DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY(ABBOTT-CHILDERS)

7

OF

v . r -

B:

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

SUPPLEMENT

VOL. I.

ABBOTT

LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO,, 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1901

right* rtservttt\

7

OF

v . r -

B:

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

SUPPLEMENT

VOL. I.

ABBOTT

LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO,, 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1901

right* rtservttt\

7

OF

v . r -

B:

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

SUPPLEMENT

VOL. I.

ABBOTT

LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO,, 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1901

right* rtservttt\

XO7

Tina Supplement to the * Dictionary of National Biography ' contains a
thousand articles, of which more than two hundred represent accidental
omissions from the previously published volumes. Those overlooked
memoirs' belong to various epochs of modiawil and modern history ;
Bomo of the more important fill gaps in colonial history to which recent
events have directed attention,

But it is the main purpose of the Supplement to deal with distin-
guished persons who died at too late a date to be included in the original
work. The principle of the undertaking excludes living people, and in
the course of the fifteen years during which the publication, in alpha-
betical sequence, of the sixty-three quarterly volumes of the Dictionary
was in progress, many men and women of eminence died after their
due alphabetical place was reached, and the opportunity of commemo-
rating them had for the time passed away. The Supplement contains
nearly eight hundred memoirs of recently deceased persons, who, under
the circumstances indicated, found no place in the previously published
volumes.

Since the resolve to issuo a Supplement to the Dictionary was first
announced, more than four times as many names as actually appear in
the supplementary volumes have been recommended to the Editor for
notice. Every suggestion has been carefully considered, and, although
the rejections have been numerous, the Editor hopes that ho has not
excluded any name about which information is likely to be sought in
the future by serious students. Eeputations that might reasonably be
regarded as ephemeral have alone been consciously ignored. The right

Prefatory Note

of a person to notice in the Dictionary has boon hold to depend on tlio
probability that his career would be the object of intelligent inquiry on
the part of an appreciable number of persona a generation or more
hence.

Owing mainly to the longer interval of time that has olapHed nince
the publication of the volumes of the Dictionary treating of the earlier
portions of the alphabet, the supplementary nftiuos beginning with the
earlier letters are exceptionally numerous. Half the Bupi>lotuontary
names belong to the first five letters of the alphabet. The whole sorioB
of names is distributed in the threo supplementary volumes thun:
Volume I. Abbott Childers; Volume II, Chippendale -IIoHlo; Volume
III. How Woodward.

It was originally intended that the Supplement to the Dictionary
should bring the biographical record of British, Irinh, and Colonial
achievement to the extreme end of the nineteenth century, but the death
of Queen Victoria on 22 Jan. 1901 rendered a slight modification of tlm
plan inevitable. The Queen's death closed an important opoeli in
British history, and was from a national point of view a hotter destined
historic landmark than the end of the century with which it ahmwt
synchronised. The scope of the Supplement was consequently extended
so that the day of the Queen's death might become ita furthest limit.
Any person dying at a later date than the Quoon wan therefore
disqualified for notice. 1 The memoir of tho Quoon i from the nun of
the Editor.

Maroh -

^ to

song-writer), 8 April. n

EISHT, Wmu* (ecclesiastical

BBOWNE, Bra SAJTOH., V.O. (general) U March ^"/if ' Wau * t , 1 '" nl >" fl>rfH* (,( divinity

Prefatory Note

The choice of Quoon Victoria's last day of life as the chronological
limit of the Supplement was warmly approved by Mr. George Smith, the
projector and proprietor of the Dictionary. But, unhappily, while the
supplementary volumes were still in preparation, the undertaking sus-
tained the irreparable loss of his death (6 April 1901), In accordance
with a generally expressed wiBh the Editor has prefixed a memoir of
Mr. Smith to the first volume of the Supplement ; but, in order to obnervo
faithfully the chronological limit which was fixed in couBultation with
Mr. Smith, ho has given it a prefatory position winch is independent of
the body of the work,

A portrait of Mr. Smith, to whoflc initiative and munilicence tho
whole work is duo, forms tho frontispiece to tho first volume of tho
Supplement : it is reproduced from a painting by Mr, G. F. Watts, B,A.,
which was executed in 1870.

Much information has boon derived by writers of supplementary
articles from private sources. The readiness with which aBsiHtanco of
HUB kind has been rendered can hardly be acknowledged too warmly.
Tho principle of tho Dictionary requires that tho memoirs should be
mainly confined to a record of fact, should preserve a strictly judicial
tone, and should onchow Bonlimonl. The point of view from which the

KWJIM, Eww UPTON (portrait painter), 7 April. HANVOIU), OWOIUIK EDWAIID LANOUAM, <Xtt, (

KiiMH, Fiwpwuatt BVAttvitumid .(booknullor autl 0.8.1, (Amoral), 137 April

nutluir), iJO Fob, HAUNJMMKH, Hw KJJWIN (doniirt mirgoon), 15 Mar,

FAIUIIAMN, Hut ANDHWW (on^inoor), 1*1 May, HMITH, JOHN HAM HUM (mttthomiUtoittn), Id July,

FAUHI4U, JOHN (muMimau), 17 July. HTAVKOW*, Hut KiWAttu WiMiJAK, U*O.M,U.

lYi'S5MttAL, UKOIUIU FMNCIH (phywoiHt), (inmior of Now ^co-lnnd), U Fob.

iU b'ub. HVAINHU, Hwi JOHN (muuiuitni), 1 April,

UAM^ FiTasMwwAiH), D.O.IJ, (phildo^Hl), HTWPIIWNH, JAMTKIH {^twiiun)! Ml> March.

10 Ftl), BTVHJW, WIGWAM (biwliap of Oxford ana liiu-

HAWHIH, Uwm HKtiTNAia) (clJvino)j !ii> Jivn, torJtwi), USi April.

HoMiNH, KJ>WAUP JOHN (oi-KtuiMi), 4, Fob. TAIT, l*Tit OUTJIHIH ftwofnHHor of nibtuml

HOHKINH, HIH ANVUtmv llil<KV (udtnirul) y philuHopliy at KtlinlnuKh), 4 July,

21 Juno. VANM, CATUKUINB Inrtiv WIUI^MINA, DUCIIAHH

jKAMfRHHoN, JOHN OouDV (logiU and luMUmoal ov OLHVKIIAND, W M.y.

writorj, iS Fob, WAHH, (IKOWHO CUAULEH WINTMK (oluHHfanl

IJRWH, JUUN THAVKKH (lupohbiohop of Oiitftria) f HvUoliur), ai Fb.

(I Mity, WATKJN, Hiu J 4 h)WAHi> (railway <1irotor) ( 1 JJ April

Lttvi^ljiNnitAy, Kcuinuv jAttttH|Ijoxu> WAMTAUH)]| WKHTWJTT, JUjtuoKw FOKB (binhap of Uurhuiix

10 Juno. tuui ni'holar), '27 July.

MONKIUUIHM, OHO (art oritio), iil July, WJI^HH, Hut UBOUOK OMWANKV (u<hw wl) 18 Fob.

OuMKUtiU, MIMU KudANUtt ANNJfl (outomulogiat), YN<I, OnAUiiOTTM MAWY (uovuiiut uud hia-

JiO July. , toriotbl wriior), '-34

Prefatory Note

articles are written cannot therefore be expected alwayn to ecmmiemd
itself to the near relatives of their subjects ; but llio Editor doomn it
right to state that the great majority of those who havo holpod in tho
preparation of memoirs of their kinsmen and kinswomen havo nhown
every disposition to respect the dispassionate aims which tho Dictionary
exists to pursue.

A special word of thanks is due to Mr. ThomftH Sowombo, Mr. A* I<\
Pollard, and Mr. B. Irving Carlyle, all of whom rondoral valuable
assistance to the Editor during the publication of tho Hubfltanlivo work,
for the zealous aid they have given him in preparing tho mipplomontal
volumes, to which they have each contributed a very largo number of
articles. Mr. Pollard has also helped tho Editor in Booing tlio
; Supplement finally through tho press.

V In the supplemental volumes cross roforonooa to ftrtlolon tlmt form pwt of thn
Supplement are given thus [q. v. SupplJ, whilo cross rofonmoon to urtloluB that havo tUruady
appeared in the substantive work are given in tho ordinary form ft, v J

A

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7

OF

v . r -

B:

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

SUPPLEMENT

VOL. I.

ABBOTT

LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO,, 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1901

right* rtservttt\

< < -? SY

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j_.,Ajr

GMOMGH SMITH (1824-1901), publisher, tho f Dimeter and proprietor of the
' Dictionary of National Biography/ was of Scottiwh parentage, His patornal
grandfather was a small landowner and farmer in Moraynhire (or Elginshire),
who died young and loft his family ill provided for. Hia father, George Smith
(17B9-184G), began life as an approntioo to Isaac Forayth, a bookseller and
banker in tho town of Mltfiii, At a youthful ago ho migrated to London with
no resources at his command boyond his abilities and powers of work. By
nature industrious, conscientious, and religious, ho was soon making steady
and satisfactory progroRB. At first he found employment in tho publishing
IIOUHO of Bivingiion in St, Paul's Churchyard Subsequently he transferred
IUR HorviooB to John Murray, tho famous publisher of Albernarle Street, and
while in Murray's employ was sent on one Oceanian to deliver proof-shoots to
Lord Byron. At length, in 18.16, he and another Scottish immigrant to
London, Alexander Elder, a native of Banff, who was Smith's junior by a
yottr, wont into partnership, and got up in business for themselves on a
nuuloHt Hoalo, They opened promiwoH at 1/>B Eenehureh Street as booksollovs
and wtationorH, The new firm was styled Smith & Elder. After throe years tho
partituu'H added publiHhirifj; to tho oiihor brauolioH of their buBinofls. On 2 March
JH1!) thoy were both admitted by redemption to tho freedom of the Stationers'
Company. Mumburahip of the company was needful at the time for tho
pursuit in London of the publinher's calling. Some four months later,
on 19 July 1819, Smith & Elder entered their earliest publication in tho
Stationers' Company's rogifltnr. It was a well-printed collection of 'Sermons
and JWxpoBilionn ol interesting Portions of Bcripturo/ by a popular con*
Kivtfatianal niirnKter, Dr. John M orison of Trevor Chapol, Brompton, Thus
unul)truHivoly did the publiwhing Jiouso sot out on its road to fame and
fortune, which it BOOH attained in moderate measure by dint of strenuous
endeavour and nkilful adaptation of moans to ends.

On 12 Oct. 18SJU- litllo more than a year after the elder Smith had become
a London publisher -ho married, His wife, Mlixaboth Murray, then twenty,
throe years old, ami thus her husband's junior by oiyht yours, was daughter

Memoir of George Smith

of Alexander Murray, a successful glass-ware manufacturer in London, who,
like her husband, was of Elginshire origin. Mrs. Smith was a woman of
much shrewdness, vivacity, and sanguine temper, in whoso judgment uml
resourcefulness her husband, and afterwards hor children, placed tho utmost
confidence. The young couple lived, on their marriage, over Smith <& .Kldor'n
shop in Fenchurch Street, and there George Smith, the oldunt son and
second child (of six), was born on 19 March 1824, *

Very shortly after his birth the father removed his business and his family
to 65 Cornhill to that house which was fated to acquire wi<lo rqwlo, jvliko in
literary and commercial circles. There, at tho ago of six, young (joorgu Smith
suffered an attack of brain fever, and his mother, who allowed lam spnoiuJ,
indulgence, was warned against subjecting him to any severity of discipliiin,
IFrom infancy he was active and high-spirited, and domestic leniency en-
couraged in him an unruliness of temper which hampered tho COUPHO of hin
education. But his parents desired him to enjoy every educational iulvimt,go
that lay in their power. At first he was sent to Dr. Smith's Ixmnling school
at Eottingdean. Thence he passed at the ago of ten to Morelwnt Taylor*'
School, but soon left it for a school at Blackheath, where tho nuiHlor, finding
him intractable, advised his parents, greatly to their indignation, to nond him
to sea. Although he did well as far as the schoolwork waa eonoormul, hit*
propensity for mischievous frolic was irrepressible, and after ho had npont tt
few terms at the City of London School his father doomed it wiHcmt to taku
him into his office. He had shown an aptitude for mathematics, dullghtiul in
chemistry, and had not neglected Latin ; but he was too young to havo rtuub
great advance in the conventional subjects of stutly when in 1H38, At tho atfu
of fourteen, he began a business career. Subsequently he received lurtNonnnt
home in French, and showed a quick intuitive appreciation of good litaUuw.
But it was the stir of the mercantile world that first gave useful direction to
his abundant mental energy.

During his boyhood his father's firm had made notable proRroafl. On itn
removal to Cornhill, in 1824, Smith & Elder wore joined by a third piu'tnor,
and the firm assumed the permanent designation of Smith, Kidur, & Co.
The new partner was a man of brilliant and attractive ^iftn, if of
weak and self-indulgent temperament. His entry into the concern f>roaUy
extended its sphere of action. His guardian, JEueas Macintosh, wan ohiol
partner in a great firm of Calcutta merchants, and this conuoolion with
India brought to the bookselling and publishing branches of Smith, MMor,
& Co. s business the new department of an Indian agency, which in course
at time far outdistanced in commercial importance the rent of their work
At the outset the Indian operations were confined to the export of Htationtiry
and books to officers in the East India Company's service; hut gradually

iirrr* /Q m ^ od s was deait with > bmi ^ ^0*^1^ ^

undertaken, and Smith, Elder, & Co. ultimately left most of the othur Indiaw

f ^ & Smith

Memoir of George Smith xiii

in London far behind alike in tho variety and extent ol their
transactions.

It was to tho third partner, who had become a liveryman of the
Olothworkors' Company on 1 March 1837, that Smith was apprenticed on
beginning his business earoer. On 2 May 1838 the fact ol his apprenticeship
was duly entered in tho Olothworkore' Company's records,

At the moment that Smith joined the firm it had entered into cloRo
relations with Lioutonant Waghorn, the originator of tho overland route to
India* While Wnghorn was experimenting with his new moans of com-
municating with the oast, Smith, Elder, & Co. acted as his agents, and
published from 1887 tho many pamphlets in which he pressed his schemes
and opinions on public notice. Some of Smith's earliest reminiscences
related to Waghorn's strenuous efforts to perfect his system, with which the
boy's native activity of mind enabled him to sympathise very thoroughly.
All tho letters that wore sent to India under Waghorn's supervision across the
Isthmus of SUCH and through the Bod Sea were despatched from Smith,
Elder, & Co.*s office in Cornhill, and those reaching England from India
by the same route wore delivered there on arriving in London. Young Smith
willingly helped his seniors to ' play at post office, ' and found that part of his
duties thoroughly congenial. But as a whole Ms labours in Cornhill were
arduous. lie was at work from half -past seven in the morning till eight
o'clock in tho evening, with very short intervals, His father wisely trained
him in all tho practical details of tho stationery and bookselling business.
Ilo hail to mend tho ofiioo quills, and was taught how to bind books and
even compono type. The dinner-hour in the middle ot the day he often, how-
ever, contrived to spend at Dyer's riding sol tool in IHuslmry Square, where
ho became an export horseman. Hiding remained all his life his main
recreation. In IH'll, three years after hiu entry into the firm, his family
removed to Domuark U'ilL

Tho Htoady SucreiiHe in the firm 1 !* general Imsmoas was accompanied
by marknd activity in the publishing tlopartmont, and early in tho thirties
that dnpai'tnumt won an assumd ropuLalion, For the lirHt development of
tho publishing branch Mr. Klxlor wart largely responsible, and though 1m
applied h'mwolf to it Homowhati HpaHinotliciilly, aiul hm vonkmw worn by no
UUMUIW uniformly HiiceosHful, HOMO mtortwting roBultfl were quickly achieved.
AH narly aw I HUG Smith, Mldor, A Go, irmiud, in partnership with CJwlworH ft
OollinH, a (SltiHgow firm, Jamus Donnogan's * Now Grook and En^linh
'Lexicon/ which wan long a standard book. In 1827 they undertook shigln-
Iwiidodtho iHHtKU)f l{ilnwd TliomHon's * GhrouieloR of Lotuion Ilridgtj.' Of
moro popular literary work which t.hn linn produced, tho mowl attradiivo itum
WU,H tho faHh]<)nn,bl(> annual mlltid c IViondttliip'a Offoring.' This olabortttoly
tlluttU*aUl giftrluiok wan originally produced ab the end ot 1H24, under tho
cliti(>rKlii]> of Thomas Kibblo J lorvoy (HiibBtunumtiy oditor of thti * Atlumawin '),
bynintughbouring publisluw, Lnpiion Kolf(j of 13 Ck>mhi!l. Tho number for
IH2H waw the (irKt pul>Imh<Kl by Smith, KhltM 1 , ft Co,, and for fourl.<Mw on-
sucutivu years thoy ooulinuod to nwlco annually an addition to tho

Memoir of George Smith

Hervey was succeeded in the editorship by the Scottish poot, Thomas Prin^lo,
and ultimately by Leitch Eitchie, a well-known figure in journalism, who
otherwise proved of service to the firm. The writers in ' Friendship's Ofibnn^ '
were the most distinguished of their day. They included not only votorans
like Southey, Coleridge, and the Bttrick Shepherd, but also beginners liko
Tennyson and Euskin. The Hon. Mrs. Norton, Miss Mitford, Mm Biiriok-
land, were regular contributors. To the volume for 1833 Macaulay contri-
buted his ' Ballad of the Armada.' The numerous plates in each issue wuro
after pictures by the greatest artists of the time, and wore engraved hy tho
best available talent. When the series was at its aonith of popularity noinc
eight to ten thousand copies of each volume were sold at Christmas.

Another of the literary connections of the firm was Miss Louisa JTotirioUa
Sheridan, a daughter of Captain W. B. Sheridan, a very distant relative of thn
well-known family. 1 Of her personal attractions Smith cherished from boyhood
admiring memories. Between 1831 and 1835 she edited for tho firm livn
annual volumes entitled ' The Comic Offering, or Lady's M6lango of LiUuury
Mirth,' which Eobert Seymour, the practical originator of * Pickwick/ holptul
to illustrate; and in 1838 Smith, Elder, & Co. produced for hop 'Tim
Diadem, a Book for the Boudoir,' with some valuable plates, and contri-
butions by various well-known hands, including Thomas Campbell, Jaimw
and Horace Smith, and Agnes Strickland.

In its attitude to fiction the young firm manifested, under Loitoh Ritohio'H
influence, an exceptional spirit of enterprise. In 1833 Smith, Elder, & (Jo*
started a ' Library of Eomance,' a series of original novels and romnnooa,
English, American, or translated from foreign tongues, which they publiwhod
at the prophetic price of six shillings. Fifteen volumes appeared umtor
Eitchie's editorship before the series ended in 1835, The first was 'Tim
Ghost Hunter and his Family/ by John and Michael Banim, tho aut,hor
of 'The O'Hara Family; ' the fourth was John Gait's ' Stolon Child ' (183tt) ;
the sixth, 'The Slave-King, 1 a translation from Victor Hugo (1833) ; and tho
fifteenth and last was ' Ernesto, 1 a philosophical romance of interest by
William [Henry] Smith (1808-1872), who afterwards won fame as author of
' Thorndale/

Among Smith, Elder, & Co.'s" early works in general light literature which
still retain theu* zest were James Grant's ' Random Eocollootions of tho HOUHQ
of Commons ' and ' Eandom Becollections of tho House of Lords' (IB'M
Nor was the firm disinclined to venture on art publications involving somo-
what large mks. Glarkson Stanfield's ' Coast Scenery,' a collection of forty
views, issued (after publication in serial parts) at tho price of 32s flrf
appeared in 1836; and 'The Byron Gallery,' thirty-six engravings of subjects
from Byron s poems, followed soon afterwards at tho prico of 85s Those
volumes met with a somewhat cool reception from tho book-buying public
but an ambiton to excel in the production of expensively illustrated volumes

pMiS Lieul - oolonfll * Henry Wyatt, and diod Wlt

Memoir of George Smith

was well alivo in the firm whon, in 1838, Smith first enlisted in its service. 1
That year saw the issue of the lirflt portion of tho groat collected edition of
Sir Humphry Davy's * Works, 1 which was completed in nine volumes next
year. In 1838, too, the firm inaugurated a series of elaborate reports o
recent expeditions which tho government had sent out for purposes of
scientific exploration. Tho earliest of those groat scientific publications was
Sir Andrew Smith's ' Illustrations of tho Zoology of, South Africa/ of which
the lirst volume wan issued in 1838, and four others followed between that
date and 1847, all embellished with drawing of exceptional beauty by Goorgo
Henry !Ford. The government made a grant of 1,5001. in aid of tho publica-
tion, and tho five volumes wore sold at the high price of 1SL Of like character
were tho reports of the scientific results of Admiral Sir Edward Belcher's
voyage to the Pacific in the Sulphur ; a volume on the ssoology, prepared by
Eichard Brinsley Hinds, came out under Smith, Elder, & Co/s auspices in
1843, a second volume (on the botany) appeared in tho next year, and a third
volume (completing the zoology) in 1845, That was Smith, Elder, A Oo.'s
third endeavour iix this special class of publication. To the second a more
lasting interest attaches. It was 'The Zoological Eeport of tho Expedition
of H.M.8. Boagle/ in which Darwin sailed as naturalist, 1OOOL was advanced
by tho government to tho firm for tho publication of this important work,
Tho first volume appeared in largo quarto in 1840. Four more volumes
completed tho undertaking by 1848, tho price of tho whole being Bi. 156%
Smith, Elder, & Co. wore thus brought into personal relations with Darwin, the
oarlioHt of thoir authora who acquired worldwide fame. Independently of
bin ofllcial reports they published for him, in more popular form, extracts from
thorn in volumon bearing the titles ' Tho Structure and Distribution of Oonil
Boofs ' in 1842, ' Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands ' in 18Ad> and
* Geological Observations on South America ' in 1846,

The widening range of tho firm's dealings with distant lands in its capacity
of Indian aguutH rendered records of travel peculiarly appropriate to its
publishing department!, and Smith, Elder, & Co. boldly contemplated tho
equipment on their own account of explorers whose reports should sorve th",m
aw literature* About 1B40 Austen llonry Layard sot out, at their euggoHlion,
in tho company of Mdward Mitford, on an overland journey to Asia; but the
two men quarrelled on the road, and tho work that the limn contemplated
wan never written* Another project which was defeated by a like O&UHQ wan
an expedition to tho south of Franco, on which Loitoh Bitchio and 3 am eft
Angiwtuw St. John started in behalf of Smith, Elder, & CO/B publinlnn^ depart"
ment. But the firm was now dependent on any single class of publication.
It is noteworthy that no sooner had it opened relations with Darwin, tho
writer who was to prove tho greatest English naturalist of tho century, than

tho largo vnnturoa winch they undertook on thoir own account, Smith, MM or, &
Co, ftotwl at thin time as agents for many elaborate* publications pvupawl by ronpouHiblo
publtohwrsof Edinburgh and Glasgow; auoh wore Thomas Urown'n ' tfuHHil Ckmahulo^y of
Orout Britain,' tho ihut of the twonty-oight wrial parts of which uppoarod in April lfc)JJ7 and
Kuy'a 'lUdhiburgh rpjteaitB,' % vote. 4to.

Memoir of George Smith

its services were sought by him who was to prove the century's greatest art-
critic and one of its greatest artists in English prose John Buskin. Jt
was in 1843, while Smith was still in his pupilage, that Buskin's father, it
prosperous wine merchant in the city of London, introduced his son's first.
prose work to Smith, Elder, & Co.'s notice. They had already piibliahtMl
some poems by the young man in 'Friendship's Offering.' In 1M3 ho
had completed the first volume of * Modern Painters, by a GvtMhuito
of Oxford/ His father failed to induce John Murray to issue it on cominiH-
sion. The offer was repeated at Cornhill, where it was accepted with alacrity,
and thus was inaugurated Buskin's thirty years' close personal oonnocstion
with Smith, Elder, & Co., and more especially with George Smith, ou whotio
shoulders the whole responsibilities of the firm were soon to fall,

The public were slow in showing their appreciation of Buskin's
earliest book. Of the five hundred copies printed of the first edition of
the first volume of ' Modern Painters,' only 105 were disposed of within tho
year. Possibly there were other causes besides public indifference for thiw
comparative failure. Signs were not wanting at the moment that, ambilioiw
and enlightened as were many of the young firm's publishing ontorpriHOH,
they suffered in practical realisation from a lack of strict businoHH nmthod
which it was needful to supply, if the publishing department was to aohiovo
absolute success. The heads of the firm were too busily absorbed in thoii*
rapidly growing Indian business to give close attention to the puhlmhin^*
branch; managers had been recently chosen to direct it, and had not provrd
sufficiently competent to hold their posts long. Salvation was at hand within
the office from a quarter in which the partners had not thought to soak it*
A predilection for the publishing branch of the business was already declaring
itself in young Smith, as well as a practical insight into business method
which convinced him, boy though he was, that some reorganisation wan
desirable. With a youthful self-confidence, which, contrary to common
experience, events showed to be justifiable, he persuaded his father Into in
1843 a few months after the issue of the first volume of ' Modern Palntora/
and when he was in his twentieth year to allow him to assume, temporarily
at any rate, control of the publishing department. Under cauliouB con-
ditions his father acceded to his wish, and Smith at once accepted for
publication a collection of essays by various writers on well-known literary
people, edited by the somewhat eccentric and impracticable author of
* Orion/ Bichard Hengist Horne. The enterprise called forth all Smith 'H
energies. Not only did he supervise the production of the work, which
was adorned by eight steel engravings, but, in constant interviews with tho
author, he freely urged alterations in the text which he doomed notxlful
to conciliate public taste. The book appeared, in February 1844, in two
volumes, with the title 'The New Spirit of the Age/ and Smith had tho
satisfaction of securing for his firm fair pecuniary profit from this his uarlicmt
publication. Another edition was reached in July. His second publinMng
venture was from the pen of a somewhat miscellaneous practitioner in litera-
ture, Mrs. Baron Wilson, who had contributed to Mm Sheridan's ' Dindum *

Memoir of George Smith

as well as to ' Friendship's Offering.' For her he published, also in 1844
(in June), another work in two volumes, * Our Actresses, or Glances at Stage
Favourites Past and Present,' with five engravings in each volume, including
portraits of Miss O'Neill, Miss Helen Faucit, and Mrs* Charles Kean. His
third literary undertaking in the first year of his publishing career was of
more permanent interest ; it was Leigh Hunt's ' Imagination and Fancy*'
* It was characteristic of Smith's whole life as a publisher that lie was
never content to maintain with authors merely formal business relations.
From boyhood the personality of writers of repute deeply interested him,
and that interest never diminished at any point of his career. In early
manhood he was rarely happier than in the society of authors of
all degrees of ability. With a city clork of literary leanings, Thomas
Powell, 1 he was as a youth on friendly terms, and at Powell's house at
Pockham he was first introduced to, or *camo to hear of, many rising men
of letters. It was there that he first met Home, and afterwards Koberfc
Browning. It was there that he -found the manuscript of Leigh Hunt's
'Imagination and Fancy/ and at once visited the author in Edwardos
Square, Kensington, with a generous offer for the rights of publication which
was immediately accepted. Thenceforth Leigh Hunt was a valued literary
acquaintance, and Smith published for him a whole library of attractive
essays or compilations. Another house at which he was a frequent guest
at this early period was that of Buskin's father at Denmark Hill Powell
introduced him to a small convivial club, called the Museum Club, which
met in a street off the Strand. Douglas Jerrold and Father Prout were
prominent members. There he first made the acquaintance of George
Henry Lewes, who became a lifelong associate, The club, however, fell
into pecuniary difficulties, from which Smith strove in vain to relieve U,
and it quickly dissolved,

The grim realities of life were soon temporarily to restrict Smith's oppor-

* tunities of recreation. Towards the end of 1844 a grave calamity befell his
family, His father's health failed ; softening of the brain declared itself ; and
recovery was Been to be hopeless. The elder Smith removed from Denmark
Hfll to Boxhill, whore he acquired some eight to ten acres of land, and
developed a lively interest in farming. But ho was unable to attend to the

- work of the firm, and his place at Oornhill was taken by his son very soon
after ho came of age in 1845. On 8 May 1846 George Smith was admitted
by patrimony a freeman of the Stationers' Company, and little more than
three months later his father died, at the age of fifty-seven (21 Aug. 1846),
Thereupon the whole responsibility of providing for his mother, his young
Brothers and sisters, devolved upon him,

In 1849 Powell emigrated to Amerioa, where he became a professional man o* letters,
and published some frankly Ul-natured sketches 01 miter* he had met, under tho titta of
Living Authors o* England j" this was followed by < Hying Author* o* America,' (tot
Bcrios, 1650).

Memoir of George Smith

of war. On one occasion Smith was able to answer the challenge of a
scoffer who thought to name an exceptional article of commerce a human
skeleton which it would be beyond his power to supply, by displaying in his
oflico two or three waiting to be packed for transit,

Smith's absorption in the intricate details of the firm's general
operations prevented him from paying close attention to the minutioa of the
publishing department ; but the fascination that it exerted on him never slept,
and he wisely brought into the office one who was woll qualified to give him
li torary counsel, and could be trusted to keep the department faithful to the best
traditions of English publishing, His choice fell on William Smith Williams,
who for nearly thirty years acted as his * reader ' or literary adviser. The
circumstances under which he invited Williafias's co-operation illustrate
the accuracy with which ho measured men and their qualifications* At the
time the two met, Williams was clerk to Hullmandol & Walter, a firm of litho-
graphers who were working for Smith, Elder, & Co* on Darwin's * The Voyage
of H.M.S. Beagle/ On assuming the control of the Oornhill business Smith
examined with Williams the somewhat complicated accounts of that under-
taking* After very brief intercourse he perceived that Williams was an
incompetent bookkeeper, but had exceptional literary knowledge and judg-
ment. No time was lost in inducing Williams to enter the service of Smith,
Elder, <fe Co., and the arrangement proved highly beneficial and congenial to
both. 1 But Smith delegated to nono the master's responsibility in any branch

1 William Smith Williams (1800-1875) played a useful part behind the scones of the
theatre o nineteenth-century Utornturo. Ho was by nature too modest to gain any wide
recognition, Ho began active life In 1817 as apprentice to tho publishing firm of Taylor &
Hoflwoy of Pleat Street, who published writings oil Charles Lamb, Coleridge, and Koats, and
became in 1821 proprietora of tho * London Magazine, 7 Williams cherished from boyhood
a genuine! love of literature, and received much kindly notice from eminent writers associated
with Taylor <& IToflBoy. Besides Keats, he oame to know Loigh Hunt and William Hasslitt.
Marrying at twenty-live ho opened a bookshop on his own account in n court near tho Poultry,
but inBuilleiont capital compelled him to relinquish this venture in 18*27, when he entered
the oounting-houflo of tho lithographic printers, Hullmandd <fc Walter, where Smith mot
him. At that time ho was devoting 1m leisure to articles on litorary or theatrical topics for tho
* Bpootator, 1 * Athonamm,' and other weekly papers. During tho thirty years that ho spent
in Smith's employ ho won, by his sympathetic criticism and kindly courtesy, the cordial
regard of many distinguished authors whoRo works Smith, Blder, & Co. published* The
paternal conn id oration that he showed to Charlotte Bronto is well known ; it is fully described
in Mrs, Gaskell'a * Life ' of Miss Bronte*. ' He was my first favourable critic,' wrote Charlotte
BrontB in December 1847 ; * ho first gave me encouragement to persevere as an author/
When flho flrat saw him at Cornhill in 1848, she described him as ' a pale, mild, stooping
man of fifty.' Subsequently she thought him too much given to ' contemplative theorising,*
and possessed by 'too many abstractions/ With Thackoray, Buskin, and Lowes ho wag
always on very friendly terms* During his association with Smith ho did $o independent
literary work beyond helping to prepare for the Arm, in 1861, a * Selection from tho Writings
of John Buskin*' He was from youth a warm admirer of Buskin, sharing especially his
enthusiasm for Turner, Williams retired from Smith, Elder, <fe Co.'s business in February
1875, and died six months later, aged 75, at his residence at Twickenham (21 Aug.) His
oldest daughter was the wife of Mr. Lowes Dickinson, the well-known portrait painter ; and
his youngest daughter, Miss Anna Williams, achieved distinction as a singer*

a2

XX

Memoir of George Smith

of the business, and, though publishing negotiations wore thenceforth ofl,<m
initiated by Williams, there were few that were not concluded personally by
Smith.

For some time after he became sole owner and manager at Gornhill Smith
felt himself in no position to run large risks in the publishing department.
A cautious policy was pursued ; but fortune proved kind It wart necosnary
to carry to completion those great works of scientific travel by Sir Andruw
Smith, Hinds, and Darwin, the publication of which had boon not only con-
tracted for, but was actually in progress during Smith's pupilage. Tho firm
had also undertaken the publication of a magnwn opus oE Mr John Ibmehol

his ' Astronomical Observations made at the Capo of Good TIopo '- -towurdrt

the expense of which the Duke of Northumberland had offered 1,000/, Tho
work duly appeared in 1846 in royal quarto, with eighteen plattw, at tho prion
of four guineas. A like obligation incurred by tho firm in earlier days WUH
fulfilled by the issue, also in 1846, of the naturalwt Hugh Iftilconor't* ' Muuw
Antiqua Sivalensis,' Nine parts of this important work were wmuwl at a
guinea each in the course of the three years 1846 9. In IH'lfi, too, Hunldu
completed the second volume of his * Modern Painters/ of which an tuUUun
of 1,500 copies was issued ; and in 1849 Smith brought out tho mmoml of
Buskin's great prose works, 'The Seven Lamps of Arohitiwturn,' which
was the earliest of Buskin's books that was welcomed with practical warmth
on its original publication-

In fiction the chief author with whom Smith in tho first years of MB reign
at Gornhill was associated was the grandiloquent writer of blood-curdling ro-
mance, G. P. E. James, In 1844 Smith, Elder, & Co, had begun an ulitboratci
collected edition of his works, of which they issued eleven volumes by 1H47,
ten more being undertaken by another firm. Unhappily Smith, 331ttr, & (Jo.
had also independently entered into a contract with James to publish evnry
new novel that he should write ; 600J. was to be paid for the first million of
1,250 copies. The arrangement lasted for four years, and then Bank honoath
its own weight. The firm issued two novels by James in each of the yuurH
1845, 1846, 1847, and no less than three in 1848. Each work wan In thww
volumes, at the customary price of 31$. 6d. ; so that between 1846 and 1B4B
Smith offered the public twenty-seven volumes from James's pen at a total
cost to the purchasers of thirteen and a half guineas* James's fertility wau
clearly greater than the public approved. Tho publisher requeued him to
set limits to his annual output. He indignantly declined, but Smith per-
sisted with success in his objections to the novelist's interpretation of tho
original agreement, and author and publisher parted company* In 184H Smith
issued a novel by his friend, George Henry Lewes, entitled i Bose, Blunoho,
and Violet. 1 Although much was expected from it, nothing eamo.

While the tragi-comedy of James was in its last stage, Smith became the
hero of a publishing idyll which had the best possible effect on his reputation
as a publisher and testified at the same time to his genuine kindness of heart.
Eew episodes in the publishing history of the nineteenth century are of higher
interest than the story of his association with Charlotte BrontS, In July

Memoir of George Smith

1847 Williams called Smith's attention to a manuscript novel entitled ' The
Professor/ which had boon sent to the firm by an author writing under the
name of * Ourrer Bell/ The manuscript showed signs of having vainly sought
the favour of other publishing houses. Smith and his assistant recognised
tlie promise of tho work, but neither thought it likely to be a successful
publication. While refusing it, however, they encouraged the writer in
kindly and appreciative terms to submit another effort. The manuscript of
* Jane Eyre ' arrived at Oornhill not long afterwards. Williams read it and
handed it to Smith. The young publisher was at onco fascinated by its sur-
passing power, and purchased the copyright out of hand. He always
regarded tho manuscript, which ho retained, as tho most valued of his literary
treasures. Ho lost no time in printing it, and in 1848 the reading world re-
cognised that he had introduced to its notice a novel of abiding fame. Later
in 1848 i Shirley/ by i Ourrer Boll/ was also sent to Oornhill. So far * Gutter
Boll ' had conducted the corroHpontloucc with tho firm as if the writer wore a
man, but Smith shrewdly suspected that the name was a woman's pseudonym,
His suspicions were confirmed in the summer of 1848, when Charlotte
Bronte, accompanied by her sister Anno, presented herself without warning at
Cornhill in order to explain some misunderstanding which she thought had
arisen in the negotiations for the publication of * Shirley/ From the date of
the authoress's shy and unceremonious introduction of herself to him at his
office desk until her premature death some sevon years later, Smith's personal
relations with her woro characterised by a delightfully unaffected chivalry.
On their first visit to Oornhill he took Miss Bronte and her sister to the
opera tho same evening. Smith's mother made their acquaintance next day,
and thoy twice dined at her rosi donee, then at 4 Wostbourne Place. Miss
Bronte frankly confided to a friend a day or two later her impressions of her
publisher-host. * He is a firm, intelligent man of business, though so young
[ho was only twenty f our] ; bont on getting on, and I think desirous of making
his way by fair, honourable means. He is enterprising, but likewise cool
and cautious* Mr* Smith is a practical man/ l

On this occasion tho Bisters stayed in London only throe days. But next
year, in November 1849, Miss BrontS was tho guest of Smith's mother
at Wostbourno Place for nearly three) weeks. She visited the London sights
under Smith's guidance ; he asked Thackeray, whoso personal acquaintance
he does not BOOTH to have made previously, to dine with him in order to
satisfy her ambition of mooting tho groat novelist, whose work aroused in her
tho warmest onthusiafltn. On returning to Haworth in December she wrote
to Smith : * Very easy is it to discover that with you to gratify others m to
gratify yourself ; to servo others is to afford yourself a pleasure, I suppose
you will experience your share of ingratitude and encroachments, but do not
lot them alter you, Happily they are the lees- likely to do this because you arc
half a Scotchman, and therefore must have inherited a fair share of prudouce
to qualify your generosity, and of caution to protect your benevolence,' a

1 'Comhitt MtfcgassiB, 1 December 1900 ; ot Ga$keir& 'XafaJ od* Shorter, p 808 **
GtaakoU'i ' Life,' cd. Shorter, p. m

Memoir of George Smith

Another visit a fortnight long followed in June 1850, Stnilh luul tltnu
removed with his mother to 76 (afterwards 112) Gloucowtor Tumuio. Mm
Bronte renewed her acquaintance with Thackeray, who Invited hor and Iu*r
host to dine at his own house, and she met Lewes under Smith's roof, HoForo
she quitted London on this occasion she sat to Goorgo Richmond for bur
portrait at the instance of her host, who gratified hot: fathor by jmwmitintf
him with the drawing together with an engraving of his ami bin thiutfhtor'a
especial hero, the Duke of Wellington. Next month, in July 18/30, Smith
made with a sister a tour in the highlands of Scotland, and bo alwayn
remembered with pride a friendly meeting that bofoll him on tho jouwny with
Macaulay, who was on his way to explore G-lencoc and KiUiocrankia At M<l iu-
burghhe and his sister were joined on his invitation by M.IHH Bronlo, ami thny
devoted a few days to visiting together sites of intorost in tho cdty and ii,n
neighbourhood, much to Miss Bronte's satisfaction, She Imvollotl Htwth with
them, parting from them in Yorkshire for her homo at liaworlh. 1 For a
third time she was her sympathetic publisher's guowii in London, in Juno
1851, when she stayed a month with his mother, and bo took hr to hnar
Thackeray's 'Lectures on the Humourists' at Willing itooniH. In a Infctor
addressed to Smith, on arriving home, she dosoribod him an * tho tmmt H]>iritii
and vigilant of publishers/ In November 18C2 MIHB Bwntti Hunt to tlm
firm her manuscript of 'Villette,' in which sho clrow hor portrait* of Bmit.b
in the^ spundhearted, manly, and sensible Dr, John, wliik) hfo matlur wan
the original of Mrs. Bretton. In January 1853 MIBB Brouiu viHitod Htuith
and his family for the last time, They continued to corroHpond with uaoh
other till near her premature death on 31 March 1805,

An interesting result of Smith's personal and profoflflional relation* with
Charlotte Bronte was to make him known to such wrikra an woro hor MondiB
notably to Harriet Martineau and to Mrs. GaHkoll, for both of whom ho
subsequently published much. But more important IB it to roocml thitt
Charlotte Bronte was a main link in the chain that drow a writer at ffoniux
far greater even than her own Thackeray himsolf into Snntb'n hliitory and
into the history of his firm. In the late autumn of 1850, after tho iutenilmmfo
of hospitalities which Miss Bronte's presence in London hod prompted,
Thackeray asked Smith for the first time to publish a book for him, bin
Itwasahum o^B sketch, with drawings byhimnulf,

U n the Ehina> Th ^ k ^^

$UCCeS8ful with

-Beboooa and Bowona,* wd

to t eoooa an owona, w ttiuj

deprecated the issue of mother that year. Smith had from early days, mnci
he read the 'Pans Sketchbook' by stealth in Tegg's sale rooms, oLinbll

^f*^z ^ and ** had been a y uthful W ^

-r UlamS had u b hi8 behalf made a ^ bid * Vanity
Smith now purchased the copyright of 'The Xiokleburv/'

tt*toh
thousand. Though it was heavily bombarded by the ' Times/ it prowl

1 Mrs, (feMl'i ' Life of Charlotte BrcmtV eel. Shorter. m . 460 *

Memoir of George Smith

successful and at once reached a second edition. 1 In 1851, when Smith hoard
that Thackeray was engaged on a now work of importance which proved to
be ' Esmond ' he called at his house in Young Street, Kensington, and
offered him what was then the handsome sum of 1,2002. for the right of issuing
tho first edition of 2,500 copies. 2 Thenceforth he was on close terms of
intimacy with Thackeray. He was often at his house, and showed as tender a
consideration for the novelist's young daughters as for himself. ' Esmond '
appeared in 1852 and was the first of Thackeray's novels to be published
in the regulation trio of half-a-guinoa volumes. Just before its publication,
when Thackeray was preparing to start on a lecturing tour in. America,
Smith, with kindly thought, commissioned Samuel Laurence to drnw
Thackeray's portrait, so that his daughters might have a competent present-
ment of him at homo during his absence. Before Thackeray's return Smith
published his * Lectures on the English Humourists,* and, in order to make
the volume of more presentable sitfo, added elaborate notes by Thackeray's
friond James Hannay, In December 1854 Smith published the best known ol
Thackeray's ChriBtmas books, ' Tho Kose and the Bing.' *

III

Meanwhile Smith's private and business life alike underwent important
change. Tho pressure of constant application was, in 1853, tolling on his
health, and ho resolved to share his responsibilities with a partner. Henry
Samuel King, a bookseller of Brighton, whoso bookBolling establishment JB
still carried on there by Troachor & Co., camo to Cornhill to aid in the general
superintendence and to receive a quarter share of the profits* His previous
experience naturally gave him a particular interest in the publishing depart-
mont. On 3 July 1B03 Charlotte Bronto wrote to Smith : ' 1 hope your partner
Mr. King will Boon acquire a working faculty and loavo you some leisure and
opportunity effectually to cultivate health/ At tho same data Smith became
engaged to Hlixabotih) tho daughter of John Blakoway, a wine merchant of
London, and granddaughter of Edward Blakoway, esq,, of Brosoloy Hall,
Shropshire. Tho marriage took place on 11 Fob, 1804, For four yearB ho
and hig wife lived at 112 Gloucester Torraco, where he had formerly roBided
with MB mother. SubHoquontly they spent some timo at Wimbledon, and at
tho end of 1HC9 they Hottlod at 11 Gloucester Square.

Smith folt> from tho outnoti that tho prcsonoo of a partner at Oornhill
hampered his indopondouco, but it relieved him of some labour and sot him

* * Tho TCieldoburys ' boro or* tho titlo-pago tho actual year of publication! i,o. 1RBO.
Thaolwvay'H tiarliw awl later ChmttuuH bookft wor each poBt-datod by a ywir. Thug
'llcboooa and Kowuna,* which boai'H tho dato 1B50, wa published in Dooombov 1H40.

* 01 Mrs. Jtltohio's * Ohaptor from some Memoirs," 1H?)4, p, 1BO.

* Thackeray waft not yot, howovor, exoluaivoly i<lantifio<l with Bmith, Eldor, $ Co. 'The
Nowcotium ' in 185;$ 5, a oolloctod edition of MiHoullancouB Writings in 1B55-7 (4 voln.), and
* TJUe VirgiuiauB,' 18574), wore all iytjuod by Bradbury & E vana.

Memoir of George Smith

free to entertain new developments of business. One of his early hopua wan
to become proprietor of a newspaper, and during 1854 ho listonod with much
interest to a suggestion made to him by Thackeray that the novolint nhould
edit a daily sheet of general criticism after the manner of Add-on and Stoolo's
' Spectator ' or ' Tatler.' The sheet was to be called * Fair Play/ WUB to dual
with literature as well as life, and was to be sorupulouBly frank and juHt in
comment. But, as the discussion on the subject advanced, Thaokowy foami
to face the responsibilities of editorship, and Smith was loft to dovolnp tho
scheme for himself at a later period. Newspapers ot moro utilitarian typo
were, however, brought into being by him and his firm before tho notion of
'Pair Play ' was quite dropped, In 1855 Smith, Elder, & Go, Rtnrt.ocl a wwkly
periodical called ' The Overland Mail/ of which Mr. (aftorwarcln Hit') John Kayo
became editor. It was to supply home information toroadorn m India, Noxt
year a complementary periodical was inaugurated under tho title of * Tho Homo-
ward Mail/ which was intended to offer Indian DOWH to rcadortt in tho IJuitwl
Kingdom. ' The Homeward Mail ' was placed in tho charge of M B, Kkwtwwk,
the orientalist. The two editors were already associated an authorn with tho
firm. Both papers were appreciated by the clients of the firm's agency and
banking departments, and are still in existence.

In order to facilitate the issue of these ' Mails * Smith, EMor, ft C!o,
acquired for the first time a printing office of thoir own, Thoy took wtir
premises in Little Green Arbour Court, Old Bailey, which had boon occupied
by Stewart & Murray, a firm of printers whose partners wore roluAivtw of Mr.
Elder. The house had been the home of Goldsmith, and Smith wan inuoh
interested in that association. Until 1872, when tho printing oHiou wan
made over to Messrs, Spottiswoode & do,, a portion o Smith, Klctor, & Co/
general literary work was printed at their own press,

In 1857 the progress of the firm received a temporary ohook. Tim
outbreak of the Indian mutiny dislocated all Indian buninoAB, and Smith,
Elder, <fe Co.'s foreign department suffered sovorely, Gunw and ammunition
were the commodities of which their clients in India than stood ehiufly in mtud,
and they were accordingly sent out in amplo quantities. Jacob' 11 WHO and
Hodson's Horse were both largely equipped from Garahilt, and tho otarkn
there had often little to do beyond oiling and packing rovoivurs, It wtui H
time of graye anxiety for the head of the firm, Tho telegraph winw wort)
constantly bringing him distressing news of the murder of the firm'** eliimtn,
many of whom were personally known to him, Tho maBBaora in India alno
meant pecuniary loss. Accounts were left unpaid, and it was Olffloult to
determine the precise extent of outstanding debts that would nmw bo
discharged. But Smith's sanguine and resourceful tamper enabled him to
weather the storm, and the crisis passed without permanent injury to his

n ;n IT 6 ^ maging to the >*&*> interests of Smith,

Elder <fe Co. was the transference of the government of Info in 1858 from
the old company to the crown. Many of the materials for public work
which private firms had supplied to the old East India Company
officers were now provided by the new India office without the

Memoir of George Smith xxv

of agents ; and the operations of Smith, Elder, & Co/s Indian branch had
to seek other channels than of old.

The publishing department invariably afforded Smith a means of dis-
traction from the pressure of business cares elsewhere. Its speculative
character, which MB caution and sagacity commonly kept within reasonable
limits of safety, appealed to one sido of his nature, while the social Intimacies
which the work of publishing fostered appealed strongly to another side.
The rapid strides made in public favour by Buskin, whose greatest works
Smith published between 1850 and 1860, wore an unfailing source of
satisfaction. In 1850 ho had produced Bunkin's fanciful 'King of the
Golden Eivor,* Next year came the first volume of ' Stones of Yenioe, 1
the pamphlets on * The Construction of Sheepfolds/ and ' Pre-Ikphaelitism,'
and the portfolio of 'Examples of the Architecture of Venice/ The
two remaining volumes of ' Stones of Venice * followed in 1853, In 1854
appeared ' Lectures on Architecture and Painting/ with two pamphlets ; and
then began the ' Notes on the Boyal Academy/ which were continued each
year till 1859. In 1856 came the elaborately illustrated third and fourth
volumes of * Modern Painters ; * in 1857, ' Elements of Drawing/ ' Political
Economy of Art/ and * Notes on Turner's Pictures ; ' in 1858, an engraving by
IIoll of Hiohraond's drawing of Buskin ; in 1859, * The Two Paths/ ' Elements
of Perspective/ and the ' Oxford Museum ; ' and in 1860, the fifth and final
volume* of ' Modern Painters/ The larger books did not have a rapid sale,
but many of the cheaper volumes and pamphlets sold briskly. It was at
Buskin's expanse, too, that Smith prepared for publication the first volume
that was written by Buskin's friend, Dante Gabriel Bossotti, * The Early
Italian Pootn/ 1861. In 1850 Buskin's father proved the completeness of
his confidence in Smith by presenting him with one of the few copies of
the volume of his son's ' Poems ' which his paternal pride had caused to be
printed privatoly, Smith remained through this period a constant visitor at
the BuHkiuB* houflo at Denmark 11 ill, and there he made the welcome addition
to hia social circle of a largo number of artists, Of those Hillota became the
fattiest of Montis; while Lnitfhton, John Looch, Itichard Doyle, (Sir) Frederic
Burton, and the sculptor Alexander Mouro wore always hold by him in high
oufawm.

It wa& at Ruflkin's bouse that Smith was introduced to Wilkie Collins,
son of a woll-kuown iwtrat. IIu iloolinod to publish Collins's first story,
* Antonina/ booauHQ tho topic Roomofl too classical for general tasto, and ho
neglected somu yuars later to truat quite gorioudy Collins's offer of hia
1 Woman in White/ with tho nmilt that a profitable investment was missed;
but in 1 850 he aecoptod tho volume* of short Hlorios called * After Dark/ and
thus began buHhumu relations with Collins which lasted intermittently for
noftrty twunty yoitr,

In tho lato JifLiea Oharlotto Bronl8' Introduotion of Smith to Harriet
Wiwtiuwwi boru praotlcal fnrit. In IHflB }\ isBuml a new edition of her
novl ' Dewbrook, 1 & wull m her ' StiggoBtionR towards the future Govern-
ment of India/ These wore followed by pamphlets respectively on tho

XXVI

Memoir of George Smith

Endowed Schools of Ireland' and 'England and her floldiora,' and in .
bv her well-known 'Household Education.' Subfloqnmttly h pul.l
her autobiography, the greater part of which sho had o.wl to IK, put, n.to
tvpe and to be kept in readines3 for circulation as soon RH hur dmlh ulu.uU
take place. The firm also undertook the publication o tho many tnwta an<l
pamphlets in which William Ellis, the zealous disciple* of John hUuui Mill,
urged improved methods of education during tho middle ywrH of lh wrtilury.
To a like category belonged Madame Venturi's triuwlation of MIUMIIII H
works which Smith, Elder, & Co. issued in six volumes boUvwm JHCM mill

1870

At the same period as he became Miss Martineau'* publisher tluwt Ix'tfan
Smith's interesting connection with Mrs. Gaskell, which wan likhwmu duo
to Charlotte Bronte. Late in 1855 Mrs, GaskoU sot to work, at tho wqtmwt of
Charlotte Bronte's father, on his daughter's life. Sho filoanod many partum-
lars from Smith and his mother, and naturally roquoHtud him to publwh tho
book, which proved to be one of the best biographic in tho lantfuatfw, But
its publication (in 1857) involved him in unwonted anxiottim. Mro. tiankuH
deemed it a point of conscience to attribute, for roaHonw that H!U> K'IWO in dotiul,
the ruin of Miss Bronte's brother Branwoll to tho inaohinnUoiiH of a^latly, to
whose children he had acted as tutor. As soon as Smith luarwni M r, (laHknll'H
intention he warned her of the possible consoqiumcoB. Tho wanting paHHtid
unheeded. The offensive particulars appeared in tho bio^mpUy, iuul p an HUOU
as it was published, an action for libol was tlmuUouotl Mtu (lankoll wan
travelling in France at the moment, and her addruBB wa unknown* Hinith
bvestigated the matter for himself, and, perceiving that Mr. (laHkiill'H HtitUi-
ments were not legally justifiable, withdrew tho book from airaulatiwu In
later editions the offending passages wore supproHHod. Bir Jaimm HU^thon,
on behalf of friends of the lady whoso character waw anporHod, U>ok twt in
the negotiations, and on their conclusion handsomely ooiumuudud '

conduct.

IV

In the opening months of 1859 Smith turned his attention to an anlircriy
new publishing venture. He then laid the foundations of tho ' (lortihill
Magazine/ the first of the three groat literary edifices which ho roared by tun
own effort. It was his intimacy with Thackeray that led Smith to <mtaUiiflh
the * Cornhill Magazine.' The periodical originally was cloHiguwi with tho
sole object of offering the public a novel by Thackeray m Htmal inHtaimoutH
combined with a liberal allowance of other first-rate literary matter, hi
February 1859 Smith offered Thackeray tho liberal terms of 350l for a monthly
instalment of a novel, which was to bo completed in twelve numbers. Tha
profits on separate publication of the work, after the first edition, wwro to
be equally divided between author and publisher* Thackeray agrawl to
these conditions ; but it was only after Smith had failed m wieu$ qu^rtyri* to

Memoir of George Smith

secure a fitting editor for the now venture- Tom Hughes was among those
who wore invited and declinedthat ho appealed to Thackeray to fill the
editorial chair. Ho proponed a salary of J.,GO(M. a year, Thackeray con-
sented to take tho pent on the mulorntatuling that Smith should assist him
in buBiuoHB details, Thackeray ohritonod tho periodical 'The GornhilT
aftor itat publiBhing homo, and ehono for its cover the familiar design by
Godfrey BykoH, a South Kensington art student. The 'Comhiir was
launched ou 1 Jan. 1800. The firnt number reached a Halo of one hundred
and twenty thousand copioH. Although BO vast a circulation was not main-
tained, the magazine for many yearn enjoyed a jn'OHpority that was without
precedent in tho annaln of MngHijh periodical publications*

Thaekeray'n fame and gimiun rendered Horvieus to tho ' Oornhill ' that aro
not iMwy to oxiiRKorato. lie wa not merely editor, but by far tho hrgont
contributor, Uonidtw hiw novol of * Lovul tho Widower/ which ran through
tho early uumborH, lie nupplied each month a delightful 'Roundabout Paper,*
which wftH dtwrvwily paid at the high rate of twelve guineas a page, But
identified an Tliackemy wan with tho HUCCOHB of tho 'CombiH' - an idontifioa-
tion which Smith acknowledged by doubling his editorial wdory Thackeray
would havo boon tho firnt to admit that the practical triumphs of tho enterprise
were largely tho fwita of the energy, rcmouroofulnoBB, and liberality oJ! tho
proprietor* Thoro wan no writer of otnineuco, there was hardly an artist
ol dintin^uHhod merit (for the inaftoxmo waw richly iliutttratod), whoBo
coop(.ration Hnnth, when planning with Thackeray the early numbers, did
not Honk, of ton in a pomonal intiirviow, ou torm of exceptional muuifioonoo.
AnnociateH of earlier date, like John Hunk in and George Henry LOWOB among
authora, and Millain, Ijtrt^hton, and Kiuhard ])oyle among artists, were
nwiuiHitionod m a mattor of ooumi. Lewen was an indefatigable contributor
from tho ntark Ktmkin wrote a paper on ' Sir Jonhua and Holbein ' for tho
third nuiuhor, but UuHkiu'H Hul)Hoyuont partiuipaiion brought homo to Smith
and hm editor the pernonal uiuharniBttiuuntH inevitable iu tho conduct of a
poj)ular maga*;ina by an editor and a publlnhor, botli of whom wore rich in
eminent literary Wo<I. When, later in the first year, HuBkin sent for serial
IBHUO a treating oti |K>litIoal economy! otititied ' Unto this Last/ his doctrino
wan HOOU to ba too deeply tainted with soctaliBtic heresy to conoiliato
subtiorlbora. Smith publinhed four artiolos and than informed tho author
that tho editor could accept no more, Smith afterwards i$suod * Unto this
Lawt' in a Boparato volumo, but tho forcod ooBHation of tho papers in tho*
magatfino impaired tho old cordiality of intercourse between author and
pubiUhor.

Tho magassino noooBBarily brought Smith into rolations with many notaV)le
writom and artiBtu of whom ho had known little or nothing before. lie
vifllUid Tonnynon and offtired him 6flQQL for a poem of tho length of tho
* Idylls of tho King/ This was declined, but * Tithonus ' appeared in tho
second number. Another poot, a friand of Thackeray, who first oamo into
relations with Smith through the 'Oorahlil, 1 was Mrs. Browning, whono
God Piua, 1 illustratod by Leighton, adorned tho Bevonth number (July

XXV111

Memoir of George Smith

I860). The artist, Frederick Walker, who was afterwards on intimate tnrms
with Smith, casually called at the office as a lad and aftkod for work on tho
magazine. His capacities were tested without delay, and ho ilhiHtrntotl
the greater part of 'Philip/ the second novel that Thaokoray wroto for tho
' Cornnill.' It was Leighton who suggested to Smith that ho nhould givo a
trial as an illustrator to George Du Maurier, who quickly booamo emu of tho
literary and artistic acquaintances in whose society ho most cloliKhttui ^

Two essayists of different type, although each was oiulowod with diHtino-
tive style and exceptional insight, Htejames Stophon and MuUlww Arnold,
were among the most interesting of the early contributors to tho 'OornhilL 1
Stephen contributed two articles at the end of 1HGO, and Ummgh tho yoaro
1861-3 wrote as many as eight annually on literary, philosophical, and
social subjects.

Matthew Arnold's work for the magazine was of graafc valuo^to^tfl
reputation. His essay on Eugenie de Gu6rin (Juno 18(58) had tho dtotmotitm
of bearing at the end the writer's name* That wa.B a dwtinction alniOHt
unique in those days, for the ' Cornhill ' thon as a rulo joalounly Kuan'tail
the anonymity of its authors. On 16 Juno 1868 Arnold wroto to bin mothur
of his Oxford lecture on Heine: ' I have had two application** for Iho looturo
from magazines, but I shall print it, if I can, im tho "Oornhill," btwauwi it
both pays best and has much tho largest circle of roadorn. " KugAnio do
Gu6rin" seems to be much liked.' 1 The lecture on Homo appoanitl in this
'Cornhill' for October 1863. The hearty -welcome givon hit* artiohw by
the conductors of the c Cornhill' inspired Arnold with a 'fitmtto of gmtittido
and surprise. 1 A paper by him entitled * My Countrymen * in Vulwiary IHfiC
'made a good deal of talk/ There followed his fine looturoK on ' Ooltso
Literature,' and the articles which wore reiflsuod by Smith, Klt1r A Co. in
the characteristic volumes entitled respectively ' Culture and Anarchy * (18GB),
' St. Paul and Protestantism ' (1869), and * Literature and Pofpna * (IH71).

With both Fitzjames Stephen and Matthew Arnold Smith mahitaitwd
almost from their first introduction to tho ' Oornhill * oloHC porontl inktr*
course. He especially enjoyed his intimacy with Matthuw Arnold, wtum<k
idiosyncrasies charmed him as much as his light-hearted hantur, llu puh-
lished for Arnold nearly all his numerous prose workfl, and nhowcd avary
regard for him and his family. While Arnold was residing in tho country &t
a later period, Smith provided a room for him at his publishing ofliouft In
Waterloo Place when he had occasion to stay the night in town**

1 < Letters of M. Arnold,* ed. G. W. E. Busaoll, L 195,

Of. Arnold's c Letters,' ed. a. W.B. Eussell. On 81 May 1871 Arnold writdR to hbt mothav :
1 1 have come in to dine with George Smith in order to moot old Charlos I&vttr * (H. Bl) On
2 Oct. 1874 he writes again : I have been two nighta splendidly put up at K Hmitii'i*
[residence in South Kensington], and shall be two nights thor noxfc wook* I Jik now to dim
anywhere rather than at a club, and G, Smith has a capital billiard table, m& ftftor dinittr
we play bilHards, which I like very much, and it suits me ' (iL 117)* Writing from his horn*
at Cobham to his sister on 27 Dec. 1386, Arnold notes; Wo wore to Imvt din! with
the George Smiths at Walton to-night, but can neither go no* telegraph* T& fOftdl ftw
impassable and the telegraph wires broken * (ii, 360).

Memoir of George Smith

Chief among novelists whom the inauguration of tho 'Gornhill Maga-
zine ' brought permanently to Smith's side was Anthony Trollope, Ilo had
already made some reputation with novels dealing with clerical life, and whom
in Octobar 1850 ho offorod his services to Thackeray as a writer of short
stories ho was then personally unknown to both Smith and Thackcvray ..... ~
Smith promptly (on 2(5 Oct.) offorod him 1,0002, for the copyright of a clerical
novel to run serially from Iho first munber, provided only that the first portion
should be forwarded by 12 Doc. Trollopo was already engaged on an Irinh
story, but a clerical novel would alono satisfy Smith* Tn the rewult Trollopo
began 'Framloy Parsonage, 1 and Smith invited Millais to illustrate it.
Thackeray courteously accorded the first place in the firnti number (January
I860) to the initial instalment of Trollopo's novoL Trollopo was long a
mainstay of the magazine, and his private relations with Smith wore very
intimate. In Auguwt 1801 he began a second wtory, entitled * The 8trug$l<m of
Brown, Jones, and Eobinaon/ a humorous satire on the ways of trade, which
proved a failure. Six hundred pounds was paid for it, but Smith made MO
complaint, merely remarking to the author that he did not think it equal
to his usual work, In September 1862 Trollope offered reparation by sending
to the 'Oornhiir *Tho Small House at AUington/ Finally, in 1800-7,
Trollopc's 'OlavoringB 1 appeared in the magazine; for this he received 2,80(M-
1 Whether much or littlo/ Trollope wrote, ' it was offered by the proprietor,
and paid in a single cheque. 1 When contrasting his experiences as con*
tributor to other periodicals with those ho enjoyed as contributor to tho
'Oornhill/ Trollopo wrote, 'What I wrote for the "Cornhili Magaaino"
I always wrote at the instigation of Mr, Smith.' l

George Iletiry Lewes had introduced Smith to George Eliot soon after
thoir union in XH54, Her voieo and conversation always filled Smith with
admiration, and when tho Lowoflos settled at North Bank in 1808 he was
rarely absent from hnr Sunday receptions until they ceased at LGWOB'S death
in 1878. Early in 1862 she road to him a portion of the manuscript of
'Komola/ and ho gave practical proof of hin faith in her genius by offering
hew 10,000i, for tho right of iBHuitig the novel serially in the * Oornhill Maga-
srino/ and of suhrtequont weparato publication, Tlie reasonable condition was
attached that tho story should first ho distributed over sixtoon nuinbor
of tho * Oornhill* Guorgo Mliot agreed to the tonne, but embarrassmcmtB
foilowod. She doomed it necessary to divide the story into twelve parts
instead of tho stipulated Aixtoon. From a budnass point of view tho ohangu,
aB tho ttuthoniss frankly acknowledged, amounted to a serious broach of
contract, but she was deaf to both Smith's and Lowest appeal to hor to
rospoct tho original agmc^nusnt* She offered, however, in consideration of httr
obntinacy, to aocupt tho reduced romunomtion of IfiQQL Tho story was not
completed by tho authoress whim she settled this sorial division* Oltintattsly
she UiHOOvorod that sho had tniscaloulatod tho length which the Btory would
roach, and, after all, * Komola ' ran through fourteen numbers of tho magazine
(July 1802 to August i868). Loighton was chosen by Smith to iUugtralo the
* Anthony Troilopi 1 ! * A,utob!ogvapby/

XXX

Memoir of George Smith

story. The whole transaction was not to Smith's pecuniary iitK'ankRo, Imt
the cordiality of his relations with the authoress romuinod uwshookiwl. II nr
story of 'Brother Jacob/ which appeared in the ' Cornlrill ' in July IH(M, was
forwarded to him as a free gift. Afterwards, in 1HGG, hn wmt him tlm
manuscript of ' Felix Holt,' but after reading it ho did not fool jiwtifiiMJ m
accepting it at the price of 5,OOOH., which George Eliot, or TJOWOH Hut upon it.

Meanwhile, in March 1862 the 'Oornhill 1 had Htiflorod a Hovnm blow
through the sudden resignation of the editor, Thackeray, Ht^ found tho
thorns in the editorial cushion too sharp-pointed for his HwiHifcivo niU.tnu
Smith keenly regretted his decision to retire, but whoa Thaekoray took publics
farewell of his post in a brief article in tlio magassino for April ('To Contri-
butors and Correspondents/ dated 18 March 1862), tho novolwt ntat.d that,
though editor no more, he hoped ' long to remain to contribute to my friniul'ti
magazine.' This hope was realised up to tho momout of Thwskoniy'H
unexpected death on 23 Dec. 1863, His final ' Roundabout 1'apur * - * Ht-ran^
to say on Club Paper ' appeared in the magwaino for tho procmdinR Novoin-
ber, and he had nearly completed his novel, ' Denis Duval/ which wan U> form
the chief serial story in the 'Oornhill' during 1804. Nor wan Thaokoray
the only member of his family who was in those oarly dayn a contributor to
the magazine. Thackeray's daughter (Mrs. Bichmotid llitohio) bad otwtri-
buted a paper called ' Little Scholars ' to tho fifth numbor whilu hor father wan
editor, and in 1862, after his withdrawal, Smith accepted luu 1 novol, ' Tho Blory
of Elizabeth/ the first of many from the same pen to appear BoriaUy in th
' Oornhill.' Thackeray's death naturally caused Smith inUmHo pain, Ho at
once did all he could to aid his friend's daughters* In cotiBultation with thnir
friends, Herman Merivale, (Sir) Henry Colo, and Ktxjamoa Httsphan, lu>
purchased their rights in their father's books, and by arrangement with
Thackeray's other publishers, Chapman & Hall and Bradbury A HvanH, who
owned part shares in some of his works, acquired tho whole of Thaoktsmy'$
literary property. He subsequently, published no loss than Hovon oomplutu
collections of Thackeray's works in different forms, tho oarlioBt -tho * Library
Edition ' in twenty-two volumes appearing in 1807-9. Thackeray's daughlom
stayed with Smith's family at Brighton in the early dayB of thoir Borrow, tuitt
he was gratified to receive a letter from Thackeray's mother, Mrs, Oarmiohnol
Smyth, thanking him for his resourceful kindness (24 Aug. 1804). 'I rujoico, 1
she wrote, 'that such a friend is assured to my grandchildren/ Hor ex-
pressions were well justified. Until Smith's death thoro subsisted a uloHO
friendship between him and Thackeray's elder daughter (Mm Bltohio), and
he was fittingly godfather of Thackeray's granddaughter (Mm llitohiu'0
daughter).

On Thackeray's withdrawal from the editorship the office waB tem-
porarily placed in commission. Smith invited Lewes and Mr. Frudoriak
Greenwood, a young journalist who had contributed to tho second mimlwr
a striking paper, 'An Essay without End/ to aid himself in eona^tiiJK tho
magazine. This arrangement lasted two years, In 1864 Lowes nrimul
and Mr, Greenwood filled the editorial chair alone until his absorption in

Memoir of George Smith

othnr work in 18(38 compelled him to dulufiato inoflt of bin fuuotioiiB to
Dutton (look,

A singular and Bomnwhat irritating oxpwioncn bofoll Kmith an proprietor
in 1869. In April 1808 a goi-wiping artudo oallud * Don Kiuardo* narraUni
floino advonturoH of '(Somiral Plantatfunot Harmon,' a naino which tlw \vrilor
boliovud to bo wholly imaginary, hi Juno IHfjy Kmith wan prn<udod
for libel by ono who actually boro that domination, it HttMioil
to treat the Kftuvancsn Buricnwly, but tho jury rotiwiod a vnrdiuti for Urn
plaintiff, and aBBQHBod tho I'lamatftw at GOJ. In March IH71 Mr. Pul.ton (look
withdrew from tho oditorBhip of tho 4 CornhilL* Thoroupon Mr. Umliu Htnplwu
booamo editor, and Smith practically loft tho whole tliroetum in thu now
editor's hands.

Until Mr. Stophon's actvont Smith hiul oomparativoly raroly loft tli Itolni
of, hte fascinating vonturo. Ilin oontribntor TroJIopo ahvayn rnaintiunttd that
throughout tho mxtiem Smith's hand oxoluBtvoIy guitkul tho fortomun of Llto
'Oorahill/ 1 It was oortainly ho alono who oontrivoti to miouro moHtof thti
important oontributio?is during tho lator yoani of tho tioowlo. On Thtvokoray'ii
death he invited Gharlos Dickens to supply for tho February numbor of 1HC4
an article * In Momoriam. 1 DiokonR promptly aooodod and doolltutd to oouupt
payment for hie artiolo. It was to Smith ptirHonally that (korgo Kliot prottonttid
hor story of 'Brother Jacob/ which appoared in July following, A yoar bwfoni,
ho had undertaken tho publication of two novol> * Hylvia* Lovtirs ' and * A
Dark Nifilit's Work,' by his acquaintance of oarlior daytt, MJH. GaHkoIl, and at
tho waino tiino ho tirnu\^o<l for tho worial inniio in tho ma^axum of * Coiwin
a now novul (18(53-4), aa woll an of hor final novul of * WivoH ami
Tho lant bi i ^an in Atigtmt 1H(J4 and ondtsd in January IHfMl
"Witli tho Hum of 2,00()/. which wan paid for tho work. Mm ClaHkoll purchamjd
a country IIOUHO at J 1 oly bonrno, nuar Alton, whoru, boforo ho had <>ojnplut<sd tho
inanuwsript of hor Htory, 8bo diod Hudd(nly on 12 Nov, IHO/i. Tho mlatinim
omtintf b(twotni Hniith and Mrn (iaHkitll and hordatighturB at thotiuui of hor
tl(Mith woro of tho f riondlitwt, and hiHfrlondHhip with tho dai^htorH proved lifo-
lontf, AH in tlu oaHoof Tliackt^ray'H work, ho noon purohaHotl tho copy righto of
all Mrw. ClaHfailVB boolw, and SHHIUH! many attractive* colluotioim of lluun, I lo was
alno rt^pouHiblo for tho Burial a])poaranoo in tho * Cornhill " of Wilfcio CollinH'H
* Arnuwlalo/ which wan continuod tftrough tho oxonptiOTial nuntbor of twenty
partH (Nov<nnbor ,18(54 to Juno 180(5); of MIHH Thaokoray'n 'Villagu on thti
(ItinV which appoarod in 1W5C-7; of throo Btoritm by (Jharlnn hovur-- 'Tho
BramtotghB of JMnhop'H liVlly/ 'That Boy of NoroottV d * Lord Kil-
gobbin 'which followed each othor in almost unintorrnptod mtoooMHiou
through tho magiMino from 18(57 to JH72 ; of Charlun lioado'H * Put youmilf
in his Haoo,' whloh wiw oonnnonood in J8Q9; and of Goorgo Morodith'u
' Advonturoa of Harry liiohmond/ which htigan in 1870.

Most of thoBO wriksrn wuro tho publinhurV pornonal triondK. Altliou^h

Roado*H iKHfltorous porHonality did not aito^othor attmct Smith in privaUt lifo

ho was fully alivo to his trattftpamnt nincurity* Apart from tho Uittgaiuu t ho

1 Anthony TroUopo'n * Autobiogmtfhy, 1 ii.

Memoir of George Smith

transacted much publishing business with Wilkie Collins and with MIHB
Thackeray (Mrs. Ritchie). He published (separately from the matfasdno) all
Miss Thackeray's novels. For a time he took ovor WilkJo Oolliim'H hookn,
issuing a collective edition of them between 18(55 and 1870. But thiH eonniw-
tion was not lasting. Smith refused in the latter year to aoccdo to Collins'Hi
request to publish a new work of his in sixpenny parts, and at tlw cloHo
of 1874 Collins transferred all his publications (save those of which tho copy,
right had been acquired by Smith, Elder, A Go.) to tho firm of OluUlo ft
Windus. Smith was not wholly unversed in tho molhodn of pultliojiUtw
which Collins had invited him to pursue. Ho had in 18(56 purolwHwl tho
manuscript of Trollope's 'Last Chronicles of Barset' for 8,000/., and had
issued it by way of experiment in sixpenny parts. Tho result did not
encourage a repetition of the plan.

One of the pleasantest features of tho early history of tho * Comhili ' wan
the monthly dinner which Smith gave tho contributors for tho lirnt ynar at,
his house in Gloucester Square. Thackeray was usually tho ehiof gunHt,,
and he and Smith spared no pains to give tho mooting ovory convivial
advantage. On one occasion Trollope thoughtlessly doHcribod tins (iritortain-
ment to Edmund Yates, who was at feud with Thackeray, and YntoH wroto
for a New York paper an ill-natured description of Smith in lus character of
host, which was quoted in the ' Saturday Beview.' Thackeray uuulu a Htiili-
ciently effective retaliation in a 'Boundabout Paper' ontitlud * On Soroww in
Dining-rooms/ The hospitality which Smith offorod his ' Cornhill " coiuljutom
and other friends took a new shape in 1863, when ho acquired a houHO at
Hampstead called Oak Hill Lodge, For somo ton years ho residue! thorn during
the summer, and spent the winter at Brighton, travelling to and from London
each day. Partly on Thackeray's suggestion, at the beginning of each summor
from 1863 onwards, there was issued by Mr. and Mrs* George Smith a gonornl
invitation to their friends to dine at Hampstoad on any Friday they ohoHo,
without giving notice. This mode of entertainment proved thoroughly BUO-
cessful. The number of guests varied greatly : once they reached m many
as forty, Thackeray, Millais, and Leech were among the earliest arrivaln ;
afterwards Trollope rarely failed, and Wilkie Collins was often proBimt.
Turgenieff, the Eussian novelist, was a guest on one occasion. Subsequently
Du Maurier, a regular attendant, drew an amusing monu-eard, in which MTH,
Smith was represented driving a reindeer in a sleigh which was ladon with
provisions in a packing-case. Few authors or artists who gained reputation
in the seventh decade of the nineteenth century failed to enjoy Smith's
genial hospitality at Hampstead on one or other Friday during that period.
Under the auspices of his numerous literary friends, he was admitted to two
well-known clubs during the first half of the same decade, In 1861 he jolnod
the Eeform Club, for which Sir Arthur Bailor, a friend ol Thackeray, pro-
posed him, and Thackeray himself seconded him. In 1865 h was eluotod
to the Garrick Club on the nomination of Anthony Trollope and Wilkie
Collins, supported by Charles Beade, Tom Taylor, (Sir) Theodore Martin,
and many others. He also became a member of the Cosmopolitan Club.

Memoir of George Smith

v

The general business of Smith, Elder, & Co. through the sixties was
extremely prosperous. In 1861 an additional office was taken in the west
end of London at 45 Pall Mall, nearly opposite Marlborough House. The
shock of the Mutiny was ended, and Indian trade was making enormous
strides. Smith, Elder, & Co. had supplied some of the scientific plant
for the construction of the Ganges canal, and in 1860 they celebrated the
accomplishment of the great task by bringing out a formidable quarto,
Sir Proby Thomas Cautley's 'Report of the Construction of the Ganges Canal,
with an Atlas of Plans. 1 The publishing affairs of the concern were
meanwhile entirely satisfactory. The success of the ' Cornhill ' had given
them a new spur. It had attracted to the firm's banner not merely almont
every author of repute, but almost every artist of rising fame. Not the least
interesting publication to which the magazine gave rise was the volume
called 'The Cornhill Gallery: 100 Engravings/ which appeared in 1864,
Portions of it were reissued in 1866 in three volumes, containing respectively
engravings after drawings made for the * Cornhill ' by Leighton, Walker, and
Millais. Buskin's pen was still prolific and popular, and the many copy-
rights that had been recently acquired proved valuable.

With characteristic energy Smith now set foot in a new field of congenial
activity, where he thought to turn to enhanced advantage the special position
and opportunities that he commanded in the world of letters. The firm
already owned two weekly newspapers of somewhat special character the
( Homeward Mail' and ' Overland Mail' and Smith had been told that he
could acquire without difficulty a third periodical, ' The Queen,' But it was
his ambition, if he added to the firm's newspaper property at all, to
inaugurate a daily journal of an original type, The leading papers paid
small attention to literature and art, and often presented the news of the day
heavily and uuintelligently. There was also a widespread suspicion that
musical and theatrical notices, and such few reviews of books as wore
admitted to the daily press, were not always disinterested. It was views like
these, which Smith held strongly, that had prompted in 1854 Thackeray's
scheme of a daily sheet of frank and just criticism to be entitled 'Pair Play.'
That scheme had been partly responsible for Thackeray's 'Eoundabout Papers '
in the 'Cornhill Magazine/ but they necessarily only touched its fringe.
Thackeray's original proposal was recalled to Smith's mind in 1863 by a cognate
suggestion then made to him by Mr. Frederick Greenwood. Mr. Greenwood
thought to start a new journal that should reproduce the form and spirit of
Canning's ' Anti-Jacobin/ After much discussion the plan of a new evening
newspaper was finally settled by Smith and Mr. Greenwood. Men of literary
ability and unquestioned independence were to be enlisted in its service. News
was to be reported in plain English, but the greater part of the paper was to be
devoted to original articles on ' public affairs, literature, the arts, and all the
influences which strengthen or dissipate society,' The aim was to bring into

YOL.

Memoir of George Smith

daily journalism as much sound thought, knowledge*, and Htylu an wow pouwiblo
to its conditions, and to counteract corrupting inlluoncoR. No bookn published
by Smith, Elder, & Co. were to be reviewed. The advorfewmml. HopurLmont
was to be kept free from abuses. Quack medicine voudora and mono.y-lowlurH
were to be excluded.

Smith himself christened the projected papor ' Tho Pall Mall Giwwlto/ in
allusion to the journal that Thackeray invented for tha IxmnfU of Arthur
Pendennis. To Mr. Greenwood's surprise Smith appointed him tnliior. Kintf,
Smith's partner, agreed that the firm should umloHako (.ho pucimiary ivsjnm-
sibilities. A warehouse at the river end of Salisbury Hid'oK, Htrantl, on Urn
naked foreshore of the Thames, was acquired to nerve an a prinUntf-ofVuw, and
a small dwelling-house some doors nearor the Slivand in thn Kami 1 , HU'nnt \van
rented for editorial and publishing purposes, Late in 1804, a copy of tlm
paper was written and printed by way of tostiing Lho gi'iusral nwt'-hinoi'y,
Although independence in all things had boon adopted an tlto pa^or'n \vatt,h
word, King, who was a staunch conservative, wan diKHRtisfWl with t.h< polili^ul
tone of the first number, which in his opinion inclined to lihoralinin. Ho
summarily vetoed the firm's association with tho nntovpi'tno, Hmith luul gono
too far to withdraw, and promptly accepted tho HO!O owtiWHhip,

The first number of the papor was issued from Haliwhury Klrtwt. on 7 Knh.
1865, the day of the opening of parliament. It wan in form a hu^o quart <>,
consisting of eight pages, and the price was twopence. Tho Wiling artmln hy
the editor dealt sympathetically with 'tho Quo,en*H Batslumon/ Th tnly
signed article was a long letter by Anthony Trollopo om thoAitHmntn civil
war a strong appeal on behalf of tho north. Thu unHigwul artlcUm inrluihul
an instalment of 'Eriends in Council/ by Sir Arthur llulpN ; ati ariicli* tt-
titled ' Ladies at Law,' by John Ormsby ; and tho ikat of a miim of * hntiurB
from Sir Pitt Orawley, bart, to his nophow on hiw entering pju'lianumf,/ hy
' Pitt Crawley, 1 the pseudonym of Sir Reginald Palgt^va* Thm\ mm ihnuj
of the ' occasional notes * which wore to form a spooial ftialun c*f tho papiT,
One page the last was filled with advertwomonta. It wan not a Mining
number. The public proved indifferent, and only four thousand ocmioH WHIHJ
sold. . *

Smith found no difficulty in collecting round him a brilliant band of pro-
fessional writers and men in public life who wore ready to placo thoir pnw afe
the disposal of the 'Pall Mall Gazette/ Many of thorn had almuiy win-
tributed to the ' Oornhill/ The second number afforded oornqmniuUM prcitrf
of the success with which he and Mr, Greenwood had recruited thwr HtatT.
In that number Fitz james Stephen, who had long been a regular oontriiwtor
to the ' OornhilV began a series of leading articles and other aoittrilnititmn
which for five years proved of the first importance to tho ehttrautur of this
paper. Until 1869 Fitzjames Stephen wrote far more than half tho Itwlwg
articles ; in 1868 he wrote as many as two-thirds. When ho wnnl to Jmlitfe
in 1869 his place as leader writer was to some extent fllloel by Kir Ifonry
Maine; but during his voyage home from India in 1872 3 Fi
Stephen wrote, for serial issue in the ' Pall Mall/ tho masterly

Memoir of George Smith

called ' Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity/ which Smith afterwards published
in a volume.

When the 'Pall Mall Gazette* was in its inception, Fitejames Stephen
moreover introduced Smith to his brother, Mr. Leslie Stephen, with a view.
to his writing in the paper. Liko Fitajames's first contribution, Mr. Leslie
Stephen's first contribution appeared in the second number, and it marked
the commencement of Mr. Leslie Stephen's long relationship with Smith and
his firm, which was strengthened by Mr. Stephen's marriage in 1867 to
Thackeray's younger daughter (she died in 1875), and was always warmly
appreciated by Smith. George Henry Lewes's versatility was once again
at Smith's command, and a salary for general assistance of 300Z. was paid
him in the first year. Before the end of the first month the ranks of
the writers for the 'Pall Mall' were joined by E, H. Hutton, Sir John
Kaye, Charles Lever, John Addington Symonds, and, above all, by Matthew
James Higgins. Higgins was a friend of Thackeray, and a contributor to the
' Cornhill ; ' his terse outspoken letters to the * Times ' bearing the signature
of ' Jacob Omnium ' were, at the time of their appearance, widely appre-
ciated. He was long an admirable compiler of occasional notes for tho
'Pall Mall,' and led controversies there with great adroitness. He was
almost as strong a pillar of the journal's sturdy independence in its early
life as litajames Stephen himself. Twice in March 1865, once in April,
and once in May, George Eliot contributed attractive articles on social
subjects. 1 Smith, who had persuaded Trollope to lend a hand, sent him to
Exeter Hall to report his impressions of the May meetings ; but the fulfil-
ment of the commission taxed Trollope's patience beyond endurance, and
the proposal only resulted in a single paper called ' A Zulu in search of a
Eeligion.' Much help was regularly given by Lord and Lady Strangford,
both of whom Smith found charming companions socially. Among occa-
sional contributors wero Mr, Goschon, (Sir) Henry Drummond Wolff, Tom
Hughes, Lord Houghton, Mr, John Morley, and Charles Eeado, Thackeray's
friend, James Hannay, was summoned from Edinburgh to assist in the
office*

But, despite so stalwart a phalanx of powerful writers, the public was slow
to recognise tho paper's merits, Tho strict anonymity which the writers pre-
served did not givo their contributions the benefit of their general reputation,
and the excellence of the writing largely escaped recognition. In April 1865
the sabs hardly averaged 618 a day, while the amount received for adver-
tisements was often only 3Z. Smith's interest in the venture was intense,
In every department of the paper he expended his personal energy. For the
first two years ho kept with his own hand * the contributors* ledger ' and ' tho
register of contributors/ and one day every week he devoted many hours at
home to posting up these books and writing out and despatching the contri-
butors' cheques. From the first ho taxed his ingenuity for methods whereby
to set the paper on a stable footing. Since the public were slow to appreciate

1 George Eliot's articles were: 'A Word for tho Germans* (7 March), * Servants' Logic '
(17 March), 'Little Falsehoods ' (8 April), < Modern Housekeeping ' (13 May).

Memoir of George Smith

the 'Pall Mall' of an afternoon, ho, for three wookB in the Boooncl month of
its existence, supplied a morning edition, Exit buyers and advortintu'H provtul
almost shyer of a morning than of an evening, and tho morning im-mo wan
promptly suspended. Smith's spirits often drooped m tho facso of tho
obduracy of the public, and he contemplated abandoning tho ontorprwo.
His sanguine temperament never prevented him from frankly acknowledging
defeat when cool judgment could set no other iutorprolation on t,ho ponition
of affairs. Happily in the course of 1BG6 tho tido whowtul nigtm of turning,
In the spring of that year Mr. Greenwood roquoBtod hit* brother io contribute
three papers called ' A Night in a Casual Ward: by an Amo-tour Oasuitl.'
General interest was roused, and the circulation of tho papor nlowly txmn.
Soon afterwards an exposure of a medical quack, I)r Jluntw, who wan
advertising a cure for consumption, led to an action for lilwl aguitmt l,ho
publisher. Smith, who thoroughly enjoyed tho oxoitomont of thn ntru^lu
justified the comment, and adduced in its support tho UwtiSmtmy of many
distinguished members of the medical profession. Thn jury fjavo thn plainlitT
one farthing by way of damages. Tho case attracted witlo alUmtiou, arut
leading doctors and others showed thoir opinion of Hmith'H conduct, by
presenting him after the trial with a silver vaHO and nalvnr in roeogniUon,
they declared, of his courageous defence of tho right of hunnnt cHl.ir.iMin. A
year later the victory was won, and a proIHablo poriod in Um fortuni'H of dhn
* Pall Mall Gazette ' set in. In 1867 tho oonntruction of tho Thanitm Mtnhitnh*
ment rendered necessary the demolition of tho old prinidn^-oflion, iintl mow
convenient premises were found in Northumberland Htroot, Htraml. On
29 April 1868 Smith celebrated the arrival of tho favouring hnuwi by a
memorable dinner to contributors at Greenwich, Tho numbm* of pa^m of thy
paper was increased to sixteen, and for a short timo in 1805) tho pritw wiw
reduced to a penny, but it was soon raised to tho original twopttwm* In IH70
the 'Pall Mall Gazette* was the first to announoo in ilm country ih<i IHHUU
of the battle of Sedan and Napoleon Ill's summdor,

The less adventurous publishing work which Smith and hfc parinur wt*ri>
conducting at Oornhill at this time benefited by tho growth of Bnulh f H cirdo
of friends at the office of his newspaper. Sir Arthur IltslpR, who wan writing
occasionally for the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' was clork of tlu ouunoil and ih
confidential relations with Queen Victoria. Smith publtehttd a IHW mr\m of
his * Friends in Council' in 1869, At Helps's suggestion Smith, Kltltn-, & (Jo,
were invited in 1867 to print two volumes in which Quuon Victoria wan
deeply interested. Very early in the year there was delivered to Hmith thu
manuscript of the queen's 'Leaves from the Journal of our Ufa in thu High*
lands, 1848-186L 1 It was originally intended to print only a fuw copiun for
circulation among the queen's friends. Smith was enjoined to titka every pro-
caution for secrecy in the preparation of the book, The manager of tho llrm'n
printing-office in Little Green Arbour Court sot up tho typo with a mngk mm*
tant in a room which was kept tinder lock and key, and was always oooupiud
by one or other of Athena while the work was in progreBS, Tha qumn ax*
pressed her satisfaction at the way in which the secret was kopi Alto forty

Memoir of George Smith

copios had been printed and bound for her private use, she was persuaded
to permit an edition to be prepared for the public. This appeared in December
1867. It was in great request, and reprints were numerous. Meanwhile,
at Helps's suggestion, Smith prepared for publication under very similar con-
ditions General Grey's 'Early Years of the Prince Consort/ which was written
under the queen's supervision. A first edition of five thousand copies appeared
in August 1867. There naturally followed the commission to undertake the
issue of the later ' Life of the Prince Consort/ which Sir Theodore Martin,
on Helps's recommendation, took up after General Grey's death. Smith was a
lifelong admirer of Sir Theodore Martin's wife, Helen Faucit, the distinguished
actress, whose portrait he had published in his second publication (of 1844),
Mrs. Wilson's ' Our Actresses.' He already knew Theodore Martin, and the
engagement to publish his biography of Prince Albert, which came out in five
volumes between 1874 and 1880, rendered the relations with the Martins very
close. To Sir Theodore, Smith was until his death warmly attached. In 1884
Smith brought out a second instalment of the queen's journal, ' More Leaves
from the Journal of a Life in the Highland^ 1862.-1882/ which, like its fore-
runner, enjoyed wide popularity.

VI

In 1868 a new act in the well-filled drama of Smith's business career
opened. He determined in that year to retire from the foreign agency
and banking work of the firm, and to identify himself henceforth solely with
tho publishing branch. Arrangements were made whereby his partner, King,
took over the agency and banking business, which he carried on under tho
stylo of ' Henry S. King & Co.* at tho old premises in Oornhill and at the
more recently acquired offices in Pall Mall, while Smith opened, under the
old style of ' Smith, Elder, & Co*/ new promises, to which the publishing
branch was transferred, to bo henceforth under his sole control. He chose
for Smith, Elder, <fe Co.'s now homo a private residence, 15 Waterloo
Place, than in tho occupation of a partner in tho banking firm of Harries,
Farquhar, & Go. It was not tho most convenient building that could bo
found for Ms purpose, and was only to bo acquired at a high cost. But ho
had somewhat fantastically set his heart upon it, and he adapted it to his
needs as saiinfactorily as ho could. In January 1869 ho with many
memborg of tho Oornhill staff permanently removed to- Smith, Elder, <& Oo/s
now abode.

Tho increase of leisure and the diminution of work which the change
brought with it had a very different effect on Smith's health from what was
anticipated. Tho sudden relaxation affected his constitution disastrously,
and for tho greater part of tho noxt year and a half he was seriously
incapacitated by illness. Long absences in Scotland and on the continent
became necessary, and it was not till 1870 was well advanced that his
vigour was restored. Ho characteristically celebrated tho return of health
by inviting the children of his numerous friends to witiuusu with hima and his

Memoir of George Smith

family the Covent Garden pantomime at Ohrfstmns 1870-71, Tito party
exceeded ninety in number, and he engaged for his gtiewta, aftor much iu^o-
tiation, the whole of the first row of the dross circle. Millaia'a ohiklrun Jillod
the central places.

In 1870 Smith's energy revived in its pristine abundance, and, finding
inadequate scope in his publishing business, it nought additional oullotH olnu*
where. Early in the year he resolved to make a Hupromu effort to jmxhuiu a
morning paper. A morning edition of tho * Pall Mall (iiwwtto * wan dovwwl
anew on a grand scale. In form it followed tho linos of * Tho Tumw* Hniith
threw himself into the project with exceptional ardour. Jin Bjnmt (ivory night
at the office supervising every detail of tho paper's production. But tho on*
deavour failed, and, after four months of heavy toil and largo nxptmdituro, tho
enterprise was abandoned. Meanwhile the independent evening IHHUO of tho
' Pall Mall ' continued to make satisfactory progress. Hut tho discouraging
experience of the morning paper did not daunt bin dotonninaUim k> obtam
occupation and investments for capital supplemental to that with whieh hig
publishing business provided him, Later in 1870 ho wont into partnornlnp with
Mr. Arthur Bilbrough, as a shipowner and underwriter, at 30 Ftmahurah Hlirotit..
The firm was known as Smith, Bilbrough, ft Co, HmUh joined Uoytl'H in
1871, but underwriting did not appeal much to him, and ho HOUU f?avo H
up. On the other hand, the width of his intorcwt aud intdli&'wuw rmiiltitvti
the position of a shipowner wholly congenial Ilia opowtumn in that wjwtiity
were vigorously pursued, and were attended by BUGCOHH. Tho firm au^umul
commanding interests in thirteen or fourteen sailing vosHoln of lurgo tcninago,
and theyhuilt in 1874 on new principles, which woto attuwftrite Jmilatwl,
a cargo boat of great dimensions, which Smith chriHtaod Old KfmHiiigtw^
after Miss Thackeray's well-known novel Tho book had junt piuiHod Koriully
through the ' Cornhill. 1 Sailors who wore not awavo of iho HQIMM of thn tuno
raised a superstitious objection to the epithet ' Old/ but Binith, aUhtHiglt
sympathetic, would not give way, and ohovinhud a poroiwil pria in tltu
vessel. When in 1879 he resigned his partnership in Smith, ililhrough, ft
Co., he still retained his share in the Old Kensington,

Until 1879, when he withdrew from tho shipping busInosB, ho iipmrt tho
early part of each morning at its office in Fenohuroh Street atui tho nmt *>
the working day at Waterloo Place, whoro, dospito his numerous othur ittlu-
rests, he spared no pains to develop his publishing oonnootton. I tin HotUo-
ment in Waterloo Place almost synchronised with the opening of hin omliibl
relations with Eobert Browning, Smith had mot Browning mm&lly in tmriy
life and Browning's friend Ohorley had asked Smith to take over tta poot'ii
publications from his original publisher, Moxon; but, at the monmnt, tho
financial position rf Smith, Elder, & ,0o. did not justify him in ac

-. _ .roeticalWorks, andhe produced an edition in MX volutnos. Lu,lw in
the i same year Browing placed m Smith's hands tho manuHoript of TJ,o Jttnu

vel! SSLJ* P t d * he P f . 1>2 , 60/ - for the ri S M of P^MIcftMon during {Jvu
yeara. The great work appeared in four monthly volumes, which wore Imuud

Memoir of George Smith

respectively in November and December 1868, and January and February
1869. Of the first two volumes, the edition consisted of three thousand copies
each; but the sale was not rapid, and of the last two volumes only two
thousand were printed. Browning presented Mrs, Smith with the manuscript.
Thenceforth Smith was, for the rest of Browning's life, his only publisher,
and he also took over the works of Mrs. Browning from Chapman & Hall.
The two men were soon on very intimate terms. In 1871 he accepted
Browning's poem of ' Eerv6 Eiel ' for the * Cornhill Magazine.' Browning
had asked him to buy it so that he might forward a subscription to the fund
for the relief of the people of Paris after the siege* Smith sent the poet
10QZ. by return of post. Fifteen separate volumes of new verse by Browning
appeared with Smith, Elder, & Co.'s imprint between 1871 and the date of the
poet's death late in 1889. In 1888, too, Smith began a new collected
edition which extended to seventeen volumes, and yielded handsome gains
(in 1896 he brought out a cheaper complete collection in two volumes),
Ho thus had the satisfaction of presiding over the fortunes of Browning's
works when, for the first time in his long life, they brought their author sub-
stantial profit. Though Browning, like many other eminent English poets,
was a man of affairs, he left his publishing concerns entirely in Smith's hands,
No cloud over darkened their private or professional intercourse. The poofs
last letter to his publisher, dated from Asolo, 27 Sept. 1889, contained the words
' and now to our immediate business [the proofs of the volume ' Asolando '
wore going through the press at the moment], which is only to keep thanking
you for your constant goodness, present and future/ x Almost Browning's last
words on his deathbed wore to bid his son sect George Smith's advice when-
ever he had need of good counsel. Smith superintended the arrangements
for Browning's funeral in Westminster Abboy on 31 Dec. 1889, and was
justly accorded a place among the pall-bearers,

While the association with Browning was growing close Smith reluctantly
parted company with another great author whose works he had published
continuously from tho start of each in life. A rift in the intimacy between
Buskin and Smith had begun when tho issue of * Unto this Last ' in the

* Oornhill ' was broken off in 1861, and tho doath of Buskin's father in 1864
severed a strong link in the chain that originally united them. But more than
ten years pawed Iwforo tho alienation became complete. For no author did
tho firm publish a greater number of separate volumes* During tho forties
thay published throo volumes by Buskin ; during tho fifties no loss than twenty-
six ; during tho sixties aw many as eight, including * Tho Grown of Wild Olive/

* Sesame and Lilies/ and * Quoon of tho Air.' In the early seventies Bunking
pen was especially active. In 1871 ho entrusted Smith with tho first number
of * Fora Glavi&nnu* In 1872 tho linn brought out four now works : ' The
Magic's NGBV ' MunomPulvoriB,' 'AnUra Pcntolici/ and * Michael Angolound
Tiutorot.' Hut by that dak) Eunkin had matured viowa about tho distribution
ol books whiuh woro out of harmony with existing practice. Ho wished his
volumes to ba sold to booksullorB at the advertised price without discount and

* Mrs. Cry's * Liffc of Itobori Btfowjamg, 1 p. 417,

Memoir of George Smith

to leave it to them to make what profits they chose in disposing of tho hooks
to their customers. Smith was not averse to makn tho oxpwimtmt. which
Buskin desired, but the booksellers did not welcome tho now plan of Halo, and
the circulation of Buskin's books declined, Furthor diflioultioH follo\vn<l in
regard to reprints of his early masterpieces, 'Modern Painttn'H 1 and tho
1 Stones of Venice.' Many of the plates wore worn out, and liuwlun luwitatinl
to permit them to be replaced or retouched now that thuir original tmjLjniviir,
Thomas Lupton, was dead, He desired to limit vory Mtritttly tho number of
copies in the new editions; he announced that tho tiino had om for iasnittg
a final edition of his early works, and pledged himnolf to Hiiffor no rnprint
hereafter. These conditions also failed to hanmmwo wUh tho hithitual
methods of the publishing business, A broach proytul iwwitablo, and
finally Buskin made other arrangements for tho production and publica-
tion of his writings. In 1871 he employed Mr, OJoortfo AHon to aid him
personally in preparing and distributing them, and during tht) tummi of tho
next six years gradually transferred to Mr, AHon all tho work that Hmith,
Elder, & Co. had previously done for him. On B Sopt. 1H7H Ruskin wholly
severed his connection with his old publisher by removing all hm hooka
from his charge.

Despite many external calls on Smith's attention, tho normal work of Urn
publishing firm during the seventies and eighties woll miuutititmd itH ahamutor,
The ' Cornhiir continued to prove a valuable rooniiting ground for author*.
Mr. Leslie Stephen, after he became editor of tho miwumm in IH7I,
welcomed to its pages the early work of many writom who worn in duo
time to add to the stock of permanent English lltoraturo, John Atldinj^m
Symonds wrote many essays and sketches for tho tuagiushm, ami Inn uhinf
writings were afterwards published by Smith, Elder, & Co,, notably Inn * J 1 intory
of the Renaissance,' which came out in sovon volumon hutwntm IH7fi ami 1HH6.
Mr. Leslie Stephen himself contributed tho critical oHtmyH, whiuh wiru oU
lected under the title of < Hours in a Library; ' and his Hmtory of Thotwht
in the Eighteenth Century/ 1876, was among tho firm' mom ItiniortAnt
publications. Eobert Louis Stevenson was a fmquwnt ocmtrilmLor. Mm
Thackeray's 'Old Kensington' and <Mis AnRol/ Hlftokinoro'H ' Krroim,'

rtlortlrn ini^MA*^ TJl^ 1 U -_^. ' _ n I fTTI i f-vrt .^ -_ . .. . *

w -JL 7 -.,-, ..>,.*^v W ii,aifcly B j,- jv* *ri
Crowd^ and ' The Hand of Bthelberta,' and Mr. Jamos Payn'

ca > o

periodical and the majority of them were afterwards insued by Smith, KWor,
& Co. m book form Another change in the pmonml of the offloo kamo

SroT^T v^T* ^ mith WiUiams in 1876 ' On ^orooomir
ton of Mr. Leslie Stephen, his intimate friend, James Payn tho novlm

Memoir of George Smith

Mr, Leslie Stephen to withdraw from tho 'GornhilV Payn succeeded
him as editor, filling, as before, the position of the firm's ' reader ' in addi-
tion. With a view to converting the ' Cornhill ' into an illustrated reper-
tory of popular fiction, Payn induced Smith to reduce its price to sixpence.
The magazine was one of the earliest monthly periodicals to appear at that
price. The first number of the ' Cornhill * under the now conditions was
issued in July 1883 ; hut the public failed to welcome the innovation, and
a return to the old tradition and the old price was made when Payn retired
from the editorial chair in 189G. Payn had then fallen into ill-health, and
during long years of suffering Smith, whose relations with him were always
cordial, showed him touching kindness. While ho conducted the magazine,
he accepted for the first time aerial stories from Dr. Con an Doyle (' Tho
White Company/ 1891), H. S. Merrirnan, and Mr, Stanley Woyman, and thus
introduced to the firm a new generation of popular novelists. Payn's connec-
tion with the firm as * reader * was only terminated by his death in March 1898,
Petty recrimination was foreign to- Smith's nature, and the extreme
consideration which ho paid those who worked with him in mutual
sympathy is well illustrated by a story which Payn himself related under
veiled names in his 'Literary Recollections.' In 1880 Mr* Shorthouse's
' John Inglesant' was offered to Smith, Elder, & Co., and, by Payn's advice,
was rejected. It was accepted by another firm, and obtained great success.
A few years afterwards a gossiping paragraph appeared in a newspaper
refloating on the sagacity of Smith, Elder, <fe Co, in refusing the book. The
true facts of the situation had entirely passed out of Payn's mind, and he
regarded the newspaper's statement as a malicious invention, He men-
tioned his intention of publicly denying it, Smith gently advised him
against such a course. Payn insisted that the remark was damaging both to
him and the firm, and should not be suffered to past* uncorroctod. Thereupon
Smith quietly pointed out to Payn the true petition of affairs, and called
attention to tho letter drafted by Payn himself, in which the firm had refused
to undertake 'John IngloBant/ Payn, in reply, expreHBod his admiration of
Smith's magnanimity in forbearing, at tho tima that tho work ho had rejected
was achieving a triumphant circulation at tho hands of another firm, to
complain by a single word of his want of foresight. Smith merely remarked
that ho was Horry to d'mtrcmH Payn by any reference to tho matter, and should
never have mentioned it had not Payn taken him unawares*

VII

Meanwhile now developments both within and without the publishing
buwnoBS wore in progress. The internal developments showed that there was
no diminution in the alertness with which modes of extending the scope of
the firm's work were entertained, A series of expensive Editions de have was
bogun, and a now dopartmtmt of medical literature was opened, Between
October i878 and September 1879 thero was issued an tditim de Iwe of

xiii Memoir of George Smith

Thackeray's * "Works ' in twenty-four volumes, to which two additional volumes
of hitherto uncollected writings were added in 188G. A mmilarly olahorato
reissue of 'Bomola/ withLeighton's illustrations, followed in 1HHO, anil a like
reprint of Fielding's 'Works' in 1882, Tho last of tlumu vwittmw jmn^d
the least successful, In 1872 Smith inaugurated a dopartmnnt of nuulitial
literature by purchasing, at the sale of tho Block of a iirm of nunUcal
publishers, the publishing rights in Ellis's ' I)omoturtMtionH of Anatomy*
and Quain and Wilson's * Anatomical Plates-' Thunu workn foruuul a miohwa
of an extended medical library the chiof parti oE which Hmith, Kltlor, A Oo.
brought into being between 1873 and 1887. Ernunt Hard tuituti an
adviser on the new medical side of tho bunmoHB, ami at hin HU^^H-
tion Smith initiated two weekly periodicals dealing with mml'mul tojww>
which Hart edited. The earlier was the ' London Medical Bommi/ of which
the first number appeared in January 1873 ; this Hocimti wan tho * Hauitary
Becord,' of which the first number bogati in July JH74., Aftur wmw four
years a monthly issue was substituted for tho weekly IHHUO iu oaoh tuii-w, mid
both were ultimately transferred to other hands. Tho * Mudical Hcotmi ' wiw
a high reputation among medical men through its COJMMH roportH of mtttlioal
practice in foreign countries. Tho most notablo oontrihutioaH to ttttuiutiU
literature which Smith undertook were, bosirloH Ellin'H ' DiMnouHtmtioim t*f
Anatomy/ Holmes's ' Surgery/ Bristowo'B ' Mtulicims' Playfair'n * Midwifery/
Marshall's 'Anatomy for Artists, 1 and Klum'H 'Atlan of Hmtok^y.' II ti
liked the society of medical men, and while the medical branch of hmlmMUuiNH
was forming he frequently entertained his medical authors at a whint party
on Saturday nights in his rooms at Waterloo Place.

Of several new commercial ventures outwido tho publMiMg oiluw with
which Smith identified himself at this period, one was tho Aybmhury Dairy
Company, in the direction of which he was for many yearn aAHwriatuti with hi*
friends Sir Henry Thompson and Tom Hughes* Othor itnamntiln muhtt 1 -
takings led to losses, which wore facod boldly ami ohwirfully. It wan aliuont
by accident that he engaged in tho ontorprwo whioh had tho inoHt oon-
spicuous and auspicious bearing on his Uniwcial position during thti Innb
twenty years of his life, When ho was dining with Mrutmt Hart ttttrly iu
1872, his host called his attention to sonio natural aumtuti wtiUtr y &
specimen of which had just been brought to this country for thu Itrnt tiwio
from the Apollinaris spring in the valley of the Ahr, to this tnwl of Mm
Bhine, between Bonn and Ooblenss, Smith, who was impWHBud by tho
excellence of the water, remarked half laughingly that ho would likti to buy
the spring. These casual words subsequently boro important fruit, NaKfttfa-
tions were opened between Smith and Mr. Edward Btoinkopff t a Gitrman mur-
chant in the city of London, whereby a private company wan forw<l m IB73
for the importation of the Apollinaris water into England, Hart rcouivintf m
interest in the profits. A storehouse was taken in tho Adalphi, antl an offluo
was opened in Begent Street within a short distance of Waterloo PlacKi As
was his custom in all his enterprises, Smith at tho outsat gave O!ORP prnwma!
attention to the organisation of the new business, which grew titoadily from

Memoir of George Smith

feho first and ultimately reached enormous dimensions. The Apollinaris water
Bold largely not only in England, but in America, Europe, India, and in the
British colonies, The unexpected succoss of tho venture very sensibly
augmented Smith's resources. The money he had invested in it amounted
to a very few thousand pounds, and this small sum yielded for more than
twenty years an increasingly large income which altogether surpassed tho
returns from his other enterprises. In 1897 tho business was profitably
disposed of to a public company,

In 1880 Smith lightened his responsibilities in one direction by handing
over the * Pall Mall Garotte * to Mr. Homy Yates Thompson, who had lately
married his eldest daughter. Thenceforth the paper was wholly controlled
by others. During the late seventies the pecuniary promise of the journal had
not been sustained, It continued, however, to bo characterised by good literary
stylo, and to attract much literary ability, and it still justified its original aims
of raising th literary standard of journalism and of observing a severer coda
of journalistic morality than had before been generally accepted. In 1870
Charles Beade contributed characteristically polemical sketches on social topics
which were remunerated at an unusually high rate. In 1871 Matthew Arnold
contributed his brilliantly sarcastic series of articles called t Friendship's Gar-
land.' Eichard Jeffories's 'The Gamekeeper at Home ' and others of the same
writer's rural sketches appeared serially from 1876 onwards. Almost all
Jofferios'tt books were published by Smith. At the same time other writers on
tho paper gave him several opportunities of gratifying his taste for fighting
actions lor libel. Dion Boucicault in 1870, Ilepworlh Dixon in 1872, and
Mr. W. S, Gilbert in 1878, all crossed swords with him in the law courts
on account of what they doomed damaging reflections made upon them in
the ' Pall Mall Gazette ; ' but in each instance the practical victory lay
with Smith, and ho was much exhilarated by the encounters. At length,
during tho crisis in Eastern Europe of 1876 and the following years,
tho political tone of tho paper became, under Mr, Greenwood's guidance,
unflinchingly conservative. Smith, although no strong partisan in politics,
always inclined to liberalism; and his sympathies with his paper in its
existing .condition waned, BO that he parted from it without much searching of
heart.

To the end of his life Smith continued to give tho freest play to his instinct
of hospitality, After 1872, when ho gave up MB houses both at Hampstoad
and at Brighton, ho settled in South Kensington, where ho rented various
residences from time to time tip to 1891, In that year he purchased the Duke
of Somerset's mansion in Park Lane, which was his final London homo.
IVom 1884 to 1897 he also had & ruHulunoo near Weybridgo. Of lato years
lie usually spent tho spring in the Biviora, and on mom than ono occasion
visited a Gorman watering-place in the summer. Wherever ho lived ho
wukomod no guowts more frequently or with gruater warmth than the authors
and artists with whom ho was professionally associated. His fund of enter-
taining reminiscence was unfailing, and his genial talk abounded in. kindly
ref orance to old friouds aud acquaintances. The regard in which he was held

x iiv Memoir of George Smith ^

by those with whom he worked has been often indicat-ml in tho oourwn of thi
memoir. It was conspicuously illustrated by the dying wonto of hm lifo.hmg
friend Millais, who, when the power of spoooh hiul loft him during hi* lawt
illness in 1896, wrote on a slato the words, 'I riiould like to mui Oonr^
Smith, the kindest man and the best gentleman I haw had to dual wil,h. f Tho
constancy which characterised his mtiniaoioB in woll wem, tot), hi Inn nilat.iwm
with Mrs. Bryan Waller Procter, Thackeray had introduced him in ttomjwnv-
tively early days to Procter and his family, and thn daughter AdHauln, thu
well-known poetess, had excited his youthful admiration. Whim IVootnr wiw
disabled by paralysis, and more especially aftor hw death in IH74, Hniith
became Mrs. Procter's most valued Mend and councilor, 1 In |w/ul htr it wtuikly
visit, and thoroughly enjoyed her shrewd and puntfmit wit, Hhn jmwd hor
confidence in him and her appreciation ol tho kimlutwH ho invariably nhmwl
her by presenting him with a, volume of autograph lottorH that Thiuskmy hiul
addressed to her and her husband, and finally nho mado him <^tnutt,ur of har
will. She died in 1888. To the Imi Smith'rt photograph alwayn Htootl on hor
writing-table along with those of Eobert Browning, .latuiw ,Hn?wt4l howull, and
Mr. Henry James, her three other ctoscmii allhw, Another frrwl to whom
Smith gave many proofs of attachment wan Tom ITuglwH, llnghw wan not
one of Smith's authors. He had idoutifiod hinwulf in narly yt*arn too tiliwuly
with the firm of Macmillan & Co, to ooixnooti himnnlf with any ol.hnr juihlinh*ir,
But he wrote occasionally for the ' Pall Mall OiwotUi; 1 ho know and liktnl
Smith personally, and sought his counHol whmi tho failure of hiw Hotllttmmt at
Eugby, Tennessee, was causing him groat ftnxioty.

In 1878 Smith's mother died at tho advanced ag<* of <nghiy-ott% having

lived to see her son achieve fame and fortuwa. Hirt nltlor Hmtir tlitul two

years later, and his only surviving sister, tho youngaBi of tho family, wiu* !*ft

alone. Mainly in this sister's iutorost. Smith cmluwd on a vonttiro <*f a

kind different from any he had yet essayed. lie had miula tho tL<tquu.mtiMw<t

of Canon Barnett, vicar of St. Judo's, who WUH purHUadin^ um of woaJth

to help in solving the housing question in tho uant cutd ctf Ijundnn by

purchasing some of the many barely habilahlo tcmcwji'ntrt that dnfiuuui tho

slums, by demolishing them, and by erecting on thnir niluH hlookn of xtuninl

dwellings. It was one of the principlon of Canon BanuU*n tivatmtwi

of the housing dif&culty that the services of liutitw Hhouhl he miltMtttti an

rent-collectors and managers of house property in poor dintmtH* Uminr tha

advice of Canon Barnett, Smith, ia 1880, rained a bleak of dwulIingM of n

new and admirably sanitary type in George Yard in tho wy htmrt of

"WhiteefiapeL The block accommodated forty fiunilioo, and tha inanagcmuwi

was entrusted to his sister, who remained dirootreHH until har marriitKt) t and

was then' succeeded by another lady. In carrying out thm phiianthrapus

scheme Smith proposed to work on business lines. He hoped to how in

practice that capital might thus be invested at a fair profit, and thnruby to induct)

others to follow his example, But the outlay Bomewhat exce^deti tho QHtimibtatit

and, though a profit was returned, it was smaller than was anticipated. Hmith,

his wife, and his daughters took a warm interest in their tenants, whom for

Memoir of George Smith

several winters they entertained at Toynbee Hall, and through 'many summers
at their house at Woybridge. Many amusing stones used Smith to report of
his conversation with his humble guests on these occasions.

VIII

In 1882 Smith resolved to embark on a new and final enterprise, whieh proved
a fitting crown to his spirited career. In that year there first took shape in
his mind the scheme of the ' Dictionary of National Biography,' with which
his name must in future ages be chiefly identified. By his personal efforts,
by his commercial instinct, by his masculine strength of mind and will, by
his quickness of perception, and by his industry, ho had, before 1882, built up
a great fortune, But at no point of his life had it been congenial to his
nature to restrict his activities solely to the accumulation of wealth. Now,
in 1882, he set his mind upon making a munificent contribution to the literature
of his country in the character not so much of a publisher seeking profitable
investment for capital as of an enlightened man of wealth who desired at the
close of his days to manifest his wish to serve his fellow countrymen and to
merit their gratitude. On one or two public occasions he defined the motives
that led him to the undertaking. At first he had contemplated producing a
cyclopaedia of universal biography ; but his friend Mr. Leslie Stephen, whom he
took into his confidence, deemed the more limited form whieh the scheme
aflflumod to bo alone practicable. Smith was attracted by the notion of producing
a book which would supply an acknowledged want in the literature of the
country, and would compote with, or even surpass, works of a similar character
which were being produced abroad. In foreign countries like encyclopaedia
work had boon executed by meann of government subvention or under the
axiHpicos of state-aided literary academies. Smith's independence of temper
was always strong, and ho was inwpiritod by the knowledge that he was in
a pcwition to purwuo single-handed an aim in behalf of whieh government!
organisation had olsowhore boon enlisted. It would be difficult in the
hittlory of publishing to match the magnanimity of a publisher who made
Tip WH mind to produce that kind of book for which he had a personal
liking, to involve himHolt in vawt expanse, for the sake of an idea, in what
ho hold to bo tho public interest, without heeding considerations of profit
or JOBS, It was in tho autumn of 1882 that, after long consultation with
Mr. Lowlio Shvphon, HB first editor, the * Dictionary of National Biography '
waH btsgun. Mr, Stophon resigned the editorship of tho ' Cornhill ' in order
to dovoto hiiDHolf exclusively to tho now enterprise. The story of tho pro-
gress of tho publication has already been narrated in the ' Statistical Account,'
profixofl to tho sixty-third and hint volume of the work, whieh appeared in
July 1900* lloro it noud only bo said that the literary result did not disap-
point Smith's expectations. As each quarterly volume came with unbroken
punctuality from tho prosB ho perused it with an ever-growing admiration,
and wan unsparing in his commendation and encouragement of those who
ware engaged on tho literary side of itg production. In every detail of the

x i v i Memoir of George Smith

work's general management he took keen interest and played an native part
in it from first to last.

While the 'Dictionary ' was in progress many gratifying proofa wiv W ivm

Smith on the part of the public and of the contributor, with whom hm

relations were uniformly cordial, of thoir appndiitltm of hw patriotiw

endeavour After he had indulged hta elmnietomtieiilly honpiUhln uwMnotH

by entertaining them at his house in Park Lano in IHOU, ihny mviUni h'm^ to

be their guest in 1894 at the WostaninHtar Palace JIotuL hnuth, in iHwmiiK

thanks, expressed doubt whether a publwhor had owr Mom IKMIU onti.i-

tained by a distinguished company of author. In 1H06 tho univurmty of

Oxford conferred on him the honorary dcgroo of MA Homo two yi'iwi later,

on 8 July 1897, Smith acted as boat to the wholo hotly of writon* and nmtm

distinguished strangers at the Il6tel M6tropolo, and HIX dayn aftrnvardu, on

14 July 1897, at a meeting of the second inturmiticmal library wwfwiuw at

the council chamber in the Guildhall, a congratulatory rewolutwm \VIUH, tm Urn

motion of the late Dr. Justin Whisor, librarian of Hurvuvd, unanimously

voted to him ' for carrying forward so Btuptmdoun a work/ Tim votn wan

carried amid a scene of stirring enthusiasm. Smith tlum Haiti that during ft

busy life of more than fifty years no work had atTcmltul him m much intinHt

and satisfaction as that connected with tho 'Dictionary, 1 In May^lWH), in

view of the completion of tho groat undertaking Kin Hdward VII (thnti

Prince of Wales) honoured with his prosonoo a Hinall ilmnt^r jiarty Kivon to

congratulate Smith upon the auspicious event. Finally, on 30 Junn !(), tlw

Lord Mayor of London invited him and tho editor to a brilliant htutijturi. at

the Mansion House, which was attended by men of tho hinhont diitiiuiUti

in literature and public life. Mr, John Morley, in propcwlnf} UH <ihiif toiwt,

remarked that it was impossible to say too much of thn puhliti Hjwrit, ihn nunil-

ficence, and the clear and persistent way in which flwlth had ttitrrlinl out thi>

great enterprise. He had not merely inspired a famoiiH literary tuthiovi>ttt(nit t

but had done an act of good citizenship of no ordinary quality or iimtfrnltufct.

After 1890 Smith's active direction of affalra at Waterloo Vltt<w l( K<pt in

regard to the 'Dictionary of National Biography/ HQitwwhat ttltnlniHluni.

From 1881 to 1890 his elder son, George Murray Hmith, had joimtti httn in tho

publishing business ; in, 1890 his younger son, Alexander Murray Hmith, cuuno

in; and at the end of 1894 Beginald John Smith, K,0 M who hmlHhortly ltufvu

married Smith's youngest daughter, entered the firm, Aftur IHU4 Hwith Iwft

the main control of the business in tho hands of MB son, Aioxantiur Murnty

Smith, and of his son-in-law, Eeginaid John Smith, of whom tht) fortiuif

retired- from active partnership early in 1899, Smith RtSH rctaiiuitl tha

'Dictionary 1 as his personal property, and until his death MB advlou and tho

results of his experience were placed freely and constantly at tho tUHponal of

his partners. His interest in the fortunes of the firm was tin&batd to ihn emtl f

and he evenr played anew in his last days his former r6lo of adviuor in tho

editorial conduct of the * Comhill Magazine.' The latest writer of roputn tuul

popularity, whose association with Smith, Elder, & Co, was dirtmtly duo to

himself, was Mrs, Humphry Ward, the niece of his old friend ICatthuw Arnold*

Memoir of George Smith

In May 1886 she asked him to undertake the publication of her novel of
* Bqberfc Blsmere/ This he readily agreed to do, purchasing the right to issue
fifteen hundred copies. It appeared in three volumes early in 1888. The
work was triumphantly received, and it proved the first of a long succession
of novels from the same pen which fully maintained the tradition of the
publishing house in its relations with fiction. Smith followed with great
sympathy Mrs. Ward's progress in popular opinion, and the cordiality that
subsisted in her case, both privately and professionally, between author and
publisher recalled the most agreeable experiences of earlier periods of his long
career. Ho paid Mrs. Ward for her later work larger sums than any other
novelist received from him, and in 1892, on the issue of ' David Grieve/
which followed ' Eobert Blsmere,' he made princely terms for her with pub-
lishers in America.

In the summer of 1899, when Dr. Htohett, the Australian writer, was on
a visit to this country, he persuaded Smith to give him an opportunity of
recording some of his many interesting reminiscences. The notes made by
Dr. Fitchett largely deal with the early life, but Smith neither completed nor
revised thorn, and they are not in a shape that permits of publication. Frag-
ments of them formed the basis of four articles which he contributed to the
' Cornhill Magazine ' in 1900-1. }

Although in early days the doctors credited Smith with a dangerous weakness

of the heart and he suffered occasional illness, he habitually enjoyed good

health till near the end of his life. He was tall and of a well-knit figure,

retaining to an advanced age the bodily vigour and activity which distinguished

him in youth. Ho always attributed his robustness in mature years to the

constancy of his devotion to his favourite exercise of riding. After 1895 he

sulTorod from a troublesome ailment which he bore with great courage and

chtiorfulnosfl, but it was not till the beginning of 1901 that serious alarm was

felt. An operation became necessary and was successfully performed on

11 Jan, 1901 at his house in Park Lane. Ho failed, however, to recover

strength; but, believing that his convalescence might bo hastened by country

air, ho was at his own request removed in March to Si George's Hill,

Byfloat, near Woybritlgo, a house which he had rented for a few months.

AfUvr his arrival there he gradually sank, and he died on 6 April. He was

buried on the llth in the churchyard at Byfioot, The progress of tho

mip'plomontal volumes of the 'Dictionary/ which wore then in course of

preparation, waB conntantiy in his mind durilig his last weeks of life, and tho

wwlum that ho expressed concerning thorn have been carried out. Ho

boqunathod by will the ' Dictionary of National Biography ' to his wife, who

had throughout thoir married life been closely identified with all his undor-

takin#fl, and was intimately associated with every interest of his varied career,

Smith was survived by his wife and all his children. His eldor son, George

Murray Smith, married in 1885 Ellen, youngest daughter of the first Lord

1 Tho artidoB wore ' In tho Early Forties/ November 1900; 'Charlotte Bronte/ Dooom-
bar 1900; *0ur Birth and Parentage/ January 1901; and * Lawful Pleasures,' February
U)01. Ho contemplated other papers of tho like kind, but did not live to undertake them.

Memoir of George Smith

Belper, and has issue three sons and a daughter, I Tin younger nnn, Alex-
ander Murray Smith, who was an activo partner of the firm from IK{)0 to
1899, married in 1893 Emily Tennyfton, daughter of Dr. Bradley, dean of
Westminster. His eldest daughter married in 1H78 Henry Yatrw Thompson,
His second daughter is Miss Ethel Murray Smith, Ilm youngtwt daughter
married in 1893 Eeginald J. Smith, K.C., who joined, the firm of Hmith,
Elder, & Co. at the end of 1894 and has boon since 1801) BO!O active partner*

IX

In surveying the whole field of labour that Smith ftMOinplmhetl in Inn
more than sixty years of adult life, one is irnprosHod not merely hy the amount
of work that he achieved hut by its exceptional variety, in hint them were
combined diverse ambitions and diverse abilities which arc rarely found toget her
in a single brain,

On the one hand he was a practical man of InwmoBH, independent atnl
masterful, richly endowed with financial instinct, mont methndiml, jmnuHo,
and punctual in habits of mind and action, By natural temperament, nan^uine
and cheerful, he was keen to entertain new fW^geKtumH, but the bold npirit
of enterprise in him was controlled by a native pnulentse, In netfuUalion he
was resolute yet cautious, and, scorning the pofatinoHH of diplwtmey, 1m WJIM
always alert to challenge in open fight dishonesty ov moaimeHH on the part of
those with whom he had to transact affairs, Monti of Im mereatif.ile ventures
proved brilliant successes ; very few of them wont far iwtray, II in triumplm
caused in him natural elation, but his cool judgment never BUtTemd him to
delude himself long with false hopes, and when defeat wan umnmiaUhle he
faced it courageously and without repining. Although ha wag impatient, of
stupidity or carelessness, he was never a harah tokmanter. ,!Je wan, indeed,
scrupulously just and considerate in his dealing with thtwu who wwJu-il
capably and loyally for him, and, being a sound jutigo of iwon, Beldam had
grounds for regretting the bestowal of his oonfidunoo.

These valuable characteristics account for only a part of the intend
attaching to Smith's career. They fail to explain why ho Hhould have been
for half a century not merely one of the chief influtmccw in the cumnlry whieh
helped literature and art conspicuously to flourwh, but the intimiihi friniMl.
counsellor, and social ally of most of the m<m and women who umtlu Urn
lastmg literature and art of his time. It would not ho accurate la tlmmlm
him as a man of great imagination, or ono powsBod of library or tirtiHiin
scholarship ; but it is bare truth to assert that his manoulino mind ami icmtKT
were coloured by an intuitive sympathy with the working* of the imaghmtlm
IE others; by a gift for distinguishing almost at a glance a good phmo of
literature or art from a bad; by an innate respect for too who pumucnl
mtel ectual and imaginative ideals rather than mere worldly pro^rii

No doubt his love for his labours as a publisher was partly duo to tho
scope xt gave to his speculative propensities, but it was L ffo L
degree to the opportunities it offered him of cultivating the iattmwy of

Memoir of George Smith

whose attitude to life he whole-heartedly admired. He realised the sen-
sitiveness of men and women of genius, and there were occasions on which
he found himself unequal to the strain it imposed on him in his business
dealings ; but it was his ambition, as far as was practicable, to conciliate it,
and it was rarely that he failed. He was never really dependent on the
profits of publishing, and, although he naturally engaged in it on strict
business principles, he knew how to harmonise such principles with a liberal
indulgence of the generous impulses which wholly governed his private and
domestic life* His latest enterprise of the * Dictionary of National Biography '
was a fitting embodiment of that native magnanimity which was the mainstay
of his character, and gave its varied manifestations substantial unity.

[This memoir is partly based on the memoranda, recorded by Dr. Mtchett in 1899, to which
reference has already been made (p. xlvii), and on the four articles respecting his early life
which Smith contributed to the 'Cornhill Magazine,' November 1900 to February 1901.
Valuable information has also been placed at the writer's disposal by Mrs. George M. Smith
and Mrs. Yates Thompson, who have made many important suggestions. Numerous dates have
been ascertained or confirmed by an examination of the account-books of Smith, Elder, & Co.
Mention has already been made of Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Bronte, Anthony Trollope's
Autobiography, Mr. Leslie Stephen's Life of his brother Fitssjames, Matthew Arnold's 'Letters '
(od. G- W. E. Bussell), and other memoirs of authors in which reference is made to Smith.
Mr. Leslie Stephen contributed an appreciative sketch * In Memoriam ' to the ' Cornhill
Magazine ' for May 1901, and a memoir appeared in the * Times ' of 8 April 1901. Thanks
are duo to Mr. C. K. Bivington, clerk of tho Stationers' Company, for extracts from the
Stationers' Company's Registers bearing on the firm's early history.] S. L*

7

OF

v . r -

B:

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

SUPPLEMENT

VOL. I.

ABBOTT

LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO,, 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1901

right* rtservttt\

OF

IN THE FIBST VOLUME OF THE SUPPLEMENT,

0. A, A* . .
J, G, A, . ,

A. J, A. . *

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G. A, AITKEN, C. D. . * *

J. G. AtaicB. B. K, D. .

SlB AfcHXANDBB AttBtlTIINOt, J. D-E, . -

K.C.8.1, M . G. D .

SIB WAJ&TMR ARMSMION<J.

J. B* AWAY. F. G. E, .

Tim BKV. BONALD BAYNIB. C. L. F. .

THOMAS BATOM, 0. H, F.

X'BOITEBBOK T. HUDSON BEAMS. W. Y. P.

. F. E. 13xm>Mu>, IPJi.S. A. B. F.

ritOFMHHcm Cusciit BicNALt. D. W. 3?,

. IL BusvmiiDon. 11. G. . ,

* TUB BKV, H. E. D, BIAKIRTOM. A. G-ffi. .
, TUBS BKV. CANON BoNNifit, F.B.S* A, G. . .
, G, 3. BooMum, E, G. . .
. T, B, BUOVMWO. H. P. G,

* TIUB BMV. A. 11,

, H. A. WAMJ

F.H.A, A. H-. *

13. Iitvroo CAnr^LiB. 0* A. H* *

* WIMJCAM OAMU r. J. H. *
. Si EHNUJHT OLATIKK, FS,A. 0. B. H.
. MXHS A, M. OuBttxn* W. II,. *

. TiioMi>BON Oooi>M, F.SA* F. "V. J".

. J. B. COTTON- T* B, J.

. W. P, ComiTOOT. J* K. . .

, LTONTO CUBT, F.S.A. J- K. L.

T, G. Ii. *

CAMPBELL

Pnorassott B. K. DOUGLAS.

JAMES DBBDaus, C.M.G.

. THE BIGHT HON. Sin MOUNT-
STUART GKANT DUOT, G.C.S.I.

F. G. EDWARDS.
C. LITTON FAIKINKB.
. C. H. Fnmr.
W. Y. FiiMTonEB.

. R. FortatTn, F.B.S*

BIOHABD GABKHSTT, LL.0., C.B.

Sm ARCHIBALD GEIKIH, F.B.S-.
. THIG Biflv, ALBXANDB-& GORDON, ,
. EDMUND GOSHE, LL.I).

. THE BKV, H, P. GUENBTT,

D.OJJ.

J. OUTHBSBT HADDBN.
AitTiitJtt HAUDKN, Pix.D.
. 0* AiYKXANi>rfiK HAUUIS, Q.M.G.
. P. J, HABVOO.
, C. E, HUOHJSB,
* TK BJSV, WILLIAM HUNT,
, F. V* JAMES.

KBV. T. B. JOIINBTONH.

T F.SA.

i J. E. LAUGHTON.
T* G. LAW, LL.D.

List of Writers to Volume L Supplement.

w,\r. L. . .

W. J. LAWRENCE.

G. W. l\ ,

, 0, W, I'ttoTtirijo, Mi.lJ,

L S. L

I. S, LlflADAM.

K, B

. MUNI'-HT lUlU'OHb.

E L

Miss ELIZABETH IJOT.

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, FHAMKH If,\i-'.

Si Jj * . .

SiDNinz LKB.

W. 1. K. .

. TIIK HUN, W, J*, Itini'

E. M. L. . .

COLONEL E. M. Lfcow, B.E,

H. T. U, , .

, HTIMIST J. Ui;.

J, E. M. . ,

J. E. MACDONATJJ.

L M. li. .

. J. M. Ilt.M*,

JB. M

SHERIFF MACICAY, E.G.

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. TiluMAf* Hl^VMHK.

E. H. M. , .

E. H. MARSHALL.

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SIR TinsoDoiiB MAIITIN, K.C.B.,

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,K,,r

J ,

OF

- 1 3'

, b, j^^ . r -* **

ITT

SUPPLEMENT

Abbott

Abbott

ABBOTT, AUGUSTUS (1804-1867),
major-general royal (late Bengal) artillery,
ald'oat of five sons of Henry Alexius Abbott
rf Blackheath, Kent, a retired Calcutta mer-
chant, and of bis wife Margaret, daughter of
William Welsh of Edinburgh, N.B., writer
bo the signet, and granddaughter of Captain
G-ascoyne, a direct descendant of Sir Wil-.
Uam (lascoigne (1350-1419) [c/r.], was bora
in London on. 7 Jan. 1804, -ie was elder
brother of Sir Frederick AbbottTq. v SuppL]
and of Sir James Abbott [q, v, Suppl.]

The fourth brother, SAXTNBEBS ALBXITTS
ABBOTT (d, 1894), was a major-general in
the Bengal army. He received the medal
and clas-o for the battles of Mudki and Firoz-
shah, waere he distinguished himself and
was severely wounded. lie served with dis-
tinction in civil government appointments in
the Punjab and Oude, and after his retire-
ment in 1868 was a^ent at Lahore for the
Bind, Punjab, and lelhi railway, and after-
wards on the board of direction at home.
He died at Brighton on 7 Feb. 1894.

The young-eat brother, KBITH EDWARD
ABBOTT (& 1873), was consul-general at
Tabriz in Persia, and afterwards at Odessa,
where he died in 1878. He had received
the order of the Lion and the Sun from the
shah of Persia.

Educated at Warfteld, Berkshire, under
Dr. Fajthfull, and at Winchester College,
Augustus passed through the military col-
lege of the East India Company at Addis-
combe, and went to India, receiving a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the Bengal
artillery on 16 April 1819, His further com-

VOL,

missions were dated : first lieutenant 7 Aup.

1821, brevet captain 16 April 1884, captain
10 May 1835, brevet major 4 Oct. 1843, major
3 July 1846, lieutenant-colonel 16 June 1848, ,
colonel 14 Nov. 1868, colonel-commandant
Bengal artillery 18 June 1868, and major-
general 30 Dec. 1859,

Abbott's first service in the Afield was at
the fort of Bakhara in Malwa, in December

1822. In the siege of Bhart jur in Decem-
ber 1825 and January 1826 ^e commanded
a battery of two eighteen-^ounder guns,
built on the counterscarp of tae ditch at the
north angle, which he held for three weeks
without relief. He was commended by Lord
Oombermere, and received the medal and
prize money. On 11 Oct. 1827 he was ap-
pointed adjutant of the Karnal division of
artillery. In 1833-4 he served ag-ninst the
forts of Shekawati, returning to Carnal.

On 6 Aug. 1888 Abbott was given the
command of a camel battery, and ; oined the
army of the Indus under Sir Joan Rafter-
wards Lord) Keane for the invasion of
Afghanistan. He commanded his battery
throughout the march by the Bolan pass to
Kandahar, at the assault and capture of
Ghazni on 28 July 1889, and at the occupa-
tion of Kabul on 7 Aug. He was mentioned
in despatches (London Gazette, 80 Oct. 1889),
and received the medal for Ghazni, and, from
the shah Shuja, the third class of the order
of the Duranx empire. The camels of his
battery having given out were replaced by
galloways of the country, and he accom-
panied Lieutenant-colonel Orchard, O.B,, to
-,he attack of Pashut, fifty miles to the north-

Abbott s

east of Jalalabad, The fort was captured
011 18 Jan. 1840, and Abbott was aiglily
commended in Orchard's despatch (Calcutta
Gazette, 15 Feb. 1840), He took part in
the expedition into Kohistan under Briga-
dier-general (afterwards Sir) Robert Henry
Sale To. v.]) who attributed his success in the
assault and capture, on 29 Sept., of the fort
and town of Tutamdara, at tje entrance of
the Ghoraband pass, to the excellent prac-
tice made by ibboib'a guns. On 3 Oct.
Abbott distinguished himself at the unsuc-
cessful atack on Jalgjah, and was mentioned
in despatches as meriting Sale's warmest ap-
probation (London Gazette, 9 Jan. 1841).
~,)n 2 Nov. 1840 Dost Muhammad was brought
to bay at Parwandara, and Sale's despatch
relates that a force of infantry, supported by
Abbott's battery, cleared the pass and valley
of Parwan, crowded with Afghans, in bril-
liant style (ib. 12 Feb. 1841).

In September 1841 Abbott was employed
in an expedition into Zurxnat under Colonel
Oliver, He crossed a pass 9,600 foot above
the sea, and, after the forts were blown up,
returned to Kabul on 19 Oct., in time to
join Sale in his march to Jalalabad. Abbott
commanded the artillery in the actions at
Tezin and in the Jagclalak pass, wherts ho
led the advanced guard (ib. 11 Fob. 1842).
Sale occupied Jalalabad on 18 Nov., and
Abbott commanded the artillery durlnjr the
siege. lie took part in the sally under Colonel
Dennie on 1 Dec., when he pushed his pirns
at a gallop to a point which commanded the
stream, and completed the defeat of the
enemy. He drove off the enemy on 22 Fob*
and ajain on 11 March 1842, when, he was
slightly wounded. He commanded the artil-
lery in the battle of Jalalabad on 7 April,
when Akbar Khan was defeated and the s.ege
raised. He was most favourably mentioned
in Sale's despatches, and recommended for
some mark of honour and for brevet rank
(ib. 7 and 10 June, and 9 Aug. 1842).

After the arrival at Jalalabad of Sir
George Pollock [q.v.], to whose force Abbott
had euready been appointed commandant of
artillery, Abbott accompanied Brigadier-
general Monteath's column against the Shin-
waris. The column destroyed the forts and
villages, and on 26 July, by the accurate
fire of Abbott's guns, was enabled to gain
the action of Marina. Abbott was thanked
; b despatches (ib. 11 Oct. 1842' , He again
cietnigui hed himself in the actons of Mamu
Ipxel anc, Kuchli Khel on 24 Aug., at the
fbrcing of the Jacdalak^pase on 8 Sent, and
lit the battles of !Tesdn and the Hafi Kotal
, : on island 13 Sept., when he was hotly en*
ga$ed and Afcbar Khan was finally defeated.

: Abbott

Kabul wan occupied two dnyw liUnr, For
thoRo s&rvicoH ho wan iwmtioncd iu d< 'Mpatrht 1 *
(ib< 8 and 24 Nov. 18450. Abbott rHunicd
to India with th army, and n nn of tho
* illuHtriouN * ffarririnn of Jalalabad wan wtd*
comod by tho tfovornr-g'rnl, Lord Klloa*
borough, at Firospnr on 17 Dw, tit n<
ceivec tho mudaln for Jalnlabad and Kabul,
was mado a O.H, <m4 Od, IfrUi!, and was
ap]>ointod honorary aido-dtH^itn in thi* go
vonunv#omflriil f a uiHtim'-tioti wh -i*,h wan con-
f(^rod <m him by thrw HuroiMulin^ K^v^rnorM-
genwal Ail ordur wan iwHUtu^ that th gutm
of his battery Hluutld bw itwtnntMni with thu
namo 'Jalalabad/ nnd ihut tht\v nbtmld bu
alwayH niiaiuod In t-ho Hani*' battt*ry,

In"lHr>5 AbboM Hn^M'iuiiui to tht oll1(o of
inflpoctoi^rtii'ral of oi'dtintu'CiUtid in iH^Hio
thw command of th Ht'itfjnl^irtilli'rjf, Ittt
WUH a mtmbt^ of th cMtmmht^o whit*h f**
oorbud on t,h <lii\M\WH wf i 4 *trt)K{tur Il!
rioalth compel hid him 1*i tvturu hotnti in
1850. llo dbd at OhoUimham on tf5 fcVh,
187.

Abbott marrirl, in 1H4H, Sophia I*Hneiii f
dau^htor of ( aptuitt Joltn ( lawi n of t !m IWH h
and 88th ngtn**niH, by whom ho l*nd, with
four danphttw, tbpi* HOM, nil of whntit fot*
lowtul military enrwrM, Tht iddowf ^ AUK*
tus Koilh (/*, IH44)| wiw major Intitan laff
cona ; tho Mtieon<l William tli*nry (b* lH45} (

am. tba ytuMj^iit, Htmry Ali*xiu {

is colonw. lur.iun ntnff aor|m and 1UI> oom

man cling MalukfttK! bHpilo*

Abbott WHJS oonntdtiritd by Hirnimrpio Pol-
lock to be tho {taunt ftrtUhrymnti in India,
and Lord KUtmbonwgh caumd kin trninu in
b insuribfid on tltti mtmum(tnti*rictvtlm tlw
gardtm of Southnuj Umw to r(Hruiuniutmt
the BervieoM of thot to whom It** W**K w NH
oially mdv^bUul for tho KuctuiH* af hi* Ind art
ftdministrution,

On Abbott'i journal and 0orrafiondHM
Mr, 0. tt, Low bwid thit Wwtory of Tb
A%han W, 18B-42 f f wbbltw#piiWiil4id

PTha Afghan Ww, I8IS-42, trm tin firnvMl

and G0rmtt<bnc c^f Midnr-tnom! Antttisi

Abbott, by 0, E, Low, 1S79 5 IncU* OfRflv

cords ; Royal KnglMtni JouriiftJ, I8

sional Papr of tht Cor of Kovid

1870 5 StubbA Htoty o? th* B^gnl .

Vibart'i AddlaiwmU, if* litn* *pd MtA f

Nottj StoQqwMi Mtmortiai of

Kaye'i Hittor of thf Ww In A

,

rativ^ of the \ r ar in Afgfeaaitt j U big 1 * Bub'i
Brigade in AfghRnitfttt with m Amuut of tin
8Km and Bitaut of Jifckklmd | Ofogfuphieia
Journal, 1804 ; private Mumo,] StH. ?

Abbott

Abbott

ABBOTT, SIB FREDERICK (1805-
1892), major-general royal (late Bengal)
engineers, ' second son of Henry Alexius
Abbott, and brother of Augustus and Sir
James Abbott, who are separately noticed
"Suppl.], was born on 13 June 1805 at
ILittlecourt, near Buntingford, Hertford-
shire. Educated at Wavfield, Berkshire,
under Dr. Faithfull, and at the military col-
loge of the East India Company at Addis-
combe, he received his first commission in
the Bengal engineers in 1823, His further
commissions were dated : lieutenant 1 May
18:44, captain 10 July 1832, brevet mujor
2* Dec. 184:2, ma; or 8 Nov. 1843, brevet
lieutenant-colonel 19 June 1846, lieutenant-
colonial 11 Nov. 1846, colonel 20 June
1854, and major-general 10 Sept. 1868.

After the usual course of professional in-
struction at Chatham, Abbott arrived in
India on 29 Dec. 1823. He was posted to
the sappers and miners on 28 Feb. 1824, and
appointed assistant field-engineer under Cap-
tain (afterwards Sir) John "Oheape [q. v.~ m
the force under Sir Archibald Caucnbel^in
the first Burmese war. He was made adju-
tant to the sappers and miners on 12 Nov,
182tf, and hold the appointment until 17 April
1826. lie wont through the whole cam-
paign, and particularly distinguished himself
In the attack and capture o: the heights of
Nmadi, near Prorne, on 2 Pec, 1825, when
he ,ocl storming partioa in the assaults on
throe stockades in succession, and was men-
tioned by Canmboll in despatches (London
Qassette, 25 April 1820)*

When the Huraoflo war was ovor, Abbott
was employed in the public worka depart-
ment at Ikrdwan, Oawnpore, Karnal, and
el so where, ITe married in 1885, and went
home on furlou jfh in 1838, On his way back
to India in 184'.) he was shipwrecked at the
Mauritius. He arrived at Calcutta on 25 Dec.
1840, and in June 1841 became garrison en-
gineer and barrack master at Fort William,
and eivil architect at the presidency,

On 23 Fob, 1842 he was appointed chief
engineer of the * Army of Retribution ' under
Major-general (afterwards Field-marshal Sir)
George Pollock [c..v.], sent to relieve the
garrison of Jalalamd, where Abbott's bro-
ther Augustus [q. v." commanded the artil-
lery, ana to restore : ;he prestige of British
arms in Afghanistan* A'jbott took part in
forcing the Khaibar pass on 5 April, out by
the time Pollock arrived at Jalalabad the
garrison had relieved itself by its victorious
action of 7 April with Akbar Khan. Abbott
was engaged in the attack and capture of
the forti&d villages of Mamu Khel and
KucMKhel on 24 Aug., in forcing the

Jagdalak pass on S Sept., in the actions of
Tezin and the Haft Kotal on 12 and 13 Sept.,
and in the occupation of Kabul on 16 Sept.
For his services on these occaaions he was
favourably mentioned in despatches (ib.
8 and 24 Nov. 1842). Much against his
will he superintended the destruction of the
celebrated covered bazaar and the beautiful
mosque at Kabul, where the body of Sir
William Hay Macnaghten [q, v." had been
exposed to Afghan indip nities. A'abott made
interesting reports on taese demolitions and
on the cantonments of Kabul. For his ser-
vices in the campaign he received the medal
and a brevet majority.

Abbott resumed his post of superintending
engineer of the north-west provinces on
80 Dec. 1842. On the outbreak of the first
Sikh war he was called away again on active
service on 1 Jan. 1840 to serve in the army
of the Satlaj. He was placed in charge
of the military bridging establishment, and
acted also as aide-ae-camp to Sir Henry
Hardinge, the governor-general, from wliom
he carried confidential despatches to the com-
mander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, on 7 Feb.
lie took part in the battle of Sobraon on the
10th. He obtained great credit for the
rapidity with which he bridged the Satloj
after the battle, and enabled the army with
its siege-train and enormous baggage-train
to enter the Punja-b and advance on Lahore.
He was mentioned most favourably in des-
patches, received the medal and a brevet
lieutenant-colonelcy, and was made a com-
panion of the order of the Bath, military
division, on 27 June 1846. On his retire-
ment from the active list on 1 Dec. 1847 hl
reports on public works continued to be text-
books by which subsequent operations were
regulatad.

In 1851 Abbott succeeded Major-general
Sir Ephraim Gerish Stannus [q, v,] as lieu-
tenant-governor jpf the military college of
the East India Company at Addiscombe,
He was knighted in 1354, On the amalga-
mation of the East India and royal services
in 1861 Addiscombe College was closed, and
Abbott's appointment ceased. He was a
member of the royal commission of 18^9,
presided over by Sir Harry David Jones
"q. v.], on the defences of the United King-*
dom, and in 1866 he was a member of a
committee to inquire into the organisation
of the royal engineer establishment at Chat-
ham. He was also a member of the council
of military education, but resigned this ap-
pointment in 1868. He devoted his spare
time to microscopical investigations and the
study of polarisation of li#ht. He died at
Bournemouth on 4 Nov* 1392,

B2

Abbott

Abbott

Abbott married, <m 14 Feb. 1885, in India,
Frances, daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Cox,
royal artillery, and widow of Lieutenant-
colonel H. de Burgh of the Bengal cavalry ;
his wife and dauglitor predeceased him.

[India Office Eecords; Despatches; Boyal
Engineers' Becords ; Boyal Engineers Journal,
1893 (obituary notice by Major Broadtoot,
B.K.); London Times, 7 Nov, 1892; .Ported
History of the Corps of Boyal Engineers;
Yiburt's Addiscombe (portrait); LoVw 1/t'u of 8ir
George Pollock ; Kayo's History of the War in
Afghanistan; Gleig's Side's Brigade in Afghani-
stan ; Stocquflor's Memorials of Afghan Man ;
Professional Papers of the Corps of lioyal Kn-
gineers, 1879 ; private sources.] B. H. V.

ABBOTT, SIB JAMES (1807-1896),
general, colonel-commandant royal (lato
Bengal) artillery, third son of Henry Alinciuft
Abbott, and brother of Aupfustua and Sir
Frederick Abbott, both of whom are noticed
above, was born on 12 March 1H07. II o
was educated at Blackhoath, whro one of hia
schoolfellows was Ben; amin Disraeli (aftw-
wards Earl of Beaconsliold). After pawing-
through the military college of the Kiust
India Company at Addiacombo, Abbott ro-
ceived a commission as second lieutenant in
the Bengal artillery on Juno 18:28, His
further commissions were dated : first lieu-
tenant 28 Sept. 18*27, brevet captain 6 June
1838, captain 4 Aug. 1841, brevet ma; or
7 June 1549, lieutenant-colonel 4 July 18 >7
brevet colonel 28 Nov, 1857, colonel 18 Fob,
186L major-general 10 June 1806, lieute-
nant-general and colonel-commandant royal
artillery 27 Feb. 1877, and general I Oct.
1877.

Abbott arrived in India on 20 Dec. 182S,
His first active service was at the second
siege of Bhartpur, under Lord Oombermere,
in December 1825 and January 1826, when
he served in the second company (com-
manded by his brother Augustus) of the first
battalion of foot artillery, and took part in
the assault and capture of the fortress on
18, Jan., receiving the medal, He was ap
pointed adjutant of the Sirhind division of
artillery on 21 Sept, 1827. From October
1835 he was employed in the revenue survey
of Gorakpur until 8 Aug* 1836 ; when he
was placed in charge of the revenue survey
of Bareli, and was highly commended 'by
the deputy surveyor-general for his good
work.

In November 1838 Abbott joined the
aermy of the Indus, under Sir John (after-
wards Lord) Keane [q. v.l for 'the invasion
of Afghanistan, and marched with it through
the Bolan pass to Kandahar, where he
arrived in April 1839, and received from the

amir the third cliiHH of thn ordor of tlw
Durum w*nuu In July hi* nct'otujmnii'd
Major KlH<r:.t D'Atv.v Tmld | q, v*'| H iinn'mtum
political oflicur m IVH minmtm to I I't*nt. On
29 Doc. 1HM ho wan wnt. by Twld to tlm
court; of Khiva, at, u tim wbon tin* Itu*Nbm
general Porollidti wn mlvimtMiitf on Khiva
for Uw oHtonnililn purpHo ol* im/jot iiif inp with
thokhan, llnxratof Kliivi^foi 1 th? nliuw tit*
.HiwHian ott|>t.iviM<ltuiniul in Mlttvrv! ( \ Innt,
Abbott, nt tho tarnrtt fnt.i'PHf.y of tht'ttlmn t
nndortook to vinit tin* ItuMmnn^tiurtibpiiring
thokhttu*H ofl'cf to lit)mu all HUHMMU t*nji
tivos. I to wt out h t v tlin Mun^h KUULtt
rotito, utulr tho twort of HHHHHII Mhntui 1 ,
chiof of tho Ohmnlur TitrltomnnH, but on
rcwchitttf tiht)(^iitinH(n found thut no tumta
had luun pruvi*i'tl. II in HntuU jinpty wim
troattlwirouHly attarluul on tho ni||iit of
$3 April IH-IO ly KnRiiliM, Ablmlt *Kipml
with bin lift, but wiw wyproly h<niit*n with
clubs ami IUH right- hand injured by it Hithw
cut, Urn property wn ]ilundir*f, nnd h
and hi pjii'ty riHind Ibr <'i^hh<m dityn
pMHonwrn iu tlw tonUof tlu* Knxnkn, nniil
!.h<j Althtiuwidft arrived from Kldvu to hin
roliof with un t'Kflo^rt, and i'ttmluH^n! him to
Novo AUtxtuidrotr. tin tJn iniwd tin*
and prmMMnhnl iy Ort^nhttr^ uuil
to Ht, l**t<mburp: wttorti IM c*om
t,1u n^otuiHonn t tutd arrivtnl in I'ln^-
'and in Augunt, HH wriSvwl tbn thnnltM *>f
Lord 1'iilmwKt onMJWtary for ft mM|jn niliiirnt
for hia conductor tiwwwmim* nitt* itt 1H-UI
a penmott | for the ir\iurit*n ho Imti nwivwi nfe
thu Oaftptatii An tuMuiunt of hi* juurimy
was publiiihed in th 'Arnntto Juuriml* of
July 1 843,

Abbott tftuniml to India In flu rtumbfv
1841, and wan njipointtnl m^mrnd n imm
mandofthe Mnirwnrti local ImttftlUm and
assistant to Captnin Dbrn t f,)m ^u|]trirjt*n-
dtmt of Mairwitra, In iH4*Jlu* wnnit]t|Kthttt*(l
assistant tt> tha rAnidont Ht ludor** f with
charffflof Nimar, and in IH4/I anmtniiuilnnw
of limra. During bin truto IlnNnrn row
from dtmolatirm t tinM-Nirity, Wliini Olmtiir
Ringh, the Sikh oliinf o 1 1 wmw. rfiwlftrvd for
Mulraj of Multan in 1H4H mul th mwottd
Sikh war brok^ out, Abbott imd 'gulnvil
such an influmiee ovar tlw inlmbhiint* of
tha provinaa that ha onuld do whutnvor Im
pleawd with a raou whom thi Hlklw oottld
nwer control ' (gttvemor*g*nttrt to oirtt
commlttwe, 7 Sept, IA48). 110 umd bii in-
fluenoe to raisa tlw whal population, iftd
after many small afiUn nmaind mtilar of
the distriet and of nairij li tfet forta. fit
drilled the raw lavim of tha mounteitMMrat
and though ha was for aavml montlm out
of from all commuuicatiuuii with

Abbott

Abbott

troops, lie ballled the superior forc.es of tlie
Chatar Singh, and occupied witli fifteen
hundred matchlockmen the Marquella pass,
and held at bay sixteen thousand Sikh troops
and two thousand Afghan, horse who were
preparing to cross. When the battle of
Gu~rat,on 11 Feb. 1849, terminated the war,
AbDott was still in his position at Nara,
which he had held while twenty thousand
Sikhs and Afghans were encamped within
eight, For his services Abbott received the
tlumks of the governor-general of India in
council, and of ooth British houses of par-
liament, the medal with clasps, and a brevet
majority.

Abbott continued to rule in Hazara. In
December 1862 he commanded the centre
column of the successful expedition into the
Black Mountains, destined to punish the
Hasanzais for the murder of Messrs. Game
and Ta-)p, collectors of the salt tax. For
his services he received the medal. He left
Il'azara in 1858, after entertaining the in-
habitants on the Nara hill for three days and
three nights. He spent all his substance on
them and left wita a month's pav in his
pocket, Abbottabad, named after him, is a
permanent memorial of his work in that
country, He was made a companion of the
order of the Bath, military division, on 34 May
1878, and a knight commander on 2,6 May
1894. Abbott retired from the active list on
1 Oct. 1877, and died at Elleralie, Byde, Isle
of Wight, on 6 Oct. 1896* He married : (1)
at Calcutta, in February 1844, Margaret Ann
Harriet (d, 1845), eldest daughter of John
Hutchison Fergusson of Trochraigne, near
Girvan, Ayrshire, by whom he ha a daugh-
ter Margaret* IL A* FerguaBon- Abbott ; (2) in
May 1868, Anna Matilda (d, 1870), youngest
daughter of Major Iteymond de Montmo-
swncy of the Indian army, by whom he had
a son, James Eeymond de Montmorency
Abbott.

Abbott had both poetical feeling and lite-
rary ability. He was the author of the folr
' lowing works ; 1. ' The TEakoorine, a Tale
of Maaodoo,' London, 1841, 8vo> S. 'Nar-
rative of a Journey from Heraut to Khiva,
Moscow, and Sfc Petersburg, during the
late Bussian Invasion of Khiva, with some
Account of the Court of Khiva and the
Kingdom of Khaurism,' London, 1848, 2 yols.
Svo ; 2nd edit, with considerable additions,
1866: 8td edit, 1884, 8. < Prometheus'*
Daughter: a Poem/ London, 1861, 8m

[India Office Beeorda; Despatches; Times,
8 Oet. 1806; Vibart'0 Addfoeombe, its Heroes
and Men of Note ; Stubba's History of the Ben-
gal Artillery; KayVs Histor;* of the War in
j. Kaye'e Lives o:' Indian Qfftoeraj

Royal Engineers Journal, 1893; The Afghan
War, 1838-42, from tho Journal and Correspon-
dence of Major-general Augustus Abbott, by
0. E. Low, 1879 ; The Sikhs and the Sikh Ware,
by Gough and Innes, 1897 ; private sources.]

B. H. V.

ABBOTT, Snt JOHN JOSEPH CALD-
WELL (1821-1893), premier of Canada,
was born at St. Andrew's, in the county or
ArgenteuiL Lower Canada, on 12 March
1821,

His father, JOSEPH ABBOTT (1789-1863),
missionary, born in Cumberland in 1789,
went to Canada as a missionary in 1818,
became the first Anglican incumbent of St.
Andrew's, and is still favourably known by
his story of < Philip Musgrave ' ( 1846), He
died in Montreal in January 1 868. He mar-
ried Harriet, daughter of Richard Bradford,
the first rector of Chatham in the county of '
ArgenteuiL

His eldest son, John Joseph, was educated
privately at St. Andrew's, removed to Mont-
real at an early age, and entered McGill
University, He took the degree of B.C.L.
in 1847. Throughout his life ,ae maintained
a close connection with the university, hold-
ing the position of dean in the faculty of
law for several years-, and becoming subse-
quently one of the governors. He received
in his later life the honorary degree of D.C.L.

Abbott was received as advocate at the
bar of Montreal in October 1847, devoting
his attention to commercial law* In 1862
he was xnade queen's- counsel, He was ap-
pointed solicitor and standing counsel for
the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in
1880, and became director in 1887,

In company with tbe Eedpaths, Molspns,
Torrances, and others, Abbott signed in 1849
the Annexation Manifesto, the promoters of
which expressed a wish that Canada should
join the XTnited States. But apart from this
temporary ebullition of discontent his essen-
tial loyalty was never doubtful On the
rumour of the Trent affair in 1861 he raised a
body of three hundred men called the ' Ar-
genteuil Hangers * (now the llth battalion
of militia), proffered his services to the
government, and was employed in patrolling
the frontier. He was afterwards commis-
sioned? as lieutenant-colonel of the regiment.

In 31857 he contested the representation
of his native county of Argenteuil. He
was not returned but claimed the seat and,
after an investigation that lasted two years,
obtained and held it until 1874. In 1 860 he
published the proceedings under the title of
? The Argenteuil Election Case,* It gives a
vivid picture of the ways of election com-
mittees in old Canada, and of the shifts

Abbott

Abbott

common at the polls. In 1862 he entered
as solicitor-general east the (Sandfield) Mac-
donald-Sicotte government, a liberal 6&
ministration which adopted as its principle
a somewhat peculiar phase of parliamentary
development known as * the double majority/
This meant that, inasmuch as the Union Act
of 1841 gave equal representation to Uppor
and Lower Canada, and the actuality itself
was founded on practical as well as on histo-
rical and racial grounds, no ministry should
be satisfied with the confidence merely of
the whole house ; it must command a majo-
rity from each section of the province, The
device was found to be unworkable^ and the
ministry was defeated in 1803, within a year
of its formation. The house was thereupon
dissolved, the cabinet reformed, and the pro
gramme recast. In the recasting the t double
majority ' was abandoned, and hopes wuro
held out that the representation problem
would be solved on the basis of population
merely. This change brought about the re-
tirement both of Sicotte, toe Fronch*Gana
dian leader, and of Abbott, who wan the
ministerial representative for the Englinh of
Lower Oanaca, From this time forth ho
leaned to the conservatives. "When tho WHUO
of confederation arose in 1865 he jo 'mod
them openly.

Shor5 as was his term of oflico, it was by
no means unfruitful. He introduced th
use of stamps in the payment of judicial
and registration fees in Lower Canada, a
reform much needed at the time j ho con-
solidated and remodelled the jury law, which
obtains in Quebec to-day almost as he left
it ; he drafted and carried through the house
an act respecting insolvency, which is tho
foundation of Canadian jurisprudence on
that subject. His object was to fuse into a
consistent whole the leading principles of
English, French, and Scottish law on the
question, and his attempt is generally re-
garded as a success. The Tear following he
published 'The Insolvent lot of 1864,' with
notes to show the general framework of the
statute, the sources of its provisions, their
juridical harmony and bearing.

In 1873 Abbott's name figured largely in
what is called the * Pacific Scanda . A
year earlier he had become fellow-director
with Sir Hugh Allan in the first project to
build the Canada Pacific Eailway, As the
elections were at hand Sir Hugh undertook
:x> advance certain sums to the conservative
f ?? er$ and dktowwd the money through
Abbott, then his confidential adviser. The
total amcunt acknowledged to have been
thus received &d spent exceeded 25,<XXM,
After the elections, which wete favourable

to the conHitrvativtus copitw of corrtwpon-
dnnce^ awl vouchwH awarding 1 tho mom\yn
Camu hi to the luindimf thtHtppomtwn through
a dark in Abbott'* oHUn% who iilmcondt'd
shortly afttirwttrdH, Tlw htmmt dorlimut to
accept tho explanation Unit thorn* munit
used in a Atruitly hmmitrnhlo if not.
way, and forcnd tho tfovymmtwt to t
On &pi ma j t' ^ Ul c*mHtituiincHi in ,1874, tlw
contwrvativw won* uttorty routed, Abbott
wan ruturwd for hit* old conHtiruimoyi but
was aiWward* unHoatfd on tho petition of
Dr. Chrwtio, Four yourH liw, in IH7H, h
wan again a eanduiahHiuul, iluiii^U d^lVut^ul,
ttnanapfdcl tt> \rmt i\w viiH*tion, In tho ttoxt
apptuU r IHHt), *MI btui a amjority, but thn r-
turn was wti ajwta OIUM* mows A itow tthnv
tion wa hold in iHMi, Tliin timithorocmviul
an ovorwholmin^p voto, UH wart thon l'ft
in undwturlMd iKwnonitiott of Ar^nlimil till
1HH7, whim \w WHH Htimniotuui to tho mmntu*

llin chiof^ iogtMlntivn work diiriu^ tlM*n
ytmr had rofVroiHto to tmuhitw 5 Inn {iriimijial
public inploym*nt wtm nMdtdi^ato to Mwg-
-and in connoutiou with tho diNmi>wai of
do Ht,-hwt frnm tho
Tnor >f (jittthm

m^tiott in

local mlvk^m had 1tn |mm*Him'od
fititutioiml hy hoth hram*httrt of t ho ilnttndinn
logiHluturw, and tho ftominion fithtnof th**ni*
up(n rucoinintnuiftd hm rmuovttt. At ttm in
st aurt^ of t ht? M nnjtitM of I .unus f ^ ^ovtr}tor
flmnrftl, tho <jtu*tion WHH r^fVmMi to Mug.
.and. ( Abbott ntttsctuuiod in hi* mi won of
attourinjdf thw homo (ovitrnntoiit'ii n^unt ti>
tlw diHmimal, and t it* ndviw of tht
nion oabimtt wiunu!t*opt(<d hyth* jiov
genontl. From IHB7 to into Abbott ww
mayor of Moutmal.

II tat in tlui timtn for tht* ttivtuitm of
Inkurfflftu in Qtit*bw, hk numitmnii tnmrinjf
date 13 May iH7 At tlw Numu fititw he
WM sworn of tho Ouniidmn privy isntinoil,
ami became a memtor af tint i!nbiniit of Hir
John Abxandw Mnediumld hi, v,|, without
portfolio* Until thtt dt*atb r Mmuloinitd in
,8t) 1 he acttul an thi^ic|miii*ut of tht* govorn*
mtmt^s polioy in tlw iropur HCIUMI, At Bir
John Sparrow David TiiumpNcin [q. v/ d-
clined -x> accept tlw prHtnwmhip on UWH
donald*a death, Abbott wan pnviittiid on t<
take it with the potifc of prmidant of the
council, the other cabinet miitbtni r**tainifif
their portfolio! (June 1891), He w* tbin
m hie sevtmty*firifc yaar ami m declining
healthy on the other hand, the tnnibbi oJ
the m.mitry were deeienintf <Jv by dav f
jwrticularltr In oonaeot^u with the Mani
M x>ba school qaastioE, He found the hunlun
, more tkaii he could buar, u

A Beckett

A Beckett

on 5 Dec. 1892. Betiring into private life,
he sought in vain restoration to health by
foreign travel On 24 May 1892 he was
nominated KC.M.GK He died at Montreal
on 80 Get. 1893. In 1849 he married Mary,
daughter of the Yery Rev. T. Bethune of
Montreal*

[Dent's Canadian Port. Gall. in. 229 ; Dent's
Last Forty Years, H. 423-30, 479, 526-8, 634;
He port of Boyal Commission, Canada, 17 Oct.
1873 ; Can. Sess. Papers (1879), Letellier Case;
Morgan's Dom. Ann. Beg. (1879) ; Todd's Parl.
Gove. in Col. pp. 601-20, 665 ; Cottfa Pol, Ap-
pointments, pp. 26, 68, 171 ; GemmilVs ParJ.
Companion '1892); Toronto Globe, 31 Oct. and
2 Nov. 1893J T. B. B.

A BECKETT, GILBERT ABTHUE

(1837-1891), writer for ' Punch ' and for the
stage, eldest son of Gilbert Abbott a Beckett
[q. v/, by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of
J osepj. Glossop, clerk of the cheque to the
hon, corps of gentlemen-at-arms, was born at
Portland House, Hammersmith, on 7 April
1837. He entered Westminster school on
6 June 1849, became a queen's scholar in
1851, and was elected to Christ Church, Ox-
ford, in 1865, matriculating on 7 June, and
graduating B. A. in 1860. In the meantime,
on 15 Oct. 1857, he had entered at Lincoln's
Inn, but he was never called to the bar. In
June 1862 he became a clerk in the office of
the examiners of criminal law accounts, but
in the course of a few years, as his literary
work developed, he gave up this appoint-
ment, For a time h contributed to the
1 Glowworm' and other journalistic ven-
tures, He also sent occasional contribu-
tions to * Punch/ but at this time was not
admitted to the salaried staff. He turned
his attention to writing for the stage, and
among his plays, original or adapted, are
'Diamonds and Hearts/ a comedy (Hay-
market, 4 March 1807); < Glitter, a comecy
in two acts ' (St. James's, 26 Dec, 1868) ;
'Red Hands, a drama, in a prologue and,
three acts' (St< James's, 30 Jan. 1869);
' Face to Face, a drama in two acts ' (Prince
of Wales'e, Liverpool, 9 March 1869), and
* In the Clouds, an extravaganza ' (Alexan-
dra, 8 Dec. 1878). Among the numerous
libretti that he wrote the most notable were
those to Dr. Stanford's operas * Savonarola '
and i The Canterbury Pilgrims/ both pro-
duced during 1884, the former at Hamburg
and the laiter at Drury Lane* He also
wrote eeveral graceful ballads, to which he
furnished both words and music*

In the meantime, inl879,Gilbe*t & Beckett
toad been asked by Tom Taylor, the editor
of 'Punch/ to follow the example of his
younger brother Arthur, and become a

regular member of the staff of 'Punch/
Three years later he was 'appointed to the
Table.' The 'Punch* dinners 'were his
greatest pleasure, and he attended them with
regularity, although, the paralysis of the legs,
the result of falling down t_ie stairway of
Gower Street station, rendered his locomo-
tion, and especially the mounting of Mr,
Punch's staircase, a matter of gainful exer-
tion' (SPIELMA.NN, Hist, of Punch, 1895,
p, 388). To ' Punch ' he contributed both
prose and verse ; he wrote, in greater part,
the admirable parody of a boy's sensational
shocker (March 1882), and he developed
Jerrold's idea of humorous bogus advertise-
ments under the heading * How we advertise
how/ The idea of one of Sir John TennieVs
best cartoons for ' Punch/ entitled ' Dropping
the Pilot/ illustrative of Bismarck's resigna-
tion in 1889, was due to Gilbert a Beckett.

Apart from his work on 'Punch/ he
wrote songs and music for the German
Reeds* entertainment, while in 1878 and
1874 he was collaborator in two dramatic
productions which evoked a considerable
amount of public attention. On 3 March
1878 was given at the Court Theatre 'Th*
Haopy Land: a Burlesque Version of W. S.
Gilbert's" The Wicked World," ' by F. L.
Tomline (i.e. W. S. Gilbert) and Gilbert a
Beckett, In this atnuaing -jiece of banter
three statesmen (Gladstone, T-iowe, and A,yi>
ton) were represented as visiting Fairyland
in order to ;nrmrt to the inhabitants the
secrets of popular government. The actors
representing ' Mr* &,,' * Mr. L./ and Mr, A.'
were drossed so as to resemble the ministers
satirised, and the representation elicited a
question in the House of Commons fend an
official visit of the lord chamberlain to the
theatre, with the result that the actors had
to change their < make-u'p/ In the follow-
ing year A. Beckett furnished the ' legend* ta
Herman Merivale's tragedy 'The White
Pilgrim/ first iven at the Court in Fe-
bruary 1874. A- the close of his life he fur-
nished thft ' lyrics ' and most of the book for
the operetta * La Oigale/ which at the time
of his death was nearing its four hundredth
performance at the Lyric Theatre. In 1889
ae suffered a great shock from the death by
drowning of liis only son, and he died in
London on 16 Oct. 1891, and was buried in
Mortlake^ cemetery. 'Punch' devoted some
appreciative stanzas to his memory, bearing
the epigraph ' Wearing the white flower of a
blameless life' (24 Get, 1891). His portrait
appeared in the well-known drawing of ' The
Kaho^any Tree' (PwncA, Jubilee Number,
18 Ju!,y 1887), and likenesses were also given
in the 'Illustrated London News 'and in

Abercromby

8

Achcson

Spielmann's * History of Punch ' (189$. lie
married Emily, eldest daughter of William
Hunt, J.P., of Bath, and Ms only daughter
Minna married in 1896 Mr, Hugh Chiford,
C.M.GK, governor of Labuan and Bntisfc
North Borneo*

[Illustr. Load. News, 24 Oct. 1801 ; Posters
Alumni Oaton. 1715-1886; Barker and Stem-
ninr's Westminster School Begistor; Gaaette*
21 Earch 1821 j Times, 19 Oct. 1891 ; Athonojam,
1891, ii. 658 ; Era, 24 Oct. 1801.] T. S.

ABEECBOMBY,ROBEBTWILLUM
DUFF (1836-1895), colonial 'overnor. [See
DOT, SIB BOBBRT WnuAMr

ABEBDABE, B^BOK. [See BK00B,
HBNRT ATTBTIN, 1816-1895.]

ACHESOIT, SIB AECHIBALI), second
EABL OE GOSFOBD in the Irish peerage, and
first BAKON WoBHNGHm in the peerage of
the United Kingdom (1776-1849), governor
in-chief of Canada, born on 1 Aug. 1776
(Hibernian Mag. vi. 645), was the eldest mil
and heir of Arthur, the first earl, by MilH-
cent, daughter of Lieutenant* sfpnoral Jfldward
Pole of Kadborne in Derbys'iire. Entering
Christ Church, Oxford, on 19 Jan, 179(J, he
matriculated in the university on the 22nd
of that month, and graduated MA, honorvi
causa on 26 Oct. 1737, During the Irish
troubles of the succeeding year he served as
lieutenant-colonel in the Armagh militia.
In 1807 he became colonel.

His political life began with his election
to the Irish parliament, on 9 Jan, 1798, m
member for Armagh. He voted in tlie Irish
House of Commons against union with Great
Britain on 20 Jan, 1800, while his father
cordially supported the measure in tbe Irish
House of Lords, The offer of an earldom,
made in that connection to his father, was'
renewed in 1803, but was not accepted till
three years later when the whigs came into
power,

As Acheson represented a county he be**
came,' "by the terms of the Union Act, a
member of the House of Commons in th
first parliament of the United Kingdom
(1801); At the general elections of 1802
afc' 1806 he waa returned for Arma -h, and
i 0oiinued to sit in the commons till ..4 Jan,
.,*1^0 > ", when he succeeded his father as second*
{ %rl o: GoBford. He was chosen a re->re
eerfor Ireland in 1811. W:ule
intervened to debate, he gave a
to the whig party and pol
rish,, questions. In 1882

the ffunrd on {J Hjt, IKll, hit WUH on i\w
same day (udlwl in i\w \\v\vy couH. NVxl
yoar in Jnnu -ho btnmttu* protninvnt. HH uu
exponent of t1 whig policy <t* * oomnliatinn '
in Ireland, I lavin ivportw, in luw ^npa?ity

ces which he held for
ot

I laving ivportw), in luw ^np
of lord- lieu twnant, in a 'conviliutury * ttni
on certain Annagh rmtK l( a rtwilut-mti
iaig both hi iiivtwti$ntt<m and rt rt WHH
dwbatwd in tlin comuionH aft or a IMMH < di k ht,o
Thtn'oupon JoMtiph II unto (q. v.^ nropnmnl a
motion mio^iHing (Itmfonlj whic 1 \ nuunvtul
warm aupport, frin O'Umnoll and IUM fti|
lowow, and ftnmi iho ratiiralu j(***rally ; it 1
wan accwptod by tho ffovttnmumt and arrivd
amid much imtlnwiainn.

On 1 July WM Ucwftml wan nominnttul
by the prime tninintw* Lnrd Mtdhtnirnn,
governor of LowwrC5anatln f ami f{ftviritof*in*>
chiwf of llrikmh North Aim*rkii| Nowftmud**
land oxctiptod. On th* wun day hit hotmitm
royal commiHmmu*r with Hir umr^tt (lrty
[({*,v. Hn|nL] find Hir UwrK < t *ij| |j. v.j U*
oxamino Locally into tli amditinn m Liwt^r
Canada and tfw ffrUwanw^of tlitu^tltmtntMi
Four day aftorwardH hn wiw or*it* ( cl j* pwir
of tho Ifnittul Kin'{dtm t adopting lh titlu
of Haron W^jrUng 'mm ( frmit an t**ttnttt that
camo to him tliwugh hiii wiik Arrivtiig in
( v uclM)o on S$ Aug. 1H*J5, (Jonfortl nmim*d
t^ie reinii of govtffnmont on 17 Htwt> imnui*
diatoly aftw tho dttparturtt of hciru Aytmisr,
lie loft tlM cwlony an Sia Kb, IWiH, I tin
term of office, lasting two ttiit ft Iwlf ynwi
and covwinpf tl pttrlod of tbw Clunndinn n*
bullion, m a dark |mHiagt in ( rumduw hit*
torv, and BtiU oronniottii tntwh diibftto.

Ills appointment wan not^icioivnd with
general favour. AMHW*<titutimwt muMttf>rm
of &wy momimt wi^ri btnng tnootmL tltn no-
mination of an unknown ami unified man
ioemt'd to many ImKivrdwu* In t lit* r^f nnut',
The whijf rtttnedy for colonial tvtli*t whirh
Gbarltii Grant, lord C)ltinKlg[q>Vi]|th wbnkl
mlnitr under I^ord AfvUxHima, embnciird In
th original draft of Gofprd v M iwtruatloni,
was not bmml on an twvmhmtion of acdonki
facts, but procDadid on tin mmtmntiona
tliat tlitjre was a vtiry O!OH anattirjr bn^watn
Hah and colonial tuwditiona, ana thai th
whig policy known in Iriih afairs ti f son*
dilation 1 m?ecM only a triivi to provu an
absolute gtie60 beyond tfat ita*

The Ma Ibounui tMmt tmmmqnmtly in-
Btruct^d Gosford to adopt aa matter o.
ciple tliH three ehiaf dtmandt of I^uU
Papmeau [a*?*] and Ilia political ag
in Lower Oaimdft, Tha Srt dmand that
tlie assemHy Bhottld haft ok eon t rot of tim
waste or erown kads, nntl tht third
that the %bktiv6 council should
tive, were - v o be accspt^d *Atolitli!j$

Acheson

Acheson

second demand, that the assembly should
dispose of all revenues independently of the
executive, was to "be accepted with a proviso
which had reference to the civil list- But
the ministerial plans were foiled by the king,
who, before Gosford left England, said to
him with passionate emphasis : ' Mind what
you are a'iout in Canada. By God, I will
never consent to alienate the crown lands
or make the council elective/

Despite this warning Goaford set himself,
on arriving in Quebec, tae hopeless task of con-
ciliating those whom he deemed the Cana-
dian people. They suspected and declined
his overtures. His attentions to Papmeau
and his friends excited much comment and
not a little ridicule amon^ the French Cana-
dians, From the KngLsh community he
held aloof, identifying them, in pursuance
of the Irish analogy, with a small office-
holding clic_ue whose headquarters were at
Quebec* Tlie legislature met on 27 Get,
1 836, when the governor dwelt at length on
the commission of inquiry, its scope, and
the redress of grievances, but he met with
a serious rebuff. The assembly declined to
recognise the commission, and assuming a
defiant attitude refused to grunt the supplies
which the governor demanded, Wit:i ex-
pressions of regret he prorogued the legisla-
ture. In transmitting to the king a petition
from the assembly for redress of grievances
ho asked for additional powers,

Meantime masH-mcotnigs after the Irish
pattern were organised by * the patriots ' on
a large scale ; Goaford's conciliation was de-
nounced as machiavellian, and he was burnt
in etBgy, liiots took place in Montreal,
which called for the intervention of the
troops, But when the leading businessmen
in the city petitioned the governor for leave
to organise a rifle corps to preserve order,
they received from Gosford a caustic re-
primand.

The noxt session opened on 22 Sept, 1836.
Goaford submitted new instructions from
home in full, because garbled copies, he said,
had jfot abroad. The new instructions dif-
ferec. from the old ones in that they set no
limit to the commissioners* inquiries, The
king had meanwhile warned the ministry at
home that he would permit ' no modification

of the constitution/ Relegating constitu-
tional issues to the commissioners' report,
Gosford mow pressed the assembly to vote
supply* But, after &ome abortive proceed-
ings, the assembly, to quote Bibaud's sum-
mary, * donne un conseil l&gisktif eleetif
coimna son ultimatum, une condition sine
fua nm } &c, en d'autres teraes, se suicide.*
sfaorogation followed on 4 Qcfc,

About this time the commissioners finished
their report. All its declarations were op-
posed to the agitators' claims. In accord-
ance with one of them the House of Com-
mons at Westminster passed resolutions
on March 1837 appropriating the Lower
Canada revenues to tae payment of exist ing
arrears (142,0002.) Thereupon Papmeau
took a bolder stand and organised rebellion.
Gosford, beyond issuing proclamations of
warning ' to the misguided and inconside-
rate/ took no steps to secure the public
peace, But happily the Irish catholics de-
clared against both Gosford and Papineau,
who alike looked to thorn for aidj they
made common cause with the English, not
with the official clique but with the consti-
tutionalists of Montreal, Quebec, and the
eastern townships, thus uniting the English-
speaking population,

lieluctant to put the Westminster resolu-
tions into force at the opening of the new
reign of Queen Victoria, the English ministry
ana Gosl'ord made one more effort to gain
the assembly, It met on 26 Aug. 1837, the
members appearing in homespun (6tof& du
pate) as a protest against the importation
of goods from abroad. They refused supply,
repeated their ultimatum, and protested
alike against the Canadian commissioners'
recommendations and the resolutions of the
English Iloxise of Commons. The legis-
lature was dissolved, never to meet ajyain.
By ^ Sept. Gosibrd had become convinces that
Papineau's object was ' separation from the
mother country/ and suggested the expe-
diency of suspending the constitution* Still
testing to the moral force of his procla-
mations, he took no active steps to dissi-
pate the gathering storm, and, at the very
moment when the Eoman catholic bishop
launched his mand&ment against civil war,
and the French Canadian magistrates warned
the people against the misrepresentations of
the agitators, declined once more all volun-
tary assistance. At length, when in Septem-
ber 1887 the province was on the verge of
anarchy, he intimated to the home govern*
ment that they * might feel disposed to en-
trust the execution of its jlans to hands not
pledged as mine to a mile and conciliatory
policy/ The actual conduct of affairs passed
"nto the hands of Sir John Colborne Lq.v*],
the lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada,
who ultimately restored order. Gosford's
resignation was accepted on 14 Nov,, and he
returned to England.

(jtosford received the thanks of the ministry
for his services (23 Jan. 1888), together
with the honour of knight grand cross
on the civil side (19 July). To the end he

Acland

ID

Acland

remained convinced of the soundness of his
Irish analogy and the general utility of his
policy. On this ground he opposed tho
union of Upper and Lower Canada, and cri-
ticised the terms of the bill ahanly in all its
stages through the House of Lores (1889-40).
Thenceforth he devoted his attention to his
estates, to the development of the linen in-
dustry in Ireland, and the promotion there
of agriculture -enerally. He exercised, be-
sides the lord-lieutenancy, the functions of
vice-admiral of the coast of the province
of Ulster. He died at his residence, Market
Hill, on 27 March 1849.

On 20 July 1806 he married Mary (fl
30 June 1841), only daughter of Itobert
Sparrow of Worlmgham Hall in Deeded,
Suffolk. BT her he had a son, Archibald,
third earl o: Gosford (1806-1864), and four
daughters, of whom Milliceut married Henry
Bence Jones [q. v J

[GK B, C[6kayne]'s Complete Peerage, m 61 ;
Foster's Peerage of the Brit. Kmp, p. 808;
Haydn's Book of Dignitiea (seo index, 'Gun*
ford 3; Lodge's Peer, of Ireland, vi, 81 ; Notow
and Queries, 2nd mr. ix. ^4, x i)9 ; Gent. Mug.
xxxi. 537 ; Official Boturn of Momtoors of Pad,
1878, pt. ii. (index, 'AchoHon'); ROHS'B Corn-
waJlis Corresp. iii. 310; Parl, DwbntoH, 183d,
xxvii, 1071-1112, 3rd Her, xlix, 882, Iv, 246-7;
Col Official List, 1800, p, 10; lecky's Hist, of
Ireland, v. 294; Parl. Papers, ISBGxxxix, 1-172,
1837 xxxiv. 1 ; Ann, Register, Chron, 1888 pp.
801-15, 1837 p, 209, 1838 p, 817; Brmww's
Can. Archives, 1883, pp. 10G~4 ; G-lobanisy'* &a
Rebellion de 1837-8, passim; David's Los
Patriotes de 1837-8, passim ; Garaeau'n Hint
du Can. iii. 311-60 ; Bibaud's Hist* <k Can* ii,
413-8 ; Greville's Memoirs, iii, U8 266, 271-2,
276-8; Edinburgh Review, cacxxiii. 319-20;
Saaders's Lord Melbourne's Papers, p> $84-4,
349-50; Leader's Life of Roebuck, p, - S j W-
Dole's Hist, of England, iv, 110-30; Chriutw'd
Sist, of Lower Can. vol. iv. passim; Bead's
Canadian Rebellion, oh. ix, and x,; Kmgsford's
Hist, of Can, ix, 686-634, x. M04.]

T.B.B,

ACLAND, Bis, HENRY WENT-
WORTH (1815-1900), physician, fourth
eon of Sir Thomaa Dyke Acia&d [a , 7.], wu
bom at Killerton, Exeter, on 23 Aug. 1816*
Sir Thomas Dyke Acland [q, v. Suppl." was
ais elder brother, Henry was educatec, first
, ?y Mr. Fisher, a jrivate tutor, to whom he
dwexl much, anc. afterwards at Harrow
School, which he entered between August
leSS and April 1829 ; he was placed in Mr,
Fherp '$ house, where, without achieving any
s^ec^a, 4istinctiojDi,he became a monitor and ft
, v taeqietplayer> Heleffc school at Easter 1882,
but did not matriculate at OhristGhurch, Ox-
: fed, until 2aOct. 1884, and graduatedfeA*

,ami M,n.

i mudo thn ac.-
IUM junior by

an artwtit?,

linn
London-

tal840,M\.184iS f M.lliu
in 1848. At Chrint Uhurdi h
quamtanctt of John Uuidtm,
four yoarfl, whilo both wtm* u
Acland was by nnt.urtt of
thutuafttiCf ami romantic tiMnpcriunwit , which
strongly appuuhul to Utmkin.nmi tlwtwtiiuwi
bocamo luMonff friond*. In 1HMH, luting in
delicate Iwalth* Adnnd HJIIWI, uwrly two
yoarn out of Ktulund, fop tlw mowi part
emitting in tho huUtormnniuj UM n gutwt
on board H.M.H. l**mbralw. \\h\\n thm
he vtaittul thu^wMrrn *\wr*m of tint I^vaut
to study th flito of tlm aiuncnt dty of i*r
^amoH, and to Mphm* ttw hatikA if thu
Simoia and Brnmantlrr, () of tin* ri'Hultn
of law tlmu viijttH tu thtt Twwd wiw nn utv
count of tlw pkmw of Troy, with i k mnommie
drawing, which ivn ^ttbtiMluui jy Jamtm
Wyatt at Oxford in ik'IU, 11^ afmt mado
caniful drawing of th nittw of tlm
churcht'M of AM a tmtntiontMt hy Nt, Paul,

In IH40 Adand wn* tdtu^tul fitlow of
All Htmk* (Jolli'tfu, Oxford, ftnii In tht mmi
ytar following thu winh of hin ftitht^ !**
ooiumniwufil tho ntujly of m<idu*imt, (nitoriti|
himntdf, Ijy tlm ad vice of Hir HtMijnmiit (\i,-
ism, n. w is^ q t v- ] f at y t)( <|m ir g 4 ,; HitnpHnl t

I.urini( 18454 hit worltml hnrtl at
with John Thomnn C^milottt
v,] t and nttondud tlai ltH5lur*m of (Hir)
Jiclmrd Owtw [<, v,] u^nm om(mrativu
anatomy. In 1H4 J hit mi#rAtmi tt> Hdin*
bur^h, wlur he livtnl with William
X*ultny Almtm (17IKJ iHfii)), the uni-
Terait" pwfowor of intHiidno. in IH44 1m
gainuc tljajjild mttdnltfivuii In thti tn*M of
nodical iUMprmUnoii for th bout nanny on
'Faigncd rnwrnity. 1 In lH4ft lut vtturiuHl to
Oxford on boing^ nppmntttti I *** r*imlt*r of
anatomy at ('hrit '.!!mrrh ( Oxford. Thnt
joaitbn lut hold until IHftH, It wim whiin
^ee'a rodr that )m bojmn t uiulor tltt* innpi*
ration of A!iwm and CJootkir, to ftmn at
Christ Chureh an anatomitmi mnl phymo-
logical lerien on the vlaii of tht liutttnvhut
Museum in London, tfwn under tlm mm ami
exposition of ttichwd Own, In IKW tie
waa admitted a licwntiata of the Uoyal Ool-

tee of l^vaieiane of Londnn t buintf ' ' "
a :dlow of tho aoltep in IHfiO, am;
ing the Ilarroian omtton in 1805, thu ,
occasion on which it waa given in Kngliah.
Ha served the aiflet of 'oonelliariua ' in tho
oollege t durin? the yiari IHW* H* 4, Mean-

the Boyai^ Society,

Acland*tt proffisiional positlan at Oxford
grew rapidly in, importance and influence.
In 1851 ja waa ap|mintdi jhyeioian to th
BadolifftittflmwyatOafeforc!! -

Acland i

professor of clinical medicine in succession
to Dr. John Kidd (1776-1851) [c x . v,~ In
1851 also he was appointed Kadc-ifFe libra-
rian, the library being then in the building
now known as the hadclifle Camera, He
assigned the Lee's readership in 1857 upon
his nomination to the high post of regius
-MTofeswor of medicine in the university of
Oxford and master of Ewelme Hospital.
He remained regius professor until 894,
and continued to -iold the office of Kadcliffe
librarian until a lew months before his death
in 1900. Acland was also a curator of the
Oxford University galleries and of the
Bodleian library. In I860 he was elected
an honorary student of Christ Church.

Outside Oxford Acland's medical attain-
ments also gained marked recognition. When
the General Medical Council was established
in 1858 Acland was chosen to represent the
university. He continued a member of the
council lor twenty-nine years, during thir-
teen of which (1874-87) he was president.
He was local secretary of the British Asso-
ciation in 1847 when it met for the second
time at Oxford, and in 1868 he was presi-
dent of the British Medical Association. In
18UO ho visited America as a member of the
suite of H.U.H. the Prince of Wales, and
on his return to England was appointed an
honorary physician to his royal highness.
lie was also physician to H.H.1L Prince
Lecnold, afterwards the Duke of Albany,
while ho was an undergraduate at Oxford.

Acland was a man of wide sympathies
and great versatility, who, by the accidents
of time and position, was able to exercise
a unique influence on ^tlxe teaching of medi-
cine and science at Oxford, Entering the
university as a teacher while he was still a
young man, he found it almost medipoval in
the character of its medical studies and
methods. He ( liyod to see the faculty of
medicine flourishing, in good repute, and
equipped with the latest means of scientific
investigation* But he was strongly opposed
to the idea of making Oxford merely a
medical school in the strictly medical sense.
He wished to give every medical graduate of
Oxford an opportunity of "aming the wide
culture for which the un .versity^ has long
been famed. He maintained that it was the
function of the university to give a liberal
education in ' arts/ and that a J tho sciences
ancillary to medicine could be well and
profitably taught within its walls, He was
of opinion^ however, that purely professional
medical studies could be pursued to greater
advantage in the metropoas and other large
centres of ^oiulation taan in Oxford* Im-
pressed wita iese views, and convinced that

i Acland

the whole question of the teaching of natural
science in Oxford depended upon their adop-
tion, he strove hard to introduce biology and
chemistry into the ordinary curriculum. In
this effort he was brilliantly successful in the
face of the most determined opposition, and
especial credit must be given to him for this
success, because others, perhaps equally far-
sighted, had given up the endeavour in de-*
spair and without a struggle in the belief
tliat the project was impossible. To accom-
plish his end Acland had the good fortune
to gather round him such firm friends and
strong allies as Dean Liddell, Canon Pusey,
Dean Church, Bishop Jacobeon, Dean Stan-
ley, and many others, by whose aid success
was at last achieved.

During the early years of his tenure of
the regius professorship the university was
rousec, from the apathy into which it bad
fallen as to both the study of modern science
and the teaching of mecicine, and Acland
devoted the best years of his life to establish
on a sound basis a great institution which
should encourage research and studv in
every branch of natural science, especially
in relation to the practice of medicine. This
institution is now known as the Oxford
Museum. In his efforts to bring his scheme
to fruition he had the sympathy and aid of
his friend Ruskin, who assisted him to ob-
tain, and even made some drawings for, the
projected building ; and Ruskin contributed
to a sketch of the museum's objects, which
Acland published under the title of ' The Ox-*
ford Museum ' in 1869. The foundation-stone
of the building was laid on 20 June 18135,
and it was opened in 1861. It forms a
nucleus which, it is hoped, will ultimately be
the centre of a cluster of buildings equipped
for the study of the whole realm of nature.
In 1862, at Acland's suggestion and on the
advice of Sidney Herbert and W. E. Glad-
stone, the Radcliffe^ trustees allowed the
collections of scientific and medical books
which formed the Radcliffe library to be
moved from the Radcliife Camera to the new
museum, at the same time increasing the
annual grant for the purchase of books. The
museum was thus put into possession of a
first-rate scientific library,

Acland devoted much time and thought
to the subject of state medicine, for he saw
early its relation to the morality and well-
bein not only of this country but of the
who-e civilisec world. In 1869 he served
on a royal commission to invest! -ate the
sanitary laws in England and Wa.es, and
he wrote at various times a considerable
number of pamphlets to show the effect of
sanitation upon the health of individuals,

Acland

12

Acland

communities, and nations. He also did Ms 1801 } wprmtml with Idituiiui m 1WM.
Sto mnrove the sanitary conditions of (The first, and mwrnid ml.tmn* nU ho r,,-
Oxford ant of Marsh Gibbon, a village in print contain lottow ; iwm Ihujkin.) >. M m-
S he *u interested as a trustee. gmphwd Hkfrtc A o ^ir Itei^min Ita,, V

Aclaud's services to medicine and medical London, 18(4, Bvo. 10. Ilio lliv;iiui
education were accorded high honours. In Oration/ London, IHflB.Hvo. 1. Modum!
1883 he was made a companion of the Bath, Education : a Unfair wUlnHii.l to Uw mi-
being promoted K.C.B. in 1884, and in 1890 thoritjos ot tlm Jo inn *" I 'wmtal
he was created a baronet. Among manv and tlu. . olmn llo>kiw Un vw y, Hnti-
other honorary distinctions A.clandw.18 both mow, W, hvo: t. lijMiir w t-nltwliln Iw
MD and LL D of Dublin, D.O.L. of Dur- cause it shown what tlnht tlm mmt. ui
ham! a member of the medical and philoso- univowity in tho Utiitwl Wiit.'H oww
phical societies of Philadelphia, Chnstiania, motlim m hnjcliuul. 12. "''' *
ithens, New York, and Massachusetts. He a tikutdi .drawn lor Urn Nw hvdi
was also a kni ? ht of the rose of Brazil, an So^ty,' London, IHH3 Hvo 1, ' f ,ml h m
order conferrec upon him in reeosmition of tho VillaffB,' Lmitlon, IHHl.Hvo. |.l.'Villng
hb seS irf tKvestigation of cholera Health and Village I Jf,' Uuln, lNHt,Hvo.

t

1888. vol. i.)! l>iluury nntimw in fchn

17 (H, IflOo, tho L>uut UW0, ii. UAH, and th

Acland nursing AOLANB, HtBTTIOMAH I>YK M (tHOfl-

ed and endowoc 1BUB}, politician awl wluoAtiimnl ritfc>nHi*r f

bom at Killorton, l)uvtmUins <m S25 May

oils of Sir Honry 180$), WOH tho ttUUmt tm <f Hir Thottmi

Hir

in 1856. [Porsonal knowkjfft* j Hh Htmry

Acland died at his house in Broacl Street "^orks; Uingmphy in M!ut,t)mju>mry M(tititttl

on 16 Oct. 1900, and waa buried in Eolywell ^n and their ProftmHitwHl Wurk* (Lwu'<Ht^^

cemetery at Oxford on the 19th.
He married, on l^ July 1846, SaraK the

eldest dan " " "

1866) [ay.

one daughter. AAAO OAU^OW w, **,*.****. .!..* i. '

son Dy^ce Acland, captain H.N., succeodod ^ ldl y Bi*on l) y - - - - ])|A> ^

25 Oct. 1878^and the Sarah Acland nursing AOLANB, Sin THOMAS I>YK M (
home at Oxford was founded
in her memory,

A half-length portrait in oils of Sir Honry ,

Acland, painted Dy Mr. W, W, Ouless, U.A,, D;'k Aftland JI7H7-1K71) [q,v,] f by hw

was exhibited at the Koyal Academy in w-fo Lydia KVffnbut.Ii, only daufrhtttr cff

1886; it is now in tlie possession of his son, Htmry Iluan) of Mitdmin Clruvtt, himd |

*Dr. Theodore Dyke AciTand, ner in th wall-known lirm of biinhurit.

Acland published : 1, * The Plains of Troy. Henry Wontwort-h Aulaiut I*!* v.

