farce, * How to settle Ac- 

COXON, THOMAS (fl. 1609-1630), counts with your Laundress/ was translated 
artist. [See COOKSON.] mto French and played in Paris at the Vaude- 

ville under the title of < Tine femme dans ma 

COXON, THOMAS (1654-1735), Jesuit, fontaine/ and afterwards made its appear- 
was a native of the county of Durham. He ance on the German stage. His drama called 
entered the Society of Jesus in 1676, and ' Everybody's Friend ' was first brought out 
became a professed father in 1694 (FoLEY, at the Haymarket on 2 April 1859, when 
Records, v. 532, vii. 179). For many years Charles Mathews and J. B. Buckstone ap r 
(1695-1724) he was a missioner in England, peared in it as Felix Featherley and Major 
and he died at the college of St. Omer on Wellington de Boots. On its reproduction 
6 May 1735. He prepared the splendid edi- at the St. James's, 16 Oct. 1867, it was re- 
tion of Ribadeneira's < Lives of the Saints/ named 'The Widow Hunt/ and the chief 
London, 1730, fol., translated by the Hon. parts were taken by Henry Irving and John 
"William Petre, whose version was first issued Sleeper Clarke, since which time it has been. 
from the press of St. Omer's College in 1699 repeatedly played at many of the London 
(OLIVER, Jesuit Collections, 77 ; LOWHDBS, houses. Coyne's distinguishing attributes 
JBibL Man. ed. Bohn, 2081). were a comic force and nerve and a true sense 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. of humour. Actively contributing during 

the whole of this time to the newspaper press 

COYNE, JOSEPH STIRLING (1803- and magazines, he will also be remembered 
1868), dramatic author, was the son of Denis as one of the literary men who met at the 
Coyne, port surveyor of Waterford, and his Edinburgh Castle, Strand, London, in June 
wife Bridget Cosgrave, who died at 13 Craven 1 841 to agree about the publication of t Punch.' 
Street, Strand, London, about 1850. He He was among the contributors to No. 1 of 
was born at Birr, King's County, in 1803, that paper on 17 July, but his connection 
educated at Dungannon school, and intended with it was but of short duration (Mr. Punchy 
for the legal profession ; but the favourable his Origin and Career, London, printed by 
reception of a series of light articles written James Wade, pp. 18, 20, 25, 31). In 1856 
for the periodicals then published in Dublin he was appointed secretary to the Dramatic 
induced him to change the pursuit of law Authors' Society, and continued to discharge 
for that of literature, His first farce, called the duties of that office with ability and zeal 
t The Phrenologist/ was brought out at the till within a few days of his decease. During 
Theatre Royal, Dublin, in June 1835, and some considerable period he was dramatic 
was so well received that in the following critic on the ' Sunday Times ' newspaper. He 
year he produced two farces, e Honest Cheats ' lived for many years at 3 Wilmington Square, 
and ' The Four Lovers.' In 1836 he came to Clerkenwell, but then removed to 61 Talbot 
London with a letter of introduction from Road, Westbourne Park, London^ where he 
William Carleton to Crofton Croker, which died, 18 July 1868, aged 65, and was buried in 
at once procured him employment in connec- Highgate cemetery on 21 July. He married, 
tion with 'Bentley's Miscellany' and other in June 1840, Anne Comyns, relict of Matthew 
magazines, and his name soon became familiar Comyns, and daughter of Wilkins and Mar- 
to the reading public. His amusing farce garet Simcockes of Galway. She died at The 
called ' The Queer Subject 7 was brought out Green, Richmond, Surrey, on 25 Jan. 1880, 
at the Adelphi in November 1836, and in the aged 68. He was the author of ' Scenery 
same year he became one of the literary staff and Antiquities of Ireland/ 2 vols. 4to, 1842, 
of the 'Morning Gazette/ a short-lived jour- which was elaborately illustrated by W. H. 
nal, which was the first cheap daily paper. Bartlett ; ' Pippins and Pies, or Sketches 
For the Adelphi he wrote from time to time out of School/ 1855 ; and l Sam Spangle, or 
a number of pieces which became very popu- the History of a Harlequin/ 1866. He con- 
lar, and there and at the Haymarket most of tributed to Albert Smith's ' Gavarni in Lon- 
his more important productions were brought don/ 1848, as well as to his i Sketches of 
out. Among his best dramas may be men- London/ 1859, and to a work called ' Mixed 
tioned ' The Hope of the Family/ 'The Secret Sweets from Routledge's Annual/ 1867. He 
Agent/ ' Man of Many Friends/ and ' Black was a most industrious writer, and no year 
Sheep/ Of his numerous farces the follow- passed in which he did not bring out one or 



Coyte 



424 Cozens 



more pieces. At the time of his death he Academy between 1772 and 1781. He was 
was the author of upwards of fifty-five dramas, mostly employed in teaching 1 , was drawing- 
burlesques, and farces, besides haying writ- master at Eton school from 1763 to 1768, 
ten several plays in collaboration with H. C. and gave lessons to the Prince of Wales. He 
Coape, Francis Talfourd, and H. Hamilton, also practised at Bath. He married a sister 

[Era, 26 July 1868, p. 10 ; Gent. Mag. (August <>f Robert Edge -Pine [q. v.], by whom he 
1868), p. 413 ; Illustrated Sporting News, v. 252 kft one son, John Robert Cozens [q. v.] He 
(1866), with portrait ; Sunday Times, 26 July died in Duke Street, Piccadilly, 23 April 
1868, p. 8 ; information from his son, E. Stirling 1786. 

Coyne.] G-. C. B. Of Cozens's art before he came to England 

there are fifty-four specimens in the firitish 

COYTE, WILLIAM BEESTON, M.D. Museum. These drawings, mostly if not all 

(1741 P-1810), botanist, son of William Italian scenes, were lost by him in Germany 

Coyte, M.B., of Ipswich (1708-1775), by his on his way from Home to England, and were 

wife, a daughter of the Rev. Edmund Bees- recovered in Florence thirty years afterwards 

ton of Sproughton, graduated M.B. at Queen's (1776) by his son. They show him as a 

College, Cambridge, in 1763. Like his father, highly skilled draughtsman in the style of 

he practised medicine at Ipswich, and inte- the time, with much Sense of scenic elegance 

rested himself in botany. His name appears in composition. Some are wholly in pen and 

in the lists of the Linnean Society from 1794 ink in the manner of line engravings. Others 

to his death. H;s garden at Ipswich was show extensive landscapes elaborately drawn 

carefully tended, and a catalogue of its con- in pencil, and partly finished in ink. Others 

tents was published by him as ' Hortus Bota- are washed in monochrome, and some in co- 

nicus G-ippovicensis, or a systematical enu- lour of a timid kind. One, a view of Porto 

meration of the Plants cultivated in Dr. Longano in the Isle of Elba, is very prettily 

V^ 6 ? ^ ta ;? lc ^arden at Ipswich/ Ipswich, tinted. In most there is no sky to speak of, 

ion* ' ollow .? akyan'IndexPlantarum/ but in one he has attempted a bold effect 

1807. He contributed a paper to the ' Medi- of sunlight streaming through cloud, and 

cal Transactions ' (m. 30) in 1785. He died brightly illuminating several distinct spots in 

at his residence 3 March 1810, in his sixty- the landscape. Several broad pencil draw- 

?^nTo a o\ i Danger brother, James ings on greenish paper heightened with white 

(1749-1812) graduated B. A. at Cams Col- are very effective. Altogether these show 

lege Cambridge y in 1771, was rector of that Cozens before his arrival in England 

Oantley rom 1779, and perpetual curate of was a well-trained artist who observed na- 

St. Nicholas, Ipswich, from 1785 till 1812. ture for himself, and was not without poeti- 

[Gxad. Cantab.; Lists Linn. Soe. 1794-1809 ; ca l feeling. After his arrival in England he 
Gent. Mag. Ixxx. pt. 1. (1810), 389; Nichols's appears, from some drawings in the South 
Lit. Illustr. vi. 877-8.] B, D. J. Kensington Museum, to have adopted a much 

nr^Tnvra A T -ci-cr A xT-^-n-n, / , ^ ^ broader style, aiming at an imposing- distri- 

COZENS, ALEXANDER (d. 1786), bution of masses and large effects of liriit 
landscape-painter m water-colours, was a and shade. Sir George Beaumont wasliis 
natural son of Peter the Great and an Eng- pupil at Eton, and so also was Henry An- 
lishwoman from Deptford. The czar took gelo, whose 'Reminiscences ' give a lively de- 
ter to Russia where Cozens was born (date scription of his peculiar method of teaching : 
unknown), and had another son by her, who < Cozens dashed out upon several pieces of 
a gei iT i? <Je Russian army Co- paper a series of accidental smudges and blots 
11 Y i, fath f 8t ? d yjP^g i* black, brown, and grey, which Being floated 
\ e .^ on, he impressed again upon other paper, and 

^ f \T 6 ^W t] ? e T COn " t>7 the exercise of Eis *&* imagination and 
i \ r fir f.Py bllce ^ 1 ^inLon- a certain degree of ingenious coaxing, con- 
held l t 7 lmn ^f, rtls >.^^h was verted into romantic rocks, woods, towers, 

8 ^^^^ 8tee P les > cotta F es > rivers > fields ? andwater- 
art o 1St ? Wh , af ; falls ' Bllie an( f ^W Wot ^ f ^^ themoun- 

tains, clouds, and skies/ An improvement 

- / Artls , t8 V C ^ zens on ^ P^ ^as to splash the bottoms of 
?^. lblt , lon8 ? f l oth *>- earthenware plates witli these blots, and to 

Stamp im P^ssions therefrom on sheets of 
dam P ed P a P er ' In 1785 ^ published a 
on tMs maniier of teaiiing, called 




. - 

h r^ W ?l m ^ 766 i ' A ^ 6W MetHod of assistin ^ the ention 

lie also exhibited eight works at the Royal in Drawing original loose positions of Land- 



Cozens 425 Cozens 

cape. 5 In 1778 lie published by subscription were sold in 1805, and four a few years be- 
4 Principles of Beauty relative to the Human fore, and realised over 500Z. They included 
Head ' (a work of more ingenuity than value), views in the Tyrol, at Padua, Psestum, Verona, 
with nineteen engravings by Bartolozzi. The Venice, Rome, Naples, and their neighbour- 
list of subscribers shows that he was much hoods, showing that his travels in Italy were 
in favour with the court and the aristocracy, extensive. His drawings in the South Ken- 
and contains the names of Beckford (after- sington Museum show that he visited Sicily 
wards the patron of his son), Burke, Garrick, and Elba. Leslie says he saw some noble 
Flaxman, Reynolds (Sir Joshua), and other drawings by him from Windsor Park, and 
distinguished artists and men of culture, he probably made many others in England 
Thomas Banks [j. v.] exhibited in 1782, but it is on his Italian drawings that his fame 
* Head of a Majestic Beauty, composed on Mr. rests. He was the first water-colour painter 
Cozens's principles/ Cozens also published who sketched in Italy and the Alps, and he 
' The various Species of Composition in Na- attained a skill in the rendering of atmo- 
ture,' and 'The Shape, Skeleton, and Foliage sphere which had never been attained by any 
of Thirty-two Species of Trees ' (1771, re- previous painter in water-colour. His draw- 
printed 1786). ings are little more than tinted monochromes, 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Leslie's Hand- but they are delightful in tone, and his colour, 

book for Young Painters ; Reminiscences of though slight, is harmonious and suggestive. 

Henry Angelo; Edwards's Anecdotes; Library No one before had approached so near to 

of the Fine Arts ; Graves's Diet, of Artists.] nature with such slender materials, and in 

C. M. drawing and composition he was a master. It 
was, however, the tender, poetical sentiment 

COZENS, JOHN EGBERT (1752-1799), which he managed to infuse into his drawings, 
landscape-painter in water-colour, was the his union of fidelity and fine style, his i solem- 
,son of Alexander Cozens \_q. v.] He was nity and sweetness, 7 his expression of the ' si- 
,also probably his father's pupil, and he began lent eloquence of nature/ his sympathy with 
to draw early, as Leslie mentions 'a very his subject, whether mountain or plain, mo- 
small pen-drawing of three figures on which dern city or ruined temple, waterfall or leafy 
is written " Done by J. Cozens, 1761, when glade, his bold but gentle ' effects ' of light 
nine years old." ; Little is known about and atmosphere, which mark him as one of the 
Ids Hie. He began to exhibit in 1767 at the most original and imaginative of landscape- 
Incorporated Society of British Artists, in painters, and the greatest of all the precur- 
Spring G-ardens, and went to Switzerland in sors of Turner and Girtin in the English 
1776 with Mr. R P. Knight, where he made school of water-colour. These two artists 
a, number (fifty-four) of water-colour draw- studied his drawings at Dr. Munro's and 
ings, afterwards in the Townley collection, Mr. Henderson's in the Adelphi, and a great 
and now in the possession of the Hon. R. number of Turner's copies of them are in 
Allanson-Winn. In this year he sent from existence, which testify to the large share 
Italy his solitary contribution to the exhibi- they had in the education of his genius, 
tions of the Eoyal Academy, called ' A Land- 'Cozens,' said Constable, f is all poetry/ 
iscape, with Hannibal, in his March over the and he went so far as to pronounce him ' the 
Alps, showing his army the fertile plains of greatest genius that ever touched landscape.' 
Italy/ a picture said to have been in oil Leslie says : ' So modest and unobtrusive are 
-colours, and so fine that Turner spoke of it the beauties of his drawings, that you might 
as a work from which he learned more than pass them without notice, for the painter 
anything he had seen before. After this he himself never says " Look at this or that," 
was in Italy with Mr. William Beckford he trusts implicitly to your own taste and 
[q. v.], where he executed for that gentle- feeling ; and his works are full of half-con- 
man a large number of water-colour draw- cealed beauties, such as nature herself shows 
ings. He returned to England in 1783 and but coyly, and these are often the most fleet- 
became deranged in 1794. Attended by Dr. ing appearances of light.' 
Munro, and supported by Sir George Beau- Mr. Henderson left a fine collection of 
moat, he remained insane till his death in drawings by Cozens to the British Museum ; 
1799. (There is some doubt about this date, there are also several at South Kensington. 
Constable said 179G, other authorities 1799, Cozens executed two slight etchings, 
but a correspondent of i Notes and Queries/ [Leslie's Handbook ; Eedgraves' Century of 
3rd series, xi. 294, had reason for believing painting ; Eedgrave's Diet. ; G-raves's Diet. ; 
he was alive after 1799.) Segnier'sDict. ; Edwards's Anecdotes ; Palgrave's 

The drawings he made for Mr. Beckford Handbook to International Exhibition of 1862.] 
were sold at Christie's. Ninety-two of them c 



Crab 



426 



Crabb 



CRAB, ROGER (1621 P-1680), hermit, 
a native of Buckinghamshire, was probably 
born about 1621. He says his mother had 
20Z. a vear. or his father would not have 

V * 

married her. About 1641 he began to re- 
strict himself to a vegetarian diet, avoiding 
even butter and cheese. From roots he got 
to a regimen of broth thickened with bran, 
and pudding made of bran and turnip leaves 
chopped together, and finally resorted to 
dock-leaves and grass. He drank nothing 
but water, and could live on three farthings 
a week. For seven years (probably 1642-9) 
he served in the parliamentary army, and 
during this period he induced one Captain 
Norwood to follow his regimen, with fatal 
effects. He states that while fighting for the 
parliament his skull was cloven to the brain, 
an injury which may account for some of his 
later eccentricities. The ground of his ab- 
stention from animal food seems to have been 
the supposed moral effects of a flesh diet. 
i Butchers/ he observes, ' are excluded from 
juries; but the receiver is worse than the 
thief; so the buyer is worse than bhe butcher. 7 
His asceticism was connected with a rude 
kind of mystical revolt against established 
notions in religion. He was ' above ordi- 
nances/ though sympathising neither with 
' levellers nor quakers nor shakers nor ranters. 7 
His views came to him by illumination ; dig- 
ging in his garden with his face to the 
east, he ' saw into the paradise of God.' His 
account of the seven spirits in man is original 
and curious. He says he had discussed Hs 
opinions ' with all sexes [sects ?] and minis- 
ters in most counties of England.' Latterly 
he appears to have had some relations with 
the Philadelphian Society. His notions often 
got him into trouble. Parliament, he says, 
imprisoned him for two years ; and he ' got 
sentence to death in the field from the Lord 
Protector.' Leaving the army he became ' a 
haberdasher of hats ' at Chesham, Bucking- 
hamshire; but he shut up his sho]) in 1661, 
and ' sold a considerable estate to give to the 
poor.' Settling on ( a small roode of ground ' 
at Ickenham, near Uxbridge, he dwelt as a 
hermit in ' a mean cottage of his own build- 
ing/ where he practised his austere regimen, 
wearing ' a sackcloth frock, and no band on 
his neck, ' He dabbled in astrology and physic, 
having from a hundred to a hundred and 
twenty patients at a time. Godbold (or God- 
bojt), the minister of Uzbridge, told the people 
of Chesham he was a witch. The country 
justices twice had him up for sabbath-break- 
ing. At the end of 1654 he came to London, to 
print an account of himself, staying with one 
Carter, a glover, at the sign of the Golden 
Anchor in "Whitecross Street. Here he again 



got into trouble, and was committed to Clerk- ' 
enwell prison on 17 Jan. 1655 ; his keeper 
gave him nothing to eat, but a dog brought 
him a bit of bread. He was assisted in bring- 
ing out his book by an unknown hand, which 
supplied some additional particulars by way 
of introduction. He returned to Ickenham^ 
but was in London again in September 1657,, 
on another publishing errand. This time he 
was brought up at Hicks's Hall, as before,, 
for Sabbath-breaking; he gives an account 
of his trial. "Ultimately he transferred hi& 
hermitage to Bethnal Gfreen. His publica- 
tions are rather coarse, but shrewd, and witk 
occasional lapses into rhyme. 

When I was a digging parsnips 

for my meals, 
Then I discovered those cheats 

For which I sate six hours by the heels. 

In his later days he does not seem to have' 
been molested, and he acquired a reputation 
for sanctity and seership. lie is said to have- 
foretold the Restoration, and to have predicted 
that William of Orange would come to the 
throne. He died at Bethnal Green on 11 Sept. 
1680, in his sixtieth year, and was buried on 
14 Sept. in Stepney Church. Ilia tomb is no 
longer to be seen, but the inscribed slab is- 
let into the pavement. 

Crab published : 1. ' The English Hermite,. 
or Wonder of this Age, being a relation of the 



life/ &c., 1655, 4to (j>ublisli,ed 28 Jan.) ; re- 
printed in Harl. Miscell. iv. 478 (edit, of 
1808). Prefixed to some copies is a full- 
length woodcxit of Crab, with verse at foot, 

2. ' Dagons-Downfall, or the Great Idol 
digged up Boot and Branch/ &c,, 1657, 4to. 