Illustrated by a Panoramic Drawing taken was MB youn-w bw>thr Tlunnnn

oa the spot, and a Map constructed after educated at Harrow wlww in lH*Jfl bti

the latest Survey/ Oxford, 1889, Svo and won tlm Ptwl pr'ww with a tlwM^rtafmn ptil>

foL 2, 'Letter from a Student on some Hahod in tho mim jmf m M*mtio numt

Moral Difficulties in his Studies/ London, mate Pwliano diynnto *t in Hfih!m Ilnrro-

1841, Svo, $. ' Feigned Insanity; how vionsia Amlitorin' rwoitata di lun. 1 A*r

most usually simulated and how best de mdcccxxvi J (Loiultm, Hv)- -nd lit (Jhriit

tected,' London, 1844, 8vo; 4, 'llemarhs Ohurch, Oxford, wlwnm* Iw ttifttriflultttmi on

on the Extension of Education at the Uni- 28 Jumi 18tJ7, and gruduattu! liA, with a

versity of Oxford,* Oxford, 1848, 8vo, double ftrat in 181 ami M. A, In 188B. llii

6. ^Synopsis of the Physiological Series in tutor wai Thomai vowlwr Short [c.v.] f and

the Christ Church Museum, arranged for among his Mantis w*sns W* E, m 1 ^ """

the use of Students after the plan of tho Sir Francis Doyle* Lrrd UUu'UFoni

Hunterian Collection/ Oxford, 18154, 4toj Elgin, and Frodttriek t)onion M

an interesting- work, as it shows the in- From 1SBI to 1BB0 b Wtt fallow of All

fluence exercised by his London and Edin- Souls', and in 1BB7 lie ww nturnd to parUiiF

burgh teachers modified by his Oxford sur- ment as constirvativa mwmbar for Wnt

noundin % s. 6* ' Memoir of the Cholera at Somerset, At tlm tonm! eltiGtinn of 1841

Oxford :nthe year 1854, with considerations to declined to ldnt:fy hlmatlf with the wi*

suggested by the Epidemic. Maps and Plans,' teotionist f and thouA hs ihownd IcMin nfpi

London, 1866, 4to. 7. 4 Notes on Drainage, towards the Young :ncland party durinfl
, with especial reference to the Sowers and that parliament* h foiowdl Pmil on bfi

S^am76 of the Upper Thames/ London, oonversion to ftw trad and did not iwk
1,857, 3vo. 8. 'The Oxford Museum/ Oac- teel^tion to parliamimt in 1B47*

IMfy Bro i 2nd edit I860 j 3rd edit Aolaud had from to fin* iatmitoa Urn-

Aclancl i;

self in educational matters ; his early efforts
were devoted to the maintenance and defence
of church schools, and to the establishment
of diocesan theological colleges, but later on
he became an advocate of more liberal edu-
cational projects. In 1857-8 he took the
leading- part in the establishment of the
Oxford local examinations system, publishing
in 1858 ' Some Account of the Origin anc.
Objects of the new Oxford Examinations'
(London, 8vo), which reached a second edi-
tion in the same year ; on 14 June in the
same year he was created IXCJL of Oxford
University, He had equally at heart the
improvement of Englisli agriculture and
the promotion of technical education for the
benefit of practical farmers, and much of
the auccoss of the Bath and West of England
Agricultural Society (the 'Journal* of which
ha conducted for seven years) was clue to
his efforts. In 1851 he published 'The
Farming of Somersetshire ' (London, 8vo) ;
and forty years later he wrote an * Intro-
duction to the Chemistry of Farming-, spe-
cially prepared for Practical Farmers ? (Lon-
don, 1&91, 8vo),

Acland also took an active part in the
volunteer movement; he raised five corps
of mounted rifles, was lieutenant-colonel of
the 3rd Devonshire volunteer rifles from
18(50 to 1881,, major of the 1st Devonshire
ytioraanry cavalry from 1872, and published
< Mounted Rilles ' (London, 1860, 12mo)
and ' Principle^ and Practice of Volunteer
Discipline* (London, 1808, 8vo). Acland
was at the same time a discriminating patron
of art, and was one of the early admirers of
Millais, purchasing in 1854 his wall* known
portrait of Kuakin standing by the river
iYinlaHB ; two sketches by Killaifl, in which
Acland figures, both elating from 1858, are
reproduced in.T, G. MillniH'a ' Life of Milluia'
(1^90, i. 202*3). Another of his friends was
Kuskin, and in 1871 Acland and William
Francis Opwper (afterwards Boron Mount-
Temple) V L , v, &up;>i] wore the original
triiHtoon o lluHkjn'H Iluild of St. George [see
Ittrsxisr, JOHN, SuppL]

In 1H/39 Aeland unsuccessfully contested
Birmingham as a moderate liberal against
John Bright [q,v, Suppl], but in 1805 he
was returned aa a liberal for North Devon-
shire, the representation of which he shared
with Sir Stafford Northcote [q. v.] (after-
wards Earl of Iddeslei^h) for twenty years.
Ho served on the scaools commission in
1864-7., and took an unusually active part
in tftxft debates in committee on W. E Fors-
tar's education bill in 1 870-1 , Ho succeodad
hk father as eleventh baronet on 522 July
1S71 ? and was sworn of the privy council in

\ Adair

1888; on 30 April 1880 he moved the re-
election of Henry Bouverie William Brand
(afterwards Viscount Hampden) [a, v. SuppL]
to the speakership, In November 1885 he was
returned to parliament for West Somerset.
In the following June he voted in favour of
Gladstone's first home rule bill, and; as a
consequence, was defeated by Charles Isaac
Elton jj. v. SuppL] in July 1886, This
closed is political career; he died at Killer-
ton on 29 Hay 1898, ten days after hisfrieixd
Gladstone, who was seven months his junior ;
he was buried in the family vault at Culm
St. John on 3 June, A committee has re-
cently been formed for the purpose of erect-
ing at Oxford a memorial to Acland in re-
cognition of his services to the cause of edu-
cation (see Times, 6 Nov. 1900),

Acland married, first, on 14 March 1841,
Mary, eldest daughter of Sir Charles Mor-
daunt, bart., by whom he had issue two
daughters and three sons, viz. Sir Charles
Thomas Dyke Acland, twelfth and present
baronet, JBrancis Gilbert (& 1874), and the
Eight Hon* Arthur Herbert Dyke Acland,
vice-president of the committee of coun-
cil on education from 1892 to 1895. His
first wife died on 11 June 1851, and on
8 June 1856 Acland married Mary, only sur-
viving child of John Erskine, and niece of
the second earl of Bosslyn; she died on
14 May 1892,

Besides the works mentioned above, and
a number of speeches and pamphlets, Ac-
land published : 1. ' Meat, Milk, and Wheat
... to which is added a Beview of the
Questions at issue between Mr. "afterwards
Sir John Bennett] Lawes [c .v. SuppL] and
Baron Liebi^,' London, 18~57, 8vo; and
2* ' Knowledge, Duty, and Faith ; sugges-
tions for the Study of Principles, , . / Lon-
don, 1896, 8vo.

[Times, 30 May and 4 June, 1898, and 6 Nov.
1000; .Daily News, 30 May 1898; Poster's
Alumni Qxon, 1710-1836; Annual Krister,
1808 ; Hansard'8 ParL Debates ; Official I-Utura
of Members of Far!.; Burke's and Poster's
Peerages; Men of the Time, 1896; Andrew
Lan*8 Life and Letters of Sir Stafford North-
cote, 1890 ; H. L. Thompson's Memoir of Dean
Ljddell, 1900, pp. 268, 271-2; OollingwoorVs
Life of Buskin ; Mowbray's Seventy Years at
Westminster, p. 47 j Tuokwoll's Bernini* concos
of Oxford, 1900; J, GkHillafrt Life of Millais,
1899 ; Acland's works in Brit. Mus. Library.]

A, T? P P.

ADAIE, JAMBS (ft. 1775), historian of
the American Indians, was probably an
offahoot of the Adair family of Kinhilt, ,
Wigtownshire, He went out to America in
1785, and spent the following forty years of

Adair

Adams

his life as a trader among the Indians of
Georgia and the two Carolmas. He was a
close and sympathetic observer of Indian
life and customs, and m 1776, stimulated
by the encouragement of a few intimate
friends, such as Sir William Johnson, bart,
Colonel George Craghan, George Gulp im,
and Lachlan M'Gilwray,he determined to
throw his notes into the form of a book
He mentions a string of disadvantages
under which he laboured, notably The
: ealousy, secrecy, and closeness ot the
"-ndians, but hoped to be able to correct the
very sxiperficial notions that prevailed as to
their civilisation, His book was called
< The History of the American Indians ; : *
containing an Account of their Origin,
Lan -uage, Manners, ... and other 1 par-
ticulars, sufficient to render it A Complete
Indian System . . . with A New Map ot
the Country ' (London, 4to). .

The value of Adair's work as snowing
the relations between the Indians and the
English traders was recognised, and a Gor-
man translation appeared at Brealau in
1782, It must be admitted that a very
disproportionate s^ace is given to tho hypo-
thesis that the American Indiana are de-
scended from the lost ten tribes of Iwaol
Thomas Thorow ;ood, adopting an old idea
of the Spanish Z^as Casas, had first main-
tained this theory in English in 1650 in his
< Jewes in America.' Both Roger Williams
and Jonathan Edwards seemed rather in**
clined to favour the view, which, as elabo-
rately set forth by Adair, has since found
champions in Elias Boudinot (' Star in the
West,'1816) and in Edward King, viscount
Kangsborough [q. v,] Among the points of
similarity between the Jews and Indians,
Adair emphasised the division into tribes,
worship of a great spirit, Jehovah, notions
of a theocracy, of ablutions and uncleannoBS,
cities of refuge, and practices as regards di-
vorce and raising seed to a deceased brother*
The bias imparted by this theory to many
of Adair's remarks led Volney to condemn
the whole book unjustly in his ' Tableau
du Climat et du Sol des Etats-Unis ' (p,433).
The second half of the book is more strictly
'An Account of the Katahba, Cherake
Muskohge,0hoktah, and Ohikkasah Nations.'
Lord Kmgsborough reprinted the whole of
the first part of Adair's work in the eighth
volume of his sumptuous ' Mexican An-
tiquities ' (1830 fol.), with an appendix of
notes and illustrations from inedited works
by French and Spanish authors, ' affording
the most satisfactory proofs of Adairs
veracity in the minutest particulars/ Adair's
map of the American Indian nations is

partially reproduced in Wmaor'w 'Ilwtory
of America/ (vii 448).

[Adah's Hintory, 177fi; I/ml KinpfHlmrou jjh'g
Mexican Antiuuiticfl, volH, vi and viii,; Win-
sor'B Hist, of America, i. 110, 3*0, Bttft, 424,
v. 68 ; IPiold'fl Indian Bibliography ; Bimoroft'H
Native EacoB, v. 91 (opitomtHin jf Adair'H VI<WM) ;
AllibontffJ Diet, of Kn^tinh L torttturo ; Hiti^r.
Diet, of S.D,U,K, 1842, i. mi.] T. W,

ADAMS, TOANOTS WILLTAM I.AU-
DIDRDALlfi (1HO:MK(W), author, born at,
Malta on a? Snt. 1N*&, wiw gmiulwmi of
Francis Adatun q, v/] and mm f Andnw
Loith Atlams [q.v.] who marritul on 2<H)ct,
I860 Btn'tha JIUMS <lhwti dauglitor of Vw*
dcriclc Gruwly of thn Avontus Hnwiwicfc
Tie WB edwcatwl at ft privatw Hrlwl at
ShrowHbury--lht; (UnHtonljury of hin auto-
biographical writing and from IH7W to 1HHO
at ?am Aftnr two ynam* *Kjmriwu'<aH an-
sifttant rnant sr at, Vimt mr ( 1< l !*, \w mnrriwl
and wont to Aimtraliti. Thons ntiiid om

, -- .siKwrnn,

lowod until, in IKHH, h flrwtort a

iwmo of htR * Bcmp of th Armyof tho N ight .,'
JIi vorRO IB chaotic, hut tho utopitm forvonr
of the pocsnw IR Ht4'tkii% awl t In* nrijfmnlitv
oftim intimiw, Thu book wiw thrico r^j
lishd in London* 1 It^ miw wvritt* winu*
Australian gltchB for tint '"

tho

In hii

which too oft^n MU^wt tht* minor |utt com
to judpttimt, for t,iu ' Ntnv Hivf"*" ' A ^"**
a couple of yuw in Mnjilnnd, 1u, ,
wintor of lHOil-8 in Attfxnntlriii,
hard againnt incurnblw lung dtmiiiius in hii
endeavour to finih a work irmn tlm itiitjtilty
of the British ocoinfttion of .{gytit.. During
the summttrhunuttrUtiUonUw Uond, Mr
gate, whWi on 4 Mpt. iHUrt, in a fit of
dttproBflion ft>Uowing htv r ICMW of Wwwl,
lie mortally wounded himfw.f with a pUtol,
IIo was frwioe marriatl, but hft no iue*
Peraonftlly he wa a mm of rfturmlttg raannar
and no mall litawry faculty. 1 1 i pMftionAto
sympathy with the outuuit m& ojtpnMifld
dn)va him into mm*f both in thought awl
exprwicm, Ilia aehiavamtnt, llkit tlutt of
Marie Baahbirt^^ derivei muah 0f its in**
tercat from hk sadly pr^mihtura *vut; but
what h@ might have jushlavwi by th m^
cise of due artifttic nmtrtunt in fit Imnt indi-
cated by his ine drams * Titerium* mbml v
ing a powerful original ooncwptirm of tiit
-tyrant w the deli^mti though - 1 -*--*

Adams 15

exterminator of the anti-social gang of greedy
and lustful Roman aristocrats.

Adams published: 1. 'Henry and other
Tales: a volume of Poems/ London, 1884.
2, 'Leicester: an Autobiography,' London,
1885. 3. 'Australian Essavs/ Melbourne
and London, 1886, 4. ' Maceline Brown's
Murder/ Sydney, 1880, 5, < Poetical Works/
Brisbane and London, 1886. 6. * Songs of
the Army of the Nbht/ Sydney, 1888 ; Jjon-
don,1890, 1893, and 1894, 7. < John Webb's
End : a Story of Bush Life/ London, 1891.
8. 'The Melbournians : a Novel/ London,

1892. 9. * Australian Life : Short Stories/

1893. Posthumously were issued : 10. 'The
New Egypt : a Social Sketch/ 1893 ; dedi-
cated to Jr. W Longsdon, who saw the un-
finished work through the press after his
frond's death, 11, 'Tiberius: a Drama/
with portrait and introduction by Mr. W, M.
Itofisetti, 1894; dedicated to his brother,
who had died of consumption in Queensland
on 13 Sept. 1892, l 'A Child of the
Age/ 1894 ; a very elaborate rifacimento of
'Leicester.' 13. * Essay a in Modernity: Cri-
ticisms and Dialogues/ 1899.

[Introductions to Songs of the Army of the
Nifcht and Tiber! UH, both in the 1804 edition,
win portraits; Times and Daily Cliron. 5 and
6 Sept, 1893; Athenaeum, 1893, ii. 359, 629;
Saturday Ho view, 21 July 1894 ; Boose's Modern
English Biogr. 1892, p. 15; Brit. Mus. Oat.]

T. 8.

ADAMS, JOHN COUCH ( 181 9-1892),
astronomer, and discoverer of the planet
1 Neptune/ born on 5 Juno 1819 at Lid-
cot, near Launcoflton, Cornwall, was eldest
son of Thomas Adams, a tenant farmer, by
his wife Tabitha Knill Grylls, the possessor
of a small eflfcato. He 'read at an early
nge some books on astronomy inherited by
hirt mother, established a sundial on the
parlour window-sill, and observed solar alti-
'"tuloB with an instrument constructed by
himfielf out of ^ pasteboard. II is education,
begun at the village school of Laneast, was
continued under his relative, John Couch.
Grylla, first at Bovonport, later at Saltaslx
ant, Landulph, All his snare time was given
to astronomy* He Btuuod the subject in
the library of the Mechanics' Institute at
Pevonport, read Samuel Vince's * Fluxions/
drew maps of the constellations, and com*
puted ceTaKtial phenomena. His account of
~he partial solar eclipse of 15 May 1885,
viewed at Stoke * with a small spyglass/ got
into print in the London papers ,* and alter
three weeks' watching ho caught sight of
Halley'ft comet on 16 Get 1885, The deve-
lopment of his genius for mathematics de*-
termined Ms parents to afford him a uni-

Adams

versity career, and in October 1839 he
entered St. John's College, Cambridge, as a
sizar. He graduated in 1843 as senior
wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and
became shortly afterwards a fellow and
tutor of his college.

At the age of twenty-two Adams, after a
thorough study of the irregularities in the
motion of the planet Uranus, perceived that
they were due to the presence of an exterior
planet, the existence of which was not yet
recognised. He thereupon formed the design
of locating in the sky the undiscovered ex-
terior planet. A memorandum to that effect,
dated 3 July 1841, is preserved among his
papers, and he had no sooner taken his
degree than he attacked the problem. Find-
ing it soluble, he applied, through James
Challis [q. v/, to Sir George Biddell Airy
[q. v.Suppl.l :or complete observational data,
and with their aid obtained values for the
mass, heliocentric longitude, and elliptic ele^
ments of the unseen body. These Adams
communicated to Challis in September 1845.
A paper embodying the same results, and
containing, as Chai; is said, ' the earliest evi-
dence of the complete solution of an inverse
problem of perturbations/ was deposited by
Adams at the Hoyal Observatory, Green-
wich, on 21 Oct. 1846, after two fruitless
attempts to obtain an interview with Airy.
Seven months later, the French astronomer
Leverrier announced a conclusion similar to
Adams's, and in consequence a search for
the missin" planet was "begun by Ohallis on,
29 July 140, The new planet, which, was
christened i Neptune/ was however, dis-
covered at Berlin \rr_ the astronomer Galle
on 23 Sept. from ^everrier's indications,
Adams's theory remaining un divulged. The
first public mention of his name relative
to the event was by Sir John Herschel
in the * Athenaeum' of 3 Oct, and a letter
frdm ^ Challis to that journal on 17 Oct.
described in detail the transactions between
Adams, Airy, and himself. But ' there was
naturally a disinclination to give full credit
to facts thus suddenly brougkt to light at
such a time. It was startling to realise that
the astronomer royal had in his possession
the data which would have enabled the
planet to be discovered nearly a year before.
Jn the other hand, it seemec extraordinary
that a competent mathematician, who had
determined the orbit of the disturbing planet,
should have been content to refrain for so
long from making public his results* (GL&x-
snj3B, Biographical Notice, p. xxii), Adams
himself explained, forty years later, that his
reticence was due to lus wish that the En, ;-
lish astronomers, to whom lie imparted ti.s

Adams

Adams

calculations, mi tot 'loolc for the planet and
find it, so that tuis country origin have had
the full credit of the discovery' (private
letter). He sent Airy improved elements
of the planet on 2 Sept. 1846, and drew up
shortly afterwards a paper on the sublet
for the British Association, but readied
Southampton a day too late to present it*
Finally, on 13 Nov. 1846, he laid sefortj the
Boyal Astronomical Society the long-sup-
pressed investigation in which he^ had de-
termined, from the irregularities of Uranus,
the orbit and place of Neptune (Mnnoirs
Royal Astronomical Soc 4 vol.xyi,); ^ The im-
portance attached to it was signified by its
issue as an appendix to the ' Nautical Al-
manac' for l&Tl, and as a supplement to
No. 593 of the * Astronomische Nachrichten*
(2 March 1847). A French version, with a
brief appendix by Adams, appeared in 1870

' in Liouville's ' Journal de MatU6matiq lies'
(ii. 83).

The publication stirred widespread ex-
citement. A long and bitter controversy
ensued. The scientific world split into
'Adamite 'and ' anti-Adamite' factions. But
their contentions were unshared by tlifl per-
sonages to whom they related. AdamaVi
conduct throughout was marked by the
utmost dignity and forbearance, He ut-
tered no complaint; he laid no claim to
priority; Leverrier had no warmer adrairor.
3[e made personal acquaintance wi f h him at
the Oxford meeting of the British Associa-
tion in June 1847, and both were Sir John
Herschel'a guests at Oollingwood in the en-
suin ' month.

Ac.ams refused knighthood in 1847, but
the Adams prize, awarded bi-annually for
the best essay in astronomy, mathematics,
or physics, was founded in 1848, at the uni-
versity of Cambridge, to commemorate his
( deductive discovery ' of Neptune, He was
elected a fellow 01 the Royal Society on
7 June 1849. He observed the total eclipse
of the sun on 28 July 1851 at Frederiksvaem
in Sweden (Memoirs Royal Astron. Soc t xxi.
103). Adams was an unsuccessful candi-
date for the post of superintendent of the
* Nautical Almanac,' vacant by the death of
William Samuel Stratford fo, v,] in 1858,
His fellowship at St. John's expiring in
3862, he was elected in February 1858 'to a
fellowship of Pembroke College, which he
held uuC his 'death. He occupied the chair
of mathematics in the university of St, An-
drews toiflg the session of 1858-9, vacat-
ing it "iti obnsequenee of his election, late
i*T 18B, to succeed George Peacock [4, v,"

, as kowiicleafli professor of astronomy and
at- Cambridge, His lectures m

ly
hut tlu>

in

this capacity woro gimorally on thu lunar
theory*

Adams's new tablm of tha lunar parallax,
conimumcutod to tho Itoyal Agronomical
Society in IHfilJ, woro appnudwl to tlm
1 Nautical Almanac * for '1850, In 185,1 lw
presented to tlw Ko^al Hooioty a memoir on
the secular accol oration of ilw moon** moan
motion, domoiMtratinK thoim*om~>lttt<mnHM of
La->laco'a explanation of thts p-iwuimtjn
(Pitt Tram, cxliii. ?), Thin vnw high
diapleasmpf to Frtnioh ^untu^
attacks of Pinna, Ilatm^n, an<l
left unshaktm coiu,hwiottH which worn i
londontly voriHi'd by Doliutnuy,
Sir John William Ltihbo'4c|t|,v,
"liod to o]bj(M?t.ioiJH in th * Monthly
Cor April IHtJOj Flana atitntipttid a ft}tn
in a serins of ltttff to Sir John liuhlttirtfi in
Juno " ami PoutAconiantntmttnutul lor wtma
time -onjjfor to \VF$H thnuutharn nr^ummti
in the '(kwnptw^ RoniluM, 1 At^ ndmimblti
account of th dirtmiHMion wiw iitMttrtml hy
Dolunnay in tlm * (JonnulMMtutcu *!* 'IVmjw*
for JHtU, AditmH nflmut hi *ntt!mtin nnd
improved hm rwult in ]>ii|wrM iiuhtiiti
thu 'Oomptt'H HonluH f for ilnnunry
and in ( Monthly Notiwn,* Jhiiw iHHt), Tim
iinal upshot, wan to mlu^n tho vnliu* for
lunar uccttlorut.it >n fmm 10 tn iilmut M a
contury, (Hhr points nonm^tml with tlm
lunur thoory won* trnntiul of by him In
aeparat.0 momoiw prjtmmti^l at itttrviU to
tho Uoyal AHtrnnonucul Noriotv*

The Leonid fthnw**r of \m\ (tirrwUHl hh
attention to tho mtmnnt*nt of tluwu mttfwim,
Laborimwly calculating th Him* trm
thum of plantitury pitrt urbfttinntif 1m npp ii*d
thwjfn fti A oritoriim f<;r tlm thttitrmhmtitm of
thoir orbit and ptirltnl (M**nthty A^//(Wy
xxvii. 1247)* Tlii, iiktt most of bin* work, WM
deftnitivoly done, Ili pubUnhiul writing*
in pure matlmmtitiwi ww mnrttnttigfttit tlrnn
extannive, but 1m wroywl mnnipttUtittMiiong
lines of ftguroi;, awl, .Mving tialeulatnd thirty*
one ' BarufnuUian intnilH^n, 1 !m 0mphyt<d
them to obtain tlm valiwi of * Kutiir** oon
istant'to mi pkeoi of dm-unnU. lit* iiui
wan frequently aikd and gntntod in aom*
putation* of anoitmt flctUp*i und of 0tbnr
astroncmtiaal ^hotiomcna, ll WD,I m ami*
duous ttuden*i of Sir Imao Newton** work f
and catalogued with Inbomte ORW tlii
voluminotw opltation of hii manusaript*
prasentad by l*ord Portsmouth to the unl*
vawlty. lie luooewled Uhallia m dirwtor
of the Cambrid^ obiirvntnry in 1881 1 and
the gqubitiott En W70 of a ftm trannir*
circle by Bimms dwld^d him to undfftatca
one of the itaMontis aMignnd for cibwrvatlon
to various <KKp0mfcwi by tht

Adams i

Astronomische Gesellschaft. The practical
part of the work was done by Mr, Graham,
Adams's assistant, and the primary results
were published in 1897.

Adams presided over the Royal Astro-
nomical Society for the terms 1851-3 and
1874r-6, A testimonial was bestowed upon
him by the society in. 1848 for his researches
into the perturbations of Uranus, and their
old mecal in 1866 for. his contributions to
lunar theory. The Koyal Society adjudged
him the Copley medal in 1848. Honorary
degrees were conferred upon him by the
universities of Oxford and Cambridge, of
Edinburgh, Dublin, and Bologna. He was
a corresponding member of many foreign
societies, inducing the Academies of Paris
and St. Petersburg. He declined the office
of astronomer royal on Airy's resignation of
it in 1881. In 1884 he acted as one of the
delegates for Great Britain at the Interna-
tional Meridian Conference of Washington.

He died after a long illness on 21 Jan. 1892,
and was buried in St. Giles's cemetery, Cam-
bridge, A portrait medallion of him by Mr.
Bruce Joy was in 1896 placed in Westminster
Abbey, close to the grave of Newton, and a
bust .by the same artist was presented by
Mrs. Adams to St. John's College. Portraits
of him, painted respectively by Mogford in
1851 and by Herkomer in 1888, are in the
combination rooms of St, John's and of
Pembroke Colleges. A memorial tablet to
him was erected in Truro Cathedral on
27 May 1893 (Observatory, xvi. 378), and a
"bust, executed when he was a young man,
stands on the^ staircase of the Iloyal Astro-
nomical Society's rooms in Burlington
House, A photograph of him, taken by
Mrs. Myers four mouths before his death, was
engraved in the ' Observatory ' for April 1892.

'Adams was a man of learning as well as
a man of science. He was an omnivorous
reader, and, his memory being exact and
retentive, there were few subjects upon
which he was not possessed of accurate in-
formation. Botany, geology, history, and
divinity, all had their share of his eager
attention' (GxAisHER), He enjoyed novels,
and collected ei -ht hundred volumes of
early printed boo-<$, which he bequeathed to
the 'University library of Cambridge. Great
political questions affected him, deeply, and
1 in times of public excitement his interest
was BO intense that he could scarcely work
or sleep. 1 ' His nature was sympathetic and
generous* and in few men have the moral
and intellectual qualities been more perfectly
balanced.' The honours showered upon him,
Dr. Donald Mac Alister wrote, t left him as
they found him modest, gentle, and sin-

VQfc,

i Adams

cere/ lie married in 1863 Eliza, daughter
of Haliday Bruce of Dublin, who survives
him.

The first volume of his ' Scientific Papers '
was published in 1896 at the University
Press, Cambridge, under the editorshn of
his youngest Brother, Professor WiOam
Grylls Adams, F.It.S. A biographical notice
by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher, and a steel en-
graving by Stodart from a photograph of
Adams by Ma^rall, are prefixec. This volume
includes all his published writings. A se-
cond volume containing those left in manu-
script, so far as they could be made avail-
able for publication, appeared in 1901, edited
by Prof. W, Grylls Adams and Mr. R. A.
Sampson, M.A,

^Memoir by Dr. Q-laiflher prefixed to Adams's
Scientific Papers ; Monthly Notices, liii, 1S4?
Observatory, xv, 174; Kar-ure, xxxiv. 665, xlv.
801 ; Astronomical Journal, No. 254 ; Grant's
History of Physical Astronomy, , 168 ; Edin-
burgh Review, No. 381, p. 71 J A. M. C.

ADAMS, WILLIAM HENRY DAVEN-
PORT (1828-1891), miscellaneous writer,
born in London on 6 May 1828, grandson of
Captain Adams, K.N. (d. 1806), was the only
son of Samuel Adams (6. Ashburton, in Devon*
shire, 1798, d. 1853), who married in 1827
Elizabeth Mary Snell. He was christened
William Henry, and assumed the additional
name of Davenport by the desire of his
great-uncle, Major Davenport. He was edu-
cated privately, under George Dawson, and
became an omnivorous reader. After some
experience as a teacher of special subjects in
private families, he began a life of unceasing
Jterary toil by editing a provincial news-
paper in the Isle of Wight, and while still
young established a connection with the
Condon press through such journals as the
'Literary Gazette/ the * London Journal/
and * London Society/ He made some repu-
tation in turn as a writer of popular science^
a writer for boys, a translator, and a lexi-
cographer. He supervised a new edition of
Macken2ie's ' National Cyclopedia/ and did
a large amount of reading and writing for
Messrs. Black (for whom he wrote ' Guides *
to Kent and Surrey), for Bladkie & Son of
Glasgow, ard Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh.
In 1870 he founded the 'Scottish Guardian,*
which he edited down to 1878, and subse-
quently he projected and edited a series of
volumes caLed 'The Whitefriars Library of
Wit and Humour.' He died at Wimbledon
on 30 Dec. 1891, and was buried at Kensal
Green. He married in 1860 Sarah Esther
Morgan, a Welsh lady, by whom he left
two sons and two daughters, his eldest son,
W. Davenport Adams, being the author

Adler

18

Adye

of the 'Dictionary of English Literature*
(1878).

Adams's voluminous compilations, num-
bering nearly 140 in all, include a number
of useful translations from the French of L.
Figuier, J. 0. F. Hoefer, A. Mangin, Jules
Michelet, and B. H. Rvoil. His best work
is contained in the following : 1. ' History,
Tomography, and Antic uities of the Isle of
Wiht/ 1856 and 18fc4. 2. < Memorable
Battles in English History/ 1862, 1868, and

1878. 3. ' Famous Regiments/ 1864. 4. ' Fa-
mous Ships of the British Navy/ 1808.
5. < Lighthouses and Lightships/ 1870, 1876,

1879. 6. 'The Arctic World: its Plants,
Animals, and Natural Phenomena/ 1876.
7 'The Bird World/ 1877. 8. 'English
Party Leaders/ 2 vols. 1878. 9. ' The Merry
Monarch/ 1885. 10. ' England on the Sea/
2 vols. 1885. 11. ' England at War/ 2 vols,
1886. 12. 'Good Queen Anne/ 1886. 13. 'A
Concordance to the Plays of Shakespeare/
1886. 14. ' Witch, Warlock, and Magician/
1889. He also edited a single-volume anno-
tated edition of Shakespeare's ' Plays/

[Times, 31 Dec. 1891 ; Ann. ftep 1891 ;
Ualkett and Icing's Diet, of Anon, and jteendon.
Lit. pp. 609, 1689, 2460, 2530, 2682, 2829;
Biograph, September 1879 j private informa-
tion,] T. 8,

ADLEB, NATHAN MARCUS (1803-
1890), chief rabbi, born at Hanovor on
15 Jan. 1803, -was third son of Mordocai
Adler, rabbi in Hanover, and grand-nephew
of Rabbi David Tewele SdhUf, chief rabbi of
London in the reign of George III (from
1765 to 1792), In addition to careful in-
struction in Hebrew and theology, he received
a good general education, and he attended
successively the universities of Gottingen,
Erlangen, Wiirzburg, and Heidelberg, On
27 March 1828 he received a certificate of
ordination from Abraham Bing, the chief
rabbi of Wiirzburg, and on 6 June graduated
PLD. from the university of Erlan^en, In
1829 he was elected chief rabbi of tue grand
duchy of Oldenburg, and in 1880 he under-
took the office of chief rabbi of Hanover,
which his father was unable to fill from lack
of qualifications required by the government*
On 13 Oct. 1844 he was elected chief rabbi
of London, in succession to Rabbi Solomon
" Hirschel [c. v.], and on 9 July 1846 was in-
stalled at tae ^reat synagogue. He entered
on his office shortly after the foundation of
the 'reform' congregation in Burton Street,
at a time when one "Darty in the Jewish
cHurch was urging rap;,d innovation, while
another was opposing all change. Adler re-
presented the moderate party, which desired

to effect improvement by gradual modifica-
tions, II is first efforts wtr for the im-
provement of Jewish school H, eHpuciaily of
those for the middle clam 1 1 hmpoctud the
schools and jjomtod out thoir dolUimsleH,
On his inithitive & training 1 enllog'o for the
Jewish ministry, known UH JOWH' Oolk^tj,
was founded nt 10 Kinnbury Hquaru on
11 Nov. 1 855, From him aim) 'proaiiodwl, ou
24 Sept. 1BOO, the ilrt ( propuwil tor uniting
the English conpfrogalioiw tmdor on ma-
nagement, which roHuHod in the puHnagfl of
the Unitod Hyna^oj^uoH bill through purlia-
mont in 1870, For many yearn Iw livwi at
4 Crosby H<; itaro, BiMliopHgnto, Huhwnqitently
ho romovou to UJ Fuwbury Hquuw, and in
1880 ho left London for Itaffhum, whiirw ho
took a houHe at JUJ Firwt Avonuo. II in aon>
I)r. Hermann Adlor, WIIH at thw amo time
ap'jomtod to porform tho main dutioH f Im
oillce, witli t\w t,itltM>f dhffat ohiwf rabbi,
Dr. Acllwr diil at h'w rtwi<iinco at. Hriglittm
on 21 Jan, 1 HiK), and WIIH luriwd at Wtltondou
cemetury on I2M Jan.

Adlor wan twice marnwl. By hi Urut
wife, Honriotta Wormn (tL IHfrl), of Kmuk*
fort, he had ilvo children -two MOUH and thnta
daughters. Th younger MOII, Dr. Unrmann
Adlor, Hucc<Hdiwl him aw tihinf rabbi* By
his ocH>nd wifw, CoUwtine Lehfoldti who
Hurvivod him, h^ had ont^ mm aud tw< <iaugh-

A portrait of Adler by Hoi onion Alexander
Hart [q, vj i in the v*wt py ntom of the |jr*iat
fiywagogui^ and another hv Mr. ii B. M&rkn
was presented to the council by the pnwukiit
of tho united s^na^ogtie.

Adlar pwblw.ul Meveral Aermonn v and WM
tho author of a Hebrew commentary on
Ohaldee paraphrase of Onkettm on the I*e
teuch, ' Nettnah la-ger/ WUna, IB74 1
edit* 1877,

[Jewtoh Qwrterly Bwtaw, July 1^00 j Jewimh
OhronicU, 24, n Jam 1800 j iiltigmph, l^lif-
18-.J R L 0,

ADYE, 8m JOHN MILLER (WB-
1900), fftnpal t bom at Btytm<*ttki, Kant, on
1 Nov. IB 19, was son of Major JUUIHM PtttttHan
Ady% li.A, by Jane, daughter of J Mor*
timer Kvlwm of Sovtmoa^H, I!i grand*
father, Major Stephen Pnytit Adjt [q. y.] f
served in the mvm yean wa? w m offlatr
of royal artillery j he had three mm In the
regiment, and there hat baun an untoukta
uooefliion of mimbim of the family In It
ever since,

J. M, Ad entered the military academy
at Woolwiosae a oadet sn Ftbrury 1684.
He pasHtul out at the It^ad of hm tnttch, m&
by Lia own choice rtoeivtd a oommliiioi n

Adye

second-lieutenant in the royal artillery on
13 Dec. 1836. He became first-lieutenant
on 7 July 1839; was sent to Malta in 1840,
to Dublin (as adjutant) in 1843, and was
posted to troop of horse artillery in 1845.
Tie was promoted second-captain on 29 July
1846, and captain on 1 April 1852* He was
in command of the artillery detachment at
the Tower of London in the spring of 1848
when attack by the Chartists was appre-
hended.

In May 1854, on the outbreak of the Cri-
mean war, Adye went to Turkey as brigade-
major of artillery. Lord Raglan obtained for
him a brevet majority on &2 Sept., and made
him assistant adjutant-general of artillery.
He was present with the headquarter staff
at Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman, where
General Fox Strangways, who commanded
the artillery, was killed close by him. He
served throughout the siege of Sebastopol,
and remained in the Crimea till June 1856.
He was three times mentioned in despatches
(London Gazette, 10 Oct. and 2 Dec. 1854,
and 2 Nov. 1855), was made brevet lieute-
nant-colonel on 12 Dec. 1854, and C.B. on
6 July 1865. He received the Crimean
medal with four clasps, the Turkish medal,
the Mediidie (4th class), and the legion of
honour (3rd class).

Adye was stationed at Cork Harbour when
the Indian mutiny broke out, and in July
1857 he was sent to India as assistant
adjutant-general of artillery. From Calcutta
he went up to Cawnpore, and arrived there
on 21 Nov. to find t.xat Sir Colin Campbell
had already left for the relief of Lucknow,
and that the Gwalior contingent was ad-
vancing upon Cawnporo* He took part in
the actions fought there by "Windham [see
WIND n AM, SIK OHA.ELBS ASH] on the 2"6th
and following days, and brought in a
24-pounder which had been upset and aban-
doned in one of the streets of the town. He
afterwards wrote an account of the defence
of Cawnpore. He was present at the battle,
of 6 Dec,, in which the Gwalior contingent
was routed by Sir Colin Campbell after his
return from Lucknow, His administrative
duties then obliged Adye to return to Cal-
cutta, and he saw no more fighting during
the mutiny. He was mentioned in des-
patches (Zon& Qa. 29 Jan* 1858), and re-
ceived the medal. He became regimental
lieutenant-colonel on 29 Aug. 1857, and was
made brevet colonel on 19 May 1860.

In May 1869 he was appointed to com-
jmand the artillery in the Madras presi-
dency, and in March 1868 deputy adjutant-
general of artillery in India. In this post,
which he held for three years, it fell to him

9 Adye

to carry out the amalgamation of the three
Indian regiments of artillery with the royal
artillery, a difficult task demanding patience
and tact. In November 1863 he joined the
commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Hose, at La-
hore, and was sent by him to the Umbeyla
Valley, where General Chamberlain's expe-
dition against the Sitana fanatics was at a
deadlock. Adye, who was accompanied by
Major (now Earl) Koberts, was to see
Chamberlain, and to brin^ back a personal
report of the situation. He was present at
the action of 15 Dec. which finally dispersed
the tribesmen, and at the burning of Eulka,
the home of the fanatics, a week afterwards.
He was mentioned in despatches (Land. Gaz.
19 March 1864) and received the medal with
Umbeyla clasp.

After nine years of Indian service Adye
returned to England. He had formed
strong views, to which he afterwards gave
frequent expression, as to the importance of
trusting the people of India, and" admitting
them to high office, civil and military. He
had the fullest faith in a policy of concilia-
tion and subsidies as the solvent for frontier
difficulties. He became regimental colonel
on 6 July 1807.

On 1 April 1870 he was appointed director
of artillery and stores. To his administra-
tion has been attributed the failure of the
British artillery to keep pace in improve-
ments with that of other countries. Adye
was "undoubtedly a firm believer in the
wro light-iron muzzle-loader. But the re-
version to muzzle-loading had taken place
in 1863 before he came into office, and it
was only after he had left office that im-
provements in gunpowder furnished irresis-
tible arguments in favour of breech-loading
"see ABMSXROKQ, SIB WILLIAM GEORGE,
Suppl.] Outside the duties of his own de-
partment he was a staunch supporter of Card-
well.^ army reforms; and when they were
criticised by John Holms, M.P. for Hackney,
he wrote a pamphlet in reply, ' The British
Army in 1875/ which was published in 1876 P

In the autumn of 1872 he was sent to the
Crimea, in c8mpany with Colonel Charles
George Gordon, to report on the British
cemeteries there. The report was sensible
enough, involved no great expenditure, and
was carried out, Adye was made K.C.B,
on 24 May 1873, and promoted major-gene-
ral on 17 "Nov. 1875 and lieutenant-general
in 1879.

On 1 Aug. 1875 he succeeded Sir Lintom
Simmons as 'overnor of the military aca-
demy at^ Woo,.wich. He took an active part
in the discussion which followed aoou after-
wards about the advance of Bussia towards

02

Adye

20

Ainsworth

India and our relations with Afghanistan, September 1892, Adye wrote: L <Tko Do-
He made light of the danger from Russia, fence of Gawnporo, London, 1858, 8vo,
advocated <a consistent policy of forbear- 2. 'Iteview of the Crimean War to the

^ etf the forward policy on the North;

West frontier, and printed a paper for pri-
vate circulation in December on * England,
Kussia, and Afghanistan. 1

~" " returned to office in

1897, 8vo,

[Adye'a TtcooUctIon of
1895; Times, 27 Aug. 1000,]

Military Lift,
K. MM*

not

c infinding a seat in parliament, In

AIWW0MH, WILLIAM FRANCIS

8W-la0^irl|^ ***, bom
on 9 Nov. 1807 at Kxittar, WUM t.w mm o

wwec n ,

August 1882, on the outbreak of Arabi John Amsworth of Rmilmm m Chtwhim,

Pace's rebellion in Egypt, he accompanied captam m the .15th and ISRtU npnumta.

Sir Garnet Wolseley to Egypt as chief of The noveltBt, William Ilarniym Anwworth

the staff, with the temporary rank of general, [a.v.] f WM IUH ojwm f and at Im instance iw

and he is entitled to a share of the credit adopted tho additional Oimntmn namo of

for the success of that well-organised er>e- Francis to avoid oonfiukron of -jmonakty.

dition. He was mentioned in despatches In 182/ ho bccanw ft liOMtmt o- tlio Royal

(Ion* 6to. 8 Sept, and 6 Oct. 188*2), and Oollogo ol SiiWHonn, Kdmbur^h, whwe htj

receivedthethanksofparliament,theG,C.B., fillod^ tho office oi ->widont ;n the Royal

the medal with clasp and bronze star, and Physical and the Chilian w)fl*tm. 1I

the -rand cross of the Medjidle. alterwawta procodd to Umdon and Patw.
' of

.

Ac've returned to the war ofllce in Octo- whore he bocama m vntrn* at t jw Memxil of
ber, but left it at the end of 1882 to become miiwB, While in Franco ho gaiiwd praetl-

ffovernor of Gibraltar. There he tried to oal expwriwntso of gwioy among th moun-
reconcile the dual interests of a fortress and tains of AuvrKn and tlw Pynmawi* Aftor

BU&lJlOU WAltSltJIlwClili Y *Wtli J OWAOj WlAV V** *A1WT irwWKwy ,--,. w.-~- ,T... ,-,.-,,, . .. ,,w, -m, . ,-r.

1886 he was placed on the retired lift, lowing year. In 18ftl,QntkttHp;iaaranaeof

having reached the age of sixty-seven. He cholera at Bundorland, Aimworti

devoted some of his leisure to a volume of thither to Htudy it t and yublifthdi

autobioOTaphic^lreminiscencesCNo^,^/"^)* riencea in ' Ubwrvatloni on thw

which was illustrated by his own sketches, Cholera,^ Ixrndon, IHttai, 8vt, Thia tra

for he was an excellent artist* He became ld to hi appointment m nurffpon to

general on 20 Nov. 1884, and a colonel- cholera hoap tal of Ht, (inoq^X Hanom

commandant on 4 Nov, 1881. He was also Square, Oit the outbrewnk of th*t diai in

honorary colonel, from 6 May 1870, of the Ireland he acted auaoflmivttly w nuvgnon of

3rd Kent artillery volunteers and the 8rd thehotpitaUatWuitport|lUlHnrobtfOlaNH

volunteer battalion of the West Kent regi- morris, and Newport, Ha dMttfiuntijr H

ment. corded many incultvntu of hin m>jmmi in

He died on 26 Auy, 1900 at Oragside, 'Aiaworth's Migaiiiui' and th 4 NiW

Rothbury, Northumberland, while on a visit Monthly Magftjsina* 1 In 1BS4 Im pttbM

to Lord Armstrong. In 1856 he married 'An Account, of the Gave* of Bady bani

Mary Cordelia, daughter of Admiral the In Kerry/ Dublin, Svo, in which ht how

Honourable Sir Montagu Stopford, and had a grap of geological principle rtmarkablt

several children. His eldest son, Colonel in a tmtiie of o early a da"a

John Adye, R A,, has seen active service in In 18S5 Ainiort4 t aftar itudylng tbt

Af -hanistan, E^ypt, the Soudan, and South art of making observations uwUir Hir Ed*

Af-ica, His elcest daughter Winifreda Jane ward Sabine [q, v.] was r) pointed uur

married, m 1889, Lord Armstrong's grand*- and 'fcologisfc to the txpedHion to tbi

nephew and heir, Mr. William Henry Wat* *

an

under Pra&di Bawdon Chmmj
On his f&tnm ht pttbliihid U obitf*
In addition to the pamphlets already men- vaticms \mdar the titk of * He^&rch^i in
tioned, and an article ' In Defence of Short Assyria, Babylo?ua t and OhaM^a/ lx>tt<lou f
Service* in the i Niiieten.th Century' for 1888, 8vo, with a ddifttbtt to OhMaqr

Ainsworth

21

Airey

Shortly afterwards he was placed in charge
of an expedition to the Christians of Chaldaea,
which was sent out by the Royal Geographi-
cal Society and the Society for Promoting
Christian knowledge. ^ He proceeded to Me*
sopotamia, through Asia Minor, the passes of
Taurus, and Northern Syria, reaching Mosul
in the spring of 1840. During the summer
he explored the Kurdistan mountains and
visited the lake of Urimiyeh in Persian terri-
tory, returnin- through Greater Armenia,
and reaching Constantinople late in 1840.
The expedition proved more tedious than
had been anticipated ; the funds for its sup-
port were exhausted, and Ainsworth was left
to find his way home at his own expense.
In 1842 he published an account of the
expedition entitled ' Travels and Researches
in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldeea, and
Armenia, 1 London, 2 vols. 12mo. Two years
later, in 1844, he produced his masterpiece,
the ' Travels in the Track of the Ten Chou-
sand Greeks/ London, 8vo, a geographical
and descriptive account of the expedition of
Cyrus and of the retreat of his Greek mer-
cenaries after the death of the Persian
prince. In 1854 he furnished a geographical
commentary to accompany the translation
of Xeno^hon's 'Anabasis' by John Selby
Watson "q, v.],' which was issued in Bohn's
i Classical Library,' and was republished in
1894 as one of Sir John Lubbock's < Hun-
dred Books/

After his return to England in 1841
Ainsworth settled at Hammersmith, and
assisted his cousin, William Harrison Ains-
worth, in the conduct of several magazines,
including ' Ainsworth's/ ' Bentley's Miscel-
lany/ and the ' New Monthly.' "n 1871 he
succeeded his cousin as editor of the ' New
Monthly Magazine/ and continued in that
post until 1879. For some years he acted
as honorary secretary to the Syro-Egyptian
Society, founded in 1844, and he was con-
cerned with various endeavours to promote
the adoption of the Euphrates anc Tigris
valleys route to India, with which Gaes-
ney's expedition had been connected. He
was one of the founders of the West London
Hospital, and its honorary treasurer until
his death at 11 Wolverton Gardens, Ham-
mersmith, on 27 Nov. 1896, He was the
lost survivor of the original fellows of the
newly formed Royal Geographical Society
in 1880, was elected a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries on 14 April 1858, and was
also a corresponding member of several
foreign societies* He married, and left a
son and two daughters*

Besides the works already mentioned
Amsworth was the author of; 1 'The

Claims of the Christian Aborigines of the
Turkish or Osmanlee Empire upon Civilised
Nations/ London, 1843, 12mo. 2. 'All
Round the World, an Illustrated Record
of Travels, Voyages, and Adventures/ Lon-
don, 1860-2, 4 vols. 4to. 3. ' Wanderings
in every Clime/ London, 1872, 4to. 4. * A
Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expe-
dition/ London, 1888, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. The
River Karun, an Opening to British Com-
merce/ London, 1890, 8vo. He also trans-
lated Fra^ois Au^uste Marie Mignet's
' Antonio Perez and Philip II,' London, 1846,
8vo, and edited i Lares and Penates ' from
the papers of William Burckhardt Barker
[4vT], London, 1853, 8vo.

[0-eogr. Journ. 1897, ix. 98 j Biograph, 1881,
vi. 350-3; Athenaeum, 1806, ii.,799; Times,
30 Nov. 1896 ; Mrs. Chesney and Mrs. O'Don-
nell's Life of General Chesney, ed. Stanley
Lane-Poole, 1885.] E, I. 0,

AIREY, SIR JAMES TALBOT 1812-
1898), general, born on 6 Se-3t. 181. , was
son of -lieutenant-general Sir 7 Jeorge Airey
'q. v.l, by Catherine, sister of the second
Jord Talbot de Malahide. Richard, lord
Airey [<l.v.], was his brother., He was com-
missioned as ensign in the 80th foot on
11 Feb. 1880, became lieutenant on 3 May
1833, and exchanged to the 3rd buffs on
23 Aug. He was aice-de-camp to the governor
of Malrasfrom May 1834 to July 1837. On
26 Jan. 1841 he was appointed extra aide-
de-camp to Major-general Elphinstone, and
accompanied him to Afghanistan* In the
latter part of that year he was present at
the forcing of the Khoord Cabul pass, and
the actions near Cabul, and on 21 Dec, he
was given up of his own accord to Akbar
Khan as a hostage. He was released with
the other captives on 21 Sept. 1842, joined
the force sent into Kohistan under Brigadier
M'Caskill, and was present at the capture
of Istalif. He was twice mentioned in
despatches (12 Oct. 1841 and 30 Sept. 1842),
anc received the Afghan medaL He also
received the bronze star for the Gwalior
campaign of 1848, in which he took parfc
with his regiment* He was promoted cap*
tain on 22 * uly 1842. and was aide-de-camp
to the governor of Ceylon from April 1847
to March 185L On 11 Nov. 1851 he became
regimental ma;or, and on 17 July 1854 he
exchanged to tie Coldstream guards as cap-
tain and lieutenant-colonel.

He served throughout the war in $ie
Crimea with the lig,it division as assistant
c uartermaster-general, being present a the
Lima, Balaclava, Inkerman, and the assault
of the Redan, and he accompanied tfoe 63$.-

Airy

pedition to Kertch. He was three times
mentioned in despatches (28 Sept. and 11 Nov,
1854, 18 Sept. 1855). Pie received tho
Crimean medal with four clasps, the Turkish
medal, the legion of honour (6th. class), and
the MecF idle (4th. class). , He was made 0,B,
on 5 Jmy 1865. He was promoted colonel
on 26 Dec. 1859, and became regimental
ma^or in the Ooldstream guards on 22 May
18C6. He was promoted major-general on
6 March 1868, and commanded the troops at
Malta from 21 Aug. 1875 to 31 Dec, 1878.
He became lieutenant-general on 1 Oct. 1877,
and was placed on the retired list on 1 July
1881, with the honorary rank of general.
He was made K.O.B. on 2 June 177, and
colonel of the Royal Inniakilling fusiliers on
13 March 1886. He died in London on
1 Jan. 1898. He was unmarried,

[His own narrative of his experience in Afghan*
istan i is given, under the title of ' The Oabool
Captives/ in United Service Majr., November
1845 to April 1846. See also Times, 3 Jan.
1898; ArmyLists.l E. M. L,

AIEY, SiRGffiOEGE BIDDELL (1801-
1892), astronomer royal, was born at Aim*
wick in Northumberland on 27 July 1801.
His father, William Airy of Luddington in
Lincolnshire, was then collector of excise in
Northumberland, whence he was transferred
to Hereford in 1802, and to Essex in 1810.
Three years later he lost his appointment
and lapsed into poverty. He died on
26 March 1827. His wife, Ann, a woman
of strong natural abilities, was the daugh-
ter of a well-to-do Suffolk farmer : she died
in 1841.

George Biddell was the eldest of four
children. At ten years of age he took first
olace m Byatt Walker's school at Colches-
ter, picked up stores of miscellaneous infor-
mation from his father's books, and became
notorious for" his skill in constructing pea-*
shooters. From 1812 he spent his hcutays
at Playford, near Ipswich, with hift uncle,
Arthur Biddell, a farmer and valuer, whose
influence upon his career proved decisive.
He met at his house, Thomas Clarkson fq.v.l,
Bernard Barton [c , v,], Sir William Cubitt
Lq, v.J, Robert anc James Bansome fa. v A
and studied optics, chemistry, and mechanics

*J*j i^[ ary ' Prom 1814 to 1819 Airy
Attended the grammar school at Colchester,
where he was noted for his memory, repeat-
ing at one examination 2894 lines of Latin
Terse. By Clarkson's advice he was sent to
Oamhndge, and entered as sizar of Trinity
College in October 1819. In 1822 he took a
scholarship, and in 1823 graduated as senior
wrangler and first Smi& prizeman. His

32 Airy

year ranked m an annm mi'/vrAt/A, and Iw
had no close competitor. On IUH lor,tion to
a fellowship of Im collugo in Octobor 18&I
he becaxno UHMtftttt nwthomutiail tutor; Iw
delivered lucturoa, took pupils, and purwwwi
original soiontifitt inywi.igntionH

Airy's * Mathonwtical Tnw.tn on Phyflical
Astronomy ' was publinliml in 18^ and it
immediately bocamo a toxt-boolt in thti uni-
versity. An twMiiy on tho undulatorv
thoory of light wi8 uppwultnl to the* tuwan'd
edition in 1881. 1<W Inn variotiH optical
researches, ehiulty eontaimul in piipow laid
before the Cambridge PhiloHophutal Society
he recwviwl in 1HH , th Uoploy modal from
the Uoyal Rocioty, \\\\ WH atimittwl to
momhornhip of th AHtronnmical and (Jeo-
lo^foal Mocit^titm nwpt^otively in IHSiK and
lb^), and wan awartlotl in* iHiifi tlm gold
modal of tho forwr hculy for IUH dotoction
ofthe'lonff iunqimlity' cf SVmw atut tha
earth, commutiiwittul to thn lioynl Siwioty
on 24 Nov. IHrtl, Thn LolnndtN "riat! fol-
lowed in 18W4, and on Jan, 18,'}.$ ho was
elected a cornwpondwnt of tho Fnmh Aca-
demy Of HOLOU(UM*

A trij> to Hcotlaml with hin niiHtw, Klissa-
both Airy, in tXw nnmni(r of IHS8 had
'opened,* ho Haiti, *a complt*tt*ly tww world
to him,' In tho enHtiin^ wiutor ho tuvmi
in London with Hir Jntnt'N South fr v,] met
Bir Humphry Davy and Hir John llowctoJ,
and Imd hh i!rHt (txpwitmmi of pructitml
tronomy, During a walking tour In Derby-
shire in 1SS4 ho wrwmiil, aft^r two clays 1
acquaintance*, for lie mrtla, rid<mt ilauirhiw
of Aicliard Bmith, rwtor of KdimMor, nwar
Ohfttsworth, and vactuvid a bfniigitntit ra
fuRaL Thenceforth h mnwntrattni h!
ellortft upon gtscnrin^ a pamtion in life and
an income, In 18:115 ana IH'J<$ Im kd
ing parties to KwwJok nnd Orlmnii, i
jauca, on the fllrnt ooorMion, of th* yum*
bouthey and Wordsworth, and making no-
ouaintanea in Paris, on th nwmrL with
Laplace, Ar^Pouillat, and Bmtvarxl On
7 Pec, 1826 ha was elated Lurmiian profta*
sorof mathematien at OAmbridtft( but thi
emoluments of tlm offlca W>/, imr annum,
with 10p/, m ipmftwt mnmbor of tlm board
J longitude very ilightly excnedttd tlions
of his relinquiibod tutonhip, Airy ranawad
the prestige of the Lucaman chair by hii
araour for the promotion of exiorlmentai
physics in, the univeriity, In ha lecturei
on h;ht to first drew attention to the defect
of vision ainoa oallad * Mtlgwatiami' from
wich he peruonally imfferta. A trip to
Dublin m 1827 in tuait of tht vmmt mt
of astronomer rova: in Iwland M to mf ra-
suit j hut on 6 ftfc 1888 he suooooddi ftolwrl

Airy 2

. Woodhouse [c . v.] as Plumian professor of
astronomy anc director of the Cambridge ob-
servatory. His income was now augmented
to 6QO& a year, and thus provided for, he
succeeded in inducing Bicnarda Smith to
marry him on 24 March 1830. At the obser-
vatory he introduced an improved system of
meridian observations, afterwards continued
at Greenwich and partially adopted abroad,
and set the example of thoroughly reducing
before publishing them. He superintended,
besides the erection of several instruments,
and devised the equatorial mount for the
Cauchoix twelve-inch lens, which was pre-
sented in 1833 to the institution by the
Duke of Northumberland. In Pebruary
1835 Sir Bobert Peel offered Airy a civil-list
pension of 300/. a year, which, by his re-
quest, was settled on ais wife; and on 18 June
1835 he accepted the post of astronomer
royal, for which Lord Melbourne designated
him in succession to John Pond [q. v. J

Airy's tenure of the office of astronomer-
royal lasted forty-six years, and was marked
by extraordinary ener y. He completely re-
equipped the Royal )servatory with instru-
ments designed by himself. The erection in
1847 of an altazimuth for observing the moon
in every part of the sky proved o: great im-
portance for the correction of lunar tables.
A new transit circle of unprecedented optical
power and mechanical stability was mounted
in 1851, and a reflex zenith tube replaced
Troughton's zenith sector in the same jrear,
The inauguration in 1859 of a thirteen-inch
equatorial by Merz finished the transforming
process. Its xise the astronomer royal was
resolved should never interfere with the
1 staple and standard work' of the establish-
ment; yet, while firmly adhering to the meri-
dional system prescribed ' by both reason and
tradition," he kept well abreast of novel re-
quirements. In 1888 he created at Greenwich
a magnetic and meteorological department,
Broods plan of photographic registration
being introduced in 184S. J'rom 1854 tran-
sits were timed by electricity; spectroscopic
observations were organised in 1868, and
the "orismatic mapping of solar prominences
in 1374 ; while with the lew heliograph a
daily record of sunepots was begun in 1878
Meantime Airy accomplished the colossal
task of reducing all the planetary and lunar
observations made at Greenwich between
1750 and 1830, for which he received the
gold medal of the Boyal Astronomical So-
ciety in 1846, and an equivalent testimonial
in 1848, The mass of materials thus pro-
vided^ was indispensable to the progress of
calestial mechanics. ,

Airv observed the total solar eclipse 'of

3 Airy

8 July 1842 from the Superga, near Turin
(Memoirs of &oy. Attr. Society, vol xv.).
and that of 28 July 1851 from Gothenburg-
in Sweden (#. vol. xxi.) He subsequently
visited Upsala, was received in audience by
King Oscar at Stockholm, and on the return
journey inspected the pumping-engines at
^laarlem. 3?or the Spanish eclipse of 18 July
1860 he organised a cosmopolitan expedition,
which he conveyed to Bilbao and Santander
in the troopship Himalaya, placed at his dis-
posal by the acmiralty. Ee fixed his own
station at Herena, but was disappointed in
the result. In the autumn of 185* he super-
intended an elaborate series of pendulum*

increase of gravity with descent below the
earth's surface. Similar attempts made by
him in the Dolcoath mine, Cornwall, in 18215
and 1828, with the co-operation of William
"Whewell [o v<] and Richard Sheepshanks
[q, v.], had ^een accidentally frustrated. He
now renewed them in the Harton colliery,
near South Shields, at a depth of 1,260 feet.
The upshot was to give G'.~>6 for the mean
density of the earth (Phil, Trans, cxlvi, 342),
a value considerably too high. Airy ex-
plained the method m a popular lecture at
South Shields,

The preparations for the transit of Venus
in 187 cost him enormous labour. The
entire control of the various British expedi-
tions was in his hands ; he provided twenty-
three telescopes, undertook the preliminary
work at the observatory, and the subsequent
reduction of the vast mass of collected data.
The volume embodying them was issued in
1881. Incredible industry and hi#h busi-
ness capacity alone enablec, him to discharge
the miscellaneous tasks imposed upon him.
He acted as chairman and working secretary
of the commission of weights and measures
(1838-1842), sat on the tidal harbour and
railway gauge commissions in 1846, on the
sewers commission m 1848, on the exchequer
standards and the coinage commissions in
1868. He experimented in 1838 on the cor-
rection of compaaaes in iron ships, devising
the principle still in use; contributed ener-
getically to the improvement of li aftxthouses,
aided in the delimitation of the 'JLaine and
Oregon boundaries, and settled the provisions
for the sale of gas. The reduction of tidal
observations in Ireland and India, and the
determination in 1862 of the difference of
longitude between Valencia, co, Kerry, and
Greenwich, engaged his strenuous attention.
He was consulted about the launch of the
Great Eastern, the laying of the Atlantic
cable, Babbaga's calctilatmg machine; the
chimes of Westminster clock, and the smoky

Airy *-

Chimneys of Westminster Palace, A pa^er
on suspension bridges, contributed in Ife07
to the Institution of Civil Engineers, was
honoured with the Telford mecal; and he
delivered in 1869 lectures oix jpagnetism in
the university of Cambridge, besides at sundry
times numerous discourses to the general
public. He failed in 1858 to obtain the office
of superintendent of the Nautical Almanac,
although 'willing to take it at a low rate
for the addition to my salary,*
Airy was elected a fellow of the Boyal

Society on 21 Jan, 1836, frequently sat on
the council, and was president 1872-73. He
presided over the Boyal Astronomical So-
ciety during three biennial periods, and for
a fourth term of one year on,y ; he presided
over the British Association at its Ipswich
meeting in 185 L He became a member
of the "Giunbridge Philosophical Society in
1823, and later of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh, of the Royal Irish Academy, and
of several foreign scientific bodies. On
18 March 1872 he succeeded Sir John
Herachel as one of eight foreign members of
the French Institute; he was presented in
1876 with the freedom of tho city of London,
was created D.O.L of Oxford (20 Jane 1844),
LL.D. of Cambridge (1862) and Edinburgh,
iwid elected honorary fallow of IVinityColloge^
Cambridge. The czar Nicholas sent him a
gold mecal specially struck ; and among the
orders conferred upon Him were those of
?our le M6rite of rrussia, of the Legion of
Honour, of the North Star of Sweden, of the
Dannebror, and of tho Hose of BrassiL On
17 May 1^71 he was appointed companion of
the Bath, and, a year later (17 June 1872),
ma promoted to be knight commander, His
wife died on 13 Aug. 1875, and on the ground
of the lapse of her pension Airy obtained an
augmentation of his salary to 1,2QQ yearly.

Airy was an indefatigable traveller, In
18:29 e inspected the observatories of Turin,
Milan, Bolo-na, and Ploren.ce; in 1885 exa*
mined the ]V.arkree refractor in Ireland, and
in 1848 elaborately tested the great Parsons-
town reflector, Jn 1846 he visited Hansen

* at Gotha, Gauss at Gottingen, and Caroline
Lucretia Herschel [<;*.] at Hanover ; in 1847
spent a month at Pu'kowa with Otto Struve,
a^d, returning by Berlin, and Hamburg, saw
Hutoboldt, Galle, Repsold, ajnd Bunker,
He entered into correspondence with Lever-
rier in June 1846 about the still unseen
planet Neptune, and on 9 July suggested to
.Processor Ohallis a plan of searea* IE the

^Wtorog year be .escorted Leverrier to the

'naefttw* of the Brit kh Association at Ox*

j s /.tod, :!Jis unjustifiable apldaess to Joha

f Airy

Couch Adams "q.v Suppl.] %va (lcmbtleim
duo to tho ttuuurrtiflHnumtH that followed
his accidental yet rogrnt table oiniHsion to
pay duo attention to tho lotter in which
A cams commumcatod to him tho progress
of his Neptune investigation,

Airy resigned tho oilico of astronomer
royal on 15 Auy, 1HH1> and ronukd tlionce-*
forward, with his two unmarriud dau^htHrB,
at the White UOUHO, ckws to Gr(Muwioh
Park, and at l*kyford whw Iw Imd bought
a cottago iu 18-15, ,11 m wiin tlmw wa
to comploto tho * Numerical Lunar f
upon wluch ho had boon nn^aftod from
Printed in 1H86, tho eolniwal *wfbm
proved, howwver, to bo muiitrm iml by un-
explained errors, * With painful alarm/ the
n#o<l author noted in tho pwfact* t M find
t"iat tlitt oqu)\t.ionH am Jtuji- HntiHiitHl, and thitt
the diBCordanott is Inr^o,* Aft^r twc ;
of hopelesH fltrujfffle, hj lwwt,t'<l ft-om '
towards c k .t>rrnct ion wliich hiivu not bmi :
nowed* Ho oontinutMl to njny (^ciirHmna
to Cumborland and Playftml', lint a fall m
11 Nov. 1H01 prodtuuMl an intunwl hyury
nocAfletitiatinp; a mirtftaal opomtton, whicm lid
survived only a fow davH, Ho <1U1 nt tJw
White Hou on *J Jan. 1HI)*J, and wn bnritid
in Play ford churchyard*

* He wan (f medium utAtuws* Mr. Wilfrid
Airy wrta, * and not powerfully built,* * Tli
ruling feature of hit dwrnotwr ww order*
From the time that h wimt. up to Cam-
bridge to t.ha tuul of 1m life hm lyntem of
order was strictly mAintaiiwd, 1 He enforotid
it upon himself no km rigidly thun upon hln
subordinate^ and k^pt ID at th Eovtl
Observatory a apt-iron fiMiplino, which
powerfully contributed to the ^ffiottnoy of
jU administration. He novv dMtrovtd a
document, but deviis^d an ininniotti pkn of

anxious to put htUm into thatr proi^r
than to xnantw their oantimtt.' * II v i nutuni
was eminently praetieal, and hln dlsllk of
mere theoretical probkma and InviwtifttioRt
wa$ proportionatily great* II w
at war with aomn of tha

on

(sar after year ha cpituftiHt^d the
House papers and the Bmith^
very sevjirely, and oonduotod m iniersit*
ing nd aor.moniawt private wrmnpond*
ence with Fmfaftaor Ckylay on the tame
subject* A very import nt fafttum of hii
investigationi wa their thoroughnen. ' fit
was never aatififltd with leaving % result an
a barren mathtfmatieaUxpw*ion, He would
reduce it, if possibly to n pmotieal and

Airy

Aitchison

numerical form, at any cost of labour. . , .
To one who had known, in some degree, of
the enormous quantity of arithmetical work
which he had turned out, and the unsparin ;
manner in which lie had devoted himself
to it, there was something very pathetic
in his discovery, towards the close of his
long life, that " the figures would not add
ur> " ' (Autobiography of Sir George Biddell
^.ity,p. 3)

The amount of his labours almost exceeds
belief. On the literary side alone they
have rarely been equalled. He published
eleven separate volumes, includin ; treatises
on 'Gravitation' (1834 and 1884; , on ' Tri-
gonometry* (written, for the Encyclopedia
Metropohtana about 1825 and reprinted in
1855), on 'Partial Differential Equations'
(1866), 'On Sound and Atmospheric Vibra-
tions' (1868 and 1871). His ' Popular As-
tronomy/ embodying six lectures delivered
at Ipswich in 1848, passed through twelve
editions- And the papers contributed by
, him to journals and scientific collections
numbered 877, besides 141 official reports
and addresses. He wrote on ' The Figure of
the Earth/ and on ' Tides and Waves/ in
the * Encyclopaedia Metropolitan ; ' his 'Re-
port on the Progress of Astronomy/ drawn
uj) for the British Association in 1832, is
still valuable ; he gave the first theory of
the diffraction of o DJect-glasses in an essay
read before the Cambridge Philosophical
Society on 24 Nov. 1834 ; for his discussion
of the * Laws of the Tides on the Coasts of
Ireland' (Phil, Tram. 12 Dec. 1844) he was
awarded a royal medal by the Royal Society
in 1846 j he communicated important re-
searches on ancient eclnses to that body in
1868, and to the Royal Astronomical Society
in 1857j and he introduced in 1869 a novel
method of dealing with the problem of the
sun's translation (Memoirs of the Royal A*~
tronomic&l Society, xxviii. 143).

Airy left six children, his three eldest
having died young. His third son, Mr.
Osmund Airy, was appointed government
inspector of schools in 1876; his daughter
HiCda married, in 1864, Dr* Routh of (Sam-
bridge.

[Air* left a detailed autobiography, "which
was published at Cambridge in )89', under the
editorship of his eldest son,Mr. Wilfrid Airy, with
the additions of a personal sketch and a complete
bibliographical appendix. A portrait is pre-
fixed, copied from a steel-engraving executec by
0, H, Jeens in 187ft (Nature, xviiu 689), The
following sources of information may alo be con-
sulted : Proceedings Boyal Soc. li. 1 (K JLUoxith) ;
Monthly Notices, 1H. 212; Qbs*mtor,y, xv. 7
(K Dunkm), with a photograph taken on

his ninetieth birthday; Nature, 31 Oct. 1878
(Winnecke), 7 Jan. 1892; Times, 5 Jan. 1802;
English Mechanic, 8 Jan. 1892; Grant's Hist,
of Physical Astronomy; Oraves's Life of Sir
William Rowan Hamilton, passim.] A, M. C.

AITCHISON, SIR CHARLES UM-
PHERSTON (1832 - 1896), lieutenant-
governor of the Panjab, born in Edinburgh
on 20 May 1882, -was the son of Hugh
Aitchison of that city, by his wife EliasabetJ,
daughter of Charles Unvpherston of Loan-
head near Edinburgh. lie was educated in
the hiafh school and university, where he
took tjte degree of M.A. on 23 April 1853.
While a student in the university of Edin-
burgh, Aitchiaon attended the lectures of Sir
"William Hamilton (1788-1856) [q. v.] on
logic and metaphysics. He afterwards passed
some time in. Germany, where he studied the
works of Fichte, and attended the lectures
of Tholuck at the university of Halle. In
1855 he passed fifth at the first competitive
examination for the Indian civil service, and
after spending a year in England in the study
of law and oriental languages he landed at
Calcutta on 26 Sept, 1856, In March 1857
he was appointed an assistant in Hissar, then
a district of the north-western provinces,
and in the following month was transferred
to the Panjab, where lie joined shortly after
the outbreak of the mutiny* Owing to this
transfer he escaped a massacre of Europeans
which took jjlace at Hissar on 29 May, His
first station in his new province was Amrit-
sar, and immediately alter his arrival there
he was employed under the orders of the
deputy commissioner in carrying out the
measures which were taken to prevent the
Jalandhar mutineers from crossing the Beas
river. Shortly afterwards he was appointed
personal assistant to the judicial commis-
sioner, in which capacity he compiled 'A.
Manual of the Criminal Law of the Panjab '
(1860). While thus employed, he was much
thrown with Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence
(afterwards Baron Lawrence) [q. v/, with
whose policy, especially on the Central Asian
question, and on British relations with Af-
ghanistan, he was strongly imbued during
the remainder of his life* In 1892 he con-
tributed a memoir of Lord Lawrence to Sir
William Hunter's ' Rulers of India* series.

In 1859 he -'oined the secretariat of the
government of India as wider-secretary in the
political department, and served there until
L865, when, at the instance of Sir John
Lawrence, then governor-general, in order
that he might acquire administrative ex-
perience, he took up administrative work in
-..he Panjab, serving first as a _ deputy-com-
missioner and subsequently officiating as com*

Aitchison

Altken

missioner of Lahore. In. 1868 he rejoined
the secretariat as foreign, secretary, and re-
tained that appointment until 1878.

As secretary Aitchison was extremely in-
dustrious and thorough in his work. He
exercised a marked influence on successive
governors-general, who regarded him as a
wise and trusted adviser. During the earlier
jart of his service in the Indian foreign office
ae commenced the compilation of a valuable
work entitled 'A Collection of Treaties, En-
ga "ements, and Sanads relating to India and
ne'.ghbouring Countries ; ' the first volume
appeared at Calcutta in 1862, and eleven
volumes were issued by 1892 ; each treaty is
prefaced by a clear historical narrative. In
1875 he published a treatise on* The Native
States of India/ with the leading cases illus-
trating the principles^ which underlie their
relations witJi the British government. A
fitaunch believer in the policy of masterly
inactivity, he regarded with grave apprehen-
sion the measures which, carried out under
the 'overnment of Lord Lytton, culminated
in t'ae Afghan war of 1878-9. "See LYTTON,
EDWAJID ROBERT BTJLWBE, firs-" EAWL.]

Before the war broke out in 1878 he ac-
cepted the appointment of chief commissioner 1
of British Burma. When holding that ottico
he raised two questions of considerable im-
portance. The first was the question of the
opium trade as bearing upon Burma. The
aecond had reference to the relations of cer-
tain English public servants with the women
of the country Neither of these questions
was dealt witu officially by Lytton's govern-
ment ; but with reference to the second the
viceroy intimated semi-officially that he
disapproved of a circular which Aitchison
Lad issued, as mixing up morals with poli-
tics. ^ After Aitchison's departure from the
province both these questions were taken
up by his successor, who received the sup-
port of Lord Bipon's government in dealing
with them. The number of licensed opium
shops was then ^reduced to one-third of
those previously licensed, and the consump-
tion of licit opium was reduced by two-
fifths, involving a loss of revenue of four
lakhs of rupees. On the other question, the
principle of Aitchison's circular, stopping
she promotion of officers who continued the
practice which he had denounced, was en-
forced,

In 1881 Aitchison left Burma to become
ixextyear(4 April 1882) lieutenant-gover-
nor of the Pan;a"b. His government there
was very successful, and popular with all
classes of the people. He was a staunch
itavocate of the policy of advancing natives
of India in the .public service as they proved

their fitnosfl for higher posts awl for more
responsible duties. On thin point, in con-
auction with what i known aa tho llbwrt
Bill, he advocated UMIMIW ovw\ moro
libural than tliow prnpomul by Lord Union's
government. II o had inUmttwl to luavo
India for good wlwn hw litmtmmntrgowsrnor-.
shiy camo to an und in 1KS7, but; bmn#
invited by Lord Duilwin, to join tho council
of tho (jprnnrnor-jafonural and giv tho vicoroy
the benefit of hia oxjwriunou on thu many
questions which had to b dwlt with couatn
quent upon th annoxtit ion of Uppw Burma,
he returned to India for another nineteen
months. During thn lattw *wrt of his
government of tlut Panjab lw hat, dincharg-od
the additional duty of prwidinff ovnr the
public florvico commiHuion, and tluw duty lie
continued to porform aftp joining tho
govwnor-gonoraTH touti<nl. lln gav tuiro*
jnitting atUmtion to thin work, and by hi*
influonctt ovor t!i Homowhnt httrognooui
body of which tho cmmmMmnn was coi|>8wl
he mduowl thorn to - >nHont a unanimous
report. Ho rrt.irecl nn< , Himlly l<ft India in
Novombw IHHH, Kurly in tho folio wing ywup
LoHettlod in London, hut Mub*t*quntly moved
to Oxfonl In 1881 1m wait nominfttad
K.O.S.I-, and in 1R88 OJ.K. H ntonivod
tho doflruo of LL.l), from th univwftiity of
Edinburgh on 534 Kb. 1877, aiul that of
honorary M,A V from Oxfuvd Uniwriity in
1895, ^ '

Aitdmon* m mmntfally mligiou* man*
was^ a oonwintwit and warm Muppnrter of
Christian miiwions white In India, and afbor
his retirement wa m nctt ivts moinhnr of the
committwo of the Church MinMmtmrvHooiety*
lie diod at Oxford on W Fob. lHi)t,

Aitchwon married, on S) KeTb, IB(I1 Baa*
trie Lyell, daughter of JARUM Cox, 0L, of
Clement Park, ^orfarnhin*.

'Twelve Indian Staton-nan, by O^orflft flmfth,
O^B, f 1I*D., LftBdon, lj The Imim
1890 1 persouiil veeoltotioiM, J A* J.

Bii WILLJAM (18SM..1808),
pathologist, oldiMt son of William Aitkm, a
medical practitioner of Uuiultm, wai bom
there on 23 April 18SA, Having waeivd
his general education at tlw high Mbaol 9 ha
was apprenticed to hb father, and at the
same time attended tha wnotiats of the Dun-
dee Itoyat Infirmary* In JAM ha mafcriew-
lated at the imi?ersity of Edinburgh, and
m 1848 graduated M.I) obtaining a ld
medal for his thenii ' On Inflammatory Effu
sions into the Subfltanea of the Lunn as
Baodiaad by Contagious Famit' (Afti/Mrf.
Buy* ^wm, 1849). In October of tta ame
year he was appointed demomtrator of ana*

Alban

Alban

tomy at the university of Glasgow, under
Allen Thomson, and also patholojiat to the
royal infirmary, which posts he .ield up to
18*53. In that year he was sent out to the
Crimea under Dr. Kobert S, D. Lyons [q. v,]
as assistant pathologist to the commission
appointed to investigate the diseases from
which our troops were suffering 1 (Part.
Papers, 1856). In 1860 he was selected for
the poet of professor of pathology in the
newly constituted army medical school at
Port Pitt, Chatham, which was afterwards
removed to Netley. This appointment he
held until April 1892, when railing ^health
necessitated his retirement, and he died the
same year on 25 June. He had been elected
F.K.S, in 1878, and was knighted at the
jubilee in 1887, In the following year he
received the honorary degrees of LL.IX from
the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow.
He married in 1884 Emily Clara, daughter
of Henry Allen, esq., who survived him.
His portrait by Symonds is at Netley Hos-
pital.

His works include a well-known ' Hand-
book of the Science and Practice of Medi-
cine/ 1857, 7th edit 1880; 'An Essay on
the Growth of the Recruit and Young Sol-
dier/ 2nd edit. 1887; and an unfinished
* Catalogue of the Pathological Museum at
Netley Hospital. 1

[Men and Women of the Time, 13th edit.,
1891; obituary notice in the Lancet; informa-
tion from J. IX Malcolm, esq., FJI.C.S. Edin.]

J. B. N.

ALBAN, ST. (rf. 304 P), called 'the pro-
tomartyr of Britain/ and by many mediaeval
writers, by a strange confusion, * the proto-
martyr of the English/ was according to
Bede a pagan when, during the persecution
m the reigns of Diocletian and Maximian,
he gave shelter to a Christian cleric and was
converted by him. After some days the
1 prince/ hearing that the cleric wa$ with
Alban, sent to arrest him* On the approach
of the soldiers Alban put ^on his teacher's
cloak or cowl, and gave himself UT in his
stead, "When taken before the jucge, who
asked him how he dared B shelter a 'sacri-
legious rebel/ he declared himself a Christian,
and refused to sacrifice to the heathen
deities. He was scourged and led forth to
be beheaded outside the city of Verulamium,
A great multitude accompanied him, and
thronged the bridge across the river (the
Vet), whose waters divided so that he crossed
dryshod. On this the executioner threw
down his sword, declaring that he would
rather die with him than put him to death.
Alban was led to the top of a flower-clad hill
(the site of the future abbey), where a spring

of ^ water rose miraculously to quench his
thirst. One was found to act as executioner,
and Alban was beheaded. The soldier who
had refused to execute him wasalso beheaded,
and the eyes of him who had taken the exe-
cutioner's place dropped out. Alban suffered
on 22 June. "When the persecution ceased
a church was built on the place of his mar-
tyrdom, and there down to Bede's day (731)
it was believed that frequent miracles were
wrought. Bede, copying from Gildas, adds
that at the same time Aaron and Julius were
martyred at * Legionurn urbs/ or Caerleon, and
many more of both sexes in various places.

Doubt has been cast on this narrative,
because the Diocletian persecution did not
extend to Britain (EuflEBitrs, JUstoria JSbc/e-
siaatica, viii. 13, and other authorities quoted
in Councils and JEkcksiastical Documents, i.
7). Aaron and Julius are certainly rather 4
shadowy- persons, and the statements of
Gildas and later writers as to numerous mar-
tyrdoms, which imply a widespread persecu-
tion in Britain, are untrustworthy.^ Yet
there is not sufficient reason for rejecting
the individual case of Alban, who may have
suffered at some other time, and in a merely
local persecution, In any case his martyr-
dom rests on fair historical ground, since it
was believed at Verulamium a century and
a quarter after the date generally assigned
to it. For Constantius, in his 'Life of Ger-
manuV [q. v.], bishop of Auxerre, written
about forty years after the bishop's death,
records that in 429 Germanus and Lu;pu$
visited the tomb of Alban, and that Ger-
manus took away some earth which was be-
lieved to be reddened by the martyr's blood.
Germanus built a church at Auxerre in
honour of St Alban, which was standing in
the eleventh century (Xtecueil de$ Histortens,
x. 172). In the sixth century the martyr-
dom was recorded by Gildas, and noticed in
a poem written 569-74 by Venantius For-
tunate, afterwards bishop of Poitiers, in
a line quoted by Bede, whose account of
Alban was probably taken, from some source
not now known to exist* The foundation of
the abbey of St. Alban is attributed to Offa
(d, 796) [q, v.], who was believed to have
discovered the martyr's body.

It was believed at St. Albans that Alban'a
body was carried off by the Danes, and re-
stored through the agency of the sacristan
Egwin, who went to Denmark and secretly
abstracted it. In the twelfth century the
convent of Ely; claimed that they had thfc
body, but an inquisition into the matter
having been made by order of Hadrian IV,
they definitely renounced their pretensions,
It is said that while some excavations were

Albemarle

Albert

being made at Verulatnium, in the time of
the ninth abbot, in the latter ;>art of the
tenth century, an ancient boo.t was dis-
covered in a wall of the Koinan city, bound
in oak boards, and written in a language
which none could read save an old priest
named TJnwon. He declared it to contain
the story of Albaa "written in the British
language. By the abbot's command the
book was translated into Latin, and when
the translation was finished the original
volume crumbled away.

The cleric who was sheltered by Alban
received the name Amphibalus, which first
appears in the ' Historia Britonum ' of Geof-
frey of Monmouth [q. v.], and is evidently a
confusion between the man and his cloak,
for 'amphibalus 7 is equivalent to 'caraealla/
the word used in Bede's story. In 1178 a
body asserted to be the remains of Amplii-
balus was found on RedbournGreeu, near St.
Albans, where it was believed that lie was
put to death after the martyrdom of his
disciple. The body was laid in the abbey
church, and, at the bidding of Abbot Symon,
a monk of the house named William trans-
lated from English into Latin the story of
Alban and his teacher in an elaborate form,
supplying, as he says, the name Amplubalua
from the * History ' of Geoffrey of Monmouth,
The compiler of the ' Chronica Mivora ' took
the legend from William's work. "St. Alban
of Britain has been, confused with a St.
Alban or Albinus of Mainz, said to have
been martyred in the fifth century, and with
a martyr Albinus, whose body was trans-
lated by the .Empress Thetnhano to the
church of St. Pantaleon at Cologne. At
least three places in France bear the name
St. Alban, a village near St. Brieuc (Cites
duNord), a village near Koanne (Loire), and
a small town near Mende (Loz&re).

[Bede's Hist. BecL i. cc. 7, I ft (Plummet's
Bede, 11, 17-20, 33) ; Conatantius'a tifo of St,
Germamis, l, 25, ap, AA, 88. Bolland, Jul. 81,
^202 sqq. 224, 250; Gildiw, Hist. p. 17 (tingl.
Hist. Soc,); Venanthis Fortunatus, De Virtrini-
tate, Miscall. viii. 6 (Patrol, Lab. Ixxxviii. 207'
Wliara of St. Albans and notes, ap* AA, S3.
Bolland, Jun. 22, v. 126 scq,; Matt Panto's
Cluton. Maj. i. 149-52, 233, 31, 356-8, tj. 302:
Gesta Abb, S. Alb, i. 12-18, 27, 70, 176, 192-3 :
Geoffrey of Monmouth's Hist. Brit, v, f>, od.
Giles; Usher's Antu. pp. 76-89, 281 j Bright 1 *
Early Engl. Church liist pp. 6, 7, ed. 189*,]

,,

WU.LUM COTOCS, 1632-1894 .]

n VICTK

, DtTKE Otf

iAU3 and EARI, o^^ ATHLOSTE

born at Fragmorn, Buckinglm-uanlim*, on
8 Jan. 1864, wan thu uldiwt wwi of Albort
Edward, princo of Walew (now Edward VII,),
and^^iiuMjnJ^Aloxandm, oldiwt daug-htor of
Christian TX, kin^ of I)ntnuirk. (juoou
Victoria [q. v. SuppL] wan IUH grandmother,
and Prince Albert Victor Blood m^vt to IUH
father in the direct lino of HutMito.HHiott to tho
throne. Ho vrnfl bapl-inod in Bucldngham
Palace chapel on 10 March following him
birth, and wan privately oducatod until! 877,
when he was H<wt, to join th< training Hlup
Britannia at. Dartinmit.h. In 1870 ho wont
with his brother l*rino (iloorgo (now Ihilco
of Cornwall an<l York) on a thrtw yearn*
oruifle in H,MX Hmxjliantts which sailud
round the world and vim tod mont, of tho
British coloniH* An account of tlio crtuHc,
' compiled from tlwi private, joumatn, loUrH,
and noto-ljoolcH ' of tho yoiiug print;oH y wan
pubjwlu^d in lHH(i iu two Htout. volunwM by
th(ur tutor, Urn Utw. John N, (wow <5amm)
Dalfcon. ^AfU i r Homo tuition in iHSSi tt from
JamcB Ktnn(.h Sin]hon [wwi utuUsr STB*
PIIHK, BIU.UMMH KITXJAMHM], Prince Allxirt
Victor wan in October I HH3 witowt at, Trinity
Oollo^,0ara bridge ; during tho lon^ vaca-
tionflho fltudiml at Uiudel'mrff, and in iHHB
ho waH created lum, LL,1), of Oiunhndp,
1J -wax thn <nfc to Aldornhot, bmramn
lieutenant in th 10th htWHarn in lHHO,uwjor
in 1889, and in 1HHI) attain Tin tint flth
lancow, captain in th JJnl ing* roynl rttlou,
and aidMlHiftmi) to the quww, In 1HH7 Im
vfoitod InJand, and in iHHt) !K) India (MHI
J. 1), "UutiH, The 7M# */ <Uttwnw m tftmttom
India, London, IMOI ), On $l May 1MOO ho
was cruatud Earl of Athlonn nn4JT Duktt of
OlarancB and Avomkk On 7 Dim. 1H91
IUB betrothul waw tumouncixl with IUN (:*>
the IMnftORH Miwy of Twk (now thn Dttnhiwi
of Cornwall and York)* The wuldiiiir w
fixed for ; J7 M), IHttsi, hut on 14 Jnn. 1H8
the dukodioil of pneumonia following influ-
enza at Handrijjglmm. lie WUH buriwl in
St, Georgo*M dhft^I, WimiMor, on 1*0 Jan.
His placa in t.ht direttt line of micewwion to
the thmno was takim hy hw brother Utwqgn,
than Duko of York, A portrait, minted 'y
J. 8ant f K,A,, in 187*J, and atu>tlir of him
ami Prince Goorgtt an midHhipmeti, -mint^l
by 0. So!m, wara itxhibitmti iu the V .etorian
exhibition; other portmitu aro ntproduiwcl
m Vmoent*0 ' Memoir/ Hm death wa tho
occasion of asany laments in prow* and vwu,
of which Tonnywm's hgy f publmlied in th
' Mmeteimth Century; Fcbrttftry iMUtf, in th
most notable. Lewi HctlbornA'wrtttQ At tlw
time, * I do not think there ban twwi a morn
tragic event in our time, or one whtah i*
more likely to towA the toutiof tin* ptutpW

Albery

Alcock

generally' (Memorials, ii. 878). On 18 Dec, 8 July 1878. With Mr. Joseph Hatton he

1892 King Edward VII, then Prince of produced at the Princess's, 80 Nov. 1878,

Wales, laid the foundation-stone of the * Number Twenty, or the Bastille of Cal-

1 Clarence Memorial Wing' of St. Mary's vados.' To the Haymarket he gave 'The

Hospital, Paddington, which was designed Crisis 7 (2 Dec. 187 8), to the Prince of Wales's

to commemorate the duke's name. * Duty/ from < Lea Bourgeois de Pont-Arcy '

[Memoir by J, G-. Vincent, 1893; O. E. (27 Sept. 1879), and to t.ie Vaudeville 'Jacw

C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage, viii. 237-8; and JUs' (29 May 1880). To the Criterion

Dalton's Cruise of the Bacchante, 1886; Men Theatre he gave a series of successful adapta-

of the Time, ed. 1891; Times, 15-21 Jan. tions, including * Pink Dominos' (founded

1892 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] A, F. P. O n the French of Hennec uin and Delacour).

ALBERY, JAMES (1838-1889), dra- Albery's work never fulfilled his promise,

matist, eldest son of James and Amelia
Eleanor Albery, was born in Swan Street,
Trinity Square, London, on 4 May 1838,
After some private schooling he entered an
architect's office in FenchurcS Street at four-

which at the outset was brilliant. He
had a wild, extravagant imagination, and in
' Oriana ' recalled the gifts o? Fletcher. He
was for a time a sort of stock writer to the
Criterion. At that theatre his wife, Miss

teen, and remained there till, on the death Mary Moore, whom he married in 1878 when

of his father in 1859, he helped his mother she was very young, played female 'lead/

in conducting the business of rope and twine He died, while still comparatively young, in

* - _ i -__ -_ ^i. . Ti. ^A.!._. i> .1 T>.,* K~ u^ j kis c h am )) ers i n St. Martin's Lane on 15 Aug.

1889, and was buried on 20 Aug. at Kensal
Green.
[Personal knowledge; Athenaeum, 24

lCI" . Ct^f^H nw.3 TTnmf.fu/1'a T &! rt-f "ftlufirt

dealer in the"Blackfriars Road* But he had
already formed the ambition of writing for
the stage. After several unsuccessful en-
deavours, he, on 4 June 1866, gave to the

Lyceum ' Dr. Davy/ an adaptation of ' Le ] 889 ; Scott and Howard's Life of Blancharc. ;

I^Ant'/iii'M TJ/\l"vM ' 11^ 1 TTtl/l' TVfv TTttTTMClin A/ O<rin TPwn A IT.IVIO ft]f H _T Tf ,

J.

A.LCOCK, SIR RUTHERFORD (1809-
1897), diplomatist in China and Japan, bom
in 1809, was the son of Thomas Alcock, a
medical man practising at Ealing, and was
himself educated for that profession, For a
time he was house surgeon at Westminster

Docteur Robin/ in which Mr. Herman Vezin Era Almanack.]

played David Garrick. On 4 June 1870 Albery

obtained at the Vaudeville his most con-

spicuous success in a three-act comedy called

Two Roses/ in which (Sir) Henry Irving

made a great reputation in the role of Digby

Grant. This was strengthened by the addi-

tion (27 Au*.) of 'Chiselling/ a farce by --------------

Albery and foseih J. Dalley. On the 250th Hospital, and in 18&J he was appointed
representation o:' Two Roses ' (the perform- surgeon to the British-Portuguese forces
ance being for (Sir) Henry Irving-'s benefit), operating in Portugal In 1836 ae was trans-
Albery delivered an original sketch, entitled ferred to the marine brigade engaged in the
' Our Secretary's Reply/ ' Two Roses ' was Carlist war in Spain, and so highly were his
printed in Lacy V Acting Plays/ 1881. services valued that, though he remained

At the St. James's, 4 March 1871, was pro- only a year with his force, he became deputy
duced Albery's 'Two Thorns/ which had inspector- -eneral of hospitals. On his return

already been played at. the Prince of Wales's, to ICn^lanc, he resumed medical work as lec-

tremens, and on 9 Sept. ais 'Apple* Bios- vice in China, he was nominated consul at
' On 123 Oct., at the Lyceum, (Sir) Fuchow, one of the ports newly opened to

V .. J1 __ T* .1 ^ 2 A1 J.^^,1,. Uw *!, + >.,. 4- * * 1CMO ^^-n Tio mrtttr f/\

somB.

Jlenry Irving appeared as Jingle in'Al- trade by the treaty of 1842. On his way to
berVs 'Pickwick/ a poor adaptation from his new post he was detained at Amoy,
'

Die', cans. ' Forgiven ' followed at the Globe where, in the absence of the consul, his

(9 March 187:2), ' Oriana/ a fairy legend, services were requisitioned. Here, with the

was given at the Globe on 15 Feb. 1873, assistance of Sir Harry Smith Parkes [q. v.],

and the * Will of Wise King Kino/ a simi- he did some excellent work by bringin -home

lar experiment, at the Princess's, 13 Sept. to the minds of the Chinese officials that

6 April 1874 'Wig and Gown* was treaties were solemn engagements, and not

1876 ; * The Man

Gaiety, 4 l)ec. 1876 j and ' Jingle/ a revised
version of "his 'Pickwick/ at the ~

ceum,

was transferred to Shanghai, whither Parke$
followed him*
Alcock had not been long at his new post

Alcock

Alexander

when an incident occurred which well illus- l>y tho remark lYmeo Kmiff tnado to him,
trated his courage and determination. Three that ' if Midland would only tako, away ho r
missionaries in pursuit of their work had been opium and hor ittiMHioimricM tlw relations
attacked and grievously ill-treated by a crowd between tho two countries would bo ovory-
of iunkmen out of work. As the tao-Vai thin? that could bo dnniivd. 1 I.n 1871, Sir
showed little inclination to punish the riotew, Kntaerfprd roHignodJim post, al; Peking and
Alcock -oroclaimed that no duties would be retired from thn norvieo, Hottlm^ in London,
-Daid by English ships, and that not one of the In hia rotiroinont ho fjroal ly int uroMtod him-
:ourteen hundred ^rain junks which were self in honpitiil nutwing oHtabliKhmontH, in
waiting to sail northwards would be allowed promotion of which hin modinal lmo\vlodf*<i
to leave its anchorage until the criminals provod dlboUyo. II o norvod JIIM prowdont of
had been seized and punished. Though at the Gootfwnhiwil Society (1870 K) and vico-
this time there were lifty war junks in the m^ukmt o_ the ttoyal A niatio Hoeiot y 1 H75-
harbour and only one British sloop-of-war, .878), and waa an activo supporter of many
the bold threat had the desired effect; the charitable ninth ut.ionH.
rioters were punished and the grain junks Sir KuUiorlbrd diod without wsmn at his
were allowed to saiL Under his direction rosidtmo,o, II Groat Qu< k n St.roul, London,
the municipal regulations for the government on 2 Nov. I HJ)7. I lo nwrrint lirHl, on 1 7 May
of the British settlement at Shanghai were ,1811, HonrintU Mary (^ IS5JI), dan^htor of
established, and the foundations of the vast Charltw Bacon ; and mwmd l>vm H J uly l8(iSi f
city which has since arisen on the shores of Lucy ( d, 1 HSU)), widow of thn Roy, T, J
the Wongpoo river were laid. JNril.inh c.haplain at Shun^ljai^ Two

The services which Alcock had rendered of Alccxsk an* roproduwd in

at this new port marked him out for promo-
tion, and in 1858 he was appointed tTio first
consul-general in Japan, on the conclusion
of Lord Elgin's treaty, Alcock proceeded
at once to Tokio. The admission of foreigners
into the country had produced a wild formont
among the military classes of Japan, a spirit
which was not long in showing itself in its
fiercest aspects. Several foreigners were
murdered in the streets of Tokio, and Alcock'w
Japanese linguist was cut down by a swords-
man at the gates of the legation, Not con-
tent with these isolated onslaughts the din-
contented Bonins determined to makp a
general attack up^on the British legation,
Without any warning, on the night of 5 July
1861, they scaled the outer fence, killed the

gatekeeper and a groom, and rushed towards Hurry ParkuM, 2 voK IHUli ;
the rooms occupied by the members of the Chirm during tlut Vfotoviim Kru, Ity'Aloxundttr
legation, These defended themselves so wdl Midno, 1000; poramial kmiwlml^,| It, K, U,
that they beat off their assailants* In tho

following year Alcock returned to England ALEXAHBEE, M iw.nK(H I * FHA NCJKH
on leave. He had already been created a ^IBlH-lHUo), pootortH, bom in <<) \Vu*khw
C.B., and was now made a knight commander in 181 ft, WB tho Hijt>ttd dauj(hi*r of John
of the Bath on 19 June 1862- On 28 March Humphroyfl, major in Uw royal tunrtniw, by

1863 he received the honorary degree of his wito, thn daughter oM^rttruri U<ud of
D.C.L. from the university of Oxford, In Dublin, and nioctu of Hir VlmmiiK UtMul

1864 he returned to Tokio. Here troublous [q_, v*] Bho hwgan to writo prM^trv at nitut
times were in store for him, and it was years of ago, wdw.ting trngit; Hubj<H*tM liko
mainly due to his influence that the battle of the death ot Ntilmm and tho mnHMH<*r) of
Shimonoseki, which opened the Straits to Glencoe. Wlul*^ hor fiithor wan living at
foreign ships, was foug.it. Bally koan, in Wioklow, a friMndHhi^ awjH

In 1865 Alcock left Japan on being ap between MIHK llumphroyHiind Lady Jlarriut
pointed minister-plenipotentiary at Pejcin^. Howard, tho daughf r of tho Karl of Witk*
There he conducted many delicate and dim- low, herwolf an authort^Hi Thoir intimacy
cult negotiations with the Tsungli-yamen, cont'mned aftr Major Ihmiphtt\YHm<>vwl
and the spirit in which Alcock conducted to Mill town, nar $ trabaiu^ tm th btirdori
the negotiations was sufiiciently illustrated of Donegal and Tyrone Thuy cumo udr

lishman in China,* on irotn a drawing 1 niad
in JH-lJi by L* A. do l^alxM^k, and tht^ othor
from a photograph ta,lt(u about- 1MHO.

Alcock wan author of; \. * No ton on tho
Medical Hintrnryaiui HtatiMtirn of tho Hritmh
Lotion in Spain, 1 London, IHMH, Hvo. i^

ii 'KloinontH of JapiuuMo(iramniar/ Hhang-
hai, 18(U, -Ho. !, 'Tho dental of tho Ty-
coon/ London, 1 803, 1J volw, Hvo, f>. * Kiuniliar
Dialo^ucm in Ja^anoHo, with Kit^linh ntid
French TnuiHlutimiM, 1 Londtui, lH(JJJ t Hvo,
(}. 'Art and Art InduMtrion hi Japan/ Lon-
don, 1878, Hvo. Hit also in IKHJ oditi'd th
* Diary' of AugUMt-un Raymond Margnry

Ci- V J

fB L, Poole and F, V, t)it'kinH*N Lif of Hir
Hurry

Alexander

Alexander

the influence of the Oxford movement, and
turned to writing tracts, the prose part of
which Lady Harriet supplied, while Miss
Humphreys contributed a number of poems.
The tracts began to appear in 1842, excited
some attention, and were collected into a
volume in 1848. In 1846 Miss Humphreys
published * Verses for Holy Seasons ' (Lon-
don, 8vo), with a preface by Walter Far-
quhar Hook [q.v.~ ; it reached a sixth edition
in 1888. There followed in 1848 her ' Hymns
for Little Children/ for which John Keble
[q. v.] wrote the preface ; this volume reached
a sixty-ninth edition in 1896. Many of her
hymns, including 'All things bright and
beautiful,' ' Once in' royal David's city/
'Jesus calls us o'er the tumult/ 'The roseate
hues of early dawn/ ' When wounded sore
the stricken soul/ and ' There is a green hill
far away/ are in almost universal use in
English-speaking communities. Gounod,
when composing a musical setting for the
last, said t j,at the words seemed to set them-
selves to music.

On 15 Oct. 1850 Miss Humphreys was
married at Camus-j uxta-Mourne to the Rev.
William Alexander, rector of Termonamon-
gan in Tyrone. In 1855 her husband became
rector of Upper Fahan on Lough S willy, and
in 1867 he was consecrated bishop of fterry
and Raphoe, He remained in t-iis diocese
until 1396, the year after his wife's death,
when he was created archbishop of Armagh.

Mrs. Alexander devoted her life to chari-
table work, but she delighted in congenial
society, and, apart from hymns, wrote much
musical verse. Tennyson declared that he
would be proud to be the author of her
' Legend of Stumpie's Brae.'

Mrs. Alexander died at the nalace, Lon-
donderry, on 12 Oct. 1895, anc was buried
on 18 Oct. at the city cemetery. She left
two sons Robert Jocelyn and Cecil John
Francis and two daughters, Eleanor Jane
and Dorothea Agnes, married to George
John Bowen,

Besides the works already mentioned, her
chief publications are : 1. ' The Lord of the
Forest and his Vassals : an Allegory/ Lon-
don, 1848, 8vo. 2. 'Moral Songs/ London,
1849, 12mo; new edit, London, 1880, 8vo.
8. < Narrative Hymns for Village Schools/
London, 1853, 4toj 8th edit, London, 1864,
16mo. 4. t Poems on Subjects in the Old
Testament/ London, 1854, 8vo. 5. 'Hymns,
Descriptive and Devotional, for the use of
Schools/ London, 1858, 32mo, 6, 'The
Legend of the Golden Prayers and other
Poems/ London, 1859, 8vo. 7. * Tho Baron's
Little Daughter and other Tales/ 6th edit.,
London, 1888, 8vo* Mrs* Alexander also

contributed to 'Lyra Anglicana/ to the
'Dublin University Magazine,' and to the
* Contemporary Review.' In 1864 she edited
for the 'Golden Treasury Series' a selection
of poems by various authors, entitled ' The
Sunday Book of Poetry.' In 1896 the arch-
bisho~) of Armagh published, with a biogra-
phica- preface, a collective edition of her pre-
viously published poems, excluding only some
on scriptural subjects.

[Preface to Mrs, Alexander's Poems, 1894 ;
Times, 14, 19 Oct. 1893; Irish Times,19,22 Oct.
1895; Londonderry Sentinel, 15, 17, 19, 22 Oct.
1895; Dublin University Magazine, October
1858, September 1859 ; Stephen Gvrynn in Sun-
day Magazine, January 1896; Julian's Diet, of
Hymnology.] E. I. G,

ALEXANDER, Sra JAMES
WARD (1803-1886), general, born on
16 Oct. 1803, was eldest son of Edward
Alexander of Powis, Clackraannanshire, by
Catherine, do lighter of John Glas, provost of
Stirling. lie obtained a Madras cadetship
in 1820, and a cornetcy in the 1st light
cavalry on 18 Feb. 1821. He was made
adjutant of the bodyguard by Sir Thomas
Munro, and served in the Burmese war of
1824. Leaving the East India Company's
service, he joined the 13th lijht dragoons
as cornet on 20 Jan. 1825. 3fe was given
a lieutenancy on half-pay on 26 Nov. As
aide-de-camp to Colonel (afterwards Sir John
Macdonald) ICinneir [q. y.], British envoy to
Persia, he was present with the Persian army
during the war of 1826 with Russia, and re-
ceivec the Persian order of the Lion and
Sun (2nd class). On 26 Oct. 1827 he was
gazetted to the 16th lancers. He went to
the Balkans during the Russo-Turkish war
of 1820, and received the Turkish order of
the Crescent (2nd class),

He was promoted captain on half-pay on
18 June 1830, and exchanged to the 42nd
Highlanders on 9 March 1832. He went to
Portugal during the Miguelite war (1832-
1834), and afterwards visited South America
and explored the Essequibo. Passing next
to South Africa, he served in the KaBr war
of 1835 as aide-cle-cam? to Sir Benjamin
D'Urban [q, v.]. He lee an exploringSarty
into Namaqualand and Damaralanc, for
which he was knighted in 1838. He went
on half-pay on 24 April 1838, but ex-
changed to the 14th foot on 11 Sept. 1840,
and went to Canada with that regiment in
1841. From 1847 to 1855 he was aide-de-
camp to D'Urban and to Sir "William Ro-
wan, who succeeded D* Urban in command
of the troops in Canada. He became major
in the army on 9 Nov. 1840, lieutenant-

Alexander

Alexander

colonel on 20 June 1854, and regimental
major on 29 Dec, 1854.

tlis regiment having been ordered to the
Crimea, Alexander rejoined it there in May

1855, and remained in the Crimea till June

1856. He received the medal with clasp,
the Sardinian and Turkish medals, and the
Medjidie (5th class). On his return to Eng-
land he was appointed to a depot battalion,
but on 30 March 1858 he returned to the
14th to raise and command its second bat-
talion. He took that battalion to New
Zealand in 1860, and commanded the troops
at Auckland during the Maori war till 1862,
receiving the medal. He had become colonel
in the army on 26 Oct. 1868, and was
granted a pension for distinguished service
in February 1864. He was promoted major-
general on 6 March 1868, and was made
C,B, on 24 May 1873. On 1 Oct. 1877 he
became lieutenant-general and was placed
on the retired list, and on 1 July 1P81 he
was given the honorary rank of general. He
inherited the estate of "VVesterton, neat Bridge
of Allan, was a magistrate, and deputy-lieu-
tenant for Stirlingshire, and a fellow of the
geographical and other societies. He saved
Cleopatra's needle from destruction, and had
mucS to do with its transfer to England in
1877. He died at Eyde, Isle of Wight, on
2 April 1885. In 1837 he married Eveline
Mar .e, third daughter of Lieutenant-colonel
Charles CornwaUs Michell. They had four
sons and one daughter.

His singularly varied service furnished
him with materials for a large number of
volumes of a rather desultory kind. He
wrote : 1. ' Travels from India to England,
by way of Burmah, Persia, Turkey, &c,/
1827, 4to. 2. * Travels to the Seat of War
in the East, through Russia and the Crimea,
in 1829/1830, 2 vols, 8vo. 8. ' Transatlantic
Sketches,' 1833, 2 vols. 8vo. 4. ' Sketches
in Portugal during the Civil War of 1834,'
1835, 8vo. 5. ' Narrative of a Voyage of
Observation among the Colonies of 'Vest
Africa, and of a Campaign in Kaflftrland in
1835,' 1837, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. * An Expedition
of Discovery into the Interior of Africa,
through the Countries of the Great Nama-
quas, Boschmans, and Hill Damaraa,' 1838,
2 vols. 8vo, 7. ' Life of Field-marshal the
Duke of Wellington/ 1840, 2 vols. 8vo (trans*
latedinto German by F. Bauer). 8. ' L' Acadie,
or Seven Years 1 Exploration in British Ame-
rica/ 1849, 2 vols. Bvo. 9. < Passages in the
Life of a Soldier/ 1857, 2 vols. 8vo 10. < In-
cidents of the Maori War, New Zealand, in
1860-61/ 1863, 8vo. 11. < Bush-fighting,
Illustrated by remarkable Actions and Inci-
dents of the Maori War in New Zealand/

1873, Bvo. 12. < Otooijutra'rt Needle, the
Obelisk of Alexandria, its AcquiHition and
Removal to England described/ 1879, Bvo.

[Timen, 7 April 1886; (VDonnoH'H ITintorioul
Records of thn Hfch Kojftmonfr, p. 321 (with
portnut] ; IJurko's Lawlou Gentry ; AlcxaudVr'rt
works a'jovtt xnontionod.] M M. L,

ALEXANDER, WILLIAM TAN DRAY

(1808-1884), congregational divine, eldest
son of William Alexander ( 1 78 1-1800), win
merchant, byhta wife, KHssabeth LiwlMay(<i,
1848), was born at Leith on iM AWJ;'. 1808*
Having attended Leith High School and a
boarding-school at Kant. Linton, ho enterod
Edinburgh University in October 18&2, ami
loft in J825. II o wart a good Latin Hchplur.
The ropute of ThoimiH Ohalmora [q, v/J led
him to iiuiBh IUH literary eourne at St. An-
drews (181125-^7), "whew ho improved \m
Greek, He often accompanied Ohulmera
on hia rounds of village pr(ux<;hing, lliw
Barents woro baptifit.H, but on Sft) Oct. I H20
je became a wnbnr of tlie congregational
church at Loith. In September 8Si7 IM>
became a utiulent for th miuiHtry at the
Glasgow Theological Acadomy, undor Italph
Wardlaw [q, v/ and Greville Kwing (tyv.);
by the ond of "the year h waH nppointtKl
classical tutor in the Blackburn Theological
Academy, a pout; which he tilled, teaching
also Hebrew and all other HubjeetB cxtwpt
theology, till December 18!fl v wlimi he began
the stucly of medidtu* at E<Unburgh. Thi
not proving to IUB taHtts aftjr Home pr-
liminary trlaU he became tniniHter (October
183'J) of Newiugton iii(lpendit church,
Liverpool* Here ho rtmuutuid till May IHJiJ,
but wafl never formally inducted to the
-watorato, After a nhor-t vwit to (}^rinany,
:ollowod by Home lit^erary work in London,
he was calfod(1 Nov. 1HJJ.J) to the ptwl ornt e oC
North College Strwit congrt^ational hwrh f
Edinburgh, and ordained t.4i*re on fi F^h
1885, 11 e wftH noon rewgmned m a preacher
of power. Rejecting fruqmwf. (Jttllft to other
postB, profoBsoVial a well m pastortU,
romaitujd in thin charge lor over forty yt
with undimmifthed reputation, Ho wnw
made 1XD. of Rt AndrnwH in January IHKL
In 1852) on the rtwignation of John Wilwm
(1785-1854) [c, v.] f h wiw* an ttntt<*aowful
candidate for t,w moral ^hiloHaphy ohair in
Edinburgh Ihiivcw^ity* ^lin &uiuting**kmmH y
improves in 1840, when the nmw was
changed to Argylo H(j\ian^ (ihnjmi, wn bought
by the govomtntmt in 1 855. For MIX
the congregation mot in Qunwi Hfcnwt
On 8 Nov. IBH1 a now building,
AuffUBtinj Ohureh^wan opened (lorg I V
Bridge, with a fwraon l>y ThomiiK Uuthria

Alexander

33

Alford

tq. v.]: an organ was added on 23 Oct. 1863.
n 1861 the university of St. Andrews made
him examiner in mental philosophy. In
1870 Alexander was placed on the company
for revision of the Old Testament, In 187'l
he was made assessor of the Edinburgh
University Court, He resigned his charge
on June 1877, and in the same year was
made principal of the Theological 'Hall (he
had held the chair of theology from 1 854) ;
this office he retained till July 1881. In 1884
he was madeLL.D. of Edinburgh University
at its tercentenary. He died at Pinkieburn
House, near Musselburgh, on 20 Dec. 1884,
and was buried on 24 Dec. at Inveresk. lie
married (24 Aug. 18#7)a daughter (d. 15 Oct.
1876) of James Marsden of Liverpool, and
had thirteen children, of whom eight survived
him. He was of genial tem-perament, as
evidenced by his friendship witj. Dean Earn-
say and his membership in the Hellenic
Society, instituted by John Stuart Blackie
[q, v.] His habits and tastes were simple.
Of most of the learned societies of Ecin-
burgh he was a member. His portrait, by
Norman Macbeth [q. v.], is in tl'ie Scottish
National Portrait Gallery ; a marble bust by

Hutchinson is in the porch of Augustine

/~\t i

Church.

He published, besides numerous sermons
and pamphlets : 1. 'The Connexion and Har-
mony of tho Old and New Testaments ' (con-
gregational lecture, 1840), 1841, 8vo; 2nd
edit, 1853, 8vo. 2. 'Anglo-Catholicism,'
Edinburgh, 1 843, 8vo. 3. ' Switzerland and
the Swiss Churches,' Glasgow, 1846, 16mo.
4. 'The Ancient British "Church' [1852",
16mo; revised edition by S. G. Green, 1886,
8vo. 5. f Christ and Christianity, 7 Edin-
burgh, 1854, Svo^ 6. ' Lusus Pootici, 1 1861,
8yo (privately printed ; reprinted, with ad-
ditions, in Ross's 'Life'). 7. 'Christian
Thought and Work,' Edinburgh, 1862, 8vo.
8. 'St. Paul at Athens,' Edinburgh, 1865,
8vo. 9. ' Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1875, 8vo.
Posthumous was 10. 'A System of Biblical
Theology/ Edinburgh, 1888, 2 vols. 8vo
(edited by James lloss).

He published also memoirs of John Wat-
son (1846), Ralph Wanllaw (1850), and
William Alexander (1807); expositions of
Deuteronomy ('Pulpit Commentary,' 1882)
and Zochariah (1885); and translations of
Billroth on Corinthians (1837), Havcrnick's
Introduction to tho Old Testament (1852),
and Dorner's ' History of the Poctrine of the
Person of Christ,' vol. i. (1864). He edited
Kitto's 'Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature'
(1870, 8 vols.), and several theological works.
His ' Hymns for Christian Worship ' reached
a third edition in 1865,
I. SflP,

To the 'British Quarterly,' the 'British
and Foreign Evangelical Review,' 'Good
Words,' and other kindred periodicals he
frequently contributed ; he edited tlie
'Scottish Congre rational Magazine,' 1835-
1840 and 1847-5,. To the 'Encyclopedia
Britannica* (eighth edition) he contributed
several articles on topics of theology and
philosophy (the publisher, Adam "Black
^c . v.], was a member of his congregation),
His articles on 'Calvin' and ' Charming'
raised some controversy, and were improved
in the ninth edition. To the 'Imperial Dic-
tionary of Biography ' he also contributed.

[Life and Work, 1887 (portrait), by James

A. a.

ALFORD, MARIANNE MARGARET,
VISCOUNTESS ALFOBD, generally known as
LADY MATUAN* ALJWIID (1817-1888), artist,
art patron, and author, elder daughter of
Spencer Compton, second Marquis of North-
ampton [q. vJ, by his wife Margaret, eldest
daughter of Major-general Douglas Maclean-
Olephane, was born in 1817 at Rome, where
her father was then residing. Her childhood
was spent in Italy, and thence she derived a
love of that country which lasted through-
out her life. She came to England in 1830
with her parents, but in later life returned
to s")end many winters in Rome. On 10 Feb.
184, she was married at Castle Ashby to
John Hume Cust, viscount Alford, elder sou
of John Cust, first Earl Brownlow, and the
heir to a portion of the larg-e estates of
Francis Egerton. third and jist Duke of
Bridge water [q. v.] In 1849 this -Dro-oertr
passed to Lord Alford, but he died in .851,
leaving his widow with two sons. A famous
legal contest known as the Bridge water Will
Case followed^Lord Al ford's death, and his
elder son's claim to succeed to the Bridge-
water estates was warmly disputed, but was
finally settled by the House of Lords in the
young man's favour on 19 Aug. 1853.

Lady Marian Alford was an accomplished
artist, inheriting 1 her tastes in this direction
from both her parents, and, although she
enjoyed no regular education in art, her
drawings and paintings attain a very high
standard. Her house in London, Alford
House, Prince's Gate, was built mainly from
her own designs. She was also a liberal and
intelligent patron of artists in England and
Italy, and a friend of the leading artists of
the day. She was especially interested in
needlework, both as a fine art and as an em-
ployment for women, and it was greatly
through her influence and personal efforts
that tae Royal School of Art Needlework in
Kensington took its rise* For many years

Alfred

34

Alfred

she collected materials for a history of needle-
work which she published in handsome torm
in 1886 under tlie title of ' Needlework as
Art ' In society, as well as in art circles,
Lady Marian Alford was noted for refine-
ment and dignity, and for her powers ot
conversation. She died at her son's house,
Ashridge, Berkhampstead, on 8 leb. ISob,
and was buried at Belton near tirantliam.
Of her two sons the elder, John William
Spencer Brownlow Egerton-Cust, succeeded
his grandfather as second Enrl Browulow,
* j- r unmarried in 1867, was suc-
brother, Adelbort
3t, third

withdrawn, Tho oitiswna of the kingdom of
Greece, having 1 deprived their despotic king,
Otho, of tho crown, marked their confidence
in Kngland by bestowing the dignity on the
queen of Kn^'land's second won by an over-
whelming majoril.y of votes, cunt on an
appeal to universal NuH'm^o^) 45 Deo, 1H<lii),
Tho total number of voteH given WIIH LM 1 ,aOli;
of these IVmeo Alfnul roeoived &),<)!.
Tlis election, which wan hailed throughout
Ureeeo with unqualified enthusiasm, wan
ratified by the* National Assembly (!J Knb,
1S(>8), r f\w queen wan not averse to IVmeo
Alfred's acceptance of tho honour, but Lord

"Private information and personal know-
lecge.] L ' -

ALFRED ERNEST ALBERT, Duo
OF EDIBTBUBOH and DUKE 01? S\XE-CouKG
AND GOTHA (1844-1900), second son of
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born
at Windsor Castle on 6 Au$. 1844. In 1856
Lieutenant (afterwards Sir John) Cowell
of the royal engineers was appointed his
rovernor, and in October 1857 .10 was esta-
blished at Alverbank, a cottage near Hoaport,
where he was prepared for the navy by the
Rev. William Howe Jolley, a chaplain and
naval instructor. It was the WIHU of tho
prince consort that the boy should pass the
usual entry examination, which he did in
August 1858, when he was appointed to tho
Euryalus, a 60-gun screw frigate?, specially
commissioned by Captain John Walter Tarlo-
ton, well known as a pood and careful officer.
The Buryalus went in the first instance to
the Mediterranean, and afterwards to tho
Cape of Good Hope and Natal, giving the
young prince the opportunity for an ex-
cursion into the Orange Free State. On his
return to Cape Town he tilted (on 17 Sint.
1860) the first load of stones into the sea :or
the breakwater in Table Bay. From tho
Cape the Euryalus went to the West Indies,
anc. returned to England in August 1861.
The prince was then appointed to the St.
George with Captain the Hon, Francis
Egerton for service in the Channel, North
America, West Indies, and the Mediterranean,
being, by the special desire of his lather,
treated on board as the other midshipman ;
on shore lie occasionally took his place as
the son of the queen. It was not, however,
considered necessary, or indeed advisable, to
subject him to the prescribed limits of age
and service.

In the winter of 1862-3 a prospect of
securing a foreign throne was suddenly pre-
sented to Prince Alfred, and as suddenly

entered into with KUHHM and I'Yaneo, whereby
no priiuw of any of those count Hen eould
nflcend the throne of Oroero, Awortlin^ly,
the crown WUH refused. At Lord UIIHMUH'H
NUggeNttoN, however, tiejj?otiatioir)M woro
opened with Prmeo Alfred'n uncle, Duke
KrneHt of Saxo-()oburg-0otlw, with a view
to his filling (he vacant olliee, but, it WUH
deemed essential t.hut Duke I<)nuMt, who
WJIB clul(lleHH,Mhould,ir hiMisHentcd,renounoo
at once his duehy of Snxe-Oolnu^ in favour
of his nophow t f*rince AllVed, Thiw condi-
tion Duke KrncHt an<l hi couucil (Inclined
to (entertain, and the (Ireok throne was
Imally accepted (0 Marc!; IWW) by ^Wil-
liam)"(leorge, wecoud wmof Ih'ince OhriHtiau

eonlaneti with an earlier treaty, HI ton became
king of Denmark (15 Nov. I WUH). Mean*
while Alexandra, the winter of tho nexvl^y
chotum king of Greece and (luti^htor of
Primus OhriHtiau, married, <m 10 ( March
18(i3, Princn AHVtuVH brother, tlu Prince of
WaleB. One rewult of tlwwo trntiHactionH
wan th fonnnl oxt'cution b % y the Prtncn of
WalttH, who wan tlu* next heir to bin unclw
KrntsHt of Hrt,v-(J<butX"^ ( >tha in tluj HUCCHH-
Biou to the throne of that duchy, of a deed
of ronunciutum, wliitih tnuiHforwl IUH tiths
in tho duchy to Alfred, hin next brother
(IS* April 18<W), A ft or more than thirty
years the deed took etVoet, (MM^MKHJiUHV,
itfwnowv, > ra7? I)UKK KUNIWT tw HAXJJ*
COIJUHO, Mnwrir*) iv 8/MK)j FtNr>AV| JF/iV*
ton/ qf fer<?wv, vii, i^H9 Btu; ,)

Meanwhile, Priuce AL'rtl Htoadily pur*
BUW! IUH cartMjr in the Jkit;ih navy* ^Ou
iJ4 Feb. 1MB he wiw promoted to be lieu-
tenant of tho Uuoon with (Juptftin (3unt
Gltticlion [fieu Vt<rrR, Hnppi/ In her hw
continued for three yearn, an<; mi &H Keb

I860 he was promoted to be captain

over the intermiulinte rank of <*ommiLnilt k r)

At the same timo ho was grauttnl by parlm*

Alfred

35

Alfred

ment an income of 15,000/. a year, dating
back to the day of his majority (6 Aug. I860),
and on the queen's birtliday (24 May 1866)
he was created Duke of Edinburgh and
Earl of Ulster and Kent. The orders of the
Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, Grand Cross
of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George,
Star of India, Indian Empire, and all the
principal foreign orders were conferred on
aim. In Marcj. 1866 he was elected master
of the Trinity House ; in June he received
the freedom of the city of London.

In January 1867 he commissioned the
Galatea, and in her visited Rio Janeiro, the
Cape, Adelaide, Melbourne, Tasmania, and
Sydney, At this last place he was shot in
the back by an Irishman named O'Farrell
(12 March 1868). The wound was fortu-
nately trifling, but the indi ^nation excited
was very great, and O'FarreL was tried, con-
victed, and executed in the course of a few
weeks. The Galatea returned to England
in the summer of 18G8. After a short stay
she again sailed for the far East, visiting
India, China, and Japan, where the duke
was honourably received by the Mikado.
The Galatea returned to England and was
-mid off in the summer of 1871. In February
-876 the duke was appointed to the ironclad
Sultan, one of the fleet in the Mediterranean
under Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby
[q. v, Suppl.] With Hornby he proved him-
self an apt pupil. He attained a particular
reputation for his skill in manoeuvring a
fleet, and that not as a prince, but as a naval
officer.

On 30 Dec. 1878 he was promoted, by-
order in council, to the rank of rear-ad-
miral, and in November 1879 was ap-
pointed to the command of the naval reserve,
which he held for three years. During that
period he mustered the coastguard shns each
summer, and organised them as a f .eet in
tho North Sea or the Baltic. On 30 Nov.
188:2 he was promoted to be vice-admiral,
and from December 1883 to December 1884
commanded the Channel squadron. From
1886 to 1889 he was commander-in-chief in
the Mediterranean, and it was specially at
this time that his skill in handling a ileet
was most talked of. It was commonly said
that, with the exception of Hornby, no one
in modern times could be compared with
him. On 18 Oct. 1887 he was made an
admiral, and from 1890 to 1893 he was com-
mander-in-chief at Devonport. On 3 June
1893 he was promoted to the rank of admiral
* of the fleet.

A little more than two months afterwards,
S2 Aug. 1893, on the death of his father's
brother, he succeeded him as reigning duke

of Saxe-Cpburg and Gotha, in virtue of the
renunciation in 1863 by his brother, the
Prince of Wales, of the title to that duchy.
The question was then raised whether as a
German sovereign prince he could retain hia
privileges as an English peer or his rank as
an English admiral of the fleer. This last
he was permitted to hold by an order in
council of 23 Nov. 1893, but it was under-
stood that he had no longer a voice or seat
in the House of Lords. He relinquished,
too, the income of 15,000/. which had been
settled on him on attaining his majority, but
kept the further 10,000/. which was granted
on his marriage in 1874, as an allowance to
keep uo Clarence House, London, where he
resided for a part of each year. In Germany
there were many who affected to resent the
intrusion of a foreigner among the princes of
the empire ; but among his own subjects he
speedily overcame hostile prejudices, adapt-
ing himself to his new duties and new sur-
rounding's, and taking- an especial interest
in all taat concerned, the agricultural and
industrial prosperity of the duchies. A keen
sportsman, a man of refined tastes, passion-
ately fond of music, and a good performer
on the violin, lie was yet of a somewhat
reserved disposition which prevented him
from being so popular as his brothers ; but
by those who were in a position to know
him best he was admirec and esteemed.
He died suddenly at Ilosenau, near Coburg,
on 30 July 1900 of paralysis of the heart,
which, it was understood, saved him from
the torture of a slow death by an internal
disease of a malignant nature. He was
buried on 4 Aug. in the mausoleum erected
by his uncle Duke Ernest II in the cemetery
at Coburg.

Duke Alfred married, at St. Petersburg
on 23 Jan, 1874, the Grand Duchess Marie
Aloxandrovna, only daughter of the Tsar of
.Russia, Alexander II, and left by her four
daughters, three of whom married in their
father's lifetime, in each case before com-
pleting their eighteenth year. The eldest
daughter, Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria
O 529 Oct. 1875), married, 10 Jan. 1893,
Fferdinand, crown -prince of Roumania; the
second daughter, Princess Victoria Melita
(b. 25 Nov. 1876), married, on 19 April
1K94, her first cousin Louis, grand duke of
Hesse; the third daughter, Princess Alex-
andra Louise Olga Victoria (b. I SeT>t.l878),
married the Hereditary Prince oJ Hohon-
lohe-Langenburg on 20 A^ril 1896; the
fotirth daughter, Princess Beatrice Leo'ool**
dine Victoria, was born on 20 April 188^,

Duke Alfred's only son, Alfre Alexander
"William Ernest Albert, born on ,15 Get,

Allan

Allen

1874, died of phthisis at Meran on G^Fob.
1899. The succession to the duchy of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha thus passed, on the renuncia-
tion both of Duke Alfred's next brother, the
Duke of Oonnaught, and of his son, to Duke
Alfred's nephew, the Duke of Albany, pos-
thumous son of his youngest brother, Leo-
pold, duke of Albany, Queen Victoria's
youngest son,

A portrait of the duke by Von Angoli,
dated 1876, is at Windsor, together with a
picture of the ceremony of his marriago afc
t Petersburg, which was' painted by N.
Chevalier.

[Times, 1 Aug. 1900 ; Army and Navy Gazette,
4 Aug.; Milner and Briurloy's Cruise of Hor
Majesty's ship Galutea, 1867-8; Sir Thcodoro
Martin's Life of the Prince Consort; Proth pro's

Lifo and Letters of Dean Stanley ; ^

Poster's Poerago.] J. K. L.

ALLAN, STB HENRY MAUSTTMAN
HAVE LOOK (1830-1897), general. [See
HAVELOCK-ALLAN.]

ALLABDYCB, ALEXANDER (184(1-
1896), author, son of Jamoft AllarclycH,
farmer, was bora on 21 Jan, 184() at Tilly-
miirit-, Gartly, parish of llhynie, Aberdeen-
shire. Receiving his first lessons in Latin
from his maternal grandmother (KM mi, An
Aberdeenthire Village Propaganda), h was
educated at Hhynie parish scliool, Aberdeen
grammar school, an the university of Aber-
deen. In 1868 he became sub-editor of the
'Friend of India' at Sorampore, Bengal,
Lord Mayo appreciated him so highly that
he oifore'd him an assifltant-coinmiKsionep-
ship, but ho keit to journalism. He wan on
the ' Friend of India ' till 1875, having appa-
rently at the same time done work for the
' Indian Statesman.' In 1875 he succeeded
John Capper as editor of the ' Ceylon TimoB/
and one of his early experiences of otfico was
tendering an apology to tho judicial bench
for contempt (London Times > &5 April 1806).
Returning to Europe, he was for a time at
Berlin and afterwards in London, where ho
wrote for ' Eraser's Magazine/ the ' Spec-
tator/ and other poriocicab. In 1877 h
settled at Edinburgh as reader to the houfto
of Messrs. William Blackwood and Hons,
and assistant-editor of ' Blaekwaod'a Maga-
zine.' He died at Portobello on $& Ap^ril
1896, and was buried in Rhynie 'parish
churchyard, Aberdeenslure,

When comparatively young Allardyce
married his cousin, Barbara Anderson, who
survived him* There was no family,

Allardyce wrote : 1. ' The City of Sun-
shine,' 1877; 2nd edit 1804; a vivacious
tale of Indian life and manners, 2. * Memoir

of Viscount; Keith of S(onelmvon Mamelwl,
Admiral of thn Kod/ 1882; a trustworthy
work. tt. ' Hal moral, a Romanes of the
(Juoon's Country/ I8!)tt; a Jacobite tale.
4. ' Karlseourt, a Novel of Provincial Lifn/
1894,

In 1888 lie mlUod two worlvs of raro
valuo and int.i^rcHt (ouch in 'J voln. 8vo) ;
(]} tho Ochi^rtyro 1VISS. of John UamHtiy
under tin* t.itlo of * Scotland and SrotHitHw
in tho lOtgh! couth ( Vulury/ utuj (U) ' l^lv-
toi'B from and to ( MuirloM Ktrkimt-ric.k Sharpt^ f
[q, v,] Allardyco n^ularly wroto political
and literary iirl.iclpM for* lilackwoodH Maga-
xino/ and IIIH .skill in handling a .short, st(ry
in illuHtratod in Mo third HOIMON of 'Tfthi
from lUackwood/ At. tho titnn of h'm dtMith
ho was preparing tlu^ vohuno on Abnrdron-
wliiro for IMoHMrw. lUackwood\HHnmm)iV,oimty

1 1'rivnto infoi*niut.ion ; Tinn'H, Sfti'ntHinan, atul
Ahordoon Wm\ IVcHHof 24 April, and At.luMiuMiift
of 2 May lBO(i,) T. ,

ALL'KN, (HUNT (1KIH 1M1M)), tnan of
an<l man of HCMMUMS whoHi^ lull nainci
was (llmrlcs (irnnt. Hlnirlhulio Allen, wim
born ut Ahvin^lon, war Kin^Hloii in( 'anada,
ou'Jl Koh, I.SI8, Uo WUM tho wrnml but
only Hiirviving* nonof JoHopli Atil'moll Allt*n t
a clergyman of t-ho FrLsh Church who ctni*
grated to ('finadain 1H|(I, andnurvivod hw
won by olvm months, dying at, AlwingUm,
near KiiigHton, in Canada, on (5 Oct. 11KX).
His mot,h<r (Charlotte (Vthcnm^ Ann) WUH
the only duuglit-wr of Clmrlon William (Irani,
fifth baron dc Longticuil, a tit.lo crtattd
by LOIUH XIV in 1700, and the only onn in
Canada that in ollicially ro^ogiuMfd. Thti
nioUuir'H liuuilv <>f tho th*antH catnw to
Canada from Blairdndin in Scotland,

({rant. Allnn (<IH In* always Ktyltul him-*
aolf) ftpimt tho first thirtnen yearn 'of his Ii(
among the delightftd Htirrouiidin^H tf tho
Thousand Isles, on t!r Upper St. mwrence,
wlu*n* ht^ learnt to love uninmlH and thnvern*
Ilifl ftiirluwt. teacher was hm lather, In about
18(11 the family moved to Nwvhaven, Con*
noctkuitf wlitTt* ho hntl a tutor from Yale,
In the following year they went again to
France* and he \ya placed for a timo in
thoColliVgo Im|)fnnl ir. I Dieppe, before beui^
finally tranHfwrrml to King Kdwiml f H Kclmo,,
Birmingham. In 1HU7 h wan eltHJted tcux
noHfrmastership at Morton (College, Oxford*
His undergraduate c*,areer wan hampere,d by
an early marriage IUH first wife wan always
an invalid and noon dknl ; but- li ^tiimid
a first class in oloHfiical tnotoutitmM, Ami ft
second clnfl in tin; ilnal dass'uml wchool after
only a y tmr's reading* la tH7 1

Allen

37

Allen

B.A,, but proceeded to no further degree.
For the next three years he undertook the
uncongenial work of schoolmaster at Brigh-
ton, Cheltenham, and Heading. In 1873 he
was appointed professor of mental and moral
philosophy in a college at Spanish Town in
Jamaica, then founded by the government
for the education of the negroes. The experi-
ment of the negro college was a failure.
The half-dozen students that could be got to
attend required only the most elementary
instruction, and the principal died of yellow
fever. In 1876 the college was finally closed,
and Allen returned to England with a small
sum of money in compensation for the loss
of his post. These three years, however, in
Jamaica had an important influence on the
development of Allen's mind. He had leisure
to read and to allow his ideas to clarify. It
was during this time that he acquired a fair
knowledge of Anglo-Saxon for the benefit of
hia pupils. He also studied philosophy and
physical science, and framed an evolutionary
system of his own, based mainly on the
works of Herbert Spencer, In later y^ears
he was not much of a student. His views
were formed when he came back from
Jamaica, and such thev remained to the end.
While at Oxford Allen had contributed to
a short-lived periodical, entitled * The Oxford
University Magazine and Review, 1 of which
only two numbers appeared (December 1869
and January 1870). On re-settling in Eng-
land in 1876, he resolved to support himself
by his pen. His first book was an essay on
* Physiological ^Esthetics' (1877), which he
dedicated to Mr, Herbert Spencer and pub-
lished at his own risk. The book did not sell,
but it won for the author some reputation,
and introduced his name to the editors of
magazines and newspapers. He began to find
a ready market for his wares popular scien-
tific articles, always with an evolutionary
moral in the ' Cornhill/ the ' St. James s
Gazette/ and elsewhere. But such stray
work did not yield a livelihood; and Allen
was glad to accept an engagement of some
months to assist Sir William Wilson Hunter
[q. v. Suppl.] in the compilation of the ' Im-
perial Gazetteer of India. ' I wrote/ he says,
' with my own hand the greater part of the
articles on the North- Western Provinces,
the Punjab and Sind, in those twelve big
volumes.' For a short time he was on the
staff of the ' Daily News/ but niglitwork did
not suit him, and he was one of the regular
contributors to that brilliant but unsuccess-
ful periodical, < London ' (1878-9). During
this period he published another essay on
'The Colour Sense 7 H879\ which won high
approval from Mr. Alfred llussell Wallace ;

three collections of -popular scientific articles
(/ Vignettes from Kature/ 1881, < The Evo-
lutionist at Large/ 1881, and ' Colin Clout's
Calendar/ 1883), the value and accuracy of
which are attested by letters from Darwin
and Huxley; two series of botanical studies
on flowers (' Colours of Flowers/ 1882, and
* Flowers and their Pedigrees/ 1888) ; and a
little monograph on ' Anglo-Saxon Britain *
(1881).

If the last-mentioned be excepted, all
Allen's early publications from 1877 to 1 883
were in the field of science. Unfortunately,
he could not live by science alone. He has
himself described how he became a novelist.
His first essays in fiction were short stories,
contributed to 'Belgravia* and other maga-
zines under the pseudonym of J. Arbutlmot
Wilson, and collected under the title of
' Strange Stories ' (1884). In the opinion of
his friends he never wrote anything better
than some of these psychological studies,
notably 'The Reverend John Greedy' and
'The Curate of Churnside/ both of which
appeared in the ' Cprnhill.' His first novel
was ' Philistia/ which originally appeared as
a serial in the * Gentleman's Magazine/ and
was published in the then orthodox three
volumes in 1884, again under a pseudonym
this time Cecil Power. This book is largely
autobiographical. Though it did not take
with the public, the author received suffi-
cient encouragement to go on. During the
next fifteen years he brought out more than
thirty books of fiction, of which the only one
that need be mentioned here is ' The Woman
who did' (189.5). This is a Twidenz-Romcm,
written, as he said, 'for the first time in my
life wholly and solely to satisfy my own taste
and my own conscience.' The heroine is a
woman with all the virtues who, out of
regard to the dignity of her sex, refuses to
submit te the legal tie of marriage. The
disastrous consequences of such a scheme of
life are developed by the author with re-
morseless precision. He intended the book,
in all seriousness, to be taken as a protest
against the subjection of women, and he
dedicated it to his wife, with whom he had
passed l my twenty happ iest years.' The lack
of humour in it puzzled his friends. The
public read it eagerly, "but were shocked.
3e followed it up with another * hill-top'
novel, < The British Barbarians ' (1896), winch,
was an equally inconsequent satire on the
existing social system, and then quietly re-
turned to the writing of commonplace fiction,
some of which appeared under the fresh
pseudonym of Olive Pratt Bayner.

But Allen's intellectual activity was by
no moans confined to novel writing. He

Allen

Allingham

contributed regularly to newspapers, maga- compelled to winter m the >uth oi Luropo,

zines and reviews, which contain some of usually at Antibjw, though once or twice ho

his best work, often not reprinted. Of those wont as far aw Altfiow ami Jj W ypt. In iHtti

that were republished in book form, the ho bought a plot, <>l ground almost OH the

fullest liffht was thrown on the author's real summit oi Jhud llnad, and built huuHolt a

views of life in Falling in Love, with other charming cottars which ho wil ml the Croft.

Essays on more exact Branches of Science' Hero ho ioum. that ho could ^mduro tho

(1889) and'PostprandiamilosophyXISW. severity of an Knglwh wmtouwnu Uurround-

Twice he returned to the more abstruse ings wilder than at Dorking and with tho

mics as beino- that of an amateur, Never- till after hin death, After montlm of

theless Allen persisted in it, and when tho ing ho diod on 2H Or.t. II IK body WIIH wv-

book passed into the remainder market in mated at Wnkiiiff, tbn only ceremony hning

1894 he presented a copy to a friend with a memorial addroHH by Mr, I'miM-ir, Ham- *

this inscription : ' It contains my main con- son. In 1878, jUHt befornMtnrl ing' lbrJnmaio.ii,,

tributionto human thought. And I desire ho married bin Howmd wile, Kllen, yotm^Nt

here to state that, when you and I liavo daughtor of Tlmmiw Jornird of Lymo Itogk

passed away, I believe its doctrine will gra- Sho Burvivon him, together with one wm, tho

dually be arrived at by other thinkers/ Ilia only IHRUO of tho nmrriiiffo.
other serious work was* The Evolution of [Grunt Alien, a Mmunir, by I'M ward Olodd,

the Idea of God' (1897), an inquiry into tho with portrnit and bibliotfmphy, London, H)00j
origin of religions. This boo"c ia crowded t '* ^- ^

withanthropo-ogicalloro, and contains numo- ALLINGHAM, W H J ;i A M (1 8&I -

rous brilliant apoyus, but it labours under ISBi)), pout, wan born at Uiilly.shnnimn.Dono-

the defect of attempting to explain ovory- ijul, cm 10 Muro.h IHS-L \Villijuu All'mg-

thing by means of a sin ^le theory. In con- -iiun, bin lather, who had Formerly \w\\ a

nection with this should be read an essay on merchant, wan at. tlw i imo of his birih^ mana-

the origin of tree worship that ho prtsfijcod gr of tho local hank; hm nxithor, KliwibcUi
*

to a verse translation of the Attis* of Ca- Crawford, WUH alno a nntivo of

tullus (1892). In 1894 he issued a volumo on. Tho family, originally from^ flump-

of tioems which he modestly entitled ' Tho bhiro, hud boon wnUlod in Ireland MUUIH tbo

i\w

Lower Slopes* (1894). In technique they tini of KlixiibH-h. ^Allhi^uuu

are the verses of a prose writer, though bank with which IUN fn,th<r WHH

they reveal not a little of tho heart of the at tho ago of thirt;;un, and stmvn to

author, and the ideals of his youth, whon tho scanty odmuition bt^ bad r^MV<d^ nl a

most of them were actually written, In th bottrdii^-wslmol by a V'^OI'CHIM w\\\m\ ofnnH-

later years of his life Allen found a fronh improvement, At the a^^of twint,y-t.\vo

interest in art, and particularly in Italian he received an appointment, in tlie ciiHt.oiwM,

art. To art as a handicraft ho had always HiicceHHivoly tixmtid For mweral >nrn at

been attracted, as may be seen in his vojy Donegal, HaUywluiruion, and other towHH in

frst contribution to the ' Cornliill' on ' Oarv- UlHtor. He mwerthbHs paid ttlinont. annual

ing a Coco-nut/ The appreciation of paint- visits to London, the ilrrtt-in IH-U^abtmt which

ing and architecture came later, as tho ro- time ho contributed t.o Lfigh Ilunt'H ' .lour-

suit of repeated visits to Italy, To hi nal, 1 and in 1847 be wmle the popncmal no-

scientific mind they fell into their place m quaintanco of Ltugh Hunt*, who treated him

branches of human evolution. It is this with ffrat ItindneHH, amUntPoduct'tl him* t>

unifying conception of art, as well as of his- Carlylo and other men of letters, Through

tory, that inspires the aeries of guide-books Coventry Patmoro ho beeame known to

lory,
whic
Florence, Venice, and the

which he wrote in his last years on Paris, Tennyson, ua well aw to KoHMtMi <mtl tho
the cities of Belgium pre-Ha H ,)halit^ circlt* in $<weml The tor-
(1897,1898), ' reaponumco of Tinnyfl(u atul Patmoro

Grant Allen never enjoyed robust health* atteatH the high opinion which both enter-

London was always distasteful to him* In tainod of tin* ^>oeti(ud immune of this ymnjj?

1881 he settled at Dorking, where he do- Irishman, I I,H flrat vulumts otitith'tj Himply

lighted in botanical walks in the woods and * Poomw ' 'London, 1HDO, lsimo% Miblmhtul iu

sandy heaths ; but nearly every year he was 1850, wiU a dedication to Ijoiga Hunt, ww

Allingham

39

Allingham

nevertheless soon withdrawn, and his next
venture, 'Day and Night Songs' (1854, Lon-
don, 8vo), though reproducing many of the
early poems, was on a much more restricted
scale. Its decided success justified the publi-
cation of a second edition next year, with the
addition of a new title-piece, * The Music
Master/ an idyllic poem which had appeared
in the volume of 1850, but had undergone so
much refashioning as to have become almost
a new work, A second series of 'Day and
Night Songs' was also added. The volume
was enriched by seven very beautiful wood-
cuts after designs by Arthur Plughes, as well
as one by Millais and one by E-ossetti, which
rank among the finest examples of the work
of these artists in book illustration. Alling-
ham was at this time on very intimate terms
with Rossetti, whose letters to him, the best
that Ilossetti ever wrote, were published by
Dr. Birkbeck Hill in the ' Atlantic Monthly '
for 1896. Allingham afterwards dedicated a
volume of his collected works to the memory
of Rossetti, 'whose friendship brightened
many years of my life, and whom I never
can forget. 7 Many of the poems in this col-
lection obtained a wide circulation through
Irish hawkers as broadside halfpenny ballads.
On 18 June 1864 he obtained a pension of 60J.
on the civil list, and this was augmented to
100/. on 21 Jan. 1870.

In 1863 Allingham was transferred from
Btillyshannon, where he had again officiated
si nee 1856, to the customs house at Lymington.

Lyrics and short Poems; or, Nightingale
Valley '), a choice selection of English lyrics;
in 1804 he edited 'The Ballad Book 7 for the
'Golden Treasury' series, and in the same
year appeared ' Laurence Blooinfield in Ire-
land/ a poem of considerable length in the
heroic couplet, evincing careful study of
Goldsmith and Crabbe, and regarded by him-
self as his most important work. It certainly
was the most ambitious, and its want of suc-
cess with the public can only be ascribed to
the inherent cifficulty of the subject. The
efforts of Laurence Bloomfield, a young Irish
landlord returned to his patrimonial estate
after an English education and a long mi-
nority to raise the society to which he comes
to the level of the society he has left, form
a curious counterpart to the author's own
efforts to exalt a theme, socially of deep
interest, to the region of -ooetry, Neither
Laurence Bloomfield nor Almgliam is quite
successful, but neither is entirely unsuccess-
ful, and the attempt was worth making in
both instances. The poem remains the
epic of Irish philanthropic landlordism, and

its want of stirring interest is largely re-
deemed by its wealth of admirable descrip-
tion, both of man and nature. Turgenelf
said, after reading it, *I never understood
Ireland before. 7 Another reprint from
'Frasor' was the 'Rambles of Patricius
Walker, 7 lively accounts of pedestrian,
tours, which appeared in book form in 1873.
In 1865 he published 'Fifty Modern
Poems,' six of wSich had appeared in earlier
collections. The most important of the re-
mainder are pieces of local or national in-
terest. Except for 'Songs, Ballads, and
Stories 7 (1877), chiefly reprints, and an occa-
sional contribution to the ' Athenaeum/ he
printed little more verse until the definitive
collection of his poetical works in six volumes
(1888-93) ; this edition included * Thought
and Word,' ' An Evil May-Day : a religious
-joem ' which .had previously appeared in a
limited edition, anc ' Ashley Manor ' (an un-
acted play), besides an entire volume of short
aphoristic poems entitled ' Blackberries, 7
which had been previously published in
1884.

In 1870 Allingham retired from the civil
service, and removed to London as sub-
editor (under James Anthony Froude [q. v.
SuppL] of ' Eraser's Magazine/ to which he
had long been a contributor. Four years
later he succeeded Fro-ude as editor, and on
22 Aug. 1874 he married Miss Helen Pater-
son (b, 1848), eldest child of Dr. Alexander
Henry Paterson, known under her wedded
name as a distinguished water-colour painter.
He conducted the magazine with much ability-
until the commencement, in 1879, of a new
and shortlived series under the editorship of
Principal Tulloch. His editorship was made
memorable by the publication in the maga-
zine of Carlyle's * jJarly Kings of Norway/
given to him as a mark of regard by Carlyle,
whom he free ueutly visited, and of whose
conversation Lie has preserved notes which
it may be hoped will one day be published.
After the termination of his connection with
' Fraser/ he took up his residence, in 1881, at
Witley, in Surrey, whence in 1888 he re-
moved to Ilampstead with a view to the
education of his children. His health was
already much impaired by the effects of a
fall from horseback, and he died about a year
after his settlement at Lyndhurst Eoad,
Hampstead, on 18 Nov. 1889. His remains
were cremated at WoMng.

Though not rankin ? among the foremost
of his generation, ALingham, when at his
best, is an excellent poet, simple, clear, and
graceful, with a distinct though not ob-
trusivo individuality. His best, work is
concentrated iu his * Day and Night Songs '

Allman

Allman

(1854), which, whether pathetic or sportive,
whether expressing feeling or depicting
scenery, whether upborne by simple melody
or embodying truth in symbol, aCwaya fulfil
the intention of the author and achieve the
characterof works of art. The employment
of colloquial Irish without conventional
hibernicisms was at the time a noteworthy
novelty. 'The Music Master '(18f)f>), though

Allman'H reputation roMt on las

-rations into tlio cUftuficution and inorpho-
-<W of tho cadontorata and polyv.oa, Mis'
* JV1 onograph of tho I'Voshwator Volyxoa'
was oubHwhod by tho tUy Soo."uty in 'iSftlt,
and ^n 1871*-ii the namo Hooioty publinhod in
two fine folioH Allman'rt tnont important
work, 'A Monograph oi 1 tho (3ynmohluHtic
or Tubularian I !ydroid.' Tho way for t.hiH

of no absorbing interest, is extremely pretty, had boon pnnaml by tho * M otmRraph oi t ho
and although 'Laurence Bloomfiolc 7 will Nakod-oyod HoduMso, jMibhshod m I KM by
mainly survive as a social document, the Edward Korl;os [H, v.|,juul by 1 ho M Voanie
reader for instruction's sake will often be de-
lighted by the poet's graphic felicity. The
rest of Ailing-ham's poetical work is on a
lower level; there is, nevertheless, ranch
point in most of his aphorisms, though low
may attain the absolute perfection which ab-
solute isolation demands.

Two portraits, one representing Ailing-
ham in middle, the other in la-tor lilb, are
reproduced in the collected edition of hia

poems.

A collection of prose works entitled 'Varie-
ties in Prose ' was posthumously published
in three volumes in 1893.

[Atheiiweum, 23 Nov. 1889 ; Allinglmm'8 prc-
fnces to his Moems; RosHotti'w lollops to him,
edited by Dr. Uirkbock Hill; A. H, JMiloH'H Pools
and Poetry of tho Century; private informa-
tion; personal knowledge.] K. 0.

ALLMAN, GEORGE JAMER (1812-
1898), botanist and zoologist, borif at Cork
in 1812, was eldest son o: James Alhmm of
Bandon, co. Cork. He was educated at
the Belfast academical institution and at
Trinity College, Dublin, where ho praduatod
B, A. 1839, IIL.B. 1848, and M, 1 ), 1 847 , In
1842 he became a mumber, and in 18-14 a
fellow, of the Royal College of SurgtumH,
Ireland, and on 1 July 1H47 he was adwifclwl
to the ad eundem degree of M,l). at Oxford,
Originally intended lor the bar and then for
medicine, he abandoned both in order to
devote himself to the study of natural MCI-
ence, and especially of marine zoology, of
which he was one of the early pioneers in
England, His first scientific pap<,r-~ on
polyzoa appeared in 1843 ; it was followed
'jy one on hydrozoa in 1844, and in tho next
thirty years Allman published over a hundred
capers" on these and similar subjects. In
..844 he was appointed, in succession to his
namesake, William Allman [q.v.], professor
of botany in Dublin University. On 1 June
1854 he was elected F.H.S., and in the fol-
lowing year he was appointed regius pro-
fessor of natural history, and keener of the
natural history museum in the university of
Edinburgh ; his inaugural lecture was pub-
lished (Edinburgh, 1855).

Ifydrozoa' o.'TliomaH Hoary' Huxlov [q,
Suppl,], pu))lHluMl by tho Itoyul Sficicly in
185!). Six yourn lator Allntnn was iuvltod
to report, on tho hydrnidrt (n>lliMMr<l by Ij, l,'\
do PourtuU\M on ImliuU' of tho I'nil.wl Slulon
govornmoul' in tho (Uilf Stroam ; AlliunnV
rtport. ibnuoti ]urfc ii, of iho llHh vohuno of
tho ' Mmuoir,s oi't.ho MtiMcum nl 1 ( 1 ntt|umt.ivo
yjoolojyy at HarviU'd,' lit iHSJlho prrlniMncd
a Hiiuilur stn'vico (or tho Hril.jHh yuvonuuont,
contributing 1 a roport. on liydntidH to n noriow
of Olmlhnuvr roporiH oditi'il by Sir ( 1 brltH
Wyvillo TaoniH<m [4, v.| AlltiuiaV roport
in pail, xx, of tho Ho.vonth vnlutun (iMHrt),
For IUH work on hydronlH Allnmn roooivoU
tlio UriHbnno modal [of t.ho Itoyul Society <>t*
Edinburgh in 1^77, tho ('uanfnj;hnii tuodnl
of tho Uoyal Ivinh A<',iulotny in IH7H, and
tlio gold modul of tho 1/uuioun Socioty in
IHOti.

Moanwhilo, in 1M70, AUnutn rotinnl from
hiw profoHHorMhip at Kdiitbur^h t hoiug 1 pro*
Bontod with a twtiimmiul <u L'i* July, In
1H71 ha wiw oleototl n moailior of tho Allu 1 *
xiiiuim Club by t;lu^ commit too. I'Yom lHf)5
till tho abdlitiou of tho bourd iu J- W H1 Ito
was owo of tho HooU'wli llshory cotnmiH-
Humor t and in lH7<t ho WIIM uppuiulod-a
commiMHionor to "nujuirn into tho working of
tho (iiiot'txV collogi^H in hvhmd, llu bad
alwayn takou a lunu intoroHt. in tin* populu-
rination of wiiioiu'o, and WHH otio tf tho *nrly
promotom of tho British AMMooiatinn for tho
Advftiwsomwiti of Hrionco; ho pvomdod ovor
the biological m*<ttion in 1H7IJ, nrul ovoi* tlu^
nnitod aftHtuuation wlu*n it* mot at. SholUold
in 1879. IhtMorvi'd on t.ho i*ttuil of tho
Koyal Socioty from IH7! lo lH7it t and iu
1874 ho Hucwodod (Hoorgo Itontlmin |tyv.]
an pruHidunt <>1* tlm i/mnoan Stjcioty, to tho
* Journal ' of which h had contrihutod HOVO-
ral -)aptu*B, tlw* niont tiuportant hoirtpf^tluiti
on tfio IVoHhwator moduna; ho i-olintpUHhod
tho prtsflidoncy in 1HN.M, wlion ho WUH HH-
coodod by Sh John Jjublxndt (now Uml Av*
bury). Jlw alnt) act.od iln* tunny yoarn im
examiner in natural hintory for tho mvorwity
of London^ for tho urmy, uavy t and Indian
medical and civil

Allon 4

On leaving Edinburgh Allman had settled
first at Weybridge and then in close proxi-
mity to Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace, at
Ardmore, Parkstone, Dorset. He died there
on 24 Nov. 1898, and was buried on the
29th in Poole cemetery. His wife, Hannah
Louisa, third daughter of Samuel Shaen of
Crix, near Colchester, Essex, by whom he
had no issue, predeceased him in 1890.

Besides the works mentioned above and
his numerous scientific papers, of which a
list is given in the Royal Society's Catalogue,
Allman published a lecture entitled *The
Method and Aim of Natural History Studies'
(Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo), and contributed to
J. V. Carus's 'Icones Zootomicse' (Leipzig,
1857, fol.),and * An Appendix on the Vegeta-
tion of the Riviera' to A. Bar6ty's ' Nice and
its Climate' (English transl. London, 1882,
8vo). In the last. year of his life he printed
a volume of poems for private circulation.

[Allmau's Works in Brit. Museum Library j
Proc. Liimean Soc. 1805-6, p. 30 ; Lists of Fel-
lows of the Royal Soc. ; Nature, lix. 202, 269 (by
Professor G. B. How-s); Cat. Grad. Tria. Coll.
Dublin; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886;
Men of the Time, 1895; Who's Who? 1898;
Times, 28 Kov. 1898 ; Huxley's Life and Letters
of T. H. Huxloy, 1900.] A. F. P.

ALLON, HENRY (1818-1892), congre-
gational divine, born at Welt on, near H ull,
on 13 Oct. 1818, was the son of William
Allon, a builder and estate steward. He
was apprenticed as a builder at Beverley,
where he joined the congregational church,
and began to preach at tae age of seventeen.
His devout character attracted the attention
of James Sherman [q. v.], and others, by
whose influence he was received in 1839 as
a student at Cheshunt College, where he
studied theology under John llarris (1802-
1850) [q. v.] In 1844 lie became assistant
to Thomas Lewis at Union Clunel, Isling-
ton, lie was ordained on 12 *Tune 1844:,
and his Breaching at once created a re-
markable impression. His striking presence
added to the eiFect of his delivery, while he
appealed in his sermons to the intellect
rather than to the emotions of his hearers,
On the death of Lewis on 29 Feb. 1852
Allon became sole pastor of the church. In
1861 Union Chapel was enlarged, and be-
tween 1874 and 1877 it was rebuilt. Allon
did not, however, confine his labours to his
congregation, but extended them to many
dUtbrent fields of action. His services to
Cheshunt College wore very great, Alter
Sherman's death in 1862 he filled the hono-
rary office of secretary, and in 1864 he was
appointed ministerial trustee, as well as one
ot' the trustees of tho countess of Hunting-

c Allon

don's connection [see HASTINGS, SELINA".
He also made extensive journeys throug'a
the British Isles and the United States,
where in 1871 he received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Yale University. He
received a similar distinction from St. An-
drews in 1885. He was twice elected presi-
dent of the Congregational Union in 1864
and in 1881 an unprecedented distinction.

In literature Allon was equally active,
while his services to nonconformist music
were of the first importance. In 1863 he
compiled a ' Memoir of James Sherman '
(London, 8yo ; 3rd edit. 1804), ami in 1866,
in conjunction with Henry Robert Reynolds
"c^ v. Suppl.], he undertook to ed^t the
'.British Quarterly Review/ the represen-
tative organ of the free churches [see
VAUGHN, ROBHBT, 1795-1868], In 1877
he became sole editor, and continued in
this position until the periodical was dis-
continued in 1886. His services to hy mixology
were of great value. He edited the ' Con-
gregational Psalmist 'in 1858 in conjunction
with Henry John Gauntlett "q.v. ], and new
editions appeared in 1868, 1875, and 1889,
A second ecition, a ' Chant Book,' was pub-
lished in 1860; a third section, 'Anthems
for Congregational Use/ in 1872, and a
fourth, * Times for Children's Worship,' in
1879. Besides editing these musical works
he acted as editor to the *New Congrega-
tional Hymn-book,' published ' Supplemental
Hymns for Public Worshb ' in 1868,
'llymns for Children's Worsliip' in 1878,
and the ' Congregational Psalmist .Hymnal'
in 1886. By these musical works, and by
his lectures and writings, among which
may be mentioned 'The Worship of the
Church,' contributed to Henry Robert Rey-
nolds's 'Ecclesia '(1870), Allon did much
to improve the musical portion of noncon-
formist worship. As a composer he is only
represented by one hymn, 'Low in Thine
agony,' written for Passiontide,

Allon died at Canonbury on 16 April
1892, and was buried in Abney Park ceme-
tery on 21 April. A man of liberal thought
and wide reading, many of his theological
opinions were hardly in sympathy with tliose
o~ his more conservative comtemporaries,
such as John Campbell (1794-1867) [q. v/
They exposed him to animadversions, but no
attack ever excited him to bitterness. In
1848 he was married at Bluntiaham, in
Huntingdonshire, to Eliza, eldest daughter
of Joseph Goodman of Witton in that county.
He left two sons and four daughters. A
fund to establish a memorial to Allon was
closed in 1897, By its means the chapel of
Cheshunt College was enlarged, a new

Allport

Allport

organ provided, and an Allan scholarship
established.

Besides the works already mentioned, and
numerous sermons and pamphlets, Allon
was the author of: 1. * The Vision of God,
and other Sermons,* London, 1876, 8vo ; 3rd
edit, 1877. 2. < The Indwelling of Christ,
and other Sermons/ London, 1892, 8vo. He
edited in 1869 the Sermons ' of Thomas
Binney [q. v.] with a biographical and criti-
cal sketch. A number of A-lon's letters to
Reynolds are printed in < Henry Kobert
Reynolds ; his Life and Letters/ edited by
his' sisters in 1898.

Alton's son, HENRY EBSKTNB ALLOW (1804-
1897), musical composer, born in October
1864, was educates at Amersham ITall
School near Reading, at University College,
London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge.
He studied music under William Henry
Birch and Frederic Corder. Besides two
cantatas, ' Annie of Lochroyau ' and ' Tlio
Child of Elle/ and many songfl^ho published
several sonatas and other pieces for the
pianoforte, and the pianoforte and violin.
3is work showed originality and rmwor, Ilo
was one of the promoters of the* Now Musi-
cal Quarterly Review/ to which he fre-
quently contributed. He (Vied in London
on 3 April 1897, and bequeathed his library
of musical works to the Union Society of
Cambridge University (information kindly
given by Mr. L. T. Rowe),

[Harwood's Honry Allou, 1804 (with portrait);
Memorials of Henry Allon (with portrait), 1892;
Congregational Year Book, 1803, pp, 202-5
(with portrait); Historical Sketch, prt'iixocl^to
Sermons preached at tho dedication of "Union
Chapel, Islington, 1878; Burrell's MomoirB of
T. Lewis, 1853 ; Waddinpton's Congregational
History, 1850-1880, pp, 420-46; Conpfrogatiou-
aiist, May 1870 (witS portrait); J. Ginnnow
Bogota in Sunday Maga&no, 1892, pp, 387-01,]

K. J. 0,

ALLPORT, STK JAMES JOSEPH
(1811-1892), railway manager, bom at Bir-
mingham on 27 Feb. 1811, was third son of
"William Allport (d. 1823) of Birmingham
by Phoebe, daughter of Joatnlx Dickinson of
woodgreen, Staffordshire. His father was a
manufacturer of small arms, and for a time
2rime warden of the Birmingham Proof
House Company. James was educated in
Belgium, and at an early age, on tho death
of his father, assisted his mother in the conduct
of her business.

In 1839 he entered the service of the newly
founded Birmingham and Derby Kaihvay aa
chief clerk, and after -filling the post of traffic
manager was soon appointed manager of
that railway, "While MX this employment in

dq)(
W

1841 he was one of tho firwt to advocate and
propone tho oHtabltahinont of a railway clcar-
mg-hon,so ByNtom. On tho amalgamation of
Ida company with tho North Midland and
Midland (Jountkw Railway on I Jan. 184-1,
Allport was not noloctod an manager of tho
joint undertaking, but through the inllnoneo
of Cleorpo ItmlHon [q. v.], who had marhod
his ability, wan appoint oil manager of tho
Newcastle and Darlington lino. This lino
prospered under IUM HIK yours* control, and
developed into tho Yorfc, Newcastle, and
Berwick Railway, Ilo was next chosen in
1850 to inanngo tho Manchester, Sholliold,
and LincolriHhiro, th<ti Itttlo morn tlian a
branch of tho London and North- \\Vntom;
and threo yoar,s lutt^r, on 1. Dot, 1H5JJ, ho
wa appointed pnmral nuinngnr of tho Mid-
land Railway, At. this period tho Midland
Company only ]>onHOHNicl (ive hundre<l miUH
of railroad T consiwiing of little nuro than nn.
agglomeration ot* local lines nerving fclu
midland <",ounti(\s, and was in a position of
dq)(uid( v tico on the London and North-
The extenHion of IUM railway
and itrt ewmverMioti into a trutik lino
the firot groat ohj(ctH of tlie new
manager, and tho policy of nomirmg indo-
pendent approach to tho controH of popula-
tion WHH now inaugural ed, and heticolorth
conHiHtently (olltnve<l, hi 18f>7 thiH work
boffan by tho completion of ilw MidlaiuL
lino from Lwmstnr in Hitchin, which now,
instead of ttuffby, bonuttio t-he nearent point;
of connection with London* In thin numo
year Allport wan induced to accept tho
position of managing director to hilmor'H
^hiphuilding 1 Company at J arrow, and re-
si^iiod IUH oiHco in the Midlund on *Jft May
1857, but wtiH elected n director on <i O<tt,
1857* Three yeurH later it, wan, lnwevei%
found to he to the mterentof the Midland
to recall him to the ptmt of j^one
and hin wtrvicoH were nlmont.
fwcceHsfully (mr^loy^d in op-xwi
bill which wou d luive enn )lwl the London
and North "Westoni, t.hndivati Northern, ami
Manchester, Hhtiilu.tl<l and LittculuHhirt* Hnil*
wayn by far-row.lung n^riMnitentH Horu
to liand'imp traflic on the Midlutul In
tho act cjf parliament wan w^cured hy

of which tho company waM enabled to reach
LaneaHhiru thvutigh the DerbyHhiro daien^ind
in tho following yar powrH were (ranted to
lay down tho line between BodftmL und Lon-
don. Mot 8at.ifllied with thm rapid xt ennitm,
Allporfc in I H(M WUH mainly reMjionmWo for
tho introd\iction of tho Mil into jwriiunient
authoriBmg tho creation ot* tlu^ Settle and
Carliulo lino* CJreat ]ier^v**rauco and
tenniuatiuu on tUo part of tho

Allport

43

Althaus

were necessary after the railway panic in
186(5 to maintain the company's resolve to
establish an independent route to the north.
The difficulties and expense of the enter-
prise were immense, and its construction
gave Allport more anxiety than any other
railway work he had ever undertaken (llail-
way News, 1892, p. 685). The line was
not completed for passenger trailic to Carlisle
before 1876. The St. Pancras terminus of
the Midland Railway had been opened on
1 Oct. 1868. By the securing of a London
terminus, and the creation of a new and
independent route to Scotland, All-port's
main purpose was accomplished, and the
Midland line was established as one of the
great railway systems of the country.

The development of the coalfields in mid-
England by means of his line was an object
always kept in view by the general manager,
and eventually successfully accomplished.
The process, however, led in 1871 to a severe
coal-rate struggle with the Great Northern
Railway, in which Allport's action in sud-
denly withdrawing through rates to all
;parts of the Great Northern system, besides
"ieing unsuccessful, proved subsequently
somewhat prejudicial to the interests of his
company. Competition with the Great
Northern was one of the chief reasons which
in the first instance caused the Midland
board to decide on running third-class car-
riages on all trains on and after 1 April
1872. But Allport was a firm believer from
the first in the eventual success of a course
regarded at the time by most railway
managers as revolutionary, and in after-life
looked back on the improvement of the
third-class passenger's lot as one of the
most satisfactory episodes in his career
(WILLIAMS, The Midland Railway, p. 280).
The abolition of the second class on the
Midland system from 1 Jan. 1875 was a
further development of the same policy; but
the change, though now followed on other
lines, was not at first approved by public
opinion.

Aliport retired from his post as general
manager on 17 Fob. 1880, when .10 was
presented with 10,000/. by the shareholders,
and elected as a director of the company.
In 1884 he received the honour of knight-
hood, and in 1886 was created a member oi
the royal commission to report upon the
state of railways in Ireland, lie was a direc-
tor ^ of several important industrial under-
takings. After his retirement he inspected
tho IN ew York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio rail-
way system on behalf of the bondholders,
and exposed its mismanagement. He died
on 25 April 1892, aud was buried in Belper

cemetory, Derby, on 29 April. He married
in 'J832 Ann (d. 1886), daughter of John
Gold of Birmingham, by whom he left two
sous and three daughters.

[Times, 29 April 1892 ; Railway News, April
1SU2 ; Acworfch's Rail ways of England, ed.
1000, pp. 31, 65, 206; Burke's Landed Gentry,
1886; WilliHniB's History of Midland Railway;
and informntitm kindly convoyed by tho secretary
of tho Midland Euilwny Company.] W. C-R.

ALTHAUS, JULIUS (1833-1 900), phy-
sician, born in Lippe-Detrnoid, Germany, on
31 March 183$, was tho fourth and youngest
son of Friedrich Althaus and Julie Uroescke.
His father was general superintendent of
Lippe-Detmold, a protestont dignity equal to
the Anglican rural dean ; his mother was a
daughter of the last protestant bishop of
Magdeburg. He received his classical educa-
tion at the university of Bonn, and be ^an his
medical studies at Gottingen in 185 1. Il e pro-
ceeded thence to Heidelberg and graduated
M.D. at Berlin in 1865, with a thesis <de
Pneumothorace, 7 He then proceeded to Sicily
withProfessorJohannesMueller(1801-1858),
and thence to Paris, where he worked under
Professor Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1898),
Althaus afterwards settled in London, when
Robert Bentlev Todd [q. v.] gave him oppor-
tunities of undertaking the electrical treat-
ment of patients at King's College Hospital,
In 1866 he was mainly instrumental in found-
ing the Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis
in Regent's Park, to which he was attached
as physician until his resignation in 1894,
when he was appointed to tae honorary office
of consulting physician. He was admitted a
member of "he Koyal College of Physicians
of London in I860. At the time of his death
he was a corresponding fellow of the New
York Academy of Medicine, and he had re-
ceived the insignia of the order of the crown
of Italy. He died in London on 11 June 1900,
and was buried at Wokinj. Althaus married,
in June 1859, Anna Wilaelmina Peter, and
had three children two sons and a daughter,
of whom the latter survives him.

Althaus was a man of very varied attain-
ments, with great musical gifts. He was
greatly interested in the therapeutic effects
of electricity. He published : 1. ' A Treatise on
Medical Electricity,' London, 1859, 8vo; 3rd
edit. 1873. 2. ' "fiie Spas of Europe/ Lon-
don, 1802, 8vo. 3 ' On Paralysis, Neuralgia,
and other Affections of the Nervous System,
and their successful Treatment by Galvanism
and Faradisation/ London, 1864, 12mo. 4.
1 On Sclerosis of the Spinal Cord/ London,
1885, 8vo ; translated into German, Leipzig,
1884, and into French by J. Morin, with a

Amos

44

Amos

preface by Prof, Charcot, Paris, 1885, Bvo.
.). ' Influenza : its Pathology, Symptoms,
Complications, and Sequels,' 2nd edit. Lon-
don, 189ii, 12mo. 6, * On Failure of Brain
Power : its Nature and Treatment,' 4tkedit,
London, 1894, 12mo.

[Dr. Pagel's Biograplusches Lexicon, 1900;
obituary notices in the Lancet and Britinh
Medical Journal, vol. i, 1900; Times, 13 June
1900 ; private information.] DVL 1*.

AMOS, SHELDON (1835-1880), jurist,
fourth son of Andrew Amos [q. v.], by Mar-
garet, daughter of William Lax [q. v.J, born
in 1835, was an alumnus of Glare College,,
Cambridge, in which university ho gradu-
ated B.A. in 1859 (senior Optimo in mathe-
matics, second class in. classics), having in
the ^receding year taken the members' prixo
for v ^atin prose. He was admitted on 2
June 1859 member of the Inner Templo,
where he was called to the bar oa 1 1. June
1862. The honours which ho had taken in
the previous examination did not bring
brie'fs to his chambers, but procured him a
readership at the Templo, wliich ho held
until his election in 18(50 to the chair of
jurisprudence in University College, In
1872 he was elected reader under this Coun-
cil of Leg-al Education, and oxnuunur in
Constitutional Law and Iliwtorv to Iho Uni-
\ p ersity of London, lie vacatec. the render-
ship in 1875, tho exammerslnp in 1877, and
the chair of jurisprudence in 1879, llis
health was then gravely impaired, and a
voyage to the Sout'-i Seas failed to restore
it; nor did he lind colonial society congenial,
and after a short residence at" Sydney 1m
settled in Egypt, practising aa an advocate
in the law courts and devoting his leisure
time to the study of the complicated BOeiai
and political problems which were then
pressing for solution. lie was rowidont at
Alexandria on the ove of tho British occu-
pation, and suffered the loss of his library
"ay the bombardment (July 1882)- On the
subsequent reorganisation of the Egyptian
judicature he was appointed jud^o o? tho
court of appeal (native tribunals). Tho
duties of the office proved exceptionally
onerous to one who, though an aocom; tolio'd
;uriat, was without experience of auninia-
-ration. ^ Amos's health proved unequal to
the strain, A furlough m England in tho
autumn of 1885 failec to restore his powers,
and on his return to Egypt he died suddenly,
8 Jan. 1886, at his residence at Eamloh,
near Alexandria.

Amos married in 1870 Sarah Maclardio,
daughter of Thomas Perceval Bunting, of
Manchester, by whom he left issue*

In early life Amos was a frequent, con-
tributor to tho ' Westminster Review/ and
well known UH an earnest; advocate of i ho
higher education and political emancipation
of women, and an a leader in tho crusado
agaixiHt tho Contagions Diseases Ads, Ho
was a friend and admirer of Ifyederiek
DenUon Maurice, with wliom ho was asso-
ciated an a locturor at the Working Men's
College in Clreat Ormond Street, ^oudotu
JIo was widely read in theology and plulo-
flopliy, and iound Oolerid^e and (Jotnte
equally congenial. II o never attempted
any formal exposition of his \hiloHO|ihi~
cal ])OHilion y and in nnderwtoou to havo
remained n devont and n.MHfMitiii,lly ortho-
dox churchman. AH a thinker he IH bewt
Icnown by IUH ^SjHtematic \ f i<\v of tho
Scimicu of JtiriMpnulenee/ London, lH?i3,
8vo, and his *Si(mco of Law/ 1K7-I, and
'8<!i(uico of Politics/ 1HH.'J (Intnmational
Scient.ifi(i Hones), ThoMo works, however
have IONH of the met IKK! <hnn of the termi-
nology of Hciouco, are wi^eNtivo rather than
illiuninalivc, and an* marred by irrelevant
dtitail and rhetorical rhapsody,, Amos isneini
to bettor advantage in IUH I(MH ambitious
'LeouireH on lutertHitional Law/ London,
]S7iJ,Hvo, liis Hc.holarly (<li(irm of Mannin^'n
' Comment ,riw on tho Law of Nations/
London, 187H, Hvo (cf. M.\NNIN<J WILLIAM
Oi(H),and bis misnamed * Politinil and Leg'al
ItemedioH for War/ London, I WHO, Hvo,
which, by tho Hup;>rtnsu>n of a lew visionary
<m ' L1 """" lL1 mi^-ht 'n n^idily rednred to a
* : "" on the ritfh'tn and dttiM of

tit-rt mid lumtrulH, Olhor worltN by
Ainosans; l.'Au Mn^lirtli (luth*: !t.H DUli-
cultiuH and \\w Modnn of ovot^omin^ them:
a Pruclical Application of tht* S<ietun of
JuriHprudnnw 1 ,' I Condon, 1H7.M, Svo, U t * Kifiy
YoarMoftlu^ KnliHltJoimlitiil.ion 1H,1() HO*

London, lHO f Wvo.

Primorof thn

, f . .

liah (JonHtitution and Uovormwnt/ ,

fourth edition, 1HKH, Hvo. -I, ' lliMtory mid
Prin(sipl of the t Hvil I/tiw tif Hmno UH ai<i
to tho fcitudy of wMtwtilit! und compa
Londtm, 1H8:?, Hvo,

,

was also author of tho following pamphI*t.H :
nl* in I'Jn^Iuud viiwl

L 'Capital Punisluwnl*
as operating- in tins Pnmnt Ony/ Lotidon
1804, Bvo. SJ, * (VHfi(*ation in lin jflund and
tho State of Now York/ London, HOT, Hv,
8. ' Modfsrn Tlwwritw of Uhurdi mid States
a Political Panorama/ London, JMtyHvo,
4. ' J.)iirrenmi of Hex an a Topic of JuriH-
nrudonoe and LegwUtion/ Londttn, 1H70,
8yo* f 'Tho -PreMtmt Statt of th ('Onl.a-
00UB Di(mHH tJontrovtwy,' London, 1H70,
STO, 6. *A Lecturn on tho hmi, Motlen of
studying JuriHprudtwy JLoudow, 1870, Bvo*

Anderdon

45

Anderdon

7. e Tho Policy of tlie Contagions Diseases
Acts of 1866 and 18(59, tested by the Prin-
ciples of Ethical and Political Science/ Lon-
don, 1870, 8vo. 8. 'The Existing 1 Laws of
JDemerara for tlio Regulation of Coolie Im-
migration/ London, 1871, ,8 vo. 9, 'A Con-
cise Statement of some of the Objections to
the Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866,
and 1809,' London, 1876, 8vo. 10. 'The Pur-
chase of the Suez Canal Shares and Inter-
national. Law/ London, ] 876, 8vo. 11. 'A
Comparative Survey of the Laws in force
for tie Prohibition, "Kegulation, and Licens-
ing of Vice in England and other Countries/
London, 1877, 8vo.

['Foster's Men at the Bar ; Grad. Oant, 1800-
1884; Law List, 1863 ; Timon, 4 Jan. 1886 ; Law
Times, 9 Jan, 1886,- Law Journ. 9 Jan, 1886 ;
Solicitors' Jonrn. 28 Jan. 1886 ; Law Mag. and
Eor, iii. 661; Saturday It ov. xxxiv. 55; Athe-
naeum, 1872 i. 557, 1873 i. 245, 1874 ii.
342, 1880 i. 180, 595, 18SI3 i. 271; Academy,
1883, i. 234; Remembrances of Sheldon Amos
(privately printed, Leeds, 1880).] J.M.K.

ANDERDON, WILLIAM HENRY

(181 6-1890), Jesuit, born in New Street,
Spring Gardens, London, on 26 Dec. 1816,
was the eldest son of John Lavicourt An-
derdon [q. v.] When about fifteen years
of age he began to attend the classes at
King's College, London. He matriculated
on 16 Dec. 1835 at Balliol College, Oxford
the college at which his nnc_e, Henry
Edward (afterwards cardinal) Manning, had
graduated live years earlier. Before long
ae gained a scholarship at University Col-
lege, and he graduated B.A. in 1839 (second
class in classics), and M.A.inl842. Taking
orders, he became curate first at Withyam,
Kent, and afterwards at Reigate, In 1846
he was presented to the vicarage of St,
Margaret/a with Knighton, Leicester, but
he resigned that living in 1850, and on
23 Nov. in the same year he was received
into the Roman catholic church at Paris by
Pere de Ravignan in the chapel of Notre-
Pame de Sion (GoNDON", Las IMcentea Con"
wrsiom da FAnglrterre, 1851, p. 1,03). After
^oing through a course of theology at Rome,
lie was ordained priest at Oscott by Bishop
Ullathome in 18^)3. Subsequently he de-
livered lectures on elocution and rhetoric
at Ushaw.

His sermons drew lar^e congregations
when he accepted the chaplaincy of the
Catholic University in Dublin under the
rectorship of Dr. (afterwards Cardinal) New-
man. He held office in that institution from
1856 to 1863. He also took part in found-
ing a Franciscan convent at Druinshanbo.

In 1 80.*? lie came to London to take the post
of socroturT to his uncle Manning, who had
just ascended the archiapiscopal throne of
Westminster. Afterwards ho spent two years
in a mission to America, returning to this
country in 1870. lie received tho degree of
D.D. from Rome in 1809.

Having resolved to join the Society of
Jesus ho entered the novitiate at Roeli amp-
ton in June 1872, and took tho first vows in
1874. His missionary career as a Jesuit
began at the church of St. Alovsius, Oxford ;
he spent a year at Bournemouth, and another
year at Stonyhurst as prefect of philosophers
and for many years ho was engaged in giving
missions and retreats in various parts of tho
country. He afterwards taught elocution
to the novices at Mauresa House, Roeharup-
ton, where he died on 28 July 1890.

His works are: 1. 'A Letter to the
Parishioners of St. Margaret's, Leicester/
London, 18/51, 8vo, explaining his reasons
for joining the communion of the church, of
Rome ; tjiis letter elicited several replies.
2. 'Two Lectures on the Catacombs of
Rome,' London, 1852, 8vo. 3. ' Antoine de
Bonneval : a Story of the Frondo ' (anon.),
London [18/57], 8vo. 4. 'The Adventures
of Owen Evans, Esq., Surgeon's Mate, left
ashore in 1739 on a Desolate Island 7 (anon.),
Dublin, 1863, 8vo ; commonly known as
'The Catholic Crusoe.' 5. 'Afternoons with
the Saints/ 1863. 6. 'In the Snow : Tales
of Mount St. Bernard/ London, 1868, 8vo.
7. ' The Seven Ages of Clarewell : the His-
tory of a Spot of Ground/ London, 1868,
8vo. 8. 'The Christian /Esop: Ancient
Fables teaching Eternal Truths/ London,
1871, 8vo. 9. 'Is Ritualism Honest? ; 1877.
10. 'To Rome and Back: Fly-loaves from
a Flying Tour/ London, 1877, 8vo. 11.
'Bracton: a Tale of 1812/ London, 18*2,
8vo. 12. ' Fasti Apostolici : a Chronology
of the Years between the Ascension of our
Lord and the Martyrdom of SS. Peter and
Paul,'" London, 1882, 8vo ; second thousand
enlarged, 1884. 18. 'Evenings with the
Saints/ London, 1883, 8vo. 14 'Luther
at Table/ London, 1888, 8vo, 15. ' Luther's
Words and the Word of God/ London, 1883,
8vo. 16. ' What sort of Man was Martin
Luther? a Word or Two on his Fourth
Centenary/ London, 1883, 8vo. 17. 'Britain's
Early Faith/ London, 1888, 8vo. He also
published various controversial pamphlets
and articles in the ' Dublin Review/ the
* Month/ and the ' Weekly Register.'

[Browne's Annals of the Tractarian Move-
ment, pp. 175, 213; Foster's Alumni Oxon,
1716-1886 ; Men of the Time, llthedit.; Marry
England, xvi. 1-20, 110-31 (with portrait);

Anderson

4 r>

Anderson

Purcell's Life of Manning, 3rd edit. ii. 767 ;
Times, 30 July 1890 j Weekly Register, 2 Aug.
1890, p. 145,] T, C,

ANDERSON, JAMES KOBTCRTSON
(1811-1896), actor, was born in Glasgow on
8 May 1811, and played first, at Edinburgh
under William Henry Murray [c. v.], then
on the Nottingham circuit, and" at New-
castle-on-Tyne, From 1834 to ISM he WMS
manager of tho Leicester, Gloucester, and
Cheltenham theatres. His first appearance
in London was made with Macroady on
30 Sept. 1837 at Covent Garden as tflorael
in the ' Winter's Tale.' On 2,'J May 1.838
he was the first Sir Valentine do Grey in
Knowles's ' Woman's "Wit/ at id on 7 March
1839 the first Mauprat in * .Richelieu.' At
Covent Garden he was Biron in ' Love's
Labour's Lost/ and Komeo, and was the
first Fernando in Knowles's 'John of Pro-
cida/ and Charles Courtly in * London As-
surance. 7 At Drury Lane ho was tho first
Basil Firebrace in Jerrold's ' Prisoners of
"War/ Titus Quintus Fulvius in Gerald
Griffin's 'Gisippus/Earl Mortoun in Brown-
ing's ' Blot in the 'Scutcheon/ and Wilton
in Knowles's ' Secretary.' Ilo wan also soon
as Othello, Orlando, Captain A bsolutt*, 1 1 arry
Dorntpn, Fuulconbridgo, and PostlmmuH,
to which parts at Covent Garden ho addod
lago, Cassio, and others. lie then in 184(5-8
visited America. On iiO Dec. 1840 ho opo.nod,
as manager, Drury Luno with the * Merchant
of Venice.' Among the pioeew he produced
were the ' Elder Brother of Beaumont and
Fletcher, Schiller's < Fiesoo/ * Assaol tho Pro-
digal/ Boucicault's * Queon of Spades/ and
Mrs. Lovell'a * In^omar/ in which he played
the title-role, In , 85 1 ho was Captain Sidney
Corn-town in Sullivan's < Old Love and tho
New/ and the same year, with a loss of over
9,OQO, he retired from management. In
1853, 1856, 1856, and 1868 America waa re-
visited. He was seen in 1855 at Drury Luno
as Kob Roy. In 1803 lie joined Kichard
Shepherd as manager of the Surrey, and, be-
fore the house was burned, produced his own
-)lay, the l Scottish Chief/ and the ' Second
!?art of King Henry VI/ in which he doubled
the parts of the Duke of York and Jack Cade.
For '.lie benefit in 1865 at Drury Lane, he wa
Antony in. 'Julius Ccesar. 7 After visiting
Australia in 1867 he reappeared on 26 Sept.
1874 at Drury Lane as Richard I in Halli-
day's adaptation of the ' Talisman/ and played
Antony in ' Antony and Cleopatra. 7 La was
also seen at the Strand and at many east-
end and country theatres. Besides the ' Scot-
tish Chief he wrote other dramas, of which
' Cloud and Sunshine ' was produced, On.

115 Doc. 1875 at Drury Lano ho WIIH Moreutio,
and on 1 Nov. 1HK-I fit. tho Lyceum Tyba.ll,.
At tho outsot Awlomm, who had a fino
iiguro and a wiporb voieo, won gonornl accep-
tance. JVlacroady, diary of oulog-y to any
possible rival, praiHod him, and WoHthuid
Mai'flton held bin Ulric in'Wornnr* nqual
to Walluck'n, II IH voict^ hn Hpoilod and woro
out. In his laior yoarn lin ac,(,(Ml lit.tln. Ho
WIIH a familiar (i^'tin^ at thnOarriok dlul)
whern h( k wus rot.ituttil. but, always w
Koturnin^ thonco ono ov(niii^ m Kt
18J)5 to his rnoniH in tho Tcdionl
Covtmt (InrdtMi, a hundred or two yardH oil*,
l\i\ \va parrot ti*<l and rolihcd. I^roitt tlm
ollectHof tlu^ iujuncs ho IU*VIM' rt^ovonuljutd
ho iliod at Ilin* Hodford Uutnl on .'{ March
wan huriotl at. Konwal Ur k <Mi.

Unowl<<(lgc ; PIIHCOO'H Unhiunlio Lint,;
Pollock'n Macroady ; Srol.t. and IhtNvunrN Ulan*
clmrd; JWnivtoii'H Uicolh^t.ioiiH of <Mir rwoni,
AotorH; Athoniuuiu, March iS9'; I'ini AUn.i-
nack.J J. JL

ANDRRRON", JOHN (1H 1 MO), natu-
ral il, MtToud MOII of Thomas Amlownn, Mpn-
taryof llui National Haulv of Srotlinul, WMH
bo ni at ,K(liuhur,fh <n -1 Oct. iKJt.'t, After
paHKinjy IUH Hclioo. diivH at. the (ieorj,^ SijimnH
Acjidorny and the JU11 Street luMtit-ution,
Edinburgh* he h'c.eivecl ii ( 'tuuora|)}Hin(nien(i
in tho Rank of Scotland, whieh WIIM HOOII
abandoned fort hi* tnt^licalcourNi* in the uiti-
vurnity of Kdinhur^lu Anderson WMH a pupil
of John Uootlsirl <j,v/]iVoi whom ht* received,
his anatomical training; he ^nnhiat^l M.I),
ill 1H&J, and rerun v<ti the ^o tl moiliil of tho
univemt.y of Ifiilinhur^h for asoolo^v. At
this period he wiw usHoo/uited with otli<rH in
thu foundation of the 1 loyal I*hyMt<ml Society,
which roHo from tho anhVa of the NVerm'rmu
Sociut-y in tlu nume, city. Audei'Hon wan
one of tho <,arly prewidentH f thm noeiety,
Soon after tfriuiuut iiuf lw wan fippointtni Uv
tho chair of natural history in tho I'Yeti
Church (3oll(^(s at Kdmhurgh, pre.viouMly
held by Dr*.Iha Flowing (l7Hf> 1857) [q.vl]
ThiB ollh ho held for about two yoarw, la
1804 ho proctM^h^i t. India, and thn newly
pfltabliwhod Indian muwmm at <?ah*aittn WH
in 1805 phuHul \wlr Im tthurge,, Thtt
muwoum at Oalcut.ta wa built by th ^<-
vornmunt for thu houmn^ of tint colloctiotm
amtiBAud by the Awiatie Society of Bim#a1 t
who woro unablo to continun to Htm upon
their own jmnnJHtw tho rapi<lly growing 1
maturial. The rich colhwiionn/ both zoo-
logical and othnolo^ualj wow thnreibm
handod ovwr to tho govwmnent. of Itulitu
Andorflon waa tho flrnt Huperinttiuleut of
that colloetiou undt>r thtuuw regime, but. hit

Anderson

47

Anderson

office was at first entitled that of curator.
The duties of the head of this museum were
varied by three scientific expeditions, to
which Anderson was attached as naturalist.
The first of these was undertaken under the
command of Colonel (Sir) Edward Bosc
Sladen [q. v.] in 1867. The members of the
expedition proceeded to Upper Burmah, and
succeeded in getting as far as Momein in
Yunnan. A second expedition in 1875-G in
the same direction, under the command of
Colonel Horace Browne, was not so success-
ful, owing to the treachery of the Chinese ;
Augustus Raymond Margary [q. v.], who
travelled in front of the rest of the members
of the expedition, was murdered, and in con-
sequence the expedition, which had not
proceeded far beyond the Burmese frontier,
was compelled to return. The information
amassed during these two journeys was very
considerable, and formed the basis of two
large quarto volumes written by Anderson,
and published in 1878-9. A third expedi-
tion was made by Anderson to the Mergui
archipelago in 1881-2, and was productive of
much new information in marine zoology, as
well as of facts concerning the Selungs, a
tribe inhabiting some of the islands of the
archipelago. His account of the results of
this expedition was published in vols, xxi.
and xxii. of the Linnean Society's 'Journal'
(1889) ; as a further result of this mission
Anderson published in 1890 * English Inter-
course wit.i Siam in the Seventeenth Cen-
tury ' (Triibner's Oriental Series), The lar^e
amount of scientific work published by
Anderson led to his election in 1879 as a fel-
low of the Royal Society. He was created an
honorary LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1886, and
he was also a fellow of the Linnean Society
and of the Society of Antiquaries. During
the last years of Jiis tenure of the office of
superintendent of the Calcutta museum, he
was also professor of comparative anatomy
at the meclcal school of Calcutta. In 1886
he resigned his posts at Calcutta, and re-
turned to London, where he devoted much
of his attention to the Zoological Society of
London, attending the scientific meetings
and serving on the council and as vice-
president. Anderson's last important under-
taking was a volume upon the reptiles of
Egypt, which was intended to be followed
by a complete account of the zoolory of
Egypt, He died at Buxton on 15 Aug. ..900.
Anderson married Grace, daughter of Patrick
Hunter Thorns of Aberlemno, Forfarshire,

Anderson's scientific work was partly
zoological and partly ethnological. His
early training as an anatomist led him to
treat zoology from the anatomical standpoint,

and to dwell upon internal structure as well
as external form in describing new forms of
life. The vertebrata claimed his attention
almost exclusively; and among the verte-
brata his principal additions to knowledge
concern the mammalia. The Yunnan expe-
ditions allowed him to investigate the
structure of that remarkable, nearly blind,
fiuviatile dolphin of the muddy rivers of
India, the p.atanist.a j his account is the
principal source of information respecting
this long-snouted whale. A small, partly
freshwater and partly marine, dolphin
named, on account of its likeness to the
savage killer (orca), prcella, was described
by Anderson for the first time in the same
work, which contains abundant observations
upon many other creatures. A memoir in
the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society '
(1872, p. 683) upon the hedgehog-like ani-
mal hylomys is another of his more impor-
tant contributions to zoology. A variety of
notes upon apes, reptiles, and birds, largely
contributed to the Zoological Society of
London, olfer many new facts of importance,
illustrating not only the structure, but also
the geographical distribution of animals. The
ethnological work of Anderson is mainly his
account of the Selungs already referred to.

His principal works other than contribu-
tions to the "Jransactions' and 'Proceedings'
of various learned societies are: L 'Mandalay
to Momein,' 1876. 2. 'Anatomical and Zoo-
logical Researches, comprising an Account of
tlie Zoological Results of the two Expeditions
to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1876, and a
Monograph of the two Cetacean Genera,
Platanista and Orcella/ 1878-9. 3. ' Cata-
logue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum/
1881, pt. i. 4. ' Catalogue of Archaeological
Collections in the Indian Museum,' '. 883,
pts. i. and ii. 5. ' Contributions to the Fauna
of Mergui and its Archipelago,* 1880. (This
work is a reprint from the ' Journal of the
Linnean Society/ and contains the contri-
butions of several specialists.) 6. ' English
Intercourse with Siam/ 1889. 7. ' A Contri-
bution to the Herpetolo^y of Arabia/ 1898.
8. 'Zoology of Egypt. ?art I. Reptilia and
Batrachia/ 1898 ; a second part (Mammalia)
is to be published.

[Andorson's Works; .Royal Society's Cat. of
Scientific Papers; Nature, 27 Sept. 1900; Times,
17 Aug. 1900; Men of tho Time, ed. 1895."

J? E 3

ANDERSON, SIR WILLIAM (1835-
1898), director-general of ordnance, born in
St. Petersburg- on 5 Jan. 1836, was the fourth
son of John Anderson, a member of the n'rm.
of Matthews, Anderson, & Co., bankers and
merchants of St. Petersburg, by his wife

Anderson

Frances, daughter of Dr. Simpson. 1 le was
educated at the St. Petersburg high com-
mercial school, of which lie became head.
He carried off the silver medal, and although
an English subject received the freedom of
the city in consideration, of hia attainments.
When he left Russia in 1849 he was pro-
ficient in English, Russian, Gorman, and
French. In 1849 he became a Htndent in
the Applied Sciences department at King's
College, London, and on leaving became an
associate. He next served a pupilage at
the works of (Sir) William .Fair jairn [q. v.]
in Manchester, where he remained throo
years, In 1855 he joined the firm of Court-
ney, Stephens, & Co., of the JtlackhiiU IMaeo
Ironworks, Dublin. There he did much
general engineering work. Lie also de-
signed several cranes, and was the first
to adopt the braced web in Ixmt cranes
r, Theory of Strains, 1873, p.
'

In 1863 he became president pi' tho Insti-
tution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. In
1864 hu joined the linn of Eaaton & Amo,s
of the Grove, Southwark, and wont to live
at Erith, where the firm had decided to
erect new works. Ho became a partner,
and eventually head, of the firm wh'utli at a
later date was .styled "Maston Si An din-son.
At Erith he had the chid" responsibility in
dosi ruing and laying out thr, works, fart
of t"ie business of the firm at that time was
the construction of pumping marlunory.
Anderson materially improved the pat-lorn
of centrifugal \mrnp devised by John uoorgo
Appold [q. v/ In 1870 ho proceeded to
Egypt to erect throo sugar mills ibr the
Khedive Ismail, which ho had assiwtwl to
design, la 1873 he prosontod to tho In.sti-
tution of Civil EngineorR an account of the
sugar factory at Aba-el- Wakf (Mmutw of
Proceedwgit, '1872-8, xxxv, 37 *70), for which
he received a Watt medal and a Tel ford
premium, Anderson next turned his at-
tention to gun mountings of tho Monerioir
type, and designed several for tho British
government, which wore mndo at; the Krith
works* In 1870 he designed twin Mon-
crieft" turret mountings for 40-ton guns for
the Russian admiralty, which were made* at
Erith and proved highly successful, Later
he designed similar mounting's for 50-ton
?uns for the same country, and about 1888
ha designed the mountings for Her Majesty's
shii; Hubert About 1878-82 he was oc-
cupied with large contracts which his firm
had obtained for the waterworks of Antwerp
and Seville. To render the waters of tho
river Nethe, which was little better than a
sewer, available for drinking imposes, lie
invented, in conjunction with Sir Frederick

Anderson

Abel, a revolving iron purifier,
which proved porfooUy ot!ootual. Ho oon-
tribulotl a -wpor <m tlio 'Antwerp Water-
works 7 to Lie hiMtit'Utinn of (livil Wn^'inoorrt
(Ib. Ixxii. 24 8;{), for which ho roooivod a
Tolford medal and iremium,

About 1888 Aw'ot'HonwoH asked by tho
explosive committeo of Uio War OlliV-c to
design tho maohinory for tho nwnufaetnro
of t le now HiuoholoMN explosive., Cordite, Ho
had hardly com monml thin tank when, on
II Aujf. 1HHO, ho, was appointed director*
{ronura of thoonlnamio ftietorioM, Tho duties
of this pout. prnvritt.etl him from rontinuiug
his work involution (,o t-hn <*onlit.o nitirhinorv^
which was commit tod to his oldest HOU.
Anderson iniulo ninny improvomonts iti t>lio
(h^tails of tho mmui^'omonl of Mn arsmial,
and introduced greater o(uuoiny into iU ad-
uiiniHtration.

lln was olocto<l a ionler of the IiiHtitu-
tion of Civil MngineiM'rt on IsJ.lnu. IK(il). la
1SS(5 he wan electeil a iHiinIur of counoll,
and in IHilO a vice-pre,si(lnt'., He wan also
a inomhtir of tht hi,stitutiuu of Mecluuiicul
'Mngiuee-rH, of which ho wan presidetili in
IH*W ami IHiKJ, In 1HSD ho \VHH ]reHiileni,
of Hec.tiun at. tho mooting 1 of the Ki'itmh
AwHociatlon at. Newcastle, and on tlwtotuw,-
wiou ho received t-lu honorary decree of
I).(Uj. from DuHuim UnivorHityl On -i .hne

I HO) ho \va olectod a follow of the Koyul
Society, Ho WUM a vice-proNidont of ihn
Society of Artw, a member of th<^ Uoynl
LiHtitutioti, of t-ho Iron nit<l Steel IiiHtiuite,
and of other Hociolion, llr^ wuw also ti lieu*
ttmant-coloiit^l of t.ho cutfinccr nnl nulway
volunteer Htall' corps, In 1H05 \w wan
created (IB., atul in ISi)? IUUI

AiulorHou dlod lit* Woolwich Arsenal on

II Doc. IH9H. On 11 Nov.

Kmrna Ml ton, daughter of J. It. Brown of
, Ifmluorshire, )ln loft. IHHWV

^ed nujueronn papers \<(\
c iuHtitiitionn, ami fleltveri^r mtuiy
loottinw on Ncientilic Hubject H, His Howard
Le-cture.8 on the '(-onvorsion of Ilent. Intu
Work/ delivorecl Ixsftjre t.Ut* Sooiet.y of Art-H
in 1884 aiHl ( l8S5, wore publishetf in 18H7
in tho ' Sp(H'.inlist. f H Snriew/ A He.cnnd (Hii-
tion apptiartsd in 1HSU,

[MinntwH of t,ho ?j*cx, of tho Institution of
Civil KuginiMW, 18080,exxxv, n$ (\\ Mm of
tho Timo,' 1805.J K 1. U.

AISTDEEBON, WII.1JAM (lHi"J HK)0),
proftjflflor of anatomy to the Uoynl Academy,
wan bora in London on 18 Doc. 18 1:2, ami
educated at tho Oity of Lon<lnn School,
Upon leaving- Kchool l\o Htu<lio<l at th Litm-
both, School of Art and ubUiimnl a wwlui

Anderson

49

Andrews

for artistic anatomy. In 1864 he entered St.
Thomas's Hospital, where he studied surgery
under Sir John Simon and Le Oros Clark.
In successive years he won the first college
prize, the Physical Society's prize, and in.
_867 carried off the coveted Cheselden medal.
He passed F.R.C.S. in 1869, and after a
house-surgeoncy at Derby returned to St.
Thomas's on the opening- of the new build-
ings in 1871 as surgical registrar and assis-
tant demonstrator o- anatomy, He displayed
a faculty of illustrating his teaching of ana-
tomy by drawing, which was the admira-
tion of successive generations of students.
In 1873 he was appointed professor of ana-
tomy and surjery at the newly founded
Imperial Naval Medical College at Tokio
anc sailed with his newly married wife for
Japan. There he lectured not only on
anatomy and surgery, but also on physio-
logy and medicine. At first he had the
assistance of an interpreter, but he rapidly
acquired a working knowledge of the lan-
guage, and soon gained the affection of his
pupils. In 1880, after a gratifying audience
with the emperor, he left Tokio to accept a
position on the surgical staff at St. Thomas's,
where he became senior lecturer on anatomy,
while he examined in the same subject for
tlie College of Surgeons and London Uni-
versity. A stream of Japanese students
flowec. to St. Thomas's as a result of Ander-
son's connection with the college at Tokio.
In 1891 he was promoted from assistant to
full surgeon to las hospital.

While in Japan Anderson formed a
superb collection of Japanese paintings and
engravings, and upon his return he disposed
of the bulk of it, forming what is regarded
as historically the finest collection in Europe,
to the British Museum. A selection of
its treasures was exhibited in the White
Koom at the Museum between 1889 and
1 892. Between 1882, when the transfer was
made, and 1886 Anderson prepared his
admirable 'Descriptive and Historical Ac-
count of a Collection of Japanese and Chinese
Paintings in the British Museum ' (London,
1886), containing the most complete account
which at present exists of the general his-
tory of the subject. It was followed by his
great work, ' Pictorial Arts of Japan, with
some Account of the Development of the
allied Arts and a brief History and Criti-
cism of Chinese Painting ' (issued in port-
folio form, 1886, 2 vols. with plates). This
was an expansion of * A Sketch of the His-
tory of Japanese Pictorial Art, 1 published in
the ' Transactions of^ the Asiatic Society of
Japan' for 1878. Of the remainder of An-
ders/m's collections many examples were

VOI. I. BUT.

?urcha_sed by Ernest Abraham Hart [q. v,
Sup-Dl." and aave since been dispersed. In
1885 Anderson had contributed the intro-
ductory essay on the * Pictorial and Glyptic
Arts of Japan 7 to Murray's handbook for
that country ; in 1888 he issued * An Histo-
rical and Descriptive Catalogue of Japanese
and Chinese Engravin "s exhibited at the
Burlington Fine Arts C.ub,' and in 1895 he
wrote a * Portfolio* monograph on * Japanese
Wood Engravings ; their Listory, Technique,
and Characteristics. 1 Anderson was chair-
man of the council of the Japan Society
from its constitution in January 189:2 until
his death. In 1895 he was made a knight
commander of the Japanese order of the
Rising Sun.

In January 1891 he was elected professor
of anatomy at the Royal Academy in
the room of Professor Marshall, whose
worthy successor he approved himself. His
sudden death on 27 Oct. 1900 was due to a
rupture of the cord of the mitral valve. He
was twice married : first, in 1873, to Mar-
garet Hall, by whom he left a son and a
caughter ; and. secondly, to Louisa, daughter
of F. W. Tetley of Leeds, who survives him.
Of high culture and distinguished appear-
ance, Anderson's retiring nature alone pre-
vented him from becoming a more prominent
personality. Attractive portraits are given
as frontispiece to ' Transactions of the Tapan
Society 7 (vol. iv.), and in the 'Lancet'
(10 Nov. 1900) and ' St. Thomas's Hospital
Gazette ' (November 1900).

Anderson wrote a paper, excellently
illustrated, on ' Art in relation to Medical
Science' ('St. Thomas's Hospital Beports,'
vol. xv.), which is the best sketch on that
subject accessible in English. In 1896 he
published a small work on ' The Deformities
of the Fingers and Toes/ and in the same
year, in conjunction with Mr. Shattock, he
wrote the section on 'Malformations/ a
laborious and recondite piece of work in the
' Nomenclature of Diseases.'

[Times, 29 Oct. 1900 ; Lancet, 10 Nov. 1900 ;
St. Thomas's Hospital Gazette, November 1900;
Ciry of London School Hag, Nov. J900; Ander-
son's Works and printed Testimonials (1891) in
British Museum Library; information kindly
;iren by Mr. E. Phend Spiers aud Mr. Arthur
.Oi6sy.] T. S.

ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813-1885%
professor of chemistry, born on 19 Dec. 1813,
was son of Thomas John Andrews, a linen,
merchant of Belfast, by his wife, Elizabeth
Stevenson. He received his early education
at the Belfast Academy and Academical
Institution, and then spent a short time in

Andrews

Andrews

his lather's office, which he left in 1828 for Edinburgh in 1 87 1 , and wan pmsidont of tlio

the university of Glasgow, where he studied association at (JloHtfow in 1870. In 1SHO ho

chemistry under Thomas Thomson (1773- docliuod an oitVr of knighthood, Hi,s oon-

185*2) "q. v,l nootion with (iuion f H Oollo^o WOH commo*

In -830 he travelled to Paris, whore ho moratod by tho oHtablishmont after IUH doath

became acquainted with many of the leading of an Androwa Htudcmlsliip, and his port rait

French chemists, and spent a short time in was placed in tho examination hall of tho

the laboratory of Dumas. Tho following collogo.

years were occupied in medical studios, (irst AndrowH publinluHl no IOMH than fiftiy-ono

at Trinity College, Dublin, then at Belfast, flciuntilic paporo, tho list of whuih in to bo

and finally in Edinburgh, where in 1835 he found in tho ' lioyal SOIMOI/M Oatalotfuo,'

received the dtoloma of the Royal Colloje of llw mont important nwuruhoM woro thono

Surgeons of Edinburgh, and graduated II.1X dealing with 'unit of combination, ozono, and

Declining the chairs of chemistry in the tho continuity of tho giiHuoun and liquid

Richmond and Park Street schools of raedi- states of inaltor,

uiiie at Dublin, he established himself in The roMourchas on boat of combination,

practice in Belfast, and was at the same time car nod out IVo in 18 U to IH(M), doalt, with a

appointed to teach chemistry in tho Koyal ^roat varit^t.y of olumi<al roaotionw and (^x-

Belfast Academical Institution. During ten libitod a (logroi^ of prooiniou far in advant^

years he was occupied in this way, and of that of jmwious workrm in tho Hiumt

gradually became known to the aciontiftc liold, thin boing largoly diio to him improvod

world as the author of valuable papers on exporhnimtal unMhodrt* Tho oxporiinoaUoii

subjects connected with voltaic action and ozono, which woro partly mrriod out in

heat of combination. conjnnc.tion with P. U^'Vtit, finally oMit-

In 1845 Andrews was appointed vice- blwhocl tho fact, that thin Mubstanco, which

president of the Northern Ooll^^o (now was dineovorod by Sohtinbt'in in IHiO, U

Queen's College, ttolfust), and roHijjfmsd both simply an allot ropin form of oxygon, atul i

his teachinsr position and his private prac- a porfooUy dofuiitn HubHtanoo, which can bo

his teaching position and his private prac- a ptn-i^ctly

tice. Iii 1849 canio tho oponing ol tho t)ripanl in a ntimb<r of dilliMvnt .
Queen's Colleges, in tho organisation of This work mornovor laid t hn basis lot* futuro
which Andrews had been euguged since ri*8*ircluw by which tho nxaet relation of
1845, and he was then appointed to the this romarkablo gaH to thii niniph^r oxygon
-jrofesaorsiiip of chemifltry in Quoen'H Col- va finally a,sct*rtaino<i.
'Jege, Belfast, a -jost which he only roHigrwd J5y far th most brilliant, and far-wadiing
in lft79. Dtir.n^ the intervening period, of Androwrt's duscoyt^rioM, howvor, wan that
while occupied with the alfairs of h's col- of tho tmntwuM t)f a (Critical tcmpwatuw,
lege and tlio duties of his chair, ho was con- above ^whicsli a ffan cann(t bn convtu'Uul into
stantlv engaged in scientilic research, and ft liquid Ijy prmMurij, Iiowovt^r groat, t The
publiajed numerous valuable memoirs, rocordn of tho holtaviour of carbonic atud $w
After his resignation of tho oHicus of vice- titular varying ti'inporatunw and p'(HHiu"iH,
president aucl professor of ohemirttry in whicli wtmnnndn by Androws, havn iM^omo
4ueen'a College, 'he lived in great rotiromont doHfliciil, and havn M^rvod UH tho foundation
in Fort William Park, Belfast. Ilo died on of all tlm mow nc'*nt work on tlu^ rttlationM
26 Nov. 1885, and was buried in the Borough of tho ganoouK and liquid ntat ivs of inat'ton
cemetery, Belfast. Tlwws rcMirc',h(H inorcovHr pointtnl tmt tho
In 1842 Andrews married Jano Ilardie, fnndamontul condition fur thn lit|HMfation
daughter of Major Walker of tho 4^nd of all gastw. This cannot* b<^ nccompliHluui
Highlanders, by whom he had four daughters imlH tho tmupfruturwof thn giw in !>*low
and two sons. tho critical t.Hinpi^mttu'n, and it, in by Urn rt-
Andrews was elected a fellow of tho Koyal cognition of thin fact that laim* oxpori-
Society on 7 June 1849, and an honorary mcntcrn have bnon ahlo to bring about tho
fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh reduction to fchw liquid Htuto of all known
in 1870, The degree of doctor of laws was gases, a work which IIHH only r(?ontly bon
conferred upon \iw. by the univeraity of complottHl by tht* liqu^ftuiticm of hydrogen,
Edinburgh in 1871, by trinity College, Dub- Andrmvs ', dwwbwl by hm biograplwra
lin, in 1873, and by the university of Glaa- a prHonally a man of nimj)ln unprct.ttnding
gow in 1877 ; while the degree of'D.Sc. was nmnnor, thoroughly truHt. worthy and warm-
conferred upon him in 1879 by the Queen's hearted. In hin laboratory ho' WIIH dintin*
University of Ireland. He was president of guiahed by groat miuiipulat.iVo, doxtority, IIo
the chemistry section of the British Asso- took a groat iixtoroHt in wh'.ial JjumtiouHj an B
elation at Belfast in 1852, and again at evidenced by a pupar upon tho

Angas 5

question contributed to the social science
congress in 1867. Another evidence of the
same feeling was his devoted and energetic
exertions on behalf of the poor during the
Irish famine of 1847. In addition to his
scientific papers and addresses Andrews pub-
lished two pamphlets : ' Stadium Generals "
(1867), which contains! a strong argument
n gainst a proposal to sever the teaching
from the examining university in Ireland;
and 'The Church in Ireland' (1869), a plea
in favour of the proposed disestablishment of
the church of Ireland and the equitable dis-
tribution for spiritual purposes of the church
property among the whole population of the
island.

[The Scientific Papers of the late Thomas An-
drews, -with a Memoir by P. G-. Tait and A.
Crum Brown (1889); Roscoe and Schorlemmer's
Treatise on Chemistry, vol. i. ; Rosenberg's Ge-
schichto der Physik; Kopp's Die Eutwicke-
lung der Cheraie in der neueren Zeit.]

^ A. H-N.

ANGAS, GEORGE FRENCH (1823-
1886), artist and zoologist, born on 25 April
1822 in the county of Durham, was the
eldest son of George Fife Angas [q. v.], by
his wife, Rosetta French (d. 11 Jan. 1867),
Some years after his birth his family re-
moved to Dawlish in Devonshire, where he
first collected seaside specimens and ac-
quired a taste for concaology. He was
educated at Tavi stock, and placed by his
father in business in London, Disliking
commercial pursuits, he resolved to travel
and turn to account his natural taste for
drawing. After visit in y Malta and wander-
ing through Sicily in t'-ie autumn of 1841,
IIN published a description of his journey in,
184i, dedicated to Queen Adelaide, and en-
titled ' A Ramble in Malta and Sicily '
(London, 4to), The book was illustrated
from hi a own sketches.

To perfect himself as a draughtsman, in,
3842, -ie studied anatomical drawing in Lon-
don, and also learned thu art of lithography.
In September 1843 he went to South Lus-
tnilia, n colony of which his father was one
of the founders. There he joined several
of (Sir) George Grey's expeditions, and made
sketches in water colours of the scenery,
aborigines, and natural history of South
Australia. Proceeding to New Zealand, he
travelled over eight hundred miles on foot
in the wildest regions, and made sketches
of the country as he ; purneyed. Returning
to England, lie pubJshed his sketches in
184-9 in two imperial folio volumes, entitled
* South Australia Illustrated* and ' The New
Zealanders Illustrated/ and also wrote an
account of Ms travels under the title ' Savage

Arming

Life in Australia and New Zealand ' (Lon-
don, 1847, 2 vols. IS mo). He next spent
two years in South Africa, and published
the result of his labours in 1849 in another
imperial folio work, 'The Kaffirs Illus-
trated.' Several of the original drawings
have been purchased for the print-room of
the British Museum.

Soon afterwards Angas was appointed
naturalist to the Turko-Persian boundary
commission, but after reaching Turkey he
was invalided home. In 1849 he returned
to South Australia. When the ' gold fever '
broke out in the following year, he accom-
panied one of the first parties to the Ophir
diggings, and made many sketches, pub-
lished in London as ' Views of the Gold
Ilegions of Australia' (London, 1851, fol.)
After visiting other diggings, he settled at
Sydney, where he obtained the post of director
and secretary of the government museum.
This appointment he held for more than
seven years, returning 1 to South Australia
on his retirement. Three, years later he
went home to England with his wife and
family. In his later years he wrote tales of
adventure and travel for various journals,
besides a lon series of articles on ' Commer-
cial Natural History,' which appeared in the
1 Colonies and India.' On 3 May 1866 he
was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society.
He was also a fellow of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society and of the Zoological Society.
lie died on 8 Oct. 1886. In 1849 he mar-
ried Alicia Mary Moran, by whom he had
four daughters,

Besides the works already mentioned he
published : 1. f Polynesia ; a Popular De-
scription . . . of the Islands of the Pacific/
London, 1866, 8vo. 2. * The Wreck of the
Admella, and other Poems/ London, 1874,
8vo. lie illustrated Agricola's ' Descrip-
tion of the Barossa Kange' (3849), John
McDouall Stuart's 'Explorations in Aus-
tralia ' (18G4), and John Forrest's ' Explora-
tions in Australia' (1875). He also con-
tributed a number of papers on mollusca and
on several Australian mammalia to the l Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society.'

[Proceedings of tbe Linnean Society of Lon-
don, July 1887, pp. 33-4; Hodder's George
Fife Angas, 1891, pp, 286,203; Burke's Colo-
niaLGentry, ii. 649; Boyal Soc, Cat, Scientific
Papers.] E. L C.

MAEY (1799-1847), dis-
coverer of the ichthyosaurus, daughter of
Richard Anning, a carpenter and vendor of
natural curiosities at Lyme Eegis, was born
in that town in May 1799. On 19 Aug*
1800 she narrowly escaped death by light-

Ansdell

Ansdell

nuig, She is presumed to have had some
rudimentary education at the parish school,
and seems to have learnt from her father
how to collect fossils, a pursuit sho began to
turn to good account after his death in 18 JO,
earning a livelihood thereby.

It was in 1811 that Mary Aiming mode
the discovery to which she ^owes her lame.
She noticed some bones projecting from the
face of a cliff near Lyme, traced the position
of the skeleton wita a hammer, and then
hired men to dig out the lias block in which
it was embedded, The skeleton, thirty foot
long, is now in the British Museum; its
discovery created a sensation among geolo-
gists, and a long controversy took place Hifore
the name Ichthyosaurus was agreed upon,
and its position in natural history deter-
mined. This discovery Mary Aiming fol-
lowed up by finding the first specimen of
J'lesiosaurus, and in 18^8 of Ptoroduotylns
(WooDmw), Geology, 1887 > P- a(W N
Paleontology, pp. SiO aqq. ; NumoLSON and
LYDEKxmti Palaontolor/y, iL 11 -M ). < ) wing
to her skill and care many line examples ol
Ichthyosauri and Plesioauuri were, discovered
and preserved, Sho also discovered the ->ons
and ink sacs of fossil Loligo. Among t-ioao
whoso studies she assisted, and wlmso col-
lections she enriched, wore Sir I<3. Homo, Dr.
W. Buckland, the Kev. W. 1). Conylwre,
Sir II. de la lioche, Colonel Birch, Lord
Enniskilltm, and Sir P. Egurton. A small
government grant wns obtained for her from
Lord Melbourne, and this, supplemented from
other sources, procured her a small annuity,
She died from cancer in the breast on
9 March 1847, and was buried at Lymo, in
the church of which the Gaolo -jical Society
fifteen years afterwards placet, a memorial
window to her. The local guide book re-
marked that ' her death was in a pecuniary
sense a great loss to the place, nfj hot
presence attracted a large number of distin-
guished visitors' (Beimim of Lym, Heffin).
Among them was the king of Saxony, of
whose visit an account ia given by Carl
'G-ustav Carus in his * England xmd Schott-
land im Jahre 1844,' Berlin, 1845,

A posthumous portrait iu pastol, executed
in !8oO by B. J. M, Donne, hangs in the
apartments of the Geological Society at Bur-
lington House, *

[Quarterly Journal (Stool, See. vol. iv, p. xxiv j
Roberta's lliab. of Lyme ItogiH, 1834, p, 284;
All the Year Round, xiii, 60-S j private infor-
mation,] B, B. W.

ANSDELL, BIOEABD .(1815-1885),

'animal painter, a native of Liverpool, was
born on 11 May 1815, and baptised at St.

Peter's Chiuvli in that city, His grand-
father had Halt works iti tho neighbourhood
of North xvieh, llo was oduealod at. tho
Bluoeoat school, Liverpool, and, although
attracted by urj; in youth, did not, dovoto
himself to it with a view to nuiking it. his
jm>roH8ion till ho WH twenty-one. VVhilo
m Liverpool hti Httuliod animal life iu the
country-Hnhi, I MM lirwi ii|)pennin<u k in Lon-
don was in 1S.|(), when two of IUH pictaires,
'(IroiiHO Shooliiifjf 1 and Mhillovvny Kami/
were, exhibited nt the Hoynl Aeademy,
There followed in 1H1^ an important jiis-
torical ]>ic,tur, 'Tho Death oi" Sir William
Lanibtoti ;' but hen\ MM in mont of hi.s pio
tares, tlm Hiibject w not. ihe main thin^, and
waft .seloe.Uul 'for representation henui.se t.ho
Hoomnvas on Murnton Mooi^aiid tho o^'onias
of a wounded h(rsn c.ould bn well porlniyed
tluH-o. His paint UI^H from this turn* forward
were very numerous, Ilim Muece.NH made it
posrtihle for him to travel, mid hel-ween IH57
and lH(K) bin wubjedM wen* fotuid in Spain.
JTiH cMirlier ]mintinjrH show t.i'n<*en of Land-
8<Mr's inlluenc.o, awl there are works of that
period produced by Ansdoil nnd (JiN^wie.k
to^tithnr, tlu^ latter supplying t.lu^ ItunlHeapo,
in which he x<elled UH other oollaho-
rutors were Mr* W, I*. Krith, with whom ho
-mint od 'The Keeper'H Daughter,' nnd John
'.Miillip, who holpwl with tlm Hpnuinh pic-
tures,

AnsdeJt WUH hononn(1 no leas than throa
with the Hey wood tnedal, a gift
to the best, pwtwvw shown at tho
nH in MiuwhewttT. l& 1^55 ho nv
coicd a jnhl tuetlal at tho (Irrat,

in Paris, the pie.lureM whir.h won i(.

* The Wolf Slayer 1 inul ' Taming tho Drovo.'

H was l(wt<{ A.U.A.in iHtJl, and U,A, iu
1H70, 'Ho oxhibttiul in London gullerioH,
inoatly at tho Royal Aeadewy, us nmny^iH
I SI works, The avfrn^e prict^ of his j)i*
turoHljotwomi IHOI and 1HHJ wan HH nearly
JIB poHfiiblo 7HO/. A view of Nt, MwImeU
Mount, Cornwall, was yurttluwed by Huron
Albert (5 mat, and realised, at tho bitrouV
miloin April lH77l,'Ut^ Hk

In tho print room of tho British Musoum
are, a ftnv imliilnrmit tohiK by AnsdelL
Engravings nfttn* \i\$ worlw aro numowtm
enough to provo that copiuH of hi worlw aro
much in wtjwwt.

In his Into? yetm* Aiwdell lived at Lytham
JIoR, Konftinjfton, whenco lus removed to
ColUngwoml T<twet, Kurnborttugh. Thort*
ho diod on ^0 April l^Ho, Ho VVIIH buriod
at Bropkwood omnotorvon thu^Jiit'd, !1
married in St. Poter^ (j'liuHih^ Liverpool, on,
14 Juno 1841, Marift Uonuu*, also or Livr
pool Thoro wox*o olevutt cliiUruu of tht*

Apperley

S3

Apperley

marriage, and six sons and two daughters
survived the artist.

[Sanders's Celebrities of the Century ; Cyclo-
paedia of Painters and Paintings, 1886 ; Painters
and their Works, 1896 ; Diet, of British Artists,
1895; W. P. Frith's Autobiography (1889);
Times, 21, 22, 24 April 1885; Liverpool Daily
Post, 21 April 1885 ; Art Journal, 1860 ; private
information.] E. R.

APPERLEY, CHARLES JAMES

(1779-1843), sporting writer, known as
1 Nimrod/ second son of Thomas Apperley,
of an old Herefordshire family, was born at
Plasgronow, Denbighshire, in 1778, In
1 790 he was entered at Rugby, then under
the mastership of Dr. James, and the home,
according to ' Nimrod,' of much indiscipline
and hard drinking. In 1798, on leaving
Rugby, he was gazetted a cornet in Sir
Watlun Wynn's ancient light British dra-
goons, a regiment of fencible cavalry, with
which he served in the suppression of the
Irish rebellion. Returning to England in
1801, when the Denbighshire yeomanry was
disbanded, he married Winifred, daughter of
William Wynn of Peniarth in Merioneth-
shire, and settled at Hinkley in Leicester-
shire. In 1804 he moved to Bilton Hall,
near Rugby, once the property of Joseph
Addison. There he hunted with the Quorn,
the Pytchley, and the Warwickshire hounds*
Unlike many sporting writers, he himself
was a splendid rider, a good judge of horse-
flesh and hounds, and indeed a good all-
round sportsman. From Bilton he moved
in 1809 to Bitterly Court in Shropshire, and
accented a commission as captain in the
Nottinghamshire militia, known as the Sher-
wood Foresters. Subsequently he moved
to Brewood in Staffordshire, and then to
Beaurepaire House in Hampshire, where
experiments in farming ran away with his
capital. Meantime he had found a source
of revenue in the publication of his varied
sporting reminiscences, especially in the
hunting field. On the ground that no
' gentleman ' ever wrote for a sporting paper,
he first planned a book on hunting, but he
was eventually persuaded to offer his ser-
vices to Pittman, the editor of the * Sport-
ing Magazine,' in which his first paper on
1 Foxhunting in Leicestershire ' appeared in
January 1822. The paper provided him with
a liberal salary and a stud of hunters, in re-
turn for which he soon trebled the circula-
tion. Unhappily in 1830 the ' Sporting Maga-
zine r got into difficulties (consequent upon
the death of its able editor), and, nis private
finances having become involved, Apperley
had to retire to Calais* During his stay in

France he became a regular member of the
staff of the i Sporting Review,' He began a
series of volumes of sporting memoirs and
reminiscences, and in 1835, at the earnest
request of Lockhart, he published in the
' Quarterly Review ' his three famous articles
(which were at first attributed to Lord Al-
vanley ) on ' Melton Mowbray/ ' The Road/
and 'The Turf/ A sportsman, who was also
a wit and something of a scholar, * Nimrod '
had well-nigh a virgin field. As regards
the archaeology of his subject, his volumes
rank with those of Pierce Egan and the
* Druid 7 [see DIXON, HENRY HALL, Smpl.J
while, owing to the excellence of the p-ates
by Alken, tiey are highly esteemod by col-
lectors of choice books. * Nimrod' returned
to Enf land in 1842, and died in Up->er Bel-
grave _?lace, Pirnlico, on 19 May 18^3.

He was on friendly and, as a sportsman,
on equal terms with manv distinguished
racing men and Meltonians. He was intimate
with Henry Alken and with George Tatter-
eall ('Wildrake'), and helped to introduce
the work of Surtees to popular appreciation.
An excellent outline sketch of K imrod was
included in Maclise's ' Portrait Gallery.'

Of Apperley's numerous children the
second son, William Wynne Apperley, was
entered as a cornet of Bengal cavalry in 1823,
became superintendent of the central divi-
sion of the stud department in Bengal, was
promoted ma; or in the 3rd European light
cavalry in 18o4, was remount agent at the
Cape of Good Hope 1857-60, and died at
Morben, near Machynlleth, Montgomery-
shire, on 25 April 1872, aged 62. Nearly
all 'NimrodV children and grandchildren
are stated to have inherited his strong sport-
ing proclivities.

The following are * Nimrod's * publications :
1. * Remarks on the Condition of Hunters,
the Choice of Horses, and their Manage-
ment,' London, 1831, 8vo ; reprinted from
1 Snorting Magazine ; 4th ed. 1865. 2. ' N ira-
roc/s Hunting Tours, interspersed with Cha-
racteristic Anecdotes, Sayings, and Coings
of Sport-ing Men . . . to* which are added
Nimrod's Letters on Riding to Hounds/ Lon-
don, 1835, 8vo> (the original appeared as
'Letters on Hunting* in the *. Sporting
Magazine'). 3. 'The Chace, the Turf, and
the Road, By Nimrod/ London, 1837, 8vo,
with portrait by Maclise, and thirteen full
plates (uncoloured) by II. Alken (a reissue
in a slightly altered form of the three ' Quar-
terly ' articles mentioned above) ; reissued
1843, 1852, 1870, and 1898. 4. * Memoirs of the
Life of the late John Mytton, Esc ., of Hals-
ton, Shropshire/ 1887, 8vo, witlx eighteen
coloured plates by Alken and Rawlms j re^

Arbuthnot

54

Archbold

issued 1837, 1800, 1851, 1892. 5. 'Sport- ployed in tho A fgluiu campaigns In tho
illustrative of British Field Sports ^rat Afghan campaig-n h'Mmd command of

Korthern Tour, descriptive of the principal ~- -- -~ --., - , .

Hunts in Scotland and the North of Bng- Bright. Ho wan mentioned in d<w;>alcheH

land/ 1838, 8vo (a sequel to No. 2). 7,<Nim- (& 4 May 1 880), mswvwl . tluj inw.jil, and

rod Abroad/ London, 1842, 2 vols. Bvo. was made K.O.H. on J- ; May 1J*J jyW

8 * The Horse and the Hound: their various already obtained tlio (J.U. on 20 May IK/1.

Uses and Treatment,' Edinburgh, IH42, 8vo; llohad bocomo rogum'nlal uolonol on 1 July

elates ; the ordinal edition is scarce, artillery at. lioudqunrU'W irom I Sopt
*0 'Hunting Reminiscences; comprising to 31 Aug. 1KHJJ, durmj whioh turn* thn
Memoirs of Wasters of Hounds, Notices of territorial Hyutom vnw irst applied to tho
the Crack Eiders,' London, 184:5, Bvo, with regiment. II in iirnmms ami strict, NOIIHC ot
thirty-two plates by ' Wildrake,' Alken, and jiwlico mad<i him an oxnsllcnt admiiUHt ral.or,
Henderson. ^Tlo wnNtlum xniwlo tnnpwl nr-gwral of artil-

I<HT and on 1 May iHHfi ho IxuMimn pnw
** r ^;-an TV: onnniU <T , n,,;iv^ at
t < a tmm a din ,iLniiHliiMl HJM ; O i..;n-
to hulm m ISN j, hin ff
cumnnund ot 1 1m Horn bay
, and t.nniHlcrnMl to MadviiH
on S) Dec. Hn Hiirwodod Lord IvoberlH^in
Burma in 1HH7, luul <'.oi ilot<ul tho pacili*

azino, 1843

,

trait GiiUoiy, ed. Bates; MaM'a Annuls of tho 8"-. 1J V rot urnd

Iload 1876,m).l77].; Thormftnhy'HKiriKsof appointed to thn

the Hunting tfiold; Lawlry'N Life of Tho Drnid army on U> 1<VI>.,

,..j Hunting

[H. H. Dixon]; Slater's JBuvly Kditions, 1801,
> 214; Halkett and Laiug'8 JUieU of Anon, and
ZPtorodon. Lit.] T. S.

ARBUTHNOT, Bra CHARLES
GEOKGK (1824-1899), gonwal, born on
19 May 1824, was fourth son of Aloxandor
Arbuthnot, bishop of Killaloc, by Margaret
Phoebe, daughter of Georgo IJingham, He
was a younger brothor of Hir Alexander
John Arbuthnot, K.C.&I. JIo WUH educated
at Rugby, and in spite of his small m%o dis-
tinguished himself at football there. After

massing through tho Royal Military Academy

lie was commissioned as second litsutonanb

in the royal artillery on 17 Juno 1843.

He was promoted lieutenant on 4 Fob, l&lfy

second captain on 4 A>ril 1851, and first

captain on 8 March '855. lu May he

landed in the Crimea, and served during tho

remainder of the wiege of Sebantoppl. lie

was conspicuous for coolness and during, and

was twice wounded. He w*w mentioned in

despatches (London Getaette, 2 Nov. lfW>),

and was given a brevet majority* II o alwo

received the medal with clasp, the Turkish

medal, and the Medjidie (5th claps)*
He commanded K troop of horse artillery

from 1857 to 1864, when ho became regi-
mental lieutenant-colonel, (19 Dec.) llo

went to India in 1868, where ho commanded

A brigade of horse artillery till 1872, and of JMaekBtono's <t?tmnmmtanoH J (London,

was deputy adjutant-general of artillery 4 VO)H, ttvo), with an unulywH and un opi-

from 1873 to 1877. From 1 Oct. 1877 to tomoof th work, In 1H1JJ ho \mw\ tlu*
31 July 1880 he was inspect or-goneral of first volumo of 'A Di^oHtof tho Ploim of
artillery in India, except while actively om- tho Orowu ' (London, bvo), a compiktiou of

cation of that Country. -1'iH WM-VUVVS v
acknowl(dg't>cl by tin* Indian govornuinnt (/A.
2 Sopt. 1SH7), liiut his rtMJiv(i tho modal
with dawp.

Ho bucamo liMitwwnt-gpnrrul on 1 A'jril
18H(>, and gononil on fM July IWO, "lin
connnnud of tho, Miuh-HH army nuno to nn
end on 10 May 1HJH, whon ho WHM pliu^od
on tlio roll rod fml, .Kinully nottllt^- in Kf(-
lund, ho booanit^ (tolonol commandant on
Itt Aujf, IHSKJ, an<l rocoivtul tho (I.<U1, on
20 May 1804. llod'wd at Itic.hmond, Surroy,
on 14'April IS{). In 1S<5H ho had nutmod
Caroline Oharlotto.* dau^hlor of William
Clarke, M.IK, of Harlwdiw; nhn Ntirvivod
him.

['Proc. of Unyal Artillorv liibt-ilution, vol.
xxvi.; TimoH, 18 April IK1S),|

JM. JU

AECHBOLD, JOHN
(1785- 1H70), lol writois horn in l7H5,wurt
tho aocond on of John Aw.htoold of cti.^
Dahlin, 11 wan admittol a Htudtmt of
Lincoln's Inn on 3 May 18(M,and WUH called
to the bar on 5 May* 1814* From tho bo~
jfinnin^of liitt lopilouroor Arohbold dovotod
:umaolf to compiling log'al troatiMoH, lit
1811 ho brought <mt tui annotatod

Archbold

55

Archbold

all the statutes, adjudged cases, and other
authorities upon the subject. This was one
of three volumes of 'A Digest of Criminal
Law/ which Archbold had prepared for the
press, but as several books on the subject
appeared about the same time he did not
itfsue the other two volumes.

In 1819 he published the first edition of
what was perhaps his most notable work,
' The Practice of the Court of King's Bench
in Personal Actions and Ejectments' (Lon-
don, 2 vols, 12mo). Previous to its appear-
ance, ' The Practice of the Court of Jung's
Bench in Personal Actions/ by William
Trdd [q. v.], was the leading work on the
subject ; but, while it maintained its place in
the United States, it was largely superseded
in England by Archbold's book, which was
more explicit in regard to forms of pro-
cedure. Archbold's t Practice ' went through
fourteen editions. The third edition was
edited by Thomas Chitty [q. v.], who added
to it the 'Practice of the Courts of Common
Pleas and Exchequer,' and the ninth edition,
which appeared in 1855-6, was edited by
Samuel Prentice. The fourteenth edition,
published in 1885, was revised by Thomas
Willes Chitty and John William St. Law-
ranee Leslie.

About 1824 Archbold published his < Sum-
mary of the Law relative to Pleading and
Evidence in Criminal Cases,' in which he
incorporated the greater part of the two un-
published volumes of his * Digest of Criminal
-jaw.' The fourth (1831) and four suc-
ceeding editions were edited by (Sir) John
Jervis "q.v.l, the tenth (1846) to the fifteenth
(ISG^'by William Newland Welsby [q. v.],
and the sixteenth (1867) to the twenty-first
(1893) by William Bruce. The twenty-
second edition, by William Feilden Craies
and Guy Stephenson, appeared in 1900. The
work has also gone through several editions
in the United States.

In 1829 Archbold published a work upon
the ' Practice of the Court of Common Pleas.'
Afterwards the practice of all the courts of
common law at Westminster was assimi-
lated, and much altered by the statutes and
new rules on the subject between 1831 and
1834. To meet the altered conditions he
prepared his ' New Practice of Attornies in
the Courts of Law at Westminster/ which
appeared in 1838, was remodelled in 1844,
and reached a third edition in 1846-7 (Lon-
don, 2 vols. 8vo). On the passage of the i
Common Law Procedure Act in 1852 he ;
prepared * The New Eules of Practice in the :
Oourts of Law' (London, 1853, 8vo), and
1 The New Practice, Pleadings, and Evidence
in the Courts of Common Law at Westmin-

ster ' (London, 1853, 12mo), which received
a supplement in 1854, and -attained a second
edition in 1855 (London, 8vo).

Archbold's treatises on parish law were
among his most important elucidations of
English law. In 1828 he published < The
Law relative to Commitments and Convic-
tions by Justices of the Peace' (London,
12ino), This was the foundation of his ' Jus-
tice of the Peace and Parish Officer ' (Lon-
don, 1840, 3 vols. 12mo), a work intended
as a practical guide for county magistrates.
The similar treatise by Kichard Burn [q. v.]
had become, through the additions ot suc-
cessive editors, rather a work of reference
for lawyers than a guide for magistrates. A
seventh edition of Archbold's work by James
Paterson appeared in 1876 (London, 2 vols.
8vo). The third volume of the original edi-
tion, which dealt with ' The Poor Law/ was
in especial demand, and developed into a
separate treatise, which has remained a stan-
dard authority on the subject ; the twelfth
(1873), thirteenth (1878), and fourteenth
(1885) editions of the volume on 'The Poor
Law 7 were prepared by William Cunning-
ham Glen, and the fifteenth (1898) by James
Brooke Little. Archbold's latest contribu-
tion to parish law was ' The Parish Officer '
(London, 1852, 12mo) ; a second edition by
Glen appeared in 1855. With the "fourth
edition (-864) the editor, James Paterson, in-
corporated Shaw's * Parish Law ' "see SHAW,
JOSEPH]. The eighth edition, by Tohn Theo-
dore Dodd, appeared in 1895,

Archbold died on 28 Nov. 1870, at
15 Gloucester Street, Regent's Park, Lon-
don. He is said to have been known as
'pretty Archbold* (cf. An Appeal to the
People of the United Kingdom of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland from James Wkarton^Gik,
1836). Besides the works already mentioned,
he was the author of: 1. 'A iMgest of tho
Law relative to Pleading and Evidence in
Actions, Real, Personal, and Mixed,' Lon-
don, 1821, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1837. 2. < The
Law and Practice in Bankruptcy,' 2nd edit,
by John Flather, London, 1827, 12mo; llth
edit, by Flather, 1856, 3. ' The Jurisdiction
and Practice of the Court of Quarter Ses-
sions/ London, 1836, 12mo; 3rd edit, by
Conway Whithorne Lovesy, 1869 ; 4th edit.
by Frederick Mead and Herbert Stephen
Croft, 1885, 8vo ; 5th edit, by Sir George
Sherston Baker, 1898, 8vo. 4. < The Law of
Nisi Prius,' London, 1843-5, 2 vols. 8vo ;
vol. i. 2nd edit. 1845, 12mo; 3rd American
edition by John 1C Findlay, 1853. 5. ' The
Practice of the Crown Office of the Court of
Queen'sBench,'London,1844, 12mo. 6. 'The
Law of Landlord and Tenant,' London, 1846,

Archdale

Archdale

12mo; 3rd edit, 1864. 7, <The Law rela-
tive to Examinations and Grounds of Ap-
pea in Cases of Orders of Removal,' Lon-
don, 1847, 12mo ; 2nd edit. 1858. 8. 'The
Practice of the New County Courts, 7 London,
1847, 12mo; 9tli edit, by John Veaoy Vesey
Fitzgerald, 1885, 8vo ; 10th edit, by Charles
Arnold White, 1889. 9. 'A Summary of
the Laws of Enjland in four Volumes^ 1
London, 1848-9, L2mo ; onlv vols, i. and ii.
appeared. 10. ' The Law relative to Pauper
Lunatics,' London, 1851, liimo ; afterwards
included in his ' Poor Law.' 11. ' The Now
liules and Forms regulating the present
Practice and Proceedings of the County
Courts,' London, 1851, 12mo. 12, 'The
New Statutes relating to Lunacy/ London,
3854, 12mo; 2nd edit, by W. C. Glen and
Alexander Glen, 1877, 8vo; 4th edit, by
Sydney George Lushing- ton, 189f>. 13. 'The
Law of Limited Liability, Partnership, and
Joint Stock Companies, 1 London, 1>T)5,
l^mo; 3rd edit. 1857, 14. <The Law and
Practice of Arbitration and Award, 1 Lon-
don, 1861, 12mt>, 15. 'The Law of Bank-
ruptcy and Insolvency as foundod on tho
recent Statute/ London, 18(51, 12iuo; 2nd
edit. 1861. Archbold also edited annotated
editions of numerous acts of parliament.

[Boape's Modern English Biography ; Lin-
coln's Inn Records, ]8JJ6, ii, 36; .Allihono'a
Diet, of JEiigl. Lit.; Marvin's Legal Biblio-
graphy.] E. L C,

ARCHDALE, JOH1S T (/. 1604-1707),
governor of North Carolina, was son of
Thomas Archdale, and grandson of Richard
Archdale, a London merchant, who in 1028
acquired the manors of Temple Wy combe
and Loakes m Buclungharaslnnj ( TYV. Lonr
don, I 24 ; l&T>wom,'ucMnf/fwmhiw t Hi,
640). Several members of the family were
educated at Wadham College, Oxford, but
yJohn does not appear to have been at any
university, His eldest sister liacl married
Ferdinanclo Gorges, grandson of Sir Ferdi-
nando Gorges [q, vj, and in the autumn
of 1664 Archdale accompanied his brother-
in-law to New England to make good the
latter's claim to the governorship of Maine
(CaL State Papery Amer. and West Indies,
1661-8, Nos. 868, 921, 1649), He carried
with him a letter from Charles II, requiring
the administrators to hand over to Arehdalo
the government or to show cause to the con-
trary. Archdale's request was refused, and
he appealed to the commissioners, by whose
intervention Gorges seems eventually to have
made good hie claim (cf. ib. 1660-74, Nos.
150,750), Early in 1674 Arelidale returned
to England,bringing with him Gorges'a report

on Maine, which he pruHonl nd to tlu* council.
In England h opiwly identified himnolf with
the newly forinod body of qimkorH.

In 10H(> Arclidalt) viwitod North Carolina,
and a letter writton by him to Guorgo Kox
from Carolina in March in irintod in

'History of Worth (.-urn ina. v In 1087-8
ho wan acting UN commissioner for Gorjos
in the govern mont of Muiiui. IIo had !>o-
coine ouo of tho propriot.orH of North Caro-
lina, and in 1(W)5 ho WHH npjKiintod^ovornot
of that colony. HIM administration in taid
to havo bet'n .singularly MucctvsHful, Ml<^
improved thomilitaryHyHtoiM^jjionodfriondly,
communicationH with tho Indiiuin and'
Spaniard*), diwcouragod th inhumauitioH of
the former HO nfltwt.uaTlly UH to iudiuto tlumi
to ronounco tlw ])racti of ^lundnriiijur Hhip*
wrtsckod VHWIH and murdontip: limit <!r\VH ;
and combined with .singular l\lint.y (ho lirm
roqimitos of tho govornor with thn
and Bimplo btmo.vol^nci^ of ihn (i
(VV, 0. HIMMH, ti<Mf/i Cttwlhitt, p. 7^),
cuakor proclivit.ioH induced him to iixompt
jViendw from worvico in thn colonial militia,
lie ttlno intro(lu((ul llm ciilt.uro of rico into
the colony, mid on rolmtyuuthmK tlio govern*
uumt in f(W)7 hi rH^ivod tho UiankM of tho
colony for IUH 8rvi((w--a ro(n^nition Dial
had not boon uucordtxl to any provioun
governor,

Boon lifter IUB return to Kn^hmd Ardi
dale was, on Si I July IjlOH, <li-t(d inombor
of parliament for Ohippin^ Wycininliis Hu<'k-
inghanmhirrt. IT had a lownd himwilf to
b<3 uominntnd * without !UH own wi'ltiupf ' by
the church party in opjuwition to tlio Mar-
quis of Wliarttm'H nnnnnco (0//I Jfatunt, \>
570; lAm'HHiiii, ttritf ltvlnttun % ]>p. (07,
469; MAdAxriAY, ii (jiia\ and liin oloftion
wan a blow to tlm junto. But on 7 Jan.
109R-9, having * had 'th advico of Inwywn
that IUH rtllirmalion would Htund good inroad
of an oat.h,' ho rofiwod to wwoar. Afur a
debate tho UOUHW of (lommonR docidnd
against him, a fw-Hh writ WH iNHiiiul T and on
iii Jan. a Thoman Awhdnl (/Mwwhly his
son; cf. GABDINWK, ,A '

874) wa f locttul in his ';

Arehdalo took no furhor part in
but in 1707 ho publwhod IUM ' Now
tioti of that fortilw tmd pUiaflant 1'rovinws of
Carolina . > , -with Rovwal romnrkuhh pa-
sageaof Pi vino I*rovi<Un*eo during my timo'
(London, 4to). It wan roprintod at (^hnrl^H-
ton in 1822 from a copy in UharloHton
Library, 'mnpowid to Iw th only copy
extant/ but^t-iore m anolhor in tho 'UntinU
Museum Library, It IH uletti nvprintwi in
B IL Oarroir8*'nit.oriimi Culloctions on
Carolina; Now York, UtiU.

Archer

S7 Archer

[ A reli dale's New Description, 1707; Cal.
Shite Papers, Amer. and West Indies ; Smith's
Oat. Friends' Books, p. 120; Hewatt's South
Carolina; Holmes's American Annals; Ban-
croft's History of the "United States; Hutckin-
son's Collection of Papers, pp. 386-8; Common a'
Journals ; !Mr. John Ward Dean in Notes and
Queries, 4thsor,vi.382; Appleton's Cyclopaedia
of American Biography.] A. F. P.

ARCHER, FREDERICK (1857-1880),
jockey, born at St. George's Cottage, Chelten-
ham, on 11 Jan. 1857, was the second son of
William Archer, a jockey of the old school,
who took over a stud of English horses to
Russia in 1842, who won the Grand National
at Liverpool on Little Charlie in 1858, and
who eventually became landlord of the
King's Arms at Prestbury, near Cheltenham.
His mother was Emma, daughter of "William
Hayward, a former proprietor of the King's
Arms, On 10 Jan. 1867 Billy ' Archer ap-
prenticed his son * Fred/ a quick, retentive,
and exceedingly secretive boy, for five years
to Matthew Dawson [c .v. 8up?l.], the trainer
at Newmarket. As ' 3illy ' Arcber's son he
was soon given an opportunity of showing his
mettle, and on 28 Sept. 1870 at Chesterfield,
upon Atholl Daisy, he won his first victory on
the turf. Two years later, seal ing at that time
5st 71b, he won the Cesare witch ou Salvanoe,
and in 1874, in which year the death of Tom
French made a clear vacancy for a jockey of
the first order, he won a success u:>on Lord
Falmouth's Atlantic in the Two Thousand
Guineas which proved of the greatest value
to his career. Thenceforth he became * a
veritable mascotte ' of the- racing stable
with which he was connected. In 1874,
with 530 mounts, he scored 147 wins. In
1877 he won his first Derby, and also the
St. Leger, upon Lord Falmouth's Silvio. In
1884, with 877 mounts, he secured no less
than 241 wins. His most successful ;rear
was probably 1885, when he won the r lVo
Thousand Guineas on Paradox, the Oaks on
Lonely, the Derby and St> Leger on Melton,
and the Grand Prix on Paradox. In his
last season he won the Derby and St. Leger
on Ormonde. In all he is said to have worn
silk 8,084 times, and to have ridden 2,748
winners* His most exciting victory was
perhaps the Derby of 1880, when he came
up from the rear upon Bend Or with an ex-
traordinary rush, beating Robert the Devil
by a head. His nerve was of iron, and he
never hesitated to take the inside of the
turn and hug the rails at Tattenham Corner.
The success which enabled him to remain
premier jockey for the unprecedented period
of ten years is attributes primarily to his
coolness and to his judgment of pace*

For keeping down his racing weight
(8st lOlb in his later years), Turkish baths,
almost total abstinence from solid food, and
frequent alkaline medicines were his chief
resources. In October 1886, with stern de-
termination, he resolved to waste himself
down to Sat 71b for the Cambridgeshire.
He achieved his -lunose, but the effort cost
him his life. lie 'ell seriously ill, and, in
the depressed state occasioned bv fever con-
sequent upon long starvation, s'lot himself
with a revolver in the afternoon of 8 Nov.
1886 at his residence, Falmouth House,
Newmarket. He was buried in Newmarket
cemetery on 12 Nov., and among the ad-
mirers who sent wreaths were the Duke of
"Westminster and the Prince of -Wales.

He married ou 31 Jan, 1883 Rose Nellie
(d. 1884), eldest daughter of John Dawson
of Warren House, Newmarket, by whom he
left a daughter. By means of retainers,
fees, and presents he is said to have gained
over 60,QCO in his professional capacity, and
he left a considerable fortune.

[Times, 9. 12, and 13 Nov. 1886; Field,
13 Nov. 1886 ; Daily Telegraph, 12 Nov. 1886 ;
Annual Kegister, 1886, p. 165; The Archers
(biographical sketches of William and Frod.
Archer), by A Cheltonian, 1885; ChetwynH's
Racing Reminiscences, 1891 ; Porter's Kingsclere,
1896, p. 330; Sporting and Dramatic Nows,
13 Nov. 1886, portrait.^ T. S. ,

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1830-1897),
naturalist and librarian, was the eldest son of
the Rev. Richard Archer, vicar of Clonduir,
co. Down, a member of a family long settled
in co.Wexford,and of Jane Matilda, daughter
of Watkins William Verllng of Dublin, his
wife. Archer was born at Magherahamlet,
co. Down, of which place his father was then
perpetual curate, on 6 May 1830. His father
died in 1848, leaving a young family in
straitened circumstances. About 1 846 Archer
came toDublin, where he resided thenceforth,
and devoted his leisure to the study of
natural history, for which he had from the
first evinced a remarkable talent. His special
gifts in this direction were first shown at
the meetings of the Dublin Microscopical
Club, founded in 1867, of which he was for
many years secretary, and among whose
members he quickly became notable through
his investigations in connection with minute
forms of vegetable and animal life. His
contributions as a member of this club be-
tween 1864 and 1879 were published in the
1 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,'
and in the * Proceedings of the Dublin
Microscopical Club.' He was also an active
; contributor to the ' Proceedings ' of the

Archer

Archibald

and the Scandinavian languages the bettor
to pursue his favourite Bcicnco.
Archer's clriof work as librarian waa ' his

nated hin character, Archw had a Ningular
charm of inanunr, a g<ntloiuHH and rnliuu-
xnont of disposition almoHt fcniininn. , .
There was no lack of robust nous, howovor,
abo\it his Bc'umtiflc inwight,; but a quaint
sense of humour would alwayH parry a con-
tentiouB criliciBtn * (J[*roctwlM</ti of lloi/al &V
eiety, vol. Ixii.)

"Proceedings of tho Koyni Irish Academy,
vo*. iv. !3rd sor. 1808; ProooodingH of tho Royal
Socioty, vol. latii,; Notes from tho Botanical
School, Trinity Colleen, Dublin, Juno 1808, by
Prof. K, P. VVrii^hl., JV1.0.; Tho Irish Natural-
ist, vol. vi. Oct., 181)7, with port rait; The Library,
ix. 208, with portrait. ; I'rooondiiigH of tho
Natural TliHtory Mooioty of Dublin ; Tho Re-
ports of tho National library, 1877 W5; Pro-
CBodingH of I ho Dublin JVlioruHCopicul Hociety ;
private information.] 0, L, l'\

Dublin Natural History Socioty, ai
acquired a reputation for original
in his favourite science. As a result of ....... , , it Ar

lone; and patient investigations, in the course admirable dictionary catalogue* o( tho Na-
of which he made many journeys to distant tional Library, and the adopting of tho
parts of Ireland, he ' acquired a knowledge of decimal notation and clarification for nholf
the minute freshwater organisms of Ireland arrangement, a aystmn . . , almoHt unknown
unparalleled among British naturalists, and when Archer imi; adhered to it ( Report of
perhaps not surpassed for any other country ' National Library t>flrlttn<lfor \ 81 5) * A part
(Proceeding of Royal Society, vol. Ixii.) ' tt from tho umtifi onthuHiaam which domt-
is, however, to his work among the protozoa
that Archer will owe his ultimate place in
science.' His essay on ' Chlamydomyxa
labyrinthuloides, a new species and genus
of Freshwater Sarcodic Organism, 7 won him
m 1875 his election as a fellow of the Royal
Society, in whose catalogue as many ns fifty-
nine papers by Archer are enumerated. Prior
to this ae had become a member of the Royal
Irish Academy, to whose 'Proceedings' ho
was a diligent contributor. From 1S75 to
1880 he acted as secretary for foroign corre-
spondence to the Academy, and in 1879 was
awarded its Cunningham gold medal in re-
cognition of liis scientific iittammt'xitft.

Archer's extremely modost and retiring
disposition was a constant bar to tho en-
largement of his reputation. A diwtrust of
his" abilities caused him to decline in 1872
the professorship of botany at the Hoyal ... . t

College of Science for Ireland. In 1870, (IBM 180ii) (ianiwhau MatoHman, tho HOU
however, his friends procured his appoint- ofSarauwlArcliibaldancU'Jliaalioth.diu^hjnr
ment as 'librarian to t.uj Royal Dulun So- ofMatthuwAw1iiltald,<'uwool^im)llS('<UiHh
ciety and on the acquisition in 1877 of tho family whidi had notthul m thr north oi
society's library by tie state Archer became Ireland, nnd 1 horn* mitfrati'tl t o Nova Scot ia
librarian of the National Library of Ireland, in 1701 . J I w gnuulfathnr, JIUUCH Aiv.hihaUl,
lie had previously added to his income had boon jutlgo of tlm <-ouH oj common ploiw
by acting as secretary to a small slate for tho county of Oolduwt *r in Nova Scotia,
company in Munster. Into the diaehar jo of B*nva born at Truro, Nova Scotia, on I K M ay
the duties of his new office Archer Urew lai^amlwliioatrdal I'ictoiil^lli'pojtlMmwo

himself with cliaractoristic soal, speedily he proowjdtsd to HalifHx ami ^wl _iorthr

acquiring a high reputation among librarians, in tho chambrH of Willimn Hulhir,
During lis tenure of this post tho library aftewardw roeorder of Halifax, Hn
was transferred in August 1890 to the admitted an attorney of I'rinco K
handsome building opposite to the Irish Island and Nova Scotia in IHttK, nml
National Museum, deet^xxedby Sir Thomas to tho bar of tho lattw colony in 1S;JI>,
Deane [c , v. Suppl.], the internal arrange- om y^urs dovoting himnelf to tho
ments o:' which were based entirely on of hia;>rofi'Bon* r

Archer's carefully considered recommenda- ( Archibald mtird public lvf<^ inlH
tiona. Archer resigned his post in 1895, and ho waa d<K;td to tho HOUHO of AftMmnbly of
Ee died, unmarried, at his residence, fi2 Lower Nova iScotia afl mnnibor lor Coldiivtor, and
Hount Street, Dublin, on 14 Aug. 1897. during the yearn which followwl h took an
Archer r s scientifir skill, knowledge, and active part in promoting li'giHlution, He
capacity were, according to the testimony of was especially inttWBtod in mwiHimw for tho
competent judges, out of all proportion to manairumont of ffoWfioUln. for dtmliutf with
his public reputation. He was not only an
indefatigable worker, but -josseased m a
marked degree that scientific imagination
which is essential to the highest results in
research. He was an excellent linguist, and

law

WUH

acquired a knowledge oj; German, Trench,

managwnumt of g< >ld i\Mn t ;
free education, and for yHtrictinK thn fran-
chifto to ratopaywrH. In 1855 ho bucanm
Q.C., ancl in AupiHt 185(J Iw WUH \ tf
solicit or-gonural \vc thw "srovinco, ( )n - 4 J^jb.
1857 ho wtmt out of or!ic with tho minift-
try. Lator in the aamo year ho wae soul to

Archibald

Archibald

England as one of two delegates to repre-
sent the rights of the province against the
General Killing Association, the monopoly
of which over the coal areas the government
was endeavouring to destroy. He also took
part in the discussions on the project of an
intercolonial railway for which the help of
the home government was desired. He was
required at the same time to discuss with the
home authorities the question of the union
of Nova Scotia with the provinces of New
Brunswick, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward
Island (v, his letter of 24 Nov. 1866 on union).
On 10 Feb. 1860 he came into office a^ain
as attorney-general, and in September 1861
(ParL Papers, 1862, xxxvi. 651) was deputed
to represent Nova Scotia at the conference at
Quebec respecting the intercolonial railway
scheme. In 1862 he was appointed advo-
cate- general in the vice-admiralty court at
Halifax. On 11 June 1863 he went out of
office with his colleagues. In June 1 864 he
was delegate of Nova Scotia to a conference
held at Chariot tetown on the question of the
legislative union of Nova Scotia, Prince Ed-
ward Island, and New Brunswick, and simi-
larly attended the conference on the question
of a more comprehensive scheme of union
which assembled at Quebec on 10 Oct. 1864.
In 1866 he proceeded to London to take part
in the consultations which led up to the
federation of the Canadian provinces, and
published a letter, dated 24 Nov. I860, re-
cording his views on the subject of colonial
union. In 1867 he was appointed secretary
of state for the provinces under the new
dominion government ; but in 1868, being
beaten in the contest for Colchester, he re-
signed his post. In 1869 he was elected to
the dominion parliament; as member for Col-
chester, but in May 1870 resigned in order
to become the first lieutenant-governor of
Manitoba on its transfer from the Hudson's
Bay Company to the government of the
dominion.

On 2 Sept. 1870 Archibald arrived at
Fort Garry, just as Colonel (now Lord)
Wolseley was moving out on his Red River
expedition. He was looked upon by many
as a French sympathiser, and ; ustified this
opinion by his conciliatory po'-icy towards
the rebels. He lost no time in forming the
rudiments of a council and talcing a census
of the north-west territories with a view to
the election of an assembly. On 15 March
1871 he opened the first local parliament.
He laid the foundation of the north-west
mounted police and initiated a sound Indian
policy. On 27 Au|. 1871 he had a mass
meeting of the Indians and made a treaty
with them, on behalf of the dominion govern-

ment. Though abused at first by both
ties, his administration proved very success-
ful ; he maintained with skill his position in
relation both to the central government and
the people whom he had to accustom to the
reign of order. In October 1872 he resigned
by his own desire, with the unconcealed re-
gret of the governor-general, the Earl (after-
wards Marquis) of DuiFerin.

On 24 June 1873 Archibald was appointed
judge in equity in Nova Scotia, but on 4 July
the office of lieutenant-governor became
vacant, and he succeeded to the post, which
he filled with such general approbation that
at the end of his term in 1878 ho was re-
a^pointod, and did not finally retire from
this office till 4 July 1883. Iii 1888 he was
once more induced to stand for Colchester,
and was elected to the Canadian House of
Commons; but in 1891, at the next general
election, did not. offer himself as a candidate.
He died at Truro on 14 Dec. 1892, and was
buried in Truro churchyard.

Archibald was created C.M.G. in 1873,
and K.C.M.G. in 1886. In 1873 he became a
director of the Canadian Pacific Railway and
in 1884 chairman of the governors oiDul-
housie College. In February 1886 he was
elected president of the Nova Scotia, His-
torical Society, in the proceedings of which
he had for some years taken an active part,
contributing various papers to its collections.

Archibald was a staunch presby terian, but
a man of broad views, of strong will but cool
judgment, courteous and dignified in bear-
ing. He married, on 1 June 1843, Elizabeth
Archibald, daughter of John Burnyeat, in-
cumbent of the parish of St. John, Colches-
ter, Nova Scotia, whose wife was a connec-
tion of the Archibald family. He had a
son, who died young 1 , and three daughters,
all married, one being the wife of Bishop
Jones of Newfoundland.

[Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical
Society, 1895, ix, 197-201 ; Rose's Cyclopaedia of
Canadian Biography ; Begg's Hi story of th e North-
West, vol. ii. esp, pp. 90-100; the Citizen and
Evening Chronicle (of Halifax, N.S.), 5 July.
1883 ; Canadian Parliamentary Companion,
1875.] C. A. H.

ARCHIBALD, SIR THOMAS DICK-
SON (1817-1876), judge, born at Truro,
Nova Scotia, in 1817, was sixth son of Samuel
George Williams Archibald, LL.D., of Nova
Scotia, by Elizabeth, daughter of Charles
Dickson of Onslow, Canada. Like Sir Adams
George Archibald [q. v. Suppl.", he was de-
scenced from Samuel Archibald who emi-
grated to Nova Scotia from Ireland. The
father was attorney-general of Nova Scotia,
1831-41 ; advocate-general, 1837-41 ; mas-

Argyll

Armitage

ter of the rolls and judge of the vice-ad-
wiiralty court, 1841-6 ; and sometime speaker
of the assembly.

Thomas was educated at Fictou Presby-
terian College, and in 1837 qualified for prac-
tice as attorney and barrister- at-law in Nova
Scotia. A visit to Europe, however, in the
following year resulted in his settling in
England, and on 11 Nov. 1840 he was ad-
mitted at the Middle Temple, where, aftor
some years of practice as a certificated
special pleader, he was called to the bar on
30 Jan. 1852. He was one of the favourite
pupils of Serjeant Petersdorflf, whom he
assisted in the compilation of his ' Abridg-
ment/ At the bar his perfect mastery of
die technicalities of pleaung (then a veri-
table black art) stood him in such stead
that, though not aa especially persuasive
advocate, he slowly gained a lead on the
home circuit. In 1868 he was appointed
junior counsel to the treasury, and on
i#) Nov. 1872 he succeeded Sir James
Hannen [q. v. Suppl.] as justico of the
queen's bench, being at the Bame, time in-
vested with the coif. ^ On 5 Fob, 1873 ho
was knighted. Trail slurred to the common
pleas on 6 Feb. 1875 (vice Sir Henry Singer
jteating, resigned), he retained his place and
acquired the status of justice of the high
court on the subsequent fusion of the courts
by the Judicature Act. lie died at his resi-
dence, Forchester Gate, Hyde Park, on
18 Oct. 1876, leaving a well-merited repu-
tation for sound law, unfailing conscitm-
tioumess, and courtesy,

Archibald married, in 1841, Sarah, only
daughter of Richard Smith of Dudley
Priory, "Worcestershire, by whom he lolt
issue.

He was author of 'Suggestions for
Amendment of tho Law as to Pot itions of
Itight; a Letter to William Bovill, Esq,,
M.P.,* London, 1859, 8vo.

[Law Mag, and Hov. M>. 1877; Ann, Ke#,
1876* p. 155; Gont. Ma$. 1841, i, 645; Royal
Kalendars, 1831-46; T.JUW List, 1852; Law
Timea, Ixii. 11, 16; Burko'a Landed Gentry*
H&yda's Book of Dignities, od. Ockerby."

J. It E.

ARGYLL, eighth Diro OP, [See CAMP-
BELL, GBOBCHI DOUGLAS, 1823-1900.]

ARMITAGE, EDWARD (1817-1800),
historical painter, descended from an old
Yorkshire family, was the eldest of seven
sons of Jaraea Armitage of Leeds, and was
born in London on %() May 1817* Ilia educa-
tion, commenced in England, was completed
on the continent, mainly in France and
Germany. Having decided to become a

painter, ho entered at 1,'arks in 1Htt7 the
studio of Paul Dolaroeho, of whom ho be-
came a favourite pupil, and who employed
him aa an OHtuHtnnt in painting- 'wrtiouH of
hie well-known homicyolo in 1, 10 amphi-
theatre of tho Eeolo dew Beaux-ArU at, him.
In 1843 he exhibited at tho Salon IUH first
largo picture, M'romothouH .Bound,' which
waa received with favour. In 1K-I.S ho en-
tered into tho cartoon conipol.il ion lor tho
decoration of tho new bonnes of parliament,
and obtained a premium of JJOO/, lor * ( Jamr's
Invasion of Britain/ tliodowpi being >hu:ed
first, on the Hut. In tins competition o ' IH-15
he wns again suiT-essf'til, being awarded 1200/.
for 'The Spirit of Religion ' (cartoon ami
coloured design), and in 1H-17 he carried oil'
a prize of f>0(), for a vory largo oil painting,
with lifo-Hixo iigureH, of * Tho Battle of
Meeanee/ fouglit on 17 JhVb. IHI.'I, which
was purdiased by (juof k n Vic.torm, and it*
now at St. JainesV PulfUM). HIH ^roat. HU-
COBH in thoMo ootnpfM.il ionx was Ib lowed by
CommiHHionH to oxeeuto t.wo Tnsse.oeH on tho
walls of the upper waiting hull of tho I IOUHO
of Lords: 'Tho IVrHonilioation of Thames/
from Tope, and (Jio * Death of Manuion/
from Hcott.

After Hpondhig twolvo montlm in nttidy at
Homo, Armitage exhibited in IHI8 tor tho
first time at tho IJoynl Ac.atloiny^ HMidin jf two
pictureH, Mlenry Vill and Katberine ( *arr,'
and 'Trafalgar,* r(jn*wutiug tlio death of
Nolson. II ,H eontnbntioiiH to tlu" Aoadoiny
exhibitionH continued rt^gularly till hiwdoatli,
with tho oxc(tptioti of the, yearn IWV), 18t^,
1880, and I8i)^* Tl(^ Htibjcctn of \m pioluroH
wont gwutirully biblieal, and ho Holdom nont.
moro than one t>r two a year, lie exhibited
'Samson' in 1H51 and ' Ungar' in iHHiJ.
During tho Crimean war he visited HuHHia,
and in .IWHJ exhibited 'Tbe Bottom of tlm
Uayinoat lukorman/iuul \i\ lHf7a 'Souvoiuv
of Hcutari.' He atno painted large "net.ureH
of the ' Uoavy Cavalry ( 1 harg< at Ba adava/
and 'TboSfcund of thiduardH at. tnkerrnan/
which were n<t exhibited* lit I HAH eamo
^Ketribution 1 (now in the Leodw MUHOUIIJ),
a coloHHal femalt^ figure holding a tigor by
the throat, allofforiwil of tho Hu^prtwijion of
tho Indian mutiny, and in lHf>0 * Ht,, bVanoiH
and hiw early FoltoworH boforo l*ojm tnwi-
cent III/ a dtwi^n for ft Hfo-iK fronwo
(replaced by tin ou painting in 1HH7) in tho
caUolic church of St. John tho MvangoliHt,
Duncan Turraco, Inlington, Thin was fol-
lowed ia IB(K) by a dusign of ' OhrjMt and tho
Twolvo ApostltJH ' for tho a;mo of tho name
church, A hoatl of oncj o? thesu apoHtlc^a
(8t, Simon), in froHco, in in tho Btitit.h Kcm-
eingtou Mutiouin, In 18(M came * Ahab and

Armitage

61

Armstrong

Jezebel/ in 1865 ' Esther's Banquet,' now in
the Diploma Gallery of the Royal Acadomy,
and in 1866 ' The Kemorse of Judus,' which
Armitage presented to the National Gallery,
and 'The Parents of Christ seeking Him/
which was engraved for the Art Union under
the title of < , oseph and Mary.' In 1867 he
was elected an associate of the Boyal Aca-
demy, and in 187:2 a full member. During
theae five years his subjects were varied in
character, including 1 ' Herod's Birthday
Feast/ now in the Corporation Art Gallery
at Guildhall, ' Hero lighting the Beacon to
guide Leander across the Hellespont/ and
' A Deputation to Faraday, requesting him to
accept the Presidency of the lloyal Society.'
The hist of these contains portraits of Lord
"Wrottesley, John Peter Gassiot, and Sir
William Grove, and now hangs in the library
of the Koyal Society. Among the most
notable of his subsequent works were : ' A
Dream of Fair Women/ a design for a frieze
in two sections ; ' The Women of the Old
Testament' (187^) and 'The Wom'en of An-
cient Greece' (1874); 'In Memory of the
great Fire of Chicago, and of the Sympathy
shown to the Sufferers by both America and
England' (1872), which was designed for the
Town Hall at Chicago, and was bought by
the * Graphic ; ' * Julian the Apostate pre-
siding at a Conference of Sectarians' (1875) ;
and 'Serf Emancipation: an Anglo-Saxon
Noble on his Deathbed gives Freedom to his
Slaves/ now in the Walker Art Gallery at
Liverpool (1877).

In 1878 Armitage exhibited 'After an
Entomological Sale, beati possidentes? in
which he represented himself in a sale room
rejoicing over a fresh acquisition for his col-
lection of insects-, in company with his friends
Calderon, Hodgson, Winkfield, and others.
Another of his tastes is reflected in a ' Yacht-
ing Souvenir Lunch in Mid Channel/ which
was exhibited in 1889. In 1898 he exhibited
for" the last time, sending * A Moslem Doc-
trinaire ' and a portrait of IUR brother, ' The
late T. II. Armitage, Esq., M.D,, the Friend
of the Blind/

In 1871 he was one ot the committee of
artists employed in the decoration of West-
mine tor Hall who made a report on fresco
minting- (see Return to Home of Commons,
No. 19 of 1872). In 1875 he was appointed
professor and lecturer on painting to the
"toyal Academy, His lectures were pub-
lished in 1883. Always of independent
means, Armitage was able to follow his ideals
in art without regard to fashion or profit,
and several of his largest works were exe-
cuted entirely at his own expense. This was
the case with the large monochrome frescoes

in University Hall, Gordon Square, in me-
mory of Crubh Kobinson, comprising por-
traits of twenty-two men eminent in litera-
ture, art, and other n-ofessions. The figures
are over life-size, anc the composition twenty
yards in length. Figures of saints in Mary-
lebone church, and the Teredos (' Seven Works
of Mercy 7 ) in St. Mark's Church, Hamilton
Terrace, St. John's Wood, were also gifts.

As an artist Armitagjo took an important
part in the movements for the restoration of
rreseo painting in England, and the decora-
tion of the houses o: parliament with his-
torical designs. His early training on the
continent and his employment by Delaroclie
upon a mural painting of a grand character
influenced the direction of his art throughout
his life. This art was cold, severe, and aca-
demic, but always lofty in aim and large in
design. Armitage did not confine his in-
terests entirely to art; he was a great col-
lector of butterflies, a keen yachtsman, and
very hospitable host, whether afloat or ashore.
He passed the board of trade examination for
a master's certificate, and was a fellow of the
G eo graphical Society, He became a < retired
academician' about two years before his
death, which took place from apoplexy and
exhaustion following pneumonia, at Tun-
bridge Wells, on 24 May 1896, after an illness
of about three weeks. He was buried at
Brighton. In 1853 he married Laurie,
daughter of William and Catherine Barber
of Booma, Northumberland.

[Pictxiros and Drawings by Edward Armitage,
R.A. 1898; Cat of National Gallery (British
School 1 ) ; Mon of the Time, 1891 ; obituary no-
tices in Times nnd other newspapers ; Clement
and Button's Artists of the Nineteenth Century;
private information.] C. M.

ARMSTRONG, Bra ALEXANDER

(1818-1899), naval medical officer, descended
from a family originally of Cumberland, and
from Major-general John Armstrong (1(578-
1742 [q.v.]), was the son of Alexancer Arm-
strong 1 of Croghan Lodge, Fermanagh. He
studied medicine at Trinity College, Dublin,
and at the university of Edinburgh, where
he graduated with honours in 1841, and en-
tered the navy as an assistant surgeon in
March 1842. After a few months at Haslar
Hospital and in the flagship at Portsmouth,
he was appointed in June to the Polyphemus,
a small steamer in the Mediterranean, and
in 1843 was placed in medical charge of a
party landed tor the exploration of Xantlius.
Uor liis scientific observations on this expe-
dition he received the official thanks of the
trustees of the British Museum, and by his
sanitary arrangements won the approval of
, the comnaander-in-cliief, who recommended

Armstrong

Armstrong

him for promotion. On his return to Eng-
land in April 1846 he was appointed to the
Grappler, fitting out for the west coast of
Africa ; but before she sailed Armstrong was
moved into the royal yacht, from which, on
the occasion of the queen's visit to Ireland,
he was promoted to the rank of surgeon on
19 Oct. 1849, Two months later he was
appointed as surgeon and naturalist to tho
Investigator, going out to this Arctic uudor
the command of (Sir) Kobert Joint Le
Mesurier McCluro [q. v.], and in her ho
continued the whole time till she was aban-
doned in 1863. He returned to Kngliincl
with McOlure in 1834. A great part of tho
comparatively good success of the voyago
was properly attributed to the excellent ar-
rangements made and carried out by Arm-
strong, with the result that no scurvy ap-
peared on board till the spring of 185:2, and
at no time did it assume dangerous propor-
tions. For his journal during this voyage
,!IQ was awarded the Gilbert Blaim ^old
medal a reward for the best journal -tept
by surgeons of the royal navy. Jn February
185/5 ho was appointed to the CornwallLs, in
which he served in the Baltic during that
year's cam-palpi, and afterwards, till August
1S5(>, on tae North American Htaliou. On
19 July 1858 he was promoted to bo deputy
inspector-general of hospitals and fleets, and
from IH59 to 1804 was in rnodical chargo of
the hospital at Malta. On 15 Nov, 1800
.he was promoted to the rank of inspoctor-
general, and from 18U9 to December 3871
:ie was director-general of the medical de-
partment of the navy. On 17 Jams 1871
lie was nominated a military K.G.B,, and on
12 June 1873 he was elected K.U.8. Ho re-
tired from active service in December 1871,
living, for the most part, in the Albany, or
at the Elms, Sutton-'loimington, near lC<3-
worth, where he died on 4 July 1809. Jn
1894 he married the widow of "Sir William
Khif; Hall [q.v/] Armstrong* waa tho author
of * Personal Narrativo of the Diseovory of
the North- Woat Passage* (8vo, 1857), and
of 'Observations on Naval Hygiene 7 (8vo,
1858).

[O'Byrne's Naval Biogr. Diet, (2nd odit.' ;
Times, 7 July 1899 ; Kdinlwrgh Graduates n
Medicine, 1867, p* 125; Armstrong's Works:
Navy Lists.] J. K. L.

, AKMSTROTO, SIB WILLIAM
GEORGE, BABOK AttMsrBoira of Orapide
(1810-1900), inventor and organiser o: in-
dustry, was born on 26 Nov. 1810 at No, 9-~
formerly No, 6 Pleasant Bow, Shieldfiold,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
William Armstrong (1778-1857); his

father, was tho son of a ycommt of YVreay, a
village live mi les south of Carlisle. Towards
the closo of tho eighteenth century he cunio
to Newcastle, commencing 1 his career in that
city as clerk in tho oHieoof Lonh, Ijiibbrin, &
Co., corn morel mntH. 1 1<^ \VHHSOOII talasn into
partnership, and wh(di hia wmiorH HiibHo-
quontly rotircd ho bwamc Uio noh^ n^nvson-
tativo of tho linn, which \vaw t,lMurorortli
Htylod ArniHtrotij^ & (Jo,, merchant H, Oow-
ffato. By IIIH outornMHi^ and ability ho cou~
6 iderably oxtondod 1. 10 bu.siiHSSH, llo highly
approciatod tho advuntagOH of cduc.al iou^an'd
devoted him soli' with oumowtnoHw and por-
tiovoranco t< si udy during his ICIHUIU Ho
was (specially fond (tl'malluMnatics, on which
flubjoct ho nmtril)u1(td to tho * LadyV and
'(JuutlonmnV Diaries, and colh^et.ed a larg-o
library. In 17SW ArmHt.rong- joined Uw Lite-
rary and Philosophical Society, which wan
thon iivo yeans old. II waa'a warm wip-
*)ortor and took an active, pnrl. for womo tamo
In itH managt^nuuit. \\u was also oan of
the original foundern of tlun local Natural
History Society. \Vhoii \l WH propowwl to
establish a chain hor of rotnnitMVo in tho
town ho #avo inatnrial aid, and hel )d tho
fiuhtttno to a micocrtst'ul IHHUO* Soon a'ter tho
;>aHHin^(>r t.lu* Muni(*.ipal ffefonu Act. hi !S,'i5
lie was returned by Jesiuond ward to tho
town council, on tho two of hm sixtieth
year, a,s a ivlm-mor. At. the next election,
m NoviMiiboi* IHJVJ, lio was deleated, but;
in IBW Armstrong ronuiuod liis wat with-
out oppowition, liuring his lirsl period of
couiuullorship ho took much interest in tho
management of the river Tyne, and he wan
the author of two pamphlets on the subject*
In December 181;$, when Alilommu Jolm
Itidltiy, chairman of the, river committee,
died, he was unanimously appointed to tho
olluWjt'.hcdut iosof which fie fu lilld I hrou^h*
out. the inquiries and tho ntnrmy dolmten
which t ouliuitialtMl in tho establishment ot
tho Hivor r l'yno commission, On J Jan,
1840 Armstrong WHS (hetod ald(rmau by n
unanimous vote, He failed to secure elec-
tion a mayor when ho was first nominated
to that othco a iew months later, but ho
was choHtm mayor in the following year*
Ho goiutrally a<U.ml with tho pro^roMHW*
-)art'7 in tlio city council, Although luj
and jeg'un lifo an an ind(*pt.ndont politician,
with Homowhiit rouctionary tondencioa, IUH
sympathicH broadonod H ho grow older* and
tpwurdA tho cloHo ho bocamo a whiuf <J f th
Oroy school, although, ho wan always a
cautiouH niformer. In 181*4 ho argued that
canal betwoon Nowcwtlo and ( Carlisle would
ervo inland commerce bottnr tihau a rail way,
Again, in 18-10, when it was proposal that tlua

Armstrong

Armstrong

city council should memorialise parliament to
open the ports for the free admission of grain,
he spoke strongly in favour of the com laws.
He attended to his public duties till within
a few weeks of his death, which took place
on 2 June 1857, in the eightieth year of his
age. He had desired that the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Newcastle should
select from his library such scientific works
as it did not already possess. This wish
was so liberally interpreted by his son that
in 1858 as many as 1,984 mathematical works
and local tracts, most of them of great value,
were added to the society's library, which
thus obtained ' a more complete mathemati-
cal department than any otlier provincial in-
stitution in the kingdom 7 (DR. SPENCE WAT-
SON, Hist, of the Literary and Philosophical
Soc. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne).

The elder Armstrong married Ann, eldest
daughter of William Potter of Walbottle
House, a highly cultured woman. By her
he had two children, a son and a daughter.
The son was the future Lord Armstrong.
The daughter Ann married on 17 Aug. 18^6
(Sir) William Henry Watson [q. v.], subse-
quently a baron of the exchequer ; she died
at Hastings on 1 June 1828, leaving an only
child, John William Watson, of Adderstone
Hall, Belford, whose son became her bro-
ther's heir.

William George Armstrong was a deli-
cate child. Left to follow the natural bent
of his mind, he never failed to amuse him-
self with mechanical combinations. When
only five or six he showed considerable in-
genuity in constructing childish imitations
of machines which had attracted his atten-
tion. With a few discarded spinning wheels
and common household articles he played at
pumping water, grinding corn, and doing
other useful work. He set his machinery in
motion by strings attached to weights hung
over the handrail of the staircase, so as to
descend freely from the top to the bottom of
the house. In the fine summer days he often
visited the shop of a ;oiner, John Fordy,
in the employment of ais maternal grand-
father, William Potter; there he spent many
happy hours learning the use of tools, mak-
ing fittings for his engines, and copying the
joiner's work.

After attending private schools, first in his
native city, and afterwards at Whickham,
Northumberland, his health sufficiently im-
proved to enable him, in 18:26, the year of his
sister's marriage, to enter the grammar
school at Bishop Auckland. There he re-
mained for two years as a boarder with the
head- master, the Rev, R. Thompson, During
this period he paid a visit to the engineering

works in that town of William Kamshaw,
Avho, impressed with the intelligent interest
the youth took in the machines, invited him
to his house. He th us made the acquaintance
of Ramshaw's daughter Margaret, whom he
afterwards married.

Meanwhile, upon leaving school, Arm-
strong became an articled clerk in the olftce
of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor of standing
in Newcastle. He applied himself with cha-
racteristic earnestness to the study of law,
and, havinj duly served his clerkship, he
completed -iis preparation for the legal pro-
fession in Lont-on under the guidance of his
brother-in-law, W. H, Watson, at that time
a special pleader of Lincoln's Inn. He re-
turned to Newcastle n 1833, and became
a partner in the legal firm to which he had
been articled, the style being altered to
Messrs. Donkin, Stable, & Armstron j. Their
business was a flourishing one, anc, the in-
terests of many important families, estates,
and companies were entrusted to their
charge. In 1834 Armstrong married Miss
Margaret Ramshaw. Three years his senior,
she was a lady of great force of character^
who sympathised with her husband's labours,
and loyally aided him in philanthropic work,

In later years Armstrong named as his re-
creations ' planting, building, electrical and
scientific research;' but in early life he was
an enthusiastic fisherman. This pastime
afforded opportunities for his inventive
genius. lie contrived a new bait-basket,
and his tackle was continually being im-
proved. Haunting the Coquet from morn-
ing to night, he became so skilful that he
was known in the district as 'the King-
fisher/ While after trout in Dentdale ( York-
shire, 1835), his attention was attracted to
an overshot water-wheel, supplying power
for some marble works. He observed that
only about one twentieth of the energy of
the stream was utilised, and from that time
his thoughts were engrossed by the possi-
bilities of water- worked machines as motors.

After his return to Newcastle to devote
himself to law, scarcely a day passed without
his visiting Watson's High 3ridge engineer-
ing works. On 29 Dec. 1838 he published
in the * Mechanics' Magazine' the outcome
of his observations, in an article ' on the
application of a column of water as a motive
power for driving machinery.' In the autumn
of 1839, with Watson's fielp, he made an
improved hydraulic wheel, with discs fixed
on the periphery, arranged to enter suc-
cessively a tube of corresponding section bent
into the arc of a circle. A full account or
' Armstrong's water-pressure wheel 7 is con-
tained in the 'Mechanics' Magazine' for

Armstrong

Armstrong'

IS April 1840. But although his rotatory-
motor was recognised to bo sound in prin-
ciple __j a new and most ingenious means of
applying a neglected, cheap, and almost
boundless source of power' it was not an.
industrial success. With character i stic j udg-
rnent Armstrong sought a more attractive
solution of his great problem.

In the autumn of the same year (18-10)
one William Patterson was employed on a
fixed high-pressure steam-engine at Cram-
lingtou CoLiery. When he ~mt one hand
on the safety valve, while t le other was
exposed to a jet of steam from. a chink
iu the boiler, he experienced a shock. Many
persons investigated the phenomenon, but
Armstrong first; arrived at correct conclu-
sions, which were published in -mpers on
* the electricity of elHuent steam' (J%i7. Mag.
1841-3). He applied his results to the con-
struction of a hydro-electric machine, which
consisted essentially of an insulated boilor,
from which steam at high -juusauro escaped
through specially designed nozzles. This
formed the most powerful moans of ^ gene-
rating 1 electricity taen known, and it in still
used for the production of electricity of high
tension. In ~844 'our talent ed young towns-
man' gave two ' very interesting lent urns cm
hydro-electricity/ and it is recorded that
Hhe perspicuity of his language/ IUR 'in-
genious and effectual* illustrations, and 'his
-uijny manner of explaining . . . the subject
cou'.d scarcely be excelled ' (Lit. and PhiL
Soc. Eeport). The small hydro-electric
machine used for these experiments was
subsequently presented by Lord Armstrong
to the Durham. College of Science at New-
castle,

The uses and application of water at the
time chiefly absorbed his attention, and he
studied the subject in all its bearings with
characteristic public spirit. As the popula-
tion increased theTyne became imdriukuble,
and the supply of pure water inadequate.
In 184/5 proposals were brought forward to
form an accumulation, reservoir at Whittle
Dean, and to bring the water by 24-inch
-)jpes, then the largest iu the world, to
Newcastle* Armstrong's was the master
mind which directed the movement (History
of the Water Supply of Ntwca*tl&upvn-Tyne,
1851), Messrs. Donkin, Stable, & Armstrong
were the solicitors to the company, and at
the iirst general meeting of shareholders,
28 July 1845, Armstrong was appointed
secretary. The directors' report presented
to the second annual meeting, 25 Feb. 1,847,
announced his resignation with an expression
of regret. About this time, in conjunction
\vith Thomas llawksley [q.v, Supplij, he in-

vented a self-acting valve, which is at ill ex-
tensively used by water companies, to clone
the pipe automatically when the velocity of
the water paswiug through it exceeds a cer-
tain limit, so as to check the IOHH of water
in case of a leak occurring beyond, the
valve. Armstrong's interest in the Whittle
Dean Water Company con! inued throughout
his life. On the death of Mr, A. L, Potter
in 18r>5 ho wan elected chairman. He held
this cilice till 1S07, and it was largely owing
to his able direction that it; developed into
the important Newcastle and UatOHheud
"Water Company.

* lYu'.sovonineo generally provailfl' was
Armstrong's favourite motto, For many
jearw ho considered tho beHt. way of em-
ploying water power before he arrived at
tho concl union that wntor would be more
useful as a moans of diMtributing than of
obtaining energy. On thin principle ho
planned a crane, every' motion of which was
derived From hydraulic power. In 18-15 ho
delivered three led urns to tho Literary and
Philosophical Soeiety; tho i!n4 and last
treated respectively of tho spheroidal stuto
of liquids and tho characteristics of elec-
tricity. The second (iJ DIM,-.,) was 'on the
employment of a column of water as a
motive power for propelling machinery/ It
wan illustrated by experiments ; * a beautiful
model, representing a portion of the quay of
this town, with a crane upon it, adapted to
work by the action of tho water in the street
pipes, was placed upon t ho floor.' Tho model
worked perfectly, but Armstrong ' stated
that he did not advocate tho immediate
adoption of his plan, because any plan, how-
over useful, might bet injured if iwvod pre-
maturely forward before tho ago was ready
to roroivo it.' Nevertheless, on 14 Jan.
1840 ho obtained permission from tho eor*
^oration to oroct uu hydraulic rmo nt tht^
aead ol^ tho quay. M hin %VUH HO great a
fluccefw in loauuig and diachnrging Hhi')H
that on the following i) Nov. ho uskod to w
allowed to erect, four othors, at tho Hatno
tirao making valuublo Hug^eHtionH for facili-
tating tho ,-iandling ot" tho mirUawUn of
the port. Armstrong took out hiw (Imt
patent for ' apparatUA fbr lifting, lowtsringv
and hauling' on H July 1840.

ArmHtrong^a flciontitio uttainmnntfl woro
now widely wcopjniHed, and on 7 May 18 IB
h WUH elected a i el low of tho Boyal Socioty
as 'a gontloman well known iw'an
investigator of physical Bfnonco, iw
with reference "o tlus wlttctr'KMty o^'
and the liydro-olect ric macluniJ.' Anmpf
those who attentud hi ciuftlifi<sationfi we,nv
Faraday, Grove, and WUetittttcmo* Much

Armstrong

Armstrong

interest was also manifested in his cranes,
and many inquiries were made about them.
The first orders were dealt with in the High
Bridge works of Mr. Watson, but special
arrangements were desirable. Thereupon
four substantial citizens, Messrs. Donkin,
Potter', Cruddas, and Lambert, offered the
money necessary to found special works for
their manufacture. It was thus that the
great engineering works at Elswick-on-
Tyne first came into being. The deed of
partnership is dated as from 1 Jan, 1847.
Armstrong, who was the moving spirit, was
appointed manager of the concern. He
thereupon retired from the legal profession
to devote himself to the more congenial pur-
suits of an engineer.

The engineering works originally con-
sisted of offices, four workshops, two houses
for foremen, and stables, standing on about
5 acres on the left bank of the Tyne, a
little way above Newcastle. Work was
commenced on 1 Oct. 1847, and the first
Elswick -jayskeet for wages due on 15 Oct.
amounted, to 9/. 17,9. IQd. (Northern Coun-
ties M'tfl. October 1900). During the earlier
years the business chiefly consisted in the
manufacture of Armstrong's newly devised
hydraulic machinery. The first order for
the new firm (15 May 1848) was for cranes
for the Liverpool docks, but from the com-
mencement Elswick produced a great variety
of hydraulic machines. A diagonal two-
cylinder double-acting engine was made for
the *jress printing tht*' Newcastle Chronicle/
while mining machinery for the lead mines at
Allenheads and winding engines for the
South Hetton Coal Company were among
their earliest productions, Armstrong's se-
cond patent for a water-pressure engine bears
date 11 May 1848. But in spite of Arm-
strong's able management the Elswick engi-
neering works die. not at first make very
satis factory progress. Orders did not come
in very rapidly, and there was naturally
some difficulty at starting in estimating the
cost of production. The tide of prosperity
did not How towards Elswick conspicuously
till JHfiO. In March 1852 three hundred
and fifty men were employed, and their fort-
nightly wages amounted to 37 Ql. Thence-
forth the development was steady.

All the hydraulic apparatus erected by
Armstrong up to 1849 was worked by water
from reservoirs, but in that year ,ie was
commissioned to construct cranes at places
on the II umber and Tees, where the pressure
in the town mains was insufficient. To
avoid the cost of building a high reservoir,
he employed an air-vessel. This was a cast-
iron chamber, closed at the top, and the

VOL. I. SUP,

air was compressed by water being" pumped
into it. The working was not aitoget-ier
satisfactory. In the following year (1850)
lie * was engaged in the construction of tlie
Ferry station of the Manchester, Sheffield,
and Lincolnshire Railway at New Holland,
and decided to apoly hydraulic pressure tor
the cranes. . . . r Jhere was no possibility
of obtaining pressure by a head of water,
for not only was the surface absolutely
flat, but the ground, which consisted of
silt, afforded no foundation. . . . He was
led to the idea of a new substitute for
an elevated reservoir. This consisted of a
large cast-iron cylinder, fitted with a loaded
plunger to give pressure to the water in-
jectec by the engine. This contrivance he
called an accumulator. ... In no previous
instance had a pressure exceeding 90 juninds
on the square inch been used, but it was
now decided to adopt a pressure of 600
pounds' (SiR W, G. ARMSTRONG, Inst. of
Civil Engineers, 1876-7, vol. i. pt. iv.) The
storage capacity of the accumulator is not so
great as that of a reservoir, but, on the other
.land, the higher pressures employed enable
the distributing pipes to be made of smaller
dimensions than would otherwise be possi-
ble, and the pressures are more uniform, By
this invention hydraulic machinery was
rendered available in almost every situation.
Being very convenient where power is re-
quired at intervals and for short periods, it has
come into extensive use for working" cranes,
hoists, and lifts, opening and shutting dock
gates, docking and launching ships, moving 1
capstans, turn-tables, and the like. In many
cases it has caused important economies both
as regards time and money, especially at,
harbours and railway stations, where large
amounts of traffic have to be dealt with.
In the navy its applications are so numerous
that it has been said without it a modern
warship would be an impossibility. Such
adaptations were the result of unwearied
perseverance and unfailing resource.

In 1850 Armstrong divided with Mr, W. D.
Burlinson a prize given by the Glamorgan-
shire Canal Company, on the merits o_ his
crane and accumulator, for * the best machine
to transfer coal from barges to ships.' In
the same year he received the Telford medal
from the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Armstrong continued for many years to
improve his hydraulic machinery, and to de-
vtCop countless applications which attracted
considerable attention. A third patent which
dealt with the subject was taken out on
2^ April 1856. The ingenuity and utility
of his inventions in this connection brought
him almost universal recognition. In 1862

Armstrong

66

Armstrong

Cambridge University voted him an honorary
LL.D. degree ; in 1870 Oxford made him a
D.C.L.; and in May 1878 the Society of
Arts awarded to him the Albert medul ' be-
cause of his distinction as an engineer and
as a scientific man, and because by the
development of the transmission of power
hydraulically, due to his constant efforts ex-
tending over many years, the manufactures
of this country have been greatly aided, and
mechanical power beneficially substituted
for most laborious and injurious labour.'

But these inventions far from exhausted
Armstrong's genius, and in middle life he
applied his mind to improvements in the
manufacture of the machinery of war, which
"brought him an equally wide and deserved
reputation. It was just after the outbreak
of the Crimean war in 1854 that ArmHtrong
received at Elswick his first commisHion from
the war olllce ; this was to design submarine
mines for the purpose of blowing-up Russian
ships that had been sunk in the harbour of
SebastopoL Armstrong's mines proved very
successful, but, as the war proprossod, ho
turned his attention more especially to ar-
tillery. It is said that an incident in the battle
of Inkernmu (6 Nov. 1 854) led hi in to devote
his energies to the improvement of ordnance.
In the following month he submitted to Sir
James Graham a communication 'fluggoating
the expediency of enlarging the ordinary
rifle to the standard of a leld-gun, and using
elongated projectiles of load 1 (Industrial
JResouives of Tyne, Wear^ and 7Vca, 18(J#),
This was followed by an interview with the
Duke of Newcastle, then secretary of state
for war, who authorised him to make half
a doxon guns according to his views.

Armstrong has himself described in detail
the evolution of" the gun which was HOOU
to he widely known by his name, First, ho
considered exhaustively all possible ma-
terials, and selected shear steel and wrought
iron, Then he proved experimentally that
the ordinary method of making guns, by
forcing the metal into the form and boring
a :iole down it, was unsatisfactory, He
adopted a construction more correct in prin-
ciple, but more diilicult of execution. The
strength of a metal cylinder does nob increase
in the ratio of its thickness. A cylinder
oifers the greatest resistance to bursting
when the exterior layers are in a state o:
tension, gradually increasing inwards past
the neutral point till the internal layers are
in a state of compression. Therefore an in-
ternal cylinder of steel was enclosed in a
jacket made by twisting a wrought-iron "bar,
and welding the turns into a cylinder of
internal diameter slightly smaller than the

steel lining. The jacket was expanded by
heat and a jppod over the core, and contract-
ing in cooling produced tho desired distribu-
tion of tension, Other rings aH necessary
wero in turn whrunk cm this cylinder.

At tho stuno time mochanical arrangements
were contrived to counteract recoil, and to
facilitate tho pointing of (,he gun. "Further-
more), and this WUH a dovieo of t.ho utmost
importance, tho gun waw made to load at ita
buck end. Annul rong invented both tho
screw and the wodgo methods of ('.losing
tho brooch. In this former case a poworfiu
screw proved a breoeh-piooo, currying tho *
vont, HO a.s to close the tube. r faien tho
rilling was ett'od.od by eight spiral grooves
cut in the bore terminating at, tho nlightly
ex wuded loading chamber, the niowt auit-
ab.o form and rimmisionH for whiolx wore
reached after careful invual-igationa. Lastly,
with unwearied labour and infinite resource,
Le dotenninod the best shape, diinonHionw,
and tfhtirgo lor tho bullet. Tho elongated
form with an ogival head which ho doHignod
for the projectile IUIH never been improved
upon.

Armstrongs firnt JJ-pouiulor, built in ac-
cordance with these principles, wan com-
pleted in July lK~>/i, It. wan derided by
tlie artillery ollircorn as a 'popgun. 1 There-
U])on Armstrong mudo a (i-ponndor on tho
same primui>loM,un<l h<^ continued asorioH of
experiments witli it for a ('.otmidorablo tiino
be 'ore HiibmittinK it to the wnr ollico. Tho
earliest of his long Herios of putentH, eleven
in nuinlxa*, touching ordnance and projec-
tiles, waw dated 11 Fob, IH57; the Hocotid
followed on 3$ July IH57. At. flwt t.ho mili-
tary authoritioH looked coldly upon Arm-
strong's now 4'un, but ilw morit was too great;
to bo put aHius (,)u UJ Nov. 1H5H ilw com-
xnittoo on rifled eawion, appointed by Utmo-
ral IV-e,!, reported in favour of Armntrong's
invention on <svory point,

Armntrong then behaved with patriotic
generosity, lie gave tho nation hin valuable
patontH a.s a IVot^ gift , and plaeod his talnt,H
at itB command, In 18/5U ho areopled the
appointiutnit of engineer of rillod ordnaneo
at Woolwich, and 1m f^riMvt Hervicow to tho
state wero acknowledged by hi croat ion a
knipht bac.holor and civil companion of the
Balli (2 Fob, 1859),

On 5J/5 Jan, 1H59 tho KlHwick Ordnance

Company wan formed, Tht parttusrn
MoHara, Cieorgo OrudduH, Latnuort, and tho
manager, George KomleL Armstrong had
no pecuniary intwoRt in thin new company,
although its buildingH wore clono to tho 1^18-
wick engineering works. The Klswick Ord-
nance Company vraa ostttblwUod aoluly to

Armstrong

Armstrong

make Armstrong guns for the British govern-
ment under Armstrong's supervision. Ac-
cordingly over three thousand guns were
manufactured by the new company between
1859 and 1863. At the latter date the British
armament was the finest in existence. But
there was then a reaction in favour of the
superior simplicity of muzzle-loading guns.
The breech-loading mechanism required ac-
curate fittings and careful use. Breech-loaders
are unfit weapons for imperfectly instructed
gunners, and out of place when exposed to
weather or drifting sand. Armstrong recog-
nised the invincibility of official obtuseness
and prej udice, and *ave up his official appoint-
ment during 186^, when the government
greatly reduced the orders they placed with
the Elswick Ordnance Company, and prac-
tically returned to muzzle-loaders. To that
form of ordnance the authorities so obsti-
nately adhered for the next fifteen years that
England not only lost her supremacy in
respect to her artillery but fell cangerously
behind the rest of the world.

Owing to the withdrawal of government
support in 1863, the Elswick Ordnance Com-
pany passed through a serious crisis, but
Armstrong was equal to the sit nation. The
ordnance company and its works were in-
corporated with Armstrong's engineering
company and its works. Blast furnaces
were added, and the ordnance company,
being released from the obligation to make
gnns exclusively for the British government,
was largely employed by foreign govern-
ments. Great benefit resulted to the finan-
cial position of the combined ordnance and
engineering company.

Meanwhile Armstrong improved his
breech-action, and carefully investigated the
best method of rifling, and the most advan-
tageous calibre of the bore and structure
of the cylinder, so as to obtain the greatest
accuracy in shooting and the longest range
with the minimum weight. At an early
period of his gunnery researches he had re-
cognised the desirability of building up guns
with thin metal bands instead of large hoops,
but circumstances interposed a long delay
before he carried out that principle in prac-
tice. The plan may have been first sug lasted
to him by Contain Blakeney's proposal, pub-
lished as ear y as 1855, to substitute wire
wound at high tension round the core for
hoops or ; ackets. The same idea had oc-
curred independently to Brunei, who jave
Armstrong a commission for a gun made on
this principle. The order could not be exe-
cuted, because it was found that Longridge
had taken out a patent for this method of
construction, though he had never carried ib

into execution, After the patent had expired
Armstrong redirected his attention to the
sub'ect. In 1877 he made preliminary trials
wit !a small wired cylinders, and in 1*879 he
commenced a 6-inch breech-loading gun of
this construction, which was finished in the
beginning of 1880. Besults obtained with
this gun were so satisfactory that at last
even the British ordnance authorities ac-
knowledged the folly of continuing to manu-
facture unwieldy muzzle-loaders j and before
the year was out, by Armstrong's persistent
pressure, they were persuaded onre more to
adopt breech-loading guns with polygroove
rifling.

Armstron <f s strenuous work at his hy-
draulic machines and his celebrated guns
by no means exhausted his energies or in-
terests. At the same time he found oppor-
tunity to give thoughtful consideration to
problems of the highest importance to every
practical engineer in connection with the
economical use of fuel. In 1855 Armstrong,
with two other engineers, was entrusted
with the award of the 500/. premium offered
by the Northumberland Steam Collieries
Association for the best method of prevent^
ing smoke in the combustion of Hartley coal
in marine boilers. Three reports (1857 and
1858) were founded on a long series of ela-
borate experiments. His attention having
been thus attracted to the wasteful use of
our natural fuel, he took advantage of his
election to the presidency of the British
Association, when it met "at Newcastle in
1863, to discuss at length, in his presidential
address, the probable duration of our coal
supply. He pointed out how 'wastefully
and extravagantly in all its applications 7 to
steam-engines, or metallurgical operations,
or domestic purposes, coal was being burnt.
He calculated that in doing a given amount
of work with a steam-engine only one-
thirtieth of the energy of the coal is utilised.
Assuming a moderate rate of increase in coal
production, he came to the conclusion that
before two centuries have passed ' England
will have ceased to be a coal-producing
country on an extensive scale.'

There followed a royal commission to
incuire into the duration of British coal-
fields (1806), of which Sir W. O. Armstrong
was a member, and before which he also
appeared as a witness. His evidence was
amonj the most valuable information col-
lected by it. He twice returned to the sub-
'ect, once in his ^residential address to the
North of En-aflancT Institute of Mining and
Mechanical Engineers in 1873, and a?ain in
his presidentia. address to the mechanical
section of the British Association at York in

Armstrong 68 Armstrong

. At York he considered whether the might ovon bo more than a niatch for an
'monstrous waste' of the steam-engine might ironclad. Flo emmiomlod limit clriof foa-
not bo avoided by electrical methods of bb- turos aa including ' groat- spund and nimblo-
tainino' power. In 1863 he had pointed out ness of movement combined with grout
that 'whether we uselxeat or electricity as the oIlbiiHivo power . . . little or no wido armour,
motive power, we must equally depend upon but otherwise count ruotod to mininmo tho
chemical affinity as the source of supply. . . . elibcta of projoctiloH.' On tho intnxl action
Bat where are we to obtain materials so of high explosives Armstrong modi lied bus
economical for this purpose as the coal we V'WWH to the extent of rocomnumdhitf that
derive from the earth and the oxygen we oven cruusorH should be protected by side
obtain from the air P ' But in 1883 the ad- armour.

vance of electrical science suggests to him Jn 18S^, the .shipbuilding firm of Mossra.
that a thermo-electric engine might 'not Mitcholl & Swan joitmd .oroon with Ann-
only be used as an auxiliary, but in com- strong's company, and tho nnihul firms
olete substitution for the steam-engine/ became Sir \Y, U. Armstrong, Mitchell, &
because it might be used to utilise 'the Co., Limited. Tn I HSJi a now whip-yard wan
direct heating action of tlio sun's rays/ Ho established at Klnwiek, ^ whore, under the
calculated that 'the solar heat, operating manngmiiimt of Mr. VVluto, now Bir Wil-
npon an area of one acre in the tropics, liam White, elmif coiwtruptnr to tho admi-
would, if fully utilised, exert the amazing ralty, and HubHoquontly of Mr. P. Watts, a
-Dower of 4,000 horsos acting for nearly nine llo.et of .splendid warHhipM wan built. Tho
jo UTS every day, 7 Jle foresaw that, * when- development of the, ordnanoo dopartmont of
ever the time comes for utilising the power the groat concern wont on at* this wamo ttmo
of great waterfalls, the tranwraisaion of without intorruption. In 1HH5 a branch
power by electricity will become a system factory wan opened at Posmioli on tlui bay
of vast importance ' a -or ophocy which 1ms of Naploa to niakw W ^ or ^ M Italian
been ful fited in a notake manner in Hiikse- government, Tn 1H1I7 Sir Jcwoph Whit-
quent contrivances for the ut.iliwition of worih\s works at Opimahaw, noar Man-
natural sources of energy at Geneva, Nio- cboHt.iir, for tho manufacture of tho Whit-
gara, and elsewhere. worth guna, worn mc(tr])orut<u1 y and tho t.if.l

Meanwhile tlie great Rlswick works wore of tho combinod contM^n.s^wuB hangd to

^

rapidly growing alike in the engineering and Sir W, 0, Annstron^ Whitworth, ^ Corn-
ranches. To these departments pany. Limited [HOHWIU 1

'

ordnance branches. To these departments pany. Limited [HOHWIUTWOHTH,

a third that; of shipbuilding was finally At tho dato o'f Aruwt ron jf*a doath in 11)00,

added. In 18GB the lOlswick firm began the company own, at Kswidc ulono, two

to build ships in the Walker yard of Messrs, hundred and thirty acr<ut, and * a riuwnt ]iy-

Mitcholl & Swan. slujot shows 8(>,HO'^A ]>aid in a flinglo wok*

From a very early date Armstrong had to two/nty-llvo thousand and tw<nty-<M^ht

devoted much attention to problems in con- workmuji (N* (I Mtty. Novombor 1900).

nectionwith the mounting and working of Bom of Armatron^H gnuiuH, th Kluwiek

guns on ships, and kindred matters of do- worku and thoir^o IrthootB wnre ivliuoflt to

sign. He was a steadfast "believer in guns tho end of hut lifo larjf(ly itidobtod to hiB

as ayainst, armour. He had himself worked auggostions. But tl (utormouH growth of

at t'Ae improvement of armour plating. Tie tlui ontorpriHO waH pnrhapH clmrtly du< to his

had produced steel of high tonwlo strength judiciouH Holtction of abh^ colli'a^U('H t and to

and great toughness by tempering- it in an thowiso liberality by which h HtimuliittMl

oil bath. For some years before tho intro- and onconratftul t hwu to do tht'ir bot^ Mon

duction of high explosives he had taken modern dovolopmntH woro mainly initiated

special interest in the design and con- by his partner, Sir^Andww KobK
struction of the cruiser type, which was AroiHtronjjfa var'uul activith'H brought him

indeed to a considerable extent originated 7Fftt w<mlth, which lui always ptit to <m

by him. The Elswick firm built several Jghtonod UHOH. In 1H(KJ ho purclmHod Home

as the h'rsc modern protected cruiser. Arm- out roads inon -itH rocky HlopoH, ho trainod
strong strongly advocated the construction streams ant, dug- out 'lakon. ITtt owl
of a large number of vessels of this class flowers, planted rum Hhrubw, and covered
of moderate size. He believed that they tho ground with nnllitmH of noblo trtuw, till
would be most effective protectors of com* , the bleak hillside, was tranHfornunl into a
raerce, and that several acting together magnificent, park, and the barren wilderness

Armstrong

Armstrong

was clothed with beauty. At Cragside, too,
he dispensed a princely hospitality, and
numerous men of distinction were among
his guests.

In 1 872 Armstrong visited Egypt to ad-
vise a method of obviating the interruption
to the Nile traffic caused by the cataracts.
His interesting lectures to the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Newcastle, de-
scribing his ;"ourney and the antiquities on
the river-ban.c, were published in 1874.

In later life Armstrong's happiest hours,
when not employed in planting or building,
were devotee to electrical research in his
laboratory at Cragside. He expressed the

X'nion tliat, if he had given to electricity
time spent upon hydraulics, the results
would have been even more remunerative.

Among his early experiments with his hy-
dro-electric machine he had shown that a cot-
ton filament in two adjacent glasses travels*
towards the positive electrode in one, while -
an encircling tube of water moves towards -
the negative electrode in the other. This
was the starting-point of his subsequent re-
searches into the nature of the electric dis-
charge. About 1892 he repeated the ex-peri- ,
ment in a modified form, using a liuhmliorff
induction coil giving an 18-inch spark, and
he suggested that the phenomenon indicated
the co-existence of two opposite currents in
the movements of electricity, the negative
being surrounded by the positive, like a
core within a tube. In 1897 Armstrong
published a beautifully illustrated volume
on ' Electric Movement in Air and Water,'
in which he discussed the most remarkable
series of figures ever obtained by electric
discharge over photographic plates. In
these later investigations he employed a
Wimslmrst machine with sixteen plates,
each 34 inches in diameter. In the follow-
ing November he invited Dr. H. Stroucl, of
the Durham College of Science, to- continue
his experiments. In a sup-jlemen-t to his
book (-899) Armstrong deve-oped a method
of studying the phenomena of sudden elec-
tric discharge based upon the formation of
Lichtenburg figures. The results confirm
the accuracy of the interpretation as te>
positive and negative distribution in his
earlier work, and also extend the stii'dy of
electric discharge in new directions.

Throughout hia life Armstrong was a
notable benefactor of his native city. There
is hardly any meritorious institution in New-
castle or the neighbourhood, educational or
charitable, whicJL was not largely indebted
to his assistance. He was a member of
council of .the Durham College of Science
(1878-1900). lie- kid the foundation stone

of the present buildings (1887), and he was
a generbus subscriber to its funds. He used
his genius for landscape gardening to beau-
tify Jesmond Dene, and then presented it to
the town with some ninety-three acres, part
of which is included in the Armstrong Park.
In July 1886 Armstrong was induced to
offer himself as a liberal unionist candidate
far the representation of Newcastle in parlia-
ment, but, chiefly owing to labour troubles,
was not returned. Two months afterwards
he was presented with the freedom of the
city, anc in June 1887 he was raised to the
peerage as Baron Armstrong in considera-
tion of his varied and eminent public services.
He represented Eothbury on the Northum-
berland county council, 1889-92. He pur-
chased Bamborough Castle in 1894, intend-
ing to devote a portion of it to the purposes
of a convalescent home. He commenced
nobly conceived restorations, but he did not
live to see the completion of his designs.

Armstrong's great services to scientific
invention were rewarded by many distinc-
tions apart from those already mentioned,
and numerous foreign decorations. He was
created D.C.L. Durham (1882), Master of
Engineering, Dublin (1892), and he received
the Bessemer medal, 1891. He was an ori-
ginal member of the Iron and Steel Insti-
tute ; ^resident of the Mechanical Engineers,
1861, -862, 1869 ; of the North of England
Mining and Mechanical Engineers, 1872-3,
1873-4, 1874-5; of the Institute of Civil
Engineers, 1882 ; of the Literary and Philo-
sophical SocietT of Newcastle, 1860-1900;
of the Natural 'History Society of Northum-
berland, Durham, and Newcastle, 1890-
1900.

Armstrong died at Cragside on 27 Dec.
1900. On the last day of the nineteenth
century his remains were laict beside those
of his wife (who died on 2 Sept. 1893) in the
extension of Kothbury c&urchyard, which
overlooks the river Coquet. By his death
Newcastle lost her greatest citizen, who con-
ferred upon the city not only glory but most
substantial benefits. Armstrong's name will
always stand high among the most illustrious
men of the nineteenth century, who have
rendered it memorable for the advance in
scientific knowledge and in the adaptation
of natural forces to the service of mankind.
Armstrong 1 had no issue, and his heir was
his grand-nephew, William Henry Armstrong
FitzPatrick Watson, son of John William
Watson ^the son of Armstrong's only sister),
by his wife, Margaret Godrnstn, daughter of
Patrick Person FitzPatrick, esq., of Fitz-
Leat House, Bognor. Armstrong's grand-
, nephew, in 1889, on his marriage with

Armstrong

Arnold

Winifreda Jane, eldest daughter of General
Sir John A.dye [c . v, Suppl.], assumed the
name and arms o: Armstrong in addition to
those of Watson, in accordance with the
wish of his great-uncle.

Armstrong pursued all his researches with
grip, tenacity, and concentration, with re-
markable courage, zeal, and energy under
the most perplexing circumstances. Fre-
quently even disappointments and failures
furnished the key to ultimate success. His
colleague, Sir A. Noble, has spoken of his
' extraordinary intuition as to liow a result
would work out. He would very often make
a guess at a result, while I, after much labour
and calculation, would roach the same con-
clusion/ He was a vigorous writer, and his
expositions of his views were clear and
forcible; but his busy life left no time for
fanciful speculations, and but littlo oppor-
tunity for literary work, although he was
the author of a large number of addresses,
papers, and pamphlets. These treat chiefly
of engineering and scientific subjects ; throe
are contained in * The Industrial Resourced
of theTyne, Wear, and Teen/ 180:3, of which
lie was joint editor. His most important
work was his magnificently illustratcc ' Elec-
tric Movement, hi Air and Wat or,' 1807, and
the supplement, 1899. Among his papers
the chie: are: 1838 and 1840, 'On the Ap-
plication of a Column of Water as a Motive
_?ower for driving Machinery* (Mechanics'
Magazine) ; 1841-8, several papers ' On the
Electricity of Kllluent Steam ' (Philosophical
Maffosine); 1850, 'On the Application of
Water Pressure aa a Motive Power' (Pro-
ceedin(/s of Institute of Civil XSnyineer^ voL
ix.); 18153, ' On Concussion of Pump Valves y
(ft.wl.xii.); 1857-8, ' On the Usp of Steam
Coals of the Hartley District in Marine
Boilers;' 1858, 'Water-pressure Machinery 1
(Proceeding* of Institute of Mechanical A-
^wtww); 1863, 'The Coal Supply 1 (flrituA
Association, Newcastle) ; 1803, <A Throe-
cowered Hydraulic Engine;' 1863, 'The
Construction of Wrought-iron Itifled Fidel
Guns ; ' 1869, ' Artillery ' (Mechanical JB'nyi-
nrO ; 1873, 'The Coal Supply' (North of
England Institute of Mining and Mechanical
Engineer*) i 1877, 'History of Modern De-
velopments of Water-pressure Machinery'
(Proceedings of Institute of Civil Engineers,
vol. L); 1882, 'National .Defences ' '(ttoVZ.) ;
1883, * Utilisation of Natural Forces ' 'British
Association, York) ; 1883, ' Social Matters '
(Northern Union of Mechanics' Institutes).
To the ' Nineteenth Century 7 he contributed
three papers: ' The Vague Cry for Technical
Education ' (1888); 'The f>y for Useless
Knowledge 1 (1888) j and 'TUe New Naval

Programme ' (1889). Ho contributed to the
' Proceedings of the Royal Society ' l AH In-
duction Machine,' 1802, and 'Novel Ell'ectB
of Electric Discharge/ 1803,

The chief portrait's of Armstrong are :

1) by Mr. G, F. Watts, U.A., at Crag-aide ;

2) full-length by Mrs. L. Waller, in the
Council Chamber, Newcastle Town Hall

(this was paid for by public subscription) ;
r3) by Mr. J. C. Hcmiluy, at KlavricJk Works ;
(4) head and shoulders, by Mrs, L. Waller,
at Cragaide, of which copies exist in the
Jubilee Hall, Kothbury, and the Literary
and Philosophical Society and the InHtitufw
of Civil Engineer**, London; (5) miniaturo
of W. G. Armstrong-, aged 18 ; (0) miniaturo
by Taylor (thene miniatures both at Cra i {-
side); (7) bust by A, Munro, at Cragnko,
of which a replica by the artist is in the
Literary and Philosophical Library.

[A. Life of Lord Armstrong 1 i inuludod in
Iloroos of Industry,' by K. It. JOIION, 1 880, and
in ' Grout Thinkorn and Workers/ by .H, Oooh-
rano, 1888. A Hhorf. memoir "was writtmi by
Mr. Watson Armstrong in OaBaior's Mug. March
1806J H. P. 0.

ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822 1888),
poet and critic, the ultloHt son <>i Dr. Thomas
Arnold [c , v.], afterwards famous an head-
master o: .Rugby, and his will* Mary (Pen-
rose), was bom on 24 Dec. 182^ at Laloham,
near Staines, where IUH fathor then took
->upils. Thomas Arnold [<._. v, BuppL] wan
aifl younger brother. JVIattaow nu^ru'tod to
llugby with hi family in 1828, but in 1880
returned to Laloham aa pupil of hw maternal
uncle, the Kov, John BucklajuL In AuffWHt
1880 ho was removed to "WinchoHtor, and in
1837 entdjrccl Ku^by, which ho lft in 1841
for BalHol CoUo/ifo, Oxford, whoro \w had
gained a clasHica. Kcholiu-Hhiy* In 1840 ho
liad won a priw* at Itu^by with IUH lirwtro-
corded pootical production, ' Alaric at Homo '
(Uupby, 8vo, only two flopitifl extant; ro-
printec.^808 and 189C); tlw work was
dotnly influencfid by 'Ohildo Harold/ and
in ITS form^of Htanxa wan original tor a prize
")oem ; but it wan not othorwinti romarkablu*
Nor was the poom on Oojtiwoll, which
gained the Newel igato priz in Juno 1843
(Oxford, Bvo), diHtinguiHlhul by any npocial
chavacteriHtic* In 1844 Arnold took a Hucond
class in lit. kum. t and in March 1845 was
elected to a fellowwhip at Oriel. After a
brief experience a a master at Kugby, he
became in ^1847 private 8tjcrctary to the
Marquis of Lansc,owne, then president of
the council, and, aft HUfth, tae minister
charged with the administration of public
instruction* In 1801 Lord Lanwdowne pro 1 -

Arnold

Arnold

cured for Arnold an inspectorship of schools,
and on 10 June of that year he fulfilled a
cherished wish by uniting himself to Frances
Lucy, daughter of Sir "Villiam Wightman
[q.v.], one of the judges of the queen's bench,
Up to this time Arnold, though now eight
and twenty, was known only to a few as a
member of a highly intellectual Oxford set,
to which Clougi, Lake, and J. D. Coleridge
belonged, and to a few more as the author
of a little volume of verse, ' The Strayed
Reveller and other Poems/ published in
1849 under the initial ' A ' (London, 16mo ;
five hundred copies were printed, but it was
withdrawn before many copies were sold
and is very scarce). His correspondence of
the period, which, though full of crudities,
is more lively and original than the letters
of later years, shows that he was profoundly
interested in the questions of the day, espe-
cially in the revolutionary movements of
1848, and had already conceived the germs of
most of the ideas waich he was afterwards
to develop. He must have been studying
French and German, but he seems to have
made no attempt in the department of
literary and philosophical criticism in which
he was afterwards to become potent ; and
his volume of verse, though including two
of his best poems, ' The Forsaken Merman '
and * Mycerinus,' was too unequal as well
as too diminutive to produce much effect.
On the whole his mental progress up to
this date seems slow ; but either a natural
process or his contact with the busy world in
the discharge of his really arduous duties as
school inspector effected a speedy develop-
ment; in 1852 he appears as a poet of
mature power, and in 1853 not merely as a
poet but as a legislator upon poetry. The
volume of 1852 was ' Empedocles on Etna
and other Poems' (London, 8vo; reissued
1896, 4to ; the original is only less scarce
than 'The Strayed Reveller'). The book,
like it& forerunner, was published under the
bare initial 'A.' It contained, with some
short lyrics, two long poems, the dramatic
'Empedocles on Etna/ and the narrative
' Tristram and Iseult,' which were much
more ambitious in design and elaborate in
execution than anything previously at-
tempted by Arnold. Botu poems had great
attractions ; the songs of the harp-player
Callicles in ' Empedocles ' are extraordinary
combinations of pictorial beauty with lyrical
-mssion, and the third canto of 'Tristram*
IB a masterpiece of descriptive poetry. But
neither the songs of Callicles nor the third
canto of ' Tristram ' has much connection
with the rest of the poem to which each
If the finest passages are thus,

strictly speaking, superfluous, the poems can
hardly be other than disjointed and so in-
deed they are not apparently from inability
to conceive the subjects as wholes, but from
inaptitude in the combination of details.
They nevertheless contain sufficient beauty
to j ustify by themselves a high poetical re-
putation, and were accompanied by a nuin-
aer of exquisite lyrics, among which it will
suffice to name 'A Summer Night/ 'The
Youth of Nature/ 'The Youth of Man/
' Isolation/ and ' Faded Leaves.' The spirit
of these pieces may be described as inter-
mediate between Wordsworth and Goethe,
who are elsewhere in the same volume con-
trasted with each other and with Byron in
a very noble lyric. If, however, the poet
neither expressed a new view of life nor
created a new form of poetry, his style and
cast of thought were indisputably his own.
The volume nevertheless failed to win public
attention, and the author, probably prompted
less by disappointment than by dissatisfac-
tion, with the defects which be had discovered
in * Empedocles/ withdrew it after disposing
of fifty copies. He was already providing
himself with a new pi&ce de resistance, better
adapted to exemplify his creed as a poet.
He could not have chosen better than in
* Sohrab and Rustum/ which first appeared
in 'Poems by Matthew Arnold, a new
edition * (1853, 8vo ; 1854 and 1857, slightly
altered). Together with a re-issue of the
most important contents ('Empedocles on
Etna' excepted) of his former volumes, the
new volume contained the new poems of
'The Scholar-Gipsy' and 'Requiescat/ as
well as 'Sohrab and Rustum. The last
piece is an episode from Firdusi's 'Shah-
Nameh/ noble and affecting in subject, and
so simple in its perfect unity of action as
to leave no room for digression, while fully
admitting the adornments of description and
elaborate simile. These are introduced with
exquisite judgment, and f while greatly
heightening the poetical beauty of the piece,
are never allowed to divert attention from
the progress of the main action, which cul-
minates in a situation of unsurpassable
pathos. Nothing could have more forcibly
exemplified the doctrines laid down by the
author in his memorably preface to this
volume of ' Poems/ in whicin he condemns
the prevalent taste for brilliant phrases and
isolated felicities, and admonishes poets to
regard above all things unity, consistency,
and the total impression of the piece.

This prefatory essay is a literary land-
mark and monument o? sound criticism. It
is also of peculiar interest as foreshadowing
the character of the literary work

Arnold 7

which Arnold's name was hereafter to be
mainly associated. The intellectual defects
which the essay denounced were charac-
teristically English defects. Soon discover-
ing himself to be at issue with the bulk of
his countrymen in every region of opinion,
Arnold subsequently undertook tho un-
popular office of detector- general of the in-
tellectual failings of his own nation. The
cast of his mind was rather critical than
constructive, and the gradual drying up of
his native spring of poetry, at no time
copious, left him no choice between criticism
and silence.

In 1853 the exhaustion of his poetic
faculty did not seem imminent, and some
time was to elapse before Arnold assumed
his distinctly critical attitude towards the
temper of his times. In 1855 he published
1 Poems . . . Second Series ' (London, 8vo),
mostly reprints; but the most important,

* Balder Dead/ a miniature blank-verse epic
in the manner of ' Sohrab and lluatum,' was
new, and almost as great a masterpiece of
noblo "lathos and dignified narrative.

In Hay 1857 Arnold WHS elected to tho
professorship of poetry at Oxford, which ho
Iield for ten years, lie inaugurated his
tenure of office by publishing in 18f)8 a
tragedy, 'Meropo/ avowedly intondud as a
poetical manifesto, and therefore condemned
in advance as a work of reflection rather
than inspiration. It is stately but frigid:
the subject evidently had not taken posses-
sion of him as ' Sohrab ' and ' Bolder ' had
done. It is also weighted by the unrhymod
choral lyrics, whose mechanism contrasts
painfully with the spontaneity of tho harp-
flayer's songs in ' Erapodocles on Etna/
t 'is to Arnold's honour that, try as he
would, he could not write lyrical poetry
without a lyrical impulse, such as camo to
him when in November 1857 he wrote

* Kugby Chapel' on his father's death, or
when in 1859 he celebrated his deceased
brother and sister-in-law in 'A Southern
Might,' one of the most beautiful of his
poems [see ARNOLD, WILLIAM DBLAPIWID],
or when he wrote 'Thy ma' on tho death of
his friend dough in 1861,

' Thyrsia ' and * A Southern Night ' wore
first issued in Arnold's 'New Poems' of
1867. Many other pieces that figure in that
volume evince declining power not so much
by inferiority of execution as by the in-
creasing tendency to mere reflection : one of
the pieces, ' (Saint Brand an/ was published
separately (London, 1867, 4to). His * Poems'
were fully collected in two volumes in 1869,
when < Rujrby Chapel ' was first included,
nod again in '1877. By that date his chiof

2 Arnold

work as a poet had been long since clone.
Tho true olngiac not o was, however, at ruck
once more in * Westminster Abbey, 7 a poem
on tho death of Dean Stanley hi 1881 (in
'Nineteenth Oontury/ January 1882), mag-
nificont m its opening and its close, and
nowhere unworthy of tho author or tho
occasion. (All Arnold's poetry roappoaml
in throe volumes in 1885, and in a single-"
volume ' Popular edition' in 181)0. ' Selected
Poems' were issued an a volume of tho ' Gol-
don Treasury Series' in 1878.)

Meanwhile Arnold's appointment at. Ox-
ford had prompted two ol his most valuable
eilbrts in literary oritic/tstn. In 1801 ho
~)ublishod 'On Translating Iloinor: Throo
Lectures tfivon at Oxford' (London, 8vo),
one of the essays which mark epochs. There
followed in 18(1:2 a second volume, M)n
Translating Homer: last. Words.' Tho four
locturos wore first, collected in 18{)(>, It
is truo that Arnold's principles worn moro
satisfactory than hi practice ; his own at-
tempts at translation wore not very sueeoss-
ful; and the lectures wore disli^urtul )>y in^
excnanblo (Hp])ancioH at the, oxponso of ")(n*-
sona ontitlod to tho hi^luwt, reHpoct ~seo
WKKHIT, loir A HOP OHAULMH'. .Huh mivoi*
had tho characttuistieH of I om<r himsolf
boon set forth with mich antJiority, or tho
rules of translation HO unanswerably de-
ducted from thorn, or popular inisconcMptionfl
so effectually extinguished. H IH indeed a
classic of criticism. Almost (Hjnal ]kruise i
due to the leeturcH * On the Mtiuly of (oltic
Literature ' deli vtired in 18(>7, even though
his knowledge of thiw wubject, was by no
moans equal to hiHliiinwlcd^unf Homer, and
tho theme. M IOHH Husc.ppl.il) u of oloHoness of
treatment and cofreincy of dtunoiiHt ration. It H
chief merit, apart from tho fawjinnt.in^ Htyh^,
i to have sot forth the essential nhnra(st<riH-
tics of (Mtic pot^lry, and to have compre-
hended tho.se cunlltiea of Kn^liwh poetry
which chi(,tly UHtintfuiHh it from t-iat of
other modtirn nutioiw undt^r th possibly in-
exact but O'.rtnjiily convenient denomination
of * Celtic ma#io.'

In 1850 Arnold iHHued an able pairmhlot,
'England and the .Italian (^uuHtum, but,
with all liift poetical and critical activity, he
was far from ne^iectinp IHH oilicial duticw*
His correflpondoncci i tull of proofs of IUH
Koal as an inspector of HohoolH, which are
further illuwtrated by the valuable collection
of his oilicial rtoortw publwhed by Mir Fmnc.iH
Sand ford after am death. He d(4ightod iu
foreign travel for the -)urpoflt> of in^ujcting 1
foreign wchools and uiuvormtb, and his ob-
R(rvations wro published in *uvral books
of great though ephemeral vuluo : * Topular

Arnold

Arnold

Education of France,' 1861; <A French
Eton,' 1864; ' Schools and Universities on
the Continent/ 18C8. At home his opposi-
tion to Mr. Lowe's revised educational' code
at one time seemed likely to occasion his
resignation; but he held on, and gave no
sign of retirement until he had earned his
pension, except on one occasion, when he
was an unsuccessful candidate for the
librarianship of the House of Commons.
After living some years in London he re-
moved to Larrow, and in 1873 to Cobham.
where he remained until his death. His
domestic life, in general happy, was sadly
clouded by the successive ceaths of three
sons within a short period.

As a critic Arnold considerably modified
the accepted form of the English critical
essay by giving it something of the cast of
a causen'e, & method he had learned from
one of the chief objects of his admiration and
imitation, Sainte-Beuve. His critical powers
were shown to very great advantage in the
fine series of ' Essays in Criticism ' (1865 ;
2nd edit, modified, 1869 ; 6th edit. 1889).
Almost all the contents of this volume are
charming, especially the sympathetic studies
of Spinoza and Marcus Aurelius, and the
contrast, combined with a parallel, between
the religious ideas of Ptolemaic Alexandria
and mediaeval Assisi, a pair of pictures in
the manner of Arnold's friend, Ernest
Kenan., The most important essay, how-
ever, is that on Heine; for in depictin^
Heine, with perfect justice, as the intel-
lectual liberator, the man whose special
function it was to break up stereotyped
forms of thought, Arnold consciously or un-
consciously delineated the mission which he
had imposed upon himself, and to which the
best of his non-otticial energies were to be
devoted for many years. He had become
profoundly discontented with English in-
difference to ideas in literature, in politics,
and in religion, and set himself to rouse his
countrymen out of what he deemed their
intellectual apathy by raillery and satire,
objurgation in the manner of a Buskin or a
Carlyle not being at all in his way. There
is a certain incongruity in the bombard-
ment of such solid entrenchments with such
light artillery ; it is also plain that Arnold
is aa one-sided as the objects of his attack,
and docs not sufficiently perceive that the
defects which he satirises are often defects
inevitably annexed to great qualities. Nor
was it ^possible to lecture his countrymen
as he did without assuming the air of the
deservedly detested 'superior person.'

With every drawback, together with some
serious failures in good taste which cannot be

overlooked, Arnold's 'crusade against British
.Philistinism and imperviousness to ideas was
as serviceable as it was gallant, and much
rather a proof of his affection for his countrv-
men than of the contempt for them unjust y
laid to his charge. In literature and 'allie'd
subjects his chief protest against their cha-
racteristic failings was made in ' Culture and
Anarchy ' (1869), a collection of essays (that
had first appeared in the 'Cornhill Maga-
zine') all leading up to the apotheosis of
culture as the minister of the ' sweetness and
light ' essential to the perfect character. In
politics a more scientidc method of dealing
with public questions was advocated in
Friendship's Garland ' (1871), a book very
seriously intended, but too full of persiflage
for most serious readers. In theology ae
strove to supplant the letter by the spirit in
St. Paul and Protestantism ' (1870 : revised
from the ' Oomhill j ' 4th edit. 1887) ; * Lite-
rature and Dogma: an Essay towards a
better Apprehension of the Bible ' (1873) ;
' God anc, the Bible ; a Review of Ob'ections
to "Literature and Dogma '" (187); and
'Last Essays on Church and Religion'
(1877). These books are not likely to be
extensively read in the future, but their con-
temporary influence is a noticeable ingredient
in the stream of tendency which has brought
the national mind nearer to Arnold's ideal.

Arnold's critical interest in poetry re-
mained at the same time unimpaired. In
1878 he edited the 'Six Chief Lives' from
Johnson's ' Lives of the Poets ' (5th edit.
1889). He made excellent selections from
Wordsworth (1879) and Byron (1881), ac-
companied by admirable prefaces ; contri-
buted the general introduction to Mr. T. H.
Ward's > selections of English poets, and
wrote for the same collection lue critical
notices of Gray and Keats, valuable as far
as they go, but strangely restricted in scope.
In 1881 also he collected Burke's Letters,
Speeches, and Tracts on Irish Affairs ' with
a preface. He also produced annotated ver-
sions of the writings of the two Isaiahs
(1872 and 1883), the first of which, as 'A
Bible-Reading for Schools/ went through
numerous editions.

In 1883, greatly to Arnold's surprise, Glad-
stone conferred upon him a civil I'iflt pension
of 250, which enabled him to retire from
the civil service. In the winter of the same
year he started on a lecturing tour in Ame-
rica. His eldest daughter had married and
settled in that country. Pie returned to
England in the spring of 1884, having reaped
a fair pecuniary reward from his lectures,
although he incurred some adverse criticism.
He paid another visit to America in 1886,

Arnold

74

Arnold

Among the fruits of his first American tour
were two powerful lectures one on the im-
portance of a high standard of culture, the
other vindicating literary study as an instru-
ment of education against the encroach-
ments of physical science. These, with a
hardly adequate lecture on Emerson, in
which he finds much to say about Carlyle,
were published in 1885 as * Discourses in
America.' * Mixed Essays ' had appeared in
1879 ; ' Irish Essays anc. Others ' was pub-
lished in 1882, and 'Essays in Criticism,
Second Series,' in 1888 ; and he continued to
the last an active contributor to periodical
literature, especially in the ' Nineteenth Cen-
tury.' Essays from this review and from
i Murray's Magazine ' were issued at Boston
in 1888 as * Civilization in the United
States.' His last essay, on Milton, appeared
in the United States after his death. Arnold
died very suddenly from disease of the heart
on 15 April 1888 at Liverpool, whither he
had gone on a visit to his sister to welcome
his daughter homeward bound from America.
Matthew Arnold was buried in the church-
yard of AIL Saints, Laleliam, in the same
grave with his eldest son Thomas ( 185:2-
1868), and a grandson. 1 lis tombstone bears
the inscription ' There is sprung \\ > a light
for the righteous and joyful gladness for
such as are true-hearted, 1*8. xcvii. 11.

Arnold unwisely discouraged all biogra-
phical memorials of himself, and the only
authentic record is the disappointing ' Letters
of Matthew Arnold, 184K-1888,' collected
and arranged by Mr. C4. W, E. Russell in
two volumes, 1895. Those are entertaining
reading, and pleasing as proofs of the
extreme amiability of one who was generally
set down as supercilious and sardonic, but
are remarkably devoid of insight, whether
literary or political. This probably arises
in jreat measure from their being mostly
addressed to members of his own family,
and so wanting tho HtimutaB arising from
the collision, of dissimilar minds. They
depict the writer's moral character, notwith-
standing, with as much clearness as attrac-
tiveness, and his intellectual character ia
sufficiently evident in his writings. If a
single word could resume him, it would be
* academic ; ' but, although this perfectly
describes his habitual attitude oven as a
poet, it leaves aside his chaste diction, his
pictorial vividness, and his overwhelming
pathos. The better, which IB also the larger,
part of his poetry is without doubt immor-
tal. His position is distinctly independent,
while this is perhaps less owing to innate
originality than to tlxe balance of competing
iaiuencsB. "Wordsworth saves him from

being a mere disciple of Goollio, and f loot ho
from beinjj a more follower of Wordsworth.
As a critic he repeatedly evinced a hup'iy
instinct for doing the right thing at Lie
right time. Apart from thwr high intel-
lectual merits, the scauouabloucHs of the
preface to the poems of IHfitt, of tho lec-
tures on Homer, and those on tho (Celtic
spirit, renders these monumental in KiujliHh
literature. His groat defect; as a critic is
the absence of a lively awthotie sense ; the
more exquisite boautuw of literature do not
greatly impims him unless an vehicles for tho
communication of ideas. He inherited his
father's ethical cast, of mind ; com! net; iudcroHtg
him more than genius* Nothing else can
account for hia amassing definition of poetry
as a 'criticism of life;' and in the same
spirit, when he ought to be giving a com-
prehensive view of Keats and (hniy, he
spends bin time in inquiring whether Keats
was manly, and why (I ray WUH unproduc-
tive. When, however, ho could place him-
self at n -)oint of view that suited him,
none coulc write more to tho point. His
characters of Spinoza, Marcus Aurelius, and
Heine are masterly, and nothing can bo
better than his poetical appreciation of
'Wordsworth, Byron, and (joet.io. A great
writer whose influence on conduct was
mainly indirect, such an DickeiiH or Thacke-
ray, seemed to ^uzftlo him ; Tennyson's
beauties AS a poo'i wore unappreciated on
account of his secondary place as a thinker ;
and the vehemonco of a Carlyle or a Char*
lotte Bronto offended his fastidious lasto.
Thus, for oiio reason or another, he estimated
the genius of his own ago much below its
real desert, and tins unsympathetic attitude
towards tho contemporary representatives
of Kn/liHh thought perverted his entire
view oJ it, political* nodal, and intellectual.
Mr. Herbert Spencer eritieiHeM some of the
caprices of his ' anti-patriotic bias ' and fle<!-
tively ridicules his longings tor an lOn^linh
academy in IHH * Study of Sociology' (c'w>
ter (K. and notes). Yot, if Arnold cannot "io
praitiod as lie praises Sophocles for having
' seen UJ'o steadily and scum it whole/ ho at;
all events tmw what escaped many others ;
and if ho exaggerated the inaoeesHibiUty o; J
tho English mind to ideas, he loft it more
accessible than lie found it Thin would
have contented him ; his aim was not to
subjugate opinion, but to emancipate it;, con-
tending for tho cndH of Ooothe with tho
weapons of Heine.

A noble portrait of Arnold, by Mr, G. F.
Watts, It, A,, is in the National Portrait
Gallery (itifl reproduced in Arnold^' Poems'
in tho 'Temple Classics,' 1900 ? which also

Arnold

75

contains a bibliographical sketch by Mr.
Buxton Forman) ; and an excellent likeness
is enjraved as the frontispiece to his ' Poeti-
cal 'Works,' 1890 (cf. Harper's Magazine,
May 1888). There is as yet no collective
edition of his writings in England, though
a uniform edition in ten volumes was issued
in America (New York, 1884, &c.) ; a biblio-
graphy was published by Mr, Thomas Bur-
nett Smart in 1892. ' The Matthew Arnold
Birthday Book, arranged by his daughter,
Eleanor Arnold,' with a portrait, was issued
in a handsome quarto, 1883,

[Arnold's correspondence is the only compre-
hensive authority for his life. Professor Saints-
bury's monograph (1899) is admirable wherever
it is not warped by hostility to Arnold's specula-
tive ideas and some of his literary predilections.
References to him in contemporary literature
are endless, and he is the subject of innumerable
critiques, including essays upon hie poetry by
Mr. A. C. Benson and the present writer, accom-
panying editions of his 'poems, and a remarkable
article on the Poems of 1853 by Froude, in the
Westminster Review (January 1854). The
ethical aspects of Arnold's teaching are examined
in John M. Robertson's Modern Humanists,
1891 ; in Gr. White's Matthew Arnold and the
Spirit of the Age, 1898 ; and in W. H. Hudson's
Studies in Interpretation, New York, 1896.
An interesting sketch of Arnold as a teacher
is given in Sir Joshua Fitch's Thomas and
Matthew Arnold in the Great Educators Series,
1897. A few additional letters were printed
with Arthur G-alton's Two Essays upon Mat-
thew Arnold, 1897. There is an interesting
estimate of Arnold as a thinker in Crozier's My
Inner Life, 1898, pp. 521-9.] R. Q-.

ARNOLD, SIR NICHOLAS (1507?-
1580), lord justice in Ireland, born about
1507, was the second but eldest surviving
son of John Arnold (d. 1545-6) of Churcham,
Gloucestershire, and his wife Isabel Hawkins.
His father was prothonotary and clerk of
the crown in Wales, and in 1641-2 was
granted the manors of Highnam and Over,
also in Gloucestershire. Nicholas Arnold
was one of Henry VIIFs gentlemen pen-
sioners as early as 1526; after 1530 he
entered Cromwell's service, and was by him.
employed in connection with the dissolution
of the monasteries. In December 1538 he
was promoted into the king* s service, and a
year later he became one of Henry VIIl's new
bodyguard. On 10 Jan, 1544- 5 he was re-
turned to parliament as one of the knights
for Gloucestershire. In the same year he was
in command of the garrison at Queenborough,
and in July 1546 he was sent to take charge,
with a salary of 26s. 8d. a day, of Boulogne-
berg, a fort above Boulogne, which passed
with it into English hands by the peace of

Arnold

that year. Arnold at once reported that the
fort was not in a position for defence ; but
Somerset in 1547 did something to remedy
the fault, and when on 1 May 1549, four
months before declaring war, the French
attacked Boulogneberg, they were completely
defeated. Arnold had only four hundred
men and the French three thousand ; Arnold
was wounded, but the French are said to
have filled fifteen wagons with their dead
(WRIOTHESLEY, Chron. ii. 11). A fresh
attack was made in August, when Arnold,
recognising the hopelessness of a defence,
removed all the ordnance and stores into
Boulogne, and dismantled the fort. For
the remainder of the war and until the
cession of Boulogne Arnold acted as one of
the council there. He was knighted some
time during the reign of Edward VI, and
during the latter part of it seems to have
travelled in Italy (Cal. State Papers, For.
1547-53, pp. 227, 237, 242). He returned
to Englanc in time to sit for Gloucester-
shire in Edward VI's last parliament (Fe-
bruary-March 1553).

Arnold made no open opposition to Mary's
accession, but he fell under suspicion at the
time of Wyatt's rebellion. On 9 Feb.
1553-4 the* sheriff of Gloucestershire re-
ported to the council ' words spoken by
Arnold relative to the coming of the king
of Spain,' and Wyatt compromised him by
saying that he was the first to whom Wil-
liam Thomas [q. v.] mentioned his plot to
assassinate the queen. On 21 Feb. Arnold
was committed to the Fleet, being removed
to the Tower three days later. He remained
there until 18 Jan. 1554-5, when he was
released on sureties for two thousand pounds.
On 23 Sept. following he was even elected
to parliament for his old constituency, but
he still maintained relations with various
conspirators against Mary, and in January
1555-6 was implicated in Sir Henry Dudley
"q. v. Su-)pl.] and Uvedale's plot to drive the
Spaniards from England [see UVEDALB,
RiCHAEDj. On 19 April he was again com-
mitted to the Tower (MAOHYN, J)iary, p.
104), and his deposition taken on 6 May is
still extant ( Cal. State Paper *,Dom. 1547-80,
p. 82). On 23 Sept. following he was removed
to the Fleet, where he was allowed * liberty
of the house/ Soon afterwards he was re-
leased on condition of not going within ten
miles of Gloucestershire, and even this re-
striction was relaxed on 3 Feb. 1656-7.

After the *accession of Elizabeth, Arnold
became sheriff of Gloucestershire 1558-9,
and in 1562 he was selected to go to Ireland
to report on the complaints against Sussex's
administration. Froude describes him aa

Arnold \

< a hard, iron, pitiless man, careful of thing's
and careless of phrases, untroubled with
delicacy and impervious to Irish enchant-
ments.' Accorcing to a more reasoned
estimate he was * a man of resolution and
industry, who cared little for popularity,
and might be trusted to carry out his orders'
(BAGW.ELL, Ireland untor the Tudors, ii. 50).
Sussex resented the inquiry, especially into
the military mismanagement, and put ob-
stacles in Arnold's way ; but Arnold made
out a case too strong to be neglected by the
English government, and in 1564 he was
sent back to Ireland with Sir Thomas
Wroth (1516-1573) [q. v,] and a new com-
mission. Sussex was granted sick leave,
and on 24 May 1/J64 Arnold was appointed
lord justice during the lord deputy's absence
(Rist. MSS. Comm. 15th Itep. App. iii.
135). He made a rigorous inquisition into
military abuses, but in the character of rulor
he was hardly so successful, II o trusted
too implicitly iu Shane O'Noill's professions
of loyalty, and encouraged him to attack
the Scots in Ulster; he treated the O'Connors
and Q'Koillys with harshness, archbishop
Loft. us with rudeness, and waa unduly par-
tial to Kildure. His intentions were ex-
cellent, 'but he was evidently quarrelsome,
arbitrary, credulous, and doticiont in porwonnl
dignity/ His request to be appointed lord
deputy was relumed, and ou ihUuno 1505 he
was recalled, Sir Ilonry Sidney fq. v.] being-
selected to succeed Sussex.

After Arnold's return to England a series
of articles was presented againwt him by
Sussex, but, beyond calling up Arnold to
reply, the council took no further steps
against him, Arnold henceforth confined
liimself to local affairs ; hn hud boon returmsd
to parliament for Gloucester c.ity in January
15<)2-3, and on 8 May 1,57^ was again
elected for tho county. Ho waa commis-
sioner for tho collection, of a forced loan iu
11569, and he was also on commissions for
the peace, for the restraint of grain, and for
enforcing tho laws relating 'to clothiora.
Much of his energy wus devoted to im-
proving tho breed of English horses; as
early as 1546 he had boon engaged iu
importing; horses from Flanders, and in his
* Description, of England/ prefixed to J lol'm-
shed, William HarriHon (-584-ir>03) fq. v.]
writes, 'Sir Nicholas Arnold of late" hath
bred the best horses in TCn jlund, and written
of the manner of their production,' No truco
of these writings has, however, been dis-
covered.

Arnold died early in 1581, and was buried
in Oluircham parish church (C*huc,(>#t(>r*1>>
Notes and Queries, iv. itfO, 271 iXnyuis,

Arnold

mortem Kliz. vol cxcv. No. 94; tho order for
the imjnisition is dated 19 Juno 158 1, but the
inquisition itself is illegible). Ho married,
first, on 19 JimolfaM), IVargarot, daughter of
Sir William Doimywof Dyrhani, (ilouooHtor-
shire, by whom ho had JHHUO two HOUR and a
daughter; the elder won, Rowland, married
Mary, danghtor of JolmlJrydffiw, tirst baron
OhandoH q. v.], and waa father of Dorothy
wife of Sir Thomas Lucy (1551-1005) [HOC
under LUCY, Snt TIIOMAH (15JW l(00)j. Uy
his nccond wile, a lady named I sham, A mold
had isHiio ono son, John, who aottlod at
Llanthony,

[OuL Letters and Papers, TTonry VTTI; Cal.
Stato PaperH, Dom. 1547-80, Kor. 1547-^"
Irish ir>0-7r>, nticl Carow MHS, vol. i.; Cul,
Fiarits, Irdimd, Kliz.; llwt. MSH. Oonmi. 15th
Hop. App, iii. piiHHim; ActN of tho Privy Oowicil,
od. Diincnt; LascolloH'H Libwr Mnnoruru Uil>, *
Lit. Uomaiiw of Kthvard VJ (lloxlmr^ho Club) ;
"VVriothoslov'tj Chron. ; Chron. Quotm ,Innt^ and
Mnehyn'H DiaryjJJumdnn Hoc.); ()<K Hot. Mnm
bewof Parl.; Visitation of (31<mcoHl.orHhiro, 10U3
(Harl.Soc.); Bagwell's Iroland nndor Mu-iTudorH,
vol. ii,; Froudo'a IT int. of Knpflmul ; Hurko's
Landed Oontry ; Notos and liuoriew. Till HOP. vi
287, 394. J "

, TITOWTAR (182 1900), pro-
of MnglinU literature, wwnul HOJI of
Dr. Thomiw Arnold (\ t v.'| of Itugby, atul
younger brother of IV atthmv Arnold' fq, v.
^ u I ) P^i was bom at Lahdiam, StaincM, on
t'iO Nov. 1H&J, Likn IUH brother Matt.how
ho was privately tiaught by Herbert Hill, a
cousin of Itohort Houthny,' and thcui, afUu' a
vear at WiiuihtjNtor (is;m7), was entered afc
-iug-by, where hi.s luunte.r wan ,Iainw IVinco
Loo. Tho vacations wore npeitt at Kox How
in "WoHtnjontlrtml, aiul Arnold had a ol(ar
rccollod.ion of Sonthey unil of WortlnwoHh
at Uydal Mount, rooiVm^ tho onnol, that
h hud junt compoHl, * M (luu'e no nook of
Knglinh ground Hoc.nroH' llo wan ide(;ku,l
to a HcholarHliip at UnivorMit.y (Jollign, Ox-
ford, in 1^4^ matric.ulating on *2(\ Feb.,
graduated Jl.X IS45, M.A. )H5, and wan
ontenul of Lincoln'fi Inn on & r > April 1RKJ.
His <u>llego rooum w<*ro oppowito thono of
Arthur Wtanliiv, and anmall dnbatmg Moointy,
'Th ( I)oa(l<v 'brouprhfc him hito iulimato
rolationH with Stanloy, Jowett, Whnirp, and
Olough. Ho intst (Jlough near Looh N(s in
the long vacation of 1H-I7, nnd HUppli(Hl tho
poet with one or two of the i neulontH forming
the Hta]jlo of hiw* liot-hio ofTober-na- VnolicJi'
(in which pawn ho liimsolf HjfiiroH wit.h
littlo concealment, an * Philip'). AI tho Himm
year ho aecunUul ^a olorkBhip in tho colonial
ollico, hut lie d it, for a lew luont-lw only, tor in.
November 1847 ho took a cabin puduago to

Arnold

77

Arnold

Wellington, New Zealand. During the sum-
mer of 1848 he attempted to start- a small
farm 011 a clearing in the Makara Valley, two
sections of which had been purchased by his
father; but this scheme proved abortive, and
early in 1849 he started a school at Fort Hill,
near Nelson. Plis chief friend in New Zea-
land was Alfred Domett [q. v.] (Browning's
'Waring'), through whom he was offered,
but refused, a private secretaryship to Gover-
nor (Sir) George Grey. His emoluments at
Nelson were small, and he was smarting
under a certain sense of failure when in
October 1849 he received a letter from Sir
William Denison offering him the post of
inspector of schools in Tasmania, which he
gladly accepted. He performed the duties
without intermission for six years and a
half from January 1850. At Hobart Town,
where his headquarters were, he married on
13 June 1850 Julia, daughter of William
Sorell, registrar of deeds in Hobart, and
granddaughter of Colonel Sorell, a former
governor of the colony. His life at the Nor-
mal School in Ilobarfc was uneventful dur-
ing the next few years, but his mind was
oscillating upon religious questions, and in
January 1850 he was received into the Ro-
man catholic church by Bishop Willson of
Hobart. This step incensed many of the
colonists, and Arnold was glad to accept
eighteen months' leave of absence ; he sailed
for England with his wife and three chil-
dren in July, doubling Cape Horn in a small
barque of four hundred tons, and arriving at
London in October. A few months later he
was asked by Newman to go to Dublin,
with a prospect of employment as professor
of English literature at the contemplated
catholic university. While there, between
1856 and 1802, lie gradually put together
his useful * Manual of English Literature,
Historical and Critical ' (1862 ; a work con-
siderably improved in successive editions, of
which the seventh, preface dated Dublin,
December 1896, is the last). Newman re-
signed the rectorship of the university in
1858, and in January 1862 Arnold followed
him to Edgbaston, accenting the post of first
classical master in the Jirmingham Oratory
SchooL About this time he made the ac-
quaintance of Lord Acton, and wrote seve-
ral articles in his review, the ' Home and
Foreign.'

Early in 1865 Arnold's growing liberalism
began to alienate him from the oratorians.
Newman would not allow one of his boys to
receive Dollinger's ' The Church and" the
Churches/ which Arnold had selected for a
prize, Tlais convinced him that his ' con-
n'ection with the Oratory was not likely to

he prolonged/ and he thereupon left it and
the church of Rome. After taking advice
with Arthur Stanley, then canon o:' Canter-
bury, he built a house (now Wycliffe Hall)
in the Banbury Road, Oxford, and decided
to take pupils there. He was candidate for
the professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford
in 1876, but his election was prevented by
the announcement that he had rejoined the
church of Home. He now sold his house at
Oxford, and after a brief interval resumed
literary teaching in Dublin, He was elected
fellow of the Royal University of Ireland in
188:2, his status being improved by his ap-
pointment as professor of English language
and literature in the University College, St.
Stephen's Green. His later life was unevent-
ful, After 18S7 he settled exclusively in
Ireland, and he made pilgrimages in 189Sto
the shrine of St. Erigit at Upsjua in Sweden,
visiting at the same time the scene of the
main action of Beowulf, about Rb'skilde, and
in 1S99 to Rome. Early in 1900 he brought
out an autobiographical volume entitled
'Passages in a Vandering Life; ' he writes
in an agreeable style of a life of which he
laments, with needless bitterness, that the
greater -mrt had been ' restless and unprofit-
able.' lie died at Dublin on 12 Nov. 1900,
and was buried in Glasnevin cemetery, leav-
ing several children, the eldest of whom,
born at Hobart in 1851, is the novelist, Mrs.
Humphry Ward. After the death of his
first wife in 1888 he married, in 1890, Jose-
phine, daughter of James Benison of Slieve
I-ia^se!!, co. Cavan.

Besides his well-known * Manual of Eng-
lish Literature/ Arnold wrote ' Chaucer to
Wordsworth: a Short Jiistory of English
Literature to the present day' (London,
1868, a vols. 12mo; 2nd ed, 1875). His
editions of English classics are numerous
and valuable. They include: 1. 'Select
English Works of John Wycliffe from Ori-
ginal Manuscripts/ 1809-71, 3 vols. 8vo.
2, ' Beowulf: an Heroic Poem of the Ei ^hth
Century, with a Translation/ 1876. 3. Eng-
lish Poetry and Prose, a Collection of
Illustrative Passages, 1596-1832, witli Notes
and Indexes/ 1879 ; new ed. 1882. 4. 'The
History of the English by Henry of Hunt-
ingdon/ 1879. 5, 'The Historical Works
of Symeon of Durham/ vols. i. and ii, The
last two texts were edited for the Rolls

A fine portrait of Thomas Arnold is pre-
fixed to his autobiographical volume, show-
ing his marked resemblance as an older
man to his brother, Matthew Arnold. An
excellent crayon likeness of him as a
younger man, by Bishop Nixon of Tas-

Arnould

78

Asaph

mania, is in the possession of Miss Arnold
of Fox How.

[Arnold's Passages in a Wandering Life, 1900;
Times, 13 Nov. 1900; Literature, 17 Nov. 1900;
Foster's Alumni Oxon.; The Tablet, 17 Nov.
1000; Men and Women of tho Time, 13th ed.;
Matthew Arnold's Letters, 1894; Alii bone's Diet,
of English Literature ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. S.

ABNOULD, SIR JOSEPH (1814-1880),
j udge of the high court of Bombay and author,
eldest son of Joseph Arnould, M.D., was born
at Camberwell on 12 Nov. 1814. His father
was owner of White Cross in Berkshire, and
deputy lieutenant of the county; the pro-
perty eventually passed to Sir Joseph. Edu-
cated at Charterhouse, he went to Oxford,
where he was admitted at Waclham College
on 4 Oct. 1831. He was Groodrid^o exhibi-
tioner 1833, 1834, 1835, and Hocy (Greek)
exhibitioner 1833 to 1835. In 1834 ho won
the Newdigate prize for English verse, the
subject being 'The Hospice of St, Bernard, 7
This was recited by him on 11 June, whou
the Duke of Wellihgton was installed chan-
cellor of the university. Arnould thereupon
interpolated two lines to the e fleet that he
whom

1 ... a "woi'ld could not subdue

Bent to thy prowuus, chief of Waterloo 7

(PvcitOFr, Oxford Mffmorif.8, ii. 4), Writ-
ing to his wife, John Wilson Crokor, who
was present, styled the verses * very good, 1
adding that, after the last word had been
spoken, the whole assembly started up, and
*some people appeared to me to go out of
their senses literally to go mad' (The
Croker Pavers, ii. 928).

Arnould graduated BA, on 18 May 1836,
having taken, a first class. In 1840 \e was
elected moderator of philosophy ; he became
probationer fellow on 30 Juno 1838, and on
..1 Jan. 1841 he cooned to bo a fellow owing
to his marriage, and he removed his name on
25 June 1841* He had been entered at tho
Middle Temple on 10 Nov. 1836, and he was
called to the bar on 19 Nov. 1841. For a
time he shared chambers with Alfred Domett
[q. v,J, the poet Browning's * Waring.' He
practised as a special pleader, and went the
aome circuit, lie became a contributor to
Douglas Jerrold's ' Weekly Newspaper,' many
of the verses on social questions being from his
pen. H e was afterwards engaged as a leader-
writer for the ' Daily News/ He continued
to practise at the bar, and in 1848 he gave
to the world a work in two volumes on the
* Law of Marine Insurance and Average. 7 It
was so well received as to be wnrinted at
Boston, in America, two years later with
some additions* * ,

In 1859 Arnould accepted at the hands of
Lord Stanley, secretary of state for India,
a seat on the bench of tho supreme court
of Bombay, He was knightec on a Feb.
1859, He was roappnintod to a like ollice
in 1862, when the supreme court, wits con-
verted into the hi^h court of judicature.
He retired in 18(U, wlum tho 'natives of
Bombay presented an address in praise of
his services, and founded an Arnould scho-
larship in their university to commemorate
what -ie had dono to promote tho study of
Mohammedan and Hindu law. A fruit of
liia leisure after his return to England was
the 'Memoir of tho first Lord Deimmn,' in
two volumes, which was published in 1878.

Arnould died at Florence on 1(5 Fob. 1886.
lie was twice married: first, in 1811, to
Maria, eldest daughter of II. G. Ridyewuy;
and, secondly, in 18(50, to Ann Pitcuirn,
daughter of Major Carnegie, CXB.

[Private information ; FoNtw's Alumni Oxon.
1715-1886; Lint of CartlniHiaiiH, p. 7; Gar-

inpr'N RogiHtorH of Wmlhum College, it, 346,
3-17; Timus, 18 Fob. 1880.] R. It.

ASAPH, or, according to its Wolwh forms,
ASBAF, AHHA, or AHA (Jl. 570), Wolnh saint,
wius the^on of a North Wolwh prince named
Sawyl (in old Wolwh, Hamuil) Kwiiaol, HOH
of I'abo [q. v.] Tim opithot liunuml
('of tho low hoa'd') applied to Pabo's son
(sec Ilarhuun MS, .W>9 printed in Y Qym*
mrodor, ix, 171), col. I), wiw changod in all
tho lator gonaalogioR (oo Afi/tn/rfftn Arc/iaio~
fogy, 1870, ;>p. 415-7: lolo MtiK lOSi, 100)
into^ Buucu(l ('of tho high houd '), thus
confotind'ui^ Aflaph'w father with a Cilamor-
gan chieftain of thonamo of Mawyl Bonuchd,
who is doflcribod in th Welsh triadH as one
of ' the thrco ovorb(jai*ing OUOH of Britain *
(see remarks of Mr. KUHUTON i^iiLniMoun
in Jty&GimW) tind 8<>r, i, 483-5)* The ganea-
logicB alno roproHmt Anaph m nophw of
Dunawd, fonndw of Bang-or THCood, and
cousin of D(iniol, firflt bishop of Banker in
Carnarvonshire (ef .lUHiNQ-GouLD, Liw* of
Saints^ App. vol. 13(1). Ilia mother, tfwcm*
ansedf was granddaughter of Ouncdda
Wleclig, being the dau^.'itw of Rhun * Hael *
(or th g(mtwoufi) of ,einuc (C(tmbn)~Krit>
$8. 20ft) or, as ho in olwewhi^j (sallod, Ilhuf-
awn of Khyfonio (lolo MS. 52S3), which
was tli name of th cantrov in whieli St.
Asaph is situated* lie hixniwlf wan probably
a native of tlu* adjoining cantrov of Togimgl,
which corr(sponcfl to tho wt^twrn half of
tho^main portion of the modern FUatahiro,
a district whore many pi aeon still bt*ar his
namft, such as Llanaoa (his church), Pant-
asaph (his hollow) near Holywell, Fiynnon

Asaph

79

Aebseh

Asa (his well) at Cwm, and Onen Asa (his
ash-tree) (THOMAS, p. 5).

The saint, who is said to have been * parti-
cularly illustrious for his descent and beauty/
is first heard of in connection with the mis-
sionary efforts of Oyndeyrn or Kenti^ern
[q.v.], the exiled bishop of the northern
JBritons of Strath Clyde, who about 560
established a monastery at the confluence of
the rivers Clwyd and Elwy in what is now
Flintshire. The site may indeed have been
selected owing to the cordial welcome which
the house of Sawyl seems to have extended
to Kentigern, as the person named Cadwallon,
who invited Kentigern to the place (JoCELYN
of Furness, Vita S. Kentigerni, c. 23), is
probably to be identified with a nephew of
Asaph and a grandson of Sawyl (,?HILLI-
w QBE, loc. cit), Sawyl's own attachment to
Christianity may also doubtless be inferred
from his epithet of Benisel. Asaph himself
became a disciple of the missionary, ' imita-
ting him in all sanctity and abstinence,' and,
according to the legend, succouring him on
one occasion by carrying in his woollen habit
some burning charcoal to warm his shivering
master. On his return to Strath Clyde about
570, Kentigern, who 'bore ever a special
affection ' for Asaph, appointed him his suc-
cessor. It is surmised that it was in Asaph's
time that the monastery was elevated into a
cathedral foundation, and that, though Ken-
tigern was the founder of the monastery,
Asaph was in fact the first bishop of the see.
The name of Kentigern does not seem to
have ever been associated with the nomen-
clature of either cathedral or diocese, which,
though originally known by the Welsh name
of Llanelwy, has since about 1100 also borne
the English name St. Asaph, both which
names co-exist to the present day. * Bangor
Assaf ' is also a name applied to the cathe-
dral in one manuscript (lolo MS. 128), The
old parish church of St. Asaph, however,
consists of two equal and parallel aisles,
known respectively as Eglwys Cyndeyrn and
Eglwys Asa-)h, and in this respect served
as the mode_ for most of the churches of
the Vale of Clwyd. The dedication of this
church and that of Llanasa (which is similar
in form) is to St. Asaph in conjunction with
St. Kentigern.

The anniversary or wake of the saint used
to be celebrated by a fair held at St. Asaph
on 1 May, on which day he is believed to
have died, probably about 596. He was
buried, according to tradition, in the cathe-
dral. He is said to have written a ' Life of
St. Kentigern,' which, though not now extant,
probably formed the basis of the life com-
piled in 1125 by Jocelyn of Fatness (for

which see Bishop FORBES'S Historians of
Scotland, vol. V.-, PINKEKTOIT, Vitcs Antiq.
SS. Scotia, 1789). A sayinf attributed to
him has, however, survived 'Quicunque
verbo Dei adversantur, salutihominum invi-
dent ' (CAPGRAVE). Myn bagl Aasa' (' By
Asaph's crosier') appears as a mediaeval oath
(LEWIS GLYN- COTHI, p. 371).

His well, Ffynnon Asa, in the parish of
Cwm, is a natural spring of great volume,
described as ' the second largest well in the
principality. ' It was formerly supposed to
'Lave "lealing powers, and down to some
fifty years af o, if not later, persons bathed in
it occasiona.ly. It is now chiefly noted
for its trout (WM. DAVIES, Handbook for
the Vale of 'Clwyd, 1856, pp. 185-6). At St.
Asaph ' the schoolboys used to show . . .
the print of St. Asaph's Horseshoe when he
jumpt with him from Onnen Hassa (Asaph's
Ash-tree), which is about two miles oft''
(WiLLis, Survey, ed. Edwards, 1801, ii. 11).

[A fragmentary life of St. Asaph, compiled
probably in the twelfth century from various
sources of written and oral tradition, was for-
merly preserved in a manuscript volume called
Llyfr Coch, or the Red Book of Asaph, the ori-
ginal of vhich has long been lost; but there
exist two co Dies of portions of the volume, at
Peniarth anc in the bishop's library respectively
(as to the latter see Arch. Cambr. 3rd ser. xiv.
442). See also Life of St. Kentigern, nt snpra ;
Acta Sanctorum, Mail, i. 82 ; Baring-GtouldPs
Lives of the Saints, 1897, vol. for May, p. 17,cf.
January, p. 187, and App. vol. 136, 171-2;
D. R Thomas's History of the Diocese of St.
Asaph, 1874, pp. 1-6, 61, 179, 219, 271-3, 287,
292; Rees's Cambro-British Saints, pp. 266 t
593 ; Rice Rees's Welsh Saints, p. 268 ; informa-
tion kindly supplied by the Rev. J. Fisher, BJX
of Ruthin, from notes for his projected Lives of
Welsh Saints.] D. la, T.

ASHBEE, HENRY SPENCER (1834-
1900), bibliographer, the son of Robert and
Frances Ashbee (bom Spencer), born in
London on 21 April 1834, was apprenticed
in youth to the large firm of Copestake's,
Manchester warehousemen, in Bow Church-
yard and Star Court, for whom he travelled
for many years. Subsequently he founded
and became senior partner in the London
firm of Charlet Lavy & Co., of Coleman
Street, merchants, the parent house of which
was in Hambur . At Hamburg- he married
Miss Lavy, and about 1868 organised an
important branch of the business at Paris
(Rue des Jeuneurs), where he thenceforth
spent much time, Having amassed a hand-
some fortune he devoted his leisure to travel,
bibliography, and book collecting. He com-
piled the finest Oervantic library out of Spain,

Ashbee

Ashe

and perhaps the finest private library of the
kind anywhere, if that of Sonor Eonsoins at
Barcelona be excepted. He indulged in
extra-illustrated books, the ;jem of ais col 1
lection being a Nichols's 'Literary Anec-
dotes,' extended from nine to forty-two
volumes by the addition of some live thou-
sand extra plates; he possessed an extra-
ordinary series of books fluatrated by Daniel
Chodowiecld, the German Cruikshank ; and
he formed an unrivalled assortment of
Kruptadia. Of these he issued privately and
under the pseudonym of ' Piwanus Fraxi, 7
between 1877 and 1885, a very scarce and re-
condite catalogue ' Notes on Curious and
Uncommon Books' in three volumes, en-
titled respectively 'Index Librorum Prohi-
bitorum ' (London, 1877, 4t;o), 'Conliiria
Librorum Absconditorum' (1879), and
'Catena Librorum Tacendovum' (1885), In-
troductory remarks and au index accom-
pany eacn volume. Nearly all the books
described are of the rarest possible occur-
rence. Not only is the work the first of
its kind in England, but aa a pfiiide to tho
arcana of the subject it far excels the bettor
known 'Bibliographic des principaux
otivrages relatlfs *\ 1'amour ' ( 1 Jrnssels, 1 8( M ,
6 vohO of .Tubs Gay. Tho bulk of AshluuAs
Cervantic literature, early editions of Mo-
liore and Le Sago, and other rare books to
the number of "8,704 (in ir>,299 volumes)
were bequeathed upon his death to tho Bri-
tish Museum, where they will be marked by
a distinctive bookplate.

Ashbtie was the joint author with Mr.
Alexander Graham of * Travels in Tunisia'
(TVmw, 10 Aug. 1888), and in 1880 ho
brought out his* f Bibliography of the Bar-
bary States Tunisia,' a model, like all his
bibliographical compilations, of thorough
and conscientious work. In 1890, as a
member of a small * 3oci6t6 des Amis do
Livres,' he contributed * The Distribution of
Prospectuses ' to ' Paris qui orio/ a Biiraptu-
ous little volume, with coloured plates de~
signed by Paul Vidal (Paris, 1890, 120
copies'), and in the following year he con-
tributed a paper on * Marat on Anglotorre '
to'LeLivre' of his friend Octave Uasanno
(this was also printed separately). In 1895
was issued by the Bibliographical Society
of London the fruit of Ashbee's labour (if
many years, 'An Iconography of Bon
Quixote, 1605*1895* (London, 8vo, with
twenty-four very fine illustrative engrav-
ings ; the first sketch of this had appeared
in the ' Transactions of the Bibliographical
Society' for 1893). Subsequent to tais, as
liia dilettantism grew pore and more rev
fined, he was contemplating a most elaborate

bibliography of every fragment, of printed
matter written in the "French language by
Englishmen, Ashboo was a corresponding
member of the Hoyal Academy of Madrid,
and an original member of tho Bibliophiles
Contemporains and of tho Bibliographical
Society of .London. ITe contributed oeea-
sionally to ' Notew and ( v ),neries ' from 1877
onwards, mainly on Cervantie matters* and
as lato as ii8 April UHK) he addressee! the
1 loyal Society of British Artists upon his
favourite subject of M)on (juixoU*.' llo
divided most of his time between European
travel (ho was an exeellent Iw^uiHOand his
houye in Bloomslmry (latterly in KedlVml
Square); he died, a^ed (>(>, on l!9 July 11)00
at hiH recently acquired country Heat of
Fowler's Park, navvkhurst. 1 1 is 'hotly was
cremated and the anhoH interred in tho
family vault at Kcn&il Ureen, lie was
survived by a widow, an only son, and
three (laughters. In addition to hi.s be(|uest
to tho Britisb Muwiiun, 1m bequeathed to
tho South Kensington (Victoria and Albert)
Museum a collection wlueh comprises ifoi
works, mainly wutor-colour drawings, in-
cliuling early works by Turmn 1 , Houington,
Prout, Oattemmle, 0(5 Winl, (Joxens, Duvitl
Cox, William Hunt, and John Varley, llo
bequeathed to tho National (lallery a fmo
Lm<lsea*>e (' llivor seeno wit.h ruitis') by
Itu'-harc Wilson [q, v.\ mid J\Ii\ W. P.
Frith's ' Uncln Toby and Widow Waduian/
A water-colour <imwing by Sir James 1).
Linton of ,*A (b k nthnnnn seated in his
Library ' was a portrait of Ashbeo; it was
sold at (^hristitj's on W) March 11)01.

[Timofl, 1 Axig, 1000; Atlh'iiwum, 4 AUJX
1900; NotoH aud Uuer'uw, 7th nf*r, ix. 80, lot),
Oth Kpr. vi, 12'2; StaaUard, 9 Nov. 1900; pri-
vate information; Itrit. MUH. Out 1 .] T. M.

ASHE, THOMAW ( 1 8 -1 880), -)oot,
wan born at. Stoekpovt, (.-hoHhiro, in "H)J(i.
His fathor* John Asb (//. 1 87!) j, originally
a Mnncho^tor mimufacturtr and an amateur
artist, msolvwl late in lifts to tiiku holy
orders, WUH ^repanul for ordination by hiH
own son, and hecumQ viar of St., Pauffl at
Orewo in IttCJO, Thomas WUH oduttattul at
Rtockport ppriunraar school and St, plohn'n
College, Oamhrulffo, where }w tsnterod aa
a Hwar in 1855 and pfradtuite.d B.A, HH nonior
Optimo in 1M59, llo to')k up KchobiHtic
work in Poterboroug'h, wan ordained deacon
in 1859 and prkst in IMO; at KiwterlWJO
ho became curaio of Silvnrntoni^ North-
Araptonwliiro. Uufc cltirinil work proved
distasteful, a ( id ho p^ave himself entirely to
schoolmaHti^rinp! 1 , In lHfi5 ho benune inatho-
inatical ami modem form master at Learning*

Askham

81

Astley

ton College, whence he moved to a similar
post at Queen Elizabeth's school, Ipswich.
He remained there nine years. After two
years in Paris he finally settled in London
in 1881. Here he was engaged in editing
Coleridge's works. The poems appeared in
the ' Aldine Series ' of poets in 1885. Three
volumes of prose were published in Bohn's
'Standard Library;' 'Lectures and Notes
on Shakspere-' in 1883, 'Table Talk and
Omniana ' in 1884, and * Miscellanies, /Es-
thetic and Literary/ in 1885. Ashe died
in London on 18 Dec. 1889, but was buried
in St. James's churchyard, Sutton, Maccles-
field : a portrait is given in the ' Illustrated
London News' and in the 'Eagle 7 (xvi.
109).

Ashe was a poet of considerable charm.
He wrote steadily from his college days to
the end of his life ; but, although his powers
were recognised by some of the literary
journals, his poems failed entirely to gain
the ear of his generation, A lack of vigour
and concentration impairs the permanent
value of his larger poems ; but tae best of
his shorter lyrics have a charm and grace
of their own which should kee^> them alive.
One or two are quoted in . Ir. William
"Watson's anthology, ' Lyric Love ' (* Golden
Treasury Series '). His works are : I. l Poems,'
1859, 8vo. 2. 'Pryope and other Poems/
1861, 8vo. 8. ' Pictures, and other Poems/
1865, Svo. 4. ' The Sorrows of Hypsbyle.
A Poem/ 1867, Svo. 5, 'Edith, or love
and Life in Cheshire. A Poem/ 1873, Svo.
6. < Songs of a Year/ 1888, Svo. His work
was collected in one volume in 'Poems'
(complete edition), London, 1885, Svo.

[A selection from Ashe's pootry is given in the
Poets and tho Poetry of tlio Century, vol. vi.
(A. H. Miles). It is mado by Mr. Havelock
Ellis, who prefixes n-n Introduction, for which
the facts were supplied l>y the poet hiraaolf.
See also the same writer's article on Thomas
Ashe's Poems in the Westminster Review, 1886 ;
The PJagle (St. John's Coll. Cambr. Mag.), xvi.
109-34; Croekford's Clerical Directory."

jfc. B.

ASKHAM, JOHN (1825-1894), poet,
was born at Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, in a cottage just off the Market
Street, adjoining 1 White Horse Yard, on
25 July 1825. His father, John Askham, a
native of Raunds in the same county, was
a shoemaker, and his mother came from
ICimbolton, The poet, who was the
youngest of seven, received very little edu-
cation, but was at WeUingborough Free
School for about a year. Before he was ten
he was put to work at his father's trade. He
worked some time for Messrs. Singer, "but

VOI. I. SUP.

ultimately set up for himself. Amid in-
cessant toil he found means to educate him-
self, and his earliest publications give evi-
dence of a cultivation much beyond that of
his class. He composed his first verses at the
age of twenty-five, and later contributed
poems to local newspapers. He acted as
librarian of the newly formed Literary In-
stitute at Wellingborough before 1871,
when he was elected a member of the first
school board of the town. In 1874 he be-
came school attendance officer and sanitary
inspector of the local board of health.

Askham published four volumes by sub-
scription, and through one of his subscribers,
George Ward Hunt [q. v,], he received a grant
of 50 from the queen's bounty fund. His
publications were entitled: 1.' Sonnets on the
Months and other Poems/ 1863. 2. 'De-
scriptive Poems, Miscellaneous Pieces and
Miscellaneous Sonnets,' 1866. 3. 'Judith
and other Poems, and a Centenary of Sonnets,'
1868. 4. 'Poems and Sonnets,' 1875,
5. ' Sketches in Prose and Verse/ 1893.

Askham is a good example of the unedu-
cated poet. He was especially fond of the
sonnet. The fidelity of his nature poetry was
remarkable when it is considered that, unlike
his predecessor, John Clare (1793-1864)
[q. v.], he had rare opportunities of enjoying-
country life. In his later years he was ren-
dered helpless by paralysis. Pie died at Clare
Cottage, '"(VeUingborougli, on 58 Oct. 1894,
and was buried on 1 Nov. in Wellingborougk
cemetery. He was twice married. By the
first wife (born Bonharn) he had three daugh-
ters ; the second (born Cox) survived him.

[Biographical Sketch (with portrait) prefixed
to Sketches in Prose and Verse; obituary
notifies in local papers (WeHingborough News,
Northampton Mercury, &c., 2 Nov. 1894), and
in Times, 29 Oct. 189i; Works (only 'Sonnets
on the Months' is in the British Museum);
private information. The Annual Register
(ohit.) misirints the name and gives wrong
date of deaL-i.] O. LB G. N.

ASTLEY, Sm JOHN DUGDALE (1828-
189-4), the sporting baronet, a descendant
of Thomas de Astley, who was slain at
Evesham in 1265, and of Sir Jacob Astley,
lord Astley [q. v.~|, was the eldest son of
Sir Francis Dugdale Astley (1805-1873),
second baronet (of the 1821 creation), of
Everleigh, near Marlborough, by Emma
Dorothea (d. 1872), daughter of Sir Thomas
Buckler Lethbridge. Born at Rome in a
house on the Pincian Hill, on 19 Feb. 1828,
John was educated at Winchester and Eton,
and matriculated as a gentleman commoner
at Christ Church, Oxford, on 4 June 1846.
About a year later, by the pressing advice

Astley 5

of the dean, he went down from Oxford,
heavily in debt, and in September 1847 was
sent, to study tho French language at 01 arena
in Switzerland, whore ho amused himself by
shooting gelinottea on the mountains.

In March 1848 he waa gazetted ensign of
the Scots fusiliers, and for tho next few
years his diary is full of his diversions in
the shape of racing, cricket, boxing, punting,
and running he himself being a first-rate
sprinter at ".50 yards. In "1849 he travelled
to Gibraltar overland by way of Seville,
where he witnessed the commencement of
a bull tight with disgust, and Madrid,
where he endeavoured to get. up a running
match. In February 1854 lie sailod for tho
Crimea with his battalion in the Simoom,
took an active part in the battle of the
Alma, was rather severely wounded in the
neck, and invalided home, In April 18*35
he again volunteered for active service, and
he givo.s a frankly humorous account of the
conflicting motives that 'jromptwl him to
take this step. He reac'iud Balaclava in
May, was made a bro vet-major, and was
relegated for the greater part of the time to
hospital duty in the town. At .Balaclava
he became celebrated as a promoter of sport
throughout the three armies, French, Kug-
liah, and Sardines, as he designates the
Italian troops. On his return ho was pro-
moted to a captaincy without examination,
and subsequently became a Uout.unant-
colonel on the retired list. TIo obtained
the Crimean medal with two clasps and tho
Turkish order of tho Medjidie.

On 22 May 1858 Afltloy married Eleanor
Blanche Mary, only child and heiress of
Thomas GK Corbet (d. 18(18) of ISlsham
Hall, Brigg, a well-known Lincolnshire
squire. His wedding trip was on the point
of coming to a premature conclusion at;
Paris whim ho opportunely -won 1,500/. on
the Liverpool Cup, Quitting the army in
the following year, he began to devote him-
self to racing, tho sport which ' in his heart
ho always loved best/ and with which ho
was chiefly identified, notwithstanding his
fondness for hunting and shooting, and his
pronounced predilections for tho oinder path
and, tho priz ring, During the lifetime of
his father-in-law, who had a horror of the
tnrf, he raced under the borrowed name of
Mr. S. Thellufison, training in Drowitt's
stable at Lewes, whore he learnt by his own
experience the difficult art. of "Hitting horses
together, at which he obtameu a proficiency
rare among -gentlemen. A real horse lover,
and probab'.y one of the iinest judges of
horseflesh in England, he took an intense
interest in everything connected with the

Astley

stable, and know his animals with * tho
intimacy of a tout or a trainer.' In 18(5<)
he was chosen a member of tho Jockey Club.
About the samo thno Drowitt retired from
his profession, and Asfcloy thenceforth had
horses with Jilanton, Jon hawwou, mid other
woll-lmown trainors. Ho owned a number
of good horses and won a grout many stakes,
mainly of this lesser magnitude; ho also
betted with tho greatest, freedom and pluck,
and was never HO happy aw when making a
match. With his usual candour ho admits
that, ho originally took to bolting, aa ho
subsequently took to anthorwhip, " for the
nuDosoof 'diminishing tho doiioit ' at his
ban-tors', fn all, during twenty-six years,
he won by hotting ^8,0(iK/., but' ho did not
put by his winnings, and at tho etui of that
time was, ho informs us with frank com-
posure, ' dead broke/ While tho turf re-
mained his business anmsmnonti Astloy had
still plenty of time to devote to other forms
of sport. JIo describes tho Say era and
lleonan prize light of 17 April 18(50 with
the gusto of a^eoimoissour, and ho moralises
in an impressive way upon 1.1m degeneracy
of later gladiators, whose exhibitions he
niWH'tholess continued to patronise until tho
end of his life. In 1875 hn made the ac-
quaintance of Captain WoM>, the Channel
hero, ami arranged several swimming tour-
naments for his bnnotit. Tn April 1877 ho
matched M. 1*. Wont on, tho celebrated Ame-
rican pedestrian, against. Dan O'Loary in a
walking match of l-l^ hours for 500/, a wide.
O'Loary won, as ho admiringly records, by
ahtntt ;)luck, covering fteO miles in tho
allottee time, and boating VYVslon by ten
miles, llo arranged a number of similar
contests, and was bandy recouped by tho
gato money.

Aslloy sucwodod to the baronetcy on
M July 1 87:5 ; ho became a J. P. for Lincoln-
shire and Wiltshire, and in 1871 lie was
returned to parliament, for North Lincoln-
shire in. tho conservative interest., but, lost
his Heat in the general election of 1880,
lie died at 7 Park Place, Ml* James's Street,
on 10 Oct. 18iM, and was buried on 1(J OeU
at KLslmm, his death evoking expressioim of
regret from the whole sporting community
in England. lie loft issue -Sir 'Francis
Kdmund (loorge AHlloy- Corbet, the fourth
and present baronet, three other HOIIH, and
four daugh torn.

Sir John A at ley published a fow months
before Inn death ' Fifty Ywirn of iny JLifo in
the World of Sport at Homo and Abroad'
(London, vols, Hvo), -which contains four
portraits of 'The Matt*,' as Antley was
JLUOWU among' his iiHwociata, and wan dudi-

Atkinson

Atkinson

cated by permission to the Prince of Wales
(afterwards Edward VII). "Written in a
breezy style, abounding in slang, these me-
mories disarm the critic by their frankness
no less than by the complete sans gene of
the narrator, whose gambling propensity
appears throughout as indomitable as his
p.uck. The book went rapidly through
three editions, and was described by the
' Saturday Review J as ' the sporting memoir
of the century.'

[Times, 16 and 17 Oct. 1894 ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon. 1715-1886; Burke's Peerage; Debrett's
Baronetaae: Saturday Keview, 9 June 1894;
Field, 20 Oct. 1894 ; Land and Waiter, 20 Oct.
1894= ; Astley's Fifty Years of my Life, 1894.]

T. S.

ATKINSON", SIB HARRY (1831-
1892), prime minister of New Zealand, whose
full name was Henry Albert Atkinson, was
born at Chester in 1831. Educated at Ro-
chester school and at Blackheath, he emi-
grated to Taranaki, New Zealand, in 1855.
He settled as a farmer at Har worth, about
four miles from the town of New Plymouth,
and at the outbreak of the Waitara war in
1860 was elected captain of a company of
Taranaki volunteers, winning distinction at
the engagements of Waireka and Mahoe-
tahi, jYom 1863 to 1864: he commanded
the Taranaki Forest Rangers, a body of bush
scouts and riflemen which has been de-
scribed as the worst dressed and most effec-
tive corps the colony ever possessed. In the
opinion both of the men he led and of com-
petent onlookers, Major Atkinson's prudence,
'^raverjr, and untiring energy placed him
very high among the officers who had to
overcome the peculiar and very great diffi-
culties of New Zealand bush warfare. At
the end of 1864 he became minister of de-
fence in the cabinet of Sir Frederick Aloy-
tsius Weld [q. v.] and urged the adoption of
the ' self-reliance policy ' with which Weld's
name is identified. This was that the im-
perial troops, of which ten thousand had
"Deen engaged in the war for each unit of
whom the colonists were paying 40J. a year
should be dispensed with, and the de-
fence of the settlers entirely entrusted to the
militia and volunteers. Gradually this was
done, but the Weld ministry was put out of
office in October 1865, and from 1868 to
1873 Major Atkinson did not sit in parlia-
ment. It was in the two years' struggle
(1874-6) between centralism and provin-
cialism, which ended in the abolition of the
provinces into which New Zealand had
r ;>een divided, that his energies brought
Major Atkinson into the front rank of the
colony's politicians. Though neither emo-

tional nor graceful as a speaker, he was per-
haps the most effective debater of his day in
the House of Representatives, where his com-
mand of facts and figures, clear incisive
style, and bold straight-hitting methods
made him feared as we J. as respected. Three
times prime minister (in 1876-7, in 1883-4,
and in 1887-91) and four times colonial trea-
surer (in 1875-6, in 1876-7, in 1879-83, and
in 1887-91), he was from 1874 to 1890 the
protagonist of the conservative party. In
addition to the abolition of the provinces he
did away with the Ballance land tax in
1879 [see BALLANCE, JOHN, Suppl.], imposed
a property tax, raised the customs duties in
1879 and 1888, and gave them a quasi-pro-
tectionist character, greatly diminished the
public expenditure in the same years, and in
_887 reduced the size of the House of Repre-
sentatives, and the pay of minister members
of parliament. He advocated compulsory
assurance as a provision for old age, and the
perpetual leasing instead of the sale of crown
'lands. In 1888 he was created KC.M.G.
In 1890 his health broke down ; on the fall
of his last ministry, in January 1891, he be-
came speaker of the legislative council ; on
^11 June 1892 he died very suddenly of heart
disease in the speaker's room of the council
chamber. Though not well known outside
New Zealand, his name is held in high esteem
there as that of a brave and energetic colo-
nist, a clear-headed practical jjolitician, and
a sagacious leader in difficult times.

lie was twice married : by his first wife he
had three sons and a daughter ; by his second,
two sons and a daughter.

[Gisborne's "New Zealand Rulers and States-
men (1840-1897), 1897; Grace's Recollections
of the New Zealand War, 1891) ; Rusdeii's JUisf..
of New Zealand, Melbourne, 1896; Keeves's
Long White Cloud, 1899; Mennell's Diet, of
Australasian Biography; New Zealand news-
papers, 28 June 1892.] W. P. R.

ATKINSON, JOHN CHRISTOPHER
(1814-1900), author and antiquary, born in
1814 at Goldhanger in Essex, where his
father was then curate, was the son of John
Atkinson and the grandson of Christopher
Atkinson (d. 13 March 1795), fellow of
Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was educated
at Kelvedon in Essex, and admitted as a
sizar to St. John's College, Cambridge, on
2 May 1834, graduating B.A. in 1838. He
was ordained deacon in 1841 as curate of
Brockhampton in Herefordshire, and priest
in 1842. 2le afterwards held a curacy in
Scarborough. In 1847 he became domestic
chaplaiii to Sir William Henry Dawn ay,
seventh viscount Downe, who in the same

Atkinson

Atkinson

year presented him to the vicarage of Danby
in the North Riding of Yorkshire, which he
held till his death.

Atkinson was an ideal antir uary , endowed
with a love of nature as wcL a.s a taste for
study. Ills pariah was in the rudest part of
Yorkshire, and on his arrival he found that
clerical duties had "been almost neglected.
He set himself to learn the history of his
parish cure and to gain the friendship of
Iiis -parishioners, and in hoth objects he suc-
ceeded. By constant intercourse with the
people he acquired a unique knowledge of
local legends and customs. In 1867 he pro-
pared for the Philological Society i A Glossary
of the Dialect of the Hundred of Lonsdalo/
which was published in tho society's * Trans-
actions, 7 This was followed next yoar by
' A. Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect' (Lon-
don, 4to), to which, at tlie instance of the
English Dialect Society, ho made 'Additions'
in 187(1 In 1H72 he published tho first
volume of 'The History of Cleveland, Ancient
and Modem/ London, -4to. A fni^nuinl, of
the second volume appeared in 1M77, but it
was not completed, 'fy far his best known
work, however, was (,ho (shunning collection
of local legends and Iraditiona which he pub-
lished in 1801, with the title 'Forty Yoara
in a Moorland Parish.' This work, which
reached a second edition in the same yoar,
has been compared to Gilbert White's ' Natu-
ral History of Selborno/ and "wrhaps Ht.il L
more closely resombloB Hugh ML'lor's ' Scenes
and Legends of tho Nortlfof Scotland/ Be-
sides these more Hurloas compilations Atkiu-
son was the author of several delightful
books for children. In 18.S7 ho received tho
honorary degree of D.O.L. from Durham
University, and in 1801 ho waa installed in
tho proboncl of Holme in York Cathedral.
In 1808 lie received a grant of 100/. a year
from tho civil liat.

Atkinson died at Tho Vicarage, Danny, on
31 March HK)0. llo WUR thrive married:
first, at. Scarborough on 11 Dec. 1KI9, to
Jane Hill (<LZ April 1800), oldoat daughter
of John Hill Coulaon, of Scarborough ;
secondly, on 1 Fob, 1 802, at Promo Sol wood,
to Goorgma Mary, eldest daughter of Barlow
Slade of North 1 louse, Frorao; and thirdly,
on 28 April 1884 at Amoliff elmrch, to
Helen Georgina, eldest daughter of Douglas
]&own,Q,. p., of A.rncliirilall, Northallorton.
He had thirteen children, Besides tho works
already mentioned he was the author of:
1. 'The Walks, Talks, Travels, and Exploits
of two Schoolboys,' London, 1859, 1 iJmo; new
edit. 1892. 2. 'Play-hourRandllalt-holidaya;
or, Further Exioriencoa of two Bchool*
boya' London, 18UO, ,8vo; new edit. 189:2.

3. 'Sketches in Natural Tlistory; with an
Essay on Reason and InslinK/ London, 18(>1 T
llimo; tunv odit. 1N(W>. 4. t JVitisli .Hirda'
EggH and N(\sl,,4 popularly d(>ar.ribod,' Lon-
don, J801, 8vo; nc'.w odit. JHOS. r>. < Htanton
Oh-ango; or, A.t a I*nvat^ TutorV/ London,
181U, Svo. (>, ' Lost; or What cauio of a
Slip from "Honour Bright,,' 1 ' London, "IH70
12mo. 7. 'Tho Liwl.of llio ( iiant, KilloiV Lon-
don, ISOl, 8vo; no.w <ulit. IMj);i, N. SSconas
iuFairy-land/ London, lHl)2,8vo. ll(*. tulitnd:
I. ' Oartularium Abbatlnin do W hi toby'
(Surtotvs So.), I H7D, 2 vols. Hvo. L>. ' QuartW
Sosaiona Ilocordrt 1 (North. Riding 1 Record
Hoc..), IHHJi-na, volH. Kvo. :j. ' Lonwlftle
Olosaary: KnriuiHHOoiu'.lior Ho(lc' ((/hotliam
Hw.), l8S(i-7, o vols. -Ito. -t, * Hartnlarmm
Abbalhiin do Ri(vall(.' (SnrtdOH Soe.), IHK9,
Svo. Jl(^ also c.ontnbutod many pnporft to
various archnolo|j;it*al Hoci(^t.i<^ f and in 1872
Wedgwood (q. v,|tortv
ol' Mnfyliuli .Mt.yiuolo/

vise his ' l)i<il,ionary ol'

fTinuH, ?> Api-il 1 .)()(); Alhoimim, 7 Anvil
01); (Juanlisui, U April 1 il)0; Tho \h\g\ $
'

1901)

Mu and Womou of
tho Tiling 1HO,">; Smuhiy MM^. I (SIM, ]>p, U;U
120; Siijiplcnictil. t.o AJlilnmn'M Did, of Kngl,
Lit.,; Or<n:)vl\)iHr,s Clerical I)ini'l.| E. 1. 0.

ATKINSON, THOMAS W1TLAM
(1709 -18(U ), at'chil,<u'X and trav'llw, WJIB
born of hunibl(*pan i nta^oa.t(.'awthonu, York-
shire, on March 17UU, and rcmivtnl a Hcanty
odiufal.ion at, tho villn^o Mc.hool, Loft; an
orphan wlnti u c-bild, ho Ix^an to otirn hiw
own living at tho ag'n of ei^'ht, fivHt on a
fttrm, thoti as a brir, Mayor's labourer and
quarry man, and Huhsrqmmtly in a fltono-
maHon 1 H yard. Uy thn I hue ho \vaHtwonty lus
wan a fcitonu-carvor, and in that ca]mci1.y i*xe-
cutod Hoioj4'o)d work on chim'Jionat IturnH*
Icy, AMhtDn-iindor-Lynoj and i i lnnwhori, At
the* liiHli-tuuncd town h<^ HiMtlt'd Torn, whilo
as a tiMioIu.T of drawing. About thin liino
ho devoted hiuiMulf to tho Htudy of <ioUii
architecture, and in IS'JO pulilinliiMl a (olio
volume entitled ' (loiliic OrmunentM
from the, rlille.vont MaMu'dralH Hml
in England,* In 18 y J7 IMS went to London,
and established himweli' an an are.hitedi in
Upper Stamforcl Street, IXlattklYiarH, Anion^
his works at t hiw time wan tho church of St.
Nicholas, at Low*r Tooting, (ipecltnl about
IHJJL A little later he obtained many im
portant o,ommiHsionH in tho neij^libourhood
of Manchester, including the M uncheHt.or and
Liv(ir,)ool 1 )irttrit. Bank in Spring 1 Uardenw,
in 1B):4, About I W> Iw removed to Man-
chester, whores he bf^an bin ])pinchal work
aw anarcliitec,t,Si. Luko'H ehurt!h,(-he.etham
Hill This building, designed in a modilied

Atkinson

Atlay

perpendicular style, together with his Italian
villas ^and other structures, had a marked
effect in improving the architectural taste of
the district. He remained at Manchester
until 1840, after experiencing some reverses,
owing probably to a too liberal expenditure
on wor-is of art.

Returning to London Atkinson was not
more fortunate, and in 1842 he went to
Hamburg, then to Berlin, and lastly to St.
Petersburg T where he abandoned architec-
ture as a profession for the pursuits of a
traveller and artist. This was in 1846, about
which period he seems to have visited Egypt
and Greece. By the advice of Alexander
von Hurnboldt he turned his attention to
Oriental Russia, and, being furnished with
every facility by the Russian government,
including a blank passport from Emperor
Nicholas, he set out in February 1848 on
his long journey, accompanied by his newly
married wife. His travels extended over
39,500 miles, and occupied him until the
end of 1853. Plis avowed object in this
expedition was to sketch the scenery of
Siberia, and he brought back many hundreds
of clever water-colour drawings, some of
them five or six feet square, and most valu-
able as representations of places hitherto un-
known to Europeans. He kept journals of
his explorations, which were written with
much power and freshness. On his return
to England he published them with some
amplifications. The first volume was en-
titled 'Oriental and Western Siberia: a
Narrative of Seven Tears' Explorations and
Adventures in Siberia, Mongolia, the Kirghis
Steppes, Chinese Tartary, and part of Cen-
tral Asia. "With a Map and numerous Il-
lustrations/ London, 1858. There followed
in 1800 a second volume called ' Travels in
the Regions of the Upper and Lower A moor
and the Russian Acquisitions on the Con-
fines of India and China/ London, 1860.
This work was highly praised by the ' Athe-
naeum' on its publication, but its autheiir
ticity was subsequently questioned. Doubts
were raised whether Atkinson had perso-
nally travelled on the Amur, and the book
was shown to be in the main a plagiarism
of Maack's work on the same topic published
in St. Petersburg in 1859' (Athenaum,
9 Sept. 1899). Meanwhile in 1858 Atkinson
read a paper before the British Association
' On the Volcanoes of Central Asia.' In the
same year he was elected a fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society, and in 1859 a
fellow of tie Geological Society. To the
' Proceedings ' of the former body he contri-
buted in 1859 a paper on a ' Journey through
some of the highest Passes in the Ala-tu and

Ac-tu Mountains in Chinese Tartary/ and
in the < Journal ' of the Geological Society in
1860 he wrote ' On some Bronze Relics found
in an Auriferous Sand in Siberia.'

Atkinson in person was the type of an
artistic traveller, thin, lithe, and sinewy,
' with a wrist like a rock and an eye like a
poet's; manner singularly gentle, and air
which mingled entreaty with command.'

He died at Lower Walmuer. Kent, OH
13 Aug. 1861.

He was twice married ; the second time,
in 1847, to an English governess at St.
Petersburg-. ^ She wrote an interesting ac-
count of the journeys she took with her huy-
band, entitled Recollections of the Tartar
Steppes and their Inhabitants/ London,
1863. On 13 June that year she was
granted a civil list pension of 100 One of
j.is two surviving children, Emma Willsher
Atkinson, wrote"' Memoirs of the Queens of
Prussia/ 1858, and 'Extremes, a Novel/
1859. His son, John William Atkinson,
who died on 3 April 1846, aged 23, was a
marine painter.

[Diet, of Architecture, i. 119; Athenaeum,
24 Aug. 1861 ; Builder, 31 Aug. 1861, ^. 590;
Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. vi. 128 ; Boase's IVIodtirn
English Biography, i. 104; Axon's Annals of
Manchester; Royal Academy Catalogues, 1830-

c f w. s.

ATLAY, JAMES (1817-1894), bishop
of Hereford, was the second son of 'the .Rev.
Henry Atlay by his wife, Elizabeth Rayner
Hovell. Born on 3 July 1817 at Wakerly
in Northamptonshire, he was educated at
Grantham and Oakham schools, and entered
St. John's College, Cambridge, aj a founda-
tion scholar in 1836. He was elected to a
Bell university scholarship in 1837, and gra-
duated B.A. in 1840 as a senior optime and
ninth classic. In 1842 he was elected to a
fellowship, and he proceeded M.A, in 1848,
B.D. in 1850, and D.D. in 1859. After being
ordained deacon in 1842 and -Driest in the
following year, lie held from 1~343 to 1846
the curacy of Warsop in Nottinghamshire,
and from 1847 to 1852 the vicarage of
Madingley near Cambridge. In 1856 he
was appointed Whitehall preacher, and in
1858 and the following year was one of
the select preachers before the university ;
but it was by his work and influence as
tutor of St. John's from 1846 to 1859 that
he made a mark among his contemporaries
which spread far beyond the walls of his
own college.

In 1859 the trustees of the advowson of
Leeds elected Atlay as vicar in succession
to Walter Farquhar Hook [q. y.] The out-

Atlay

86

Attwood

going incumbent had raised Leeds to tke
position which it still occupies as the most
important parochial cure iu the north of
England, and Atlay carried on the work of
liis "Kedeceseor with conspicuous success.
His businesslike qualities won him the re-
spect of a great mercantile community, and
lus sincerity and earnestness of character
proved irresistible to churchmen and non-
conformists alike. He initiated a great
scheme of church extension, and his organis-
ing capacity made Leeds tlio best-worked
parish in the kingdom. lie was appointed
canon-residentiary at L'ipon in 1S(>1 ; in
1867 he refused the bishopric of Calcutta,
but in 1868 he accepted the oiler mado him
by Disraeli, the prime minister, of the bishop-
ric of Hereford in succession to Komi DicV
son Ilampden [q. v.]

Atlay brought to the miniagnmout of his
diocese the same thoroughness which had
marked his career at Leeds and Cambridge,
llarely quitting it except, to attend the
House of Lords or convocation, ho lived and
died among his own pnoplu. .lie made a
point of officiating 1 in every church of a wide
though sparsely populated dioeese ; his grout
parochial experience rendered him the trusted
counsellor and guide of his clorgy ; his geni-
ality and franknuHH, united to a thus presence,
endeared him to all who were brouglit noar
him, Archbishop Benson described him as
' the most beautiful combination of entlm-
siaam, manliness, and modesty.' A conser-
vative in politics, he exorcised in convocation
by his strong conimonsensc and sagacity an
influence which was scarcely suflpoutftd o'ut of
doors, and in 1880 Archbishop Benson selee.ted
him as an assessor in the trial of JULshop King
of Lincoln for alleged ritual offences At lay
was a high churclimau of the old school, but
he en'oyed tho respect of all parties in I ho
charc,i, and the peace of his <liocoo WUR \m~
broken daring the stormiest ocdu-siastienl
controversies, lie died on i24 Doc. 18!)4,
after a long illness, and was buried in ' tlio
ladye arbour ' under tho walls of his cathe-
dral.

Atlay was married in 18/30 to Frances
Turner, daughter of Major William Martin
of the East India Company's service, by
whom he left a numero u s family. One of Ms
sons, the Rev, George William Atlay, attached
to the Universities'" Mission, to Central A frica,
was murdered by natives on the shores of
Lake Nyassa in August 1B95 ; another,
Charles Cecil, died in March 1900 of wounds
received at Wagon Hill, Ladysmitk, while
serving in the imperial light horse.

There are two portraits of Atlay: one by
E, A. Fellowes Prynne (1882), the other by

the Hon. Jolm Collier (189,'J). The latter
was a presentation from 1 ho diocese, anil there
is a replica of it in tho palacn at Hereford.
There is also a fine ree.umbent o.lligy in
Carrara marble in the north transept of
Hereford cathedral, erected by public sub-
scription.