3. A. tract against quakerism (not seen ; 
George Salter of Hedgerley-Dean, Bucking- 
hamshire, published ' An Answer to Roger 
Crab's Printed Paper to the Quakers, &c./ 
1659, 4to ; Salter'e. reply is temperately writ- 
ten, he gives the initials, but not the namea 
of certain followers of Crab), 

[Account of Stepney Parish in Lysons's Envi- 
rons of London, 1792-6 ; Lempriere's Universal 
Biography, 1808; Granger's Biog. Hist, 1824> 
iv. 96; Smith's Oat. of Friends' Books, 1867, u. 
527 ; works cited above.] A. GK 

CBABB, GEORGE (1778-1851), legal 
and miscellaneous writer, was born 8 Dec. 
1778 at Palgrave, Suffolk He was educated 
at a school at Bias and under a private tutor. 
He commenced the study of medicine, but 
being unable to endure the dissecting-room 
resigned his medical studies to become assis- 
tant to a bookseller. This he also in a short 
time resigned to study for the ministry at 
Northampton, "but a sudden change in his re- 
ligious views rendered it necessary for Him 



Crabb 427 Crabb 




to a Miss Southgate, wlio subsequently edited and became minister at Royston. The more ? 

' Tales for Children from the German/ became orthodox portion of the congr elation quietly 

classical master at Thorp Arch School, York- seceded. Crabb was much beloved by his 

shire. In order to acquire a mastery of the own people, and esteemed by all. Robert 

German language he went in 1801 to Bremen, Hall speaks of his character as too well es- 

where he supported himself at the same time tablished to have anything to hope from praise 

by teaching English. On his return he pub- or to fear from censure.' He died after a 

lished a ' German Grammar for Englishmen/ short illness on 25 Dec. 1794. In 1778 he 

' Extracts from German Authors/ and t Ger- married Eliza Norman of Stowmarket, who 

man and English Conversations/ all of which died in childbed in 1792, and left seven chil- 

became very popular as instruction books, and dren. Henry Crabb Robinson, the diarist, 

passed through many editions. He also wrote was his nephew. 

an ' English Grammar for Germans.' In 1814 A posthumous publication was < Sermons 

he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a gen- on Practical Subjects/ Cambridge, 1796, 8vo 

tleman commoner, and graduated B.A. in (published by subscription for the benefit of 

1821 and M.A. in 1822, with mathematical his family). 

honours. He was called to the bar, at the [Funeral sermon, by S. Palmer, -with funeral 

Inner Temple in 1829, and adopted the prae- oration by Robert Hall and elegy by J. T. R. 

tice of conveyancer and chamber counsel, but [John Towiil Rntt], 1795; Brief Memoirs, by 

on account of his retiring manner was not Hugh Worthington, prefixed to posthumous ser-- 

very successful, although his ability as a law- mons, 1796 ; Prot. Diss. Mag. 1795, pp. 31, 40, 

yer is sufficiently shown by his various legal 120, 1796, p. 121 ; Monthly Repos. 1822, p. 196 ; 

< i , rr\i ' ^ n .1 "D ___,'. TTI J. /"I--, "XT f .1 d__.QC> T r>WJr 



publications. The principal of these are a 
6 History of English Law/ 1829, founded 011 
Beeves's ' History of English Law ; 7 i Digest 
and Index of all the Statutes at Large/ 4 vols., 
1841-7 ; ' Law of Real Property/ 2 vols., 
1846 ; i Series of Precedents in Conveyancing 
and Common and Commercial Forms/ 3rd ed. 
1846. He was also the author of various die- 



Browne's Hist. Cong. Norf. and Suff. 1877, pp.. 
473, 535.] A. a. 

CRABB, JAMES (1774-1851), Wesleyan 
methodist preacher, was a native of Wilton, 
"Wiltshire, where his father was a cloth ma- 
nufacturer. He learned the business of his 
father, for whom he travelled for two years,, 
but afterwards became a teacher of a school 



tionaries which obtained wide popularity, in- at Eomsey, Hampshire. Here he married a 

eluding a ' Dictionary of English Synonymes/ Miss Radden, whose pious beliefs led him to- 

< Universal Technological Dictionary/ a ' Uni- become a preacher among the Wesleyan me- 

versal Historical Dictionary/ and a * Diction- thodists, and he ultimately became pastor of 

ary of General Knowledge j ' and the t New a chapel in Southampton, while at the same 

Pantheon or Mythology of all Nations.' His time retaining his school. At an early period 

later years were passed in eccentric seclusion, he took an active interest in the welfare of the 

and he died 4 Dec. 1861. gipsies in the New Forest, whom he occasion- 

[Grent. Mag. xxxvii. new ser. (1852), pp. 307- ally gathered together and entertained at his 

308 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. F. H. house, these * gipsy festivals ' being attended 

CRABB, HABAKKUK (1750-1794), by many of the neighbouring gentry. Among" 
dissenting minister, was born at Wattesfield, various institutions in Southampton which 
Suffolk, in 1750, being the youngest but one owed their origin to efforts which he initiated 
of fifteen children. His father was a deacon were the Hampshire Female Penitentiary, the- 
of the congregational church at Wattesfield, Kmgsland Place Infant Schools, the earliest 
a man of private property, who latterly be- of the kind in the country, and a Bethel for 
came a maltster. Habakkuk was a pupil of sailors, with a school for children near the 
John Walker, congregational minister at 5L ua y* He expounded the needs of the gipsies 
Framlingham, and in 1766 proceeded to Da- in a tractate entitled the Gipsies Advocate, 
ventry Academy under Caleb Ashworth [q.v.] and he was also the author of ' Address to- 
He injured his constitution by close study, the Irvmgites, m which many of their earn 
LeaviigDaventry in 1771 he became minister are exposed, 1838, and ^Account of the Me- 
at Stowmarket, where he was ordained on and Experience of Captain John Bazui, 1838. 
3 June 1773. In 1776 he removed to Ciren- Crabb is the missionary referred to by Legh 
cester, and thence to Devizes, as assistant to Richmond as having brought the i)auy- 
his brother-in-law, John Ludd Fenner, in man's daughter to a sense of religion. He 
1787. On 25 Feb. 1789 he undertook the died 17 Sept. 1851. 

pastorate at his native place, but his theology [G-ent. Mag. 1851, vol. xxxvii. new ser. i. 659- 

(he was probably an Arian) was too latitu- 660.] T. !F. H. 



Crabbe 



428 



Crabbe 



CKABBE, G-EOEGE (1754-1832), poet, 
-was born at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24Dec. 1754. 
His grandfather, George Crabbe, had been 
A village schoolmaster and parish clerk in 
Norfolk, and afterwards settled in his native 
.town, Aldeburgh, where he married a widow 
named Loddock. He had by her six chil- 
dren, of whom George' was the eldest, and 
.rose through inferior offices to be i saltmaster/ 
i.e. collector of salt duties. He was a man 
of great physical strength, imperious charac- 
ter, and strong passions ; he had remarkable 
powers of calculation, and came to be for 
many years the ' factotum of Aldeburgh.' 
Kobert, his second son, became a glazier. 
John, the third, was in command of a slave 
ship, when the slaves rose and sent him 
adrift with his crew in an open boat, nothing 
more being ever heard of them ; the fourth, 
William, went to sea, was taken prisoner by 
the Spaniards, and settled in Mexico, where 
he married and prospered. He was forced by 
religious persecution to abandon his family 
and property, and was last heard of in 
1803 on the coast of Honduras. His story 
is turned to account in Orabbe's ' Parting 
Hour 7 ('Tales' No. 2). There were two 
daughters, one of whom married a Mr. 
'^Sparkes, and died in 1827 ; the other's death 
in infancy threw her father into fits of 
gloomy misery, which strongly impressed her 
brother's imagination. George Crabbe, the 
.son, was brought up at Aldeburgh amid 
scenery and characters afterwards most vi- 
vidly described in his writings. He was 
chiefly self-educated, His father took in 
' Martin's Philosophical Magazine 7 for the 
.sake of the mathematical part, and handed 
over the poems to the son. Crabbe's bookish 
tastes induced his father to send him to school 
.atBungay,and afterwards to a school kept by 
Kichard Haddon, a good mathematician, at 
Stowmarket. He was taken home and set to 
work for a time in a warehouse on the quay 
of Slaughden (described in his poems) till in 
1768 he was bound apprentice to a village 
doctor at Wickham Brook, near Bury St. 
Edmunds, who employed him as errand boy 
.and farm labourer. In 1771 he was trans- 
ferred to Mr. Page, a surgeon at Woodbridge. 
Here he joined a small village club ; one of 
its members introduced him to Sarah Elmy, 
then residing with her uncle, a substantial yeo- 
man, at Parham, near Framlingham. Crabbe 
fell in love ; his love was returned ; and love 
Jed to poetry. He contributed verses to 
* Wheble's Magazine ' for 1772 ; won a prize 
,for a poem on t Hope ; y celebrated ' Mira, and 
planned epic poems and tragedies. He pub- 
lished anonymously at Ipswich in 1774 a 
didactic poem called ' Inebriety/ showing a 



close study of Pope and some satirical power. 
He tried vainly at Miss Elmy's bidding to 
learn the flute, and was at the same time ac- 
quiring a taste for botany. At the end of 
1775 Crabbe returned to Aldeburgh. He 
was forced to set to work again in the repul- 
sive duties of the warehouse. His father had 
acquired a love of the tavern in canvassing 
for the whig candidate at Aldeburgh during 
a contested election in 1774. He was now so 
violent as to be a terror to his meek wife, and 
had painful scenes with his son. The younger 
Crabbe continued his medical studies ener- 
getically in spite of these distractions, and 
the father sent him to London to ' pick up a 
little surgical knowledge/ He returned to 
Aldeburgh and became assistant to a surgeon 
named Maskill, and, upon MasMll's leaving 
the town, set up in practice for himself. His 
profits were small. His patients argued that 
a man who gathered plants in the ditches, 
presumably for medical purposes, could sell 
his drugs cheaply. The Warwickshire militia, 
quartered in the town in 1778, brought him 
some practice, and he was patronised by their 
colonel, H. S. Conway [q. v.] The Norfolk 
militia succeeded, and brought another gleam 
of prosperity. His engagement to Miss 
Elmy continued; it was approved by his 
parents and tolerated by her relations ; but 
nis practice fell off; his health was bad; 
Miss Elmy prudently declined to marry upon 
nothing, and Orabbe finally resolved to try 
his chances in literature, He borrowed five 
pounds from Mr. Dudley North, i brother to 
the candidate for Aldeburgh,' and after pay- 
ing his bill sailed to London with a box of 
surgical instruments, three pounds in cash, 
and some manuscripts. Crabbe took lodgings 
in the city 24 April 1780, near a friend of 
Miss Elmy's, wife of a linendraper in Corn- 
hill. He bought a fashionable tie-wig from 
his landlord, Mr.' Vickery, a hairdresser, and 
tried to dispose of his manuscripts. A poem 
called < The Candidate ' was published early 
in 1780. It was addressed to the ' Authors 
of the Monthly Review/ and received a 
cold notice in the number for August. The 
failure of the publisher deprived him of a 
small anticipated gain. He applied by letter 
vainly to Lord North, Lord Shelburne, and 
Thurlow. A cold letter from the last pro- 
voked a strong remonstrance in verse, which 
was unanswered, (William Cowper had a 
curiously similar passage with Thurlow two 
years later [see COWPEB, WILLIAM].) From 
the others he heard nothing. A journal ad- 
dressed to Miss Elmy from 21 April to 
11 June 1780 gives a vivid description of his 
difficulties. At last, in the beginning of 1781, 
he wrote a letter to Burke, describing his 



Crabbe 429 Crabbe 



history, and saying that he would be in a able to marry without imprudence- Miss Elmy 
debtor's prison unless within a week he could became his wife in December 1783 the first 
pay a debt of 14Z. He had vainly applied to child was born at Belvoir; but' in 1785 
all his friends, including Lord Rochford, of Crabbe took the curacy of Stathern and' 
whose late brother he had some knowledge, settled in the village parsonage. In 1784 he 
Burke, though a complete stranger, came to published a brief memoir of *Lord Robert 
the rescue. He read Crabbe's poems, and per- Manners, his patron's brother (killed inRod- 
suaded Dodsley to publish the ' Library/ the ney's victory, 12 April 1782), in the < Annual 
whole profits of which were liberally given Register/ and in 1785 he published the- 
by Dodsley to the author. Burke took < Newspaper/ Twenty-two years of silence- 
Crabbe to stay with him at Beaconsfield, followed. 

where the poet worked upon his next publi- Crabbe was intellectually active during all 1 
cation, the i Village. 7 Through Burke he this period, and also wrote voluminously, 
also became acquainted with Reynolds and But he had a system (less common than might 
Johnson. Thuiiow soon afterwards asked be wished) of periodical ' incremations.' His- 
him to breakfast and gave him a bank-note children helped him at intervals to burn 
for 100Z., while apologising frankly for former masses of manuscript too vast to be safely 
neglect. consumed in the chimney. Among the de- 

The success of the ' Library/ hastened by stroyed papers was an 'Essay on Botany/ so 
Burke's warm advocacy, at once gave Crabbe nearly ready that he had already proposed 
a position in literature. Burke meanwhile the publication to Dodsley. Davies, vice- 
advised him to take orders, as offering the master of Trinity College, Cambridge, pro- 
most suitable career, and at the request of tested against an English publication upon 
Burke, backed by Dudley North and Mz. such a subject, and it.was therefore burnt. 
Charles Long, Bishop Yonge of Norwich The death of the Duke of Rutland in Oc- 
admitted Crabbe to deacon's orders 21 Dec. tober 1787 deprived Crabbe of a patron ; but 

1781. He was licensed as curate to Mr. Ben- the duchess persuaded Thurlow to allow of 
net, the rector of Aldeburgh, and took priest's the exchange of the Dorsetshire livings for 
orders the following August. Crabbe was two better livings near Belvoir. Crabbe thus- 
well received in his native town, where his became rector of Muston and Allington, and 
father took pride in his success. His mother settled at the Muston parsonage 25 Feb. 1789. 
had died during his absence. We are told In October 1792 his wife's uncle, Tovell, died, 
that Crabbe had not altogether escaped some leaving Crabbe as his executor. Tovell's for- 
youthful temptations, and was too wellknown tune also came ultimately to Crabbe. Upon 
in the Aldeburgh tavern ; but his conduct Tovell's death he removed to Parham, leaving- 
had been habitually pure, and he practised a curate in his own parish and becoming him- 
henceforth an exemplary morality. self curate of Swefiiing and Great Glemham. 

Burke soon obtained for Crabbe the offer In 1796 he became the tenant of Dudley 
of a chaplaincy to the Duke of Rutland ; and North at Great Glemham Hall. Here he led 
he accordingly went to reside at Belvoir in a retired life. His frugal habits made him 

1782. The duke and duchess, a celebrated an unpopular successor to the convivial Tovell ; 
beauty, were leaders of society and lived in a he was wanting in political zeal and theref ore- 
style of splendour little congenial to Crabbe's unjustly suspected of Jacobinism. Domestic- 
homely manners. They treated him kindly, troubles strengthened his habits of retirement, 
however ; and he finished the ' Village/ which Five out of seven children died, and on the 
Johnson read, applauded, and, after suggest- death of the last Mrs. Crabbe fell into a 
ing some trifling corrections, returned with nervous disorder, which produced extreme 
a prophecy of success. It appeared in May depression, relieved by occasional intervals. 

1783. and succeeded as it deserved. Thurlow Crabbe found consolation in botanical and 
again asked him to dinner, and, telling him literary work, three novels being ' incre- 
with an oath that ' he was as like Parson mated ' at this time as well as the botanical 
Adanis as twelve to a dozen/ presented him treatise. His health was greatly improved 
to the small livings of Frome St. Quentin by recourse to opium for digestive weakness.. 
andEvershot in Dorsetshire. The Archbishop His preaching attracted large congregations, 
of Canterbury gave him the degree of LL.B. He was a clergyman of the old-fashionect 
to qualify him for the preferment. At the school, a good friend to the poor, for whose 
beginning of 1784 the Duke of Rutland benefit he still practised medicine, and a 
went to Ireland as lord-lieutenant. Crabbe preacher of good homespun morality. But 
preferred to remain at Belvoir, which the duke he was indifferent to theological speculations, 
asked him to consider as a home till some- suspicious of excessive zeal, contemptuous to- 
thing could be found for him. He was now wards ' enthusiasts/ and heartily opposed to 



Crabbe 



43 



Crabbe 



Wesleyans, evangelicals, and other trouble- 
-some innovators. His laxity in regard to resi- 
dence now attracted official notice, andPrety- 
man, bishop of Lincoln, insisted about 1801, in 
spite of applications from Dudley North, that 
he should return to Muston. Crabbe obtained 
leave of absence for four years longer, which 
were spent at Rendham, a neighbouring vil- 
lage, Great Glemham Hall having been sold 
by North. In October 1805 he returned ,to 
Muston and found that dissent had thriven 
during his absence. He seems to have at- 
tacked it with more fire than prudence. The 
'Parish Register' was finished at the end of 
. 1806, having been begun eight years before. 
He offered the dedication to Fox ; who had 
met him at Beaconsfield and afterwards in 
1794 or 1795 at North's house in Suffolk, and 
hown him much courtesy. Fox, though 
now breaking, fulfilled a previous promise 
by reading and correcting it. The story of 
"' Phoebe Dawson 7 was one of the last pieces 
of poetry which gave pleasure to the dying 
statesman. The ' Parish Register/ with 
'' Eustace Grey 'and other poems, appeared 
after Fox's death (September 1807) with a 
dedication to Lord Holland. It had a great 
.success, and was followed by the equally 
successful < Borough ' in 1810. Some attacks 
upon the Huntingtonians in this poem pro- 
duced a controversy with the editor of the 
4 Christian Observer/ which ended amicably. 
In 1812 appeared 'Tales in Verse/ which led 
to friendly communications with Scott, who 
had already written kindly of the < Parish 
Register/ 

On 31 Oct. 1813 Mrs. Crabbe died, and the 
simultaneous occurrence of other troubles 
caused a severe illness. Crabbe had remained 
upon friendly terms with the Rutland family 
and occasionally visited Belvoir, where he 
was much pleased among other things with 
the talk of Beau Brummell [q. v.] The Duke 
of Rutland now offered him the living of 
Trowbridge,Wiltshire, to which was added, in 
order to make up for a mistake as to value 
the living of Croxton, near Belvoir. He was 
inducted to Trowbridge Church on 3 June 
1814 Here he had to encounter some oppo- 
sition from the parishioners, who had pressed 
the claims of another candidate upon the 
patron, and was even mobbed at a contested 
election, when he showed unflinching firm- 
ness. ^ He was welcomed by the chief people 
and his liberality and independence gradually 
won general popularity. His son mentions 
certain flirtations which prove that he was 
still sensitive to feminine charms and capable 
of -attracting feminine devotion. He was 
now famous, and on a visit to London in 1817 
was welcomed at Holland House and received 



many attentions from Rogers, Moore, Camp- 
bell, and others. In 1819 he published the 
1 Tales of the Hall.' Murray paid him 3,000 J. 
for these and the copyright of his previous 
poems, and Crabbe insisted upon carrying, 
the bills about in his waistcoat pocket to 
show to i his son John.' On a later visit to 
London (1822) he met Scott, and the same au- 
tumn visited Edinburgh, where he unluckily 
arrived during the welcome of George IV. 
He stayed at Scott's house and was introduced 
to the literary celebrities. Lockhart showed 
him the sights, and Scott occasionally en- 
trusted him to a ' caddie/ as Colonel Man- 
nering provided for Dominie Sampson. Crabbe 
showed equal simplicity, and was one day 
found discoursing in execrable French to 
some highland chiefs whose costume and 
Gaelic had suggested some indefinite foreign 
origin. 