[Times, 25 Pea 1891 ; Loo<l Moroury, 25 Dec.
1894; Chronicle of dantrrbury Convocation,
JAibruary 1805; personal information.)

,J. B. A.

ATTWOOD, THOMAS ( 178:5 -IKfiO), po-
litical reformer, horn a,t tluwno House, in
tho parish of Ilalesowen, Worcestershire, on
Oct. 17HI5, WU,H tho third won of Matl.hiart
Attwood ( 17-l() 1S;-J(J), a, banker of JJinniny-
ham, by his wile Ann (<-/, S ( )<*(,. I S.'M ), daii^ i-
t<sr of ThotuuH Adams of Oak(mnrn Jlouso,
Ilalesowen. Jli^ was educnUul at the ^nun-
mar sc.hool a(. 1 InloHowiMi, and afl.(r\var<lH at
that at "\VolvwImmplmi. ( )n leaving Hohool
about 1HOO, h<^ ent.ored hJH lather's Twuik in

.New Stnu^t, liimiin^hnin. On 9 Sept. I
when a I^rwne.li invnsiou was ex^ecUul, hn
wiis pfazeUod a captain in th(Uiirt, bal.laliou
of the Jjoyal ninnin^hain volunteer infantry,
and retained his commission till H Mafeh
liS()5. In 1S(,)( he inarriiMl, and took up his
residence at the Larc.luw, S )a,rkbrook, near
IJirmiiifrhani, whence in [HI he rtiinoved 1<>
tlio CrHC,(nt, Uirinin^ham, In October IH1 1
ho was elected hi^'h bailiU' of Kinuingliaiu.
In tlio following yoar \w first took a promi-
nent part in public ail airs, liy ajjfiUUn^ for
the repeal of tho onlens in 'council which
restricted British trade with tho eonlinent
and the United States. Attwood and
Richard Wpoonor W(^n^ e.hnsen to re])r(*senti
to government tho position of the manufae*
turinff interest of the town, The orders
were partially revoJuul iu June, and ou
(5 Oct., IHliJ the artisarm of .Birmingham
prostnite.d Attwood with a silver em in,
acknowled^nn*nt of his services, fn 8ii.'i
he fnnko vehemently against the renewal of
the ^last India (Jtunpnny's dwrter, and, ]>ro-
ceeding' to London, exerted himself to or^
paniso a ])arliamontnry opposition, A IMioupfh
the charter wan wnowod, many of its con-
ditions were modified, and tlio company's
monopoly of trade was abolished,

In 1815 or J.H10 Attwood first appealed
to th "wblic on the sub'eet of the currency,
which Became hen co fort 4 tliB cent-ral interest
of his life. I To was opposed to the policy of
govonmumt in reducing tho "n\]m\" currency
whilo spticie was Bcarct*. In ais own woptls,
' by limiting the amount of our iwmy ' tho
government 'have limited our TOCMLIIR of ex*
changing cowmoditicfl, and this #ivtifl the
limit to consumptiou, and tho limit to con-

Attwood

Attwood

mption gives the limit to production.' In
16 he published his first currenc am-

sum

1816 e puse s rst currency pam
phlet, 'Tae Remedy, or Thoughts on the
Present Distress.' It reached a second edi-
tion, and was followed in 1817 by 'Pro-
sperity Restored, or Reflections on the Cause
of the Public Distresses ' (London, 8vo), and
by ' A Letter to Nicholas Vansittart on the
Creation of Money, and on its Action upon
National Prosperity/ in which he main-
tained that ' the issue of money will create
markets, and that it is upon the abundance
or scarcity of money that the extent of all
markets principally depends.' Attwood's
arguments had some influence with Van-
sittart, and Cobbett complained that in 1818,
at the suggestion of Attwood, the chancellor
of the exchequer ' caused bales of paper money
to be poured forth as a remedy against the
workin ;s of those evil-minded and designing
men wao were urging the people on for par-
liamentary reform.' His ' Prosperity Re-
stored ' attracted the notice of Arthur Young
(1741-1820) [q. v.], and a correspondence
ensued, which terminated in the pu olication
by Attwood of 'Observations on Currency,
Population, and Pauperism, in Two Letters
to_Arthur Young' (London, 1818, Svo). In
this work he urged that 'every increase of
the population carries with it the ample
means of its own support ; at least so long
as the circulating medium is kept equivalent
to its purposes and as a single acre of land
remains to be cultivated or improved in the
country.' Animated by these principles
Thomas Attwood and his brother Mattaias
opposed Peel's bill in 1819 for the resump-
tion of cash payments by the bank of Eng-
land. In 1819 he published two letters of
remonstrance addressed to the prime mini-
ster, the Earl of Liverpool.

In 1 830 Attwood, most of whose connec-
tions were members of the tory party, de-
finitely declared himself of opposite convic-
tions by founding, on 25 Jan., the ' Birming-
ham Political Union for the Protection of
Public Rights.' The object of the Political
Union was to secure the adequate represen-
tation of the middle and lower classes in the
House of Commons. Similar associations
were rapidly formed all over the country,
including the notable Northern Political
Union, founded by Charles Attwood (1791-
1875), Thomas's brother, at Newcastle-on-
Tyne, about 1830, These unions enthusias-
tically supported Earl Grey's government
during the passage of the reform bill. On
3 Oct. 1831 an open-air meeting was con-
vened upon Newhall Hill to protest against
the rejection of the reform bil~ by the House
of Lords A resolution, supported by a hun-

dred thousand men, was massed and trans-
mitted to Lord John Russe.1, who replied, in
reference to the opposition in the House of
Lords, 'It is impossible that the whisper of
a faction should prevail against the voice of
a nation/ The Birmingham Union was un-
justly accused by the tory press of having
sent emissaries to Bristol to organise the
riots which took place there, and of having
secretly introduced ten thousand men into
London to promote a revolution. The whig
ministry became uneasy at the power of the
unions, and at their elaborate organisation
under leaders of various ranks with powers
to act in cases of emergency. Alarmed at
the turbulent proceedings in London, they
issued a proclamation on 22 Nov. against such
organisations, This manifesto, however, was
met by the Birmingham Union with a
motion abandoning the idea of organisation,
and reverting to the principle of simple
association. They thus avoiced the possi-
bility of their position being declared illegal.
On 7 May 1S32 the government were de-
feated in the House of Lords, and imme-
diately resigned. The result in Birmingham
was that a number of the more wealthy in-
habitants joined the Union, which " had
hitherto been confined to the poorer classes.
On 10 May an immense meeting was held
on Newhall Hill, the banners and trophies
being covered in black drapery. It was
proposed to refuse payment of the taxes,
'jut Attwood succeeded in persuading- his
audience to confine themselves to more legal
methods of resistance. Attwood was also
in constant communication with the Lon-
don unions and exerted his influence to pre-
vent any outbreak of violence. The populace
was devoted to him, and on a rumour that
he was to be arrested his house was guarded
by armed men. On the news of t!ie rein-
statement of Lord Grey ten thousand people
assembled round Attwood's dwelling to cele-
brate the triumph. On 19 May he had an
interview with Lord Grey at the treasury,
when the prime minister acknowledged his
indebtedness to Attwood's exertions, and
expressed his desire to make some return,
Attwood, however, declined any reward, re-
marking that his action had been on public
grounds alone. On the rumour of fresh op-
position from the Duke of Wellington, Att-
wood proposed to assemble a million men on
Hampstead Heath. On 23 May he received
the freedom of the city of London, and five
days later he made a triumphal entry into
Birmingham amid great enthusiasm. At this
time he was the * idol of the populace, his
portraits were in every shop window, ballads
in his praise were hawked through every

Attwood

88

Attwood

street, . , . and twenty boroughs selected
him to represent them in parliament/ Cob-
bett, in t Jie ' Political Register,' styled him
< King Tom/

On 7 June 1832 the reform bill received
the royal assent. On 12 Dec. Attwood and
Joshua Scholefield [see under Scnox.Hvn3LD,
"WILLIAM] were returned to parliament un-
opposed for the new borough of Birmingham.
In the House of Commons, like other popular
leaders, he failed to maintain the nrwtation
he had acquired outside. His YGJOIUCIICO
of manner, his violence of expression, his
incessant advocacy of his views on the cur-
rency, and, above nil, his disregard for party
interests disruulilicd him for success. On.
12 Feb. 1S33 he made a strong attack on
Lord Grey's Irish policy in his maiden speech,
and expressed his sympathy \vith Daniel
O'Oonnell, a course of action which alienated
protestant feeling. A motion, wliich 1m
brought forward on 21 AfiLrch ' that a j>vuonil
committee bo appointed to inquire into tho
causes of the general distress e.visl ing nniong
the industrious classes of the Unih'd King-
dom, and into tho most oilnfituiil moiuiH of
its relief/ was defeated, ih hoiug universally
understood that it aimod at rectifying tho
currency. On 20 May a mooting of two
hundred thousand men Jit Newhall 1 1 ill peti-
tioned the king to dismiss Iho ministry ; but
it was clear that many middle-class supporters
had been alienated by Att wood's support, of
O'Connell. On 18 Jan. 18v)(>, at; a intuiting
at the Birmingham Town I hill, Att. wood
threatened the opponents of reform -with tho
wrath of twenty luilliotiw of men. This
extravagance caused Bon jam in Disraeli to
addrosa to Attwood the third of his 'Let-
ters ,of Kunnymedo/ a vapid rebuke of a
ridiculous boast The Political Union, which
had fallen into abeyance on the passagn of
the reform bill, was revived in May ISJ57
as the llefoym Association, a title which WUH
soon abandonee! for tho older rln^-uation.

Year bv year Attwood became more, de-
mocratic in hie political principles, ami hu
allied himself wit * tho chartist w. The growth
of the ohurtiat movement alienated many of
the moderate advocates of reform anil com-
pelled the remainder to take amoro uA'tromo
position. Liberals of birth, rank, or wealth
gradually disappeared from the ranks of his
supporters. The Birmingham Political Union,
which already had proclaimed thomsolvuB in
favour of universal" suffrage, the ballot, and
annual parliaments, were easily brought to
give a formal adhesion to the charter. Att-
wood f ave his enthusiastic support to the
great c-iartist petition* But, though his own
language had not formerly bce froe from

menaces he recoiled from the violence of tho
more advanced chartists, and constantly de-
precated their throats of appeal to phy.siml
force. IiiMurdi IHJWthe Hirmintfhum dole-
gutos withdrew from tho National Convon-
tion, protesting a gainst an appeal to anna.
On! 4 Juno ISJii) m presented the, c,ha,rtiRts" T
monster national petition to tho House of
Commons. It demanded universal HiiUVngo,
v<^te by ballot, animal parliaments, the* pay-
ment, of members of parliament', and tho
abolition, of tho pnnorly qualilinition for
mt'inbo.rs. On 1 12 ,)u y h<* moved that tho
house form itself into a, eonnnittce, for tho
purpose of considering tho p<tition, but his
motion was rejecltMl ly a larj^e majoritv.

Attwood found thnt he htnl lost, |)o])u' arity
by his tardy nnudintioti of phvsiml forc,o,
mid the riotw w lioh broke out 'in Birming-
ham iisc^lf in July IH.'.'J showed that his
induenet^ wis jyotie! Many e,ha ( r|,ists also de-
nounced his pet seheme of a paper rnrromvy.
Mortified by his position, ho determined to
retina from public lifn, n-iulin December IKW
IK^ published, a, somewhnt (juenilouH farewell
address to his eoustil .uentw, and for two warn
nought at St. lleliers t,o reirniit his hea.lth,
wliidi had been impaired by his labours, hi
JS-llihewas nMi<st,i<l bysixtt^en thoiisjuul
inhabitants of l ; .irmingham U> ro-entor ]ioU-
ticnl lilo^and 1m aU,cin])ttsl without, success
to organise, a ^National Union/ which was
to hold * tho ministers of tho erown legally
responsible for the welfare of Iho people?
lie, died on (J Marr.h 1HW at. Mllorliis (3'roab
JMulvm-n, the house of thn physician Walter
Johnson, and was buried in Tlanley ehurc.h-
yard, near Upton-on-Scvern, On 7 July
iHMhi slatun of him by John Thomas was
nuveijed in HlophtMiHoii 1'lnce, Now Street,
IJirminghuin, Ailwood was twice married,
On li! J\lay IHOCI, at Ilarhouruo e.hureb, ho
marruul his lirint.wilo Mlixuboth, (Ablest daugh-
ter of William (Vrless (//. ^l Juno 17H7)
of tho Uavonhurst, Ilarbourne, and aunt, of
Kdward AugustuM Freeman |<p v. Nnppl/J
Jiy ]ier Atiwotwl bad four sous and two
chuighttiw. The e,hle,st, daughter, Angela (<L
i JO N o v ; 1 870), married Daniel ISoll Wiilttn
ikild of Nw X(ialand, and was mother of
(Jharles Marcus Wakeiiold, Attwood'tt bio-
grapher, Attwood married, wwwdly, on
iiO."uno 18-1/3, Kiixab^th, <laughtt>r of j'oseph
(Irico of llandflwortli Hall, StullonlHhirej
Bhu diod without iwaiw on ^U Juno 1K8B,

[Wakefli'lil's Life qf Att, wood, 1886 (with pot*-
traits), ^iriiiUfd for private circulation; JatVmy's
HintH f'or a History of Birmiti^hutu, puhliMluul in
tho Birmingham Journal, l)oe. 18f>f> to Jun
1850; Kunnymodtt LotlwH, ed Hitchmun, 18Ho;
Laugford's Coutury of Diniiinglmin LiiVs 1G8,

Ayrton

8 9

Baber

ii. 529-50, 612-48 ; Langford's Modern Birming-
ham and its Institutions, 1873, i. 92-3, 391-2,
432, 436 ; Burritt'a Walks in the Black Country,

1868, pp. 16-22 ; Bent's Old and New Birming-
ham, 1880, pp. 349-50,354, 396-414, 450-61;
Dent's Making of Birmingham, 1S94 ; Greville
Memoirs, 1888, ii. 210, 211, 220; DouUeday's
Political Life of Sir B. Peel, 1856, ii. 23 ; 164,
250; Mrs. Grote's Life of G rote, 1873, pp. 78-9;
Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell, 1888, i.
1 99-200 ; Graham Wallas's Life of Francis Place,
1896.] K I. C.

AYRTOtf, ACTON SMEE (1816-1886),
politician, born at Kew in 1816, was a son
of Frederick Ayrton (student at Gray's Inn
27 Jan. 1802, barrister-at-law about 1805,
and afterwards practising at Bombay), who
married Julia, only daughter of Lieutenant-
colonel Nugent. Acton Ayrton went to
India and practised as a solicitor at Bombay,
returning about 1850 with a moderate for-
tune. On 30 April 1853 he was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple, with the inten-
tion of devoting himself to apolitical career.

Ayrton sat in the House o: Commons from
1857 to 1874 as liberal member for the Tower
Hamlets. His long 1 speech, on 24 April I860,
in support of the abortive bill for reforming
the corporation of the city of London {Han-
sard, clViii. 69-85) attracted attention. To-
wards the end of his life he resumed his
interest in that movement. In 1866, when
addressing a meeting of working men in his
constituency, he reflected somewhat severely
on the queen's retirement from public life
owing to the death of tho prince consort,
and was rebuked with dignity by John
Bright, who was present at the meeting.
In the administration formed by Gladstone
at the end of 1868 Ayrton was nevertheless
appointed parliamentary secretary to the
treasury, and liolcl the post until 11 Nov.

1869. i'rom that date, when he was created
a privy councillor, to August 1873 he was
first commissioner of works.

His administration as commissioner of
works was not popular, but was marked by

zeal for economy in the public interest. He
possessed great ability and varied knowledge,
with conspicuous independence of character ;
but his manners were brusque, and he came
into personal conflict with numerous men.
of eminence with whom his official duties
brought him into contact. He cut down the
expenditure on the new courts of justice,
treated Alfred Stevens [q. v.], the sculptor
of the Wellington monument at St. Paiil's
Cathedral, as a negligent contractor, and,
but for the interposition of Itobert Lowe,
would have forced him to surrender his
models (MARTIN", Life of Lord SherbrooJte,
ii. 379-80). He also had protracted diffe-
rences with Sir J. D. Hooker, the director
of Kew Gardens, Sir Algernon "West, ' in
some very complicated negotiations, made
peace between them,' and thought Ayrton
the * more reasonable man of the two
(WEST, Recollections, 1832-86, i. 14). With
two other members of the ministry (Glad-
stone and Lowe) Ayrton was in March 1873
un; Listifiably caricatured at the Court Theatre
in '.London in the burlesque called { The Happy
Land,' which was written by W, S. Gilbert
and Gilbert a Beckett [q. v.]

In August 1873 Gladstone deemed it pru-
dent to transfer Ayrton from the office of
commissioner of works to that of judge-ad-
vocate-general. He resigned with the rest
of the ministers in March 1874, and Ayr-
ton's political career came to a somewhat
inglorious end. At the general election of
1874 he contested the Tower Hamlets again
but was badly "beaten, and after the redis-
tribution of seats in 1885, in a contest for
the Mile End division of the Tower Hamlets,
only 420 votes were tendered for him.

]?or the last few years of his life he was
a daily free uenter of the Reform Club. He
died at the Mount Bore Hotel, Bournemouth,
on 30 Nov. 1886.

"Times, 2 Dec. 1886 (p. 9), 3 Dec. (p. 6),
4 Dec, (p. 6); Annual Reg. 1886, pp. 168-9;
Memoir of G-. E. Street, pp. 168-70."

W. P. C.

B

BABER, EDWARD COLBOUNE

(1843-1890), Chinese scholar and traveller,
the son of Edward Baber and a ,,-reat-nephew
of Henry Hervey Baber [q. v.", was born at
Dulwich on 30 April 1843. 'He was edu-
cated under his father at Rossall junior
school and (1853-62) at Christ's Hospital,
whence he obtained a scholarship at Magda-
lene College, Cambridge, Ho graduated

B A, from Magdalene in 1867.^ ^ In July 1866
he obtained in open competition a student
interpret ership for China or Siam, and pro- .
ceeded at once to Peking, where his merit
was soon recognised by the British minister,
Sir Thomas Wade. After working ten hours
a day for six months at the language he
mastered three thousand characters, and
finished tho colloquial course in the most

Babington

Babington

rapid time on record. He passed quickly
through the various grades of the service,
was nrst-class assistant in 1S72, when he
filled for a short time the post of vice-consul
at Tarnsuy in Formosa, and in 1879 was
raised to the post of Chinese secretary of
legation at Peking 1 . In the meantime he
had made three very interesting journeys in
the interior of China. The first of these
was made in 1876, when Baber acconnanied
Thomas (Irosvenor across Yun-nan to Bhaino,
on the Burmese frontier, to investigate tlio
murder of A ugustus "Raymond Margary [q. v.],
of which expedition he drew up a map and a
narrative, forming the substance of the olli-
cial blue-book issued in 1877, This second
was an adventurous tour through the Sze-
Chiien highlands in 1877, during which he
visited and studied the language, spoken and
written, of the remarkable indigenous tribe
of Lolos, completing much that was at-
tempted by Baron von Hiehthoi'on in 187ii.
A detailed account of this journey, enriched
by a great amount of miscellaneous infor-
mation as to Chinese customs and habits of
thought, was -muted in 18SO under the title
'Travels and Researches in Western China*
(with three maps), as part i. of the first
volume of the Royal Geographical Society's

* Supplementary Tapers/ In 1878 he jour-
neyed from Clmngching northward by a new
line of mountain country, occupied by the
Sifun tribes, to the now well-known town
of Tachienlu on the great Lhaasa road, and
wrote a valuable monograph ontho 'Chinese
Tea-trade with Thibet' ('Sinpl. Papers,'
1886, ;>t. iv.) On 28 May 1H88 ho received
one of the Royal Geographical Society 'B
medals, with a highly complimentary address
from the president, Lord Abordare. In 1885
and 1886 ho was consul-general in Korea,
and soon afterwards received the appoint-
ment of political resident at Bhamo on the
Tipper Irawadi, where he died unmarried on
10 June 1890, at the age of forty-seven. In
addition to the works mentioned, Baber, while
in England during 188tt, skilfully condensed
a narrative of his friend Captain William
John Gill's t Journey through China and Kant-
em Tibet to Burmah,' which was ismied in
November 1888 as 'Tho River of Golden
Sand.' A portrait of Baber is given in the

* Geographical Introduction ' to this work.

[Proceedings of Koyal Geographical Society,
1883, 1886, and 1890; Yule's Introduction to
Gill's Rivor of Golden $;md, 1883 ; Athenaeum,
1800, i. 831 ; Times, 23 June 1807.] T, S.

BABOTGTON, OHA11LES OAKDALE
(1808-1895), botanist and archaeologist, wa
born at Ludlow on 23 Nov. 18C8, Hid

father, Joseph Biibin^ton (1 708-1 R2ff), at
the time of ( Jhurhw'n birth a physician, after-
wards took holy ordern. II (i had a fond noun
for botany, con! ributiul to Sir James Kdward
Smith's ' Kngliwh liotany,' and taught \m
son the elements of the wcioneo. The bola-
nist's mother WIIH Catherine, daughter of
John Whitter of Uradninch, Devonshire.
His grandfather was Thomas liabington of
Uothiey Ttiitipln, IKMII* l<<^icoHtM', and his
pedigree. H( arts from William do, Hab'mgton
of liabington Parva, now known MM Jtaving-
ton, near llcxhain,in the thirttumth o-outury
\)])iHji'ft/*/ticn 9 ii. i)-l, viii. ^<it>,
hw and (ipHcnlw/ist) i, 1-S7,
Memorials of (Jlwrlw Car dale
JJtthingtm, 1H07).

After Home privnlo tuition an<l two yoaw
(18^1-^) at t.lm ChartcrhouHo, Ha,l)ington
was HiMit. to apri vato Htthool k<pt l>y William
IlutohiiiH at J->a1h, in whiHi city'liis father
had bt'on cnni])nllwl by bad lnal(.h to wMtlo.
JJi'ibco going up to ('ninbri<lgn lJahin,ton
cunio nndtu'i.lu 1 induetK^rof William Wi.lr-
foree (({. v,|, a Irioiul of his fa(,h<T, an ho
afUirwar(lM(!ainourulorl.hat.()f(5harl< i ,s Simoon
[q. v,"| Il(^ (mt< 4 ro(l St. John'H (Jolh'go in
October IHiiO, gnulunting U.A. in January
18150, and ])roc<u(ding M.A. in Mnrch 1SJW,
During bin lirst, torn) Spnrxhtmu Inc.lnrod at
(laru bridge, and a Phrenological Society WIIH
formed, of which IJabiugton Ix^caino a mom-
btjr, but it lasl^d only a lew mouthn ; thu
botanical ItH-.turnH of John Slovens
[q, v.), which IwaUondod from 1H^!7 to I
and entomology, prove*! mor< aXt.ractivc^.

liabington'.s iirnt pnbliHluHl ]>n, >cr wan on
Oambrulgo entomology in iho J\ nj^uxino of
Natural J I into ry' for lHiJ{); ho wan ono of
tho iouudiTH of (ho Mntotnological Society
in 183;i ; earned the Hohriquet of * UtHith'rt
liabington,' and in his * Dyti.scidm Darwini"*
aiuw 1 in tho 'TranHa<:t.i<iH of the Mntomologi-
cal Society' for 18 11- iJ took part in the di*
scription of tho ' Heiiglti* eollcetionH, A
1'iHfc of IUH entomological pnperH JM giv<m in

i. S&, iift; but all worn published boforo 18-14,
and Inn collodion wa prmwtod to tlui
univcmuly. In 1H*K) Babmgton btwaniu a
follow of the (Jambmlgn Philosophical So-
ciety, ami ho WUH for many yearn itn 8uoro
tary. In the samu year ho joined tho Lin-
noan Society, and ]aid tlio 'iimt of a long
serioB of botanical vinitM to North Wiilon.
In iBJJJi, ontho occawion of'tho iirst mooting
of the Brititth AHociat.ioti at Cambridge, ho
was necrotary of (.ho natural luntory wection,
and from that year until 1 871 ho WJIH very
rarely absent from the annual ( mooting of
the association, acting a*j pycalduut o- tho

Babington

Babington

section in 1853 and 1861, and as local secre-
tary at the second Cambridge meeting- in
182. m h *

Babington's first independent publication
dealt with his favourite study of botany. It
was his 'Flora Bathoniensis' which first ap-
peared in 1834, a supplement being added
in 1839. The critical notes and references
to continental floras which this little work
contains indicate the main characteristics of
Babington's subsequent botanical work. In
1834 he made the first of many excursions
into Scotland, and in 1835, with two Cam-
bridge friends, Robert Maulkin Lingwood
and John Ball [q. v. Suppl.], his first tour
through. Ireland. In this latter year he re-
cords in his journal the commencement of
his magnum opus, the 'Manual of British
Botany/ the first edition of which did not,
however, appear until 1S43. In the interim,
in 1837 and 1838, he visited the Channel
Islands, and in 1839 published his account
of their flora as ' Primitiae Florae Sarnicse.'
In 1836 he was one of the founders of the
Ray Club, of which he acted as secretary
for fifty-five years, and he was on the coun-
cil of the Ray Society, to which the club to
some extent gave rise in 1844. The influ-
ence of the successive editions of the' Manual'
upon field botany can hardly be over-esti-
mated. Sir James Edward Smith's acquisi-
tion of Linnets herbarium, followed by the
long isolation of England during the Napo-
leonic war, had left the botanists of the
country wedded to the Linnrean system and
ignorant of continental labours in systematic
and descriptive botany. Babington, in the
first four editions of ais work, harmonised
English work with that of Germany, and in
the later editions also with that of France
and Scandinavia, each edition being most
carefully corrected throughout.

Babington's interest in archaeology was
second only to his love of botany. r Jhe full
journals w'hich he kept throughout his life,
and which were afterwards published (Me-
morials, Journal, and Botanical Correspon-
dence, Cambridge, 1897), are, like those of
Bay, half botany, half archeology. To the
publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian
Society, of which he was in 1840 one of the
founders, he contributed more than fifty
papers (oy. ctt. pp, 463-4) ; and having joined
the Cambrian Archaeological Association in
1850, he acted as chairman of its commit-
tee from 1865 to 1885. It was said of him
and his cousin, Churchill Babington [q. v.
Sujrpl.], Disney professor of archaeology, that
'either might 11 the chair of the other,'
He was one of the ' four members of the
Cambridge Antiquarian Society ' who, in

1848, published an 'Index to the Baker
Manuscripts,' and in the ' Catalogue of Manu-
scripts ' in the Cambridge University Library,
edited by Charles Hard wick (18:21-1859)
[q. v.] and Henry Richards Luard [q.v.], lie
undertook the heraldic and monastic cartu-
laries ; but, finding himself deficient in neces-
sary medieval scholarship, he made way
after the third volume, for George Williams
(1814-1878) [q. v.] and Thomas Bendyshe.
In 1851 he published, through the Cam-
bridge Antiquarian Society, ' Ancient Cam-
bridgeshire ; or, an Attempt to trace Roman
and other ancient Koads through the County/
of which a much-enlarged edition was pub-
lished in 1883.

But Babington was still pursuing his re-
searches in natural history. In his Channel
Island flora, Babington had evinced an inte-
rest in the critical study of brambles which
resulted in his publishing in 1846, in the
'Annals^nd Magazine of Natural History'
of which he had acted as an editor from
1842 and in a separate form, 'A Synopsis
of British Rubi,' which was followed in 1869
by^ a more complete work, entitled 'The
British Rubi,' which was issued at the cost
of the University Press, and the revision of
which occupied the last years of his life.
The study of brambles brought Babin^ton
into daily fellowship with Fenton John An-
thony Hort [q. v. Suppl.] In 1846 Babing-
ton made his only excursion beyond the
limits of the British Isles, visiting Iceland
for a few weeks, and it is characteristic of
the thoroughness of his method that the list
of plants published immediately afterwards
in the < Annals' was revised, with full refer-
ences to other workers, in the Linnean So-
ciety's l Journal' for 1870. In 1860 he pub-
lished his ' Flora of Cambridgeshire/ wjich
set the example of an historical examination
of the earlier authorities ; and, on the death
of Professor Henslow in the following year,
Babington succeeded him. By that time,
wrote his friend, Professor J. E. B. Mayor
(Memorials, p. xxi), ' his name in Cambridge
stood by metonymy for Botany in general.
Thus when a weed be^an to choke the Cam
... it was christened 3abingtonia pestifera.'
Babington's lectures were on those mainly
anatomical lines that are now considered out
of date ; and, though his classes dwindled,
he had little sympathy with histolo;ical and
physiological detail. After his health failed
lie gave up half his professional income to
his deputy, but Detained his chair in order
to save the university chest the increased
salary payable to his successor. One of his
main interests was the improvement of the
herbarium of the university, for which he

Babington

Babington

secured the appointment of an assistant', and
upon which lie almost always spent more
than the amount provided by the university,
Essentially a field naturalist, ho visitod
almost every part of the British Isles in hia
search for plants, and always jjroierrud^tQ
share his pleasure with others, his most- fro
Client companion from 184-5 to 1885 being
^Villiam Williamson Newbould [q. v.]

Babington had always had a strong inte-
rest in evangelical mission work, and al'tor his
marriage at Walcot, near Uath, on 3 April
1866, to Anna Maria, daughter of John
"Walker of the Madras civil service, this
interest was intensified. The Church Mis-
sionary Society, the London City .Mission,
the Irish Church Missions, tho Uganda,
Zenana, and China Missions, the roscue
work of Dr. Barnardo, and the pro1.cst.ant
propagandist*! in Spain and Italy rouuived
their .xeartiest support. Jani Alii of Oormw
Ghristi College, Lie Mohammedan missio-
nary, looked upon tho Bul)i nitons' houso a,s
his homo, In 1871 Babington practically
founded a cottage homo for orplian girls at
Cambrid ^e. In 1874 he published t ho ' .1 1 is-
tory of tae Infirmary and Chapel of the Hos-
pital and College of SL John tho KvuiitfoliHt.
at Cambridge/ while the siiccossive editions
of the 'Manual/ numerous papers, and his
journal showed that his interest in botany,
and especially in bramble, continued un-
abated until 'tlio end. From 1H8(> to 1801
Babington annually visited Braemar. He
died at Cambridge on 22 July 1895, and was
buried in. Cherry Ilinton cluiruhyard.

Babington was at his death the oldest
resident member of the university, and the
oldest fellow of the Linnean Society. lie
had been elected a fellow of the Geological
Society in 1835, of the Botanical Society of
Edinburgh in 1830, of the Society of Anti-
quaries in 1859, of the .Hoyal Soc.ioty in
1851, and of St. John's College, Cambri'dgo,
in 1882. The name Ilabinyttima was given
to a genus of liestiacejo by Ijindloy in
but this is now merged in Liim6's
JBaechea. Species of A triples and
and a variety of Allium, however, bear the
name fiabingtonii, His portrait, by Wil-
liam Vizard, is in the hall of his col lego, and
another is reproduced from a pencil, wketch
by Mrs* Hoare, taken in 1820, in the ' Memo-
rials.' Hia herbarium of nearly fi fty thousand
sheets and sixteen hundred volumes of bo-
tanical works were bequeathed to the uni-
versity. The Hoyal Society's Catalogue (i,
136-9, yii. 62, ix/91) enumerates 182 papers
by Babington published prior to 1882, and
others are enumerated in the ' Memorials/

Babington's separate publications have

alrnady been numtinnod in chronological
order, The successive odil ions of his * Manual
of British Botany' were published in 1K1J,
1847, 1851, luriHJWW, 1W7, 187-1, and 1881.
Each was in one volume, liJmo, n,ncl con-
sisted of a thou.Mimd r,opios. A ninth edi-
tion, under thn odhorshiji of Mmsiu Jlenry
and JumuK djrovew, is HOW in propanitinn.

[Memorials, Journal, and IJoUiiM'al Oormsp.
of ClmrloH Cardult! ItubiD^toTi, (Jambri(lp;o, 1 807. J

U. H. B.

BABINGTON, CllllUClin^ (18^1-
1881)), weholar, only son of Mul.thew Dralco
Babington, n?clor of Thrin^stoiu^ Leicc.Htor-
sliire, wciH born at IttuuiliU'o in thai county
on 11 Marc.li ISiM. lln was conntu'-ledwitii
the Mawiulny family, and ulightly, OH his"
niothfir'sHido, wil h Iliatof Mio pool Ohiu'cJull.
Charles Ctu'dale Habiii^ton |<j, v. Suj)">l. ] wa,a
his fatih(ir\s r,ou,siu, I (\ WUN onttii^M, at Hl>,
John's (;<)11(^( T (^anihridp 1 , iti ,18119, and
g radt iiti.nd 1J.A, in 18'1,'{, bc/ni^ thoHnvnnllj, in
the cliLHHuuil Irij)os 7 aiul a senior optiiun'H in
niathomatittH. Ih was olocted a fellow and
onlainecliu IH-IO, i)i which yoarlK'^aiiKul tho
Jlulnoan essay, wrilin^' on * Christianity in
relation to tho Abolition of Slavery,' iSomu
four yoavH prtiviou.sly he had vindicated his
youthful love of natural history in a contri-
bution to Poll-w'rt* History anil Autiqu'
of Charnwood l\)iv,Ht' (irfl^, -llo). I lo
cluuted M.A, in IH-KJ, and S.T.IJ. in 18W5,
proceeded D,l), in 1870, ami wan el<M',ted an
iionomry follow of St., .lolmXOuwbrultfo, in
1880. in 1HU) WUH publi,sh(Hl at Ca,inhridg'o
hifl able tlelcncu of Ihn Mn^lish c.hM^'y and
g-entry of tho H(w<ml couth < i .uitury a^uiuHt
Macaulay'H aspersions in tho fjunotm third
chapter of tho * History of Kn^lumP (7f//%

. ( Uad,stono,i

'History, 7 was strongly hn >rtWHi!(l with
bin^tou'rt (WHays, and consi< innul that ho had
convicted JVlacuubiy a,t Initst of partiality.
In 1850 ho wus ontniHtoti by thti uuivotMity
with tho tusk of willing 1 tin* mumtly dw-
co veered iVa|jfiuonlH of * Tho < )nitioiw of flypo-
ridoH a{fiiiHfc DomoHtJu^noH, nncl for Lyco-
ohron and for Kuxonippun' from tho papyri
1'ound at TluvbtB in Uppor Mgypt, and liis
edition WUH IHSIKM! in two votumcH (1850
and 1858), In 1855 hi^ brought; out, an
edition of 'Tho JJiwflts of Christ 'H Douth, 1
Rupposed to lw by tho Italian rofonuor, Acuno
Palpario. In IHfiO ho oditod lor tlin U,olKs
Renos Pucock's M?opr(8Hor/iind in 1805, for
tho same Kork% tuts two First, volumes of
ITigdcn'a * rolyclironicou.' In IKtW ho \VUH
olectod Ditmoy profoswur of ar<*.luwolofjfy at
Oambridgo, axul puhHshod Ins introdutilory
lecture. Hia contributions to the ' Die*

Bacon

tionary of Christian Antiquities' were very
considerable (including' the articles on medals,
glass, gems, inscriptions, seals, rings, and
tombs), and of great merit. Jlis favourite
studies, beside numismatics, were botany
and ornithology. After 1866, in which year
he left Cambridge and accepted the rectory
of Cockfield in Suffolk, he was able to con-
centrate his attention upon this last and
best loved study, and the result was his very
thorough monograph on l The Birds of
Suffolk"' (1886), a storehouse of facts upon
the ornithology of the county. During his
last years he took up the study of conchology,
and formed a fine collection 'both of British
and exotic shells. Pie was an exemplary
parish clergyman, and his archaeological
competence secured the adequate and taste-
ful restoration of Cockfield church during
his incumbency. The last stage was marked
by the erection of a new organ in 1887. He
died at Cockfield on 12 Jan. 1889, and was
buried in the parish churchyard. A stained
glass window was erected to his memory in
January 1890. He married in 18G9 a daugh-
ter of Colonel John Alexander Wilson, II. A.,
but left no issue. Besides his separately
printed works, his contributions to the jour-
nals of learned societies, such as the t Numis-
matic Chronicle' and Hooker's 'Journal of
Botany,' and the ' Suffolk Institute Papers'
were numerous. His house was a small
museum of natural history, coins, and Greek
vases, and he brought from Cambridge in
1866 a fine collection of books.

[Bury and Norwich Post, and Suffolk Herald,
22 Jan. 1889 ; West Suffolk Advertiser, 14 Juno
1890; Guardian, 15 Jan. 1889; Grraduati Can-
tab.] T. S.

B AGON, Src JAMES (1798-18P5), judge,
son of James Bacon, by his wife Catherine,
born Bay, of Manchester, was born on
11 Feb. 1798. His father's origin and his-
tory are obscure, but he was in intermittent
practice as a certificated conveyancer at
Somers Town and elsewhere within the
metropolitan district between 1805 and 1825.
The future judge was admitted on 4 April
1822 member of Gray's Inn, and was there
called to the bar on 16 May 1 827. He was
also admitted on 3 Oct., 1833 member, and
on 8 May 1845 barrister ad eundem, at Lin-
coln's Inn, where, on. taking silk, he was
elected bencher on 2 Nov. 1846, and treasurer
in 1869.

For some years after his call Bacon went
the home circuit, and attended the Surrey
sessions, reported and wrote for the press,
He is said to have been for a time sub-editor
of the ' Times ; ' and the admirable style of

93

Bacon

his Judgments shows that he might have
achieved high literary distinction had not
the demands of a growing practice proved
too exacting. Eventually he limited himself
to conveyancing, chancery, and bankruptcy
business, of which he gradually obtainec his
full share. In 1859 he was appointed under-
secretary and secretary of causes to the
master of the rolls, and on 7 Sept. 1868
commissioner in bankruptcy for the London
district. From the latter 'office he was ad-
vanced to that of chief judge under the
Bankruptcy A ct of 1869, wll ich misconceived
statute lie administered with perhaps as much
success as its nature permitted from its com-
mencement until its repeal, and the trans-
ference of the bankruptcy jurisdiction to the
queen's bench division of the high court of
justice, in 1883.

Shortly after his appointment to the chief-
judgeshb in bankruptcy Bacon succeeded
Sir WiLiam James as vice-chancellor on
2 July 1870, and he held the two offices
concurrently till 1888. He was knighted on
14 Jan. 1871. The .Judicature Acts of 1873
and 1875 preserved the title of vice-chan-
cellor during the lives of the existing vice-
chancellors, while giving them the status
of justices of the high court, and providing
that no future vice-chancellors should be ap-
pointed. Though junior in office Bacon was
considerably senior in years to vice-chan-
cellor Malms, as also to vice-chancellors
Wickens and Hall. Yet all three died while
the veteran was still dispensing justice with
undiminished vigour; and he tlms became
the last holder of a dignity of which he re-
membered the creation in 1813.

Bacon after 1883, when the chief-judge-
ship in bankruptcy was abolished, continued
his labours as vice-chancellor. lie was still
hale and hearty when on 10 Nov. 1886 he
retired from the bench at the age of eighty-
eight. He was then sworn of the privy
council (26 Nov.) He died of old age at
his residence, 1 Kensington Gardens Terrace,
Hyde Park, on 1 June 1895.

Bacon married, on 23 April 1827, Laura
Frances (d. 1S39), daughter of William
Cook of Clay Hill, Enfield, Middlesex, by
whom he left issue.

Bacon's career embraced in its patriarchal
span a whole era of gradual but incessant
reform, which is without a parallel in our
legal history. It was therefore no wonder
that a vice-chancellor, who had sat at the
feet of Eldon, and grown grey under St.
Leonards, should exhibit some of the foibles
of an old practitioner confronted with a
new order of things, or that a considerable
proportion of his judgments should be re-

Baden-Powell

94

Badger

versed or modified on appeal. Nevertheless,
to have united tit. so advanced an age and
for so long' a period the chief-judgeship in
bankruptcy with the vice-chancellorship re-
mains a prodigious feat of mental and physical
vigour.

Bacon was one of the most courteous of
judges, and had also no small fund of wit
and humour. His pungent obiter dicta not
unfrequently enlivened the dull course of
proceedings, and the clever caricature
sketches with which he illustrated his notes
provided relaxation for the lords-j usticos of
appeal.

[Foster's Hen at the Bar; Gray's Inn Adm.
Beg. ; Lincoln's Inn Kocorils ; Law Lists, ] 806-
1815, 1828, 1847, 1800, 1871, 1885; Bnrko'a
Peerage, 1894; Foster's K-ironotiige ; Times,
3 June 189.5; Ann. Hog. 1895, ii. 183; Law
Times, 8 .Tuno 1895; Law Jonrn, 13 Nov. 1880,
17 Feb. 1894, 8 Juno 1895; Saturday Jioviow,
8 Juno 1895; Pump Court, February 1S95;
Ballantine's From the Old World to tho Now,
p. 209 ; Solborne's Memorials, Personal and
Political, i. 291, ii. 164; Men and Women of
tho Time, 1891.] J. M, R.

BADEN-POWELL, Sti* OEOUGK

(1847-1898), author and politician. [Soo

POWELL.]

BADGEK, GEORGE PERCY (181/3-
1888), Arabic scholar, bom at Ohelmsford
in Essex in April 1815, was a ' winter by
trade, His youth was sni-mt at .'lalta, and
Ids knowledge of the Maltese dialect was
the foundation, of his love of Arabic. Ho
flaunt the greater part of IHUfi and J83(> at;
liairut improving his acquaintance with
Arabic. At Birejik ho visited tho expedition
under Francis Itawdon Gnosnoy [c . v,] for
the exploration of tho Euphrates valley. On
returning to Malta ho was associated with
Ahmad JFaris Kilondi in the editorial de-
partment of tho Church Missionary Society,
lie returned to England in 1841, studied at
the Church Missionary Sodoty'a Institution
at Islington, and was ordained deacon in
1841 and priest in tho following year. On
account of his intimate knowledge of tho
East, and his unrivalled colloquial know-
ledge of Arabic, he was chosen by William
Howley [q.v."|, archbishop of Canterbury,
and by Charles James lUomfiold [((.vlj,
bishop of London, as delegate to tho Eastern
churches, and more especially the Nestorians
of Kurdistan. He was employed on this
mission from 1842 till ] 844, and ho visited
the Nestorians a second time in 18oO. In
his book on 'The Nestorians and their
Kituals' (London, 1852, 2 vols, 8vo),-a
work of permanent value to students of

comparative _ theology, ho gave a history of
the community and an account of his two
expeditions, bosidun a translation of the prin-
cipal Nestovian rituals from tho Syriac. On
returning to I^nglaiul from hLs first oxpodi-
tion in 181-5, J-iadgisr was appointed govern-
ment chaplain on tho Bombay onlabliHlunont,
and a year later lus was uppointud chaplain at
Aden. When. Sir J amen ( )utram [q. v.] was
sonHoAdon in 185-1 as commandant and poli-
tical agent, ho placed wmM'ulurabJo reliance hi
dealing with l.lie Arab tribes on Jladgor'a
knowledge of the mitivo chiefs and on his in-
flueiKUi witli thorn. When ho was appointed
commandor-in-chiof of the .Persian oxpodi-
tion in November 1 H">({ ho ohtainod the a)>-
pointmont of Hadgur UH st-all' c.liapkiu and
Arabic inlorprotor to tlio foreo. At tho
conclusicm of the campaign of 1 857 .Badger
roctnvocl tho war modal, lu 1800 ho was ap-
pointed coadjutor to Colonel (Sir) William
Marcus Ooghlan to settle tho dillbroncos
which had arison betwoen tho sons of the
renowned Sayy id Sa'id, the Hayyid Thuwainy,
who ruled ovnr Oman, atid tho Sayy id
TYlajicl, who ruled ovur Sa'id's J^ast African

Jtadgftr returned to Kngland in 18(J1, and
in Oct.()bor aocompaniod Outram on a visit
to Kgypt;. In 1H(W In^ rei-ired from tho urn"-
vice, and devoted himself chiefly to lite-
rature, In IH7*J ho was appointed secretary
to Sir IFoTipy Bart lo I^dward Krere [ (\. v.], on
a mission to /aiixihar to negotiate thtt sup-
pr<.ssion of the slave trade with the sultan,
tSayyid Burgasli. hi recognition of his nor-
vi<jos Badger was created DXJ.L. hy the
archbishop of Canterbury in 1H7J. Two
years later h<^ was nppoint'ed to attend upon
the sultan of Xuiixiluir during IUM visit to
Kngland, In 1H7'J h<( was tmm,tttul a knight
commander of tho order of tho Crown of
Italy, and in 1880 he wiis nominated by tho
sultan of Zanzibar a knight of the ( learning
Star.

In 1881 Badger published 'An NngliNh-
Arabio Lexicon' (London, 8vo), which has
remained the standard work of its kind. It.
was especially notable lor its command of
current Arabic nomenclature and phraseo-
logy,

Badger diinl in London on 21 Fob. 1888
at iil Leamington Uoad Villas, WoHtbouruo
Park, and WUH bun<d on Xtt Keh, at. Keunal
(Iroon <unet(ii i y. Besides the works already
mentioned, he was tho author of: L * De-
scription of Malta and Uosw,' Malta, 1HJJ8,
12mo; fith edit, entitled MiiwtnricAl (luido
to Malta and Cow/ 1878. & Moment i
della lingua Inclose, sulla base delia (Iritm-
matica di \'entroi,' Malta, 18/50, 12wo.

iggallay

9S

Bagnal

3. ' Government in its Relations with Edu-
cation and Christianity in India,' London,
1858, 8vo. 4. ' Sermons on the State of the
Dead, Past, Present, and Future,' Bombay,
1861, 8vo; 2nd edit. London, 1871, 8vo.
5. ' A Visit to the Isthmus of Suez Canal
Works/ London, 180:2, 8vo. He edited for
the Hakluyt Society The Travels of Lodo-
vico di Varthema,' London, 1863, 8vo, trans-
lated by John Winter Jones [q. v.], and
Salil Ibn Eazik's ' History of the Imams and
Seyyids of Oman,' London, 1871, 4to. He
also translated Isidore Mullois's ' Clergy and
the Pulpit/ London, 1867, 8vo, and contri-
buted the article ' Muhammad and Mu-
hammadanism ' to Smith's ' Dictionary of
Christian Biography' (1882).

[Badger's Works ; Academy, 3 March 1888;
Stock's Hist, of Church Miss. Soc. 1899, i. 340-
350; Times, 23 Feb. 1888; Crockford's Clerical
Directory; Goldsmid's James Outrnm, 1881,
ii. 89, 90, 176, 376; Mart menu's Life of Sir
JSartle Frere, 3895, ii. 71, 151 ; Men of the Time,
1887 ; Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. Supplement.]

H 1 T f 1

BAGGALLAY, SIE RICHARD (1816-
1888), judge, eldest son of Richard Bag-
gallay, merchant, of London and Kingthorpe
House, Tooting, Surrey, by Anne, daughter
of Owen Harden, was born at Stockwell,
Surrey, on 13 May 1816. Like his con-
temporary, William Baliol Brett, Viscount
Esher ]q. v. SuppL], he was an alumnus of
GonviLe and Caius College, Cambridge,
where he read hard, graduating B.A. (four-
teenth wrangler) in 1839, and proceeding
M.A. in 1842. He was Frankland fellow of
his college from 1845 until his marriage in
1847, and honorary fellow from 1880 until
his death. Admitted student at Lincoln's
Inn on 23 March 1837, he was there called
to the bar on 14 June 1843, and elected
bencher on 13 March 1861, and treasurer in
1875. lie practised with distinction in the
rolls court, which during Lord Romilly's
later years attracted most of the talent of
the equity bar, took silk in 1861, and was
made counsel to the university of Cambridge
in 1800. He was returned to parliament for
Hereford on 14 July 1865 as a conservative
reformer, found no difficulty in accepting
Disraeli's scheme of household suffrage, suc-
ceeded Brett as solicitor-general on 1C Sept.
1868, and was knighted as the government
went out of office (9 Dec.) In the meantime
he bad lost his seat, which he failed to re-
cover at a subsequent contest (30 March
1869). lie re-entered parliament in 1870,
being returned on 17 Oct. for Mid-Surrey,
which seat he retained at the general elec-
tion of February 1874, and until his eleva-

tion to the bench. The return of his party
to power in 1874 reinstated him in the office
of solicitor-general (27 Feb.), and on the
early retirement of Sir John Karslake he
was advanced to the attornev-ffeneralship
(20 April).

As attorney-general he piloted the Judi-
cature Act, of 1875 through committee, and
under that measure he was created (29 Oct.
1875) justice of appeal, for which was soon,
afterwards substituted the title of lord-jus-
tice of appeal, and was sworn of the privy
council.

On Ba ;gallay thus devolved no small por-
tion of tJe heavy burden of construing the
Judicature Acts, and determining the course
of procedure under the new system which
they introduced. The task proved to be be-
yond his physical powers. In the summer
of 1882 his health broke down, and a pro-
longed rest failed completely to restore it.
He retired from the Dench in November
1885, but assisted occasionally in the de-
liberations of the privy council until shortly
before his death, which took place at Brigh-
ton on 13 Nov. 1888.

Baggallay was a sound lawyer but hardly
a stron7 judge. He married, on 25 Feb.
1847, Marianne, youngest daughter of Henry
Charles Lacy of Withdean HaU, Sussex,
by whom he left issue.

[Gal. Univ. Camb. 184.0-5; Grad. Cant,;
Foster's Men at the Bar ; Lincoln's Inn Records ;
Law List, 1843, 1861, 1862, 1875, 1876; Gent.
Mag. 1847, i. 543 ; Members of Parliament
(official lists) ; Hansard's Parl. Deb. 3rd ser.
clxxxii. 1578, elxxxvi. 1223,ecx-ccxxvi ; Times,
14 Nov. 1888 ; Ann. Reg. 1868 ii. 252,254, 1888
ii. 179; Law Times, 5 Dec. 1885, 24 Nov. 1888 ;
Law Journ. 5 Nov. 1875, 27 May 1882, 17 Novr.
1888; Solicitor's Journ. 17 Nov. 1888; Burke's
Peerage, 1888; Foster's Baronetage; Men of
the Time, 1884.] J. M. ft.

BAGNAL, SIB HENRY (1656P-1598),

marshal of the army in Ireland, born about
1556, was son of Sir Nicholas Bagnal [q. v.
SuppL] and his wife Eleanor, daughter of Sir
Edward Griffith of Penrhyn. He was edu-
cated at Jesus College, Oxford, but seems to
have left the university without a degree
and ^one to serve with his father in Ireland.
On C May 1577 he was associated with his
father in a commission for the government
of Ulster (Cat. Plants, Eliz.No. 3021), and
in the following year he was knighted. In
August 1580 he was, with Sir William
Stanley, in command of the rear of the army
when Arthur Grey, baron Grey de Wilton
^q. v.], was defeated by the Irish in Glenma-
Ture (BAGWELL, Inland under the Tudors,
iii. 61). On 26 Aug. 1583 he was granted

Bagnal

9 6

Bagnal

in reversion his father's oifice of marshal of
the army, and his name was generally in-
cluded iii the commissions for the govern-
ment of Ulster, for taking musters, and sur-
veying lands. In September 1584 lie went
to attack thirteen hundred Scots who had
landed on llathlin island under Angus M'ac-
doimell, but the ships which should have
co-operated failed to appear, and the invaders
were not driven off until Stanley's arrival.

In 1586 Bagnal visited England, and on
1G Sept, of that year he wrote to Edward
Manners, third earl of Hut land [c. v.] ? whose
cousin he had married, saying t mt he was
' very desirous for his learning's sako to be
made a parliament roan,' and asking it' tho
earl had a borough to spare. Thirtnon days
later he was returned to the English parlia-
ment for Anglesey ; ho was also oloctod for
Grant.ham on 124 Oct., but the latter return
was cancelled.

In October 1590 Sir Nicholas Bagnal
resigned his office of marshal on condition
that his son Henry was appointed to succeed
him ; he received the post on 5M Oct., and
was on the same day sworn of tho privy
council. On 1 8 May 1501 ho was made chief
commissioner for the government ol! Ulster,
and soon afterwards ITirjh O'Neill, oarl of
Tyrone [q. T.], whoso f rst wifo liad just
diotl, made overtures to Bagnal for tho liand
of his sister Mabel. 1 tognal contemptuously
refused to entertain tho proposal, and, to
keop Mabel out of Tyrone's reach, removed
her to Turvey, near Swords, the houao of
Sir Patrick 'Barnowall, who had married
another sister. Tyrone, howovor, persuaded
Mabel Bagnal to elopo with him, and t.hoy
were married in August 1501 by Thotnart
Jones (1G50M619) [q.v.~, bishop of Mouth.
Bagnal refused to pay jia sister's dowry,
and a ftvud began between tho two which
led to Tyrone's revolt and Bagmil 1 B doath.
The countess of Tyrone appears to have
soon repented of her marriage, and died in
1506.

Meanwhile, in Roptembor 1501$, Bagnal
invaded ."Fermanagh Irom the wide of Mona-
,?han to attack "Jugh Ma^uiro [q. v,], who
liad defeated Sir Ttichard l>mgham [<j, v.] at
Tulsk. At Enniflkillon he was joined by
Tyrone, and together they dofoatoc.^Mapfuire
on 10 Oct. ; both claimod the credit for the
victory, but this was Tyrone's last service
to the English crown uiulor Elizabeth, and
henceforth lie and Bagnal were at open war,
In May 1595 Bagnal relieved Mcmaghan,
which was besieged by Tyrone, but in the
following July his lands were wasted right
up to the gates of Newry ( Cal, BW& Papers,
Irel, 1592-6, pp. 319, 340). In December

159G he revictuallnd Armagh, aucl again in
June 1597, nearly capturing Tyrone on the
latter occasion. In 15{)S Tyrone sat down
before the fort on thn Hl.whwjitor, and in
August Bagnal, wan nont to ivliovo it; ho
was given four thousand foot, 1h mo hundred
and twenty horso, and four Jiold-piocoN. His
military capacity was not, howovor, groat;
nor was ko popular with kin in on, who had
earlier in tho your almost opouly nuitiniod
(//;. 1598-9, p. 7)9), Ul-fortmm attomlod this
expedition from the start, but it roachod
Armagh without lighting, and thonco Hot
out for tho Yollow Kord on tho Ulaekwattvr,
kooping to tho right: of tho main road to
avoid tho noL'oflsity of frontal attacks. On
14 Aug tho Knglish oiicoiintunul a Hupovior
for co of Tyrone's men, wow tali mi by sur-
piiso, and hnmptMvd in 1hoiv oporal ions by
tho bogs. Bagnal himsidf was wlain oarly
in tho action, and lvin Inxly loll into Tyrono'*rt
liamln (of. ^ W. lt<ttjh>ld t J/*W.viii.'H)i)-ll!2;
JnquiittjHMtMMi'tMHi Klix, vol. cdxi. No. (U).
In all tho Kngliwh lo.st 855 Icillod and JWW
woinuhul; tho moral ollrot. of tlun Irinh vio,-
tory was ononnotis, and lod to tlm g( k ii(n*al
rising of ir>!)9 1(501, which tuuirly wrested
Ireland from Klixabotli'H grns").

Bagnal marriod lOlonnor, uau^htor of Sir
John Savago of Uoc.k Savngo, >y his wife
Dlizaboth, diutghtor of ThonuiH Miuuiors,
oarl of 1 Jutland <j, v. "| ; by hor, who mir-
vivod him, ho hue IMHUO UinM< HOIW and four
chuightfU's, of whom Anno married LowU
Bayly [q, v.|, bishop of Hangor.

fOal. >St,at< PaporH, Irol. l.OKO 98 pn-SHtrn; (Jul.
FiatitM, Klk ; (Jal. Onniw MSS. ; UiHl, MSH.
(Joium. lf>th K^p. A pp. iii. U!M ; Kullaud MSM.
i.l71-ii f 207,.'M; hiiHrt'lh'H'H Lihp Mun, Itih,,
Visit, of ClioNhiro (IL'irl, Hue.), p. L>()-1 ; I^wt-oi'^
Alutuui Oxou. ir(K) I7M; Tho lldiijuary, x,
110; Anualn of Ilio Knur MaMorn; (Ittx'w
llibnrniiii An^licatia; ifa^wull'H Jruland imdoir
tho TuilopH.] A, R 1 J .

BAGNAL, Rut N10UOI,AS (IfilOP-
"15 ( ,)()P), raarhal of the army in Ireland,
bom about 1510, wan nu*ond HOII of John
Manual (d. 155S), a Uilor by Irai'lo and
mayor of Nowc.HHlltMiiuler-I^ymo in lf)10,
15aa, 15^(5, Ifirtl, nd !{{/ by \m wife
Khuuior, diiujfliter of Thojniis W'hittin^ham
of Middlowic.h, Oht^Hhins and nocond eousin
of William VVhittin^luun |(j. v,], doati of
Durham ( Fm'fc CfoMiv, Ilarl. Rt>. p. i->-18 ;
Tbfi Krttfjtmri/, x. 1 10), IHs iUUr brot.hor,
Sir Ralph Bii'jifiial, wan ono of lloury VIU'H
mttlinfc court iurs, Hti^matim^d l>y Kdwurd
Underbill tho * Hot (Uw-uilliT 1 (Nttn\ of the
JRef urination, pp. 15H, SJi 0) ; li WUH granted
Dieulaoms Ablmy, StHiVordfthipo, in 15.^-3,
sat in tlio paiiiamiuit of Octubur I55!i, pon-

Bagnal

97

Bagnal

sibly for Newcastle-under-Lyme, the return
for which has been defaced, made some sort
of protest against the reconciliation with
Rome, and f.ed to France, where he was
implicated in Sir Henry Dudley's conspiracy
(Cat. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 80).
On 19 Jan. 1558-9 he was elected for
Staffordshire, and in January 1562-3 for
Newcastle-under-Lyme. He squandered the
lands granted him by Henry VIII largely in
indiscriminate charity, and Elizabeth is re-
ported to have promised him in the last re-
sort the full run of her kitchen.

Nicholas was a ;entleman pensioner of
Henry VIII, and in _539 was sent to Ireland.
There he became acquainted with Con
O'Neill, first earl of Tyrone ~q. v.], and on
7 Dec. 1542 the Irish council, "at the earnest
suit of Tyrone,' begged Henry VIII for the
'pardon of one Nic. Bagnalde, late the
king's servant, who fled on account of a
murder' (Letters and Papers, 1542, No. 1182).
This appears to have been granted. Bagnal
returned to England in April 1544, having
'served five 7ears with great credit,' and
took part in t:ie campaign in France in the
following summer. In March 1546-7 he was
appointed by Edward VI marshal of the army
in Ireland (Acts P. C. 1547-50, pp. 77, 462 ;
Cal Fiants, Edward VI, No. 13). In Au-
gust 1548 he was with the lord deputy, Sir
Edward Bellingham "q. v.], when the Irish,
who had invaded Kildare under Cahir O'Con-
nor, were defeated with great slaughter. In
November 1551 he was sent by Croft to
expel the Scots who had invaded Dufferin.
He was knighted in the same year, and on
22 April 1552 was panted the lands of St.
Patrick's and St. Mary's abbeys in Newry,
and the manor of Oarlingford. On Mary's
accession Bagnal lost his office of marshal,
which was conferred on Sir Georfe Stanley.
He does not appear to have offeree any overt
opposition to * Gary's government, but pro-
bably he shared his brother's pro test ant views,
and on 7 May 1556 he was lined a thousand
pounds (Acts P. 0. 1554-6, p. 268), On
12 Jan. 1558-9 he was elected to Eliza-
beth's first parliament as member for Stoke-
on-Trent.

Much to Bagnal's annoyance, Stanley was
continued as marshal in Ireland by Eliza-
beth, and on 23 April 1562 he wrote to the
queen complaining that his lands brought
him in nothing owing to the depredations of
Shane O'NeiL *q. v.], whereas while he was
in office they were worth a thousand pounds
a year. Bagnal, however, had to be content
with a mere captaincT until Sir Nicholas
Arnold's recommendations induced her to
reappoint him marshal in 1565, when Sir
VOL, i. SUP,

Henry Sidney [q.v.] became deputy. Bagnal's
patent was dated 5 Oct. 155, but he had
scarcely taken up the office when, early in.
1566, he entered into an agreement to sell it
and his lands to Sir Thomas Stucley [q. v.]
Sidney and Cecil both urged Elizabeth to
confirm the bargain, but the cueen was
justly suspicious of Stucley, and 3agnal re-
mained marshal.

In this capacity he did good service
a 'ainst the Irish in Ulster ; he rebuilt
Newry and made it, unlike most of the
Elizabethan settlements in Ireland, a real
colonial success, with the result that Newry
became an effective bridle for Ulster. He
held the office of marshal for twenty-five
years, and was appointed to many other
commissions besides. On 6 May 1577 he
was nominated ' to have the principal rule
throughout the province of Ulster' (Cal.
Fiants t Eliz. No. 3021). On 26 Aug. 1583
his son Sir Henry obtained the reversion of
the marshalship, and acted henceforth as his
father's deputy. Nevertheless, Sir Nicholas
was on 6 July 1584 appointed chief com-
missioner for the government of Ulster, and
in April 1585 he was returned to the Irish
parliament as member for co. Down. In
January 1585-6 Sir John Perrot [q. v,] com-
plained that Bagnal was old and not able to
perform his duties as marshal. This was
possibly the beginning of the feud between
!3agnal and Perrot, which lasted until the
lord deputy was recalled ; on one occasion
(15 July 1587) there was an affray between
the two in Perrot's house (Cal. State Papers,
Ireland, 1586-8, pp. 353-60). On 20 Oct.
1590 Bagnal resigned the omce of marshal
on condition that it was conferred on his
son, Sir Henry. His name does not again
occur, and he died at the end of 1590 or
beginning of 1591.

Batjna.. married, about 1555, Eleanor,
daughter of Sir Edward Griffith of Pen-
rhyn, and left issue five sons and six daugh-
ters, Of the sons, Sir Henry is noticed
separately, and Sir Samuel was knighted by
Essex at Cadiz in 1596 (CORBETT, Drake's
Successors, p. 97), was made commander-in-
chief in Ulster on 28 Sept. 1599 during
Essex's absence, and became marshal in
1602. Sir Nicholas's daughter Mabel eloped
with the famous Earl of Tyrone [see under

[Cal, State Papers, Ireland ; Cal. Carew
MSS. and Book of Howth ; Cal. Fiants, Ireland,
Edward VI-Elizabeth ; Acts of the Privy Coun-
cil, ed. Dasent ; Hist. MSS. Counn. 15th Eep.
App. iii. 142, 154. 217; Off. Ret. Members of
Parl. ; Lascelles's Liber Munerum Hib. ; Erdes-
wick's Staffordshire, p, 493 ; Ward's Hist, of

Bagot

Bagot

Stoke-on-Trenl, p. 346 ; Bagwell's Ireland under
the Tudors; The Reliquary, ed. Jewitt, x. 110.]

A. F. P,

BAGOT, SIB CIIAULES (1781-1843),
diplomatist and governor-general of Canada,
born at BlitMelc House in Staffordshire on
23 Sept, 1781, was second surviving son of
William, first baron Bagot of Bagots Brom-
ley, by his wife Elizabeth Louisa, eldest
daughter of John St. John, second viscount
Bolingbroke. "William Bagot, second baron
Bagot [c .v.], was his brother. Educated at
Eugby, ae matriculated at Christ Church,
Oxford, on 26 Oct. 1797, and graduated B.A.
in 1801, and M.A. three years later. On
12 Nov. 1801 he was admitted to Lincoln's
Inn. Entering into politics, ho took his seat
as member for Castlo llising on 22 Juno 1807,
In the following August he became parlia-
mentary undersecretary for foreign affairs
under Canning, with whom he formed a close
friendship, but at the close of the year he
accepted the Chiltorn hundreds. Turning to
diplomacy he was appointed minister-pleni-
potentiary to Franco on 11 July 18 1,4. He
gave place to the Duke of Wellington in
August, and was sent as envoy-extraordinary
anc, minister-plenipotentiary to the United
States on 31 July If 1 5. Before his departure
lie was sworn of the privy council (4 Dec.
1816), Besides Bottling tho irritation con-
sequent on tho American war of 181.2-14
and improving the trade relations butweeu
the United States and tlxo British provinces,
lie secured tho neutrality of tho great lakes.
This arrangement, though it was in the form
of exchange-notes between Bagot and acting-
fiocretary Kuah (28 April 1817), was ratified
&s a treaty by the American senate, and was
proclaimed by President Monroe on 28 April
L818. It has since subsisted in full force to
<the common benefit of tho neighbouring'
peoples. On his return to England Bagot
waa created G.O.B. (20 May 1820).

On 23 May 1820 he was nominated am-
bassador to St. Petersburg. His chief duty
was, in the language of Canning, 'to keep
the czar quiet, 1 because 'the time for Areo-
pagus and the like of that is gone by/ lie
soon became a persona gratissima with the
-emperor. His subsidiary work included the
withdrawal of the ukase of 16 Sept. 1821,
which proclaimed the North Pacific a closed
sea. 1-6 made some progress also in defin-
ing the boundary between the Russian and
British possessions in North- west America,
though the actual treaty was not signed till
1825.

On 27 Nov. 1824 Bagot went to Th
Hague. In a letter to Lord Liverpool
Canning- says of this position : t It is the

best tiling the .secretary of state has to give,
and the only thing he can ^ive to whom ho
pleases. ... I sent Granvi lo to The Hague
only to keep it open for Bagot.' The experi-
ment of tho reunited Netherlands was then
in course of trial under the guarantee of
Europe. The of fort of William I to assimi-
late Holland and Belgium in law, language,
and religion by legislative force was bringing
about its natural result, Reparation of 'the
peoples. Bagot had no actual share in tho
rinal settlement for tho independence of
Belgium, which was concluded in London in
1831, but he used his inihumco to secure
favourable terms and an ollVictivo boundary
for tho now kingdom of Belgium. In April
1835 a special mission to Vienna brought
his diplomatic cantor to an <md.

Ou the retironuMit of Lord Amhorst in
1828 from the gpvornor^nnralHliip of India
the post was oli'orod to Ingot but docliaod,
He accepted a similar appointment to Canada
on 27 Sept. 18-11, and ontorod on lus duties
on 12 Jan. following. Ills torm of oilico was
short but memorable, Tho provmco was in
a transitionary state, Tho Union Act of
1840 had conform! on tho nnitod provinces
of Upper and Lower Canada rosponw'iblo go-
vernment, and liagot'a predecessor, Gharlos
TQdward l*oiilU Thomson, Lord ftydmiham
[q, v.], had oponod tho first nniliod parlia-
ment at Kingston on 13 Juno 18-11, but. no
efficient ministry was in oxistonco, To har-
monise the executive, whoso mombors wore
nominated by the crown, wit.li the oloettnl
united legislature of tho French and Kng*
Hsh pro vinous, was tho main object of Ragot's
rule, llo acted with commendable caution.
Doforrinj,' tho mooting of tho logwlativo as-
sembly, 'w> Hijt himself to strongtlion the
existing administration, For this -wrppno
ho first made, a tour of Upper Canauu llo
viwitod Niagara, laid the found at ion-Htono of
King's OoLogo, recuivod and ropliwd to ad-
dresses from municipal bodios, and intor*
viewed ,loa<ling men. Uo lailod t<o (umciliate
tho extreme tor'um, who oxptuMit^l that, OH a
well-known coiiBervativo tuid tho nominee
of Lord Stanley, he woul<l iiHHuro thmr
power. llo accepted tlio swrvicos of an ftcl-
vancod reformer like (Sir) .Francis II hick A

Sj. v,], and hold lumBolf aloof from party in-
uonceB.

Ho next turned hiw attrition to Lower
Canada and tho Fronch-spoaking population
His chettrl'ul disposition, his rouclmeBB to
meet all clrtHBes o; hor maji^sty's s\ibjocts, hia
generous hospitality, couplod with the win-
ning Icinduw of his wife, captivated tho poi>
sonal regard of a population who wore al-
ready propoHBOKaecl in lua favour by roaeon

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100

Baines

graphy.' In 1881 he started a monthly anti-
quarian magazine, tho 'Palatine Note-Boole/
which ran tor just over four years and ceased
with the forty-ninth number in 1885. He
collected many works on stenography with
a view to writing a history of that art,
and he possessed a valuable library of anti-
quarian and general literature. In 1886 ill-
ness put an end to his studies and projects,
He cied at Manchester on 23 Aug. 1888,
and was buried at St.retford church on 27 Aug.
His collection of Fuller's sermons, completed
and edited by Mr. W. E. A. Axoix, was pub-
lished in 1891.

His other works, irrespective of contri-
butions to the Chethani Society, include:
1. 'Life ota Lancashire Hector during the
Civil War,' 1877. 2, "The Grammar School
of Leigh,' 1879. 3. 'John Whitakor,' 1879.
4. 'Join Bee and the Stoganographia of
Trithemius/ 1879. He edited reprints of
' Manchester Al Hondo,' 1 880 ; Dee's < Diary,'
1880 ; and John Byrom's ' Journal/ 1882.

[Personal knowledge; Academy, 8 Sopt.
1888; Manchester Quarterly, October 188 ft;
Manchostpt* G-uardmu, 24 Aug. 1888 ; A Liwb of
the Writings of John Ellington Bailey, by
Ernest Axon, 1889; Notes and Qtioruw, 7th nor,
vi. 180; H. JLJriorloy's Morgan Jta'orloy, 1 900.1

j. a. A.

BAILLIE-COCHRANE, ALEX. IX U.
W. 0., first BARON LAMINUTON, l81(WL8i)0.
[See C

BAINES, Sm EDWARD (1 800-1 00),
journalist and economist, was born at LocdH
on 28 May 1800, boing the BOCOIH! son of
Edward Barnes [q. v."| by his wilt) Charlotte,
daughter of Matthew * Talbot, cui-rior, of
Lie<Ls. Ilia earliest education was received
t a private school at Leeds. Theneo ho was
removed to the protcstant disscntera' gram-
mar school at Manchester, known also as tho
New College, at which the eminent chomifit,
John Dalton [ty.'v.], was mathematical maa-
,ter. While at Manchester, in his 'fifteenth
year, lie became a Sunday-school toucher in
the congregational chapel, arid ecmtimuul to
4each in the Sunday-wchoola of his deno-
mination until his election to parliament in
1859. In 1815 he entered the of lice of tho
i Leeds Mercury ' and became a reporter of
public meetings* In this capacity he was
oresent on 1C Augj. 1819 at the ''Peterloo
Massacre.' In 1818 ho was promoted to the
editorship of the paper, and from that time
frequently contributed its leading articles.
paring some years be was actively engaged
in sell-education, especially in political eco-
nomy and subjects of social interest. He
visited the cotton, mills, settlement, and

school of David Dale [q. v.] and Robert won
[q.v.J, and attended loctures at the lirat rao-
clmmcs' inatitutci founded in London by Dr.
George Birkboek [j.v.] in lHli4. Jiei.wom
1825 and 1880 he frequently lectured in tlw
towns of Yorkshire in favour of an oxtenflioii
of these institutions. Ilo travelhwl in tho
north of England, producing in 1 HiiJ) a ' Com-
panion to the Jjakea of Cumberland, WoHt-
moroland, and Lancashire/ \vhu--h \)ixsstMl
through t,li WJG editions. 1 1 o next went abroad,
visiting lielgium, Switzerland, Italy, and
France. A literary memorial of this tour
was < A Visit io the VaudoiH of Puwlmont,'
publiflhod in lr>5 (Trawlkri? IMmry, vol.
vii.) Whilo at Roiioti lu^ acquainted liimHolf
with the detail* ol th< Krench cotton indimtry,
and -mbliwhod a hstfror in t lin M jotidn Morcurv '
(1,3 flay IKaO^To tho llneuiploytul 'W ore-
men of Yorl<Hhiro and LanmHluroon Mus Pro-
sont; DLsrmsH and on Mac.hiimry,' The objnct
of tliiR addroHH WIIH to chock tho destruction
of mills and looms which in 1 HiJO wan a com-
mon crime in t.ho factory dint-rio-tH. HainoB
pointed out that) wliihs Mnglinh workmen
wcrodefltroyingmaclimery thoir I'Yonoh com-
petitoi-B wturo im proving it. Tho lol.Urwau
RO olloctivo that it wan circulated by tho
niagi8trafc(iH of LancuMluro ami ^^HkH^^m^.

()nhiH return to Kn^laiKUtaincHthrnwhim-
flftlfinto tlui various I ibtiral mov^mnntHoftho
day. llo-wnH one of tho <nrly atlvo<a((w of the
' laws, ouwhic.h lunvro((> HO-

. ,

cipation (IH29), and in JHIW) Umt, ',
in a leading artic.lo in tb * Lwdn llorcury/
tho adoption of Brougham a candidatn for
Yorlwhiw* [HOO .UuoutniAM, HMNHV Pwruu,
1UROK HKOUUIIAM and VAUX). In 1H,%
lie puluinhnd a ' 1 lifltory of tilu^ (Jotton Mauu-
facl.uro of Oroat l|riuin, f Ht.ill a utaudard
authority, I HH activity in connection with
mechanicH'iiiHtituteH bore fruit in IK>7, whwi
Umon of

,

which ultimately extendtul ita operatioiiB to
tlu^ whole of Yorkwhirtj. He pnssidiul at tho
; ubiltu-i inuoding of this orgamtwtum hl<l in
^j3(?d in June 1HH7, lie W,H an advocate
of a public education independent of tho
state, an attitude partly dw to his noncon-
formist sympathies, but welcomed by many
of tlio leading reformers of that day. Ilie
viewB wore et forth in a number of pam-
phlets and in a Aarioft of 'Crosby Hall ,Lc-
turcB * on the projyrcHft and tiHittiimcy of volun-
tary edncatiouin England, publiwhed hUHIB
(see alwo 'Mmnfs up<m Mdvmtiwial tfutywttt,
ed. A, Tlili, 185?). Wh<m the country was
definitely committed to tho j>rirushl<j of tho
endowment of olomontary ocLucat'.on by tho

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102

Baker

of observation. His father ab first intended
that he should be his successor in business,
but a very short experience of office work
was enough to show that such a career
would be unsuitable. Probably the only
reason which ke;)t Baker from engaging in
travel sooner taan he did was his early
marriage (3 Aug. 1842) to Henrietta
Biddulph, daughter of Charles Martin,
rector of Maisemore. He now spent some
months in Mauritius, assisting his brother,
John Baker, in the management of his
father's estate, but it was not till 1845 that
the ' spirit of wandering ' seized on him in a
fashion not to be denied (BAKER, Eiyht
Tears in Ceylon, p. 374). Possessed of
moderate independent means, his ardour for
sport led him urst to direct his attention to
Ceylon. His first visit in 1846, in which he
was accompanied by his wife, was mainly
spent in big game hunting, but he was so
fascinated by the fine country and the joys
of a hunter's life that he went home in 1847
determined to return as a colonist. Per-
suading his brothers John and Valentino to
follow his load, he set about the establish-
ment of an English colony at Newera Eliya,
a station 6,000 ieet above sea level and
115 miles distant from Colombo by road,
He purchased land from the government,
and chartered a vessel for the convoy of hia
party, consisting of eighteen adults, who
sailed from London in September 1848 en
rente for the now settlement. Initial diffi-
cult ies were overcome by the spirit of the
leader, a somewhat barren, soil was in course
of time rendered fertile, and some of the
original settlers still (1901) remain on what
is now a flourishing estate.

During nine years spent la Ceylon Baker
explored, in the course of most adven-
turous hunting expeditions, many of the
more difficult and unknown tracts of the
island, and established for himself a remark-
able reputation as a hunter of big game.
His first book, entitled 'The Rifle and
Hound in Ceylon/ which appeared in 1853,
is a vivid narrative of incidents m the sport
in which he was so constantly engaged,
Fever from exposure in the jungle 'Dogan,
however, in 1354 seriously to affect his
health, and was the immediate cause of his
return, with his family to England in 1856.
After the shock occasioned Vy the sudden
death of his wife from typhus fever at
Bagaeres-de-Bigorre (29 Dec. 1865), Baker
sought to lighten his trouble \>y travelling
to Constantinople and the east of Europe.

In March 18o9 he undertook the manage-
ment of the construction of a railway con-
necting the Danube with the Blact Sea

across the Dobrudsha, and threw himselt
with all his energy into the task (letter from
Baker to Lord "Wharncliilb, #0 March 1859,
quoted in * Sir S. Baker : a Memoir '). About
tins period, when travelling in Hungary, ho
first met Florence, daughter of llerr Finian
von Saas, whom ho married in 1860, and
who became his devoted ful Low-traveller.
On the completion of the Black Sea rail-*
way lie for a time travelled in Auia Minor,
spending several months in the neighbour-
hood of Sabanga at the ond of 1860 and
beginning of 1861 mainly for purposes of
sport,

Stimulated, doubtless, by thp example of
John II aiming Spoke [q.v.J, with whom ho
was acquainted, he now determined on travel
of more ambitious nature. In a letter to
his sister, 20 Jan. 1801 (ib. p. 41 ), ho stated
his project, which was to push on into Con-
trol Africa from Khartoum, winking for the
high ranges from which ho believed the Nile
to derive its source. 'For the last) few
years,* ho wrote, * my dreamfl have boon of
Africa/ Lovo of adventure and tho flhoot-
ing of big game impelled him on IUH <xmrno,
and without Booking it Baker may bo wild
to have stumbled on IUH mmcrion in life (Sir
Samuel Jiaker: a Memoir, p. 4,1 ). Ills first
object wan to meet Spoke and Jain OB Augus-
tus Grant [q. v. SuppL], who -wore exported
to reach the White Nile AOUIO time in 1 80&
As Baker arrived at Cairo 21 March 1H01 , ho
decidod to occupy hie time and fit himnulf
for Ha task by a "irolimimuy expedition in
exploration of tho 'Nilo tributaries of AbyH-
sinia, Starting from Berber with IUH wife
and "but a small following, ho made for KOB-
sala, whore ho engaged camel H und carriers
lie crossed tho Atbara at Korraiu and tod
lua headquarters at Soil, just above tho con-
fluence o;'tluit river and" tho Bet it. Iloro ho
made a stay of nvo montliH, and explored
the Setit river, but moat of tho time wa
s^ont in big game hunting, ^ JTiH 'irowww hi
ta field won for him tho MeudnlLp and ud-
miration of the Hamran Arabs, themBelvos
mighty hunters* Ho explored other tribu-
taries of tho Atbara, including tho JJahr-er-
Salam and the Angareb, and followed up
the course of the llehad to ifcs confluence
with the Blue Nile. Thence ho marched to
Khartoum, whore ho arrived on 1 1 June
1862. The value of tho work of exploration
during this fourteen monthH* journey and of
the observations proving the N ilo sediment
to be due to the AbvHHiman tributaries was
publicly recognised ^y Sir JLlodorick Mur-
chison [c , v.], president of tho Boyal Go^
graphical Society. Baker had alao during
the period gained for hlraaoU experience at*

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correct the account of the extent of the
Albert Nyanza to tlio south, Baker's name
will ever be associated with the solution
of the problem of the Nile source. The
fact also that the whole expedition had been
independently devised and the charges
thereof defrayed by the traveller added not
a little to the honour of his achievement.
On his return to England in October 1866
he found that the go.d medal of the Royal
Geographical Society had already been
awarded to him ; and in the following year
he was presented with the gold medal ot the
Paris Geographical Society, and his services
were recognised in August 1866 by the
honour of knighthood. Baker became an
honorary M.A. of Cambridge in 1866, and
was elected F.E.S. on 3 Tune 1869, He
published his account of the expedition, en-
titled 'The Albert Nyanza, Great Basin of
the Nile, and Explorations of tho Nile
Sources/ in 1866, and the work immediately
became popular, and many editions have
boon issued.

Baker now spent a few cuiot years in
country life at Iledenham I_all, Norfolk,
which ~ie rented for a term. Ho hero pre-
pared his book on tho Nile tributaries for
the press, and wrote his tale of ad venture,
' OtiHt up by the Sea,' which was published
in 3 808. lie was, however, soon to bo again
actively employed ; and at tho beginning of
1869, by request, travelled in the suite
of the IMnco of 'Wales on his visit to
Egypt and journey up tho Nile* The Khe-
dive Ismail entered into communication with
him to secure hie services under the Egyptian
government, and on 1 A-wil 1869 he was
appointed governor- general of the Equatorial
KLe basin for a term of four years, with
tho rank of pacha and major-general in the
Ottoman army. The objects of his com-*
mand were set forth under the firman by
which he was appointed. They included tho
subjection to Egyptian authority of the
countries situate to the south of Gondokoro,
the suppression of the slave-trade and the
introduction of regular commerce, and the
opening to navigation of the groat lakes
a pout the Equator. To cany out this am-
bitious programme Baker was provided with
some twelve hundred Egyptian and Souda-
nese troops, and a groat quantity of supplies
of all kinds. He was the first Englishman
to undertake hifh office under the Egyptian
government, and in accepting the command
was in no way supported by the English
foreign office. The first difficulty of the
new governor was to arrive at his soat of
government ; his intention had boon to pro-
ceed by the Nile from Khartoum to Gondo-

koro, but tho period of high flood was lost
owing to the transport vessels promised
by tlie government not bein^ ready, and
after a fruitless struggle witu the Hudd-
covered stream, he was obliged to full back
and wait for tho next Kilo ilood. II o
started again with Lady Baker on 1 Bee.

1870, and the expedition -jasain^ through
the Bahr Ez Z6raf branch o the rivor made
its way with enormous diiliculty by cutting
canals through liho sudd. Gondokoro was
reached on 15 April 187J, and was formally
annexed to Egyptian sovereignty on ^(> M.ay

1871, As tho station was practically in tho
possession of tho aLave-tradei'H, Baker was
rorced for a supply of porfrerfl and provisions
to como to terms with tho grout dealer,
Ahmed Akad, who leaded from tho Egyptian
government the monopoly oi" tho ivory trade.
The hostility, however, of tho traders wtm
hardly veiled, and the Ban tribesmen wove
by thorn incited to attack Baker'0 force, and
were only partially subdued after very
troublesome fighting. Leaving a garriflon
at Ciondokoro the new governor ntarted on
23 Jan. 187!2 with iJlii oilicerH and men on
his journey so ulh; he ORtubltahed stations at
Afuddo and Faliko, and punhod on through
Unyoro, which country 1m publicly declared
at Maaimli on 14 May" 1H7U to be under the
protection of the Egyptian government,
riut the young king, Kabroga, behaved with
a duplicity worthy of hia lalhor, KamroHi,
and, encouraged by the alave-tnulern, at-
tacked Baker 'H force -when incapacitated by
drugged or poisoned plantain wine. Though
able to boat oil* tho attack through the
devoted bravery of hi Soudanese body-
guard, Baker was obliged to abandon hi
position at MaHindi on 14 Juno 187SJ, and
only after seven cluyH* lighting through con-
stant ambuscades in the long gmwH on the
line of march, and allot being forced to
abandon the bulk of hw baggage, did he
succeed in reaching Uionjfa'H country. That
sovereign^ claim to the Lcingtthip of Unyoro
the govenxor-jfenoral now wirpnorted, and
also communicated with Mtena, king of
Uganda, who despatched troopa to Unyoro
in his support. (, n IUH return to Faliko ho
was attacked by Aba Saiid, the dave-elealor,
whom he defeated and captured after a
pitched battle, and by thin Buccefls ajraiu
established hifl authority. He returned to
Gondokoro on I A~>ril 1H^3, leaving garriHonti
at the stations w^iich he had formed on be-
half of tho Egyptian government, and on
20 May, his period of command having um-
pired, started on his return journey to Khar-
toum*

Baker's services to Egypt were rocoguisod

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Baker

to the navy. After serving on the home,
Halifax, and East India stations, lie was pro-
moted to the rank of lieutenant on 13 Oct.
1792. In 1793 he had command of the
Lion cutter, in 1794 of the Valiant lugger,
and on 24 Nov. 1795 was promoted to be
commander for ?ood service in carrying out
despatches to tlie "West Indies. In 179G-7
he commanded the Fairy sloop in the North
Sea, and on 13 June 1797 was posted to the
Princess Royal, apparently for rank only.
In January 1799 ae was appointed to the
!28-gun frigate Nemesis, in which, on 26 July
1800, when in command of a small squadron
oft" Ostend, he met a number of Banish mer-
chant vessels under convoy of the frigate
Freya. It was a favourite contention of
neutrals that the convoy of a ship of war
was a guarantee that none of the vessels
carried contraband, and that they were there-
fore exempt from search. This the English go-
vernment had never admitted, and, in accord-
ance with his instructions, Baker insisted on
searching 1 the Danish ships. The Frcya re-
sisted, but was quickly overpowered, and,
together with her convoy, was brought into
the Downs. Aftor some negotiations HBO
WHITWOBTK, CHAKLES, KABL] the aJfiiir
seemed to be amicably arranged, and the
Freya and her convoy were restored ; but
the Emperor of Kussia mndo it a pretext for
renewing the 'armed neutrality/ which he
induced Denmark to join, a coalition which
immediately led to the despatch of the fleet
under Sir llydo Parker (1739-1807) [q.v.j
and the battle of Copenhagen. Baiter's
conduct had received the entire approval of
the admiralty, and in January 1801 he was
appointed to the 36-gun frigate Phoebe,
which he commanded on the Irish station
till the peace of Amiens in October 1801.

On the renewal of the war in 1803 he com-
missioned the Phoenix of 42 guns, attached
to the Channel fleet undor (Sir) William
Cornwall! off Usliant and in the Bay of
Biscay. On 10 Aug. 1806, being then to the
north-west of Cape Finisterre, he fell in with
and, after a brilliant and well-fought action of
rather more than three hours' duration, cap-
tured the French 46~gun frigate Didon, which
, had been sent oil* acorn Ferrol on the 6th
with important, despatches from Villoneuve
to Admiral Allemand, who was on his way
to join him with five sail of the line. In con-
sequence of the capture of tho Didon, Allo-
mand never joined Villeneuve, and his ships
had no further part in the campaign. On
14 Aug the Phoenix with her prize joined
the English 74-gun slap Dragon, and the
next day the throe ships wore sighted by
"Villeueuve, who took for granted that they

were a part of the English iloot under Corn-
wallis looking for him; and, not caring to
risk an encounter, turned south to Cadiz,
and the fate that befell him olV Capo Trafal-
gar. Baker meantime took his prize to Ply-
mouth, and, returning to his former (station,
on 2 Nov. sighted the French wquadron of
four ships of the lino under Dnmanoir, escap-
ing from Trafalgar, Knowing that Sir Richard
John Strachan ("q. v.] was oil* Ferrol, he at
once steered thither, and the wume night joined
Strachan, to whom he gave the IIUWH which
directly led to the capture of the four French
ships on 4 Nov., the Phumix with the other
frigates having an important part in the
action. A fortnight later Baker WUB ap-
pointed to the Didon, from which, in May
1800, ho was moved to the Tribune, which
he commanded for the noxt two yearn in the
Bay of Biscay with diMtinguwlied, BUCCOHB.
In May 1808 lie joinod UioVunpuard an flay*
captain to J^ar-admiralC'SirjTliomau ItarUe
^q. v.] in the Baltic. On leaving her in 1K1 1,
ae spent Home time in Sweden ; and from
1812 to 18lr> commanded the 7-1 -gun whn
Cumberland in the Wewt IndiuH, in t,ho Nort i
Sea, and in charge of a convoy of Kuub
Indiamen to the Capo* Jn 1814 the JViueo
of Orange conferred on him the order of
William of the Netherlands, and on 4 Juno
1815 he was made a O.B. lie wan appointed
colonel of marinoH on 1% Aug. 1819, was pro-
moted to be rear-admiral on 10 .July IKtfl,
was Commander-in-chief on th coast of
South America from 18125) to 18M, WUH
nominated K.G.B, on 8 Jan. 18JJ1, Locarno
vice-admiral on 10 Jan. 18,17, and was

awarded a ffood-soryico rxjiwion of "ML a
year on 10 Fob. 1842. I e died afc \m roni-
donco, The Shrubbery, "Waluier, Kont, on
26 Feb. 1845. Bakur married tlio daughter
of Count Booth, a Swoxlinh iioblo, and by
her had tfevoral children; IUH twcoud HOJI,
Iloraco Mann Baker, died a lieutenant in
the navy in 1848,

[P'Bvrno'B Nuv. JHo/j. Diet. ; MurHhuUVi Koy<
Nav Bio$. ii. (vol. i, pt. ii,), 8ii^) ; Jatmw'n
Navul IJiBtory, volfi, iii. uiul iv. ; Ohevuli(4 >f a
Hist, do la Marino FraneaiHu, vol. in, ; Trondt-'u
illoH Navalffl do In Fmnco, vol iii,; Oo&t.
184/) t pt. i. p. 4,'iO. ) J, K. L,

BA&ER, THOMAS BAR WICK
LLOYJ) (1 807-1886), ono of the found* nm of
the reformatory school ytm, born in 1807,
was the only son of ThomuH John Lloyd
Baker (d. 184*1 ) of Ilardwicku Court, ( \ loucow-
tershire, and of Mary, (laughter oi' William
Sharp of Fulham, and nicco of (kanviilo
Sharp [q. v.] Lilco his father, Baker went, to
Eton and to Olirist Church, Oxford, wliere ho
matriculated iu iBlitJ but did not graduato.

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108

Baker

attack of the Hedan by the way of the
cemetery and the suburbs of Sebastopol, was
mentioned in despatches. He was present
at the fall of the fortress on 8 Sept., and
returned to England in July 1856. He re-
ceived the war medal with clasp and the
1 Turkish and Sardinian medals. In Novem-
ber 1857 he embarked with his regiment for
India, and served with the field force in
Central India in pursuit of Tantia Topi in
1868. He was successful in obtaining ad-
mission to the stall' college, and -mssec out
in 1862. In the following year -ie accom-
panied the 2nd battalion of the Royal Irish,
which had been recently raised, to New
Zealand, where he was deputy assistant adju-
tant-general to the forces m New Zealand
from 20 March 1864 to 81 March 1806, and
assistant adjutant-general from that date
until the end of April 1807. lie served
during the Maori war of 1864 to I860 in
the "Wuikato and the Wanganui campaigns;
he acted as assiwtant military secretary to
Lieutenant-general Sir Duncan Cameron in
the action of Jtangiawhia on 20 Nov. 18(53,
and was stall' oilicor to tho force nndor
Ma'or-goneral Carey at the nnfluccoflaful at-
tac c of Orakau on Ul March 1864, when lie
lod one of tho throe columns of assail It ; ho
wasproatmt at its capture on 2 April. Jfo
was mentioned in despatches for tho gal-
lantry, untiring energy, and zeal which he
evinced (London Gazette, 14 May and
14 June 1804), and received the war medal
and a brevet majority.

On 2 Oct. IfcTiJ Baker was appointee! as-
sistant adjutant and qunrtormnHter-genoral
of the expedition to Ashanti ,and accompanied
Sir Garnet Wolsoloy to the ( I old Coast. He
served throughout the campaign, wan pre-
sent at the action of Es-saman on 14 Oct.,
took part in tho relief of Abrakrampa on
5 and Nov., in tho battles of Amoaful ou
81 Jan, 1874, and of Ordah-su and the cap-
ture of Kumasui on 4 Fob. From J4 Oct.
1873 until 17 Doe. 1874- ho performed tho
duties of chief of tho staff in addition jto
tlioso of quartorauiBter-goneraL For law ser-
vices ho was mentioned in cleflpatcshes b/Sir
Garnet Wolstsley, who attributed to Baker's
untiring energy much of tho fluccoss that
liad attended "tho operations, and expressed
tho opinion that ho posRsHd ' every quality
that is valuable to a staff oilicor.' ikker was
promoted to a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy;
received tho medal with clasp, and was rnaio
a companion of the ordor of the Bath, mili-
taiy division.

On his return from Ashanti Baker was
appointed a deputy assistant quartormastcr-
geaeral on the headquarters staff in London

on 22 May 1874, and an assistant adjutant-
general on 10 Nov. 1875. Ilo was made an
aide-de-canip to the queen, with rank of
colonel in the army, on 21 April 1877. Ho
was attached to tho Russian army during 1
the Kusso-Turkish war of 1877, and was
present at the principal operations. In No-
vember 1878 ho wont to India as military
secretary to Lord Lvtton, the governor-
general. He was with tho vicoroy at Simla
when Sir Louis Cavagnari was murdered at
Kabul in September 1879. Sir Frodorick
(afterwards Earl) Roberts was also at Simla
on leave of absence from IUH division in the
Kuram valloy ; and on boing ordorod to ro-
join at once, and to advance on Kabul to
exact retribution for tho out.rago, ho applied
for Bailor's .services to command the Slid in-
fantry brigade.

Bakor accompanied Uobortsto Krmun, and
on 19 Sept. ho repulsed an attack on the
entrenchments of Im brigade at tho Slmtar-
garchm ^pans. On 1 Oct. tho whole of the
Kabul field force was aHHomblod in tho Logar
valley; on the Oth Baker commanded the
troops in the 8uc<;twlul battle of Charawa,
and on tho 9(,h was with, Roberts at the
occupation of Kabul. In November Bakor
was Honl. in command of a forces to Maidan,
on tho Kabul-(<lmxm rond, whorohoropulHod
an attack and ruturnod to Kabul. On 8 Doo,
he again commanded a foroo botwoon Ar-
gandeh and Maidan, to co-opwnto witli tho
other columns ongaged in the operations for
the dostruciion of a fonnidaUo Afghan com-
bination, but on lioaring of the failure of
MOMMY'S column ho rotnrned t.n Kabul* On
L'J "Dec. ho attacked tho AfghutiH on tho
Takht-i-Shah hill, and on tho Mt.h ho agniu
attacked thorn on tho A.smai hnights, but was
forced by superior wuniborH to withdraw.
The army was then conwntrattKi in tho
Shorpur outronehmontH, An attack in force
folio wod on 12iJ Dec:,, wlutn Bukor took part
in tho comploU) doftwit and diHp(%rHion of tho
Afghans. I Jo Hliorttv aft.(r commanded an
expedition into Kohwtan and dotroyd a
fortiliod post.

Aftor the arrival at ICa))ul of Sir Donald
Stewart [<;. v. SuppL] from Kandahar, and
the news o; th dwantmr at Maiwand, ,Balfor
was givt^n tho command of ono of tho in-
fantry brigades of the force with which "Ro-
berta loft; Kabul ou 9 Aug, 18HO for tho
relief of Kandahar, Tho colobratod march
was accompli B! led in throe wo.oka, Bak(^
with bin brigade, took a prominent :wrt in
t/ho battle o: Kandahar on I K<nt. 3Co thon
returned homo. For his Horvfcofl in tin we
campaigns he was montiontsd in doHpatchoa
(&. 16 Jan,, 4 May, and 3 Bee. 1880), ro-

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Baldwin

stubborn resistance Shakir Pasha was en-
abled to retreat in safety from his position
at Kamarli. In recognition of this success
Baker was promoted ;>y telegram from the
porte to the rank of ferik or lieutenant-
general. During the retreat of Suleiman's
army he commanded the rearguard, and it
fell to him to burn the bridge at Bazardjik
over the Maritza. Later, however, in the
war, becoming disgusted at the unaccount-
able abandonment of strong* positions by the
Turkish generals, he requested permission to
return to England. Baker published in
1879 his book entitled ' War in Bulgaria : a
Narrative of Personal Experience '(London,
2 vols. 8vo), in which he confined himself
to describing the operations in which he as-
sisted. He continued in the Turkish ser-
vice, and after the conclusion of the war
was commissioned to superintend the carry-
ing out of the proposed Turkish reforms in
Armenia, In 1882 he entered the Egyptian
service on the oiFer bein* made to him of
the command of the newly organised Egyp-
tian army ; but on his arrival at Cairo this
offer was withdrawn, and he was givon the
command of the police, Bakor was con-
vinced that the police would sooner or later
be wanted as a military reserve, and concen-
trated his attention rather on the flemi-
rnilitary gendarmerie than the polico proper
(MILNBB, Egypt, p. 332). His desperate en-
deavour to relieve Tokar with 3,500 Egyp-
tian troops and gendarmerie, little bettor
than rabb,e in, discipline, met with complete
defeat at El Tob on 5 Fob, 1884. His own
account of the action was that, on the
square being threatened by a force of the
enemy less than one thousand strong, the
Egyptian troops threw down their arms and
rail, allowing themselves to be killed without
the slightest resistance (ib. -), 109), lie
acted on the intelligence stair of the force
under Sir Gerald Graham [q.v, SmpL], and
guided the advance of the army to tao second
battle of El Teb on 29 Feb. 1884, on which
occasion he was wounded.

Bakor remained in command of the Egyp-
tian police till his death, which took ^lace at
Tel-el-kebir from angina pecfcoris on "J Nov.
1887. He was buried with military honours
in the English cemetery at Cairo.

In a despatch from Lord Salisbury to Sir
Evelyn Bnring (now Lord Cromer), dated
5 Pec, 1887, tlie great regret of her ma; oaty's
government was expressed at his tleaU, and
acknowledgment was made of the important
services he had rendered to the Egyptian
government. His great military aoUties
were, however, wasted in the command of a
civil force; they were such that 'his career

might have been among 1 the most brilliant in
our military service '( TYmeff, 18 Nov. 1887).

He married, on 13 Due. 18(55, Fanny, only
child of Frank Wormald of Pottorton Hall,
Aberford, by which marriage there were two
daughters, the younger of whom only sur-
vived her father and married Sir John Oar-
den, bart.

Besides the works mcmtionod in the text
Baker wrote a pamphlet cm army reform
(1869, 8vo) and ' Organisation of Cavalry '
for the * Journal of the Koyal United Services
Institution/

[Times, 18 Nov. 1887; Annual KoRifltor, 1887;
Sir Samuel Baker, a Memoir, by Murray and
Whito, 1895; Baker's works; private informa-
tion.] W, C-K

BALDWIN", HOBTCKT (1804-1858),
Canadian statesman, bom in Jforlc (now
Toronto), in Upper Canada, on 12 May 1804,
was eldest son of William Wurron Baldwin,
a physician of Edinburgh, who Hottlod in
Canada in 1798 in company with IUB lather,
Robert Baldwin of Summer Hill, Knock-
more, co. Cork, Ireland, and there ongugod
in practice as a barrister. If in motlior wan
Phaabp, daughter of William Willeockfl,
sometime mayor of Cork in Ireland, and later
judge of the noma district in, Upper Canada,
llobert received hifl education at tho Home
district grammar flchool undor John Slrachan
[q.v.], and iu 1819 began tho study of law,
On bt'ing admitted an attorney and cal lod
to tho bar of tho province in '.trinity term,
18S/5, he was takon into partinorHhn by IUM
father, and from that time conduct^' a lar jfo
and profitable buRinoBH until JH-IR, whon !io
retired from active practice, Four ywu*H
previously ho had inherited a largo property
m Canada. On two occamonH ho waw t roa
surer of tho Law Society and honorary lusad
of the Upper Canada bar, holding- oitieo for
the first time in 184-7 and 1848, and again
from 18/50 till MB death.

Baldwin's name IH inwnarably conmwtml
with the introduction IMC oHtabliHhmont in
Canada of parliamontary govttmm<w1i. UIH
pxiblic life catojs from 18&X, wluin lus was an
unsuccosHful candidate for York. Ho won
the seat in January IBttO, but wa clofoattul
after the dissolution in Juno following, and
did not a^ain enter tho legislative aiSHwnbly
until 18L-1, after tlus union of Upper witli
Lower Canada, atul tho grant, to the colony
of responsible or parliamentary govornwwni

Meantime Baldwin drew u"> the aflom-
bly's petition to tho king-, dntuc. lHii9, which
protested against the ^ovornorV diRmifwal of
a judge, John Walpo.e Willw [q, v.'] This
document contains what IB docuuul to bo the
first request on the part of a British colony

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Baldwin

resolutions passed unanimously. In this
manner was parliamentary rule formally
introduced into the colonies.

Lord Sydenham died shortly afterwards,
and was succeeded by Sir Charles Bagot [q. v.
Suppl.], who first organised in Canada govern-
ment by means of a cabinet. The existing
administration was threatened with defeat
at the opening of the next session (1842), A
reorganisation thereupon took place. Bald-
win took ollice with Sir Louis Lafontatne.
They accepted the portfolios of attorney-
general for Upper and Lower Canada respec-
tively, and became the actual leaders of the
government, though their pre-eminence in
the council was not official. Lafontaiue
took charge of the affairs of Lower Canada,
while those of Upper Canada and matters
common to the east and west fell into Bald-
win's hands. Baldwin was defeated on re-
turn to his constituents after accepting- of lice,
but was chosen by acclamation to represent
Ittmouski in Lower Canada, The jVonch
Canadians seized the opportunity to express
their appreciation of hw services on thoir
behalf. Baldwin and Lafontaine's adminis-
tration, which lasted from September of] 842
to September of 1843, marks tho first period
of cabinet government in Canada.

With Sir Charles Bugot's suo,coflor, Sir
Charles Theoplrihis (afterwards Lord) M'ofc-
calfo [q. v.], who professed his adherence to
responsible government in Lord Sydtwlwm's
understanding of the term, Baldwin and his
colleagues came into conflict. The occasion
was tho making of certain local appoint-
ments by the governor on IUH own authority.
The council remonstrated, and, as thoir re-
monstrances were of no avail, resigned. The
house which was then Bitting approved their
action ly; a vote of two to one. A suasion
of turmoil was brought to an early close,
followed by ft ministerial interregnum that
lasted nearly nine months. At length Mot-
calf e gathered together a tolerably complete
cabinet, dissolved the house, and entered the
electoral arena with all the force he could
command. He defeated Baldwin by a small
majority, and sot William Henry l)rapcr
(lftOl-1877) in power. But Draper proved
no less tenacious than Baldwin of the, rights
of his position, and tho ultimate effect of
MetcaLVs action was to strengthen respon-
sible government in the parliamentary seme
of the term, which was not thenceforth
called in ^question in Canada.

After four years in opposition Baldwin re-
sumed office in March 1S48 with Lafontoine
under the governor-generalship of Lord
Elgin. The administration, known again
as the Lafontaine-Baldwin government

(although Baldwin was never nominally
prime minister), was once more framed on
the basis of a double leadership. As in his
earlier administration, Baldwin took charge
of Upper Canada and matters common to
east and west. Tho amount; of ccmHtructive
legislation dlected was unprecedented in
Canada. Among the special nioaHures UHSO-
ciated with Baldwin's name in bin own
section, Canada went, now tho province of
Ontario, are: equal division of intoHtatoH 1
land among claimants of the same degree;
the organisation of the municipal system
substantially as it now exists ; the ewtabliflh-
ment of Toronto University on a non-sec-
tarian basis; the oroc.l.iou of divuuon or
small-debt courts, of the courts of common
pleas and chancery. Ht had a principal
share also in the fo, lowing acts, which \voro
of common benefit to both sectioni* of tho
colony: the taking over of the -)0t-oflico
from the imperial authorities; tin fleUlo-
ment of the civil list question; the freeing
and enlargement of tho catials ; tint opening
of the St. Jjawrence following the repeal of
the British navigation laws ; tho abolition of
the old preferential tariff. One act, of Inn
administration urounecl great oppoHition in
tho province. Known an tho Rebellion
Losses Hill, its purpowo wan to connmiMuto
thoBo pmwnw in .Lower (Junudu w w had
sutterec. Ions from the rebellion of 1HU7 8,
and were not actually guilty of troutum. A
similar statute had been panned for Upper
Canada. Tho bill was hl< ;, to be unjuHt to
the loyal population, bub it WUH really an
act of local justice. Oat of the agitation
arose a movement, diielly among the Kng-
llsh-tnealdng people, for tho annexation of
Canaua with the United Staton. .Baldwin
mot- this with determined boldneHH; nor wart
ho IUSH hostile to a demand for Canadian
independence, a Hulmtcliary ruUox of the name
discontent. Since 1850 there IWH been no
eoriouH leaning in cither of bluma <Unt(5tit)WH hx
DritiHlx North America,

Tho occasion of Ba)dwm f A retiw^neut wan
a motion to inquire into the working of tho
court ^ of chancery, which hud ;uHt }>on
established. The, hoitHO rnjocted tuunotiou,
but, aa a majority from Upper Canada
favoured it, lie interpreted thtur vottj an an
exprcemon^of non-confidence in him, He
resigned hi portfolio to tho regret both of
opponents am;, colluaguoH. In the enMuhi $
erections (18/31) he again Holkuted the HU ,'-
frageof IHB old conBtitacmcy, tho North Itid-
ing of York, but was defeated by one of hin
nominal supporters. In fact, n<w JHBUOB or
plmflos of iHsues wore amiug, and, as time
wont on, there was a widening breach bo-

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Balfour

8vo). lie also wrote a prefatory descrip-
tion of the districts dealt with in a ' Baro-
metrical vSurvey of India,' issued in 1853
under the editorship of a committee, of
which Balfour was chairman, and in 18f)(> ho
"mbUtahed * Localities of India exempt from

In 1857 appeared at Madras the work by
which Balfour is best known, ' The Ency-
clopedia of India and of Eastern and
Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and
Scientific.' This book embodied groat ex-
perience, vast reading, and indomitable in-
dustry. A second edition in five volumes
appeared in India in 1878, and between 1877
and 1884 Balfour revised tho book for pub-
lication in England. After the first edition
the word 'Cyc",opcodia' was substitutod in the
title for t Encyclopedia/ The third edition,
which was published in London in 1885,
waa at many points superior to tho earlier
impressions. Balibur's outlay on it was
lavish and ungrudging, but the usefulness
of the work was soon generally recognised,
and the whole expenditure was met within
two years.

From 1858 to 1R(J1 Balfour was com-
missioner for inveslignting tho clobtH of
the nawab of the (Jaruatic, at whose
court he was for many years political agent,
lie acted for a short period an assistant,
assay master at the Madras mint, and in the
military finance department of India he was
at Madras examiner of xnculic-al aeeounts.

In 1 H(W ho joined the administ rative grade
of the Madras medical stall! Ho was do mty
inspector-general of hospitals from 18t>^ to
1H70, and during this period he served as
deputy surgeon-general in the Burmah divi-
sion, the Straits SettknmmtN, tho Audamuns,
twice in tho ceded districts, twic in the
Mysore division, and for four years with tho
Hyderabad subsidiary foreo and Hyderabad
contingent, 1 1 o d ispl ay ed the utmost on orgy
in the personal inspection of IUH distric.U,
and proved his continued interest in Heieutilie
matters by instituting tho Mynore MuHiuim
in 18(10, and by publishing at Madras a work
on * The Timber Trees, Timber, and Fancy
"Woods, as also tho Forests of India and of
Eastern and South orn Asia,* which reached
a second edition in 18(12, and a third in 1 870.

From 1871 to 1 B7(i Balfour was, as surgeon-
general, head of the Madras medical depart-
ment. In the second year of 1m period of
office he conferred a great benefit on the
natives of India by drawing the attention of
the Madras government to the necessity for
educating women in the medical ;wofoampn,
native social customs being such tliat native
women were debarred aliko from receiving

visits from medical nion and from attending
at tho public hospitals and dispensaries. As
a result tho Madras Modical College was in
1875 opened to women, and his services in
this direction woro commemorated in I8i)l
by the endowment at. Madras University of
a ' Balfour memorial' gold modal, with* the
object of encouraging the modieal education
of women. IklfourVi last puhliealions before
leaving India woro two pamphlets with tho
general title ' Miulinil Hints to the People
of India/ Tlioy hore respectively the sub-
titles, ' The Vy'd'uui and tho llalcirn, what
do they know of Medicine r" and * Imminent
Medical Men of Asia, Africa, Muro , and
America, who have advanced Medical
Science/ Both appeared at Madras m 1875,
and reached uocoud odi lions in tho following
year.

In 1870 Balfour finally returned to Kng-
land with a good service pension, after forty-
two years' rosidimcn in India. Before his
departure public acknowlodgnionti of his
labours was made in an address present oil to
him at Madras by the Hindu, Mohamme-
dan, and Kuropean communities. His por-
trait was placed in tho Government Central
Museum,

In Hngland, besides preparing for the *>roH
the third edition of us ' Mm'.yc.lopaul ,a of
India,' he issued * Indian Forestry' (1HH5)
and 'Tho AgriouHimil l*twt.H of .India and of
Eastern and Son thorn Asia, Vegetable, Ani-
mar(I8H7). lie died on H J<H',. 18HS) at
107 (Uout:(ster 'IVrratu^, \\ydu Park, at tlio
age of seventy-six. Ho marritul, on ii-l May
1H/W, Mm dtJost daughter of J)r t (Ulchriati
of M adras,

Hal four was a fellow of tho Madran (Tni-
yorsity, and a earroHpomling mombor of tho
linporitil Royal Ueologieal InHtiit.uto of
Vionna. In addition to tho works enume-
rated above, ho translated into Hindustani
Dr. ,!. T. Conquest's ' OuUwoH of Midwifory/
andprocim^d and printed at. his own ux m\w
translations of the wanie work in Tumi-, To-
lugu, and Oumimso, lie, also tratwlat.ed into
HindiiBtani (Uei?*H * Astronomy,' ami pnv-
;)ared in 1H54 a (.iglot Hindustani and Ktip*
Jsh ' Statistical Map of tho World/ whic, i
was also roudmjcl and printed in Tatuil and
Telugu, To jwrioditsul literature he matlo
a largo numbor of contributUnw on vimoua
subjects, a Hwt of which is given in tho
' Oyclopiedia of India' (!Jrd (idit, JH85),

HIH oldor brother, Si u (IwouuH BAiamnB
(1 BOO- 1804), general and politician, was bom
at MontroRo in 1809, lie wan educated at
tho Military Aeadomy at Addtacombo, en-
tered tli Madras artillery in 1825, and in tho
following yar joined tho royal ttrtlUory, and

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116

Ball

or trying to measure, the height of the hills
around with a mountain barometer.

Brought up as a 1 Ionian catholic, Ball at
thirteen was sent for three years to the R-o-
naan catholic college at Oscott, whence he
went on to Christ's College, Cambridge, being
admitted in 1835. There, like Darwin, he
fell under the influence of Professor John
Stevens Hcnslow [<:. v.], whose botanical
lectures he attended", and in whose family
the * wild Irishman ' was a prime favourite.
He came out as twenty-seventh wrangler in,
1839, but was prevented by his religion from
taking a de ?ree. After Leaving the university
Ball travelled for four years in different
parts of Europe, seeing much of men and
manners, and also of mountains and tlowers.
A valuable paper on the botany of Sicily
was one of the results of these oarly travels.
In 1845 he stayed for some time at Zermatt
in order to study glaciers, making a series of
observations. The conclusions he was led
to, however, coincided so closoly with those
of James David Forbes fq. v.] that he re-
frained irorn publishing thorn, though he
afterwards contributed several *>aj>ers to the
' Philosophical Magazine/ in waich he con-
tested the hypothesis with regard to tho
action of glaciers in the formation of Alpine
valleys and hike basins that had boon lately
^ut forward. Ball was called to tho Irish
Dar in 1845, but never practised. In 18*16 ,
lie was appointed assistant poor-law com- '
mismoner. This was at the period of the
Irish potato famine, Tho work was severe,
and in the following year ho was forced by
ill-health to resign. In 1848 ho stood un-
successfully for the borough of Sligo. In
3 849 he was again appointed aa second com-
missioner, a post which lie hold for two
years, when lie resigned it in order to stand
as a liberal for counts Oarlow, for whioh he
was elected on 20 Ju'y 18/5& In tho IIouso
of Commons lie advocated most of tho liberal
measures that have since become law : the
disestablishment of tho church of Ireland, a
readjustment of land tenure, the reduction
ot rents, and a new land valuation. lie was
not a froc uent or a lengthy sneaker, but he
made so decided a mark in tie house that
in 1855 Lord Palmeraton oflbred him the
under-secretarysliip for tho colonies.

In this position (which he hold for two
years) Ball was able to advance the interest
of science on aovoral notable occasions, It
was mainly due to his energetic representa-
tions that 'the Palliser expedition wa$ pro-
perly equipped and sent out to ascertain the
sest^ routes within British territory for
ximting* by rail the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts, Canada and British Columbia.

Among tho results of thin ontorpmo WUH tho
discovery of four -jractieublo passes, one of
which is now fol owed by tho Canadian
Paciiic .Railway psoo PALLIHKK, JOHN].

.Ball was also instrumental whilo in olllco
in inducing tho homo government to give
its su-nort to Sir W. Hooker's o (Torts for
the pu xieatiou of Horns of nil our colonies,
compiled on a definite system, which ho
himswlf drew up, an umWt'alcing equally
important whether from tho commercial or
from the scientific point of view.

The combination of RciwntUic zeal and
sound /iidjinent) a,s to tho extent of tho sup-
port w.wu sciunco might reasonably claim
:rom the state that Ball displayed while at
the colonial oflieo lo<l to his opinion being-
often ftrtkod, and sometimes acted on, ,But
to tho ond of Iris life ho deplored tho com-
parative indilt'onmcG to science, and tho
ignorance of its practical bearings on tho
prosperity of nations, nhowa by the .British
treasury, as well a by British travellers and
administrators in all quarterns of tho globe.

In 1H58 Ball contcHtod lJm<^rirk, llm
ardent sympathy with Italian libtrt.y(0avour
and Quint-uio Hi>lla woro among' his closo
friMidfi) did him Iiarm on this occasion with
the Irish priostsjuid through t.hoir action he
was d(vfoato.<l aftur a )a< k n contosti, ThiB
rosiilt ho accept tul, dospito Htibsoquunl. o]>por-
tunitios of a Meat oflbrwl him, ILH a dolinito
diBchargo from public life, and oilhu).

To a man wilJi th lasttH ho had shown
from childhood thoro wus littlo struggle in
resigning lumwolf to tlm carc.or of a natural
philosopher. At tho sawo moment a doJinil'tt
direction was givmi t,o his Inimiro by IUB
nomination OR tho first) president of tho
Alpine Club. That asHociutiou (founded in
1857) was compoHttd of a flmall band of
enthuaiafltic lovorn of tho mountains, who,
having in common on of tho ohiof pltMuwruB
of tliwir lives, wora anxiouH to provido ilxod
0]>portunitiofl for meeting 1 , computing notoH,
and dovolojring proj(jct.fi for n<w advt*ntuwH
or oxtndd nwearchds. Ball was soltwtwl
as the man who most thoroughly nnitud in
himself and rqm^Htmlitul tlm various tuotlvoH
which inspired tlui i!rst nunnl )or of t ho t'luh
the sscjat lor adventure, tlio lovo of th<s glories
of the mountuinfl, or Uio patimt puruit jf
natural acionce in th many branchuH that
are open to tho moimtainmjr,

lie found another link with the Alps in
hia first wifo, a dau^htr of tlw Nohilo Al-
berto Parolini, a cistinguifihod naturalist,
through whom ho subsomumtly came into
property near Ikmflano, Tho t-ask ho mm
mi Iximsolf was tho compilation of a jjuido
to the whole Alpine chain from the Col di

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nS

Ball

college at Cambridge on 3 Oct. 1888. Ho
was alwo a fellow of the Linnean, Geo-
graphical, and Antiquarian Societies of Lon-
don, and of the Royal Irish Academy.

Besides the works mentioned above Bull
published papers in tho Cambridge 'Mathe-
matical Journal 1 on physical science, in the
' .Philosophical Magazine, 1 and in the ' Re-
ports T of the British Association, on the
geological action of glaciers and on other
subjects, on botanical subjects in the
1 Botanical Magazine,' ' Journal of Botany/
the ' Proceedings of the Linnean Society/
' The Linnrca/ and the ' Bulletin do la
800161.6 Botanique de France.' On Alpine
subjects he contributed to tho first series of
' Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers ' (which he
edited), 1859, 8vo, and to the * Alpine Journal.'
lie wrote the art.iclo t Alps ' in the ' Encyclo-
paedia Britannica T (Oth edit.), and an article
in the ' Edinburgh Review/ 18(51, on glacier
theories, lie contributed occasionally to
the ' Saturday Review ' and * Nature.' lie
was also the author of a tract (1847), ' What
is to be done for Ireland P' (2nd edit. 1840),
and an article in 'Matttmllan's Magazine/
1873, on Daniel O'Connell.

[Biographical notices in Proceeding of tho
Royal Society, 1881M)0, vol. xlviii. p. v ; Pro-
ceedings of tho Royal Geographical Society,
1^00, xii. J)0 ; Journal of IJotnny, 'Doctimbor
1880; Alpirw Journal, vol. xv. No, 107, fcV
brunry 1800, with portrait; ProcuodingH of th*
Liimoan Society, 1 888-00, p. 00 ; Koyal Soi'ioty'H
Cat. of Scicmtiiic Papers ; Brit. MUH. Oat]

D, w; F.

BALL, JOHN THOMAS (1,815-1898),
lord chancellor of Ireland, waa the oldest
son of Major Benjamin Marcus Ball, of tho
40th regiment of foot, an officer who served
with diKtitictioti in tho peninsular cam-
paign; Uia mother was Elizabeth, daughter
ofOuthl)(Tt,Fol,tuBof JIollybrook,co. Oarlow,
Boll probably owed BOUIO of his most cha-
racter'Htic qualities to his paternal grand-
mother, Penelope Paumier, a member of an
old Huguenot family settled in Ireland II o
was born in Dublin on SM July 1H15 and
was educated at Dr. StMit.h'B school in Uut-
laml S( uare, Dublin, and at Dublin Univer-
sity, jJnto'mg Trinity Gollogc in 1H81 at
an unusually early ago, ho obtained a clasHical
scholarship in 1H88, and in 1835 pnwluatod
as Btmior moderator and gold rntidallimt in
ethics and logic, i'To was an actives member
during hia collude days of tho College His-
torical Society, .ioldin^ in JKJ7 the oilice of
^resident. In 18',14 lie took this dograe of
^iL.D, During tho latter part of hia college
career, and in his earlier clays at the bar,
Ball woe a frequent contributor to tho 'Dublin

University Magazine,' ami WHB intimately as-
sociated with wane I5utt[f^, v.], Samuel and
MortimorO'Sullivan [q. v,f,,JoHoph Hheridan
Le Farm [q. v.J, nnd'otliorH. Bali's contri-
butions worn for tho most part concurnnd
with historical and biographical subjeetH,
but he also wroto Homogracolul vorHoa.* All
his writings ovince wouud classical Bcholar-
ahi'j and novero ami lawtidiouB taste. In
IK-xO ho was calliid to the Irish bar, whuro
lie quickly rose to an omimmt ponilion, and
in 1H54 lui wan called to tho inner bar. As
a queen's counsel li'us practice lay nuiinly in
the ecclesiastical courts, and later in tho
probato and matrimonial division, wluiro
ais knowledge of civil law and argtuncnla-
tive subtlety rapidly raised him to tlw load-
ing posit.iou. In lK(ft tho primate, Marcus
Beresford |^<{. v. Suppl.], appointed him vicar-
goiwjral ol the proviuct of Arnwflh. Tliin
appointmont marlcoil tho commeucnneiit of
Lis active intorost in the aJlairn of the U'inh
church, of which ho wan a duvotwl immihur.
In IHU.TBall was oluotud a bomther of tht
King's Inns, and in lH(5/> was nuulo queoti'n
advocate in Inland, In tho same year he
first appeared in tho arena of politicH, coming
forwart, at the gonnral election of iH(>r> a a
candidate for tli<^ university of Dublin in
the character of an independent churc.lnuatu
Tho agitation ugaitiHt tho Irish oHla)>liHh**
ment had already coinnien<iiul ; and Ball, for-
seein^ the fiorcitnosn of tho storm, coutmellod
legiH'.ation for eculnsiaHtical reform. Hiw
policy involved tlie admisMion of <lellcmncioH
which the majority of churchmen wnro not
prepared to own, and I tall was defeated at
the polls. In 1K07 Hall was nominated am
a member of t,ho royal commisHion appointed
by Disraeli to inquire into tho slate of tho
church of Ireland, and m the following year
became a member of the conservative ad-
ministration as solieitor-general for Ireland,
Later in tho name year ho VWM advanced to
be atlioTOoy-general, for Ireland,

In tho meantime Oladstono'H declarations
had rained the issue of disestablishment in a
direct form, and w face of tho impending
peril the conservative electors of Dublin
1 Jnivorsity reoogniHed tho importance of
making Ball's abilities and knowledge of
ecclesiastical ullkirs available lor the defence
of the threatened instil ution. Accordingly
he was at tho general gleet ion of IMH re-
turned to parliament as member for the uni-
versity, ' Upon him from that moment
devolvod^ the tusk of inspiring, instruetmg,
and inspiriting all tho opposition that WUM
possible in a hopeless minority of 1^0 to tho
mighty purpoHo which had rallied and united
, the liberal party * ( Times). On the iutroduc-

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1 20

Ballantine

trait of Ball by Mr. Walter Osborne is in
the hall of the king's Inns at Dublin.

Apart from his judicial eminence, Ball
merits remembrance as one of the few Irish-
men who have been strong enough to impress
their convictions upon English statesmen,
As an orator he achieved with great rapidity
an extraord inary reputation. In his writings
lie was studiously sparing of ornament, and
both of the treatises mentioned above suffer
in point of form from excessive condensa-
tion. But their judicial tone will always
render them valuable.

[Bull Wright's Records of Anglo-Irish Families
of Ball; Dublin Univ. Mag,, A-wil 1875;
obituary notions in the Times, 18 Jarch 1898,
and in Dublin Daily Express of same duto ;
private information.] C, L. P.

BALLAISTOE, JOHN (1839-1 893), ~>rime
minister of New Zealand, born in 18t'&, was
the eldest son of Samuel Ballance, farmer, of
Glenavy, Antrim, Ireland. When fourteen
lie was apprenticed to an ironmonger in
Belfast, and at eighteen was employed in
the same business in Birmingham. While
still young he emigrated to New Zealand
and settled as a small shopkeeper at Wau-
panui, but soon abandoning sliopkecning- for
journalism founded the ' Wanganui 11 oral d.'
In the Maori war of 1807 he helped to orga-
nise a company of troopers and rocoivec. a
commission, of which he was, however, de-
prived by the minister of defence on account
of certain critical articles on the operations
of the war printed in his newspaper, llis
conduct in the iield had been goo<, and the
war medal was afterwards awarded him. In
1875 he entered the House of tteproBonta-
tives and took an active part in Abolishing
that part, of the New Zealand constitution
tinder which the colony was for twenty-three
years divided into provinces. Ballance then
joined the liberal party formed in 1 877 under
Sir Goorge Grey [q* v, SuppL], quickly made
liis mark us a fluent and thoughtful debater,
and in March 1878 became treasurer in
Grey's ministry, On his motion a tax on
the unimproved value of land was imposed
in the same year ; but in 1879, after a pain-
ful altercation with his chief, Ballance left
the government and refused to rejoin it. The
Grey ministry full, and a property tax re*-
placed tlie land tax,

In 1884- Ballance again became a minister,
under his former colleague, Sir Itobort Stout ;
this time his portfolios wore lands and native
affairs. Kindly and pacific in dealing with
the Maori, he aimed ai substituting concilia-
tion for armed force, and in this nicknamed
the ' one policeman policy ' he was entirely

successful. As minister of lands ho endoa*

voured to plant bodies of unemployed work-

men on the soil as peasant farmum holding 1

allotments under per wtual huine from tho

crown in state-aider. village HeUletmmts.

Though some of thewe failed, moro >r<wpin*ed<

Ejected from ottiee in 1HH7, liaLunoe WUH

elected leader of tho liberal opposition in

1889 and formed a ministry hi J aiuiary 1 8J)1 ,

on tho defeat of Sir Harry Atkinson [q, v,

Sup')L] Though in tailing health he did

not jiositato to Htako hi miiUBt.ry'AoxistmKU)

on a aeries of progroiwivp xneumuus of a re-

markably bold and experimental kiwi, Thoso

with which ho \viifl mowt closely and porHo-

nally concerned wero : (1) th Abolition of

the property tax, and tho Hub.sUtutiou there*

for of a graduated laud tax and iueome tax;

(2) tho change of life tenure of MiwtM in tho

legislative council tho upper houii of tho

colony's parliament- to A tenure of Hoveu

years; (8) tho extension of thn HulIVug to

all adult women; (4) tho roHtrtetioti of pro-

perty votoi'H to one electoral roll, In addi-

tion Bnllanoo obtained from tho colonial

oilicu tho admission that the viceroy nhould

act on tho advice of his nunlstern in ronpoot

of nominations to th<s upp(srh<>UH; ulHothafc

he Hhould take tlu mime advi<uj wluni ox<p-

ciwing the prerogative of mercy, Another

bouofmial meufiure of lialliinco*ri pliicod lur^o

Maori ronorvofl in the North Inland un(',or

the public trustee, opening them to nettle-

ment, but pro^orving fair rentw for the native

owners. As prtmiior ho showed luioxjxtctod

constructive ability and managing wkill, tho

progressive policy of hin winwtry took tlio

country by Ntorm f and diieily to" tliia it is

due that hw party Htill goverun the colony.

Ballance lummilf did not livo to ws t.fio

ellect of thin 8UcoHH, At tho height of bin

popularity h<i died after a Hovnro Hurgi<*al

operation on 27 April JHJW. Ho WIIH iitnun

o: q[uiot xnunnor y amiable ttun'ier, Himple and

unassuming in hin way of .iio, yet Holid,

widely read and well informed, ami, though

sensitive to critinimu andpublie opinion, vt*ry

far from being \,\M rauli, oinptv f weak dema-

gogue he was Homet.imeH callotl, Ilu was

twice married, but left no ohilrlron,

[Gisborno'H KulorH imd Statdsmon of Now %<sa*
land, 2nd edit., l07 ; HVH'H Long Whft
Cloud, 1808; Ohamcttu" Sketch, Tho II on, John
Ballance, by Sir Hubert Hl,ont, in Hoviow of U<H.
riowe (AuHtrnlian wlition), JVtotlKmrmt, 180IJ.
Seo alao Now Xoalaud uuwHpaporfl, 28 April to
10 May 1893/1 W. P. It,

WILLIAM (1813-
1887), 8arjoant-at4aw t born in IIowliuul
Street, Tutteiiham Court Ivoad, on 3 Jau.

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Ballantyne

work characterised by a greater urbanity i
not by a greater coherence tluin its prede-
cessor. lUllantine, who at the close? of his life
was ono of eight surviving serjeants-at-law,
died at Margate on 9 Jan. 1887. Ho married
on 4 Dec. 184 L Klim, daughter of Henry
Gyles of London. Ilia son, Mr. Waller
Balhmtine, was M.P. for Coventry 1887-95.

Hallantine was lor many years a well-
known figure in metropolitan and especially
in theatrical and journalistic society. His
intimate knowledge of human nature made
him a tower of strength for the defence
in criminal trials, lie was a brisk and
telling speaker, but owed law unique posi-
tion rather to his skill as a cross-examiner
and to the fact that he was a recognised
adopt in the art of penetrating the
motives and designs of criminals. lie
was generally credited with being the
orignal of Oliaflanbniss in Trolkno'n novel
of ' Orley Farm/ The value of ,iis career
as a pattern for the, profession was not un-
questioned. According to the ' Law Times'
' ho died very poor indeed, 7 and * left
behind him scarcely any lesson, even in
his own poor biography, which the rising
generation of lawyers could profitably learn,'

A good Woodfmrytyw portrait was pre-
fixed to 'The Old Work" and the New,' 1884.

[Homo Experiences of a Barrister's Li Co,
18H2; Poster's Men at the Bar, 1JW5, p, 21;
Boawo'H Modoru Knglinh Biography, 1802, p.
147; Mon of thn Time, 12th od. 1887; ( i iuut.
Mug. 18fl3, i. 101 ; Illustratwl News, 18M, i.
317, and 22 Jnn, 1887 (portrait) ; Times, 10 Jan.
1887 ; Law Times, 15 Jan. 18B7,] T, S.

BALLANTYNE, ROBERT MTOITARL
(1825-1894), writer of boys' books, bom at
Edinburgh on 24 April 1825, was the son of
Alexander Ballantyne, a younger brother of
James Ballantyne fq, v.j, the printer of
Scott's works, lie used himself to toll how
his father was employed to copy for the
*)ress the early novels of the Wavwley Hurit*H,
because liis handwriting was leant luiown to
the compositors. Ills eldest brother was
James Uotet Ballantyne [<j.v.], tho dintiii-
guifllxod orientalist.

"When a boy of sixteen Robert Michael
was apprenticed by his father aa a clerk in
the service of the Hudson's Bay Fur Com-
pany! at a salary commencing at iiOJ. lie
wont out to Rupert Land in 1841 , and spent
six; years for the most part in trading with
the Indians. lie kept a rough diary of his
doings, and on his return to Scotland iu
1846 this was published by Black wood as
'Hudson's Bay; or, Life in the Wilds of
North America-' For tho next seven years

he occupied a post in the printing and pub-
lishing lirm oi Thomas Constable of Kdin-
bnrgh. In November ISo5 tho Edinburgh
mblisher, William Nelson, surest ed to
! iallautytK^ that ho should write a book for
boys, embodying some of his experiences iu
tho ' ;freat lone and,' This was rapidly eom-
poao(", and suce(\s,sfully issued in lHr>(i as
' SnowflaltoH and Sunbeams; or, the Young-
Fur Traders,' tlui lirst part of the title, bt^ng 1
dropped in subsejuent. e<litions. ' From tliat
clay to this,' wrot.e Hallantyno in I SOU, * I
"have lived by making story l)ooks for young
folks/ In his second book, MIngava: a
Tahi of Eskimo Lund 7 (1857), he again
drew upon the great, north-west, In his
third, 1 lie 'Corn I Island' (IS/57), in describ-
ing what he had not neon, he made a some-
w-iat. humorous blunder in regard to tho
cocoanut, which ho described as growing in
the form familiar to the KngHsh market.
Thenceforth ho determined l to obtain infor-
mation from tin* fountain-htMid.' Thus, iu
wriling'Tlm Lifo Boat, '(lS(M>),ho went down
to lUmsgntti and made the ar.quaintanee of
Jarman, the coxswain ol the lifeboat there;
in preparing 'Tho Light house* (IHOfi) hu
oblainod ptrmission from the Northern
Lights (lorn mission to visit tho Boll Uock,
and studied St.evonsonYi account of tho
building ; t o obtain local colour for * Kight ing
the Flames' (ltSU7) Im served with tho Lon-
don salvage corps an an amateur fireman; find
' Deep Down ' (IHBS) took him among tho
Cornish miners, ,1 Iu visited Norway, Canada,
Algiers, and the Capo Colony for materials
respectively for * Kriing tho Bold/ *Thn
Norsemen of the West/ 'The Pirate City/
and 'Tim Settler and the Savage/ He got;
Captain Shaw to read the proofs of * light-
ing tho ^Klanu'n/ and Sir Arthur Blaekwood
those of ' Post Haste,*

In such utorieH an tho above, to which may
be added 'This World of hw 1 (1800), 'Tim
Dog CniMoo' (1HM), 'Tho (lorilla Hunters'
(1WJ2), 'The Iron Horse' (1H71), ami
* Black Ivory' (IS/^)^ Ballantyne continued
the sueeesses of Mayrm Ittncl. But hin
HuecesH is tht* more remarkable iuaHmuc.h as,
though his boolw am nwrly always iuHt.ru<j-
live, and his youthful heroes embody all tho
virtues inculcatttd by Dr. Smiles, his talcw
remained geiuunely popular among boy
(despite the rivalry of Juhw Vurno, Henty,
and Kingston) for 'a period of nearly forty
years, during which Bullantyue produced a
of over eighty volumes, II o was a

thoroughly religious man, au aotlvtj
porter of tho volunteer wewmuwt in its
early days, and no mean draughtsman, ix*
kibituig \vatur-colourtj for many ycturu at thy

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Bardolf

124

Barkly

Tliomas Bardolf succeeded his father as
fifth baron in 1386. He bad married, before

8 July 1.S82, Amicia, daughter of Ralph,
second "baron Cromwell, and aunt of Ralph,
fourth baron Cromwell [q. v.], and had on

9 May 1383 been enfeoflfed by his father of
the manor of Jteakington. His mother in
her will requested Henry Percy, first earl of
Northumberland ("q, v.],' to superintend the
arrangements for her funeral, and Bardolf a
daughter Anne married Sir William GliUbrd,
Northumberland's rig] it-hand man. Bardolf
therefore naturally followed the political
load of the Percies during Uiehard U'B reign.
On 5 April 1309 he received letters of pro-
tection on going to Ireland with the king
(UvMtiit, viii. 79), but there is little doubt
that, he, like Northumberland, joined Henry
of Lancaster when he landed' in Yorkshire
in the following July, and from the begin-
ning of Henry IV'a'roigii he was an active
member of the privy council (Nicolas, Ordi-
nances, &c. i. lOtt sqq.) On 9 Fob, 1400 ho
offered to assist Henry against '.ho French
or the HcofcB ' without wag-as or reward/ and
accompanied tho king on hia invasion of
Scotland in tlu? following Auguat,

Tho loyalty of the Pereies to Henry TV
was, however, Hhortli ved, and 1 tardol t'appoars
to have been implicated to HOMO extent iu
Hotmnr'fl rebellion of M0'5. He in wtid to
have aoon convicted of trwwon and pardoned
(G%/wz., eel. Oiles, p. 42), but oven Mr,
Wylie is unable to throw light on this
obscure affair. In any caws Itardolf seems
to have been fully restored to favour, and
continued a regular attendant at the privy
council until the beginning of 1405. Secretly,
however, he was privy to tho plots formed
in tho winter of 14 1)4-5, Even at the council
board he had shown a refractory disposition
in opposing grants and other measures, and
when, in May IdOfi, Henry summoned him
to Worcester to serve against tho Welsh,
Bardolf disobeyed the order and made hm
way to Northumberland, On 12 Juno his
property was declared confiscated, and ou
the 19ta the peers found that he had com-
mitted treason, but suggested that a pro-
clamation should be made orclerinj him to
appear -within fittoon days of Micmimmer,
or else to bo condemned by default. Instead
of appearing at York on 10 Aug., tho date
toe, Bardolf, with Northumberland, lied
to Scotland, Some of his lands wero granted
to Prince John, afterwards Duke of Bedford,
and others to Henry and Thomas Beaufort.
Boon afterwards the Scots proposed to
surrender Northumberland and Bardolf in.
exchange for the Earl of Douglas, who had
been captured by the English at Iloruildou

Hill ; but the two poors escaped to \Vali8,
To Bardolf is ascribed the famous tripartite
treaty dividing Knghmd and Wales between
Owen Gleudowor [q. v,], Sir Edmund Mor-
timer (1370-1 409 Pj [q, v.], and the Karl of
Northumberland, which was now Holemnly
agreed to. 1 hiring 1 the wprmg of 1 4()(> North-
umberland and Bardolf remained in Wales,
giving what help they could to Owen Glen-
dower, but in .Tuly they nought .siiler refuse
at PnriB. There thoy nvn'OHnnted themselves
aa the Hupporte.ru, not o. 1 the psoudo Richard,
but of tho young- Karl of March ( UAMHAV, i.
112, lltJ). They fniled, however, to obtain
aiiy material Hupporl., were equally IWHUC-
cmsful in .Klnu(l(,r,s, and finally roUirnnd to
Scotland. Thoy hud Hlill Homo Hecret Http-
porUsr,s in the north of I^nglatxl, whero tho
irevalont dirtorder wiuned to oiler Homo faint
7iopca of HucctwH. In January 1407-8 they
crossed tlw I'WCVM!, and advanced to Thirnk,
whore they Issued a munileHto, But their
following was Hma.ll, and on H) Fob. thoy
wero dotoatod by Wir Thoman Itokeby [q, v,]
at Jtramlmm Moor, Northumberland \vart
killed, and Bardolf, who WOH capt.ured,(lied
of InHWoundH the mime ni^hu HIH body
was (Miartered, and ]>art-H of it. Hont to Lou-
don, ! jynn, HhrowHlmry, and York, the l
be.inp exhihitexl at Lincoln (KnylM
<H!. DavieH,p. U4), Lord Hardolf Hguv
mnumtly in Slwktvnoare'H * Honrjj IV, part
ii. ;' the other Bar^olf, PirttoL'N (Vinnd, who
appwu'H in both partn, and alwo iu ' llonry V/
soottiH to b(5 entirely imaginary.

.Bv hia wife, who diet- ou I July 14LM*
Barcolf had IHSUO two datu^hterrt: Anne,
who married iirnt. Sir William OliUbnl.
and secondly Sir Reginald Oobham; and
Joati (1390-1447), who married Sir William
Phelip (im-1441) of Denniugton, Huilolk,
and Kr])inglnim, Norfolk [of. art* KUIMNU*
HAM, Siu THOMAS']. He'Herved at Agin-
court, waa captain of llarilwtr 14^1-14^1
treaaurer of the houNtOioId to Henry V, anu
chamberlain to Heury VI, and on li Nov.
14-.'i7 wa8 croat.ud Dttron J^ardolf; <m hifl
death iti 144-1 the peerages boeamo tixt.inct,

| Full dut4iilfl of IUrUolt*H Hfs with anr,ilo w*
fori-neon to tho original authorittoH, uro g'vim in
Wylio'w Hint, of Il^nry J V and Kamuy*H Lan-
caster and York. Tho <'liif ar <>wlinant* of
tho Privy Council, J. Nicoliw; KtHuli Purl,;
Rynu'ir'tf Fwulora, vul. viii, ; Oal. ,Ht, Pat, ; (Jul,
Rot. Olnus.; HUMHOX AwhieoL Coll, vol. xi.;
BlDmofiolcrs Norfolk, piwwim; 0, K. C[okayno]'H
Oomploto Towage,] A, i'\ P.

BABRLY, 'SIR HRNUY (1815 1BOB),
colonial govomor, born in 181 5, -wan the only
son of ^Ffliittafl Bavldy of Montea^le m ( ltoMH-
shiro, a Wost ludia merchant* Ko received a

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Barlow

126

Barlow

tcr of Sir Thomas Simson Pratt [q. v.] By
his first wile ho had two sons.

Hi 8 son, ABTHUB CHOIL STITAKT BAEKLY
(18-4 3-1 890), colonial governor, was educated
at Harrow, arid became a lieutenant in the
carabineers. In November I860 ho was
nominated private secretary to his father in
the Mauritius, and afterwards filled the same
office at the Cape of Good Ho >c. In August
1877 he was appointed a resident magistrate
in Basutoland. lie took part in the IJasuto
campaigns in 1879 and 1880, and in November
1881 was appointed chief commissioner of the
Seychelles. In January 1886 he became
lieutenant-governor of the Falkland LslandH,
but returned to the Seychelles in the fol-
lowing year. In 1888 he was nominated
governor of Heligoland, where he remained
until its transfer to Germany in Auguwt
1890. He died on i27 Sept. 1800, while on
a visit to Stapleton Park, Pontofract.

[Mon and Women of tho Tiino, 1895; Times,
22,26,27 Oct. 1808; Kostor'H Haroiiolngo mid
Knightages Colonial Oitko Lints ; Ollieinl Ru-
turris of Mwnhors of Park; (hint. Mag. IS 10
ii. $86, 1857 ii. 327, !M6 ; Kod way's Hint,, of
British Gniuim, 189-1, iii. 100-12; Gunluor'ti
Hint, of Junmien, 1873, pp. 448, 452 ; MolUno's
Life and Timea of Mir J. 0. Molbono, I JUKI, pjw-
flim ; MiLrriuonu 1 *) Lifo of Krorti, 180"), ii, 171,
173 ; Tlioal'a South Africa (Story oftho Nation*),
1804, p. 320 ; Reply of ProHidont [Jurors to tho
DcBpatchoH of Sir II. Harkly(()llit i ial Oornwp. of
South African Kcp.). 1874; Bowcm'n Thirty
Years of Colonial Government, o<L S, Latin-
Poolo, 1880, ii, 7fi-C, 81, 223; Chiogr. Journal,
1808, i. 621-2.] JB. I. 0.

BAJRLOW, PETEU WILLIAM (1809-
1BK5), civil engineer, born at Woolwich on
1 Fob. 1800, was tho eldest son of Peter
Barlow [q, v." In 18i(1 ho became a pupil
of I lenry Ktuiuflon l^ilmor, then acting' us

Blatant engineer to Thomas Telford [<j, v,]
Under Palmer ho wan engaged on tho Liver-
pool and Birmingham Canal and tho now
London Dockw. Jn 1827 he WIIH ducted an
asHociato member of tho. Institution of Civil
Engineers, In 18&J- and 18'$5 he wafl em-
ployed in surveying the county of Kent for
the London and Dover railway, and in IfcJiJCJ
he was appointed resident engineer, under
Sir ^William Oubitt [q. v.], cm the central
division of the line between Edenbridg-c and
Hoadcorn, In 1838 and 1H3S) tho sections
from Edtmbridgo toltodhill and from I load-
corn to Folkestone wore placed in his hawk;
in 1840 ho became resident engineer of tho
whole line; and subsequently JIB was ap-
pointod enginoer-in-ehiof. In 1R4S he de-
signed and executwd the Tunlmdgo Wells
branch, a Hue remarkable from the fact that

it was executed, with tho consent of the
landowners and occupiorw, before tho act, of
parliamont sanctioning 1 it was obt.aiiuul.
During tho next eight years ho was engaged
on tho extension of the Tmibridge Wells
branch to 1 1 anting, l.ho North Kent, tins
Ashford and Ilasl.ings, and tho Uodhill and
Reading rail ways, nnd from iKfiOho was em-
ployed m connection with tho Newt-own and
Oswestry, the Londonderry and I'hmiskilh'ii,
and the Londonderry and (Joloraine railways.
On HO Nov. lH4r> ho WUM elected a follow" of
the Royal Hocitty,

In 1858 Itarlow inv(Hti^at.ed, with tho
asHiHtanco of inodelH of lar^-e nixe, tho con-
struction of hridgtw of f^rent sp, i ui t p?ivin|jf
eiHpecial attention to thn prohh*m of Ntillenifir
the roadway of HUS]>(Mi.sion bridjjfeH, It hat.
been suppowrd that to imiko a HUwperiHiou
bridge an Htill' an a girder bridge it WRH
nocoHsary to use lattice prdnrn HulluMontly
strong to hear the load of tliein.selv<M, anil
that. Hucli Ixsiu^ th<i cao HUHpoiision chains
were UHelewn, iarlow, howovcr, showed tho
poHHibility of Htillnninpi'HitMpiMiMiou hrid(.uH hy
comparatively li^ht parallel g'irderH <^xtend-
ing from pier to pier. Hurjoy/H e.oncluj-ioiiH
have b(on confirmed by William John MHO
quorn Itankino |"<|. v.]' (Manual, of Ap^lM
Mtrhanir^ od. Millar", 1HOH, p, 370). VVhilo
invosti^atinif this prohlnin Harlow nxMiuitu k <l
tiho groat railway and road hrid^o at Niu^u-ra,
and on IUH return pnhlisluxl M Hwwval lonw
on tho Niagara Railway SuNpi^nnion Bridge'
(London, 1NOO, Hvo). 'Hlmrtly alltirwardn a
company wan formed for constriK-.tiug a
bridge across l-.lws Tham^H at LainhiMh, of
wlxichho wan appointed en, 'imor. r l 1 hiH wirn
rope HtiHpwiHiou bridge, wauth wan opom^l
on 11 Nov. 180^, eoutnmetl duigonal Ht.rtitH
in conn<<',tion with the vortical tien from
which the roadway wa HiiHponthul, In t.luH
way a Hiillicient dtgrou of HtilVneM waw at-
tnined to permit lar^n gan niaiiiH to be laid
acroHH the brid jfn wit, lout; auy^ leakage, I <am-
both bridgo, * t ,10 eheapnHt hridge in Londoti/
which cont with itn a-prondieH 45,001 )/., wan
-)iircha,s(d hy tho Metropolitan Hoard of
Vorks (WiiHATr.KV and UUNNWUHAM, Xrm-
donPtwt and /Vwwntf, 1H91, ii, JJ5H),

During tho coiiHtructjon of tLm hridgn tho
procoMH of sinking or forcing into tho clay
the cast-iron cy. indent which formed tho
pitTH fiuggenttul to Barlow th* idea that nmsh
cylinders could easily Ixulriven horizontally,
and could bo employed in Huitahlo soils for
tunnelling under river bods. In accordancu
with thoo theories the Tuww nubway WIIH
constructod in 1HOO and 1H70 by eixcavating 1
a tunnel through the clay bod of t.li Thaauw
by moans of a wrought-irun shield, eight feet

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Barlow

128

Barnard

titled * Callings from Nature,' He moved
to Ebury Street, London, in 1847. Ilia first
independent work was a plate in the line
manner from. John Phillip's t Courtship,' exe-
cuted in 1848, and this led to a close friend-
ship with the painter, the most important of
whose pictures he subsequently engraved.
These include 'Dona Pepita,' l8fi8; 'The
Prison Window/ 1860; 'The House of
Commons in I860,' I860; 'Prayer in Spain,'
1873; ' Highland Breakfast/ 1877 ; and tho
celebrated 'La Gloria, 7 1877. Barlow was
the executor of Phillip's will, and drew up
the catalogue of the collection of his works
which was brought together at tho London
international exhibition of 1873. Tu 1HH6
lie engraved Millais'a ' Huguenot/ and in 1 805
his ' Mv First Sermon/ and during tho latter
part 0'., his life was largely engngod upon
that artist's works. Tho portraits of Bright,
Gladstone, Tennyson, Newman, Lord Salis-
bury, and other public characters, painted
by Millais for Messrs. Aguow, were all on-
graved by Barlow, Other woll- known plat <vs
'yy him are the M)tath of Ohatterton, after
It. Wallis; portrait of Sir Isaac Newton,
after Kneller ; portrait of Churl ea DidcoriB,
after Frith; and several after Lamlseor,
Maclise, AnwcMl, and Sant. Barlow en-
graved Turner's ' Wreck of the Minotaur'
for the Earl oi* Yarborough, who presented
the plate to the Artists' Gonoral Benevolent
I nt it lit. ion, and for tlio samo charity ho in
185(J executed a large etching of 'turner's
* Vintage of Macon,' This ho thirty years
later undertook to complete in mezzotint.,
and he had just accomplished tho work at
the time of iis death. Barlow was eloetod
an associate en graver of the Royal Academy
in 187,% a fuL associate in 1876, and nn
academician in 1881, I Jo was a mombcw
and for many years secretary of tho Etching
club, and in 188(5 was appointed director
of the etching class at South Kensington.
Barlow was a very accomplished (mgravor,
and one of tho last survivors of tho oldW.hool
of mes5zotin.tr and mixod work, Ho died at
his house, Auburn Lod^e, Victoria Koad,
Kensington, on 24 Dec. 1889, and was bitritsd
in the ."irompton comotory.

Portraits of him were painted by John
Phillip in 1856, and by MQaift in 188fl, and
he sat for the fig-ur of tho sick ornitholo-
gist in the latter^ picture, *The Ruling Pas-
sion ; ' Millais'a portrait ia now in the Old-
ham Corporation Art Gallery, and is repro-
duced from a photograph in the * Manchester
Quarterly,' April 1691. A photographic por-
trait, with biographical notice, appeared in
Mr. F, G, StepaWs < Artists at Homo,' 1884.

Barlow married, in 1851, Ellen, daughter

of James Cocks of Oldham, who survives.
In 1891 the Oldham corporation acruirod an
almost complete collection of JBarJow'e en-
gravings.

[Memoir by Mr. Hurry Thornbor, reprinted
from tho Manchester Quarterly, April 1801;
Athonamm, 28 Due. 1889 ; Times, U8 .Doc. 1880 ;
Manchester Kmiing News, 27 Doc. 188!); twtoa
kindly supplied by Mr. 0, W, Button, and private
information.] F. M, O'l).

BARNAKD, F11E1 )F/IUOK (1 8-KM Hfl(J),
humorous artist, ymuitfost child of Mrlwaril
Barnard, a mnnufacturixig 1 silvorHmith, \va
born in Angul Street, SU MaHan'H-lt^Orand,
London, on !>(> May 184(>. Jin wtudiod iirst
at lIc.athorh^y'Hnrt scshool in NownuuuStrcot,
wboro aro still pronorvod nomo clovnr cariea-
tunw exueutod by him of bin mawtor and
fellow pupils, anil later undw Bonnat in
Paris, HIM narlicMt publication wan a Hot of
twenty charcoal drawing ontitlod 'Tbo
Teoplo of Paris, 1 and ho bccamo a very
popular artist in black tvn<l white, cluofly ex-*
colling in tljo dtdintmtion of tlu^ typos and
xnannorH of tho lownr ortlors of society, AH
enrly^is 1803 ho had eont-ributod to * launch/
and for two yoar.s lu^ was cartoonist to * Fun/
Harnard -was ono of tho most Nytupathotic
and succoHsful of tho hitrj)i'ctrs of (UlinrloH
Dickons; tlw majority of tJus ouf'H in llm
houHohold edition of that author's works
(1H71-9) aro from his poncil, and botwiion
1879 and 1HH4 IM m\\M\ tliroo eorion of
* Character Slwtchon from I )ickons/ ITo also
illustratod novols by Justin Mawrthy, II, K.
Norris, arid othws, and much of Ins work
appeared in < Good Words,* * ()no a Wwjk/
and the * Illuwtratod London NOWR/ A lino
edition, of Banyan's * Pilgrim's ProgrosH,'
mainly illustrated by Barnard, ap-Hmrtul in
1880. Ho collaborated with Mr. <*, U. HiwH
in his MIow thn I'oor Livo/ IHH.1, and
during 1880 and 1887 workod in Atnoricafor
Mossrs. Harper Brothers, Amotig his latosft
productions was a sorios of pimillnl ctharactom
drawn from Hhakospoaro and UickimHy whush
appeared in Mr, II any Furniss'H wookly - our-
na, entitled *Lika Joko' in 180-1 and ' 895,
Barnard jmint-Gd a f<nv oil pictures of gt'<^afc
merit, which apjwaml from tirat to tiwo
at the Royal Aetidumy, and vrwi brought
together at the exhibition of * Mn^'iah
IIumoriatB in Art/ 1889, Of thH<s th bvsti
aro ^My first Pantomime* and ' My last Pan-
tomimo' (tho, property of Hir Knnfy Irving),
*Tlie Jury X^ilj^rim's PrognjfiH,* ** Saturday
Ni^lit in. tho Kaat End,' and ' Tho Orowil
T):'bre the Quartls' Band* St. Jainws'H 'Park.'
Barnard naarriwd in 1870 Alico Farafiij,a
niece of Miehad Faraday [q, v/J llt> was

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130

Barnby

sonally he would never accept a privilege
which involved the renunciation of his
rights as a British subject, lie was there-
fore regarded with some favour by President
Kruger, and his persuasions wore to some
extent responsible for the president's consent
to the extension of the Cape railway into
the Transvaal; he failed, however, to induce
the president to withdraw his support from
the Netherlands railway, or to '-rant mu-
nicipal government to Johannesburg. He
was naturally not initiated into the secret
of the Jameson raid of December 1805, which
he afterwards denounced in unmeasured
terms; but his nephew, Mr. S. B. Joel, was
one of the reform committee of Johannes-
burg, and after tho raid Barnato went to
Pretoria to plead on the prisoners 1 behalf;
he also threatened to close clown all his
mines and throw twenty thousand whites
and a hundred thousand 'KalUro out of em-
ployment unless the prisoners were released,
when their release was effected Banwto pre-
sented to Mr. Kruger the two marble lions
which guard the entrance to what was then
the presidency at Pretoria.

Barnato's health began to fail in 1807,
and on 14 June he threw himself ^overboard
from the Scot, not far from Madeira, on his
way from Capo Town to Southampton ; the
Capo legislature adjourned ou hearing tho
news ; his body wan recovered and brought
to Southampton, where, on tho 18th, a
coroner's jury ret u mud a verdict of ^ death
by drowning while temporarily insano.'
Barnato was buried on the 520th by tho
side of his father in "Willoatlen cemetery ; a
portrait is prefixed to Raymond's ' Memoir,'
5le married in 1875 at Jumborloy, and hift
widow, with two sons and ono daughter,
survived him.

Barnato possessed a wonderful financial
aptitude, untiring industry, and a genius for
stock exchange speculation. Jlo retained
his ignorance through life, read nothing not
even the newspapers, and amused himself
with the drama of the lower sort, with
"ir'usti-fighthigy and horse-racing. He was,
However, generous, good-natured, and freo
from snobbery* lie did not live to com-
plete the mansion ho common cod building
m 1895 at tho corner of Park Lane and
Stanhope Street. The management of his
business afFairs devolved upon his nephew,
"Woolf Joel, who was assassinated at
Johannesburg in March 1898, and buried in
"Willesden cemetery on 19 April (see Times,
20 April 1898).

[Memoir by H, Baymond, 1897; Times,
16 and 21 Jane 1897; Cape Timon, 36 Juno;
Cape Argus and Johannesburg Star, 17 Junej

Cecil Khodos, by Vindox, 1000, chap, vi. ; Fits-
^M! ride's Trunsviuil from Within, 1800; J
"VIeOall Theal'B South Africa, od. 1890.1

A. F. P.

BARNBY, Sm JOS HIM I (IMH-IHM),
composer and conduct.or, non of Thomas
Haruby, an organist, WUH born at York on
12 Aug. 1H38. At tho age of woven ho bo-
came a chorister in 1.1m minuter, a six of hm
brothers had been before him. Uo began to
teach music at tho ago of ton, and wan au
organist and choirmiiHtor at twol vo. At HIX-
teen bo entered tho Royal Academy of MUHIC
as a student, and (in lH5(>) wan narrowly
defeated by (Sir) Arthur Sullivan [q, v.
Suppl-1 in tho competition for tho firnt klon-
delssoiin scholarship. Aftor holding tho
orguniHtnlfn of Mitcham church for a whort
time Jtormy returned to his nativo city,
whore for four yoarn ho taught mn.su 1 .. lie
then definitely wottlod iu London, wlun'o
auccoHHively hold Uio following app
us organ iHt and choirmasl,or: St,

(Juoonhitho (.'iO/. ])or annum); St.

tho LosHjWoklminwter; St.. Andrew's, Wollrt
Streot; (lSOJi-71); St., AunoV, Soh(IH7I-
,1880). Tho HervieoHat St. Andniw'w brought
him a groat reputation by roawm of thoir
liigli standard of intiH-pn^lation and lh<^ mo-
dern character of the muHio r<mdortl tliort^
epociiilly that of (Jounod, with which Baniby
wan much in sympathy. Mr. Mdward Lloy<l
was a member of tho choir. At St. AttnoV,
Soho, Burnbv introduced t-he lowH-knowii
PasHiou mimic (St. John) by J, S, ltm$h,
which was perfortued with (>p<ilnwtrul aotumt-
])animnt, thou quite a novelty iu a pariah
cluirch.

In 1801 Barnby became mnmcnl adviHrto
MwsflTH. Novello, which a|poititmait bo held
till 187<i At the itmtigat^in of Mtwrn
Novello 'Mr, Jowmh Harnb^H^'.hoir" wan
formed under IHH ftondmst(Hliip in 1807, tlio
YS,.*. (. ( >n(j ( jit, being given at St. JamowVi Hall

on $$ May. From 1809 cowwrU were given
under tlu! d<.Higtintit>n ' < )ru,torio OonwrtH, 1 at
whic.li the low pitch (tlwpnmn twnml) was
introduced, and Heveral great works wens
revived and admirably performed, e,g* H,n-
del'H Mo.])ht,ha/ I5(H*thov(^n*H great HMIHH in
I), and Badi'M * St. Mtthw I*iiHHum.' At;
tho end of 187^ the choir wa atualgamaUul
with that cowluctutl by M. Uouno<l t and, m
the Royal Albert Hall' Choral Society (now
Royal 'Choral Society), began to give con-
certs on l^Fub. 187*;i ,Kor the remaining
twenty-threw yearw of bin life Jlarubywm-

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Barnes

132

Barnes

In June 1 835 lie left. Merc and settled in Durn-
gate Street, Dorchester, with a promising 1
school, transferred in 1837 to a larger house
in South Street. On 2 March 1838 he pub
his name on the books of St. John's College,
Cambridge, as a ten years' man. During
the next six years he contributed some
of his best archaeological and etymological
work to the pages of the * Gentleman's Maga-
zine.' The variety of subjects indicates a
great amount of reading, while his more
sustained investigations at this period of the
laws of harmonic proportion show his apti-
tude for abstract speculations. In '18-14 tho
* Poems in the Dorset Dialect ' were "issued
in London by Uussoll Smith. A cordial
admirer of tho new poet was found in the
Hon, Mrs. (Caroline) Norton [q. v.], who did
much to give publicity to Barno.s's ppnins.

Barnes was ordained by tho Jlmhop of
Salisbury on 28 Fob, 1847, and, while re-
taining his school, entered upon new duties
as pastor of Whitcombo, throo miloa from
tho count? town, llo was concentrating a
great deal of his time now upon Anglo-
Saxon, of which bis ' JMoctus' appeared in
1849, In the followin % year he graduated
B.D, at Cambridge. n 185^ ho resigned
his curacy, and soon afterwards bocamo a
trusted contributor to tho nowly started
'Introspective Uoviow. 1 In 1854 'he bogau
reading Persian (and honcoforth, after I'o-
trarch, he was perhaps most nearly infhumcod
by Baadi), and published hi ' Philological
Grammar/ a truly remarkable book, for the
copyright of which ho received 6. In 1H58
appeared a second series of Dorset pomns
undor the title * Ifwomely Hhymos/ fluvoral
of the pieces in which notably t Tho Vaioofl
that be Gane' were effucti vcly rendered into
"Fnmch for De Chatolain r s * ltaatit6H do la
1*016810 Anglaise. 7 Barmw had already a~)~
poarod a,s a lecturer upon arehologica,i su >
)ects, and he was now (mcourogod to give
readings from his dialect poems in "tho
various email towns of Dorset, Ho received
an invitation from Macroady at Slwrborno,
and from the Duchona of Sutherland at
Stafford HOURQ. In 1859 he had a visit from
Luc'um Buonaparte, who had bean attracted
by the poem*, and at whono flugguBtum
Barnes now translated ' Tho Song of Solo-
mon 'into the Dorset dialect. In 1800 he
was enlisted as a writer for the newly
founded * Macmillan's Magazine*' In April
1861 he was granted, at the instance of
Palmerston, an unsolicited pension of 70J,
from ^thft civil list. The year was fully occu-
pied in the preparation of his most ccmmdcrr
able philological work, devoted to the theory
of the fundamental roots of the Teutonic

speech, and entitled *Tiw/ after the god
from whom tho race dorivod their name.
In 1862 lift received from Captain Seymour
Dawfton Pamor an oflor of tho ructory of
Came, which ho gladly aoc.opt.od.

Barnoa was iudne.ted into (amo church
on 1 Dec. 1802. "JIo madn an adiuirablo
country parson, homuly and unconvnnt.ional
aa his rhymes, a scholar with Iho widest- in-
torostH, wlOH active horizon wan yot strictly
bounded by tlui Dorndi-sliirn fu^<lH and up-
lands. Ilia work upon Ui t DorHoUhiro
(vlossary J incroaswl hm adniiratioti for t,h(^
vernacular and his dinlik(M>r latininod forms.
llo was indignant at tho introduction of
such words as ^Uototfraph and hic.ycln, for
which ho woulc, huvo suhst.it u(.od Htmpi'int
and wh(Uilsac1dlo, A, collicitiv<^ edition of
tho dialoct pooiufl uppoanul in 1870, and of
tho poet at this latn period of his earner Mr.
Hardy contributed to tho Atluwwum '
(10 Oct. 18HO) an mtm'eHtmjj vijfnotto,
Until about 188'J there* wow ' low li^uroa
nioro familiar t-o tho oyo in tho county town
of Dorso.t on a markt't day thati an aged
clergyman, quaintly att-irod* iti capod cloak^
kne,e,-bre.ech(*H t and* buclthnl shoes, with a
liuithor satchel slung over his shouldorn atid
a stonfc Htair in IUM haud, He Heeined UHually
to profor tho luitUllo of the street, to tho
pavement, and to bo thinking of uiattorw
which had nothing to do with tho HCOUO
buioru him, llu ploddod alon ^ with a broad,
firm tread, notwithstanding t iw slight Ht-oop
occHsioneA by his years. Kvery Haturday
morning ho might/ have been" mien thus
trudging up tho narrow South Street, hm
shotjH coated with mud or duHl< nrcortUng t>o
the Htattt of thu roudw botwet^n his rural
homo and Dot'chenter, and a little, groy dog
at his hiwlft) till ho roachotl \}\u four (ircmft-
ways in tho c.oniro of tho town. Halting
th(U*o opposite tho public olooh, ]w woul(.
^ull his old-faHhiouotl watrlx from iin do]>
L V)b and sot it with groat precision to London
time/

Until ho was well over eighty ho went on
working with the sumo remarkable grasp of
power and variety of interests, Ho/tVuui at
'Jarao rectory on 7 Oet, 1HH(J, and was buried
four days latw in thu village churchyard*
B;/ his wife, wlio diad on ^1 Juno 185^, ho
lo:t issue two nons and three daught <rH. At
a meeting convened by the Bishop of 8ali
burv, shortly al'twr Barnen'H death, it was
decided to commemorate tho * Dorwitfthiro
BurnB* by ostabliHlung a * BurnoH itxhibU
tion ' at tti DorohoHter grammar nchool, A
bronze Htatuo of tho poet by Uowtoo Mull ins
lias boan eroct<ul in thu churchyard of
Peter's,

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Barnett

134

Barttelot

sung- by Braliam. In these curly attempts
Burnett's strength of talent and vein of
poetic feeling were at once recognised, and
ae was advised to cultivate the higher
branches of his art (Quarterly Musical
Magazine, 1821-8, passim). Ilia music to
Wolfe's 'Not a Drum was hoard,' had extra-
ordinary merit; but ho iirst won popularity
through ' The Light Guitar,' sung by Tudame
Vestris. Henceforward he produced song's
and ballads with surprising facility, some of
the moat melodious of them (' Rise, gontlo
Moon/ t My Fatherland,' and others) joing
composed for the plays with music them in
vogue. Eor the Lyceum, and especially tor the
Olympic, where Ikrnett waamuaical director
in 181*2, he composed a numbor of musical
farces.

Tliis inartistic employment wearied a
musician of the calibre of Burnett, whose
aim it became to wed music to poetry in
true dramatic form, and whoso ambition
seems to have bn to writo a national
Enplish opera. But Iiis 'Mountain Sylph/
which was produced at the Lyceum on
25 Au^, 1834, was written under tim itmpint*
tion o: lopmdary fomst magi and mountain
spectres Delongiiig to Germany. It; mot
nevertheless with the earnest; commcmdation
of contemporary critics, and after sixty yours
compels admiration.

The traditional Kn^lLsh romance of * Fair
Rosamond/ on the ot'ier hand, allbrded Bur-
nett a subject which might have awakened
lasting national iriteroHt* ,111s opura on the
sublet was produced at. Drury Lano on
28 J\ib. 1 HtfT, But the librettists ^orverwvly
reduced the story to the level of 'iurleHquo.
The melodies and recitatives after the Htylo
of Parcell, and the orchestration modelled
on that of Weber, were wasted upon an
absurd straining after 'a huppy end' (cf.
Musical PF<>/M, March 1887, p >. 17^,

SubHtic ucMitly Barnett openou St.,
Theatre .or English opera, bat he
there little SUCCUMB. lliBconaultationfl with
Bishop, liodwttll, and others oix the boat
means of reforming opera resulted in the
promise of a patent for the oHtabliHhmcnt
of English <nra from William IV, who,
however, diet immodmtnly afterwards.

Barnett now devoted himself to the teach-
ing of singing (publishing in 1844 a ' School
for the Voice/ which showed his mastery of
that subject) and the composing^ of Bongs,
part- songs, and instrumental music. Thee ;
when sot to poetry, were generally distin-
guished by a tender yot virilo strain of
melody, but in the case of many of his two
thousand pieces he bad to be content with
humdrum * words for music.'

After a rosidrnro for Hovorul yoars from
184Gonward.s at Oholtnuham, Banuitt with-
drew to the grout <u- quiet of the Cotnwoldtt.
lie died on 1(> April 1800, in his m^hty-
oifrhth year. He wius buried at Leckhann-
ton, near Choltmiham. Unmarried in IHJ;7
the youngest: daughter of Robert Lindloy
[q. v.], the violoncellist. She survived him
until February 18M. Of their children,
two daughters, who formerly sang un<ler
the names of Uosmunda antl Clara K>oria,
are now Mrs. It. M. J^ranrilloTi and Mr,
lltmry M,, .Ro^<. k rH. A portrait, in oils
of Barnetfc at the a-jfo of

was painted l^y a French artist., and "in now
in th* poascHrtfon of Mrs. It. K, Kmnnllon,
and another painting by Sydney I'ng^ti bu~
longs to bin Htm, Mr. Mugc.im itamctt; ; an
engravt'd ]>ortrait< in givtiu in Athol Al'uy-
hew'w * Jorum of runt;ti.'

Havii(t.(.'8 openiH are: I. "The Mountain
Sylph/ prodiuMul and :>uliliMhe(l IH.'H, rt*-
vlved 18;UJ. *2. * Fair 'tosamond/ SiH 'lVb.
LWJ7. . < Karinelli, 1 8 I'wb. 1H0, -I, * Kath-
leen/ unpublished. lie also published an
oratorio, ' The OmnipreHomw of tlw IMty/
18>)0. A long* lint, of notion, duet.s, part-
HongH, pi(>,o.eH t and nniHical furceH is Hiipplunl
in Browu'H ' Kiogniphie.al ^Dictionary* and
Brown and HtruUon'H *

Mag, IH1), p, '10; Theatrical fn-
IHUi, piiNMini ; Uiogrnph, %*i. 4A> ;
uHitNtl JVIotuortoN, p, 2!I8; DUV<\V"H
. of Un^litih MUHIC, pp. 4<JH (> ; droWn
Diet, of MUHU, i t MO, -180; pvivulu in formation ;
authoriluw aitutl.] L, M. M.

BARTTBLOT, SIR WALTKU BAU,T-
TKLOT, liml. Imronut (IHLH) 18U.U polit.i-
cian, born on 10 ()d.. 1H;JO ,t Itichmond^
Surrey, wan tlw eldest HOU of Oeorge Hurt,-
tclot (1 788-1 HT^), of v^topham lloitne, Pul-
borough, HuHHex, by Emma, youngest dnugh-
tor of JamoH Wnodbri<l^o of Kiehmund,
The family bad been neaped in HUNHH.X for
Boveral ct^nturitw. Tho fat.lMT nerved with
ditinction in the royal hoi-He artillmy cluriujf
the penitiHular war.

Walt.er wan educated al, Htip'by, and
served in the Utvoyul tlrntfooiiM froin 1HJVJ
to 1853, when he retired with i\w rank of
captain. Jle WHH aftorwnrda honorary
co-onel of the 8nd battalion royal MUHWCX
regiment. From I)iwmnlM4r 18(K)"to 1HH5 h
was one of the conMervative m^tnlxTH for
West SiWHttx. Tlwsn li WHH rt nrncd for the
newly constituted HorKham divinion, and
held the seat until hfo death, I lo waH a fre-
quent apwaker in the House of OommonR*
On 14 April 18(14 he moved an amendment
to the budget bill, the purport of .which wan

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Barttelot

136

Bate

carriers, and on 11 Juno 1888 (when ho had
been at Yambuya nearly twelve months) ho
started on the march eastwards to seek out
Mr, Stanley. TheKanzibariR began to dowert
with thoir loads within four daya, arid it
was found necessary to disarm t-iom, On
24 Juno Barttolot, with fourteen 2anibarin
and three Soudanese, went back to Stanley
Falls, and soon after his arrival had a pulavor
with Tippoo-Tib, who gavo him full powers
to deal with the carriers. He then rctminod
his march, and rejoined his main body at
Banalya (or Unari'a) on 17 July, an Arab
encampment on the Aruwimi. Hero, on
19 July, he was shot through thu heart by
an Arab in a hut, while endeavouring to put
a atoj) to the nxmoyanca caused him by the
man's wife beat ing a drum and by unautho-
rised firing. The man, who ran away, was
tried and executed at Stanley Falls some
(lays later. Barttelot's body was buried near
the spot where he fell by Sergeant Bonny,
the only European who was then with tine
rearguard of the expedition, A month later
Mr. Stanley arrivoc at Yambuya on 17 Aug.
1HN8, On his return to England he threw
blame upon Barttolot and the other oi!ie*r
loft with him at Yambuya for their conduct
in failing to follow him. Much controversy
eiiHued; but the published narratives of all
tlxo members of the rearguard, while diflr-
ing on some secondary points, provod the
mnoKsibiltty of leaving the camp without
suticient carrion* and whilu its oeeupantN
were in an enfeebled condition, Barttelot
was a severe disciplinarian, had a somewhat
hasty temper, anu was mivcrtwd in dealing
with orientals, but his character was freed
of all serious reproach.

A brafl tablet to his rnmnorr was erected
in Stopliam church by his brotaw olttccrA of
the 7 tli fusiliers, and another by his com-
panions in the Kxnin exptulition. A tablet
was also placed in the memorial chapel,
Sandhurst, and a stained glawa window in
Storringdon church.

[For Sir Wai tor Karttivlot HOC Ihirlca'ft IWrupro;
Mon of the Time, 1 3th edit* ; Timo, 3 T\b. 1 803 ;
flutwox Daily KOWH, 3 l<>b, ; Hansard'a Purl,
Debates, paHeira ; Luey'H Diary of Two Parlia-
ment), i. 434, ii. 210, 211 ; J, McCarthy's Ho-
miniNCGnccB, ch, stxxiii. 32.

Fo Major Barjtolot neo Li To (with DiarioH
and Letter) by hifl hrolhor, 1800 (French edit,
1891); Stanley's In DarkoHt Africa, i. 117-20,
and chap, xx. ; and tho narratives by J. 8.
.Tampon (edit Mrw. Jjumww), J. K, Tronp, and
H, Ward, mo&t ojf which have portraita of Ikrt-
telot, See also A Visit to Stanley^ Rearguard
by J. B* Wexnor (an ongineer in serricoof Oon^o
Free State), chaps, x, xi,; Ulaclcwood, Awiniat
1S90,] 0. LIB 0. N.

BATE, CIIAKJXS HPIONCK (J8H)
1880), ftiontifi(j writer, horn at Troni<^k
llouwn, in tlici parish of St. (Jlwmmt, noar
Trnro, on 10 Maro.h 1810, was t.ho <li<wt. MOU
of Charity Bat o 1 1 7HS). - 1 87a), a Truro dontint,,
\vlio married, at S(;, Olninnnt,, ITarrint H-)onoo
(17SH-1H70). Ho wan ij<Jur.at<d at. VVuro
grammar Hchnol from iH^i) t.c> 1H,'J7, and,
aft(r boiii^ in tho Hiir^nry of Mr. Hl^wutt
for two y<uu*H, <lovot<d liitiiHolf to d<mtiHtry
undor his fatlxir'H hint ruction. Whou (jnali-
lii k d ho uHlabliuluul liiniHolf at Swanmsa iu
1841.

In this W<lnh nnnport, Hato mdo tho ao
quaixitanon of many w.iontific. HtudcntH, and
t-ook iif tho Ktudy of natural hintory. On
tho visit of tho British AnMociation to Swun-
flou in IH'icS IHJ boratno a mombor of tho
Roo.i^ty, and on mow than ono wibHoquout
occoHion waH tho pronidanl. of a noct ion. llo
was mainly inHtrumontal in pixxuirin^ itn
viwt to Pfymouth in 1H77, and wan a vice*
proHulont oV the int^tin^.

Jkto loft WwaiiHoa in 1851, and Kottlod at
B Miil^ruvo Plan^ Plymouth, whithor lug
lathor had long mneo niigrat.id IVom Truro,
lio su(!(*(MMlod to his fath<^r*H pwrtlro HH a
dontint, and rose to bo tlm leading mombor
of tho profcHHion outMi<lo London, romving
tho lirsonno of tho Royal Oiillcgii of SurgnotiH
iu 1H<}(). Jlo wan l(t<l a niombor of tho
Odontological Sociot.y in lH5(i f n<l ud-od UH
its vi(M-pn'Hidnt from 1H(K) to 1HOL\ n ml IIM
its pr(^i(li k nt \n 18H5, boing tho Hrot dtmtmt
in tho jn'oviwuw to fill that ollicv Tho
dental ftoction of tho intwmtimml modical
congroHH, hold in London in IHHl, Hcmni
hiH Hovvir.t'H aw vi<*ii-pn'Hi<bnit, and in IHM^
ho wan tho pwmdont. of tho HHltHb Dtm<al

All this inntitutionH ronnor.tod with Ply-
mouth b<m<lit<x! by HIIJO'H ntluwiw. Ho
wan (tctul a n)ombr c^f thti 1 My mouth In*
Htitution in I8ut* t norvcd UK MtH*rotry from
1H54 to IB(i(),pi^Htd(nt in iWll i5 umf JiWM) -
1870, and mtmibor of tho council from IHfitt
to 1H8J.L Tla WUM a uraUr of tho muwwm
and tho <Mlitor of tht^ * Tmnact ioim ' of th
society from lH(Ji) to 1883, and in mmrly ivry
year IVom Wti to 188^ bt^ liH.urt*df bofwr
its jntb(rB, Bath WHH ono of tho i'mmdtw
of the Dt^vonwhiro AKwuuaUon, Httior gono
secretary ( in 180^, iuul prtwdent in
contributing many piiporn to itH ' Tn
tioiw/ ottp(H:Iully on tho autiquitiofl of Dari.-
moor, a ugtriet very ftimitiar to him,

Uato yfm univornally rtcogiitBiid an tho
grcattiHt living authority on cniHtact'iv* Ho
ftomjHpondod with ThomaB Kdwiml fc v,*J
about thorn from IH^J, und lmtwtttn''W01
aud 1805 received from Edward 'multitude

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Bateman

138

Bateman

[Itarke'a Landed Gentry ; Worthing Gazette,
8 Doc. 1897; Times, 2 Deo. 181*7; Allibone's
Diet, of Engl. Lit; Simma's Bibliothom Staf-
ford.] K I. 0.

BATEMAN, JOHN FREDEKTO LA
TUOBE-, formerly styled JOHN FKHDHKIO
BATEMAN (1810-1889), civil onginoor, born
at Lower Wyke, near Hull lax, on 30 May
1810, was the eldest son of John Bateman
(1772-1851), by his wife Mary Agues, daugh-
ter of Benjamin La Trobo, a Moravian mis-
sionary at tail-field, near Ashton-under-Lyne.
At tlie age of seven he was sent to the
Moravian school at Fair field, and two years
later to the Moravian school at Ockbrook,
returning 1 after lour years more to the Fair-
field school. "When fifteen ho was apprenticed
to a surveyor and mining engineer o. 1 Oldham
named Dunn, and in IKJ.'i he commenced
business on his own account aw a civil engi-
neer. Jn 18IU lie investigated the causes of
the floods in tho river AUdlocsk, _ which led
him to study hydraulic questions move
closely. In l8f'Jr> ho was associated with
(Sir)* William Fuirhairn fq, v.], who early
appreciated his ability, in laying out the,
reservoirs on tho river Bann in Ireland,
From that tiroo ho way almost continually
eunloyed in tho construction of reservoirs
an<! waterworks, In all his undertakings ho
advocated soft water in preference to hard,
and favoured gravitation schemes whero they
were practicable to avoid tho necessity of
pumping, lie devoted much attention to
methods of measuring rainfall, accumulated
a quantity of statistics on the subject, and
wrote several papers describing his observa-
tions*

The greatest system of waterworks which
Bate.man undertook wus that connected with
Manchester* In 1844- ho was first conwiltecl
in regard to tho Manchester and Snlford
water amply, About 1H40 the project was
formed o:' obtaining water from t.ie Penuino
lulls ; tho works in Longdendale were, com-
menced in 1848 and wore finished m th
spring of 1877, In 1H84 Batemun pubHshed
a 'History and Desc.ription of the Mancluwtor
"Waterworks } (London and M'aiwilwwtor, 4 to),
which deals with many points of interest to
the student of hydraulic engineering. Tho
Longdenclale scheme, hoxvover, had btum
designed to supply a population less than
half that of Manchester in 188!^, and it was
clear that additional sources of supply must
be looked for. At Batuman'a suggction tho
corporation resolved to construct new works
at IJake Thirlmoro. A bill was introduced
into parliament in 1878, and, after rejection,
was passed in 1879, and Bateman superin-
tended tho commencement of tho new works,

In. this undertaking ho was associated with
Mr. Georgo Hill of Manchester,

In 1852 ho was requested to advise tho
town council of UlaHtfow in regard to the
water supply of tho city. In the parlia-
mentary session of 1H5-I--5, on Ikteman's
advice, a bill was obtained for tho supply of
water from Loch Katrine. Tim works wuro
commenced in tho spring 1 of 1S50 and wero
completed by Marc.h 1800. They extend
over thirty-four miles, and wore, described
by James M. Gale a worthy to * be.ar <.oin-
parison with thn most, nxUmsivo a|ueduct8
in the world, not excluding tho.su of ancient
Uonic' (Trannartumd of the Jiwtitutwn of
Jbif/iwws in MW/rrwf/, 180.^-4, vii, Ii7).

Ainonp; othor import-ant. walervvorlis by
Bateman may be tmMitionnd t ho Hysl*<uuH for
'Warriiipftcm, Ace.ritij^tou, <)l<lhuui, Ashtou,,
Itlackbiirn, St,t)ck<bil T Unli(aK t Dewnbury,
St. Helens, Kemhd, lJellast. T Dublin, New-
e,a,stl(^oii-Tytu% Ohorley, Holt.on, Darweu,
J\Iac<'l<'s{i(l<l, (MieHtiM 1 , (firhenhnnd, (Houces-
t(r, Aberdare, IVrth, l^jrlar, Wolvorhanip-
ton, (>)luo Valley, (lolue and iMarntlon, and
(Jheltonlwm, In lH5fi lui prepared an im-
portant paper for the British Association M)u
th present, H< ato of our Knowledge, on tho
Supply of Water to Towns,' enuneiutin^
the general nature of tlie problem, giving
an historical ouUine of previous measures,
(enumerating the variotin H(unes from whieh
towns e.ould bo supplied, awl discussing t heir
com])fira1ive merits. In lH(Jft he 'mblLsluul
a pamphlet M)n the Supply of r Vtitor to
London from tlio Woures tf the. Uivei*
SCW<TU' (\Ve.Htminster, Hvo), which emitwl
cousiderable discuMsion. Ilo <bsif(ne<l unid
Hurv(^yed the schema ut bin own expense, at
tho cost of <I,0()OA or ri,()00/, A joyal nm
iniwsion was held, and in 1H(!H it. nnorted
'very much in favour of the project., t wa
purely a gravitation se,Iume, dt^i^ncd tit nu
eHt,iinatd outlay of 1 1 ,-HX ) t c) v j;i/, t,o convey
to London 2{K)JOOO/KX) KidloiiH of wut^r n
day. Hattanan was eonneded with vurinuH
harbour and dock {.rusts throughout t,h
Hritinh Isles, including the Clyde Navigatiim
Trust, for whidiho WHH eonsult-in^ engine*^
andtlu^Mlianmm Inundation Inquiry in 1H(W,
en which lie was employed by government,
In addition to his many undertakings at
lioma Bateman curried out several works
abroad. In 1H<J9 he prop<jsed, in a pamphlet
entitled 'Channel I In i I way,' written in con-
junction with Julian John Uevy, to count ruc.t
'a submarine railway between Kraiuie and

England in a caflt-mm tube. In the
year ho w<nt out as iwprttMmitattyo of tho
Iloyal Society, on tlte mvitAtifui of the lch
dive, to attend tha opening of the Kiu

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Bates

Dahar on 24 Nov. 1858. lie received the
medal and clasps.

When the mutiny was finally suppressed
Champain became executive engineer in the
public works department at Houdah, and
afterwards at Luclmow, until February ,18(>:2,
when lie was selected to go with Major (SSiv)
Patrick Stewart [q. v. SuppL] to I'cruia on
government telegraph duty. At that time
there was no electric telegraph to India.
The attempt to construct one undor a go-
vernment guarantee had failed, and it was
determined to malco a line by the Persian
Gulf rout e directly undor government, Cham-
puin proceeded with Stewart to Bushahr, and
thence in Juno to Teheran, where negotia-
tions wore carried on with the Persian go-
vornment. In 1805 the line was practically
completed, and on StmvnrtAs death in tluit
year Ohampain WUB appointed to Assist Sir
Frederics Goldsmitl, the chief director of the
Tndo-Kuropean Government Telegraph de-
mrtmmit. II o wpotit the greater part of
.806 in Turkey, putting the Baghdad 'uirt
of the lino into tin etlieient stain, nn<- in
1867 went to St. Petersburg to negotiate
lor a npecial wire through Uunsia to join
the Persian syntom. Thin vimt gave nun to
intimate and friendly relations with Uene-
ral I-aiders, diruetor-genenil of Itust-mm tele-
graphs, which proved of advantage to the

On bin way out from England in Septem-
ber 1BOD, to fluperintwid the laying of a
second tulcgrnuh cablo from Buwhahr to
Jaahk, Ohampam wan nearly drowned in the,
wreck of the Htearawhi') Oanuitic oil* the
island of Shad wan in tie Ked Sea, After
coming to the nurfaco ho anHLsted in Having
lives and in ^ecurin^ HUCC.OUI*. lu 1870 ho
succeeded Sir Frederic Goldflniid a,H chief
director of the government Indo-Kuropoan
telogrtnh.

In tlie yoarfl from 1870 to LS72 Persia
euflernid from a sovoro famine, and Champain
took an nctivo intret in the Manmon HOUMO
relief fund, of which he waa for Home time*
secretary, IIo arranged for its dUfcributiou
in Persia by the telegraph stair, and had
the satisfaction of finding it very well done.
His sound judgment and unfailing tact,
together with a power of oxpre.HRmg liifl
views clearly and concisely, enabled him to
render important service at the periodical
international telegraph conferences us the
representative of the Indian government.
Special questions frequently arose tho settle-
ment of which took him to many of the
European capitals, and in the ordinary coursa
of his duties he naado ropoatcd yisitfl to
India, Turkey, Persia, and tag Persian Gulf*

In 188-1 the shah of Persia presented him
with a magniiiwmt sword oi honour, hi
October 1HH5 Chamnaiu went for tho last
time to the Porsiau Gulf to lav a third eahlo
between Busltahr and Jashk, afterward**
viisit.ing Calcutta to confer with government.
On his way home ho \vont to J)elhi to seo
hia old friend Sir Frederick (now Karl)
Roberts, from whom he learned that he had
been rniulo a knight commander of tho order
of St. Michael awl St. George.

Ho died at San Uemo on 1 Feb. 1887*
Tho .shah of Persia himsoirsont. a telegram to
his family expressing his great regret for tho
IOHM of Hatoman-C'hanipain, 'tnii a lainnG
taut, do souvenirs inotla<;ablos en Perse,' a
very unusual departure from the rigid eti-
quette of tho court of Teheran. Ho married
in 1H(55 Harriet* Sophia, daughter of Sir
.Frederick Currie, first baronol (d. 1875).
Sho survived her husband with nix HOUH and
two daughters of the marriage. Throe oim
ar< in tho army and one in tho navy.

Bat Oman-Cham pitin \vns a member of tho
council of tho Royal Geographical Society
and of the Society of Telegraph KngmoerN.
llu was an accompliHhi it (l draught snuuu In
the Albert Hall Exhibition of ls7.'ta gold
medal was awarded to a Persian landscape
which ho hd painted for his friend > w ir
Hubert, Murdoch Smith [q,v. Suppl,'] Many
of the illustrations to Sir 1'Vetlorie Goltf
Hmid'H 'Telegraph and Tra\'(l * are front
original sketches iu watorcoluur by
man*Champain.

[India Oflli'o RoconlH; DCS latelu'N ; I
History of t.h (JorpH <f iloyal Ktij^
Vihart's Addim'ombe, itn llertwM and Mwi of
Notio; OoldHnnd'H Telograpli utul Travel; tho
Koyal Ku^incers Journal, 1HH7 ohit-nary noiu'o
by'Wir U, M, Smith; Tinws, li Foh. 1HH7; Ann.
Hop. 1H87 ; Kayo'H Hintory <*f tlu Sopoy War;
Mallcstm's HtHtory of the Indiiui MtiUny; Nor*
taa' Narrafivo of tho ( 1 iunpuij/ii of tlin Uolhi
Army ; Mtulloy's A Yoap'H C'litupuignitig in India
and other Worko ou tho Indian Mutiny. I

BATES, HARRY

born at Stuvena^o, Hertfordnhmvm ^(t
1850, wan AOU of Joseph and Aunts Hatert of
that town. Afl a lad i wa apnrenliwul a
carver to MtwHp, Hridley <fe Farmer of
(W WoRtmmHtor Bridge Road, and worked
between IRHUand lH79on thornamtitttliou
of many churelu^ in eourne of building or
Towtorafion in the provinces* Ueturnhig to
London, ho was abl to twmlfwo hin work
with attendance* at eliifweB in tlie Lambeth
art scliool. Jul Dalou was tmichei* of
modelling tlioro, and, although Baten had
only three moathtt of his tuaching, it b im*

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Bates

in AUsopp's oiUoaa at Burtou-on-Tront, under
the conditions of which ho frottod a good
deal. In tho meantimo, however, ho had
made the acquaintance of Mr. Alfred Hansel
Wallace, then English master at tlio _ colle-
giate scliool, Leicester. The works of Hum-
boldt and Lyell, and Darwin's reccmtly
published 'Journal* (183?)), proved a bond
of communion between thorn. They were
both also enthusiastic entomologist^ and
were alike growing 1 dissatisfied with their re-
stricted coLecting- area, The friends l>o#an to
discuss schemes for pping abroad to explore
some unharvested region, and these at length
took definite shape, mainly owing- to the
interest excited by a little book by William
II. Edwards on ' A Voyage up the J liver
Amazon, including a residence at Para'
(New York, 18.17). This led Mr, Wallace to
propose to Bates a joint expedition to tho
Amazons, tho plan being to eollectjarpfoly
and dispose of duplicates in London iu order
to defray expwin, while gathering facts
towards solving the problem of tho origin
offlpocies. They embarked at Liverpool in
a small trading vessel of 1 ite tons on ii(i April
1848, and arrived oIlTaracm 5J7 May. Bates
mado Pani bin headniarterH until Nov.
3851, when he Htjirttu", on his long voyage to
the TapajoH and the Upper AmaseoiiH, which
occupied a period of woven yearn and a half,
it was from I 'aril that he and Mr. Wallace
in Aujriwfc 1848 made an exrurwion tip the
river 'Joeantms, the third in rank among the
streams which make up the AmnznuR HyHtem,
of tho grandwir and pur.uliaritiuH of which he
wrote a Htriking account In Snptwnlwr
1849 he Btarted on, his first yoygo up the
main stream in a small sailing venne! (a
service of Btwimors was not eNtablinhed
until 1 858), and ruar.luxl Santartmi, which
he subsequently made his headquarters tor
a period of thro years; but on turn journey
he pushed on to Obydrm, about iifty mihw
f Hither on, Here he secured a piuwttflu in a
cuberta or small venne-l jrnceodin^ with
merchantliwo up the Rio Tu^ro. l\iw de,s
tination of tho boat WUH AtTanuofl on the
Barm of the Hio Negro* a spot, rendered
memorable by tho visit of tho Dutch
natural wt,H, Spix and Mart ma, in 1HS30.
Here, Rome thousand miltw from Parti, in
March 1850 Bates and Wallace parted com-
pany, Minding it mow convenient to uxploro
separate diatricta and collect independently/
"Wallace took the northern parts and tri-
VutarieB of the Amazon*, and Battw kopt to
the main stream^ which, from tho direction
it seema to take at the fork of the Kio Nwgro,
is called the Upper Ama%onn, or the Soli*
inocns, After sailing three hundred and

sevonty miln tip tho Solimoens,
'one uniform, lofty, impervious, atud humid
forst/ BatH arrived on lMny-dy IHfiO at
K^'a. Here \w Hpent mvirly l.\velv muutlw
boforo returning to Pnni, and thus fnirthe<l
what; may bo considered as his preliminary
.survey of the vti-st collect ing 1 ground wliteh
will ill ways be iiHHoriated with II'IH nntne*
In Novmnher IHol hn a^aia arrived at
Santarem, where, after a n-nideun^ nf nix
months, lie cioinmeneed nrmn^eitientH ttir un
excursion up the Httle-Kuown TnpnjoM river,
which in mag'fiitude Htumlrt .sixth auuxtfc tliei
triljutarieH of the AUIUTIOUH. A Htny wart
mado at the Niwill Helt.lment. of Av\vros t
and frotn this pot. an expedition WUH imnJe up
tlm (hiparit a brnnoh river \vhieh enters thu
Tapujos about, eight milivi above iL At thin
time' ho WHH 1-hrown into <')ntwot with
MundtirucMl InliuiM, and WIIM nhle t iu*
quiro much valuable, et.hmiln^inil intormn-
t.ion. The furthest point up the Anm/iwa
Hyntom tluit he visited (In Sipt. \Wi\ wim
St. I*ault>, a few len^'uen north emit of Tuba-
tinj^a and the Peruvian frontier,

I'rom June 1 K5 J utit il Kehrunry J M V.> Butes
inado his hemU uartTM l,-J(M) milew above
1'ani, at Kpi t a p.iire whieh hiMiuule fftmiliitr
by name t every Murtipi'itn nitturuli^t IIM tin*
homo of eut'OUiolo^ieal (UneoverioH of the
highest interest. At I'.jjfii he found five
huiulred and fifty new and Utim't nprrieM
of butterilien nlon** (flu* outsitle tola! of
Knftlinh Hpetiie beinff no more than hUly-
HIX). On the wiugn *f thMt in^M'tn he
wrote in a memorable. pn,ssn^<s *Nnfuro
writi H an on a tablet the Mnry nj 1 the m*nlitl
cations of Mpe.eieM/ I hiring th* whole of hid
sojourn amid the Hrit/.ilinn f*rt*nt IUM HJMU*U
lations were fnjtfdximuttn^ to the theory **i*
natural neWt.oti, and tipon t!te {mblirutiim
of the, 'Origin of S jeeien 1 (November |Mi%U)
he b(cam<^ a HtauniM uttrl thorou^h^oin^ ml*
herent of the Ihirwiuian hvpntht^i-i,

(hi H Ki*h, 1H5U Uiifi'fi left KKH for KK-
lan<i, having Hjwmt eleven of the bent yenw
of hin life within four decrees i*f the finiiitor,
amtm^ 1 many dheoum^i'WHU^ ittui ut th
detriment of lus )nMtlth k Imt to the ptnimi*
ne.nt ennehin*ist of our Unowt*Ml^i tf oiu **f
th<i tnoHti intereHtitj^ re^ionM of tht fflohts
During hit* wtay in th* AuuixotiN he hnct
learned Ourinnrt aiul I*or!uj(*H% hitd 4m*
covortnl over ei^ht ihmtHnntl Hpeeien new to
HdwtGM, and by the nale <if K HnnmenH hud
made a profit of about MOO/, !, < m\M from
Para o ^Iuwe W*0, nn*l u KM tun nrrival
Hot to work itt, oru* upon JUM t*nUi*(M ionH.
Hin nhiloHuphitt inni^ht w*m tirnt fully i**hi-
bited in !* celebrated jm]Mtr y mitl lMfow fclw
Linn^un Hodety on Sit Junw JHUJ, f t?tiiifri-<

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Bates

ing advantages and disadvantag es) merits a
place of high, honour among English prose
extracts.

Photographic portraits are in the Royal
Geographical Society's * Transactions/ 1892
(p. 245), and in Edward Clodd's short me-
moir of Bates prefixed to the 1892 reprint
(from the first edition) of t The Naturalist
on the Amazons * (frontispiece).

[Memoir of H. W. Bates by Edward Clodd,
1892; Royal Geo2?. Soc. Trans. 1892, p> 177,
190, 245 sq.; Times, 17 Feb. 1892; lllustr.
London News, 27 Feb. 1892 (portrait 1 !; Clodd's
Pioneers of Evolution, 1897. 124-7 ; Grande
Encyclopedia, v. 755 ; A. E. Wallace's Travels
on the Amazon and Rio Negro, aai Darwinism ;
Darwin's Life and Letters, ii. 243 sq.] T. S.

BATES, THOMAS (1775-1849), stock-
breeder, horn at Matfen, Northumberland,
on 16 Feb. 1775, was the younger of the
two sons of G-eorge Bates by Diana (d.
1822), daughter of Thomas ifoore of Bi-
shop's Castle, Salop, and was descended
from a family long settled in the district.
Bates was educated at the grammar school
at Haydon Bridge, and afterwards at
Witton-le-Wear school, where 'he never
joined in his schoolfellows' games, but
would sit for hours in the churchyard with
a book' (T. BELL, History of Shorthorns
(1871), p. 110). At the age of fifteen he
was called home to assist in the manage-
ment of his father's farms. Before he was
eighteen he became tenant of his father's
patrimony at Aydon White House. In
1795 his mother's" first cousin, Arthur Blay-
ney of Gregynog, Montgomeryshire, who had
always been expected to leave his property
to Thomas (his godson), died, bequeathing
all his heritage to Lord Tracy, a stranger
in blood ; and this was a great disappoint-
ment to Bates and his family.

He now threw himself with 'quadrupled
energy into an agricultural career/ anc on
attaining his majority became tenant of his
father's small estate of Wark Eals, on North
Tyne. Becoming intimate with Matthew
and George Culley [q. v.], throu h a family
marriage. Bates was introduced, to a lar je
circle of agricultural acquaintances on tae
Tees, including Charles and Robert Colling
[q. v. SuppL] In 1800, at the age of twenty-
five, Bates took a twenty-one years' lease
of two large farms at Halton Castle, at a
high rent, and with a view to stocking them
'purchased his first shorthorn cows from
Charles Colling, giving him for one of them
the first one hundred guineas the Collings
ever sold a cow for' (BEii, p. 100).

He speedily achieved renown as a breeder
of taste and judgment, and at Charles Col-

; ling's famous Ketton sale in 1810 he bought
j for 185 guineas a cow called Duchess, which
. was the foundress of a well-known tribe of
i shorthorns. He exhibited his cattle at the
. local shows from 1S04 to 1812. Wishing to
! follow out the principles of George Culley
! in regard to experiments and trials, he em-
j bodied his views in 1807 in an elaborate
letter, which he styled f An Address to the
Board of Agriculture and to the other Agri-
i cultural Societies of the Kingdom on the
importance of an Institution for ascertaining
; the merits of different breeds of live stock,
1 pointing out the advantages that will accrue
therefrom to the landed interest and the
kingdom in general.' In 1809-10-11 he
spent his winters at the university of Edin-
burgh to study chemistry, and took, after his
fashion, copio"us notes of the lectures on
various subjects he attended. In 1811 he
was sufficiently well off to buy a moiety
of the manor of Kirklevington, near Yarm,
in Cleveland, for 30,000, 20,OOOZ. of which
he paid in cash. About ten years later,
when his lease of Halton ran out, he bought
Ridley Hall on the South Tyne, and resided
there "till 1831. He then removed to Kirk-
levington, where he lived for the remainder
of his life.

He engaged in correspondence with most
of the leading agriculturists of the day, <and
aired his own views very freely. Lord Al-
thorp is said to have remarked to another
guest when Bates paid him a visit at Wise-
ton for the Doncaster meeting of 1820,
'Wonderful man! he might become any-
thing, even prime minister, if he would not
talk so much ' (C. J. BATES, p. 164). Bates
was a man of remarkable force of character,
but his love of argument, his combativeness,
and his plain speaking did not make him a
universal favourite.

Owing to his dissatisfaction with the
awards at the Tyneside Society's show in
1812, he gave up showing cattle at agricul-
tural meetings for twenty-six years, and did
not again exhibit until the first show
of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, held
at York in 1838, when he won five prizes
with seven animals. A year later he made
a great sensation at the first show of the
then newly established English Agricul-
tural Society, held at Oxford in 1839, with
his four shorthorns, all of which won the
prizes, and one of which, called ' Duke of
Northumberland/ was said to be ' one of the
finest bulls ever bred' (Farm. Mag. 1850,
p : 2). Bates continued showing and win-
ning prizes at subsequent meetings of the
Royal Agricultural Society of En -land
(under which name the English Agricu.tural

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146

Bayne

practical application of meteorological science
was that :or the use of storm signals, con-
cerning which he had a protracted contro-
versy with the hoard of trade. He foretold
the long drought of 1868, and was serviee-
ahle to the Manchester corporation in en-
ahling them to re -ulate the supply of water
and so mitigate the inconvenience that en-
sued. On another occasion he predicted the
outbreak of an epidemic at Southport.

Bis later years were passed at Birkdale,
near Southport, where he died on 7 Oct.
1887. In religion he was a churchman and
a staunch Anglo-Israelite.

He married, in 1865, Mary Anne, sister of
Norman Robert Pogson [c . v.], the govern-
ment astronomer for Macras, and left an
only son, named after himself, who succeeded
him as meteorologist to the corporation of
Southport.

[Memoir by Dr. James Bottomley inHemcirs
and Proc. of the Manchester Literary and Phil.
Soc. 4th ser. i. 28 ; Proc. Boyal Soc. vol. xliii. ;
Nature, 20 Oct. 1887, p. 585; Manchester
Guardian, 10 Oct. 1887; information kindly
supplied by Baxendell's widow and son.]

0. W. S.

BAXTER, WILLIAM EDWARD
(1825-1890), traveller and author, horn on
24 June 1825 at Dundee, was the eldest
son of Edward Baxter of Kincaldrum in
Forfar, a Dundee merchant, by his first wife,
Euphemia, daughter of William Wilson, a
wool merchant of Dundee. Sir David Baxter
[q. v.] was his uncle. He was educated at
the hijh school of Dundee and at Edin-
burgh "University. On leaving the university
he entered his father's counting-house, and
some years afterwards became partner in
the firm of Edward Baxter & Co. In 1870
that firm was dissolved, and he became senior
partner of the new firm of W. E. Baxter & Co.
He found time for much foreign travel and
interested himself in politics. In March
1855 he was returned to parliament for the
Montrose burghs in the liberal interest, in
succession to Joseph Hume [q. v.] } retaining
Ms seat until 1835. After refusing office
several times he became secretary to the
admiralty in December 1868, in Gladstone's
first administration, and distinguished him-
self by his reforms and retrenchments. In
1871 -ie resigned this office, on becoming
;oint secretary of the treasury, a post whic'-i
ae resigned in August 1873, in consequence
of differences between him and the chancellor
of the exchequer, Rohert Lowe. He was
fiworn of the privy council on 24 March 1873.
Baxter continued to carry on business as a
foreign merchant in Dundee till his death.
He c ied on 10 Aug. 1890 at Kiacaldrum.

In November 1847 he married Janet, eldest
daughter of J. Home Scott, a solicitor of
Dundee. By her he had two sons and five
daughters.

Besides many lectures Baxter published :
1. 'Impressions of Central and Southern
Europe/ London, 1850, 8vo. 2. 'The Tagus
and the Tiber, or Notes of Travel in Por-
tugal, Spain, and Italy/ London, 1852, 2 vols.
8vo. 3. * America and the Americans/ Lon-
don, 1855, 8vo. 4. Hints to Thinkers, or
Lectures for the Times/ London, 1860, 8vo.

[Dublin Univ. Mag. 1876, Ixxxviii. 652-64
(with portrait) ; Dundee Advertiser, 1 1 Aug.
1800; Official Return of Members of Parl.;
Foster's Scottish M.P.'s; Alii bone's Diet, of
Engl.Lit.; Burke's Landed Gentry.] E.I. C.

BAYNE, PETER (1830-1896), journalist
and author, second son of Charles John
Bayne (d. 11 Oct. 1832), minister of Fodderty,
Ross-shire, Scotland, and his wife Isabella
Jane Duguid, was born at the manse, Fod-
derty, on 19 Oct. 1830. He was educated
at Inverness academy, Aberdeen grammar
school, Bellevue academy, and Marischal
College, Aberdeen, where he took the degree
of M.A. in 1850. While an undergraduate
at Aberdeen he won the prize for an En -
lish poem, and in 1854 was awarded tae
Blackwell prize for a prose essay. From
Aberdeen he proceeded to Edinburgh, and
entered the theological classes at New
College in preparation for the ministry.
But bronchial weakness and asthma mace
preachin an impossibility, and he turned
to journalistic and literary work as a -pro-
fession. He began as early as 185C" to
write for Edinburgh magazines, and in the
years that followed much of his work ap-
peared in Hogg's ' Weekly Magazine ' and
Tait's * Edinburgh Magazine.' He wap
fora short time editor of the * Glasgow Com-
monwealth/ and in 1856, on the death ot
his friend, Hugh Miller "q. vj, -vhose life
he wrote, succeeded him "in Edinburgh as
editor of the ' Witness.' A visit to Germany
to acquire a knowledge of German led to his
marria ;e in 1858 to Clotilda, daughter of
Genera. J. P. Gerwien. Up to this point his
career had been uniformly successful, and his
collected essays had brought him reputation
not only in Scotland but in America also ;
but in 1860 he took up the post of editor
of the c Dial/ a weekly newspaper planned
by the National Newspaper League Company
on an ambitious scale in London. The ' Dial
proved a financial failure. Bayne not only
struggled heroically to save the situation by
editorial ability, but he lost all his own pro-
perty in the venture, and burdened himself

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148

Baynes

1887. He also became in 1850 editor of the
* Edinburgh Guardian,' whose staff included
many Edjnbur ;h residents of intellectual
distinction, and to which he himself contri-
buted humorous letters under the signature
of * Juniper Agate.' In 1854 his health
broke down (* he had a weak heart and only
half a lung/ says Sir John Skelton), and he
retired to RumhiH House in Somerset, the
seat of the Cadburys, and a second home to
him since Ms early boyhood, where he passed
two years. He there wrote a tract on the
Somerset dialect, and an essay on Sir Wil-
liam Hamilton, published in the 'Edinburgh
Essays,' 1857. In 1856, having recovered
his health, he returned to London as a con-
tributor to the * Leader,' which had passed
into the hands of Mr. E. F. S. Pigott, after-
wards examiner of plays. The new series
was more brilliant t'ian successful, but ere
its definitive abandonment Spencer Baynes
had been appointed examiner in philosophy
for the university of London, and, marrying 1
Miss Gale, had settled in the neighbourhood
of Regent's Park. In 1858 he Became as-
sistant editor of the * Daily News, 5 where he
rendered invaluable service, especially upon
questions of foreign policy. His steacy sup-
port of the federal cause during the American
civil war exercised a wholesome influence
upon public opinion, and his foresight was
amply justifiec by the event. If t!ie same
could hardly be said of his advocacy of the
cause of Denmark in the difficult question of
the Schleswig-Holstein duchies, it procured
him a nattering invitation to Copenhagen,
where he was received with muca distinc-
tion. A second breakdown of health occa-
sioned by overwork compelled him in 1864
to seek for a less exacting occupation, which
he obtained by his election to the chair of
logic, metaphysics, and English literature in
the university of St. Andrews.

Baynes's academical post exercised an im-
portant influence on his subsequent career.
He now had to instruct in literature, and,
although far from neglecting the other de-
partments of his professorial duty, lie gra-
dually became more interested in the new
pursuit. It compelled him to make a more
exact study of Shakespeare than he had
previously done, and with the vigour of
a fresh mind he approached it on sides in-
sufficiently explorec before him. His inte-
rest- in his own local Somerset speech, into
which he had already translated the ' Song
of Solomon' for Prince Louis Lucien Bona-
parte, led him to investigate more especially
Shakespeare's obscure and unfamiliar words,
and to bring the study of the midland dia-
lects to bear upon them a line of research

of particular value, inasmuch as it alone
should suffice to dispel the hallucinations
of the advocates of tae 'Baconian theory.'
Two extremely valuable articles in the
' Edinburgh Review ' * Shakespearian Glos-
saries ' and ' New Shakespearian Interpre-
tations,' reprinted in his ' Shakespeare Stu-
dies ' were the result of these pursuits.
His experience as a teacher led him to con-
sider tae question of Shakespeare's school
learning, and his three essays on 'What
Shakespeare learned at School,' which ap-
peared in 'Eraser ' for 1879 and 1880, based
as they were upon a thorou-h investigation
of the ordinary grammar scnool curriculum
of Shakespeare's time, and illustrated by
passages from his writings, exploded for ever
the assumption that the poet must neces-
sarily have been an ignorant man. Inquiries
of this nature tended to beget a strong
local interest in Stratford-on-Avon ; he
visited and explored the town and neigh-
bourhood, and the result was seen in jis
comprehensive and most remarkable article
on Shakespeare in the ' Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica.' As regards the ligat which may be
thrown upon Shakespeare by an accurate
knowledge of the local circumstances sur-
rounding him, this essay is matchless; as
regards the critical study of his writings it
is no less notably deficient, not by error, but
by simple omission. On the one hand, it
surprises and delights by the presence of so
much more than could have been reasonably
looked for, and, on the other, disappoints by
the absence of much which would have been
looked for as a matter of course. The essay,
with three others relating to Shakespeare,
and another on English dictionaries, was
published under the title of 'Shakespeare
Studies ' in 1894.

Except for these. Shakespearian labours
and the discharge of his professorial duties,
Baynes's time was entirely engrossed from
1873 onwards by the superintendence of the
ninth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica.' The editor effaced the writer, for he
did not even furnish the article on Sir 'Wil-
liam Hamilton, which might have been ex-
pected, and that on Shakespeare is his only
contribution. As editor he was most effi-
cient ; those who worked under his direction
must ever retain the most agreeable recol-
lection of his judicious conduct of this great

the extent of his knowledge, and his uniform
courtesy and considerateuess. The labour
became too severe for one of his delicate
constitution; in 1880 Professor William
Robertson Smith [q. v." was associated with
him, and the energy of Ms colleague relieved

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Bazalgette

150

Bazalgette

Inst, Civil Eng. xxiv. 280). Over eighty-
three miles of large intercepting servers were
constructed, a densely popu.atec area of over
a hundred square miles was dealt with, and
the amount of sewage and rainfall which
could be discharged per diem was estimated
at 420,000,000 , -aliens. The total cost of
the works was ^,600,000/. The royal com-
mission which was appointed in 1882 to con-
sider the metropolitan sewage discharge, in
their first report of 31 Jan. 1884-, bore strong
testimony not only to the excellence of the

construction.' They also drew attention to
the powerful influence which had been exer-
cised through these works in improving the
general hea.th of the metropolis (Report of
the Royal Commission on Metropolitan
Sewage Discharge, London, 1884).

The other great engineerin - work with
which Bazalgette's name wi' always be
coupled is the Thames embankment. The
idea of building such an embankment is a
very old one, in fact it was proposed by Sir
Christopher Wren, but it was not until 1862
that an act was passed empowering the me-
tropolitan board of works to carry out the
work. At one time it had been intended
to put the control into the hands of another
body appointed specially for the purpose.
The wori, at any rate as regards the Vic-
toria embankment, was considerably com-
plicated by the arrangements necessary for
the low-level sewers and for the Metropo-
litan District Railway. The first section
from Westminster to Blackfriars was com-
pleted and opened by the prince of Wales
on 13 July 1870. The Albert and the
Chelsea embankments and the new North-
umberland Avenue completed eventually
the original scheme, the total cost bein
2,150,OOOZ. The engineering features or
these works were described in detail in a
2aper read before the Institution of Civil
.engineers by Mr. E. Bazal-ette, a son of
Sir Joseph Bazalgette (Proc.Inst. Civil Eng.

In addition to these two great works Sir
Joseph was responsible for a large amount
of bridge work within the metropolitan area
thrown upon his shoulders by tie Metropo-
litan Toll Bridges Act of 1887. Alterations
had to be made in many of the old bridges,
and new bridges were designed for Putney
and Battersea, and a steam ferry between
.North and South Woolwich. Simultane-
ously with this work a considerable amount
of embanking and of alteration of wharf
levels was carried out in order to diminish

the danger of flooding at high tides in the
low-level districts of the metropolis.

Bazalgette remained chief engineer to the
, metropolitan board of works until its aboli-
tion in 1889, and replacement by the London
j county council, anc he presented altogether
thirty-three annual reports setting forth in
detail the engineering works which he de-
signed on behalf of the board.

He joined the Institution of Civil En ;i-
neers in 1838, he served as a member of tie
council for many years, and became presi-
dent of the institution in 1884. He was
made C.B. in 1871, and, after the completion
of the embankment, was knio-hted in May
1874. He died on 15 Marca 1891 at his
residence, St. Mary's, Wimbledon Park. He
married, in 1845, Maria, the fourth daugh-
ter of Edward Kough of New Cross, Wex-
ford, and had a family of six sons and four
daughters. There is a portrait in the pos-
session of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
a replica of a painting by Ossani, and a bronze
bust, forms part of a mural monument which
has been erected by his friends on the
Thames embankment at the foot of North-
umberland Avenue.

Besides the paper and reports mentioned
above and his presidential" address (Proc.
Inst. Civil Eng. Ixxvi. 2), Bazalgette wrote
a great number of valuable professional re-
ports. The chief of those re.ating to drain-
age and water supply are : Report on Drain-
age and Water Supply of Rugby, Sandgate,
Tottenham, &c., London, 1854. Data for
estimating the sizes and cost of Metropolitan
Drainage Works, London, 1855. Reports
on Drainage of Metropolis, London, 1854,
1855, 1856, 1865, 1867, 1871 ; Drawings and
Specifications for Metropolitan Main Drain-
age Works,London, 1859-73; Tract on ditto,
London, 1865 ; Reports on Drainage of Lee
Valley, London, 1882 ; Report on Sewerage
of Brighton,Brighton,1883; Thames Conser-
vancy and Drainage Outfalls, London, 1880 ;
J*? S r P urif y in :' the Thames, London,
1871 ; Report on Taames, London, 1878.

Bazalgette also wrote Reports on Metro-
politan Bridges, London, 1878, 1880, and
on Communications between the north and
south of the Thames below London Bridge
London, 1882. e '

Other reports of a miscellaneous character
are: Short Account of Thames Embankment
?SlA bb y Mills Pum P in g Station, London,
1868; Metropolitan anc. other Railway
Schemes, London, 1864, 1867, 1871, 1874 ;
Inspection of Manure and Chemical Works,
London, 1865 ; Boring operations at Cross-
ness, London, 1869; Metropolitan Tram-
ways, London, 1870 5 Asphalte for Pave-

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Beach

152

Beach

paid spy, under cover of an active member-
ship of the Fenian body. Le Caron con-
tinued in direct and frequent communica-
tion "with, the British or Canadian govern-
ment front this time till February 1889.

Immediately after his return he resumed
relations with the Fenian leader O'Neill,
now United States claim-agent at Nashville.
On 31 Dec. 1867 O'Neill "aecame president
of the Fenian organisation (Irish Republi-
can Brotherhood), and soon afterwards Le
Garon began to organise a Fenian circle in
Lockport, Illinois. As ' centre ' of this he
received O'Neill's reports and sent them
and other documents to the English govern-
ment. At this time Le Caron was at
Chicago as resident medical officer of the
state^ penitentiary (prison), but resigned the
position in the course of the year, when he
.was summoned by O'Neill to New York,
and accompanied him to an interview at
Washington with President Andrew John-
son, the object of which was to obtain the
return of the arms taken from the Fenians
in 1866, He was now appointed military
organiser of the 'Irish Republican Army,'
and sent on a mission to the eastern states.
At the Philadelphia convention of December
1868 a second .nvasion of Canada was re-
solved on by the Fenians. Le Caron, who
was entrusted with the chief direction of
the preparations along the frontier, paid a
visit to Ottawa and arranged with the Cana-
dian chief commissioner of police (Judge
M'Mieken) a system of daily communica-
tions. He dissipated some suspicions that
were entertained of him by the Fenians, and
early in 1869 he was appointed their assis-
tant adjutant-general, and forwarded to the
authorities copies of the Fenian plans of
campaign. He had already obtained a domi-
nant influence over Alexander Sullivan, an
important member of the brotherhood, and
in the winter of 1869 he further strengthened
his position by providin O'Neill with a
loan wherewith to cover Ms embezzlement
of Fenian funds.

Early in 1870 Le Caron, who now held
the rank of brigadier and adjutant-general,
bad distributed fifteen thousand stand of
arms and three million rounds of cartridge
along the Canadian frontier. Owing to in-
formation furnished by Le Caron to the
Canadian authorities, the invading force at
once (26 April) fell into an ambush, and
were obligee to retreat. O'Neill was ar-
rested by order of President Grant for a
breach .of the neutrality laws. Le Caron
t^J?? 1 hls ft^oww to Malone, but on
the 27th made his way to Montreal. Next
day lie set out forOttawa,tmt wasarrestedat

Cornwall as a recognised Fenian, and was only
allowed to proceed under a military escort.
After a midnight interview with M'Micken
he left Canada early next day by a different
route.

After the repulse of the second invasion
Le Caron resumed his medical studies, but
was soon invited by O'Neill, who suspected
nothing, to help in the movement bein/ pre-
pared in conjunction with Louis Riel q. v.]
~e Caron betrayed the plans to the Canadian
government. In consequence of his action
O'Neill was arrested with his party at Fort
Pembina, on 5 Oct. 1871, just as they had
crossed the frontier, and Riel surrendered at
Fort Garry without firing a shot. O'Neill
was given up to the American authorities,
but was acquitted by them on the ground
that the offence was committed on Cana-
dian soil. Le Caron incurred some blame in
Fenian circles in consequence of the failure
of the last movement, and for the next few
years was chiefly occupied in the practice
of medicine, first at Detroit (where he gra-
duated M.D.) and then at Braidwood, a
suburb of Wilmington. But at Detroit he
watched on behalf of the Canadian govern-
ment the movements of Mackay Lomasney,
who was afterwards concerned in the at-
tempt to blow up London Bridge with dyna-
mite j and he was still in the confidence of
former Fenian friends.

Le Caron was not an original member of
the Clan-na-Gael (the reorganised Fenian
body). But by circulating the report that
his mother was an Irishwoman, he gradually
regained his influence and obtained the
1 senior-guardianship f of the newly formed
camp at Braidwood, He was now able to
send copies of important documents to Mr.
Robert Anderson, chief of the criminal de-
tective department in London. In order to
do this, however, he was obliged to evade by
sleight of hand the rule of tie or -anisation
that documents not returned to Headquar-
ters were to be burned in sight of the camp.
The years 1879-81 witnessed what was
called ' the new departure ' in the Irish-
American campaignag-ainst England, where-
by an 'open' or constitutional agitation (re-

TVt*asmta*-l i* T!M._J l j_i _ T i " ^

i c " i"^*".'*u".ujLv/jLici)j. ttKIL'tUjlUJU ITo

presented in Ireland by the Land League
and its successor) was carried on side by
side with the old revolutionary Fenian move-
ment The relations between the two were
very intricate, and Le Caron was closely
connected with both. He entertained at
Braidwood and professionally attended Mr.

> Michael Davitt when he came to America
to organise the American branch of the
Land League, and early in 1881 he saw

, much of John Devoy, who represented the

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Beale

154

Beard

curate at Brooke in Norfolk and Sopley in
Hampshire, he applied for the office of naval
chaplain, and was appointed to H.M.S.
Sybillein that capacity (8 Dec. 1852). For-
tunately for students the Sybille was sent
to the China station, and, taking advanta 'e
of the opportunity thus offered him, he de-
voted his spare time to the study of the
Chinese language. So proficient did he he-
come in the colloquial as well as the literary
dialect that during the war of 1856-8 he
acted as naval interpreter. But his main ob-
^ect in studying the language was to qualify
"jimself forthe task of elucidating the dark
phases of Chinese Buddhism. In this un-
dertaking he was one of the pioneers, and
happily left many of the results of his labours.
On ais return to" England he was appointed
chaplain to the marine artillery, and later
to the Pembroke and Devonport dockyards
in succession. He was at Devonport from
1873. In 1877 he was appointed rector of
Falstone in Northumberland. Three years
later he was transferred to Wark in the same
county, and ultimately (1888) to Greens
Norton in Northamptonshire. In all these
changes of scene he remained constant to
his Chinese studies, and some of his best
work was done in the country rectories
which he occupied. In 1877 he was ap-
pointed professor of Chinese at University
College, London, and in 1885 the degree of
p.C.Li. (Durham) was conferred upon him
in recognition of the value of his researches
into Chinese Buddhism. He died at Greens
Norton on 20 Aug. 1889. Amon ; his prin-
cipal works were : 1. 'The Trave-s of I?ah-
hian and Sung-yunj translated from the
Chinese,' 1869. 2, ' A Catena of Buddhist
Scriptures from the Chinese,' 1871. 3. The
Romantic Legend of Sakya Buddha, from the
Chinese/ 1875. 4. 'Texts from the Buddhist
Canon/ 1878. 5. 'A Life of Buddha by
Asva-hosha Bodhisattra; translated from
the Chinese/ 1879. 6. 'An Abstract of four
Lectures on Buddhist Literature in China/
1882.

[Boase's Collectanea Cornubiensia ; personal
knowledge; information kindly given by Dr.
JUdii Wright] R.K.D.

BEALE, THOMAS WILLEET (1828-
1894^, miscellaneous writer, only son of Fre-
derick Beale (. 1863), of the music publish-
ing firm of Cramer, Beale, & Adcison of
Regent Street, was born in London in 1828.
He was admitted student of Lincoln's Inn
on 18 April 1860, and was called to the bar
in 1863; but music claimed his interests,
and, having received lessons from Edward
Boeckel and others* he managed operas in

London and the provinces, and toured with
some of the most notable musicians of his
time. Under the pseudonym of ' Walter
Maynard/ which he frequently used, he
wrote an account of one of t:iese tours,
with reminiscences of Mario, Grisi, Giu-
glini, Lablache, and others, entitled 'The
Enterprising Impresario* (London, 1867).
He originated the national music meetings
at the Crystal Palace with the object of
bringing meritorious jjoung musicians to the
front, and took a leacftng part in the institu-
tion of the New Philharmonic Society, at
wjhich Berlioz conducted some of his com-
positions by Beale's invitation. It was under
jiis management that Thackeray came out as
a lecturer. He wrote a large number of
songs and pianoforte pieces, besides ' Instruc-
tions in the Art of Singing ' (London, 1853),
and a series of * Music Copy Books J (Lon-
don. 1871). In February 1877 he produced
at the Crystal Palace a farce called ' The
Three Years' System/ and a three-act drama,

* A Shadow on the Hearth ; ' an operetta,

* An Easter Egg/ was produced at Terry's
Theatre in December 1893. His autobio-
graphy, l The Light of other Days as seen
through the wron end of an Opera Glass/
was published in : vols., London, 1890. He
died at Gipsy Hill on 3 Oct. 1894, and was
buried at Norwood cemetery. Late in life
he married the widow of John Robinson of
Hong^Kong; she was a good singer and
musician.

[Autobiography as above; Musical News,
13 Oct. 1894 ; Musical Times, November 1894 ;
Brown and Stratton's British Musical Bio-
graphy.] J. C. H.

BEARD, CHARLES (1827-1888), uni-
tarian divine and author, eldest son of John
Belly Beard [c = . v.] by his wife Mar- (Barnes),
was born at Higher Broughton, Manchester,
on 27 July, 1827. After passin- through
his father's school, he studied at Manchester
New Colle-e (then at Manchester, now Man-
cheater CoJege, Oxford) from 1843 to 1848,
graduating B.A. at London University in
1847. He aided his father in compiling the
Latin dictionary issued by Messrs. Cassell.
In 1848-9 he continued his studies at Berlin.
On 17 Feb. 1850 he became assistant to
James Brooks (1806-1854) at Hyde chapel,
Gee Cross, Cheshire, succeedin j in 1854 as
sole pastor, and remaining till, the end of
1866. He had accepted a call to succeed
John Hamilton Thorn, [q. v.] at Renshaw
Street chapel, Liverpool, and entered on this
char -e on 3 March 1867, retaining it till his
death. In Ms denomination he took first
rank as a preacher, and was equally success-

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Beardsley

15*

Beaufort

a set of initials for an edition of *olpone.'
These were finished only a week or two before
his death.

Beardsley nad musical gifts of a high
order; the charms of his conversation were
great; and he had an extraordinary know-
ledge of books for so young a man. Certain
sotto wee whisperings of his art were,
perhaps, to be accounted for by the want of J
physical balance of the peitrinaire. Through-
out his life he suffered from weakness of the
lungs, and his abnormal activity had seemed
to Ms friends to be at least j>artly due to a
desire to forestall death, and, in sj>ite of its
imminence, to leave a substantial legacy
behind him. Few men have done so much j
work in so brief a s;oace of time work,
moreover, which was aTways deliberate and
finished in the true artistic sense. Shortly
before his death Aubrey Beardsley was re-
ceived into the church of Rome. He died
of consumption at Mentone on 16 March
1898, and was buried there.

^Beardsley's critics see in his art three
distinct phases : first, a romantic and Pre-
Raphaelite phase, in which the influence of
Burae-Jones and Puvis de Chavannes may
be traced; secondly, a purely decorative
phase, based mainly on t ^e Japanese con-
vention ; thirdly, a more delicate and com-
plex way of seeing things, induced by his
study of French art in tie eighteenth cen-
tury. To these Mr. Arthur Symons would
add a fourth manner, adumbrated in the
'Volpone'^ initials, in which the grotesque
forms of his- earlier styles are discarded for .
acquiescence in nature as she is or may be.
The weak point in his art is its capricious-
ness^ He fails to convince us completely
of his sincerity. His peculiarities seem oc-
casionally to nave no sounder foundation
than a wish to be different. They too often
lack that inevitable connection with a root
idea which should characterise all design.
On the other hand, his inventions betray
extreme mental activity, and his technique
a hand at once firm, delicate, and sympa-
thetic. To some the strange element in Jiis
work seems merely fantastic; to others it
appears morbid in tlie last degree, if not
worse. One anonymous critic describes his
art as * the mere glorification of a hideous
and putrescent aspect of modern life. 7 A
more sober judgment might call him a pagan
infected with a modern interest iii psycho-
logjy. A list of his works, complete to the
end of 1896, was compiled by Mt. Aymer
Valknce for the ' Book of Fifty Drawings '
(1897). * ^

The best portrait of Beardsley is the photo-
graphic profile, with his remarkable oands,

reproduced in ' The Works of Aubrey Beards-
ley ' (2 vols. 1899, 1901).

[Times, March 1898; Athenaeum, March
1898; Academy, March 1898; Studio, April
1898; The Yellow Book, pts. 1-4; Savoy, pts.
1-8 ; The Works of Aubrey Beardsley, vol. i.,
The Early Work, with biographical note by
H. C. JSlarillier, 1899, and vol. ii., The Later
Work of Aubrey Beardsley, 1901 ; A. B., by
Arthur Symons (Unicorn quartos, No. 4), 1898;
A Book of Fifty Drawings, with catalogue by
Aymer Vallance; private information.] W. A.

BEAUFORT, EDMUND, styled fourth
DUIE OF SOMERSET (1438 P-1471), born about
1438, was second of the three sons of
Edmund Beaufort, second duke of Somerset
[q. v.], by his wife Eleanor, daughter of Ri-
chard de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick [q. v.]
After the defeat of the Lancastrians in 1461,
Edmund was brought up in France with
his younger brother John, and on the execu-
tion of liis elder brother Henry Beaufort,
third duke of Somerset [q. v. Sup-o-.], Edmund
is said to have succeeded as Eburth duke.
He was so styled by the Lancastrians in
February 1471, but his brother's attainder
was never reversed, and his titles remained
forfeit. In a proclamation dated 27 April
1471 Edmund is spoken of as 'Edmund
Beaufort, calling himself duke of Somerset. 1
He returned from France when Edward IV
was driven from the throne by "Warwick's
defection, and on 4 May 1471 commanded
the van of the Lancastrian army at the
battle of Tewkesbury. His position was
almost unassailable (see plan in RAMSA.T, ii,
379), but, for some unknown reason, after
the battle began he moved down from the
hei -hts and attacked Edward IV's right
flank. He was assailed by both the king
and Richard, duke of Gloucester, and was
soon put to flight, his conduct having
practically decided the battle in favour of
the Yorkists (Arriuall of Edward IV, Cam-
den Soc. pp. 29-30; WABKWORTH, p. 18;
HAIL, p. 00). He was taken prisoner, and
executed two days later, Monday, 6 May
1471 ; he was buried on the south side of
Tewkesbury Abbey, under an arch (DiDE,
Hist, and Antiq. of Tewkesbury^ pp. 21-2).
His younger brother John had been killed
during tlie battle, and as both died unmar-
ried, 'the house of Beaufort and all the
honours to which they were entitled became
extinct,'

[Arrivall of Edward IV and Warkworth'a
Chron. (Camden Soc.); Hall's Chronicle: Poly-
dora Vergil; Cal. Patent Rolls ; Stubbs's Const.
Hist. iii. 208, 2lO^Kamsay's Lancaster and
York, ii. 380-2; Doyle's Official Baronage:
Gr. E. C[okayne]'s, Complete Peerage; flotes

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Beaufort

Beaufort

brother, Edmund Beaufort, was styled fourth
Duke of Somerset by the Lancastrians, By
a mistress named Joan Hill, the third duke
left a son Charles, who was given the family
name of Somerset, and whose descendants
became dukes of Beaufort [see SOMKRSET,
CEAELES, first EAEL or WOBCESIEE],

[CaL Rot. Pat.; Rymer's Feeders; Rotuli
Parl.; William, of Worcester and Stevenson's
Letters (Rolls Ser.); English Chron., ed.
Davies, Gregory's Collections, Three English
Chron., aod Warkworth's Chron. (Camden Soc.);
Polydore Vergil; Hail's Chronicle; Paston Let-
ters, ed. Gairdcer; Fortescne's Governance of
England, ed. Plummer ; Arthur de Richemont,
Matthieu B'Escouchy and Chastellain's Chro-
niques (See. de THist. de France) ; Beaucourt's
Charles VII; Stnbbs's Const. Hist. vol. iii.
passim; Ramsay's Lancaster and York; Doyle's
Official Baronage; G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete
Peerage.") A, F. P.

BEAUFOKT, JOHN, first EABL OF
SOMEESET and MAjaams OP DOBSET and of
SOMERSET (1373 f-1410), born about 1373,
was the eldest son of John of Graunt [see
JoHff, 1340-1399], bv his mistress, and
afterwards his third wife, Catherine Swyn-
ford Tq. v.] His younger brothers, Henry
Beaufort, cardinal and bishop of Winchester,
and Thomas Beaufort, earl of Dorset, are
separately noticed, and his sister Joan was
married to Ralph Neville, earl of "Westmor-
land [q. y .] Henry IV was his half brother.
The Beauforts took their name from John
of Gaunt's castle of Beaufort in Anjou,
where they were born, and not from Beau-
fort Castle in Monmouthshire. It was
afterwards asserted (ELLIS, Original Letters,
2nd fser. i. 154) that John Beaufort was ' in
double advoutrow goten/ but he was pro-
bably born after 1372, when Catherine
Swynfprd's first husband died; by an act
of parliament passed on 6 Feb. 1397, shortly
after John of Gaunt's marriage to Catherine
Swynford, the Beauforts were legitimated.
This act, though it ' did not in terms acknow-
ledge their right of succession to the throne
. . . did not in terms forbid it ' (BENTLET,
Excerpta Historica, pp. 152 sqq.), but when,
in 1407, Henry IV confirmed Richard ITs
act, he introduced the important reservation
*ercej>ta dignitate regali' (STUBBS, Const.
Hist. iii. 58-9).

John Beaufort's first service was with
the English contingent sent on the Duke of
Bourbon's expedition against Barbary in
1390, They sailed from Genoa on 15 May
of that year, and landed in Africa on
22 July. On 4 Aug. an attack was begun
on El Maiadia,but after seven weeks* in-
effectual siege, the Englishforce re-embarked,

reaching England about the end of Septem-
ber. Beaufort was kni-hted soon after-
wards (Doyle says in 1391), and in 1394 he
was serving with the Teutonic knights in
Lithuania. Probably, also, he was with.
Henry of Derby (afterwards Henry IV) at
the great battle of Nicopolis in September
1396, when the Turks defeated the Christians,
and Henry escaped on board a Venetian
;alley on the Danube. Returning to Eng-
.and, Beaufort was, a few days after his
legitimation, created (10 Feb. 1396-7) Earl
of Somerset, with place in parliament be-
tween the earl marshal and the Earl of
Warwick. He then took part, as one of
the appellants, in the revolution of Septem-
ber -897, which drove Gloucester from
power and freed Richard II from all control
(SitrsBS, iii. 21). On 29 Sept. he was
created Marquis of Dorset, and in the same
year was elected K.Gr., and appointed lieu-
tenant of Aquitaine. His was the second
marquisate created in England ; the creation
is crossed out on the charter roll, and on
the same day he was created Marquis of
Somerset, but it was as Marquis of Dorset
that he was summoned to parliament in
1398 and 1399, and he seems never to have
been styled Marquis of Somerset. He re-
mained in England when Richard II banished
his half brother Henry of Derby, was ap-
pointed admiral of the Irish fleet on 2 Fe~3.
..397-8, and constable of Dover and warden
of the Cinque Ports three days later; on
9 May following he was made admiral of
the northern fleet.

He had thus identified himself to some
extent with the unconstitutional rule of
Richard's last years, and probably it was
only his relationship to Henry IV that
saved him from ruin on Richard's fall. He
was accused for his share in Richard's acts
by parliament in October 1399, and pleaded -
in excuse that he had been taken by surprise
and dared not disobey the king's command.
He was deprived of his marquisates, and
became simply Earl of Somerset, but there
was never any doubt of his loyalty to the
new king, his half brother. lie bore the
second sword at the coronation on 13 Oct.
1399, was appointed great chamberlain on
17 Nov., and in January followin ; was, with
Sir Thomas Erpingham [q. v. Suppl.], put
in command of four thousand archers sent
against the revolted earls. On 8 Nov. 1400
he was granted the estates of the rebel
Owen Glendower, but was never able to take
possession of them. On 19 March 1401 he
appears as a member of the privy council,
and four davs later was appointed captain
of Calais. 3e was sent on a diplomatic

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Beckman

was increased by the discussion which fol-
lowed a paper on * Some supposed Differences
in the Minds of Men and "Yomen with re-
gard to Educational Necessities/ which she
contributed to the British Association at Nor-
wich in 1868. In March 1870 the ' Women's
Suffrage Journal * was started, and 31iss
Becker acted as its editor and chief contri-
butor to the end of her life. She published
in 1872 an important pamphlet on the* Poli-
tical Disabilities of ^ omen,' first printed in
the 'Westminster Review,' and in 1873 an-
otherpamphlet entitled * Liberty, Equality,
and Fraternity: a Reply to Mr. Fitzjames
Stephen's Strictures on the Subjection of
Women. 7 Her labours for the society were
incessant. She directed its policy and or-
ganised the movement as a whole. There
was hardly an important women's suffrage
meeting or conference held in any part of
the kingdom in which she did not take part.
Her public speaking was marked not only
by extreme clearness of utterance, but by its
lucid statement of fact, its grasp of subject,
and logical force. She naturally came to be
a familiar figure in the parliamentary lobbies,
where her political capacity was fully re-
cognised.

At the election of the first Manchester
school board in 1870, she was a successful
candidate for a seat, and she was re-elected
at the seven subsequent elections, always as
an independent or unsectarian member. She
kept special watch over the interests of the
female teachers and scholars, and in the
general work of the board she bore an active
and influential part.

For many years she never missed the
annual meetings of the British Association,
and often took part in the discussions. When
she attended the meeting in Canada in 1884,
she wrote some descriptive letters to the
'Manchester Examiner and Times. 7 She
died at Geneva on 18 July 1890, and was
buried there in the cemetery of St. George.

A portrait of Miss Becker, tainted by
Miss B. L. Dacre, hangs at the o3ice of the
central committee of the Women's Suffrage
Society, Westminster, pending the time
when it can be offered to the National Por-
trait Gallery.

[Memorial number of the Women's Suffrage
Journal, August 1890 ; Manchester Examiner
and Times, 21 July 1890; Britten and Boul-
ger's English Botanists, 1893, p. 13; Rojal
Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers, vii. 118; Shaw's
Old and New Manchester, ii. 75 (with portrait)
communications from Wilfred Becker, esq., Man*
Chester, also from Miss Helen Blackburn,
Westminster, who is engaged on a life of Miss
Becker.] C. W. S.

BECKETT, GILBERT ARTHUR A.
(1837-1891), humorist. [See A BECKETT.]

BECKMAN, SIB MARTIN (d. 1702),
colonel, chief engineer and master gunner of
England, was a Swedish captain of artillery.
His brother, a military engineer in the ser-
vice of Charles I during the civil war, was
taken prisoner by the parliament forces
in 1644, but soon after escaped. In 1653
he joined the royalist exiles at Middelburg,
the bearer of important information from
England, and died before the Restoration.
Martin Beckman in 1660 petitioned Charles
II for the place of royal engineer, formerly
enjoyed by his brother, and mentioned that
he * was ruined and severely injured, by an
; accident at an explosion in the preparation
of fireworks to be shown on the water in
the king's honour.' He was accordingly em-
ployed as an engineer, and his skill in labora-
tory work led to his appointment on 6 June
1661 to the expedition under Lord Sand-
wich as ' firemaster with and in his majesty's
fleete. 1

He sailed from Deptford with the fleet on
13 June in the ship Augustine, and, after a
short time at Alicante, proceeded against
the^ pirates of Algiers; but, the enterprise
failing, the fleet bore, away for Tangiers, of
which possession was taken as part of the
dowry of Catherine of Braganza [q. v." on
30 Jan. 1662. Here Beckman made plans
of the place and of such fortifications as
he considered necessary, estimated to cost
200,000& A governor and garrison were
left there, and the fleet proceeded to Lis-
bon to escort Queen Catherine to England.
Beckman arrived with the fleet at Ports-
mouth on 14 May. Plans of the actions at
Algiers were made by him and engraved.

A jplan of Tan iers was sent home before
the eet returnee, and Pepys mentions in
his 'Diary' under date 28 Feb. 1662, that
he presented to the Duke of York from Lord
Sandwich ' a fine map of Tangiers, done by
one Captain Martin Beckman, a Swede, that
is with my lord. We stayed looking over
it a great while with the duke.' This map
is in the collection of George III in the
British Museum.

In 1663 Beckman was committed a pri-
soner to the Tower of London. He stated,
in a petition to the king and council for a
trial, that he had been aalf a year a close
prisoner through the malice of one person
for discovering the designs of the Spaniards
and others against his majesty. He there-
upon left England. After the raid up the
JVTedway by the Dutch fleet under De Ruy-
ter in 1667, he wrote on 24 June to the king

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162

Bedford

vessels and machines, with the troops under
Tollemache, and arrived with the fleet at
Camaret Bay on 7 June, when the land
attack failed. Dieppe and Havre were then
reduced to ruins by Beckman's bomb-vessels,
and the whole coast so harassed and alarmed
that the inhabitants had to be forcibly ke~)t
in the coast towns. Having returned to t.
Helens on 26 July, Beckman and his bomb-
vessels went with the fleet under Sir
Glowdisley Shovell to the attack of Dunkirk
and Calais in September, and then returned
to England. He afterwards visited the
Channel Islands and reported on the de-
fences of Guernsey. His plans of St. Peter's,
Castle Cornet, and the Bouche de Vale, with
water-colour sketches, are in the British
Museum.

On 22 May 1695 Beckman was appointed
to the command of the ordnance train and
the machine and bomb-vessels for the sum-
mer expedition to the straits of Gibraltar,
and took part in the operations on the coast
of Catalonia, returning home in the autumn.
His demands for projectiles for his bomb-
vessels were so large that the board of
ordnance represented that parliament had
made no provision to meet them. He exer-
cised a similar command in the summer ex-
pedition under Lord Berkeley, which sailed
at the end of June 1696 to * insult the coast
of France/ On 3 July Berkeley detached
a squadron of ten ships of war under Cap-
tain Mees, R.N., an Beckman with his
bomb-vessels. They entered St. Martin's,
Isle of Hhe, on the 5th under French colours,
which they struck as soon as they had an-
chored. They bombarded the place all that
night and the following day, expending over
two thousand bombs and destroy inj the best-
part of the town. On the 7th taey sailed
for_01onne, where a like operation produced
a similar result, and then rejoined the fleet,
returning to Torbay. Tliese enterprises
created such alarm "that over a hundred
batteries were ordered by the French mini-
stry to be erected between Brest and Goulet,
and over sixtv thousand men were continu-
ally in arms :br coast defence.

Early in 1697 Beckman surveyed all the
bomb-vessels, ten of which he reported to be
in good condition and fitted to take in
twenty mortars * which are all we have ser-
viceable.' On the general thanksgiving for
peace on 2 Dec. Beckman designed the fire-
work display before the king and the royal
family in St. James's Scuare, London; his
drawing representation o: it is in the Kin^s
Library. British Museum.

Lack of money for defences caused Beck-
man as much difficulty as his predecessors

and successors in office. Representations of
insecurity in regard to Portsmouth, for ex-
ample, in 1699 led to many plans and re-
ports, but nothing was effected.

Beckman died in London on 24 June
1702. He appears to have married Eliza-
beth, daughter of Talbot Edwards, keeper of
the crown jewels. She was buried at the
Tower of London on 12 Dec. 1677. Two
sons, Peter and Edward, were also buried
there on 7 Feb. 1676 and 29 June 1678 re-
spectively. The board of ordnance wrote to
Marlborough that Beckman's death was a
very great loss. The post remained unfilled
for nine years.

[Board of Ordnance Eeeords ; Royal En-
gineers' Records ; Royal Warrants; Cat. of State
Papers, 1644-1702; various tracts on Fortifica-
tion. &c.; Addit. MSS. Brit. Mns.; Story's
Impartial Hist, of Wars in Ireland, and Con-
tinuation, 1693; Bayley's To^ver of London,
1821 ; Life, Journals, and Correspondence of
Samuel Pepys, 1841 , also Diary of same ; Gul-
den's Gravesend ; Pocock's Gravesend and Mil-
ton, 1797 ; f Field of Mars, 1801 ; Rapin's Hist. ;
Hume's Hist. ; Charnock's Biographia Kavalis,
1795; Campbell's British Admirals; Lord Car-
marthen's Journal of the Brest Expedition,
1694 ; Present State of Eiirope, 1694 ; Hasted's
Kent ; Burke's Seats and Arms ; Xennett's Re-
gister ; Strype ; Cannon's Hist. Records of the
18th Royal Irish Regiment.] R. H. V.

BEDFORD, FRANCIS (1799-1883),
bookbinder, was born at Paddington, Lon-
don, on 18 June 1799. His father is believed
to have been a courier attached to the esta-
blishment of George III. At an early age he
was sent to a school in Yorkshire, and on his
return to London his guardian, Henry Bower,
of 38 Great Marlborough Street, apprenticed
him in 1817 to a bookbinder named Haigh
in Poland Street, Oxford Street. Only a
part of his time was served with Haigh, and
in 1822 he was transferred to a binder named
Finlay, also of Poland Street, with whom his
indentures were completed. At the end of
his apprenticeship he entered the workshop
of one of the best bookbinders of the day,
Charles Lewis [q. v.], of 35 Duke Street, St.
James's, with whomhe worked until the death
of his employer, and subsequently managed
the business for Lewis's widow. Itwasdurino-
this period that Bedford's talent and indus-
try attracted the notice of the Duke of
Portland, who became not only one of his
most liberal patrons, but also one of his
staunchest and kindest friends. In 1841
Bedford, who had left Mrs. Lewis's esta-
blishment, entered into partnership with
John Clarke of 61 Frith Street, Soho, who
nad a special reputation for binding books in

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Belcher

1866; lie had fourteen children : six sons
and eight daughters. His eldest son, Gilbert,
was member of parliament for the central
division of Glasgow, 1885, and for the Inver-
ness district of burghs, 1892-5. Another son,
John Alexander, -was a justice of the peace
and closely connected for many years with
philanthropic and educational work in Man-
chester ; he died in October 1896. Both
brothers were partners in the well-known
firm of Beith, Stevenson, & Co., East India
merchants, Glasgow and Manchester.

An excellent portrait ofDr.Beith, painted
by Norman McBeth, was presented to him
by his congregation in Stirling, and is in the
possession of his son Gilbert in Glasgow.

Dr, Beith was a voluminous writer. Be-
sides many pamphlets on public questions,
he published: 1. * A Treatise on the Baptist
Controversy' (in Gaelic), 1823. 2. 'A
Catechism on Baptism/ 1824. 3. 'Sorrow-
ing yet Rejoicing, a Narrative of successive
Bereavements in a Minister's Family/ 1839.
4. 'The Two Witnesses traced in History/
1846. 5. 'Biographical Sketch of the Rev.
Alex. Stewart, Cromarty/ 1854. 6. ' Christ
our Life, being a Series of Lectures on the
first Six Chapters of John's Gospel/ 2 vols.
1856. 7. Scottish Reformers and Martyrs/
1860. 8. 'The Scottish Church in her re-
lation to other Churches at Home and
Abroad/ 1869, 9. < A Highland Tour with
Dr. Candlish/ 1874. 10. * Memoirs of Dis-
ruption Times/ 1877. 11. ' The Woman of
Samaria/ 1880.

[Personal knowledge; private information;
Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scotican, n. i. 61, 70, 101,
ni. i. 43.] T. B. J.

BELCHER, JAMES (1781-1811), prize-
fighter, was born at his father's house in St.
James's churchyard, Bristol, on 15 April
1781. His mother was a daughter of Jack
Slack (A. 1778), a noted pugilist, who de-
feated John Broughton [q. v.J in April 1750.
*Jim' Belcher followed the trade of a
batcher, though he was never formally ap-
prenticed, and signalised himself when a lad
bv pugilistic and other feats at Lansdown
fair. He was a natural fighter, owing little
to instruction in the art. His form is de-
scribed as elegant ; he was, at any rate,,good-
humpured, finely proportioned, and well-
looking. He came to London in 1798 and
sparred with Bill Warr, a veteran boxer, of
Oovent Garden. On 12 April 1799, after a
fight of thirty-three minutes, he beat Tom
Jones of Paddington at Wormwood Scrubbs.
On 15 May 1800 Belcher, aged 19, met Jack
Bartholomew, aged 37, on Finchley Com-
mon, and after seventeen rounds knocked

him out with a ' terrific ' body blow. On
22 Dec. 1800, near Abershaw's -ibbet on
Wimbledon Common, he defeated Andrew
Gamble, the Irish champion, in five rounds,
Gamble being utterly confounded by his
opponent's quickness. On 25 Nov. 1801 he
met Joe Berks of Wem, and defeated him
after sixteen rounds of desperate fighting.
He fought him again on 20 Aug. 1802, and
Berks retired at the end of the fourteenth
round, by which time he could scarcely
stand and was shockingly cut about the
face. Tn April 1803 he severely punished
John Firby, * the young ruffian/ in a hastily
arranged encounter. Next month he ha*d
to appear before Lord Ellenborounfh in the
court of king's bench for rioting and fighting,
upon which occasion he was defended by
Erskine and Francis Const [q. v.], and was
merely bound over to come up for judgment
upon his own recognisance in 400/.

In July 1803 Belcher lost an eye owing
to an accident when playing at rackets.
His high spirit and constitution forthwith
declined, but he was placed by his friends in
the ' snug tavern ' of the Jolly Brewers in
Wardour Street. Unhappily he was stirred
by jealousy of a former -pupil, Hen Pearce,
the * Bristol game-chicken/ once more to
try his fortune in the ring. He had a terri-
ble battle with Pearce on Barnby Moor,
near Doncaster, on 6 Dec. 1805. 'He dis-
played all his old courage but not his old
skill or form, and was defeated in eighteen
rounds. He fought yet again two heroic
fights with Tom Cribb the first on 8 April
1807 at Moulsey^ in forty-one rounds, waen
Belcher would have proved the winner but
for his confused si^ht and sprained wrist
the second on 1 Fe D. 1809, in answer to a
challenge for the belt and two hundred
guineas. Belcher was a -ain defeated after
a punishin; 1 fight in thirty-one rounds,
though the sest judges were of opinion that,
had -Belcher possessed his once excellent
constitution and eyesight, Cribb must have
been the loser. This was Belcher's last
fight. He was one of the gamest fighters
ever seen in^the prize-ring, and probably the
most rapid in his movements : l you heard
his blows, you did not see them/ A truly
coura;eous man, Belcher was in private life
ood-aumoured, modest, and unassuming;
jut after his last fight he became taciturn
and depressed. He was deserted by most
of his old patrons : one of the best of these
was Thomas Pitt, the second lord Camel-
ford, who at his death on 10 March 1804
left him his famous bulldog Trusty. Bel-
cher died on 30 July 1811 at the Coach and
Horses, Frith Street, Soho, a property which

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Bell

Child ' (1867), < The Octoroon ' (1868), < The
Last Kiss * (1869), show a decline in power,
and are full of religious sentimentality or
pseudo-classical elegance. He exhibited for
the last time in 1S79. Good engravings of
some of his most popular statues, ( The I laid
of Saragassa,' * Ba'Ses in the Wood/ and

* The Cross of Prayer/ were published in the

* Art Journal.' Bell presented a collection
of models of his large works to the Kensing-
ton Town Hall.

Bell took an active part in the movement
which led to the Great Exhibition of 1851,
and afterwards to the foundation of the
South Kensington (now Victoria and Albert)
Museum. He published 'Free-hand Out-
Ike,' 1852-4; an essay on 'The Four Pri-
mary Sensations of the Mind/ 1853 ; and
'Ivan III, a Dramatic Sketch,' 1855. In
1859 he received a medal from the Society
of Arts for the ori ination of the principle
of entasis as appliec to the obelisk. A paper
by Bell on this subject was published in
1858 as an appendix to an essay by Richard
Burgess on the Egyptian obelisks in Rome.
Bell's last literary work was a theoretical re-
storation of the 'Venus of Melos' (Magazine
of Art, 1894, xvii. 16, with a portrait of Bell).

In -private life BeJl endeared himself to all
who Lmew him. He had retired from the
active exercise of his profession for many
years before his death, which took place on
14 March 1895 at 15 Douro Place, Ken-
sington, where he had resided for more than
forty years.

[Times, 28 March 1895 ; Athenaaum, 6 April
1895; Biograph, 1880, iii. 178-85.] C. D.

BELL, THOMAS (/. 1573-1610), anti-
Romanist writer, was born at Raskelf, near
Thirsk, Yorkshire, in 1551, and is stated to
have been benefited as a clergyman in Lan-
cashire. Subsequently he became a Roman
catholic, and bein 'hot and eager, in that
profession,' hisjndiscretion led to his impri-
sonment at York, where he was 'more
troublesome to the keeper than all the rest of
the prisoners together.' This was in or
about 1573. In 1576 he went to Douay
College, and in 1579, when twenty-eight,
entered the English college at Rome as a
student of philosophy. In 1581, being then
a priest, he was in the English seminary at
Home, and in the following March (1582)
was sent into England. A few years later
(1686) he appears as the associate of Thomas
"Worthington [q. v.] and other priests in
Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and else-
where, He was mentioned in 1592 as one
ill-affected to the government, and he shared
tae fate of other seminary priests in being

arrested. He was sent to London as probably
a valuable prize, but he forthwith recanted,
and was sent back to Lancashire to help in
the ' better searching and apprehending of
Jesuits and seminaries.' After this employ-
ment he went to Cambridge, where he began
the publication of his controversial writings.
They comprise : 1. * Thomas Bels Motives :
concerning Romish Faith and Religion/
Cambridge, 1593, 4toj 2nd ed. 1605. 2. 'A
Treatise of Usurie,' Cambridge, 1594, 4to.
3. 'The Surrey of Popery,' London, 1596,
4to. 4. 'Hunting of the Romish Fox,'
1598. This is entered on the ' Stationers'
Register,' 8 April 1598, and Bell himself
claims the authorship in his ' Counterblast,'
fol. 44. A more famous work with the
same title had, however, been published by
Dr. William Turner (d. 156S) [q. v.l, dean
of Wells, in 1543 (Basle, 8vo). 5. 'The
Anatomie of Popish Tyrannic, wherein is
conteyned a Plain Declaration ... of the
Libels, Letters, Edictes, Pamphlets, and
Bopkes lately published by Ue Secular
Priests, and English Hispanized Jesuites,'
London, 1603, 4to, 6. ' The Golden Balance
of Tryall,' London, 1603, 4to ; annexed to
this is ' A Counterblast against the Vaine
Blast of a Masked Companion, who termeth
Himself E. 0., but thought to be Robert
Parsons, the Trayterous Jesuite.' 7. 'The
Downefall of Poperie, proposed by way of
challenge to all 3nglisS Jesuites and ...
Papists,' London, 1604 and 1605. 4to; re-
printed and entitled 'The Fall of Papistrie'
in 1628. Parsons, Bishop Richard Smith,
and Francis Walsmgham (1577-1647) [q. v."
wrote answers to this. 8, 'The WoefuL
Crie of Rome/ London, 1605, 4to, 9. ' The
Popes Funerall: containing an exact and
pitiy Reply to a pretended Answere of a
. . Libell, called the "Forerunner of Bells
Downfall." . . . Together with liis Treatise
called the Regiment of the Church,' London,
1606, 4to. 10. 'The Jesuites Ante-past:
containing a Reply against a Pretended
Aunswere to the Downefall of Poperie'
London, 1608, 4to. 11. 'The Tryall of the
New Religion,' London, 1608, 4to. 12. 'A
Christian Dialogue between Theophilus, a
Deformed Catholike in Rome, and Hemi ;ius,
a Reformed Catholike in the Churca of
England,' 1609, 4to. 13. 'The Catholique
Triumph: conteyning a reply to the pre-
tended answere of B. C. |"i.e. Parsons] lately
published against The Tryall of the New
3eligion,'London, 1610, 4to.

In his ' Jesuites Ante-past ' (No. 10) he
states that Queen Elizabeth granted him a
pension of fifty pounds a year, which
James I continued to him.

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Bennett

[Obituary notices in the TransactioDS of the
Boval Asiatic Society, October 1892, p. 880, the
Indian Lancet, Calcutta, 1896, vii. 29-31, and
the Times, 29 July 1892.] D'A. P.

BELLIN, SAMUEL (1799-1893), en-
graver, son of John Bellin of Chigwell,
Essex, was born on 13 May 1799. He
studied for some years in Borne, where he
made some excellent copies of celebrated
pictures, and acquired great facility as a
draughtsman. On his return to England,
about 1884, he devoted himself to engraving,
and became one of the leading workers in
mezzotint and the mixed method. His plates,
which are all from pictures by popular Eng-
lish painters of the day, include * The Meet-
ing of the Council of the Anti-Corn Law
League,' after X R. Herbert; 'Heather
Belles, 1 after J. Phillip; 'The Council of
War in the Crimea,' after A. Egg ; ' The
GentleWarning,' after F.Stonej 'The Heart's
Resolve,' and 'The Momentous Question,'
after S. Setchell ; ' Milton composing " Sam-
son Agonistes,"' after J. C. Horsley ; ' Open-
ing of the Great Exhibition of 1851,' after
H. C. Selous; ' Salutation to the Aged
Friars,' after C. L. Eastlakej 'Dr. Johnson's
Visit to Garrick,' after E. M. Ward ; and
portraits of the Prince Consort, Lord John
Russell, and Joseph Hume, M.P, His latest
plate appeared in 1870, when he retired from
the profession. Bellin drew and etched on
three plates a panoramic view of Home from
Monte Pincio, which he published, with a
dedication to the Duke of Sussex, in 1835.
He was an original member of the Graphic
Society- He died at his house in Regent's
Park Road, London, on 29 April 1893.

[Athenaeum, 6 May 1803 ; Andresen's Hand-
buch fur Kupferstichsammler.] F. M. 0*1).

BEltfNETT, SIR JAMES RISDON
(1809-1891 ), physician, eldest son of the Rev.
James Bennett, D.D. [c. v.], nonconformist
minister, was born at 2tomsey on 29 Sept.
1809. He received his education at tie
Rotherham College, Yorkshire, of which his
father became principal j and at the age of
fifteen was apprenticed to Thomas Water-
house of SheiLelcL In 1830 he went to Paris,
and afterwards to Edinburgh, where he gra-
duated M.D. in 1833. In the autumn of the
same year he accompanied Lord Beverley to
Rome, and spent two or three summers in
his company and that of Lord Aberdeen.
On his return to En -land in 1837 he became
physician to the Aldersgate Street dispen-
sary, and lectured on medicine at the Caar-
ing Cross Hospital medical school, and also
at Grainger^ private school of medicine. In

1843 he was appointed assistant -ohysician
to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in ..849 full
physician. On the foundation of the City
of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest
in 1848 he was appointed physician to that
institution ; and irom 1843 to its dissolution
in 1857 acted as secretary to the Sydenh'am
Society. In 1875 he was elected F.R.S.

Settlin in Finsbury Square on his mar-
riage in 1841, he enjoyed for many years a
good position as a consultant, especially in
connection with chest diseases, having been
one of the first to introduce into this country
the use of the stethoscope. In 1876 he was
elected to the office of president of the Royal
Colleje of Physicians, and was knighted
in 1881. He then removed to Cavendish
Square, where he died on 14 Dec. 1891,

He married, in June 1841, Ellen Selfe,
dau -liter of the Rev. Henry Page of Rose
HiL, Worcester, by whom he had nine
children, of whom six survived.

His published works include a translation
of ' Kramer on Diseases of the Ear/ 1837 ;
an essay on e Acute Hydrocephalus,' which
obtained the Fothergillian gold medal of the
Medical Society of London in 1842, and was
published in the following year; and the
' Lumleian Lectures at the College of Phy-
sicians on Intra-thoracic Tumours/ 1872.

[Private information from members of the
family ; Men and Women of the Time, 13th ed.
1891; Times, 16 Dec. 1891.] J. B. N.

BEN1STETT, WILLIAM COX (1820-
1895), miscellaneous writer, born at Green-
wich on 14 Oct. 1820, was the younger son
of John Bennett, a watchmaker of that
place, He was educated at Greenwich in
the school of William Collier Smithers, but
when he was nine he was compelled, by
the death of his father, to remain at home
to assist his mother in business. Bennett
took much interest in the affairs of his
native borough, and succeeded in effecting
several useful reforms. In 1868 he proposed
Gladstone to the liberals of the borough as
their candidate, and assisted to secure his
return by very strenuous exertions. He
was a member of the London council of the
Education League. In 1869 and 1870 he
was employed on the staff of the ' Weekly
Dispatch ' as a leader writer and art critic,
and subsequently he contributed to the Lon-
don ' Fijaro/ He died on 4 March 1895 at
his residence at Eliot Cottages, Blaekheath,
and was buried at Nunhead cemetery on
8 March.

Bennett was well known as a writer of
songs. His chief works are: 1. 'Poems/
London, 1850, 8vo ; new edit. 1862. 2. ' War

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Bennett

S. Barnabas', Pimlieo/ his volume of * The
last Sermons preached at St. Paul's, Knights-
bridge, and St. Barnabas', Pimlico/ and ' A
Farewell Letter to his Parishioners,' were
all printed in 1851.

The dowager Marchioness of Bath had
"been a member of Bennett's congregation at
Portman Chapel, and had remained ais friend
ever since, As the guardian of her son, not
yet of age, she appointed Bennett to the
vicarage of Frome Selwood, Somerset.
The last incumbent of this living had been
a low churchman, and opposition was raised
at Frome to a ritualistic successor. The
bishop of the diocese declined compliance
with a petition praying him to refuse insti-
tution, and Bennett took possession of the
benefice in January 1852. The appointment
was brought before the House of Commons
by Edward Horsman [q. T.I on 20 April,
8 and IS June 1852, but the matter ulti-
mately was dropped.

Bennett issued in that year * A Pastoral
Letter to the Parishioners of Frome' (3
editions), The fine church of the parish was
in a bad state of repair and neglect. He at
once took measures to restore it, and by 1866
the works were completed at large cost. In
his new charge he continued the practices
which had marked his rule at the eaurch of
St. Paul's, Knight abridge, and it was 'round
him that the battle chiefly raged when it had
passed beyond the cloisters and combination
rooms of the university/ In 'A Plea for
Toleration in the Church of England in a
Letter to Dr. Pusey' (1867 ; 3rd edit, 1868),
and in the essay of < Some Results of the
Tractarian Movement of 1833,' contributed
by him to the second series of Orby Shipley's
'Church and the World' (1867), Bennett
made use of some unguarded expressions on
the Pteal Presence in the Sacrament. The
words in the 'Plea for Toleration' were
altered at the instance of Dr. Pusey, and the
pamphlet in the amended form reached a
thirc edition. But the council of the Church
Association, acting through Thomas Byard
Sheppard of Selwood Cottage, Frome/ the
nominal promoter of the proceedings, brought
these publications before Sir Robert Joseph
PMUimore [q. v.] 5 the dean of arches, on a
charge of heresy against Bennett. Phillimore
at first declined to entertain the charges, but
was ordered by the privy council to consider
them, and on 23 July 1870 decided that
the defendant had not broken the law of the
church. Appeal was made to the privy coun-
cil, and on 8 June 1872 PhiUimore's view
was upheld. Bennett was not represented
Toy counsel on any of these occasions (Annual
, 1872, pp. 213-27).

Bennett continued to work in his parish
and to take martin the services of liis church
until three days before his death. He died
at the vicarage, Frome, on 17 Aug. 1880,
and on 21 Aug. was buried near the grave
of Bishop Ken, on the south side of the
chancel. Bennett married, at Marylebone
in 1828, the eldest daughter of Sir William
Franklin, principal inspector-general of the
army. She diec at Frome on 2 Aug. 1879.
His only son, William Henry Bennett, went
out to Burmah in a regiment of native in-
fantry, and died at Proine, Burmah, of fever,
on 22 Aug. 1854.

Bennett published many single sermons,
and edited or wrote prefaces to the works of
sacred writers, especially of Mrs. Lear. The
most important works taat he edited for her
were (1) 'Tales of Kirkbeck/ two series;
(2) ' Our Doctor and other Tales of Kirk-
beck;' (3) 'Tales of a London Parish;'
(4) 'Cousin Eustace, or Conversations on
the Prayer-book;' (5) 'Lives of certain
Fathers of the Church in the Second, Third,
and Fourth Centuries.' His own works
comprised, in addition to those already men-
tioned: 1. 'Sermons on Marriage,' 1837.
2. 'The Eucharist, its History, Doctrine,
and Practice/ 1837; 2nd edit. 1846; 3rd
edit. 1851. 3. 'Sermons on Miscellaneous
Subjects,' vol. i. 1838, vol. ii. 1840.
4 'Neglect of the People in Psalmody
and Responses/ 1841, 3 edits. 5. 'Guide
to the Holy Eucharist,' 1842, 2 vols.

6. ' Lecture Sermons on the Distinctive
Errors of Romanism,' 1842, 3 edits.

7. * Letters to my Children on Church
Subjects,' 1843, 2 vols. ; 2nd edit. 1850.

8. ' The Principles of the Book of Common
Prayer considered,' 1845. 9. 'Crime and
Education : the Duty of the State,' 1846.
10. The Church, the Crown, and the State :
two Sermons on the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council,' 1850, 4 edits. 11. ' Ex-
amination of Archdeacon Denisoa's Proposi-
tions of Faith on the Holy Eucharist,' 1857.
12. 'Why Church Kates should be abolished,'

1861, 2 edits. 13. ' History of the Church
of St. John of Frome/ 1866. 14. ' Mission
Sermons preached at St. Paul's, Knio-hts-
brid^e/ 1870. 15. 'Defence of the Catholic
Faita : a Re^ly to the Bishop of Bath and
Wells/ 1873. 16. 'Dream of the King's
Gardens: an allegory. By a Protestant
Churchman/ 1873. 17. ' Catechism of De-
votion/ 1876. 18. 'Foreign Churches in
relation to the Anglican : an essay towards
Reunion/ 1882. Bennett edited ' The Theo-
logian ' and < The Old Church Porch/ 1854-

1862, 4 vols. (from the latter of which were
reprinted the five volumes of 'The Church's

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a handsome fortune, and left his widow and
his only son, Ed ward White Benson the elder,
in reduced circumstances. Edward White
Benson, the archbishop's father, set up as
a chemical manufacturer in Birmingham,
where the archbishop was born on 14 July
1829. The house was 72 Lombard Street.
In 1843 the archbishop's father died, his end
being hastened by the failure of his business j
and the widow, a sister of Sir Thomas Baker
of Manchester, who lived on in a small house
hi the closed works upon an annuity given
her by her husband's partners, had much
difficulty to provide for her six surviving
children.

At the age of eleven the boy entered
King Edward's School, Birmingham, then
under the government of James Prince Lee
[q. v.], an inspiring teacher, to whom Ben-
son used to say that he owed all that he
ever was or should be. Bishop Westcott
was at that time one of the senior boys in
the school. Another pupil, Joseph Barber
Lightfoot [q. T.], who was nearer Ms own
age, became Benson's most intimate friend,
and remained so to the end of his life. A
devout and imaginative boy, he had already
conceived the hope of enterin holy orders.
He read with eagerness the "Lracts for the
Times' and other ecclesiastical literature,
and secretly recited, with Lr;htfoot or other
select associates, the Latin Hours in a little
oratory which he fitted up in the dismantled
works. A tempting commercial prospect
was refused, and in 1848 he went up to
Trinity College, Cambridge, as a subsizar.

His mother died suddenly in 1850, ex-
hausted by the strain of nursing her children
through typhus fever, the eldest girl having
died a few Sours before. Her annuity ending
with^ her life, the family was left almost -
penniless. Friends came to their aid, but it
Is a proof of the strength of Benson's early
convictions that he would not allow his
youngest brother to become dependent upon
nis uncle at Manchester, who was a uni-
tarian, lest he should be drawn away from
the faith of the church. Benson was him-
self set^ free from pecuniary anxiety by the
generosity of Francis Martin, the bursar of
Trinily, who became a second father to him.
His declamation at Trinity in praise of
George Herbert made a profound impression
upon those who hearc or read it. He
graduated BjL in 1852, being placed eighth
in the classical tripos, and a senior optime
m mathematics; he was also senior chan-
cellor's medallist.

In that autumn he went as a master to
Eugby, under Edward Meyrick Goulburn
L<J. v. SuppL], where he lived in the house of

his cousin, Mrs. Sidgwick, widow of the Kev.
William Sidgwick of Skipton, Yorkshire,
and mother of Henry Sidgwick "q.v. Suppl."
^ext year he was elected fellow of Trinity",
but he never resided upon his fellowship.
He was ordained deacon in 1853 by his old
master, Lee, then bishop of Manchester, and
priest at Ely in 1857. In 1859 he was
married to Mrs, Sidgwick's daughter Mary,
to whom he had been attached from her
early childhood.

In January of that year, 1S59, Benson had
entered upon his first independent duties.
His health had suffered at Rugby. He had
been thinking of taking work at Cambrid -e.
At one moment he was on the point of be-
coming domestic chaplain to Tait, bisho^ of
London, afterwards archbishop. Just Gen
Wellington College was being constituted,
and on the recommendation of Dr. Temple,
who had succeeded Goulburn at Rugby,
and who there foisned a lifelong friendship
with Benson, the prince consort offered
Benson the mastership. Here he had the
first opportunity of exercising his peculiarly
constructive genius. Wellington College
was his creation. From the moment of his
acceptance of the mastership of the still un-
born institution he began to remodel the
scheme that had been set before him, the
prince consort supporting him at every point
until his death in 186:.. Instead of the
charity-school for a few sons of officers
which it would otherwise have been, he
made Wellington College one of the great
public schools of England. He persuaded
the governors to ;?ut the whole control of
the school into t"ie hands of the master,
instead of entrusting the commissariat to a
steward and secretary responsible only to
themselves. His whole soul was put into
every detail of the arrangements. The
chapel especially which was dedicated to
the Holy Ghost and its services had, the
deepest interest for him. To plan how the
boys were to be seated, the windows deco-
rated accordin to a careful scheme, the
capitals carvec with plants native to the
district, gave him delightful employment.
He drew up a characteristic book of aymns
and introits for use in the chapel. Though
severely simple, there was an impression
of care about the services which sometimes
gave strangers the feeling that the college
was very ' high church/ One such visitor
wrote to the governors to complain of the
extreme sermon he had heard ; it turned out

Charles Kingsley.
The boys with whom he began were diffi-

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parts of the diocese. He' was the first bishop
to appoint a canon whose business it should
be to conduct missions in the diocese and to
gather a community round him for the pur-
pose. He formed a"divinity school, like that
at Lincoln, under the charge of the chan-
cellor of the cathedral, for the training of
candidates for holy orders. Meanwhile he
found it needful to obtain a new cathedral
for the see. There had been assigned for
the purpose a small plain parish church, un-
distinguished except by an interesting little
southern aisle, and in almost ruinous condi-
tion, Cornwall at the time was much
impoverished, and the effort to find the en-
dowment of the see was enough to exhaust
the resources of its church people. Many
thought that it would be best in the circum-
stances to aim at building a good-sized
church of the same type as the old. But
the bishop was more ambitious, His en-
thusiasm at length carried every one with
him. John Loughborough Pearson [q. v.
Suppl.l was chosen as the architect ; and on
20 May 1380 the foundation stone of the
present beautiful cathedral was laid by the
Prince of "Wales (as Duke of Cornwall).
The bishop took the keenest interest in the
progress of the work. As archbishop he
was present at the consecration of Truro
Cathedral on 3 Nov. 1887. It was, he said,
'a most spiritual building.' He left to it
his pastoral staff, his rin ;, and other relics.

Among other works waich the bishop took
lip with ardour was the foundation of a
first-rate high school for girls at Truro, to
which he sent his own daughters. He put
on a new footing the ancient grammar school,
though his hopes with regard to it were
hardly fulfilled. He threw great energy
into the organisation of Sunday-school work
in the diocese, and into the maintenance of
church day schools in the places where they
still remained. It was his principle to make
the most of what he found existing, He
took a guild for the advancement of holy
living, which had proved useful in a few
Cornish parishes, and developed it into a
powerful diocesan society with many
branches. A devotional conference, which
had been started by the Cornish clergy some
years before he came, received an access of
strength, and led on to the holding of dio-
cesan retreats. The yearly conferences with
the^ clergy and representative laity in the
various rural deaneries, begun by Bishop
Temple, gave him opportunities which he
greatly valued. The ciocesan conference at
Truro, as well through the statesmanship of
its president as through the skill and labour
of its secretaries, Mr. Carlyon and Mr. J. E.

Cornish, became famous for its businesslike
character. The interest which he took in
every detail of -parochial work in every corner
of his diocese had a most stimulating effect.
"Wlxerever he preached he told the people
things about their church, or about their
patron saint, or about the history of the
place, of which they were ignorant. His
attitude towards the prevailing dissent of
Cornwall was that of personal friendliness
towards all who sought to do good, while he
felt bound to endeavour so to reinvigorate
every department of church life that the
people mijht of themselves return to what
they would feel to be the most scriptural
and spiritual religion.

Besides his diocesan work, Benson, in
spite of the remoteness of his see, was un-
failing in his attendance at convocation and
at the meetings of the bishops. The con-
ciliar idea was a powerful motive with him,
and he was always indignant when bishops
allowed diocesan engagements to interfere
with their wider duties as ' the bishops of
England.' He was appointed to serve on
the royal com mission upon ecclesiastical
courts in 1881, and laboured hard upon it.

Since his appointment to Truro the eyes
of churchmen had been fixed upon him, and
when Archbishop Tait died, in December
1882, the queen, act ing through W. E. Glad-
stone as prime minister, ofered him the
primacy. Tait himself had foreseen that
Benson would be his successor, and had for
some time past taken him into relations of
close intimacy. He gave him rooms in Lol-
lard's Tower. His son-in-law, Dr. Kandall
Davidson, remained as chaplain to the new
archbishop. The appointment was calculated
to give peace and confidence to the church,
which had been greatly agitated by ritual
prosecutions. Archbishop Tait on his death-
bed prepared the way for better times, and
Benson carried on the tolerant policy. No
ritual prosecutions, except that of Bishop
King, took place during his primacy.

Benson had not sat in the House of Lords
before his translation to Canterbury. But
as soon as he became archbishop he made it
his duty constantly to attend the sittings of
the house, even when there was no ecclesias-
tical business before it. Everything that
concerned the nation concerned in his opinion
the church. A conservative by trainin 5 and
temperament, he was glad to speak and vote
on matters that were of larger than party in-
terest. In the first year of his archiepisco-
pate, he spoke warmly in favour of the new
extension of the franchise. 'The church/
he said, i trusts the people/ When many
churchmen were inclined to fight the pariah

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others, that largely contributed to repel the
attack.

It was seen that the Welsh suspensory
bill was only a first step to general dis-
establishment, and the arcSbishop took mea-
sures in view of the larger issue. He orga-
nised an enormous meeting in the Albert
Hall (16 May 1893), preceded by a great
communion at St. Paul's, consisting of both
convocations and the houses of laymen, to-
gether with other elected representatives of
the laity. It was not only an imposing de-
monstration : it was the beginning of a new
organisation for the defence of the church,
wJiich gradually absorbed the older ' Church
Defence Institution/ and exists now as the
Central Church Committee for Church De-
fence and Instruction. The organisation is
one to touch every parish, and the work is
chiefly that of diffusing true information on
the sub'ect of the church. Quieter times
followec ; but the organisation still exists.

The event of Benson's primacy which is
generally considered to "Se the most im-
portant was the trial of Dr. Edward King,
">ishop of Lincoln, before him for alleged
ritual offences, In 1888 the body known as
the Church Association prayed him, as me-
tropolitan, to judge the case. Only one un-
doubted precedent since the Reformation
could be adduced for the trial of a bishop
before his metropolitan. The charges them-
selves were of a frivolous character. The
archbishop might have declined upon that
ground to entertain them. The strongest
pressure was brought u*)on him to do so.
To this course he woulc not consent. He
saw that, if he did so, the complainants
would apply to queen's bench for a man-
damus, and that, if the mandamus were
granted, he should be forced to hear the case
after all ; while if it were refused on the
ground that he had no jurisdiction, he would
je in the position of having claimed, by the
use of his discretion, a power which the queen's
bench did not recognise. Besides, in the
abeyance of other courts which high church-
ratn could acknowledge, he was not sorry to
give proofs that there was a really spiritual
court in existence, before which they might
plead, _ In former cases, before the public
worship regulation court, they had fe,t un-
able to produce their evidence. While peti-
tions were poured in upon him. hes-sincr him

i! IDS 1116 SUIT, .oenson nad tiie strength.
^ ,t unsupported, to determine to proceed
with it, if his jurisdiction were once esta-
blished. The prosecution appealed to the
-jn?y council upon that question, and the
;ndicial committee decidec that the luris-
(i'et ion existed.

On 12 Feb. 1889 the trial opened. The
bishop's counsel began by a protest against
the constitution of the court, alleging that
the case ought to be tried before the bishops
of the province. Benson allowed the ques-
tion to be fully argued before him, and on
11 May gave an elaborate judgment, assert-
ing the competence of the court. The hear-
ing of the case proper began in the following
February. The archbishop sat with five
bishops as assessors. Judgment was given
on 21 Nov. the archbishop's eldest daugh-
ter having died a few weeks before. Mean-
time he had been laboriously occupied, even
during his brief holiday in Switzerland, in
studies bearin upon t.ie case. From his
youth up he had taken a great interest in
liturgica. matters, and so brought to the
case the knowledge of an expert. His
jutl -ment was a masterpiece of erudition as
wel. as of judicial lucidity. But the main
merits of it were, first, that it refused to
base itself upon previous decisions of the
privy council, but went de novo into every
, question raised, admitting the light of fresh
evidence; and, secondly, it treated the
prayer-book not as a merely legal document
to be interpreted by nothing beyond its own
explicit language, but in an historical manner,
with an eye to the usages of the church be-
fore the Reformation. The chief points of
it were that it allowed the celebrant at the
eucharist^tp assume what is called the east-
ward position, the mixing of water with the
wine in such a way as not to constitute a
* ceremony/ the ablution of the vessels before
leavin the altar, and the use of candles at
the ce.ebration when not rec uired for the
purpose of giving light. Benson's judg-
ment was, in the words of Dean Church,
' the most courageous thing that has come
from Lambeth 'ibr the last two hundred
years.' In those of Bishop Westcott, it
' vindicated beyond reversal one master prin-
ciple of his faith, the historic continuity of
our church. The Reformation was shown
to be not its beginning but a critical stage
in its growth.'

While Benson thus spent himself for the
good of the church at home, he bestowed
more-care upon the church abroad than any
archbishop of Canterbury before him. He
threw himself into the missionary work "
the church not only with ardour and
city, but with a philosophic largeness of v * w .
The founding oJ a new mission, like that to
Corea for example, gave him profound de-
light. He guided the young church on the
Niger through a most grave crisis. When
the bishop o: Madagascar returned to En<*-
land at the moment of the French occupa-

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veneration. The following day, Sunday, he
went to the early celebration of the holy
eucharist, and received, kneeling beside his
wife. After breakfast he returned to the
church* cheerful and seeming unusually well,
for the morning prayer, and sat in Glad-
stone's place. "While the absolution was
being pronounced he died, by a sudden
failure of the heart. The body was con-
Teyed on the 14th to Canterbury, where it
lay in the * crown ' of the cathedral, visited
by multitudes of mourners. The funeral
took place on Friday the 16th, in the presence
of the Duke of York and a vast congre^a-
tion. He was the first archbishop buried in
his own cathedral since Pole.

The archbishop was survived by his wife,
by three sons (Mr. Arthur Christopher Ben-
son of Eton College, Mr. Edward Frederic
Benson the novelist, and Mr. Robert Hugh
Benson) and by one daughter, Margaret.

Most men engaged in such arduous and
multifarious work as Archbishop Benson
would have given up all hope of consecutive
study. Benson clung to his reading with
indomitable perseverance. His hours of
sleep were reduced to a minimum. Every
day before breakfast, which was an early
meal hi his household, he secured time for
earnest study of his New Testament. For
some years before his death he took as the
topic for this study the Eevelation of St.
John. One result is the suggestive and
stimulating volume upon that book published
since his death (' The Apocalypse,' 1900).
Besides this, from his Wellington days on-
wards, he worked hard whenever oppor-
tunity came, and chiefly at midnight, upon
Cyprian, He undertook the work mainly
as a corrective to the desultory habit of
mind likely to be produced by such a mix-
ture of external duties, and as a relief from
care. He went with extraordinary thorough-
ness into the minutiae. He used half play-
fully to persuade himself that the ' Cyprian '
was his onlv serious life-work, and that all
else was only so much interruption. Few
things ever -ave him such pleasure as a visit
in 1892 to Jartha ;e and the scenes with
which his mind had so long been familiar.
The history liyed for him with a wonder-
ful vividness and freshness, and continually
threw light for him upon the daily problems
from which he had turned to it as a refuge.
He lived to complete his task, all but for a
few verifications, and the book was pub-
lished in 1897, a few months after his death.
It would have been & great book if written
by a man of leisure ; for one in a position
like his it is nothing short of marveLous.

Archbishop Benson's was a personality of

very large and varied gifts. He had the
temperament of a poet and a dramatist, with
swift insight and emotions at once profound
and soon stirred. He was naturally sanguine,
though, like other sanguine persons, liable
to great depression. His was the very op-
posite temper to that which made Butler
refuse the primacy of a 'falling church. '
Benson showed ' no alacrity at sinking/ said
a leader-writer in the ' Times/ looking back
at the difficulties which would have drowned
a weaker man in the first days at Wellington,
He was a masterful ruler, and was deter-
mined to carry through whatever he felt to
be right. Yet, reliant as he was upon his
own judgment (under God), no man was
ever more careful to consult every one con-
cerned, or more loyal to those whom he
consulted. By nature passionate, he learned
to control his temper without losing the
force which lies behind it. His industry
knew no bounds. 'The first off-day since
this time last year/ he wrote towards the
end of a so-called holiday abroad. Three
secretaries as well as himself were in-
cessantly en -aged upon his letters. *The
penny post/ he said, ' is one of those ordi-
nances of man to which we have to submit
for the Lord's sake.' The business of the
see of Canterbury rose in his time to an un-
precedented amount, so that he used to say
that he needed a college of cardinals to do
it. He did nothing in slovenly fashion, but
went to the bottom of everything. His
curious literary style was due to his de-
termination to get behind the commonplace
and conventional. Details fascinated him;
he seemed wholly absorbed in them. His
position made him a trustee of the British
Museum, and his mind would be on fire for
days with the thought of some ornament
lately brought from Egypt or ^Efina. He
would expatiate at length upon tae way to
choose oats or to fold a rochet. He was
devoted to animals, always wondering 'what
they were.' In social life he was notable
for genial freedom and courtliness. With
all his gentleness and his rich store of affec-
tion, he had an almost unique dignity of
bearing.

None of the painted pictures of Archbishop
Benson are_ wSolly satisfactory as portraits.
The two principal pictures are one by Lau-
rence, in the possession of Mrs. Benson,
painted at the time of his leaving Welling-
ton; and one by Herkomer at Lambeth.
The portrait in t!ie hall at Trinity College,
Cambridge, was painted after his death. His
fine features seemed, in spite of the rapid
changes of expression, which made him look
almost a different man at different moments,

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Bentley

180

Bentley

Bent and his wife in and around the southern
Dart of tlie Arabian peninsula, which from

field for his observation and travel. By his
expeditions in the winter of 1893-4 and
1894-5 he added much to European know-
led^e of the Hadramut country, but his at-
tempts in 1893, 1894, and 1895 to penetrate
the Mahri district were unsuccessful. In
November 1896 he traversed Socotra and
explored the little-known country within
fifty miles of. Aden. His last journey of ex-
ploration was throu jh the Vafei and Fadhli
countries in Marcji 1897, an account of
which was given by Mrs. Bent to the Royal
Geographical Society, and published in the
* Royal G-eographical Journal ' (xii. 41).

Bent died, 5 May 1897, at 13 Great Cum-
berland Place, London, W., from pneumonia
following on malarial fever, which developed
after his return from Aden, and was buried
at Theydon Bois, Essex.

Though naturally inclined to the study of
archaeology rather than to geo_graphical dis-
covery, his antiquarian knowledge was in-
sufficient to enable him to make a complete
use of the opportunities which his journeys
afforded. A portrait of Bent is contained in
his book on ' 'The Ruined Cities of Mashona-
land,' and a photogravure portrait is prefixed
to Mrs. Bent's volume on * Southern Arabia.'
Bent edited in 1893 a volume for the Hak-
luyt Society entitled 'Early Voyages and
Travels in the Levant, with an Introduction
giving a History of the Levant Company of
Turkey Merchants/ and he contributed many
articles to reviews and magazines. * Southern
Arabia,' published in 1900, 8vo, though
mainly written by Mrs. Bent, contains much
matter derived from Bent's journals.

Bent's notebooks and numerous drawings
and sketches remain in the possession of Mrs.
Bent,

[Journal of the Boyal Geographical Society,
ix. 671; Times, 7 May 1897; Bent's works;
private information.] "W. C-s.

BENTLEY, GEORGE (1828-1896),
publisher and author, born in Dorset Square,
London, on 7 June 1828, was the eldest sur-
viving son of Richard Bentley (1794-1871)
fq. v.J and Charlotte, daughter of Thomas
Botten. He was educated, first, at the school
of the Rev. Mr. Ppticary, Blackheath, where
Benjamin Disraeli had been a pupil, and,
secondly, at King's College, London, where
he sat on the same form as Dr. Lionel Beale.
At the age of seventeen he entered his
father's publishing office. He served as a
special constable when a fear of breaches of
tie peace by the Chartists existed in 1848,

his beat being the same as Louis Napoleon's.
The following year he was in Rome when it
was forcibly occupied by the French.

Prom his marriage m 1853 until 1860
Bentley lived in a aouse in Regent's Park.
He then moved to Slough and occupied a
house in Upton Park. Several years later he
bought land at Upton and built a house for
himself. He was interested in meteorology,
and he kept records and charts of the rain-
- fall durin many years.

From 1359 onwards Bentley largely shared
with his father the business of publishing;
yet he found time for literary work also,
writing an introduction to an edition of
Maginn's ' Shakspeare Papers' and 'Rock
Inscriptions of the Jews in the Peninsula of
Sinai.' When his firm purchased * Temple
Bar Magazine ' in 1866 he became its editor,
holding that office till death and writing
severa. papers for it, which he collected anc.
orinted for private circulation. After his
lather's death in 1871, he had a verv arduous
task, as the resources of the firm Jtad been
crippled owing to a decision of the House
of Lords denying copyright in England to
works by American authors, to the commer-
cial failure of * Bentley's Quarterly/ and of
a newspaper called Young England,' and
to a heavy loss on the complete edition of
Horace Walpole's 'Letters,' which Peter
Cunningham edited. However, Bentley, by
his energy, perseverance, and tact, eventually
placed the business on a more solid basis,
with the result of reaping great pecuniary gain.
Under his guidance the firm greatly improved
its position both in the trace and in public
estimation. The office of publisher in ordinary
to her majesty, which his father had enjoyed,
was continued to him and to his son.

In 1872, Bentley achieved an extraordi-
nary publishing feat of printing. Two copies
of t!ie American case concernin the * Ala-
bama Claims J had been delivered, in London
the one to the government, the other to
Bentley & Son. The documents filled a
large quarto of five hundred pages, and
among them were many coloured maps. ' In,
seventy-two hours afterwards, by the dili-
gence of the Chiswick Press, a facsimile re-
print was published [by Bentley] in this
country, many days in advance 01 the go-
vernment issue ' (Leaves from the Pasty pri-
vately printed in 1896, p. 109). Reference
to this prompt action was made by Glad-
stone, then prime minister, in the House of
Commons.

The record of Bentley's life is chiefly a
list of the books which he published, the ma-
jority consisting of works of fiction, travel,
Jiistory, and biography. He prided himself

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Beresford

182

Beresford

1874, 8vo. 3. Botany,' 1875, 8vo; one of
the * Manuals of Elementary Science * issued
by the Society forPromoting Christian Know-
ledge. 4. ' Medicinal Plants/ 1875-80, 8vo ;
written in conjunction with Henry Trimen
" :.v.], with excellent coloured plates by D.

[Pharmaceutical Journal, 1893-4, p. 559 ;
Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1893-4,
p. 28.] . S. B.

'BERESFORD, MARCUS GERVAIS

(1801-1885), archbishop of Armagh, was
second son ,of George De la Poer Beresford,
bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, and of
Frances, dau hter of Gervais Parker Bushe,
and niece of Henry Grattan [q. v.] He was
born on 14 Feb. 1801 at the Custom House,
Dublin, then the residence of his grand-
father, John Beresford "q. v.], the Irish
statesman, and received ais education first
at Dr. Tate's school at Richmond, and after-
wards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B,A. in 1824, M.A. in 1828,
D.D. in 1840. Entering the ministry he
was ordained in 1854, anc. was preferred to
the rectory of Kildallon, co. Cavan, in
his father's diocese, which he held for
three years, and was then appointed
to the vicarages of Drung and Larah.
In 1839 he was appointed archdeacon of
Arda,gh, and remained in this position until,
on tie death of Bishop Leslie, who had
succeeded his father in the see, he was ap-
pointed bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh. He
was consecrated in Armagh Cathedral on
24 Sept. 1854. Eight years later in 1862
on the death of his cousin, Lord John
George Beresford [q. v.], Beresford was ele-
vated to the Irish primacy, and was en-
throned in Armagh tJathedral. With the
archbishopric he also held the bishopric of
Clogher, which was re-united to the see of
Armagh by virtue of 3rd and 4th Wil-
liam JV, cap. 37, but which in the dises-
tablished church of Ireland has been revived
as an independent see. By virtue of his
office Bereslbrd was prelate of the order of
St. Patrick, and a member of the Irish privy
council. He was on several occasions sworn
a lord-justice for the government of Ireland
in the temporary absences of the viceroy. He
received the honorary decree of D.O.L. from
Oxford University on 8 * une 1864.

In the earlier years of his episcopate Beres-
ford took no forward part in church affairs
outside Ms diocese. But he was pre-
eminently fitted to guide the church of Ire-
land through the troubled waters she en-
countered in tne first years of his primacy,
In the stormy controversies provoked by

Gladstone's measure of disestablishment
and disendowment, as well as in the difficult
task of remodelling 'the constitution of the
church when disestablishment had been con-
summated, the primate earned the reputation
of an ecclesiastical statesman. In the dis-
cussions on the Irish church which preceded
the more acute stages of the agitation, Beres-
ford was among those who favoured the
timely adoption of a measure of reform ; and
with this view was an active promoter of the
candidature of John Thomas Ball ]c . v. Suppl.]
for the university of Dublin in ' 65. This
policy savoured too much of Erastianism to
satisfy the more militant section of Irish
churchmen (vide Letters of ArchbMop
Magee, vol. i.) Beresford had no place in
the House of Lords during the debates on
disestablishment, his brother archbishop,
Richard Chenevix Trench [q. v.], having the
right for that ' turn ' of a seat in parliament.
But the primate bore a large part in the ne-
gotiations for terms for the church which
followed the adoption by the House of Com-
mons of the principle of Gladstone's bill.
He was a ready debater, and proved an ad-
mirable chairman in the general synod over
which he presided. In educational matters
Beresford was a strong advocate of the
system of united secular and separate reli-
gious education, and in this respect reversed,
on his accession to the primacy, the policy
pursued by his predecessor.

Beresford died at the Palace, Armagh, on
26 Dec. 1885, and was buried in Armagh
Cathedral. Beresford was twice married:
first, on 25 Oct. 1824, to Mary, dau -liter of
Henry L'Estrange of Moystown, and widow
of R. E. Digby of Geashifl (she died in 1845) ;
secondly, on 6 June 1850, to Elizabeth,
daughter of J. T. Kennedy of Annadale, co.
Down, and widow of Robert George Bon-
ford of Rahenstown, co. Meath (she died in
1870). He left a lar *e family, of whom the
eldest son, George J. Beresford, sat from
1875 to 1885 as M.P. for Armagh city in the
House of Commons.

A portrait of Beresford, executed shortly
after his accession to the primacy by Catter-
son Smith, P.R.H.A., is in the possession of
his eldest son. A copy of this portrait, which
has also been engraved, was executed by the
artist's son, and is in the collection at the
Palace, Armagh. An earlier portrait, also
by Catterson Smith, painted when Beresford
was bishop of Kilmore, is in possession of the
primate's second son.

[Burke's Peerage; Life of Archbishop Tait;
Letters and Memorials of Archbishop Magee;
Life of Bishop Samuel Wilbertbrce by MB. son,
voL iiL ; private information.] C. L, F.

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Bernays

184

Berthon

King's Colle -e school, and studied chemis-
try with C. l-iemigius Fresenius, and after-
wards -with Justus Liebi ; at Giessen, where
he graduated Ph.D. His doctoral thesis
was probably a oaper on limonin, a bitter
principle which Se discovered in the pips of
oranges and lemons (published in Buchner's
'Kepertorium fur die Pharmacie' and abs-
tracted in LIEBIG'S Annalen, 1841, xl. 317).
In 1845 he began his career as an analyst
and lecturer on chemistry in Derby, and be-
came known for his interest in questions
concerning food and hygiene. In 1851 he
served as a juror at the Great Exhibition.
In 1852 he published the first edition of
* Household Chemistrv/ a popular work, of
which the fourth edition, published in 1862,
was called 'The Science of Home Life/ and
the seventh edition, published in 1869, ' The
Student's Chemistry.'

In 1855 Bernays was appointed to the
lectureship in chemistry at St. Mary's Hos-
pital, London ; he resigned in I860, and ac-
cepted a similar post at St. Thomas's Hos-
pital, which he retained till his death. Ber-
nays was also public analyst to St. Giles's,
Camberwell, and St. Saviour's, South wark,
was for many years chemist and analyst to
the Kent Wafer Company, and sometime
examiner to the Royal College of Physicians.
He died from bronchitis at Acre House,
Brixton, on 5 Jan. 1892, and was by his
own desire cremated at Woking.

Bernays was a genial man and a capable
and popular teacher ; he took a great inte-
rest in social matters . 'enerally, and gave
over a thousand free puDlic lectures durin
his lifetime. Besides the works mentioned
above he published a small manual on food
in 1876, an essay on ' The' Moderate Use of
Alcohol True Temperance/ published in the
' Contemporary Review' anc reprinted with
essays by others in * The Alcohol Question/
various editions of 'Notes for Students in
Chemistry/ and miscellaneous lectures on
agricultural chemistry and other subjects.
He also carried out investigations on the
atmosphere of Cornish mines and on danger-
ous trades, and made inventions in water
filtration. He was a fellow of the Chemical
Society and of the Institute of Chemistry.

He married Ellen Labatt, daughter of
Benjamin Evans ; she died on 6 Feb, 1901
(7*Ws,8Feb. 1901).

[Obituaries in the Times, 9 Jan. 1892 ; Jotirn.
Chem.Soe..lS92,p. 488, by T[homas] S[teven-
aon]; Chemical News, bw. 85; Nature, xlv.
258; Brit. Med. Jota-n. 1892, i. 148 ; The Ana-
lyst, 1892, xviL 60, and index to vols. i-xx.;
Brit. Mas. Cat,; King's Coll. OaL; Bernays's
own works.] P. J. E,

BERTHON, EDWARD LYON (1813-
1899), inventor, born in Finsbury Square,
London, on 20 Feb. 1813, was the tenth child
of Peter Berthon, who married in 1797 a
daughter of Henry Park [q. v.] of Liverpool.
His father was great-grandson of St. Pol le
Berthon, the only son of the Huguenot
Marquis de Chatellerault, who escaped the
persecutions that followed the revocation of
the edict of Nantes in 1685. He found a
refuge in Lisbon, whence his son proceeded
to London, Peter Berthon was an army
contractor, who was reduced from wealth to
comparative poverty by the wreck of a
number of his ships and the end of the
war on the downfaL of Napoleon. In 1898
young Berthon was sent to Liverpool to
study surgery under the care of James Daw-
son (who had just taken over Henry Park's
practice), and with Dawson he continued for
more than four years. At the end of this
time, having engaged himself to a niece of
Mrs. Dawson, he went to Dublin to finish his
course at the College of Surgeons there ; but
a violent attack of pneumonia, and, on his re-
covery, his marriage on 4 June 1834, seem to
have put an end to his medical studies. He
spent the greater part of the next six years
travelling in France, Switzerland, and Italy.
Durin tins time he also employed himself
with philosophical experiments. From child-
hood he had shown a remarkable aptitude
for mechanical science; as a boy he had
constructed an electrical machine, and had
been in the habit of giving demonstrations
to his companions. While at Geneva on his
weddin i tour he noted the date, 28 June
1834 ae conceived the idea of applying the
screw to nautical propulsion. C?o him it
seems to have been absolutely new, and, as
far as practical adaptation went, it really
was so. In the autumn of 1835 he carried
out a series of experiments with twin screws
on a model three feet long, and arrived at
the two-bladed propeller as now used. The
model was then sent to the admiralty,
but was returned some few weeks after-
wards with the opinion that ' the screw was
a pretty toy, which never would and never
could propel a ship.' This so far discouraged
Berthon that he never completed the patent
and allowed the matter to rest. In 138 he
read in the newspaper of the invention of
the screw propeller by Francis Smith [q. v,],
and naturally assumed that Smith had got
the idea .from his abandoned sketch in the
patent office. When he returned to Eng-
land iii 1840 he went ' to have it out with
the supposed pirate/ It appeared, however,
that Smith's design was as original as Btjr-
thon's, though his experiments had led him

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Bessemer

186

Bessemer

His father, Anthony Bessemer, himself ^ a
notable inventor and engineer, was born in
the city of London, but with his parents
passed over to Holland in early childhood,
and was in due time apprenticed to an en-
gineer. Before he was twenty he took a
conspicuous part in the construction and
erection of the first steam pumping engine
set to work in Holland. At the age of twenty-
one the elder Bessemer went to Paris, and,
although possessing scantT means and few
friends, he quickly attained high distinction,
becoming a member of the French Academy
of Sciences five years after his arrival. Later
he was appointed to a leading position in the
Paris mint, where his artistic skill in die-sink-
ing and engraving, and his invention of a
copying machine, brought him reputation
and abundant means, V^ith the French Re-
volution, however, reverses came, and An-
thony Bessemer barely saved his life and
lost nearly all his fortune. He escaped to
England and settled in the Hertfordshire
village of Oharlton, where Henry Bessemer
was born. The pursuits followed by the
elder Bessemer in tae secluded village shaded
the course of Henry Bessemer's life. The
former established a small factory at Charl-
ton for the manufacture of jold chains, and
this was subsequently abandoned for a more
important enterprise, that of type-founding.
This business was undertaken in association
with William Caslon, the representative of
the well-known family whico. for two pre-
vious generations had been connected with
this industry [see under CASLON, WILLIAM].
The skill of the elder Bessemer as a die-
sinker rapidly brought considerable success
to the new business.

Henry Bessemer, inheriting the energy,
inventive talent, and artistic feeling of his
father, was brought up amid congenial sur-
roundings ; except for the time c evoted to
an elementary education, the whole of his
early years were spent in his father's work-
shop, where he found every opportunity and
encouragement for developing his natural
inclinations. At the age of seventeen he
came to London to seek his fortune, possess-
ing a knowledge of all that his father and
the Charlton factory could teach him. This
was in. 1830 ; he appears to have first turned
Ms knowledge of easily fusible alloys, and
of castin them, to good account, and to
have made a trade in art work of white
metal, and afterwards in copper-coating
such castings, the earliest practical applica-
tion of electro-plating. His work brought
him into notice. He occasionally showed

it at the exhibitions of the Royal Academy

at Somerset House. From art castings to

embossing metal, cards, and fabrics, was a
natural step, and in this his skill as a
draughtsman, and his ability as a die-sinker,
inherited from his father, gave him special
advantages. The fly press at first, and
afterwards the hydraulic press, in its then
primitive form, enabled him to turn out
large quantities of embossed work in different
materials, and for this he found a ready
market.

His connection with Somerset House
(through the annual art exhibitions), and
the attention he was then paying to stamp-
ing and embossing work, led to his first
great invention. At that time (about 1833)
it was notorious that frauds on the govern-
ment, -by the repeated use of stamps affixed
to deeds, were perpetrated to an alarming
extent, involving a loss to the revenue of
100,000^ a year. - This fraud Bessemer
rendered impossible by the invention of per-
forated dies, so that a date could be in-
delibly impressed on every stamp. His
gift of this invention to the government
was to have been recognised by a permanent
official appointment, but, fortunately for
the inventor, the promise was not kept,
although it was recognised many years later
by a tardy bestowal o: knighthood. Greatly
disappointed at the result of this, his first
great invention, Bessemer turned to another
direction in order to make a livelihood. He
purchased plumbago waste at 2s. Qd. a pound,
which, after cleaning and lixiviation, he com-
pressed into blocks under hydraulic pressure,
and cut into slips for making pencils; as
the ^lumbago in this shape found a market at
4 "_0s. a pound, the industry was a profitable
one. After a time he disposed of the secret
of manufacture for 200 Lievertin 3 to early
experience, Bessemer now turned ais atten-
tion for a while to type-founding, the novel
idea of his process being that of casting
under pressure ; this was followed by notable
improvements in engine turning, an occupa-
tion which brought him into contact with
Thomas De La Rue [q. v." , founder of the
printing house. About 188 he invented a
type-composing machine that was used at
the printing offices of the ' Family Herald, 1
and was capable of setting five thousand
type an hour. It was at this time too that he
invented and perfected a process for making
imitation Utrecht velvet. The mechanical
skill and artistic capacity of the inventor
proved useful in this industry, for he not
only had to design all the machinery re-
quired, but to engrave the embossing rolls
himself. His arrangement with the manu-
facturers was to emxma the velvet supplied
to him at a fixed price. At the commence-*

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Bessemer

188

Bessemer

June 1859, however, that the first Bossemer
steel was run direct from the converter, the
decarbonising agent having been put into
the charge after the blast had done its work.
From this time the manufacture proceeded
steadily on a constantly increasing scale.
Subsequently, in 1879, the Bessemer process
reached its ultimate stage of perfection,
owing to the discovery by Sidney Gilchrist
Thomas [q. v.] of a means of eliminatin ;
phosphorus in the Bessemer converter, and.
the manufacture of Bessemer steel was
thereby greatly facilitated and cheapened in
both England and America. The Bessemer
process from 1865 onwards experienced- the
competition of the Siemens process for mak-
ing steel ; this process was largely employed
in Great Britain after its invention in that
year [see SIEMENS, SIB WILLIAM], but Bes-
semer's earlier invention has conspicuously
maintained its superiority of output for the
whole world.

A claim was made by Robert Forester
Mushet [q. v.] to have anticipated Bessemer's
invention altogether, and to have been the
first to carry it to a successful issue. But
there is no doubt that Bessemer worked in-
dependently of Mushet, and was not ac-
quainted with Mushet's experiments till he
had completed his own. He consented to
the award of the Bessemer medal of the Iron
and Steel Institute to Mushet in 1890, and
bestowed on him an annuity of 300/. Mushet
stated his case in 1883 in * The Bessemer-
Mushet Process, or the Manufacture of
Chea-3 Steel/ Bessemer told his story in an
unpu Dlished autobiography.

^Vithin five years of 1859, the date of the
completion of Bessemer's invention, the
Bessemer process had been adopted by all
the steel-making countries of the world, and
its real value was understood, though no one
would have ventured to prophesy the vast
developments that were in store for it. Re-
verting to the cause which had first led him
to this line of investigation, Bessemer soon
after 1859 made a speciality of gun-making
at Sheffield, and manufactured some hun-
dreds of weapons for foreign governments.
No ^dpubt indeed exists that, but for the op-
position to the use of steel for ordnance in
this country, that material would have been
used in the British services twenty years
sooner than was the case. The Bessemer
steel exhibits at the London International
Exhibition of 1862 jave a good idea of the
state of the manuracture at the Sheffield
works at that date. These exhibits included
locomotive boiler tube plates, from one of
which a disc 23 in. diameter and } in. thick
had been cut, and stamped into a cup 11 in.

was admitted through the tuyeres into the
charge for about ten minutes, when a violent
explosion of sparks and flame and melted
slag occurred, lastinj some minutes. As
soon as this had subsided the charge was
tapped from the converter, and the metal
was found to be wholly decarbonised mal-
leable iron. After many experiments the
fixed converter was replaced by one mounted
on trunnions ; in its ear.iest form this arrange-
ment was patented in February 1856.

The success of Bessemer's experiments
attracted considerable attention, and this
was increased to widespread enthusiasm on
the reading of his famous -paper before the
British Association at the Cheltenham meet-
ing in 1856. This paper was entitled ' On
the Manufacture of Malleable Iron and Steel
without Fuel/ The result of the paper was
remarkable. Bessemer's reputation as a
practical man of science was such that the
statements he made were accepted without
question, and within a month of the date of
the meeting he had received no less than
27,000. from ironmakers in different parts of
the country for licenses to use the invention.
But Besserner's victory was not yet quite
decisive. Trials of the process were hastily
made by the licensees, without due care and
knowledge, resulting for the most part in
failure. Enthusiasm -ave place to discredit,
condemnation, and a3use, and for a while
Bessemer's reputation and the Bessemer
process were in danger of extinction. The
great inventor, however, was not easily dis-
couraged ; he carried out new experiments
at Baxter House, spent thousands of pounds
in the construction of fresh plant, and in
1858 he was able to show his numerous
licensees why they had failed, and how they
could make higher-class steel with certainty.
Thus he justified the claims made in his
Cheltenham paper of 1856, and proved that
he had passed the experimental stage of
manufacture. Then followed a violent op-
position on the part of the steel trade, which
was mefc by Bessemer erecting in 1859 his
own works in Sheffield, and starting in busi-
ness as a steel maker. Those works be-
came financially successful ten years after
they^were opened, and have continued to
flourish till tie present time. In June 1859
Bessemer was selling tool steel (for the first
time quoted on the metal market), the price
being 2 4*. per cwt. But this steel was
not made by tae red Bessemer process. The
melted iron, having been quite decarbonised
by the air blast, was granulated by being
ran into water, and was then remelted in a
crucible with sufficient manganese to return
the desired amount of carbon. It was in

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Bessemer

lenses. From this lie was led to a series of
interesting experiments on the application
of solar heat for the production of jigh tem-
peratures, and he hxned to do much with
iis solar furnace. E"e also kid out with
characteristic originality and skill a diamond
cutting and polishing plant for one of his
grandsons.

The universal adoption of his inventions
in the manufacture of steel gave Bessemer
a world-wide public reputation, although he
made few contributions to technical litera-
ture. His famous British Association paper
was excluded from the * Transactions ' of
that body. In May 1859 he read a paper
before the Institution of Civil Engineers on
the * Manufacture of Malleable Iron and
Steel.' In 1886 he contributed a paper to
the Iron and Steel Institute on t Some Earlier
Forms of the Bessemer Converter,' and again
in 1891 he read a second paper 'On the
Manufacture of Continuous Sheets of Mal-
leable Iron or Steel direct from the Fluid
Metal.' A. more recent paper to the Ameri-
can Society of Mechanical Engineers on some
early experiences of the Bessemer process
concludes the list of his publications, though
letters from him to the ' Times/ ' Engineer-
ing/ and other papers were not infrequent.

Considering the great services he rendered
to the whole world, the recognitions he re-
ceived were richly deserved. The legion of
honour offered to him by the French em-
peror in 1856 he was not allowed to accept.
The Albert gold medal was awarded him ay
the Society of Arts in 1872 for his services
ia developing the manufacture of steel. In
1868 his name appears as one of the foun-
ders of the Iron and Steel Institute, of which
he was the president from 1871 to 1873. On
retiring from office he presented the insti-
tute with an endowment for the annual pre-
sentation of a Bessemer gold medal. This
has been bestowed on distinguished metallur-
gists of many nationalities. He was elected
in 1877 a member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, which conferred on him the Tel-
ford gold medal in 1858 and the Howard
quincuennial prize in 1878 ; and he became
a fellow of the Royal Society in 1879. It
was also in that year he was knighted for
services rendered to the inland revenue office
forty years before. He was given the freedom
of the city of Hamburg, and on 13 May
1880 he was presented with the freedom of
the city of London in a gold casket at a
specially convened meeting in the Guild-
hall. He was also honorary member of
many foreign technical societies, and he had
the satisfaction of knowing that no less than
six. thriving manufacturing towns in the

United States and one county (in Alabama)
were named after him. The towns are in
Michigan, Alabama (chief town of the county
of Bessemer), Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wyo-
ming, and North Carolina.

Sir Henry Bessemer died at his residence
at Denmark Hill on 15 March 1898, and was
buried at Norwood cemetery. He married
in 1833 Anne, daughter of Richard Allen of
Amersham ; she died a year before him. He
was survived by two sons and a daughter.

His portrait, painted by Rudolph Leh-
mann, was bequeathed to the Iron and Steel
Institute; another portrait hanjs on the
wall of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers' building in New York.

During the fifty-six years that intervened
between Bessemer's first patent specification
(that relating to an invention of machinery
for casting type, dated 8 March 1838) and
his last patent specification (that relating
to his invention cealing with ships' saloons,
which was completed in 1894), the records
of the patent office show that he pro-
tected no fewer than 114 inventions, an
average of two a year, although, as may be
supposed, the number is not evenly distri-
buted. His life may be divided into three
epochs, each of them full of momentous con-
sequences to himself, the last of the highest
importance to the world. The events mark-
ing these epochs were : The invention of a
means for defacing government stamps ; the
invention of Bessemer bronze powder and
gold paint; the invention of the Bessemer
steel process. Nearly all the many minor
incidents of an incessantly busy life may be
said to have led up to, or to have grown out
of, these three great inventions. The first
saved the revenue 100,OOOZ. a year; the
second, conducted during forty years as a
secret process, brought Bessemer a sufficient
income to prosecute his experiments in the
manufacture of steel; and the third has
revolutionised the commercial history of the
world. ' The invention [of Bessemer steel]
takes its rank with the great events which
have changed the face of society since the
time of the middle ages. The invention of
printing, the construction of the magnetic
compass, the discovery of America, and the
introduction of the steam engine are the
only capital events in modern history which
belong to the same category as the Bessemer
process' (Address of the Hon. Abram S.
Hewitt to the Iron and Steel Institute, 1890).

[Bessemer left behind him a completed auto-
biography, but it is scarcely likely to be pub-
lished. The only bio ;raphy of him in existence
is a monograph by tae present writer, written
for the American Society of Meahauical Engi-

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Beverley

192

Beverley

ably painstaking and conscientious (Musical consisted of four sons and a daughter, all of
Heraldj October 1900, p. 293). He "was whom were identified with the stage some
deeply studied in Handel's music, and edited under the name of Beverley and others under
his concertos and large selections of airs from that of Roxby ; of these Henry Roxby
the operas and oratorios. A Handel- Album, Beverley and Robert Roxby are noticed
whic-. extended to twenty volumes, was ori- separately. Beverley at an early age de-
ginally intended to consist of selections from ve.oped a remarkable aptitude for drawing,
the lesser-known instrumental works ar- and quickly turned his attention to scene
ranged for the organ ; it was afterwards painting. Under his father's management
taken from more varied sources the operas of the Theatre Royal, Manchester, in 1830,
especially. He arranged for organ some hun- i he painted a striking scene of the 'Island of
dreds of excerpts from other great masters' Mist ' for the dramatic romance of ' The
vocal and instrumental works. Another of Frozen Hand.' When in 1831 his father
Best's editions was * Cecilia ' (1883), a collec- and his brothers Samuel and Robert Roxby
tion, in fifty-six parts, of original organ [o i . v.] took over the control of the Durham
pieces by modern composers of various cpun- circuit, comprising Scarborough, Stockton,
tries; it "included his own sonata inD minor, Durham, Sunderland, and North and South
a * Christmas Pastorale/ a set of twelve pre- Shields, Beverley followed their fortunes,
ludes on English psalm-tunes, a concert- and for a few seasons played heavy comedy
fugue, a scherzo, and several other pieces of besides paintm ; scenery. His work at Sun-
his own composition, ' The Art of Organ- derland createc a very favourable impres-
Playing ' (1869) is a very complete and tho- sion, although one of his -predecessors there
roughly practical instruction Dook, ranging had been CLarkson Stanfie'd, In December
from the rudiments of execution to the 1838 he was specially engaged to paint the
highest proficiency. At the bicentenary of major portion of the scenery for the panto-
Bach's birth in 1885 Best be^an an edition mime of ' Number Nip * at Edinburgh, his
of Bach's organ works, which !ae almost com- principal contribution being amoving dio-
pleted before he died, rama Depicting scenes from falconer's ' Ship-

Best was somewhat eccentric and in the wreck/ On 1C Sept. 1839 his brother, Harry
main a recluse. He associated little with Beverley , assumed the control of the Victoria
other musicians. He would not ;*oin the Theatre in London for a short time, and
Royal College of Organists, and refused to there he painted for the first time in the
olay on any organ whose pedal-keyboard metropolis, executing the scenery for the pan-
aad been constructed on the plan recom- tomime of * Baron Munchausen/
mended by that college. For many years In December 1842 Beverley was engaged
he refused to let any other organist play on as prinehal artist by Knowles of the Theatre
his own organ. He kept the tuner in at- Royal, Manchester. In 1845 he executed a
tendance at his recitals in St. George's Hall, beautiful act drop for the new Theatre Royal
and would leave his seat in the middle of a Manchester, which remained in use for a
performance to expostulate with him ; on c uarter of a century. At the same house in
one occasion he^mformed the audience that Tune 1846 some magnificent scenery from
the tuner received a princel- salary and his brush was seen in the opera of Acis and
neglected his work. He would indulge his Galatea.' A little earlier in the year he
fancies to the full in brilliant extemporisa- had been engaged by Maddox as principal
tions when a church organist, but his recitals artist at the Princess's, London. In July
in St. George's Hall were invariably re- the scenery for the revival of Planches
strained and classical 'Sleeping Beauty' was from his brush, as

[Musical Herald, January 1890 and June were tne vividly imaginative backgrounds
1897; Montbly Musical Record, July 1871; ln tne Christmas pantomime of ' Tae En-
Musical Times, June and July 1897 ; Brown chanted Beauties oz the Golden Castle/ In
and Stratton's British Musical Bio -raphy, p. 44. Easter 1847 he provided a beautiful setting*.
All these accounts differ in details.; E. D. with some in-enipus transformations, for
R-FTPT _____ ^^ the revival of ^Midsummer Night's Dream/

?7?Sa? T ' ^^ LT \ M ^OXBY While still continuin- his association with
(1814P-1889), scene painter, born at Rich- the Princess's, Bever.ey proceeded to the
mond, Surrey, apparently in 1814, was Lyceum under the Vestris-Mathews rMme
youngestsonof WiluamRoxby (1765-1842), (1847-55), where his scenery illustrated the
awell-^ownactor-manau-er,who,ontaking extravaganzas of Planche. Combining as
to the boards, had addec to his name the Planche said, 'the pictorial talent of Stan-
suffix of Beverley, from the old capital of field with the mechanical ingenuity of [WU-
tbe east riding of Yorkshire. The family liam] Bradwell [the meijhSiirt/Bewley

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Bickerstetli

194

Bickersteth

of a London Playgoer; Stirling's Old Drnry
Lane ; files of the Illustrated London News ;
Williams's Some London Theatres Past and Pre-
sent ; Barrett's Balfe ; Button Cook's Nights at
the Play ; The Dramatic Essays of G-. H. Ljwes ;
Era Almanack for 1873 and 1874 ; Magazine of
Art for 1888, 1889, 1895, and 1897 ; files of the
Newcastle Weekly Chronicle.] W. J. L.

BICKERSTETH, EDWARD (1814-
1892), dean of Lichfield, born on 23 Oct.
1814 at Acton in Suffolk, was the second
son of John Bickersteth (1781-1855), rector
of Sapcote in Leicestershire, by his wife
Henrietta (d, 19 March 1830), dau ;hter
and co-heiress of Georje Lang of Ley .and,
Lancashire. Henry Bickersteth, baron Lang-
dale [q. v.], and Edward Bickersteth [q. v.~
were his uncles ; Robert Bickersteth q. y/
was his brother. Edward entered Sidney
Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating B. A,
in 1836, M.A. in 1839, andD.D. in 1864
He also studied at Durham University in
1837. In that year he was ordained deacon,
and in 1838 was curate of Chetton in Shrop-
shire. In 1839 he was ordained priest, and
became curate at the Abbey, Shrewsbury.
From 1849 to 1853 he was perpetual curate
of Penn Street in Buckinghamshire. In 1853
he became vicar of Aylesbury and archdeacon
of Buckin hamshire. In 1866 he was nomi-
nated an jonorary canon of Christ Church,
Oxford. He was select preacher at Cambridge
in 1861,1864, 1873, and 1878, and at Oxford
in 1875. In 1864, 1866, 1869, and 1874 he
presided as prolocutor over the lower house
of the convocation of Canterbury. During
his tenure of office an address to the crown
was presented by the lower house requesting
that a mark of the royal favour should be
conferred on him, but nine years elapsed
before he was installed dean or: Liehfield on
28 April 1875. As prolocutor he was ex
ojficio member of the committee for the re-
vised version of the Bible, and he attended
most regularly the sittings of the New
Testament section.

His chief achievement as dean was the
restoration of the west front of Lichfield
Cathedral, which was commenced in 1877 and
completed and dedicated on 9 May 1884. He
resigned the deanery on 1 Oct. 1892, and died
without issue at Leamington on 7 Oct. He
was buried at Leamington on 1 1 Oct. He was
twice married: first, on 13 Oct. 1840, to
Martha Mary Anne, daughter of Valentine
Yickers of Cransmere in Shropshire. She
died on 2 Feb. 1881, and on 12 Oct. 1882
lie married Mary Anne, daughter of Thomas
Whitmore Wylde-Browne of The Wood-
lands, Bridgnorth, Shropshire. She survived
him.

Bickersteth, who was a high churchman,
was the author of numerous sermons,
charges, and collections of prayers. He ,
also published: 1. * Diocesan Synods in
relation to Convocation and Parliament/
London, 1867, 8vo j 2nd edit. 1883. 2. 'My
Hereafter,' London, 1883, 16mo. He edited
the fifth edition of * The Bishopric of Souls '
(London, 1877, 8vo), with a memoir of the
author, Robert Wilson Evans [q. v.], and
in 1882 contributed an exposition on St.
Mark's Gospel to the 'Pulpit Commentary.'

[Lichfield Diocesan Mag. 1892, pp. 169-70,
185 ; Liverpool Courier, 10 Oct. 1892 ; Guardian,
12 Oct. 1892; Church Times, 14 Oct. 1892;
Burke's Family Records, 1897, pp. 70-1; Men
andWomen of the Time, 1891 ; Simms's Biblioth.
Stafford. 1894.] E. I. C.

BICKERSTETH, EDWARD (1850-
1897), bishop of South Tokyo, Japan, born at
Banningham rectory, Norfolk, on 26 June
1850, was the eldest son of Edward Henry
Bickersteth, bishop of Exeter (from 1885
till his resignation in 1900), and Rosa (d. ,
2 Aug. 1873), daughter of Sir Samuel Bignold.
Educated at Highgate school, he obtained
in 1869 a scholarship at Pembroke College,
Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1873 and
M.A. in 1876. In 1874 he won the Schole-
field and Evans prizes. He was ordained
deacon in 1873 and priest in 1874 by the
bishop of London. From 1873 to 1875 he
was curate of Holy Trinity, Hampstead. In ,
1875 he was elected to a fellowship at bis '
college. Mainly through his exertions the
Cam aridge mission to Delhi was founded, and
in 1877 he left England as its first head. The
work grew under his care, and the influence
of his example was felt beyond the limits of
his own mission. He returned home in im-
paired health in 1882, and was appointed to
the rectory of Framlingham, Suffolk. He had,
however, resigned the living and was prepar-
ing for a return to Delhi when he was offered
the bishopric in Japan. He was consecrated
and sailed for his diocese in 1886. The same
powers shown at Delhi were even more
conspicuously displayed in the organisation
of the Nippon Sei Kokwai, the native Japan
church of the Anglican communion. Under
the incessant work of the diocese Bicker-
steth's health again gave way. He came
home, and, after a long illness, died on
5 Aug. 1897. Bickersteth represented a
third generation of missionary zeal, but his
churchmanship was more distinctively Angli-
can than that of Edward Bickersteth [q. v.] ;
his grandfather. His position is well repre-
sented in his volume o: lectures, t Our Heri-
tage in the, Church/ London, 1898, 8vo.

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Biggar

196

Bingham

deuce on 29 May 1889, lie was severely
pressed by the ' Times ' counsel as to Ms rela-
tions with the Fenians, and as to his connec-
tion with theland agitation. He would admit
no cognisance of the management or disposal
of the league accounts, though he was ad-
mittedly one of the treasurers, always taking
shelter "under the plea of defective memory.
His advocacy of boycotting formed an im-
portant feature in the whole case. Bijgar
advocated the extreme doctrine that any 3oy-
cotting short of physical force was justifi-
able, and extensive extracts from his speeches
are cited in the report of the judges to sup-
port their findings on that count. His ad-
dress to the court, delivered on 24 Oct.,
occupied only about a quarter of an hour.

Parnell considered Big jar a valuable auxi-
liary, and he enjoyed unbounded popularity
among the Irish members ; while his oppo-
nents came in time to recognise his honesty
and good nature. He died of heart disease
at 124 Sugden Road, Clapham Common, on

19 Feb. 1890. A requiem mass, said for him
the next day at the Redemptorist Church,
Clapham, was attended by the Irish mem-
bers, and the body was then, taken to Ire-
land and buried in St. Patrick's Church,
Donegal Street, Belfast, on 24 Feb., the
funeral being the largest ever seen in the
town. He was, after his conversion, a
devout Roman catholic. During the later
years of his life Biggar was in very comfort-
able circumstances. One result of his re-
sidence in Paris in 1882 was a breach of pro-
mise suit by a lady named Fanny Hyland,
who in March 1883 recovered 400 J. damages.
He was unmarried, and the bulk of his for-
tune was left to a natural son.

Probably no member with less qualifica-
tions for public speakin ever occupied so
much of the time of the House of Commons.
None practised parliamentary obstruction
more successfully. "With a shrill voice and
an ugly presence, he had no pretensions to
education. But he had great shrewdness,
unbounded courage, and a certain rough
humour.

[O'Brien's Life of Parnell, i. 81-5, 92-3, 109-
111, 135-6, 19&, 254-5, 301, ii. 1, 2, 122-8;
Lucy'fi Diary of Two Parliaments (1874-85), and
Diary of Salisbury Parliament, with two sketches
by Sarry Furniss; O'Connor's Gladstone's House
of Commons, and Parnell Movement; Men of
the Time, 12th edit. ; Illustrated London News,

20 NOT. 1880 (with portrait) ; Times, 20-25 Peb.
1890 ; Weekly Northern Whig, 22 Feb. 1890 j
fieport of the Special Commission, 1890; Mac-
donsld's Dimy of the Paraell Commission, 1890 ;
McCarthy s Eeuriniaeenees, ii. 398.]

G. LB G. N.

BINGHAM, GEORGE CHAKLES,
third EARL OF LTJCAST (1800-1888), field-
marshal, born in London on 16 A^ril 1800,
was eldest son of Richard, second earl, by
Elizabeth, third daughter of Henry, third
Earl of Fauconberg of Newborough, and
divorced wife of Bernard Edward Howard,
afterwards fifteenth Duke of Norfolk.

Lord Binjharn was educated at West-
minster, and was commissioned as ensign in
the 6th foot on 29 Au j. 1816. He exchanged
to the 3rd foot guards on 24 Dec. 1818, went
on half-pay next day, and became lieutenant
in the 8th foot on 20 Jan. 1820. He ob-
tained a company in the 74th foot on 16 May
1822, again went on half-pay, and on 20 June
was gazetted to the 1st life guards. He was

fiven an unattached majority on 23 June
825, and on 1 Dec. was appointed to the
17th lancers. He succeeded to the com-
mand of that re jhnent as lieutenant-colonel
on 9 Nov. 1826, and held it till 14 April
1837, when he went on half-pay. During
the term of his command the regiment re-
mained at home, but he himself witnessed
the campaign of 1828 in the Balkans, being
attached' to the Russian staff. The order of
St. Anne of Russia (2nd class) was con-
ferred on him.

He was M.P. for county Mayo from 1826
to 1830.^ On 30 June 1 839 his father's death
made him Earl of Lucan, and in 1840 he
was elected a representative peer of Ireland,
He was made lord lieutenant of Mayo in
1845, and for several years devoted himself
mainly to the improvement of his Irish
estates. He became colonel in the army on
23 Nov. 1841, and major-general on 11 Nov.
1851.

In 1854, when a British army was to be
sent to Turkey, Lucan applied for a brigade,
and on 21 Feb. he was appointed to the
command of the cavalry division. It con-
sisted of two brigades a heavy brigade
under James Yorke Scarlett [q. v.] and a
light brigade under Lord Cardigan [see
BBTTDENELL, JAMES THOMAS". Tie latter
was Luean's brother-in-law ; " mt there was
little love between them, and no two men
uould have been less fitted to work together.
There was soon friction. Cardigan complained
of undue interference, and Lucan complained
that his brigadier's notions of independence
were encoura -ed by Lord Raglan,

At the batt.e of the Alma (20 Sept.) Lucan
was present, but the cavalry was not allowed
to take an active part in it. When the army
encamped in the upland before Sebastopol
the cavalry division remained in the valley
of Balaclava, to assist in guardin the -oort.
On 25 Oct. the Russians advanced, on fiala-

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198

Binns

Lucan, and is reproduced in Fortescue's
1 History of the 17th Lancers,'

[Times, 12 Nov. 1888 ; G. E. C[okayne~'s Com-
plete Peeraje; English Cavalry in the Army of
the East; Xinglaka's War in the Crimea; Rus-
sell's letters to the Times ; Hansard, 3rd ser.
vol. cxxxviL ; Report of the Chelsea Board.]

E. M. L.

BINtfS, SIB HENRY (1837-1899), third
prime minister of Natal, son of Henry Binns
of Sunderland and Croydon, a quaker, was
born at Snnderland, Durham, on 27 June
1837, and educated at Ackworth from 1847
to 1852, and then at York. In 1858 he
migrated with some relatives to Natal, ar-
riving on 14 Sept., and thus he was con-
nected with Natal almost from its first exist-
ence as a separate colony. He decided to
devote himse'. f to agriculture, and bought a
property called Umhlanga at Eiet River,
near Phoenix, in Victoria county, which in
1860 he turned into a su-;ar estate. Subse-
quently he amalgamated his estate with
those of his relative, Robert Aeutt, and a
friend, and in 1868 returned to England to
float the Umhlanga Yalley Sugar Estate
Company, of whiej. he became the jeneral
manager, only retiring finally in 189^.

Binns did not enter public life till com-
paratively late. In 1879 he was selected by
Sir Garnet (now Viscount) "Wolseley as a
nominee member of the legislative council
Tinder the Crown Colony system of govern-
ment. In 1883 the elective element was
introduced into the council, and he became
member for Victoria county, for which he
sat without interruption till his death. At
the close of 1887 Binns was appointed one
of three delegates from Natal to the confer-
ence which assembled at Bloemfontein from
30 Jan. to 18 Feb. 1888, on the question of
& South African customs union. At this
time only a partial union was inaugurated,
which Natal did not join. In 1890 he was
one of three delegates who arranged for the
extension of the Natal government railway
to Harrismith in the Orange Free State.
In December 1893 he was sent on a mission
to India respecting the question of Indian
coolie labour for tie su~-ar estates, and the
return of labourers to taeir native country
on the expiration of their indentures.

Originally opposed to the idea of self-
government for Natal, Binns was so far recon-
ciled^to the idea by 1893 that he acquiesced
in Sir John Robinson's policy directed to
introducing the reform ; but he declined to
Join the first ministry under the new con-
stitution, and so became a sort of leader of
the opposition, whose duty it was, as far as
possible, to support tie ministry. It was a

curious application of the form rather than
the full spirit of the constitution of the
mother country. In 1897, after the succes-
sive retirements of Sir John Robinson and
Henry Escombe [q. v. Suppl.], Binns was
appointed prime minister. He took office
on 5 Oct. 1897 as colonial secretary and
minister of agriculture, but soon resigned
the latter portfolio. He threw himself into
the work of his position with remarkable
energy. The discontent of the Natal civil
service was successfully met. An extradi-
tion treaty with the South African republic
was concluded on 20 Nov. 1897. It was
his idea to offer a given monthly supply of
coal for the use of her Majesty's fleet, as a
contribution from Natal to mark the queen's
year of jubilee. His first session of parlia-
ment be ;an on 24 Nov. 1897, and was chiefly
occupiec with the incorporation of Zululand.
He then turned his attention to the one
subject on which his mind was particularly
bent the entrance of Natal into the South
African customs union. In May 1898 a
conference on the subject was held at Cape
Town, at which he was the chief delegate
from Natal. A convention was settled, in
compliance with which Binns, on 20 May,
introduced a resolution in favour of the union
into the Natal parliament. The policy was
bitterly opposed, and it took all Binns's energy
and determination to carry the enabling bill
through the assembly. It was read a third
time in the assembly on 30 June, and its
success was thus assured. On 6 July his
health failed so completely that he could
not enter the house for the remainder of
the session. He spent some time on the
Berea, and seemed better on his return to
Pietermaritzburg in December 1898. In
January 1899 he attended the postal con-
ference at Cape Town. He was present at
the opening of the Natal parliament on
11 May, but he soon became ill again, and
died on 6 June 1899. The assembly ad-
journed for the rest of the week. His body
lay in state at the vestibule of the House of
Assembly and was buried on 7 June at the
military cemetery, Pietermaritzburg.

Binns's political life was marked by his
courage and persistence. He was a pungent
speaker, who rarely wasted words a good
critic of finance. He was a sound business
man, and liis name will always be connected
with the building up of the sugar industry
in Natal; he was a director of the Natal
Bank and of the Durban, Telephone and
Tramways Companies. He was also a cap-
tain of mounted rifles. He was made K.C.M.GK
in 1898.
Binns married in 1861 his cousin Clara,

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Birch

The egyrrtologist's father, also Samuel
Birch (178C P-1848), matriculated from St.
John's College, Cambridge, in 1798. He
graduated B.A. as tenth senior optime in
the mathematical tripos in 1802, gained the
second member's prize for a Latin essay,
and was elected a fellow of his college. He
-nroceeded M.A. in 1805, and D.D. in 1828.
lie was for forty years professor of geometry in
Gresham College, London. He became rector
of St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Mary Wool-
church-Haw in 1808, a prebendary of St.
Paul's Cathedral (occupying the Twyford
stall) in 1819, and in .834 vicar of Little
Marlow, Buckinghamshire, where he died
on 24 June 1848, He published many ser-
mons preached before distinguished people.

Samuel, the eldest son, was born in Lon-
don on 3 N OT. 1 813. He was sent to prepara-
tory schools at Greenwich and Blackheath,
and he entered on 3 July 1826 the Merchant
Taylors' School, where he studied for five
years, leavinf in 183L For one year he and
(Sir) Edwarc Augustus Bond [q. v. Suppl/,
afterwards principal librarian of the Britis J.
Museum, were fellow-pupils. Before Birch
left school he had, at the suggestion of an ac-
quaintance of his grandfather who was in the

study of

made ~ood progress in the difficult language.
In 1833 he was promised an appointment in
China, and, although the promise was not
fulfilled, he continued his study of Chinese.
In 1834 he entered the service of the com-
missioners of public records, and, on the re-
commendation of William Henry Black [c . Y.],
assistant-keeper of the public record office,
aided the keeper, (Sir) Thomas Duffus Hardy
"q. v.l For seventeen months he worked side
'5y side with Bond. His salary was then 40J.
a year (Report from Select Committee on
Record Commission. London, 1836, -). 340,
]S T o. 8848). On 18 Jan, 1836 he became
assistant in the department of antiquities at
the British Museum, where his first duty
was to arrange and catalogue Chinese
coins. Soon ar'ter his appointment there (he
used to tell the story with great glee) his
grandf ithrc called to see him, and, in answer
to a question as to what he was about, on
being told that he was cataloguing coins,
exclaimed, 'Good God, Sammy! aas the
family come to that ? ' At an early period
in, his Chinese studies lie began to examine
carefully the writings of ChampoILion on
the decipherment o: the Egyptian hiero-
glyphics, but it was not until he entered
the British Museum that he threw himself
heart and soul into the study of egyptology.
For a short time, in 1832 and 1833, he had

hesitated about accepting Champollion's sys-
tem of the decipherment of Egyptian in 'its
entirety ; but when he had read and con-
sidered the mixture of learning and nonsense
which Channollion's critics, Klaproth and
SeyfFarth, hac written on the subject, he re-
jected once and for all the views which they
and the other enemies of Champollion enun-
ciated with such boldness. To Le-Dsius in
Germany and to Birch in England oelon TS
the crecit of having first recognised tae
true value of Champollion's system [cf. arts.
WILKINSON, SIB JOHN GABDNEB; YOTTNG-,
THOMAS, 1773-1829]. They were so firmly
persuaded of its importance that Lepsius
abandoned the brilliant career of a classical
scholar to follow the new science, and Birch
finally relinquished the idea of a career in
China, to the great regret of his grandfather,
to be able better to pursue his Egyptian
studies in the service of the trustees of the
British Museum. Birch's earliest known
paper ('On the Taou, or Knife Coin of the
Chinese') appeared in 1837, and it was a
year later that his first writing on Egyptian
matters saw the li -ht. From this time on-
wards he continuec, to write short papers on
numismatics, to translate Chinese texts, and
to edit papyri for the trustees of the British
Museum. Besides this work he found time to
write lengthy explanatory notes for works
like Perring's < Pyramids of Gizeh ' (3 pts.
1839-42), and frequently to supply whole
chapters of descriptive text to books of
travellers and others. In 1844, the year
which saw the publication of the third part
of his ' Select Papyri in the Hieratic Charac-
ter,' he was made assistant keener in the
department of antiquities at the British Mu-
seum, which appointment he held until 1861.
In 1846 he was sent by the trustees to Italy
to report on the famous Anastasi collection
of Egyptian antiquities, which was subse-
quently purchased by them ; and ten years
later he was again sent to Italy to report,
in connection with Sir Charles T. Newton
[cj. v. SuppL], on the Campana collection
of Greek, Etruscan, and Roman vases, coins,
&c. In 1861 the trustees of the British
Museum divided the department of antiqui-
ties into three sections; William Sandys
Vaux [q. v.] became keeper of the coins and
medals, Newton keeper of the Greek and
Roman antiquities, and Birch keeper of the
oriental, British, and mediaeval antic uities.
In 1866 a further subdivision was mace, and
the British and mediaeval antiquities were
placed under the keepership of (Sir) Arthur
Wollaston Franks [q. v. Suppl.] ; Birch was
thus enabled to devote his whole official time
to the study of the Egyptian and' Assyrian

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202

Black

versity of Aberdeen in 1862, and by Cam-
bridge UniversitT in 1875 ; and taat of
D.C.L. by Oxford University in 1876. He
was honorary fellow of Queen's College, Ox-
ford: president of the oriental congress which
met in London in 1874; officier de 1'instruc-
tion publique de 1'universite de Paris ; Rede
lecturer at Cambridge in 187o ; and presi-
dent of the Society of Biblical Archaeology
from 1870 to 1885. The emperor of Ger-
many conferred u?on him in 1874 the order
of the Crown, and" the emoeror of Brazil the
order of the Kni -ht of tae Rose in 1875.
Birch was kind-'iearted and genial, shy
among strangers, and so modest that he was
content to a" .ow much of his best work to
appear only in the volumes of others.

The following are Birch's principal inde-
pendent works: 1. 'Analecta Sinensia/
..841. 2. ' Select Papyri in the Hieratic
Character/ 3 pts. fol. 1841-4. 3. * Tablets
from the Collection of the Earl of Belmore/
1843. 4. * Friends till Death 1 (from
Chinese), 1845. 5. * An Introduction to the
Study of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics/ 1857.
6. 'History of Ancient Pottery/ 2 vols.
1858. 7. ? M6moire sur une Patere/ 1858.
8. 'Select Papyri/ pt, ii. 1860. 9. 'De-
scription of Ancient Marbles in the British
Museum/ pt. ii. 1861. 10. Chinese Widow'
(from Chinese), 1862. 11. ' Elfin Foxes'
(from Chinese), 1863. 12. 'Papyrus of
Nas-Khem/ 1863. 13. 'Facsimiles of
Egyptian Relics,' 1863. 14. Facsimiles of
two Papyri/ 1863. 15. * Inscriptions in
the Himyaritic Character/ 1863. 16. 'The
Casket of Gems' (from Chinese), 1872.
17. ' History of Egypt/ 1875. 18. ' Fac-

talogue of Egyptian Antiquities at Alnwick
Castle/ 1880. 22. 'The Coffin of Amamu '
(unfinished). Birch made the following
important contributions to the publications
of others : * Egyptian. Antiquities ' (in the
* Synopsis of the Contents of the British Mu-
seum J ~, 1838 ; * Remarks on E yptian Hiero-
lyphies' (in 'Pyramids of GFizeh/ by J. S.
Perring), 1839 ; < Remarks' (in Cory's Hora-
pollo Kinus '), 1841 ; * Descriptions ' in
Arundale and BonomTs * Gallery of Anti-
guities/ 1842, 1843 ; List of Hiero jlyphics '
in Bunsen's ' Et's Pla 14 *

vol. v.), 1867. With Sir Henry Rawlinson
[q.v,] he prepared * Inscriptions in the Cunei-
form Character/ 1851 ; and with (Sir) Charles
Thomas Newton [q. v.Suppl.] ' Catalogue of
Greek and Etruscan Vases La the British

Museum/ 2 vols. 1851. He revised in 1878
Sir J. G. Wilkinson's ' Manners and Customs
of the Ancient Egyptians.' Birch was also
author of numerous papers in the * Nu-
mismatic Chronicle/ ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine/ ' Proceedings J and ' Transactions ' of
the Royal Society of Literature, ' Archseo-
lojfia/ ' Revue Archeologique ' (Paris),
' Tournal of the Royal Archaeological Insti-
tute/ ' Journal of the British Archaeological
Association/ ' Classical Museum/ ' MSmoires
des Antiquit^s de France ' (Paris), ' Aegyp-
tische Zeitschrift/ Chabas's 'Melanges/
< Month/ ' Nature and Art/ ' Phoenix/ l Pro-
ceedings ' and ' Transactions ' of the Society
of Biblical Archaeology, 'Records of the
Past/ 'English Cyclopaedia/ Transactions
of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society/ ' En-
cyclopaedia Britannica/and many periodicals.

[Times, 29 Dec. 1885; Athenaeum, 2 Jan.
18s6 ; Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. January 1886 ;
Saturday Review, 2 Jan. 1886 ; Brighton Daily
Kews, 5 Jan. 1886 ; Manchester Guardian,
6 Jan. 18S6 ; Academy, 2 Jan. 1886 ; Le XIX" '
Siecle, 11 Jan. 1886; Illustrated London News
(with portrait), 2 Jan. 1886 ; and in Revue
Egypto..ogique, iv. 187-92. All these were re-
printed by W. de Gray Birch, his son, in I886 k
The fullest account of Birch's life and work will
be found (with portrait) in Trans. Soc. Bibl.
Arch. ix. 1-41, by E. A. Wallis Bud 70 ; a good
account of his work up to 1877 wU be found
(with portrait) in the Dublin University Maga-
zine, 1877.] E. A. W. B.

BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898), no-
velist, -was born at Glasgow on 9 Nov. 1841.
After , receiving his education at various
private schools he studied for a short time
as an artist in the Glasgow school of art,
but, becoming connected with the ' Glasgow
Citizen/ gradually exchanged art for jour-
nalism. His contributions to the ' Citizen '
included sketches of the most eminent
literary men of the day. He came to Lon-
don in 1864, and obtained some standing as
a contributor to the magazines. In the same
vear he published his first novel, 'James
Merle, an A-utobiography/ which passed ab-
solutely without notice from the literary
journals. In 1865 he became connected with
the * Morning Star/ and in the following year
went to Germany as correspondent for that
paper in the Franco-Prussian war, with, as he
ioimself admitted, no special qualification for
the part but a very slight smattering of Ger-
man. During most of the very short cam-
paign he was under arrest on suspicion
of being a spy, but the observations he made
in the Black Forest aided the success of his
excellent novel, 'In Silk Attire' (1869),
part of the scene of which was laid there.

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204

Blackie

by severe discipline, he added a depth, of
learning, a breadth of view, a sobriety of
judgment, and an inexhaustible patience,
which made his decisions as nearly as pos-
sible infallible. Few causes celebres came
before him daring his seventeen years' tenure
of office as judge of first instance; but the
dignity and impartiality with which he pre-
sided at the trial (28 Oct. 1867) of the Man-
chester Fenians were worthy of a more
august occasion; and his charge to the
grand ; ury of Middlesex (2 June 1868) on
the bi'-l of indictment against the late go-
vernor of Jamaica, Mr. Edward John Eyre,
though not perhaps altogether unexception-
able, is, on the waole, a sound ; weighty, and
vi 'orous exposition of the principles appli-
cajle to the determination, of a question of
great delicacy and the gravest imperial con-
sequence. The consolidation of the courts
effected by the Judicature Acts of 1873 and

1875 gave Blackburn the status of justice ^of
the high court, which numbered among its
members no judge of more tried ability
when the Appellate Jurisdiction Act of

1876 authorised the reinforcement of the
House of Lords by the creation of two judi-
cial life peers, designated 4 lords of appeal in
ordinary.' Blackburn's investiture with the
new dignity met accordingly with universal
approbation. He was raised to the peerage
on 16 Oct. 1876, by the title of Baron
Blackburn of Killearn, Stirlingshire, and
took his seat in the House of Lords and was
sworn of the privy council in the following
month (21, 28 Nov.) In the part which he
thenceforth took in the administration of
our imperial jurisprudence, Blackburn ac-
quitted himself with an, ability so consum-
mate as to cause his retirement in December
1886 to be felt as an almost irreparable loss.
The regret was intensified by t:ie discovery
of a curious flaw in the Appellate Jurisdic-
tion Act, by which his resignation of office
carried with it his exclusion from the House
of Lords. This anomaly was, however, re-
moved by an amending act. He died, un-
married, at his country seat, Doonholm,
Ayrshire, on 8 Jan. 1896.

Blackburn was a member of the royal
commissions on the courts of law (1867) and
the stock exchange (1877), and presided
over the royal commission on the draft
criminal code (1878). He was author of a
mastrly ' Treatise on the Effect of the Con-
tract of Sale on the Lejal Eights of Pro-
perty and Possession in 3oods, Wares, and
'Merchandise/ London, 1845, 8vo, which
held its own as the standard text-book on
the subject until displaced by the more
Gompreliensive -work of Benjamin. A new

edition, revised by J. C. Graham, appeared
in 1885. As a reporter Blackburn colla-
borated with Thomas Flower Ellis [q. v.]

[Eton School Lists; Foster's Men at the Bar,
and Peerage, 1880 ; Burke's Peerage, 1896 ; Grad.
Cant. ; Gal. Univ. Cambr. ; Times, 10 Jan. 1806;
Ann. Eeg. 1863-8, 1896, ii. 127 ; Law Times, 2,
9, 16 July 1859, 13 June 1868, 16 Dec. 1886,
15 Jan. 1887, 18 Jan. 1896 ; Law Mag. and Law
Rev. xxv. 256 ; Law Journ. 18 Jan. 1896 ; Camp-
bell's Life, ed. Hard castle, ii. 372 ; Pollock's
Personal Remembrances, ii. 86 ; Stephen's Lifo
of James FitzJsimes Stephen ; Finlason's Report
of the Case of the Queen v. Eyre, 1868, p. 53;
Lords' Journ. cviii. 424; Parl. Papers (E. C.),
186S-9 C. 4130, 1878 C. 2157, 1878-9 C. 2345;
Ballantine's Experiences, 1890, pp. 248 et seq.,
333.] J.M. R.

BLACKIE, JOHN STUART (1809-
1895), Scottish professor and man of letters,
eldest son of Alexander Blackie (d. 1856)
by his first wife, Helen Stodart (d. 1819),
was born in Charlotte Street, Glasgow, on.
28 July 1809. His father soon removed to
Aberdeen, as manager of the Commercial
Bank. Blackie had his early education at
the burgh grammar school and Marischal
College (18fl-4). In 1824 he was placed
in a lawyer's office, but as his mind turned
towards the ministry, after six months he
went up to Edinburgh for two more years
in arts (1825-6). He gained the notice of
i Christopher North,' but was prevented by
* a morbid religiosity ' from doing himself
;"ustice. He then took the three years' theo-
logical course at Aberdeen. The divinity
professors, William Laurence Brown [q. vl] ,
and Duncan Mearns [q. v.], seem to have in-
fluenced him less than Patrick Forbes, pro-
fessor of humanity and chemistry at King's
College, who turned him from systems of
divinity to the Greek testament. It was
on the advice of Forbes, whose sons were
going to Gottingen, that Blackie was sent
with them in April 1829. At Gottingen he
came under the influence of Heeren, Ottfried
Miiller, and Saalfeld. The following session
(after a walking tour) he spent in Berlin,
hearing the lectures of Schleiermacher and
Neander, Boeckh and Kaumer. From Berlin
he travelled to Ital;?, having an introduction
from Neander to 3unsen, then in Rome.
Bunsen met one of his theological difficulties
by telling him that ' the duration of other
people's damnation was not his business, 1
After a few months he was able to compose
an archaeological essay in good Italian (' In-
torno un Sarcofago/ Rome, 1831, 8vo).
From a Greek student at Rome he learned
to speak modern Greek, and grasped the
idea that Greek is ' not a dead but a living

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206

Blackie

had previously done duty as told of William
Edmonstoune Aytoun fa. v.] Perhaps his
hest service to the Edinburgh University
was his long and energetic labour in connec-
tion -with the founding and endowment of
the Celtic chair, instituted in 1882, shortly
after he had become an emeritus professor.

During the whole of his Edinburgh career
he had been growing in public favour, till
his genial eccentricities were relished as the
living expression of a robust and versatile
nature. His boundless good-humour made
amends for his brusc ue manner and for his
somewhat random torusts, frankly delivered
with great gusto in his cawing, cackling
voice. Wita a rich fund of Scottish pre-
judices he combined a very outspoken
superiority to local and sectarian narrowness,
He became the most prominent feature of
the patriotic and literary life of Edinburgh,
and as a breezy lecturer made his personality
felt in all parts of Scotland. Always fond
of movin "_; about, his public appearances be-
came stO more frequent after his retire-
ment from his chair. He kept up his love
of foreign travel ; his last visit to Greece was
in 189... Till May 1894, when he was
attacked with asthma, his health and
strength were marvellous. His last public
appearance was at the opening of the college
session in October 1894. He died at
9 Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh, on 2 March
1895, and, after a public funeral service in
St. Giles's Cathedral, was buried in the
Dean cemetery on 6 March. He left 2,500Z,
to the Edinburgh University for a Greek
scholarship, limited to its theological stu-
dents. His portrait was painted (1893) by
Sir George Keid. His clear-cut features,
shrewd grey eyes, and long white hair (for
some time during the fifties he had worn a
carious grey wig) were made familiar in
countless photographs, engravings, and
caricatures, which reproduced his jaunty air,
the plaid thrown about his shoulders, his
huge walking staff, and his soft hat with
broad band. He never wore spectacles.
He married, on 19 April 1842, Eliza, third
daughter of James Wyld of Gilston, Fife-
shire, but had no issue. His half-brother,
G-eorge S. Blackie, professor of botany in the
university of Tennessee, died in 1881,
aged 47.

It is difficult to classify Blackie's writings,
in^ which prose and verse were often inter-
mingled. Nothing he has written has kept
so permanent a place as his hymn, ' Angels
holy, high and lowly,' written by the banks
of the Tweed on his wedding tour (1842)
and first published in ' Lays and Legends *
(1857).

His chief publications were: 1. 'Faust
. . . translated into English Verse/ 1834,
8vo; 1880, 8vo. 2. 'On Subscription to
Articles of Faith,' Edinburgh, 1843, Svo.
3. 'University Reform/ Edinburgh, 1848,
8vo. 4. 'The Water Cure in Scotland/
Aberdeen, 1849, 8vo. 5. 'The Lyrical
Dramas of ^Eschylus . . . translated into
English Verse/ 1S50, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. ' On
the Studying and Teaching of Languages/
Edinburgh, 1852, 8vo (English and Latin).
7. 'On t^e Advancement of Learning in
Scotland/ Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo. 8. Oays
and Legends of Ancient Greece, with other
Poems/ Edinburgh, 1857, 8vo. 9. ' On
Beauty/ Edinburgh, 1858, 8vo. 10. 'Lyrical
Poems/ Edinburgh, 1860, 8vo. 11. 'The
Gaelic Language/ Edinburgh, 1864, 8vo.
12. i Homer and the Iliad/ Edinburgh, 1866,
4 vols. 8vo. 13. 'Musa Burschicosa . . .
Songs for Students/ Edinburgh, 1869, 8vo.
14. ' War Songs of the Germans/ Edinbur 'h,

1870, 8vo. 15. 'Four Phases of Mora.s:
Socrates, Aristotle, Christianity, Utilita-
rianism/ Edinburgh, 1871, 8vo. 16. ' Greek
and English Dialogues ... for Schools/

1871, 8vo. 17. ' Lays of the Highlands and
Islands/ 1871, Svo. 18. * On Self Culture/
Edinburgh, 1874, 8vo. 19. 'Horse Hel-
lenicse/ 1874, Svo. 20. 'Son#s of Religion
and Life/ 1876, 8vo. 21. 'The Language
and Literature of the ... Highlands/
Edinburgh, 1876, Svo. 22. 'The Natural
History of Atheism/ 1877, Svo. 23. 'The
Wise Men of Greece . . . Dramatic Dia-
logues/ 1877, Svo. 24. 'The Egyptian
Dynasties/ 1879, 8vo. 25. ' Gaelic Societies
. . . and Land Law Reform/ Edinburgh,
1880, Svo. 26. ' Lay Sermons/ 1881, Svo.
27, 'Altavona . . . from my Life in the
Highlands/ Edinburgh, 1882, 8vo. 28. ' The
Wisdom of Goethe/ Edinburgh, 1883, Svo.
29. 'The ... Highlanders and the Land
Laws/ 1885, Svo. 30. ' What does History
teach ? ' 1886, Svo. 31, ' Gleanings of Song
from a Ha^py Life/ 1886, Svo. 32. ' Life
of Robert Burns/ 1887, Svo. 33. ' Scottish
Song/ Edinbur -h, 1889, Svo. 34. 'Essays/
Edinburgh, 1890, Svo. 35. 'A Song of
Heroes/ 1890, Svo. 36. 'Greek Primer/
1891, Svo. 37. ' Christianity and the Ideal
of Humanity/ Edinburgh, 1893, Svo.

In 1867-8 he published some pamphlets
on forms of government, and a debate on
democracy with Ernest Charles Jones [q . y.j
He contributed to the volumes of 'Edin-
burgh Essays ' (1856-7) and prefaced a good
many books on subjects in which he was
interested. Selections of his verse were
edited in 1855 (with memoir) by Charles
Rogers (1825-1890) [q.v.], and in 1896 (with

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Blackmore

advanta 'e and therefore took up educational
work, -which he never liked, and for -which
he was ill-adapted. He became in 1855
classical master at Wellesley House School,
Twickenham Common. His dreams of dis-
tinction gathered in those days around poetry
rather than prose, and his first book, a thin
and scarce volume, appeared in the same
vear, entitled * Poems by Melanter,' the most
ambitious of which was a drama, ' Eric and
Karine/ founded on the fortunes of Eric XIV
of Sweden. It was quickly followedat
an interval of a few months by ' Epullia,'
which was also published anonymously. This
book contains a felicitous translation from
Musaeus of the story of Hero and Leander, and
an ambitious patriotic ballad on the battle
of the Alma. But of more account is the
beautiful invocation ' To my Pen' perhaps
the most finished and certainly the most
fanciful of Blackmore's Terse. t The Bugle
of the Black Sea, 1 a patriotic poem suggested
by the war then in progress in the Crimea,
appeared in 1855. Ee also translated some
o: the idylls of Theocritus, and his renderings
were printed in ' Fraser's Magazine.' This
was followed in 1860 by ' The Fate of Frank-
lin,' on the title-page of which his name for
the first time appeared as of ' Exeter College,
Oxon. M.A., and of the^ Middle Temp.e.'
He wrote the poem in aid of the fund for
the erection of a statue of the explorer in
his native town of Spilsby.

Shortly before this Blackmore's uncle, the
Her. H. H. Knight, died, and bequeathed to
him a sum of money which enabled him to
realise one of the dreams of his life a house
in the country encompassed by a large gar-
den. His father, who in. his closing years
(he died suddenly in the autumn of 1858)
was extremely kind to the young couple,
took great interest in this scheme, and
helped aim to carry it into effect. Blackmore,
in his walks about Twickenham when a
master at Wellesley House, had seen a plot
of land at Teddington which he coveted, and
he now bought it and built himself, well
back from the road there was no railway
in those days a ">lain substantial dwelling
which he called G-omer House, a name sug-
gested by that of a favourite dog; and there
lie remained for the rest of his life, culti-
vating his vines, peaches, nectarines, pears,
and strawberries, in enviable detachment
from the world. His knowledge of horti-
culture was both wide and exact, and he
devoted himself, with an. enthusiasm and
patience which nothing chilled or tired, to
the lowly tasks of a market gardener. Un-
fortunately for himself he had received no
business training, and was>in consequence

somewhat at the mercy of the men he em-
ployed, more than one of whom robbed him
to a considerable extent. He was an expert
in the culture of grapes and exotic plants,
and for long years his fruit and flowers, and
notably his pears, of which he was especially
fond, found their way regularly to Covent
Garden market, where, at one time dis-
gusted by the extortions of the middle men
he set up a stall. Late in life he declared
that his garden of eleven acres, far from
being remunerative, represented on an aver-
age 250Z. a year out of pocket. He loved
quality in fruit, and would send far and
wide, regardless of expense, for choice speci-
men treea and plants, whereas the English
public, he was never tired of asserting, had
set its heart on quantity.

After Blackmore's settlement at Tedding-
ton, the earliest product from his pen was
' The Farm and Fruit of Old,' a sonorous and
happy translation of the first and second
Geor ics of Virgil, which appeared in 1862.
Scho.ars recognised its merit, but their
approval did not sell the book. Dis-
heartened by the languid reception of hia
work in verse, alike original anc in transla-
tion, Blackmore sought another medium of
expression, and found it in creative romance.
His first novel, l Clara Vaughan,' appeared
in 1864, when he had entered his fortieth
year, and it marked the beginning of his
renown. In spite of the dramatic situations
of the book and the remarkable powers of
observation which it revealed, ' Clara
Vaughan' was regarded as a curiously un-
equal sensational story, dealing with the
unravelling of crime, and yet lit up by ex-
quisite transcripts from nature. It appeared
without its author's name, and rumour
attributed it at the time to a lady novelist
who was then rapidly approaching the height
of her popularity. * Oradpck Nowell ' a
name suggested by a veritable man so called,
who once owned Nottage Court, and whose
name is still conspicuous on a tablet in
Newton church, w:iich Blackmore said he
used to gaze at as a child durin the sermon
was published in 1866. ' Cradock Nowell'
was described by its author as a tale of the
New Forest. It was the only book in which
he laid himself open to a charge of a parade
of classical scholarship. It gave him a vogue
with people who, as a rule, care little for
fiction, but its allusions proved caviare to
the general, and taxed the patience of the
circulating libraries. * Cradock Nowell/
notwithstanding this, is one of the best of
Blackmore's heroes, and in Amy Rpsedew
he jave the world one of the most bewitching
. of lieroines. It was in 1869, with his third

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210

Blades

forth on the least provocation in the give
and take of ordinary talk. He loved peace
and quietness supremely, sat _ lightly to the
verdict of his neighbours, minded his own
"business, was scrupulously honourable, and
cultivated his garden hardly less assiduously
than the philosophic mood. He had scarcely
any intimates ; one of the most trusted was
Professor (Sir) Richard Owen, with whom
he had much in common beyond the game
of chess, and whom he introduced into
* Tommy Upmore/ All his novels, except
1 Clara Yaughan 3 and part of ' The Maid of
Sker/ were written in his plain brick house
at Teddington. His day was divided be-
tween his garden and his manuscript. The
morning was held sacred to the vines and
pears, tlae afternoon and early evening to the
task of composition. He detested London,
and in later life seldom went beyond Ms own
grounds, except once a week to church. His
.avourite poets were Homer, Virgil, Shake-
speare, and among modern men Matthew
Arnold. His skill with the lathe was quite
out of the common, and he carved some
ivory chessmen delicately and curiously. He
was a keen jud^e of fruit, and often gave Ms
friends delightful and quite unpremeditated
lessons in its culture. Blackmore was a tall,
square-shouldered, powerfully built, digni-
fied-looking man, and was the picture of
health will fair complexion and high colour.
[Personal knowledge and private information.]

O T "D

BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890),
printer and bibliographer, the son of Joseph
Blades, was born at Clapham on 5 Dec. 18i4,
and was educated at the Stockwell and
Clapham grammar schools . He was appren-
ticed on 1 May 1840 at his father's printing
firm of Blades & East, 11 Abchurch Lane,
London. Shortly after the expiration of his
apprenticeship he was admitted a partner in
tSe business, and soon he and his brother
conducted it under the style of Blades,
East, & Blades. He turned his attention to
the typography of the first English press,
and in 1838 undertook to write an introduc-
tory note to a reprint of Caxton's edition of
the * Governayle of Helthe,' His Caxton
studies were conducted in a thoroughly
scientific manner. New biographical facts
were discovered in searching tae archives
of the city of London, and, instead of blindly
adopting the conclusions of Lewis, Antes,
Herbert, Dibdin, and other preceding biblio-
graphers, he personally inspected 450 vp-
tumeB from Caxton's press, preserved in
various public and private libraries, and
carefully collated, compared, and classified
them* Each volume was critically examined

from the point of view of a practical printer,
and arranged according to its letter. The
career of each class of type was traced from
its first use to the time when it was worn
out and passed into strange hands. This
inquiry was more important in his eyes
than the recording of title-pages and colo-
phons. Every dated volume thus fell into
its proper class, and the year of undated
volumes was fixed by its companions. Such
was the way in which the story of Caxton's
press was written. The first volume of the
1 Life of Caxton ' appeared in 1861, and the
second two years later. It was only one of
many books, articles, and papers devoted by
Blades to the study of England's first print-
ing-press, A notable result of his labours
was to give an increased value to the Caxton
editions. His careful and systematic methods
had much in common with those of Henry
Bradshaw [q. v., Suppi.], with whom he
carried on a friendly correspondence ex-
tending over twenty-five years (G. "W.
PROTHEEO, Memoir of B. Bradshaw, 1888,
pp. 73-6,99,201, 25o,363).

Blades took a leading part in the organi-
sation of the Caxton celebration in 1877,
was a warm supporter of the Library Asso-
ciation founded, the same year, and read
papers before several of the annual meetings
of that body. His ' Enemies of Books '
(1881), which was the most popular of his
literary productions, was a discursive ac-
count of their foes, human, insect, and ele-
mental. In a series of articles in the ' Printers'
Register ' in 1884 he supported the claims of
William Nicholson (1733-1815) [q. v.] as
the English inventor of the ateam press
against the contention of Goebel on behalf
of the German, Eoenig.

He was a keen and honourable man of
business, ever alive to modern improvements
in the mechanical part of his cabling. His
writings were chiedy devoted to the early
Mstory of the art of printing and besides
the books mentioned ^elow Jie contributed
many articles to trade journals and biblio-
graphical periodicals. He was an ardent
collector of books, pictures, prints, medals,
jettons, and tokens relating to printing. He
took an active share in the municipal work
of his city ward (Candlewick), was a mem-
ber of the council of the Printers' Pension
Fund, and a liveryman of the Scriveners'
Company. He died on 27 April 1890 at his
residence at Sutton, Surrey, in his sixty-sixth
year, leaving a widow, to whom he was
married in 1862, and seven children.

He published: 1. 'The Governayle of
Helthe, reprinted from Caxton's edition/
London, 1858, 8vo. 2, ' Moral Prouerbes ;

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212

Blaikie

History of the celebrated "Book,"' 1813,
8vo [see CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH]. He
also contributed a life of Dr. Johnson with
an edition of his poems to 'The Laurel'

posed by John JFox . . . and now entirely (London, 1808, 24mo), and compiled a gene-
rewritten . . . by the Rev. J. Milner, M.A.' ral index to the 'British Critic/ vols. xxi-

xlii, ; to him is also attributed ' Paris as it
was, and as it is ' (London, 1803, 8vo).

catholic disabilities induced him to publish
an edition of Fox's * Book of Martyrs ; ' this
appeared as 'An Universal History of
Christian Martyrdom . . originally com-

(London, 1807, 8vo) ; the use of the pseu-
donym ' the Rev. J. Milner * was inexcusable,
as a well-known Roman catholic divine,
John Milner [q.v.], was then living ; subse-
quent editions of Blagdon's work appeared
in 1817, 1837, 1848, 1863, 1871, and in
1881 ; and in 1892 was published a version
by Theodore Alois Buckley, described as
c abridged from Milner's edition.'

In 1809 Blagdon came into conflict with
William Cobbett [q.v.], and in October of
that year he published a prospectus of 'Blag-
don's Weekly Political Register,' which was
' to be printed in the same manner as Cob-
bett's Register ; ' with the first number was
to commence 'The History of the Political
Life and Writings of William Cobbett,' who
was compared to Catiline. Blagdon's
' Weeklv Register ' never seems to have
appeared, and the * Phoenix/ another of his
ventures, soon came to an end. In 1812,
with a view to exposing French designs on
England, Blagdon brought out ' The Situa-
tion of Great Britain in 1811. . . .' trans-
lated from the French of M, de Mont -aillard
(London, 8vo) ; this evoked a rep.y from
Sir John Jervis White Jervis, who describes
Bla -don as ' a gentleman well known in the
wal^s of literary knowledge and of loyal
authors.' In 1814 Blagdon published f An
Historical Memento , . . of the public Re-
ioieinga ... in celebration of the Peace of
L814, and of the Centenary of the Accession
of the House of Brunswick' (London, 4to),
and in 1819 a * New Dictionary of Classical
Quotations ' (London, 1819, 8ro). He died
in obscurity and poverty in June 1819, and
a subscription was raised for Tiis destitute
widow and children (Gent. Mag. 1819. ii,
88).

Besides the works mentioned above, Blag-
don was author of : 1. *The Grand Contest
. * . or a View of the Causes and
probable Consequences of the threatened
Invasion of Great Britain,' 1803, 8vo.

2. 'Remarks on a Pamphlet entitled "Ob-
servations on the Concise Statement of
Facts by Sir Home Popham," ' 1805, 8vo.

3. * Aut lentic Memoirs of George Morland,'
1806, fol. ; this contains many engravings
of Morland's pictures. 4. 'The Modern
Geographer,' 1307, 8vo. 5. ' Langhorne's
Fakes of Flora . . . with- a Life of the
Author/ 1812, Svo. 6. 'Letters of the
Princess of Wales, comprising the only true

i c

[Blagdon's Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; Gent.
JMag. 1819, ii. 88; Biogr. Diet, of Living
Authors, 1816; Reuss's Register, 1790-1803,
i. 109 ; Edward Smith's Life of Cobbett, ii.
47-8 ; Watt's Bibl. Britannica.] A. F. P.

BLAIKIE, WILLIAM GARDEN

(1820-1899), Scottish divine, born at Aber-
deen on 5 Feb. 1820, was the second son of
James Blaikie (1786-1836) of Craigiebuckler,
advocate, and provost of Aberdeen from 1833
to 1836, by his wife, the daughter of Wil-
liam Garden, a land surveyor. His aunt,
Jane Blaikie, married Alexander Keith
(1791-1880) [q. v.] In 1828 he entered the
Aberdeen grammar school, then under James
Melvin [q. v.] He was one of Melvin's most
brilliant scholars, and entered Marischal
College in November 1833. His third
divinity session (1839-40) was spent at
Edinburgh, and in 1841 he was licensed to
preach by the Aberdeen presbytery. On
22 Sept. 1842, on the presentation of the Earl
of Kintore, he was ordained minister of Drum-
blade, the early home of Dr. George Mac-
donald. On 18 May 1843 he signed the
deed of demission and joined the Free Church
of Scotland. Most of his congregation
seceded with him, and a church was erected
for their use.

Early in 1844 Blaikie was invited to
undertake a new charge at Pilrig, in the
rising district of Leith Walk, Edinburgh.
He was inducted on 1 March, and continued
there for twenty-four years. During this
period he manifested a strong concern for
the welfare of the -ooor. He promoted the
foundation and too. part in the manage-
ment of the model buildings which still
form a feature of the district. In 1849 he
published 'Six Lectures to the Working
Classes on the Improvement of their Tem-
poral Condition ' (Edinburgh, 16mo) ; which
in 1863 he transformed into * Better Days
for the Working People' (London, 8vo), a
publication which attained remarkable popu-
.arity, and which was praised by Guizot.
The latest edition appeared in 1882. He had
also other literary interests. From May 1849
to 1853 he edited The Free Church 'Maga-
zine^' and from 1860 to 1863 ' The North
British Review.'

Li 1868 Blaikie was chosen to fill the

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214

Blakiston

nos,' and ' Still Waters run deep/ Among
Ids original characters at the Criterion -were
Talbot in Mr. Gilbert's < FoggertVs Fairy /
15 Dee. 1881; Brummies in H. ,'. Byron's
* Fourteen Days/ 4 March 1882 j Ferdinand
PettigrewinAlberyV Featherbrain, 3 23 June
1884; Barnabas Goodeve in the * Candidate/
29 NOT. ; General Bletchingley in Mr. Bur-
nand's * Headless Man/ 27"July 1890. At
Daly's theatre he was, 2 Feb. 1895, Smoggins
in f An Artist's Model; ' Duckworth Crabbe
in the 'Chili "Widow/ Mr. Arthur Bour-
chier's adaptation of M. le Directeur/ 7 Se-3t. ;
and Commodore Van Giitt in the ' NewBa 3y/
28 April 1896. His last appearance in Lon-
don was at the Criterion as Thomas Tyndal
in Four Little Girls/ by Mr. Walter Stokes
Craven, produced 17 July 1897. Besides
being what is known as a 'mugger/ or maker
of comic faces, Blakeley was a genuine come-
dian, and was accepted as Hardcastle in
' She Stoops to Conquer.' In showing self-
importance, in airs of assumed dignity, and
in the revelation of scandalised propriety, he
stood alone. He died at Criterion House,
Clovelly Terrace, Walham, London, on
8 Dec. 1897, and was buried in Fulham
cemetery.

[Personal knowledge ; Era newspaper, 1 1 Dec.
1897 ; Scott and Howard's Blancharc; The Dra-
matic Peerage.] J. JL

BLAKISTON, THOMAS WRIGHT

(1832-1891), explorer and ornithologist, was
born at Lymington in Hampshire on 27 Dec.
1832.

His father, JOHN BIAZISTQIT (1785-1867),
major, was the second son of Sir Matthew
Blakiston, second baronet, by his wife Anne,
daughter of John Rochfort. He served in
the Madras engineers and in the 27th re-i-
ment (Enniskillens), was present at tae
battle of Assaye, and engagec at the capture
of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Java, and during
the Peninsular war from Yittoria to Tou-
louse. He published ' Twelve Years of Mili-
tary Adventures' anonymously in 1829, and
'Twenty Years in Retirement* with his
name in 1836. He died on 4 June 1867 at
Moberley Hall, Cheshire. On 26 Sept. 1814
he married Jane, daughter of Thomas "Wright,
rector of Market HarborougL

His second son, Thomas, was educated at
St. Paul's (proprietary) school at Southsea,
and at the Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich, from which he obtained a commission
in the royal artillery on 16 Dee. 1851. He
served with his regiment in England, Ire-
land, and Nova Scotia, and in tie Crimea
before Selastopol, where his brother Law-
rence was killed in the battle of the Redan
oa 8 Sept. 1865. In 1857 BlaJdstou was

appointed, on the recommendation of Sir Ed-
ward Sabine [q. v.l, a member of the scientific
expedition for the exploration of British
North America between Canada and the
Rocky Mountains, under the command of
John Palliser [q. v.] He was chiefly em-
ployed in taking observations on the mag-
netic conditions, temperature, &c. ; but in
1858 he crossed the Kutanie and Boundary
passes independently, and published at Wool-
wich in 1859 a ' Report of the Exploration
of Two Passes through the Rocky Moun-
tains.' During the Chinese war of 1859 Bla-
kiston was left in command of a detachment
of artillery at Canton, and there he organised
his famous exploration of the middle and
upper course of the Yang-tsze-Kiang, the
idea being to ascend the river as far as the
Min, and then cross the province of Sze-
chuen, and reach north-western India via
Tibet and Lhassa. The party consisted of
Blakiston, Lieutenant-colonel H. A. Sarel,
and Dr. Alfred Barton, who still survives,
and with the Rev. S. Schereschewsky as in-
terpreter, four Sikhs, and three Chinese, set
out from Shanghai on 12 Feb. 1861, con-
voyed by Vice-admiral Sir James Hope's
squadron, which left them at Yo-chau on
16 March. They reached Pingshan on 25 May,
having travelled eighteen hundred miles from
Shanghai, nine hundred miles further than
any other Europeans, except the Jesuits in
native costume. The country there being-
much disturbed by rebels, they were obliged
to retrace their route on 30 May, reaching
Shanghai on 9 July. Blakiston produced a
surprisingly accurate chart of the river from
Hankow to Pingahan, published in 1861, for
which he received in 1862 the royal (patron's)
medal of the Royal Geo-raphical Society.
Partial narratives were published in the So-
ciety's Journal, vol. xxxii., by Sarel and Bar-
ton, while Blakiston prepared in October
1862 a longer account of their ' Pive Months
on the Yang-tsze/ with illustrations by Bar-
ton and scientific appendices. This is still
treated as a text-book for the country (cf.
A. J. LITTLE, Through the Yang-tse Gorges,
1888).

^ Before returning to England Blakiston
visited Yezo, the northern island of Jaoan.
Having resigned his commission in 1362,
he entered into an arrangement with a sub-
stantial firm, and returned to Yezo in 1863,
via Russia, Siberia, and the Amur river.
He settled at the treaty -port of Hakodate,
and founded sawmills for the export of
timber to China. This business had to be
abandoned owing to the obstructions of the
Japanese government; but he remained in
Hakodate as a merchant, executed surveys

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216

Bland

intended to prepare the public mind for this pallv the former ; and other miscellaneous
fiteT)i -works. His dramatic efforts included plays

Blakman is stated in the title of the for the eastern or minor theatres, -written
printed copy of his book to have been a often for 10*. an act, To west-end playgoers
'bachelor of divinity andafterwards a monk he is principally known as having for thirty-
of the Charterhouse of London.' The cor- seven years supplied the Drury Lane panto-
rectness of the latter part of this statement mime. These works were not devoid of pretti-

ness and fancy, in which respects they have
not since been equalled. Alone or with
various collaborators he also wrote panto-
mimes for other London and country theatres,
amounting, it is said, to one hundred in all.

is rendered probable by the existence of a
copy of Higden's 'Polychronicon 7 in the
Ashburnham collection inscribed at the foot
of the first page, * Liber domus beate Marie
de Witham ordinis Carthusiensis ex dono

m.JohannisBlakman.' The volume is bound His plays have never been collected, very
in crimson morocco with the royal arms, few of them having been printed. Elan-
each book having an illuminated initial with chard contributed to most of the comic rivals
the arms of Eton College and a marginal to 'Punch' and to various literary ventures,
ornament in gold and colours. Nothing is and was associated with many well-known
known as to the date of Blakman's death, men of letters, from Leigh Hunt to Edmund
An inscription in the west wall of the Grey Yates ; was theatrical critic of many capers,
Friars Church, London, ' fr. Johannes including the ' Sunday Times/ the ' "V Weekly
Blackeman ob. 31 Jul: 1511 ' must, as the Dispatch,' the ' Illustrated Times,' the ' Lon-
dates show, refer to another person. A don Figaro,' the ' Observer,' and ultimately
third contemporary of the same name was a f-Tio'Tioil-o-Taloorra-nli ' r TnfliiryAaftivTniml'wvft
benefactor of St. John's Hospital, Coventry.
[Oxford City Documents, ed. J. E. T. Rogers,
1891, p. 314; Epiatol* Academicse, ed. H. An-
etey, 1898, i. 175 ; Hearne's Duo Eernm AngH-
carum Seriptores, 1732, i. 285-307 ; Harwood's
Alumni Etonenses, 1797 ; Lyte's Hist, of
.Eton College, 1877 ; Harl. Soc. T. 193 ; Collect.
Topogr. ii. 156, v. 398 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th
Rep. App. 1881, 105 a \ Brodrick's Memorials of
Merton College, 1885, p. 233.] I. S. L.

BLANCHARD, EDWARD LITT
LAMAN (1820-1S89), miscellaneous writer,
the son

the ' Daily Telegraph.' To successive numbers
of the ' Era Almanack ' he contributed * The
Playgoer's Portfolio/ and he wrote frequently
in the ' Era.' A mere list of his productions,
theatrical and other, would occupy columns.
He ke^t a diary, edited in 1891, after his
death, 3y Messrs. Clement Scott and Cecil
Howard, which is a memorial of arduous
and incessant struggle and, until near the
end, of miserable pay. It furnishes a delight-
ful picture of one of the kindest, most genial,
and lovable of Bohemians a man with some
of the charm of a Charles Lamb. After a

of William Blanchard [<j. v.], co- long and distressing illness he died of creep-
median, was born at No. 28 (originally 31) ing paralysis (4 Sept. 1889) at Albert Man-
Great Queen Street, London, was educated sions, "Victoria Street, and was buried on the
at Brixton, Ealing, and Lichfield, accom- 10th in the Kensington cemetery at Han well.

_~_?/vJ 1*1 JPr.4.1**.** 4.* XT \7. 1- i~ TOO! *.J T i T j 1 i _ _ .T 'J.'_

panied his father to New York in 1831, and
was in 1836 sub-editor of Pinnock's i Guide
to Knowledge/ In 1839 he wrote for ama-
teurs his first pantomime, in which he played
harlequin. Under the pseudonym of ' JFran-
cisco Frost,' and subsequently under his
own name, he wrote countless dramas, farces,
and burlesques. In 1841 he edited Cham-
bers's 'London Journal,' and subsequently
founded and edited 'The Astrologer and
Oracle of Destiny ' (1845, 29 Nos.), and alsc
edited the 'New London Magazine' (1845.

He is responsi

Thomas Dugdale's * England and Wales De-

Blanchard was twice married, his second wife,
to whom a complimentary performance was
given at Drury Lane, surviving him. In his
* Life ' by Scott and Howard his third name is

E'ven as Leman; on his tombstone it is
iman.

[Personal knowledge; Yates's Becollections
and Experiences, p. 210 ; Scott and Howard's
Life, 1891 (with portrait) ; Era, 7 and 14 Sept.
1889; Men of "the Time, 12thed.; Athenaeum,

J. K

Oracle of Destiny ' (1845, 29 Nos.), and also 7 Sept. 1889 1
edited the 'New London Magazine' (1845,

2 Nos.) He is responsible for editions of BLAND, NATHANIEL (1803-1865),

Thomas Dugdale's * England and Wales De- Persian scholar, born 3 Feb. 1803, was the

Uneated'(2vols t 1854,1860),andWillough- only son of Nathaniel JBland of Randalls

by s* Shakespeare;* was author of 'Temple Park, Leatherhead. His father's name was

Bar * and 'Brave without a Destiny,' novels ; originally Crumpe, but after leaving Ireland

wrote many illustrated guides to London and and purchasing Randalls Park he took, in

other places, including BradshaVs * Descrip- 1812, the surname of his mother, Dorothea,

tive Railway Guides ; ' furnished entertain- dau ;hter of Dr. Bland of Derriquin Castle,

ments for W. S. "Wbodin and Miss Emma co. Xerry, an eminent civilian.

Stanley; songs comic and sentimental, princi- Bland entered Eton in 1818, matriculated

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218

Blew

pal ajent of the Brandling family _ who
owned the extensive Middleton collieries in
that district. On 10 April 1811 he obtained
a patent (No. 3431) for a new species of loco-
motive, developing some of theideas embodied
in the locomotive constructed by Richard
Trevithick [q. v.] in 1803, but combining
with them a new plan to overcome the pre-
sumed difficulty of securing adhesion between
the engine wheels and the rails. This was
effected by means of a racked or toothed
rail, laid alon-; one side of the road, into
which the tootaed wheel of the locomotive
worked as pinions work into a rack. The
boiler of Blenkinsop's locomotive was of
cast iron, of the plain cylindrical kind with
one flue the fire being at one end and the
chimney at the other. It was supported
upon a carriage resting without springs,
directly upon two pairs of wheels and axles,
which were unconnected with the working
parts, and served merely to support the
weight of the engine upon the rails, the pro-
gress being effected wholly by the cog-wj.ee!
working into the toothed rack. The engine
had two cylinders instead of one as in
Trevithick's engine. The invention of the
double cylinder was due to Matthew Murray,
of the firm of Teuton, Murray, & Wood,
one of the best mechanical engineers of
his time ; Blenkinsop, who was not him-
self a mechanic, having consulted him as to
all the practical details. The connecting
rods gave the motion to two pinions by
cranks at right angles to each other ; these
pinions communicating the motion to the
wheel -which worked into the cogged rail.

The first experiment with Blenkinsop's
engine was mace on "Wednesday, 24 June
18..2. Upon that day ' at 4 o'clock in the
afternoon the machine ran from the coal
staith to the top of Hunslet moor, where six
and afterwards eight waggons of coal, each
weighing 3- tons, were looked to the back
part. Witi this immense weight, to which,
as it approached the town, was superadded
about fifty of the spectators mounted upon
the waggons, it set off on its return journey
to the coal staith and performed the 'ourney,
a distance of about a mile and a haf, in 23
minutes, without the slightest accident'
(Leeds Mercury, 27 June 1812). The
machine was stated to be capable, when
lightly loaded, of moving at a speed of ten
miles an hour. A drawing and description
of it with the official specification were given
in the 'Leeds Mercury' of 18 July 1812.

Blenkinsop's engine has an undoubted
claim to be considered the first commercially
successful engine employed u~)on any rail-
way. The locomotives mace upon the

Blenkinsop pattern began working regularly
in August '-812, hauling 30 coal wagons a
distance of 3J miles witnin the hour. They
continued for many years to be thus em-
ployed and formed one of the chief curiosi-
ties of Leeds, being greatly admired by the
Grand Duke (afterwards the czar) Nicholas
in 1816. George Stephenson saw one of the
'Leeds engines ' at Coxlodge on 2 Sept, 1813,
and his first locomotive constructed at
Killingworth was built to a large extent
after the Blenkinsop pattern ; but he soon
saw his way to get rid of the cog-wheels,
and it was his second locomotive of 1815
which ranks as the direct ancestor of the
present machine (cf. KODBBT. STEPHEN-SON'S
Narrative of My Father's Inventions).

Blenkinsop died at Leeds on 22 Jan. 1831,
'after a tedious illness, aged forty-eight/
A beautiful model of his engine of 1812 was
exhibited at a conversazione of the Leeds
Philosophical Society in December 1803,
and a photograph of this model with ex-
planatory notes has since been placed in the
Leeds Philosophical Hall.

[Leeds Mercury, 29 Jan. 1831 ; Taylor's Bio-
graphic Leodiensis, 1865, 327 ; Smiles's Lives of
the Engineers, 1862, iii. 87, 97; Woodcrofl's
Index of Patentees, 1617-1852 ; Trevithick's
Life of Bichard Trevithick, 1872, 208 ; Stuait's
Descriptive History and Anecdotes of the Steam
Engine.] T. S.

BLEW, WILLIAM JOHN (1808-1894),
liturgiologist, only son of William Blew of
St. James's, Westminster, was born in that
parish on 13 April 1808, and educated with
John Henry (ar'terwards Cardinal) Newman
[q. v.~ at St. Nicholas's school, Ealing, and
at Oxford, where he matriculated from Wad-
ham College in October 1825. He was
elected Goodridge exhibitioner of Wadham
in 1826, graduated B A. on 13 May 1830,
and M.A. on 13 June 1832. He was curate
of^Nuthurst, Sussex, from 1832 to 1840,
bein" ordained deacon in 1832 and priest by
the sishop of Chichester in 1834. From
1840 to 1842 he was curate of St. Anne's,
Soho, and in 1842 became incumbent of St.
John's, Milton-next- Gravesend, where he
was free to give a high church tone to the
services. In 1850, owin; to a difference
with his bishop, he retired :rom active clerical
work and devoted himself mainly to litur-
gical and theological studies. He had mar-
ried after his father's death in 1845, and re-
sided at his father's house, 6 Warwick
Street, Pall Mall East, where he died, aged
86, on 28 Dec. 1894.

Blew was a scholar of some repute. He
published translations of the ' Iliad ' in 1831,
^Eschylus's ' Agamemnon' in 1856, and

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1901

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220

Blochmann

Piussel Wallace (1899) and the publication of the history of ten ant-right and Agricultural
of ' The Poetical Works of Mathilde Blind ' Holdings Acts. ' If a tenant be at never so

(a selection edited by Arthur Symons, with
a memoir by Dr. Garnett, 1900, 8vo).

There was more character in Mathilde
Blind than she could quite bring out in her
poetry, though no effort was wanting. The
consciousness of effort, indeed, is a draw-
back to the enjoyment of her Terse. Some-
times, however, especially in songs, sonnets,
and the lyrics witi which she was inspired
by sympathy with the destitute and outcast
classes, she achieves a perfect result; and
the local colouring of her Scottish and many
of her oriental poems is fine and true. Some
of her sonnets are exceedingly impressive ;
she nevertheless did her powers most real
justice when her singing robes were laid
aside, and her reputation would be enhanced
by a judicious selection from her correspon-
dence.

[Memoir prefixed to IMathilde Blind's collected
poems, 1900; Miles's Poets and Poetry of the
Century; personal knowledge.] R. G-.

BLITH, WALTER (JL 1649), agricul-
tural writer, issued in 1649 a work en-
titled 'The English Improver, or a new
Survey of Husbandry. . . . Held forth
under Six Peeces of Improvement. By
Walter Blith, a Lover of Ingenuity,' Lon-
don, 1649. This edition has two dedica-
tions : one * To thole of the High and Ho-
nourable Houses of Parliament ; ' and another

* To the Ingenuous Reader.' Of this book
Thorold Rogers says in his ' Six Centuries
of Work and Wages' (p. 458) : ' The parti-
culars are those commonplaces of agriculture
which are found in all treatises of the time/
In 1652 it was re-issued in a revised form
as ' The English Improver Improved, or the
Survey of Husbandry Surveyed/ with ' a
second part containing six newer peeces of
improvement/ and with an engraved title-
page headed < Vive la Eepublick/ which con-
tained representations of horse- and foot-
soldiers, and of agricultural operations. The
edition of 1652 contains seven dedications
or preliminary epistles : to 'The Eight Ho-
nourable the Lord Generall Cromwell, and
the Council of State ; ' to The Nobility and
Gentry; ' to ' The Industrious Eeader; ' to

* The Houses of Court and Universities ; '
to *The Honourable the Souldiery of these
Nations of England, Scotland, and Ireland ; '
to * The Husbandman, Farmer, or Tenant ; '
to *The Cottager, Labourer, or meanest Com-
moner.'

In the first dedication Blith refers to
eight/prejudices to improvements/ the first
of which is interesting from the. joint of view

paines or cost for the Improvement of
!ais Land, he doth thereby but occasion a
greater Rack upon himself, or else invests his
Land-Lord into his cost and labour gratis, or
at best lyes at his Land-Lord's mercy for re-
quitall, which occasions a neglect of all
ood Husbandry, to his owne, the land, the
Land-Lord, and the Common wealth's suffer-
ing. Now this I humbly conceive may be
removed, if there were a Law Inacted by
which every Land-Lord should be oblige'd
either to give him reasonable allowance for
his cleaie Improvement, or else suffer him or
his to enjoy it so much longer as till he hath
had a Proportionable requitall.' In the
fifth decication Blith signs himself * Your
quondam brother, fellow-souldier, and very
servant, Walter Blith/ and some commen-
datory verses prefixed to the book, signed
'T. C./ are addressed ' To Captain W.
Blith upon his Improvement.' lie would
therefore seem to have been a captain in
the parliamentary army. There was a ' Cap-
tain Blith 1 of the king's ship Vanguard
in 1642.

[Blith's English Improver, 1649, 1652.]

E. C.-E.

BLOCHMANN, HENRY FERDI-
NAND (1838-1878), orientalist, born at
Dresden on 8 Jan. 1838, was the son of
Ernest Ehrenfried Blochmann, printer, and
nephew of Karl Justus Blochmann, a dis-
tinguished pupil of Pestalozzi. He was
educated at the Kreuzschule in Dresden and
the university of Leipzig (1855), where he
studied oriental languages under Fleischer,
and afterwards (1857) under Haase at Paris.
In the following year he came to England,
eager to visit India and to study the eastern
languages in situ*, and as the only means
open to him of getting there he enlisted in
the British army in 1858, and went out to
India as a private soldier, after the example
of Anquetil du Perron. His linguistic and
other abilities had, however, become known
on the voyage to India, and soon after his
arrival in Calcutta he was set to do office-
work in Fort William, and gave lessons in.
Persian. In the course of about a year he
obtained^his discharge, and for a time entered
the service of the Peninsular and Oriental
Company as an interpreter. He was be-
friended by the Arabic scholar, Captain
(afterwards Major-general) William Nassau
Lees ,[q.v.], the principal of the Madrasa and
secretary to the board of examiners, who
had assisted in obtaining his discharge, and
through whom he obtained, at the age of
twenty-two, his first .government appoint-

7

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1901

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Blomefield

222

Blomefield

in high estimation as a work of reference, tion fo

and specially praised, as re-ards the ornitho- copied out while a boy at Eton, and knew
logical details, by Charles Lucien Bonaparte, almost by heart. He edited the t Natural
Before he had completed it, at the earnest History of Selborae ' in 1843, and one of his
request of Charles Darwin, he undertook to latest interests was the welfare of the Sel-
edit the mono^ra^h on the ' Fishes ' for the borne Society, before which on 14 May 1891
1 Zoology of tSe 7oyage of H.M.S. Beagle/ he read a delightful paper on < The Records
published in 1840. The post of naturalist of a Eookery.'

to the Beadehad first been offered to Hens- In 1871, throu}!! his connection with the
low and then to Jenyns, but he hesitated to Chappelow fami.y, the descendants of Ed-
leave his parochial work, and joined Hens- ward Chappelow of Diss, whose sister mar-
low in recommending Darwin ibr the place, ried Francis Blomefield, the historian of
Upon the same grounds a few years later he Norfolk, a considerable property devolved
refused to stand for the chair of zoology at upon him, and he adopted the name of
Cambridge. In October 1849 the state of Blomefield. Extremely methodical and regu-
his wife's health compelled his removal to lar in all his habits, he retained his mental
Ventnor, and his resignation of the vicarage vigour almost to the last, and died of old
at Swaffham Bulbeck, where his narisMoners age at 19 Belmont, Bath, on 1 Sept. 1893,
subscribed to a handsome testimonial for aged ninety-three. He was buried in Lans-
him. In the autumn of 1850 he settled at down cemetery, Bath, on 5 Sept. He mar-
South Stoke, near Combe Down, Bath, but ried, first, in 1844, Jane, eldest daughter
two years later moved to Swainswick, and of the Rev. Andrew Edward Daubeny (1784-
while there during eight years served the 187 7), a brother of Professor Charles Daubeny
curacy of Woolley, and for a year or two of of Oxford. His first wife died in 1SGO, and
Langiidge as well. In 1860, upon the death he married, secondly, in 1862, Sarah, eldest
of his first wife, he settled finally in Bath, daughter of the Rev. Robert Hawthorn of
"With that city his name will be associated Stapleford.

as the founder (18 Feb. 1855) and first presi- Blomefield's attractive personality is re-
dent of the Bath Natural History and Anti- vealed in his < Chapters in my Life ' (pri-
quarian Field Club, and the donor of the vately printed at Bath in 1889), a short
* Jenyns Library,' a munificent gift, now autobiography written with the greatest sim-
housed in the Royal Literary and Scientific plicity and directness. It contains interest-
Institution. This contains over two thou- ing vignettes of Charles Darwin, Buckland,
sand volumes, mostly works on natural his- Heberden, Wollaston, "Whewell, Daniel
tory, and his choice herbarium of British Clarke, and Leonard Chappelow, and nothing
plants, consisting of more than forty folio that he relates is second-hand,
and an equal number of quarto volumes, the In addition to the works mentioned above,
result of his life-work in this branch of Jenyns published, in 1846, a kind of supple-
science. He had originally extended his ment to White's ' Natural History/ under
studies from zoology to botany under the in- the title ' Observations in Natural History :
fluence of Henslow, and upon his friend's with an Introduction on Habits of Observ-
death he wrote a masterly memoir of him, ing, as connected with the study of that
published in 1862. The * Proceedings ' of Science. Also a Calendar of Periodic Phe-
the Bath Field Club abound with -papers and nomena in Natural History.' The material
addresses from his pen. Not the least valu- for this was collected mainly while he was
able are those on the climate and meteo- editing White's book, which he was scrupu-
rology of Bath. It was entirely at his in- lously careful not to overload with notes. In
stance that the small observatory was erected 1858 appeared his * Observations on Meteo-
in the Institution gardens in 1865. rology,' dated Upper Swainswick, near Bath,

During the close of his career he was held 18 j"eb. At Bath, in 1885, he jjrinted for
in honour as the oatriarch of natural history private circulation some highly interesting
studies in Great Britain. He was elected a ' Reminiscences ' of William Yarrell and o_*
member of the Linnean Society in Novem- Prideaux John Selby. A large number (55)
ber 1822, and in the same year was elected of scientific memoirs, contributed to the
into the Cambridje Philosophical Society. 'Transactions' of learned bodies, are enume-
He was an original member of the Zoologi- rated at the end of his ' Chapters in my Life/
S& ft 826 }' Entomological (1884), and Ray r Times , n Sept . 1893 . Bat]l Chronicle,
(1844) societies, while he joined the British 7 kSep t. 1893 ; Chapters in my Life, 1889 ; Works
Association shortly after its institution, and i n British Museum Library ; Illustrated London
was present at the second meeting held at News, 9 and 16 Sept. 1893 (with portrait);
Oxford inl832. He had the greatest venera- Guardian, 14 Sept. 1893.] T. &

Blomfield

223

Blomfield

BLOMFIELD, Sin ARTHUR WIL-
LIAM (1829-1899), architect, fourth son of
Charles James Blomfield [q. v.~, bishop of
London, by his wife Dorothy, caughter of
Charles Cox, was born at Fulham Palace on
6 March 1829. He was brother of Admiral
Henry John Blomfield and of Alfred Blom-
field, bishop-suffragan of Colchester. He
was educated at Rugby and at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
and M.A. in 1851 and 1853 respectively.
On leaving college he was articled for three
years to Philip Charles Hardwick (1822-
1892), son of Philb Hardwick [q. v.],
then architect of the Bank of England, and
hefollowed up this training in 1855 by a conti-
nental tour in company with Frederick Pepys
Cockerell ~q. v.] Though his architectural
schooling Sad not been under Gothic influ-
ences, Blomfield showed, when in 1856 he
opened his first office in Adelphi Terrace,
that Gothic was to be the style of his choice.
His family connection with the clergy soon
assured him occupation in various church
works. He joined the Architectural Asso-
ciation (established about 1846 for junior
architects), of which he became president
in 1861, and subsequently the Royal Insti-
tute of British Architects, of which he was
elected fellow in 1867. Later (in 1886)
he became vice-president of the institute, but
declined nomination to the presidentship.

Blomfield's works, though mainly eccle-
siastical, were not exclusively so, nor wholly
Gothic. In 1883 he succeeded to his old
master's post of architect to the Bank of
England, for which he built the law courts
branch, his most important classic building.
On the death of George Edmund Street
[q. v.] in 1881, Blomfield was associated
with Street's son, Arthur Edmund, in super-
intending the erection of the law courts.
He was also a trustee of Sir John Soane's
museum. The works with which Blomfield
felt the most satisfaction, probably as being
least hampered therein by questions of money,
were the private chapel at Tyntesfield (the
residence of the late William Gibbs), Privett
church, Hampshire (designed for William
Nicholson), and St. Mary's, Portsea (begun
1884), which was due to the_ liberality of
William Henry Smith [q. v.[ His most
important productions other tjian churches
were Denton Manor, near Grantham, Lin-
colnshire, for the late Sir William Welby
Gregory, bart. ; the Whitgift Hospital Schools
at Croydon ; the King's Schools at Chester ;
the Bancroft School at Woodford for the
Drapers' Company ;' the Sion College Library
on the Thames Embankment; and the
Queen's School at Eton College, attached to

which is the ' Lower ' school chapel. One of
Blom field's principal works for the church
was the complete scheme for the Church
House in Dean's Yard, Westminster, which,
though the great hall block was opened for
use in 1896, is at present only partially
completed. Blomfield designed more than
one church for the colonies or for Englisli
congregations abroad, such as the cathedral
of St. George, George Town, Demerara, built
largely of timber on a concrete raft, owing
to insecure foundations ; a church for the
Falkland Isles, for which most of the materials
were exported from England ; the church of
St. George at Cannes, consecrated 1887, and
built as a memorial to the Duke of Albany ;
the little English chapel at St. Moritz ; and
(in 18S7) the important church of St. Albau
at Copenhagen, in connection with which
he was elected an honorary member of the
Danish Academy and received the order of the
Danebrog (3rd class) from the king of Den-
mark. _n 1888 he was elected an associate
of the Koyal Academy; in 1889 he was
knighted, and in 1891 was awarded the gold
medal of the Eoyal Institute of British
Architects for his distinguished works.

Blomfield admitted the possibility of indi-
viduality in ecclesiastical art, and even held
that * where convenience is at stake we ought
not to be too much confined by the precedent
of mediaeval architecture.' In the matter
of materials he felt that architects ought not
to allow blind adherence to tradition to de-
prive them of the benefits of modern discovery.
He instanced the advisability of sometimes
making use of iron columns in the nave of a
church, and he even carried this particular
suggestion into practice in the small church
of tit, Mark, Marylebone Road. In spite of
these unconservative views he was rightly
regarded as a conscientious restorer, and had
four cathedrals under his care at various
times Salisbury (for repair of tower), Can-
terbury, Lincoln, and Chichester, in the case
of the two latter succeeding to John Lough-
borough Pearson [q. v., Suppl.], with whom
he was in 1896 consulted as to the restora-
tions at Peterborough. He was also diocesan
architect to Winchester, and built the cathe-
dral library at Hereford. The work of
restoration by which he will be best known
is his complete and skilful rebuilding of the
nave and south transept of St. Mary Oyerie
(St. Saviour's, Southwark). These operations,
costing 60,000, were in progress from July
1890 to February 1897. The south porch is
entirely Blomfield's creation, and the nave,
which is of fine ' early English ' work, may
perhaps be looked upon as rather a revival
than a restoration j it replaced a structure of

Blomfield

224

Bloxam

comparatively modern date, remarkable only his working drawings with his own hands,

for the complete absence of beauty, dignity, and even wrote the whole of his own corre-

or practical convenience, and for a total dis- spondence in a handwriting which to the

regard of the many evidences, still extant, last retained exceptional beauty. He died

of & the character and detail of the original suddenly on 30 Oct. 1899, and was buried at

building (see F. T. DOLLMAJ*, The Priory of Broadway, Worcestershire, where he had his

St. Mary Overie, Southwark, London, 1881, ----- l ~ f - : ~ - ^ -----

4to).