Crabbe led a retired life in later years, 
varied by occasional visits to his son George, 
now vicar of Pucklechurch, to the house of 
Samuel Hoare at Hampstead, where he met 
Wilberforce, Joanna Baillie, Miss Edge- 
worth, Mrs. Siddons, and others, and to sea- 

t t -rf -r-r rt< * . - 




and spoke good-humouredly to his ' old enemy.' 
His second son, John, became his curate at 
Trowbridge at the beginning of 1817, having 
just married a Miss Crowfoot, and lived with 
him till his death. He suffered much from 
tic douloureux, but took .great pleasure in 
his grandchildren, kept up his old habits of 
observation, performed services, and became 
increasingly liberal. His strength declined 
gradually, and he died 3 Feb. 1832, 

A monument, with a statue by Baily, was 
erected in the church at Trowbridge at tne cost 
of the parishioners. Portraits were painted 
by Pickersgill and Phillips, An engraving 
from the latter, painted for Mr. Murray and 
copied for Lord Holland, is prefixed to his 
works. 

Horace Smith, in a note to 'Rejected Ad- 
dresses/ called Crabbe 'Pope in worsted 
stockings.' Byron, in 'English Barda and 
Scotch Reviewers/ says that he is, 'though 
nature's sternest painter, yet the best.' The 
resemblance to Pope consists chiefly in the 
fact that Crabbe retained the old form of 
verse, and in his first poems adopted the di- 
dactic method. His ' stern painting of nature ' 
was the power to which he owes his perma- 
nent interest. The ' Village ' was intended 
as an antithesis to Goldsmith's idyllic sen- 
timentalism. Crabbe's realism, preceding even 
Cowper and anticipating Wordsworth, was 
the first important indication of one charac- 
teristic movement in the contemporary school 



Crabbe 



431 



Crabtree 



of poetry. His Clumsy style and want of Allington in 1811, married Caroline Matilda, 

sympathy with fie new world isolated him daughter of Thomas Timbrell of Trowbridge, 

as a, writer, ajjfe was a recluse in his life, in 1817, and became curate of Pucklechurch. 

But the fojjprExid fidelity of his descriptions In 1834 he was presented by Lord Lyndhurst 

of the scpery of his native place and of the to the vicarages of Bredfield and Petistree i* 1 

characteristics of the rural population give Suffolk, and built a parsonage at Bredfield, 

abidm^interest to his work. His pathos is where he lived till his death, 16 Sept, 1857. 

gtflfuffi and deep, and to some judgments his Besides the life of his father (1834) he pub- 

later works atone for the diminution in tragic lished a book upon natural theology. He i~ 

interest by their gentleness and simple hu- herited his father's humour, was a sturdy, old- 

mour. Scott and Wordsworth had some of fashioned gentleman, enjoying long walks 

his poetry by heart. Scott, like Fox, had amidst fine scenery or to objects of antiquarian 

'Crabbe read to him in his last illness (LocK- interest, and professing a hearty contempt for 

HART, ch. Ixxxiii.) Wordsworth said that verse, except, apparently, his father's (Gent. 

the poems would last as long as anything Mag. 1857, ii. 562, and Life of G. Crabbe}. 
written in verse since their first appearance [Crabbe > s Life b his son a an exeeUeI1 t 

<npte to Village, bk.i. in Collected Works). piece of biography, is the main authority for bis 

Miss Austen said that she could fancy being life> See also Brief Notices of the Eev G-. Crabbe 

Mrs. Crabbe. Jeffrey reviewed him admir- ... by James Hews Bransby, Carnarvon, 1832 >" 

ingly, and in later years E. FitzGrerald, the Cuttings from Crabbe, with a Memoir (by Mr. 

translator of ' Omar Khayyam/ wrote (1882) Taylor, a parishioner; see Life of Crabbe, 1861, 

an admiring preface to a selection in which p. 73); Autobiographical Sketch in New Monthly 

he says that Lord Tennyson appreciates them Magazine, 1816, r published in the Annual Biog 

Is . -i i i rt yv T i TVT ,, ,-1 /M_;j j* i e\f>i\ ml. . T * _i v > Tl ^u: 



equally with himself. Cardinal Newman and Obituary for 1833. The Leadbeater Papers 
speaks of the ' extreme delight ' with which (1862), ii. 337-403, gives the full correspondence 

IT . __ _ ^ ^. m,mm m ^ - * JL T- Tl T" j_ - T" J .^^11--^.J__ !*l 1 I* "T> T._ -. * JT 



Burkes 
L. S. 



he read i Tales of the Hall ' on their appear- wi . tla Mar 7 Leadbeater, daughter 

-ance. Thirty years later he says that a fresh fnend > Shackleton.] 

readinghastouchedhim still more, and anote 7 CRABTREE or KRABTREE HENRY 

aft era further lapse of twenty years ? endorses - ' 

this opinion. l A work which can please in 

_ JL - n 1 /**" f * T " "IT 



youth and age seems to fulfil (in logical lan- 
guage) the accidental definition of a classic ' 
{The Idea of a University, ed. 1875, p. 150). 

His works were : 1. 'Inebriety,' Ipswich, 
1775. 2. f The Candidate, a poetical epistle 
to the author of the u Monthly Review/' ' 
1780. 3. ' The Library/ 1781 and (with the 
,-author's name) 1783. 4. ' The Village,' 1783. 
5. ' Character of Lord Robert Manners/ in 
^Annual Register 'for 1783. 6. 'The News- 
paper/ 1785 (this has been translated into 
German, 1856, and Dutch, 1858). 7, 'The 
Parish Register/ 1807, in a volume including 
reprints of the ' Library/ the ' Village/ and 
the ' Newspaper/ also (for the first time) ' Sir 
Eustace Grey/ and some shorter poems. 
8, ' The Borough,' 1810. 9. < Tales/ 1812. 
10. ' Tales of the Hall/ 1819. All the above 
are published, together with some posthumous 
* Tales/ in the collected edition of his works 
(8 vols. 1 834, fl-nd in 1 835 and at later dates in 
one volume), with life by his son. Besides 
these Crabbe published two separate sermons, 
and contributed an account of the natural his- 
tory of the vale of Belvoir to the ' History of 

Leicestershire/ 

GBQKGKCBABBB,thepoet'sson,bornl6Nov. 

1785 received his whole education from his 



(fl. 1685), astrologer, would scarcely deserve 
mention here but for the fact that he has 



sometimes been confounded with William 
Crabtree the astronomer. He was born either 
at Norland or at Sowerby, in the parish of 
Halifax, and is said to have been a school- 
fellow of Archbishop Tillotson. He became 
curate of Todmorden in Lancashire, and in 
1685 published 'Merlinus Rustieus, or ft 
Country Almanack ' (London, printed for the 
company of Stationers), From the long de~ 
scription of the contents given in the title- 
page (which is copied in the anonymous 
'History of Halifax') it appears that the 
object of the book was mainly astrological- 
No copy of it is found in the library of the 
British Museum. 

[Hist, of the Town and Parish of Halifax 
(Halifax, 1789), p. 320 ; Notes and Queries. 3rd 
ser. v. 192.] H. B. 

CRABTREE, WILLIAM (1610-1644?), 
astronomer, son of John Crabtree, a hus^ 
bandman ' of fair estate, was born at Brougli- 
ton, near Manchester, in 1610, and baptised 
at the collegiate church of Manchester 011 
29 June that year. He was ..educated, it is 
presumed, at the Manchester grammar school? 
but did not go to Cambridge, as is sometimes 
stated. In due time he engaged in the busi- 
ness of a clothier or chapman (equivalent to 

^ ^ a merchant of to-day), and seems to have been 

ml SOS^raduated B7A/1807, became curate of in comfortable circumstances. In his twenty^ 




Crabtree 43 2 Grace 

third year (14 Sept. 1633) he married Eliza- ' Opera Posthuma/ edited by Wallis and pub- 

beth, daughter of Henry Pendleton of Man- lished in 1672 and again in 1673 and 1676. 

Chester, of a family of local repute and good They extend from page 405 to 439, and have 

position. this special title : e Excerpta ex vSchedias- 

He early took up the pursuit of astronomy matis Guliel. Crabtrii, de Observationibus ab> 

with great ardour. He was an exact calcu- ipso institutis, Broughtonse prope Mances- 

lator, discovered defects in the tables of triam.' Sherburne says that they amount to- 

Lansberg and other continental astronomers, not a tenth part of what he had made ; but~ 

and simplified the Rudolphian tables and con- the unprinted papers have now been lost. IB 

verted them into decimals. "When he entered the Chetham Library there is a manuscript 

into correspondence in 1636 with Jeremiah believed to be in his hand, entitled ' A True* 

Horrox [q. v.], he was able to encourage and and p'fect Booke of all the Bates and Taxa- 

instruct that extraordinary youth in his ce- cons w ch concerne this county of Lane./ 

lestial observations. Horrox, who was eight dated 1650. A similar volume is among the- 

or nine years younger than Crabtree, Se- Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum. 
quently refers to him in his writings in terms One of the fine series of frescoes in the 

of praise or friendliness. After frequent con- large room of the Manchester town hall has- 

sultation Horrox and Crabtree prepared to for its subject the observation of the transit 

observe the transit of Venus on Sunday, of Venus by Crabtree. It was painted in 188& 

24 Nov. 1639, the former at Hoole and the by Mr. Ford Madox Brown. 
latter at Broughton. As is well known, the [Palatine Note-book, ii. 262, iii. 17, 52, where- 

observations were successful, and the two Mr. J. E. Bailey has most carefully noted all the- 

friends were the first human beings that ever information that is available about Horrox and 

witnessed the phenomenon. It is narrated Crabtree; Horroeeii Opera Posthuma; Hevelii 

by Horrox that ' a little before sunset, namely Mercurhis in Sole visus Gedani, 1662, pp. 117, 

at 35 m. past 3, certainly between 30 and 40 14 J Plamsteed and Wallis's Letters in Corresp. 

min., the sun burst forth from behind the of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century 

clouds. He [Crabtree] at once began to ob- S?*!? 1 .)'. 1841 ' voL i{ ''> Sherburae's Sphere of 

serve, and was gratified by beholding the M.Mamlms, 16 75^ append^, pp ,.92 117; Worth- 

' onary ( hetham oe.), *. "11. 



pleasing spectacle of Venus upon the sun's if on ^ ary , ( hetham foe.), *. "11. 866, 

disc, Rapt in contemplation, 1 he stood for ?*?' S^X^R??^?? ^ 8 ^ ; t 

,- r ,* i * i j. , i ton s iviataem. JJict. 1815. i. 375: Grants Jiist. 

some time motionless, scarcely trusting his of Ph ical AstronomYj ' pp . ^ 454 _ 5 

own senses through excess of joy/ Manchester Quarterly, 1882, i. 313; Gent. Mag. 

Crabtree corresponded with William Gas- XX xi. 225.] C. "W. S. 

coigne (inventor of the micrometer) , Chris- ' ' " 

topher Towneley, and Foster of Gresham Col- CRACE, FREDERICK (1779-1859), a 

lege. One of his letters to Gascoigne, dated well-known collector of maps and views of 

7 Aug. 1640, was printed by "W. Derham in London, was born on 3 June 1779. He fol- 

the ' Philosophical Transactions/ No. 330 lowed the profession of his father as an ar- 

(vol. xxviL, or vol. v. of Hutton's ' Abridg- chitectural decorator, and was extensively 

ment 7 ). It is on the nature and appearance employed on work at the royal palaces and 

of sun spots, and contains some interesting other buildings. About 1818 he began to 

references to astronomical books which he collect maps and views of London, a pursuit 

had read. The death of Horrox in January probably suggested to him by the circumstance 

1640, on the day before he had arranged to that as a commissioner of sewers he often had 

visit Broughton, was a great blow to him, as occasion to consult old plans of the metropolis. 

he himself touchingly records. Little is heard During the last thirty years of his 1 ife he col- 

of him after the breaking out of the war, and leoted systematically. His magnificent col- 

it is uncertain when he died. In the Man- lection was purchased in 1880 by the trustees 

Chester church register is the entry ' 1644, of the British Museum from his son, Mr. John 

Aug. 1. "William Crabtree of > Broughton, Gregory Crace, and is described in the ' Data-- 

chapman/ and this is assumed to be the logue of Maps, Plans, and Views of London,, 

astronomer. "Wallis, when editing the ' Opera "Westminster, and Southwark, collected and 

Posthuma/ supposed him to have died a few arranged by Frederick Crace. Edited by his. 

days after Horrox, but later he was informed, son, John Gregory Grace/ London, 1 878, 8vo 

as the result of local inquiries, that he lived (another edition, 1879, 8vo). The whole col- 

till 1652 or 1653. If this is correct, he must lection consists of between fivQ and six thou- 

,have been buried elsewhere than at Man- sand prints and drawings, arranged in a series 

cheater. He left a son and two daughters, of fifty-seven portfolios. There are also eigh- 

Orabtree's observations (dated 1 Aug. 1636 teen large rollers with maps and plans, three 

to 18 Sept. 1638) are comprised in Horrox's volumes of maps, and a volume of * Ulustra-* 



-, paymaster of the British forces ir, 

5SSS ' W* sSn7e^ a S M W^ 
i , ? rv e&ummsber, wno married Attar- 



Cracherode 433 Cracherode 

tions of Frost Fairs on the Thames.' The 
greater part of these maps, plans, and views 
were arranged and uniformly mounted on 
tinted paper by Grace himself during his lei- 
sure hours. The maps, some of which are 
very rare or unique, form a continuous series, 
illustrating the growth of London from 1560 
to 1859. Many of the plans are of important 
properties, such as the Grey Friars, the Gros- 
venor estates, the Bank, &c. ; it is said that 
the production by Grace in the court of chan- 
cery, in 1858, of the plan of the Pest-house, 
Craven Hill estate, decided the question of 
the ownership of the property. The views 

f^ *TP T ^ rt > * 



uu wiu-isi unurcn, uxtord, in 1746 He wa,<* 
m the head election at Westminster when 
Cumberland was at the school, who asserts 
^^^l^^'^/^ous, an'd 



was 



" ~"- ' -kj UJ-LJ. WUt' JJ. JJ.4.C. Vvai 

correct in morals, elegant in manners 
pleasant to those who knew him. 



new m mi 

of London are very numerous, and often m- tslived he was a regular attendant atall 
eidentally illustrate bygone manners and cus- Westminster meetings, and the seconded? 
toms. They include examples by Vischer, tion of Welch's 



QM l 

Buck, 1749. Many of the drawn views have notes in his copy of the first issue at 

artistic as well as antiquarian interest ; among British Museum He took the degreeof B A 

them are works by W Capon P. Sandby, on 4 May 1750, and that of M. A^on 5 April 

T. Sanclby, K B ^ Schnebbelie, Major Yates, 1753, retaining his studentship at cg 

J Findlay, J. Buckler and G. Shepherd. Church until his death. His solewriS 

Grace s ambition was to have an illustration were some specimens of Latin verse in ffif" 

of every noteworthy London building; and < Carmina Quadragesimalia/ composed by the 

under his auspices T. H Shepherd made se- students of his house, and printed in 1748 

veral hundred water-colour drawings for the and a set of Latin verses in the collection of 

collection. A selection of 1,743 specimens the university of Oxford on the death of 

from the Grace collection was exhibited to Frederick, prince of Wales, in 1751 Ora 

the public m the king's library of the British cherode took orders in the English church" 

Museum in 1 880 and following years. A very and for some time held the curaV of Binsev' 

large number -of the illustrations in Thorn- near Oxford, but he neither sought nor obi 

bury and Watford's < Old and New London ' tained any further preferment? On the 

(see note, vi. p. n) are derived from the col- death of his father in 1773 he inherited an 

lection, the whole of which was, at onetime, ample fortune, which was estimated on his 

placed at the disposal of Messrs. Cassell, the own death at 800 a year from landed pro 

publishers, by the collector's son. Mr. Grace, perty and 2,300J. a year in lone- annuities 

w;hose < kind ^and genial disposition gained The days of this shy recluse passed awav 

him a large circle of friends/ died at Ham- among the treasures in his own house or in 

mersmith on 18 Sept. 1869, in his eighty-first adding to his stores from his favourite book- 

year. He had continued, in spite of failing shops. He was never on horseback, and never 

health, to work at his much-loved collection travelled further from London than to the 

till the last. He married in 1804 Augusta, university. So slight was his curiosity that 

daughter of Mr. John Gregory of Chelsea, he never saw, except in a drawing a cele- 

treasurer of the Whig Club. brated chesnut tree on his own estate in 

[J. G-. Grace's Catalogue of the Grace Collec- Hertfordshire. His manor of Great Wy- 

tion ; Guide to the Exhibition Galleries, Brit. Baondlejr was held from the crown subject to 

Mus. 1884, pp. 30-5 ; Brit. Mus. Parliamentary the service of presenting to the king the first 

Return, 1881, pp. 7, 45; G-ent. Mag. vii. 3rd cup from which he drinks at his coronation, 

ser. 435.] W. W. and the dread o_f the timid book-lover lesthe- 

should at any time be called upon to under- 

GEAGHERODE, CLAYTON MOE- take this service embittered his whole life 

DAUNT (1730-1799), book and print col- Cracherode was both F.R.S. andP.S.A., and 

lector, came from an ancient family long in 1784 he was elected a trustee of the British 

resident in Essex, the name of Mordaunt Museum. From the sale of Askew's books 

being derived from an alliance in the six- in 1775 he was the chief book-buyer of his. 

teonth century with the Mordaunts of Turvey age. It was his daily habit to walk to- 

rn Bedfordshire. His father, Colonel Mor- Elmsly's, a bookseller in the Strand, and then 

daunt Cracherode, had command of the ma- to the more noted shop of Tom Payne, by 

rinos in Anson's voyage round the world j the Mewsgate. Though he often declaimed 

his mother was Mary, daughter of Thomas against the high prices which ruled in his. 