Blomfield worked for many years at an
office in Henrietta Street, at the corner of
Cavendish Square, but latterly his residence

country home. There is in the possession
of the family an oil portrait by Mr. Charles

Blomfield excelled in the charitable but W. Furse, exhibited in the Royal Academy

unremunerative art of keeping down the exhibition in 1890.

cost, and among his triumphs in this direc- He was twice married : first, in I860, to

tion is the church of St. Barnabas, Oxford, Caroline, daughter of Charles Case Smith,

in which, abandoning his usual and favourite who died in 1882, and was the mother of

' perpendicular ' English Gothic, he adopted the two sons mentioned below ; and secondly

an Italian manner, making use of the basilica to Sara Louisa, daughter of Matthew Ryan,

tvpe of plan and adding a campanile. The who survives,
caurch, though erected at a small cost, is
singularly efiective.

He carried out several works in connec-
tion with schools and colleges besides the and office were at 28 Montagu Square and
examples already mentioned, such as the 6 Montagu Place. In 1890 he took into
chapels at Selwyn College, Cambridge, and partnership his two sons, Charles J. Blom-
at Malvern College ; additions to the library ield and Arthur C. Blomfield, who were
and master's house at Trinity College, Cam- associated with him in the design of the
bridge; the junior school at St. Edmund's, Magdalen College choir schools and other
Canterbury ; a chapel for a school at Cavers- buLdings. They continued several of their
ham, Reading ; school buildings at Shrews- father's works after his death, including the
bury; and the ' great school,' museum, and development of the Church House scheme
other buildings at Charterhouse, Godalming, and the additions to the parish church at
Among his London works not already noted Leamington, and succeeded him in his appoint-
were the Royal College of Music ; the im- ments at the Bank of England, St. Cross
-Dortant church of St. John, Wilton Road; Hospital, Winchester, and St. Mary Redclifie,
"St. Barnabas, Bell Street, Edgware Road ; Bristol.

St. Saviour's, a striking brick building in
Oxford Street; St. James's Church, West
Hampstead ; and the rearrangement of the
interior of St. Peter's, Eaton Square. Men-
tion may also be made of the churches of
Leytonstone, Barking, Ipswich, and Chig-
well, the West Sussex Asylum, and various
important works for the Prince of Wales
at and near Sandringham; in the diocese
of Chichester alone, besides restoring or
repairing twelve old churches, Blomfield
built no less than nine new ones, of which
the most important are All Saints and Christ
Church at Hastings, St. John at St. Leonards,
St. Luke at Brighton, St. Andrew at Worth-
ing, and St. John at Bognor.

[Builders' Journal, 1899, p. 207 ; Architect,
1899, p. 276, with good photographic portrait ;
Times, 1 Nov. 1899; R.I.B.A. Journal, 1899,
vol. vii. No. 2, p. 36 ; Chichester Diocesan Ga-
zette, December 1899, No. 72 ; information from
Mr. Arthur Conran Blomfield ; personal know-
ledge.] P. W.

BLOXAM, JOHN BOUSE (1807-1891),
historian of Magdalen College, Oxford, bora
at Rugby on 26 April 1807, was the sixth
son of Richard Rouse Bloxam, D.D, (d.
28 March 1840), under-master of Rugby
school for thirty-eight years, and rector of
Brinklow and vicar of Bulkington, both in
Warwickshire, who married Ann, sister of
Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. All the six

Blomfield, who was a rowing man when sons were foundationers at Rugby school,

and all attended, as chief mourners, the
funeral of Lawrence in St. Paul's Cathedral
(D. E. WILLIAMS, Sir T. Lawrence, ii. 524-
568).
Bloxam was sent in 1814 to Rugby school,

young, and had occupied the bow seat in his
college eight, when head of the river, was
fond in middle life of taking recreation in
acting, in which his fine voice, expressive

clean-shaved face, and real dramatic talent

made him unusually successful. In his pro- where he was a school-fellow of Romidell
fessional work he was unfailingly industrious Palmer, lord Selborne (SBLBOENB, Mem orials,
and an excellent draughtsman. In spite of I. i. 74-5,311-15), and obtained an exhibition
the fact that his large practice necessitated for the university in 1826. He matriculated
the employment of a good staff of assistants from Worcester College, Oxford, on 20 May
and pupils, he drew a large proportion of 1826, and was bible clerk there from that year

Bloxam

225

Bloxam

to 1S30. From 1830 to 1835 he held a demy-
ship at Magdalen College, and graduated
B.A. from that college on 9 Feb. 1835,
having been in the fourth (honorary) class
in classics in 1831. He was ordained by
the bishop of Oxford deacon in 1832 and
priest in 1833, and took the further degrees of
M.A. in 1835, B.D. in 1843, and D.D, in 1847.

In July 1832 Bloxam became chaplain
and classical master in the private school at
"\Vyke House, near Brentford, of which Dr.
Alexander jamieson was principal, and
from 1-833 to 1836 he was second master at
Bromsgrove school. He was elected pro-
bationer fellow of Magdalen College in 1835,
and came into residence in 1836. He served
as pro-proctor of the university in 1841, and
he held at his college the posts of junior
dean of arts (1838 and 1840), bursar (1841,
1844, 1850, 1854, and 1859), vice-president
(1847), dean of divinity (1849), and libra-
rian (1851 to 1862). From 1837 to February
1840 Bloxam was curate to John Henry
Newman at Littlemore. He was in full sym-
pathy with the tract arians. A carriage acci-
dent in a Leicestershire lane introduced him
to Ambrose Phillips de Lisle. They corre-
sponded in 1841 and 1842 on a possible re-
union of the Anglican and Roman churches
(PTTBCELL, Life of De Lisle, i. 178-298, ii.
9-10, 225-7). In 1842 he proposed going
to Belgium to 'superintend the reprinting of
the Sarum breviary ' (ib. i. 234-5). He was
well acquainted with William George Ward
[q. v.] (\VILPEID WARD, W. G. Ward and
the Oxford Movement, 2nd ed. pp. 111.
153-5, 190-201, 305, 338). He continued
to live at Oxford until 1S62, where he was
conspicuous as * a striking figure, spare and
erect, with reverent dignity/

Bloxam was appointed by his college to
the vicarage of Up-oer Seeding, near Steyn-
ing in Sussex, in Fe Druary 1862, and vacated
his fellowship in 1863. Newman paid
several visits to him in this pleasant retreat,
and he was probably the last survivor of
the cardinal's Oxford associates. By Lord
Blachford he was called 'the grandfather of
the ritualists.' He died at Beeding Priory,
Upper Beeding, on 21 Jan. 1891, having en-
joyed wonderful health almost until the end
of his days, and was buried in Beeding church-
yard. A crayon drawing by Laurence of
Bloxam and his brother Matthew when
children is in the school museum at Rugby.
He is a prominent figure in Holman Hunt's
picture of the ceremony on Magdalen College
tower on Mayday morning.

The labours of Bloxam in illustration of
the history of his college were inspired by
deep affection, and he worked at his task

VOL. i. SUP.

with unflagging zeal. His f Register of the
Presidents, Fellows, Demies, Instructors in
Grammar and in Music, Chaplains, Clerks,
Choristers, and other Members of St. Marv
Magdalen College, Oxford,' came out ii
seven volumes, describing the choristers,
chaplains, clerks, organists, instructors in
grammar, and demies. Their publication
'oegan in 1853 and ended in 1831, and an
index volume was issued by the college in
1885. His collections 'for the history of
the fellows, presidents, and non-foundation
members were left by him to the college,
together with much of his correspondence/
and on them the Rev. W. D. Macray has
based his t Register of the Members of St.
Mary Magdalen College, Oxford,' two vo-
lumes of which have been published. The
appendix to the third volume of E. M. Mac-
farlane's catalogue of the college library
contains a * Catalogus operum scriptomm
vel editorum' by its chief alumni which
Bloxam had gathered together. In that
library is a ' Book of Fragments,' privately
printed by him in 1842, waich gives a series
of extracts from various books on eccle-
siastical rites, customs, &c. It ends abruptly
at p. 286, having been discontinued on
account of a similar publication entitled
1 Hierurgia Anglicana 7 brought out by the
Cambridge Camden Society.

Bloxam edited for the Caxton Society in
1851 the Memorial of Bishop Waynflete,
by Dr. Peter Heylyn,' and he collected the
series of documents entitled 'Magdalen Col-
lege and James II,' which was published by
the Oxford Historical Society in 1886. He
assisted Dr. Ilouth in his 1852 edition of
Burnet's * Reign of James II; ' he possessed
many relics of Routh, and gave much infor-
mation on his life to Burgon (Twelve Good
Men, i. 47). E. S. Byam dedicated to
Bloxam the memoir of the Byam family
(1854), and he assisted W. H. Payne Smith
in editing the volume of M. H. Bloxam's
collections on i Rugby, the School and Neigh-
bourhood.'

He possessed four volumes of ' Opuscula,'
containing many letters of Newman and
prints of the chief persons at Oxford, which
are now among the manuscripts in Magdalen
College Library. He was also the owner of
several curiosities belongin * toAddison which
had been preserved at BLton, near Rugby;
they are now the property of Mr. T. H.
"\Yarren, the president of Magdalen College.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Rugby School Re"-,
i. 120; Magdalen Coll. Reg. vii. 323-4;
Guardian, 28 Jan. 1891, p, 131, 11 Feb. p. 224;
Newman's Letters, ii. 298-324; JMacray's Mag*
dalen Coll. Beg. vol.i. preface,] W. P, 0.

Bloxam

226

Blyth

BLOXAM, MATTHEW HOLBECHE
(1805-1888), antiquary and writer on archi-
tecture, was born on 12 May 1805 at Rugby,
where his father, the Rev. Richard Rouse
Bloxam (who married Ann, sister of Sir
Thomas Lawrence) was an assistant master.
He was one of ten children, and brother to
Andrew Bloxam [q_. v.] and Dr. John Rouse
Bloxam [q. v. Suppl.] In 1813 he entered
Ru 'by school as a pupil in his father's house,
anc in 1821 was articled to George Harris, a
solicitor in Rugby. It was during profes-
sional visits to the registers of country
churches that Bloxam made the early obser-
vations which led to his subsequent know-
ledge of ecclesiastical architecture ; and while
still under articles he began collecting the
notes which, in 1829, he published as the first
edition of ' The Principles of Gothic Archi-
tecture elucidated by Question and Answer '
(Leicester, 1829, 12mo). For its date this was
a remarkable book, and it justly entitled its
young author to rank among the authorities
of the Gothic revival. It had certainly been
preceded by the writings of Thomas Rick-
man [q. v.], a friend of the author, to whose
kindred work he owed a certain debt, but it
was several years ahead of the publications
of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin "q. v.],
and twenty years earlier than John Henry
Parker's [q, v." * Introduction to the Study
of Gothic Architecture/ which has been its
principal rival in the hands of students. A
seconc edition appeared in 1835, after which
a rapid succession of issues ;ave evidence
both of the value of the wor.s and of the
popular interest in the Gothic revival. The
catechetical form of the first five editions
was abandoned in the sixth (1844). Fresh
issues were almost continuous to 1849, and
when the tenth edition of 1859 was ex-
hausted no less than seventeen thousand
copies had been sold in England ; a German
translation, by E. Henktmann, was also
Issued at Leipzig in 1845. At the sug-
gestion of Sir George Gilbert Scott [q. vT],
Bloxam set himself to prepare an enlarge-
ment of his work, which, in his anxiety for
completeness and accuracy, he withheld from
publication till 1882, when it was issued in
three volumes, containing additional chap-
ters on vestments and on church arrange-
ments, as well as a bibliography of previous
editions. The illustrations of this ~30ok are
good specimens of the wood-engraving of
Thomas Orlando Sheldon Jewitt [q. v.]
Bloxam's other published volumes were:
* A Glimpse at the Monumental Architec-
ture and Sculpture of Great Britain/ Lon-
don, 1834, 12mo ; and * Some Account of
the Rectory and Rectors of Rugby/ 1876,

8vo. ' Fragmenta Sepulcralia/ an unfinished
work, was privately printed in 1876, as was
also, in 1888, a full catalogue of all his pub-
lished works under the title < A Fardel of
Antiquarian Papers/ Two of his books were
cited in evidence in the case of Churton v.
Frewen (Law JRep. Equity Cases, 1866,
vol. ii.)

Many of Bloxam's writings are to be found
in the * Arcliseplogia ' of the Society of Anti-
quaries, of which he became a fellow in 1863,
in the 'Archaeological Journal/ the * Archaoo-
logia Camb rensis/ and in the ' Transactions ' of
such societies as the Warwickshire Field
Club. Among them are important papers on
* Warwickshire during the Civil Wars/ ' Me-
diaeval Sepulchral Antiquities of Northamp-
tonshire/ { Effigies and Monuments in Peter-
borough Cathedral/ and * The Charnel-vault
of Rothwell, Northamptonshire.' He wrote
in all no less than 192 of such essays. He
was one of the honorary vice-presidents of
the Royal Archaeological Institute of Great
Britain, and an officer or member of a great
number of local antiquarian societies. In
spite of his archaeological work Bloxam did
not abandon the profession in which he had
been trained, and did not resign until 1872,
after forty years' service, his post as clerk to
the magistrates for the Rugby division. He
died on 24 April 1888, and was buried in the
grounds of the Norman chapel of Brownsover.

To Rugby boys of many generations Bloxam.
was known as an enthusiastic Rugbeian. He
compiled various notes on the history of the
school, subsecuently collected by the Rev.
W. H. Payne-Smith in a posthumous volume
(1889, 8vo), entitled Rugby : the School and
the Neighbourhood/ which also contains a
brief biography and a portrait

[Notice by C. E. S. in Academy, 28 April
1888, vol. xxxiii. ; Annual Register, 1888.]

P. W.

BLUNT, ARTHUR CECIL (1844-1896),
actor, [See CECIL, ARTHUR.]

BLYTH, SIB ARTHUR (1823-1891),
premier of South Australia, son of William
31yth, who emigrated from Birmingham to
Adelaide, and of Sarah, daughter of the
Rev. William Wilkins of Bourton-on-the-
Water, Gloucester, was born at Birmingham
on 19 March 1823, and educated at King-
Edward the Sixth's school in that city until
1839, when he left England with his father to
settle in South Australia. Here he entered
into business under his father in Adelaide as
an ironmonger ; the firm ultimatelv became
well known under the style of Blyth Brothers,
His brother Neville was also a member of
assembly, and held office in South Australia,

Blyth

227

Boase

Blyth soon commenced to take an inte-
rest in public life. He became a member of
the district council of Mitcham, near which
lie resided, and later chairman of the coun-
cil ; he was also elected a member of the
central road board, and became a prominent
member of the Adelaide chamber of com-
merce. He joined the first volunteer corps
raised in South Australia during the Crimean
war, and became a captain. In 1855 Blyth.
entered a wider sphere, and became member
for Yatala district in the old mixed legis-
lative council, taking a prominent part, in
the movement which led ur> to the establish-
ment of an elective counci- ; he was in 1857
chosen member for Gumeracha ia the first
elected council.

On 21 Aug. 1857 Blyth first took office as
commissioner of works in Baker's ministry;
but this lasted only till 1 Sept. From
12 June 1858 till 9 May 1860 he held the
same office under Reynolds. From 8 Oct.
1860 to 17 Oct. 1861 he was treasurer
under Waterhouse, and a^ain, on 19 Feb.
1862, after a short interval, he came back to
the same office. This was the ministry which
carried Sutherland's Act and adopted apolicy
which was much criticised as to the assign-
ment of waste lands and immigration. In
March and April 1863 Blyth represented
South Australia in the conference on tariffs
and other matters of interest to all the
colonies. On 4 July the ministry fell. On
4 Au T. 1864 he again came into office, taking-
Lis o.d post as commissioner of lands and.
immigration. The chief political question at
this time was that of squatting; in November
a great attack was mace on the government's
policy, and on 22 March 1865 it fell. On
20 Sept. 1865 Blyth again became treasurer
under Sir Henry Ayers for a little over a
month, being out of* power a;ain on 23 Oct.
On 28 March, 1866, however, Ae became chief
secretary and premier in a ministry which
held together much better, not falling until
3 May 1867. He now took a rest from
politics, and paid a two years' visit to
England. On ais return to South Australia
he was re-elected to the assembly as member
for Gumeracha, and on 30 May 1870 became
once more commissioner of lands and immi-
gration under John Hart [q. v. SuppL] In
August 1871, in consequence of the loss of
the land bill^various efforts were made to
reconstruct this government, and finally on
10 Nov. Blyth became premier and treasurer,
holding office till the dissolution of parlia-
ment, when he was thrown out on 22 Jan.
1872. On the retirement of Sir Henry Ayers
he was again sent for, and became premier
for the third time. -He held office as chief

secretary from 22 July 1873 to 3 June 1875,
and this may be considered his -Drincipal
ministry. He had to deal with the disap-
pointment over the Northern Territory ; he
met with ^reat opposition on the immigra-
tion question, anc his free education bill
was lost in the legislative council. His
policy, however, was marked by caution and
financial prudence ; and his "fall in June
1875 was mainly due to Boucaut's promise
of a bolder and more magnificent policy of
public works which carried away the elec-
tors. At the general election of 1875 he
changed his seat and became member for
North Adelaide. On 25 March 1876, when
the Boucaut ministry was reconstructed, he
became treasurer, and retired on 6 June, being
appointed agent-general for the colony in
England, where he arrived in February 1877.

In England Blyth was for many years a
familiar figure in colonial circles, and greatly
respected as representative of his colony. In
1886 he was executive commissioner for
South Australia at the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition ; in 1887 he was associated with
the Hon. Thomas Playford, the premier, in
the representation of the colony at the first
colonial conference held in London in April-
May in that year. He died at Bournemouth
on 7 Dec. 1891, and the South Australian
parliament, on hearing the news* moved a
vote of condolence with his widow and sus-
pended their sitting. Blyth's career had
lieen eminently that of the official. He was
constantly called into office by ministers of
different type; his general bent was for
liberal measures, but he did not connect
himself with any great reform or achieve-
ment. He was a man of somewhat nervous
temperament, with some sense of humour ;
he was chiefly marked by those characteris-
tics which fitted him for official life method,
conscientiousness, punctuality, and courtesy.
He was a prominent member of the synod
of the church of England in South Australia.
He was created KC.M.G. in 1877. and C.B.
in 1886.

Blyth married in 1850 Jessie Anne, daugh-
ter of Edward Forrest of Birmingham, who
survived him only a fortnight. They left
one son and two daughters.

[Adelaide Observer, 12 Dee. 1891; Mennell's
Diet, of Austral. Biogr.; Hosier's History of
South Australia ; official records.] C. A. H.

BOASE, CHARLES WILLIAM (1828-
1895), historian and antiquary, born in
Chapel Street, Penzance, on 6 July 1828,
was the eldest child of John Josias Arthur
Boase (1801-1896), who married at St. Cle-
ment, near Truro, on 4 July 1827, Charlotte

Boase

228

Boase

(1802-1873), second daughter of Robert
Sholl of Truro (cf. Times, 12 Sept. 1896,
p. 9). George Clement Boase [q_. v. Suppl.]
was a younger brother.

Charles was sent to the Penzance gram-
mar school to 1841, and to the Truro
grammar school from that date to 1846.
At Truro he gained several medals and
prizes, and durhir four years (1846-9) he
aeld from it an B-iot scholarship at Exeter
College, Oxford, where he matriculated on
4 June 1846. Prom 1847 to 1850 he com-
bined with it an open scholarship at his
college, and on 18 JLay 1850 he graduated
B.A. with a second class in classics. He
was elected to a Cornish fellowship on
30 June 1850, proceeded M.A. in 1853, and
was ordained deacon at Cuddesdon by Bishop
Wilberforce on 4 March 1855.

From the day of his matriculation to that
of his death Boase dwelt at Exeter College.
lie witnessed its rebuilding, and took an
especial interest in the construction and
fitting of its library buildings. He was
assistant tutor 1853-5, tutor 1855-84, lec-
turer in Hebrew 1859-69, lecturer in modem
history 1855-94, and librarian from 1868.
Between 1857 and 1875 he examined in
various schools, and he was appointed in
1884 the university reader in foreign history.
He resigned this last appointment and his
college lectureship of modern history (which
he held for nearly forty years) in the sum-
mer of 1894, but he retained the place of
librarian. He died in his rooms at Exeter
College on 11 March 1895, and was buried
in St, Sepulchre's cemetery, Oxford, on
13 March,

Boase had acquired vast stores of know-
ledge, which were given ungrudgingly to
others, and he was endowed with much quiet
humour. He had long studied the history
of Exeter College and its alumni, and in
1879 two hundred copies were printed for
private circulation of his annotated ' Register
of the Rectors, Fellows, Scholars/ &c., with
an historical introduction (cf. Edinburgh
Review, October 1880, pp. 344-79). A
second edition, but without the introduction,
came out in 1893, and a third edition, with
the introduction revised and greatly ex-
panded, forms vol. xxvii. of the publi-
cations of the Oxford Historical Society,
the cost of the printing, a sum exceeding
200?., being defrayed by the author. The
second part of the college register, contain-
ing a similar list of the commoners, being
' all names other than those in the previous
volume/ was issued by him in 1834. He
contributed to Mr. Andrew Clark's { Colleges
of Oxford* the article on Exeter College.

On the formation of the Oxford Historical
Society in 1884 Boase was one of the honorary
secretaries, and he acted on the committee
to ] June 1892. Much of its success was
due to his judgment and energy, and its first
publication consisted of the * Register of the
University of Oxford, 1449-63, 1505-71/
which he compiled and edited. He also
wrote the preface to J. E. Thorold Rogers's
'Oxford City Documents, 1268- 1665,' which
the society issued in 1891. The volume on
< Oxford ' in the ' Historic Towns ' series, a
c veritable storehouse of materials/ was
written by him, but much of the information
which he had collected was omitted.

Boase edited, with Dr. G. W. Kitchin
(afterwards dean of Durham), the transla-
tion in six volumes of Leopold von Ranke's
* History of England/ being himself respon-
sible for the rendering of the first volume,
In conjunction with Jiis two brothers he
compiled an 'Account of the Families of
Boase or Bowes/ tracing his ancestors back
in West Cornwall to the end of the six-
teenth century. The first edition was printed
at Exeter in 1876 (seventy-five copies only
for private circulation), and the second ap-
peared at Truro in 1893 (a hundred copies
only for private issue, and ten of these con-
tained five additional sheets). Pie contri-
buted to the l Literary Churchman/ ' Aca-
demy/ and 'English Historical Review/
wrote the article on the ' Macedonian Em-
pire ' in the ' Encyclopaedia Britunnica ' (9th
edit.), and the lives of 1 the* Cornish saints in
Smith's ' Dictionary of Christian Biography.'
The account of the deeds and writs (1306-
1836) in the Dawson collection at the Pen-
zance public library was compiled by him
(Cat. of Library, 1874, pp. 330-343). His
library and manuscripts, including great col-
lections on Cornish genealogies, were dis-
persed at the time of _iis death.

[Account of Boasa family ; Athenaeum, March
1895, pp. 345-6, 378; Academy, 16 March
1895, p. 237; Oxford Mag. 13 March 1895, pp.
285-6, 1 May 1895, pp. 310-11 ; private know-
ledge.] W. P. C,

BOASE, GEORGE CLEMENT (1829-
1897), bibliographer, born at Chapel Street,
Penzance, on 20 Oct. 1829, was the second
son of John Josias Arthur Bo'ase and
younger brother of Charles William Boase
[c^. v. Suppl.] He was educated at Regent
tlouse academy and the grammar schoo. at
Penzance, and for a short time in 1844 at
Bellevue House academy, Penryn, From
that year to 1846 he was in a local bank at
Penzance, from 1847 to 1850 he was with
Nehemiah Griffiths, ship and insurance
, broker, at 2 White Hart Court, Lombard

Bodichon

229

Boehm

Street, London, and from 1850 to 1854 he
was a clerk -with Eansom & Co., bankers, at
1 Pall Mall East.

Boase sailed for Australia on 29 April
1854, and was at first corrector of the press
on the ' Age ' newspaper of Melbourne, then
gold-digger at Simpson's Ranges, and nest
in a general store. During 1855-64 he was
tutor with the Darchy family on the Mur-
rumbidgee river, ISi ew South Wales, and on
Lachlan river, and was also correspondent
of the Sydney Mornin- Herald.' In 18S4
he returned to Englanc, and managed the
business of "Whitehead & Co., provision
merchants, from 1865 to 1874, when he re-
tired into private life and occupied himself
in biographical and antiquarian literature.
During these years of leisure he lived suc-
cessively at 15 Queen Anne's Gate and at
36 James Street (now 28 Buckingham Gate),
where he collected a unique library illus-
trative of the biography of the nineteenth
century. He died at 13 Granville Park,
Lewisham, on 1 Oct. 1S97> and was buried
at Ladywell cemetery on 5 Oct.

Boase was the joint author, with Mr.
TV. P. Courtney, of the ' Bibliotheea Cor-
nubiensis ? (1874-82, 3 vols.), and the sole
author of a kindred volume, entitled i Col-
lectanea Cornubiensia' (1890). "With his
brothers he compiled the several editions of
*The Families of Boase or Bowes,' and
helped in the compilation of the works on
Exeter College by Sis brother, Charles Wil-
liam, and the ' Modern English Biography *
of his youngest brother, Frederic. He com-
piled with Mr. W. P. Courtney, for Professor
Skeat, the Cornish portion of the < biblio-
graphical list of the works in the various
dialects of English' (English Dialect Soc.
1877), and he assisted the Rev, John Ingle
Dredge in his tracts on Devonshire biblio-
graphy. He was a frequent contributor to-
* Notes and Queries J and the ' Western An-
tic uary. J He supplied 723 memoirs to the
' I ictionary of National Biography/ the last
appearing in vol. lix.

[Times, 5 Oct. 1897; Notes and Queries, 8th
ser. xii. 301-2 (1897) ; Account of Boase Family;
personal knowledge.] W. P. (X

BODICH03ST, BARBAEA LEIGH
SMITH (1827-1891), benefactress of Girton
Colle *e, was the eldest child of Ben;aniin
SmitJ. [see under SMITH, WILLULM, 1756-
1835], and was born at Wathington, Sussex,
on 8 April 1827. She early showed artistic
ability and was taught water-colour drawing
by William Henry Hunt [q. v.] and other
artists, and was taken to visit J. M, W.
Turner in his studio. Her father's political

associations made her acquainted with most
of the anti-corn-law -ooliticians, and she took
great interest in aL questions relating to
the education of women and the general
improvement of their position in the state.
She wrote a very brie: but lucid pamphlet
on the laws relating to women, wSich was
of service in procuring the passing of the
Married Woman's Property Act. She had a
house in Algiers, and in 1857 married Dr.
Eugene Bodichon, whom she had met there.
He died in 1886, and they had no children.
She built for herself a small house at Sea-
lands Gate, in Sussex, and had also a house
in London, 5 Blandford Square, and at all
her residences exercised much hospitality.
William Allingham, Dante Gabriel Rossetfi,
William Bell Scott, Richard Cobden, and
their friends were often her guests, and she
was a friend of Marian Evans, best known as
George Eliot. She recognised the authorship
of * Adam Bede/ and wrote at once to the
authoress, who afterwards gave her a copy of
the three volumes inscribed 'To Barbara
L. S. Bodichon, the friend who first recog-
nised ine in this book, I give it as a remem-
brance of the moment when she cheered me
by that recognition and by her joy in it.
George Eliot, 7 July 1859.* The personal
description of Eomola was drawn from
George Eliot's recollections of her. She
may justly be re ;arded as the foundress of
Girton College, t le plan of which was pro-
posed by her between 1860 and 1870, and to
which, when it began at Hitchin, she gave a
thousand pounds, and afterwards bequeathed
more than ten thousand pounds. She worked
assiduously at water-colour painting, and
often exhibited pictures. Her talent lay in
open-air effects of sunlight and cloud, inland
and on the coast, and such great artists as
Corot, Daubeny, and Henry Moore admired
her work.

She had a small house at- Zennor in Corn-
wall, and while sketching there in May 1878
had an attack of hemiplegia. She partially
recovered, but had further attacks and died
at Scalands Gate, Sussex, in 1891 . Her por-
trait was more than once painted, but never
-well, and the best likeness of her is a drawing
by Samuel Laurence. Letters and accounts
of her are in Mr. Cross's * Life of George
Eliot.'

[Personal knowledge ; papers and letters."

K. ].

BOEHM, SIB JOSEPH EDGAR, first
baronet (1834-1890), sculptor, was born at
Vienna on 4 July 1^34. I3e was of Hun-
garian nationality; but his father, Joseph
Daniel Boehm (1794-1865), was director of
the imperial mint of Vienna. He married,,

Boehm

230

Bolton

on 5 Feb. 1825, Louisa Anna, daughter of
Dominick Lussman, inspector of imperial
chateaux in Luxemburg at Hetzendorf.
The elder Boehm was a man of taste, and
had formed a collection of fragments of
antique sculpture. Prom these the son may
have received his first impetus towards
modelling, but in the end it was rather by
the Italians of the Renaissance than by the
Greeks and Romans that he was mainly in-
fluenced. In 1848 he came to England,
where he worked for three years, chiefly in
the British Museum. After this he studied
in Italy, Paris, and "Vienna, winning the
* First Imperial Prize ' in the latter city in
1856. In 1862 he settled in London, and
took out letters of naturalisation three years
later. In the year of his arrival he made
his debut at the Royal Academy with a
bust in the then unfamiliar material, terra
cotta. In 1863 he exhibited statuettes in
the same material of Millais and his wife.
Boehm's work soon became -popular, and,
from about 1865 to the end of his life,
commissions came to him in an unbroken
stream from fashionable oatrons as well as
from the government, l^or some years he
had almost a monopoly in providing statues
of public men and of members of the royal
family. His works are so numerous that it
is impossible to give anything like a com-
plete list of them here. Among the more
notable are, in London : Lord Stratford de
Redcliffe, Lord Beaconsfield, and Dean
Stanley, in Westminster Abbey ; the Wel-
lington monument at Hyde Park Corner;
Lord Lawrence, Sir John Burgoyne, and
Lord Napier of Ma -dala, in Waterloo
Place; Carlyle and WLliam Tyndale on the
Embankment ; and Darwin in the Natural
History Museum ; in Bombay, the eques-
trian statue of the prince of Wales ; in Cal-
cutta, that of Lord Napier of Magdala, of
which the group in Waterloo Place is a
replica; at Colombo, Sir William Gregory;
and in Canterbury Cathedral, the recumbent
figure of Archbishop Tail He also pro-
duced statues of Queen Victoria, of the first
king of the Belgians, of the Duke of Kent,
Princess Alice and her daughters, Prince
Leopold, and Dean Wellesley. All these
are at Windsor, where also t!ie recumbent
figure of the prince imperial, excluded from
Westminster Abbey by popular objections,
has found a place. Among his innumerable
busts are those of Gladstone, Huxley, Lord
Rusehery, Lord Russell, Lord Wolseley.
Lord Saaftesbury, and Millais, the last-
named in the Diploma Gallery at Burlington
House, His last important work was a
fitatue of the German Emperor Frederick

for Windsor Castle. Among his few ' ideal '
works the best known, and perhaps the best
is the ' Young Bull.'

Boehm was elected an A.R.A. in 1878,
and an R.A. in 1880. He was a member of
several foreign academies, lecturer on sculp-
ture at the Royal Academy, and sculptor-iu-
ordinary to Queen Victoria. He was created
a baronet on 13 July 1889. He married, on
20 June 1860, Louise Frances, daughter of
F. L. Boteler of West Derby, Liverpool. He
died in his studio, at 25 Wetherby Gardens,
London, very suddenly, on 12 Dec. 1890, and
was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only
son, Edgar Collins Boehm.

As a practical sculptor Sir Edgar Boehm
takes a aigh place in the English school, but
as an artist he scarcely deserved the patronage
he received. In the large bronze popula-
tion with which he endowed his adopted
country, it would be difficult to find a single
true work of art, while some of his produc-
tions, notably the "Wellington group at Hyde
Park Corner, fall lamentably short of their
purpose.

[Athenseurn, 1890, ii. 861 ; Men of the Time,
13th edit. ; Burke's Peerage, 1890.] W. A.

BOLTON, SIB FRANCIS JOHN (1831-
1887), soldier and electrician, son of Dr.
Thomas Wilson Bolton, surgeon, of London
and Manchester, was born in 1831. He en-
listed in the royal artillery, in which he rapidly
rose to be a non-commissioned officer, getting
his first step as acting bombardier at Halifax,
Nova Scotia. He o Dtained a commission as
ensign in the Gold Coast artillery corps on
4 Sept. 1857, and served in the expedition
against the Crobboes in September, Jctober,
and November 1858, being present at the ac-
tion of Crobboe Heights on 18 Sept. He was
promoted to be lieutenant on 9 Nov. In June
and July 1859 he was adjutant in the expe-
dition against the Dounquah rebels, which
resulted in the capture of all the rebel chiefs.

On his return to England Bolton was
transferred to the 12th or East Suffolk regi-
ment of foot and promoted to be captain on
21 Sept. 1860. He was for several years
enga *ed in conjunction with Captain (after-
wares Rear-admiral) Philip Howard Colomb
[o^. v. Suppl.] in developing a system of visual
signalling, applicable to naval and military
operations, which was adopted by the autho-
rities. He also invented and perfected an ap-
plication of the oxy-calciurn light for nigSt
signalling. The wuole apparatus fitted into
a "ooxfor transport, and was admirably adapted
for its purpose. The * Army and Navy Signal
Book J was compiled by Bolton and Colomb,
assisted by an officer of royal engineers, and

Bonar

231

Bonar

was used -with good results during the Abys-
sinian campaign in 1867.

From Ib67 to 1869 Bolton was deputy-
assistant quartermaster-general and assistant
instructor in visual signalling at the School
of Military Engineering at Chatham under
Captain (afterwards Major-general) Richard
Hugh Stotherd [c[. v.], instructor in tele-
graphy. He was promoted on 8 July 1868
to an unattached majority in consideration
of his special services in army signalling.
Bolton was largely instrumental in 1871 in
founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers
and Electricians, of which he "became hono-
rary secretary. He edited the ' Journal ' of
the" society, and was afterwards vice-presi-
dent. In 1871 he was appointed by the board
of trade under the Metropolis Water Act to
be water examiner to the metropolis. He was
promoted to be lieutenant-colonel on 15 June
. 877 ? and retired from the military service
with the honorary rank of colonel on 1 July
1881. He was knighted in 1884.

Bolton interested himself in electrical
matters, and the beautiful displays of coloured j
fountains and electric lights which formed ,
prominent features of the exhibitions at i
South Kensington from 1883 to 1886 were
designed by him and worked from the central
tower under his personal superintendence.
Bolton died on 5 Jan. 1887 at the Royal
Bath Hotel, Bournemouth, Hampshire.

He was the author of * London Water
Supply,' 18S4, 8vo, of which a new and en-
larged" edition, with a short exposition of the
law relating to water companies jenerally,
by P. A. Scratchley, was published in 1888 ;
'Description of the Illuminated Fountain
and of the Water Pavilion/ 1884, 8vo, ori-
ginally delivered as a lecture at the Inter-
national Health Exhibition.

Bolton married in 1866 Julia, second
daughter of R. Mathews of Oatlands Park,
Surrey ; she survived him.

[War Office Records ; obituary notices in the
Times of 7 Jan. 1887, in the .Royal Engineers'
Journal of February 1887, and in the Annual
Register and other periodicals.] R. H. V.

BONAR, HORATIUS (1808-1889),
Scottish divine, second son of James Bonar,
second solicitor of excise, Edinburgh, was
born in Edinbur ;h on 19 Dec. 1808. Edu-
cated at the high school and the university
of Edinburgh, he had among* his fellow-
students Robert Murray McCheyne [c ._ v.]
and others, afterwards notable as evangelists.
Licensed as a preacher, he did mission work
in Leith for a time, and in November 1837
he settled at Kelso as minister of the new
North Church founded in connection with

Thomas Chalmers's scheme of church exten-
sion. He became exceedingly popular as a
preacher, and was soon well known through-
out Scotland. In his early years at Kelso he
anticipated the methods of" the evangelical
alliance by frequently arranging for eight
days or more of united prayer. He beg-an
the publication of parmhlets supplementary
to his ministerial work, and he gradually
produced evangelical books, such as * God's
Way of Peace ' and 'The Night of Weeping,'
the sale of the former almost immediately
disposing of two hundred and eighty-five
thousand copies, while of the latter an issue
of fifty-nine thousand was speedily ex-
hausted. For the advancement of his work
in his congregation and his Sunday-school
classes, he began in Leith the composition of
hymns, continuing the practice in Kelso and
afterwards. He ;*oined the free church in
1843. On 9 A-oril 1853 he received the hono-
rary degree o^ D.D. from Aberdeen Univer-
sity. He was appointed minister of Chalmers
Memorial Church, Edinburgh, on 7 June
1306. He was moderator of the general as-
sembly of the free church in May 1883. A
man of extraordinary energy and versatility,
Bonar was one of the last among notable
Edinburgh preachers to conduct services in
the open air, and this he frequently did on a
Sunday in, addition to the regular work for
his congregation. He died in Edinburgh on
31 July 1889.

Bonar married in 1843 Jane Katherine,
third daughter of Robert Lundie (d. 1832),
minister of Kelso. She sympathisedfully with
his work, and is herself said to have written
religious verse. She predeceased him, as did
also several members of his family. He was
survived by three daughters and a son, who
became a free church minister.

As a hymn- writer Bonar was able to con-
secrate a passing mood by giving it a tan-
gible expression in verse. His best hymns
are spontaneous, fluent, melodious, and devo-
tional. Occasionally they are genuine lyrical
poems, as e.g. 'When the weary seeking
rest ' and ' I heard the voice of Jesus say,'
which Bishop Eraser of Manchester thought
the best hymn in the language. His ' Hymns
of Faith and Hope ' were soon sold to the
number of 140,729 copies. The standard
value of his work is illustrated in the * Scot-
tish Hymnary* used in common by the
three Scottish presbyterian churches and
the- Irish presbyterians in which eighteen
of his hymns occur, along with devotional
lyrics drawn from all possible sources.
Early influenced by Edward Irving, who
delivered in Edinburgh three series of lec-
tures on the Apocalypse (1828-9-30), Bouar

Bonar

232

Bond

steadily adhered through life to the belief
in the Second Advent, urging his views in
' Prophetic Landmarks' (1847) and the
' Coming and Kingdom of our Lord Jesus
Christ ' (,1849), as well as in the 4 Journal of
Prophecy,' which he edited.

Bonar published numerous religious tracts
and sermons; edited 'Kelso Tracts,' many
of which he wrote ; and contributed to the
* Imperial Bible Dictionary' and Smith's
'Bible Dictionary.' He was for a time
editor of 'The Presbyterian Review/ 'The
Quarterly Journal of Prophecy,' 'The Chris-
tian Treasury,' and 'The Border "Watch.' He
selected devotional readings, which he fur-
nished in some cases with prefaces and notes.
His chief works were as follows: 1. *Son-s
for the Wilderness,' 1843-4, 2. ' The Bib. e
Hymn-Book/ 1845. 3. 'Hymns Original
and Selected/ 1846. 4. 'The Desert of
Sinai : Notes of a Journey from Cairo to
Beersheba/ 1857. 5. 'Hymns of Faith
and Hope' (translated into French), 3rd
ser. 1867-61-6. 6. ' The Land of Promise:
Jsotes of a Spring Journey from Beer-
sheba to Sidon/ 1858. 7. ' God's Way of
Peace, a Book for the Anxious ' (translated
into French, German, and Gaelic), 186:2.
8. 'Days and Nighrs in the East, or Illus-
trations of Bible Scenes/ 1866. 9. 'The
Bon, ; of the New Creation, and other Pieces/
1872. 10. 'My Old Letters' (a long auto-
biographical poem), 1877; 2nd edit. 1879.
11. 'Hymns of the Nativity, and other
Pieces/ 1879. 12. 'The White Fields of
France : an Account of Mr. M* All's Mission
totheWorkingMenof'Paris/1879. 13.' Com-
munion Hymns/ 1881.

JOHX JAMES BOITAB (1803-1891), elder
brother of Horatius Bonar, born at Edin-
burgh on 2o March 1803, was trained at
the high school and at the university of
Edinburgh, and licensed to preach on
25 Apri_ 1827. Ordained minister of St.
Andrew's, Greenock, on 20 Aug. 1835, he
joined the free church (1843), received the
degree of D.D. at Edinburgh on 20 April
1883, and celebrated his jubilee on 8 June
1885. A respected and popular preacher,
he prepared several religious handbooks, in-
cluding 'Books of the Bible/ 'Fourfold
Creation of Grod/ ' Mosaic Ritual/ and
Outline of Propheetic Truth. 1 He died at
Greenock on 7 July 1891.

AiroEEw ALEXANDER BOITAE (1810-1892),
the youngest of the three brothers, was born
at Edinburgh on 29 Aug.- 1810. Latin me-
dallist at high school and Edinburgh Univer-
sity, he was licensed as a preacher in 1835,
and, after some experience in Jedburgh and
St. George's, Edinburgh, he- was ordained

minister of Collace, Perthshire, in 1838. He
joined the free church in 1843, and on 4 Dec.
1856 he became free church minister of
Finnieston, Glasgow, holding the charge till
his death on 31 Dec. 1892. He travelled in
Palestine in 1839 with R. M. McCheyne,of
whom he published a very successful 'Me-
moir ' in 1843. Besides various other short
memoirs, pamphlets, and tracts, he wrote :
1. ' Narrative of a Mission to the Jews/ 1842.
2. ' Commentary on Leviticus/ 1845. 3. ' Christ
and His Church in the Book of Psalms/ 1859.
4. 'Palestine for the Young/ 1865. He edited
Samuel Rutherford's 'Letters/ 1862; 2nd
edit. 1891. He kept a shorthand diary con-
tinuously from 1828 to 1892, the record
closing within a few weeks of his death. Of
rather limited interest this was extended and
edited by his daughter, who published it as
'Andrew A. Bonar, D.D., Diary and Letters/
1894. It speedily reached its fifth thousand.

[Horatius Bonar, D.D. ; a Memorial (includ-
ing an autobiographical fragment); Scotsman,
1 Aug. 1889; Julian's Diet, of Hymnolngy;
John James Bonar, D,D. : a Jubilee Volume;
I)r. A. A. Bonar' s Diary -and Letters; Rfev.
A. A. Bonar, D.D., by Professor Fergus Fer-
guson, D.D.] T. B.

BOKD, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS
(1815-1898), principal librarian of the Bri-
tish Museum, son o:' John and Sophia Bond,
was born on 31 Dec. 1815 at Han well,
where his father, a clergyman, conducted a
large private school. He was admitted at
Merchant Taylors' school in Dec. 1830,
and in 1833 entered the record office as
an assistant. Placed under the immediate
direction of Sir Thomas DulTus Hardy and
the Rev. Joseph Hunter, he had the best
opportunities of making himself acquainted
with mediaeval handwriting in so far as this
is exemplified in the national records, and
was a thorough expert in this department at
the time of his transfer in 1838 to the British
Museum, where he speedily became an ac-
complished palaeographer. _Iis services were
warmly acknowledged by his chief, Sir Fre-
deric Madden [q. v.], before the Museum
commission of 1849, arid in 1850 he was
made Egerton librarian. On the sudden
death in 1854 of John Holmes [q. v.] he suc-
ceeded him as assistant keeper, and held this
post until his promotion to the keepership
upon the retirement of Sir Frederic Madden
in 1866. His position as assistant keeper
had been more prominent than usual, the
estrangement between Sir F. Madden and
the principal librarian, Sir Anthony Panizzi,
causing much official work to be performed
through him. His deportment in these deli-

Bond

233

Booth

cate circumstances was equally satisfactory
to both his superiors.

Upon assumin charge of the manuscript
department Bone proved himself a vigorous
reformer. From various causes the work of
the department was very greatly behind-
hand. Bond grappled vigorously with the
arrears, and before he quitted office all were
made up, and the hig-h standard of regularity
and efficiency established which has been
maintained ever since. He published cata-
logues of acquisitions up to date, caused
Anglo-Saxon and illuminated manuscripts to
be more satisfactorily described, and superin-
tended the compilation of a classified index
of the highest value. While thus steadily
pursuing a career of unostentatious service,
_ie and the public were surprised by his
sudden elevation to the principal librarian-
shio in August 1878, upon the resignation
of f ohn Winter Jones [q. v.], the post hav-
ing been most unexpectedly declined by Sir
Charles Thomas Newton [q. v,~|, to whom it
had been ottered almost as a matter of course.
Bond's name had hardly been mentioned in
connection with it, but no other officer of
the museum had equal claims, and he ac-
cepted it on the strong urgency of Sir A.
Panizzi.

As principal librarian Bond showed the
same vigour and reforming spirit that had
characterised his administration of the manu-
script department. He had not long held
office ere he instituted experiments for the
introduction of the electric light, which after
some disappointments were crowned with
success, and have greatly extended the use
of the museum by the public, besides con-
tributing to its security. By able negotia-
tions with the treasury he carried out a re-
form, which he had long advocated, by ob-
taining power to convert the huge and un-
wieldy manuscript catalogue of the printed
book department into a handy printed cata-
logue, and keep it up in print for the future.
Nothing was more remarkable in him than
his openness of mind, and a xeceptiveness of
new ideas most unusual in a veteran official.
A signal instance was his introduction of the
sliding pressj which by providing space for
the enormous accumulation of new books
without additional building, has saved a vast
sum of money to the nation. An ordinary
official would have hesitated for years; Bond
took the idea up in five minutes. The separa-
tion of the natural history museum from the
other departments was effected during his
term of office, and under him were erected
the new buildings of the White Wing, with
accommodation for manuscripts, newspapers,
prints, and drawings. Perhaps the most

important acquisition made during his prin-
cipal librarianship (1878-1888) was that of
the Stowe MSS., of the highest importance
; for English history. The remainder of the
Earl o: Ashburnham's collection would have
been acquired if the liberality of government
had risen to the occasion.

Apart from his work in the museum Bond's
most ^ distinguished service was his founda-
tion in 1873, in conjunction with his sue*
cessor, Sir E. Maunde Thompson, of the
Palseographical Society, whose publications
of facsimiles have contributed much to raise
^alfeography to the rank of an exact science*
lie also took a leading part in the controversy
respecting the date of the 'Utrecht Psalter/
and edited the ' Speeches in the Trial of
Warren Hastings' (4 vols. 1859-61) for go-
vernment, the ' ChronicaAbbatise de Melsa*
(1868) for the Rolls Series, and Giles
1'letcher's * Russe Commonwealth ' and Sir
Jerome Horsey's 'Travels in Russia'" for the
Hakluyt Society (printed in one volume as
'Russia at the close of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury/ 1856). He edited the valuable folio
6 Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the
British Museum 'in 1873, and in 1886 he
gave to the Chaucer Society ' Chaucer as
Page in the Household of the Countess of
Ulster 7 (printed in f Life Records of Chaucer,'
vol. iii.) After his retirement in 188S he
resided in Princes Square, Bayswater, where
he died on 2 Jan. 1898. The honour of
K.G.B. was conferred upon him only a few-
days before his death. Gladstone caused
him to be made a C.B. in 1885; he was an
honorary LL.D. of Cambridge, and received
the order of the crown of Italy. He mar-
ried, in 1847, Caroline Frances, eldest daugh-
ter of the Rev. Richard Harris Barbam,
author of the * Ingoldsby Legends,' and left
five daughters, all married.

[Times, 4 Jan. 1898 ; Robinson's Merchant
Taylors' School Register, n. 244 ; Men of the
Time, 14th edit.; Garnett's Essays in Biblio-
graphy ; personal knowledge.] R. <*.

BOOTH, MKS. CATHERINE (1829-
1890), * mother of the Salvation Army,* was
born at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, on 17 Jan.
1829. She was the only daughter of a
family of five. Her father, John Mumford,
was a coach-builder by profession, and in
the earlier years of life a Wesleyan lay
preacher. Her mother was a woman of
unusually strong and fervent religious feel-
ing ; she preferred to educate her daughter at,
home, except for two years from 18-41, and her
influence upon her was deep and permanent.
From early years Catherine was specially
sensitive to religious impressions. ID 1844,

Booth

234

Booth

when her parents removed to London, she
experienced what she considered her con-
version and joined the Wesleyan church in
Brixton. In 1848 numbers of members,
known as the Reformers, were excommuni-
cated by the Weslevan church, among them
Catherine Mumforc. She joined the He-
formers' chapel and worked hard in support
of the congregation and its work. In 1851
William Booth, also an excommunicated
Reformer, preached at this chapel and made
the acquaintance of Miss Mumford. In
1852 Booth accepted the position of pastor
to the Reformers at a salary of 50/. a year,
and in the same year became engaged to
Catherine Mumford, They were married on
16 June 1855, when Booth was appointed
by the annual conference of the new con-
nexion to carry on regularly a series of
itinerant missions or 'reviva_s.' "William
Bramwell Booth, the eldest son of his
parents, was born at Halifax in 1856, and
the second son, Ballington, at Brighouse,
Yorkshire, in 1857. In 1858 Booth began
a ministry at Gateshead, and there Mrs.
Booth for the first time took a share pub-
licly in her husband's work by leading off in
prayer at the conclusion of his sermon. Her
dau -liter Catherine, afterwards Mrs. Booth-
Cliboorn, was born at Gateshead in the same
year. It was during Mr. Booth's ministry
at Gateshead that many of the methods after-
wards characteristic of the Salvation Army
were inaugurated. Mrs. Booth in 1860
wrote a pamphlet asserting the right of
women to preach and teach, in answer to
an attack made by an independent minister,
the Rev. A. A. Rees, upon the practice. In
the spring of 1860 Mrs. Booth made her first
appearance in her husband's pulpit, and her
fame as a preacher at once began to grow.
In 1861 Mr. Booth resigned his position at
Gateshead in order that ae might give him-
seJf up to revivalistic work.

His wife everywhere accompanied him,
and by 1864 had brought hersel: to conduct
meetings single-handed whenever it seemed
advisable. A third son, Herbert, was born
in 1862 ; four more daughters made up the
family to eight. In 1865 the Booths came
to London, and the Salvation Army is gene-
rally held to have been founded by the for-
mation of the < Christian Revival Associa-
tion ' in the tent used for revivalistic ser-
vices in, the quaker burial-ground in White-
chapel. At this time Mrs. Booth began to
address meetings in the west end, in the
Polytechnic, and the Kensington assembly
rooms, and other places, and her power of
impressing the rieS proved as remarkable as
her influence over the masses. In 1867 she

conducted a mission at Margate with great
success, and in 1873 another, equally re-
markable in its results, at Portsmouth. In
1877 the term * Salvation Army' was adopted
and the military idea and discipline elabo-
rated in various directions. During the next
five years the movement made gigantic
progress, and became one of the largest reli-
gious organisations of the world, Mrs. Booth
gave her husband invaluable support while
the army was growin up, and devoted her-
self especially to all measures tending to
improve the position of women and children
in great cities. In 1885 she exerted herself
strenuously to secure the passing of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, writing let-
ters to the queen and to Mr. Gladstone, and
addressing many meetings in London and
the provinces. During the end of 1886 and
the whole of 1887, in a series of meetings
in Exeter Hall and the great towns of t ie
provinces, Mrs. Booth may be said to have
reached the height of her influence as a
speaker and revivalist. In her youth Mrs.
Booth was a sufferer from spinal weakness,
and continually during her arduous life she
was prostrated by severe illness. In 1875
she was in danger from an acute attack of
angina pectoris, and in 1888, after some
months of ;pam and depression, was pro-
nounced to "ae suffering from cancer. After
an illness endured with heroic courage she
died at Clacton-on-Sea on 4 Oct. 1890, Her
body ' lay in state' at the Congress Hall of
the Salvation Army, Clapton, and her funeral
at Olympia was attended by a gathering
supposed to number thirty-six thousand.

This account is the merest outline of a
series of evangelistic labours which rival the
efforts of Wesley and Moody. It was due
in the main to Mrs. Booth's genius and
capacity that the position and work of
women in the Salvation Army became ao
distinctive and original a feature of its
organisation. It is impossible yet to esti-
mate the full significance of the Salvation
Army as a religious movement and a reli-
gious sect, and only when, that estimate is
made can Mrs. Booth's service to her gene-
ration be understood. It may meanwhile
be noted that those special methods of the
army which might be criticised as irreve-
rent or sensational, heartily as they were
accepted by Mrs. Booth, were in her case
always kept wholesome and harmless by
her deeply earnest and spiritual tempera-
ment. Her passionate, reverent, and cour-
ageous faith was invaluable to her husband's
work, and a true cause of all that is best
and most permanent in the methods of the
Salvation Army*

Booth

235

Borton

Mrs. Booth wrote copiously in the publi- ,
cations of the Salvation Army. Among her

il& , ^~, ~, _. * Papers on Aggressi

Christianity,' 1881, Svo. 3. 'Papers on
Godliness,' 1882, Svo. 4. ' The Salvation
Army in relation to the Church and State,
and other Addresses,' 1883, Svo. 5. * Life and
Death. Reports of Addresses delivered in
London,' 1883, Svo. 6. ' Popular Chris-
tianity: a Series of Lectures delivered in
Princes Hall, Piccadilly/ 1887, Svo.

[The Life of Catherine Booth, the Mother of
the Salvation Army, by her son-in-law, F. d L.
Booth-Tucker, in two large volumes (1892),
jives a voluminous and detailed account of her
fife and labours. There is a useful short sketch
in Four Noble Women, by Jennie Chappell,
1898. A Life by Mr. W. T. Stead is announced.]

R. B.

BOOTH or BOTHE, WILLIAM (1390 ?-
1464), archbishop of York, born in Eecles
parish, Lancashire, probably about 1390, was
third or fourth son of John Booth of Barton
in that county, by his first wife, Joan, daugh-
ter of Sir Henry Trafford of Trafford. Law-
rence Booth [q. v." was his half-brother, and
from his brother Robert were descended the
barons Delamere. A third brother, John
(d. 1478), was dean of the collegiate church
of Manchester, archdeacon of Richmond,
chancellor of Cambridge in 1463, secretary
to Edward IV, and bishop of Exeter from
1465 until his death on 5 April 1478.

William is said to have studied common
law at Gray's Inn, and then, disliking that
pursuit, to have moved to Cambridge, pos-
sibly to Pembroke Hall, where his brother
Lawrence was educated. After being ordained
he was collated on 9 April 1416 to the pre-
bend of Oxton in Southwell colle ?iate church.
He became sub-dean of St. Paul's Cathedral
in or before 1420, and in 1421 he was ap-
pointed chancellor of the same cathedral;
he was also rector of Hackney and of Prescott
in Lancashire. On 18 Oct/1420 he was in-
stalled in the prebend of Dunholm in Lincoln
Cathedral, but resigned it in 1421, being on
28 May in that year made prebendary of
Cosumpta-per-Mare in St. Paul's. On 2 May
1429 he was made archdeacon of Middlesex,
and in 1434 he was collated to the prebend
of Lan ;ford Ecclesia in Lincoln Cathedral.
On 2 Nov. 1443 he received the prebend of
Chamberlainwood in St. Paul's Cathedral,
and on 26 April 1447 he was provided by
papal bull to the bishopric of Coventry and
ZAchfield, being consecrated on 9 July fol-
lowing.
Booth seems to have rendered himself un-

popular by taking part with the Lancastrian
ministers, Suffolk and Somerset ; and in 1450,
according to Gascoigne, there were hostile
demonstrations against him in his diocese.
On 20 Jan. 1450-1 he was one of the persons
named by the House of Commons as causes
of the recent disturbances, and they de-
manded his banishment from the kingdom.
No notice was taken of this request, and on
21 July 14o2 Booth was, through Somerset's
influence, translated to the archbishopric of
York ; he was enthroned on 4 Sept. Un-
like his brother Lawrence, he took little part
in politics ; but it appears to have been he,
anc. not Lawrence, who was chancellor to the
queen, Margaret of Anjou (Letters of Mar-
garet of Anjou, Camden Soc., pp. 153, 156 ;
GASCOIGNE, Loci e Libro Yeritatum, p. 40).
He acquiesced in Edward IV ? s accession
and assisted at his coronation. On 10 Aug.
1464 he was exempted from attendance at
parliament on account of his debility and
old age (Cal Patent Rolls, 1461-7, p.
341). He resided chiefly at Southwell
palace, where he made his will on 26 Aug.
and died on 12 Sept. 1464. He was buried
in the chapel of St. John Baptist in South-
well Minster, where an unpretentious monu-
ment was erected to his memory. His will,
proved on 24 Nov. 1464, is printed in ' Testa-
menta Eboracensia' (Surtees Soc. ii. 264-7),
William Worsley [q. v.] being one of the
witnesses. With Archbishop Kempe he
rebuilt Southwell Minster, and he left his
ring and crozier to York Cathedral, where
they are .still preserved. According to Gas-
coigne, whose testimony must be somewhat
discounted, Booth was * neither a good gram-
marian, nor knowing, nor reputed virtuous,
nor a graduate of either university ' (Loci e
Libro Yeritatum, p. 194).

[Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1461-7, passim; Rotuli
Parliamentorum ; Proe. Privy Council, ed.
Nicolas ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, passim ;
Hennessy's Novum Rep. EecU Londin.; Testa-
menta Eboracensia (Surtees Soc.), pts. _ii. and
iii. passim ; G-a^coigne's Loci e Libro Veritatum,
ed. Thorold Rogers, pp. 42, 47-8, 52, 194 ;
Letters of Margaret of Anjou (Camden Soc.)";
Baines's Lancashire, iii. 149, iv. 779 ; Burkes
Extinct Peerage ; Ramsay's Lancaster and York.]

BORTON, Sis APvTHUK (1814-1893),
general and governor of Malta, youn ;est son
of John Drew Borton, rector of Blofield,
Norfolk, and of his wife Louisa, daughter
of the Rev. Thomas Carthew of Woodbridge,
Suffolk, was born on 20 Jan. 1814 at Bio-
field. Educated at Eton, he received a com-
mission as ensign in the 9th, or East Norfolk,
regiment of foot on 13 July 1832 ; he became

Borton

236

Borton

lieutenant-colonel 10 June 1853, colonel Eyre on 18 June, and was mentioned in
28 Nov. 1854, major-general 1 Jan, 1868, despatches (London Gazette^ July 1855).
lieutenant-general 19 Oct. 1875, colonel For his services on this occasion he was pro-
of the 1st *jat,talion of the "West India regi- moted to be colonel in the army on 17 July,
ment 22 May 1876, general 4 Dee. 1877, and and made a companion of the order of the
was transferred to the colonelcy of the Nor- Bath, military division, on '27 July, At the
folk regiment 17 Oct. 1889. close of the war he received the British war
Borton joined his regiment in Ireland, medal with one clasp, the Turkish medal,
and accompanied it to the Mauritius in 1833, the Turkish order of the Medjidio, 3rd class,
and on to "ndia in 1835. He came home in and the French Lejioii of Honour, 5th class.
1838 to study in the senior department of He was also awarded a good service pension,
the .Royal Military College, and obtained a From the Crimea Borton took his regi-
certificate in November 1839. After his ment to Canada in 1856, and brought "it
return to India he served with his regiment home in November of the following year,
in the campaign in Afghanistan under when he was stationed at Shornclifte. Ou

_,. . ~ rt*, 1 T.V IT 1*r 1.-1 "I TIT 1. T M/tf? 1. .. j. . .1 . _ 1

Major-general (afterwards" Field Marshal
Sir) George Pollock [q. y." in 1842; he

1 March 1865 he was appointed a colonel ou
the staff to command the troops at Colchester.

took part"in forcing tlie Kaaibar pass on On 1 April I860 he was given the command
5 April, when the 9th foot was broken into of the infantry brigade at the Ourragh, Ire-
detachments which had the honour of lead- land, with the rank of brigadier-general,
*' columns of attack; he was also until his promotion to be major-general ou

. in the victory over Muhammad 1 Jan, 18(58.

, ,-,.. m.. : --. ,,. Tj-^ On 9 Sept 1870 he was ap p i nte( i to tlie

ing the columns of attack; he was also
engaged in the victory over Muhammad
Akbar Khan at theTezin pass and the Haft
Kotal on 13 Sept., when Borton, at the head
of a party of the 9th foot, made a gallant
charge. After the arrival of the force at
Kabul on 15 Sept. he accompanied the
column under Major-general John McCaskill
into Kohistan, and took part in the assault
and capture of the strongly fortified town
of Jstalif on 29 Sept. Borton returned to
India in October with his regiment, which
formed part of the rearguard, and experienced
some fighting in the passes. He received the
medal for the campaign.

'He served with, his regiment in the fifth
brigade of the third infantry division in
the Satlaj campaign of 1845-6, and was
present at the battle of Mudki on 18 Dec.
_845, and at the battle of Firozshah on
21 and 22 Dec. In this battle he succeeded
to the command of- his regiment when
Lieutenant-colonel A. B. Taylor was killed,
and was himself very severely wounded in
the right elbow, and never recovered the
complete use of his arm. For his services

command of the Maisur division of the Madras
army, which he held ibr live years. He was
promoted to be, knight commander of the order
of the Bath, military division, on 2 June 1877,
and on 13 May of the following 1 year was ap-
pointed governor and commarider-in-chief at
'. lalta. He was made a knight grand cross
of the order of St. Michael and St. George
on 28 May 1880, and on relinquishing t ,ie
government of Malta was promoted G.G.B.,
24 May 1884. Borton diecT, on 7 Sept. 1893,
at his residence, -105 Eaton Place, London,
and was buried on 9 Sept, at Hunton, near
Maidstone, Kent, He married, on 9 April
1850, at Drumbanagher, co. Armagh, Caro-
line Mary Georgma (who survived him),
daughter of the Ilev. John Forbes Close,
rector of Morne, co. Down, and of his first
wife, Mary Sophia Brownlow, sister of the
first Lord Lurgan. He left two sons :

(1) Arthur Close, lieutenant-colonel 13th
Somerset (Prince Albert's) light infantry;

(2) Charles Edward, major 9th Norfolk regi-

in this campaign he received the medal and ment,, who served in the Afghan war of
clasp, the Vevet of major, and a pension 1879-80.

for his wound.

The 9th foot returned home in 1847, and
Borton did duty with the regiment at Win-
chester till the end of 1848, and durin" the
next six years at various 1 stations in Ire and,
succeeding to the command on 10 June
185$. He embarked with the regiment for
Malta on 18 Feb. 1854, and went on with
it to the Crimea on ID Nov., where he com-
manded it at the siege of Sebastopol from
27 Nov. to the end of the war with Russia.
He led the regiment in the assault on the

A fine portrait in oils of Sir Arthur
Borton by Herman Herkomer of William
Street, London, is in possession of Lady
Borton at 105 Eaton Place, and a copy in
smaller size by Miss Herkomer was pre-
sented by, Lady Borton to the dep6t of the
Norfolk regiment at Norwich.

[Despatches ; obituary notices in Times,
8 Sept. 1893> and Admiralty and Horse Guards'
Gazette, 9 and 16 Sept. 1893, with portrait;
Cannon's Hist. Records of the Ninth or East Nor-

--- folk Regiment of Foot ; Gough's The Sikhs and

Jtedan by the column under Major-general the Sikh Wars; private sources.] B. H. V.

Boucicault

237

Boucicault

BOTTOIOATJLT, DION (1820 P-1890),
originally called BOUBCICATJXT, actor and
dramatist, was born in Dublin on 26 Dec.
1SJO (or by other accounts on 20 Dec.
1822). His guardian in youth was Dionysius
Lardner, who showed "almost parental in-
terest in him. He was educated partly in
Dublin and partly at Thomas "Wright Hill's
school at Bruce Castle, Tottenham, and at
the London University under his guardian,
Dr. Lardner. On 4 March 1841, under the
pseudonym of l Lee Morton/ he produced at
Covent Garden * London Assurance,' a five-
act piece, which, supported by Charles
Mathews (Dazzle), "W. Farren, James Ander-
son, Mrs. Nesbitt (Lady Gay Spanker), and
Madame Vestris (Grace Harkaway), was a
triumph, remains to this day one of the best
of acting plays of its period, and is a re-
markable work for so young a man. In Fe-
bruary 1842 he gave to the same theatre,
under his own name, ' The Irish Heiress,'
and on 19 Sept. to the Haymarket 'Alma
Mater, or a Cure for Coquettes.' * Woman J
followed at Covent Garden, 2 Oct. 1843,
and at the Haymarket, 18 Nov. 1844, 'Old
Heads and Young Hearts.' Other pieces,
written alone or in conjunction with Ben-
jamin Webster [q. v.], were ' A Lover by
Proxy, * Curiosities of Literature,' 'Used
Up/ 'The Fox and the Goose/ and Cffisar
de Bazan,' a translation of ' Don Cesar de
Bazan/ ' A School for Scheming,' ' Confi-
dence/ 'The Knight of Arva' and 'The
Broken Vow' (' L'Abbaye de Castro '), 'The
"Willow Copse/ and ' The Queen of Spades'
(<La Dame de Pique'). On 14 June 1852
Boucicault made at the Princess's, as the
Yampire in his own adaptation of the piece
so named, his first appearance as an actor.
To the Princess's he gave 'The Corsican
Brothers/ 'Louis SI/ and 'Faust and
Marguerite/ and to the Adelphi ' Prima
Donna/ ' Janet Pride/ * Genevieve/ and other
skilful adaptations. He married, in January
1853, Miss Agnes Robertson, with whom he
played in New York, returning occasionally
to superintend the -production of pieces at
Drury Lane or the Adelphi. With his wife
he began at the Adebhi, 16 Sept. 1860, an
engagement, playing ' lyles-na-Coppaleen to
the Eily O'Connor of Mrs. Boucicault in
his best-known drama, 'The Colleen Bawn/
based to some extent upon Gerald Griffin's
Irish story, ' The Collegians/ This piece was
remarkably successful, being played 360
nights. 'The Octoroon/ in which he was
Salem Scudder, followed on 18 Nov. 1861,
' The Dublin Boy ' (' Le Gamin de Paris ') was
seen 10 Feb. 1862, and 'The Life of an Ac-
tress ' 1 March. ' Dot J (' The Cricket on the

Hearth J ) was given at the Adelphi, 14 April
1862, and at Drury Lane, of which he-became
temporarily manager, ' The Relief of Luck-
now.' As" manager of Astlev's he gave,
21 Jan. 1863, 'The Trial of Effie Deans/
In 1864 the St. James's saw his ' Fox Chase/
and the Princess's * The Streets of London/
' Arrah-na-Pogue/ first seen in Dublin,
perhaps his greatest success, was given, at
the Princess's 22 March 1865, and was
translated into and acted in French and
other languages. The author took the part
of Shaun, the Post. ' The Parish Clerk/
written for Joseph Jefferson, was given in
Manchester, * The Long Strike ' at the Ly-
ceum, 'The Flying Scud' for the opening of
the Holborn, ' Hunted Down ' at the St.
James's, * After Dark 1 (186S) and 'Pre-
sumptive Evidence' at the Princess's, and
' Formosa ' at Drury Lane. In 1870 he jave
to the Princess's * Paul Lafarge/ ' A Dark
Night's Work/ and 'The Rapparee/ and to
the Holborn 'Jezebel/ Arter revisiting
America, he appeared at the Gaiety on 4 May
in 'Night anc Morning/ and was Dennis
Brulgruddery in an alteration of ' John Bull/
'Lee Astray"' followed in 1874, and at Drury
Lane in 1875 * The Shaughraun/ In 1876
he retired to America, where, after repu-
diating his wife and making other so-called
nuptial airanjements, casting on his children
an unmerited stigma, he died 18 Sept. 1890.
Two sons of Boucicault and two daughters
are, or have been, on the staje. One daugh-
ter married John Clayton (1843-1889) fq. v.
Suppl.] Mr. Dion "Boucieault, jun., was
concerned with the management of the Court
Theatre, and is at present at the Criterion.^
His name appears to a few plays in addi-
tion to those mentioned ; he was responsible
for 'Babil and Bijou/ given at Covent Gar-
den 29 Aug. 1872, a fairy extravaganza,
which may claim to have been the most
scandalously costly spectacle ever put on the
English stage. On 2 Aug. 1880 he gave to
the Haymarket ' A Bridal Tour/ an altera-
tion of 'Marriage/ played in the United
States. To the same year belong ' Forbid-
den Fruit ' and ' The O'Dowd/ In 1881 he
produced ' Mimi/ and in 1886 ' The Jilt/ in
which he was last seen in London.

Boucicault was an excellent actor, espe-
cially in pathos. His Irish heroes he ren-
dered very touchingly, and his Kerry in
'Night and Morning '"('La Joie fait Peur ')
might stand comparison with the Noel of
M. Regnier of the original. His dramas show
little originality, being almost without ex-
ception built on some work, play, or romance
previously existing. They are often models
of construction, and the characterisation is

Bowen

238

Bowen

not seldom effective. They have never been Arnold historical prize.^ He graduated B.A.

collected. Many of them are included in the in 1857, M.A. in 1872, and was created

acting national drarna of Webster, and the D.C.L. on 13 June 1883. During his under-

collections of Lacy, French, and Dicks, graduate life Bowen became, and remained

Boucicault's brilliant literary and histrionic to the end of his life, the intimate friend

qualities were not supported by any very and warm admirer of Benjamin Jowett[q. v.

rigorous moral code. lie was for, a time a Suppl.], subsequently master of Balliol, upon

strong advocate of Irish home rule. whose proposal in 1885 the college paid

[Personal knowledge; Pascoe's Dramatic Bowen the highest compliment in its power

List- Scott and Howard's Blanchard; Cook's by electing him as its visitor.

Nights at the Play; Cole's Life of Charles In April 1858 Bowen entered as a student

Kean; Era; Era Almanack; Athenaeum, -* T *'-' T //^-P w i,:i, i, i-^*.j
27 ept. 1&90; Sunday Times, various years ;
Men of the Time, 12th edit.] J. K.

BO WEST, CHARLES SYNGE CHRIS-
TOPHER, Bmoff BOWEN (1835-1894),

judge, born at Woolaston on 1 Jan. 1835, was quent contributor to the ' Saturday Review/

eldest son of Christopher Bowen, a member then edited by John Douglas Cook [q.v.], but

of a co. Mayo family who was successively terminated his connection with it in the

curate of Woolaston, near Cliepstow, and of latter year because of his disagreement with

Bath Abbey church, penetual curate of St. the view taken by its conductors of the or-
"" ' " Soutawark, and rector

at Lincoln's Inn (of which he was elected
a bencher in 1879), and in the same year,
upon leaving Oxford, became a pupil in the
chambers o;' Mr. Christie, an eminent con-
veyancer. From 1859 to 1861 he was a fre-

Mary Magdalene,

of St. Thomas's, Winchester. His mother
was daughter of Sir Richard Steele, 4th
dragoon guards, and her mother was of
mixed Austrian and Irish descent. The
son Charles from 1845 to 1847 was at
school at Lille, and from 1847 at the pro-
prietary school at Blackheath. At the
age of fifteen, when he went to Rugby, he
had greatly impressed his masters with his
proficiency as a scholar. At Rugby he was
in the school house under Edward Meyrick

thodoxy of Dr, A. P. Stanley (subsequently
dean of Westminster), and of his friend
Jowett. The editorship of a proposed rival
journal was offered to and declined by
dim.

On 26 Jan. 1861 Bowen was called to the
bar, and in the following October joined the
western circuit, and records having had t ten
little briefs ' when he went sessions for the
first time. He continued to work success-
fully at his profession until 1865, when his
health failed seriously. lie spent the winter
of that year and the spring of 1867 abroad,
suffering much from fever and nervous pro-

Goulburn [q.v. Suppl.],his tutors being first
Mr, Cotton (afterwards bishop of Calcutta),

and subsequently Mr. Bradley (now dean strationT From this time his health was always

of Westminster). As a schoolboy he was precarious, and his -physical strength was

most remarkable for his combination of probably never equal to the strain put upon

scholastic and athletic distinction. He it by his unremitting industry. After the

always occupied the highest place in the general election of 1868 he was appointed

school open to a boy of his age and standing, a member of the Totnes election commission,

In November 1853 he was elected a scholar but upon the discovery that his standing at

of Balliol, and at Rugby in July 1854 ob-
tained the first exhibition (facile princeps),
the queen's medal for modern history, and

the bar did not qualify him for that oiiice
the appointment was cancelled and that of
secretary to the commission substituted for

the prize for a Latin essay. He was a dis- it. In 1869 he was made a revising barrister,

tinguished member of foe cricket eleven, In 1871-4 he was employed as junior coun-

and is ^said to have been the best football selin the 'Tichborne Case,' appearing against

player in the school. He also obtained the the ' Claimant ' both in the trial at nisi priua

cup given at the athletic sports to the boy 1 -- J? ---^----- T__-H __.i _ ^ ._.:

who had been successful in the greatest
number of competitions. His brother wrote
of him, * He is the only person I ever knew
to jump a cow as it stood.' He went into

before Chief-justice Bovill, and in the crimi-
nal trial * at bar ' before Lord-chief-] ust ice
Cockburn and Justices Mellor and Lush [see
Suppl. OBTON, ABTHUE]. In the former of
these trials he was brought into close con-
residence at Balliol in 1854, and won the nection with Sir John Duke (afterwards
Hertford scholarship in 1855, and the Ire- Lord) Coleridge [q. v. Suppl.], who led for
land in 1857. In the latter year, while yet the defendants, and the two men formed an
an undergraduate, he was elected a fellow affectionate intimacy which lasted through-
of BallioL In 1858 he obtained a first class out their lives. It is said that it was Bowen
in f greats/ and was president of the union who invented in consultation the phrase,
in the same year ; and in 1859 lie won the 'Would you be surprised to hear that ? '

Bowen

239

Bowen

with which Coleridge began a very large pro-
portion of the questions addressed in cross-
examination to the * Claimant.' The expres-
sion became a popular catchword, and was
remembered for many years, though not in
the least understood by the public, who were
amused simply by its wearisome reiteration.
The object with which it was devised was
to abstain from giving in the form of the
question the least hint as to whether it
would be correctly answered in the affirma-
tive or in the negative. During the progress
of this case in 1875 Bowen was appointed by
Coleridge, who was then attorney-general,
junior counsel to the treasury in succession
to Mr. Justice Sir Thomas Dickson Archi-
bald [q.v. Suppl.] While he held this labo-
rious'om'ce his reputation for learning and
ingenuity was extremely hi^h, and he had,
besides his official work, a large and lucra-
tive private practice. =In May 1879 he was
appointed by Lord Cairns a judge of the
queen's bench division, and was knighted,
and in 1882 he was made a judge of the
court of appeal. In 1893 he was appointed
a lord of appeal in ordinary, receiving at
the same time a life-peerage, and in the same
year he presided over a departmental com-
mittee 0- the home office, which inquired
into the circumstances of a riot at Feather-
stone, and reported correctly upon the state
of the law with which the public had be-
come unfamiliar relating to the suppression
of riots by force. In the following spring
Bowen's health, which had for some time
been such as to cause uneasiness, failed en-
tirely, and he died on 10 April 1894.

Bowen married, in 1862, Emily Frances,
eldest daughter of James Meadows Kendel
[q. v.J By her he had three children the
Kev. William Edward Bowen (b. 1862),
Maxwell Steele Bowen (b. 1865), and Ethel,
who married Josiah Wedgwood, esq. Lady
Bowen survived her husband and died on
25 March 1897. A marble tablet, bearing an
inscription by Mr. Justice Denman, was
erected to his memory by his fellow-benchers
of Lincoln's Inn in their chapel.

Without havin j that commanding force
of character which procures for some men
recognition as among the greatest judges of
their day, Bowen. was conspicuous amon-;
his contemporaries for the subtlety anc.
. rapidity of his perceptions, for his almost
excessive power of refined distinction, and
for the elegant precision of his language.
It was generally felt that his success as a
judge of first instance, especially when try-
ing cases with a jur, was not commen-
surate with his reputation as a man of very
high ability and great mental distinction.

He could not consider questions of fact from
the sort of point of view which might be
expected to be taken by juries, and his sum-
ming up of evidence had consequently less
influence upon their verdicts than those of
some of his brethren. In the court of appeal
his work suited him better. The master of
the rolls, William Baliol Brett, lord Esher
[q.v. Suppl.], in whose court he had usually
sat before his promotion to the House of
Lords, said of him from the bench, upon
the announcement of his death, t His know-
ledge was so complete that it is almost be-
yond my powers of expression. His rea-
soning was so extremely accurate and so
beautifully fine that what he said sometimes
escaped my mind, which is not so finely
edged.' This tribute, uttered in a moment
of emotion by a generous and warm-hearted
critic, is probably equivalent to the opinion
that Bowen's strength lay rather in his re-
markable intellectual agility and grace than
in the faculty of firmly expounding the great
principles of law, and lucidly tracing them
to their logical application in particular
circumstances.

In private life Bowen was remarkable for
the vivacity of his wit, for the charm of his
manner described by his biographer as
1 almost deferential urbanity ' and a pro-
found reserve which made it doubtful
whether any one knew him with real inti-
macy. He was the author of many apt
and ^much-quoted sayings, of which perhaps
the most famous is his suggested amend-
ment of a proposed address by the judges to
the sovereign upon the opening of the royal
courts of justice. The craftsman had used
the expression, i Conscious as we are of our
own infirmities,* and objection was taken
that the phrase was unduly humble. Bowen
suggested, by way of pleasing both parties,
' Conscious as we are of one another's in-
firmities.' In person he was well-propor-
tioned and of middle size ; his features were
regular, and his eyes of remarkable beauty.
To the end of his life, in spite of ill-health,
he preserved ^reat juvenility of appearance.
At the time of his appointment to the bench,
in his forty-fifth year, his aspect was almost
boyish.

In 1868 he published a pamphlet in favour
of submitting to arbitration the whole of the
differences between ourselves and the United
States arisin ; out of the American civil
war. In 18S7 he published a translation
iuto English verse of the Eclogues, and the
first six books of the JSneid, of Virgil. The
metre he selected was the shortened rhym-
ing hexameter, and he handled it with re-
markable skill.

Bowen

240

Bowen

[Lord Bovreu, a Biographical Sketch, by Sir
Henry Stewart Cunningham, JLC.I.E., printed
for private circulation 1896, published 1897 J
Campbell and Abbott's Life and Letters of
Jowett ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, and
Men at the Bar; Lincoln's Inn Kecords, 1896 ;
B arke's Peerage, 1894; personal recollections.]

H. S-N.

BOWEN, SIR GEOUGE FERGUSON
(1821-1899), colonial governor, born in Ire-
land on 2 ]NOY, 1821, was the eldest son of
Edward Bowen, afterwards rector of Taugh-
boyne, co. Donegal. He was educated at
Charterhouse, and obtained a scholarship
at Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating
on 16 June 1840, and graduated B.A.
in 1844. In that year he was elected a
fellow of Brasenose College, and in 1847 he
graduated M.A. While at Oxford he was
twice president of the Union. On 27 May
1844 he entered Lincoln's Inn as a student.
In 1847 he was appointed president of the
university of Corfu, a post which he held for
four years. He acquired a reputation by his
'Ithaca in 1850' ^Corcyra, 1850, 8vo), which
reached a third edition in 1854 (London,
8vo), and was translated into Greek in 1859,
and which Gladstone and other Homeric
scholars have regarded as establishing the
identity of that island with the island of
Odysseus. In 1852 he added to his fame by
his ' Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus : a
Diary of a Journey from Constantinople to
Corfu' (London, 8vo). In 1848 he witnessed
the desperate fighting at Vienna and its cap-
ture by the imperial troops, and in 18-9
journeyed across Hungary before the close of
the civil war. He conveyed a letter, at
some risk, from the refugees at Widin to
Sir Stratford Canning (afterwards Viscount
Stratford de Redclifce) [q. v.], the English
ambassador at Constantinople, and thus
prevented the fugitives being handed over
*3y the Turkish government.

In 1854 Bowen was appointed chief se-
cretary of government in the Ionian Islands.
The desire of the natives for incorporation
with the Greek kingdom, was then under' the
consideration of tue English government,
and Gladstone was sent out in 1858 as lord
high commissioner extraordinary to inquire
into the question. Bowen advocated the
surrender of the southern islands to Greece,
and the incorporation of the important stra-
tegic position of Corfu with the British
dominions. Although his suggestion was
not adopted, the 'fact that the population of
Corfu and Paxo was rather Italian than
Hellenic was a strong argument in its favour

ifft ir nTn W ^f cre r ated CALa -> aild
in 1856 1LO.M.G. On 3 June 1859 lie was

appointed first governor of Queensland on
the recommoncuition of the secretary of
state, Sir Kdward Bulwer Lytton. The
colony, on the petition of its inhabitants
had just been severed from its dependence on
New South Wales. lie landed at JMoreton
Bay^ o,n 1 .Dec. 18f>9. The first three months
of his administration wero devoted to organis-
ing the departments of the new government
and he then set out on a tour into the in-
terior. He had an observant eye for natural
beauties, and a quick discernment of social or
political questions in 'their oarly stages, to-
gether ^vith a ready perception of historical
analogies. The vast yheep-runs appeared to
him exactly the fyxi/^t fy)V y of Tomer, the
Darling Downs reminded him of Horace's
'Larissas campus opimsu,' and the squatter
question soumcd a revival of the strife
between the patricians and plebeians for
the (tf/cr publJGWt. Universal suffrage and
vote by ballot he considered to be really con-
servative measures in the colonv of Queens-
land. On his return he urgu the home
government to assist in the establishment of
a disciplined volunteer force, both to defend
the colony from foreign attack and to preserve
internal tranquillity with the native popu-
lation. A corps entitled 'the Queensland
Mounted Rifles' was enrolled in 1860 at
Brisbane, as well as several companies of in-
fantry. Bowen encouraged the exploration
of northern and inland Queensland, in which
William Landsbo rough [q. v.], George El-
phinstone Dalrvmple, and others took part,
while he himse.f accompanied an expedition
which le.d to the formation of a coaling
station and settlement at Cape York. On
16 April I860 he was nominated G.C.M.G.,
and in I860, on account of his services, his
term of office was prolonged from six to
eight years. In the same year, however, the
monetary crisis in England affected Queens-,
land. Tfhe failure of the Agra and Master-
man's bank brought serious trouble on the
colony, and the ministry proposed to meet it
by issuing an inconvertible paper currency.
Bowen refused to sanction the proposal,
and endured in consequence considerable
unpopularity for a short time. He was,
however, supported ^ by the more influential
part of the community, aad outlived popular
resentment.

Towards the close of 1867 Bowen was
promoted, in succession to Sir George Grey
_c v v. Suppl.] to the difficult government
o: New Zealand. The second Maori war
had lasted for eight years, and although the
Maoris were -unbroken, the home government
had withdrawn almost all the regular troops.
Bowen assumed office on 9 Fe'j. 1868. 3y

Bowen

241

Bowen

firmness and justice as well as conciliatory
efforts lie reconciled the natives to British
rule. He met the chiefs in conference, made
oiScial tours through both islands, and re-
ceived addresses and gave answers in patri-
archal style. In May he visited the Waikato
district, in the centre of the North Island, a
frontier district where English and Maori
possessions were intermingled. He was
struck by the parallel between the social
condition of the Maori highlands and that of
the Scottish highlands in the first part of
the eighteenth century. He pursued a policy
of conciliation, endeavouring to -Dromote good
i'eeling between the Maoris ana the settlers.
In October the ;peace was broken by dan-
gerous and simultaneous outbreaks on the
west coast of the North Island under Tito-
kowaru, and on the east coast under Te
Kooti. The tribes, formerly friendly, at first
showed an ominous coolness, but by a per-
sonal visit to Wanganui, where they were
assembled, Bowen prevailed on them to
espouse the English cause. This was the
turning point in the contest, and the ten
years' struggle was brought to an end in
1870. The land question had been a great
source of trouble, and there had been large
confiscations of the estates of natives in
punishment of rebellion. Bowen approached
the question in an equitable spirit, and by a
considerable measure of restitution mitigated
the force of native resentment. In 1872, in
reward for his ability and success, he was
promoted governor of Victoria.

_The difficulties which he met with in
Victoria were of a parliamentary character,
occasioned by the differences between the
assembly and the legislative council, which
was elected for life and was therefore more
independent than a nominated second cham-
ber. The principal incident of his term of
office was a dispute on the subject of payment
of members. An item was included by the
assembly in the general appropriation bill
for providing * for the reimbursement of the
expenses of the members of the council and
assembly,' and in consequence the council in
December 1877 rejected the entire bill, being
precluded "by the constitution from amending
it. Bowen felt that the question was purely
colonial and preserved strict impartiality, de-
voting himself to reducing the expenditure of
the executive to meet the failure of supplies.
In April 1878 the matter was compromised
by the item relating to the expenses of
members being passed as a separate bill.
Bowen was afterwards assailed for the
measures he took to meet the threatened
financial deficiency, but he successfully
vindicated his conduct by pointing out that

VOL. I. SUP.

the question was a colonial one and that he
had acted in accordance with the advice of
the ministry in office.

During his governorship he paid a visit to
Europe and America, and received the
honorary degree of D.C.L. from the uni-
versity of Oxford on 9 June 1875. On the
expiry of his term of office, on 31 March
1879, he was appointed to the crown colony
of _ Mauritius, waere he landed on 4 April.
His sojourn there was uneventful, his prin-
cipal task being to put into successful opera-
tion the comprehensive labour code projected
by his immediate predecessor. Sir Arthur
Purves Phayre [q. v.] On 28 Dec. 1882 he
was appointed to Hongkong*. In two years
he reconstructed the colonial legislature and
established friendly relations with neigh-
bouring powers in the course of visits to
them and Japan. His tenure of office in-
cluded the period of the Franco-Chinese war
of 1884-5, which called for great vigilance
and tact from the British governor. In 1885
ill-health compelled him to return to Europe,
and on his way home he visited India and
was the guest of his Oxford friend, Lord Duf-
ferin. In 1887 he retired from office. On
26 Nov. 1886 lie was nominated a privy
councillor, and in the same year received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Cam-
brid -e University. His long experience
rendered him a special authority on colonial
questions, and in December 1887 he was
appointed chief of a royal commission sent
to Malta to report on the arrangements con-
nected with tae new constitution granted
to that island. All his recommendations
were adopted, and he received the thanks of
government. Bowen died at Brighton on
21 Feb. 1899, and was buried at Kensal
Green cemetery on 25 Feb. He was twice
married first, in 1856, to Diamantina,
Countess Roma, daughter of Candiano,
Count Roma, president of the Ionian senate.
She died on 17 Nov. 1893, and he married,
secondly, on 17 Oct. 1896, at the church of
Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, Florence, dan --li-
ter of Thomas Luby [q. v.l, and the widow
of Henry White. By his "first wife he had
a son, George William, and four daughters.

Besides the works already mentioned
Bowen, who was elected a member of the
Royal Geographical Society in 1844, and
served on the council from 1889 to 1892,
was the author of Murray's ' Handbook for
Greece " (1854), and of a paper read before
the Royal Colonial Institute on * The Federa-
tion of the British Empire,' London, 1886,
8vo ; 2nd edit. 1889. A selection from his
despatches and letters was edited by Mr,
Stanley Lane-Poole in 1889, entitled 'Thirty

K

Bowman

242

Bowman

Bowman became the leading ophthalmic
in London after the deato. of John

Years of Colonial Government,' London,

[Tmrty Years of Colonial Government, 1889 Daiymple (1804-1852) \a. v.], and "for tms

(with portrait) ; Times, 22 Feb. 1899; Geographi- position he was eminently fitted both by his

cal Journal, 1899, iii. 438-9; llusden's Hist, of knowledge and by his manual dexterity.

tfew Zealand, 1883, ii. 446-519; Eseott's Pillars The ophthalmoscope was devised by Helm-

of the Empire, 1879, p^. 1-7; Adderley's Be- holta in 1851, and Bowman was amon -the

view of the Colonial Pol'icy of Lord J. Russell's ii r8 t to become expert in its use. In 18o7 he

Administration, 1869, i. 123-4; Foster's Alumni employed and advocated strongly von Graefe's

Oxon. 1715-1886.] E. I. 0. treatment of glaucoma by iridectomy, and

BOWMAN, SIE WILLIAM (1816- he was busy during the years 1864 and

1892), o-ohthalmic surgeon, third son of 1865 with new methods of treating cases of

John Edcowes Bowman, a banker and fellow detached retina and cataract. He suggested

of the Linnaean Society, and Elizabeth, improvoments in the treatment of epiphora,

daughter of William Eddowes of Shrews- and the probes used in this affection still

bury was born at Nantwich on 20 July bear his name. In 1880 he was elected the

" - *.'"_.., i g ra ^ p reB ia en f; O f the Ophthalmological

Society of the United Kingdom, a post he

1816. He was educated at Hazelwood
school, near Birmingham, then kept by
Thomas Wright Hill, father of Sir Rowland
Hill. He left school about the age of sixteen,

retained for three years. I. is services were
so highly valued tiat the society has since

and was apprenticed to Joseph Hodgson, established an annual oration in his honour

surgeon to the General Hospital, Birming- called the ' Bowman Lecture.' In 1884 he

ham, and in 1837 he came to London and was created a baronet,

joined the medical department of King's Bowman took a wide interest in the wel-
College, Here he served the office of

served

-Dhysiological prosector, and after a visit in
_838 to the hospitals of Holland, Germany,
Vienna, and Paris, he was admitted a mem-
ber of the Royal College of Surgeons of
England on 10 J une 183 . In , the following
October he was appointed junior demonstra-
tor of anatomy and curator of the museum

fare of his hospital patients, and in con-
junction with Robert Bentley Todd (1809-
1860) [c . v.] and others he established the St.
John's House and Sisterhood, an institution
which provided trained nurses for the sick
and poor. A few years later he was able to
aid Miss Nightingale by sending put trained
nurses to the East during the Crimean war,

at King's College, and in 1840 he was elected and he remained a member of the Nightingale
assistant surgeon to Kin -'s College Hospital, fund until his death,
being more particularly associated with Bowman's work divides itself sharply
Richard Partridge [q. v.] He became full into two periods one of pure scientific
surgeon to the hospital in 1856, and though investigation, the other concerned with the
the claims of private practice soon compelled practice of ophthalmic surgery. ^ His scien-
him to resign this office he maintained his tific and literary work was chiefly carried
interest in the institution until he died, out between the years 1839-4^, and included
Elected professor of physiology and of his original investigations on * The Structure
general and morbid anatomy at King's Col- of Striated Muscle,' read before the Royal
_ege in 1848, he became an honorary fellow Society in 1840-1 ; on ' The Structure of
in 1855 and a member of the council in the Mucous Membrane of the Alimentary
1879. In 1846 he was appointed assistant Canal/ which appeared in Dr. Robert Bent-
surgeon to the Royal London Cbhthalmic ley Todd's illustrated ' Cyclopedia of Ana-
Hospital, Moorfields, becoming full surgeon tomy and Physiology ; ' and on * The Struc-
in 1851, and retiring under an age limit in ture of the ICiclney/ which was read before
1876. the Royal Society in June 1842. In 1839

He was elected a fellow of the Royal he was associated with Todd in the jroduc-
Society of London in 1841, and in the fol- tion of his cyclopedia (1836-59, 5 vols.) He
lowing year he was awarded the royal medal also co-operatec with Todd in producing
of the society in recognition of ais work * Anatomy and Physiology of Xfan/ the
tipon the minute anatomy of the liver, and first physiological work in which histology
he afterwards served upon the council and was given a place (1843-50). Both works
as one of the vice-presidents. He was contain numerous illustrations by Bowman,
elected a fellow of the Royal College of whose drawings were made directly upon the
Surgeons of England on 26 Aug. 1844, and block without the intervention of an artist,
in -867 the degree of M.D. honoris causa The first important communication made
was conferred upon him by the university by Bowman in connection with ophthalmic
of Dublin. surgery was a paper which has since become

Bowman

243

Boycott

classical. It was read before the British
Association for the Advancement of Science
at the Oxford meeting in 1847, and was
entitled ' On some Points in the Anatomy
of the Eye, chiefly in reference to the Power
of Adjustment.' In this paper he demon-
stratec simultaneously with, but indepen-
dently of, Ernst Wilhelm Bjruecke (1819-
1892), the structure and function of the
ciliary muscle.

Bowman died at Joldwynds, near Dork-
ing, on 29 March 1892, and is buried in the
neighbouring churchyard of Holmbury St.
Mary. He married, on 28 Dec. 1842, Har-
riet, fifth daughter of Thomas Paget of Lei-
cester, by whom he had seven children.
His widow died at Joldwynds on 25 Oct.
1900. He was succeeded in the title by his
eldest son, Sir Paget Bowman.

A kitcat portrait of Bowman was painted
by Mr. G-. J. Watts, RA. A photograph
of this picture is reproduced as a frontispiece
to the * Collected Papers, 1 vol. i. A presen-
tation portrait by Mr. TV. TV. Ouless, R.A.,
was painted in 1889 for the Bowman Tes-
timonial Fund, and engraved by J". Clother
Webb.

Sir William Bowman was the father of
general anatomy in England, and the brilliant
results of his investigations into the structure
of the eye, of the kidney, and of the striped
muscles were of themselves sufficient to
establish a reputation of the highest order.
But Bowman had other and equal claims to
distinction, for his practical gifts were as
great and as fruitful as his scientific attain-
ments. As an ophthalmic surgeon he oc-
cupied a unique position. Unrivalled in
his knowledge of the ocular structures, in
his experience and in his operative skill, in
consultation he was gentre, patient, and
thoughtful ; alive to and quickly seizing the
salient points of every case, he was yet very
reserved, givin 7 his opinion in a few words,
"but decisively Doth as to forecast and treat-
ment.

Bowman's works are: 1. * Lectures . . .
on the Eye,' London, 1849, 8vo. 2. < The
Collected Papers of Sir William Bowman,
bart., F.R.S., edited for the Committee of
the "Bowman Testimonial Fund" by J.
Burden-Sanderson, M.D., and J. W. Hulke,'
London, 1892, 2 vols. 4to. Bowman took an
active interest in the preparation of these
volumes. He revised every proof sheet with
his own hands, and added frequent notes,

[Personal knowledje ; prefatory memoir by
Mr. Henry Power in tae Collected Papers, vol. i. ;
obitaary notices in the Trans. Med. and Chir.
Soc. 1893, vol. Ixxvi., and Proc. of the Eoyal
Soc. 1893, vol. lii.] D'A. P,

BOYCOTT, CHARLES CUNNING-

HAM (1832-1897), land agent, from whose
surname the word ' boycott ' is derived, born
on 12 March 1832, was the eldest surviving
son of William Boycott, rector of Burgh St.
Peters, Norfolk, and Elizabeth Georgiana,
daughter of Arthur Beevor. He was edu-
cated at Blackheath and TVpolwicb, and in
1850 obtained a commission in the 39th foot.
Some years later he retired from the army
with the rank of captain. In 1873 he became
agent for Lord Erne's estates in county Mayo,
and himself farmed five hundred acres near
Loughmask. Six years afterwards the land
agitation began. On 1 Aug. 1879 a notice
was posted on Boycott's gate threatening
his life if he attempted to collect from the
tenants any rents without making a further
reduction than the abatement of 10 per cent,
already granted by Lord Erne. Notwith-
standing this all the tenants except three
paid the sum demanded. But in the follow-
ing year a reduction of 25 per cent., which
would have brought the rents below Griffith'*
valuation, was demanded under the influence
of the land league, and Boycott had to issue
eleven processes. In September 1880 attempts
were made to serve them, but the servers and
police were forced by a mob to retire and take
refuge in Boycott's house. He himself had
to be placed under police protection, and on
1 Nov. was hooted and hustled by a mob at Bal-
linrobe. He was received into the barracks,
and was thence escorted by a combined force
of police and infantry to Castlebar, where he
received such rents as were paid. Meanwhile
Charles Stuart Parnell, the leader of the
agitation, had in a speech at Ennison 19 Sept.
advised tenants wio could not obtain the
reductions they demanded to take certain
measures against the landlords and their
representatives. The result was seen in the
treatment of Boycott. Labourers refused to
work for him ; his walls were thrown down
and his cattle driven about ; he was unable
to obtain provisions from the neighbourhood,
and the ordinary necessaries of fife had to be
conveyed to him from a distance by steamer.
He was hooted and spat upon as he passed
in public roads, and only with great diffi-
culty received letters and telegrams.

Appeals to the government for assistance
were at first made in vain, but at the begin-
ning of November 1880 fifty Orangemen,
chiefly from county Ca van (afterwards known
as ' emergency men ' ), volunteered to gather
in Boycott's crops, and were granted an escort
of nine hundred soldiers with two field-pieces.
At the end of the month, when the work
was done, Boycott left Loughmask for Dub-
lin, but the landlord of Herman Hotel, having

Boyd

244

Boyd

received a threatening letter, refused to ac-
commodate him. He then went on to Lon-
don, and thence to the United States. On
his return to Ireland in the autumn of 1881
he was mobbed at an auction at Westport,
and his effigy was hanged and burnt. He
also received letters signed 'Rory of the
Hills,' threatening him with the fate of Lord
Leitrim, who had lately been murdered.
But things gradually improved, and in little
more than a year were in a normal condition.
In February 1886 Boycott left Ireland and
became ajent for Sir H. Adair's estates in
Suffolk. .~Je soon lived down his unpopu-
larity and was even accustomed to take his
holidays in Ireland. He was unable to ob-
tain any compensation from the government.
On 12 Dec. 1888 he gave evidence before
the special commission appointed to investi-
gate the charges made by tlie l Times' against
the Irish leaders. He was not cross-examined.

The word 'boycott' first came into use at
the end of 1880. In the 'Daily News' of
13 Dec. it is printed in capitals. Joseph
Gillis Bi -gar jj. v.] and others habitually
employed it to signify all intimidatory
measures that stopped short of physical
violence. It is now generally used in both
England and America in the sense of a de-
liberate and hostile isolation. Boycott as he
appeared before the commission is described
as a shortish man with a bald head, a heavy
white moustache, and flowing white beard.
He died at Flixton, Suffolk, on 19 June 1897.
He married, in 1853, Annie, daughter of John
Dunne, esq., who survived him.

Report of the Special Commission, 1890, i.
613-14, iv. 267-8, &c. ; Barry O'Brien's Parnell,
i. 236-8; Macdonald's Diary of the Parnell
Commission, p. 80 ; Times, 22-24 June 1897 ;
Daily News, 2*2 June ; and Standard, 22-23 June ;
Corresp. of Lord Erne and the Longhraask
Tenantry, 1880; Norfolk Chronicle, 26 June
1897 ; Walford's County Families ; Murray's
Engl. Diet. ; private information.]

a. LB a. N.

BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY
HUTCHISON (1825-1899), Scottish divine,
son of Dr. James Boyd, was horn at Auchin-
leck Manse, Ayrshire, on 3 Nov. 1825, After
receiving his elementary education at A^r
he studied at King's College and the Midcle
Temple, London, with thoughts, apparently,
of bem an English barrister. ' I am the
only kirk minister/ he once said, who is a
member of the Middle Temple.' Returning
to the university of Glasgow, he qualified for

thfi Tnini^tTv nf fVm Tio4-iAn1 A!., i~

v . , ing

high distinction in philosophy and theology
and securing several prizes for English essays
He graduated B,A. at Glasgow in April

1846, and at tlic ond of 1850 was licensed as
a preacher by the presbytery of Ayr For
several months ho was assistant in St
Gorge's parish, Edinburgh, and on 18 Sept
lbr>l ho was ordamed parish minister of
Newton-on-Ayr, where he succeeded John
Oairdjc.v.] In 1854 he became minister
ot Kiwpatariclc-Irongray, near Dumfries
Here he remained five years, maturing his
pulpit style, and, writing under his initials
of ' A, K. II. B./ steadily gaining reputation
in ' I laser's Magazine ' wit JL his < Recreations
of a Country Parson.' Both his excellence
as a parish minister and his literarr distinc-
tion soon attracted attention, ana he was
sought after for vacant charges. In April
1859 he was appointed to the parish of St.
. Bernard's, Ktlin jur^h, and found the pres-
bytery much exercised on the cuestion of
decorous church service, raised by tie practice
and advocacy of Dr. .Robert Lee [c. v.]
Boyd scums to have intermeddled but little
in the controversy, but he sympathised with
the desire for a devout and graceful form of
worship, and he was afterwards a prominent
member of the Church Service Society. Iu
1864 the university of Edinburgh conferred
on him the honorary degree of D.D.

In 18(55 Boyd succeeded Dr. Park as
minister of the first charge, St. Andrews,
finding in the post the goal of his ecclesias-
tical ambition. * Never once, for one mo-
ment,' he said, ' have I wished to go else-
where ' (Twenty-jftoa Years of St, Andrews,
i. 10), Boyd at St. Andrews was -probably
better known beyond Scotland tSan any
other preabyterian divine of his day. He
had numerous friends among 1 the leaders of
the English clergy and eminent men of
letters, and, popular as his writings were at
home, they were even more widely read in
America. Soon after settling in St. Andrews
he be ran to urge the question of an improved
ritual in the services of the national church,
and in 18(56, on the initiative of his pres-
bytery, a committee was appointed by the
general assembly to prepare a collection of
liymns. The hymnal compiled by the com-
mittee, with Boyd as convener, was published
in 1870, and enlarged in 1884. This work
brought Boyd prominently forward in the
church courts; he amply proved his judg-
ment and discrimination as a critic of sacred
song, and his business capacity and un-
flagging diligence as convener of his com-
mittee. St. Andrews University conferred
on him the degree of LL.D. in April 1889.
In May 1890 he was appointed moderator of
the ^ general assembly. He performed his
duties assiduously and well, and, as was said
at the time, *with archiepiscopal dignity.'

Boyd

245

Brackenbury

His introductory and closing addresses
notably the latter, on * Church Life in Scot-
land : Retrospect and Prospect ' (Edinburgh,
1890), with its touching reminiscences
were fi ne in feeling and graceful in form. In
his moderator's year he was much occupied
throughout Scotland, reopening churches, in-
troducing organs, and so on, showing every-
where unfailing tact, urbanity, and sincerity.
One of his last public services was the re-
o-pening, on 11 July 1894, of the renovated
caurch of St. Cuthoert's, Edinburgh one of
the oldest ecclesiastical edifices in Scotland
his address on the occasion being adequately
archsological, and graced with a fine lite-
rary flavour. Early in 1895 he was seriously
ill, but recovered, only to lose the devotecl
wife who had nursed him back to health.
In the winter of 1898-9 he had a recurrence
of ill-health and went to Bournemouth to
recruit. Here he resumed work on sermons
and essays, but in the evening of 1 March
1899 he died of misadventure, having taken
carbolic lotion in mistake for a sleeping-
draught. He was interred in the cathidral
burying-ground, St. Andrews.

Boyd married, in 1854, Margaret Bucha-
nan, eldest daughter of Captain Kirk (71st
regiment) of Carrickfergus, Ireland. She
predeceased hi in 1895. In 1897 he mar-
ried, for the second time, Janet Balfour,
daughter of Mr. Leslie Meldrum, Devon,
Clackmannan. She survived him, with five
sons and one daughter of his first wife's
family.

Clear, precise, and definite in his habits,
Boyd, both professionally and socially, was
entirely unconventional and independent. A
close and shrewd observer, with quick grasp
of character and a humorous sense tinged
with cynicism, he was always fresh and
attractive and not seldom brilliant as
preacher, writer, or conversationalist. His
sermons were literary and practical rather
than dogmatic; his essays, although often
commonplace in thought and expression,
caught tie attention by their common sense,
their easy allusiveness, and transparency of
style; and his brisk unflagging talk was en-
riched with endless and apposite anecdotes,
although it was not devoic of a certain over-
bearing element. * I came to the conclusion/
says Six Ed ward Russell, * that he was almost,
if not quite, the greatest raconteur I had ever
known ' ( That reminds Me, p. 138), His best
books resemble his conversation, and his
autobiographical reminiscences are excep-
tionally realistic And outspoken.

Boyd wrote and published much. The

a Country Parson, 'three series, 1859-61-78,
each running into many editions. 2. i Graver
Thoughts of a Country Parson/ three series,
1862-5-75. 3. ' Leisure Hours in Town/

1862. 4. 'The Commonplace Philosopher
in Town and Country/ 1862-4. 5. * Coun-
sel and Comfort spoken from a City Pulpit/

1863. 6. * Autumn Holidays of a Country
Parson/ 1864. 7. 'Critical Essays of a
Country Parson/ 1865. 8. ' Sunday After-
noons in the Parish Church of a University
City/ 1866. 9. -Lessons of Middle Age,
and some Account of various Cities and
Men/ 1868. 10. i Changed Aspects of Un-
changed Truths/ 1869. 11. ' Present-day
Thoughts/ 1871. 12. ' Seaside Musinjs on
Sundays and Week-days/ 1872. 13. * Scotch
Communion Sunday/ 1873. 14. 'Land-
scapes, Churches, and Moralities/ 1874.
15. < From a Quiet Place/ 1879. 16. * Our
Little Life : Essays Consolatory/ two
series, 1882-4., 17. 'Towards the Sun-
set; Teachings after Thirty Years/ 1882.
18. ' What set him Eight ; with Chapters to
Help/ 1885-8. 19. 'Our Homely Comedy
and Tragedy/ 1887. 20. 'The Best Last;
with other Papers/ 1888. 21 and 22. To
meet the Day, and East Coast Days and Me-
mories/ 1889. In 1892 Boyd published, in
two volumes, the first instalment of his re-
miniscences, or transcripts from his minute
and faithful diaries, entitled 'Twenty-five
Years of St. Andrews.' This was followed
in 1894 by a similar work, * St. Andrews
and Elsewhere.' In 1895 appeared a volume
of the earlier- style, with the characteristi-
cally descriptive title, f Occasional and Im-
memorial Days,' The record closes in 1896
with the 'Last Years of St. Andrews/ a
continuation of the autobiographical series,
with its curious personal revelations and
frank character sketches.

[Information from Boyd's son. Mr. JF. M.
Boyd ; Scotsman, Dundee Advertiser, and other
daily papers of 3 March 1899 ; St. Andrews
Citizen, People's Journal, and other Fife papers
of 4t March 1899; Principal Story in Life
and Work Magazine for May 1899; Mrs. Oli-
phant's Memoir of Principal Tullocb, pp. 369,
476 ; Men of the Beign ; Mr. Andrew Lang in
Longman's Magazine for May 1899 ; personal
knowledge.] T. B.

BRABOUR.1O2, BAROJT. [See KJTATCH-

BTJLL-HUGESSEN, EDWARD HlJGESSEK, 1829-

1893.]

BBACKENBURY, CHAHLES BOOTH
(1831-1890), major-general, born in London
on 7 Nov. 1831, was third son of William

following Tolumes contain his most notahle Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lincolnshire, bv
literary and didactic wock L l. ( Recreations of Maria, daughter of James Atkinson of

Brackenbury 246 Brackenbury

Newry, co. Down, and widow of James and he bad six sons and three daughters
Wallace. He belonged to an old Lincoln- Two of his sous joined the Indian staff corps'
shire family, which has been well represented and died in India one, Charles Herbert, of
in nearly all the British wars of the nine- typhoid fever contracted in the Bolan Pass
teenth century. William Brackenbury served in 1886; the other, Lionel Wilhelm, killed
in the 61 st foot, 1 ike his elder brother, Sir Ed- at Manipur in 1 89 L .
ward Brackenbury [q. v,], and was severely Few men had seen so much of modern
wounded at Talavera and Salamanca. ^ warfare on a large scale as Charles Bracken-
Charles Brackenbury obtained a cacletship bury, and no one did more to spread sound
at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, ideas in Bug-land about the tactical changes
on 8 July 1847, was commissioned as second demanded by the changes in weapons. He
lieutenant in the royal artillery on 19 Dec. was a frequent contributor to the ' Times,'
1850, and promoted* lieutenant on 27 Sept. and often lectured at the United Service
1852. He served in the Crimea in 1855-6 Institution.

with the chestnut troop of the horse artillery. His chief works and papers were: 1.
He received the medal with clasp for the * European Armaments in 1867' (based on
siege and fall of Sebastopol, and the Turkish letters to tho * Times '), ] 867, 8vo. 2. ' The
medal. He was promoted second captain on Constitutional Forces of Great Britain/
17 Nov. 1857, and was sent to Ma-ta. In 1869, 8vo, 3. ' Foreign Armies and Home
March 18.60 he was appointed assistant-in- Reserves ' (from tho ' Times '), 1871, 8vo.
structor in artillery at the Royal Military 4, * Frederick the Great,' 1884, 8vo (Military
Academy, and in February 1864 assistant- Biographies). 5. * Field- Works: their Tech-
director of artillery studies at Woolwich, nical Construction and Tactical Application'
He became first captain on 9 Feb. 1865, and (one of a serins of military handbooks edited
was one of the boundary commissioners under by him), 1888, 8va, I Us contributions to
the Reform Act of 1867. the 'United Service Institution Journal'

During the war of 1866 in Germany he was (vpls. xv-x.\viii.) iucludo papers on 'The
military correspondent of the 'Times' with Military Systems of France and Prussia in
the Austrian army, and was present at the 1870' (xv.), 'The Winter Campaign of
battle of Koniggratz. He was again < Times ' Prince Frederick Charles, 1870-71 ' (&.), ' The
correspondent in the war of 1870-1, when Intelligence Duties of tho Staff '(xix.), and
he accompanied Prince Frederick Charles in ' The Latest Development of the Tactics of
the campaign of Le Mans ; and in the Russo- the Three Anne ' (xxvii. 439) ; this supple-
Turkish war of 1877, when he crossed the niented a lecture on the same subject given
Balkans with Goucko. ten years before by his younger brother, now

He became regimental ma : or on 5 July General Sir Henry Brackenbury.
JS!' and^ieutenan^colone: on 15 Jan, [Blackpool's Marine, clxv. 376; Foster's
18/6. He romed the intelligence branch of R^ Lineage of our Noble and Gentle Fami-
the war oftce on 1 April 1874, and trans- ii (lgf p . 117. Times, 31 June 1800; private in-
lated the second -Dart of ' Reforms in the formation.] E, M. L.

French Army,' officially published in that

year. On 1 April 1876 he was appointed BRACKENBURY or BRAKEN-

Buperintending officer of -arrison instruction BUBY, SIK ROBERT (d. 1485), constable

at Aldershot, and on 1 July 1880 super- of the Tower, was younger son of Thomas

intendent of the gunpowder factory at Brakenbury of Donton, Durham. He was

"Waltham Abbey. He was promoted co! onel descended from an ancient family traceable

in the army on 15 Jan. T881, and in the in the county of Durham since the end of

regiment on 1 Oct. 1882. He commanded the twelfth century, lords of the manors of

the artillery in the south-eastern district, as Burne Hall, Denton, and Selaby. Robert

colonel on the staff, from 8 May 1886 till Brakenbury inherited Selaby, in the im-

2 June 1887, when he was appointed director mediate neighbourhood of Barnard Castle,

of artillery studies at Woolwich. His title which had passed to Richard, duke of

was changed on 1 Oct. 1889 to, < director of Gloucester "Richard III], in right of his wife,

the artillery college,' and he was given the Anne Neville [see ANNE, 1456-1485], about

temporary rank of major-general. 1474. A tower of the castle still goes by

Ee died suddenly on 20 June 1890 from the name of Brakenbury's Tawer. This

failure of the heart, when travelling by rail, neighbourhood to one of the duke's principal

and was buried with military honours at seats probably led to their ace uaintance.

Humstead cemetery. On 6 April 1854 he Nothing is beard of him until, taree weeks

married Hilda Eliza, daughter of Archibald after Richard Ill's accession, two grants,

Umpbell of Quebec, her majesty's notary, dated 17 July \4&3 t were made to him; the

Brackenbury 247 Brackenbury

first, of the profitable office of master and of the lands granted had been held by the
worker of the moneys and keeper of the rebels, and these grants (9 March and 28 May
king's exchange at t'^e Tower of London, 1484) are expressly stated in the patent roll
with jurisdiction over the kingdom of Eng- to have been the reward of his services against
land and the town of Calais ; the second of them. According to Sir Thomas More,
the office for life of constable of the Tower. Richard HI, being at Gloucester, ' sent John
In the autumn of 1483 came the abortive Green, a creature of his, to Sir Robert
rising of Buckingham [see STAJTORD, HENBY, Brackenbury, constable of the Tower, with a
second DUKE or BUCEIS'&ILUI:]. For his letter, desiring him one how or other to make
services against the rebels Brakenbury, now away with the two children whom he had in
styled ' esquire of the royal body,' received keeping. Brakenbury refused to do it, and
large grants. He was appointee for life to Green returned to King Richard with the
the office of receiver of the lordships or constable's answer,' the king being then at
manors of Wrytell, Haveryng, Hoyton, Had- Warwick. Richard thereupon sent Braeken-
legh, Rayle^h, and Recheford (sic) (Essex) ; bury a letter commanding him to deliver the
of the castle, manor, and lordship of Tun- keys of the Tower to Sir James Tyrrell
bridge, with ten marks (6Z. 135. 4&) fee ; of [q. v.]^who executed the murder. Polydore
Hadlowe, of the manor or lordship of Pens- Vergil tells substantially the same^ story,
hurst (Kent), and of the manor, hundred, or except that Richard was at the time at
lordship of Middelton and Mardon (Kent) Gloucester. The 'CroylandContinuator does
(Pat. oll, 8 March 1484). To this re- not mention BrakenburVs name in the
ceivership was added the office of surveyor matter. The ultimate authority for the
of the same places (ib. 29 May). He also story about him must be TyrrelTs confession,
received grants (ib. 9 March) of numerous on which, with that of Dighton, the narra-
manors, mostly in Kent, belonging to Buck- tive of More was founded. Richard arrived
inghanis attainted followers. On the same at Gloucester on the night of Wednesday,
day (9 March 1484) his grant of the office 3 Aug., and at Warwick on the night fol-
of constable of the Tower was confirmed to lowing. It is improbable that Green could
him for life, with a salary of 100Z. a year, have left Gloucester (105 miles from Lon-
and arrears of salary hitherto umaid at the don) on the Wednesday night, conferred
same rate (B.YMEB, Feed. xii. 219). Next with Brakenbury, and rejoined Richard^at
day (10 March) he was made keeper of the Warwick (ninety miles from London), which
lions &c. in the Tower, with a salary of I2d. ^lace the king must have left on the 5th,
a day. On 8 April he was nominated a com- :or he was at York on 7 Aug. The circum-
missionerof the admiralty, with the rank of stances of the grants make in favour of
vice-admiral. His previous grants in Kent Brakenbury's innocence. In any case, sur-
were enlarged (28 May) by the addition of render of the keys of the Tower by the king's
Hastings (Sussex), formerly held by the order could not make him an ^accessory,
Cheyne family, and all the rest of the lands though his resumption of them might do so.
of Roberd in Kent, as well as in Surrey and Brakenbury remained faithful to Richard,
Sussex. He was nominated commissioner who, when at Nottingham, summoned him
of -aol delivery for Canterbury on 16 July, f by often messengers and letters' to join him,
anc on the commission of the oeace for Kent and to bring with him* as felowsin warr/but
on 17 July. On 21 Aug. 1484 he was ap- really as prisoners, Sir Thomas Bourchier,
pointed receiver-general of crown lands in. Sir Walter Hungerforfr, and other suspects.
Sussex, Kent, and Surrey. Between this Brakenbury obeyed, but his prisoners escaped
date and 26 Jan. 1485, when he was ap- at Stony Stratford and joined Richmond.
Dointed constable of Tunbrid;e Castle for He himself held a command under Richard
life, with a fee of ten marks (6,. 13*. 6<f .), he at Bosworth. According to the * Croyland
received knighthood. He was also made- Continuator' he, with other leaders, was slam
(26 Jan.) steward of the lordship of Ware in flight without having struck a blow. But
for life. In a writ of inquiry, dated 24 March that he remained staunch to his party is
1485 (2 R HI) he is styled ' knight of the attested by the inclusion of his name in the
king's body.* In the third year of Richard III, Act of Attainder of 7 Nov. 1485. As he
i.e. from 26 June 1485 to the following had but a life interest m his estate of Selaby,
22 Aug.* he was sheriff of Kent, being de- which was held in tail male, that property
scribed as of the Mote, Ightham.. descended to his neohew, Ralph Braken-

The dates of these preferments aze of some- bury. All his grants irom Richard ILL were
value in connection with the historic doubt confiscated, but in 1489 an act was passed
associated with Brakenbury's name as to the annulling the attainder, so far as regarded
murder of the princes in the Tower. Most , his other lands, in favour of his two daugh-

Bradlaugh

Bradlaugh

ters, Anue and Elizabeth, with remainder to
his bastard son (name unmentioned). The
surname of his wife is unknown ; but among
the manuscripts of the dean and chapter of
Canterbury is one intituled i Littere frater-
nitatis concesse , . . Roberto Brakenbury
Armigero et Agneti uxori ejus.' This pro-
bably refers to the same person. Tt is dated
1483. As he was a younger son, his style
was properly ' generosus,' and ' armiger' was
doubtless assumed by him on his appoint-.-
ment as esquire of the royal body after
Richard Ill's accession. This fixes approxi-
mately the date of the letter.

A branch of the family is said to have
been settled in Lincolnshire [see BEA.CKEN-
BTTKT, Sis EDWARD], from which county
their name was perhaps originally derived.

[Rot. Parl, vol. r\. ; Here's Hist, of the Life
and fteign of Richard III, in Keimet's Hist, of
England^ vol. i. (1719); The Cr.yland Con-
tinuator in Gale's Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores,
vol.i.; Hall's Chron. 1809; Pabyau's Chron.
1811 ; Polydore Vergil, edited by Sir H. Ellis
(Camden Soc.), 1844 ; StoVs Survey, ed. by J,
Strype (1754), i. 75; Surtees'sHist. of Durham
(1840),iv. 17-20; Hasted's Hist, of Kent (1778-
1799), vola. i. ii. ; Ninth Rep. of the Deputy
Keeper of the Records, 1848, Patent Rolls of
Richard III; Carte's Hist, of England (1750),
i. 8J9; Henry's Hist, of Great Britain (1795),
xii. Append, pp. 420-1 ; Horace Walpole's 'His-
toric Doubts,' Works (1798), ii. 138 ; Ramsay's
Lancaster and York (1892),ii. 512, 513 ; Gaird-
ner's Life and Reign of Richard III, 1878-
Engl. Hist. Rev. (1891), vi. 250, 444 ; M'etealfe's
Book of Knights, 1885; Gent. Mag. (1796)
Ixvi. ii. 1012; Jnq. p.m. in App. to 44th Rep. of
the Deputy Keeper of Public Records, p. 324.1

I. S. L.

BRADLAUGH, CHARLES (1833-
1891), freethought advocate and politician,
born on 26 Sept. 1833 at Hoxton, was the
eldest son of Charles Bradlaugh, solicitor's
clerk, and Elizabeth Trimby. He was edu-
cated at local elementary schools, and at the
age of twelve became office boy to the firm
employing his father. Two years later he was
clerk to a coal merchant. The strife which
heset his life began early. At the age of
ntteen he told his clergyman of some doubts
which he had of a theological nature, and
this resulted in his being compelled to leave
home in 1849 and accept the hospitality of
some political friends, one of whom was the
widow of Richard Carlile [q. v. ] An attempt
to make a living as a coal agent failed owing
to the notoriety he was acquiring as an advo-
cate of freethought, and in despair he
enl^ted m tte army as a private soldier on

i fi*v f ^ n the de ^ of an aunt in
IfcOd tus family procured kis discharge, and

he returned to London, where after a time
he obtained employment as message bov
to a solicitor. ^Ie was soon promoted to
the management of the common law de
partment in ^ the office, and while serving
m this capacity under various employers he
acquired that Jmowledge of the law which
he put to such effective use in the many law
cases in which he found himself involved. On
his return to London he had entered into the
propaganda of frcethought and radical prin-
ciples at Sunday open-air meetings, and to
shield himself in his week-day employment
adopted the nom de guerre i Iconoclast,'
which he used until his first contest at
Northampton in 1868, In 1868 he began
the plat:orm campaign in the provinces,
whicli lasted until close upon his death, and
which was marked in its earlier stages by
riotous opposition and by frequent conflicts
with the police authorities, His platform
oratory and his powers of physica'". endur-
ance rapidly won for him a large personal
following, and he became the popular leader
of an extreme party in the country, chiefly
composed of working men, which combined
freethought in religion and republicanism in
politics. His connection with t.ie freethought
and republican weekly periodical, the * Na-
tional Reformer,' lastec from the founding
of the paper in 1860 by some Sheffield free-
thinkers until his death, with a short break,
1863-6. He became proprietor of the paper
in 1862. In 1858 he was secretary to the fund
started to defend Mr. JE. Truelove for pub-
lishing a defence of Orsini for attempting to
assassinate Napoleon III ; he was a member
of the parliamentary reform league of 1866,
and his resolution committed tlie league to
set aside the police prohibition and go on with
the meeting which led to the railings of Hyde
Park being -Milled down on 22 July 1866.
He drew up t lie first draft (afterwards altered)
of the Fenian proclamation issued in 1867.
He was sent to Senor Castelar, the Spanish
republican leader, in 1870 as the envoy of
the English republicans, and on the esta-
blishment of the French republic in the same
year_he was nominated as candidate for a
division of Paris ; on the outbreak of the
commune he went to act as an intermediary
between Thiers and the communists, but was
arrested at Calais and sent back.

Resolved to secure a seat in the House of
Commons, Bradlaugh stood for Northampton
in 1868 r but was unsuccessful at the polls.
His notoriety greatly alarmed the minds of
the religious and conservative sections of the
electors, and every effort was made to defeat
him. A similar result attended his second
candidature inthe same constituency in 1874 j

Bradlaugh 249 Bradlaugh

but in 1880, on the third occasion that he struggle. He had fought single-handed,
offered himself for election, he was returned. Although he was a follower of the liberal
On 3 May he presented himself at the house government, it gave him very half-hearted
with a view to taking his seat, and -he then support in his efforts to take his seat ; its
claimed the right toarirm instead of swearing action was mainly confined to unsuccessful
an oath on the bible. He thus initiated a endeavours to alter the law so as to ejiable
struggle with the House of Commons which him to affirm. He was re-elected for North-
lasted for six years and involved him in eight ; anrpton in the general election of June 1SS6,
actions in the law courts. The war began ; and thenceforth sat in the House of Com-
when the question of his claim to the right mons unchallenged until his death four and
to affirm on 3 May 18SO was referred to a a half years later.

select committee, which, by the casting vote Bradlaugh's efforts to malntain_ the free-
of its chairman, decided against him. On dorn of the press in issuing criticisms on
23 June he appeared at the bar of the House religious belief and on sociological ques-
of Commons, and, refusing to retire, was tions involved him in several law-suits,
taken away in custody. On 2 July he took which kept him constantly in debt. In 1868
his seat in consequence of a motion having . he was prosecuted by the government for
been passed on the previous day that he could 'having failed to give securities against the
affirm and sit at his own risk. "Having voted, publication of blasphemy and sedition in the
the legality of his action was contested and * National Reformer/ _n the end he out-
he was unseated. He-elected on 9 April 1881, manoeuvred the government, and the re-
he consented to remain inactive while the strictions on the popular press imposed by
government introduced an affirmation bill, the security laws were withdrawn. Another
which, however, had to be dropped. On contest, 1867-9, which arose out of a refusal
3 Aug. he attempted to force his way into of a judge to hear his evidence, on the ground
the house, but was ejected by force. "When that he was an atheist, and therefore could

the new session opened, 20* Feb. 1882, he not take the oath, led to the passin 3- of the
appeared at the bar, and advancing up the Evidence Amendment Act, 1869, -waich en-
floor he pulled a testament out of his pocket abled the evidence of freethinkers to be taken.
and administered the oath to himself. Next The most notorious of these suits was that
day he was expelled, and a new writ for relating to a pamphlet by one Knowlton,
Northampton was issued. He was re-elected entitled * The Fruits of Philosophy,' which
on 2 March, but the struggle in parliament dealt with the question of population and
was allowed to rest while that in the law the need of restraining its increase, 1877-
courts was proceeding. His opponents were 1878. The prosecution ended in favour of
endeavouring to make Bradlaugh bankrupt Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant, with whom he
by imposing upon him the financial conse- had been indicted as joint publishers of the
quences of his vote in parliament in the pre- pamphlet; and the effect of their victory was
vious year; he was suing the deputy sergeant- to remove the remaining restrictions on the
at-arms of the House of Commons for assault; liberty of the press. This connection with
a friendly action to test the le-al right of the Mrs. Besant is one of the most important
House of Commons to exclude him was being episodes in Bradlaugh's life. He met her in
promoted ; and another prosecution for bias- 1874, and for thirteen years their names were
phemous libel was commenced. A second joined together in freethought and political
affirmation bill was introduced on 20 Feb. work, until Mrs. Besant refused to follow
1883, and rejected by three votes on 3 May, Bradlaugh in his opposition to socialism. The
Next day Bradlaugh presented himself for the separation was formally made in 1885, when
fourth time at the bar of the house, and on Mrs. Besant ceased to be joint editor of the
9 July a resolution was passed excluding him. * National Reformer.' *><

Again at the opening of the new session in As a result of this propaganda Bradlaugh
February 1884 ae appeared, but he was im- found it impossible to carry on any occupa-
mediately excluded, 11 Feb. 1884, and next tion, and from 1870 he lived by his pen and
day a new writ was issued. Although re- the aid of appreciative friends. Towards the
elected he did not trouble the house again until end of his life a public subscription relieved
6 July 1885, when he was again excluded, him of the last of his debts. As a sitting
At the osneral election held in November member of parliament from 18So to 1890 he
that year he was elected once more, and is chiefly remembered for the unusual number
when parliament met on 13 Jan. following of measures the passage of which he secured;
the new speaker (afterwards Viscount Peel) the chief of them was the, affirmation bill
would not allow any objection being made legalising the substitution of an affirmation
to his taking the oath, This ended ihs for an oath both in the House of Commons

Bradley

250

Bradley

and the law courts, which was passed on 'Grantley Grange '(1874) and ' Nelly Hamil-

9 Aug. 1888. In 1889 he was nominated a ton' (1875), while an uncle, William Bradley

member of the royal commission on vaccina- of Leamington, wrote * Sketches of the Poor

tion. He took a special interest in questions by a retired Guardian.' After education at

relating to India, and interested himself so the Kidderminster grammar school, Bradley

deeply in the social and political condition went up in 1846 to University College,

of the natives that he was known as * the
member for India.' In 1889 he attended the
Indian national congress at Bombay, and was
received with great honour. He became very

,

Durham, where he was a Thorp and founda-
tion scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1848,
and took his licentiateship of theology in
1849. Not being of age to take orders, he

popular with the House of Commons, and on appears to have stayed a year at Oxford,

27 Jan. 1891, on the motion of William Alex- pursuinj various studies, thou ;h he never

ander Hunter [q. v. Suppl.], it unanimously matricu_ated, and while there \ie formed a

expunged from its journals its resolutions lifelong friendship with John George Wood

expelling him. But at that time Bradlaugh [q.v.], the future naturalist. For a year or so

was lying unconscious at his house in Circus he worked in the clergy schools at Kidder-

Road, St. John's Wood, London, and he died minster. In 1850 he was ordained by the

on the 30th. He was buried at Brookwood. bishop of Ely (Turton) to the curacy of

His portrait was presented by subscription to Glatton-with-Holme, PI untingdonshire, He

the National Liberal Club after his death. remained there over four years, during

He married, on 5 June 1855, Alice, eldest which he described for the e Illustrated Lon-

daughter of Abraham Hooper, and by her don News' the extensive work of draining

had one son and two daughters. Whittlesea Mere, then being carried out by

Bradlaugh's writings were mostly contro- William Wells of Holmewood. In 1857

versial pamphlets and press articles. Some Bradley was appointed vicar of Bobbington in

of his pamphlets went into several editions, Staffordshire. From 1859 to 1871 he was rec-

tor of Den ton- with- Caldecote, Huntingdon-
shire. In 1871 he became rector of Stretton,
Rutlandshire, where he carried through a
much-needed restoration of the church, at a
cost of nearly 2,000. In order to raise the
funds he gave lectures in the midland towns,
andwasmuch in demand as an authorityupon
1 Modern Humourists,' 'Wit and Humour,'
and ' Light Literature.'

Bradley was a friend and associate of

, , . ; Cruikshank, Frank Smedley, Mark Lemon,

London, 1876, c. Reports of the public and Albert Smith (for whose serials, ' The
debates in which he took part were fre- Month/ l The Man in the Moon/ and ' The
quently published. He also wrote his 'Auto- Town and Country Miscellany/ he began to
biography/ London, 1873; ( Genesis: its Au- write about 1850). He generally wrote for
thorshr) and Authenticity/ London, 1882,- the press under the

the best known being (1) 'Impeachment
of the House of Brunswick/ London, 1872;

(2) 'Land for the People/ London, 1877;

(3) 'Perpetual Pensions/ London, 1880;
(4) John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough/
London, 1884. He was also connected
editorially with the ' London Investigator/
vols. v. and VL 1854, &c. ; 'Half-hours with
the Freethinkers/ London, 1856, &c.; 'The
National Secular Society's Almanac/ Lon-
don, 1869, c.; ' Freethinkers' TvfWJr

'The *rue Story of my Parliamentary
Struggle,' London, 1882; 'Rules, Customs,
and Procedure of the House of Commons/
London, 1889.

[Charles Bradiaugh, by Hypatia Bradlaugh

.e pseudonym of ' Cuthbert
Bede/ the names of the two patron saints of
Durham. His one marked literary success
was obtained in 1853, when he produced
' The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green, an
Oxford Freshman. With numerous illus-

^V.UUU.JA^E> JLS4.aibU*aiUKU.) UV J~L Jf LMlJllIOi JLIXCLU-iaUgll ._.___ , )

Banner and JolmM. Robertson; Autobiography, trations designed and drawn on the wood

supra; Life by A. S. Headingly; Review of by the author.' ^ Bradley had tlie greatest

Reviews, March 1891 ; Annie Besant; an Auto- difficulty in finding a publisher, but part i.

biography, b;? Mrs. Besant ; Collection of Broad- was eventually issued by Nathaniel Oooke

sides, Ballacs, &c., issued in connection Tritk of the Strand as one of his shilling ' Books

Northampton election in Brit. Mus.] for the KaiP in October 1853. Part ii. ap-

J. E. M. peared in 1854, and part iii. in 1856. The

BRADLEY, EDWARD (1827-1889), three parts were then bound in one volume,

author of ' Verdant Green,' the second son of which one hundred thousand copies had

of Thomas Bradley, surgeon of Baddermin- been sold by 1870 ; subsequently tie book

ster,who<M,me of a somewhat ancient Wor- was issued in a sixpenny form, and the sale

cestersMre and clerical family, was born on was more than doubled. The total amount

25 March 1827. A brother, Thomas Wai- that Bradley received for his work was 350

Bradley, was author of two novels, The three original parts are now scarce, and

Bradley

25*

Bradshaw

fetched over five guineas in 1890. The
picture of * Master Verdant kissing the Maids
on the Stairs after his return from Oxford
College' was omitted from the later editions.
Verdant Green contains portraits of Dr.
Plumptre, vice-chancellor 18-8-52, Dr. Bliss,
registrar of the university, and { the waiter at
the Mitre/ while Mr. Bouncer reproduces
many traits of the Rev. J. G-. Wood. Ver-
dant Green himself is a kind of undergra-
duate Pickwick, and the book is full of
harmless fun. When we regard the diffi-
culty of the subject, the general fidelity with
which one side of university life is depicted,
and the fact that Bradley was not himself
an Oxford man, we can scarcely refuse a
certain measure of jenius to the author.
Taine used it effectively (together with 'Pen-
dennis' and 'Tom Brown at Oxford 7 ) as
material for his tableau of an English uni-
versity in his ' Notes sur 1'Angleterre.' A
sequel by Bradley, produced many years later
as * Little Mr. Bouncer and his friend Ver-
dant Green' (1878), did not approach the
original in vigour, nor can much success be
claimed for the Cambridge rival of ' Ver-
dant Green,' ' The Cambridge Freshman, or
Memoirs of Mr. Golijhtly J (1871), by Martin
Legrand (i.e. James Pace), with illustrations
by Phiz/

In 1883, on the presentation of Lord Ave-
land, Bradley left Stretton for the vicarage
of Lenton with Hanby, near Grantham.
There, as elsewhere, he was indefatigable as
a parochial or -aniser, establishing a free
library, a school bank, winter entertainments,
and improvement societies. He died, greatly
regretted by all who came into contact with
his kindly personality, at the vicarage, Len-
ton, on 12 Dec. 1889. He was buried in
the churchyard of Stretton, which lie had
laid out durinj his incumbency there. In
December ISoS" he married Harriet Amelia,
youngest daughter of Samuel Hancocks of
%Volverley, Worcester. By her he left two
sons, Cuthbert Bradley and the Rev. Henry
Waldron Bradley. Portraits are reproduced
in the i Illustrated London News/ 'Boy's
Own Paper 7 (February 1890), and Soiel-
mann's History of Punch' (1892). As a
young man, then closely shaven and very
pale, Bradley was introduced to Douglas
Jerrold as ' Mr. Verdant Green/ ' Mr. Ver-
dant Green? ' said Jerrold; ' I should have
thought it was Mr. Blanco White.'

Commencing with ' BentleyV in 1846,
Bradley (as E. B. or ' Cuthbert BedV) con-
tributed to a great number of papers and
periodicals, including * Punch' (1847-55),
* All the "Sear Bound,' ' Illustrated London
Magazine ' (1853-5), ' The Field/ < St. James's'

and 'The Gentleman's 7 magazines, * Leisure
Hour/ ' Quiver/ ' Notes anc. Queries' (1852-
1886), ' The Boy's Own Paper/ and the i Illus-
trated London News/ for which paper he
conducted a double acrostic column, com-
mencing 30 Aug. 1856. He claimed to have re-
introduced the double acrostic into England.
His separate publications comprise:

I. ' Love's Provocations/ 1855. 2, < Photo-
graphic Pleasures -oo^ularlv portrayed with
Pen and Pencil, 1 18oo, 1864~. 3. ' Motley.
Prose and Verse, Grave and Gay/ with cuts
by the author, 1855. 4. ' Medley. Prose and
Verse/ 1856. 5. Shilling Book of Beauty/
edited and illustrated by Cuthbert Bede,
1856, 12mo. (Like 3 and 4, a miscellany of
parodies, many of them his own, in prose and
verse.) 6. Tales of College Life/ 1856.

7. ' Nearer and Dearer' (a novelette), 1857.

8. 'Fairy Fables' (illustrated by A. Crow-
quill), 1858. 9. 'Funny Figures/ 1858. 10.

1 Happy Hours at Wynford Grange/ 1858.

II. ' Humour, Wit, and Satire/ I860,
12. ' Glencreggan, or a Highland Home in
Cantire/ 2 vols. 1861. 13. ' The Curate of
Cranston/ with other prose and verse, 1862.
14. ' Tour in Tartan Land/ 1863. 15. Hand-
book to Rosslyn and Hawthornden/ 1864.
16. ' The White Wife, with other Stories,
supernatural, romantic, and legendary*
(sequel to 12), 1865. 17. ' The Book's Gar-
den ; Essays and Sketches/ 1865. 18. ' Mat-
tins and Muttons* (a Brighton love story),

2 vols. 1866. 19. A Holiday Ramble in the
Land of Scott/ 1869. 20. Fotheringay and
Mary Queen of Scots/ 1886.

"Durham University Journal, January and
Fearuary 1890; Times, 13 Dec. 1889; Bio-
graph, vi. 612 ; Men of the Time, 12th edit.;
Grantham Journal, 14 and 21 Dec. 1889 ; Boy's
Own Paper, July 1889, February 1890; Truth,
21 Dec. 1889 ; Crockford's Clerical Direct. 1890 ;
Hamilton's Book of Parodies ; Notes and Queries,
7th ser. passim; Spielmann's Hist, of Punch,
1895; Halkett and Laing's Anon, and Pseudon.
Lit.; Hamst's Fictitious Kames, 1868; Brit.
Mus. Cat. s.v. ' Bede, G. 1 ] T. S.

BRADSHAW, HENRY (1831-1886),

scholar, antiquary, and librarian, was the
third son of Joseph Hoare Bradshaw and
Catherine, daughter of R. Stewart of Ballin-
toy, co. Antrim. His father, a partner in
Hoare's bank, belon -ed to the Irish branch
of an old English ramily, long settled in
Cheshire and Derbyshire, and was a mem-
ber of the Society of Friends until his mar-
riage. Henry Bradshaw was born in Lon-
don on 3 Feb. 1831. He was educated at
Temple Grove and at Eton, first as an oppi-
dan, then, after his father's death, in college.
After attaining the captaincy of the school

Bradshaw

252

Bradshaw

he "became a scholar of King's College, Cam"
bridge, early in 1850. His undergraduate
life was uneventful. He studied in a de-
sultory manner, spent much of his time in
the university library, read Wordsworth and
Keble, Tennyson and Kin;sley with avidity,
discussed literature and theology, and made
many friends, among- them E. W. Benson,
F. J. A. Hort, H. M. Butler, H. E. Luard,
B. E. "Westcott, and George "Williams. The
college was then confined, to Eton men, but
most of Bradshuw's friends were outside its
walls. Early in 1853 he became, in what
was then the ordinary course of things, a
fellow of his college. King's men still enr
ioyed the doubtful privilege of obtaining a
degree without examination,- but Bradshaw
resolved to enter for honours, and in 1854
took a second class in the classical tripos,
Soon afterwards he accepted a post as assis-
tant-master in St. Columba's Oollege, near
Dublin, a school founded some ten years
earlier on high-church lines. Here Brad-
shaw remained two years, but, finding the
work more and more uncongenial, he re-
signed in April 1856, and returned to Cam-
bridge.

In November 1856 Bradshaw became an
assistant in the university library. He
seems to have hoped that his appointment
would afford him opportunities and leave
him time for study ; but in this he was dis-
appointed, and in June 1858 he resigned.
P-e remained, however, at Cambridge, and
employed his now too abundant leisure in
mastering the earlier contents of the library.
In order to retain his services for the univer-
sity, a special post was created for him. The
manuscripts of which a catalogue was then.
in course of publication were in disorder,
and the early printed books were scattered.
Bradshaw was appointed in June 1859 at a
nominal salary, afterwards increased, to
supervise and rearrange these treasures. In
the space of eight years, during which he
held this char -e, he worked a complete re-
form in the ceT)artment, made manv dis-
coveries, enabled a correct catalogue of the
manuscripts to be drawn up, and established
his reputation as a bibliographer. He
laboured with unremitting industry, and in
the process of identifying the printers of
early books, or unravelling the history of
manuscripts, he made frequent journeys to
different parts of England and the continent,
and gained a first-hand acquaintance with
most of the great libraries of this country and
of Europe. He also attained a knowledge of
manylangua -es, Oriental as well as European,
sufficient at least for the purposes of icenti-
- and description. He had already,

in 1857, discovered the ' Book of Deer,' a
manuscript copy of the Gospels according to
the Vulgate version, containing charters in
Gaelic, which are among- the earliest remains
of that language. This volume was even-
tually edited by John Stuart (1813-1877)
[c . v.], and published by the Spalding Club
(I860). The discovery (1858) of a large
number of Celtic ' glosses ' in a manuscript
of Juvencus was t_ie first of many similar
finds which placed the study of the early
Celtic languages on a new basis. In 1862
Bradshaw rediscovered the Vaudois mauu-
scrbts, which had been brought to England
by Samuel Morland, Cromwell's envoy to
the court of Savoy, and, having been de-
posited in the university library, had been
lost to view for nearly two centuries. This
discovery possessed not only philological in-
terest for these manuscripts contain some
of the earliest remains of the Waldensian
language and literature but were also his-
torically important. On the strength of a
date in the poem called ' La Nobla Leycon/
Morland, in his * History of the Evangelical
Churches of Piedmont/ had dated back the
origin of Vaudois Protestantism to the
twelfth century. Bradshaw, however, dis-
covered that an erasure had changed 1400
into 1100 : and further examination proved
that, the poems themselves, and therefore, so
far at least as their evidence was concerned,
the tenets which they expressed, could not
be dated earlier than the fifteenth century.
In 1868 he took a prominent part in expos-
in ; the pretences of the forger Simonides,
wlio professed to have written with his own
hand the Codex Sinaiticus, discovered by
Tischendprf in 1859. In 1866 Bradshaw
made an important addition to early Scottish
literature by bringing to light two hitherto
unknown works, apparently by Barbour
the ' Siege of Troy ' and the ' Lives of the
Saints/ These poems were edited in 1881
by Dr. C. Horstmann. Their authorship is
still matter of dispute. Meanwhile Bar-
hour's greater contemporaries, Chaucer and
Wyclifre, were engaging a large share of
Bradshaw's attention. As an undergraduate
he had studied Chaucer ; he now examined
all the manuscripts of the poet, mastered the
history of the text, discovered in the rhyme-
test a means of detecting spurious works,
and projected, along witb. Hr. Earle and
Mr. Aldis Wright, a complete edition of the
poet. He acquired such a knowledge of
Wyclifie that he was invited by Walter
Waddington Shirley [q. v.] to take part in the
edition of Wycliffe 7 s works which tSat scholar
was preparing; but, before anything came
of this project, Shirley died (18.66), At

Bradshaw

253

Bradshaw

the same time Bradshaw was actively en- post. Nevertheless, he laboured hard to cope
gaged in the study of early printing a study "with the difficulties of his task, and sue-
naturally connected with his researches in cess came in the end. Before he died iu,
manuscripts. Beginning with Caxton, he had, to a large extent, rescued the library-
helped William Blades [q. v. Suppl.] in the from the somewhat chaotic condition in
preparation of his great work on taat printer; which he found it. He presided at the fifth
"but English printing could not be mastered meeting of the Library Association, held at
without a knowledge of the presses from ' Cambridge in 1382, and won the esteem of
which it had sprung. He studied especially all the members present. Meanwhile he
the Dutch. Flemish, and Rhenish printing, continued, so far as was possible, his re-
and was thus drawn into friendship with " .,-.,..,

Holtrop, Vanderhaeghen and other leading
bibliographers on the continent.

"When the post of librarian fell vacant in
1864 Bradshaw was pressed to stand, but
declined. On the resignation of Mr. Mayor,
three years later, the general voice of the

university called him to succeed ; and he Breton from other Celtic dialects, and threw
was elected librarian without opposition on new light on mediaeval cathedral organisa-
8 March 1867. In one respect the appoint- tion by tracing the development of the Lin-
ment was a misfortune, for it prevented coin statutes. In the midst of these labours,
Bradshaw from carrying any of "iis multi- when his popularity and influence in the
farious researches to the point at which, in university and his reputation in the world
his view, publication of anything but details
was possible. He did not cease to be a stu-
dent, but his real student-days were over.
Always working as much for others as for
himself, always slow to generalise, and apt
to be led on from one field of research to
another, he now found the obstacles to pub-
lication insurmountable. The superinten-
dence of a great public institution occupied

searches, especially in Celtic languages and
liturgiology. He explored the early history
of the collection of ecclesiastical canons
known as the ' Hiberuensis,' unravelled many
of the difficulties connected with the curious
low-Latin poem entitled 'HispericaFamina,'
established the differences which separate

of scholars were at their height, he died
suddenly of heart disease in the night of
10-11 Feb. 1886.

In person Bradshaw was of middle height,
broad-shouldered, and latterly somewhat
stout. His hair was crisp, of a reddish-
brown colour, and always kept very short.
The face was clean-shaved and of a some-
what eighteenth-century type. The eyes

much of his time*; attacks of illness not'un- were grey-blue; the features massive,^ but

frequently disabled him; and towards the regular and finely cut, with a sensitive

end of his life he took a larger part in the mouth. A portrait of him V?JH. Herkomer,

general affairs of the university. Accumu- R.A., hangs in the hall of king's College,

lation of knowledge and experience had His religious views were those of the church

reached such a point that a few more years of England, but he was wide-minded and

of uninterrupted work might have enabled tolerant. In politics he^was a conservative

him to produce a scholarly edition of Chaucer, reformer. He sympathised strongly ^ with

a history of early typography, a treatise on the abolition of tests and the changes intrp-

later mediseval liturgies, with valuable con- duced by the university statutes of 1S8&

tributions to Celtic philology, early Irish Though not a skilled musician, he had a con-
siderable knowledge of music, and delighted
in hearing the works of great composers,

literature, and kindred subjects. His tem-
perament was indeed such that he might in _ T
any case have _;one on inquiring and never especially Bach. Naturally quick-tempered,

producing as long as he lived; but, at all he had great self-control: but the slightest

events, tne rec uisite leisure was denied him. appearance of meanness, pretence, or un-

The amount o? his published work is small, charitableness roused his indignation. In

and the reputation which he enjoyed among conversation he was not epigrammatic but

contemporaries will be almost unintelligible persuasive, full without being tedious, frank

to those who never knew him, and who are "but tactful, frequently ironical but never

unaware how much of his labour took shape bitter. Perhaps the most remarkable fea-

in the productions of others. On the other ture of his character was the combination of

hand, he was not in every respect fitted for strength, uprightness, and personal reserve,

the duties of a librarian. His knowledge of with quick sympathies and unusual tender-

the books in his charge was only equalled ness of heart. Though by no means univer-

by his readiness to place it at the service of sal in his friendships, he possessed an un-

any diligent inquirer ; but the work of orga- equalled capacity for making and keeping

nisation was not congenial to him, and he friends, especially among younger men ; and

more than once contemplated resigning his in every generation of undergraduates some

Brady

254

Brady

two or three became attached to him for recipient of a gold medal from the em-
life. Such as enjoyed this privilege were peror of Austria in acknowledgment of as-
..-,... -i _-,. -_i__ i ,.1^ s iatance rendered to the Hof-Muaeum at

Vienna. He was also made a corresponding
member of the Imperial Geological Institute
at Vienna, and an honorary member of the
Royal Bohemian Museum at Prague.

He had never been strong in health, and
often had to winter abroad. After 1876 he

permanently influenced not only by the
beauty and elevation of his character, but
by the high ideal of scholarship which he
kept before him, the scientific thoroughness
of his methods, and the absolute disregard
of self which marked his relations to others

and his devotion to the cause of learning.

As a memorial of the scholar, and in order travelled a great deal, and twice went round
to carry on his work in one department, the the world, llesolving in 1890 to winter at
* Henry Bradshaw Society 'was founded in Bournemouth, the unusually severe season
1890 'for the editing of rare liturgical proved fatal to him, and he died there, un-
married, on 8 Jan. 1891. He was buried at
the Jesmond old cemetery, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne.

A keen love of natural history, inherited
from his father and fostered at his schools,

with" various papers _ communicated to the led him to associate himself with the many
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, have been eminent naturalists of his city, where he
collected in one volume and edited by Mr. lectured on botany at the Durham College of
F. Jenkinson (Cambridge, 1889, 8vo). Medicine. He early devoted special atten-

[A Memoir of Henry Bradshaw, by G. W. tion to the Foraminifera, on which he be-
Prothero, 1888; Collected Papers of Henry came the leading authority, his labours on
-- - - this subject culminating in the ' Report on

the Foraminifera collected by H.M.S. Chal-
lenger' (London, 1884, 2 vole. 4to), still
the foremost work on this group of animals.
In addition to his great work, Brady was
author of: 1. * Monograph of the Foramini-
fera of the Crag. Part i., J written in con-
junction with Villiam Kitchin Parker ~q.v.]
and Professor T. Rupert Jones, one o_ the
Palseonto^raphical Society's Monographs,

texts.'

The most important of Bradshaw's pub-
lished works, consisting of eight * Memo-
randa,' or short treatises concerning early
typography, Chaucer, Celtic antiquities, &c.,

Bradshaw, 1889; personal recollections. 1

G. W. P.

BRADY, HENRY BOWMAN (1835-
1891), naturalist and pharmacist, son of
Henry Brady, medical practitioner, of Gates-
head, and his wife, Hannah Bowman of
Cne Ash Grange, Derbyshire, was born at
Gateshead on S3 Feb. 1835, He was edu-
cated at Friends' schools at Ackworth and
at Tulketh Hall, near Preston. On leaving

London, 1866, 4to. 2. * Monograph of Car-
school in 1850 he was apprenticed to Thomas boniferous and Permian Foraminifera,' for the
Harvey, a pharmaceutical chemist at Leeds, same society, London, 1876, 4to. 3. < Cata-
He afterwards studied under Dr. Thomas logue of British recent Foraminifera,' written
Richardson at the Newcastle College of with J. D. Siddall, Chester, 1879, 8vo. He
Medicine, and in 1855, after passing the also contributed notes on the Foraminifera
examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, to Nares's < Narrative of a Voyage to the
set up in business for himself at 40 Mosley Polar Sea ' (1878) on the Rhizopoda to
Street Newcastle-upon-Tyne. His energy Markham's ' Polar '.Reconnaissance ' (1881) ;
and industry soon made him noted, and he on Foraminifera to Tizard and Murray's < Ex-
ultimately carried on a large export trade, ? loration of the Faroe Channel' (1882) ; and
retirm. from business in 1876. During this Between 1864 and 1883 some thirty papers

on these microzoa to various scientific jour-
nals.

period he had been closely associated with

the Pharmaceutical Society, served on its

council several years, and at another period The genus Brafyina, in the Foraminifera,

acted as one of its examiners^ He was also was created in his honour by Valerian von

originator of the British Pharmaceutical
Congress, and president at the meetin -s in
Brighton in 1872, and Bradford in 1878
- '

Moller in 1878.

[Newcastle Daily Journal, 15 Jan. 1891 ;
Proc. Royal Soc. vol. 1, p. x ; Quarterly Journal
Oeol. Soc. Proc. xlvii. 54; Geol. Mag. 1891,

i f it * ^ ^ , - ^-v ' > 95; Brit. Mus. Oat.: Nat. Hist. Mus. Cat. ;
also a fellow of the Geological So- ^ O val Soc Cat 1 B B W

ciety from 1864, of the Royal Society from * J

1874, serving on its council in 1888, and BRADY, HUGH (d. 1584), bishop of
of the Zoological Society from 1888. He Meath, was an Irishman by birth, .and a
received the honorary decree of LL.D. of native of the diocese of Meath. He is said
Aberdeen University in 1388, and was the to have been born at Dunboyne by one

Brady

255 Bramley-Moore

account, and by another to nave been son of
Sir Denys O'Grady or O'Brady of Fassa-
more, co". Clare (CoGA^, Diocese of Meatk,
ii. 17 ; COTTON, Fasti Eccl. Hib. iii. 116) ;
but the son of Sir Denys appears to nave
been a different Hugh Brady (cf. Cal. Plants,
Eliz. No. 3943). The bishop was on his
appointment described by the English privy
council as 'one Hugh Bradby [sic], one of
that nation, a graduate in Oxford, being a
professor of divinity, and well commended
for his conversation' (Cal. Carew MSS.
1515-71, p. 359) ; but no one of that name
appears in the university register. Brady
was appointed bishop of Meath by patent
dated '2.. Oct. 1563. He arrived at Dublin
on 3 Dec. 1563 following, and was conse-
crated on the 19th. He was almost imme-
diately sworn of the Irish privy council, of
which he remained an active member until
his death (Hist. MSS. Comm. 15th Rep.
Ap^>. iii. 130 sqq.) He was also energetic
in cefending his bishopric against the attacks
of Shane O'Neill [q. v.] His conduct as
bishop of Meath was warmly commended ;
the lord deputy, Sir Henry Sidney [q. v.],
wrote that 'his preaching was good, his
"udgment grave, his life exemplary, and his
liospitality well maintained' (Cal. State
Papers, Ireland, 1509-73, p. 298). He
made a parochial visitation of his diocese
in 1575, accompanied Sidney on his western
tour hi the following year, and restored the
ruined church of KeUs in 1578 ; in 1568
the bisho-oric of Clonmacnoise was united to
that of 3eath by act of parliament.

Brady's virtues and abilities suggested
his promotion to the archbishopric of Dub-
lin in 1566, when Hugh Curwen [c_. v.] was
translated to Oxford. In April 156o* the lord
deputy and Adam Loftus [q. v.], archbishop
of Armagh, urged Brady s promotion, but
soon afterwards Brady had a dispute with
Loftus * in the execution of the commission
for causes ecclesiastical,' and in September
Loftus wrote that Brady was * unfit' for the
archbishopric. Eventually Loftus secured
his own translation to Dublin, and Brady
remained bishop of Meath until his deatn
on 13 Feb. 1583-4. He was buried in
Dunboyne parish church. His widow Alice,
daughter 01 Lord-chancellor Robert "Weston
fa. v.], who afterwards married Sir Geoffrey
Fenton [q. v.], was described as *a very
virtuous and religious lady, charged with
many children ' (ib. 1574-85, p. 511) ; the
eldest son, Luke, graduated MA. from
Christ Church, Oxford, in 1592 (FosTEB,
Alumni Qxon* 1500-1714).

[Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1509-85 ; Cal.
Care-w MSS. ; Cal. Fiants, Ireland j Hist. MSS.

Comm. 15th Rep. App. iii. ; Ware's Bishops (ed.
Harris); Mant's Hist. Church of Ireland;
Cotton's Fasti; Bagwell's Ireland under the
Tudors.]

BRAMLEY-MOORE, JOHN (1800-
1886), chairman of the Liverpool docks,
youngest son of Thomas Moore, was born at
Leeds in 1800. As a young man he went
out to the Brazils to engage in trade, and
lived for several years at Eio de Janeiro,
where in 1828 he entertained the officers of
the exploring ships Bea ie and Adventure.
On his return to Englanc. in 1835 he settled
at Liverpool as a merchant, and soon began
to interest himself in Tiiblic affairs. In 1841
he was elected by tae town council as an
alderman, an office which he held for twenty-
four years. In 1841 he became a member
of the dock committee (afterwards called
the dock board), and in the following year
was appointed chairman. Foreseeing that
great extensions of the docks would in the
future be required, he induced his committee
to agree to some bold proposals, resulting in
1846 in an arrangement with the Earl of
Derby by which two miles of the foreshore
of the river Mersey, from the borou;h
boundary to Bootle, became available for
the construction of docks. After the opening
of the Albert Dock by Prince Albert in
1846 he was offered the honour of knight-
hood. This he declined. Five other docks
were opened on 4 Aug. 1848, one of them
receiving the name of * Bramley-Moore
Dock.' He was elected mayor of Liverpool
in November 1848, and during his year of
office originated a fancy fair and bazaar by
means of which the sum of 12,QOOZ. was
raised for the local hospitals. In politics he
was a conservative, and was returned to
oarliament in 1854 as member for Maldon.
3e lost that seat in 1859, but afterwards
represented the city of Lincoln from 1862 to
1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for Hull in 1852, for Liverpool in 1853, and
Lymington in 1859. For many years he
was chairman of the Brazilian chamber of
commerce in Liverpool, and in that capacity
earnestly Dressed the government to reduce
the then high duties on coffee and sugar. In
1863 he made a speech in parliament on the
subject of the relations of England with
Brazil, for which he was decorated with the
order of the rose by the emperor of Brazfl.

Some years before his retirement from
business he went to live at Gerrard's Cross,
Buckinghamshire, where he built a free
reading-room. He died at Brighton on
19 Nov. 1886, aged 86, and was buried at
St. Michaers-in-the-Hamlet, Toxteth Park,
Liverpool.

B ram well

256

Bramwell

He married in 1830 Seraphina Hibermii,
daughter of William Pennell, British consul-
general for Brazil, and left two sons, tho
Rev. William Joseph Brarnley-Moore, for-
merly a clergyman of the church of England,
and author of several theological works, and
John Arthur Bramley-Moore (d. 10 July
1899). His additional name of Bramley
was assumed in 1841.

[Picton's Memorials of Liverpool ; Shimmin's
Pen-and-inlc Sketch of Liverpool Town Coun-
cillors, 1866; Manchester Guardian, 23 Nov*
1886 ; Liverpool newspapers, 23 and 26 Nov.
1886. Bramley-Moore's will is given in the
Liverpool Post, 27 Dec. 1886.] C. W. S.

BRAMWELL, GEORGE WILLIAM
WILSHERE, BARON BRAMWELL (1808-
1892), judge, was the eldest son of George
Bramwell (1773-1858), a partner in tae
banking firm of Dorrien, Magens, Dorrien, &
Mellp, since amalgamated with Glyn, Mills,
Currie, & Co. His mother is said to have
been a woman of much character, and to
have attained the a^e of ninety-six. Bram-
well was born on 12 June 1808 in Finch
Lane, Gornhill. At twelve years old he was
sent to the Palace school, En field, kept by
Dr. George May, where he was the school-
fellow of (Sir) AVilliam Fry Channell [q. v.],
afterwards Baron Channell, his contemporary
on the home circuit and his colleague in the
court of exchequer. On leaving school he
became a clerk in his father's bank. In
1830, having married his first wife, he de-
termined to devote himself to the law, and
became the pupil of Fitzroy Kelly [q. y.~
After practising for some years as a special
pleader he was called to the bar bv the Inner
Temple in May 1838, He joinec. the home
circuit, and speedily acquired, both on circuit
and at the Gruildhall, a substantial junior
practice and a good refutation as a lawyer of
solid learnin . In 1850 he was appointed a
member of tie common law procedure com-
mission, the other members being Chief-
ustice Jervis, Baron Martin, Sir A. Cock-
3iirn, and Mr. (afterwards Mr. Justice)
Willea. The result of their labours was the
Common Law Procedure Act, 1852. In
1851 Bramwell was made a Q.C-, and in
1853 he served on the commission whose
inquiries resulted in the Companies Act,
1832. Bramwell thus took an active part
both in the modem development of En lish
law represented by the joint effects o. the
Common Law Procedure Acts and the Judi-
cature Acts, and in the invention of ' limited
liability ' two revolutions of about ecual
importance in the history of law an of
commerce,-.
In 1856, upon the resignation of Baron

Parke, IJramwell was appointed to succeed
him in the court of exchequer, and was
thereupon knighted. Ho sat in this court
until it ceased to exist in 1876, and perhaps
refined scholarship was the only requisite of
an ideal j ud ff e to which he had no pretension
An admirable lawyer, with an immense
knowledge and understanding of case-law
he was also one of tho strongest judges that
ever sat on the bench. In the drat year of
his judgoship it foil to his lot, on circuit to
try a man named Dove for murder. Dove was
an exanrile of the people who are both mad
and wicked. He hated his wife with a
hatred that could only be called insane, and
after brooding over and cherishing his hatred
for years he murdered her with every circum-
stance of cruelty and premeditation. Bram-
well stated the law to the jury with so much
force, accuracy, and lucidity that Dove was
found guilty and hanged. For the next twenty
years the ' mad doctors,' who either could
not or would not understand that by Eng-
lish law some mad persons who commit
crimes are responsible, and others are not,
had no more formidable antagonist than
Bramwell. Ilis favourite question, when a
medical witness called to support a defence
of insanity had deposed that in his opinion
the prisoner 'could not help 'acting as he
did, was * Do you think he would have acted
as he did if ho had seen a policeman watch-
ing him and ready to take him into custody ? '
Bramwell gave both expression and etfect
to his opinions with the most absolute fear-
lessness, and never shrank from the logical
conclusions of his views. When he sat in
the House of Lords after his retirement, he
held^witli equal clearness and vigour to his
opinion that a corporation was legally in-
capable of malice, and therefore could not
be sued as such for malicious prosecution,
however great the hardship thereby inflicted
upon the plaintiff. He distinguished clearly
between the provinces of the legislature and
the judge, and never sought to evade the
duty of putting in force some part of the
kw which, by common consent, was ob-
viously in need of alteration.

During the twenty years that he sat in
the exchequer division he made a great re-
putation, and became extremely popular with
the members of the bar who practised before
him, owing to his kindness, good humour,
and businesslike grasp of affairs. He used to
relate with satisfaction how, when^a ruffianly
prisoner in the north of England had been
convicted before him of an atrocious assault,
he had begun to address to him the com-
mentary upon the offence with which it is
usual to preface a serious criminal sentence

Bramwell

257

Brand

When he tad spoken a few words the
convict interrupted him with the abrupt
question, ' How much ? ' ' Eight years/
answered Bramwell, without saying another
word.

In 1876, upon the establishment of the
court of appeal under the Judicature Acts,
Bramwell was appointed one of the lords
"ustices with universal approbation. He
aeld that office until the close of 1881, when
he retired after twenty-six years' judicial
service. He was memorably entertained at
dinner by the bar of England in the Inner
Temple Hall upon his retirement. Early in
3882 he was created a peer by the title of
Baron Bramwell of Hever, and thereafter sat
frequently in the House of Lords on the
hearing of appeals. Many of his judgments
both in the court of appeal and in the House
of Lords were models o: forcible conciseness,
and for the strength and clearness of his un-
derstanding he had few equals on the bench.

Bramwell published no book, but during
his tenure of judicial office, and more par-
ticularly after his resignation, he not unfre-
quently addressed letters to the news-
papers upon the topics in which he took an
interest. In later years these were usually
signed 'B./ and were so characteristic in
style and substance as to be instantly recog-
nisable by those who were interested. He
was always interested in political economy,
and to the end of his life strove vigorously
in the House of Lords and in the columns
of the ' Times ' for freedom of contract
meaning the unchecked power of making
contracts, and the means of enforcing them
after they were made and the cognate
matters which had been the popular com-
monplaces of the middle of the century, and
underwent so much socialistic modification
in its last quarter. He became a champion
of the ' Liberty and Property Defence League/
and never slackened in his efforts on account
of the want of success which attended them.
He died at his country house, Holmwood,
near Edenbridge, on 9" May 1892, and was
buried at Woking.

In or about 1829 Bramwell married Mary
Jane, daughter of Bruno Silva. She died
on 13 April 1836, leaving two daughters,
one of whom is living. He married secondly,
in 1861, Martha Sinden, who died at
17 Cadogan Place on 5 June 1889 in her
fifty-fourth year (G. E. C[OZAYNE], Complete
Peerage, s Corrigenda/ viii. 320).

No _ portrait of Bramwell is known to be
in existence, but a reproduction of a good
and characteristic photograph of him as he
appeared in his old age forms the fronti-
spiece of Mr. C. Fairfield's memoir,

VOL. L OTB.

[Some Account of George "William Wilshire,
Baron Bramwell of Hever, and his Opinions, bv
Charles Fairfield (London, 1898); private in-
formation ; personal recollections.] H. S-x.

BRAND, SIB HENRY BOIIYEPJE
WILLIAM, first VISCOUNT HAMPDEST and
twenty-third BARON DAOUE (1814-1S92),
born on 24 Dec. 1814, was the second son of
Henry Otway Brand, twenty-first Baron
Dacre, by his wife Pyne, second daughter of
the Hon. and Very Rev. Maurice Grosbie,
dean of Limerick. The barony of Dacre had
passed through the female line to the Fiennes
:amily_~see FIENNES, THOMAS, ninth BAKON
DACBE", from them to the Lennards [see
LENNAILD, FEANCIS, fourteenth BAEON
DACEE], and from them to Charles Trevor
Roper, eighteenth Baron Dacre (1745-1794) ;
the ei -hteenth baron's sister Gertrude mar-
ried Thomas Brand of The Hoo , Hertfordshire,
father of Thomas Brand, twentieth Baron
Dacre (whose wife was Barbarina Brand,
lady Dacre [q. v,]), and great-grandfather of
Viscount Hampden. Hampden y s elder brother
Thomas succeeded as twenty-second Baron
Dacre, but died s.p. in 1890, when the barony
of Dacre devolved upon Viscount Hampden.

Brand was educated at Eton, where in
1829 he was in the lower division of the
fifth form. He did not go to a university,
and on 16 April 1838, when twenty-three
years of age, married Eliza, dau- -liter of
General ^ Robert EUice (1784-185 ). His
first political employment began in 1846,
when he became private secretary to Sir
George Grey [q. vT], home secretary. On
6 July 1852 he entered parliament as mem-
ber for Lewes, for which he was re-elected
on 27 March 1857, 29 April 1859, and
IB July 1865. On 26 Nov. 1868 he was re-
turned for Cambridgeshire, which he con-
tinued to represent until his elevation to the
peerage. JEfe was a lord of the treasury
under Palmerston 17 April 1855 to 1 March
1858.^ For a few weeks in the spring of
1858 Brand was keeper of the privy seal to
the prince of Wales, and on 9 June 1859 he
became parliamentary secretary to the trea-
sury, a post held in the previous liberal
administration by Sir William Goodenough
Hayter[(.v.] He jeld this post underPalmer-
ston anc Russell until July 1866, when
Derby came into power, and he continued to
act as senior liberal whip for the two years
during which the liberals were in op3>osition.
When Gladstone took office in 186*3 Brand
was not included in the administration, his
^lace at the treasury being occupied by
George Grenfell Glyn, afterwards Baron
Wolverton [q. v.] ; but when John Evelyn
Denison (afterwards Viscount Ossington)

Brand

258

Brand

[c . v,] resigned the speakership of the House devoted himself to agricultural experiments

o: Commons in February 1872, Brand was at. Glyndu, particularly in dairy farming

elected without opposition to succeed him. lie waa made lord-lieutenant of Sussex and

Brand's long tenure of the position of party in 1800 succeeded his elder brother, Thomas

whip caused doubts as to his fitness for the Crosbio "William, as twenty-third Baron

speakership, but these were soon solved^ by Dacre. lie died at Tau on 14 March 1892

Brand's impartial performance of his duties ; and waa buried, at Glynde on the 22nd a

he endearechimself to the house by his uniform memorial service being held on the same

suavity (MOWBKA.Y, pp. 115, 118), and in day in St. Margaret's, Westminster. A^jor-
1874, when Disraeli returned to office, Brand
was on 5 March, on the motion of Mr. Henry
re-elected speaker

Chaplin, unanimously
(Luc Y, Diary of two Parliaments, i. 6) . Tlie
development of systematic obstruction under
Parnell's auspices placed Brand in a position
of unprecedented difficulties [see PAKNELL,
CHAELES STEWART], and on 11 July 1879
Parnell moved a vote of censure on him for
having ordered two clerks to take minutes of
the speeches, on the ground that he had no
power to do so ; the motion was lost by 421
to 29 votes, one of the biggest majorities re-
corded in the history of parliament (Luor,
i. 485-6). Brand had in the same parlia-
ment some difficulty in dealing with Samuel
Plimsoll fq. v. Suppl.]

After the general election of 1880 Brand
was once more, on the motion of Sir Thomas
Dyke Acland [q. v. Suppl.] on 30 April,
unanimously elected speaker, but the return
of the Parnellite home-rulers in increased
numbers added to his difficulties, and their
obstructive tactics culminated in the debate
on W. E. Forster's motion for leave to intro-
duce his coercion bill. The sitting, which
began on 31 Jan. 1881, was by these means
protracted for forty-one hours until 9 A.M.
on Wednesday, 2 Feb. Brand, who had left
the chair at 11.30 on the previous night,
then returned, and ended the debate by re-

trait of Ilampden, painted by Frank IIoll
is at The Lloo, 'Welwyn, Hertfordshire, "and
a' replica hangs in the Speaker's Court, West-
minster.

By his wife, who died at Lewes on
9 March 1899, aged 81, Ilampden had issue
five sons and five daughters; the eldest son,
Henry Robert (b. 1841), is the present
Viscount Ilampden ; the second son, Thomas
Seymour (b. 1847), is admiral, E.N.; the
third son, Arthur (b. 1853), was M.P. for the
Wisbech division of Cambridgeshire (1892-
1895), and treasurer of the household in
1894-5.

[Burke's Peerage; G. E. C[okayne]'s Com-
plete Peerage, s.vv. 'Dacre' and 'Hampden;'
Timofl, 16-23 March 1802 and 10 March 1899;
Daily News, 16-23 March 1892; Animal Re-
gister, 1892 p, 165, 1899 p, HI ; Official Return
of Members of Parliament; Hansard's Parl.
Debates; Lucy's Diarr of two Parliaments;
T. P. O'Connor's (Milestone's House of Com-
mons; Andrew Lang's Life of Stafford North-
cote; Sir John Mowbray's Seventy Years at
Westminster, 1900 ; Childers's Life of H. C. E.
Childers, 1901.] A. R P.

BRAND, SIE JOHANNES HENRIOUS
(JAN HENDRIK) (1823-1888), president
of the Orange Free State, the son of Sir
Christoffel Brand (1797-1875), speaker of the
House of Assembly at the Cape, was born at

bilCU ICLUlliCUj OiJLLU C11UCU tUC UcUcLliO Uj JHJ- J.J.UU.OC UJL XXaBCUJLU.lJI' UiU WJLO VUJC, W ao MUJLJ.J. aw

fusing on his own responsibility to hear any Cape Town on 6 I)ec. 1828, and educated at

more speeches. The strict legality of his the South African College at that place. On

action is perhaps doubtful, but it was justi- 18 May 1843 he entered. Ley den University,
fied by sheer necessity. It was the first
check imposed upon members' power of un-

graduating LL.D. in 1845 (PEACOCK, Leyden
Students, p. 13). He was admitted student

limited obstruction; on the following day of the Inner Temple in London on 9 May

Gladstone introduced resolutions reforming 1843, and was called to the bar on 8 June

the rules of procedure, and the speakers 1849. He returned almost immediately to

powers of dealin j with obstruction have South Africa, and commenced to practise as

subsequently beenzurther increased. Brand's an advocate before the supreme court of the

tenure of tae speakership was henceforth Cape Colony, making gradually a sound repu-

comparatively uneventful; he received the tation. In 1854 he became a member of the

unusual honour of Gr.C.B. at the close of the first House of Assembly, representing the

1881 session, and in February 1884 resigned borough of Clanwilliam. In the house, as at

the chair on the ground of failing health, the bar, his speeches were delivered with

He was granted the usual pension of 4,000/. vehemence, and his manner was confident,

and viscountcy, being created on 4 March but he made no great impression in the as-

Yiscount Hampden of Glynde, Sussex. His sembly. In 1858 he was elected professor

choice of title was probably determined by of law at the South African College, Cape

his descent in the female line from John Town.
Hampden [q. v.] For the rest of his life he In November 1863 Brand was elected by

Brand

259

Brand

the burghers of the Orange Free State, then
at a very low ebb, to be their president, and
he migrated to the new sphere thus opened to
him, taking the oaths on 2 Feb. 1864, and
thus nominally relinquishing British citizen-
ship. The burghers' choice was amply justi-
fied. From the first Brand hand_ed their
finances with prudence, and organised the
service of the state on an economical and
efficient basis. A few years after he assumed
the office of president, a state which had been
on the point of begging the British empire
to take it over became a fLourishing and hopeful
territory.

Brand had no light task before him on
taking up his post ; he was immediately called
upon to arrange the boundary with the Ba-
sutos. Brand had appealed to the British
high commissioner, Sir Philip Wodehouse
[q.v. Suppl.', but the Basutos declined to
accept Sir Philip's award. A war with Mo-
shesS, the Basuto chief, ensued, and lasted
from June 1865 to April 1866. The peace
then made was not lasting, and when war
began again on 16 July 18C7, Brand at once
set himself to free the republic of its chronic
strife with the Basutos. He served himself
through the campaign, and at the close of
it was in a position to exact his own terms
from the natives. At this juncture, however,
the British government interposed, and the
terms settled by the convention of Aliwal
North, where in February 1869 Brand met
Sir Philip "VVodehouse for this purpose, were
somewhat lenient to the beaten natives.

In 1869 Brand was re-elected president.
On the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand
West the Orange Free State claimed the
district, and Brand was deputed to support
the claim at Cape Town, where he arrived
on 29 Dec. 1870, but he was not successful
in can-Ting his point. In the following year
his intuence was so great that he was
approached with a view to becoming presi-
dent of the Transvaal Republic as well as
the Orange Free State, but on learning that
the coalition was to be hostile to Great
Britain he declined. In 1874 he was again,
elected president. In 1876 he made a jour-
ney to England to discuss with the British
government the cuestion of South African
confederation an the general relations of
Great Britain and the republics. He was
again re-elected president in 1879.

In the struggle between the British and
his old enemies the Basutos in 1880 Brand
preserved strict neutrality. In the war of
Great Britain with the Transvaal in 1881 he
was equally careful not to commit himself to
either side, thou ;h he offered to arbitrate on
the points of di 'ereace, and finally, in the

negotiations for peace, appeal was frequently
made to his opinion. The queen offered him
the dignity oz G.C.M.G., and he desired to
accept it ; but the council at first objected,
and it was not till they understood that he
would not tolerate their obstruction that they
gave way (1882). In 1885 he acted with
great judgment as arbiter in the dispute be-
tween Sepniara and Samuel, the Baralong
chiefs, and averted what might have been a
serious feud within the territories of the re-
public. In 1886 he had what was practically
lois first collision with the Raad. In the fol-
lowing year (1887) he was engaged in
conferences with President Kruger of the
Transvaal as to the question of railway con-
nection between the two republics and the
outer world, and took a strong line in favour
of preserving the connection of the Orange
Free State with the Cape Colony. The party
in his own Raad whie:i favoured Kruger's
pretensions carried a resolution in secret ses-
sion which censured Brand's attitude. They
passed their vote only by a narrow majority,
~3ut Brand at once resigned. This step was
the signal for an outburst of popular en-
thusiasm in his favour, which was almost
pathetic in its intensity. He was at last
induced to withdraw his resignation, and
the Raad passed a resolution of confidence
in him, with but one dissentient vote. He
thus successfully resisted every effort that
Kruger made to draw him into a position of
close alliance with the Transvaal and antago-
nism to the British, always holding that the
best bond of union in South Africa in the
future would be a real understanding be-
tween the races.

Brand's health broke down a year later,
in 1888, and he decided to visit Cape Colony,
where Sir Hercules Robinson (afterwards
Lord RovSmead) fq.v. Suppl.]_, then governor,
had placed the Grange at his disposal. He
died suddenly of heart disease at Bloem-
fontein on 14 July 1888. His death was de-
plored in speeches in the British parliament
(HAN-SAUD, 16 July 1888 ; Times, 17 July,
p. 6). He was an honest, zealous, and
prudent administrator, to whose personal
effort alone was due the erection of the
Orange Free State into a really prosperous
republic. He had none of the unctuousness
wSich so often mars South Africans of Dutch
descent. His head was fine and presence
striking (see portrait in THEAI/S (feschiede-
nis van Zuid Afrika, p. S81).

Brand married a daughter of Johanna
Zustron, and left eight sons, some of whom
were in the Orange Free State service at
the time of his death, and three daughters.
One of the sons took aprominent part with the

Brandram

260 Brantingham

Boers during the great Boer war in their se-
cond invasion of Cape Colony in January 1901.
[Cape Argus of 16 July 1888; Noble's South
Africa, p. 322 ; Wilmot's Hist, of our own
Times in South Africa, p?. 100-10; Fosters
Men at the Bar ; Life anc Times of Sir John
C. Molteno ; Eroude's Two Lectures on South
Africa, ed. 1900, pp. 60-3, 95; Theal's History
of South Africa (tie Republics), passim ; Lord
Carnarvon's Essays, iii. 77-8 ; W. P. Greswell's
Our South African Empire, and work above cited,
pp. 380-2. Of. Robinson's Lifetime in South
Afrii-a, p. 343 ; Butler's Life of Colley, p. 322
sqq.] C. A. H.

BRANDRAM, SAMUEL (1824-1892),
reciter, born in London on 8 Oct. 1824, was
the only son of William Caldwell Brandram.
He was educated at Merchant Taylors 7 , King's
College School, and Trinity College, Oxford,
whence he. graduated B.A. in 1846, and M.A.
three years later. At the university he was
best known as an athlete. After leaving
Oxford he became a student afc Lincoln's
Inn, and was called to the bar on 22 Nov.
1850. He practised as a barrister till 1876,
when, under stress of financial difficulties,
he came before the public as a professional
reciter, and obtained wide popularity.

From his university days, when he took
part with Frank Talfourd in founding the
nrst Oxford Dramatic Society, Brandram
had shown great aptitude for the stage, and
was also well known for his singing of bal-
lads.. Henry Crabb Robinson [c , v.J records
in his diary how on 24 Jan. 1348, at Mr.
Justice Talfburd's house in Russell Square,
' one ^Brandreth (sic) played the King very
well indeed ' in a performance of his host's
play of ' Ion.' Afterwards, when a Macbeth
travesty was performed at Talfourd's house,
' the same Brandreth olayed Macbeth, and
made good fun of the character.' Brandram
was accustomed during his vacations to act
with the Canterbury Old Stagers and the
Windsor Strollers, in company with Albert
Smith, Joe Robins, Edmund Yates, and
others. He .played harlequin in A. Smith's
amateur pantomime in 18o6.

Brandram first appeared as a reciter at
Richmond, and very soon met with success.
He had been a student of Shakespeare from
his schooldays, and, although his miscel-
laneous programmes were excellent, he was
seen at his Dest when he gave a whole play
of Shakespeare or Sheridan. Of the first he
was wont to recite in an almost complete
form some dozen plays, among which ' 'A&c-
beth ' was his favourite.

In 1881 he published ' Selected Plays of
Shakspeare, abridged for the use of the
Young ; ' it reached a fourth edition in 1892,

The more important passages are printed in
full, while short narratives supply the place
of the others. In 1885 appeared ' Srandram's
Speaker^ a Set of Pieces in Prose and
Verse suitable for Recitation, with an In-
troductory Essay on Elocution,' and a por-
trait. This was reprinted without the essay
in 1893. In the same year he issued a
further volume of ' Selections from Shake-
speare.' Brandram died at 6 Bentinck Street,
Cavendish Square, London, on 7 Nov. 1892!
He was buried three days later in Richmond
cemetery. He married Miss Julia Murray,
an actress in Charles Kean's company, and
left three sons and three daughters.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. and Men at the Bar;
Black wood's Mag. February 1893, by W. K. R.
Bedford; Times, 8 and 11 Nov. 1892; Athenaeum
and Era, 12 Nov. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Illustrated
London Nevs, 19 Nov. 1802 (by F. T. S.), with
portrait.] a. LB G. N.

BRANTINGHAM, THOMAS DE (d.
1394), lord treasurer and bishop of Exeter,
probably came from Brantingham, near Bar-
nard Castle, Durham, and was doubtless re-
lated to the Ralph de Brantingham, king's
clerk in the rei yna of Edward II and Ed-
ward III. He does not appear to have been
educated at any university, and even when
bishop is credited with no degrees. He
early entered Edward Ill's service as a clerk
in the treasury. Before 1 36 1 he was granted
the rectory of Ashby David in the diocese
of Lincoln, and in December of that year
the king requested the po^e to give him in
addition a canonry and pre jend in St. Paul's.
The request was granted, but Brantingham's
name does not appear in Le Neve's list (CaL
Papal Petitions, 1342-1419, pp. 381, 415).
From 1361 to 1368 BrantingSam was trea-
surer of Calais and Guisnes; he was also
receiver of the mint at Calais, and was em-
ployed in various negotiations with the Duke
of Burgundy and other business connected
with the defence of the English Pale(RYME,
Foedera, Record edit. Hi. ii. 612 et passim).
In 1363 he held a prebend in Hereford
Cathedral, and in July 1367 he was treasurer
of Bath and Wells Cathedral (LE NEVE, ed.
Hardy, i. 173) ; he also held the rectory of
Morthoe in the diocese of Exeter.

Brantingham seems to have attached him-
self to Wflliam of Wykeham "q. v.] and on
27 June 1369, a year after "W ykeham's ap-
pointment as chancellor, Brantingham be-
came lord, treasurer. On 4 March 1370 he
was appointed by papal provision to the
bishopric of Exeter ; he was consecrated on
12 May following, and received back the
temporalities on the 16th. His political
and official duties prevented him from visit-

Brantingham 261

Brassey

ing his diocese until July 1371, by which
time he had been dismissed from the trea-
surership. The failures in France enabled
the opponents of the clerical ministers to
drive tiem from office. Wykeham lost the
chancellorship on 14 March 1371, and on the
27th Scrope succeeded Brant ingham as lord
treasurer (STTTBBS, Const. Hist. ii. 440; cf.
TREVELT.AN, Age of Wycliffe, 2nd edit. p. 4).
For six years Brantingham took no ;part in
politics ;" but the accession of Pdcharc II, in
June 1377, brought Wykeham and his friends
once more into power, and on 19 July fol-
lowing Brantingham was again appointed
lord treasurer (Cal. Patent Rolls, 1377-81,
p. 7 ; STTJBBS, ii. 461). In January 1380-1
"Valsingham (Historia Anglicana^ Rolls Ser.
i. 449) makes Sir Robert Hales succeed Bran-
tingham as treasurer; but, according to
Bishop Stubbs, Sir Hugh Segrave [c_. v,J be-
came treasurer in the August of tlat year
(Const. Hist. ii. 480). Brantingham, how-
ever, continued to take an active part in
public affairs. He constantly served as trier
of petitions in the parliaments from 1381
onwards {Rolls of Parl Hi. 99-229 -passim).
In November 1381 he was one of tie peers
appointed to confer with the commons, and
he was similarly employed in 1382 and 1384
(ib. iii. 100, 134, 167). In November 1381
he was also on the commission appointed to
reform the king's household ; in 1385 he was
made controller of the subsidy, and in the
same year was one of those nominated to
inc uire into the king's debts.

CThese attempts to check abuses having
proved ineffectual, the barons under Glou-
cester took control of the ;overnment in
1386, impeached the chancellor, Michael de
la Pole, earl of Suffolk ~q. v.], and appointed
eleven lords, of whom Ifrantingham was one,
to reform and regulate the realm and the
king's household. He was not, however, one
of the appellants who rose against Richard
in 1387, and when the proceedings of 1386
were annulled in 1397, Brantingham, who
had been dead three years, was on the com-
mons' petition declared by the king to have
been innocent and loyal (ib. iii. 353). More-
over, when in May 1389 Richard declared
himself of age, and changed his ministers,
Brantingham returned for a few months to
the treasury. But by this time he was too
old for the work. In August he resigned
the treasury, and on the 6th Richarc, on.
account of Brantingham's a -e and services
to his grandfather and himself, excused him
from further attendance at parliament and
the council (RYMEK. F&dera. oriff. edit. vii.
649X

Brantingham retired to his diocese, and

died at St. Mary le Clyst in October 1394
(OLIVER, p. 92; LE NEVE says 13 Dec.)
He was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathe-
dral. His tomb, which was opened on 3 Dec.
1832, was found to have been completely
despoiled by the puritans in 1646 (OLIVER,
loc. tit.) Brantingham's episcopal register,
which occupies two volumes, is still extant.
His ' Issue Roll ' as treasurer for the year
44 Edward III (1370-1) was translated and
published by Frederick Devon in 1835 (Lon-
don, 4to).

[Rolls of Parliament, vol. iii. passim ; Rot.
in Scaccario Abbrenatio, ii. 322 ; Cal Rot. Pat.
in Turn Londin. p. 185 ; Cal. Patent Rolls,
1377-81 and 1381-5, passim ; Rymer's Foedera,
orig. edit. vols. vi. anc vii., Record edit. vol. iii.
pt. ii. passim; Nicolas's Ordinances of the Privy
Council, voL u; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl., ed.
Hardy, i. 173, 372; Walsingham's Hist. Angl.,
Chronicon Anglias, and Trokelowe and Blane-
forde (Rails Ser.) ; Oliver's Lives of the Bishops
of Exeter, pp. 89-94 ; Walton's Richard II, ii.
15, 398; Stnbbs's Const. Hist. ii. 440, 461, 497,
504 ; Preface tot Devon's Issue Roll of Thomas
de Brdntingham.] A. F. P.

BHASSEY, AlSn^A (or, as she always
wrote the name, Annie), BABONESS BBA.SSEY
(1839-1887), traveller and authoress, first
wife of Thomas Brassey, first Baron Brassey,
born in London on 7 Oct. 1839, was daugh-
ter of John Allnutt, "by his first wife, Eliza-
beth Harriet, daughter of John Faussett
Burnett of May Place, Orayford. Losing her
mother when she was an infant, she lived with
her grandfather at Clapham, and afterwards
with her father in Chapel Street, and Charles
Street, Berkeley Square. la her early years
she acquired a love of country life and pur-
suits which she retained to the last, and she
made a special study of botany. On 9 Oct.
1860 she married at St. George's Church,
Hanover Square, Mr. Thomas Brassey (created
Baron Brassey in 1886), eldest son of Thomas
Brassey [q. v.j, the railway contractor. She
bore her husband one son and four daughters.
At first she and her husband lived at Beau-
port Park, three miles from Hastings, and
then at Normanhurst Court, a house which
they built in 1870, in the parish of Catsfield,
Sussex. Sne became a leader of society in
the neighbourhood of her residence, and
Marianne North [q. T.] records of the season
1862-3, 'The great event of the winter was
a fancy ball given at Beaufort by the Tom
Brasseys, most hospitable or. youthful hosts '
(Recollections of a Sappy Life, i. 33). Her
husband's candidature for parliament at
Birkenhead, Devonport, and Sandwich,
where he was unsuccessful, and at Hastings,
for which constituency he was elected in

Brassey

262

Brayne

1868, drew her into political work. "When
a petition was brought against her husband's
return for Hastings in 1869, she was called
as the first witness in his defence, and
Serjeant Ballantine [q_.v. Suppl.", his leading
counsel, writes that he ' receivec the greatest
assistance from suggestions given me by Mrs,
Brassey; she showed the greatest astute-
ness, and I consider that the result which
was ultimately given in favour of her
husband was in a great measure due to her
exertions' (Experiences of a Barrister's Life,
p. 248).

While living at Normanhurst Lady Brassey
occupied herself in the management of the
house and estate, in munificent hospitality to
people of all ranks, in promotin ? good works
in Hastings and the neighbourhood, and in
furthering her husband's efforts in political
and other public work.

Lady Brassey spent much time in travel,
and she wrote for the benefit of her friends
accounts of many of her voyages. Her
earliest books, both of which were issued
for private circulation, were * The Plight of
the Meteor' (1869) and 'A Cruise in the
Eothen ' (1872), accounts of yachting trips
to the Mediterranean and to Canada and the
United States. A voyage round the world,
undertaken in 1876-7 in her yacht called
The Sunbeam,' led to the publication of
' The Voya~e in the Sunbeam, our Home on
the Ocean lor Eleven Months/ 1878. This
was compiled from weekly journals for-
warded to her family at home, which were
originally ^ printed for private circulation.
In arranging the work for publication she
received assistance from Lady Broome. The
success of the book was immediate and great.
' The favourable reception of the first book
was wholly unexpected by the writer. She
awoke and found herself famous ' ('Memoir'
in The Last Voyage, p. xix), < The Voyage
in the Sunbeam ' reached a nineteenth eci-
tion in 1896, and has been translated into
French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Hun-
garian. Editions were also -published at
Montreal and New York. In L881 a paper-
covered edition issued at sixpence was one
of the earliest of cheap issues of popular
copyright books. There followed < Sunshine
and Storm in the East, or Cruises to Cyprus
and Constantinople '(1880, 5th edit. 1896),
and 'In the Trades, the Tropics, and the
Rparin ; Forties' (1885), a description of a
trip to the "West Indies and Madeira. Though
less popular than The Voyage in the Sun-
beam/ these books had a wide circulation.
'They were read with -pleasure by Prince
3ismarck as he smoked Sis evening pipe, as
Well as by girls at school

During her voyages Lady Brassey made
large collections of natural and ethnological
curiosities, and these she displayed at loan
exhibitions at Hastings in 1381 and 1885
and at the Fisheries Exhibition at South
Kensington in 1883. They are now in the
museum at her husband's house, 24 Park Lane,
London. She took an especial interest in
the work of the St. John Ambulance Asso-
ciation. Her last public speech -was made
in furtherance of the work of the association
at Rockhampton. She was elected a dame
chevaliere of the order of St. John of Jerusa-
lem in 1881. In August 1885 Lord and
Lady Brassey invited "W. E, Gladstone to
accompany taem on a cruise to Norwa-r in
the Sunbeam, and Lady Brassey publisher an
account of it in the ' Contemporary Review'
for October 1885. She le:t England on
16 Nov. 1886 on her last voyage, which was
undertaken lor the sake of her health. She
visited India, Borneo, and Australia, but
died at sea on 14 Sept. 1887. She was
buried at aea. at sunset on that day. in lat.
15 50' S., long. 110 38' E.

A portrait of Lady Brassey was painted
by Sir Francis Grant, but the horse and
dogs in the picture were added by Sir Edwin
Landseer. This portrait is now at Norman-
hurst Court.

In addition to the books mentioned, Lady
Brassey wrote: 1. ' Tahiti' (letterpress ac-
companying photographs by Colonel Stuart-
Wortley), London, 1882. 2. ' St John Am-
bulance Association : its Work and Objects'
(supplement to the * Club and Institute Jour-
nal/ 23 Oct.), London, 1886. 3. < The Last
Voyage/ ed. M, A. Broome, London, 1889.

[Memoir by Lord Brassey in the Last Voyage,
1889; Annual Register, 1887; private infor-
mation.] E. H. M.

., WILLIAM (eL 1657), go-
vernor of Jamaica, was son of Thomas Brayne
(Cal. State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660,
p. 464). In 1653 he was lieutenant-colonel
of the regiment of foot commanded by
Colonel Daniel, which formed ^art of the
army of occupation in Scotland. In June
1654, during the royalist rising under Glen-
cairne, Brayne was put in command of a
body of a thousand foot drawn from the
forces in Ireland, with orders to establish
himself at Inverlochy, and build a fort there.
After the suppression of the rising he was
appointed governor of Inverlochy and the
ad;acent parts of the highlands. No- one
die. more to establish order among the high-
landers. A Scot describes him as 'an
excellent wise man/ adding that 'where
there was nothing but barbarities, now there

Brenchley

263

Brenchley

is not one robbery all this year' (Thurloe
Papers, iv. 401 ; FiftTH, Scotland and the
Protectorate, pp. xliii, 111). In tlie summer
of 1656 the Protector chose Brayne to
command the reinforcements to be sent to
Jamaica, and to take the post of commander-
in-chief there (Cal. State Papers, Col. (1574-
1660), pp. 440, 442; FIRTH, Narrative of
General Vendbles, p. 171). He arrived at
Jamaica in December 1656 (THUKLOE, vi.
771), and set himself vigorously to work to
promote planting, and -develop the trade of
the island. Is one of its early governors did so-
much to make it a self-supporting community,
and to establish the struggling colony on a
permanent basis. His own health, however,
soon gave way ; he complains in his letters
of decay in body and mind, and says in the
last of them that he had not had a week's
health since he came there (ib. v. 778, vi.
1 10, 21 1, 23o, 453). Brayne died on 2 Sept.
1657, and, according to a colonist, *was
infinitely lamented, being a wise man and
perfectly qualified for the command and
design' (Present State of Jamaica, 1683,
p. 34: THUBLOE, vi. 512).

[Authorities mentioned in the article."

C. 3. F.

BRENCHLEY, JULIUS LUCIUS
(1816-1873), traveller and author, born at
Kingsley House, Maidstone, on. 30 Nov. 1816,
was son of John Brenchley of Maidstone
by Mary Ann, dau -liter and co-heiress of
Thomas Coare of Middlesex. His mother's
family was of French extraction, and her
mother was a daughter of Edward Savage of
Rock Savage, Cheshire. Brenchley was edu-
cated at the grammar school at Maidstone,
subsequently entering St. John's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in
1840. In 1843, after proceeding M.A., he
was ordained to a curacy at Holy Trinity
Church, Maidstone. Subsequently he held a
curacy at Shoreham, Kent. In 1845 he
travelled with his parents an the continent
of Europe.

In 1847, on the death of his father, Brench-
ley entered on the career of a traveller, which
he followed without intermission to 1867.
In 1849 he visited New York and the United
States, living a forsst life among the Indian
tribes ; this was followed by a journey in
1850 up the Mississippi and Missouri to St.
Joseph, and thence to Oregon and Fort
Vancouver by way of the Roelrp Mountains.
Passing to the Hawaiian Islands, he met
there another traveller, M. Jules Remy,in
whose company he journeyed to California.
From San Francisco he anc. Remy undertook
an adventurous expedition to Utah and Salt
Lake City, the results of which are embodied

in a work compiled jointly by the travellers,
entitled *A Journey to Great Salt Lake
City,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1861. Returning to San
Francisco, they crossed the Sierra Nevada to
New Mexico. In 1856 the travellers visited
Panama and Ecuador, and ascended the vol-
canoes of Pinchincha and Chimborazo, after-
wards going to Peru, Chinchas Islands, and
Chili. The year 1857 saw Brenchley and his
companion again in the United States, where,
after visiting the Canadian lakes, they de-
scended the Mississippi from its source to
Saint Louis. Ultimately reaching New
York, they embarked there for England.

In 1858 and 1859 Brenchley explored AI-
eria, Morocco, Spain^ and Sicily. In 1862
lie went to the East, visiting the Nilgherries,
Madras, Calcutta, the Himalayas, and Be-
nares-, subsequently returning to Calcutta.
Leaving Calcutta in 1863, he went to Cey-
lon, and thence to China visiting Shanghai,
Nankin, Tientsin, and Pekin, in company
with Sir Frederick Bruce Mongolia, and
Japan. After returning to China he visited
Australia, and in 1864 travelled to New Zea-
land in company with Lieutenant the Hon,
Herbert Meadey R.N. In this expedition
Brenchley rendered services in regard to the
submission of the Maorw, which were acknow-
ledged by Sir George Grey [q. v. Suppl.], the
governor. Shortly after this he went to
Sydney, and crvised later on among the
islands of the South Pacific Ocean, in company
with Commodore Sir "William "Wiseman,
and published an account of his cruise in
' The Cruise of the Cura^oa among the South
Sea Islands in 1865.' The ethnographical
objects collected from the various islands
during the voyage were exhibited at Sydney,
and a catalogue of them published there
in 1865.

Shortly afterwards Brenchley went again
to Shanghai, and made a second journey
through China and Mongolia, reaching the
hitherto almost unfrequented steppes of Si-
beria, which he traversed in the winter of
1866-7 in sledges. Crossing the Ural Moun-
tains he pursued his journey,, and reached
Moscow and St. Petersburg in January 1867.
He afterwards travelled about Poland, visit-
ing "Warsaw and the chief towns, and, having
passed through a great part of the empire of
Austria, arrived at Marseilles. Goin T thence
to Paris, he was in that city w!ien the
Prussians first beleaguered it in 1870. Subse-
quently he settled down at Milgate Hous_e,
near Maidstone, but in consequence of ill
health removed to Folkestone in 1872, where
he died on 24 Feb. 1873, aged 56 years.
Brenchley was buried in the family vault at
All Saints, Maidstone. He bequeathed the

Brereton

264

Brett

spite ^ of his broken leg lie took an active
part in fighting against Desmond in Mun-

bulk of his large collections in ethnography,
natural history, oriental objects, paintings,
and library to the town of Maidstone, leaving
also an endowment for their due preserva-
tion, and they are installed in the museum

there, towards the enlargement of which he commanded to act as lord justice during his

was a munificent donor. A marble bust of absence. On 7 July Sir Anthony St. Leger

Mm, executed by J. Durham, R.A., and a [q, v.] was appointed lord deputy, and on

portrait in oils by W. C. Dobson, R. A., also his arrival at Dublin on 12 Aug. Brereton

commemorate him in the Maidstone Museum, ceased to be lord justice. During the follow-

[Brenchley's MSS. and private Journals in Autumn he was fightinj in Odrone. He

the Museum, Maidstone.] F. V. J. died at Kilkenny on 4 Fe 3. 1540-1, and is

said to have been buried m St. Canice

BRERET01T, SIB WILLIAM (d. 1541), church, though Graves and Prim make no

lord justice in Ireland, was eldest son^ of mention of him in their history of that

Sir Andrew Brereton of Brereton, Cheshire, cathedral.

and his wife Agnes, daughter of Robert Legh
of Adlingtoninthe same county. There were
many branches of the Brereton family settled
in Cheshire, and the lord justice must be
distinguished from Ms contemporary, Wil-

Brereton married, first, Alice, daughter
of Sir John Savage, by whom he had issue
one son, William, grandfather of Sir William
Brereton (1550-1630), who in 1624 was
created Baron Brereton of Leighlin, co.

, - , .

liam Brereton (d. 1536) of Shocklach, who Carlow (his portrait, painted by Lucas de
was groom of the chamber to Henry VIII, Heere, was No, 682 in the third loan ex-
married Elizabeth, daughter of Charles hibition at South Kensington). He married,
Somerset, first earl of Worcester [q, v.], secondly, Eleanor, dauguter of Sir Ralph
and was beheaded on 17 May 1536, in con-
conection with the charges against Anne
Boleyn; to this fact Clarendon somewhat

fancifully attributes the hostilit 1
William Brereton (1604-1661)
Charles I.

The future lord just-ice was knighted
before 1523, and served on various local
commissions, in which it is difficult ac-

Brereton of Ipstones, by whom he had issue
three sons and five daughters ; his son, Sir
Andrew Brereton, served in Ireland, was a

.ty of Sir member of the privy council, and was re-
[q. v.] to called in 1550 for quarrelling with Con
Bacach O'Neill, first earl of Tyrone [q. v.]

[Cal. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, passim;
State Papers, Henry VIII ; Cal. State Papers,
Ireland; Cal. Carew MSS. ; Cal. Fiants,

[q. v.] to Ireland when Henry VIII re- Ireland under the Tudors; Ormerod's Cheshire,
solved to substitute a firmer control for & 686, Hi. 84-0.] A. P.P.

the rule of Kildare. It was rumoured that BRETT, WILLIAM BALIOL, Vis-
the Irish had captured Dublin, and Skeffinp COUNT ESHEB. (1815-1899), judge, second
ton sent Biereton to effect a landing:, whLe son of the Rev, Joseph George Brett (d.
he himself proceeded to Waterforc. The 20 May 1852), of Ranelagh, Chelsea, for
rumour proved false, Brereton was welcomed many years incumbent of -ianover Chapel,
by the citizens on 17 Oct., and a week later Regent Street, by Dorothy, daughter of
Skeflangton followed him. In the ensuing George Best of Chilston Park, Kent, was
operations against tne Irish Brereton was born at the rectory, Lenham, Kent, on
Skeffington's right-hand man, and he led the 13 Aug. 1815. He was educated at West-
storming party which captured Maynooth minster School and the university of Cam-
Castle in March 1534-5. After Skeffington's bridge, where (from Gains College) he gra-
death at the end of the year, Brereton re- duated B.A. (senior optime) in 1840, and
turned to England, where he became deputy proceeded M. A. in 1845. He rowed once
chamberlain of Chester. (1839) for his university against Oxford, and

On 2 Oct. 1539 Brereton was ordained to twice (1837, 1838) against the Leander Club,
levy two _ hundred and fifty archers, and On 30 April 1839 he was admitted student at
proceed with them to Ireland., Returning Lincoln's Inn, and was there called to the bar
!iome one day from musters he broke his on 29 Jan. 1846, and elected bencher in 1861.
leg, but nevertheless he sailed for Ireland He early showed an unusual aptitude for
early in 'November. On bis arrival he was handling mercantile and marine cases, which
made marshal of the army in Ireland and a brought him a plentiful supply of briefs on
aieinber of the Irish privy council. In the Northern, circuit and at Westminster.

Brett

265

Brett

Gazetted Q.C. on 22 Feb. 1861, lie soon led
both in the court of passage at Liverpool
and in the court of admiralty. A sound,
though hardly a profound lawyer, an easy
speaker, and, above all, a clearheaded and
experienced man of the world, he was espe-
cially at home in addressing juries, and was
naturally led to form an unusually high
estimate of the value of their verdicts. He
had also a considerable bankruptcy practice,
and was for some years revising barrister for
one of the Liverpool districts. Keenly in-
terested in politics, and an ardent conserva-
tive, or, as he preferred to say, tory, he made
on the death of Cobden in April 1865 a
gallant but vain attempt to carry the
'oorough of Rochdale against Cobden's
friend. Thomas Bay ley Potter [q. v. Suppl.],
but he was defeated. He next tried his
fortune at the Cornish borough of Helston,
where he polled a parity of votes with his
antagonist, who was nevertheless irregu-
larly returned. The return, however, was
amended on petition (5 July 1866), and the
seat thus hardly won Brett retained until
his elevation to the bench. He entered par-
liament with views already matured on the
burning question of franchise reform, which
he desired to see settled on as broad a basis
as prudence would permit, and the practical
experience which he had gained as a revising
barrister was of great use to the government
in committee. His services were recognised
by his appointment to the office of solicitor-
general, in succession to Sir Charles Jasper
Selwyn [q. v.~, when he received the honour
of knlghthooc (10, 29 Feb. 1868).

As solicitor-general Brett took part in
the prosecution of the Fenians implicated in
the partially successful plot to blow up
Glerkenwell House of Detention (20 April
18G8). In parliament he had the conduct
of the measure abolishing public executions,
and contributed to sha-De the enactments
which conferred admira_ty jurisdiction on
county courts, and transferred the jurisdic-
tion on election petitions from the House of
Commons to the superior courts of common
law. Under the clause in the latter measure
providing for an augmentation of the judicial
staff, he was appointed additional justice of
the common pleas, and invested wit JL the coif
on 24 Aug. 1868. On the bench Brett Droved
himself no less competent to direct titan he
had been to convince a jury. He was what
lawyers call a ' strong' judge, more strong
indeed than discreet, and his excessively
severe sentence on the employes of the Gas
Light and Coke Company, convicted of con-
spiracy in 1872, was commuted bj the crown
(see Cox, Criminal Cases, *ii. 351). The

Judicature Act of 1875 gave him the status
of justice of the high court. He took part,
not without distinction, in the delibera-
tions of the court for crown cases reserved,
and delivered in November 1876 an elabo-
rate dissentient judgment on the question
of jurisdiction reserved by Baron Pollock in
Regina v. Keyn "cf. POLLOCK, SIB GHAHLES
EDWARD]. On tie massing of the Appellate
Jurisdiction Act oc 1876 (39 & 4=C Viet,
c. 59, s. 15), he was appointed, with Barons
Amphlett and Bramwell, justice the title
lord-justice was given in the following year
of appeal (27 Oct.), and sworn of the privy
council (28 Nov.) He sat first with Bram-
well, and shared the credit of a period of sin-
gularly efficient administration, afterwards
with Sir George Jessel, whom, not altogether
to the advantage of his reputation, he suc-
ceeded as master of the rolls on 3 April 1883.
As a judge his most salient characteristic
was a robust common sense, which predis-
posed him to make short work of legal and
equitable technicalities when they seemed
to militate against substantial justice; but
this admirable quality was united with a
criterion of justice which was unduly elastic,
beinj, by his own avowal (Law Times,
20 Nov. 1897), nothing more than the general
consent of ' people o: candour, honour, and
fairness.' He thus assimilated the functions
of the judge to those of the jury, for whose
verdict he had indeed such respect as vir-
tually to renounce the jurisdiction to order
new trials. His judgments were colloquial
in style, and, even within his own special
domain of mercantile and marine law, by
no means unimpeachable. (See the judg-
ments of the House of Lords in Glyn,
Mills, & Co. v. East and West India Docks ;
Law Reports, Appeal Cases, vii. 591, and
Sewell v. Burdick, -ib. z. 74, overruling his
view of the effect of the endorsement of a
bill of lading; and ef. & xii. 29, 503, 518,
531, xiv. 209.) Excessively impatient of
prolix argument, he sometimes forgot his
dignity in altercations with pertinacious
counsel.

Brett was raised to the peerage as Baron
Esher of Esher, Surrey, on 24 July 1885,
and on his retirement from the bench in
1897 was created (11 Nov.) Viscount Esher,
the highest dignity yet attained by any judge,
not being a chancellor, for merely judicial
service since the time of Coke. In the House
of Lords he made no great figure, and indeed
seldom spoke except on legal questions. His
sole legislative achievement was the Soli-
citors Act of 1888, a small but salutary
disciplinary measure. In law, as in politics,
his bias was- conservative, and his resistance

Brett

266

Brewer

to Lord BramwelPs bill to render the testi-
mony of accused persons and their wives
admissible in criminal courts helped to post-
pone a needful reform for some years, In
drawing attention (17 July 1890) to defects
in the administration of the law, he took
occasion to deplore the introduction of
chancery procedure into the queen's bench
division. At the same time, however, he
unequivocally declared in favour of a court
of criminal appeal, and his last speech
(8 July 1898) was in support of the measure
(since carried) to validate within the United
Kingdom marriages with deceased wives'
sisters duly solemnised in the colonies. He
died at his town house, 6 Ennismore Gar-
dens, Kensington, on 24 May 1899, leaving
issue by his wife Eugenie (married 3 April
1850), only daughter of Louis Mayer, and
stepdaughter of Colonel Gurwood, C.B., an
heir, Reginald Baliol, who succeeded him in
title and estate.

Eslier's seat was Heath Farm, Watford,
Hertfordshire, but his remains were interred
in the family vault appendant to Moore
Place, the seat of his younger brother, Sir
Wilford Brett, KC.M.GK, in Esher church-
yard. The vault contains his monument, a
stately marble structure, with recumbent
effigies of himself and Lady Esher, erected
some years before his death, and also the
tomb of his younger son, Lieutenant Eugene
Leopold Brett, who died on 8 Dec, 1882 of
fever contracted in Egypt. Despite the be-
reavement which clouded his old age, Esher
retained to the end no little of the elasticity
of youth. His strongly marked and some-
what stern features readily relaxed under
the influence of a humorous suggestion, and
his brusque, and in court sometimes over-
bearing, manners belied the kindness of his
heart, He was essentially mr pietate gratis,
and exemplary in all the relations of life.
He was also fond of society, and society was
fond of him. He was an indefatigable col-
lector of curios, and was never happier than
when displayin his treasures to ais guests
at_ Ennismore Gardens. His portrait by
Millais was exhibited at the Grosvenor
Gallery in 1887.

[Gent. Mag. 1852, i. 632 ; Westminster School
Register ; Foster's Men at the Bar ; G-rad. Cant, ;
Treherne's Record of the University Boat Race :
Law List, 1847, 1862; Foss's Biographia Juri*
<uea; Members of Parl. (official lists); Comm.
JoTirn. cm. 436; Lords' Journ. cxvii. 410,
exxy,8; Hansard's Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. cxc-
CXCUL, cccii-cccliiL, 4th ser. M. 298 ; Law Bep.
App, Cases, vol. xii. 'Judges and Law Officers; 1
Jjelbpraas Memorials, Personal and Political
Vanity Fair, 1 Jan. 1876; Pump Court, July

1884; The World, 3 April 1889; Men and
Women of tho Time, 1899; Times, 25 30 Mav
1890; Ann. Keg. 186811.174,252,189911 i*
Law Times, R Sept. 1868, 28 Aug. 1875, 20 NOT
1897, 27 May, 3 Juno 1899; L aw J u *
16, 23 Oct., 13, 20 Nov. 1897, 27 May 1899
Law Ma#, and Rov. 6th ser. xxiv. 395-408 '
Holly's Directory of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex
Eehor,' 1895 ; Burke's Peerage, 1900 ; Millais's
Lifo and Letters, ii. 483.] J. ]y[ t ft

BKEWER, FJiENEZER OOBHAM

(1810-1897), miscellaneous writer, second
sou of John Sherren Brewer [q. v.], was born
on 2 May 1810, in Kuasell Square, London,
and educated by private tutors. He pro-
ceeded to Trinity ilall, Cambridge, in 1832,
obtained the freshmen's prizes for Latin and
English essays, was first prizeman in the next
two years, and, though strongly advised to
go out; in mathematics, took his decree in
the civil law (first class) in 1835, lie was
ordained deacon in 1834, priest in 1836, pro-
ceeded to the degree of L.L.D. in 1840, and
devoted himself to literature. For six years,
from 1852, he resided in Paris. On his re-
turn to England he resided for a time in
Bernard Street, llussoll Square, and then
moved to St. Luke's Villas, Westbourne
Park. Failing health compelled him to retire
into the country, and he lived for many years
at Lavant, near Goodwood. He died on
6 March 1897 at Eclwinstowe vicara -e,
Newark, where he had been residing with his
son-in-law, the Rev, II. T. Hay man. In
1856 he married at Paris Ellen Mary, eldest
daughter of the Hev. Francis Tebbutt of Hove,
tlis principal works are : 1, * A Guide to
the Scientific Knowledge of Things Fami-
liar/ 2nd edit. London [1848], 24mo ; llth
edit. [1857" 8vo. A French edition of this
popular 'Guide to Knowledge* appeared
under the title of ( La Clef de ia Science, ou
les Phenomeues de tous les jours expliques.
Troisieme 6dition, corrigfie" par M. 1'AbbS
Moigno/ Paris, 1858, 12mo. A Greek trans-
lation by P. I. Kritides was published at
Smyrna in 1857, 8vo. 2. 'A Political,
Social, and Literary History of France,'
London 1863], 8vo. 3. 'Dictionary of Phrase
and Fab-e, giving the Derivation, Source, or
Origin of Common Phrases,' London [1870],
8vo ; 3rd edit. [1872-3] ; 12th edit, revised
[1881]; enlarged, 100th thousand, 1895,
4. ' Errors of Speech and of Spelling,' 2 vols,
London, 1877, 3vo. 5. ' The Header's Hand-
book of Allusions, Eeferences, Plots, and
Stories/ London, 1880, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1882;
new edit, revised throughout and greatly
enlarged, London, 1898, 8vo. 6.' A Political,
Social, and Literary History of Germany/
London, 1881, 8vo. 7. * Etymological and

Bridge

267

Bridgett

Pronouncing Dictionary of Difficult "Words,'
London [1882], 8vo. "8. 'A Dictionary of
Miracles, Imitative, Realistic, and Dog-
matic,' London, 1884, 8vo. 9. 'The Historic
Note-book, -with an Appendix of Battles/
London, 1891, Svo.

[Men of the Time, 1884; Times, 8 March
1897, p. 11, coL 6; Ann. Reg. 1897, Chron.
p. 1470 T - C -

BRIDGE, SIE JOHN (1824-1900), police
magistrate, only son of John H. Bricge of
Finchley, Middlesex, was born on 21 April
1824. At Oxfjrd, -where he matriculated
from Trinity College on 10 March 1842, he
graduated B.A. (first class in mathematics)
in 1846, and proceeded M.A. in 1849. On
10 April 184^ he was admitted student at
the Inner Temple, and was there called to
the bar on 25 Jan. 1850. He practised with
some success on the home circuit, but in
1872 accepted the post of police magistrate
at Hammersmith, where, as afterwards at
Westminster (1880-1) and Southwark (1882-
1886), he discharged the laborious duties of
subordinate office with singular conscien-
tiousness and discretion. Removed to Bow
Street in 1887 he succeeded Sir James Ing-
ham in 1890 as chief metropolitan magis-
trate, being at the same time knighted.
During his tenure of this office he committed
for trial several offenders whose names are
well known to the public, amonj 1 them
Oscar Wilde (5 April 1895), Jabez Balfour,
the fraudulent director of the Liberator
Building Society, on his extradition by the
Argentine Republic (16 April 1895), and
Dr. Jameson and his associates in the Trans-
vaal raid (15 June 1896). In the exercise of
his summary jurisdiction he well knew how
to temper justice with mercy. Few British
magistrates have more happily combined
dignity and firmness with judicious and un-
obtrusive benevolence. He retired from the
bench early in 1900, and on 20 April in the
same year died at his residence in Inverness
Terrace, London, W. His remains were in-
terred in the churchyard at Hedley, Surrey,
in which parish his seat was situate. He
married in 1857 his cousin, Ada Louisa,
daughter of George Bridge of Merton, Surrey ;
shewed on 1 March 1901.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, and Ken
at the Bar; Oxford Honours Register; Royal
Kalendars, 1872, 1880, 1882, 1891 ; Aim. Reg.
1894ii. 5, 1895 ii. 19, 25, 1896 ii. 33; Times,
28 April 1900 ; Law Times, 5 May 1900.1

J.M.R.

BRZDGETT, THOMAS EDWARD
(18:29^1899), Roman catholic priest and his-
torical writer, third son of Joseph Bridgett,
a silk manufacturer of Colney Hatch, and

his wife Mary (bom Gregson), was born at
Derby on 20 Jan. 1829. His parents were
baptists, and Bridgett was educated first at
M01 Hill school and then at Nottingham ;
but in 1843 he was admitted to Tunbridge
School, and on 20 March 1845 was baptised
into the church of England. He was in the
sixth form at Tunbridge from 1845 to 1847,
proceeding thence as Smythe exhibitioner to
St. John's College, Cambridge, where he
was admitted pensioner on 23 Feb. 1847.
He intended taking orders in the Anglican
church, but in 1850 he refused to take the
oath of supremacy necessary before gradua-
tion, and was received into the Boman ca-
tholic church by Father Stanton at the
Broinpton Oratory. For six years he studied
on the continent ; he joined the Redemp-
torist Order, and in 1856 was ordained
priest. Mission work is the chief function
of the order, and as a missionary Bridgett
was very successful. In 1868 he founded the
Confraternity of the Holy Family attached
to the Redemptorist church at Limerick.

Bridgett, however, found time for a good
deal of literary and historical work, and
produced several books of value, dealing
mainly with the history of the Reformation.
His earliest work was l The Ritual of the
JNew Testament/ 1873, Svo. In 1875 he
published' Our Lady's Dowry, 'which reached
a third edition in 1890. His largest work
was his ' History of the Holy Eucharist in
Great Britain,' 1881, 2 vols. 8vo. In. 1888
he published a Life of Blessed John Fisher *
(2nd edit. 1890) ; in 1889 ' The True Story
of the Catholic Hierarchy deposed by Queen
Elizabeth;' and in 1891 'The Life and
Writings of Sir Thomas More/ He also
edited the * Sermons ' (1876) of Bishop Tho-
mas Watson (1513-1584) [q. v.]; 'Lyra
Hieratica. Poems on the Priesthood,' 1896 ;
and wrote *The Discipline of Drink; an
historical inquiry into the principles and
practice of the Catholic Church reading 1
the use, abuse, and disuse of alcoholic
liquors/ 1876, ' Historical Notes on Adare/
Dublin, 1885, Svo, and 'Sonnets and Epi-
grams on Sacred Subjects, 7 London, 1898,
Svo. He died of cancer at the monastery of
St. Mary's, Clapham, on 17 Feb. 1899, and
was buried on the 21st in the Roman catholic
cemetery at Mortlake. His youn 'est brother,
Ronald, for many years consul at Buenos
Ayres, died the da/ before him.

"The Eagle, xx. 577-84 ; Times, 20 Feb. 1899 ;
Tablet, 25 Feb. 1899; Hughes- Hugh es's Reg.
of Tunbridge School, 1820-93, p. 61 ; Bridgett s
Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; information from
R. E. Scotfe, esq., St. John's College, Cambridge.]

A. I 1 . P.

Briclgman

268

Briclgman

BBZDGMAN or BMDGEMAN,
nrAUU'JS (d. 1738), gardener to George I,
and George if, is mud to have succeeded
Honrv \Visefq,v.linthe nciana^mcmt <>f tho

. * i i i PTL\J\ A .kst-i<fli vt<v f/\

royal

,

about. 1720. According to
he wan Mioaocond

and

or*

K vu' brother of Sir Honry Bridge-

became the first Lord Bradford;

j is quite impossible, an Sir Henry waft
born in 1725, a date at whieh the gardener
\vas in full practice., 1 h'idgeman was greatly
celebrated Cor U\R taste by tho chief con-
nbiBsenw of the. day. According to Walnolo,
his two chief claims to distinction in I ho
history of his art were that he waw the firnt
who began to break in upon tho rigid B.ym-
raetrv of tho old rectangular designs, and,

'haha,' This innovation, Walpolo
was all-important in the history of
g, for the contiguous ground outside
m* * w had now to be harmon wed w ith tho
lawn -within, while tho g-ardeiMvas Bet iVeo
from its prim regularity, that it might con-
sort with the "wilder country without,
Bridgeman may have popularised tho halm
in England, where he was one of thw first to
recognise its distinctive merit of marking a
boundary without interfering with tho vista.
But the haha had been borrowed from the
art of fortification man^ years before Bridge- - *.- y
man. The French gardeners frequently uaed royal parley an

fl A f arm m Ll ~ ~ *^-j...*l An.*i4>iwr v/Vii1n nrvi*otV Cilotll. Wl

John James v . x ^.

and Practice of Gardomn
of Le Blond (London, 17--, r . - - ,,, ^ v
* Thorough Views (with concealed ditchos,
called Ah Ah) . . . which surprise and make
one call Ah, Ah 1 ' Pope had a great admira-
tion for Bridgeman, whom he introduced into
the epistle on * Taste * (line 74), though he
afterwards omitted his name and substituted
that of Cobham at Bridgeman's own request.
Bis reason for declining the ' immortality of
Pope's verse ' was probably his unwillingness
to loe praised where the Dulce of Ohandos

and others were so severely Censured.

Bridgeman was corresponding with Pope,

-writing from Broad Street, m September

1724, and he probably gave him some advice

in opposition to the more formal style of garden
architecture aft illustrated by Le Notre at
Vornaillup, and copied to a certain extent by
London, who dice, in 1713, and by his suc-
cessor, 1 1 ettry A V i,so. Bridgem an cooperated
at 8towo with Vanbrugh, and to the modem
obnerver hiw emancipation from the old
Htylewill not (HII very apparent, Before
1^0 he had boeomo king's gardener. In

him to Amosbnry to give her the benefit of
liitt advice on bor garden there. The Ser-
pentine WUH formed and the gardens between
it and Konwnglon Palace laid out by Bridge-
man between 17^0 and 17IiJJ, though they
wore nftorwardrt conniderably modified hy
Kent, l,{(^pt,ou, and other gardeners, Queen
Carol ino oneloMed aw mucu as three hundred
acres from llydo Park, and these were
grafted by Bridgeman upon the garden ori-
ginally laid out by Wise (LYsoNS,#vmVo?u,
Hi. 1H4; TIIOHNHUKY, London, vol. v.)

Brid^oman also ap^x^ars to have designed
tho royal gardenH at Richmond, and to have
const, ructocl the garden at (lubbins in Hert-
fordwhire. It, IB plain that he had a large
number of highly inllnontial patrons and
friendB. ro'.e regarded him as a fellow-
virtnoHO. r r 10 good position that ho occu-
pied may servo as some extenuation ^ of
broker'a mistake in identifying him with
tho Oeorjre Hridgtunaii the ' surveyor of the
" .--.- -* t| ie board nf

w 1fl Park d Ga
wood 1 V"*

royal

duath

not by Ima, b

Genoral Plan

dens at Stow '

haps his widow, or

which case she may bo

Sarah Brul^an who dd on 13

a ? ed 91 (LjBOOT,
^"d ff eman,' bottle groom

in 1769. Thomas ! Jn

listed m l&W A^o XOUI b "* ftk same
, sietant/ was perhaps an oishoot ot tae same

about his garden at Twickenham, as he family. , w - ft : n t ^ e

certainly i& in the case of the garden at The successor to London i and Wise in *ne

Marble fell, which Pooe and Lor^Bathurst charge of t

laid out for^ Lady SuJolk. The whole of was, says Wa,

Pooe's 'Epistle to the Earl of Burlington,' predecessors.' He trat began to ^

polished \n 1731, was a evUogy ofVe the strait lines by wildomess and with

freer or English style of Ruderiu'-aft*. groves of oak.' At Qab

wards devlloped by William ient and that he was able to de

Launcelot ('Capability') Brown-as ex- thoughts that strongly

MbitedbyBridg*Kianm the gardens atStowe modern taste,' and he traced a similar

detect ' many detaehea
indicate

Brierley

269

Brierley

provement upon formal patterns in the gar-
den at Houghton to the influence of Eyre,
who was one of Bridgeman's disciples. Wai-
pole believed that a perusal of the * Guardian '
(No. 173) inspired Bridgeman with the idea
of reforming the whole system of English
gardening and of effecting the abolition of
'verdant sculpture.' But there is a ^ good
deal of exaggeration and conjecture in all
this, and it is safer to regard Bridgeman as
a clever and adaptive successor of Wise than
as anticipating the innovations of ' Capability
Brown.'

[London Mag. July 173S; Political State,
Ivi. 94; Musgrave's Obituaries (Harl. Soc.) i.
258 ; Amherst's Hist of Gardening in England,
1895, 241 ; Milner's Art and Practice of Land-
scape Gardening, 1890; Blomfield's Eormal
Garden in England ; Walpole's Letters, ed.
Cunningham, iv. 225; Walpole's Anecdotes of
Painting, 1888, iii. 98 : Johnson's English Gar-
dening, 1829, p. 262; London's Cyclopaedia of
Oardening, 1850, p. 248 ; Bickham's Delicise
Brit. p. 32; Felton's Gleanings on Gardens;
Suffolk Corresp. ed. Croker, 1824, i. passim;
Pope's Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope,
passim ; Cai. Treasury Papers, ed. W. A. Shaw,
1729-1738, passim.] T. S.

BRIERLEY, BENJAMIN (1825-1896),
Lancashire dialect writer, son of James
Brierley. handloom weaver, and his wife,
Esther Whitehead, was born at Fails worth,
near Manchester, on 26 June 1825. He
learnt his letters at a village school, whence
he was taken in his sixth year, when his
parents, who were in very humble circum-
stances, removed to the neighbouring village
of Hollinwood. He was then set to work
as a bobbin- winder, and soon afterwards
sent into a factory as a 'piecer.' As he grew
up he became a handloom weaver, and ulti-
mately a silk-warper. While yet a child he
had a passion for reading, and made diligent
use of such advantages as were supplied by
the village Sunday and night schools. On
returning to Failsworth, when he was only
fifteen, he joined with some other youths in
forming a mutual improvement society, which
developed into the Failsworth Mechanics'
Institution. In his study of the poets he
was encouraged by an uncle, himself poor
in means but with decided intellectual tastes.
Some of his earliest efforts in original com-
position appeared in the * Oddfellows' Maga-
zine* and the 'Manchester Spectator.' In
the latter journal in 1856 appeared his
charming articles entitled * A Day's Out, 3
which first brought his name before the
mblic. They were separately published in
1857 with the or'ginal title, and in 1859
under the name o 'A Summer Bay in

Daisy Nook: a Sketch of Lancashire Life
and Character.' In 1863 he abandoned silk-
warping and took the position of sub-editor
of tie * Oldham Times.' In the following
year he spent sis months in London on
journalistic work. Returning to Manchester
ie completed tis first long story, 4 The
Layrock of Langleyside ' (1864), and joined
with Edwin Waugh and other friends in
founding the Manchester Literary Club. In
1863 he produced his f Chronicles of Waver-
low,' and two volumes of ' Tales and Sketches
of Lancastrian Life.'

In April 1869 he began the publication of
' Ben Brierley's Journal,' first as a monthly
and afterwards as a weekly magazine This
he continued to edit until December 1891,
when the 'Journal' ceased to appear.

Though not a ready speaker, Brierley was
an effective reader from his own works, and
his services at public entertainments were
frequently called for. He dramatised several
of his stories, and himself performed in their
representation, notably in * Layrock of Lang-
leyside,' at the Manchester Theatre Royal.

In 1875 he was elected a member of the
Manchester city council, and served six years.
In 1880 he paid a short visit to America, and
in 1884 a longer one, and embodied his im-
pressions in his * Ab-o'th'-Yate in America/
jle had the misfortune in 1884 to lose a great
-oart of his savings through the failure of a
Building society. A public subscription was
raised for his relief, and on 16 March 1885
he was presented with 650J. A few years
afterwards, when his health failed, a grant
of 150/. from the royal bounty fund was
obtained for him . A further testimonial and
the sum of 3562. was presented to him on

29 Oct. 1892.

Brierley was married, in 1855, to Esther
Booth of Bowlee, and had an only child, a
daughter, who died hi 1875. He died at
Harpurhey, Manchester, on 18 Jan. 1896,
and was buried at Harpurhey cemetery. A
portrait of Brierley, painted by George Per-
kins, is at the Failsworth Liberal Club. On

30 April 1898 a statue by John Cassidy,
raised by public subscription, was unveiled
at Queen's Park, Manchester, by George
Milner, president of the Manchester Literary
Club.

Besides the works mentioned above, Brier-
ley published: 1. 'Irkdale/ 1865, 2 vols.
2. 'Marlocks of Merriton/ 1867. 3. 'Red
Windows Hall,' 1867. 4. * AWth'-Yate in
London/ 1868. 5. * Ab-o'th'-Yate on Times
and Things,' 1868. 6.' Cotters of Mossburn, 7
1871. 7. * Ab-oW-Yate's Dictionary, 7 1881.
8. 'Home Memories' (an autobiography),
1886. 9. * Cast upon the World/ "1887.

Briefly

270

Brierly

10. ' Spring HlosHomn and Autumn
(poems), 180JJ. A oollnotud utlition of hi
works was published in oi|*ht volumow,
IKtig-tf, and in 1HJHI ltin 'Ab-oW-Yat
SkotchuH and other whort StiorioH/oditod by
James DTonttlutld, \vovo publiflhnd ai. Old'-
ham in throe volumes, with illuHl.mt.ionH by
F, W. .laolcNon. I5ol.li author and editor
died before the last work was uomploted.

Bi'itu'loy'N writing, in. which ho <>n-
deavourod 'to rescue the Lanea-shiro cha-
racter i'rom tho erroneous conceptions of
Tim Bobbin,' retain thoir groat popularity
throughout the county. They are written
largely in the dialect of tho southern part of
Lancashire, and are valuable as faithful pic-
tures of the humour and social characteristics
of the poorer olasHUft of the district.

[Briorloy's Homo Memories; ]$<m Briorloy'n
Journal, 28 Nor. 1874 ; Manchester City Now,
21 March 188ft, 25 Jan. 18DG, 7 May 1898;
Manchester Guardian, 29 Oct. 1892, 20 Jan.
189G, 2 May 1808; Munch oHtor Oourior, 20 Jan.
1896; Piipors of tho Manchester Litorary Club,
1896, p. 487.] 0. W, S.

BBIERLY, RTTI OSWALT) WALTKKS
(1817-1894:), marine painter, BOW of Thomas
Brierly, a doctor and amateur artist;, who
belonged to an old CluwhirB family, was born
at Chester on 19 May 1817, After a general
grounding in art at" the academy of Henry
Sass [q. v.] in Bloomsbury, h went to Ply-
moxitu to studjr naval architecture and rig-
ging. He exhibited drawing of two men-
of-war at Plymouth, the Pique and the
Gorgon, at the Royal Academy in 1 8W). He
then spent some time in the study of naviga-
tion, and 1^1841 started on a voyage round
the world with Benjamin Boy d [q. v." in tho
yacht Wanderer, B'oyd, however, taata dished
himself in New South Wales, aad did not
continue the voyage. Brierly, too, became
a colonist, and settled in Auckland. Brierly
Point, on the coast of New South Wales,
commemorates his connection with that
colony. In 1848 Captain Owen Stanley, elder
brother of Arthur iPenrhyu Stanley, then in
command of her Majesty's ship Rattlesnake,
invited Brierly to 'be !HS guest during- an
admiralty survey of the north and east coast
of Australia and the adjacent islands, in
winch Thomas Henry Huxley [q. v. Suppl/l
took part as biological observer; Brierly
accompanied the survey during two cruises
and took not only sketches, but notes of con-
siclerable value, which, however, remained
^published. His name was given to an

lands, and eimscKl the Pacific to Valparaiso
iHU oxtcmded to the coasts of Chile
d Moxico, and the ship returned by
ita of Mawllan and Rio de Janeiro 7
hod Jfingiimd at the end of July

July

Brierlv

V S

Friendly and Society Is-

or HIM
Peru, and
tho Straits <
and roaeln
1M51.

Koppel'H account of the voyage, published
in ISfl-Vviw illuHt.rated by eight lithographs
by Bnorly, who was made a fellow of the
Royal <i(M> graphical Society on his return
After tho uooluraUon of war with Russia iii
February 185-1 Briefly was again KeppeTs
gnet, on the St. Jean d'Acre, anc. the
painter was present at all tho operations of
the aUie<Hleet,s in the Baltic, and sent home
flketohon for publication in the ' Illustrated
London Mown,' On the rot urn of the fleet
ttrioriy had a Merle* of fifteen large litho-
graph H exee.uiod from his drawings, which
were published on i3 April 1855, with the
title ' The Knglish and French Fleets in the
Hal tic, 1H54/ In thottocond year of the war
ho accompanied K tipped to the Black Sea;
witneHsnd all the chief events of the war in
tho Black Sea arid Sea of Azov, and visited
CirciiHHiu and Mingrolia with the Duke of
Newcastle on the Uighllyer, After his re-
turn he was commanded by the Queen to
take Bkotchoa from tho royal vacht of the
^roat naval review which waa leld at Spit-
iead at tho end of tho war. This was the
connmmeoment of a third period in the
artiat'H cantor, during which he received the
constant patronage of tho royal family. In
1808 ho accompanied Count Gleichen[see
VIOTOB] in this Racoon, on which the Duke
of Edinburgh was lieutenant, to Norway, and
when the duke waa appointed to the com-
mand of tho Galatea, I'-rierly was attached
to hiti suite and accompanied him on a cruise
in the Mediterranean and afterwards round
tho world, which lawted from 26 Feb. 1867 to
26 June 1868. Tho sketches made by Brierly
during the voyage were exhibited at South
Ken&nfjfton in 18(58, and he contributed the
illustrations to the record of the voyage by
the Kov. John Milnor, published in 1869.
In 1868 Brierly wan attached to the suite of
the Prince ami Princess of Wales durin ;
their tour to the Nile, Constantinople, anc.
the Crimea. He contributed five drawings to
the Royal Academy exhibitions of 1859-61 ;
he exhibited again in 1870-1, but ceased to
exhibit at the Academy on becoming an
associate of the Koyal Water-colour Society
in 1872. During the remainder of his life
he contributed about two hundred water-
colours to the society's exhibitions. These
were in -jart founded on his early experiences
of trave.. Hie visits to Venice in -874 and
1882 also supplied him materials for many

Bright

271

Bright

of his most elaborate pictures ; but the most
characteristic subjects of his later period
were historical, the first of these was ' The
Ketreat of the Spanish Armada' (Royal
Academy, 1871). This was followed by
' Drake taking the Capitana to Torbay '
(Royal Water-colour Society, 1872), and
many other subjects from the history of the
Spanish Armada and other stirring incidents
of the Elizabethan age. One of the most
successful of these was 'The Loss of the
Revenge' (1877), which was engraved for
the Art Union of London. ' The Sailing of
the Armada' (1879) and 'The Decisive
Battle off Gravelines' (1881) were etched
by Mr. David Law in 1882. Brierly was
appointed marine painter to her Ma : esty, on
tSe death of John Christian Schetky']q. v.] in
1874. He became marine painter to the Royal
Yacht Sc uadron at the same time. In 1880
he was elected a full member of the Royal
"Water-colour Society. In 1881 he was
appointed curator of the Painted Hall at
Greenwich, and was knighted in 1885. He
died in London 14 Dec. 1894.

Brierly married, first', in 1851, Sarah,
daughter of Edmund Fry, a member of
the Society of Friends (she died in 1870) ;
secondly in 1872 Louise Marie, eldest
daughter of the painter, Louis Huard of
London and Brussels. His second wife
survived him.

A loan exhibition of 173 works by Brierly,
belonging to members of the royal family
and other owners, was held at 57 Pall Mall
from April to July 1887. The principal
Armada pictures are the property of Sir
William Clarke, bart. of Melbourne. Other
pictures by Brierly are in the public galleries
of Melbourne and Sydney. During the first
two periods of his career he was able to do
valuable work of a scientific and historical
kind. The pictures of his third period, which
depended on imagination, aided by careful
archaeological research, proved less attrac-
tive.

[Art Journal, 1887, 1. 129, article by J. L,
Roget (vith portrait); Times, 17 Dee. 1894;
Athenseum, 22 Dec. 1894.] C. D.

BRIGHT, SIB CHARLES TILSTON
(1832-1888), telegraph engineer, third son of
Brailsford Bright, of London, a manufac-
turing chemist, by his wife Emma Charlotte,
daughter of Edward Tilston, was bom at
"Wanstead on 8 June 1832. The family was
of old Yorkshire stock, to which also Colonel
Sir John Bright (1619-1688) [q. v.] be-
longed. He was educated at the Merchant
Taylors' School from 1840 to 1847, and
then, at the age of fifteen, with his brother
entered the employ of the Electric Tele-

graph Company, which had been formed
to work the patents of Cooke and Wheat-
stnne. In 1852 he joined the Magnetic
Telegraph Company, an amalgamation of
two other companies, his brother being 1 ap-
pointed manager of the joint concern. WhLe
in the service of this company he was em-
ployed in laying land telegraph lines of a
very extensive character, including some
thousands of miles of nndergrounc wires
between London, Manchester, and Liver-
pool and other centres; in connection with
these land systems he laid a cable of sis wires
between Port Patrick and Donaghadee in
Ireland ; this was the third cable laid, and
the first in comparatively dee^ water. He
remained chief engineer of the Magnetic Com-
pany until 1860, and consulting engineer till
..870. During this period he took out several
important patents, one in October 1852 (ISo.
14331 of 1852) for f improvements in making
telegraphic communications and in instru-
ments and apparatus employed therein and
connected therewith.' In this patent is to be
found the first mention of sets of resistance
coils constructed so as to form a series of
different values. On 17 Sept. 1855 he took
out another patent (2103 of 1855) on * im-
provements in electric telegraphs and in
apparatus connected therewith/ the main
idea being to replace visual signals with
aural signals ; the patent included what has
since been known as the acoustic telegraph
or 'Blight's Bells. 1

During the period that he was engaged in
laying the underground lines he was con-
tinually experimentin ; on the transmission
of signals through ..on^ 1 distances. Dr.
Werner Siemens in 1 849, Latimer Clark [q.v.
Suppir in 1852, and Michael Faraday "C..T.]
in _8o^ had all worked at the same proVIem.
By coupling up the lines backwards and
forwards between London and Manchester,
Bright was enabled to obtain a continuous
length of over two thousand miles of under-
ground lines. He was; oined by E. 0. White-
Jiouse in these researches, and when later he
was appointed engineer to the Atlantic
Telegraph Company, Whitehouse became
electrician to the company.

The formation and history of the first At-
lantic Telegraph Company was told by Bright
in his presidential address to the Society of
Telegraph Engineers and Electricians in
1887 (Journal of the Society, xvi. 27). On
29 Sept. 1856, at a meeting between Brett,
Cyrus Field, and Bright, they mutually
pledged themselves to form a company to
establish and to work electric telegraphic
communication between Ireland and New-
foundland ; Whitehouse joined them shortly

272

Bright

<m

the tuunr;* of

tho dmn'tnn n|rtnrM lluit of JWiv-snr W.
Thomson il*ord \d\ml, In \i iow^lnvs tl*
w!uli' of lln rnjntnl \vn,< mihiirrilMMl, and
Hn^ht ut th* n' of t \\nnt v tour) WUH np-
tit*iut s 'l i<n r ;wvr in-rhii'f to tin*
imd WhitrhmiM' vltM'tvirin
t'nw of th* 1 *1d' \MIM plur
two firm* Mi-<i\'4, Ulu.H'-i,
M*w. R, S, NVwiill X C
tht six< of tin* nwdm'toi

, Tho const nu 1 ,"
l in the hiindM nf
KUiott & t!. and
, rnfortunntoly
hud b<ru <lU*r-

*v*M*y

ivouv to
to furry

vo it iwnwu<d f hut
* |>int,

a

n^tilt

of out* auotiit'r, iut*l
rubti* nMibt utt h* ii'stt**! ^liM't
\vttol< Irn^th until it \vw in Um
<ifth^Uitm<MUpl(v<ni in laying <
firm adopted a HVhnwh'd Isw
wiro HlMMv

of thin th

rii-nlly HH n

t*abli lankn

uutl thn iM,]wr

th ron
a right-

tnl fortlH'urtuHl \voru oi luy-
U,M. liu*Mr ImUlt^liip A^IUIIOIU-
imuundtlu* l*,S.tVi:t* Niai^ru, Itri^ht, WH
nnxmuHiohi^'in in tlu* middliMft.luf\tluuit
^tin* plan ovoul ually adopt ! ), turh ^iip lay-
ing whili nhi* stiMi*tl -th ouo to Inlnml
atui tli<i tlur t< NVwlnimdluwl nt"t<*r nplu 1 -
in^ tlin two i>udn together; hul h* wan nvpr-
rutiwl, and it. WUH dividiul t,o lnrt, tin* laying
from tlirt Irwh (MtiHt., Thn caldi? <JHt MM-
wmhlwl at, Vtttimr.iii tm 4 Au^ I Hot, Tlu
liom mid WUH laudiui on 5 Aug\

Attho v*ry firnt iatuut Un* nibl^ lrolu
whou only liv mil^H hnd .n-^ti paid out t nd
on a fttttwml ati^tupt whon wmio HHO mill's
Itadbmm coiuplot(l; wul as thin hapjwnml
in -watet two t.hwwand fttt-tioinK diM, it wan

1 ,0-JO mile* of niblo, The first clear message
WUH wnl. through t,lm cabin on 13 Aug. and
it eunimued worhiiifi; till 20 Oct., durin -
which -tenod *IW mown JOB passed through
the enlue, and Mum it ilually broke down-
probably the insulation bad given way owing
to the exre.sMively Htroug currents used at
lii'st in working it,

^ To Bright, thereforo belongs tlie distinc-
tion of laying the iirnt Atlantic cable and of
lirnl ent.M I dishing teh^niphie communication
between MtuMpn and /Xmtirica. lie received
tho honour of Imi^hthood at tlie extra-
ordinrmly oarly \\\fo of twenty-six (1858)
us a rivo^mtion of h'us (Vwtinpfuiahed services
to [j-)litMl Hc.ionr-o and to his country.
Thottfj i <-lns ivihlti HO wxm broke down, the
IUNV iuct- I hat many Huooosaful messages had
bnn Hont. through il who WM! that the problem
\VIIH oiii^ which c.ould b Holved. With the
Nwmil Hud third Ml anUc cables of 1865 and
IHUti Hn^bt was uHHiKuutod as consulting
iMur'uu'iM*/ Knun I8(>l to 1 87 JUiowas mainly
in wibh^biyinf? work in the Medi-
u, in thn IVi'sinn (Uilf (P)'oo. fast
AV//////<v;\s vnl. xx vi. p. 1), and finally
on a very coinplot.o nntworlc in the West
Indian hdumls, Thn wnvovo strain, often in
liHlrictK, during this last work in-

,

In I Stil, aft or twinning bis post yitli
tlin MaKnit.i (Company, IKS joined Latimer
('lark in bunimwH, and in conjunction with
him carried out numurouH experiments on
thn innnlation of g\itta-porcba corned wires.
It, WHM owing' to ii joint -wijror by Bright and
litiimr (Hark, ivud bo.'oro tlio British As-
Mtcitition ftt MimrboHtw in 1801, that the
c*<mmittt> ('on which ho BerwD on elec-
HtiwuliirtU WUM (npointod, a com-

to

mil iathotuH tunti, it wan tnnu Hiiiruuinw wu u ^ r u,v,u,
up thn broken end ; th nnU^owlMr.h haw wmdw<.oxcopdin^7iQj

to Hyinovit.il, whiM'o tht*
caoka *woro landed ana nvcrhauliul ; <lurin^
the -winto additional lnn$Uw wero eou-
otruoted ta w,rvo u,w a Htund-by in wwn <d*
mifthapR, fttvd cctinidnrabln unpwvniwwtH
were made in thft paying-out nuu'hinery,
On, 10 June 1H5B th iUwt flaUtnl ioi* nuu-
Atlantic (Bripfhb'fl plan wa now adopted),

Itywi* m Mwtwtd Mandards,
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The Niagara kid 1,030, the Agamumnon Civil Engtaflew m 1803, and was a member

Bright

273

Bright

of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, or,
as it was then known, the Society of Tele-
graph Engineers and Electricians, from its
foundation, becoming president of that so-
ciety in 1886-7 ; his presidential address has
been re-oublished in pamphlet form, Lon-
don, 1887. m

Bright died suddenly of heart disease on
3 May 1888, at his brother's residence at
Abbey Wood, Kent, and was buried in
Chiswick churchyard. A marble bust of
Bright was executed by Count Gleichen
(Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg),
and exhibited at the Royal Academy ;
plaster duplicates are now in the possession
of the Institutions of Civil Engineers and
of the Electrical Engineers. He married in
1853 Hannah Barrick, daughter of John
Taylor of Kingston-upon-HuU.

[Life Story of Sir Charles Tilston Bright, by
his brother, E. B. Bright, and his son, Charles
Bright, Westminster < V 1899); Robinson's Reg.
Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 277 ; obituary
notices in Proe. Inst. Civil Engrs. TO!, xciii., and
Electrical Review, 1 1 May 1888.] T. H. B.

BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-1889), orator
and statesman, was born at Greenbank,
Rochdale, Lancashire, on 16 Nov. 1811. He
was the second child of Jacob Bri-ht of
Rochdale by Martha Wood, the daughter of
a tradesman in Bolt on-le-Moors, Lancashire.
His father's family had been settled in the
seventeenth century upon a farm nearLyne-
ham, Wiltshire, three miles south-west of
Wootton Bassett. In 1714 Abraham Bright
of Lyneham married Martha Jacobs, who is
said, without foundation, to have been a
Jewess. They migrated to Coventry. Their
great-grandson, Jacob Bright, was born at
Coventry in 1775, the youngest of eight chil-
dren of William Bright by his wife, Mary
Goode. In 1802 Jacob Bright moved to Roch-
dale. He was at this time DOokkeepertoJohn
and William Holmes, who soon afterwards
built a cotton-spinning factory, known as the
Hanging Road Factory, at Rochdale. His
first wife was Sophia Holmes, his employers'
sister. She died 10 May 1806. His mar-
riage to Martha Wood took place on 21 July
1809, The issue of this second marriage
was seven sons and four daughters. Tae
first child, William, born in 1810, died in
1814. From this date John Bright, the
second child, was the head of the family.
John Bright's mother died on IS June 1830,
aged 41. Jacob Bright, his father, married
a third wife in 1845, Mary Metcalf, daughter
of a farmer of Wensleydale, Yorkshire. By
her he had no issue. He died on 7 July 1851,
aged 76.

In 1809 Jacob Bright took an old mill

IOL. i. STJP.

and house called Greenbank on Cronkeyshaw
Common, Rochdale, and it was here that John
Bright was born. He was at first sent to the
school of William Littlewood of Townhead,
Rochdale. In 182^ he was removed to the
Friends' school at Ackworth near Pontefract,
where his father had been educated. The
family had been c_uakers since the early days
of that sect, and the knowled -e that one* of his
ancestors, John Gratton, had been a sufferer
under the penal laws of Charles II stamped
a lastinj impression upon John Brigat's
mind. _n 1823 he was removed to a school
kept by William Simpson at York, and
thence in 1825 to a school at Newton near
Clitheroe, Lancashire. Here he first acquired
his love of fishing, for which he found oppor-
tunity in the neighboring river Hodder, He
first became interested in politics during the
excitement of the Preston election of 1830,
when Orator Hunt [see HUNT, HENRY] was
returned against Edward George Geoffrey
Smith Stanley (afterwards fourteenth Earl of
Derby) [q.v.] He was at this time and
throughout the struggle for the reform bill
of 1832 accustomed to read the newspapers
aloud to his father and family in the even-
ings. In 1830 he paid his first visit to Lon-
don by coach. The journey, as he after-
wards narrated in a speech at Rochdale
illustrative of the advance of material pro-
jress, cost SI. 105., and occupied twenty-one
jiours. At this time he was taking part in
the management of his father's mills, now in-
creased to two, at Rochdale. His first public
speech was delivered at Catley Lane Head,
near Rochdale, in 1830, in support of the tem-
perance movement. His second and third fol-
lowed not long afterwards on the same theme,
at the old Wesleyan chapel, Rochdale, and at
Whitworth. These speeches were all com-
mitted to memory, anc in the course of the
third the speaker broke down. In conse-
quence of this failure, and at the suggestion
in 1832 of the Rev. John Aldis, a baptist
minister then stationed at Manchester, he
abandoned speaking by rote. Thenceforth
he spoke as a rule from carefully prepared
notes, the opening sentences and the perora-
tion alone being written out.

During this period of his life Bright joined
in the current amusements of his contem-
poraries. Down to 1833 he was an active
member of the Rochdale cricket club. He
does not appear to have been a first-rate
player, his average for that year being six
runs only. His real interest was in public
life. In April 1833 he assisted in founding
the Rochdale Literary and Philosophical
Society, and presided at its first meeting.
The political opinions formed during these

ight

274

Bright

early years were retained by Irim throughout nion that, to limit by law the time durincr
his life. On 7 Nov. 1833 he introduced a which adults tnay work is unwise and ia
motion at a meeting of the society 'that a many cases oppressive.' The real curse of
limited monarchy is best suited for this tho operative was, he maintained, the corn
country at the present time.' This he regarded law. Henceforth Kri^ht stood forward as
as an axiom o: politics, and on 7 April 1872 tho defender of tlio manufacturers against
(Times, 10 April 1872), in reply to a letter, tho landowners. The repeal of the corn
declined even to discuss the question of laws and the extension oJ the factory acts
Monarchy v. Republicanism. His attitude were the rallying- criew of the two parties,
towards the church was similarly consistent, Tn 1833 ling-lit paid his first visit to the
though the outcome rather of his early train- continent. In a letter dated 16 Jan. 1888,
ing t!ian of independent reflection. His father declining an invitation from tlie Union
had frequently been distrained upon for
church rates, and when in 1884 an attempt
was made to levy a church rate upon the in-
habitants of Rochdale, Bright threw himself
with vehemence into the struggle, Yor seven
years, from 1834 to 1841, Rochdale was dis-
tracted by this controversy, Bright at once
took the lead of the anti-church party and,

in a succession of powerful addresses, founded
denunciations of the principle of church esta-
blishments upon the text of church rates. On
29 July 1840, on the occasion of an attempt
to induce the parishioners to make a church
rate, he delivered in the churchyard of St.
Chad's Church, Rochdale, one of the speeches
which won him a reputation before he entered
parliament. His eloquence carried his amend-

Leaguo Club of New York to visit America,
ho speaks of his ' once strong appetite for
travel.' He sailed from London to Ostend
and visited Ghent, Brussels, Antwerp,
Cologne, Frankfort, and Mayence. Thence
he voyaged clown the Rhine to Rotterdam,
and returned borne to Rochdale. Iu the
summer of 1H3(> he took a more extended
tour to Lisbon, Gibraltar, Malta, Syra, the
Piruius, Athens, Smyrna, Constantinople,
Bey rout, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Alexandria.
From Alexandria he set out on his home-
ward voyage, but at Athens was attacked
by an intornri ttont fever. I Laving recovered
from this, he embarked in a Greek sailing
vessel for Malta. From Malta he sailed to
Catania, Messina, "Palermo, and Naples.

jJUllJ.aClJLlJ.CJU.LI. O.O.1O C/iL/U U-tjUVt/ VHil. A AV/^ .UL.AO UiLAJLV/iiV* \^j (, IKfcllJ (li, 4,11. UOOJL, 1 1 tlij J. <l*L\.t 1 1,1,1 V/, CLAAVJL J. 1 Ui /.!.(-. in.

ment to the proposal, and led eventually After Naples he viwited Rome, and, passing
to the abandonment of the endeavour to through Florence, Leghorn, and Genoa, re-
levy a church rate in Rochdale. The speech turned to England 'jy way of Marseilles
was reprinted from, the ' Manchester Times ' and Paris, The voyage occupied eight
for distribution. Another formed judgment, months. Upon his return to Rochdale in
introduced by him in 1834 to the Literary 1837 he delivered a lecture upon his travels,
and Philosophical Society of Rochdale, was Once more he threw himself into politics,
u-oon capital punishment. His convictions The whig government in 1880-7 held office
o, its wron fulness remained with him to by the precarious tenure of a majority of

thirteen, arid a dissolution was at

the last, and. he repeatedly spoke and voted
for its abolition when in the House of Com-
mons. Of these speeches the most remarkable
was that delivered on 3 May 1864, affording
a contrast in its illustrations from history
and experience to the abstract though effec-
tive argument of thirty years earlier. In
1836 he had already marked out his position
with regard to factory legislation. A pam-
oMet had been published by John Fielden
*q. v.], M.P. for Oldham, entitled 'The
Curse of the Factory System.' To this
Bright is said to have written an anonymous
answer (BAENETT SMITH, i. 34), He agreed
that a reduction of the hours of labour was
needful for the factory operatives, but he
objected to the interference of the legisla-
ture. Writing to a correspondent on 1 Jan.
1884 he said, 'I was opposed to all legisla-
tion res '" - 1 "' A ' -

a dissolution was at any
moment possible. In anticipation of the
struggle Bright issued anonymously 'to
the radical reformers of the borough of
Rochdale ' an indictment of the tory party
in parliament, associating with it the odium
of the exaction of churoa rates, of the corn
laws, and of the demoralisation of the people
by drink (31 Jan. 1837). On 13 Oct. 1838
he joined the committee of the Anti-Corn-
Law Association, as it was then called. ^He
and his father, with whom he entered into
partnership in 1839, together contributed
nearly 800/. to the association's funds. On
2 Feb. 1839 he addressed an anti-corn-law
meeting in the Butts at Rochdale. By this
time his conviction in favour of free impor-
tation of corn had expanded into a conviction
in favour of free trade in general. The meet-

restricting the wording of adults, men, ing was attended by thousands of -persons,

r pmen. I was in favour of legislation, among
,; rt ^~ 4.1^ i

or women.

restricting the labour and guarding

health of children, . . , I still hold the opi-

them a numerous body of cliartists,

succeeded in carrying an amendment

to the effect that political s aould precede eco-

Bright

275

Bright

nomic reforms. Bright had now attracted the Crown and Anchor tavern in the Strand,
notice of Richard Cobden j"q. y.] They had Bright made his first great speech in Lou-
first met in 1835, when Bright called upon don and at once established ais reputation
Cobden at his office in MosLey Street, Man- as an orator. He addressed a conference
Chester, to invite him to speak at a meeting held at Herbert's hotel in Palace Yard on
for the promotion of education held in the 4 July, in which he graphically described
schoolroom of the baptist chapel at Roch- the destitution prevalent throughout the
dale. Cobden attended and spoke. The country. He interviewed the Duke of
acquaintance presently ripened into a warm Sussex, who expressed sympathy with the

friendship, and Cobden pressed Bright into
the service of the association known after
March 1839 as the Anti-Corn-law League.
It was towards the close of this year 1839
that Bright made his first appearance as a
leajue orator outside his own town. At
CoDden's request he attended a dinner at
Bolton in honour of Abraham Walter

league, an adhesion of the first "importance
at a time when repealers excited a vehement
detestation in the minds of the governing
classes. He formed one of a deputation to
the home secretary, Sir James Graham, with
whom he crossed swords in argument as to
the economic condition of Manchester. At
the board of trade his deputation waited

information afforded. The enemy sought
to divert the attack by the agency of
chartism. A general turn-out of operatives
in South Lancashire was proclaimed for
10 Aug. 1842. Bright's workpeople joined
in the strike. He addressed the crowd in
the neighbourhood of Greenbank mill and
was successful in persuading them to abstain
from the violence committed in other towns.
On 17 Aug. he published an * address to the
workin, men of Rochdale.' In this he
pointed, out that ' with a bad trade wages
cannot rise/ that the agitation for the charter
would do nothing to improve their economic
condition, and that the real cause of their
misfortune was the corn law. The address

Paulton [q. v.], one of the leaders of the upon Lord Ripon [see ROBINSON, FBEDEBICK
movement. He was present, as a Rochdale JOHN] the president, and Gladstone the
delegate, at a meeting at Peterloo, Man- vice-president. In appearance all this
Chester (13 Jan. 1840), preliminary to the activity was fruitless, except that Peel
foundation of the Free Trade Hall. At this acknowledged himself jimpressed by the
meeting his subsequent colleague in the re- " ~

presentation of Manchester, Thomas Milner-
Gibson [q. v.], made his first public appear-
ance in that town. On 29 Jan. 1840
Bright became treasurer of the Rochdale
branch of the league. As mover of a reso-
lution against the corn law he addressed a
meeting of two thousand people at Man-
chester on 15 April, which decided upon
stirring anew, by means of deputations, the
agitation in the great towns. During 1841
t:ie effects of the United States tariff were
keenly felt in Lancashire. The Rochdale
flannel trade was almost annihilated. Manu-
facturers who had hitherto been indifferent
to corn laws were awakened by misfortune
to a sense of the cogency of Bright's demon- was copied into the newspapers and had the
strations that they had a common interest effect "both of tranquillising; the operatives
in free trade. In November 1839 Bright and of directing their attention to the corn
married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Jona- law as the proximate cause of their suffer-
thanPriestmanofNewcastle-on-Tyne. Mrs. ings.

Bright died on 10 Sept. 1841 at Leamington, During the late autumn and winter of
leaving one daughter, Helen Priestman 1842 Bright, in company with Cobden,
Bright, afterwards married to Mr. W. S, Ashworth, Perronet Thompson, and other
Clark of Street, Somerset. Three days after speakers, visited the midlands and Scotland,
his wife's death, when he was 'in the depths where they conducted their propaganda and
of grief, almost of despair/ Cobden naid Mm gathered subscriptions for the league. They
a visit of condolence. Cobden seized the succeeded in collecting a sum of a'sout 3,0007.
opportunity to exhort his friend to forget his At the same time Bright was not inactive
melancholy in work, and they pledged each with Ms pen. Rochdale was still agitated
other to ' never rest till the corn law was by the dispute about church rates. Dr.
repealed/ From this time until the final John Edward Nassau Molesworth [q. v.],
triumph of the Anti-Corn-law League the the vicar, having published a magazine en-
two friends stood side by side in the public titled ' Common Sense ' in the interest of
eye as the leaders of the movement. the church, a counterblast was issued called

In 1842 the league determined to carry * The Vicar's Lantern.^ It continued down
its campaign to the doors of parliament, to the end of 1843, Bright being a_ frequent
At a meeting attended by delegates from contributor to its pages with sarcastic articles
various parts of the country, held in the on the Rochdale church party and the corn

i 2

Bright

276

Bright

law. Cobden appreciated and utilised this
gift of -minphleteering. Writing to Bright
on 12 . lay 1842, he suggested articles for
the Anti-Bread-tax Circular attacking the
clergy for their support of the corn law, and
ridiculing their counter-provision of charity
for the subsistence of the manufacturing
population. The articles appeared anony-
mously in the number of 1 May, in all
probability from Bright's pen. But he did
not pursue this form of activity, ' I never,'
lie replied to a correspondent on 21 Jan.
i879, 'write for reviews or any other
periodicals. 7

Oobden, in giving to his brother an
account of his progress in parliament in
February 1843, wrote,* If I had only Bright
with me, we could worry him (Peel) out of
office before the close of the session/ A
month later a vacancy occurred for the city
of Durham, At the last moment Bright
determined to contest it, his address being
published on the very day of nomination,
3 April. The issue was the corn law. On
5 April his opponent, Lord Dungannon, was
returned by 507 to 405 votes. A petition
followed. Lord Dungannon was unseated
for bribery, and Bright again came forward.
On 26 July he was returned by 488 votes
against 410 given to his opponent, Thomas
Purvis, Q.O. Bright's speech at the hustings
is remarkable as a disc-aimer of party alle-
iance and an assertion that he stood as a
iree trader, and therefore as the candidate of
the workin * classes. Referring to the arms
bill for Ireland, then before parliament, he
signalised as the causes of Irish unrest the
maintenance of the protestant establishment,
and the abuse of their power by the Irish
landlords. At a meeting held at the Crown
and Anchor in London to celebrate his
return he affirmed that * it was not a party
victory.' On 28 July he took his seat in
the House of Commons ; his maiden speech
was delivered on 7 Aug. 1843, before a thin
house, in favour of Ewart's motion for
the reduction of import duties as well on
the raw materials of manufacture as on
the means of subsistence. The speech is
reported by Hansard in the first person.
Bright demanded nothing less than perfect
freedom of trade ; the motion was defeated
Tby 52 to 25 votes. His second speech,
delivered on 14 Aug., was against a bill
rendering Chelsea pensioners liable to be
called out on home service. During the
autumn and winter of 1843, in company
with Cobden, he addressed a series of meet-
ings in favour of free trade throughout the
midlandsand south of England. In January
they vent to Scotland; the work was

arduous; scarcely a day passed without a
meeting. With the session of 1844 came
the turn of the landowners. A revival of
prosperity and two good harvests robbed the
:ree trade agitation of much of its point and
force. V iLiers s annual motion (25 June)
for repeal of the corn law was defeated bv
the great majority of 204, and Brijht was
forced to sit down before the conclusion of
his speech. Earlier in the session Sir James
Graham [q. v.] introduced a bill for restricting
the labour of children and young persons to
twelve hours a day. Lord Ashley [see
COOPBE, ANTHONY ASHLEY, seventh EAEL
OF SHAFPESBUKY] moved a reduction of the
hours to ten. Bright (15 March) vigorously
attacked Lord Ashley's description of the
horrors of the factory system, though he did
not deny that the hours of labour were longer
than they ought to have been. He carried the
war into the enemy's country by contrasting
the condition of the operatives with that of
the agricultural labourers, and with the in-
difference of the landowners to their priva-
tions. An attack made by him upon the
character of Lord Ashley's informants led
to a personal altercation ending in Bright's
favour. Lord Ashley's amendment was
eventually lost by 297 to 159 votes. The
division was in tae main a party one, the
majority being chiefly composed of conserva-
tives sup-ported by Bright and a certain
number o: manufacturers, the official liberals
and their followers voting with Lord Ashley.
A counter-move was made by a motion of
Cobden for an inquiry into the effect of pro-
tective duties on farmers and labourers. It
was supported by Bright (13 March), but was
defeated" by 224 to 133 votes. On 10 June
Bright delivered an elaborate attack, in which
he was supported by Lord Palmerston, upon
the West Indian sugar monopoly.

In pursuance of his plan of converting
the farmers and of reducing the landowners
to the defensive, Bright now took up the
cuestion of the game laws. On 27 Feb.
_845 he moved for a committee to inquire
into their working, and dwelt especially
upon the injury inflicted by them upon the
farmer. Peel advised the county members
that the prudent course for them was to
allow the committee to be granted sub
silentio. Bright followed u? this success by
an address on the game -aws to a large
gathering of farmers at St. Albans. He
publisher in 1846, at the expense to himself
of 300/., an abstract of the evidence taken
by the committee, drawn up by R, G. Wei-
ford, barrister-at-law, with a prefatory ad-
dress to the farmers of Great Britain from
his own pen, setting forth the evils of game

Bright

a 77

Bright

preserving to the tenant. A bill for the
repeal of the game laws, founded upon his
draft report, was introduced by him into
the House of Commons on 23 March 1848.
But, as he subsequently explained (letter of
16 Nov. 1879), he founc that ' farmers dared
not or would not make any combined effort
to do themselves justice/ and turned his
attention to other questions.

The question which, in the session of
1845, most stirred the public mind was that
of the Maynooth grant. On 3 April Peel
proposed its augmentation. Brig-it spoke
on the 16th, opposing the grant "upon the
general principle of disapproval of ecclesias-
tical endowment by the state. This was
one of the two occasions in the course of
twenty-five years in which Bright and Cob-
den voted against each other. The other
was on a question of expenditure for the
South Kensington Museum. The Maynooth
bill was carried by 323 to 176 votes.

In September 1845 Bright, then recruiting
his health at Inverness, received from Cob-
den a letter aanouncin ; the imminence of
his retirement from pu slic life as a conse-
quence of financial embarrassment. Bright
replied pleading for delay, and in the mean-
time addressed himself, in conjunction with
one or two friends, to the task of raising a
fund to relieve Cobden's immediate difficul-
ties. It was a critical moment, ' The rain
that rained away the corn laws J had already
set in. Famine had announced its advent
in Ireland. The prime minister, already a
convert to repeal, was calculating how far
he could carry his colleagues on the way*
On 22 Nov. Lord John Russell published
his t Edinburgh letter J ta his constituents
of the city of London. It declared his con-
version to the doctrine of the league. ' Your
letter/ said Bright, meeting him by chance
a few days later, ' has BOW made the total
and immediate repeal of the corn law in-
evitable : nothing can save it.' On 4 Dec.
the ' Times' announced that parliament
would be summoned in January, and that
the prime minister himself would introduce
a biL for total repeal. Meanwhile the league
was redoubling its activity. "Writing from
Stroud in Gloucestershire on the same date,
Cobden says : * Bright and I are almost off
our legs; five days this week in crowded
meetinjs.' On 9 Dec. Peel resigned, and
Lord John Russell endeavoured to form a
ministry. Pending these negotiations a
great meeting of the league was held
(19 Dec.) at Covent Garden Theatre. During
the preceding month, Bright told his audi-
ence, he had on behalf of the league ad-
dressed meetings in nine counties of England.

In this speech Bright took occasion to vindi-
cate Cobden's device for augmenting the
repealers' forces by the creation of forty-
shilling freeholders. TVhen challenged in
after years to distinguish between this fran-
chise and the modern faggot vote he replied
that ' the votes obtained by friends of free
trade in 1845 were obtained by the posses-
sion of a real property/ not by ieeds of ficti-
tious rent-charges (letter of "20 Dec. 1879).
A meeting was held in Manchester (23 Dec.
1845) to raise funds for the league. The
firm of John Bright & Brothers subscribed
Ifmi. On 27 Jan. 1846 Peel proposed the
repeal of the corn laws. Bright spoke on
the 28th in vindication of Peel's position.
Peel was observed to be moved bfr Bright's
generous feeling. At the end of tae session
he sought Bright's acquaintance. On 17 Feb.
Bright expounded, in connection with repeal,
the principles of free trade policy. The
other measure of first-rate importance on
which Bright spoke this session was Lord
Ashley's ten hours factories bill. Bright
spoke against the bill on the motion for
leave to introduce it (29 Jan.) and on the
second reading ^22 May), when it was de-
feated by a majority of ten. On 7 Aug.
he supported Dr. Bowling's motion for the
abolition of flogging in the army. Peel's
ministry had fallen on 29 June upon the
Irish coercion bill; but the league was
triumphant, and on 2 July, at the Man-
chester Town Hall, Bright seconded Cobden's
resolution suspending its operations, prior
to its dissolution upon the expiration of the
corn law in 1849, as .fixed by the repealing
statute.

Public gratitude now began to manifest
itself. On 15 Aug. the repeal was celebrated
at a bancuet given to Bright by the mayor
and inhabitants of Durham. A subscription,
of 5,0007. was raised from 3,647 subscribers -
to present My with a library of twelve
hundred volumes in a bookcase appropriately
carved with emblems of free trade. The
Manchester Kefonn Association on 14 Oct.
invited him to. become a candidate for parlia-
ment. The invitation was accepted. During
the session of 1847 Bright renewed his
activity in the House o. Commons. On
10 Feb. he unsuccessfully opposed the second
reading of Fielden's [see ^IELDEST, JOHN]
factory bill. His vigorous individualism
disclosed itself again in his opposition to the
jovernment scheme of education on 20 April.
In nis speech he declined, on behalf of the
nonconformists, the proposal to make grants
for religious teaching in denominational
schools. Education, he maintained, was not
the state's business at all. If it were ad-

Bright

278

Bright

zaitted to be it would follow that education
must be compulsory, a consequence startling
to public opinion in 1847, The interest of
the Bright zamily in education upon, volun-
tary lines had already been shown in 1840
by the building 1 of a school hv Jacob Bright,
senior, for his workpeople's children and the
provision of a news-room and reading-room
for the Barents. Parliament was dissolved
on 23 Tuly 1847, and the election at Man-
chester took place on 29 July. The other
side had failed to secure a candidate, and
Milner-Gibson and Bright were returned.
There was an undercurrent of opposition on
the part of some old-fashioned whigs, who
dislued to see the House of Commons re-
cruited from an aggressive champion of the
middle classes. At the hustings a dis-
turbance was raised by operatives who
resented Bright's opposition to the recent
Factory Act.

The first question which pressed upon the
attention of the new parliament was the con-
dition of Ireland, where famine had been fol-
lowed by social disorganisation. Sir George
Grev [c_. v.],the home secretary, introduced
a bill ror giving the executive exceptional
powers for the suppression of crime and
outrage. Bright had presented a petition
, bearing twenty thousand signatures from
Manchester and its neighbourhood against
the bill. He admitted, aowever, that in his
own opinion the action of the government
was justified, and voted for the measure. But
in a luminous speech delivered in the House
of Commons on 13 Dec. he expounded his
consistent conception of Irish policy that
Irish unrest should be attacked in its causes
rather than in its efi'ects. He advocated a
measure facilitating the sale of encumbered
estates, and providing occupation for the
peasantry by an increased partition of landed
property. But when, in tie session of 1848,
Sir George Grey brought in a ( crown and
government security bill/ directed not
against crime but against the elastic offence
called sedition, Bright spoke against it
(10 April) and voted in. the minority of 35
to 452 on the second reading. He carried
his opposition even to the third reading, and
on 18 April was one of the tellers for the
minority of 40 against which the bill was
passed by 295 votes. His views on Ireland
were further set forth in a speech (25 Aug.)
uponPoulettScrope's resolution for insuring
the expenditure of the Irish relief funds upon
reproductive employment. In this speech
he added religious equality, to be effected by
disestablishment, to the agrarian reforms he
had previously indicated. It was in con-
nection with Ireland that his reputation as

a parliamentary orator was established bv a
speech delivered on 2 April 1849 in support
oi the grant of a sum o: 0,OOOZ. to certain
Irish unions. In this speech he anticipated
many reforms of the land laws which have
since been carried into effect facilitation of
conveyance, enlarged powers to life owners
and land registry. His claim upon the
attention of the House of Commons was
founded as well upon his previous speeches
as upon the fact that he was at the time
sitting upon a select committee to inquire
into the working of the Irish poor law. The
speech was received with applause from both
sides of the house, and was specially eulogised
by Disraeli. Bright now resolved to study
the Irish question on the spot. At the end
of the session of 1849 he spent a month in
Ireland, accompanied by a commissioner of
the board of works. Jlis investigations dis-
closed to him that absence of security for
tenants' improvements was a more fruitful
source of misery and discord than entail and
primogeniture. His speeches in the house
secured him the attention of Irish pro-
gressists, in concert with whom he proposed,
in certain contingencies, to introduce a bill
providing a general tenant right. These
jibours were recognised by the presentation
of an address from the Irish inhabitants of
Manchester and Sal ford at the Manchester
Corn Exchange on 4 Jan. 1850.

His attention was not wholly absorbed
by^ Ireland. Since 1845 he had, in partner-
ship with his brothers, managed two of the
three mills belonging to his rather, the style
of the firm being ' John Bright & Brothers.'
His knowledge of the Lancashire trade
directed him to the question of the supply
of cotton, the insufficiency of which had
caused acute distress in that county. He
perceived the danger of dependence upon
a single source, and on 6 May 1847 moved
in the House of Commons for a select
committee to inquire into the obstacles
to the cultivation of cotton in India. The
house was counted out, but in 1848 he ob-
tained a committee, of which he was chosen
chairman. No action having been taken
on its report, on 18 June 1850 he moved
for a commission to visit India and con-
duct an inquiry on the spot. In this
proposal he had the support of the Man-
chester Chamber of Commerce, which he
addressed on the subject on 18 Jan. 1850.
It was opposed by the East India Company
and the government and refused. Bright
and his :riends in Manchester thereupon
raised a, fund for a private commission of
inquiry. In consequence of what he learnt
from this inquiry as to the maladministra-

Bright

279

Bright

tion of the East India Company, he opposed
the renewal of their charter in 1853. Bright
also kept a vigilant eye on attempts to
revive or enhance protective duties. For
session after session, until their repeal in
1848, he denounced those in favour of West
Indian sugar. He devoted himself to the
realisation of the liberal formula, peace,
retrenchment, and reform, supporting Cob-
den's motion (26 Feb. 1849) for the reduction
of the expenditure by ten millions, opposing
1) Israeli's proposal (15 March 1849) to relieve
the landlords' local rates, and speaking
in favour of Joseph Hume's [q. v.] reform
bill (4 June 1849). This subject now began
to assume predominant importance in Bright's
mind. Scarcely was the league dissolved
when Cobden conceived the idea of a similar
organisation as an engine for effecting
further reforms, to be called ' The Commons'
League.' It took shape in January 1849 at
a great meeting in Manchester, at which
Cobden advoeatedfmancial andBright parlia-
mentary reform. It soon became apparent
that if "the new league was to make way it
must concentrate attention upon one object.
As to which this should be Bright and
Cobden differed. Bright was also of opinion
that Cobden's favourite scheme, the multi-
plication of bona fide forty-shilling free-
holders, was an inadequatemachinery, though
he supported it by becoming president in
1851 of a freehold land society at Rochdale,
which added some five hundred voters to
the constituency. Both Cobden and Bright
attended numerous meetings during 1850,
in which they set forth their respective
proposals. But the difference between their
views, though a question of tactics rather
than of principle, insensibly paralysed the
effectiveness of the new organisation.

"When, at the opening of the year 1851,
frenzy seized the public mind at the assump-
tion by the Roman catholic prelates of
territorial titles, Bright kept his head. At
a meeting of reformers at the Albion Hotel,
Manchester, on 23 Jan. 1851 ? he spoke con-
temptuously of the 'old women of both
sex.es who have been frightening themselves
to death about this papal ag-spression.' He
twice spoke against Lord John Russell's
ecclesiastical titles bill (7 Feb. and 12 May).
The liberality of his religious yiews was
shown by his speech on 21 July against Lord
John Russeirs resolution excluding Alder-
man Salomons [see SALOMONS, SIB DAYTD]
from the House of Commons until he had
taken the usual oath. "When this question
of Jewish disabilities came up again in 1833
Bright delivered a speech (15 April) in which
he expressed upon this protracted struggle

the view which many years after was ac-
cepted by the legislature, 'that the Com-
mons' House of England is open to the Com-
mons of England, and that every man, be
his creed what it may, if elected* by a con-
stituency of his countrymen, may^sit and
vote/ As a friend of liberty abroad as well
as at home Bright moved" an address to
Kossuth at the Free Trade Hall on 11 ]Sov.
His action was a challenge not only to the
tories but to those aristocratic whigs whose
mouthpiece, Lord Palmerston, had congratu-
lated t.ie Austrian goTernment on the close
of the struggle in Hungary.

In February 1852 the nopes of the pro-
tectionists were revived by the accession
of the Earl of Derby to power. The queen's
speech hinted at revision of the free trade
legislation, and Bright with Cobden sprang
to arms. They summoned a meeting at
Manchester of the council of the league.
The general election took place in July.
Milner-Gibson and Bright were returned
for Manchester (9 July) by 5,752 and 5,475
Totes respectively, a majority to Bright of
1,115 over his conservative opponent.

During the recess Bright resumed his
attention to Irish affairs. He crossed the
Channel, and on 4 Oct. was entertained at a
"banquet at Belfast in celebration of the
victory of free trade. On 25 Oct. he
addressed from Rochdale a long letter to
the editor of the c Freeman's Journal * fsee
GRAY, SIE JOHN]. In this lie denounced
suggestions made by Lord J. Russell and
Lord Grey for concurrent endowment in
Ireland, and elaborated a scheme on lines
subsequently followed by Gladstone for the
disestablishment and disendowment of the
Irish church.

When parliament met in November the
free traders resolved to extort from Lord
Derby's ministry an explicit adhesion to free
trade policy. Ministers were invited in Vil-
liers's amendment to the address, supported
by Bright in a remarkably brilliant speech,
to endorse the legislation of 1846 as ' wise,
just, and beneficial/ A successful diversion
was, however, made "by Palmerston in the
ministry's favour, to the indignation of Cob-
den and his following. The feeling between
the radicals and the whigs excluded Cobden
and Bright from any place in the Aberdeen
administration formed on the resignation of
Lord Derby (17 Dec.)

To the "panic of papal aggression now-
succeeded the panic of a French invasion.
As before, Bright and Cobden remained
cool, and at a meeting in the Free Trade
Hall at Manchester on 27 Jan. 1853 endea-
voured to allay public excitement. During

Bright

280

Bright

the session Bright supported by speech Sir eloquent protest, reviewing the recent nego-
"W, Clay's amendment to Dr. Phillimore's tiations, denouncing the doctrine of the
bill amending the law as to church rates, balance of power as applicable to Turkey
and advocated their extinction (26 May), a proposition which lie sustained by cita-
He spoke in favour of Milner-Gibson's three tions from the debates of the previous cen-
resolutions, carried against the government, tury -and predicting the^ eventual rupture
for repealing the existing taxes on news- by Russia of any convention imposed on her
papers (14 April). On 1 July he successfully by a successful campaign. During this ses-
o^posed Gladstone's resolution, as chancellor sion^he delivered two important speeches in
o: the exchequer, reducing the advertise- parliament against the principle of appro-
ment duty to sixpence, and carried its priating public funds to denominationalism,
abolition. But his greatest effort this session Of these the first (27 April) was in oppo-
was devoted to India. In a masterly speech sition to Lord John Russell's Oxford 7ni-
(3 June), exhibiting minute knowledge, he versity reform bill, which, as maintaining
reviewed the condition of the natives, the the exclusion of dissenters, he described as
state of the communications, the expendi- ' insulting to one half of the population/
ture on public works, the provision for His consistency was shown in his speech on
education, and the financial history of India. 6 July against the ministerial proposal of a
He concluded with the recommendation grant of 3S,745. to dissenting ministers in
that the company should be displaced and Ireland. But his unswerving adhesion to
the government of India made ' a depart- principle failed to allay the restiveness of

" ' - J - J/l - - n jus constituents at his attitude towards the

war. To the invitation by one of the most
influential of his supporters, Absalom Wat-
kin, to attend a meeting in Manchester on
behalf of the patriotic fund, he replied in a
long letter dated 29 Oct., entering into a
detailed justification of his position. Its
trenchant expressions, ' I will have no part
in this terrible crime/ &c,, inflamed the agi-
tation against him, and its republication by
Russian and other newspapers demonstrated,
in the eyes of the war party, its writer's want
of patriotism. A requisition, signed by over
six hundred names, of whom 550 were after-
wards proved to be tories, called upon the
mayor of Manchester to summon a meeting
to discuss the letter. Bright attended, but
was unable to secure a hearing. The show
of hands was, however, indeterminate, and
a complimentary vote ackno_wledged the

meat of the government, with a council
and a minister of state.'

Towards the close of 1853 the uneasiness
which markedEngland's relations with Russia
was fanned into a flame of popular passion.
Bright, who had so often been styled a dema-
gogue by the tory press, did what he could
to allay the excitement. He refused (6 Oct.)
to attend a meeting at the Manchester
Athenaeum to denounce the conduct of
Russia. A week later ( 1 3 Oct.) he appeared
at a peace meeting at Edinburgh, where he
was confronted on the platform by Admiral
Sir Charles Napier [q.T.] with the text of
' soldiers as the Dest peacemakers.' Bright's
eloc uence carried the audience with him. On
13 ilarch 1854, the eve of the declaration of
war with Russia, he called the attention of
the House of Commons to the reckless levity
,of the language used by Lord Palmerston and

other ministers at a banquet given at the consistency of his conduct. Unpopularity
Reform dub to Admiral Napier on his de- did not daunt him. On 22 Dec. he delivered
parture for the Baltic. Palmerston was not in the House of Commons a philippic against
the man to submit to Bright's censures, and the war, so powerful in its effect that it was
sarcastically spoke of him as ' the hon. and said to have been unparalleled ' since the
reverend gentleman,' for which he was re- great affair bet ween Canning and Brougham.'
buked by Cobden. In Macaulay's judgment During the recess he boldly faced his con-
Bright had the best of the encounter. Bat stituents at the Manchester Chamber of
in the country Bright and Cobden had fallen Commerce. When the abortive negotiations
into an abyss of unpopularity. They failed for peace were undertaken by Lord John

. - __.*! _M- -r\ i , t A TTk_ _ 11 .L TT- .. 1- _ _ a*. J /OO "CVU 1 QKK\

sajr unanimous, for I cannot reckon Cobden, sage generally regarded as his oratorical
Bright, and Co. for anything/ Throughout masterpiece : * The Angel of Death has been

the year 1854 Bright fought his battle with
courage and temper. Upon the day when
the message from the crown announcing the
declaration of war was brought down to the
kouse (31 March) he uttered a long and

abroad throughout the land ; you may almost
hear the beating of his wings/ &c. Upon
the failure of the conference at Vienna he
delivered one of his longest speeches (7 June),
occupying nearly thirty columns of Han-

Bright

281

Bright

sard, in which lie reviewed the negotiations ;
and he vigorously attacked Lord Palmerston
(19 July) for sacrificing Lord John Russell
to the war party. Though he found it diffi-
cult to obtain a hearing out of doors, he was
always listened to with attention in the
House of Commons.

A man of Bright's sensitive nature could
not hear unruffled the strain of public
obloquy. His nervous system showed signs
of giving way. In January 1856, as he told
the public at Birmingham two years and a
half later (24 June 1858), he ' could neither
read, write, nor converse for more than a
few minutes/ Unequal to the resumption
of his parliamentary wort, he sought rest in
Yorkshire and in Scotland, where he amused
himself by salmon-fishing. Part of the
autumn he spent at Llandudno in daily
intercourse with the Cobden family, who
were staying in the neighbourhood. In
November he went to Algiers, thence to
Italy and the south of Prance. In January
1857 he had an interview at Nice with the
Empress of Russia. From Nice he went by
way of Geneva to Civita Vecchia and Rome,
where he spent two months. On his home-
ward journey he visited Count Cavour at
Turin, and reached England in July. An
offer made by him to his constituents in
January 1857 to resign his seat on the
ground of ill-health, was not accepted by
them. On 8 March, a general election being
imminent, he wrote from Rome stating that
his health was improving, and leaving the
question of his candidature to his friends.
Cobden was strenuous in promoting his
return, and on 18 March he addressed the
Manchester electors at the Free Trade Hall,
telling them that he ' heard one of the
oldest and most sagacious men in the House
of Commons say that he did not believe
there was any man in the house, with the
exception of Mr. Bright and Mr. Gladstone,
who ever changed votes by their eloquence.'
At the election on 30 March Bright was at
the bottom of the poll, nearly three thou-
sand votes below Sir John Potter [see under
POTTEE, THOMAS BAILET, SuppL], the lead-
ing candidate. The result was no doubt
partly due to his absence, partly to the
reeling left by the Russian war. But it was
contributed to by the desertion of men tra-
ditionally liberal, who resented the inde-
pendence of party ties which he and Cobden
aad displayed. On 31 March Bright, writing
from Florence, took a farewell both of the
electors of Manchester and of public life.
In May he was at Geneva, and on 16 June
he arrived in London. A vacancy having
occurred ia the representation of *"

ham, he was elected in his absence without
opposition oa 10 Aug., with the under-
standing that a sis months' interval was to
be allowed prior to his taking his seat.
After two years' absence he returned to the
House of Commons amid general applause
on 9 Feb. 1858. On 19 Feb. Lord Palmer-
ston introduced the conspiracy to murder
bill, the outcome of the attempt of Orsini to
assassinate the Emperor Napoleon. The
government was defeated by an amendment
moved by Milner- Gibson, and seconded by
Bright without a speech. In a letter to
Joseph Cowen, Bright described it as
' the very worst ministry ' that he had
known (1 March 1858). Its defeat at the
hands of Milner-Gibson and Bright, whose
party Palmerston had apparently extin-
guished but eleven montos before, was
characterised by Cobden as 'retributive
justice. 7

Indian affairs chiefly occupied the session
of 1858. Bright's study of Indian questions
led Mm to contribute two powerful speeches
towards their solution. Of these tSe first
(20 May) was in support of the conservative
government upon a motion by the opposition
censuring a despatch of Lord Ellenborough,
president of the board of control, to Lord
Canning, the governor-general of India. The
second was on 24 June, upon the govern-
ment of India bill. In it Bright propounded
his own scheme of reform for India, of which
the principal features were the abolition of
the viceroyalty and a system of provincial
governments. His first great meeting with
Iiis new constituents took place at the Bir-
mingham Town Hall on 27 Oct. 1358, after
nearly three years 7 absence from public plat-
forms. His speech resumed the campaign
for parliamentary reform, and contained a
vigorous attack on the House of Lords.
Two days after, at a banquet in the same
place, he delivered a speech in defence of
!ais views on foreign adfairs, containing an
epigram of which the consequences were
afterwards disclosed. English foreign policy,
he declared, was * neither more nor less than
a gigantic system of outdoor relief for the
aristocracy.' This attack he renewed in
another reform speech addressed to his
former constituents at Manchester on 10 Dec.
He repeated his proposals for reform at
Edinburgh (15 Dec.) and Glasgow (21 Dec.)
A hint dropped by him in iis speech of
27 Oct. 1858, that* the reformers. . .should
. have their own reform bill/ fructified at a
meeting on 5 Nov. at the Guildhall coffee-
house. London, at which a resolution was
passed on the motion of John Arthur Boe-
*3uck[q.v,], requesting Bright to prepare one.

Bright

282

Bright

IJn o,\poun<h<l hiw proposal at Bradford on ditin loan bill, ho argued for a reduction f
1 7 .1 nn. 1 SM>, Thoy rxmiprwul tho oxtotiHJoix military oxjpoudituro and for a decentralisa-
of 1h borough IVanrhiso to all ratopaying lion of Indian govonmiunt. But neither of
housrholdiM'K, ami all lod;j;vr,M paying 1 10/. a those spcodu'M wan o fruitful as a sugges*
ytmr; ihtMMWiity I'vano-hiMi lo \m on a !()/. tion, nuwh^by liim in tho course of an attack
rental; elections to 1m hy ballot and tho ox- upon warlilio oxpondituro (21 July) of a
ppnsorthn'irdlVouitlu'mti^, Tlio govcnutu^nt tivaty of ooiuuiorci) with France, which,
reform bill, lurtnorabln bv i<^ ' Innry i'ran- wluHild rophin^ tho prevailing distrust by com-
<n>v hmnu'ti on HO Kol). inonconumiv.iariiil,orortt, The suggestion was
noted by Chovalior, tho French economist,
who wawltHl by it to write to Cobdeu a pro-
posal for i Us roal iwatioti. In pursuance of this
idon (-ohdoii visitod Franco in the autumn
of 1 NoDjjuul negotiated tho preliminary treaty
of comntorco, Hi^runl ii9 Jan. 1860, During
UIOHO ])rnliuiinary in^otiations, and those
which, protracUul from i^O April to 5 Nov.
ISIJO, w(^re occtipio,<l by Oobden at Paris in
jidjuHtin^ 1 tho I'VcMK'-h tarill', Bright was in
ctniHtiaiit corroHptnidonco with him, and was
hi.s inout h])ioco in this House of Commons.
On i2Ji Fob, lie doloudftd the prelimbary
l-risaty, indirtwtly anMailwd by the conservative
opposition, W hilo Ool)den was complainin
at. Pariw that, tho nopfotiat ions were rendered
<lillir,ult hy Lord l > almcrwton l s provocative
lanjyuugo towards I'rancc and by his lar^e
)>roj<u'l,H of for tilioatkm, Bright delivered a
^poocli (i2An#, } a^niriHt tho war panic in
Knirluwl and tlio expenditure entailed by

,."... i , 1 . H* j* i.t _j_ 'L.

JtH introdnrtiou wits pnMMd(d by a cronlor-
cnco butwowi llriglil. awl LonlJolin RusMoll,
which excite.<l much Hurniiw 1 , Monohtou
MihwH waw of opinion that Lord John bound
Bright over to mod oral ion, Sir
that he concodud tho ballot and
tion as tho prirn of an alliance. In tho
event, Bright'w i-nwoh ngumst tho soc.oud
reading (2-1 MartM) wan exceptionally tem-
perate and WIN silent as to th<i ballot. T though
it infliNtod on tho xioed i'or redistribution.
Tint bill was defeated by tlnrty-nino voton.
A ditHolution ibllowed, ' On ;?() April Wil-
liam fctoholeiiold Iq-v.] and Bright, worti re-
tnrtiodfor Jru*iuin.j;'luim,UiciroppoiuMit, (Sir)
Thomas Dyku Ac* and [\\. v, Snppt, |, bcin^ in
a minority of nearly tluvo thousand voto.
Oobden, through Kri^lnVs inlhuuice, was at
tho waino time roturnod for Uoebdale.

Tho conflopvntivo wiiniHtorH nwolved to
meet parliament, but "worn dd'eaUul on Lord

Hartinptou's amendment to tho nddnjHfl it, not Uiu hws cojj(int and elective that it

(10 Juno) and roHigJied. Bright had boon occupiow twent ; y-oij(ht columns of Hansard.
forward in procuring thia rennlt. At. a con- \Vh<u ("Jobdon'H work was iinislied Bright
forence of tho liboral party iu^ld at VVHlia'a visited him at Paris, and the two had audi-
KoomaonOJunoholii(\Hceoptij<lthf,Liad<ir- onco of .Napoleon HI, who expressed to
ship of Palxnorston and VtUHSiill on condition iiright hin Ht^n^ of the good work he nad
that they pledged thomHulves to parlia- done in oudoavcwrintf to maintain friendly
mentary reform. lie apoko in support of feelin^H on th part of tho English towards
the amendment (9 Juno), and the public France (27 Nov.) A > consequence of this
were expectant of hi a meluwion in the now interview was tho abolition o, passports for
administration. Four years before, Del ano, Knglwh travellers in Franco. In connec-
the editor of the 'Timoa/ had witl on that tion with tho .French treaty Gladstone's
Bright and Oobdcii niuat have houu mini- budg-ot of 1H($() aHsumed exceptional impor-
sters 'but for the Russian war, Cobdeu was twice. Thpcouaorvatives especially attacked
offered and refused a seat in Palmerston's its concessions to the French treaty by the
cabinet, c Recent speeches,' wrote Lord repeal o,f duties on iwmufaetured articles.
John Russell on 25 June, 'have prevented Part of the fldumic involved the repeal of
the offer of a cabinet office to Mr, Bright." the pa->or excise, the item most fiercely re-
Palmerston, in conversation -with Oobden, elsted ay them, Having passed the third
was more explicit* 'It is his (Bright's) reading "in the commons ;>y 219 to 210 votes,
attacks on classes that have given offence to this portion of the budget was rejected by
powerful bodies who can make their resent- the touse of Lords (21 May). Bright threw
mentfelt'(cf, Bright's speech of 18 Jan, himself with ardour into the constitutional
1865), The whig families had neither lor- question of the ->ower of the lords to deal
given nor forgotten the philippics of the -with tax bills, lie was nominated a mem-
autumn. During the session Bright de- ber of the committee to inquire into prece-
livered two luminous speeches on finance, dents, and drew xip a draft report involving
In the first (21 July) he criticised the inci- elaborate historical research. In his jiidg-
aence of the income tax and advocated the ment the commons should have insisted on
equalisation of the duties on successions ; in their right bv sending u"o a second bill to
me second (1 Aug.), on Sir 0. Wood's In- the lords. Jle justifiet lus position in a

Bright

283

Bright

Breech marked by constitutional
("3 July). But the house preferred tie
milder policy of a series of resolutions de-
claratory of its rights, an alternative con-
demned by Bright in a vigorous denuncia-
tion of Lord Palmerston (10 Aug.) He was
prominent in another question upon which,
during this same session, the two houses
came into collision, On 27 April he s-Doke
in favour of the third reading of the biL for
the abolition of church rates. The bill passed
the House of Commons, but was rejected by
the lords.

These examples of a growing assertiveness
on the part of the House of Lords led Bright
to see that the only prospect of carrying
parliamentary reform was to arouse the
determination of the mass of the people.
In November and December I860 ne ad-
dressed workin T-elass associations on their
interest in anc right to self- government.
At the Birmingham Town Hall on 29 Jan.
1 861 he denounced the ' modern peerage,
bred in the slime and corruption of the
rotten borough system/ In the house he
supported (5 Feb.) an amendment to the
address in favour of reform. The paper
duties came up again. Their abolition was
included in Gladstone's budget, framed, a
conservative declared, to conciliate Bright,
who delivered an eloquent vindication of it
(29 April). Bright had, in fact, at Liver-
pool, on 1 Dec. 1859, propounded a scheme
of taxation in an address to the Financial
Reform Association, towards which the
liberal budgets were evidently tending.
The income tax, the assessed taxes, except
the house tax, the tax on marine and fire
insurances, and the excise on paper were to
be repealed ; all duties abolished" but those
on wine, spirits, and tobacco, and a tax of
eight shillings per 1007. of fixed income sub-
stituted. This proposal for a financial revo-
lution alarmed the tories ; but, as Cobden
told him (16 Dec.), it alarmed the middle
class as well. Despite his support of Glad-
stone's budget o: 1861 ae protested
(11 March) against the increase in the navy
estimates, due to competition with France
in the construction of ironclads.

During the period 1859-61 Cobden and
Bright, though close friends, were evidently
drifting apart. Cobden's strength was be-
ginning to fail. He had lost his enthu-
siasms. He had never been equally zealous
with Bright in the cause of the extension of
the franchise ; he had come to think that in
his onslaughts upon the church and the aristo-
cracy Bright was tilting at windmills, that
the middle class was ineradicably conserva-
tive, that Bright should be ' more shy of the

stump,' that his endeavours to awaken the
masses from their political torpor had met
with 'absolute lack of success.' For a
moment the outbreak of the American war
in 1861 threatened to sever their co-operation.
Cobden was inclined to support the South as
free-traders. Bright at once saw that more
than an issue of economics was involved.
After many arguments the time came for
Cobden to address his Rochdale constituents.
( Now,' said Bright, ' this is the moment for
you to speak wit JL a clear voice.' Thenceforth
Cobden and Bright were regarded in England
as the two pillars of the northern cause.
Bright made a great oratorical effort at a
banquet at Rochdale on 4 Dec., in which he
indicated the general position of the North,
and stemmed the tide of exasperation which
had set in over the Trent affair. But he pri-
vately recommended Charles Sumner, chair-
man of the senate committee on foreign
relations, to use his influence to procure the
submission of the issue to unconditional arbi-
tration. In the event the United States
government gave way. During the session of
1862 Brijht was a good deal absent from par-
liament, his attention being much absorbec by
the growing seriousness of the cotton famine
in Lancashire The cotton supply and Ame-
rican, politics furnished the theme of a great
speech delivered in the town hall of Birming-
ham on 18 Dec. He followed up this with a
speech at Rochdale on 3 Feb. 1863, upon the
occasion of a meetingfor thepurpose of passing
a resolution of thanks to the merchants of New
York for their contributions to the distressed
cotton operatives. He felt, in fact, that wi bh
three fourths of the House of Commons, as
Cobden declared, anxious for the break up of
the American union, his words were wasted in
parliament, and determined to carry the issues
before the tribunal of the working classes,
whose interest in the struggle was real and
urgent. On 26 March 1863 he addressed
a meeting in St. James's Hall, London, at
which he presided, convened by the trades
unions on behalf of the London working
men. He demonstrated that the mainte-
nance of slavery was the motive to secession,
and that, as working men, they could not
be neutral when the degradation of labour
was the issue at stake. At a meeting at the
London Tavern on 16 June he treated the
question from the point of view of economics,
enlarging upon the thesis that emancipated
labour would increase the supply of cotton,
When Roebuck brought forward" his motion
in the House of Commons for the recognition
of the southern confederacy (30 June), a bril-
liant speech by Bright largely contributed to
its defeat The six mills then belonging to

Bright

286

Bright

'Punch 7 signalising the event by a cartoon Scotland, too prostrate even to hear political
entitled < A " Friend."" at Court' (19 Dec.) The news. It was not until 11 April 1872 that he
pages of * Punch* at this time attest the once more entered the House of Commons,
place occupied by Bright in the public mind This illness marked the turning-point of his
as a principal author of the leading measure life. It stamped itself upon his physique, for
of the session of 1869, the bill for the dis- his hair, which had before been of iron grev,
establishment of the Irish church. On the had become silvery white. His speeches',
second night of the second reading- (19 April though still eloquent, henceforth lost their
1869) Bright delivered a speech in its favour, invigorating vitality, becoming chiefly re-
which excited universal admiration. After miniscent, and his influence upon the Public
Irish disestablishment was carried the Irish was impressed rather by his pen than "ay his
land question survived. The remedy of tongue. On 30 Sept. 1873 he was so far re-
state-aided purchase for the insecurity of covered that he accepted the office of chan-
Irish tenants had long been advocated by cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
him. But a division of opinion in the cabi- re-elected for Birmingham on 20 Oct., and
net prevented the adoption of the larger two days afterwards addressed his consti-
measure he proposed, the purchase clauses of tuents at a great meeting at the Bingley
the land bill' of 1870 being but an imperfect Hall, after an interval of nearly four vears.
concession to views which a breakdown in Ilis speech chiefly consisted of a review of
health in January 1870 prevented his pressing the work of the liberal government. But
with success upon his colleagues. A long what attracted public attention was that it
illness, like that of 1856, followed, necessi- attacked the Education Act of his own col-
tating his absence from parliament durin ~; leagues as a measure for the encouragement

the debates on the bill. He sought health
at Norwood, at Brighton, and at Llandudno,
returning in October to his house at Koch-
dale. On 19 Dec. he resigned the board of
trade, receiving on the occasion the honour
of a sympathetic autograph letter from the
queen. The details of departmental work did
not ;reatly interest him. His presidency is
chief y remembered by the incident of the
bottle-nosed whale and the attack on him by
James Anthony Froude [q. v. Suppl.] A
Scottish enthusiast, in January 1869, vainly
endeavoured to enlist his financial aid in a
scheme for the ' destruction of bottle-nosed

of Henominationalism. Forster, the author
of the act, charged Bright with having
assented to his proposals, and a controversy
ensued between them, which added to the
incipient disintegration of the liberal party.
Parliament was dissolved on 26 Jan. 1874,
and on 31 Jan. Bright was re-elected for
Birmingham without opposition and de-
livered an address. The liberal ministry
resigned on 17 Feb. Bright was now free
from official trammels. L.e was unequal to
the exertion of public speaking (Letter o
3 March), and remained silent during 1874 ;
but he exercised influence over opinion by

whales and other ponderous monsters' de- answers to inquiring correspondents, which
struetive to the sea-fisheries. The correspon- were regularly published in the^ newspapers,
dence was made public. Naturalists justified By this method he expressed disapproval of
"Ri-in-Vit'.c rofnaai *n^ PimnVi ' euiVa/i *"iio A/i/^n_ ^g permissive bill (5 f une 1874), preferring

to entrust the power of licensing to muni-
cipal authority (27 Nov. 1873); of suc-
cessive vaccination penalties (5 Oct. 1874),
afterwards adding a doubt as to compulsion
(27 Dec. 1883) j of the solicitation of votes by

Bright's refusal, and ' Punch' seized the occa-
sion to dedicate to him (S3 Jan. 1869) a 'Song
of the Bottle-nosed Whale.' In the Decem-
ber number of ' Fraser's Magazine ' for 1870,
Froude, in an article l on progress,' imputed
to Bright a justification of cheating as 'rea-

sonable competition J and ' false weights ' as parliamentary candidates (26 Oct. 1874) ; and

' venial delinquencies.' Bright took no notice of working-men candidates (13 Feb. 1875).

of the attach, but a dissenting minister, Home rule for Ireland he had condemned in

Samuel Clarkson, wrote a letter in his de- a letter of 20 Jan. 1872, on the ground that

fence. Froude replied, relying on. a dis- 'to have two legislative assemblies in the

torted meaning assigned to some expressions United Kingdom would be ... an intole-

by Bright in his speech on 5 March 1869, in rable mischief. * To the proposal of 'home

answer to Lord Eustace Cecil's motion on rule all round' he replied that 'nobody

adulteration and false weights and measures, wants a third imperial parliament' (25 Feb.

The correspondence, published by Clarkson, 1875). In December 1874 he wrote that he

together with Bright's speech, in a pamphlet was much better than he had been for five

entitled 'The Censor censured 7 (1871), com- years. He had recovered strength enough

pletely exonerates Bright from the accusa- both for the public platform and the House

ti n -. , of Commons. Consistently with his dis-

Bright spent 1871 foi the most part in approval of tlie intervention of the state ia

right

287

Bright

ecclesiastical affairs he condemned the
Public Worship Regulation Act of 1874
(Birmingham, 25 Jan. 1875). In the House
of Commons he spoke in favour of Osborne
31 organ's burial bill (21 April) [see MoBGO",
SIE GEOBGE OSBOTLNE]. He presided as
chairman of the meeting at the Reform Club,
on 3 Feb. 1875, -which elected Lord Harting-
ton to the leadership of the liberal party.
In parliament he demolished, in a speech of
searching analysis, Dr. Kenealy's motion for
a royal commission of inquiry into the trial
of the Tichborne case (23 April). When
the Bulgarian atrocities were thrilling the
country, and the question of the mainte-
nance "of the Ottoman empire marked the
cleavage between the two political parties,
Bright delivered an impassioned address at
the Manchester Reform Club against Lord
Beaconsfield's policy (2 Oct. 1876). But he
deprecated intervention, as well against as
on behalf of Turkey, and headed a deputation
to Lord Derby on 14 July, demanding an
assurance that the government intended to
preserve neutrality. At Birmingham on
4 Dec., upon the same topic, he described
Lord Salisbury as a man of 4 haughty un-"
wisdom,' and Lord Beaconsfield as an actor
who 4 plays always for the galleries.' Mean-
while he pursued his advocacy of the exten-
sion of the franchise (Birmingham, 22 Jan.
1876; House of Commons, SO^lay), though
he spoke in parliament against Forsyte's
women's disabilities removal bill (26 April).
During this period Bright had retrieved
much of his lost vigour, as was attested by
Iiis delivery of three speeches on one day at
Bradford on 25 July 1877. The occasion
was the unveiling of Cobden's statue, and
his speech one of his finest efforts. At a
subsequent lunch at the Bradford Chamber
of Commerce he took as ids theme free trade
as a pacificator, and at a liberal meeting in
the evening the Eastern question. There
was a constant disposition at this time on
the part of Lord Beaconsfield's government
to intervene in the war between Russia and
Turkey. During the whole of this period
Bright exerted an important influence in
favour of neutrality, wlaich he advocated in
a series of speeches in and out of parliament
(Birmingham, 13 Jan. 1878 ; House of Com-
mons, 31 Jan. ; Manchester, 30 April). The
prospect of a war with Russia recalled his
attention to India, and at Manchester
(13 Sept. and 11 Dec. 1877) and in the House
of Commons (22 Jan. 1878) he spoke in
favour of canals, irrigation, and public works
in that country. This activity was abruptly
cnecked by domestic bereavement. His
eeondwife died at One Ash on 13 May 1878

very suddenly, her husband being absent in
London. Bright did not resume his place
in parliament till the following February.
He supported Fawcett's [see FIWCETT,
HE^EY] motion for a committee to inquire
into the government of India, again advo-
cating decentralisation (18 Feb. 1879). The
warlike policy of Lord Beaconsfield's govern-
ment excited his gravest reprobation. He
opposed intervention in Egypt, denounced
tlie Afghan war, and was constant in plead-
ing for friendly relations with Russia
(Birmingham, 16 April). The tory govern-
ment, sensible of the growing dissatisfaction
with its foreign policy, delivered its apologia
through the mouth of Lord Salisbury at a
great meeting in Manchester on 18 Oct.
To this a counter demonstration was or-
ganised by the Manchester liberals. Bright
pronounced an indictment of the govern-
ment which powerfully affected the public
mind (25 Oct.) At the ensuing general
election (March 1880) the government sus-
tained a crushing defeat. Gladstone under-
took to form a ministry (23 April), and
Bright, who had been returned unopposed
' for Birmingham (2 April), accepted the chan-
cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster, with a
seat in the cabinet, being re-elected for
Birmingham on 8 May. But the state of
his health compelled him to stipulate that a
minimum of departmental work should be
expected of him, and that his share in the
cabinet should be only consultative.

Parliament openecf on 29 April, and its
first business was the Bradlaugh contro-
versy [see BEAPLAUGH, CHARLES, Suppl.]
A committee having disallowed Bradlaugh's
request for permission to affirm, he next
claimed to ta~*e the oath. Bright supported
Gladstone's proposal for a committee to in-
quire as to the competence of the house to
refuse this (21 May), and when that com-
mittee reported affirmatively, he charged
them with setting * up a new test of theism 7
(21 June). He appealed to the principle of
toleration, and gave great offence by his ex-
pression of belief and regret that * to a larg-e
extent the working people of the country do
not care any more for the dogmas of Chris-
tianity than the upper classes care for the
practice of that religion/

On 15 Nov. Bright was elected lord rector
of the university of Glasgow against Ruskin
by 1,128 to 814 votes. His installation ad-
dress was delivered on 21 March 1883. On
16 Nov. 1880 at Birmingham he delivered
a defence of the government, condemning
the rejection by the lords of the bill for
'compensation for disturbance' of tenants in
Ireland, and reverting to his constant recom-

Bright

288

Bright

mendation of the establishment of an^occu- 1883 projects for the nationalisation of the

pying proprietary in Ireland. It was in the land, suggest orl by the works of Henrv

course of this speech that he enunciated the George, obtained groat vogue in England

oft-quoted apophthegm, 'Force is not a Bright remained steadfast in this as upon

remedy/ But lie felt constrained, by the other questions, to his early principles. To

ineffectiveness of the ordinary law to check accept such a scheme as land nationalisation

the increase of crime, to vindicate the suspen- he declared, in a speech at Birmingham on

30 Jan. 1884, the people of England must
have lost not only all their common sense,

sion of the Habeas Corpus Act ( 28 Jan. 1881 ).

The Irish land bill, which followed, was u V w iunu ma. umy uu meir common sense
largely the embodiment of the principles he but all reverence for the Ten Command-
had long advocated. At a banquet to mcnts.

Ilia speeches by this time gave evidence in
their de-ivory of impaired vigour. Upon the
second reading of Gladstone's bill for the
extension of the franchise, a measure Bright
had for yuara eloquent ly advocated, he was
compelled to rely upon his notes to such a
degree that the effect of his argument was
marred (24 March). One point which will
long continue to provoke controversy he em-

During 1879 and 1880 there had boon phatically asserted, that ' the Act of Union
of a disposition on the part of the is final in this matter 'of Irish representation.

..._,.-.._._,.. . i._^: :.* Rm-ing the debutes on the government reform

bill in the session of 1 884 Mr. Albert Grey
(afterwards Earl Grey) justified his amend-
ment postponing Iho operation of the Fran-
chise Act until after the passing of a Redistri-
bution Act by an extract from a letter written
by Bright to a Manchester association in
1859. in this letter Bright had said: 'I
consider these differences of opinion on the
subject [of the franchise^ are of trifling im-
portance when comparec. with the question

ministers given by the Fishmongers' Com-
pany (28 April), upon the second reading in
the "House of Commons (9 May), and at the
Mansion House (8 Aug. ), he vindicated that
measure, but he deprecated the extension
of its principles to England. He approved
the re-establishment of the autonomy of
the Transvaal as a 'course at once mag-
nanimous and just * (Letter of 23 March
1881), ~ J " " "

signs

conservatives to encourage a protectionist
reaction under the name of the * fair
trade' or 'reciprocity 1 movement. This
Bright combated in a number of letters ex-
tending through several years, which dwelt
upon the improved condition of England
since the introduction of free trade and the
injurious consequences of protection to
America.

Egyptian affairs had begun towards the
close of 1881 to demand the attention of the
ministry. A massacre of Christians took
place at Alexandria on 11 June 1882, and

of the redistribution of seats and members.'
The point was taken up by the opposition,

yj.uuo au jci.j.c-vu.uu i itt VJXJL -iJ. u tuio a.wu*ij uuu. JLUC JUULUl/ WILD UUU2H U f j uy UHe uj['JJUoii'ivu,

the khedive's ministry were impotent. The and in a speech at Manchester (9 Aug.) Lord

English government was at first unwilling
to intervene. There was a division of opinion
in the cabinet, At last, on 10 July, Acmiral
Seymour received an order by telegram to
bombard Alexandria [see SEYMOUR, FEEUE-
MCK BBAUCHIMP PA-GET, LOUD ALOESTER],

Salisbury insisted upon the interpretation
put by them on Brtght's words. These, he
argued, were a sufficient justification of the
action of the House of Lords in throwing out
the franchise bill which Bright had de-
nounced a few days previously (4 Air\)

> July Bright resigned the chancellor- Bright had added that the remedy was to se
of the duchy. There had been, he found in the substitution of a suspensive for

On 15 July

ship of tl ._,_ ,

declared, on the part of his colleagues ' a
manifest violation Doth of international law
and of the moral law J to which he had re-
fused his support. "When a controversy
arose in the columns of the * Spectator ' upon
Ms action, he declined 'to discuss the abs-
tract question* whether any war was jus-
tifiable, limiting himself to the proposition x v ,,

that this had ' no better justification than At the general election of 1885 Bright
other wars which have gone before it.' was returned for the central division of

Bright's representation of Birmingham Birmingham, a, newly created constituency,
had in 1883 lasted a quarter of a century. A against Lord Randobh Churchill [c. v.
procession of five hundred thousand people SuppL] bT 4,989 to 4,21 3 votes. When Glad-
congratulated him (12 June), and Punch' stone declared for home rule in 1886, Bright
celebrated the occasion bT a cartoon (10 June) in his address to his constituents (24 June)
entitled 'Merrily daneec. the quaker's wife, refused to follow him. In returning thanks
And merrily danced the quakcr.' During for his unopposed election (1 July) he de-

an absolute veto of the House of Lords (cf.
Letter of 18 July 1884). He now declared
that the interpretation assigned to his words
of 1859 was wholly unjustifiable, and that
' no man had so repeatedly and consistently
urged the dealing with the franchise first
and with the seats afterwards* as he had
(Letters of 30 Sept. and 9 Oct. 1884),

Bright

289

Bright

clared himself entirely against anything in
any shape which shall :>e called a parliament
in "Dublin,* and described the concomitant
land purchase scheme as one for making the
English chancellor of the exchequer ' the uni-
versal absentee landlord over the whole of
Ireland.' To these criticisms Gladstone, with
some irritation^ wrote a reply (2 July}. Bright
retorted (4 July), but t.ie controversy was
painful to him. lie ' could not hear,' he after-
wards (7 Pec.) wrote, * to attack his old friend
and leader/ Yet a year later (6 June 1887) he
wrote of Gladstone's speeches in a tone
which provoked a fresh remonstrance (Letter
from Gladstone, 8 June). 'If I have,' he
answered, ' said a word that seems harsh or
unfriendly, I will ask you to forgive it.' His
last- political speech was an attack on the
home rule bill of 1886, at a dinner given
at Greenwich to Lord Hartington (o Aug.
1887). The honorary D.O.L. had been con-
ferred upon him by Oxford University at the
encsenia in June 1886.

The cause of his death, which took place
on Wednesday, 27 March 1889, was dialetes
and Bright's disease, folio wing upon an attack
of congestion of the lungs in the summer of
the previous year. He passed peacefully
away at One Ash, and was buried, accord-
ing to his own wish, in the burial-ground
of the Friends' fleeting House in George
Street, Rochdale, the queen and royal family
being represented at his funeral, together
with deputations from leading political
bodies. A cast of his head was taken after
death by Bruce Jo-?- the sculptor.

Bright and Cobcen were the two leading
representatives of the emergence of the
manufacturing class as a force in En7lish
politics after the Reform Act of 1832. Both
"believed in the middle class as more valuable
to a civilised community than an aristocracy
bred in martial traditions. This belief was
based rather upon economical considerations
than upon personal antipathy. Bright, for
example, advocated for the pacification of
Ireland the substitution of a resident middle-
class proprietary for the existing absentee
landowners. Recent progress, he said, was
due 'to the manly contest of the industrial
and commercial against the aristocratic and
privileged classes of the country.' With
the instinct of a popular orator to select
concrete examples, ~ie denounced the bench
of bishops or tae House of Lords as obstruc-
tive anc useless. But though in the heat of
political struggle he occasionally used strong
-anguage, the scientific basis of his politics
rescuec him from the tradition of ,virulent
personal attack which had been characteristic
of the previous generation of reformers. Of
YOL. I. sr/p.

the duumvirate which he formed with
Cobden, Cobden was the inspiring spirit.
He first directed Bright's concentration upon
the corn law, and so long as he lived struck
the keynote of Bright's political action.
Himself a master oi: luminous exposition,
he utilised Bright's power of trenchant ana-
lysis. When the two spoke on the same
platform the order of proceedings was for
Cobden to state the case and for Briiht to
pulverise opponents. Like Cobden, Sriglit
was largely a self-taught man, and the cir-
cumstance no doubt contributed to form his
bias to individualism. But in his address
to the students of Glasgow, upon his in-
stallation as lord rector (21 March 1883),
he expressed his regret at his want of a
university training. He was a constant
reader, especially of poetry, history, bio-
graphy, economics, and the Bible, Upon
the Bible and Milton, whose ' Paradise Lost *
he frequently carried in his pocket, his Eng-
lish was fashioned. Its directness and force
saved him from the Johnsonian declamation
which had long done duty for oratory, He
wassteeoed in poetry; scarcely a speech, was
deliverec by him without a felicitous quota-
tion. Dante (in English ), Chaucer, Spenser,
Shakespeare, Milton, Shenstone, Gray, ' Re-
jected Addresses/ Byron, Lewis Morris,
Lowell, and many others find place there.
The Bible, read aloud by him to his family
every mornin and evening, was drawn upon
by him both for illustration and argument.
T*he struggle against the corn laws tau ;lit
him the use of statistics, with which its
earlier speeches, especially those on India,
abound. His historical reading was exten-
sive. At the opening of the Manchester
Free Library in "1852 ae advised young men
to read biography. He constantly cited in-
stances from the history of England. He
especially recommended its study since the
accession of George HI (Letter of April
1881). He was familiarwith that of Ireland
and of the United States. He was expert
in parliamentary precedents. His biogra-
phical and historical studies assisted an ex*
optional capacity for political prevision. In
his first speech in the House of Commons
(7 Aug. 1843) he remarked that Peel was
at issue with his party upon principles, and
on 25 June 18-14 predicted that he would
repeal the corn law at the first bad harvest.
From the outset of his career (24 July 1S43>
he denounced the Irish Church establish-
ment. He foresaw the danger of restriction
to one source for the supply of cotton, tlie
probability of a cotton famine upon the
>eak-up of slavery, and the consequent dis-
organisation of the southern states (18 Dec

right

290

Bright

1862). He insisted that India should be
brought under the authority of the crown
(24 Tune 1858). While Palmerston was as-
serting the revival of Turkey, Bright as con-
stantly insisted that it was a'decay ing oowor.
Sir James Graham afterwards made Ion the
admission, ' You were entirely right about
that (the Crimean) war; we were entirely-
wrong ' (14 Feb. 1855). He predicted that a
successful defence of Turkey would lead to
fresh demands upon her as soon as Russia
had recovered from her exhaustion (31 March
1 854). He foretold that the cession of Wavoy
would bring about Italy's independence of
French control (20 March 1860). He anti-
cipated (21 July 1859) some such proposal
for the preservation of a general peace as that
made in 1898-9 by Russia at the Hague,
lie supported. Russia's proposals for protect-
ing the Christian population of Turkey
(25 Nov. 1876). ' An Irish party hostile to
the liberal party of Great Britain insures the
perpetual reign of the tories ' (4 April 1878),
Like all reformers he was over- sanguine as
to the effects of the reform advocated :
whether the repeal of the corn law, Irish
disestablishment, which would prove a sove-
reign remedy for Irish discontent (18 March
1809), or the extension of the franchise in
Ireland, which would kill home rule (28 March
1876). He had a happy knack of hitting off
hi s opponents and their policy in catch phrases.
He compared the coalition of Horsman and
Lowe to a * Scotch terrier, so covered with
hair that you could not tell which was the
head and which was the tail of it ' (13 March
1866). Their followers had gathered in the
'political cave of Adullam 7 (ib.\ and Lowe
and his ally Marsh, another returned Austra-
lian, * took a Botany Bay view of the charac-
ter of the great bulk of their countrymen.'
Disraeli was the ' mystery man ' of the mini-
stry (12 July 1805).. The tory policy of
1874-80 was the outcome of a * love for gun-
powder and glory' (19 March 1880). He
was a master of sarcasm. His retort to a
peer who had publicly declared that Provi-
dence had inflicted on him a disease of the
brain for his misuse of his talents was
'The disease is one which even Providence
could not inflict on him.' When it was said
of some one that his ancestors came over with
the Conqueror, Bright observed: 'I never
heard that they did anything else.' Of his
apophthegms the most frequently c uoted is
' 7orce is not a remedy * (16 Nov. 1*380) and
' Force is no remedy for a just discontent'
(Letter to A. Elliott, October 1867\ His
combination of rhetorical gifts mace him,
in Lord John Russell's opinion, in 1854
'the most powerful speaker in the House

oi Commons.' His consistent opposition to
Lord Palmerston's foreign policy rendered
him very independent of party ties. He
repudiated the theory that membership of
parliament is a delegacy (16 May ISSRand
declined to give subscriptions in the con-
stituencies he represented (Letter of August
1857). He described himself, with perfect
justice, as ' not very democratic ' and * in in-
tention as conservative as ' the conservative
party itstuf (24 March 1859). With this
conviction lie was able to say, < I feel myself
above the level of party 7 when advocating
extension of the franchise (13 Dec. 1865).
His defence of the queen at St. James's
Hall (4 Dec. 1 866) made his nomination as
minister acceptable at court, and the queen
suggested the omission of the ceremony of
kneeling and hissin T hands at his tafiin
oilice, a concession o: which he did not avai.
himself. In foreign affairs he adhered steadily
to the principle of non-intervention, and re-
peatedly denounced the dogma of the balance
of power which was the foundation of Pal-
merstou'ft foreign policy. He deprecated
foreign alliances and condemned the arma-
ments which necessarily accompanied them.
He was apparently indifferent to the supre-
macy of t~i6 seas (13 March 1865), and this
was consistent with his hostility to projects
for tightening the bonds between tSe colo-
nies and the mother country. He preferred
an Anglo-American free-trade confederation
p 8 Dec, 1879). He refused to condemn war
in the abstract, but judged each occasion on
its merits (Letters of 16 Aug. 1879 and
25 Sept. 1882). He approved the action of
the federal states in resisting secession, and
declare^, that in such cases arbitration was
inapplicable. Throughout life he maintained
his rigorous individualism. He was opposed,
in opinion, as well as in the interest of his
Birmingham constituency, to the competi-
tion of the state in gun-making (10 ^ov,
1868), and even to state aid to technical
education (5 Feb. 1868) and emigration
(1 Sept. 1858). Challenged upon his action
against factory legislation, he continued to
maintain that * to limit by law the time
during which adults may work is unwise
and in many cases oppressive ' (Letter of
1 Jan. 1884). He approved of the legalisa-
tion of marriages witJi deceased wives' sisters
(Letter of 7 May 1883).

Almost the only subject upon which his
once formed judgment altered was the Apoli-
tical enfranchisement of women, which he
voted for in 1867, under the influence of
J. S. Mill, but opposed in a speech in the
House of Commons in 1876 (26 April). His
opposition was due, as he explained, to his

Bright

291

Brind

passion for domestic life. This constantly
appears in his speeches, which contain fre-
quent references to the charm afforded him
by children's society.

'lie married his second wife, Margaret
Elizabeth Leatham, daughter of William
Leatham of Heath, near ^ T akefield, banker,
on 10 June 1847 ; she died in 1878. By her
he had four sons and three daughters. Of
these one son, Leonard, died in 1864, a^ed
five years. The rest survived their father.
The eldest son, Mr. John Albert Bright, suc-
ceeded his father as liberal unionist M.P. for
Central Birmingham in 1889, -and retained
the seat till 1895. The second son, Mr.
William Leatham Bright, was liberal M.P.
for Stoke-upon-Trent 1885-90.

In early years he was a swimmer, and he
later became an expert -fly fisherman and ,
billiard player. He was 5 ft. 7 in. in height.
After 1839 he was a total abstainer, keeping
neither decanters nor wine-glasses in his
house. He wrote little except letters on
current questions of politics. 'I never
write/ he said, ' anything for reviews or any
other periodicals ' (21 Jan. 1879). His name
is prefixed, as joint editor with Thorold
Holers [see ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOBOLD],
to the edition of Cobden's speeches published
in 1870. In 1879 he contributed two pages
of preface to Kay's 'Free Trade in Land, 1
and in 1882 an introductory letter to Lobb's
'Life and Times of Frederick Douglass/
Thorold Rogers edited two series of speeches
by Bright : * Speeches on Questions of Public
Policy ' (2 vo'Is. 1868; 2nd edit. 1869; and
1 vol. edit. 1878), and ' Public Addresses '
(1879). ' Public Letters of John Bright *
was edited by Mr. H. J. Leech in 1885.

Portraits of Bright either painted or
sculptured are numerous. A picture
Dainted by Mr. W. W. Ouless, R.A., in
_879, is in the National Portrait Gallery,
London. Another, by Frank Holl, is in the
Reform Club, London, where there is also a
marble bust by G. W. Stevenson, R.S.A.
Portraits were also painted by Sir John
Everett Millais, P.R.A., Mr. Lowes Dickin-
son, and Mr. W. B. Morris. A plaster cast
was taken of his face after death by Mr. W.
Bruce Joy, who executed statues for both
Birmingham (in the Art Gallery) and Man-
chester (in the Albert Square) ; a replica of
Mr. Bruce Joy's statue at Birmingham is to
be placed in the House of Commons. A
second statue at Manchester is in the town
hall. A statue by Mr. Hamo Thornycroft,
R. A., at Rochdale, was unveiled by Mr. John
Morley^on 24 Oct. 1894. A plaster cast by
Sir J*E. Boehm, bart., is in the National
Portrait Gallery, London. A bust is in the

possession of Mr. J. Thomasson of Bolton,
and a copy in the National Liberal Club,
London,

John Bright's younger brother, JACOB
BEIGHT (182 1-1899), was an active radical
politician. He sat in parliament for Man-
chester from 1867 to .874, and from 1376
to 1885. When the constituency was divided
under the Redistribution Act of 1885 he
stood unsuccessfully for the southern divi-
sion at the general election of that year;
but although he supported Mr. Gladstone's
home rule proposals, ae won the seat at the
general election of June 1886, and retained
it until his retirement from the House of
Commons in 1895. Jacob Bright was a
strenuous champion of ' women's rights,'
and succeeded in 1809 in securing the muni-
cipal vote for women. He was created a
]?rivy councillor on the recommendation of
Lord Rosebery, then premier, on withdraw-
ing from parliament. He was chairman of
the family firm, John Bright & Brothers of
Rochdale. He married, in 1855, Ursula,
daughter of Joseph Mellor, a Liverpool mer-
chant. He died at his residence at Goring
on 7 Nov. 1899.

"Gr. Barnett Smith's Life and Speeches of
Join Bri -ht, 2 vols. 1881; Lewis Apjohn's
John Brigat, n.d. ; Win. Robertson's Life and
Times of John Bright, n.d. ; Hktolesworth's En-
tire Correspondence between the Vicar of Roch-
dale and John Bright (1 85 1 ) ; Fishwick's History
of the Parish of Boehdale, 1889 ; A. Patchett
Martin's Life and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke,

2 vols. 1893 ; Spencer Wai pole's Life of Lord
John Russell, 2 vols. 1S89 ; Morley's Life of
Cobden; Punch; Hansard's Parliamentary De-
bates; private information.] I. S. L.

BRIND, SIB JAMES (1808-1888), gene-
ral, colonel-commandant royal (late Bengal)
; artillery, son of Walter Brind, silk merchant
I of Paternoster Row, London, was born on
10 July 1808. After passing through the
military college of the East India Company
at Addiscombe, he received a commission as
second lieutenant in the Bengal artillery on

3 July 1827. His further commissions were
dated: first lieutenant 15 Oct. 1833, brevet
captain 3 July 1842, captain 3 July 1845,
brevet major 20 June 1854, major 26 June
1856, lieutenant-colonel 18 Aug. 1858,
brevet colonel 26 April 1859, colonel
18 Feb. 1861, major- -eneral 1 June 1867,
lieutenant-general anc general 1 Oct. 1877,
colonel-commandant royal artillery 3 Oct.
1877.

Brind arrived in India on 14 Aug. 1827,
and was sent to the upper provinces. On
28 Feb. 1834 he was posted to^the 7th com-
pany, 6th battalion Bengal artillery. After

Brind

292

Bristow

"being attached for soxne three years to the
revenue survey, lie was appointed adjutant to
the 5th battalion of artillery on 13 April 184-0,
and division adjutant to the artillery at Agra
and Mathra in July 1842 ; but^ ill-health
compelled him to resign, the adjutancy in
November 1843, and he went home on fur-
lough in the following year. In August
1854 Brind commanded the artillery of the
field force under Colonel (afterwards Sir)
Sydney J. Cotton against the Mohmands of
the Kabul river ; he was mentioned in
despatches, and received the medal and
clasi and a brevet majority for his services.
Irf e was commanding a battery at Jalandhar
in' Junel857 when the troops there mutinied,
lie went thence to the siege of Delhi, where
he commanded the foot artillery of the Delhi
field force, and from the time when the siege
batteries were ready until the assault on
14 Sept, 1857 he commanded No. 1 siege
battery, consisting of five 18-pounder guns,
one 8-inch howitzer, anxl four i24-po under
g-uns. It was called after him 'Brind's
Battery.' All accounts testify to Brind's un-
ceasing 1 vigilance, lie seemed never to sleep.
Oarefu. in the extreme of his men, he exposed
himself unhesitatingly to every danger. It
was said by another Delhi veteran, ' Talk of
Victoria Crosses ; if Brind had his due he
would be covered with them from head to
foot/ He commanded the force of artillery
and infantr? on 20 Sept. which attacked and
carried the .."ammo. Masjid. On the following
day, as soon as the city of Delhi was com-
pletely captured, the difficult task was
allotted to him of ensuring the safety of the
gateways. He cleared the city of murderers
and incendiaries, and made all the military
posts secure from attack. ' On all occasions/
wrote another Delhi hero, ' the exertions of
this noble officer were indefatigable. He
was always to be found where his presence
was most required, and the example he set
to His officers and men was beyond all praise.
A finer soldier I never saw.'

From December 1857 to March 1858 he
commanded a light column in the Mozaffar-
nagar. In April he commanded the artillery
of the force under Brigadier-general (after-
wards Sir) Robert Walpole [q. v.], was
present at the unsuccessful attack on Fort
3,uiya on 15 April, and at the defeat of the
rebels at Alaganj on the 22nd, after which
the column joined the commander-in-chief.
Brind commanded the artillery brigade in
the march through Rohilkhand, and at the
battle of Bareli on 5 May, and the capture
of that city* He was employed in clearing
it of rebels on that and the following day.
In October 1858 Brind commanded the

artillery of Colonel Colin Troup's force in
Dude, and took part in the actions of
Madaipur on 19 Oct., Rasalpur on the 25th
the capture of Mithaoli on 9 Nov., and the
affair of Alaganj on the 17th. .He com-
manded a light column on the followin
day in pursuit of the rebels, and defeatec.
them near Mehudi, capturing nine guns
after which he rejoined r Jroup and moved by
Talgaon via Biswan, where ?iroz Shah was
posted, and took part in the action of 1 Dec.
The column then moved north, driving the
remaining rebels towards Nipal and termi-
nating the campaign.

For his services in the Sepoy war, for
which he was frequently mentioned in
despatches, Brind was made a companion
of the order of the Bath, military division,
on 24 March 1858, and received the thanks
of government, a brevet colonelcy, and the
medal with clasp. He afterwards served
for some years in the north-west provinces
as inspector-general of artillery with the
rank of brigadier-general. He was promoted
to be a knight commander of the order of
the Bath, military division, on 2 June 1869.
On 26 Dec. ) 873 he was given the command
of the 8irhind division of the Bengal army,
which he held until the end of 1878, when
he retired upon a pension and returned
to England, He was decorated with the
grand cross of the order of the Bath on
24 May 1884. He died at Brighton on
3 Aug. 1888.

Ik-ind was live times married : (1) in 1833
to Joanna (cL 1849), daughter of Captain
Waller ; (2) in 1852 to a niece (d. 1854)
of Admiral Carter; (3) in 1859 to Geor ina
(d. 1859), daughter of Henry Geor-e Phi.ips,
vicar of Mil<Whall; (4) in 186- to Jane
(d, 1868), daughter of the Rev. D. H. Maun-
sell of Balbriprpan, co. Dublin; (5) in 1873
to Eleanor Elizabeth Lumley, daughter of
the Rev. Henry Thomas Burne of Gnttleton,
Wiltshire, who survived him.

[India Office Records; Despatches; Army
Lists; Times, 6 Aug. 1888; Stubbs's Hist,
of the Bengal Artillery ;' Kaye's Hist, of tlw
Sepoy War; Malleson's Hist, of the Indian
Mutiny and other works ou the Mutiny.]

B. H, V.

BRISTOW, HENRY WILLIAM (1817-
1889), geologist, born in London on 17 May
1817, was tae son of Major-general Henry
Bristow, a member of a Wiltshire family,
by his wife Elizabeth Atchorne of High
Wycombe. After passing with distinction
through Kin ''a College, London, he joined
the staff of the Geological Survey in 1842,
and was set to work in Radnorshire, From
i this county ho was shortly afterwards trans-

Bristowe

293

Bristowe

ferred to the Cotteswold district, which he
examined up to Bath, and afterwards sur-
veyed a large part of Dorset, Wiltshire, and
Hampshire, with the Isle of Wight, besides
some of the Wealden area, Berkshire, and
Essex, rising ultimately in 1875 to the posi-
tion of director for England and Wales. His
field work was admirable in quality, for he
was no less patient than accurate in un-
ravelling a complicated district one of those
men, in short, who lay the foundations on
which his successors can build, and whose ser-
vices to British geology are more lasting
than showy.

He retired from the survey in July 1888,
and died on 14 June 1889. He married on
22 Oct. 1863 Eliza Harrison, second daugh-
ter of David Harrison, a London solicitor,
and to them four children were born, two
sons and as many daughters ; they and the
widow surviving him.

He was elected F.G.S.in 1843 and F.R.S.
in 1862, was an honorary member of sundry
societies, and received the order of SS.
Maurice and Lazarus. His separate capers
are few in number about eight and curing
his later years he suffered from deafness,
which prevented him from taking part in
the business of societies. But his mark is
made on several of the maps and other pub-
lications of the Geological Survey, more
especially in the memoir of parts of Berk-
shire and Hampshire (a joint production),
and in that admirable one, ' The Geology of
the Isle of Wight/ almost all of which was
from his pen. He contributed also to sundry
publications, official and otherwise, and wrote
or edited the following books: 1. * Glossary
of Mineralogy, 1 1861. 2. 'Underground
Life' (translation, with additions of La Tie
Souterraine,' by L. Simonin), 1869. 3. ' The
World before the Deluge ' (a translation, with
additions, of a work by L. Figuier), 1872.

".Obituary notice by H. B. TVfoodvard], with
a 1 st of papers and books in G-eological Maga-
zine, 1S89, p. 381, and information from Mrs.
BristovJ T. a. B,

BEISTOWE, JOHN SYEE( 1837-1895),
physician, born in CamberweU on 19 Jan.
,827, was the eldest son of John Syer
Bristowe, a medical practitioner in Camber-
well, and Mary Chesshyre his wife. He was
educated at 3nfield and King's College
schools, and entered at St. Thomas's Hos-
pital as a medical student in 1846. Here he
took most of the principal prizes, securing
the highest distinction, the treasurer's golc,
medal, in 1848, and in the same year he pb-
tained the gold medal of the Apothecaries'
Society for botany. Is* 1849 $$ was ad-

mitted a member of the Royal College of
Surgeons of England, and on 2 Aug. 1849
he received the licence of the Society of
Apothecaries. In 1850 he took the degree
of M.B. of the university of London^ gaining
the scholarship and medal in surgery ana
the medals in anatomy and materia medica;
in 1852 he was admitted M.D, of the Londoa
University.

In 1849 he was house surgeon at St.
Thomas's Hospital, and in the following
year he was appointed curator of the museum
and pathologist to the hospital. He was
elected assistant physician in 1854, and dur-
ing the next few years he held several teach-
ing posts, being appointed lecturer on botany
in 1859, on materia, rnedica inl860, on general
anatomy and physiology in 1865, on patho-
logy in ^1870. In I860 he was elected full
physician, and in 1876 he became lecturer
on medicine, a post which he held until
his retirement in 1892, when he became
consulting physician to the hospital,

He served many important offices at the
Royal College of Physicians. Elected a
fellow in 1858, he was'an examiner in medi-
cine in 1869 and 1870. In 1872 he was
Croonian lecturer, choosing for his subject
' Disease and its Medical Treatment ; ' in
1879 h& was Lumleian lecturer on 'The
Pathological Relations of Voice and Speech,'
He was censor in 1S76, 1886, 1887, 1888,
and senior censor in 1889. He was examiner
in medicine at the universities of Oxford and
London, at the Royal College of Surgeons,
and at the war office. He was also medical
officer of health for Camberwell (1856-95),
physician to the Commercial Union Assu-
rance Company, and to ^Westminster school.

In 1881 he was elected F.R.S., and the
honorary degree of LLJD. was conferred
upon him at the tercentenary of the Edin-
burgh University in 1884. He was president
of the Pathological Society of London in
1885, of the Neurological Society in 1891,
and of the Medical Society of London in
1893. In, this year he deliyered the Lettso-
Bkian lectures on 'Syphilitic Affections of
the Nervous Svstem.' tie was also president
of the Society- of Medical Officers of Health,
of the Hospitals Association, and of the
metropolitan counties' "branch of the British
Medical Association, In 1887 his term of
office as physician to St. Thomas's Hospital
having expired, he was appointed for fur-
ther term of five years at the unanimous
ree uest of his colleagues.

Bristowe died on 20 Aug. 1895 at Mon-
mouth, and is buried at Norwood cemetery.
A three-quarter-leiifftli portrait by his daugh-
ter, Miss Beatrice M. Bristowe, hangs in th

Bristowe

294

committee-room at St. Thomas's Hospital.
The bulk of the subscriptions collected on
his retirement from St. Thomas's Hospital in
1892 was used to found a medal to be awarded
for proficiency in the science of pathology,
He married, on 9 Oct. 1856, Miriam IsabeJie,
eldest surviving daughter of Joseph P. Stearns
of Dulwich,by whom he had five sons and five
daughters.

Dr. Bristowe's reputation rests chiefly
upon his great power of teaching students
at ^ the bedside, for in this he was facile
princeps among the physicians of his own
time. The faculty seemed to depend on a
most retentive memory for detail, a tho-
roughly logical mind, an inability to accept,
anything as a fact until he Lad proved it to
be so to his own satisfaction, and a very-
complete mastery of the science of pathology.
As a physician his reputation stood highest
in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
the nervous system, though he took almost
an equal interest in diseases of the chest and
abdomen. The problems of sanitary science,
too, afforded him a constant gratification,
and he communicated to the public health
department of the privy council a series of
important reports < On Phosphorus Poison-
ing in Match Manufacture^ (1862) 'On
Infection by Bags and Paper Works ' (1865),
'On the Cattle Plague' (1866) in conjunc-
tion with Professor (Sir) J. Burdon Sander-
son, and <0n the Hospitals of the United
Kingdom' jointly with Mr. Timothy Holmes.
He -iad considerable skill as a draughtsman,
and many of the microscopical drawings to be
lound m his books were the work of disown
hand. In particular his figures of trichina
spiralis, a parasitic worm in the muscles of
man, have been copied into many text-books.

I860 8vo; towards the end of his life helssued
another small volume of poems for private
circulation. 2.J A Treatise on the theory

andPracticeofMedicine/Londo^lSr^Svoj
the 7th edit, was issued in 1890. This work
immediately became one of the principal text-
books of medicine for students and practi-
tionersm all English-speaking countries; the
chapters on insanity form one of the most
valuable portion^ of the book. 3, 'Clinical

-s^

was

Broadhead

instigator of trade-union
bora at

Street (now of the Baltic Steel
Eiimgham Koad), Sheffield. After
his father lie went to work at

of s
of St.

Surrey *

n H '

the Damflask reservoir of the Sheffield water
company He married and developed stt
dious tastes, assiduously reading Shake
speare On leaving Loxley, SSJSS"
without ceasing to practise his craft, became
landlord of the Bridge Inn, Owlerton Hi s
sympathies were always strongly with work-
men m their dilutes with their employers.
In 1848 while living at Owlerton, he
guaranteed 1 he costs of the solicitor who
cleiended Drury, Marsden, Bulloss, and
Hall, charged with employing two men to
destroy the property of Peter Bradshaw
Iho prisoners were eventually liberated on
technical pounds, but Broadhead found
lumself seriously embarrassed by the hearv
amount of the costs,

In 1848 or 1849 lie was appointed secre-
tary of the flaw-grinders' union. The body
was a small one, numbering as late as 1867
only 190 members. Originally it was orga-
nised chiefly as a mutual benefit society.
Under Broadhead's vigorous management
the working members in Jive years contri-
buted no less than 9,000/. to sick and un-
employed members. Removing from Qwler-
ton he became landlord of the Greyhound
inn at \Vestbar, and subsequently of the
JRoyal George in Carver Street, "Sheffield.
These houses became the headquarters of the
saw-grinders* union, and Broadhead, though
nominally only secretary, in reality dictated
its actions, He was full of zeal for its pro-
sperity, and, to enforce discipline on its
members and compel the whole of the work-
men to enrol themselves, hesitated at no
measures, however disgraceful. The trade
had long been notorious for rattenings and
outrages, but upder Broadhead's manage-
ment more daring crimes were perpetrated.
In July 1853 he hired three men to hamstring
a horse belonging to Elisha Parker of Dore,
who had offended by working in association
with two non-unionists* Parker, remaining
obdurate, was fired at and wounded on Whit
Monday, 1864, at 'the instigation of Broad-

oi the union. In November 1857 James
Linley, who persisted in keeping a number
oi apprentices in defiance of the union, was

Broadhead

295

Broome

wounded with an air-gun by Samuel Crookes
at Broadhead's instigation, and in January
1859 a can of gunpowder was exploded in the
house where Linley lodged. Finally, Broad-
head hired Crookes and James Hallam to
shoot Linley. On 1 Aug. 1859 he was shot
in the head in a public-house in Portland
Street, and died from the effect of the wound
in the following February. Broadhead after-
wards stated that he had ^iven express in-
junctions that Linley should not be in'ured
in a vital part. On 24 May 1859 he employed
two men to explode a can of gunpowder in
the chimney of Samuel Baxter of Loxley, a
saw-grinder who refused to join the union.
In October James Helliwell, another non-
unionist , was injured by the explosion of
half a can of gunpowder in his trough, and
Joseph Wilson, Eelliwell's employer, had a
can of gunpowder exploded in his cellar by
Crookes on 24 Nov. After an unsuccessful
attempt by Crookes to blow down a chimney
at Messrs. Firth's works, considerable
damage was done by Crookes and Hallam, at
Broadhead's suggestion, to the works of
Messrs. "Wheatman & Smith, who had intro-
duced machinery for grinding straight saws.
These outrages continued, though with
less frequency, until 18G6. Broadhead con-
stantly protested his entire innocence, styl-
ing the attempt on Messrs. Wheatman &
Smith * a hellisS deed, and on another occa-
sion offering a reward for the detection of
the offender. When Linley was shot he
wrote letters expressing his abhorrence.
He even imputed attacks on manufactories
to the jealousy of rival employers. Not-
withstanding taese protestations it was sus-
pected that the union was cognisant of many
of the crimes committed. The editor of the
'Sheffield Daily Telegraph' was especially
active in attacking Broadhead, and in seek-
ing evidence against him. Every effort at
detection, however, failed in spite of the
offer of large rewards. Under these cir-
cumstances it was felt that unusual conces-
sions must be made to arrive at the truth.
An attempt to blow up a house in New
Hereford Street on 8 Oct. 1866 finally in-
duced government to take action. On 5 April
1867 an act was passed directing examiners
to collect evidence at Sheffield regardin ; the
organisation and rules of the union, anc. em-
powering them to give a certificate to any
witness who gave satisfactory evidence pro-
tecting him from the effect of his disclo-
sures. The examiners .under the act sat at
Sheffield from S June to 8 July, Broadhead
was among the numerous witnesses ex-
amined. His air at first was confident : he
flourished his gold eye-glass and patronised

the court. The testimony of Hallam and
Crookes, however, established his complicity
in a number of misdeeds, and he was driven
in self-protection to make a full avowal of
his practices. He admitted having insti-
gated one murder, that of Linley, and twelve
other outrages, besides many smaller offences.

At the conclusion of the proceedings
Broadhead received a certificate under the
act, and on 13 Aug. the saw-grinders' union
refused to expel him on the ground that his
deeds were the result of the want of properly
regulated tribunals to bind workmen to what
was ' honourable, just, and good.' He found
himself, however, unable to endure the
general contumely. His health failed. The
magistrates revoked the licence of the Royal
George ^on 22 Aug. 1867, and refused to
grant him a licence for a beershop. A sub-
scription was made for him among the trade
workmen, and he emigrated to America in.
November 1869 ; but, failing to find employ-
ment, eventually returned to Sheffield, where
lieke^t a grocer's shop in Meadow Street until
his ceath. In 1876 he had an attack of
paralysis, and ibr the last twelve months of
liis life he was almost helpless. He died in
Meadow Street on 13 March 1879. He mar-
ried Miss "Wildgoose of Loxley, by whom he
had nine children. His wife 'survived him.

Broadhead was introduced by Charles
Eeade into Ms novel * Put Yourself in his
Place/ under the designation of Grotait.

[There is an excellent memoir of Broadhead
' in the Sheffield and Eotherham Independent,
17 March 1879 ; Sheffield Daily Telegraph,
17 March 1879; Trades Unions Commission,
Sheffield Outrages Enquiry, vol. ii., Minutes of
Evidence (1867), pp. 222-51 ; Ann. Beg. 1867.
Chron. 73-9, 245-8 ; Hunter's Hallamshire, ed,
Gatty, 1869, pp. 217-22; G-atty's Sheffield,
Past and Present, 1873, pp. 292-9.] E. X C.

BECOME, SIH FREDERICK NAPIEB
(1842-1896), colonial governor, born in
Canada on 18 Nov. 1842, -was the eldest son
of Frederick Broome, a missionary in Canada,
and afterwards rector of Kenley in Shrop-
shire-, by his "wife, Catherine Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Napier. He
was educated at "Whitchurch grammar school
in Shropshire, and in 18*57 emigrated to Can-
terbury in New Zealand, where he en ;a ;ed
in sheep farming. In 1868 he publis'jied
'Poems' from New Zealand ' (London, 8vo) (
and in 1S69 'The Stranger "from Seriphos,'
London, 8vo, In 1869 he returned to Eng-
land, and was almost immediately employed
by the 'Times* as a general contributor,
reviewer, and art critic. He also wrote prose
andverseforthe* CornhiU,' f Macmillan's/ and
other magazines. In 1870 Broome was ap-

Brown

296

Brown

pointed secretary of the fund for the com- day, was the second son of Dr. John Brown
pletion of St, Paul's Cathedral; in 1873 (1736-1788) [q. v.] At Calais Ford Madox
secretary to the royal commission on unaea- who owed his second name to his mother*
worthy ships ; and in 1875 colonial secretary daughter of Tristram Maries Madox of Green-
of Natal, whither he proceeded as a member wica, a member of a refutable Kentish family
of Sir Garnet (now Viscount) Wolseley's showed, even in childhood, strong artistic
special mission. In 1877 he was nominated proclivities, which his father assisted bv

i - -, , * xi__ T..I, ^ vr :^:,,,. placing the lad successively under Professor

Gregorius in the academy at Bruges, under
Van Hansel aer at Ghent, and finally with
Baron Wappors, a very accomplished and
successful teacher, though an indiflerent

colonial' secretary of the Isle of Mauritius,
and in 1880 he became lieutenant-governor.
While administering the government of the
island as secretary he earned the a' proba-
tion of the home government, as wel. as the ^ , w

thanks of the South African colonies, by his artist, who was then at the head of the aca-

prompt despatch of the greater -oart of the demy at Antwerp. It was at Antwerp that,

garrison to South Africa after tae disaster during a sojourn of nearly three years, the

of Isandhlwana. In 1882 he was nominated youth, who was already producing;' portraits

governor of "Western Australia. for small sums and otherwise testing his

At that time Western Australia was still skill, acquired that sound and searching

a crown colony. Broome turned his atten- knowledge of technical methods, from oL-

tion to the development of its natural wealth, painting to , lithography, which distinguished

mi_ .L2.__.L .. _j.' v:~ .. ,i_:~:,.x-.,.i.: iim in after-life. oo early as 1837 a work

by Brown wan exhibited with success at
(ihent, and in 1<S39 he sold a picture in
England. In 1 840 lie married his first wife,
his cousin Elizaboth, sister of Sir Richard
Madox Bromley [q. v.] Pursuing his studies
with extreme zest and energy, Madox Brown

The first years of his administration were
marked by a rapid extension of railways and
telegraphs, and increasing prosperity -was
accompanied by a growing desire for repre-
sentative government. Broome warmly
espoused the colonial view, and accom-
panied his despatches with urgent recom-
mendations to grant a constitution such as
the legislature of the colony requested. In
1889, when the bill was blocked in the home
parliament in consequence of difficulties at-
tending the transfer of crown lands, Broome
himself proceeded to London with other
delegates to urge the matter on the colonial

was able to exhibit at the English academy
in 1841 'The Giaour's Confession,' a Byronic
subject, treated in the Byronic manner, but
powerfully and with sympathetic insight of
a sort. He worked at Antwerp and, later,
in Paris till 1842. About this period he
executed on a life-size scale the very dark

office. On 21 Oct. 1890 Western Australia and conventional * Parisina 1 * Sleep,' which,

received its constitution, and Broome's term before it was shown at the British Institution

of office came to an end. He left the colony in 18-45, bad the strange fortune of ^being

amid great popular demonstrations of grati- rejected at the salon of 1843 because it was

tude for his services. He had been made ' too inv >roper.!

C,^G.inl877andK,G.M.G.in 1884. In 1JJ43-4 Madox Brown was still in

He proceeded to the West Indies, where Paris, diligently copying old masters' pictures

lie was appointed acting governor of "Bar- in the Louvre, studying from the life in the

b'adoes, anc afterwards, in 1891, governor of ateliors of his contemporaries, and arabi-

, Trinidad. He died in London on 26 Nov. tiously devoting- himself to the preparation

1896 at 51 Welbeck Street, and was buried of works intended to connote at the exhi-

at Highgate cemetery on 30 Nov. On bition in Westminster Hal- There, in 1844,

21 June 1865 he married Mary Anne, eldest Brown laid the foundations of his honours in

daughter of Walter J. Stewart, island secre- artistic if not in poplar opinion by means

tary of Jamaica, and widow of Sir George of a cartoon of life-size figures representing

Robert Barker [q, v.] in a vigorous and expressive design the

[Times, 28 Nov. 1896 ; Men and Women of ' Bringing the Body of Harold to fje Ooa-

the. Time, 1896; Burke"s Peerage, Baronetage, queror; 7 he also exhibited an encaustic sketch,

and Knightage.] E.I C and a smaller cartoon. In 1845 he was again

represented at Westminster by three works,

BROWK, FORD MADOX (1821-1893), being frescoes, including a figure of * Justice/

painter, was born at Calais, where, because which won all artistic eyes and the highest

of their narrow circumstances, his r>arento praise of B. R. Haydon, Nothixr; was then

were then living, on 16 Arnril 1821 His rarer in London than a fresco. Dyce alone

n, a retiree commissary in had produced an important example of the
the British navy, in which capacity he 'had method,
served on board the Saucy AjetWa of that Induced by lus wife's bad health to visit

Brown

297

Brown

Italy in 1845,Brown studied largely at Home
from the works of Michael Angelo and
Raphael, and thus enhanced his appreciation
of style in art. After nine months the
breaking down of his wife's constitution
compelled their rapid return to England;
but she died while they were passing through
Paris in May 1845. She was buried in
Highgate cemetery. In 1846, and somewhat
later, Brown was in London collating autho-
rities as to the compilation of a portrait of
Shakespeare, in which, as the result attests,
the artist went as near as possible to success.
This picture, after being long in the posses-
sion of the artist's friend, Mr. Lowes Dickin-
son, was acquired by the Manchester Art
Gallery in 1900. In Rome Brown had made
a design for a very important picture of
* Wycliff reading his Translation of the
Bible to John of Gaunt,' which in 1847 was
completed in London and publicly shown at
the ' Free Exhibition ' in 1848 ; owing to its
brilliance, extreme finish, and delicacy of tint
and tone, as well as to a certain fresco-like
quality, it attracted much attention, but it
was an artificially balanced composition, and
a certain ' German ' air pervaded it.

This picture elicited from Dante G. Rossetti
a some what juvenile letter, earnestly be 'gin
Brown to accept the writer as a pupil, ana
Brown ;enerously took the somewhat un-
teachable young 1 student under his charge.
BT this means Brown was brought into close
relations with the seven artists who had
;ust formed themselves into the Society of
^Pre-Raphaelite brethren. Three of the six
artists Millais, D. G. Rossetti, and the pre-
sent writer at once formally approached
Brown with an invitation to join them ; but
Brown declined the invitation mainly because
of the very exaggerated sort of ' realism *
which for a short time at the outset was
affected by the brotherhood. But until death
parted them he was on very affectionate terms
with five of the brethren James Collinson
and Mr, Holman Hunt in addition to the
three already named and upon the art of all
of them his influence, as well as theirs upon
his art, was not small. But in 1848 lie was
far in advance, of the Pre-Raphaelites in his
accomplishment as an artist, and their in-
fluence on him developed very gradually.
Through 1848, the year in which the brother-
hood was formed, it was not apparent at all.
None of Brown's pictures, in ract, exhibited
with signal effect that sort of realistic paint-
ing which is ignorantly supposed to have
been the Tie plus ultra of the Pre-Raphaelite
faith, until the brotherhood was beginning
to dissolve. In 1848 Brown painted 'The
Infant's Repast,' which was simply a brilliant

study of the effect of firelight, and was void
of those higher and dramatic aims which
distinguished the contemporary paintings
of Millais, Rossetti, Collinson, and >_r.
Holman Hunt. Brown's most realistic and
'actual' achievement was his '"Work* of
1852, and his ' Last of England' of 1855.
It was hi ;hly characteristic of Brown that
he carried into execution in these fine pic-
tures the original principles of the brother-
hood he refused to join. He had already-
made himself, however, so far an ally of the
society that when their magazine, 'The
Germ,' was published in 1850 he contributed
poetry, prose, and an etching illustrating his
conception of Lear and Cordelia's history.

Meanwhile, continuing in his own course,
Brown produced ' Cordelia at the Bedside of
Lear,' -849, a wonderfully sympathetic,
dramatic, and vigorous picture brilliantly
Dainted; and * Christ washing Peter's Feet/
..851, partly repainted in 1856, 1871, and
1892, and now one of the masterpieces in the
National Gallery at Millbank. * Work/
which is now conspicuous in the public gal-
lery at Manchester, was begun in 1852 and
finished in 1868 ; it was painted inch by inch
in broad dajlight, in the street at Hainp-
stead, and is a composition of portraits the
most diverse. It illustrates not merely
Brown's artistic knowledge, skill, and genius,
but the stringency of his political views at
the time, and is a sort of pictorial essay
produced under the mordant influence of
Thomas Carlyle and the gentler altruism
of P. D, Maurice ; it comprises likenesses of
both these thinkers. After 'Work' was
well advanced, Brown's masterpiece, the im-
measurably finer * Last of England,' took
its place upon the easeL This type of Pre-
Haphaelitism at its best is now a leading
ornament of the public gallery at Birming-
ham. It has been said of it that ' Brown
never painted better, and few pictures repre-
sent so well or so adequately the passionate
hopes and lofty devotion of the Pre-
JRaphaelite brotherhood when it came into
being.' Its two figures are exact and pro-
foundly moving portraits of Brown himself
and his second wife, while the incident it
immortalises was witnessed by the painter
while going to Gravesend to see Thomas
\Voolner [q.v.], then a Pre-Kaphaelite bro-
ther, embark on his way to the Australian
gold diggings. The immediate subject of
jds great picture may have been forced upon
him by this incident. At the time the work
was undertaken Brown's own pecuniary cir-
cumstances were much straitened and a
collapse was threatening.

In succeeding years Brown's more impor-

Brown

300

Brown

Oxford, a seat which lie retained until the The father, ROBERT BROWN (d. 1846^

confederation in 1867. On 30 Juno 1864 he was at one time master of the grammar

enterecTthe coalition ministry of Sir Etienne school in Douglas, and in 1817 became ch.ap-

i president of the conn- lain of St. Matthew's chapel in that town

Pascal Tach6 [q.v.] as ^
cil. He took part in the intercolonial confer-
ence on federation in September at Charlotte-
town in Prince Edward Island, and in that at
Quebec in October, and proceeded to England
as a delegate in 1865. He was a member of the
confederate council of the British North
American colonies that sat in Quebec in Sep-
tember 1865 to negotiate commercial treaties,
but on 21 Dec. he resigned office owing to his
disappro valof the terms on which government
proposed to renew their commercial treaty
witi the United States. After the con-
clusion of the federation in 1867 he failed
to obtain election to the House of Com-
mons, but on 16 Dec. 1873 he was called
to the senate. In February 1874 he was
chosen to proceed to Washington to nego-
tiate, in conjunction with Sir Ed ward Thorn-
ton, a commercial treaty which should in-
clude a settlement of the fishery question.
A draft treaty was drawn, up but failed to
obtain the sanction of the United States
senate, In 1875 Brown declined the
lieutenant-governorship of Ontario, and on
24 May 1879 he was gazetted K.C.M.GK,
but refused the honour. On 25 March 1880
he was shot at the l Globe ' oifice by George

An evangelical of extreme views, he never
read the Athanasian Creed, and took no
notice of Aah "Wednesday or Lent, In 1832
he became curate of Kirk Braddan, suc-
coedingas vicar on 2 April 1836. He learned
Manx in order to preaca in it, and supported
a family of nine on less than 200 a year.
His boys spent the summers in collecting
his tithes ^of hay and corn, intermittently
walking five miles to Rouglas grammar
school, but Hugh's early education consisted
chiefly in reading four or five hours daily to
hifi father, who became almost blind. Bobert
Brown was found dad by the roadside on
28 Nov. 18-16, and buried next day at Kirk
Braddan. He wrote twenty-two ' Sermons
on various Subjects/ Wellington (Shropshire)
and London, '1818, 8vo; and a volume of
' Poerus, principally Sacred/ London, 1826,
12mo (cf. Lett en of Thomas Edward Brown*
1900, i. 13-18).

Hugh was apprenticed when fifteen to a
land surveyor, and employed in tithe com-
mutation and ordnance surveys in Cheshire,
Shrewsbury, an<;l York, In 1840 he entered
the London and Birmingham Knilway Com-

pany's works at Wolverton, Buckingham-
Bennett, a discharged employe 1 , and died shire. While earning from four to eight
^_^ .1.- _<*_^_ _,_._ , , shillings a week he began to study Greek,

chalking his first exercises on a fire-box.
After taree years, part of the time spent in
driving a locomotive between Crewe and
"Wolverton, he returned home and entered
Kin* William's College at Castletown to
stucy for the church. When his training
was almost complete he felt unable to sub-
scribe to the ordination service, and resolved
to return to his trade ; but in the meantime
was baptised at Stony Stratford, lost his
father, and received unexpectedly an invita-
tion to preach at Myrtle Street Baptist
Chapel, Liverpool. About November 1847
he was accepted, by that congregation as
their minister. lie was then twenty-four.
There he remained until his death, winning
great popularity as a preacher. To his Sun-
day afternoon lecture, established in 1854 in
the Concert Hall, Liverpool, he drew from
two to three thousand working men, whom
his own early experiences, added to great
oower and plainness of speech, with abundant

'' STOWELL (1823- Sumour, powerfully influenced. He antici-

baptist minister, born at Douglas, pated the post office by opening a workman's
isle of Man, on 10 Aug. 1823, was second, savings bank, to which over 80,0002. was
eon of .Robert Brown,, by his wife Dorothy entrusted before it was wound up. In 1873
CTnomson). Thomas Edward Brown [q. v. he visited, Canada and the States.
bttppl.] was his younger brother, .Brown was president in 187$ of tie Baptist

from the effects of the injury on 9 May.
'He was buried in the Necropolis cemetery
on 12 May. Bennett was executed for the
murder on 23 July.

On 27 Nov. 1862 Brown married at Edin-
bur-h Annie, eldest daughter of Thomas
Nejpn of Abden House, Edinburgh. She
survived him with several children. A
statue was erected to him in the University
Park at Toronto. In 1864 he established
the ' Canada Farmer/ a weekly agricultural
journal.

[Mackenzie's Life and Speeches of Hon.
George Brown (with portrait), 1882; Dominion
Annual Register, 1880-1, pp. 239-40, 393-5 ;
Morgan's Bibliotheca Ganadensis, 1867; Mor-
gan's Canadian Parliamentary Companion, 1875,
pp. 57-9; Turcotte's Canada sous 1'Uni on, Quebec,
:,871-2 ; Morgan's Celebrated Canadians, 1862,
?p. 769-73 ; Bent's Canadian Portrait Gallery
.-with portrait), 1 880, ii , 3-24 ; Dent's Last Forty,
Years, 1881 ; Collins'a Life and Career of Sir
J, A. Bacdonald, 18S3.] E. I. C.

BROWN, HUGH

Brown

301

Brown

Union. His addresses (printed in London,
1878) were an appeal for a better educated
nonconformist ministry. He thought at one
time of retiring from Liverpool to O'^en a
hall at Oxford or Cambridge, to be affi-iated
to one of the colleges. He was in favour of
abandoning denominational colleges, the
students to take their arts degrees at exist-
ing universities. He was an active member
of the Baptist Missionary Society, and for
many years president of the Liverpool Peace
Society and chairman of the Seaman's Friend
Association. He died after a few days'
illness from apoplexy on 2-4 Feb. 1886 at
29 Falkner Square, Liverpool, and was buried
on 28 Feb. at the West Derby Road cemetery.

Brown married, first, in 1848, Alice Chib-
nall Sirett, who was the mother of all his
children, and died in 1863; secondly, he
married Phoebe, sister to Mr. "VV. S. Caine,
M.P., who was also his son-in-law. She died
on 25 March 1884.

Many of Brown's lectures to working
men were printed both separately and to-
gether. They include: 1. ' The "Battle of
Life/ 1857, 8vo. 2. 'Lectures/ 3 vols.
Liverpool, 1858-60, 12mo. 3. ' Hogarth and
his Pictures/ 1860, 8vo. 4. < The Bulwarks of
Protestantism/ London, 1868, 8vo, 5. * Lec-
tures to Working Men/ London, 1870, 8vo.
6. 'Ancient Maxims for Modern Times/
London, 1876, 8vo. He contributed a series
oi' * Sunday Pteadings ' to * Good Words/
Posthumously appeared : ' Manliness and
other Sermons/ Edinburgh and London,
1889, 8vo, with preface by Alexander Mac-
laren, D.I)., and other discourses in ' Ser-
mons for Special Occasions/ 'The Clerical
Library/ 1888, 8vo. His * Autobiography/
with extracts from his commonplace book,
was edited, with selections from his sermons,
by W. S. Caine, London, 1887, 8vo. A
portrait, painted in 1872 by Edwin Long,
3.A., is reproduced in the work, with two
other likenesses.

[Brown's Autobiography, ed. W. S. Caine,
and Works; Harrison's Bibliotheca Monen-
sis, 1876, and his Church Notes (Manx Soc.),
1879, pp. 113, 115; Thwaites's Isle of Han, p.
3S6 ; -.etters of T. E. Brown, v 118 ; Liverpool
Mercury, 25 and 27 Feb. and 1 March 1886."

C "P ^

BROWN, JOHN (1780-1859), jeologist,
born at Braintree in Essex in 178C, was ap-
prenticed to a stonemason. While working
in his master's yard, like Hugh Miller [q. v.J
he was attracted to the study of geology.
After the expiry of his indentures he worked
at Braintree for a few years as a journeyman,
and when about twenty-five removed to Col-
chester, where he carried on business at East

Hill for another twenty-five years, retiring
from active work in 1830. e removed to
Stanway,near Colchester, purchased a ho use
and farm, and devoted the rest of his life to
the study of geology and kindred subjects.
His researches along the coasts of Essex,
Kent, and Sussex brought to light interest-
ing remains of the elephant and rhinoceros,
and he made a very fine collection of fossils
and shells. His collections were bequeathed
to his friend (Sir) Eichard Owen, by whom
the bulk of them were presented to the
British Natural History Museum. Brown
died at Stanway on 28*Nov. 1859, and was
buried in the churchyard on the north side
of the church on 5 Dec. He was twice
married, but left no children. He was a
contributor to the 'Magazine of Natural
History/ the 'Proceedings' of the Ash-
molean Society, the '-Proceedin -a 1 of the
Geological Society, ' Annals o: ' Natural
History/ the i London Geological Journal/
and the t Essex Literary Journal/

[Essex Naturalist, 1890, iv. 158-68; Proc. of
the Geological Soc. 1860, vol. xvi. p. XXVIL,]

E. L 0.

BROWT5T, SIK JOHN (181 6-1 896), pioneer
of armour plate manufacture, born at Shef-
field in Flavell's Yard, Fargate, on 6 Dec.
1816, was the second son of Samuel Brown,
a slater of that town. He was educated at
a local school held in a garret, and was ap-
prenticed at the age of fourteen to Earl,
_Iorton, & Co., factors, of Orchard Place.
In 1831. his employers engaged in the manu-
facture of files and table cutlery, taking an
establishment in Rockinjham Street, wiich
they styled the Hallamshire Works. Earl,
the senior partner of the firm, impressed by-
Brown's ability, offered him his factoring
business, and advanced him part of the
capital he required to carry it on. In 1848
Brown invented the conical steel spring
buffer for railway wagons, and soon he was
manufacturing 150 sets a week.

Brown's great achievement was the deve-
lopment of armour plating for war vessels.
In I860 he saw at Toulon the French ship
La Gloire. She was a timber-built 90-gun
three-decker, cut down and coated with ham-
mered plate armour, four and a half inches
thick. This contrivance occasioned the Eng-
lish government so much uneasiness that
they ordered ten 90- and 100-guu vessels to
be similarly adapt ed. Brown, from a distant
inspection of La Gloire, came to the con-
clusion that the armoured plates used in
protecting her might have ^een rolled in-
stead of yammered. He was at that time
mayor of Sheffield, and he invited the premier,
Lord Palmerston, to inspect the process.

Brown

302

Brown

l*. i ilmr.sirmV visit wan followed iu A* nil
1SI>;5 by om from l ho lords of tin* utlmira.ty,
who sjiw rolled a plato twnlvo inches thick
uud iifttwii to twonl-y foot long 1 . Tho lat.tor
visit wan thn Hubjoot of an article in ' Punch'
(IHA*jril 18{J;J)/ Th admiralty worts eon-
vmow. of thu merit H of Brown'w mothodH,
and tho royal rnmmiHHUin on armour platen
ordered from IUH works Hourly all tin* plates
t liny rrqumul tti a finv ywirw l\o had nht'iithod
fully thrw iburth-s of tfu British navy.

In^lHfW ho eoiH'wit rated in SavilloVUriot,
Rhoiiioldy tho diilurtmt uianufiu'.tums iu
which he had boon on^ag-t^l in various parU
of tho town. His nstabliMhrnont., Mtylod tho
At Ian Works, oovorod nearly thirty acroa,
and iurroiiHml until it #ILVU omployinout to
ovor four thousand artisattH. Ho undertook
tho manufacturo of armour plattw, orduaneo
forftiuppt, railway barn, stool N M'in#s, hu Hera,
Jim*, and ftxliw,* wupplitul Slie.uVk, with iron
for Htool-mahiuft ~>urposns, and wan the tinst
8utw,oHnfully to uitvolo|> tlio BoHsmncr pro-
cms, and to intrnducw into SholVmhi tin?
marinfa<:turn of stvl railrt. Hi 1 : rHMivd fn?-
(juent; applications from forolg > n^ovornni( x nt.H
lor armour plat INS, Imt invariably doclimul
such contracts unliw t-ho oonsit. of t.ho IKUU
^)V('rnw(Mit. WUH obtained. During tlui oivil
war iu America hi) rofiumui Inr^t* onlcrsfrom
tho northern Htat.oM.

In 1H(U his hiiHia^Hs wa oonvorfctd into
a limited liability company, and ho rot in id
to Kmltlold Hall,, Kamnoor, noar Hholliold,
llowaa mayor of Shwilidl in 1H(>2 and lH<j:i,
and rnuHl'.tr ciUlor in 1S05 and IrttJtJ, and wan
kni^htftd in 18U7. Ho died without itwnn
at; Shortlanda, tho lumHtt of Mv. Burron,
Bvomley in Kent, an i>7 Dec, IHSW, find wa
buried Ht K<;iull on iU Dec. In 1HJJO ho
niarriod JVLary (& art Nov. 1H81), olcltMt
daughter of Ronjamm RchohilStdd of Hht^iHold.

ISlmffield Daily Tolomph, 28 Dw, 180fi;
, U Aug. IHfta, liH Dw. 1800.J K. 1. 0,

, ROBERT (184SJ-1R05), ffoo-
gruplier, the only son of ThomoR JJrown of
Oampstor, CaitUnoHtt, was born at, Campator
on ^ March 18 W. He was educated at
Edinburgh Unworn ty, whore ho graduatod
B.A in I860, and after wards tit Leyden, and
at Rostock, where ha obtained tho 'honorary
degree of PUJ). in 1870, In 181 ho visited
Spitssbotjiw, Greenland, and Balling Bay,
wid_dttring tho noxt two years ho visited tlie
I aciac, mid ranged tho continent of America
from Venecia to Alaska and the Helmut
sea. He was botanist to the Britifl'i
tolumbxa expedition in 1863, and com-
r 63 ^ tllve v wouTer exploration of
, when the interior of the island was

chartod for the
vMon -Ho visited
Edwttrtl \Vliympor in 1867
atmly of tho

ntly he rayelled n the
norl-wiwlern portions of Africa. J n iSS
ho t(locl ut Mdinburgh, holding the 2

lod,urtr m natural history mtheScnool
oC ArU and at the Ueviot-Watt coiWe H!
wiw alo an extra medical lecturer in th!
muvormty and interim tourer on botany

1 him* in S73, and for part of that

n

also JI bocame a frequent con-
tor to tho penodicid press upon sreo
graphical HiibjocH and wrote occasional
monioirH lop tho ' Transactions ' of the
Uunonn and (teo^raphical Societies, varyino-
/oograpliitial nwoarch with botany. In 187
.10 was nn unHuctJOflsFul candidate for the
chair of botany in Kdiuburg-h University
and his failure d(proasd him. He wrote
mndx for '(^hatnbcWB Encyclopedia ' and
otluu- works of roforenco, for the 'Academy'
and tho * Sootmnuu/ In 1876 he accepted a
poHi. on (,ho NtalF of (jJici ' Echo/ and removed
to London. In 1871) he became a leader-
writor for Mio * Standard/ and retained that
posl; for tho rHfc of Jiis life. Meanwhile he
pnsparod popular geographical works, most
of which wore published by Messrs, Cassell
in {serial form. Thwy include "The Races of
JMankind; boiugn Popular Description of the
Charac.toriHttCH, Mauuera, and Customs of
tho Principal Vaviotiefl of the Human
Family ' (London, "1873-6, 4 volB.4to); ' The
OovmtrieH of tho World ' (1876-81, 6 vols.
Kvo) ; ' H(5iouo for All ' (1877-82, 5 vols.
Hvo); 'TUo Pooptoaof tho World' (1882-5,
5 volfl. Hvo); 'Our Earth and its Story'
(basod on KirchoH M s ' Allgoiaoine Erdkunde/
1 887 -8, a vols. ftvo); and 'The Story of
Africa and ilH Kx")lorors' (189^-5, 4 vols.
ttvo). Lrtfluod for the most part in weekly or
monthly parts, and copiously illustrated,
moHt. of thciHO works have been reissued in
out) form or another. Those lar^e compilations
provtid widuly popular, aiic did much to
dijweminato tho renult-s of geographical
Bcionce, if not to advance geographical
thought, but they ncarccly gave Brown an.
opporfcuuity of oxorciainff ht$ full -DOWBTS.
Apart from thorn he published *A Manual
of Botany, Anatomical and Physiological/
in 1874, and in tho following year edited
link's < Danish Greenland/ 1877, and his
'Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo;' in
1893 he collaborated with Sir R. L. Play-
fair in their valuable * Bibliography of
Morocco j' andia 1893 he edited PeLeVa

Brown

33

Brown

* Adventures in Morocco. 7 His holidays in
his later years were usually devoted, of
choice, to travels in the Barbary States. In
1890 he was chosen vice-president of the
Institute of Journalists. He died suddenly
in London on 26 Oct. 1895, on which morn-
ing a leader, penned hy him on the previous
night, appeared in the ' Standard.* He was
buried at Norwood on SO Oct. At the
time he was preparing an edition of Pary's
< Leo Africanus J for the Hakluyt Society.

He was on the council of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society, and a fellow of the Linnean
and many other learned societies. His name
is commemorated by Brown T s Eange, Mount
Brown, and Brown's River in Vancouver
Island, by Gape Brown in Spitsbergen, and
Brown's Island, north of Novaya Zemlya, as
well as by two flowering plants, two lichens,
and a fossil plant called after him by English
and Swiss botanists.

[Times, 29 Oct. 1895; Geographical Journal,
1895, p. 577; The Adventures of John Jewitt,
1896 (with a short notice and a portrait of
Brown) ; Men and "Women of the Time, 14th ed.;
Chavanne, Karpf, and Le Monnier's Literatur
iVbw die Polar Eegionen, 1878; Lauridsen's
Bibliographia Groenlandica, 1890; works in
Erit. Mus. Library.] T. S.

BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-
1897), the Manx poet, fifth son of Robert
Brown (d. 1846), vicar of Kirk Braddan in
the Isle of Man, a preacher of some repute
and a poet as well, was born at Douglas in
3830. His mother's maiden name was
Dorothy (Thomson). Hugh Stowell Brown
[q. v. Suppl.], the weL- known baptist
minister of Myrtle Street, Liverpool, was an
elder brother. After massing through King
William's College, Is.e of Man, Thomas
obtained a servitorship at Christ Church,
Oxford, matriculating on 17 Oct. 1849, and
took a double first in classics and law and
history in 1853. He obtained a fellow-
ship at Oriel in 1854, when a fellowship
there was still the highest distinction that
Oxford could confer. Bishop Fraser, who
examined, was fond of recapitulating the
merits of Brown's fellowship essay. He
was ordained in 185-5, and graduated M.A.
next year. He took a mastership at his old
school, and vacated his fellowship by mar-
riage in 1858, from which date untL 1861
lie was vice-principal of King William's
College. During vacations he renewed his
close touch with the old salts of the Manx har-
bours. From September 1861 for a little over
two years he was head-master of the Crypt
School, Gloucester (where he had Mr. "W~3.
Henley as a pupil) ; early in 1864 Dr. Per-
cival persuaded him to accept the post of

second master (and head of the modern
side) at Clifton, where he remained, a verv
powerful factor in the success of the school,
for nearly thirty years. The first of his tales
in verse, * Betsy Lee,' appeared in ' Mac-
millan's Ma-azine' for April 1873. This
was republisaed with three other Manx nar-
rative poems as ' FoVsle Yarns J in 1881, and
a second edition appeared in 1889. 'The
Doctor and other Poems ' saw the light in
1887, ' The Manx Witch and other Poems'
in 1 889, and ' Old John ' in 1893. A collec-
tive edition of the Poems (curante Mr. W.
E. Henley) appeared in 1900, in which year
his Letters ' were also published in two
volumes under the editorship of Mr. Irwin.
The ' Yarns J were highly appreciated by
such judges as George Eliot and Robert
Browning; but the 'Ilanx dialect,' though
quite the reverse of formidable, seems to
have acted as a non-conductor, and the
poems did not meet with a tithe of- the re-
cognition that thev deserved. Once * Tom
Bay nes ' and the ' Old Pazon J 7ain the reader's
affections, they will not easLy be dislodged.
In addition to his scholastic post Brown was
curate of St. Barnabas, Bristol, from 1884 to
1893. Early in the latter year he left Bristol
and returnee to his old home in Ramsey.

For two or three years previously he had
contributed occasional lyrics, marked by
* audacious felicities ' of expression, to the
'Scots (afterwards < National ') Observer'
and to the ' New Review ? under the direc-
tion of his former pupil, Mr. Henley, and
many of these pieces were republished in the
volume entitled Old John.^ In May 1895
he recommended as a genuine f Mona Bou-
quet/ a little book of * Manx Tales ' by a
youn friend, Egbert Rydings. In the same
year ue was offered but refused the arch-
deaconry of the Isle of Man. He retained
to the end his early ideal of mirroring the
Old Manx life and speech before it was sub-
merged. He died suddenly at Clifton Col-
lege while giving an addiess to the "boys,
from the bursting- of a blood-vessel in the
brain, on 30 Oct. 1897. He was buried at
Redland Green, Bristol.

Brown married in 1857 Amelia, daughter
of Dr. Thomas Stowell of Ramsay, by whom
he had issue two sons and several daughters.

In character Brown was strong, almost
rugged, but wholly lovable, and idolised by
the Clifton boys, over whom his influence
was remarkable. He had a dramatic gift
and read his own poems with memorable
effect. His FoVsle Yarns ' can hardly fail
to obtain a steadily increasing circle of ad-
mirers. As with Grabbed ' Tales/ the stories
are good in themselves, the interest well

Browne

34

Browne

Hnstainorl, and the insight into character pro- dral was attached. In 1854 he was appointed

found, while descriptive passages abound Norrisian professor of divinity at Cambridge

that would bo harcT to match in modern but retained his living of Kenwyn until

poetry. Few readers of the 'Yarns' will 1857, _ when he accepted the vicarage of

detect any tendency to exaggeration in the Hoavitroe, Exeter, with a canonrr in

portrait oftheir author, concentrated into a ri - Al 1 - 1 "- ' - J - 1 -- '
in<j sonnet by Mr. Henley :

You found him cynic, saint,
Salt, humourist, Christian, poot; with a free
Far-gluucing, luminous utterance ; ' and a hoart
Largo a,s fcSfc. Francis's : withal a brain
Stored with experience, letters, fancy, art,
And scored with runes of human joy and pain.

A portrait of Brown by Sir William Eich-
mout. is in the library at Clifton College.

Cathedral, lie had already published his
'Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles'
(1850-3), and now, by an article on Inspira-
tion in t A ids to Faith ' and by a rep'Iy to
Colenso, * The Pentateuch and tae Elohistic
Paul ma ' (1HG#), became prominent on the
conservative wide in the developing contro-
versy on biblical criticism. The see of Ely
fulling; vacant by the death of Thomas Turton
[q. v." 7 it wua offered by Lord Palinerston to
Browne, and he was consecrated at West-

[Timea, I Nov. 1805 ; Academy, 6 and 13 Nov. minster Abbey on 29 March 1864, He proved

Of\*T . /"I.*,.. _.:i: n j nj vr iaf\ff. T\,T: i _,,',, i .11? n j. _ .!. _.!_... ^ j , i

himself an excellent administrator, acted as a
moderating 1 influence during the Colenso con-

liJ97; Ghwrdian, 3 and 24- Nov. 1897; Miles's

Toots of the Nineteenth Century, v, 477 ; Letters

of T. K. Brown, od. S. T. Irwin, 1900 ; Monthly troveray aiid the excitement evolved by" the

Review, October 1900 ; Mucmillan'H Mnaazine, discussion of 'Essays and Reviews/ and, in

Oetobflr 1900, Jnnxiary 1901; Fortnightly B- - - - J ' - '

viov 7 November 1900 ; Literature, 17 Nov. 1900;

Brit. Mus. Cut., and two valuable articles in the

New Ruviow, December 1897, and Quarterly

Ileviow, April 1898.] T. S.

BROWNE, TOD WARD HAROLD (1811-
1891), HiicciWHivoly bishop of Ely and Win-
fcluwtor, born on 6 March 1811 at Aylesbury,
Buckinghamshire, was aou of Colonel llobort
Browne of Morton House in Buckingham-
uhiroy who came of an An^lo-Iruh family,
claiming 1 descent from Sir Anthony Browne
[q. v.] His mother was Sarah Dorothea,
uauglitor of Gabriel Steward (d. 179J) of
Nottington and Melcombe, Dorset. Browne
was educated at Eton and at Emmanuel Col-
lege, Cambridge, He graduated B. A. in 1832,
and then in succession carried oft* the Crosse

spite of much opposition, was one of the
officiating prelates when Frederick (now
Archbishop) Temple was consecrated for the
see of Exeter in 1869. In 1873 the see of
Wiuchoat'er fell vacant by the death of
Samuel Wilberforce [q.v.], and it was offered
by Gladstone to Browne. After some hesi-
tation ho accepted translation, and was en-
throned at Winchester on 11 Dec. 1873.
Here, as at Kly, he sought to hold a middle
course between opposing church parties.
On the death of Archibald Campbell Tait
"q, v,] in 1882, lie entertained some hope of
"ieing appointed to Canterbury, but the queen
horse If wrote to Browne pointing 1 out that
* it would b wrong to as'.-c him to enter on
new and arduous duties . . , at his age.'
His health slowlv failed ; in 1890 he re-

theological scholarship in 1833, the Tyrwhitt signed the ROC, anc on 18 Dec. 1891 he died
Hebrew scholarship in 1884, and the Norrisian at Shales, near Bitt erne, Hampshire.

Browne published a large number of ^ser-
mons and pamphlets, and, in addition:
L 'The Fulfilment of the Old Testament
Prophecies relating to the Messiah,' his
Normian irisse essay, London, 1836, 8vo.
2. An Exposition of _the ..Thjrty-ume

-)rize in 1B.%. He graduated M.A. in 1BM6,
T3 J), in 1855, and D.I). in 1804. For a few
years he filled minor college offices, and found
some difficulty in obtaining a title for holy
orders ; but he was ordained deacon by the
bishop of Ely in 1836 and priest in 1837. In
the latter year he was elected to a fellowship

_. ..... _ fc ____________ ^ . ..

Articles/ London, 8vo (vol. i. 1850, vol. 11.

at his college, and in 1838 was appointed 1808) ; new edit. 1886. 3. * The Pentateuch

senior tutor. In June 1840 Browne resigned and tho Elohistic Psalms,' Cambridge, 1863,

his fellowship, married Elizabeth, daughter 8vo. He was also a contributor to * Aids to

of Clement Carhon[q. v.], and accepted the Faith' and to the ' Speaker's Commentary.

sole charge of 'Holy Trinity, Stroud. In r Dean Kitchin's Life of Edward Harold

18951
J

A. B. B.

non-

he moved to the perpetual curacy of
St. James's, Exeter, and in 1842 to St, Sid-

well's, Exeter, In 1843 he went to Wales BROWKE, JOHN (1823-1886),

asvice-orincipal of St. David's College, Lam- conformist historian, eldest son ot James

peter j nit, dissatisfied with the administra- Browne (1781-1857), congregational num-

tion of the college, he left it in 1849 for ster, by his wife Eliza (d. 1834), daughter ot

ti* living of Kenwyn-cum-Kea, Cornwall, Richard Gedge, was born at North\\ alsham,
to which a prebendal stall in Exeter Cathe- , Norfolk, on 6 Fob. 1828. He was educated

Browne

305

Browne

(1839-44) at University College, London
(graduating B.A. 1843 at tlie London
"University), and at Coward College, Tor-
riugton Square, London, under Thomas
"William Jenkyn. Leaving college in 1844,
he ministered to the conspregational church.
at Lowestoft, Suffolk. His first publication
was a ' Guide to Lowestoft,' 1845. He left
Lowestoft in 1846, and on 10 Sept. 1848
succeeded Andrew Ritchie (d. 26 Dec. 1848)
as minister of the congregational church at
Wreutham, Suffolk, where he was ordained
on 1 Feb. 1849. His ministry was plain and
practical, and his platform power was con-
siderable. From 1864 he was secretary of
the Suffolk Congregational Union. At the
end of 1877 he published his 'History of
Congregationalism and Memorials of the
Churches of Norfolk and Suffolk' (Svo), a
work on which he had been engaged for five
years. It shows wide and accurate research,
and he had long been a collector of manu-
scripts, rare volumes, and portraits bearing
on Ids subject. In -person short and stout,
he was a man of solid qualities and Denial
frankness. He died on 4 April 188C-, and
was buried at Wreutharn on 9 April. He
married, in 1849, Mary Ann (d. 1899), eldest
daughter of the Hev. H.H. Cross of Bermuda,
and left a son and five daughters. Besides
the above he published : 1. ' Doles and Dis-
sent ' [1845], 12mo. 2. The Congregational
Church at Wrentham "Suffolk] . . . its His-
tory and Biographies,' "-~So4, 8 vo. 3. ' Dissent
and the Church ' [1870], 8vo (in reply to Rev.
J. C. Ryle, afterwards bishop of Liverpool).
4. 'The History and Antiquities of CJove-
hithe,' 1874, Svo. He was a contributor to the
Scliaff- Herzog ' Religious Encyclopaedia,'
New York, 1882-4, Svo.

[Browne's Hist. Cong. Norf. and Suff. 1877,
pp. 321, 433, 532; Christian World, 8 April
1886; Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia, 1894:, sup-
plement, p. 27 ; information from the Rev. James
Browne, Bradford, Yorkshire; personal know-
ledge.] A. G-.

BROWNE, SIB THOMAS GORE
(1807-1887), colonel and colonial governor,
born 3 July 1807, was son of Robert Browne
of Morton House near Buckingham, a
colonel of the Buckinghamshire militia, also
J.P. and D.L., by Sarah Dorothea, second
daughter of Gabriel Steward, M.P., of Not-
tington and Melcombe, Dorset. Edward
Harold Browne [q. v. Suppl.], bishop of Win-
chester, was his youngest brother.

He was commissioned as ensign in the
44th foot on 14 Jan. 1824, exchanged to the
28th foot on 28 April, became lieutenant on
11 July 18:20, and captain on 11 June 1829.
He was aide-de-camp to Lord Nugent, the

VOL. i. SUP.

high commissioner in the Ionian Islands*
from 1832 to 1835, and he acted for a^
time as colonial secretary. He obtained a
majority in tlie 28th on *19 Dec. 1834, and
exchanged to the 41st on 25 March 1836.
That regiment took part in the first Afghan
war, and as one of its lieutenant-colonels
(afterwards Sir Richard England [q. v.l)
acted as brigadier, and the other was "absent,
Browne commanded the regiment. When
England'sforce,onitswaytojoin2sottatCan-
dahar, was repulsed at Hykulzie (28 March
1842), Browne covered its' retirement, form*
ing square and driving back the enemy. He
was present at the action of Candahar on
29 May, the march on Oabul, and the storm-
ing of Istalif. In the return march of the
armies through the Khyber to India he was
with the rearguard, which was frequently
engaged. He was made brevet lieutenant-
colonel on 23 Dec. 1842, and C.B. on 27 Sept.
1843.

He returned to England with the 41st in'
1843, and became lieutenant-colonel of it on
22 July 1845. He exchanged to the 21st
on 2 March 1849, and went on half-pay on
27 June 1851, having been appointed" go-
vernor of St. Helena on 20 May, On 22 Au*.
he was given the local rank of colonel. Ee
improved the water supply at St. Helena.
On 6 Nov. 1854 he was transferred to the
governorship of jNTew Zealand, and he landed
at Aucklanc on 6 Sept. 1855. During his
term of office the disputes between the
settlers and the natives about the -Durchase
of land came to a head in Tarana^i. Re-
sponsible government was conceded to the
colony shortly after his arrival there, but
native affairs were reserved to the go-
vernor, though he had no power to legislate
or to raise money.

Early in 1859 some land at the mouth of
; the Waitara was bought from Teira of the
| Ngatiawas, but William King, the chief of
that tribe, vetoed the sale. Teira's title
being primd facie good, Browne directed
that a survey should be made of the land
for further investigation. This was resisted
by the chief; troops were sent to Taranaki
, to enforce the governor's orders, and on
17 March 1860 ghting began. At the end
of twelve months, several pahs having been
taken, the Ngatiawas submitted, and other
tribes which had supported them withdrew
from the district. William King took re-
fuge with the Waikatos.

Browne had had the full concurrence of
his ministers in his course of action, but
strong protests were made on behalf of the
natives by some members of the opposition,
b> Archdeacon Hadtield and others of the

Browning 3 r > Browning

clergy, and by Sir William Martin [q.v."l,lat,o , heiress, lie died at Islington on 11 Dec
chief' justice/ On 27 Aug. L8GO the colonial IH&'i. By his first wife lie ;iad two children*
office 'called for a full report on thu right of a sou Robert, and a daughter who died un-
a chief to forbid the sale of laud by members married ; by his second wife he had a lar -e
of his tribe; and on 4 Dec. Browne Furnished family. The second Robert Browning, w'lo
this report, showing that such ' soiguorial was born in 1781, was early sent out to
right/ apart from landownorship, had never man ago the parental estate in St. Kitts, but
been recognised by his predecessors, and threw up his appointment from disgust at
giving the opinions of various authorities, the system of slave labour prevailing there,
On 25 May 1861 the secretary of state (the In 180S he became a clerk in the bank of
Duke of Newcastle) informed him that Sir England, and in 1811 settled in Camber-
George Grey [q.v.Suppl.] had becm appointed well, and married the daughter of a small
his successor, in the ho?e that Grey's inttu- shipowner in Dundee named "Wiedemann,
ence and special qualit'catiouR would arrest whoso father was a Hamburg- merchant. He
the war which threatened to spread. The was a fluent writer of accurate verse, in the
duke added: 'I recognise with pleasure the eighteenth century manner, and of tastes
sound and impartial judgment, t.ie integrity, both scholarly and artistic. He had wished
intelligence, and anxiety for the public good to be trained as a jminler, and it is said
which have characterised your government that _ he was wont in later life to soothe
of the colony for nearly six years.' Grey his little boy to sleep by Lummin" odes of
arrived on 26 Sept., but the hopes of the Anaeroon to him. The ;)pet, who ,md little
British government were not realised. The sympathy for his grandfather, adored the
Maoris afterwards, contrasting the two go- memory of his father, and gave impressions
vernors, said : ' Browne was like a hawk, he of his genius, which were perhaps exagge-
swooped down upon us; Grey was like a rated by affection, lie was athletic and en-
rat, he undermined us/ joyed magnificent health ; a ruddy, active
On 5 March 1862 Browne was appointed man, of high intelligence and liberality of
governor of Tasmania, and remained there mind. II o lived on until 1866, yi 'orousto
till the end of 1868. HewaamadeK.C.M.G. the end. A letter from Frederick Locte
on 23 June 1869. He administered the Lampson preserves some interesting impres-
gorernment of Bermuda temporarily from sions of this fine old man. He had two chil-
li July 1870 to 8 April 1871. He cied in dren Robert, the poet, and Sarianna, who
London on 17 April 1887. In 1854 he had still survives (born 1814).
married Harriet, daughter of James Camp- Robert Browning, one of the Englishmen
bell of Craigie, Ayrshire, who survived him. of most indisputable genius whom the nine-
They had several children. The eldest son, teenth century has produced, was born at
Harold, commanded the first battalion king's Southampton Street, Camberwell, on 7 May
royal rifle corps in the Boer war of 1899- 1812, ' He was a handsome, vigorous, fear-
1900, and took part in the defence of Lady- less child, and soon developed an unresting
Binith. activity and a fiery temper ' (Mus. ORE). He
[Times, 19 April 1887; Lomaxs History of was keenly susceptible, from earliest Infancy,
the 41st Eegiment; M^nnoll's Dictionary of to music, poetry, and painting. At two years
Australasian Biography ; Gisborne's New Zea- and three months lie painted (m lead-pencil
land Rulers and Statesmen ; Alexander's Inci- and black-currant jam-juice) a composition
dents of the Maori wax of 1860-1 ; Appendix of a cottage and rocks, which was thought a
to the Journals of the House of Kepresentatives masterpiece. Mo turbulent was he anc de-
pf New Zealand, 3 June-7 Sept. 1861 ; private structive that he was sent, a mere infant, to
information.] E. K. L. ^ d ay . sc h 00 l O f a dame, who has the credit
BROWNING, ROBEKT (1812-1889), of having divined his intellect. One of the
poet, was descended, as lie believed, from an first books which influenced him was Croxalls
Anglo-Saxon family which bore in Norman Fables ' in verse, and he soon began to
times the name De Bruni. As a matter of make rhymes, and a little later plays, *rom
fact the stock has been traced no further a very early age he began to devour the

i_ _i_i A. _ ji __ t ._ j_ _ & j_i _ _.i j j.i i " i_ i*. it. ... ' *%Tl_n4/\rtirnn IinVflTV.

* w w T ,,* w uv r^oodgates inn in the parish volume of verses, .

of Partridge in Dorset. The son of this man, which he endeavoured in vain to find a JUD-

Eobert Browning, was born in 1749, and was lisher, and it was destroyed, It had 3een

a clerk in the bank of England, rising to be shown, however, to Miss Sarah Flower, atter-

principal of the bank stock office. He mar- wards Mrs. Adams [q. v.], who made a copy

ried, in 1778, Margaret Tittle, a West Indian of it ; this copy, fifty years afterwards, tell

Browning

307

Browning

into the hands of Browning himself, who
destroyed it. He told the present writer
that these verses were servile imitations of
Byron, who was at that time still alive ; and
that their only merit was their mellifluous
smoothness. Of Miss Eliza Flower (elder
sister of Sarah Flower), his earliest literary
friend, Browning always spoke with deep
emotion. Although she was nine years his
senior, he regarded her with tender boyish
sentiment, and she is believed to have inspired
Pauline.' In 1825, in his fourteenth year,
a complete revolution was made in the boy's
attitude to literature by his becoming ac-
quainted with the poems of Shelley and Keats,
which his mother bought for him in their
original editions. He was at this time at the
school of the Rev. Thomas .Ready in Peck-
ham. In 18*26 the question of his education
was seriously raised, and it was decided that
he should be sent neither to a public school
nor ultimately to a university. In later
years the poet regretted this decision, which,
however, was probably not unfavourable to
his idiosyncrasy. He was taught at home
by a tutor; his training was made to in-
clude ( music, singing, dancing, riding, box-
ing, and fencing.' lie became an adept at
some of these, in particular a graceful and
intrepid rider. From fourteen to sixteen he
was inclined to believe that musical compo-
sition would be the art in which he might
excel, and he wrote a number of settings for
songs ; these he afterwards destroyed. At
his father's express wish, his education was
definitely literary. In 1859-30, for a very
short time, he attended the Greek class of
Professor George Long [q. v.] at London
University, afterwards University College,
London. His aunt, Mrs. Silverthorne, greatly
encouraged his father in giving a lettered
character to Robert's training. He now
formed the acquaintance of two young men
of adventurous spirit, each destined to be-
come distinguished. Of these one was (Sir)
Joseph Aruould [q.v. Suppl.], and the other
Alfred Domett [q. v.] ; joth then lived at
Camberwell. Domett early in his career
went out to New Zealand, in circumstances
the suddenness and romance of which sug-
gested to Browning his poem of 'Waring/
To Domett also ' The Guardian Angel ' is
dedicated, and he remained through life a
steadfast friend of the poet. While he was
at University College, the elder Browning
asked his son what ae intended to be. The
youn man replied by asking if his sister
woulc. be sufnciently provided for if he
adopted no business or profession. The an-
swer was that she would" be. The poet then
suggested that it would be better for him

to see life in the best sense, and cultivate
the powers of his mind, than to shackle him-
self in the very outset of his career by a
laborious training, foreign to that aim/ r ln
short, Robert, your design is to be a poet r T
He admitted it ; and his father at once ac-
quiesced. It has been said that the bar and
painting occurred to him as possible profes-
sions. It may be so, but the statement just-
made was taken from his own lips, and doubt-
less represents the upshot of family discussion
culminating in the determination to live a life
of pure culture, out of which art might spon-
taneously rise. It began to rise immediately,
in the form of colossal schemes for poems. In
October 1832 Robert was already engaged
upon Ms first completed 'work, '* Pauline.'
Krs. Silverthorne paid for it to be printed,
and the little volume appeared, anonymously,
in January 1833. The poet sent a copy to
W. J. Fox, with a letter in which he de-
scribed himself as f an oddish sort of boy, who
had the honour of being introduced to you
at Hackney some years back' by Sarah
Flower Adams. Fox reviewed * Pauline '
with very great warmth in the 'Monthly
Repository,' and it fell also under the favour-
able notice of Allan Cunningham. J. S.
Mill read and enthusiastically admired it,
but had no opportunity of giving it public
praise. Wit i these exceptions f Pauline '
r'ell absolutely still-born from the press. The
life of Robert Browning during the next two
years is very obscure. 31e was still occupied
with certain religious speculations. In the
winter of 1833-4, as the guest of Mr. Benck-
hausen, the Russian consul-general, he spent
three months in St. Petersburg, an experi-
ence which had a vivid effect on the awaken-
ing of his poetic faculties. At St. Petersburg
he wrote 'Porphyria's Lover ' and ' Johannes
Agricola,' botn of which were printed in the
' Monthly Ptepository * in 1836. These are
the earliest specimens of Browning's dra-
matico-lyrical poetry which we possess, and
their maturity of style is remarkable. A
sonnet, * Eyes calm beside thee,' is dated
17 Aug. 1834. In the early part of 1834 he
paid his first visit to Italy, and saw Venice
and Asolo. * Ha vingjust' returned from his
first visit to Venice, he used to illustrate
his glowing descriptions of its beauties, the
palaces, the sunsets, the moonrises, by a
most original kind of etching ' on smoked
note-paper (Mss. BRJDELL-Fox). In the
winter of 1834 he was absorbed in the com-
position of 'Paracelsus,' which was com-
pleted in March 1835. Fox helped him to
nnd a publisher, Eifingham Wilson. * Para-
celsus f was dedicated to the Comte Araadee
de Ripert-Monclar (. 1808), a young French

~

Browning 1

308

Browning

the subject to

royalist, who had
Brownni %,

John j'orster, who hnd just come up to
London, wrote a CHrt'I'nl and imthn,sia8ti(; ro-

emce:
Rhi

view of * Paracelsus ' in tho i Examiner/ and wroto 'How they brought the Good Newsfrom

t.liifl lo/l t,n lit** fr'n'rulwhii) xvihli lirnwninrr. filjmit t.n Aiv'^twl mnv.r ^ !,: T-.-J. i .