VOL* XII. F p 



Cracherode 434 Cradock 



day, his purchases never ceased. An agent 
was buying prints when Cracherode lay on 
his deathbed, and on his farewell "visit to 
Mewsgate, about four days before his death, 
he carried away in his ample pockets a 
' Terence ' and a ' Oebes.' He died ' after a 
severe struggle, in great pain/ at Queen 
Square, Westminster, on 5 April 1799, and 
was buried on 13 April near his mother, in 
the east cloister of "Westminster Abbey. He 
had never married, and his will, which was 
drawn up by himself very precisely, though 
not couched in legal terms, was dated 9 April 
1792, and proved on 17 April 1799 by his 
sister Anne Cracherode (who died on 17 July 



The poet Akenside was numbered among 
his friends, and there is preserved at the 
Bodleian a copy, formerly the property of 
Douce, of the folio wing brochure : * Fragments 
of a tragedy lately acted at the British Mu- 
seum. Scene, the shades below, Mr. Cra- 
cherode, Mr. Townley, Mr. Steevens, and Mr. 
Quin . . . Roger and Thomas Payne/ 4to, 
pp. 3, on which Douce has written ' From 
the author, St. Weston, 1806, Aug.' 

[Dibdin's Bibliog. Decameron, iii. 326-36 ; 
Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. v. 616, 625, vi. 773-81, 
viii. 195-7 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 147, viii. 
150, 524, ix. 666-7 ; Edwards's Brit. Mus. ii. 
417-22; Gent. Mag. 1799 pt. i. 354-6, 373, 395, 



1802), sole executrix and residuary legatee, 1813 pt. ii. 210; Wright's Essex, i. 644-5; 
to whom came the whole of his land and Chester's Eegisters of Westminster Abbey, 439, 
personalty, with the exception of 1,OOOJ. for 461, 467 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 246, 
Christ Church, Oxford, 1,000/. for West- 326, 33 7-8; Forshall's Westminster School, 235; 
minster School, some charitable bequests and Cumberland's Memoirs, 49; Pagan's Collectors' 
slight legacies to Cyril and William Jackson. Maxks ' PP- 21 ~ 6 ' and P late - No - ll <$ 
In the course of his life he had amassed the w * * m 
choicest specimens of the earliest editions in CRADOCK, EDWARD (fl. 1671), al- 
classical and biblical literature, the rarest chemist, a native of Staffordshire, was edu- 
coins and gems, and the most exquisite prints eated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
which money could purchase. He left behind graduated B.A. 11 Jan. 1555-6 and M. A. 
him 4,500 volumes, all of which were re- 10 Feb. 1558-9. He was elected Lady Mar- 
markable either for the rareness or the ex- garet professor on 24 Oct. 1565, and later in 
cellence of the impression, seven portfolios the same year took both the degrees In divi- 
of drawings, one hundred portfolios of prints, nity. In 1571 he published ' The Shippe of 
with coins and gems, ' worthy of an imperial assured Saf etie, wherein we may sayle without 
cabinet. 7 The whole of these collections Danger towards the Land of the Liuing, pro- 
were left by his will to the British Museum ; mised to the true Israelites,' 16mo ; 2nd edit, 
two books only, the Complutensian Poly- 1572, 8vo. Some Latin sapphics by Cradock 
glot, and the princeps Homer which for- are prefixed to Peterson's translation of Delia 
merly belonged to De Thou, were excepted. Case's < Galateo/ 1576, 4to. He spent many 
The former he gave to Shute Barrington, years in searching for the philosopher's stone, 
bishop of Durham, and the latter to Cyril and wrote: I. 'A. Treatise of the Philoso- 
Jackson ; but even these volumes ultimately pher's Stone,' preserved among the Ashmolean 
came to the national collection, as Jackson manuscripts (1445), written m English verse 
would not dissever his gift from its former and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. 2. < Trac- 
companions, and Barrington, on his death, tatus de Lapide Philosophico ' (Ashmolean 
left his possession to the Museum. His MS. 1415), written in Latin verse and dedi- 
collection of prints comprised splendid ex- cated to Queen Elizabeth. 3. ' Documentum 
amples of Rembrandt and Durer, and it was et Practica ' (Ashmolean MS. 1408), which 
the theft by Robert Dighton, a caricaturist, also deals with the philosophers stone. He 
from these treasures which led to the dismissal resigned his professorship in 1594. 
of Beloe from Ms post at the Museum. For- 
tunately an appea? to the virtuosos who had 

purchased from the thzef secured the return molean Manuscripts.] A. H. B. 
of most of the prints. The only likeness of 
Cracherode, which was taken after his health CRADOCK, JOHN (1708 P-1778), arch- 
became impaired, is a drawing in blacklead "bishop of Dublin, born about 1708, was a 
made by Edridge by the order of Lady native of Wolverhampton. Having received 
Spencer, but the subject of the sketch ex- Ms education at St. John's, Cambridge, where 

"I IT jl i " j 1 1 "1 i 1 1 1,t TT\ 1 i l-rnn 1 "i . f 



.juvw if^jf. uvs.v x u,.ku. -i_^i rjJLJ-\_>i i uvur.u,i.vu.*~u., tuj,j,v. kpw.MK3tx YvjkUJtA ujj.<j iVJVUVJ. V V4. JL/ 1, V JU/ J. Cl/ y UVJJLJL. WU/AlXMi. J.M.H %J 

c[uently in Dibdin's f Bibliographical Deca- shire. Subsequently he became rector of St. 

meron/ Cracherode's name is introduced Paul's, Covent Garden, London, and chaplain 

Into the ' Pursuits of Literature 7 by Mathias. to John, fourth duke of Bedford. The degree 



Cradock 435 Cradock 

of B.D. had been conferred on him in 1740, lie married Anna Francesca, third daughter 

and that of D.D. in 1749. Accompanying of Francis Stratford of Merivale Hall, War- 

the Duke of Bedford to Ireland on his ap- wickshire. During his honeymoon the Duke 

pointment to the office of lord-lieutenant, he of Newcastle, as chancellor, conferred upon 

was soon after promoted, in November 1757, him the M.A. degree. He took a house in 

to the bishopric of Kilmore ; and having held the fashionable quarter, Dean Street, Soho ; 

that see for fourteen years, he was translated became known to the wits, and an enthusi- 

to the archbishopric of Dublin, by patent astic playgoer. In 1766 Farmer dedicated to 

dated 5 March 1772. In 1777 he incurred him the well-known essay on the ' Learning 

the vituperative attacks of Dr. Patrick Dm- of Shakespeare.' Cradock soon afterwards 

genan, who, in his ' Lachrymse Academic^/ settled at a mansion which he had built at 

took occasion to censure him severely because Ghimley, and upon a scale which led to em- 

he had, as visitor of Trinity College, Dublin, barrassment. He was high sheriff of Leices- 

spoken rather favourably of Provost Hutchin- tershire in 1766 and 1781. In 1768 he was 

son, against whom that publication was spe- elected F.S.A. He gave private theatricals 

cially directed. Cole says of him that he at Gumley, where Garrick offered to play 

was ' a portly, well-looking man, of a liberal the Ghost to his Hamlet, and in 1769 took a 

turn of mind,_ and a social and generous dis- conspicuous part at the Stratford jubilee. He 

position/ His publications are: 1. i A Ser- collected a fine library and amused himself 

moh before the University of Cambridge/ with landscape gardening. A little book, 

1739. 2, 'Sermon before the House of Com- called 'Village Memoirs' (1774), gives Ms 

mons/ 1752, 3. ' Fast Sermon/ on Jeremiah views upon this subject, and upon religion 

vi. 8, 1758. 4. 'A Charge delivered at his and life in general. His musical skill pro- 

Primary Visitation in St. Patrick's Cathe- cured him a welcome at Lord Sandwich's seat 

dral, Dublin/ 1772. Hefc died at his palace at Hinchinbroke, where Miss Ray sang in 

of St. Sepulchre's, in the city of Dublin, oratorios, while Lord Sandwich performed 

10 Dec. 1778, and was buried in the southern on the kettledrum. He was a patron of the 

aisle of St. Patrick's, but there is not any in- music meetings at Leicester, originated in 

scription to his memory. His only son, John 1771 for the benefit of the infirmary. There 

Francis Cradock, changedhis name to Caradoc, was a great performance in 1774, when an 

and was raised to the Irish peerage in 1819, ode written by Cradock, set to music by Boyce, 

with the title of Baron Howden ; and his was performed, and among the audience were 

widow, Mary Cradock, died 15 Dec. 1819, Lord Sandwich and Omai, the native of 

aged 89, and was buried in the Abbey Church, Otaheite. In 1771 a tragedy by Cradock, 

Bath. called ' Zobeide/ founded on Voltaire's * Les 



[Graduati Cantabrigienees ; Cotton's Fasti Ee- Scythes/ was performed at Covent 

clesiss Hibermcse, ii. 26, iii. 169 ; D'Alton's Me- with success. Voltaire acknowledged the 

moirs of the Archbishops of Dublin, p. 344 ; work in a note dated Ferney, 9 Oct. 1773, in 

Watt's Bibl. Brit.] ' B. H. B. which he says : 



o __ T/VOTVT T?-D A xTrrra Thanks to your muse, a foreign copper shines, 

/i ra Sl n J H ^ FRANOIS Turned into gold and coined in sterling lines. 

(1762-1839). [See CABADOO.] 5 to 

In 1773 he wrote a pamphlet called l The Life 

CRADOCK, JOSEPH (1742-1826), man of John "Wilkes, Esq., in the manner of Plu- 

of letters, was the only surviving son of Jo- tarch/ a Wilkite mob having broken his win- 

seph Cradock of Leicester and Gumley, and dows in Dean Street. In 1777 he published 

was born at Leicester 9 Jan. 1741-2. He was l An Account of some of the most Eomantic 

inoculated in spite of the prevailing prejudice. Parts of North "Wales/ having ascended Snow- 

His father was threatened by the mob, and don in 1774 From 1783 to 1786 he travelled 

had to pay the surgeon 100Z, His mother through France and Holland, his wife's health 

died in 1749, and his father afterwards mar- having failed. After his return his ownhealth 

ried Anne Ludlam (d. 1774), sister of two compelled him to withdraw from society, 

well-known mathematicians. Cradock was though he took part in. various local move- 

educated at the Leicester grammar school, ments. In 1815 he published < Four Disser- 

He lost his father in 1769, and was soon tations, Moral and Religious/ His wife died 

afterwards sent to Emmanuel College, Cam- 25 Dec. 1816. In his later years he was very 

bridge, of which Bichard Farmer, his school- intimate with John Nichols, the antiquary. 

fellow, was then tutor. He had already ac- In 1821 he published a little novel against 

quired a taste for the stage and for London gambling, called ' Fidelia.^ In 1823 growing 

society, and left Cambridge without daring embarrassments induced him to sell his estate 

to face the examination for a degree. In 1765 and library and retire to London on a small 



Cradock 436 Cradock - 

annuity, In 1824 he published his tragedy, a son George, who entered the Inner Temple- 
' The Czar/ which had got as far as a rehearsal in 1632, and died in 1643. The identity of 
fifty years "before. Its reception was good this Matthew Cradock with the colonial mer~ 
enough to induce him to publish in 1826 his chant is possible. In 1618 the latter was 
1 Literary and Miscellaneous Memoirs/ fol- settled in London, and is described as an ' ad- 
lowed by a second volume including his tra- venturer' trading to the East Indies. Hepur- 
vels. He died in the Strand 15Dec, 1826. He chased 2,OOOZ. stock in the East India Corn- 
is described as being ' a sort of twin brother J pany in 1628. When the company for colo- 
of Garrick, both in mind and body. He had nising Massachusetts was formed (4 March 
a talent for acting, and was a lively, culti- 1627-8), Cradock, who subscribed largely to* 
vated, and volatile person. His friend, George the funds, was chosen the first governor on 
Dyer, speaks favourably of the generosity of 13 May 1628. He was very zealous in theper- 
his feelings, and adds that he was strictly formance of his duties; sent John Endicott to- 
temperate, living chiefly on very small quan- represent the company in the colony, and in a 
tities of turnips, roasted apples, and coffee, letter to Endicott dated 16 Feb. 1628-9/ from 
and never drinking wine. He had for some my house in St. Swithen's Lane, near Lon- 
reason to be constantly bled, and was ' cupped don Stone/ warned the colonists against the 
sometimes twice a day ; ' yet he lived to be peaceful advances of the Indians, and recom- 
eighty-four. mended them to employ themselves in build- 

[Brief Memoirs, prefixed by John Bo-wyer ing ships. In 1629 the government perceived 

Nichols to Literary and Miscellaneous Memoirs signs of prosperity in the Massachusetts Com- 

by J. Cradock, 4 yols. 1828. The four volumes pany, and Cradock, a strong parliamentarian, 

include all Cradock's ^vorks as mentioned above, was resolved that Charles I should take no 

His own Memoirs in the first volume are a ram- share of the profits. He therefore recom- 

blmg collection of reminiscences, some of which, mended the transference of the headquarters 

especially of Goldsmith and Johnson, are inte- of the company to New England. JohnWin- 

lestmg.j L. b. t hrop was e i ec ted governor in his place, and 

CRADOCK, MARMADUKE (1660 ?- sailed to Massachusetts at the close of 1629. 

1716), painter (erroneously called ' Luke ' by Cradock, who took leave of the emigrants 

Walpole), was born at Somerton, near II- off . tlle Isle o:f "Wight, remained behind to 

Chester, Somersetshire, about 1660, and was assist tlie company m England, but sent ser- 

sent to London. After the expiration of an T ants and a ents and secured a plantation 

apprenticeship to a house-painter, he became f r nim self at Medford, ' On the east sido 

a skilful painter from nature of animals, birds, of Mlstlck river is Mr. Cradock's plantation, 

and still life, but did not meet with success, J^eie he hath impaled a park, where he hoofeft 

and worked for dealers. He died in March J 118 cattle tllllie can store lt wlth d . oer - H . ere 

1716, and was buried on 24 March in St kkewise ae ^ at charges of building ships. 

Mary's, Whitechapel, having resided in Col- T]ie last F ea1 ' one was U P 011 tlie ^ oc] a 

Chester Street. After his death the merits of hundred to* 18 - That being finished, they are 

his pictures were recognised, and they rose in to build one twice tlie Burden 7 (Wooi), New 

value. Some very spirited groups of birds ^ n ff^ * Prospect, 1633, cap. x.) In 1680 

were engraved and published in 1740-3 by Cradock an(i others petitioned the council 

Josephus Syrnpson. Walpole praises some for P era *ission to export provisions freely to 

pictures by Cradock. One is at Knowsley tlie colonists, who were roprosonted as being 

Hall, m ^ eat straits from want of food and the 

rR^^Wa-nw *T? VIA*-* XT -, , attacks of the Indians, 29 Sopt. 1630 ( 

[Eedgrave s Diet, of English Artists ; Fagler's K ta f e Paver* Onlnriinl Ifi7/U1ftftn -n 

lor's State of the Arts in Great Britain and ^ ^ 3 ^how the value attached to CradoclB 
Ireland; Scharf's Catalogue of the Pictures at ad e and monetary aid, In one letter 
Knowsley Hall; Eegisters of St. Mary's "White- ^ radock promises 60. to the projected Har- 
chapel.] L. C. vard College. At the close of 1,640 Cradock 
r * -^ ^ nvr i, r A mm w ^,r , " " was returned as M.P. for London to the Lon^ 
CEADOCK, MATTHEW^. 1641), iirst parliament, In the opening session he de- 
governor of the Massachusetts Company, was nounced the king's plan of fortifying the 
of a Staffordshire family. One Matthew (son Tower, and declared that the city would not 
of George) Cradock of Stafford was mayor contribute to the taxes till the royalist gar- 
of that town in 1614; married Elizabeth rison was removed. On 4 May 1*041 ho an- 
Fowler of Harnedge Grange, Shropshire, nounced a rumour that the army in the north 
M April 1612; built a mansion on the site was being armed with a view to active ser- 
of Caverswall Castle, Staffordshire ; and had vice. Ten days later lie was on a committee 



Cradock 



437 



Cradock 



for recusants. He died suddenly, in the midst 
of his parliamentary labours, on 27 May 1641 
(SMITH, Obituary, Oamd. Soc, p. 18). In 
1628-9, when Sir Edward Dering was wooing 
the rich widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Bennett, 
daughter of William Cradock of Stafford, he 
sought the aid of Cradock, who was the 
lady's cousin (Proceedings in Kent, Camd. 
Soc. pref.) One Rebekkah Cradock, described 
as widow of Matthew Cradock, was in 1670 
the wife of Benjamin "Whichcot, D.D,, and 
her son, Matthew Cradock, was alive, in 
1672. 

[Alexander Young's Chronicle of Massachu- 
setts, 128-37 (Cradock's letter to Endieott); 
Massachusetts Hist. Soc. Coll. 4th ser. vi. 118-30 
^Cradock's letters to Winthrop) ; Deane's Death 
of Cradock, 1871, repr. from. Mass. Hist. Soc. 
Proc. 1871-3, pp. 171-3; J.B. Felt's Annals of 
.Salem, i. 56 ; Hutchinson's Hist, of Massachu- 
setts, i. 18, 22 ; Winthrop's Hist. i. ii. ; Gardi- 
ner's Hist, of JEngl. vii. ix. ; Cal. of State Papers 
(Colonial), 1618-30; William Salt, Archseolog. 
Coll. v. ii, 100.] S. L. L. 

CEADOCK, SAMUEL, B.D. (1621?- 

1706), nonconformist tutor, was born about 
1621. He was an elder brother of Zachary 
Oradock, D.D. [q. v.] Pie entered Emmanuel 
College, Cambridge, as a pensioner from But- 
land, and was elected fellow of Emmanuel 
in 1645. On 10 Oct. 1649 he was incor- 
porated M.A. at CJxford. His public per- 
formance on taking his B.D. in 1651 at Cam- 
bridge was * highly applauded/ says Calamy. 
" He resigned his fellowship in 1656 on ac- 
cepting the college living of North Cadbury, 
Somersetshire, a rectory then worth 300/. a 
year. Here he devoted himself most assidu- 
ously to the work of the ministry, till he 
was ejected by the Uniformity Act of 1662. 
By tile death of George Cradock he had be- 
come next heir male to Walter Cradock of 



ted, Sons of presbyterian peers and gentry- 
frequented his academy. Calamy, who was 
his pupil in philosophy (1686-S), gives a 
list, not exhaustive, of twelve- who were 
his contemporaries, including his classmate 
Timothy Goodwin, then studying with a 
view to medicine, eventually promoted to the 
archbishopric of Cashel. The question arose 
whether nonconformist tutors were not vio- 
lating their graduation oaths by prelecting 
outside the universities. Cradock drew up 
his reasons for believing that the oath referred 
simply to lectures in order to a degree. All, 
the _ early nonconformist tutors lectured in 
Latin. Cradock's lectures were compilations, 
the systematic arrangement being his own ; 
each student was expected to transcribe 
them. Calamy speaks very highly of the 
moral effect of Cradock's discipline, which 
was wise and friendly, and not too severe. 
The tutor was a pleasant and genial man, 
who enlivened his conversation with a spice 
of humour. Provision having been made on 
an adjoining estate in 1695 for the perform- 
ance of dissenting worship at "Wickhambrook, 
Cradock removed in 1696 to Bishop's Stort- 
ford, where he continued to preach, and soon 
became pastor of a congregational church in 
the neighbouring village of Stansted-Mount- 
fitchet (meeting-house erected about 1698). 
He was able to preach twice every Sunday 
till within a fortnight of his death on 7 Oct. 
1706, in his eighty-sixth year. He was buried 
at "Wickhambrook 11 Oct. 
- He published: 1. 'Knowledge and Prac- 
tice,' &c., 1659, 8vo j reprinted, 1673, 4to ; 
supplement, 1679, 4to ; enlarged edition, 
1702, fol. (portrait). Dedication to master 
and fellows of Emmanuel, dated 5 May 1659 ; 
recommendatory epistle by Edward Eey- 
nolds, afterwards bishop of Norwich ; written 
for his congregation at North Cadbury, and 



Geesings, in the parish of Wickhambrook, a copy presented to every parishioner ; Dod- 
Sullblk, who, dying shortly after Cradock's *** -^ nw- a >aV n f ;+ -W^T, M0 ^ 
ejectment, left him his estate. Hereupon he 
took as his motto, ' Nee ingratus nee inutilis 
videar vixisse.' Some years later he took his 

-j^ _ ^ . IT . * 



family to Geesings, and on the declaration 
of indulgence (15 March 1672) he obtained 
4, license (2 April) for himself as a ' presby- 
torian teacher/ and for his house as a place 
of worship. For twenty-four years he con- 
tinued his ministrations gratuitously, living 
in good style as a country gentleman, and on 
excellent terms with Cowper, the vicar of 
Wickhambrook. He was never molested, 
.and even when he opened under his own 
roof, prior to the Toleration Act, an academy 
for training young men in philosophy and 
theology, he escaped the interferences with 
which other nonconformist tutors were visi- 



dridge and Orton speak of it, with reason, as 
one of the best manuals for a young minister. 
2. ' The Harmony of the Four Evangelists/ 
&c., 1668, fol. ; reprinted 1669, 1670, 1684, 
1685 (revised by Tillotson, whose ' care had 
preserved it from the flames ' in September 
1666, during the great fire). 3. ' A Cate- 
chism/ &c., 1668 (Palmer). 4. ' The Aposto- 
lical History/ &c., 1673, fol. reprinted 1673. 
5. ' A Serious Dissuasive from . . . Sins of 
the Times/ &c., 1679, to. 6. ' The History 
of the Old Testament methodised/ &c., 1683, 
fol. ; reprinted 1695, translated into Latin, 
Leyden, 1685, 8vo. 7. 'A. Plain and Brief 
Exposition and Paraphrase on the Eevela- 
tion/ &c., 1690, Svo; reprinted 1G92, 1@96. 

[Funeral Sermon, by S. Bury, 1707 ; 
Account, 1713, p. 581 ; Continuation, 




Cradock 438 Craft 



177, ii. 731 ; Hist. Ace. of My own Life, 2nd ed. Cradook Hj.v.] His fa ^ er was settled in 

1830, i. 132; "Wood's Fasti, 1692, ii, 752; Birch's Kutlandshire. He was educated at Ema- 

Life of Tillotson, 2nd ed. 1753, pp. 271, 363; nu el, and Queen's College, Cambridge, and 

Palmer's Nonconf. Mem. 1803, iii. 178 (por- elected fellow of the latter 2 Aug. 1654. In 

trait); Davids's Annals of Evaug. Nonconf. 1656 Ralph Cudworth recommended him to- 

in Essex, 1863, pp. 474, 602 ; Browne's Hist. secretar y Thurloe as resident chaplain at 

Cong. Norf, and Sui 1877, p. 518 ; information Lislbon and ^ j^a the post for several years 

from the Master of Emmanuel.] A. G-. (THUBLOB? Papers v . 533 ; Cal State Papers, 

CRADOCK, WALTER (1606 P-1659), 1657, p. 466). He became canon of Ohi- 

puxitan divine, was born of a gentleman's Chester 11 Feb. 1669-70, and fellow of 

family at Trevela, in the parish of Llangw- Eton College in December 1671, He was- 

mucha, Monmouthshire, where, from his an- also chaplain in ordinary to Charles IL On 

cestors, he derived an estate of 6QZ, a year. 24 Feb. 1680-1 he was elected provost of 

He was educated at -Oxford, and became cu- Eton, in succession to Eichard Allestree 

rate first at Peterston-upon-Ely, Glamorgan- [q. v.], and in opposition to Edmund Waller 

shire, and afterwards to William Erbury, the poet, who, according to Wood,^ 'had 

vicar of St. Mary's, Cardiff. In consequence, tugged hard for it. 7 In June 1695 it was. 

however, of his puritanical opinions, he was reported that the deanery of Lincoln was 

deprived of his curacy by the Bishop of Llan- offered him. He died in September 1695, 

datF, who described him as ' a bold, ignorant and was buried in Eton college chapel. He 

young fellow/ He then went to Wrexham, was very; celebrated as a preacher. Evelyn 

where he officiated as curate for nearly a year. ' the diarist was acquainted with him and 

Afterwards he appears to have resided at Llan- frequently visited him at Eton. A ser- 

vair Waterdine, Herefordshire, under the pa- mon by him was preached before the king,, 

tronage of Sir Robert Harley of Brampton 10 Feb. 1677-8, was published in 1678, and 

Briars. Thence he made excursions into the went through five editions before 1695. It 

neighbouring counties, establishing in some of was reissued in 1740 and in 1742. Another 

them settled congregations. Subsequently he sermon was issued posthumously in 1706. 

succeeded the Rev. William Wroth as pastor [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1272; 

of the congregational church at Llanvaches, Harwood's Alumni Etonienses, 29; Evelyn's 

Monmouthshire, and about 1646 he was ap- Diary, ii. 353, 355, iii. 19 j LuttrelTs Relation, 

pointed preacher at Allhallows-the-Great, i. 68, iii. 489, 536, 538.] S. L. L. 
London. He was one of the commissioners 

or triers appointed on 20 March 1653-4 for CRAFT, WILLIAM H. (d. 1805 P), 

the approbation of public preachers. He died enamel-painter, a prolific artist, was employed 

at Trevela on 24 Dec. 1659, and was buried at the Battersea enamel works, lie was 

in the chancel of the church of Llangw- probably a relation, perhaps a son, of Thomas 

mucha. ^ Craft, who was employed at the porcelain 

He was the author of: 1. 'The Saints works at Bow, and executed the bowl now in 

Fulnesse of Joy in their fellowship with God,' the British Museum, to which he affixed an 

a sermon preached before the House of Com- account of its production, rendering it one of 

mons ' in Margarets Westminster/ 21 July the few pieces of Bow china that have been 

1646, being the ,day appointed for thanks- authenticated. William Craft exhibited nu- 

giving for the surrender of Oxford, London, merous enamels at the Royal Academy in the 

1646, 4to. 2. < G-ospel-Libertie/ a collection years 1774-1795. They were mostly decora- 

of twelve sermons, Lond. 1648, 4to. 3. ( Di- tive subjects, but there were some portraits, 

vine Drops distilled from the Fountain of including one of Major Andre. Enamels by 

Holy Scriptures/ Lond. 1650, 4to. 4. ' Gos- him on copper signed. ' W. II. Craft ' are some- 

E^l-Holinesse, or, the saving sight of God/ times met without are not common. Lady 

ond. 1651, 4to. Charlotte Schreiber notes some vases dated 

His collected ' Works ' were published at 1787-8, and snuff-boxes with heads of Nelson 

Chester, 1800, 8vo, by the Rev. T.Charles of andothersj also a memorial piece of Britannia 

Bala and the Rev. P. Oliver of Chester. between Howe, Nelson, Duncan, and St. Via-* 

[Life prefixed to Works ; Williams 's Eminent cent. In 1862, at the Archteolqgieal Insti-* 

"Welshmen ; Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss), iii. tute, an enamel on gold by Craft was exhi- 

360, 878, Fasti, ii. 124 ; Hanbury's Memorials, bited by Mr. J. P. Fischer, and a large enamel 

iii. 422 ; Cat, of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; O n copper, representing a rural scene, by Mr. 

Bees's Nonconformity in Wales, 2nd eel. p. 46.] Wilson ; the latter is now in the possession 

T - - of Mr. Octavius Morgan, F.S.A. A portrait 

CKADOCK, ZACHARY (1633-1695), of Sir William Hamilton, dated 18<fe, is in 

provost of Eton, was brother of Samuel the possession of Mr. A, "W. Franks. F.S.A. 5. 





439 

it is hard, but clever in execution. Earl pointments in the last year of the queen's 
Spencer has a miniature of Lavinia, countess reign, he was reappointed clerk of the de- 
Spencer, after Keynolds, signed and dated liveries on 19 Nov. 1714, and in the early 
1787, which was exhibited at the Exhibition part of the following year was made joint 
of Miniatures in 1865. Craft is stated to postmaster-general with Charles, fourth lord 
have died in 1805. Cornwallis. Though not a director of the 

[Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Oraves's Diet. ^ outl1 Sea Company, when the crash came, 
of Artists, 1760-18SO; Chaffers's Marks and Craggs was deeply involved in its transac- 
Monograms on China ; Journal of the Archseo- tions. He was examined before the secret 
logical Institute, 1 862 ; Catalogue of the Special committee of inquiry appointed by the House 
Exhibition of Miniatures, 1865; Koyal Academy of Commons at the beginning of 1721. From 
Catalogues ; private information.] L. C. their third report, which was not considered 

by the house until after his death, it ap- 

CKAGGS, JAMES, the elder (1657-1721), peared that no less than 40,000. of South 
postmaster-general, was the eldest son of feea stock had been taken in and paid for out 
Anthony Craggs of Holbeck, in the parish of of the cash of the company for his use and 
"Wolsingham, fiurham, and Anne, daughter benefit, and that 30,OOOZ. of this had actually 
of the Kev. Ferdinando Morecroft, rector of been transferred to him. An act was after- 
Stanhope in Weardale, and prebendary of wards passed by which all the property 
Durham. He was born at Wyserley, and which he had acquired since 1 Dec. 1719 was 
on 10 June 1657 was baptised at Wolsing- confiscated for the relief of the sufferers by 
ham, in the county of Durham. He was edu- the collapse of the bubble. One of the re- 
cated at the free school at Bishop Auckland, citals of this act (7 G-eo. I, c. 28) sets out 
and on attaining the age of twenty-one joined that ' James Craggs the elder, esquire, was a 
with his father in cutting off the entail and notorious accomplice and confederate with 
selling the whole of the small family property, the said Robert Knight, and some of the late 
At the age of twenty-three he went up to directors of the South Sea Company, in car- 
London, where he obtained employment in rying on their corrupt and scandalous prac- 
various capacities. His early pareer is in- tices ; and did by his wicked influence and 
volved in considerable obscurity, and though for his own exorbitant gain promote and en- 
tlie assertion that he commenced life as a courage the pernicious execution of the late 
country barber is probably untrue", it is quite South Sea scheme. 7 Craggs died on 16 March 
likely that his earlier occupations were not of 1721, and was buried in the churchyard at 
the very highest character. In 1684 he was Charlton in Kent, where there is a monu- 
steward to the Duke of Norfolk. He after- ment to his memory. He is^ supposed by 
wards became attached to the household of some to have committed suicide by taking 
the Duke of Marlborough, where his shrewd- poison, but the cause of his death is stated 
ness and administrative ability attracted the to have been ' a lethargick fit.' His death 
attention of the duchess, who entrusted him was probably accelerated by his grief at the 
with the management of her business affairs, loss of his son, for whom he had been amass- 
On 4 March 1695, Craggs, who was at this ing a huge fortune, and the anxiety of mind 
time engaged in business as an army clothier, occasioned by the impending disclosures. He 
refused to submit his books to the commis- is reported to have left behind him an estate 
sioners appointed to examine the public ac- valued at one million and a half. Craggs 
counts of the kingdom. Three days after- was a man of great energy of character, ex- 
wards being ordered to attend the House of traordmary financial ability, and marvellous 
Cornmona, he was committed to the Tower assurance. He was also remarkable for his 
for obstructing the inquiry into the disposal talent in reading men, and by a peculiar way 
of the public moneys (farl Hist, vol. v. of gaining on the minds ol those he dealt 
cols. 892-5). with/ Troubled with few scruples he was 

Through the influence of the duchess he the beau id6al of a successful speculator and 
was returned in 1702 as one of the members floater of bubble companies 'Once when 
lor the borough of Grampound, which he he was entrusted with Lord Sunderland s 
continued to represent until the dissolution interests while the latter attended the king 
of Anne's fourth parliament in August 1713. to Hanover, Walpole and his party got hold 
In 1702 he was one of the committee of the of some story very much against Lord bun- 
Kant India Company, and for several years derland, which it was im P ss ^^ a ^7 
hold the poste of clork of the deliveries, and act by any common means. Old Craggs sent 
atieretary of the ordnance ofEce, over which to Sir Robert Walpole to see him, and ^ ac- 
hiH patron, the Puke of Marlborough, pre- knowledged the fact, but told him if the least 
aided Though he lost these last two ap- use was attempted to be made of it he would 



Craggs 44 Craggs 

that moment go before the lord mayor and and on 13 April 1717 was appointed secretary- 
swear that he, Walpole, had a conversation at war in the place of "William Pulteney, 
with the Pretender. Walpole said that it afterwards earl of Bath. Upon Addison's 
was a gross falsehood. Craggs said that retirement Craggs succeeded hina as one of 
might be, but he would swear it, and accom- the principal secretaries of state, with the 
pany it with such circumstances as would charge of the southern department, and on 
make it believed, and that Walpole knew the same day (16 March 1718) was sworn a 
he was able and capable of it ' (Life of member of the privy council. Though his 
William, Earl of Shelburne, 1875, i. 40-1). political career had been remarkably rapid, 
Craggs married Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Craggs's wonderful mastery of detail and 
Bichards, and sister of Brigadier Michael readiness in debate enabled him quite to hold 
Richards, surveyor-general of the ordnance, his own against Walpole in the House of 
She died on 20 Jan, 1711, and was buried at Commons. Oldmixon relates that Addison 
Charlton. By her he had three sons and three l was pleased to say of his successor to me, 
daughters. James [q. v.], who afterwards that he was as fit a man for it as any in the 
became secretary of state, was the only son kingdom ; and that he never knew any man 
who survived infancy. His three daughters who had a greater genius for business, whether 
all married well. Margaret became the wife in parliament or out of parliament, than 
first of Samuel Trefusis, and secondly of Sir young Mr. Craggs, as (continu'd he) will ap- 
John Hinde Cotton, bart. ; Elizabeth married pear by his conduct' (History of England, 
Edward Eliot of Port Eliot; and Anne was 1735, p. 659). Unfortunately for his repu- 
successively the wife of John Newsham, tation he became implicated in the affairs of 
John Knight, and Kobert, first earl Nugent the South Sea Company* There is, however, 
[see NUGENT, EOBBBT]. As his son prede- but little evidence against him in the seven 
ceased him, the manors of Kidbrooke and reports of the secret committee, and the most 
Catford in the county of Kent, which he had that can be laid to his charge is that at his 
purchased from the trustees of Ealph, first suggestion the Duchess of Kendal and other 
duke of Montagu, descended to his daughters ladies were bribed with presents of stock in 
as coheiresses. The portrait of Craggs which order to facilitate the passing of the corn- 
was painted in 1709 by Sir Godfrey Kneller pany's bill through parliament, 
has been engraved by Vertue. Another por- On 4 Jan, 171 Shippen, who had on a 
trait by Sir James Thornhill is in the posses- previous occasion denounced ' the contrivers 
sion of the Earl of St. Germans at Port Eliot, and executors of the villainous South Sea 
" [For authorities see under JAMES CRAGGS the sc heme as the parricides, of their country/ 
younger.] GK F. E. B. declared in the house that 'in his opinion 

there were some men in great station, whom 

CRAGGS, JAMES, the younger (1686- in time he would not be afraid to name, who 
1721), secretary of state, second son of James were no less guilty than the directors.' Upon 
Craggs the elder [q. v.], was born in the this Craggs immediately rose and replied that 
city of Westminster on 9 April 1686. He < he was ready to give satisfaction to any man 
was sent to school at Chelsea, but before he who should question him either in that house 
had completed his education went to travel or out of it.' After considerable uproar, which 
on the continent. He visited the courts of was occasioned by this reply, he explained 
Hanover and Turin, spending a considerable that ' by giving satisfaction he meant clearing 
time at the former court, where, through the his conduct.' 

inEuenceof the Countess of Platen, he gained A few weeks after this incident he was 
the favour of the elector. He was afterwards taken ill with small-pox, which was then very 
appointed resident to the king of Spain at prevalent, and died on 10 Feb. 1721, in the 
Barcelona, and was in Flanders at the com- thirty-fifth year of las ago. He was buried 
mencement of the campaign of 1709. In at Westminster Abbey on 1 March, Spencer 
September 1713 he was returned to the House Comptonthe speaker being one of the pall- 
of Commons for the borough of Tregony, and bearers, Though buried in the north aisle of 
on the day before the queen's death was des- Henry VIFs Chapel, where his coffin rests 
patched by the council to Herrenhausen to upon that of his friend Addison, his monti- 
mform George of the measures which had ment stands in the baptistery. The unflag- 
been taken by them to secure his succession ging interest which Pope took in the erection 
to the throne. of this monument, and his opinion that GueM's 

Some months after the journey he was re- work would make the finest figure in the 
warded with the post of cofferer to the Prince place, will be found in hi letters to Oraggs's 
of Wales. At the general election in January sisters. The epitaph, written by Pope, partly 
1715 Craggs was again returned for Tregony, in Latin and partly in English, is given ia 



.same inscription juawn ana j^ng-usn, ur veree y fi 7 ' rrivai:e Correspondence of 
.and prose.' The verses were not, however, r 10 ^chess of Marlborougn (1838); The Marl- 
originally written by Pope for this occasion, J^^S^ Despatches, ed. Sir G-. Murray (1845); 
but were taken, with one or two necessary ^^^^^^P^^l History (Noble, 1806), 
alterations, from the conclusion of his 'Epistle Hfeto^ voL Georg ;T" Er ^ 183 ?)' * 53 ? ; ^1. 
to Mr. Addison occasioned by his Dialogues 1 ^ 14 ^ mi f^S 71 ]' ' , J ; Ll ^ onca l Register for 
on Medals.' Handsome in appearance, with /- 18 o 2 \ .- 2iq ' 21 . a n e L s ,^ p Stl ? inS 4> t6 -. A1 ? b . ey 

i i i "T /M y^uo-a;, jjp, jiiy-^i ; JlaVCul S JDOOK 01 DioniH&c 

charming manners and a ready tongue, Gram ( 1 851) ; Eighth Report of the Historical KT 

was everywhere a popular favourite, While scripts Commission; Calendar of TreasurT^ 

on his deathbed, Addison in a delightful pore, 1708-14, 17 H-l 9; Official Eaten of Lists 

letter, which wa probably the last ho ever of Members of Parliament, pt. i. p. 600 pt ii 

wrote, dedicated his works to him and im~ pp. 1, 9, 19, 30, 38.] a. F, E. B. 

plored his patronage for Tickcll, hifl literary 

executor. Popo, with whom ho was very CBAIG, ALEXANDER (1667P-1827) 

intimate, was never tivod of Minting hispraises, poet, born at Banff about 1567, was educated 

and nearly twenty years after his doath makes in the university of St, Andrews, where he 

a graceful alluwion to him in. the epilogue to took his degree of master of arts in 1586. At 

the ' Satirow ' (JDialvffw, ii. ^ linos 0(1-9], Gay the accession of James he came to London in 
also sj 
whoso 




l>ol(i, , . ^ 

.vapouring man,' but the young politician queen. There is a sonnet by Sir Robert Ay- 

whom Sundorland had selected to oppose his toun, in the author's praise, at the end of the 

fathor in tlxo HOUHO of CommontJ was natu- book. Craig's flattery was not applied in vain 

rally a lit ohjf^et for Walpolo'n depreciation, for on 9 Dec. 1605 he received from James a 

< Jrag^H never marrii'd. 1 1 JH natural daughter, pension of 600 merks, or 400^, Scots money. 

Harriot;, married Hi chard Kliot on 4 March At the next meeting of the Scottish parlia- 

17^(^. Tluur eldest HOU, who was created ment an act of ratification of the pension was 

"Baron El iot in 1 7H-1 , took t-lio additional name passed, on 11 Aug. 1607. Havingbeen success- 

of (Jra^H by royal lieenw^ dated 15 April M in his pilgrimage, he returned to Scotknd 

1 789- ller Beeond hiwhand, the I Ion, John and settled at a spot that he calls Rose-Craig, 

Hamilton, brother of Jatmw, iirnt viscount probably situated in the neighbourhood of 

Hamilton, wn drowned off Portsmouth on Jtentf. In 1606 appeared 'TheAmoroseSongeSy 

1 B I )ec. 1 7M>. Tier only child by Iter second Bonets, and Elegies of Mr. Alexander Oraige, 

marriage Hiicwdwl hi* un<?lo an the second Scots Britane,' 8vo, dedicated to Queen Anne, 

, i > t 1.1 . * rtiti. ^ 'L^.jj. j.1. :^ .. j-i- _i... TI n , 




the Karl o'tKt OormanHfttPortKliot, one of were young.' It was followed in 1609 by 

which wan exhibited in tlw nueond loan col- ' The Poetical Recreations of Mr. Alexander 

lrction o'f national portrait.* in 1807 (data- Oraige of Rosecraig/ Edinburgh, 4to,dedicated 

fafjw, No, ^5), Arnold tlw Ashhumliam to the Earl of B unbar. One of the pieces is a 

wianuHcript-H, rnportrd on in tho oighth report ' Compkint to his Majestie,' in which the 

ofthoIIiHtorical MHH. Communion (appai.), poet deplores his poverty. In 1623 Craig 

ftre a nrnnher of lott^rn acldrensed to (Jragp published at Aberdeen another volume of 

by the I hike and DuehrjHS of Marlborough 'Poeticall Recreations/ 4to, consisting chiefly 

and many of tho li^artin^ politicianK of the day* of epigrams, From some copies of verses in 

, ... -, . - i* ** i this collection (addressed to the Earl of Mar) 

(hi ftdihtwm to tljo Iwoto rofwrtKl to in the t ftppeaM ^t the poet had some difficulty 

iduM cm tlio two ^ m n t tho folio wing works, . *& Mg fensi j n regularly paid . O raig 

onff othorH, havo bmm oonrndtod: Mueellanoa dJ JJ k ^ * A postjiuaioug ^ entitle! 

< Hto Jl ^Heremite, L fame of a 

History of tenliwcl(1880) ( i.308 f 448, ii. 29- Diatogw ' (<rf wluoh a imque co^, wwtaM 

^0 ; Mitciwby'M Hiwtory of Rngland, iv, (1885), sig B, four leaves, is preserved at Bntwell), 

^547; OOXM'H MoiuoitH of Hir "Koborb Walpolo was pubhshed by Wilham Skene in 1631 at 

(1798); Borneo Walpok f Lottew ( 1857); Bos- Aberdeen, 4to. Some verses m Alexander 



Craig 



442 



Craig 



3-ardyne's ' Garden of Grave, and Godlie 
Houres/ 1609, are addressed to Craig, -who 
perhaps wrote the first of ' Gertaine Enco- 
miastick Poesies to the Author,' prefixed to 
that work. Among the complimentary verses 
(not found in ed. 1709, but preserved in the 
author's manuscript) prefixed to Gardyne's 
' The Theatre of the Scotish Kings,' is a copy 
of verses by Craig, who also contributed some 
prefatory verses to ' The Famous Historic of 
the Renowned and Valiant Prince Robert, 
surnamed the Bruce, King of Scotland/ Dort, 
1610. Some verses of Craig are in John 
Adamson's ' The Muses' Welcome,' 1618, and 
he wrote some commendatory verses to ' The 
Staggering State of Scots Statesmen/ by Sir 
John Scot of Scotstarvet, first printed in 1754. 
Dr. William Barclay, in ' Nepenthes, or the 
Vertues of Tobacco/ 1614, addresses a short 
poem to Craig. In 1873-4 a collective edi- 
tion of Craig's poems, which are very rare 
and very worthless, was issued by the Hun- 
terian Society, with an introduction by David 
Laing. 

[David Laing's Introduction to the Hunterian 
reprint of Craig's poems.] A. H. B, 

CRAIG, JAMES (d. 1795), architect, was 
the son of William Craig, merchant in Edin- 
burgh, and Mary, youngest daughter of the 
Rev. Thomas Thomson of Ednam, Roxburgh- 
shire, and sister of James Thomson the poet 



[<! v-] Craig was a pupil of Sir Eobert Tay- 
lor [q. v.], and in 17o7 sent in a ' plan of the 
new streets and squares intended for the city 
of Edinburgh ' for a competition instituted by 
the authorities of that city, who were de- 
sirous of extending it by buildings laid out in 
a more modern style. Craig adopted as the 
keynote of his design some lines from his 
uncle's poem on ' Liberty : 7 
August, around, what public works I see ! 
Lo ! stately streets ! lo ! squares that court the 

breeze 1 

See ! long canals and deepened rivers join 
Each part with each, and with the circling main 
The whole enlivened isle - ; 

and therefore planned a series of exact squares 
and parallelograms, in which the North Loch 
was preserved as a long canal with formal 
buildings on each side. This plan, though 
utterly destitute of inventive ingenuity or 
any regard for the natural features of the 
ground, was accepted with acclamation by 
the magistracy of Edinburgh ; they presented 
Craig with a gold medal bearing the city 

"Iil t* 1 /* . t " ^* **1 



of the principal buildings erected by Craig, 
as part of this design, was the Physicians' 
Hall, ' a chaste Grecian edifice/ the founda- 
tion-stone of which was laid by Dr. Cullea 
[q, v.] in 1774, and which was destined to 
be an enduring monument of Craig's archi- 
tectural genius. It has been since pulled 
down to make way for the Commercial Bank 
of Scotland. Craig subsequently modified 
his original design by introducing a circus 
in the centre of George Street, and in 1786 
issued a quarto pamphlet with engravings, 
containing a scheme for a further remodelling 
of the Old Town. Fortunately the mania for 
improvement died out before this could be 
carried into execution. Craig died in Edin- 
burgh 23 June 1795. There is a portrait of 
him seated among his architectural designs 
in the Scottish National Portrait Q-allery. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Wilson's Memo- 
rials of Edinburgh ; Nagler's Kunstler-Lexikon ; 
Ghent. Mag, (1795), Ixiii. 615,] L. C. 

CRAIG, SIB JAMES GIBSON (1765- 
1850), politician, second son of William 
Gibson, merchant, was born in Edinburgh 
on 11 Oct. 1765. His ancestor, Sir Alex- 
ander Gibson, lord president of the court of 
session in the reign of James VI, married 
the eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Craig of 
Riccarton, the feudal lawyer of Scotland 
[q. v.] In 1823 James Gibson succeeded 
under entail to the estate of Riccarton (Mid- 
lothian), and took the additional name of 
Craig. 

He was educated at the high school, Edin- 
burgh. In 1786 he was admitted a writer 
to the signet, and for sixty-four years he car- 
ried on the business of a law agent with 
eminent success, gaining the confidence of 
many who, on public grounds, were ardently 
opposed to him. His political activity dated 
from his early manhood, and at that time a 
bold adherence to the whig cause was not 
without sensible dangers. In a biographical 
sketch of his friend Allen [see AIXHK, JOHN", 
M.D.], he describes a dinner given in Edin- 
burgh to celebrate the fall of the Bastille, in 
the organisation of whicli he and Allen took, 
a leading part. After every effort had been 
made to prevent this demonstration, the 
guests as they entered had their names, 
taken by the police, while the sheriff of the 
county and another person were subsequently 
discovered in an adjoining room noting down 1 



arms and the freedom of the city in a silver 
box, and his plan was engraved by P. Begbie 
and published in 1768 with a dedication to 
George III. Hence arose that portion of 
Edinburgh known as the New Town. One 



as much of the proceedings as could be heard 
through the partition, Cockburn in his life 
of Jeffrey, paying a warm tribute to Craig's- 
public services, declares lie was ' so prominent 
in our worst times that it is difficult to under- 
stand how Thomas Muir could be transported. 



Craig 443 Craig 

and James Gibson (his original name) not be tervention were local, though involving im- 
even tried.' portant principles. He thus found occasion 

Craig was soon recognised as the natural to maintain with equal tenacity the claims- 
leader of the Scotch whigs, and in Scotland of protestant dissenters and Eoman catho- 
no one bore so great a part in the struggles lies to all the privileges and honours of citi- 
of the pre-reform era. His personal appear- zenship. In the controversy which ended in 
ance harmonised with the mental qualities the disruption of the church of Scotland in 
l)y which he impressed himself on his con- 1843 he separated himself from his political 
temporaries. A giant frame and massive friends, not on the original question (the ap- 
f eatur es were the complement of a courageous, pointment of ministers contrary to the wishes 
enthusiastic, and energetic nature. It was of congregations), but because he thought 
remarked of him that the very tramp of his the ' spiritual independence ' claimed by the 
top boots seemed to inspire confidence and free church party a danger to the state. He 
the hope that springs from resolute exertion, died at Riccarton on 6 March 1850, in his- 
When public discussion was necessary he eighty-fifth year. His sons "William and 
generally avoided all prominent positions ; James are separately noticed, 
he was content by previous management to [Scotsman, 9 March 1850 ; Encyclop. Brit. 8th. 
insure that the practical outcome was to ed. vii. ; Cockburn's Life of Jeffrey, i. 250-2 ; 
the purpose. All the needy patriots in Sept- Cockburn's Memorials of his Time, pp. 381-3 ; 
land resorted to him ; he helped them alike Lockhart's Life of Scott, chap. Ixxix. ; Allen's In- 
with money and personal influence. Craig quiry into the Rise and Growth, of the Royal 
and Jeffrey, thougn staunch friends and col- Prerogative - -in England, 1849 (biographical 
leagues, had their differences ; Jeffrey did not sketch prefixed to).] J. M. S. 

always sympathise with Craig's zeal, and 

Cockburn records that he had not infre- CRAIG, SIB JAMES HENRY (1748- 
quently, especially when lord advocate, to 1812), general, was the son of Hew Craig, 
check his ' interference.' . Craig was, indeed, for many years civil judge at Gibraltar and 
somewhat wilful and fond of his own way, judge-advocate-general to theforces stationed 
though his wilfulness was tempered by sound there, who was a member of the family of 
mdffment. the Craigs of Costarton and Dalnair. He 

He was one of the victims of the scurrilous did not enter the army as a private in the 
* Beacon ' newspaper, whose quarrels, taken guards, as has been falsely asserted, but was 
up by the 'Sentinel/ led to the fatal duel gazetted to an ensigncy in the 30th regiment 
between James Stuart and Sir Alexander Bos- at the age of fifteen, on 1 June 1/63. This 
well [see BOSTOIX, SIE ALBXAOTHE]. Shortly regiment was then stationed at Gibraltar, but 
"before this event, on the discovery of the pro- Craig was allowed to go^ on leave to com- 
minent members of the tory party who had plete his military education, which ne did 
provided funds for the < Beacon/ Stuart in the best military schools on the continent, 
opened a plainly hostile correspondence with On returning to Gibraltar he was appointed 
the lord advocate, and this Craig followed by aide-de-camp to General Sir tobert .Boyd, 
a communication of a similar character to KB., the heutenant-governor of the -fortress, 
Sir Walter Scott. A duel in the latter case and was promoted lieutenant m his own 
was only prevented by Scott's friends, who regiment on 19 July 1769, and captain into- 
came forward with < a proposal that this and the 47th on 14 March 1771 He resigned, 
all similar calls should be abandoned on an his staff appointment in 1774 to accompany 
assurance that Scott had no personal acces- Ms regiment to AWjad ^severe lj 
sion to any of the articles complained of, and wounded m nis nrst ac 
that the paper should be discontinued' (CoOK- Bunker's Hill. In 1776 
BTOH, Memorials'), Nine years later (1830) ierred to Canada, and 
Craig is found in a more gratifying relation to, m the actior 



* *e expulsion of the American troops 
other P ersolsessionat Ab- 5*^ 



Craig 444 Craig 

major without purchase into the newly raised command of the Cape to Craig, who remained 
32nd regiment, with which he at once sailed there until the arrival of Lord Macartney in 
for Nova Scotia. He served in Penobscot 1797, when he was invested with the order of 
in 1779, arid in North Carolina under Lord the Bath by a special commission from the 
Cornwallis in 1781, either with his regiment king. On returning to England he was at once 
or in command of light troops, and showed given the command of a division in Bengal, 
(to quote his biographer in the e Scots Maga- and on his arrival in India he took up the 
^ine ) ' such fertility of resources and remark- command of the troops in the Benares district, 
able clearness of military judgment ' that he The difficulties of his position were very 
was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 82nd. great, for the discontent of the company's 
On the conclusion of the war and the reduc- officers was driving them into open mutiny, 
tion of his regiment he was transferred to and that their loyalty was restored without 
the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 16th regiment, actual mutiny was largely due to the firmness 
which he commanded in Ireland until 1791, of Craig [see ABBBCKOMBI, SIK ROUEKT]. 
and in 1790 he was promoted colonel. During He did not participate in any actual warfare 
this period Craig spent much time on the in India, though he was nominated for the 
continent, studying the Prussian tactics and command of an expedition to Manilla, which 
discipline, and he corresponded upon military did no fc take place, and he returned to England 
subjects with David Dundas, whose new in 1802, on the news of his having been pro- 
system of exercises was first made use of in mated lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1801, 
the 16th, Craig's own regiment. When the He took command of the troops in tho eastern 
war with France broke out, Craig filled for district until 25 .March 1805, when, although 
.a few months the posts of commandant of in very bad health, he was made a local general 
the troops at Jersey, and then of lieutenant- in the Mediterranean, and ordered to proceed 
governor of Jersey, but in 1794 he was trans- thither with a powerful army of over seven 
ferred to the staff of the army in the Nether- thousand men. 

lands, and made adjutant-general to the Duke The history of this expedition to the Me- 

of York's army. diterranean is best told by Sir Henry Bun- 

In this capacity he gave the greatest satis- bury, who was Craig's quartermaster-general, 

faction to the duke, but the English army in his ' Narrative of some Passages in the 



Narrative of some Passages in 

was in an utterly disorganised state, and it Great War against France/ and in the ap- 
was not in Craig's power to restore its effi- pendix to his book are to be found Craig's in- 
-ciency in the face of the enemy. For his structions and despatches (pp. 415-34), which 
services he was promoted major-general on show how vague were the projects of the 
3 Oct. 1794 while with the army, and on the ministry, and how great were the diificulties 
conclusion of the disastrous war in the Nether- with which the general had to contend, 
lands he was appointed to command a force His instructions were to co-operate with a 
which was to sail from England, and co-ope- Russian army in Italy, to land in the king- 
rate with an army from India in the capture dom of Naples, and to march northward in 
of the Dutch colony of the Cape of G-ood order to act upon the flank of the great army of 
Hope. When Craig reached Simon's Bay he Napoleon, which was to be attacked in front 
found that the army from India had not by the combined Austrians and Russians, 
arrived, but he determined nevertheless to Craig disembarked his army of 7,300 men at 
effect a landing with the few troops under Castellamaro on 20 Nov. 1805, and General 
his command, namely, the 78th regiment and Lacy disembarked his thirteen thousand Rus- 
some marines. Rear-admiral Keith Elphin- sians at the same time, but the allied generals 
stone vigorously supported him and lent him immediately received the news of the sur- 
a thousand sailors, and after disembarking render of General Mack at Ulm, and of there- 
at Simon's Bay on 14 Aug. 1795 he began to treat of the Archduke Charles. Craig at one 
advance along the coast upon Capetown. He saw how hopeless it was to attempt to defend 
stormed the Dutch camp at Mayzenberg, and the Neapolitan territory, yet at the earnest re- 
took up his position there ; but his situation quest of Lacy he consented to march on 9 Dec* 
soon became most critical, for the Dutch and to take up a position with him on the 
governor collected all the Boer militia, and northern frontier. Here, however, he received 
prepared to attack him with a far superior the news of the battle of Austerlitz, and then, 
force. Fortunately at this juncture Major- in spite of the furious resistance of the queen, 
general Alured Clarke arrived from India supported by the British minister, Hugh 
with reinforcements, and the Dutch governor Elliot, he insisted upon returning to Castel- 
surrendered the colony to him on 14 Sept. lamare and leaving Italy. He had no in- 
WhenMajor-general Clarke returned to India tention of leaving the Mediterranean, but he 
lie left the civil government and military saw that, though Naples itself was indefen- 



Craig 445 Craig 



Bible, Sicily could be successfully held against Keith, and for his command in the Mediterra- 

the French. In spite, therefore, of the queen nean Sir Henry Bunbury's Narrative of some- 

and Elliot, he left Castellamare on 19 Jan. Passages in the Great "War against France.] 
1806, and disembarked at Messina on the , H. M. S. 

ex l eric .? sowed h w CBAIG JAMES THOMSON GIBSON 



n f \ r y + 6 TSv 6 ( 179 ^1886), antiquary, was the second son 

headquarters of the English in the Mediter- of Sir Jam * Gi SOI /6 raig [q- Y i tlie &st 

ranean, and was successfully defended against baronet of Eiccarton . H e received his edu- 
all the attacks of the French Craig's health, cation at the M h sdhod and ^ Beater 

^^nr'fT^Q^n and 7 rse <, T* m of Edinburgh, and afterwards became a writer 
March 1806 he left Sicily, and handed over to the si ^ He was tlie friend of gcott 

the command to Major-general John Stuart and Jeffi | of Cockburn and Macaulay, of 
afterwards to be known as the Count of angaries from the time of Kirkpatrick, 
Maida, Thevoyage to England did himgood gliarpe and David Lai to the me 
and on 21 Aug. 1807 he was made a local Geo gcharf of artists fr * m t]ie d of Sir 
general in America and on 29 Aug. appointed Hem . y R ae burn and the elder Nasmythto 
captain-general and governor-general of Ca- those of gir William p e ttes Douglas. An 
^ da - , Her * too he had a difficult post to original member of -the Bannatyne Club he 
Ml, The discontent of the United States was known for his ii terary and antiquarian 
at the naval policy of England was grow- tastes and for Ms extensive collection of 
mg to a height that threatened war, and works in var i ous languages. In 1882 he is- 
the population of Canada was too French m sued in an ^ edition of twenty-five copies a 
its origin to be well affected to the govern- sump1?W) tt S series of facsimiles of historic and 
ment. Nevertheless, here, as everywhere art i s tic bookbindings in his collection, and 
else, Craig proved himself to be an able ad- in xggs a facsimile reprint of the ' Shorte 
mmistrator ; he avoided a collision with the Summe of the whole Catechisme,' by his an- 
United States, and made himself loved and C e 8 cor, John Craig, accompanied with a me- 
respectod by the Canadians. He resigned his mo i r O f ^ e author by Thomas Graves Law 
government in October 1811, and on his arL d a preface by Mr. W. E. Gladstone. He 
return to England was promoted general on d i ed at Edinburgh on 18 July 1886. A first 
1 Jan. 1812. He did not long survive this part O f j^g Ya l ua -bie library was sold in Lon-* 
last promotion,, and died at his house in don i n j uiie 1887. 
London on 12 Jan. 1812. [Academy, 24 July 1886; Times, 26 July 

Craig was a general who showed his ability 1 8 ^ 6 Loc ^ rfc ' s Life of Scott.] T. C. 

in many places and many commands, but his 

fame has been overshadowed by that of the CRAIG, JOHN (1512 P-1600), Scottishdi- 
Duke of Wellington and of the duke's lieu- vine, was born about 1512, and next year lost 
tenants in the Peninsula. The following his father, one of the Aberdeenshure family of 
passage, by one who had served under him and Oraigs of Craigston, at Flodden. Educated at 
knew him well, deserves q uotation : < Sir James St. Andrews, and dependent on his own exer- . 
Crak was a man who had made his way by tions for his support, Craig became tutor of the 
varied and meritorious services to a high children of Lord Darcy, the well-known Eng-, 
position in our army. He had improved a lish warden of the north. Eeturnuig to St. 
naturally quick and clear understanding by Andrews after two years, he joined the Do^ 
study, and he had a practical and intimate mmican order, but soon fell under suspicion 
acquaintance with every branch of hi? pro- of heresy and was imprisoned. Onhis release 
fesBion, In person he was very short, broad, he went m 1536 to England, where he hoped 
and muscular, a pocket Hercules, but with to get a place at Cambridge through Lord 
sharp, neat features, as if chiselled in ivory. Darcy's influence. Fading in ^this * he , tro-^ 
Not popular, for he was hot, peremptory, and ceeded to Eome where the patronage of Car- 
pompois, yet extremely beloved > those dinal Pole obtained his admission to the 
wbom he allowed to live in intimacy with Dominican convent at Bologna ,as master 
Mm; clever, generous to a fault, and a warm of novices. He was employe, i , * vaxiou, 
^A ^a^^^^A f.Af.Tina fl ^Tinm TiAliVftd' missions on behalf of his order m Italy and 



MJ.O/IVUB wiw ju4.wj.nMv,** v* . -..- "- --- --_ - waV a COPV 01 tne * xnSDniUDes ui ^aavm, it 

troopor a mistake adopted from the aentle- J said S the library of the Inquisition, his 
man's Magazine by Boss, the editor of the Corn- * ^ again directed to the tenets 

"' SrST^Sto&'m^SS . of the mte^etabb, and this beconung 



Craig 446 Craig 

known he was sent to the prison of the In- answer, " My lord, my judgment is that 
quisition at Eome. Condemned to be hurnt, eyrie kingdom is, or at least should be, ane 
he escaped execution of his sentence by the commonwealth, albeit that evrie common- 
jubilee at the accession of a new pope on the wealth be nocht ane kingdom." ' 
death of Paul IV, or by a riot which set free Craig's, name appears with that of Knox 
the prisoners of the Inquisition. He was on in the list of persons privy to Rizzio's death,, 
the point of being re-arrested when wandering sent by the Earl of Bedford and Randolph* 
in the neighbourhood of Rome, and owed his to Cecil. Proof of actual complicity is want* 
escape to "5ie commander of a band of soldiers, ing, but there can be little doubt that the 
who recognised him as a monk who had ren- ministers of the reformed church approved the 
dered him services when lying wounded in act after it was done, as Mary did the assas- 
Bologna. After a short stay in Bologna and sination of her brother Moray. The refusal 
Milan he went to Vienna, having received by Craig to publish the banns between Mary 
the necessary viaticum, according to a story and Bothwell is probably the act of his life 
told by his widow, but probably legendary, most widely known. It certainly showed 
from a dog, which insisted, though repulsed, courage to remonstrate when Edinburgh was 
in forcing on him a purse it had found, in the hands of Bothwell's followers. At an 
At Vienna he preached as a Dominican, and interview with Bothwell and the privy council 
was befriended by Maximilian, then arch- Craig laid to his charge i the law of adultery, 
duke, who showed some leaning towards the the law of ravishing, the suspicion of collu- 
reformed doctrines. Pius IV wrote, requiring sion between him and his wife, the sudden 
the restitution of the two escaped prisoners divorcement and proclaiming within the space 
of the Inquisition, but Maximilian, who had of four days, and last, the suspicion of the 
become his friend, gave him a safe-conduct king's death, which her marriage would con- 
through Germany to England. Reaching firm/ 

England in 1560, Craig preferred returning to He got no explanation on any of these 
his native country, where the reformation had points, but a letter from Mary having been 
been accomplished. - Offering his services to shown him denying that she was under re- 
the reformed church, he preached in Latin straint, he in the end proclaimed the banns' 
with much acceptance in the chapel of St. with a protest that ' he abhorred and detested 
Magdalene, in the Cowgate of Edinburgh, and the marriage.' In the general assembly Craig 
the following year was appointed minister of was blamed by some of his brethren for his 
Holyrood. In April 1562 Knox requested compliance, but a resolution was passed ab- 
that he might become his colleague in the high solving him, while Adam Bothwell, the bishop 
church, and this was carried out in 1563. His who performed the ceremony, was suspended, 
bold preaching against the nobles who seized In 1571 Knox, who had quarrelled with 
the revenues of the church, so that ' we can Mary, left Edinburgh for St. Andrews, but 
nocht discern the earl from the abbot,' pro- Craig, of a more conciliatory disposition, re- 
voked the anger of Lethington, and in the mained, and even lamented in a sermon ' that 
memorable conference between that states- there was no neutral man to make agreement 
man and Knox in 1564 Craig backed his between the two parties, seeing whatsoever 
colleague's argument with a telling precedent party shall be overthrown the country shall 
of a discussion in the university of Bologna, be brought to ruin.' Although he gave offence 
where he had been present in 1554, and by this lukewarm attitude, he was chosen by 
heard the thesis maintained 'that all rulers, the convention of the kirk at Leith one of 
be they superior or inferior, may and ought the deputies to wait upojp, the queen's friends 
to be refused or deposed by them by whom in the castle. The outspoken part he took in 
they are chosen, empowered, and admitted the conference, when he was again pitted 
to their office, as oft as- they break their pro- against Lethington, is recorded in the ' Memo- 
mise made by oath to their subjects, because rials of Bannatyne/ who was himself present, 
the prince is no less bound to his subjects Next year he was sent by the assembly to 
than subjects to their princes.' This had Montrose 'for the illuminating the north, 
been applied, he said, in the case of a pope, and when he had remained two years thence 
whose governor had exceeded his limits and to Aberdeen to illuminate those dark places 
attempted to alter the law in part of his tern- in Mar, Buchan, and Aberdeen, and to teach 
poral dominions. ' Then started up,' narrates the youth of the college there/ In Aberdeen 
Knox, ' ane lawbreaker of that corrupt court, Craig remained six years, acting as a sort 
and saM, " Ye know nocht what ye say, for of superintendent of that district. Always 
you tell us what was done in Bononia; we a member of assembly, he was twice mode- 
are ane kingdom and thou are but ane com- rator. As a member of the committee of the 
monwealth ; " to which Craig had the ready assembly of 1575, to consider the question of 



Craig 



447 



Craig 



the episcopal office, he reported against it, 

- "4" A 44 v w .v ^"^ H - . 



A, J_ / i, O * 

and this report was followed by the abolition 
of episcopacy in 1581. In 1579 Craig, having 
"been appointed one of the king's chaplains, 
returned to Edinburgh, when he took part in 
the composition of i The Second Book of Dis- 
cipline' and e The National Covenant ' of 1580. 
In 1581, to meet a panic of a revival of 
papacy caused by the arrival of the Duke of 
Lennox from France, he wrote : ' Ane Shorte 



1 A Form of Examination before OoinTm.ini.on/ 
and in 1593 James requested the assembly to 
choose a list from which he might select two 
in respect ' of Mr. Craig's decrepit age,' but 
he continued to hold his office of chaplain for 
some time longer. He died on 12 Dec. 1600. 
His wife and his son "William were named exe- 
cutors of his will, but are requested to take 
the advice of his relative, Thomas Craig, advo- 

i r ^N /""j m "i PI*-* * 



and Generale Confession of the true Christian 
Fayth and Religion, according to God's "Worde 
and Actes of our Parliamentes.' This con- 
fession was signed by the king and his house- 
hold, from which circumstance it received the 
name of the king's confession. It was re- 
quired to be signed by all parish ministers, 
and in 1585 by all graduates. It was con- 
firmed in 1590 and 1595, and became the 
basis of the covenant of 1638 as well as the 
solemn league and covenant of 1643. In 
October 1581 Craig was sent by the assembly 
to intimate their approval of the seizure of the 
king by the Earl of Gowrie in the raid of 
Buthven, and boldly rebuked James for his 
conduct, drawing tears from him as Knox 
had done from Mary. 

When parliament in 1584 passed the Black 
Acts restoring episcopacy and recognising the 
royal supremacy, Craig denounced them from 
the pulpit, and* in answer to Arran and the 
court declared that ' he would find fault with 
everything that is repugnant to the word of 
Ood,' A conference at Falkland, where he 
was summoned by the king, gave rise to a 
stormy scene between him and Arran, who 
then ruled the court. Interdicted from preach- 
ing and threatened with banishment for re- 
fusing submission to the royal ordinance, 
Craig again tried to acib the part of a me- 
diator between the king and the extreme 
presbyterian party led by Melville, and pro- 
posed an addition to the oath required as to 
the king's supremacy in matters ecclesiastical 
< as far as the word of God allows.' This 
compromise was accepted by the king, and the 
oath was so taken by Craig and the other 
royal chaplains, Erskine of Drum, and many 
of" tlie ministers of the north. In 1585 a ser- 
mon he preached before parliament from 
the text, * God sitteth among the assembly 
of the gods/ from which he deduced the duty 
of obedience to kings, was severely condemned. 
A curious discussion of it between the Earl 
of Angus and David Hume of Godscroft is 
given by Calderwood (History, iv. 466). 

Craig was now in the decline of life, and 
his moderation did not please more youthful 
zealots. But he showed no signs of depart- 



cate [see CRAIG, SIR THOMAS], This son was 
a professor in the college of Edinburgh in 
1599, but in the year of his father's death 
went to St. Andrews as professor of divinity, 
from which he afterwards returned to Edin- 
burgh, where he died in 1616. 

[Knox's History of the Eeformation ; Calder- 
wood's History of the Kirk; Eichard Banna- 
tyne's Memorials ; Craig's Catechism, reprinted 
with a valuable introduction by Mr. T. Graves 
Law, librarian of the Signet Library, 1885.] 

2B.M. 



CRAIG, JOHN, M.D. (d. 1620), physi- 
cian, third son of Sir Thomas Craig [q. v.l, 
the eminent lawyer, was born in Scotland, 
graduated M.D. at Basle, settled in his na- 
tive country, and became first physician to 
James VI, whom he accompanied to this 
country on that monarch's accession to the 
throne of England as James I. In 1604 he 
was admitted a member of the College of 
Physicians of London. He was incorporated 
M.D. at Oxford 30 Aug. 1605 ; was named an 
elect of the College of Physicians on 11 Dec. 
the same year ; was consiliarius in 1609 and 
1617 ; and died before 10 April 1620, when 
Dr. Argent was chosen an elect in his place. 
He was the author of ' Capnuranise seu 
Comet, in JSthera Sublimatio,' a manuscript 
addressed to his friend Tycho Brahe. Some 
of his letters to that famous astronomer are 
printed in Rudolf August Nolten's l Commer- 
cium litterarium clarorum virorum,' 2 vols. 
Brunswick, 1737-8. 

Craig is generally believed to have been 
the person who gave John Napier of Mer- 
chiston the first hint which led to his great 
discovery of logarithms. Wood states that 
* one Dr. Craig . . . coming out of Denmark 
into his own country called upon John Neper, 
baron of Murcheston, near Edinburgh, and 
told him, among other discourses, of a new 
invention in Denmark (by Logomontanus, 
as 'tis said) to save the tedious multiplication 
and division in astronomical calculations. 
Neper being solicitous to know farther ^ of 
him concerning this matter, he could give 
no other account of it than that it was by 
proportionable numbers. Which hint Neper 
taking he desired him at his return to call 

i * /""I-* _ - -. -C*" /si/. n r\w\ e\ TTT/iCl IfO 



ins from the reformed doctrines. In 1590 taMng he deseed ium_at ms return TO oau 
Kmposed, It the request of the assembly, upon him agarn. Craig, after some weeks 



Craig 448 Craig 

had passed, did so, and Neper then shew'_d ' Major. This had been held from 1698 to 

him a rude draft that he called " Canon mi- 1720 by a William Craig, who may probably 

rabilis Logarithmorum/' ' which, with some have been a connection. He is said to have 

alterations, appeared in 1614. There seems, been 'an inoffensive, virtuous man/ and he 

however, to be no foundation in fact for this showed his simplicity by living in London in 

oft-repeated story. It is a remarkable cir- his later years in hopes of being noticed for 

cumstance, not generally known, that Napier his mathematical abilities. The hope was 

himself informed Tycho Brahe of his disco- disappointed, and he died in London 11 Oct. 

very twenty years before it was made public. 1731. Besides the above he published i De 

His son, JOHN CEAIO-, M.D., became afel- Calculo Fluentium libri duo/ 1718. * 

low of the College of Physicians, and physi- [Hntchins's Dorsetshire, iii. 218, 220, iv. 420 ; 

cian to James I and to his successor Charles I, General Biographical Dictionary, 1761; Lo< 

both before and subsequently to his accession Neve's Fasti, ii. 665, 668, 669 ; Button's Math, 

to the throne. He died in January 1654-5, Diet. ; Montncla's Histoire, iii. 127-8, 130 ; Do 

and was buried in the church of St. Martin- Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes, pp. 77-8.] 

in-the-Fields. CRAIG, SIR LEWIS, LORD WEIGHTS- 

Craig attended James .in ^ last lUness (1569-1622), judge eldest son of Sir 

and gave great offence at court by giving Thoma ^ Crai [q . V. of Biccarton,byHelen, 

free expression to his opinion that his royal d hter of j^. ^ Trabou bo ' rn j in 1569 

patient had been poisoned. was educated at Edinburgh University, where 

[Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss) ii. 491 ; Fasti, he graduated M.A. in 1597. He studied the 

i. 310 ; Sloane MS. 2149, p. 63 ; Mark Napier's civil law at Poitiers, was admitted advocate 

Memoirs of John Napier, pp. 361-5 ; Mimk's a t the Scotch bar in 1GOO, knighted and ap- 

Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 116, 170; Buipet's pointed an ordinary lord of session in 1604-5. 

Own Time (1823), a. 29 ; Gardiner's Hist of fc> died in 1622 ' 

England, v. 313.] T. C. rr> ' . , , - 

[Brunton and Haigs Senators of the College 

CKAIG, JOHN (d. 1731), mathematician, of Justice.] J. M. B. 

said to have been a Scotsman who settled CRAIG, EGBERT (1730-1823), political 

in Cambridge, was a distinguished mathema- wr iter, born in 1730, was the second son of 

tician and a friend of Newton. He wrote j ames Craig, professor of law in the univer- 

several papers in the i Philosophical Transac- s i t y O f Edinburgh. He was admitted to the 

tions,' and published two mathematical trea- Scotch bar in 1764, and about 1766 he was 

tises, ' Methodus Figurarum . . . Q,uadraturas appointed one of the judges of the Edinburgh 

determinandi, 7 1685, and 'Tractatus . . . de commissary court. This office he resigned 

Eigurarum Curvilinearum Quadraturis et i n 1791. ^ or many years ^ 6 an # y s ^^ 

locisQ-eometricis/1693. These writings were brother Thomas lived together, neither ever 

of some importance in the development of marrying. On his brother's death in 1814 lie 

the theory of fluxions, and involved him in a succeeded to the estate of Eiccarton, being 

controversy with James Bernoulli. In 1699 the last male heir in the descent of Sir Thomas 

he published his curious tract, < Theologize Craig the feudal lawyer [a. v.l He was a 

Christianse Principia Mathematical He ap- w hi g i n politics. In 1 ^95 ho published anony- 

plies the theory of probabilities to show how mously ' An Inquiry into the justice and ne- 

the evidence is gradually weakened by trans- ces sity of the present War with, France.' This 

mission through successive hands. He argues pamphlet is a vindication of the right of na~ 

that in 1699 the evidence in favour of the tions to remodel their institutions without 

truth of the gospel narrative was equal to external interference. He died in Edinburgh 

that represented by the statement of twenty- on 13 Febi 1823 in llis n i EO ty-third year, 
eight contemporary disciples: but that in ro , -._ .. ,., . , ,;,.,. 

the year 3144 it will diminish to zero. He . . f s <?ag. *"- 647 ; Anderson's Scottish. K*- 

infers that the second coming (at which tlon ' >' 687 ' J J ' M ' B ' 

period it is doubtful whether faith will be CRAIG, SIB THOMAS (1538-1608), 

found on the earth) must take place not later Scottish feudalist, was the eldest son of 

than the last epoch. He afterwards calcu- William Craig of Craigfintray in Aberdeen- 

lates the ratio of the happiness promised in shire, according to Mr. Tytler, or of "William 

another world to that obtainable m this, and Craig, a citizen of Edinburgh, descended 

proves it to be infinite. In spite of his vagaries from the Oraigfintray family, according to- 

Craig was in 1708 collated by his countryman his earlier biographer and relative, Burnet 

Bishop Burnet to the prebend of Durnford in He was sent by his father at the early age? 

the cathedral of Salisbury, which in 1726 he of fourteen to St. Leonard's College, St. An- 

exchanged for the prebend of Gillingham drews, where he received his education im 



Craig 449 Craig 

arts, which included Latin, logic, rhetoric, < Treatise on the Right of James VI to the 
ethics, and physics. In 1555 he went to the Succession to the English Crown,' and a 
university of Paris, then at the summit of ' Treatise on the Union/ written between 
its reputation, where he studied law the 1603 and 1605, and a tract, ' De Hominio/ in 
canon under Peter Rebuffius and the civil 1005. The only one of these published during 
under Francis Balduinus. Returning home his life was the i Jus Feudale/ a very learned 
in 1501 he completed his education under work, written with the avowed object of 
the advice of , John Craig, afterwards the showing that the feudal law of Scotland and 
coadjutor of Knox, who had just come back England had a common origin. It was re- 
from the court of Maximilian to Scotland, published by Mencken at Leipzig in 1716, 
and been appointed minister of Holyrood. and for the third time by James Baillie at 
Having attained a proficiency in classical Edinburgh in 1732, with a preface by Robert 
learning greater than was usual even in Burnet (afterwards Lord Crimond), a Scot- 
\ hat age, Craig was admitted advocate in tish judge, and a brief life of Craig by James 
February 1563, and in the following year Baillie. No clearer statement of the feudal 
received the appointment of justice-depute, system in its legal relations exists, and it is 
whose duty it was, as the representative of still, although the law has been much al- 
i he justice-general, then an hereditary office tered, the standard authority in Scotland as 
m the family of Argyll, held by Archibald, to the original condition of its feudal land- 
fifth earl, to preside in the trial of criminal law, probably as complete as that of any 
causes. In the exercise of this office Craig European country. The t Treatise on the 
hold the courts on 1 April 1566 in which Succession,' like all Craig's works written in 
Thomas Scott, sheriff-depute of Perth, and Latin", was published in an English transla- 
UenryYaire, a priest, servant of Lord Ruth- tion after his death by James Gatherer in 
vim, were condemned to death for a subor- 1703. It was an answer to the Jesuit Par- 
dinate part in the murder of Rizzio and trea- sons, who, under the assumed name of Dole- 
Konable seizure of the queen's person, for man, had written in 1594 'A Conference 
which the principal actors were pardoned at about the next Succession to the Crown of 
the intercession of Darnley ; and less than England/ in which he supported the title of 
two yearfl later (3 Jan. 1568) he presided the infanta of Spain. This^work was rigidly 
over the trial of Stephen Dalgleish, Hay, and suppressed, and the possession of a copy de- 
Powric, who met the same fate for their share clared high treason. The peaceful accession 
in the murder of Darnley. He was saved of James I was probably deemed by Craig 
from the ignominy of presiding at the mock to render the publication of his own work 
assize which acquitted Bothwell, by Argyll unnecessary. The ' De Hominio,' designed 
i n person undertaking that duty. About this to prove that Scotland had never done homage 
time Craig married Helen Hunt, daughter to England, was also translated after his death 
oi; the laird of Trabroun in Haddingtonshire, by George Redpath and published by Thomas 
a relative of the mother of George Buchanan. Rymer, The * Treatise on the Union ' is still 
His zeal for law and letters probably kept in manuscript (Adv. Lib. A. 2, 12). 
Oraig, who continued through life a diligent Besides his graver labours Craig found time 
Htudont, free from the political intrigues of for occasional efforts in Latin verse, and his 
this corrupt age. On the birth of James VI poems, the ' Paraeneticon of James V I leav- 
he published his first work, the ' Genethlia- ing Scotland,' the ' Propempticon to Prince 
con,' a copy of complimentary verses on that Henry ' on the same occasion, and the < 2TE- 
<>vent In 1573, when he was appointed $ANO$OPIA on the Coronation, originally 
Hheriff-depute of Edinburgh, Craig appears printed in 1603 in Edinburgh, are included 
to have resigned his office as criminal judge,, in the 'Delitiae Poetarum bcotoruny Am- 
Neither appointment was inconsistent with sterdam, 1637. While elegant and spirited, 
practice at the bar, of which Craig enjoyed a the verses of Crai^ do not raise him to the 
lair share. We find him acting as counsel first rank of the Latin poets of his time, 
for the king along with the king's advocate which was very prolific in this now forgotten 
in 1 592. Three years previously he was one department of letters. His fame as an author 
of a committee appointed to regulate the rests on the < Jus Feudale.' Few events 
curriculum of the high school of Edinburgh, of note have been recorded m the later part 
whose labours resulted in a very learned of Craig's tfe He went with James VI to 
Zort (MoCBlB, Life of Melville), and he England in 1603, and was present at Ins 
Zos^^ Aeon- cognation. He ia iwad through modesty o 

siderable portion of his time must have been have declmed the honour of knighthood, but 
to preparations for his legal treatises the king directed that he should receive the 
< Jus Feudale,' published in 1603 3 a title without the usual ceremony. In 1604 



( 

of the 



G (3 
VOL. XII. 



Craig 450 Craig 

lie was one of tke commissioners appointed ston of Warriston, whose son, Sir Jamofc, a 
"by tlie parliament of Scotland to treat of tke judge of the court of session, was tke cole- 
union, and attended tke conference at West- 'brated leader of tke presbyterians. Sir Thomas 
minster for that purpose in tke autumn of Craig's granddaughter, Kachel Johnston of 
that. year. Tkis was tke occasion of his Warriston, married Robert Burnot, ai'ter- 
' Treatise on tke Union/ of which, as was wards Lord Orimond, tke father of Bishop 
natural in an official of James, he was a Burnet, the historian. This number of notable 
ytrenuous advocate. But his Scottish patriot- descendants, especially of men of mark in his 
ism was moved by the disparagement to own profession, was a frequent occurrence 
Scottish rights which ke found prevalent in tke Scottish noblesse do robe, of which 
amongst English lawyers, and a passage in tke families of Hope, tke lord advocate of 
the then recently published ' Chronicle of Charles I, and of Lord Stair are other ox- 
Holinshed,' asserting tkat homage kad been amples. It was in part due to hereditary 
rendered to England from tke earliest times, talent, but persons of good family connection 
induced him to write kis i Treatise on the got a favourable start in their profession 
Homage Question,' In this controversy, then, as those of good business connection 
again renewed at the time of tke union under now. Tke character of Craig is a pleasing 
Queen Anne by Attwood, who was censured one and contrasts with that of many of kin 
by Anderson, and which has now passed out contemporaries at the bar, of whom Mr. 
of tke kands of lawyers into those of histo- Tytler has given sketches in his { Life of 
rians (Mr. Freeman and Mr. E. W. Robertson Craig.' A protestant by conviction, he way- 
being tke ckampions of tkeir respective coun- free from the intolerance which disgraced 
tries), tke verdict of impartial writers -has many of kis presbyterian contemporaries, 
been given in favour of tke contention of His father had remained a catholic till old 
Craig, that no thing of the substance of homage age, when his late conversion is said to have 
was paid by the smaller kingdom, except for given muck satisfaction to kis son. He was 
the short periods tkat it was treated as a con- a zealous student of tke law, fond of it for 
quered country by William tke Conqueror, its own sake, and not over-anxious about the 
Kufus, and Edward I. emoluments or honours it conferred upon itw 
On his return to Scotland Craig was no- practitioners. To this was probably due the 
urinated one of the Inner House advocates, fact that ke never reached the bench of the 
a distinction attempted, but soon afterwards supreme court, to which he had a fair claim, 
abandoned, in order to secure the attendance It is related of his son, Sir Lewis, who is wo- 
of the leaders of the bar on the full court. His p ar at ely noticed, that ke always uncovered 
name is second in tke list, wkick probably in- wken kis father was pleading before kirn, al- 
dicates kis eminence in tke profession. Next t hough tke judges then usually wo re tkeir hats 
year he was one of six advocates named by on the bench. His hospitality and charity art* 
the court as qualified to fill a vacancy on the specially noted by those who have, sketched 
bench. Shortly before his death he was kis life. ' He kept an open table/ sayw one of 
made advocate for the church, and as such them, 'not only for the poorer sort of gontlo- 
clefended in 1606 tke six ministers who were men and all good men, especially for all men of 
tried for treason for holding 1 a general as- learning, but even many of the tost rank of the 
sembly at Aberdeen. In 1607 he was a])- kingdom were entertained at it, ho thereby 
pointed by parliament member of a commis- lessening his own estate, or at least making 
won for settling a Latin grammar for use in but a small addition to it, for he was not du- 
sckools, Tkat of Alexander Hume was se~ sirous of riches.' Yet he seems to have been 
lected, but failed to secure universal accept- able to leave competent fortunes to his 

FWI *1 * , "1 *t f^iA m * f^ tX\j *-\i "W *- .j f-*l 



**..*.. <ww T v** v*v* V** j WV*IA j A.WW T JI " t " A 'n VA.A.4. WV/ WVAAP WJJ.J.U, IVX V^ L/\JJ, i- v . ),; \/AJ^ ! 4,\ a .f AAV/ IU.HVC? A>*,*r IMiAW Jl A, i LL At. KJ L'l ^V*M* 

two daughters. His eldest son, Louis, became opposite St. Giles's Church, which ho rebuilt 

a judge, and founded the family of Riccarton. of square stones, with a largo pavement of 

The second, James Craig of Castle " Craig the same stones towards the si/root, which 

and Craigston, was killed in the Irish war in continued for long after to go by the name 

1641. He died unmarried, and the third of Craig's plain stones, an anecdote trifling 

son, Thomas, physician to James VI and in itself, but marking that the Edinburgh of 

Charles I, succeeded to the Aberdeenshire his day was recovering from the effects of 

estates. His eldest daughter, Margaret, mar- Hertford's raid. 

ried Sir Alexander Gibson of Durie, a dis- His writings had all a public and patriotic 

tinguished Scottish judge ; and the second, end to promote the union and to allay the 

Elizabeth, became the wife of James John- , jealousies of both nations. In that respect 



Craig 



451 



Craig 



lie may be compared to Bacon, who laboured 
earnestly for the same object from the Eng- 
lish side. For this service his name deserves 
to be remembered when his legal treatise has 
passed into the early oblivion which awaits 
almost all works on positive law. 

[Craig's "Works, of which the editions are 
noted in the text ; Baillie's Life prefixed to the 
JusFoudale; Ty tier's Life of Craig, with sketches 
of his contemporaries.] .32. M. 

CRAIG, WILLIAM, LOBX CRAIG (1745 - 
1813), Scottish judge, son of "William Craig, 
minister, of Glasgow, was born in 1745. He 
studied at the university of Edinburgh, and 
was admitted advocate at the Scottish bar in 
1 708. Partly on account of his literary tastes 
and pursuits 1 , his success was not so rapid as his 
undoubted legal talents might have guaran- 
teed. In 1784 ho discharged the duties of 
advocate-depute along with Blair and Aber- 
crornby, and in 1787 he became sheriff-depute 
of Ayrshire. In 1792 he was on the death of 
llailes raised to the bench with the title of 
3 jorcl Craig. Though he had not held a promi- 
nent position at the bar, his elevation was fully 
justilied by his career as a judge. ^ In 1795 he 
succeeded' Lord Henderland as a judge of the 
court of justiciary, an office which he held 
till 1812*. He retained his office in the civil 
court till his death 8 July 1813. Craig along 
with other advocates was a member of a 
literary society called the ' Tabernacle,' who 
met at a tavern for reading essays and dis- 
cussing literary matters. On the suggestion 
of Craig they ultimately resolved to start a 
periodical for the publication of the essays, 
upon which they changed the name of the 
society to the i Mirror Club/ the name given 
to the publication being the i Mirror.' It was 
published by Creech on Tuesdays and Satur- 
days, the first number appearing on Saturday 
#i'Jan, 1779, and the last (the 110th) 27 May 
1780. Next to those of Henry Mackenzie the 
contributions of Craig were the most numer- 
ous, among them being a paper in the thirty- 
sixth number which assisted to bring into 
notice the poems of Michael Bruce. Craig was 
also a frequent, contributor to the ' Lounger ' 
(1785-6-7), published by the same club. He 
was cousin-german of Mrs. Maclehose, the 
' Clarinda ' of Robert Burns. Both publicly 
and privately he was held in much esteem for 
his upright conduct and courteous manners. 
["Kay's Original Portraits, i. 302-4, ii. 380 ; 
Haig and Brunton's Senators of the College of 
Justice, 540-1 ; Chambers's Dictionary of Emi- 
nent Scotsmen (Thomson), i. 392-3.J T. i . a.. 

CRAIG, SIB WILLIAM GIBSON, 
(1797-1878), lord clerk register of Scotland, 
eldest son of Sir James Gibson Craig, bark, 



of Rlccarton [q. v.], was born 2 Aug. 1797. 
He was educated at the high school of Edin- 
burgh and a private school in Yorkshire, 
and was called to the Scotch bar in 1820. 
His connection with the bar was, however, 
merely nominal, and after devoting some 
time to foreign travel he, on his return to 
Edinburgh, turned his attention to politics 
and other matters of public interest. In 1834 
he served on the commission to inquire into 
church property in Ireland, and in the same 
year as a member of the general assembly of 
the church of Scotland he gave his support 
to the Veto Act. In 1835 he contested Mid- 
lothian with Sir George Clerk, but was de- 
feated by a small majority. He was, however, 
returned in 1837, and in 1842 he exchanged 
the representation of the county for that of 
the city of Edinburgh, his parliamentary ca- 
reer closing in 1852. From 1846 to 1852 he 
was a lord of the treasury. In the public af- 
fairs of Edinburgh he took an active and pro- 
minent interest. He was one of the chief 
originators of the scheme for the water supply 
of the city, and through his suggestion a com- 
mission was in 1847 appointed to inquire into 
the whole subject of art in Scotland, the re- 
sult of its deliberations being the erection of 
the National Gallery. In 1854 he was ap- 
pointed to one of the unpaid seats at the 
board ot supervision for the administration 
of the poor law in Scotland. In 1862 he was 
appointed lord clerk register and keeper of 

* * i " ("N 1 1 Tl T J\ *%. jf?.-, T 1 .i-i i_rTMn mHH MB, VF j~\ JfV 1M 



the signet in Scotland, and the following year 
was elected a privy councillor. The duties 
of lord clerk register he discharged gratui- 
tously, in Order that meanwhile inquiry might 
be made in regard to the functions of the of- 
fice, the result being that in 1871 the salary 
of 1,200/. attached to it was restored. It is 
to his initiative that we owe the publication 
of the documents of the register office, of the 
privy council records, and of an index volume 
to Thomson's ' Acts of Parliament.' Craig was 
a leading member of the Highland and Agri- 
cultural Society, of which he became treasurer 
in succession to Sir Thomas Dick Lander. In 
1848 he became deputy-lieutenant of Mid- 
lothian. Privately he "secured general and 
cordial esteem, and was well known for nis 
hospitality to men distinguished in politics or 
letters. He died 12 March 1878. By his 
wife, a daughter of Mr. H. Vivian, M.P., he 
left issue, and he was succeeded in the baro- 
netcy by his eldest son. 

[Men of the Time, 9th ed. ; Scotsman, 13 March 
1878.] T ' F - H ' 

CRAIG, WILLIAM MARSHALL 

1788-1828), miniature-painter, said to 



have been a nephew of Thomson the poet, 



Craigie 



45 2 



Craigie 



was drawing-master to the Princess Char- 
lotte of Wales, miniature-painter to the Duke 
and Duchess of York, and painter in water- 
colours to the queen. As early as 1788 he 
exhibited at the Academy, "being then resi- 
dent at Manchester. In 1791, when he ex- 
hibited two figure subjects, he had settled in 
London. In 1792 he began as a miniature 
and portrait painter, varying this by occa- 
sional rustic figures, landscapes, and domestic 
scenes. He contributed little after 1821, and 
ceased to exhibit altogether in 1827. In the 
first quarter of the century he shared with 
John Thurston the honour of being one of the 
principal designers on wood ; and many of 
the popular engravers, e.g. Thomas Bewick, 
Luke Clennell, Charlton Nesbit, Branston, 
Austin, Hole, Lee, worked for a commonplace 
' Scripture Illustrated,' which he put forth in 
1806. He also made most of the drawings 
for the < British Gallery of Pictures/ 1808. 
Others of his works were ' An Essay on the 
Study of Nature in drawing Landscape/ 
1793; ' The Complete Instructor in Drawing/ 
1806 ; ' The Sports of Love/ in six etchings 
[1807] | l Lectures on Drawing, Painting, and 
Engraving/ delivered at the Royal Institu- 
tion, 1821 5 and ' A Wreath for the Brow of 
Youth/ a book said to have been written for 
the Princess Charlotte. From the second 
edition of this, which is dated 1828, Craig 
must have been living in that year. He was 
a mediocre illustrator ; but his water-colours 
are skilfully finished. One of them, i The 
Wounded Soldier/ is included in the William 
Smith gift to the South Kensington Museum, 

[Eedgrave; Craig's Works.] A. D. 

CRAIGHILL. LO:RD (d. 1656). [See 
HOPE, SIB JOHN.] 

CBAIGIB, DAVID, M.D, (1793-1866), 
physician ; was born near Edinburgh in June 
1793, took his medical degree in the uni- 



versity of that city in 1816, and in 1832 be- 
came a fellow of the Edinburgh College of 
Physicians. He never attained great practice, 
nor was famous as a teacher ; but in 1 828 
he published a bulky ' Elements of General 
and Pathological Anatomy/ of which a second 
edition appeared in 1848. It shows that he 
had read many books on morbid anatomy, 
and the facts repeated from previous writers 
are often well arranged by Craigie, so that ^ it- 
may occasionally be looked into with profit. 
The part describing morbid changes in the pan- 
creas is perhaps the best section of the book. 
Its defect is a want of that familiarity -Nyith 
diseased structures which can only be acquired 
in the post-mortem room. Craigie was phy- 
sician to the Edinburgh Infirmary, but wan 
more of a writer than of an observer. He 
became the owner of the ' Edinburgh Medical 
and Surgical Journal/ and edited his periodical 
himself. He wrote ' Elements of Anatomy, 
G-eneral, Special, and Comparative/ and in 
1836 'Elements of the Practice of Physic.' 
He helped Thomson in his l Life of Gullen/ 
and. published thirty separate papers on me- 
dical subjects. They remain almost unread, 
but are at least evidence of his persevering* 
labour through many years ; his t Morbid 
Anatomy ' is his best work, and deserves a 
place in every large medical library. After 
a long period of failing health lie died in 
September 1866. 
[Lancet, 8 Sept. 1866; Works.] N. Jtt. 

CRAIGIE, EGBERT (108C-1760), judge, 
son of Lawrence Craigie of Kilgraston, born 
in 1685, was admitted advocate in 17 IQ, ap- 
pointed lord advocate in 1742, and president 
of the court of session in 17o4. He is de- 
scribed by Lord WooclhoiiKlee as a lawyer of 
great acumen, profound knowledge, and im- 
mense industry. He died on 10 March 17(10. 

[Brnnton and Haig's Senators of the College 
of Justice.] J. M. It. 




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