I riritu m a merchant ship, to Venice, Asolo
the bugauean Hills, Padua, back to Venice 1
then by Verona and Salzburg to the Rhine'
and so home. On the outward vovao-a vJ

this led to his friendship with Browning. Ghtwt to Aix/ and many of his best lyrics

The press in fjenisral took no notice*, of this belong to this summer of 1838. In 1839 he

joem, but curiosity bigan to awnkon among finished ' Horde] lo ' and began the tragedies

lovers of poetry. ' Pu-racolaus ' introduced ' King Victor and King Charles' and 'Man-

ttrowninp: to Oarlylo, Tallburd, Landor, aoor tho llierophant/ and formed the ac-

Horne, jLonckton Milnes, Harry Cornwall, cnaixitnnco of his father's old schoolfellow

M ary Mitford,Leifh Hunt,, and eventually to ., olm Kenyon [q. v.] In 1840 he composed a

Wordsworth and Dickens. About 1 88fi the tragedy oi * Uippolyt us and Aricia,' of which

lirowniug family moved from Gamberwell to all that lias been preserved is the prologue

1 f atcham, to a much larger and more convo- spoken by Artemis,
nient house, where the picturewMie domestic 'Bordello' was published in 1840, and

1 ite of the poet was devolopod. i.n November was rocci vod with mockery by the critics and

W. ,T. Fox asked him to dinner to meet with indiilorence by the public, Even those

Macready, who was already prepared to ad- who had welcomed 'Paracelsus 'most warmly

mire ' Paracelsus ; ' he entered in his famous looked HP kauow at this congeries of mystifica-

diary ' The writer can scarcely fail to be a tions, as it Nwraocl to them. Browning was

leading spirit of his time.' Browning saw not in tho least discouraged, although, as

the new year, 1836, in at Macready's house Mrs. Orr baa said, 'he was now entering on

in Klstree, and met Forster for the "first time a period of general nejlect which_covered

in the coach on the way thither. Macready

urged him to write for the stage, and in

February browning proposed a tragedy of

' Names/ This came to nothing, but after

the supper to celebrate the success of Tal-

fourd'a 'Ion' (B May^ 18,36), Macready Baid,

1 Write a play, Browning, and keep me from

going to America. What do you say to a
'rama on Stratford ? ' Tho play, however,

nearly twenty years o.' his life.' The two
trnge'dios were now completed, the title of
* Manaoor ' being changed to ' The Return of
the Druses.' Edward Moxori proposed to
Browning that he should print his poems as
pamphlets, each to form a separate brochure
of just one sheet, sixteen pages in double
columns, the entire cost of each not to ex-
ceed twelve or fifteen pounds. In this

was not completed for nearly another year, fashion were produced the series of 'Bells
On 1 May 1837 ' Strafford '\vas published and Pomegranates,' eight numbers of which
and produced at Oovent Giirden Theatre, appeared successively between 1841 and
It was played by Macready and Helen Faucit, 1846. Of the business relations between
but it only ran for five nights. Vandenliolf, Browning and Moxon the poet gave the
who had played the nart of Pym with great following relation in 1874, in a letter still
indifference, cavalierly declined to act any unpublished, addressed to F. Locker Lamp-
more. For the next two or three years son : * He [Moxon] printed, on nine occa-
Browning lived very quietly at Hatcham, sions, nine poems of mine, wholly at my
writing under the rose trees of the large expense : that is, he printed them and, sub-
garden, riding on* York,' his uncle's horSe,and tracting the very moderate returns, sent me
steeping himself in all literature, modern and in, duly, the bill of the remainder of ex-
ancient, English and exotic. His labours pense. . . . Moxon was kind and civil, made
gradually concentrated themselves on a lon^- no profit by me, I am sure, and never tried
narrative poem, historical and philosophical, to help me to any, he would have assured
in which he recounted the entire liie of a you.'

medieval minstrel, He had become terrified * Pippa Passes ' opened the series of l Bells

at what he thought a tendency to diffuse- and Pomegranates ; in 1841 ; No. ii. was

ness in his expression, and consequently 'King Victor and King Charles/ 1842:

' Sordello ' is the most ti ;htly compressed No. iiL * Dramatic Lyrics/ 1842 ; No. iv.

and abstrusely dark of all liis writings. He 'The Beturn of the Druses/ 1843; No. v.

was partly aware himself of its excessive 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon/ 1843; No. vi.

density; the present writer (in 1875) saw 'Colombe's Birthday/ 1844; No. vii. 'Dra-

. . f

yritten m Italy, for which country Brown- Browning stated that by the title ' Bells and
mg started at Easter, 1838. He went to Pomegranates' he meant ( to indicate an en-

Browning

309

Browning

deavour towards something like an alterna-
tion, or mixture, of music with discoursing,
sound with sense, poetry with thought.'
Of the composition of these works the fol-
lowing facts have heen preserved. ' Pippa
Passes ' was the result of the sudden image
of a figure walking alone through life, which
came to Browning in a wood near Dulwich.
* Dramatic Lyrics ' contained the poem of
4 The Pied Piper of Hamelin,' which was
written in May 1842 to amuse Macready's
little son "William, who made some illustra-
tions for it which the poet preserved. At
the same time was written * Creseentius/
which was not printed until 1890. ' The Lost
Leader' was suggested by Wordsworth's
{ abandonment of liberalism at an unlucky
juncture; ' but Browning resisted strenuously
the notion that this poem was a ' portrait ' of
Wordsworth. In 1844 and 1845 Browning
contributed six important poems to ' Hood's
Magazine; 1 all these they included 'The
Tomb at St. Praxed s ' and ' The Flight of
the Duchess ' were reprinted in { Bells and
Pomegranates/ The play, ( A Blot in the
'Scutcheon,' was written at the desire of
Macready, and was first performed at Drury
Lane onll Feb. 1843. It had been read in
manuscript by Charles Dickens, who wrote,
' It has thrown me into a perfect passion of
sorrow, and I swear it is a tragedy that
must be played, and must be played, more-
over, by Macready.' For some reason Forster
concealed this enthusiastic judgment of
Dickens from Browning, and probably from
Macready. The latter did not act in it,
and treated it with contumely. Browning
ave the leading ;part to Phelps, and the
heroine was playec by Helen Faucit. * The
Blot in the 'Scutcheon,' though well received,
was l underacted ' and had ":>ut a short run.
There followed a quarrel between the poet
and Macready, who did not meet again till
1862. 'Colombo's Birthday' was read to
the Keans on 10 March 1844, but as they
wished to keep it by them until Easter, 1845,
the poet took it away and printed it. It was
not acted until 25 April L853, when Helen
Faucit and Barry Sullivan produced it at
the Haymarket. About the same time it
was performed at the Harvaud Athenaeum,
Cambridge, U.S.A.

In the autumn of 1844 Brownin set out
on his third journey to Italy, taking ship
direct for Naples. He formed the acquaint-
ance of a cultivated young Neapolitan,
named Scotti, with whom he travelled, to
Home. At Leghorn Browning visited E.J.
Trelawney. The only definite relic of this
journey which survives is a shell, ' picked
up on one of the Syren Isles,. October 4,

1844,' but its impressions are embodied in
* The Englishman in Italy,' ; Home Thoughts
from Abroad,' and other romances and lyrics.
Browning was now at the very height of his
genius. It was through Kenyon that Brown-
ing first became acquainted" with Elizabeth
Barrett Moulton Barrett, who was already
celebrated as a poet, and had, indeed,
achieved a far wider reputation than Brown-
ing. Miss Barrett was the cousin of Ken-
yon ; a confirmed invalid, she saw no one
and never left the house. She was an
admirer of Browning's poems ; he, on the
other hand, first read hers in the course of
the opening week of 1845, although he had
become aware that she was a great poet. She
was six years older than he, but looked much
younger than her age. He was induced to
write to her, and his first letter, addressed
from Hatcliam on 1 Jan. 1 845 to Miss Barrett,
at 50 Wimpole Street, is a declaration of pas-
sion : ' I Love your books, and I love you too.'
She replied, less gushingly, but with warmest
friendship, and in a few days they stood,
without quite realising it at first, on the
footing- of lovers. Their earliest meeting,
however, took place at \Vimpole Street, in
the afternoon of Tuesday, 20 May, 1845.
Miss Barrett received Browning prone on
her sofa, in, a partly darkened room ; she
' instantly inspired nhn with a passionate
admiration.' They corresponded with such
fulnessthat their missives caught one another
by the heels ; letters full of literature and
tenderness and passion;; in the course of
which he soon begged her to allow him to
devote his life to her care. She withdrew,
but he persisted, and each time her denial
grew fainter. He visited her three times a
week, and these visits were successfully con-
cealed from her father, a man of stran -e
eccentricity and selfishness, who thou-nt
that the lives of all his children should be
exclusively dedicated to himself, and who
forbade any of them to think of marriage.
In the whole matter the conduct of Brown-
ing, though hazardous and involving great
moral courage, can only be considered strictly
honourable and right. The happiness, and
even perhaps the l&e, of the invalid depended
upon her leaving the hothouse in which,
she was imprisoned. Her father acted as a
mere tyrant, and the only alternatives were
that Elizabeth should die in her prison or
should escape from it with the man she
loved. All Browning's preparations were
undertaken with delicate forethought. On,
12 Sept. 1846, in company with Wilson, her
maid, Miss Barrett left Winnole Street, took
a fly from a cab-stand in Ilarylebone, and
drove to St. Pancras Church, where they

Browning

Browning

were privately man-led. She returned to her
father's house ; hut on 19 Sept (Saturday)
she stole away at dinner-time with her maid
and Flush, her dog. At Vauxhall Station
Browning met her, and at 9 p.m. they left
Southampton for Havre, and on the 20th
were in Paris. In that city they found Mrs.
Jameson, and in her company, a week later,
started for Italy. They rested two days at
Avignon, where, at the sources of Vaucluse,
Browning lifted his wife through the ' chiare,
frische e dolci acque/ and seated her on the
rock where Petrarch had seen the vision of
Laura. They passed by sea from Marseilles
to Genoa. Early in October they reached
Pisa, and set tied" there for the winter, taking-
rooms for six months in the Collegio Ferdi-
nando. The health of Mrs. Browning bore
the strain far better than could have been
anticipated ; indeed, the courageous step
which the lovers had taken was completely
justified; Mr. Barrett, however, continued
implacable.

The poets lived with strict economy at
Pisa, and Mrs. Browning benefited from the
freedom and the beauty of Italy : * I was
never happy before in my life/ she wrote
(5 Nov. 1846). Early in 1847 she showed
Browning the sonnets she had written during 1
their courtship, which she proposed to ca',1
' Sonnets from the Bosnian.' To this Brown-
ing objected, ' No, not Bosnian that means
nothing but "From the Portuguese"! They
are Catarina's sonnets.' These were privately
printed in 1847, and ultimately published in
"..850 ; they form an invaluable record of
the loves of two great poets. Their life at
Pisa was t such a quiet, silent life,' and by
the spring of 1847 the health of Elizabeth
Browning seemed entirely restored by her
happiness and liberty. In April they left
Pisa and reached Florerice on the 20th, faking
UT their abode in the Via dello PJelle Donne.
Tiey made a plan of going for several
months, in July, to Vallambrosa, but they
were c ingloriously expelled' from the monas-
tery at the end of five days. They had to
return to Florence, and to rooms in the
Palazzo Guidi, Via Mag -io, the famous
'Casa Guidi.' Here also tie life was most
quiet: 'I can't make Robert go out for a
single evenin , not even to a concert, nor to
hear a play o. Alfieri's, yet we 11 up our
days with books and music, and a little
writing has its share ' (E.B.B. to Mary Mit-
ford, 8 Dec. 1847);

Early in 1848 Browning began to prepare
a collected edition of his poems. lie pro-
posed^that IVLoxon should publish bhis at his
owrmsk,hut he declined; whereupon Brown-
ing made the same proposal to 'Chapman &

Hall, or Forster did it for him, and they ac-
cepted. This edition appeared in two volumes
in 1849, but contained only * Bells and Pome-
granates ' and < Paracelsus.' The Browning
aad now been living in Florence, in furnished
rooms, for more than a year, so they deter-
mined to set up a home for themselves. Thev
took an apartment o f ' six beautiful rooms and
a kitchen , three of them quite palace rooms,
and opening on a terrace ' in the Casa Guidi.
They saw lew English visitors, and * as to
Italian society, one may as well take to
longing for the evening star, it is so inacces-
sible 7 (15 July 184S). In August they
went to Fano, Ancona, Sinigaglia, Rimini,
and Ravenna. In October Father Prout
joined them for some weeks, and was a wel-
come apparition. < The TJlot on the 'Scut-
cheon ' was revived this winter at Sadler's
Wells, by Fhelps, with success. On 9 March
18-19 was born in Cawa Guidi the poets' only
child, liobert Wiedemann Barrett Browning,
and a few days later Browning's mother
diod. Sorrow greatly depressed the poet at
this time, and their position in Florence, in
the disturbed state of Tuscany, was pre-
carious. They stayed there, however, and in
July moved merely to the Bagni di Lucca, for
three months' reaoito from the heat. They
took * a wort of eag-e's nest, the highest house
of the highest of the three villages, at the
heart of a hundred mountains, sung to con-
t inu ally by a rushingmountain stream.' Here
Browning's spiritK revived, and they enjoyed
adventurous excursions into the mountains.
In October they returned to Florence. During
this winter Browning was engaged in com-
posing' Christmas Kve and Easter Day, 'which
waspublished in March 1850. They gradually
saw moru people Lever, Margaret Fuller
Ossoli, Kirkup,<Treenough,Miss IsaBlagden.
In September the Brownings went to Poggio
al Vento, a villa two miles from Siena, for
a few weeks. The following months, ex-
tremely quiet ones, were spent in Casa Guidi,
the health of Elizabeth Browning not being
quite so satisfactory as it had previously
been since her marriage. On 2 May 1851
they started for Venice, where they spent a
mouth ; and then by Milan, Lucerne, and
Strassburg to Paris, where they settled down
for a few weeks.

At the end of July they crossed over
to England, after an absence of nearly five
years, and stayed until the end of Septem-
ber in lodgings at 26 Devonshire Street.
They lived very quietly,, but saw Carlyle,
Forster, Fanny Kemble, .Rogers, and Barry
Cornwall. As Mr. Barrett refused all
communication with them, in September
Browning wrote e a manly, true, straight-

Browning 3^

forward letter ' to his father-in-law, appeal-
ing for a conciliatory attitude ; but Jie re-
ceived a rude and insolent, reply, enclosing,
unopened, with the seals unbroken, all the
letters which his daughter had written to
him during the five years, and they settled,
at the close of September, at 138 Avenue des
Champs-Elyse" es ; the "oolitical events in Paris
interested them exceecingly. It was on this
occasion that Carlyle travelled with them
from London to Paris. They were received
by Madame Mohl, and at her house met
various celebrities. Brownin T attracted some
curiosity, his poetry having been introduced
to French readers for the first time in the
August number of the 'Revue des Deux
Mondes,' by Joseph Milsand. They walked
out in the early morning of 2 Dec. while the
coup d'etat was in progress. In February
1852 Browning was induced to contribute a
prose essay on Shelley to a volume of new
letters by that -poet, which Moxon was pub-
lishing ; he die not know anything about
the provenance of the letters, and the intro-
duction was on Shelley in general. How-
ever, to his annoyance, it proved that Moxon
was deceived ; the letters were shown to be
forgeries, and the book was immediately
withdrawn. The Brownings saw Geor ;e
Sand (13 Feb.), and Robert walked the who.e
length of the Tuileries Gardens with her on
his arm (7 April) ; but missed, by tire-
some accidents, Alfred de Musset and Victor
Hugo.

At the end of June 1852 the Brownings
returned to London, and took lodgings at
58 Welbeck Street. They went to see Ken-
yon at Wimbledon, and met Landor there.
They saw, about this time, Ruskin, Patmore,
Monckton Milnes, Kingsle7, and Tennyson ;
and it is believed that in tils year Brown-
ing's friendship with D. G. Rossetti began.
Towards the middle of November 1852 the
Brownings returned to Florence, which Ro-
bert found deadly dull after Paris * no life,
no variety.' This winter Robert (after-
wards the first earl) Lytton made their
acquaintance, and became an intimate friend,
and they saw Frederick Tennyson, and
Power, the sculptor. On 25 April 1853
Browning's play, ' Colombo's Birthday,'
was performed at the Haymarket for the
first time. From July to October 1853
they spent in their old haunt in lihe Casa
Tolomei, Bagni di Lucca, and here Brown-
ing wrote * _n a Balcony/ and was * work-
ing at a volume of lyrics/ After a few
weeks in Florence the Brownings moved
on (November 1853) to Rome, where they
remained for six months,- in the Yia Bocca
di Leone; here they saw Fanny Kemble,

i Browning

Thackerav, Mr. Aubrey de Vere, Lockhart
(who saic, ' I like Browning, he isn't at all
like a damned literary man '), Leighton, and
Ampere. They left Rome on 22 May,
travelling back to Florence in a vettttra.
Money embarrassments kept them 'trans-
fixed ' at Florence through the summer,
' unable even to fly to the mountains,' but the
heat proved bearable, and they lived * a very
tranquil and hap^y fourteen months on
their own sofas and chairs, among their own
nijhtingales and fireflies.'

CThis was a silent period in Browning's
life ; he was hardly writing anything new,
but revising the old for ( Men and Women.'
In February 1854 his poem t The Twins ' was
privately printed for a bazaar. In July 1855
they left Italy, bringin with them the
manuscripts of ' Men anc. Women ' and of
i Aurora Leigh.' They went to 13 Dorset
Street, where many friends visited them. It
was here that, on *27 Sept., D. G. Rossetti
made his famous drawing of Tennyson read-
ing ' Maud J aloud. Here too was written
the address to E.B.B., 'One Word More.'
Soon after the publication of 'Men and
Women' they went in October to Paris,
lodgkr- in great discomfort at 102 Rue de
Grene' e, Faubourg St.-Germain. In Decem-
ber they moved to 3 Rue du Cottage, where
they were happier. Browning was now en-
gaged on an attempt to rewrite 'Sordello*
in more intelligible form ; this he presently-
abandoned. He had one of his very rare
attacks of illness in April 1856, brought on
partly by disinclination to take exercise.
The poem of ' Ben Karshook's Wisdom/
which he excised from the proofs of * Men
and Women,' and which he never reprinted,
a^neared this year in 'The Keepsake' as
' ilay and Beata ' in 1857. Kenyon having
offered them his London house, 39 Devon-
shire Place, they returned in June 1856 to
En land, but were called to the Isle of W r ight
in September by the dangerous illness of
that beloved friend. He seemed to rally,
and in October the Brownings left for Flo-
rence; Kenyon, however, died on 3 Dec.,
leaving large legacies to the Brownin ;s.
* During his life his friendship had taken tie
practical form of allowing them 1QOZ. a year,
in order that they might be more free to
follow their art for its own sake only, and
in his wil he left 6,50Q/. to Robert Brown-
ing and 4,500/. to Elizabeth Browning.
These were the largest legacies in a very
generous will the f tting end to a life passed-
macts of generosity and kindness* (F. G..
KEETOBT), The early part , of 1857 was
cuietly spent in the Casa Gruidi ; but on
SO July tae Brownings jsrent, for the third

Thus

rowning

to IJnjyni di Lucca. They wore iol- in Hrowning'a arms, on 20

lowed by Robert Lyttnn, who wished to bo their apartments in Oasa Guidi

with them ; but he urriyed unwell, imd \yas closed, after sixteen years of unclouded

prostrated wit h fliwt rie fever, through which marital happiness, ono of the most interesting

downing- nursed him, The Brownings n<- and romantic, relations between a man and

turned to Florence in tho autumn, and tho woman of gouins -which the history of litera-

noxt twelve months were .spent almost with- tare presents to UK,
out an incident, Hut in July IHoH they Browning was overwhelmed by a disaster

wont to Paris, where they stayed a fortnight; which he had refused to anticipate, Miss

.+ 4i,ii.v,j ii. :..4K,, u,...m* II.,,.A ,i tv..* in Hi, whono frumdship had long been.

to tho Brownings in Florence.

and

at the UoteU

then went, on to Havre, where

Browning's lather and Mister,

they went, hack, through l*ariH,1o Florence;

but after six weeks left for Rome, where, on

24 Nov., they .settled in their old rooms in v

4tf Via JBoceu, di Lexme. Mere, they saw where he stayed at 151 Rue deGrenelle,Fau-

mueh of Hawthorne, M nHrtimo d" A/e^lio, and haur{.'S(>('{ ermain. Browning never returned

Lei^hton, Browning, in ncrordance with a 1o F.oronw. In Paris he parted from Miss

desire expressed by tlic (jueeu, dined with Bln^rlen, who went- bade to Italy, and he

th younfj pr'uioo of Wahw at tlio emhawsy, MrootMnlol l-o St.-Miu^at, near Diuard, where

They returned to FlortMico in Mny I Hot), JJH father and .sister wero staying. InNo-

e, and

they joined invaluable

la October was ( perfect, in all kiudneas 'to thebereaTed
)oet;, VVith^ Hro wiling 1 and his little son Miss
left IHorence. at the end of July
"' * n " J with them to Paris,

and to Siena, for three months, in July. It
was at Florence at; this t.inift that the liorco
audagtul Candor pr(\sent<ul himself to Hrown-
ing 1 with a tew pwnco in his pocknfc and
without a homo, Browning- took him to
tfiona and routed acottupfn for him thoro ;
at tluj ciud of the year Browning securtul
apart-mtmts for him in l<lortmc, whoro ho
ended his dayw nearly 15 v y<ir late.r.

At Sieua Kdward* Hunui-Jont^ and Mr.
Val Pringtip joined the lirowninps, and they

staying.

venihevlHOl ho went on to London, wishing
to consult- wiih his will's sister, Miss Arabel
Bumstt, a to lh education of his child.
She found him lodg-ings, ash ia intention was
to make no lengthy at ay in England(' no more
housekeeping lor mo, oven with my family 1 ).
Kurly i n 1 8(>^, ho wovor, he became persuaded
that this was a wrntchod arrangement, for
his litth* soti as well as for himself. Miss
Awhcl Barret, t was living in Delamere
Terracn, facing thc canal, and Browning

saw muoh of one another the ensuing winter look a Iiouao, 1 Warwick Crescent, in the
at Rome, whither tho poets passed early same lino of buildings, a little further east.
iu ^Doceiutar, lindiug rooma at 28 Via del IJefe he arranged the furniture which had

^

Tritone, Here Browning 1 wrote SSI ud#e tho be.en around him in tlio Oaaa Ouidi, and

Medium,' in reference to Home's Hpiritual- burn he lived for more than live-and-twenty

istic pranks, which had much aflectod Mrw. yenr.

Browning's composure. They left Rome The winter of 1801, the first, it is said,

on 4 June 1860, and travelled by veUura which he had over wpeiit in London, was in-

to Florence, through. Orvieto and Ohiusi; oxpretwibly dreary to him. Tie was drawn

six weeks later they went, as before, to tho ' to apend it and the following years in this

Villa Alberti in Siena, returning to Flo- way from a strong penwe of duty to his

rence in September. The steady decline falter, his wHtor, and liis son. He made

of Elizabeth Browning's health was now a it, moreover, a pmctitto to visit Miss Arahel

matter of constant anxiety; this was has- Barn>tt every afternoon, and with her he first

tened by^tbe news of the death of her sis* attended Bedford Chapel to liston to the

ter, Henrietta Surtees-Ooofe (December 1800). eloquent sermons of Thomas Jones (1819-

From Siena the Browning went this winter 188ti) [q, v.] lie became a aeatholder there,

direct to Rome, to 12t Via Felice, In and contributed a short introduction to a

March 1861 Robert Browning now nearly collection of Jonoa's aermons and addresses

fifty, was < looking remarkably well and which appeared in 1884, He lived through

^oung, in spite of all lunar Lights in his 1802 very quietly, in great degression of

,

-lair. The women adore Mm every where far spirits, but devoted, line a motier, to the
too^muoh for decency. In my own opinion interests of his little son. In August ha
ne w infinitely handsomer and more att-rac- wa$ persuaded to go to the Pyrenees, and
feve ttaan when I saw him first, sixteen spent that month atOarabo; in September
agc f (E * Bl B ') At the clt>6 of Ma y ]ie wtjnti i( > Biarritz, and here he begaft

,

no definite alarm about Mrs. Browning to meditate on 'my new
bemg yet felt, they went back to Florence, about to be, the Koiian mnrcer story,' which
one died at lut after a few days' ilhxess ultimately became 6 The Ring and the Book,

Browning

313

Browning

At the same time he made a close study of
Euripides, -which, left a strong mark on his
future work, and he saw through the press
the i Last Poems ' of his wife, to whicS he
prefixed a dedication ' to grateful Florence.'
In October he returned by Paris to London.

On reappearing in London he was pestered
by applications from volunteer biographers
of his wife. His anguish at these imper-
tinences disturbed his peace and even his
health. On this subject his indignation re-
mained to the last extreme, and the expres-
sions of it were sometimes unwisely vio.ent.
'Nothing that ought to be published shall
be kept back/ however, he cetermined, and
therefore in the course of 1863 he published
Mrs. Browning's prose essays on ' The Greek
Christian Poets.' His own poems appeared '
this year in two forms : a selection, edited
by John Forster and Barry Cornwall, and a
three-volume edition, relatively complete.

Up to this time the Procters (Barry Corn-
wall and his wife) were almost the only
company he kept outside his family circle.
But with the spring of 1863 a ;reat change
came over his habits. He had refused all
invitations into society; but now, of evenings,
after he had put his toy to bed, the solitude
weighed intolerably upon him. He told the
present writer, long afterwards, that it sud-
denly occurred to him on one such spring
night in 1863 that this mode of life was
morbid and unworthy, and, then and there,
he^ determined to accept for the future every
suitable invitation which came to him.
Accordingly he began to dine out, and in
the process of time he grew to be one, of the
most familiar figures of the age at every
dining-table, concert-hall, and place of re-
fined entertainment in London. This, how-
ever, was a slow process. In 1863, 1864,
and 1865 Browning spent the summer at
Sainte-Marie, near Pornic, *a wild little
place in Brittany/ by which he was singu-
larly soothed and refreshed. Here he wrote
most of the Dramatis Person/ Early in

1864 he privately printed, as a pamphlet,
* Gold Hair : a legend of Pornic/ and later,
as a volume, the import-ant volume of * Dra-
matis Personse/ containing some of the finest
and most characteristic of his work. In
this year (12 Feb.) Browning's will was
signed in the presence of Tennyson and
F. T. Palgrave, He never modified it.
Through these years his constant occupation
was his * great venture, the murder-poem/
which was now gradually taking shape as
4 The Ring and the Book.' In September

1865 he was occupied in making a selection
from Mrs. Browning's poems* whose -fame
and sale continued greatly to exceed his

own, although he was now at length be-
ginning to be widely read. In June 1866
ae was telegraphed for to Paris, and arrived
in time to be with his father when he died
(14 June). On the 19th he returned to
London, bringing his sister witii him. For
the remainder of his life she kept house for
him. They left almost immediately for
Dinard, and passed on to Le Croisic, a'little
town near tie mouth of the Loire, which
delighted Browning exceedingly. Here he
took 'the most delicious and "peculiar old
house I ever occupied, the oldest in the
town ; plenty of great rooms/ It was here
that he wrote the ballad of ' Hervg Eiel '
(September 1867) which was published four
years later. During 1866 anc 1867 Brown-
ing greatly enjoyed Le Croisic. In June
IS 68 Arabel Barrett died in Browning's
arms. She had been his wife's favourite sis-
ter, and the one who resembled her most
in character and temperament. Her death
caused the poet long distress, and for many
years he was careful never to pass her house
in Delamere Terrace. In June of this year
he was made an hon. M.A. of Oxford, and in
October honorary fellow of Balliol College,
mainly through the friendship of Jowett.
At the death of J. S. "Mill, in 1868, Brown-
ing was asked if he would take the lord*
rectorship of St. Andrews University, but
he did not feel himself justified in accepting*
any duties which would involve vague but
considerable extra expenditure.

In 1868 Messrs. Smith, Elder, & Co. be-
came Browning's publishers, and with Mr.
George Smith the poet formed a close friend-
ship which lasted until his death. The firm
of Smith, Elder, & Co-, issued in 1868 a six-
volume edition of Browning's works, and in
November-December 1868, January-Febru-
ary 1869, they published, in four successive
monthly instalments, *The King and the
Book, 1 Browning presented the manuscript
to Mrs. Smith. The Sistory of this, the longest
and most imposing of 'Browning's works,
appears to be as follows. In June 1860 he
had discovered in the Piazza San Lorenzo,
Florence, a parchment-bound proces-verbat
of a Roman murder case, * the entire criminal
cause of Guide Franceschini, and four cut-
throats in his pay/ executed for their crimes
in 1698. He\>ught this volume for eight-
pence, read it through with intense and ab-
sorbed attention, and immediately perceived
the extraordinary value of it* group of
parallel-studies in psychology. He proposed
it to Miss Ogle as the subject of a prose ro-
mance, and *for poetic use to one of his
leading contemporaries' (MRS. OKE). It
was not until after his wife's death that lie

Browning

Browning

Ho read the M;/</w,n.l74). Inl872Kro\mingpubli8hed
s ovur boforo ono of Mm most fantastic of his books 'Fifine
Tivcd by that at the Fair, 1 composed in Alexandrines this

determined to doal with it himwelf, and he 1873 died tho faithful and sympathetic I

iiwt hr^aii to plan a poem on the tlwmo at Blagden (cf. T. A. TUOLLOPB What I ft

Jlmrritx iu Si^ptember IWiU, H" w "" 11 " k ./..../....;; TM\ r,,iu'r^o '. .. I - Ke "

original documents (sight tiimw

etftrt.inp on hi work, and hml arrived by 1 m A4&a

time at a perfect clairvoyance, as he believed, poem in romiuisront of the life at Pornicin

of the motives of all tho pmwmft concerned. IMtt 5, and of a gipsy whom the poet saw

Tho reception of 'The KYm# and the Hook' there. Mm Orr records that' it was not with-

\viia a triumph for the author, who now, clone out miwgiving that he published " Fifine " '

on the a ro of -sixty, for the first timo took bin lie spent the summer of 1872 and 1873*at

prtnor p.aeo in the forefront, of living men Ht.-Auliin, mooting there in the earlier year

of J!oUrn. The nale of IUH earlier works, Mist* ThiU'Jkoray (Mrs. Uitchie); she dis-

whic-U had been HO Ilm;tuatin that at one cusrtod wit.h him the symbolism connecting

time not a mntflo copy of any one of them tho peaceful exi(.<jnce"of the Norman pea-

waa allied for during 1 six montluM, now be- san try with their white head-dress, and

came regular and abundant, and tho nig'ht when Brown ing- returned to London hebe-

of Browning's lonft obrttMU'ity watt over, A gun to compose 'Hod Cotton Nightcap

KOcond edition of the on tiro * King and, tho Country,' which was finished in January

Book' wan called for in 18(!9. In the sum- and published in ."June 187tf, with a dedica-

Bwr of that year .Browning travelled in turn to Minn Thadtoray. In 1874, at the

Scotland with the Wtorys, ending up wit.h a instance of an old friend, Miss A. Egerton-

viwit to Louisa, Lady Awhburton, at Loch Smith, the Brownings took with her a house,

Luidiart. For the monument to Lord Duf- JMa'uson lt.obert. ; on tho did' at Hers, close to

(a<) April 1870) Tr^port, and hero lie wrote 'Aristophanes'

Apology,' including the remarkable Hran-
sori >t ' from tho l lleraklos ' of Euripides.
At Mora bin manner of life is thus described
to us: 'In uninterrupted quiet, and in a
room devoted to hifl use, Mr. Brownin
would work till tho after noon was advanced,
and then sot forth on a long 1 walk over the
dills, often in tho face of a wind which lie
could lean again at as if it were a wall.'
' Aristophanes' Apology' was published early
in 1 875, During the spring of this year he

i mother he
the .sonnet called ' U.o'c

The summer of this year, iu wpitn of tho
Franco-Gorman war, was wpent by the
.Brownings with Milmincl in a primitive cot-
tage on tho Hea-mhoro, at St.-Aubin, op]>osil^
Ha-vre. The poet wrote, ' 1 donH. think we
were over <juito no thoroughly \vawhd by
tho sea-air Irom all (jtxarters aa here.' Tho
progrtiBS of the war troubled the Brownings'
peace of^ mind, and, more than this, it put

serious difficult! <w in tiho way of their return ,. ... - - n . ,, -- - rf

to England, They contrived, after womo was engaged in London in writing* The Inn
adventurer, to et thtunselveH transported Album,' which he completed and sent to
by a eattk-vosRel which happened to be prenn whilo the Brownings were at Villers-
leaving Honflourfor Southampton (8opt.om- sur-Mer, in Calvados, during the summer
ber 1870), In March 1871 the ' Oomhill and autumn of 1875, again in company with
Magazine' published *Herv6 Kid 7 (which MIHH R^erton-Smith. In the summer of
had been written in 1867 at Lo Oroifiic); 1B76 this same partv occupied a house in
the 100^. which he was paid for thft serial the Isle of Arran. .frowning was at this
use of this loem he sont to the sufferers by timo very deeply occupied in studying the
the siege o; Paris. In the course of this Qrook dramatists, and "Wan a translation of
year Browning was writing with groat ac- tho ' Agamemnon.' In July 1876 he pub-
tivity. Through the spring months ha was lishcd the volume known from its title-
occupied in completing ' Balaufltion'fl Ad- poem as ' Paccliiarotto.' This revealed in
venture, 7 the dedication of which is dated several of its numbers a condition of nervous
22 July 1871 ; it was published early in the irritability, which was reflected in the poets
aivtumn. After a very brief visit to the daily life; he was far from well in London
Milsands at StrAubin, Browning s-)ent the daring these years, although a change of air
rest of the summer of this year in Scotland, to France or Scotland never failed to pro-
where he composed ' Prince Holienatiel- duce a sudden improvement in health and
Schwangau,' which was published early the spirits ; and it wan away from town that
xollowing winter. In this year (1871) his poetry was mainly composed. In 1877
Browning was elected a life-governor of there appeared his translation of the Aga-
Universit j College, London. Early in 1872 memnon ' of yEschyl us, and he again refused
Milsand visited aim in London, and Alfred the lord-rectorship of St. Andrews Univer-
Jtomett (Waring) came back at last from sity, as in 1875 he had refused that oi Glas-
JN ew Zealand ; on the other hand, on 26 Jan. go w.

Browning

315

Browning

For the summer and autumn of 1877 the
friends took a house at the foot of La Saleve,
in Savoy, just above Geneva ; it was called
La Saisiaz ; here Browning sat, as he said,
' aerially, lie Euripides, and saw the clouds
come and 'o. ; He was not, however, in
anything lilie his usual spirits, and he suf-
fered a terrible shock early in September by
the sudden death of Miss E^erton-Smith.
The present writer recollects tae extraordi-
nary change which appeared to have passed
over the poet when he reappeared in Lon-
don, nor will easily forget the tumult of
emotion with which he spoke of the shock
of his friend's dying, almost at his feet
He put his reflections on the subject into
the strange and noble poem of ' La Saisiaz/
which he finished in November 1877. He
lightened the gloom of what was practically
a monody on Miss Egerton-Smith by con-
trasting it with one of the liveliest of his
French studies, i The Two Poets of Croisic/
which he completed in January 1878. These
two works, the one so solemn, the other so
sunny, were published in a single volume in
the spring of 1878.

In August 1878 he revisited Italy for the
first time since 1861. He stayed some time
at the Spliigen, and here he wrote ' Ivan
Ivanovitch.' Late in September his sister
and he passed on to Asolo, which, for the
moment, failed to reawaken his old pleasure;
and in October they went on to Venice, where
they stayed in the Palazzo Brandolin-Bota.
This was a comparatively short visit to Italy,
but it awakened all Browning's old enthu-
siasm, and for the remainder of his life he
went to Italy as often and for as long a time
as he could contrive to. During this autumn,
and while in the south, he wrote the greater
part of the ' Dramatic Idyls/ published early
in 1879. His fame was now universal, and
he enjoyed for the first time full recogni-
tion as one of the two sovereign poets of the
age. ' Tennyson and I seem now to be re-
garded as the ,two kings of Brentford/ he
laughingly said in the course of this year.
His sister and he returned to Venice, and to
their former quarters, in the autumn of
1879 and again in that of 1880. In the
latter year he published a second series of
' Dramatic Idy.s/ including * Olive/ which
he was accustomed to mention as perhaps
the best of all his idyllic poems * in tSe
Greek sense.'

In the summer of 1881 Dr. Furnivall and
Miss E. H. Hickey started the * Browning
Society ' for the interpretation and illustra-
tion of his writings. He received the inti-
mation of their project with divided feelings;
he could not but be gratified at the enthu-

siasm shown for his work after long neglect,
and yet he was apprehensive of ridicule. He
did not refuse to permit it, but he declined
most positively to co-operate in it. He per-
sisted, when talking o: it to old friends, in
treating it as a joke, and he remained to the
lasta^ittle nervous about being identified
with it. It involved, indeed, a position of
great danger to a living writer, but, on the
whole, the action of the society on the fame
and ;eneral popularity of the poet was dis-
tinct-y advantageous ; and so much worship
was agreeable to a man who had passed
middle life without the due average of re-
cognition. ^ He became, about tie same
time, president of the jSTew Shakspere So-
ciety.

The autumn of 1881 was the last which
the Brownings spent at the Palazzo Bran-
dolin-Rota. On their way to it they stopped
for six weeks at Saint-Pierre-la-Chartreuse,
close to the monastery, where the poet
lodged three days, ' staying there through
the night in order to hearthe midnight mass/
This autumn, in spite of ' abominable and
un- Venetian' weather, was greatly appre-
ciated. ' I walk, even in wind and rain, for
a couple of hours on Lido, and enjoy the
break of sea on the strip of sand as much as
Shelley did in those old days * (11 Oct. 1881").
Brownin had now reached his seventieth
year, anc, for the first time, the flow of his
poetic invention seemed to flag a little.
He did not write much from 1879 to 1883.
In 1882 the Brownings proceeded again to
Saint-Pierre-la-Chartreuse for the summer,
intending to go on to Venice ; but at Verona
they learned that the Palazzo Brandolin-
Eota had been transformed into a museum,
and, while they hesitated whither they
should turn, the* floods of the Po cut them
off from Venice. This autumn, therefore,
they made Verona their headquarters ; and
here Browning wrote several of the poems
which appeared early in 1883, under the
Batavian-latin title * Joeoseria.'

In 1883 the Brownings spent the summer
opposite Monte Rosa, at Gressoney St.-Jean,
a place to which the poet became more
attached than to any other Alpine station ;
later on they passed to Venice, where their
excellent friend, Mrs. Arthur Bronson (she
died on 6 Feb. 1901), received them as her
guests in the Palazzo Giustiniani Eecanati.
Here Browning wrote the sonnets ' Sighed
Hawdon Brown ' and * GoldonL' In these
later years, his bodily endurance having
steadily declined, Browning saw fewer and
fewer people during his long Venetian
sojourns, depending mainly outside the salon
of Mrs. Bronson on * the kindness of Sir

Browning*

3*3

Browning

llimry niul Lady Lriyurd, of Hr. ami MTH.
Curtis of Palazzo Harliaxo, and of Mr. and
Mrs. Frederic Kdtm, ibr most of his social
pleasure and comfort 1 (Miw. Glut). In 1884
3rp wning was made an lion. LL.D, of the
university of Edinburgh; lor a third time
he declined to Ibe oloctcd lord rector of tlw
university of St, Andrews, Thoro had been
a suggestion in 1870 that ho .should stand
for the professorship of poetry at Oxford j
this idea was now revived, and greatly at-
tracted him ; he said that if ho wwro elected,
his first lecture would be, on * Beddoes : a
forgotten Oxford Pout.' It was discovered,
however, that not having taken the ordinary
M. A. degree, ho was not ol ipi ble. 1 le wrote
wwcli in this year, for besides the sonnets,
'The Names 7 and 'The Foimdw of the
Feast,' and an introduction to the posthumous
sermons of Thomas JOIKW, ho eompoMd a
;reat number of the idyls and lyrics col-
lected in the winter of 1HR4 an ' l^rishtah'a
Fancies,' The summer of 1.884 \vaa broken
up by an illness of Mies Browning-, and the
j)pet did not get to Italy at all, contenting-
himself with spending August at id Septombur
in her villa at St-Morita with Mrs. Jttoom-
field Mooro, a widow lady from Philadelphia ,
with whom Browning 1 was afc this time on
terms of close friendship,

In 1885 Browning accepted the honorary
presidency of the Five Associated Societies
of Edinburgh, and in April wrote the fine
'Inscription for the Gravestone of Lovi
Thaxter.' In the summer he wont ngaiu to
Gressoney St.- Jean, thence proceeding for
the autumn and winter to Venice. lie was
now settled in the Palazzo Giustiniani Ke-
canati, but his son, who joined him, urged
the purchase of a house in Venice. Accord"
ingly, in November 1885 Browning secured,
or thought that he had secured, tie Pateo
Manzom, on the Grand Canal; but the
owners, the Montecuccule, raised so many
claims that he withdrew from the bargain
;*uat in time -happily, as it proved, for the
foundations of the palace were not in a safe
condition; but the- failure of the negotia-
tions annoyed and distressed him to a degree
which betrayed his decrease of nerve noWer.
Early in 1886 Browning succeeded Lord
Jwroghton as the foreign correspondent to
the Royal Academy, a sinecure post which
he accepted at the earnest wish of Sir Fre-
deric Leighton. Venice having- ceased to
attract him for a moment, in 1886 he made
tke poor state of health of his sister his
excuse for remaining in England, his only
absence from London being a somewhat
fcmgthy autumnal residence at the Hand
note! in Llangollen, close to the house of

lus fncuids, Sir Theodore and Lady Mar
tin at Brintysilio. Alter his death a tablet
was placed in the church of Llantysilio to
mark tho spot whore the poet was seen every
(Sunday aitomoon during; those weeks of 1886
On4 Sept. of this year his oldest friend passed
away m the portion of Joseph Milaaud to
whoso inumory ho dedicated t?ie < Parleying
which ho was now composing. This volume
tho full title of which was 'Parley ings with

In ,J ime 1 887 tlw threat of a railway to'be'
constructed in front of the house in which
he had livod HO Ion* (a throat which was
not carried out) im need him to leave 19
Warwick GroHcent and take a new house in
Kensington, 2S) Do Vcre Gardens. While
tho ehan^'o wan boing'inadehe went to Mrs,
Bloom (i<> Id Moore at Sk-Moritz for the
aummur, but, inntwid of proceeding to Venice,
returned in September to London, This
winter ' he was often suffering j one terrible
cold followed another. There was general
ev idcncu that ho had at last grown old' (Hits.
OKU). But ho wtia fitill writing; 'Rosny'
bournes to 1 )oconibor of this year, and ' Plute-
MUHIC' to January INHH. fie now began to
arrange for a \ in i form edition of his v/orks,
which he lived just long enough to see com-
pleted.

In August his sister and he left for Italy;
they stayed first at Primforo, nearFeltre.
By this time his son (who had married in
October 18H7) had purchased the Palazzo
KezKonico in Venice, with money given him
for the purpose by his father, and this he
was no-w fitting up for Browning's reception,
Browning stayed first in Ca'Alvise, and had
on the whole a very happy autumn and winter
in Venice. lie did not return to London
until February 1889- e lie still maintained
throughout the season his old social routine,
not omitting- his yearly visit, on the anniver-
sary of Waterloo, to Lord Albemarle, its
last surviving veteran ' (Mxta. OKE). In the
summer he *paid memorable visits to Jowett at
Balliol College, Oxford, and to Dr. Butler at
Trinity College, Cambridge. But his strength
was visibly failing, and when the time came
for the customary journey; to Venice, he
shrank from the fatigue, .ilowever, in &
middle of August he was persuaded to start
for Asolo, where Mrs. T3ronson was, in-
stead of Venice. He was extremely liappy
at Asolo, and ' seemed possessed by a strange
buoyancy an almost feverish joy in life,
which blunted all sensations of physical
distress/ He tried to purchase a small house
in Asolo ; he meant to call it Fippa's Tower ;

ttvnmg

317

Browning

and since his death it has, with much other No poet ever comprehended his own
land in the town, become the property of character better, or comprised the expres-
his son. At the beginning of November he ! si on of it in better language. This note of
tore himself away from Asolo, and settled militant optimism was the ruling- one in
in at the Palazzo Rezzonico in Venice. He Browning's^character, and nothing that he
thought himself quite well, and walked each wrote or said or did in his long career ever
dav in the Lido. But the temperature was belied it. Thisoptimism was not discouraged
verv low, and his heart began to fail. He by the results of an impassioned curiosity
wrote to England (29 Nov.) : ' I have caught as to the conditions and movements of the

" - - " -I------ 1- ^ S oul in other people. He was, as a writer,

largely a psyc-iological monologaist that is
to say, he loved to enter into the nature of
persons widely different from himself, and

a cold ; I feel sadly asthmatic, scarcely fit
to travel, but I hope for the best;' on the
30th he declared it was only his ' provokin r
liver/ and hoped soon to be in England.

But he now sank from day to day, and at push his study, or construction, of their ex-
ten P.M., on 12 Dec. 1889*, he died in the periences to the furthest limit of explora-
Palazzo Rezzonico. ' It was an unexpected tion. In these adventures he constantly
blow/ his sister wrote, t he seemed in such met with evidences of baseness, frailty, and
excellent health and exuberant spirits.' On inconsistency; but his tolerance was aposto-
the 14th, with solemn pomp, the body was lie, and the only thing which ever dis-
o-iven the ceremony of a public funeral in turbed his moral equanimity was the eyi-
Venice, but on the 16th was conveyed to dences of selfishness. He could forgive
En -land, where, on 81 Dec., it was 'buried anything but cruelty. His optimism ac-
in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, the companied his curiosity on these adventures
pall bein ; carried by Lord DufFerin, Leigh- into the souls of others, and prevented him
ton, Sir "Theodore Martin, George M. Smith from falling into cynicism or indignation,
(his publisher), and other illustrious friends. He kept his temper and was a benevolent
Browning's last volume of poems, ' Asolando/ observer. This characteristic in his writings
was actually published on the day of his was noted in hie life as well. Although
death; but a message with regarc. to the Browniu -wassosublimeametaphysicalpoet,
eagerness with which it had been ' sub- nothing celighted him more taan to listen
scribed 7 for had time to reach him on his to an accumulation of trifling (if exact) cir-
death-bed, and he expressed his pleasure at cumstances which helped to ">uild up the life
the news. Shortly after his death memorial of a human being. Every man and woman
tablets were affixed by the city of Venice to whom he met was to Browning a poem in
tbe outer wall of the Palazzo ftezzonico, and solution ; some chemical condition might at
bv the Society of Arts to that of 19 Warwick any moment resolve any one of the multi-
Orescent. He left behind him his sister, tude into a crystal. His optimism, his
Miss Sariana Browning, and his son, Mr. curiosity, and his clairvoyance occupied his
Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, who thoughts in a remarkably objective way.
are now resident at Venice and Asolo. He was of all poets the one least self-

Browning's rank in the literature of the centred, and therefore in all probability the
nineteenth century has been the subject of happiest. His physical conditions were m
endless disputation. It can be discussed harmony with his spiritual characteristics,
here only from the point of view of the illus- He was robust, active, loud in speech,
tration of his writings by his person and cordial in manner, gracious and conciliatory
character. As a contributor to thought, it in address, but subject to sudden fits of m-
is noticeable in the first place that Brown- dignation which were like thunderstorms,
ing was almost alone in his generation in In all these respects it seems -probable that
Breaching a persistent optimism. In the his character altered very Jttle as the
'atest of his published poems, in the 'Epi- years went on. What he was as a boy, in
locme' to 'Asolando/ he sums up and states these respects, it is believed that he con-
wfth unflinching clearness his attitude tinued to be as an old man. 'He missed
towards life. He desires to be remembered the morbid over-refinement of the age ; the
aQ processes* of his mind were sometimes even

,,.,,,,. T. j a little coarse, and always delightfully
One who never turned his back, but marcned. & rectm p or rea l delicacy he had full appre-
breast forward, u b k ciation, but he was brutally scornful of all

Neverdreamed, though right were worsted, wrong exquisite m or mn ' .

i j , : '_v, loud voice, ins Hard nst upon ine tame,

Held we Ml A are baffled to fight bette, mM 1 make very short work with cobwebs

Sleep to -if ate. But this external roughness, like the rind

Browning

3'S

Browning

of a fruit, merely served to keep the inner
sensibilities youn^ and fresli. None of his
instincts grew old. Long as he lived, lie
did not live long enough for one of his
ideals to vanish, for one of his enthusiasms
to lose its heat. The subtlest of writers, he
was the sing-lest of men, and he learned in
serenity what he taught in song 1 .' The c ues-
tion of the ' obscurity ' of his style has jeen
mooted too often and emphasised too much
by Browning's friends and enemies alike, to
be passed over in silence here. But here, at,
the same time, it is impossible to deal with
it exhaustively. Something may, however,
be said in admission and in defence. We
must admit that Browning is often harsh,
hard, crabbed, and nodulous to the last de-
gree ; he suppressed too many of the smaller
parts of speech in his desire to produce ft
concise and rapid impression, Ho twisted
words out of their fit construction, he
clothed extremely subtle ideas in language
which sometimes made them appear not
merely difficult but impossible of compre-
hension. Odd as it sounds to Kay so, those
faults seem to have been the result of too
facile a mode of composition. Perhaps no
poet of equal importance has written so
fluently and corrected so little as Browning
did. On the other hand, in defence, it must
be said that it is always, or nearly always,
possible to penetrate Browning's obscurity,
and to find excellent thought hidden in the
cloud, and that time and familiarity have
already made a great deal perfectly trans-
lucent which at one time seemed impene-
trable even to the most respectful and in-
telligent reader,

In person Browning was "below the middle
height, but broadly built and of great mus-
cular strength, which he retained through
life in spite of his indifference to all athletic
exercises. His hair was dark brown, and in
early life exceedin;ly full and lustrous; in
middle life it faded, and in old a^e turned
white, remaining copious to the last. The
earliest known portrait of Browning is that
engraved for Eorne's ' New Spirit of the
Age 7 in 1844, when he was about thirty-two.
In 1854 a highly finished pencil drawing of
him was made in Rome by Frederic Leigh-
ton, but this appears to be lost. In 1855,
or a little later, Browning was painted by
Gordigiani, and in 1866 Woolner executed
a bronze medallion of him. In 1859 Mr.
and Mrs. Browning sat to Field Talfourd in
Florence for life-sized crayon portraits, of
which that of Elizabeth is now in the
National Portrait Gallery, where that of
Robert, long in the -possession of the pre-
sent writer, joined it In July 1900. Of this

- lon ?

, My sister a better autho-
rity than myself has always liked it as
resembling its subject when his features had
more, resemblance to those of his mother
than in after-time, when those of his father
got the betteror perhaps the worse of
thorn.' Tie was again painted by Mr. G F
Watts, U.A., about 1805, and by Mr. Rudolf
Lfshmann in 1859 and several later occasions.
The portraits by Watts and Lohnmnn areiii
the National "Portrait Gallery. T n his last
years llro \vning, with extreme good- nature
was willing to Kit for his portrait to any one
who^aalwd him. lie was once discovered in
Venice, surrounded, liko a model in a life-
class, by a group of artistic ladies, each
taking him off from a different point of view.
Of these representations of Browning as an
old man, the best arc certainly those exe-
cuted by his son, in particular a portrait
painted in the summer and autumn of 1880.
Tho publications of Robert Browning,
with their dates of issue, have been men-
tioned in the coum, of the narrative. The
first of t lie collected editions, the so-called
' Now Edition 'of 1849, in 2 vols., was not
complete evn up to date. Much more
comprehensive was the 'third edition'
(rea.ly the second) of the 'Poetical Works
of Robert .Browning' issued in 18G3. A.
' fourth ' (third) appeared in 1 865. Selec-
tions ' were published in 18&3 and 1865. The
earliest edition of the 'Poetical Works'
which was coin )l i to in any true sense was
that issued by . IUHHVS. Smith, Wider, & Co.
in 1868, in six volumes; hore* Pauline 'first
reappeared, and here is published for the
first times the pooni entitled 'Deaf and
Dumb.' These volumes wnrosent Browning's
achievements down to, "iut not including,
' The Ring and th<. Hook.' Further indepen-
dent selections were published in 1872 and
1880 ; and both wore reprinted iu 1884. A
beautiful separate edition of 'The Pied
Piper of I lam (din,' made to accompany Pin-
wftirs drawings, Belong to 1884. The edi-
tion of Browning's works, in sixteen volumes,
was issued in 1888 9, and contains every-
thing but 'Asolawlo.' In 1896 there ap-
peared a complete edition, in two volumes,
edited by Mr. Augustine Birrell, Q.C., M.P.,
and Mr. F. G. Kenyon.

A claim has been made for the authorship
by Browning of John Forster's ' Life of
Stratford,' originally published in 1836; and
this book was rashly reprinted by the Brown-
ing Society in 189*2 as 'Robert Browning's
Prose Life of Stratford.' This attribution
was immediately repudiated, in the least
equivocal terms possible, by the surviving re-

Browning

319 Brown-Squard

preservatives of the Browning and Forster
families. It is possible that Forster may
have received some help from Browning in
the ^reparation of the book, but it was cer-
tainly written by Forster.

[The principal source of information with re-
gard to the personal career of Browning is the
Life and Letters published by Mrs. Sutherland
Orr in 1891. This is the only authorised bio-
graphy, and Mrs. Orr not merely obtained from
Miss Browning and Mr. R. "W. B. Browning all
the material in their possession, but she was par-
ticularly pointed out, by her long friendship and
that of her brother, Lord Leighton [q. v.], -with
the poet, as well as by the com muni cations
which he was known to have made to her in his
lifetime, for the fcisk which she so admirably
fulfilled. All other contributions to the bio-
graphy of Robert Browning are insignificant
beside that of Mrs. Sutherland Orr. It may be
mentioned, however, that the earliest notes sup-
plied, with regard to his life, by Browning him-
self were those given to the present writer in
February and March 1881, for publication in
the Century Magazine. Unfortunately, a large
portion of these notes was afterwards, at his
request, destroyed ; what remained is reprinted
in a small volume (' Bobert Browning : Per-
sonalia : by Edmund Gosse,' 1890). The notes
here preserved were revised by himself, but his
memory has since been proved to have been at
fnult in several particulars. Materials of high
"biographical importance occur in The Letters of
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 2 vols. 1897, and
The Love-Letters of Robert Browning and Eliza-
beth Barrett Barrett 1845-6, 2 vols. 1899, both
edited by Mr. F. OK Kenyon. In 1895-6 were
privately printed, edited by Mr. Thomas J. Wise,
two volumes of ' Letters from Robert Browning
to various Correspondents/not elsewhere printec.
The first volume contained thirty-three letters,
and the second thirty-five letters. Mr. T. J.
Wise has also compiled a most exhaustive ' Ma-
terials for a Bibliography of the Writings of
Robert Browning,' which appeared in 1895 in
Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century,
edited by W. Robertson Nicholl and T. J. Wise
(i. 359-627). The Browning Society's Papers,
1881-4. edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall, contain
certain data of a biographical kind. Mr. W.
harp published a small Life of Robert Browning,
1890, which contains one or two letters not found
elsewhere. The same may be said of the books
of Mr. W. G-. Kingslaud: Robert Browning,
Chief Poet of the Age, 1887, 1890, and Dr.
Edward Berdoe's Browning's Meesa -e to his
Times, 1890. Of various works dealing with
pure criticism of Browning's writings, Mr. J. T.
Nettleship's Essays of 1868 is the earliest; a
new edition appeared in 1894. Much was done
to extend an intelligent comprehension of Brown-
ing's poetry in his lift-time by Dr. Hiram Corson's
An Introduction to the Study of Robert Brown-
ings Poetry, 1886; by Mr. Arthur Symons's

An Introduction to the Study of Browning
18 86; by Mr. James Fotaenngham's Studies
in the Poetry of Robert Browmng, 1887; by
Mrs. Jeauie Morison's An Outline" Analysis of
Sordello, 1889; by Dr. Edward Berdoe's Brown-
ing Cyclopaedia, 1891 ; and DT Mrs. Sutherland
Orr's Handbook to his works (1885), which had
the benefit of the poet's close revision, and was
accepted by himself as the official introduction,
to the study of his writings.] E. GK,

BROWN-SEQTJARID, CHARLES ED-
WARD (1817-1894), physiologist and physi-
cian, born at Port Louis, Mauritius, on 8 April
1817, was the posthumous son of Edward
Brown (a native of Philadelphia), captain in
the merchant service. His father was of Gal-
way origin ; his mother was of the Provencal
family of Sequard, which had been for some
years settled in the Isle of France. After re-
ceiving a scanty education, he acted for a time
as a clerk in a store, hut in 1838 he arrived
with his mother at Kantes, whence they
made their way to Paris. He hoped at this
time to make literature his profession, but
by the advice of Charles Ts odier he began
the study of medicine. His expenses were
defrayed by the help of his mother, who
shared her house with the sons of some other
Mauritians then studying in Paris. About
this time, however, she died, and Brown
affixed her maiden name to his own. In
1846 he was admitted MJ>. of Paris, with a
thesis on the reflex action of the spinal cord
after it had been separated from the brain,
and he had then served as *externe des
hopitaux ' under Trousseau and Rayer. In
1849 he filled the post of auxiliary physician
under Baron Larrey at the military hospital
of Gros-Caillou during an outbreak of cho.era.

He continued to devote himself to the
study of physiology under the most harass-
ing conditions of extreme poverty, and in
1848, on the foundation of the Societe de
Biologie, he became one of the four secre-
taries. In 1852, fearin that his republican
jrinciples might bring .iim into trouble, he
left France for America, embarking by choice
in a sailing ship that he might have more
time to learn English. He supported him-
self for some time in New Yori by giving
lessons in French, and by attending mid-
wifery at five dollars a case. Here he mar-
ried his first wife, an American lady, by
whom he had one son, and he returned with
her to France in the spring of 1853. He
again left Paris at the end of 1854, with the
intention of practising in his native place,
but on arriving at Mauritius he found that
the island was passing through an epidemic
of cholera. He at once took charge of the
cholera hospital, and when the outbreak was

Buck

330

Buckle

science. The medal has on its obverse a "bust
of Sir George Buchanan executed by Wyon.

Buchanan's works have not been collected.
They consist in the main of innumerable re-
ports scattered through various parliamentary
olue books,

[Obituary notices in the Transactions of the
Epidemiological Society of London, new series,
iy. 113; Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol.
lix. 1895-6, and the British Medical Journal,
i. 1006, 1895; additional information kindly
given by Sir George Buchanan's son, Dr, George
fcseaton Buchanan, medical inspector to II. M.
Local Government Board.] D'A, P.

BUCK, ADAM (1759-1833), portrait
painter, elder son of Jonathan Buck, a silver-
smith of Castle Street, Cork, was born there
in 1759. With a younger brother, Frede-
rick, he studied art from an early age, and
acquired some repute in youth in his native
city as a painter of miniature portraits in
water-colour. Coming to London in 1795,
he settled at 174 Piccadilly, and soon gained
popularity. He not only continued to paint
miniature portraits in water-colour, but pro-
duced many portraits in oil and crayon of
larger size. Between 1795 and 18&3, the
year of his death, he exhibited at the aca-
demy as many as 171 pictures. He also
exhibited ten other works at the British
Institution and at the Society of British
Artists in Suffolk Street, But the pictures
that he exhibited represent a small pro-
portion of his labours. Numerous pictures
by him were reproduced in coloured en-
gravings, mostly in stipple, and had a wide
circulation. Of extant coloured engravings
after his pictures the originals of as many as
forty or fifty are not known to have been
exhibited. Among his sitters were the Earl
of Cavan, the Duke of York, Sir Francis
Burdett, Major Cartwright, John Cam Hob-
Louse, and John Burke, author of the
' Peerage,' and his family. His portraits
were carefully finished, although they were
stiff in treatment and design.

Buck was at the same time busily em-
ployed as a teacher of portrait painting, and
in 1811 he brought out a volume entitled
* Paintings on Greek Vases,' which contained
a hundred designs, not only drawn, but also
engraved by himself. This work, which was
planned to continue a similar compilation
ay Sir William Hamilton, is now extremely
scarce.

In 1807 he moved from Piccadilly to Frith
Street, Soho, and after several changes of
residence died at 15 Upper Seymour Street
West in 1833. Buck was married and left

j . portrait of Buck

dated 1804, is in the Sheepshanks

the Victoria and Albert Museum, .

[Notes and Querios, 11 May 1901, by Colonel
Harold Maiet ; grave's Diet,

*r?F OKL:B ' SlB CLAUDE HENRY
MASON (1803-1894), admiral, on
familv long distinguished in our naval
records, grandson of Admiral Matthew
U 10784

>

's profession.

M mr

Matthew Buckle (1770-1855), entered the
Ivoyal Naval College at Portsmouth in
August 1817. In March 1819 he passed
out, and after serving for a few months in
the Channel was appointed to the Leandbr
*oing out to the East Indies. In her and in
-ier boats he was actively emploved during
the first Burmese war and at tae capture
ot Rangoon in May 1824. lleturmng to
England in January 18:26 he was appointed
in April to the Ganges, going out to the
bouth American station as flagshb of Sir
Itolwrt Waller Otway [q. v.], an in her
was promoted to be lieutenant on 17 April
1827. Ho afterwards (1829-33) served in
the North Star and the Tweed, on the "West
Indian station; from 1833 to 1836 was flag--
lieutenant to Sir William Hargood [q. v.l at
Plymouth ; and on 4 May 1836 was promoted
to the rank of commander. From Decem-
ber 1841 to Qctobur 1845 he commanded the
Growler, on the coast of Brazil and after-
wards on the west coast of Africa, and in
February 1845 led the boats of the squadron
under the command of Commodore "William
Jones at the destruction of several barra-
coons up the Gallinas river. On returning
to England he was advanced to post rank,
6 Nov. 1845, In January 1849 he was ap-
pointed to the Centaur as flag-captain to
Commodore Arthur Fanahawe, going out as
commander-iu-chief on the west coast of
Africa, where, in December 1849, bein^ de-
tached in command of the boats of the
squadron, together with the steamer Teazer
and the French steamer Kubis, he 'admini-
stered condign punishment ' to a horde of
pirates who had established themselves
in the river Geba and bad made prizes of
some small trading vessels. Towards the
end of 1850 Buckle was compelled by failing
health to return to England j and in Decem-
ber 1852 he was appointed to the Valorous,
steam frigate, attached during- 1863 to the
Channel squadron, and in 1864 to the fleet
up the Baltic under Sir Charles Napier [q. v.],
and more particularly to the flying sc uadron
under Rear-admiral (Sir) James Eanway
Plumridge in the operations in the Gulf of
Bothnia. In the end of 1854 the Valorous

Bucknill

331

Bucknill

was sent out to the Black Sea, where she
carried the flag of (Sir) Houston Stewart
"q. v.] at the reduction of Kinburn. On
o July 1855 Buckle was nominated a C.B.
From 1857 to 1863 he was superintendent
of Deptford dockyard, and on 1^ Nov. 1863
was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral.
In November 1867 he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief at Queenstown, where he
remained until he retired, under Mr. Chil-
ders's scheme, in 1 870. He was made a vice-
admiral on 1 April 1870, K.C.B. on 29 May
1875, admiral on 22 Jan. 1877, and was
granted a good-service pension on 30 Oct.
1885. He died on 10 March 1894 He
married in 1847 Harriet Margaret, eldest
daughter of Thomas Deane Shute of Bram-
shaw, Hampshire, and left issue one son.

[O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Diet., 2nd edit. ;
Times, 12 March 1894; Navy Lists.J

J. K. L.

BUCKNILL, SIB JOHN CHARLES
(1817-1897), physician, elder son of John
Bucknill, surgeon, of Market Bosworth,
Leicestershire, was born on 25 Dec. 1817,
and was educated first at Rugby during the
head-mastership of Dr. Arnold, and after-
wards at the Market Bosworth grammar
school. Bucknill entered University Colle_;e,
London, in 1835, and studied medicine. lie
was admitted a licentiate of the Society of
Apothecaries and a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons of England in 1S&0,
and in the same year he graduated M.B.
at the university of London, being placed
first in surgery and third in medicine in the
honours list. He was then appointed house
surgeon to Robert Liston [q. v.] at Univer-
sit7 College Hospital, and at the expiration
of .ais term of office he practised for a year
in Chelsea. Here his _iealth broke down,
and he was ordered to live in a warmer
climate. He therefore applied for, and ob-
tained, the post of first medical superinten-
dent of the Devon County Asylum at Ex-
minster, which he held with marked success
from 1844 to 1862. In 1850 he was elected
a fellow of University College, London, be-
coming a member of its council in 1884. In
1852 he graduated M.D. in London Univer-
sity. He was the lord chancellor's medical
visitor of lunatics from 1862 until 1876,
when he resigned the office through ill-
health, and su ^sequently devoted himself to
private practice. He lived at first in Cleve-
land Square, afterwards at Hillmorton in
Warwickshire, where he farmed a consider-
able acreage ; in 1876 he moved to Wimpole
Street, though he retained his home in
"Warwickshire.

At the Royal College of Phy&icians of

London he was admitted a licentiate in
1853, being elected a fellow in 1859, coun-
cillor 1877-8, censor 1879-80, and Lumleian
lecturer in 1878, taking as the subject of
his lectures ' Insanity in its le ;al relations.'
He was elected a fellow of the 3oyal Society
on 7 June 1866, and was knighted in July
1894.

Bucknill died at Bournemouth on 19 July
1897, and is buried at Clifton-on-Dunsmore
near Rugby. He married in 1842 Mary-
anne, the only child of Thomas Townsend
of Hillmorton. She died in 1889 and left
three sons, of whom the second is the Hon.
Sir Thomas Townsend Bucknill, judge
of the king's bench division of the high
court. Sir John Bucknill left over 6,000/.
to University College, London, to found a
scholarship.

Bucknill made a name for himself in
many ways. He held a high position among
the physicians who devoted themselves to
the treatment of insanity, and Sir James
Crichton Browne, F.R.S., says of him, * For
twenty years he was the acknowledged and
dignified head of his department in this
country, and mingled on an equal footing
with all the finest intellects of his times.'
He took an enlightened view of the method
to be adopted in the treatment of patients
under his care, and thought that the more
wealthy among them should be nursed and
cared for in houses of their own, that they
might enjoy life as far as possible. In gene-
ral literature he turned his knowledge of
psychology and lunacy to excellent account
^y writing two criticisms upon Shakespeare
and his works, in which he dealt with the
psychology of the dramatist and the mad
people depicted in his plays. He was an
ardent sportsman, being especially proficient
in fishing, hunting, sailing, coursing, and
shooting with the rifle. In 1852 he was ac-
tively engaged in obtaining the sanction of
the war office to the enrolment of a coras
of citizen soldiers under the name of the
Exeter and South Devon volunteers, and
with the help of the Earl Forteseue, the
lord-lieutenant of the county, he effected his
purpose. This corps was highly successful
and proved the nucleus of the present volun-
teer system. Bucknill threw himself heart
and soul into the new movement, was the
first recruit sworn into this the first re i-
ment of volunteers established under the
system, and throughout his service chose to
remain in the ranks rather than accept a
commission. His services in connection with
the volunteer movement were afterwards
recognised by the erection, by public sub-
scription, of a handsome memorial, witli

Button

332

Bullcn

a modal lion of Buclmili tlicruon, inNorthorn-
luiy, near Kxuter castlo. The memorial waft
unveiled by I L.RJl. tho Duko of CJanibridgo,
Commander-in-chief, in 1895,

Ilia works are : J . ' Uusoundness of Mind
in relation to Criminal Acts,' an essay to
which the first Sug'den prizo wa awarded
"by the King 1 and Qnc-jen'H Collogo of Physi-
cians in Ireland, London, Bvo, 1H54; 2nd
edit. 1857. 2. ' A Manual of Psychological
Medicine,' London, 1858, Nvo ;' &ul edit.
186^ ; 3rd edit. 1874 ; 4th udit. 1K7J), written
conjointly with Daniel I lack Tukifr |q. v.]
Jlucknill wrote the chaplorw denting 1 witli
diagnosis, pathology, and treatment ; Take
the suctions on lunacy law, daHrtificatioii,
and causation. The book WUH tor many
years the standard toxt-book on psychologi-
cal medicine. 3. ' The Psychology of Sha to-
speare,' London, 18oO, Svo ; 2nd edit, revised,
including 'Tho Mad .Folk ol' SlmkoHpearu/
* Psychological Krtsays/ &c., Loiulon, 18(i7,

Svo; the essays deal' with Maclmth, Hamlet,
Ophelia, King Lear, Timon of Athens, Con-
stance, Jacques, Malvolio, Chrisioplun* Sly,
and the * Comedy of Errors.' 4, l Th Mt'dicul
Knowledge of Shuktttouare/ Ijondon, 18()0,

in 'Christmas Boxen 1 by Kd wards and May-
how, * ( Hworvatiou andVlirtution,' the 'Old
Story/ tho < I die Trontico/aml many charac-
ters in burloflc uo. On ^1 April 180(5, at the
St. JnnWn, 8,o waa Uoro in 'Much Ado
about Notlunp;,' Who was also seen aa Julia
in the K-ivalH/ Sophia in the '-Itoad to
Kuin/Alrs. Vormnnt in the 'School of Re-
Ibrin/ &e, _ At thn Strand, on r> Feb. 3870,
H!MS was Oieoly llomosjnm in the 'Heir at

sane Drunkards,' London, Svo, 1878. Ho
edited * The Asylum Journal ol Mental Sci-
ence' from 1858 to 1855 ; he then traiwforroed
it into the ' Journal of Mental Sdenco,' wliich
he continued to edit, until 1802. He also
helped to found ' Brain : a Journal of Neu-
rology' in 1878.

[Obituary notice in the Journal of Mental
&"'enee, vol. xliii. 1897, p. 88S ; additional in-
formation kindly given by Liout.-Ool. J. T.
Buekaill, E.E.] D'A, P,

BTJFTON, ELEANOR (afterwards
MM, ABTurm SWAJTBOBOTJCIH) (1840P-180JJ),
actress, was born in Wales about 1840 and
made her first professional appearance at
Edinburgh as chambermaid in * The Clan-
destine Marriage.' In ,1854 she played at
the St. James*s Vanette in 'Honour before
Titles,* Joining- the Princess's company
under Charles Kean, she was on 16 Oct. 1856
Ilermla in 'A Midsummer Kilt's bream.'
Opi 1 July 1857 she was Ferdinand in the
* Tempest,' a curious experiment, said to have
"been- made for the first time. She was also
Began in 'Lear/ From the Princess's she
passed to the Strand, then and Iqrig after-
wards under the management of Mrs. Swan-
borough, whose son Arthur she married.
There she played Miss Wharton in Craven's

Post-boy 1 on 31 Get 1860 j original parts

.Liuv.' On tlio optMiin^ of the Court on
25 Jan, 1871 s\\t\ wna the first Mias Flam-
boyB in Mr, (lilhcrt'H ' HandalVs Thumb/
rtnd on yi) May tho lirwt l^Hlu^Ua in the same
author's adaptation of ' Great Expectations.'
A railway accident, of which she was a
victim, interrupt o,d hor career, depriving her
to sniuo oxt( i nt of inomory, She appeared^
Jiowcvor, at tho Lyotmm in 1879, in 'Book
tho Third, Chapter tho First.' She more
than once Hupportenl Mr, J. S, Clark as Mrs.
J-Uoomly in the ' Widow Hunt/ and was on
30 Oct. 1882 Mm Birkett in a revival at the
Criterion of * Hot-Hy/ Iu December 1$7^
a btuioiit was g'ivcti hor at Drury Lane,
wh<n H!IO ";>hiytui Constance in the 'Love
Chaw, 7 fehc" died on 9 April 1893, and
was buried in Hrompton comotory. Miss
Bul'ton'8 good looks und tall straight figtire
ma do her vovy acoiv.)rable in the heroes of
bnrloHqu, and in ',, onathan Wild/ * Paris/
''Toll, 1 and mich pi *., she enjoyed x&uclx
popularity. In comedy she never rose above
the second rank.

"Personal Kocolloctions ; Moray's Journal of
a Ijondon Playffo<w ; Otlo*fl Charles Kean ; Piis-
coo's Dnimatic Lint ; Scott; and Howard\s BUiu-
clitmi ; Rr Almmmclk, viwious yeara ; Sunday
Times, various yoar; Kra, 15 April 1893.]

J. K.

BULLED, QKO R(-Ui3 ( 1 810-1894), keeper
of the printed books in tlio Britiah Museum
library, born at Clonakilty, co, Cork, on
27 Nov. 1816, began active life as a master
at St. Olave's School, Southward In January
1888 he became supernumerary assistant in
the department ot printed books in the
British Museum, and thus inaugurated a
connection with the museum which lasted
for more than half a century* At the date
of his appointment the institution was enter-
ing 1 on a very important era in its career.
Pamzzi had just *ieen made keeper of the
printed books, the demolition of the old
ilontagu House was completed, and the
present buildings in Bloomsbury which had
been erected on its site were ready for the
reception of the library. Bullen's earliest
wori was to assist in the arrangement of the
books on the shelves in the new premises*
, In the following year he took .part in the

Bullen

333

Burgess

preparation of the catalogue of the library
which the trustees had resolved to print.
The only result of the scheme was, how-
ever, the publication in 1841 of a single
folio volume covering the letter A. To this
volume Bullen contributed the article on
Aristotle, which filled fifty-six columns and
embraced entries in every European language.
Forty years later the enterprise of printing
the museum catalogue was resumed, and
was then carried through successfully.

In 1849 Bullen was made a permanent
assistant in the library, and in 1850 senior
assistant. In 1866 he was promoted, in
succession to Thomas Watts [c . v.], to the
two offices of assistant keeper o:" the depart-
ment and superintendent of the reacing-
room. Bullen's genial temper gained him
a wide popularity while superintendent of
the reading-room. In 1875 he succeeded
Mr. W. B. 3,je in the higher office of keeper
of the printed books, and thus became chief
of the department which he had entered in
a subordinate position thirty-seven years
earlier. Bullen filled the office of keener
with efficiency till his retirement in 18-90,
During his fifteen years' reign the great task
of printing the museum catalogue was begun
in 1881, and in 1884 there was published
under his supervision the useful ' Catalogue
of the En -lish Books in the Library printed
before 164=0 ' (3 vols. 8vo). An index of the
printers and publishers whose productions
were noticed in the text is a valuable feature
of the work. Bullen retired from the keeper-
ship of printed books in 1890, and was suc-
ceeded ""iy Dr. Richard Garnett.

Although no scholar of a formal type,
Bullen was much interested in literary
research, and throughout his life he devoted
much time to literary work. He was long a
contributor to the 'Athenseum;' he wrote
articles in 1841 for the ' Biographical Dic-
tionary of the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge,' and he compiled in 1872
a * Catalogue of the Library of the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich.' His biblio-
graphical skill was probably displayed to
:>est advantage in his ' Catalogue 'of the
Library of the British and Foreign Bible
Society,' which appeared in 1857. In 1877
he helped to organise the Caxton celebra-
tion at South Kensington, and edited the
catalogue of books there exhibited.

In 1883 he arranged in the Grenville Li-
brary at the British Museum an exhibition
of printed books, manuscripts, portraits, and
medals illustrating the life of Martin Luther,
and prepared a catalogue with biographical
sketch. In 1881 he prefixed a somewhat un-
satisfactory introduction to a reproduction

by the Holbein Society of the editio princes
Sf * I *f rs Morieildi? (circa 1450) in tie
British Museum ; and in 1892 he edited a
facsimile reprint (in an issue limited to 350)
oi the copy, recently acquired by themuseum
ol the Sex quam Elegantissioue Epistote *
pi ttster Carmelianus, which Caxton printed
in 1483.

Bullen was a vice-president of the Library
Association, and took a prominent part in
manyof itsannualcongresses. He was elected
on 11 Jan. 1877 a fellow of the Society of
Antic uaries : the university of Glasgow con-
ferrec on him the honorary degree of LL.D.
in 1889 ; and he was created G.B. in 189o!
He died at his residence in Kensington on
10 Oct. 1894, and was buried in Highgate
cemetery on the loth. He was twice married.
Mr. A. H. Bullen, his second son by his first
wife, has edited many valuable reprints of
Elizabethan literature.

[Times, 13 Oct. 1894; Athenaeum, 13 Oct.
1894; personal knowledge.] S. L.

BURGESS, JOHN BAGNOLD (1829-
1897), painter of Spanish subjects, born at
Chelsea on 21 Oct. 1829, was the son of
Henry W. Bur -ess, landscape painter to
William 17, anc. author of a set of large
lithographic ' Views of the general Charac-
ter and Appearance of Trees, Foreign and
Indigenous/ published in 1827. He came
of a family which had followed art for
several generations. His grandfather was
William Burgess (1749 ?-!812) [q. v.], his
great-grandfather Thomas Burgess (Jt,
1786) [q. v.], and he was nephew of John
Cart Bur ;ess [q. v.l and Thomas Burgess
(1784P-1807) Iq. v.] He was sent to
Brompton Grammar School, then under Dr.
Mortimer, and, his father dying when the
son was ten years old, the direction of his
artistic education was undertaken by Sir
William Charles Ross [c . v.], the miniature
painter. Burgess as a cjild in arms forms
part of a family grouo by Eoss, now in the
possession of Mrs. Burgess. In 1848 he
went to Leigh's well-known art school in
Newman Street, Soho, where Edwin Longs-
den Long [q.v.] and Philip Hennogenes Calde-
ron [q. v. Suppl." were his fellow students.
In 18oO he exhibited a picture called ' In-
attention ' at the Eoyai Academy, and in
1851 he entered the Academy schools, where
he carried off the first-class medal for draw-
ing from the life. He exhibited *A Fancy
Sketch' at the Academvin 1852, from, which
year he was an ann.ua, contributor to its
exhibitions till his death.

Burgess began by painting portraits and
English genre r but did not make any great

Burgess

334

Burgess

mark before he went to S~)ain in 1858 to
visit some relatives at SevLle. IIo was ac-
companied by Long, -who was afterwards a
frequent follow traveller. From this time
forward for some thirty years Burgess visited
Spain annually, and devoted his life to the
study of Spanish life and character. Once
at least he went over to Morocco and made
sketches, but, with the exception of one or
two Moorish pictures and an occasional
portrait, the subjects of his pictures were
henceforth almost exclusively Spanish. The
first result of his visits to* the Peninsula
was a picture called ' Oastilian Alms-
giving,' which appeared at the Academy in
1859. His Spanish pictures attracted acme
attention, but his first great success was the

* Bravo Toro ' of 18G5. In this picture, an
in Hogarth's well-known engraving of * The
Laughing Audience,' we do not see the
spectacle, but only the spectators. Those
are of all classes and characters, and every
face is animated with the sudden emotion
aroused by some striking incident in a bull-
light. For vivid and various expression under
strong excitement, this picture stands out
distinctly from the rest of Burgess's works.
This work was followed by ' Selling Fans at
a Spanish Fair' (1806), 'The Studtmte of
Salamanca' (1867), and < Stolen b/ Gipsies'
(1868) (engraved by Lumb Stocks '~q. v/ and
C. Jeens for the Art Union) . Other pictures
sustained his reputation till 1873, when he
exhibited "The Rush for Water: Scene
during the Ramadan in Morocco,' which
was followed by another Moorish scene in
1874, The Presentation : English Ladies
visitinj a Moor's House.' Next year came

* The Barber's Prodigy,' a barber showing
his customers sketches made by his son.
The boy who sat for the * prodigy' was
Jos6 Villegfls, afterwards a famous artist.
' Licensing the Beggars: Spain' (afterwards
bought at a sale for 1,165J., the largest
price ever paid for a picture by Burgess,
and now in the gallery of Holloway
College), appeared in 1877, and Burgess
was elected an associate of the Iloyal Aca-
demy in the June of that year. It was not
till twelve years after this that his name
appeared in the catalo 'ue of the Academy as
ILA^ elect. Meanwaile he continued his
contributions, which were regular, but never
exceeded three in the year. Among those
of this period were some of his best pictures,
'The Letter-writer' (1882), /The Meal at
the Fountain: Spanish Mendicant Students 7
(1883), <The Scramble at the Wedding'
(1884), 'UnaLimosnitaper el Amor de Bios'
(1885), 'An Artist's Almsgiving' (1886),and

Making Cigarettes at Seville.' 'The

Lettor-writ w ' was engraved b v Lumb Stocks
lor the ArC, Union, and the 'Artist's Alma-
giving 'was TOiwontwl to the Reading Cor
porutiou (alaLoiy by the artist's widow in
accordance with 1m own request. The
artist in this picture is AlonzoCano, and his
'ahnKjTivmg' consists in making sketches
and giving thorn away to the poor. After
Ins election aa a full member of the Academy
Burgess painted, ainon^ other works, 'Free-
dom of the Proas * (his diploma work) (1890)
A Modern at. Francis ' ( 1 89 1 ), < Rehearsind
the MiBimnro, Spain ' (1894), and Students
reading prohibited Books' (1896). All
these wore scenes of Spanish life, but in his
last completed picture ho reverted to his
own country for his sublet, and painted
J A Mothers* JVlottt.mT in tie Country,' now
in the possession of lua widow (1897).

Though to tho last no failure of hand or
eye was observable in his paintings, his
health had for some time caused anxiety to,
his^ Frionds. He had from his youth
suffered from valvular disease of the heart,
which was hereditary, and this affection,
combined with pneumonia, was the cause
of his death. Tho knowledge of his heart
trouble had much influence on his life. It
was tho flub j net of grave consideration in
connection with his marriage, as no office
would insure his life. But while it made
him careful it did not prevent him from
enjoying a good deal of exercise. He used
to row at one poriod of his life, and in his
travels ho used to i rough it ' a good deal,
spending days with the Spanish peasantry,
living taoir life and sharing their food. As he
could not insure ho made a practice of laying
by a certain proportion of ais income, wita
the result that he was able to leave over
24,000i?, for his wife and fanuly.

He died on ISi Nov. 3897, at his house,
60 Pinchley Road, London, where he had
resided for the last fourteen years. His
loss was keenly felt by a large circle of
friends, to whom he was endeared by his
kindly, unassuming, and hospitable nature.
He was very popular in his profession, being
kind to young students, generous to rising
talent, and helpful to such local societies as
St. John's "Wood Art Club and the Hamp-
stead Art Society. He was buried on the
17th of the same month in the Paddington
Cemetery at Willesden, after a service at St.
Mark's, H amil ton Terrace. Burgess married,
in 1860, Sophia, daughter of Robert Turner
of Grantham, Lincolnshire.

Among the English painters of Spanish
subjects Wilkio, Lewis, Philip, Long, and
others, Burgess holds a very honourable place.
Whatever t'aeir relative rank as artists, there

Burgess

335

Burgon

was none of them who studied Spanish life
and character more deeply or with more
affection than Burgess. This is attested by
his pictures, but still more by his sketches.
These, nearly all of which are in the posses-
sion of his widow, are numerous and of great
variety. They are also distinguished by fine
draughtsmanship and finished beauty of exe-
cution. Though so industrious a^sketoher,
his finished pictures were comparativel? few.
In the course of twenty-eight years ('.850-
1897) he exhibited seventy-three pictures at
the Royal Academy, fifteen at the British
Institution, and thirty or forty at other ex-
hibitions. But his work was always care-
fully prepared and thoroughly executed. His
subjects were incidents in ordinary Spanish
life, telling tales of humour and pathos much
in the manner of Wilkie in his Scottish (not
Spanish) period, and he told them very well.
Taere is an admirable bust of Burgess by
Mr. Onslow Ford, R.A.

[Men of the Time ; Cat. of the Royal Aca-
demy ; Art Journal, vol. xxxii. ; Mag. of Art,
3882; Press notices, Times, Daily Graphic, &<?.,
especially in November 1897 ; private informa-
tion.] 0. M.

BURGESS, JOSEPH TOM (1828-1886),
antiquary, born at Cheshunt in Hertford-
shire on 17 Feb. 1828, was the son of a
bookseller at Hinckley, by his wife, a native
of Leicestershire. He was educated at Hinck-
ley at the school of Joseph Dare, and subse-
quently at the school o: 0. C. Nutter, the
Unitarian minister. While very young 1 he
became local correspondent of the * Leicester-
shire Mercury,' and for a short time was in a
solicitor's office in Northampton, but in 1843
he was engaged as reporter on the staff of
the f Leicester Journal/ and retained the post
for eighteen months. At the end of that
time he became a wood engraver at North-
ampton, and for some years divided his at-
tention between landscape painting, wood
engraving, literature, and journalism. In
1848 he went to London, but returned to
Northampton in 1850 to study the arts.

He had attained some proficiency as a
landscape painter when he agreed to accom-
pan-r Dr. David Alfred Doudney [q.v. Suppl.]
to Ireland to found a printing school at
Bonmahon. Subsequently, after a hasty
marriage, he became editor of the ' Clare
Journal ' for six years, distinguishing him-
self as a champion of industrial progress.
He also collected materials for a county
history, with the title ' Land of the Dalcas-
sians/ but, though well subscribed for, the
legendary part only was published, and was
speedily out of print.
In 1857 he removed to Bury, where he

undertook the editorshh of the * Bury Guar-
dian/ Six years later Se removed to Swin-
don and became editor of the l North "Wilts
Herald/ The 'Herald* came to an end
in the following year, and Burgess, who had
suffered serious pecuniary loss, removed to
Leamington in April 1865, where for thir-
teen years he was editor of the * Leamington
Courier.' In 1878 he accepted a more lucra-
tive appointment as editor of ' Burrows's
Worcester Journal/ and of the ' "Worcester
Daily Times.' Five years later, on the failure
of his health, he removed to London,

he snent three years, chiefly in researches at
the British Museum. He died in the Warne-
ford Hospital, while on a visit to Leaming-
ton, on 4 Oct. 1886. On 1 June 1876 he was
elected a fellow of the Society of Anti-
quaries. He was twice married, his second
wife being Emma Daniell of Uppingham,
whom he married in 1863.

Among other works Burgess was the
author of: 1. 'Life Scenes and Social
Sketches,' London, 1862, 8vo, 2. 'Anglm ,:
a Practical Guide to Bottom-fishing, Troll-
ing, &c./ London, 1867, 8vo; revised by
Mr. Robert Bright Marston, 1895. 3. ' Old
English Wild blowers,' London, 1868, 8vo.
4. ' Harrv Hope's Holidays/ London, 1871,
8vo. 5. 'The Last Battle of the Roses/ Lea-
mington, 1872, 4to. 6. 'Historic Warwick-
shire/ London, 1876, 8vo; 2nd edit., with
memoir by Joseph Hill, Birmingham, 1892-
1893, 8vo. 7. * Dominoes, and how to play
them/ London, 1877, 8vo. 8. ' A Handbook
to Worcester Cathedral/London, 1884, 16mo.
9. 'Elnots, Ties, and Splices: a Handbook
for Seafarers, 1 London, 1884, 8vo.

[Memoir prefixed to Historic Warwickshire,
1892; Leamington Spa Courier, 9 Oct. 1886.]

BURGOS', JOHN WILLIAM (1813-
1888), dean of Chichester and author, son
of Thomas Burgon, was born on 21 Aug.
1813 at Smyrna. His great-aunt, Mrs. Jane
Baldwin nee Maltass (1763-1839), knew Dr.
Johnson, and was painted by Pyne, Cosway,
and Reynolds, the last portrait being now xn
the possession of the Marquis ofLansdowne
at Bowood (see Gent. Mag. 1839, iL 656);
her husband was George Baldwin [q. v.]

Burgon's father, THOMAS BTJBGON (lr 87-
1858), a Turkey merchant and member ot the
court of assistants of the Levant Company,
removed from Smyrna to England m 1814,
and settled in Brunswick Scuare. His busi-
ness suffered severely in 1826, when the
Levant Company lost its monopoly, and col-
lapsed altogether in 1841; he was subse-
quently employed in the coin department of
the British Museum, which had been en-

Burgon

336

Burgon

riched by the results of his excavations in
Meloa, and to which hift collection of Greek
antiquities was now sold. ^ He was a groat
collector and connoisseur of ancient art, mid
was especially learned in all that related to
coins. l!n 1813 he discovered at Athens one
of the most ancient vases known, which wa
named after him (WoBnswQRTii, Grew, od,
188iJ ; pp. 31-3). He died on 28 Aug. 1858
(see AtJienawn, 11 Sept. 1858), and WJXM
buried in Holy well cemetery, Oxford. lie
married Catharine Marguerite (1700-1854),
daughter of the Chevalier Ambrose Her-
mann de Cramer, Austrian consul at Smyrna,
by Sarah, daughter of William Maltasfl, an
English inerciant of Smyrna (Standard,
16 March 18952 ; Note* and Queries, 8th flor.
i. 292). Bean Goulburn, in his 'Life* of
Burgon, suggests that possibly she hadQrw.k
blood in her veins; but there is no covrobo ra-
tion for tho hypothesis. By her Burgon had
issue two sons and fleveral (laughters, of
whom Sarah Caroline married Henry John
Hose [q. v,"|, and Emily Mary married Charles
Longuct Ili^gins [q[. v.]

John William was the elder of tho two
sons, and was only a few months old when
the family returned to England. On the
way they stayed at Athons, whore their
frie'ndjGhorles Robert Cockuroll [q. v,], carried
the infant up the Acropolis, and playfully
dedicated him to Athene. At the ago of
eleven Burgon was sent to a private school
at Putney, kept by a brother of Alarm Alex-
ander Watts [q, v!] Thence in 1 82H he wont
to a private school at Blackhcath, and in
18^9-30 ho attended classus at London Uni-
versity, afterwards University College, In
the latter year, in spitu of his cleHiro to outer
the church, ho was taken int.o his iathor'n
counting-house, Jle inherited his lather's
love of archaeology, and in 1833 he published
a *M6moire sur lea Vases I'anathonaii UPS par
le Chevalier P.O. Boasted, traduit ue V An-
glais par J. W. Burgon' (Paris, 4 to), lie
corresponded with Joseph Hunter [<|. v,] on
Shakespeare, thought he had discovered a
clue to the sonnets, and wrote an essay on
the subject which he did not publish. Among
the Burgons 7 friends were Thomas Leverton
Donaldson [c. v.], the architect, Charles
Bobert Leslie^q. v.], the painter, and Samuel
Rogers (CrAYi>w, Itogers and his Contem-
poraries, ii. 240, 241). At Rogors's house
joun^* Burgon met Patrick Eraser Tytler
-I- Y --. whose friendship he further culti-
vated in the state paper oilico, and whose
life he wrote under the title ' Portrait of a
Christian Gentleman : a Memoir of P. F.
Tytler' (London, 1859, 8vo; 2nd edit, same
year)..

In IHWi the lord mayor of London offered
a prizo for tho b(vst esway on Sir Thomas
(* roBliam. Burton thereupon began a work
which wow tho prixts in J830; "this deve-
loped into bin < Ufi> and Times of Sir Thomas
Gresluun' (London, IHHS), 2 vola, 8vo) a
valuable book basod upon laborious researches
into original authori ( uw, 1 )uring the course
of thoHo WHoarohort ho visited Oxford, which
ho doHCribod an < an infernally ill-governed
place, 1 and Hullorwl much from librarians
whom ho denounced as ' knowing and de-
siring to know nothing of what was under
their charge' In 1HJ57 ho won the prize for
a song givnn by the Melodists 1 Club, and in
18)50 ho Iwgan contributing to the 'New
Utmm'iil Biographical Dujtio'nary/ edited by
IUH brothor-in-law, Honry John Hose, His
lathor'a failurt^ in IK 11 J^ffc him free, with
tho financial aid of his friond, Dawson
Turner [q. v.J, to carry out his intention of
taking orders, atul on 21 Oct. in that year
ho imitrioulutrd, at tho ago of twenty-eight,
from WoreoMtnr (\>llog(, Oxford, fie gra-
duated B.A, witli a Hitcond claws m lit. hum.
in 18-1-5, an<l in th( flamo yiwr won the
Nowdigato with a jxwrn on ' Potra' (Oxford,
1845, Hvo; i!nd odit t , with a low additional
pooms, 1H-10), In IK47 ho won the Ellerton
theological *)mo y and tho Dtniyor theological
")rixo iu I Ho I. 11 o was elected iollow of
"Driol in 1840, graduated M.A. in 1848, and
wafl ordained deacon on 21 Dec, 1848, and
prioBt on ii-'J Dee. 1840, From ^5 Fob, 1849
to LH) March 1850 he waa curate of West
ILsloy, BorkHhiro, in 1850 1 of Worton in
OxlbrdHhire,and from 1851 to 10 June 1853
of Fimnoro in thn Maine* county.

On Itis rolurn to Ox iordliurgon devoted
himself to literary work, and in 1R56 pro-
duced ' Ilirttoviwil NoticoH of tho Colleges of
Oxford/ which formed tho letterpress for
Henry Shaw's * AruiH of the Colleges of Ox-
ford' '(Ox ford, 1K5B, 4lo). For throe months
in 18(K) h<\ took charge^ of the English con-
$ rogation at Homo, to which he dedicated
-ius 'LettorH from Homo 1 (London, 1862,
Hvo). From 8optorol>or 1861 ( to July 1862
] turmoil WIIB abwmt on a tour in 33gy7^ the
Sinaitic pcwiinsula, and Palestine. On 16 Oct*
1HGS ho was prtssontiul to th vicarage of St.
Mary's, Oxford, whoro ho revived t'ae after-
noon servlcoH instituted hy Newman. In
1804 he dc'dined an oHor front Bishop Phill-
notts of Ext(*r of tho princbalship of the
ihoolopical eollogc at Pketor, "jut in Decem-
ber 1867 he accepted the ( \ roBham nrpfessor-
shh of divinity, which did not oblige him
to -oavo Oxford, Then* lUirgon was a lead-
ing champion of lot causes and impossible
beliefs; but the vehemence of his advocacy

Burgon

337

Burgon

somewhat impaired its effect. A high church-
man of the old school, he was as opposed to
ritualism as he was to rationalism, and every
form of liberalism he abhorred. In 1869 he
denounced from St. Mary's pulpit the dis-
establishment of the Irish church as 'the
nation's formal rejection of God;' and he
was even more scandalised by the appoint-
ment of Dr. Temple (now archbishop of
Canterbury) to the bishopric of Exeter in
the same year. In 1872 he led the opposi-
tion to the appointment of Dean Stan_ev as
select preacher before the university, and he
strenuously advocated the retention of the
Athanasian creed in its entirety. He ob-
"ected to the new lectionary of 1879, and so
Long as he lived wap-ed war on the revised
version of the New Testament. In 1871 he
had published "The last twelve Verses of
the (Gospel according to St. Mark vindicated'
(Oxford, 8vo), and when the revisers indi-
cated their doubts of the authority of these
verses by placing them in brackets, Bur;on
attacked them for this and other delin-
quencies in the ' Quarterly Review ;' his ar-
ticles were renublished as 'The Revision
Revised' (London, 1883, 8vo), Burgon de-
voted much time to textual criticism, and
his two posthumous works, ' The Traditional
Text of the Holy Gospels vindicated and
established/ and ' Causes of the Corruption
of the Traditional Text' (both edited by the
Rev. Edward Miller, and published London,
1896, 8yo), are considered the most thoron -h
exposition of ultra-conservative views on tae
su jject.

fn university politics Bur 'on was equally
reactionary^ he opposed the abolition of tests,
the admission of unattached students, and
attacked the lod ;ur'-house system on the
ground that it a. forced facilities for immo-
rality. The university commissions of 1850-
1854 and 1877-81 he denounced as irreli-
gious; he had been nominated a commis-
sioner on the latter body, but the conserva-
tive government was compelled to withdraw
his name in face of the opposition it evoked
both in the House of Lords and in the
House of Commons. The election of Miss
Eleanor Elizabeth Smith [see under SMITH,
HENRY JOHN STEPHEN] to the first Oxford
school board in 1870 was made the occasion
of a sermon, in which Burgon deplored the
appearance of women on public bodies, and
in a sermon Breached in New College chapel
on 8 June 1884 he denounced the education
of * young women like young men * as * a
thing inexpedient and immodest;' the occa-
sion was the admission of women to uni-
versity examinations (29 April 1884). On
the other hand, Burgon strongly urged the
VOL, i, STTP,

importance of a more systematic study of
ancient and mediaeval art, and successfully
advocated the establishment of a school of
theology in 1855.

On 1 Nov. 1875 Disraeli offered Burgon
the deanery of Chichester, in succession to
Walter Farquhar Hook [c. v.l He accepted
it, and was installed on J9 Jan. 1876. By
his retirement from. Oxford Burgon lost
some of his prominence, and his relations
with Ms chapter were, largely owing to his
brusquerie, often somewhat strained. He
devoted himself to theological studies and
literary work, and in 1888, shortly before
his death, completed his most popular work,
'The Lives of Twelve Good Men* (London,
1888, 2 vols. 8vo), which has gone through
many editions. Burgon died Unmarried at
the deanery, Chichester, on 4 Aug. 1888;
his remains were conveyed to Oxford on the
10th, and buried in Holywell cemetery on
the llth (Times, 6 and 13 Aug. 1888), wjere
also were buried his father, mother, two
sisters, and a brother ; besides the monument
in Holywell cemetery, a memorial window
to Burgon was erected in 1891 in the west
window .of the nave of St. Mary's, Oxford,
Two portraits, reproduced from photographs,
are -Drefixed to the two volumes of Lean
GouTburn's ' Life of Dean Burgon' (London,
1892, 2 vols. 8va).

Besides the works mentioned above, nume-
rous single sermons, mostly of a controversial
character, and contributions to Rose's * New
Biographical Dictionary/ the * Gentleman's
Magazine,' and other periodicals, Burgon
was author of: 1. * Ninety Short Sermons
for Family Beading,' 1855, 8vo ; 2nd ser.
1867, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. * Inspiration and In-
terpretation ; seven Sermons. . .being an
answer to* . . "Essays and Keviews, Ox-
ford, 1861, 8vo. 3- * Poems, 1847 to 187S/
London, 1885, 8vo. He alao contributed an
introduction to Sir Geor -e Gilbert Scott's

* Recollections,' 1879, and. left voluminous
collections on his family history which he
called 'Parentalia/ journals, and sixteen
volumes of indexes to the fathers, and several
unfinished theological works, including a
' Harmony of the Gospels.' Many of his
letters are printed in Dean Goulburn's * Life
of Burgon.

- [Goulburn's Life of Burgon, 1892, 2 TO!. ;
Burgon's Worts in Brit. Museum Library; lid-
don's Life of Pusey; Prothero's Life of Dean
Stanley ; Davidson and Benham's Life of Arch-
bishop Tait ; Dean Church's Oxford Movement ;
Thomas Modey's EeminisceEces ; Tuckwell's
Beminiscences of Oxford, 1900 ; Campbell and
Abbott's Life of Jowett ; Grockfor6?s Clerical
Direct. 1888 ; Poster's Alumni Oxon. 17 15-1886;

Burke

338

Burke

Times, 6 and 13 Aug. 1888; Athonomm, 1888
ii 194; Ghaardian, 1888, ii. 1164; Notes and
Queries, 3rd ser. vi. 15, 7th ser. vi. 120, 8thser<
i. 186, 303, 392, 469.] A. F. P.

BUHKE, SIB JOHN BEKNA.RD (1814-
1892), genealogist and Ulster king-at-arms,
born in London on 5 Jan. 1814, was the
second son of John Burke [q. v.] by his wile
and cousin, Mary (d. 1846), daughter of
Bernard O'Reilly of Ball/morris, co. Long-
ford. His elder brother Peter is separate y
noticed. John Bernard was educated at tin
academy in Chelsea kerat by Robert Archi-
bald Armstrong [c, v." and then, being a
Roman catholic, at "3aen College, Normandy,
where he distinguished himself in Greek
composition, Latin poetry, and mathematics.
On SO Dec. 1835 he entered as a student at
the Middle Temple, where he was called to
the bar on 25 Jan. 1839. At the bar he ac-
quired a good practice in peerage and genea-
logical cases, and his leisure from 1840
onwards he occupied in assisting his father
in the publication of his genealogical works,
which Tie continued on his own account after
his father's death in 1848.

In December 1863 Burke was appointed
Ulster king-of-arms in Ireland in succession
to Sir William Betham [q. vA and on
22 Feb. 1854 he was knighted. In 1856 he
succeeded Earl Stanhope as keeper of the
state papers in Ireland. In this capacity
he did good work in arranging the caaoUc
manuscripts in Bermingham r -ower, and in
1866 he was sent by government to Paris to
study and report on the Prench record
system. His voluminous report led to the
passing of the Record Act in that year and
to various reforms in the methods of pre-
serving state papers. In 1862 he was created
honorary LL.D. of Dublin University, in
1868 he was made C.B., and in 1874 he
became a governor of the National Gallery
of Ireland. ,1-Ie continued to perform his
duties as Ulster kinf-of-arms and knight-
attendant upoii the orc^er of St. Patrick until
his death on 12 Dec. 1892 at his residence,
Tullamaine House, in Upper Leeson Street,
Dublin. He was buried on the 15th in the
family vault in Westland-row Roman ca-
tholic chapel, Dublin (Freeman's Journal,
16 Dec. 1832),

Burke married, on 8 Jan. 1866, Barbara
Frances, second daughter of James MacEvoy
of Tobertynan, co. fleath, and by her, who
died on 15 Jan. 1887, had issue one daughter
and seven sons, of whom the eldest, E.enry
Farnham Burke, F.S.A., is Somerset herald;
and the fourth, Ashworth Peter Burke, has
continued editing his father's works.
Burke's best-known work was done on

editions of his father's books; the
^ w,*ng 9 was ammally re-edited under his
supervision from 1 84-7 to his death. Various
improvements aud^ greater detail were gra-
dually introduced into the work, but it con-
tinued to be marred to some extent by the
readiness with which doubtful pedigrees
were accepted and impleaaing facts in family
histories excluded (cf. ROUND, Peerage and
Family History, 1901, passim). The same
criticism applies to the 'Landed Gentry/
which he eclitocl from its third edition (1843
and 1849, 2 vols.) to the seventh edition in
1886 ; the eighth edition was completed by
his sons and appeared in 1894 (see Fotes and
Queriw, 8th Her. vi. 21 , 155, 235). In 1883 he
brought out a revised edition of his father's
1 Extinct and Dormant Peerage ' (1840 and
1846), and in 1878 and 1883 revised editions
of the ' General Armoury of England, Scot-
land, and Ireland.' Editions of his father's
* Royal Families of England, Scotland, and
Wales ' appeared in 1 855 and 1876, and a
supplement to his 'Heraldic Illustrations'
in 1851.

The moro important of Burke's own works
were : 1. ' The koll of Battle Abbey/ 1848,
16mo. 2. < Historic Landn of England/ 1848,
Svo. 3, 'Anecdotes of the Aristocracy/
1849-50, 4 vols, 8vp ; new and revised eci-
tion entitled * The Romance of the Aristo-
cracy/ London, 1855, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. * Visi-
tation of Seats and Arms/ London, 1852-
1854, 3 vols. Svo, 5. * Family Romance/ Lon-
don, 1853, a vols. 12mo; 3rd edit, 1860, 8vo,
6. 'The Book of the Orders of Knighthood/
London, 1858, Bvo. 7. 'Vicissitudes of
Families/ 1st ser. 1859, Svo ; 3rd edit. 1859,
and 5th edit, 1861 ; 2nd ser, two editions in
1861 ; 3rd ser. 1863 ; remodelled editions of
the whole, 2 vole. 1869, 1883, 8. 'The
Rise of Great Families/ London, 1873, 8vo;
another edit, 1882, 9. ' The Book of Pre-

cedence/London, 1881, 8vo. 10. ' Genea-
logical and Hwaldic History of the Colonial
Gentry/ London, 1891, Svo. Burke also
continued from March 1848 to edit the
'Patrician ' (1846, &c. 6 vols,), and in 1850
edited the ' St. James's Magazine (1 vol.
only).

[Burke's Works in Brit, Mus. Libr.; Dublin
Univ. Ma?. 1876, p> Hi-24 (with portrait);
Foster's len at the Bar; Men of the C^rao, 13th
edit.; Times, 14 Dec. 1892 ; Spectator, 24 Dec.
1892; Freeman's Journal, 14 and 16 Dec. 1892;
Dublin Daily Express, 14 and 16 Dec. ; Burke s
Peerage and Landed Gentry, 1899.]

BUBJECE, ULTOK BALPH (1845-1895),

Spanish scholar, eldest son of Charles Gronby
Burke (b. 1814), of St. Philips, Dublin,

Burke

339

Burn

master of the court of common pleas in but he rapidly changed his destination and
Ireland, by his first wife, Emma (d. 1869), embarked for Lima upon one of the Pacific
daughter of Ralph Creyke of Marton, York- Steam Navigation Company's vessels. Dur-
shire, was born at Dublin on 21 Oct. 1845. ing the voya -e he fell a victim to dysentery
Sir Thomas John Burke (1813-1875), the and died on .. June 1895. He married, on
third baronet of Marble Hill, co. Galway, 9 July 1868, Katherine, daughter of John
was his uncle. Ulick was educated at Bateman [q. v. Suppl.], and had issue one
Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated son and two daughters.
B.A. in 1867; he had previously been Burke's quality as a Spanish scholar is best
entered as a student of the Middle Temple exhibited in his charming little recueil of
on 28 Jan. 1865, and he was called to the * Sancho Panza's Proverbs. 1 This was first
bar on 10 June 1870. A tour in Spain led published in 1872, re-issued by Pickering in
him, on his return, to bring out a pleasant a limited edition with numerous corrections
little volume containing an annotated col- and improvements in 1877 as ' Spanish Salt/
lection of the proverbs that occur in ' Don and again under the original title in 1892.
Quixote.' Thenceforth his interests were to He put equally <-ood work into his notes
a large extent concentrated upon the Spanish and glossary for Borrow^ ' Bible in Sr>ain,'
language, literature, and history. He went whic:i were completed by Burke's friend, Mr.
out to India in 1873 and practised as a Herbert W.Greene, and issued with Murray's
barrister at the high court of the North- 1899 edition of Sorrow's book
West Provinces till 1878. While there he 'Times, 20 and 30 July 1895 ; Athenaeum, 27
put together a short biography of Gonzalo Ju.y 1895; Dublin Graduates ; Foster's Men at
de Cordova, to which he gave the title * The the Bar and Baronetage ; Burke's Landed G-en-
Great Captain: an eventful Chapter in try,s.v. 'Bateman'; Debrett's Baro
Spanish History ; ' this was brought out by Burke's Works in Brit. Mus, Lib.]
the Society for Promoting Christian Know-
ledge in 1877. On his return to England
Burke -published two novels, ' Beatin the
Air' (1479) and 'Loyal and Lawless' (1880).
In 1880 he unsuccessfully contested Calne
in the conservative interest. Subsequently

try, s.v. ' Bateman ^ Debrett's Baronetage, 1875 ;
_ _ . _ , , .. , T, S.

BURN, JOHN SOUTHERDEN(1799?-
1870), antiquary, born in 1798 or 1799,
qualified as a solicitor in 1819, when he
began to practise at 11 Staples Tnn, Hoi-
born. In 1820 he removed to 11 Bang's

n e con . .

a journey to Brazil led to his writing, in Bench Walk, Temple L and in 1822 to 27 King

conjunction with Robert Staples, a volume Street, Cheapside. In the foHo wing year he

to which was given the name ' Business and entered into a partnership with bamuei

Pleasure in Brazil,' a gracefully written book Wood-ate Durrant, which lasted .ton 1838,

ll illustrates his ift of observation, whence removed to 25 , TokenLouae lad.

which well illustrates his gift of observation, when ^e removed to 30 , loKeniwuae larcu

From 1885 to 1889 he was practising his His professional pursuits frequently arfordmg

profession at the bar in Cyprus. After that him the perusal of parish register, he com-

Se acted as clerk of the peace, co. Dublin, menced a collection of mis^Uaneous par-

and registrar of quarter sessions. He con- ticulars concerning them. Finding that no

sfr!f^^B rans2as
sfftofflftLssasaa MSKWvSKa

volumes, at which he had been working for A seco ,^, ed j tlon .?JPf ^^i^o^ the

was just setting out on a holiday in Spain, 1836. IntJ

Burne~~ones

340

Burne-"ones

to the commission for inquiring 1 into non-
parochial registers, a post which he retained
until 1841. In that year lie removed to
1 Copthall Court, Throgmorton Street, and
entered into a partnership with Stacey
Grimaldi and Henry Edward Stables, -which
lasted until 1847, when Grimaldi retired.
In 1854 a new partner, Charles Taylor "Ware,
joined the firm, but in the following year,
after Stablest death on 13 Oct., Burn retired
from practice.

In. 1846 he issued his most important
work, ' The History of the French, Walloon,
Dutch, and other Foreign Protestant Re-
in *ees settled in England ' (London, 8vo),
waich he compiled chiefly from the registers
of their places of worship. The work ia little
more than a series of disjointed notes on the
subject, but it contains a -valuable historical
summary of the facts contained in the docu-
ments in the possession of the foreign con-
grejations in England.

After retiring from the practice of law,
Burn went to reside at The Grove at Henley,
and in 1861 he published 'A History of
Henley on Thames' (London, 4to), a work
of much research. In 1865 he produced
'The High Commission ' (London, 4to), de-
dicated to Sir Charles George Young [q, v.],
which consisted of a collection of notices of
the court and its procedure drawn from
various sources. Early in 1870 ho issued a
similar but more elaborate work on 'The
Star Chamber,' which also contained some
additional notes on the court of high com-
mission.

Burn died at The Grove, Henley, on
15 June 1870. Besides the works already
mentioned, he edited e The Marriage and
Registrations Acts (6 and 7 William IV),'
London, 1836, 12mo.

[Burn's Works j Law Lists ; Notes and
Queries, 4th ser. v. 611.] E. I, C.

BURNE-JONES, SIB EDWARD
COLBY (1833-1898), first baronet, painter,
and at one time A.E.A., waa born in Bir-
mingham on 28 Aug. 1833. The name

Burne' was really a baptismal name, but
was^ adopted as part of the surname for con-
venience' sake, when it had -long been identi-
fied in the public mind with the work of
the painter, His father, a man of Welsh
descent, was Edward Richard Jones ; the
maiden name of his mother (who died when
he was born) was Elizabeth Coley. In
1844 he entered King Edward's School, Bir-
mingham, while James Prince Lee [q. v."
was head-master. Few records remain OL
his school days. It is known that he was
not strong enough to play games ; that he

dolig'htodm poetry and especially in Ossian-
and that, a though he iecame celebrated,
among the boys for drawing 'devils' he
showed none of Millaia's precocity in art
After passing through the usual school rou-
tine he matriculated in 1852 from Exeter
College,, Oxford, with the intention of taking
orders in the church of England. But
though ho WIIH touched by the ecclesiastical
spirit of the ])hic, and used to attend the
daily services at St. Thomas's, he seems to
have felt no roal vocation Ibr the clerical
career; for, on the one hand, on the outbreak
of the Crimean war he was extremely anxious
to enter the army, and,on the other, his friend-
ship with another Exoter undergraduate also
of Welsh nationality, William Morris "q.v.
Suppl.], who waa independently experiencing
a like change of feeling, very soon led him
away from the paths of divinity to those of
literature and art. The story of this friend-
ship and Its results has been told at length in
Mr. MackaiVs c Life ol' William Morris.' It
will fuillieo hero to say that the two Exeter
undergraduates, together with a small group
of Birmingham men at Pembroke College
and elsewhere, speedily formed a very close
and intimate society, which they called ' The
Brotherhood/ Among its members were
11. W. Dixon and Edwin Hatch, William
Fulford (afterwards editor of the * Oxford
and Cambridge Magazine 1 ), and Oormeli
Price of Brasenoao, afterwards head-master
of the college of Westward Ho, and among
the most intimate of Burnc-Jonos's lifelong
friends. The brotherhood was stirred by a
little * Romantic Movement ' of its own; it
read Iluskin and Tennyson; it visited
churches, worshipped the middle ages, and
finally founded tho magazine just mentioned,
which is now almost" as much prized by
votaries of English Pre-Raphaelitism as
' Tho Germ ' itself.

At that time neither Burne- Jones nor
Morris knew Rossotti personally, but both
were much influenced ~jy certain illustra-
tions signed "by the elder painter ; and the
impulse derived from these was strengthened
by opportunity afforded of seeing and study-
ing the pictures of Mr. Combe, at that time
head of the Clarendon Press an enthusias-
tic collector of works by the Pre-Eaphaelites.
At Mr. Combe's house Burne-Jones saw some
at least of the pictures, now given to the uni-
versity galleries and to Keble College, which
were disturbing old prejudices, and arousing
the passionate admiration of certain enthu-
siasts of the day: Holman Hunt's * Light
of the World,' Mxllais's * Return of the Dove
to the Ark/ and Rossetti's c Birthday of
Beatrice/ These things and Ruskin, and a

Burne-~ones

341

Burne-'ones

journey among French cathedrals, quietly
proved too strong to be resisted ; and by
1855 the desire to become an artist had, in
Burne-Jones's mind, crystallised into a re-
solve, He came up to London while still
an undergraduate, was introduced by Mr.
Vernon Lushington to Rossetti, was by him
persuaded to abandon the thought of return-
ing to Oxford, and at once began to learn to
paint. Although we hear very little of any
preliminary attempts or of any lessons from
drawing- masters, it is certain that Burne-
Jones already showed many of the deve-
loped gifts of an artist. For in February
1857, not much more than a year after their
acquaintance began, Rossetti writes to Wil-
liam Bell Scott, 'Two young men, projec-
tors of the " Oxford and Cambridge Maga-
zine," have recently come up to town from
Oxford, and are now very intimate friends
of mine. Their names are Morris and Jones.
They have turned artists instead of taking
up any other career to which the university
generally leads, and both are men of real
genius. Jones's designs are marvels of finish
and imaginative detail, unequalled- by any-
thing- unless perhaps Albert Diirer's finest
works' (W. B. SCOTT, Memoirs, ii. 37).
During the year which preceded this letter,
Burne-Jones, although not actually a pupil
of Rossetti, had been constantly present in
his studio in Blackfriars ; had watched him
working, and had experienced to the full his
truly magnetic influence. It is not surprising,
then, that his earliest works are little else
than echoes, but rich and resonant echoes,
of Rossetti ; such a drawing, for instance, as
that of ' Sidonia von Bork/ though executed
four years later, might almost pass for one of
Rossetti's own achievements. From these
early years there survive a certain number
of works in various media ; tjie eauliest is a
pen drawing of ' The W&xen Ima -e^ (1856),
and in the next year come four cesigns for
stained lass executed for the chapel at
Bradfielc.. That autumn was given to Ox-
ford, and to the heroic but ' piecemeal and
unorganised ' attempt- to adorn the Union
debating-room with irescoes, of whichBurne-
Jones contributed ' N-imue and Merlin.' In
1858 we find him painting some decorations
in oil for a cabinet, and characteristically
choosing an illustration from Chaucer j and
in 1859, together with various pen drawings,
and the beginning of the- water-colour of
1 The Annunciation/ comes the well-known
St. Frideswide's window in Christ Church
Cathedral, Oxford. A crowded and elabo-
rate design like this last shows already an
immense advance ; and from about the same
year we have an example of. Burne-Jones's

now remarkable, if here and there faulty,
draughtsmanship in the large pen drawing
of * The Wedding of Buondehnonte,' a mas-
terpiece of its kind. From this time, how-
ever, it is somewhat difficult to date the
stages of his progress, on account of the
habit, well known to his friends, and noticed
by all his biographers, of beginning several
pictures or series of pictures at the same
time, taking them up as fancy might suggest,
and sometimes leaving them for years un-
finished. It is well to remember, as Mr.
Malcolm Bell reminds us, that 'the great
" Wheel of Fortune/' designed in 1871, was
be -un in 1877, but was not finished till
1883. . . . The Feast of Peleus/' begun in
1872,was finished in 1881 ; the " Laus Yeneris "
was begun, in 1873, but not finished till
1888.' A still more notable instance is the
'Briar Rose ' series, of which the first designs
were made in 1869, while the finished
pictures, which did not differ in any very
striking way from the early drawings, were
not exhibited till 1890.

Up to 1859 Burne-Jones and Morris prac-
tically lived and worked to -ether, their home
for some time from 1856 being some rooms
at 17 Red Lion Square. Morris married in
1859, and next year went to live at Red
House, Bexley Heath, a little J Palace of
Art/ as. the friends called it, to which Burne-
Jenes contributed no small part of the decora-
tion. In June 1660 he himself married
Georgiana, one of the five daughters of the
Rev. G. B. Macdonald, a Weslevau minister,
at that time of Manchester; of the remain-
ing daughters one- is Lady Poynter, while
another is the wife of Mi. J. L. Kipling,
and mother of Mr. Rudyard Kipling. For
some time after his marriage Burne-Jones
lived in Russell Place, Fitzroy Square, and
afterwards in Great Russell Street, Blooms-
bury; in 1864 he migrated to Kensington
Square, and three years later to the Grange,
North End Road, West Kensington, where
he continued to live for over thirty years,
and where he died. It was at the Grange
that all- his great works were painted, or at
least completed ; for, as we have seen, many
of the greatest of them had been planned
in earlier days. But for several years after
his establishment here Burne-Jones was
hardly known at- all to the world, even to
the world of art. He exhibited small water-
colours indeed m the rooms of the 'Old*
Society, of which he had been elected an
associate in 1*863 (he withdrew from it for
a time, in company with Sir Frederic Bur-
ton [q. v,i Supply many years later) ; but
his oil pictures were not yet seen in public;
his- stained windows generally passed under

Burne-~ones

342

Burne~~oucs

the name of Morris, who executed thorn;
at that time he cared nothing for what is
commonly called society, and in fact he bade
fair to pass unnoticed among a generation
which displayed little curiosity about its
artists. The dedication to him of Mr. Swin-
burne's 'Poems and Ballads' in 1867 intro-
duced his name to the literary class ; but at
this period it may almost be said that thoro
was only one buyer of Burno- Jones's work,
though he was an enthusiastic one. This
was William Graham of Grosvonor Place,
well known as a collector of early Italian pic-
tures and of the works of the English Pre-
Raphaelites and of their artistic descendants*
Ho was the purchaser of several water-
colours, of the ' Chant d'Amour/ the * Days
of Creation,' the ' Heguiling of Merlin/ and of
many other pictures by BurnorJonoK. After
the owner's death, at the $ale in May 1886,
the great prices which wore realised by those
pictures ?ave the first visible proof that
wealthy English people had learnt to admire
the great imaginative) pain tor. Mr. Graham
and his family were also close personal frioncls
of the artist. Burner Jones introduced Jitia-
kin to Mr. Graham, and K-ualdn and KoHsetti
were fellow-visitors with Hume-Jones at Mr.
Graham's house. There Bume-Jones often
talked of art and literature with rare genius,
versatility, humour, and information.

It was at the opening of the Gwwvonor
Gallery in 1877 that iiurne-Jonfia's work
was practically tot introduced to the groat
world. The throe pictures last named were
his principal contri iution, and they made a
-srocigious impression. The Philistines dis-
Jked them, of course, but by this time the
educated public had been sufficiently pre
pared for a poetical and unconventional art j
the literary class was captured ; the organs
of public opinion were mostly not hostile.
Very different indeed was the reception ao
corded to Burne-Jones from that which had
.greeted the. young Millais and Holman Hunt
a quarter of 'a century before ; for in the inter-
val not only fca<J the common views about
painting been greatly shaken by the writings
of Ruskin, but the poems of William Morns
audRossettihadwon acceptance, with a large
class of readers, for the sentiments which
find expression m Burne- Jones's pictures.
Burin the years of the existence of tie Gros-
venor Gallery, 1877-1887 and in, the annual
exhibitions of its successor, the iW Gallery,
Burae-Jones's work formed the centre of
attraction. It was at one or other of these
rooms that he exhibited, besides the pictures
already mentioned, the 'Mirror of Venus'
(1877), the ' Pygmalion ' series (1879), the
' Golden Stairs* (1880), the < Wheel of For-

time ' ( 1 88,1), < King Oophotua and theBe
Maid ' (1884), 'The Garden of Pan' fl&
and a score of othor pictures which at once
"became celebrated, together with a number
of very individual portraits, amon? which
that ot the paintor'n daughter is peoaps the
best remembered. A still more striking
SUCCOMR was attained by the ' Briar Rose 7
florioB, when tho four large pictures which
compose it wore exhibited by Messrs. Agnew
at their gal lory in Bond Street in June
1800, Bath hum and in various great
towns those four splendid illustrations of
tho old fairy talc of 'The Sleeping Beauty'
wove visited by crowds, and the sentiment,
deaift-n, and colour of those pictures may
fairly bo said to have overwhelmed all criti-
cal opposition, l<Vom M osflrs. Agnew they
passed into tho poHKOHHion of Mr, Alexander
Jendemm of Buscot l*ark, Berkshire,

In ,1885* at tho ttu^^stion of his friend,
Sir Frederic Loi^hton, Hume-Jones was no
minatod (without IUH laiowlodge) for election
at, th(? Royal Acadmny, and he was chosen
A-lv'A- But ho oxhibittul only one picture at
Burlington JIouso, ' The Depths of the Sea/
in 1 88(1 \Alw all who Haw it there, the artist
found that tho picture looked strange and
inodoctivo among 1 its incongruous surround-
ingw; ho sent nothing more to the Academy,
and finally in 1 89ft ho resigned Jus connection
with that body, 'not from pique/ to use the
words of a letter which he addressed at the
time to tho proannt writer, * but because I am
not fittod for those associations, where I find
my wolf committed to much that I dislike.' It
W&R atthiH moment that the IN ew Gallery was
holding a roprosontativo exhibition of Burne-
Jonea's works, which was repeated on a
fuller flealo, and with atill greater success,
six months after his death, simultaneously
with a very choice exhibition of his pen,
pencil, and chalk drawings at the Burlington
J'inc Arts Club,

In 1878* Merlin and Vivien/ or 'The Be-
guiling of Merlin/ was sent to the Paris
Exhibition, and from that time forward the
name of Burne-Jones was held in high
honour by the .French. The 'Oophetua"
was regarded with sincere admiration when
it was shown in the exhibition of 1889;
a like acclaim greeted the artist's pictures
at Brussels in 1897, and in the English
pavilion at the Paris Exhibition of 1900;
and much success, both on the continent
an'd in America, as well as. in England,
awaited the magnificent reproductions of a
hundred of his works whi&a were made by
the Berlin Photographic Company. t Of out-
ward signs of honour he received his share;
numerous foreign medals were awarded to

Burne-'ones

343

Burne-Jones

him ; his university made him an honorary
D.C.L. at the Encaenia of 1881, his college
(Exeter) elected him an honorary fellow in
1882, and in 1894 Queen Victoria, on the ad-
vice of Mr. Gladstone, conferred a baronetcy
upon him. He died suddenly, in the morn-
ing of 17 June 1898; a memorial service in
his honour was held at Westminster Abbey,
and his remains rest in the churchyard at
Rottin -dean, near Brighton, at which village
he had his country home. He left a son,
Philip, the present baronet, a practising
artist, and a daughter. Margaret, married to
Mr. J. W. Mackail.

Portraits of Burne-Jones were painted by
Mr. a. F. Watts, R.A., and by the painter's
son Philip. Both pictures belong to Lady
Burne-Jones.

On 16 and 18 July 1898, what were called
the 'remaining works' of the painter
chiefly drawings and studies, large and small
were sold at Christie's, when 206 lots
realised almost 30,OOOZ. These, however,
represented only a small part of the truly im-
mense output of a life of incessant and ex-
hausting labour. Soon afterwards a move-
ment was organised among his admirers for
the purchase of one of his chief pictures for
the nation ; the result was the acquisition,
from the executors of the earl of Wharncliffe,
of the famous ' King; Cophetua/ which now
hangs in the National Gallery,, A, very inte-
resting book of drawings, containing designs
which were never carried out, was left by the
artist to the British Museum.

A notice of Burne-Jones ought not to
terminate without some reference to other
sides of his talent than those represented by
his finished pictures. His decorative work
was extremely voluminous ; for instance,
the list of cartoons for stained-glass win-
dows which he furnished to Mr. Malcolm
Bell's book has scarcely a blank year between
1857 and 1898, and the number mounts up
to several hundreds. The five earliest (1857-
1861} were executed by Messrs. Powell> the
rest irom 1861 onwards by Messrs. Morris- &
Co. Burne-Jones also made a few decorations
for houses (notably for the Earl of Carlisle's
house in Kensington) and a large number of
designs for tapestry and needlework, among
which the * Launcelot ' series for Stanmore
Hall is the chief. He gave much time- and
thought to his design called ' Thelcee of Life/
executed in mosaic by Salyiati for the Ameri-
can church in Rome. This workhe regarded
with particular affection, for, as he said, 'it
is to be in Borne, and it is to lust for eternity.'
Again, his illustrations fear books, although
not numerous, are extremely memorable.
He was genuinely interested in Morris's

Kelmscott Press, although he was in noway
concerned in its management ; he made the
drawings to illustrate the famous Kelmscott-
Chaucer, which are worthy alike of the genius
of artist and poet. Chaucer, however, had
no exclusive command over his literary affec-
tions, for, as is evident from nearly all his
pictures, he was a passionate student of
Celtic romance, whetSer represented by Sir
Thomas Malory and other English writers,
or by the documents published by French
scholars such as M. Gaston Paris. It may
be added that his feeling for the Celtic race
was something more than literary. Far away
from politics as he was, he was deeply stirred
by the Parnell movement, and was an en-
thusiastic admirer of the Irish leader. As to
other interests he had a scholarly and exact
knowledge of all kinds of mediaeval tales,
Eastern and Western, was familiar with
D'Herbelot and Silvestre de Sacy, was also
interested in mediaeval Jewish lore, and de-
voted to Marco Polo and the travellers of the
middle ages. So, too, as many of his pictures
prove, he studied the Greek mythology from
its romantic side, and would devote untiring
labour to such a subject as the Perseus myti
whenever, as Chaucer and the mediaeval
writers had done before him, he found it
possible to treat a classical story in the
semantic spirit.

It is too, soon to attempt to form any final
judgment as to Burne-Jones's place in art.
jn. days when there is no universal agpee*
ment upon first principles, and when it ia
regarded as an open question whether an
artist should follow the ideals of Botticelli
or the ideals of Velasquez, it is certain
that the work of a painter so individual as
Burne-Jones will provoke as much anta-
gonism as admiration. To those who dislike
'literary' painting that is, the painting
which greatly depends for its effect upon the
associations of poetry and other forms of
literature his pictures will never give un-
mixed pleasure. Literary they assuredly are;
but they are also, in the highest sense of the
term, decorative. No artisfc f the time has
surpassed him as a master of intricate line,
or las studied more curiously and success-
folly the inmost secrets of colour. Of the
first, examples may be seen in all his stained-
class windows, in such woris as the Yirgil
crawings, and in pictures Mke ' Love among
the Riuis;' of the latter we have instances
of extraordinary subtlety in the Pygmalion
series, and of extraordinary richness and
depth in the 'Chant d'Amour' and 'King
Qophetua.' It is surely safe to say that gifts
like these of themselves entitle their pos-
sessor to be called a great painter. The

Burnett

344

Burns

chief obstacle to complete acceptance, in
Burne-Jones's case, is to be found in the
peculiar quality of his sentiment and in its
limited range, Not only was the typo of
romance which he loved remote from modern
life all romance is that, in a greater or less
degree but he -presented it habitually in a
form which fuU-blooded humanity finds
it difficult to eivoy. This ia as much as to
say that Burixe-., ones, that rare modern pro-
duct of Celtic romance in matters of feeling
and of the Botticelliau tradition in art, only
appeals in all his strength and fulness to
people of a certain type of mind and educa-
tion; but to them .ie appeals as no other
modern painter has done to them his name
is the symbol of all that is most beautiful
and most permanent in poetry and art.

[Personal Jpuowledgo ; various lottos to
friends; Malcolm Bell's Sir Edward JJurno-
Jones: a Record and a Review, 4t,Ji edit. 1898;
the New Gallery Catalogue, ] 808-9 ; Some R<VP
collections of Sir Edward Burn o- Jones, by
Joseph Jacobs, ' Nineteenth CenUnr.V January
1899. A full life of tho paint or, wif i soloctionfl
from his numerous un<l highly charaefcoriatic
letters, is in e.oiirse of preparation at tho hands
of his widow.] 1\ H. W,

PUR-NETT, GEORGE (1822-1890), his-
torian and heraldic author, born on 9 March
1822, was third son of John BurnoU of Kom*
nay, an estate in Central Abordeenabire, by
Maiy, daughter of Charles Stuart of 1 >unearn,
Educated partly in Germany ho aq uirod a
taste for art and became a very competent
critic both of music and painting, and was
for many years musical critic for the * Scots-
man ' newspaper.

He was called to the Scots bar in 1845,
but did not practise much, devoting himself
to the literary side of the profession and
distinguishing- himself specially in the his-
Jorica- and heraldic (particularly the renea-
lagical) branches. Tae Spaldin,g Chu was
m its full vigour at the date of Burnett's
early manhood under the learned super-
vision of John Hill Burton, George Gibb,
Joseph Kober-tson, Cosmo Innes, and its
secretary, John Stuart scholars with all of
whom as well as with W, Forbes Skene, the
teltic historian, Burnett became intimately
acqxxamted. In Scottish genealogy and
peerage lavir he was one of the foremost
-awyers of his time. Jie wrote * Popular
Genealogists, or the Art of Pedigree
MaW in, 1865, < The Red Book of Ken-
teith . .eviewed' in. 1881, and Awards the

TTV h i 8 J lfe a ' Trea ^ on Heraldry,

British and Foreign,' which was completed

by the Bey. John Woodward in 1891 | their

oint work is a masterly treatise on that

the control of tho lord clerk

of

to those volumes contain indispensable
materials for the history of Scotlanc dSE? -
tho period to which they relate. In 186
Burnett entered tho L yon office as Lvon
depute, and two years later, when the office
was reorganised on tho death of the Earl of
Kmnoui:, ho became Lyon King of Arms
and ably disohar^d tho duties of the office'
lie restored it Irom an honorary and titular
olhce into a working one, and in this was
ably Boconclod by A'.r. Stodart, the Lyon
clork, an accompliahod genealogist.

Burnor-t, who rticoived the decree of LL.D.
in 188.1- from the university o: Edinburgh'
diod on 24 Jan. 1H90, lie married Alice*
youngest danpfhlw of John Alexander
Stuart (son of Oliarlos Stuart of Dunearn)
and loft a son and daughter. ,

[Private njformutiqn; Burke's Landed
Gentry,]

BTJEKS, Si aEOUGB, first baronet
( 179r>- 1 H90), shipowner, youngest son of the
Itev. John Burns (1 744-1 839) of Glasgow
yoim^or brother of John Burns (1774-1850)
[q.v." and of Allan BurnH (178W81S) [q.T.1
wais born in Glasgow on 10 Dec. 1795, At
the ago of Iwonty-threo, in partnership with
a third brother, James, he commences busi-
ness in Glasgow as a general merchant,
and in 18^4, in connection with Hugh
Matthie of Liverpool, established a line of
small sailing vesftela trading between the
two ports. Belfast was soon included in
their operations ; sailing vessels gave place
to steamers; in 1830 they joined their
business with that of the Mclvers, and for
many years held a practical monopoly
of the trade between Liverpool, the
north-east of Ireland, and the west of
Scotland, tho Mclvers managing the Liver-
pool business, and James Burns that of
Grlasgow, while George devoted himself
more especially ^ to the control of the ship-
ping. In 1838, in conjunction with Samuel
Canard [q. v.], Kobert Napier (1791-1876)
"q, v.l, and others, they founded the cele-
brated Cunard Company, which secured the
admiralty contract for carrying the North
American mails, and in 1840 made their
vStart, with four steamers of the average
burden of 1,160 tons, with a f speed of 8
knots, and making the passage m fourteen

Burrows

345

Burrows

or fifteen days. From that time to the
present the history of the Cunard Com-
pany would be the history of the growth
and development of steam navigation,
in the very van of which it has all
along been distinguished by the excellence
of its ships and of the ;eneral management.
The original shareholcers were gradually
bought out till the whole was vested in the
three families of Cunard, Burns, and
Mclver, and so it continued for many
years, the Cunards managing its affairs in
America, the brothers David and Charles
Mclver in Liverpool, and George and James
Burns in Glasgow. Having acquired a
princely fortune, George retired ?rom the
active management in 1860, purchased the
estate of Wemyss Bay, and spent the re-
mainder of his life mainly at Castle Wemyss,
where he died on 2 June 1890. The year
before he had been made a baronet. To the
last he preserved his faculties, could read
without spectacles, and took a lively in-
terest in public affairs, as well as in the
management of his own. He married in
1822 Jane, daughter of James Cleland [c .v.],
by whom he had seven children, of w.iom
only two sons survived.

John, the elder son, succeeded his father
in the management of the business; and
when, in 1880, it was converted into an
open limited liability company, he was ap-
pointed its chairman. In 1897 he was raised
to the -peera je as Lord Inverclyde ; he died
on 12 "Jeb. 1901, and his wife Emily, daugh-
ter of George Clerk Arbuthnot, on the fol-
lowing day, both being buried on 16 Feb. at
Wemyss Bay.

[Men of the Time (12th ed.); Times, 3 June
1890; Fortunes made in Business, ii. 330 et
seq. ; Lindsay's Hist, of Merchant Shipping, iv.
179etseq.] J. K. L.

BURROWS, SIR GEORGE, first baro-
net (1801-1887), physician, was a scion of
an old Kentish family of yeomen, and the
eldest son of Georje Man Burrows, M.D.,
F.R.C.P., of Bloomsbury Square, London, by
his wife Sophia, second daughter of Thomas
Druce of Chancery Lane. Born in Blooms-
bury Square on 28 Nov. 1801, he was edu-
cated for six years at Baling, under Dr.
Nicholas, where he had Cardinal Newman
for a schoolfellow. After leaving school,
in 1819 he attended the lectures of John
Abernethy [q4 v.], his future father-in-law,
at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and other
courses delivered by Professors Brande and
Faraday at the Royal Institution, He was
admitted scholar of Caius College, Cam-
bridge, on 7 Oct. 1820, graduating B.A, in

1825 (tenth wrangler), M.B. in 1826, and
M.D. in 1831. He also carried off the Tancred
medical studentship. While at Cambridge
he was well known as a cricketer, and dis-
tinguished himself as an oarsman ; he or-
ganised and pulled stroke in the first six-oar
racing boat that floated on the Cam. He
was junior fellow and mathematical lecturer
of Caius College fcom 1825 to 1835.

Returning to St. Bartholomew's Hospital
from Cambridge, Burrows studied as a dresser
under Sir William Lawrence [q. v.], and as
clinical clerk under Dr. Peter Mere Latham
[q. v.] Soon afterwards he travelled with a
patient on the continent, and studied at
!?avia and in France and Germany. He
passed six mouths in Paris in the anatomical
schools under Breschet, and while in Italy
studied under Scarpa and Panezza,

In 1829 Cambridge University granted
him a license to practise, and he was ad-
mitted in the same year an ineeptor candi-
date at the Colle -e of Physicians. He had
seen and studiec cholera in Italy, and in
1832, during the great cholera epidemic in
London, he was placed by the governors of
St. Bartholomew's Hospital in charge of an
auxiliary establishment. At the end of 18S2
he was appointed joint lecturer on medical
jurisprudence at St. Bartholomew's Hospital
with Dr. Roupell, and in 1834 sole lecturer
on this subject. His first lecture on forensic
medicine, which was separately printed, was
published in the 'London Medical and Surgi-
cal Journal' for 4 Feb. 1832. In 1836 he was
made joint lecturer on medicine with Dr.
Latham, and in 1841 succeeded as sole lec-
turer. His lectures were plain, judicious, and
complete. In 1834 he was appointed the first
assistant physician to the hospital, with the
charge of medical out-patients, and was pro-
moted full physician, in 1841 ; he held this
post until 1863, when he was pkced on the
consulting staff. On this occasion he was pre-
sented with a testimonial by; his colleagues.
He was for many years physician to Christ's
Hospital He Joined the_ Royal College of
Physicians as a member in 1829, and was
elected a fellow in. 1832. In that institution
he subsequently delivered the Gulstonian
(1834), Croonian 1835-6),and Lumleian lec-
tures (1843-4), He held the office of censor
in 1839, 1840, 1843, and 1846, of councillor
for five periods of three years between 1838
and 1870, and from 1860 to 1869 was the
representative of the college in the General
Medical Council ; he was one of the treasurers
from 1860 to 1863, and was president from
1871 to 1875. In 1846 he was elected afellow
of the Royal Society, and in 1872 received the
degree of D.C.L, from Oxford, and in 18SI

Burrows

346

Burton

that of LL.13. from Cambridge. In 1 862 bo
was president of the British Medical A wiocui-
tion, and in 1869 bo became president of tbo
Koyal Medical and Chirurgical Society. In
1870 he was made physician extraordinary
to the queen, and in _873, on the dnath of Sir
Henry Holland [q, v.], he became physician
in ordinary. In 1874 he was created a baronet.
He was also a member of the senate of the
London University. On 1 1 Dec. 1 880 ho was
elected honorary fellow of Cain s College.

Burrows continued to see patients at his
residence, 18 Cavendish Square, until shortly
before his death, when he became incapaci-
tated by bronchitis and emphysema, to wliicli
he "ultimately succumbed. He died in Caven-
dish Square on 12 Dec. 1887, in his eighty-
seventh year, and was buried at Higig'ato
cemetery on Saturday, 17 Dec, 1887. On
18 Sept. 1834 he married Elinor, youngest
daughter of John Abernethy, by whom, ho
had eight children; two children died in early
life, and three sons, who attained to man-
hood, predeceased him. Lady Burrows died
in 1882.

In person Burrows was tall, well formed,
with liandsome and expressive feature** ; his
voice was clear, he always spoko briefly and to
the point. There is a portrait of him by
Knight in the great hall of St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital ; it was tainted by .subscrip-
tion from his friends anc pupils in 1806. A.
secondportrait in his robes as president of tbo
Boy al College of Physicians, by W. Richmond,
R.A., painted about 1874, is now in the pos-
session of his son, Sir F. A. Burrows, bort,,
at 33 Ennismore Gardens, London, There is
also a bust, executed about 1875, by Wug~
muller, at the lloyal College of Physicians,
and a replica, executed in 1898, by Danta
Sodini of Florence, in the hall of the General
Medical Council, Oxford Street, London, W.

Burrows's Lumleian lectures 'On Dis-
orders of the Cerebral Circulation and the
Connection between Affections of the Brain
and Diseases of the Heart ' were published in
book form in 1846. In them he explained and
illustrated experimentally the condition of
the circulation in the brain under varying
conditions of pressure. In 1840 and 1841 he
wrote the articles on * Eubeola and Scarlet
Fever' and on ' Haemorrhages' in Tweedie's
* Library of Medicine.' He also published
'Clinical Lectures on Medicine' in tie ' Medi-
cal Times and Gazette/ and papers in the
' Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' vols.
xxvii. and xxx.

[British Medical Journal, 1887 ; The Lancet
1887; Churchill's Medical Direct,; Lodge's
Baronetage; information supplied by his son-
, Alfred "Willett, esq,, F,R.C.S,, of 36 Wim-

polo SlM-oot ; Memoir by Sir JamoB Paget in the
at. Hjirtholomow'rt Hospital Reports, 1887-
I'H IJiopjr. Iliat,, of Uonvillo and Caius Coll*

Vonn'8
18!)8, ii, 170.

Oaius Coll,
W. W. W.

BURTON, Sm FRKDRRIC WILLIAM
(181(5-1000), painter iu water-colours and
director of tho Nadional Gallery, London
was born on H April 1M10 at Coroftn House
on luehicuiu Lake, co. Clare, Ireland. He
was the taint son of Samuel Frederic Bur-
ton, a gentleman of private moans and dis-
tinguished aa an amutour landscape painter,
who jwHHOMBod considerable property at Mur-
gret, co. Limerick ; ho traced his descent in
a direct lino from Sir Edward Burton of
York^who, for IUH loyalty and military ser-
vices in tho wans of l.ho Honas, was made a
knighl-bannorot by Edward IV in 1460.
Sir Edward's grandson Edward was the
foundor of tlw* family of the Burtons of
Longnor Hull in ShropHliiro, Thomas and
Francis, two woim of Mdward Burton of
Lon^nor, aottlud in Ireland in 1610, andac-
quirod coxiHidrrablo latidud property in co.
Clare. From thin FHUHUH Sir .Frodoric Bur-
ton's father wan lin^tilly di^ctnulexL His
inothor, Hannah, WUB th<. dau^htur of Bobert
Mal)<it, civil tm^iuoor of Dublin,

In 18:26 t.ho Hurt^uH romovod to Dviblin
for tho purpowo of coinpludin^ tho education
of tkur youngor cliildron ; and here Frederic,
who had very early developed a great love
of art, received hit* elementary instruction in
drawing 1 under the brothers Hrocas. At this
time, while copying a picture in the Dublin
National Gallery, by his great personal
beauty, a well m by t xe promise of his work,
he attracted tho attention of George Fetrie
[q. y.l landscape painter and archaeologist,
wliich ^.TCW into a lifelong friendship, For
a time Jurton's artistic work was inf uenced
by that of Petrio. But very early he de-
veloped a vigour in tho grasp of his subject
and a command of colour which Petrie, with
all his refinement, of feeling never attained,
He made auch rapid progress in his art that
in 1887, when he was only twenty-one, he
was elected an associate of the Koyal Hiber-
nian Academy, of which he became a full
member in 18JJ9. He first acquired distinc-
tion as a painter of miniatures and water-
colour portraits. But in 1889 a drawing of
a Jewish rabbi gave -oromiae of what he was
to be in a higher fceld of art, This was
confirmed in "LS40 by his ' Blind Girl at the
Holy Well/ and m 1841 by his 'Aran
Fisherman's Drowned Child/ and his ' Con-
naught Toilette/ The first two of these
drawings were acquired by the Irish Art
Union, and finely engraved for their sub-
scribers, The ' Connaught Toilette/ if a

Burton

347

Burton

conclusion may be drawn, from the consider-
ably higher price oaid for it at the time, was
a still finer work, but was unfortunately
burnt with a number of other pictures at au
exhibition in London. A scene from ' The
Two Foscari,' produced in 1842, seems to
have been Burton's only genre picture for
several years. The demand upon his skill
in portraiture kept him fully occupied down
to the end of 1857. His portraits were
marked by so much subtlety o expression, as
well as beauty of execution, that the best
people in Dublin thronged his studio, and his
portraits became precious heirlooms in their
lamilies. Every year showed an advance in
the mastery of this branch of art. It reached
its highest point in two large drawings of
Helen Faucit one standing as Antigone, the
other seated in private dress. These were
exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1839,
and placed him among the leadin water-
colour painters of the day. For tlie next
two years he remained in Dublin, fully occu-
pied 'in painting portraits, true as likenesses,
out wita the added charm only to be given
by the artist gifted with the power of snow-
ing the soul behind the face.

Burton's handsome features, his peculiar
distinction of manner, and great iute.ligence
gave him at this time a distinguished place
in Dublin society. He numbered among his
intimate friends Dr. Stokes, Dr. Graves,
Bishop Graves, Dr. James Todd, Lord Dun-
raven, Samuel Ferguson, Thomas Davies,
Anster, Sir Thomas Larcom in short,
every man in Dublin who was eminent in
' science, archseolojy, law, literature, or art.
"With some of taese he was actively asso-
ciated in the council of the Royal Irish
Academy and in the foundation of the
Archaeological Society of Ireland. During
this period he occasionally visited Germany,
where he began his studies of the old mas-
ters, which lie afterwards prosecuted in all
the galleries of Europe. While in Munich
in 1844 he was engaged by the king of
Bavaria to make copies of pictures, and also
to restore some of tie pictures in the royal
collection.

At the end of 1 851 Burton left Dublin for
Germany, and settled in Munich,which formed
his headquarters for the next seven years,
Duringtmsperiod he made himself thoroughly
familiar with all the German galleries, went
deeply into the study of German art work
in all its branches, and made innumerable
studies for future use in flowers, landscape,
figures, and costume. He also completed
several elaborate drawings, which he brou-ht
over with him on his annual visits to Loncon,

Franconia, in Nurember -, Bamberg, and the
villages of Muggendon and Wohlm. Of
these the most distinguished were : i Pea-
santry of Franconia waiting for Confession/
the ' Procession in Bamberg Cathedral/ and
1 The "Widow of Wohlin.' Of the last of
these the ' Times' wrote. (7 May 1859) : <Ko
early master, not Hemling or Van Eyck, not
Martin Schon, Cranach, or Holbein, ever
painted an individual physiognomy more
conscientiously than Mr. Burton has painted
this widow. And with all the old master's
care, the modern draughtsman has immea-
surably more refinement than any of them.'
This criticism well expresses the quality of
Burton's work. In luminous strength and
harmony of colour, in truth to nature, in
depth and sincerity of feeling, he recalled
Mabuse, Van Eyck, and other great early
masters, but he added to these qualities an.
accuracy of line, a refinement and sugges-
tiveness of expression, with a pervading 1
sense of beauty, which marked the hand and
heart of an original as well as a highly
accomplished artist. These qualities were
quickly recognised, his drawings were eagerly
sought for, and now, whenever they come into
the market, fetch very high prices. They
led to his admission, in 18J5, as an as-
sociate of the 'Old' (now Boyal) Water
Colour Society, and to his promotion to full
membership in 1856. Year by year until
1870 his drawings formed a conspicuous fea-
ture in the exhibitions of the society. They
were few in number, for he worked slowly,
sparing no pains to bring them up to the
highest point of completeness, and retarded
by a serious affection of his eyes which made
continuous labour dangerous. ^ Among the
most conspicuous of these drawings were his
'lostephane/ 'Cassandra Fidele,the Muse
of Venice/ f Faust's First Sight of Margaret/
' The Meeting on the Turret Stairs ' (now in
the NationaTaallery, Dublin), a Hfe-size half-
length portrait of Mrs. George Murray Smith
Ou-nowerful in effectas though painted in oil),
ana the portrait (in chalk) of ' George Eliot '
'now in the National Portrait Gallery).
During these years and on to 1874 Burton
was unremitting in his studies of the history
of art from its earliest epochs down to
modern times. The lives as well as tie
works of aH the great artists were made the
aubiect of wide research. To his knowledge
.of the best literature of Italy, Germany,
France, and England he was always making
additions, and in all that concerned the an-
tiquities of Ireland and its music he kej)t
pace with those who had made them their
special study. In 186S he was elected
a fellow of the London Society o Anti-

Burton

34 8

Burton

qwiries, where the extent awl accuracy of tlin piiintorH wluwo works are represented on
tie information made fclieinHclvos Mi, in all the walls, and Mio analysis given of charac-
the discussions in which he took part, tor hutoch individual instance is as remark-
It was a surprise to tho outside world ablo lor oxmctmt rated power an is the reveren-
when, in 1874, 1'urton was appointed diroc- t.ial tribute* paid by him to all the greatest
tor of the National Gallery in London in olonwnts in tliair g-tmius. In such writing
succession to his friend, Sir William Bnxall UB hit* nota on Uombrandt and Leonardo

The choice was a fortunate one Cor tho nation, sympathy of his nature with the great old
Invested with almost autocratic power in master**,'

the expenditure of the liberal sum which for Burton was knighted in '1884, On his re-
many years was voted for the purchase of tircmont in 1804 from t lie directorship of the
additions to the national collection, ho used National Uallory, despite the leisure now at

hi command ho did not nwurae painting nor
touch again any of the wtud'ms which had for
more than fcwonty years nested in his port-
folios. Probably thw increased weakness of
his eyesight and the long 1 disuse of his
brush may have (Hied him with misgivings,
and with a rtwolvo not to hazard tae pro-
duction of any thing below tho level of the
drawings of Ins youth and middle age. He
did not even finish what a litfclo more labour
would havo made one of his finest works,
'A Venetian Lady Boated at a Balcony,'
from which the linen shoot, thrown by him
over it mow than twtmt.y-iive years before,
was removed only after his death* In 1896
ho was gmtilied by having 1 conferred upon
him the ilejrreo of LL.I), of Trinity College,
Dublin. T u) ugh so long absent from Ire-
aside his easel, and did not even finish work land, his heart was there to tho last. Always
that he had begun and well advanced, or reserved and reticent in tho extreme to
turn to account the great store of stndioft strangers, he enjoyed his favourite studies
which he had made for pictures that would and the pleasure"** of a limited social circle
have added much to his refutation. By this in which he was hold in high esteem, till his
renunciation art lost muc/i, but the country health began to fail in 1899* He died un-
gained by it in the formation and arrange- married at his house, 43 Argyll Road, Ken-
anent of a collection which for general ex- sington, on 1 6 March 1 900, and was buried
cellence is unsurpassed, and by reason of its on the 5$nd in the Mount Jerome ceme-
excellence has induced the possessors of tery, Dublin, where both his parents already
paintings of the highest class to irowent them
as Drifts to fill up gaps in the co'.. lection, and
still further to augment its reputation.
Another service of the greatest value he also
performed in the public interest by a work
into which he poured the results of the study
and observation of years : thia was a cata-
logue raisonnS of the pictures by foreign
artists, with elaborate biographical and criti-
cal notices, furnishing in a compendious
form the information which could not other-

it with a discretion founded upon sound
knowledge, and governed by a resolution to
add to tae gallery only the boat works that;
came into tlie market. During tha twenty
years he acted as director, no fewer than
some 450 foreign, and somo hundred Kng-
lish, pictures were added to the collection,
chiefly by purchase. The foreign pictures
were classified under his direction according
to the different schools, making compara-
tively easy tho study of the progressive de-
velopment of the painter's art in Kuropo
from its infancy onwards. All his thoughts
and all his time wore devoted to the can*
and development of tho gallery. It was a
duty to which he sacrificed without a mur-
mur his personal ambition as an artist;.
Prom the time of his appointment ho laid

rested.

There IB a portrait of Burton by Wells,
which 18 received as a good likeness of him
in middle ago. There are also several good
photographs of him,

[Pamily rflcordw ; personal knowledge ; Times,
27 March 1000; Magazine of Art, May 1000,
paper by Sir Walter Armstrong.] T. M,

BURTON, ISABEL, LADY (1831-1896),

,_ wife of Sir Richard Francis Burton [q.v.J,

wise "be gained by a student except at the came of an old catholic family- Her father

cost of infinite labour and expense. Un- was Henry Raymond Arundell, a lineal

fortunately thia catalogue was issued in an descendant of the sixth Baron Arundell of

uncouth and unwieldy form, which robs it Wardour. She was thus able to claim, while

of its attractiveness and half its utility, living at Trieste, the rank of Grfifin, in virtue

The volume, Sir Walter Armstrong writes, of her descent from the first Baron Arundell

* contains nearly three hundred memoirs of of Wardour, who. had been created an

Burton

349

Burton

hereditary count of the Holy Roman Empire.
Her mother was a sister of the first Baron
Gerard. m

She was born an London, at 14 Great Cum-
berland Place, on 20 March 1831, and edu-
cated in the convent of the Canonesses of the
Holy Sepulchre, near Chelmsford, and after-
wards at Boulogne, where she first met Burton
in 1851, and forthwith. formed a romantic
attachment for him. They met again in 1856,
from which time their engagement may be
said to date, though it was never recognised
by her parents. It was not until 1861 that
she consented to marry him without their
approval, and then only after she had ob-
tained a dispensation for a mixed marriage
from Cardinal Wiseman, who was made ac-
quainted with all the circumstances of the
case. They were married at the Royal Ba-
varian Chapel, Warwick Street, on 22 Jan.
1861, the ceremony being performed by Dr.
liearn, the cardinal's vicar-general, in the
necessary presence of the civil registrar,
Henceforth she shared her husband's life in
travel and in literature so far as a woman
could. She became his secretary and his aide-
de-camp. She rodeand swam and fenced with
him. When Burton was recalled from Damas-
ens he wrote to his wife the following laconic
note : ' Ordered off; pay, pack, and follow. 7
Except in the case of ' The Arabian Nights/
she was usually her husband's amanuensis,
and saw many of his books through the
press. He encouraged her to write on her
own account. 'Inner Life of Syria' (2 vols.
1875 2nd edit. 1879) and ' Arabia, Egypt,
India' (1879) are mainly her work, with
contributions from her husband. Her name
also appears as nominal editor of his <Ca-
moens/ and as author of The Reviewer
Reviewed' appended to vol. iv. The method
adopted for issuing 'The Arabian Nights'
to Private subscribers was devised by her,
anc she deserves all the credit for its financial
success. Her own 'household' edition of
the work resulted in loss [see under Bra-
TON, SIR RICHABD FRANCIS]. At Trieste one
of her chief interests was to manage a local

After kis death she lived solely for his
memory. She took a cottage close to his
tomb at Mortlake, where sae was" glad to
receive his friends. All her time was spent
in writing his biography, and in preparing
a memorial edition 01 his works. In this
duty she would accept neither 'assistance
nor advice. Though partly based upon auto-
biographical reminiscences dictatec bv Bur-
tonhimself,andalsoupon his private journals,
her biography (2 vo_s. 1893) was not ad-
mitted by ais surviving relatives to be the
true story of his life. The glamour which
tended to distort her vision is yet more
marked in her own autobiography, which
was edited by Mr. W. H. Wilkins in 1897.

In 1891 Lady Burton received a tension
of 150?. on the civil list. She cied on
22 March 1896 in a house in Baker Street,
which she shared with a widowed sister,
Mrs. Fitzgerald, and she was buried by the
side of her husband in the mausoleum tent
in Mortlake cemetery.

r The R OTnance O f 1^1 L a a y Burton, edited
. H. Wilkius, 1897.] J. S. C.

BURTON, SIB RICHARD FRANCIS
(1821-1890), explorer and scholar, was the
eldest son of Colonel Joseph Netterville
Burton of the 36th regiment. His paternal
grandfather was the Rev. Edward Burton,
rector of Tuam, and owner of an estate in
co. Galway. The family originally came
from Shap in Westmoreland. His mother
was Martha Beckwith, daughter and co-
heiress of Richard Baker of Barham House,
Hertfordshire. . His parents led a nomadic
life, and his father seems to have been a
thorough Irishman at heart. In his youth
he had seen service an Sicily under Sir John
Moore, and was for some years stationed m
Italy. Shortly after his mama ~e (in 1S19)
he retired from tte armj, ana ultimately
died at Bath m 18o/. He had three chil-
dren, of whom a daughter manned General
Sir Henry Wham Stated [c . v.], and the
younger son (Edward Joseph TsettervJle)
became a captain ID L the S/th r

animals,

Lady Burton's constant efforts to further
her husband's career, in the press and throu -h
semi-official channels, were not always judi-
cious. She regarded him as the greatest
and least appreciated Englishman of his
time. He requited her devotion by extend-
ing to her absolute confidence, such as no
male friend obtained from him, though ^even

grandfather) on 19 March 1821, and was
baptised in the parish church of Elstree.
He never had any regular education. When

life she proved herself a devoted nurse,

of the Kev.

Burton

35

Burton

fnsso in Uichmond, whore lie was mLsoral)lo, Gaikwar. ^ Horo ho initiated himself into
and during the later time a travelling 1 tutor oriental lila, quickly passing examinations
was provided for the two boys in the -poreon in Hindustani and CKijarathi, which qua-
of an Oxford undergraduate, II. R. )u')re, li lied him for the post of regimental inter-
afterwards rector of Sheliinjfford, whom t. ioy p rotor within a year, and practising swords-
seem to have treated bodLy. Such know- munship, wrestling, and riding with the
ledge as he acquired was picked up from sepoys. At the end of 1843 tae regiment
French and Italian masters, or from loss moved to Bind. Barton was fortunate in
reputable sources. As a boy he learnt col- petting into the good graces of Sir Charles
louuially half a dozen languages and dialects, Napier, the governor, one of the few men
and also the use of the small-sword. A whom he regarded, as a hero. While his regi-
cosmopolitan he remained to the last. ment hin jiii!id in pestilential charters ae
The father had destined both his sons for was appo'nfcod assistant in the Sind survey,
the church, and so, while the younger was under his frimid Captain Scott, nephew of Sir
entered at Cambridge, .Richard 'Francis ma- Walter. Thin WHS fcho formative period of
triculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on Barton's lifo, during which the process of
19 Nov. 1840, when already well on in his initiation into orientalism, begun at Baroda,
twentieth year. Before getting rooms in was perfected. For somn three years off and

on ho had a commission to wander about

^^ what is ntill tho moat purely Muhammadan

Suppi'.], then"piiysician to the RadeliiFo In- province in India. Haying learnt all that

college, he lived for a short time in the house
of Dr. William Alexander Groonh

firmary. Here he met John Henry Newman,
whose churchwarden Dr. Greonhill was, and

could from the regimental ?)iun#hi and
the rogimontal pandit 9 ho now attached to

also Dr. Arnold of Rugby. Ct was Dr. Green- himself private teachers, in whose company
hill who started him in the study of Arabic, lie lived for woiiktt the lifo of a native, or
by introducing him to Don Pawciuil do (Jay an- as his brother officers pxpronsod itlike a
gos, the Spanish scholar. BurUm'sacadomical 'whito niggor.' The intimate familiarity
career was limited to five terms, or littlo mow with M uham maclan manners and customs
than one year. With his continental oduftal-. ion thus uct uirod was afterwards of service to
and his obstinate temper, he waa not likely him m ats adventurous journey to Meccah
to conform to the monastic conventions them and in annotating the ' Arabian Nights.' ^ A
prevailing at Oxford. The only place whoro private rnport on corttiin features of native
jie was really at his ease scorns to hiwo boon lifo, which ho wrolo at the request of Sir
the newly opened gymnasium of Archibald CharloB Napier, reached tho secretariat at
Maclaren. Many of tho stories current, of Bombay, and undoubtedly interfered with
his wildness arc probably exaggerated. It his official advancement. During this period
is certain that he deliberately contrived to he qualified in four- more languages Ma-
be rusticated, in order that ho might achuwo rathi, Sindhi, Punjabi, and !?erflian and
his ambition of going into tho army instead also studied Arabic, Sanskrit, and Pushtu,
of the church, In after life he never re- the language of the Afghans. To Burton's
garded the university a.s an wjiwta nowrca. vigorous mind tho acquisition of a new
He was glad to reviwit Oxford', to point out language was like tho acquisition of a new
his former rooms in college, and to call on font of gymnastics, to be gained by resolute
one of his old tutors, the Ilov. Thomas -wrsoveranco. But languages were valued
Short. V him only as a koy to thought. Arabic

At the beginning of 1842, when the first opened to him tho Koran, Persian the mystic
Afghan war was still unfinished, there wan pnlosonhv of Muii-isua. IJe even practised
litt.e difficulty in obtaining for Burton the the wligious exorcises and ceremonies ot
cadetship that he desired in the Indian army. Islam in order that ho might penetrate to the
He set sail for India round the (Jape on heart of Muwahnan theology,
18 June 1842, accompanied bv a bull terrier The routine of his life was twice broken
of the Oxford breed, and lanced at Bombay by the hope of active service, which he was
on 28 Oct. He was forthwith posted as destined never to sea. In January 1846 ne
ensign to the 18th regiment of tho .Bombay rejoined his regiment, which had been ordered
native infantry, on the cadre of which ho to take part in the first Sikh war : but peace
remained (rising to the rank of captain) until was proclaimed before the force from bind
he accented a consular appointment in 1861. entered the Punjab, Again, when _tne
His miitaiy service in India was confined second Sikh war broke put in April 1848,
to seven years. His first station was Baroda, he volunteered his services as interpreter,
the capital of a native principality in Gujarat, but his application was refused. Between
ruled by a Maratha chief known as the these dates he had taken two years leave to

Burton

351

Burton

recruit his health on the Nilgiri Hills. As
a matter of fact the two years were cut
down to six months, during which he found
time to visit Goa and form his first acquain-
tance with the language of Camoens. Soon
afterwards his health broke down. His
work in the sandy deserts of Sind had
brought on ophthalmia, combined with other
ailments, a -ainst which a bitter sense of
disappointed, ambition prevented him from
struggling. Nursed by a faithful Sindian
servant he sailed for England, again round
the Cape, in May 1849, bringing with him a
large collection of oriental manuscripts and
curios, and the materials for no less than
four books about India.

Burton's first publications were three
capers in the ' Journal' of the Bombay
branch of the Asiatic Society: 'A Grammar
of the Jataki or Belochki Dialect,' ' A Gram-
mar of the Multani Language,' and * Critical
Remarks on Dr. Dorn's Chrestomathy of
Pushtu, or the Afghan Dialect' (all 1849).
Though falling short of the modern stan-
dard, these are remarkable -productions for a
young man without any philological train-
ing. On his return to fen gland he brought
out in one year (1851) ' Sind, or the Un-
happy Valley' (2 vols.); { Sind, and the
Races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus,'
which are still valued as books of refer-
ence ; and c Goa and the Blue Mountains, 1
a marvellous record of a six months' trip,
He also published 'Falconry in the Valley
of the Indus' (1852) and < A Complete Sys-
tem of Bayonet Exercise' (1853), which
failed to win the approval of the military
authorities. His leave was spent in the
company of his relatives, to whom he was
devotedly attached, partly in England and
partly on the continent. At Malvern he
was one of the earliest to try the hydropathic
system of treatment. At Boulogne he gained
the brevet de pointe in the fencing school,
which gave him the qualification of maitre
d'armes, as he afterwards styled himself on
the title-page of the Book of the Sword.'
At Boulogne, also, he first saw his future
wife, then a girl of nineteen.

During nearly four years at home Burton
did not allow his orientalism to rust, and
continued to cherish his dream of a pil-
grimage to Meceah. At one time he formed
the larger "orqject of traversing the peninsula
of Arabia irom sea to sea, and obtained ^the
support of the Royal Geographical Society
for this enterprise. But the directors of
the East India Company refused the three
years' leave required. All they would grant
was an additional - furlough of twelve
months, ' that he might pursue his Arabic

studies in lands where the language is best
learned.' From the moment of leaving
London (in April 1853) Burton adopted a
disguise : first as a Persian Mirza, then as a
Dervish, and finally as a Pathan, or Indian-
born Afghan, educated at Rangoon as a
hakim or doctor. The name that he took
was Al-Haj ( = the pilgrim) Abdullah, as
he used ever afterwards to sign himself in
Arabic characters. From Southampton he
went to Egypt, this being his first visit to
that country which he afterwards knew so
well. The actual pilgrimage began, with a
journey on camel-back from Cairo to Suez.
Then followed twelve days in a pilgrim ship
on the Red Sea from Suez to Yambu, the port
of El-Medinah. So far the only risk was from
detection by his companions. Now came the
dangers of the inland road, infested by Beda-
win robbers. The journey from Yambu to El-
Medinah, thence to Meceah, and finally to the
sea again at Jeddah, occupied altogether from
17 July to 23 Sept., including some days
spent in rest, and many more in devotional
exercises, From Jeddah Burton returned
to Egypt in a British steamer, intending 1 to
start afresh for the interior of Arabia via
Muwaylah. But this second project was
frustrated by ill-health, which, kept him in
E^ypt until his period of furlough was
exhausted. The manuscript of his ' Personal
Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah
and Meceah ' (1855, 3 vols.) was sent home
from India, and seen through the press by a
friend in England. It is deservedly the
most popular of Burton's books, having
passed tlrough four editions. As a story
of bold adventure, and as lifting a veil from
the unknown, its interest will never fade.
But it cannot be called easy reading. The
author, as his manner was, has crowded into
it too much, and presumes on the ignorance
of his readers. It has been doubted whether
Burton's disguise was never penetrated
during the pilgrimage, even by his two
servants. Ee himself always denied the
widespread story that he had to kill a man
who detected him performing an operation
of nature in a non-oriental fashion.

Burton now returned to India for a brief
period of regimental duty. The middle of
854, however, found him back again in the
Bed Sea, with leave from the Bombay
government to explore Somaliland. His
ambition was to penetrate through j:he
mountains to the upper waters of the jSile.
On this occasion he had four comrades, John
HanninffSpeke[q.v."andHerne of the Indian
army, and Stroyan or the Indian navy. Be-
fore starting with them, Burton set out alone
on a pioneer trip to Harar, the inland capital

Burton

Burton

of the country, which no European had ever
visited. On this occasion he assumed the
disguise of an Arab merchant, but when
once within the city he disclosed himself to
the Amir. The success of this adventure
perhaps encouraged him to neglect neces-
sary precautions when the regular expedition
was organised. While still near the port
of Berberah the camp was attacked one
night by the Somalis. Stroyan was killed ;
S-^eke was wounded in no less than eleven
peaces ; Burton's face was transfixed by a
spear from cheek to cheek ; Herne alone
escaped unhurt. The party could do nothing
but return to Aden, whence Burton pro-
ceeded to England on sick certificate. While
under treatment for his wound he wrote
* First Footsteps in East Africa ' (1856), and
attain met his future wife. As soon as he
had recovered he volunteered for the Crimea,
where he spent a year from October 1855.
His only appointment was that of chief of
the staff to General Beatson, an old Indian
officer of fiery temper, in command of a
large body of irregular cavalry, known as
'Bashi-Buzouks,' who were stationed at the
Dardanelles, far from the seat of war.
Here Burton submitted to Lord Stratford de
Redcliffe two characteristic schemes one
for the relief of Ears, the other for raising
the Caucasus under Schamyl in the rear of
the Russians but nothing came of either.
When General Beatson was dismissed from
his command Burton also resigned and re-
turned to England.

Meanwhile arrangements had been made
with the Royal Geographical Society that
Burton should lead an exploring expedition
into Central Africa, with Spe^e as second
in command. The government gave a ?rant
of 1,000/. towards the expenses, and the
East India Company allowed its officers
two years' leave. This was the first serious
attempt undertaken to discover the sources
of the Nile. Little more was then known
about Central Africa than in the days of
Ptolemy. German missionaries had caught
sight of the Mountains of the Moon, and
had brought back native stories of the
existence of a great lake. It was Burton's
business DO find this great lake, by a route
never before trodden by white feet. The
expedition may be said to have lasted
altogether for two years and a half. Burton
left England in October 1856, and did not
return until May 1859. He had to go first
to Bombay to report himself to the local
government. Some months were occupied
in a preliminary exploration of the mainland
near Zanzibar, which was to be the scene of
preparation and the point of departure,

The actual start from the coast was made at
the end of June 1857. After incredible
difficulties and hardships, due as much to
the untrustworthiness or their followers as
to opposition from native tribes, Lake
Tanganyika, the largest of the Central
African lakes, was seen on 14 Feb. 1858.
About three months were spent on the
shores of the lake, and on 26 May the return
journey was commenced. On the way back
'Speke was detached to verify reports of
another lake to the northward, which he
sighted from a distance, and surmised to be
the true source of the Nile. This lake is
the Victoria Nyanza, and Speke's surmise
was proved to be correct by his subsequent
expedition in company with James Augus-
tus Grant [q. v. Supp'l.] Tanganyika only
supplies one of the head-waters of the
Congo. A difference on this hydrographical
questioned to an unfortunate estrangement
between the two travellers. They returned
together to Zanzibar in March 1859. S-oeke
proceeded in advance to England, while Bur-
ton was delayed by illness at Aden. When
at last he arrived in London he found that
another expedition had already been deter-
mined on, m which he was to have no part.
He had to be content with the Royal Geo-
graphical Society's medal, and with writing
an account of his own expedition, under the
title of ' The Lake Regions of Equatorial
Africa' (1860, 2 vols.) He also ailed an
entire volume (xxxiii.) of the * Journal of
the Geographical Society.'

Burton's plan of life was now entirely
unsettled. His engagement to his future
wife, which may be said to date from before
his expedition to Central Africa, was not
recognised by her family. There seemed to
be no career for him eiixer in India or as an
explorer. But he could not rest from travel.
The court of directors again gave him what-
ever leave he asked ; and in the summer of
1860 he set off on a rapid run across North
America, with the special object of studying
the Mormons at Salt Lake city. This, o:
course, resulted in a book, ' The City_ of the
Saints' (1861), which is characterised by
much plain speaking. Within a month of
his return Isabel Arundell consented to
marry him without her parents' knowledge
[see BCTBTON, ISABEL, LADY], The wedding
took -jlace -privately, in a Roman catholic
chapel, on 22 Jan. 1861. The Arundell family
were soon reconciled, and neither party ever
regretted the step. In the following March
Burton accepted tho appointment of consul
at Fernando Po, which resulted in his being,
struck off the Indian army, without half-pay
or even the legal right to call himself captain.

Burton

353

Burton

About tliis time, too, he was unfortunate
enough to lose all his oriental manuscripts
and other collections through a fire at the
warehouse where they had been stored.

Burton spent four years on the west coast
of Africa, < the white man's grave/ whither
his newly married wife was unable to ac-
company "him, though she occasionally took
up jier residence at Madeira. His head-
quarters were at the Spanish island of Fer-
nando Po, but his jurisdiction stretched for
some six hundred miles along the Bights of
Biafra and Benin, including the mouths of
the N iger. He performed his duties as British
consul with vigour and popularity. He found
it easy to get on with Spanish and French
officials, with traders from Liverpool, and
with the indigenous negro perhaps not so
easy to get on with missionaries of all sorts,
though ais troubles with these have been
exaggerated. His explorations extended be-
yond his consular jurisdiction. He was the
first to climb the Cameroon mountains and
point out their value as a sanatorium for
jluropeans. He ascended the Congo river as
far as the Yellala falls. He visited the French
settlement of Gaboon, then famous by the
relations of Du Chaillu, but he failed in his
ambition of bag~ing a gorilla. He also paid
visits to Abeaiuta and Benin, where he
searched in vain for the bones of Belzoni.
Twice he went to the capital of the king of
Dahome, the second time on an official mis-
sion from the British -overnment. Some
account of what he die. and saw may be
read in half a dozen books : ' Wanderings in
"West Africa ' (1863, 2 vols.), ' Abeokuta and
the Cameroons' (also 1863, 2 vols.), 'A
Mission to Gelele, Kin ' of Dahome' (1864,
2 vols. ; new edit. 189), ' Wit and Wisdom
from West Africa: a Collection of 2,859
Proverbs, being an Attempt to make the
Africans delineate themselves ' (1865), and
'Gorilla Land, or the Cataracts of the
Congo ' (1875, 2 vols.) But a good deal of
what he wrote at this time appeared only in
the transactions of learned societies or still
remains in manuscript. In 1864 he visited
England to attend the meeting of the British
Association at Bath. In April 1865, when
again in England, he was entertained at a
public dinner in London, over which Lord
Stanley (afterwards Earl Derby) ^resided.
Later in the same year he was transferred to
the consulship of Santos, the port of Sao
Paulo in Brazil, where his wife could live
with him.

Another period of four years was spent in
South America. There was a vice-consul at
Santos, so that Burton was free ^ to roam.
In company with his wife he visited the

YOL,

gold and diamond mines of inland Brazil,
returning alone to the coast by an adven-
turous voyage of fifteen hundred miles down
the river Sao Francisco. With a semi-ofn-
cial mission from the British government,
he was on two occasions (1868 and 1869) a
witness of the desperate struggle maintained
by Lopez, dictator of Paraguay, against the
allied armies of Brazil and the Argentine
Republic. He crossed the Andes to see
Peru and Chile, returning through the Straits
of Magellan. At Lima he had heard the
welcome news of his appointment to the
consulship at Damascus, and he hurried
home to England. This South American
period was comparatively unimportant In
Burton's life, except for bringing back to
him the language of Camoens. It resulted
in two books : ( Explorations of the High-
lands of the Brazil' (1869, 2 vols.)and * Letters
from the Battlefields of Paraguay* (1870).
Somewhat later he edited 6 The Captivity of
Hans Stade among the Wild Bribes of
Eastern Brazil* for the Hakluyt Society
(1874), and translated ' Gerber's Province of
Minas Geraes ' for the Geographical Society
(1875).

Damascus had been the goal of Burton's
ambition since first entering the consular
service, as restoring him to his beloved East
and perchance leading to higher things. He
was fated to stay there less than two years,
and then to leave under a cloud. He arrived
in October 1869, being followed three months
later by his wife. At first all went well.
Both of them enjoyed the free life of Syria,
as if on a second wedding tour. They fixed
their residence in a suburb of Damascus,
which supplied a model for Lord Leighton's
oriental court at Kensington. Their summer
quarters were in a village on the slope of the
A.nti-Libanus, about twenty-seven miles
from the city. Together they roamed about
the country in oriental style, visiting Pal-
myra and Baalbek, and making a long stay
at Jerusalem. Barton's more scientinc ex-
plorations were conducted in company with
Tyrwhitt Drake and Edward Henry Palmer
[q. v." , in the course of which were discovered
the rst known Hittite antiquities. This
idyllic life was suddenly cut short in August
1871 by a letter of recall. The true cause
why Burton was superseded remains hidden
in the archives of the foreign office. It is
easy to conjecture some of the contributory
reasons. 5[e had made enemies of the
Damascus Jews, who claimed to be British
subjects, and had powerful supporters among
their co-religionists in England. He had
got into an awkward seufiie with some
Greeks at Kazareth. He had failed to get

A A.

Burton

3S4

Burton

on either with his official superior, the British
consul-general at Beyrout, or with the
Turkish governor of Syria. Above all, his
wife had mixed herself up with an un-
orthodox, if not semi-catholic, movement
among the Muhammadans of Damascus.
There may have been more behind to explain
the abruptness of the dismissal. Burton
claimed to have justified himself at the
foreign office, but he received no official
compensation. After about a year's sus-
pense, during which he made a trip to Ice-
_and, he was appointed to the consulship of
Trieste, vacant by the death of Charles Lever,
where it was thought he could do no mis-
chief. The Damascus period was not very
fertile in literature. To the ' Journal of the
Roval Asiatic Society ' he contributed * Pro-
Teroia Communia Syriaca ' (1871), and with
C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake he wrote ' Unexplored
Syria' (1872, 2 vols.) He left it to his wife
to publish 'Inner Life of Syria' (1876, 2
vols.), which contains much of himself.

Trieste was Burton's home from 1872 till
his death, though it must be admitted that
he was not always to be found at home.
The foreign office was as generous to him in
the matter of leave as the Indian govern-
ment had formerly been. He began by ex-
ploring the Roman ruins and prehistoric
ca&tel.ieri of Istria. Then he went further
afield to the Etruscan antiquities of Bologna.
During the first four months of 1876 he took
his wife to India, renewing his memories of
Jeddah and Aden, of Sind and Goa. At
Suez^ he fell in with one of his old- fellow-
pilgrims, who awakened in his mind dreams
of gold in Midian. Thither he proceeded at
the end of 1877, with official support from
the Khedive of Egypt. For months he con-
ducted geological surveys in territory hitherto
unexplored and infested by wild Bedawin
tribes. The results seemed to promise suc-
cess, bnij changes in the government of
Egypt frustrated Burton's hopes. In the
winter of 1881-2 he set out to the Gold
Coast for gold in company with a younger
African explorer, Captain Verney Lovett
Cameron [q, v. Suppl.f Gold they found in
plenty, though they brought back none for
themselves. Each of these expeditions has
its record in a book. In 176 appeared
'Etruscan Bologna, a Study;' in 1877
1 Sind Revisited ; ' in 1878 The Gold Mines
of Midian ; ' in 1879 ' The Land of Midian
Revisited' (3 vols. 8vo), and in 1883 'To
the Gold Coast for Gold ' (2 vols. 8vo). His
last undertaking of all was a commission
from the foreign office to search for the
murderers of his old friend Palmer see
, EDWJLKD EBNBY],

Burton now recognised that his day for
exploration was over. Henceforth he de-
voted himself to literature, worlting up the
materials which he had spent a lifetime in
accumulating. This ripe fruit of his old a -e
falls under three heads. The first to ta ce
shape was his work on Camoens, which was
projected to fill no less than ten volumes.
.lie English rendering of the Lusiads ' ap-
peared in two volumes in 1880, followed in
the next year by a life and commentary in
two volumes, and somewhat later (1884) by
two more volumes of ' Lyricks/ c. Burton
was attracted to Camoens as the mouthpiece
of the romantic period of discovery in the
Indian Ocean. The voyages, the misfor-
tunes, the chivalry, the patriotism of the
poet were to him those of a brother adven-
turer. In his spirited sketch of the life and
character of Camoens it is not presumptuous
to read between the lines allusions to his
own career. This sympathy breathes throu -h
his translation of the Portuguese epic, which,
though not a popular success, won the en-
thusiastic approval of the few competent
critics. It represents the result of long
labour and revision, having been begun at
Goa in 1847 and continued in Brazil. It is,
no doubt, the work of a scholar rather than
of a poet. Burton's aim was to present to
modern English readers as much a$ might
be of the influence that Oamoens has exer-
cised for three centuries upon the Portu-
guese. With this object he set himself to
the task of grappling with every difficulty
and obscurity in the original. Not only the
metre and the rhetoriea- style, but even the
not infrequent archaisms and harshnesses
have been preserved with marvellous fidelity.
What to the unimaginative may seem
nothing but a tour de force is in truth the
highest manifestation of the translator's
art.

Burton's second groat work was to be
"The Book of the Sword,' giving a history
of the weapon and its use in all countries
from the earliest times. The arme blanche,
as he liked to call it, had always had a fasci-
nation for him since his youthful days on
the continent. He collected a great deal of
the literature, and inspected the armouries
of Europe and India. To his encyclopaedic
mind tie subject began with the first
weapon fashioned by the simian ancestors of
man, started afresh with the invention of
metallurgy (which he assigned to the Nile
valley), henceforth coinciced with the his-
tory of military prowess until the introduc-
tion of gunpowder, finally ending with the
duello when the sword became a defensive
weapon. All this and much more was

Burton

355

Burton

sketched out in three volumes, of which only
the first was destined to appear (1884). De-
spite the advantages of handsome print and
numerous illustrations, it fell almost still-
born from the press. It deals mainly with
the archaeology of the subject, and in archaeo-
logy Burton took a perverse pleasure in
being heterodox. It remains a splendid
torso, a monument of erudition, abounding
with speculative theories, which subsequent
research is as likely to confirm as to refute.
Of Burton's translation of ' The Arabian
Nights ' it is difficult to speak freely. "While
the ' Camoens ' was only a succes tfestime

j

and * The Book of the Sword' little short of
a failure, the private circulation of 'The
Book of a Thousand Nights and a Night'
(1885-6,10 vols.), with the 'Supplemental
Nights' (1887-8, 5 vols.), brought to the
author a profit of about 10,OOOJ., which en-
abled him to spend his declining years in
comparative luxury. This much at least
may be said in justification of some of the
baits that he held out to the purchaser. For
it would be absurd to ignore the fact that
the attraction lay not so much in the trans-
lation as in the notes and the terminal essay,
where certain subjects of curiosity are dis-
cussed with naked freedom. Burton was
but following the example of many classical
scholars of high repute, and indulgin, a
taste which is more widespread than modern
prudery will allow. In his case something
more maybe urged. The whole of his life
was a protest against social conventions.
Much of it was spent in the East, where the
intercourse between men and women is more
according to nature, and things are called
by plain names. Add to this Burton's in-
satiable curiosity, which had impelled him
to investigate all that concerns humanity in
four continents.

So much for the ' anthropological notes.
The translation itself, with very slight re-
vision, was reissued by his wife ' for house-
hold reading' (1887-8, 6 vols.) The book
had been the companion of his early travels
in Arabia and Eastern Africa, where he saw
with Ms own eyes how faithful was its por-
traiture of oriental thought and manners.
He intended the translation to be a legacy
to Ms countrymen, of whose imperial mis-
sion he was ever mindful, and to perj>etuate
the fruit of his own oriental experiences,
which are never likely to be repeated. Bur-
ton was three parts an oriental at heart, as
is shown most plainly in his mystical poem
1 The Kasidah ' (1880 ; 2nd edit. 1894), which
contains the fullest revelation that he ever
made of himself. In his Arabian Nights
he stands forth as the interpreter o: the

East to the West, with unique qualifications.
Though the language was almost as familiar
to him as his mother tongue, he laboured
like a scholar over the various versions and
manuscripts. Originally he had proposed to
translate only the numerous metrical pas-
sages with which the text is interspersed,
leaving the prose to an old Aden friend,
Dr. Steinhauser. But when this friend
died, and nothing was found of his manu-
script, he took the whole task upon his own
shoulders. By a fortunate accident the
hitherto unknown Arabic original of two of
the most familiar tales, ' Alladin ' and * Ali
Baba, 7 came to light in time to be incor-
porated in the * Supplemental jSights.' Of
the merit of Burton's translation no two
opinions have been expressed. The quaint-
nesses of expression tiat some have found
fault with in the * Lusiads ' are here not out
of place, since they reproduce the topsy-
turvy world of the original. If an eastern
story-teller could have written in English
he would write very much as Burton has
done. A translator can expect no higher
praise.

While Burton was still engaged on 'The
Arabian Nights,' his health finally failed.
Hitherto his superb constitution had enabled
him to shake off the attacks of fever ajid
other tropical complaints acquired during
his travels. But from 1883 onwards he was
a victim to gout. In the spring of 1887,
when he was staying on the Kiviera, alarm-
ing symptoms developed, and never after-
wards could he dispense with the personal
attendance of a doctor. He continued his
wandering habits almost to the last. During
a trip to Tangier in the winter of 1885-6 he
was cheered by a letter from Lord Salisbury
announcing his nomination as K.C.M.G.,
though he would have preferred the rever-
sion of the consul-generalship at Morocco.
He was never actually knighted, and only
wore his star at an official dinner at Trieste
on the occasion of the queen's jubilee. He
paid frequent visits to England, and travelled
through Switzerland and Tyrol in the vain
search for health. If he had lived till
March 1891 he would have become entitled
to a consular pension, but the foreign office
refused to anticipate his full term of service.
In the autumn of 1890 he returned to Trieste,
and there he died on 20 Oct., worn out
before he had finished his seventieth year.
While he was in his death agony, his wife
called In a priest to administer the last rites
of the Boman church, and she brought his
body home to be buried, with a full religious
ceremonial, in the catholic cemetery at

His monument

A*2

Burton

35 6

Busher

consists of a white marble mausoleum,
sculptured in. the form of an Arab tent, the
cost of which was partly defrayed by public
subscription, Within is a massive sarco-
phagus, with a cross on the lid, placed before
a consecrated altar.

Burton lived a full life, which recalls the
Elizabethan age of adventure. Considering 1
only his explorations, few have traversed a
larger portion of the earth's little-biown
s-mces, and none with more observant eyes.
las achievement as a writer is scarcely oss
remarkable. His total output amounts to
more than fifty volumes, some of consider-
able dimensions. Though all are not litera-
ture, they all represent hard work and are the
product of an original brain. A good deal
more lies buried in the * Transactions 7 of
learned societies and in current periodicals,
for Burton was prodigal with his pen. In
addition, he left behind large quantities of
literary material, of which his widow failed
to make proper use, Behind the traveller and
the author there emerges the figure of a man
who dared to be ever true to :iimsolf. His
career was all of his own making. No physi-
cal hardships could daunt his resolution ; no
discouragements could permanently sour his
temper. Probably no one knew every facet
of his strange character, certainly not his
wife. But toose who knew him best admired
liim most. He was ever ready to assist, from
the stores of his own experience, young ex-
plorers and young students; but here, as in
all else, he was impatient of pretentiousness
and sciolism. His virile and self-centred per-
sonality stamped everything he said or wrote.
No one could meet him without being con-
vinced of his sincerity. He concealed no-
thing; he boasted of nothing. Such as cir-
cumstances had made him, he bore himself
to all the world : a man of his hands from his
youth, a philosopher in his old a je ; a good
hater, but none the less a staunc i friend.

The face was characteristic of the man.
Burned by the sun and scarred with wounds,
he looked like one who knew not what fear
meant. His mouth was hard, but not sensual ;
his nose and chin strongly outlined. His eyes,
when in repose, had a :ar-away look; but
they could flash with passion or soften in
sympathy. The robustness of his frame was
shown by a herculean chest and shoulders,
which made him look shorter than his actual
height. His hands and feet were particularly
small. , His gestures were dignoed, and his
manners marked by old-world courtesy.
Lord Lei -hton's portrait of him, taken in
middle lire, is well known. Another picture,
painted by Francois Jaequand at Boulogne
,11 1852, representing him as a young man

in the uniform of his Bombay regiment, is
now in tho possession of his sister!a family.
A cast of his face and bust, taken after death j
did not turn out satisfactorily.

Burton appoln ted his wife to be his literary
executor, with absolute control over every-
thing that he left behind. Among her first
acts was to burn the manuscript of a trans-
lation of au Arabic work called ' The Scented
G arden/ which, with elaborate annotations
of the same sort as thovse appended to ' The
Arabian Nights,' had occupied the last year
of his life. After she aad finished his
biography she likewise destroyed his private
diaries. And by lior own will she forbad
anything of his to be published without the
express sanction of the secretary of the
National Vigilance Society. She iid, how-
ever, pormit the appearance of his transla-
tion from the original Neapolitan dialect of
the ' Pentamoroue 7 of Ba&Le (1893,2 vols.),
and of his verse rendering of * Catullus'
(1 804). There has also been published, under
the editorship of Mr. W. II. Wilkins, a not
very valuable posthumous treatise on ' The
Jew, the Gbsy, and El Islam ' (1897). Lady
Burton furtaer commenced a l memorial edi-
tion ' of her husband's better-known works,
of which seven volumes appeared before her
death.

[' The Life of Sir Richard Burton, by his Wife,
Jsttbol Lady Burton' (2 vols. 1893, 2nd ed. by
y. H. Wilkina, 1898), roquirofl to be corrected
in Homo rospocts by ' The True Life of Capt. Sir
Richard I?. Burton/ "written by his niece,
Georgians M. Stiated, with the authority and
approval of the Burton family ( 1896). Re-
foronce may alo bo nwdo to l A Sketch of the
Career of Richard F. Burton/ by Alfred Bates
Richards, Andrew Wilson, and Sb. Olair Bad-
cleley (1880) ; and to ( Richard V. Burton: his
Early Private and Public Life, with an Account
of his Travels nnd Explorations/ 'by Francis
Hitehman (2 vein. 1897).] J. S. C.

BTJEY, VtaooTOT. [See KBPWBL, WIL-
LIAM COUTTS, seventh EARL OP ALBEMA.BLB,
1832-1894.]

BUSHER, LEONARD (fl. 161 4), pioneer
of religious toleration, appears to have been
a citizen of London who ejent some time in
'exile' at Amsterdam, wSere he seems to
have made the acquaintance of John Robin-
son (1576 P-1625) [q. v.J the famous pastor
of the pilgrim fathers, and probably of John
Smith (d. 1612) fa./.], the se-baptist. He
adopted in the main the principles of the
Brownists, and after his return to England
Busher apparently became a member of the
congregation of Thomas Helwys [c . v.]> a . n< *
published in 1614 his treatise advocating

Busk

357

Busk

religious toleration, In it he speaks of his
poverty, due to persecution, which prevented
ais publishing two other works he had
written: (1) 'A. Scourge of small Cords
wherewith Antichrist and his Ministers
might, be driven out of the Temple;' and
(2) t A Declaration of certain False Transla-
tions in the New Testament.' Neither of
these books appears to have been published,
nor is any manuscript known to be extant.

B usher's only published work was en-
titled ' Eel i gious Peace ; or, a Plea for Liberty
of Conscience, long since presented to King
.Tames and the High Court of Parliament
then sitting, by L. B., Citizen of London,
and printed in the year 1614;' but no copy
of this edition is. known. It was, however,
reissued in 1646 (London, 4to), with an
epistle ' to the Presbyterian reader ' by EL B.,
probably Henry Burton [q. v.] This edition
was licensed for the press by John Bachiler,
who was on that account ferociously at-
tacked by Edwards (Gangr&na, iii. 102-5).
A reprint of this edition, with an historical
introduction by Edward Bean Underbill
(d. 1901}, was issued by the Hanserd Knollys
Suciety in 1846. Bushels book ' is certainly
the earliest known publication in which full
liberty of conscience is openly advocated*
(MASSOtf, Milton, iii. 102). He was appa-
rently acquainted with the original Greek
of the New Testament, and his book is an
earnest and ably written plea for religious
toleration. Ithasbeen suggested that JamesI
was influenced by it when he declared to
parliament in 1614, ' No state can evidence
that any religion or heresy was ever extir-
pated by the sword or by violence, nor have
ever judged it a way of planting the truth/

[Underbill's Introd. to reprint in Hanserd
Knollys Soc. 1846; Masson's Milton, iii. 102-5,
432; Hanbury's Hist. Mem. relating to the
Independents, i. 224 ; Morley's Life of Cromwell,
1900, p. 158.] A. F. P.

BUSK, GEORGE (1807-1886), man of
science, second son of Robert Busi (1768-
1835), merchant of St. Petersburg, and his
wife Jane, daughter of John Westly, cus-
toms house clerk at St. Petersburg, was horn
at St. Petersburg on 12 Aug. 1807. His
grandfather, Sir Wadsworth Busk, was at-
torney-'eneral of the Isle of Man, and Hans
Busk tlie elder [<j. v*] was his uncle.

George was educated at Dr. Hartley's
school, Bra 'ley, Yorkshire, where his passion
for natural history was abundantly gratified,
and he afterwards served six years as an
articled student of the Coflege^of Surgeons
under George Beaman, completing his medi-
cal education as a student at St. Thomas's

and St. Bartholomew's hospitals. After being
admitted a member of the College of Sur-
geons, Busk was appointed in 1832 assistant
surgeon on board the Grampus, the seamen's
hospital ship at Greenwich ; thence he was
transferred to the Dreadnought, which re-
placed it, becoming in time full surgeon.
During his service he worked out the patho-
logy of cholera, and made important obser-
vations on scur-vy.

In 1855 he retired from the service, settled
in London, and discontinued private prac-
tice in order to devote himself to scientific
pursuits, at first principally to the micro-
scopic investigation of the lower forms of
life, and especially the Bryozoa ( = Polyzoa),
of which group he was the first to formulate
a scientific arrangement in 1856 for an article
in the ' English Cyclopaedia/ In 1863 he
attended the conference to discuss the ques-
tion of the age and authenticity of the human
jaw found at Moulin Quignon. His atten-
tion being thus drawn to palseontplogical
problems, he next year visited the Gibraltar
caves in company with Dr. Falconer, and
henceforth devoted much time and attention
to the study of cave faunas, and later on to
ethnology.

His pablrc occupations were very numerous.
He was nominated a fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons of England, when fel-
lowships were first established by the char-
ter of 1843, was elected a member of its
council in 1868, and a member of its board
of examiners five years after, becoming vice-
president later on, and president in 1871.

- Jie was for upwards of twenty-five years
examiner in physiology and anatomy for the
Indian medical service, and afterwards for
the regular army and navy. He held the
Huntcrian professorship for three years, and
was a trustee of the Hunterian Museum.

x He was a memlter of the senate of the nni-
< versity of London, and for many years trea-
surer of the Royal Institution. He became
later one of the governors of Charterhouse

- School, and was the first home office in-
spector raider the Cruelty to Animals Act.

5 The Royal Society elected him a fellow in

1 1850, and he was four times nominated a

vice-president, besides often serving on its

* council He received the royal medal in

* 1871. He had teen elected a fellow of
; the Linnean Society in December 1846,

acted as its zoological secretary from 1857 to
1868, and, besides serving frequently on its
council, was viceoresident several times be-
tween 1869 and 1S82. He joined the Geolo-

, gical Society in, 1859, twice served on its
council, and was the recipient of the Lyell

'. medal in 1878, and the Wollaston medal in

Busk 358 Butler

1885 He became a fellow of the Zoological The name Buskia was given in his honour
Society in 1856, assisted in the foundation to a genus of Bryozoa by Alder in 1856, and
of the Microscopical Society in 1839, was again by Temson-Woods in 1877. His col-
its resident in 1848 and 1849, and elected lection of Bryozoa is now at the Natural
honorary fellow in 1869. He was also a History Museum, South Kensington,
member of council of the Anthropological 'Medico-Chinirg. Trans. 1887, Ixx. 23 ; Quar-
Institute from its foundation in 1371, and ^ T y Journal Geol. Soc. xliii. Proc. 40; Proc.
its president in 1873 and 1874. Besides all Linn. Soc. 1886-7, p. 36 ; Times, 11 Aug. 1886 ;
these he was a member of many medical private information ; Nat. Hist. Mus. Cat. ;
societies and minor scientific bodies. 3oyal Soc. Cat.] B. B. W.

He died at his house, 32 Harlev Street, ___ , . , ,. . -

London, on 10 Aug. 1886. On ..2 Aug. BUTE, third MABQUIS OF See STTJAET,

1843 Busk married tus cousinEllen, youngest JOHN PATBICK CKIOHTON, 1847-1900.]

H^ffiSto^ HanS BU8k f ThCOlmld8 ' BU . TLER > GEORGE d819-1890),canon

A -portrait in oils, tainted in 1884 by his of Winchester, born at Harrow on 11 June

daughter, Miss E. tf. Busk, hangs in the 1819, was the eldest child of George Butler

apartments of the Linnean Society at Bur- [q. v. , head-master of Harrow School, bv his

rV,*f TTrma* wife Sarah Maria, eldest daughter of ,ohn

linnion House. ~ * ^ Tr ,- T i i\/r-in TT

J n addition to some seventy or eighty Gray of Wembley Park, Middlesex. He

papers on scientific subjects contributed to entered Harrow School m April 1831 under

variousjournalsfroml841onwards,Biiskwa3 Charles Thomas Longlev [q.v.] and after

author of: 1. ' Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa keeping four terms at Trinity College, Cam-

in the British Museum,' 3 pts. London, 1852- bridge, was admitted at Oxford ad em tot,

1875 12mo and 8vo. 2. ' A Monograph of matriculating from Exeter College on 16 Oct.

the Fossil Polyzoa of the Crag' [Pal. Soc. 1840. His lather, who desired this migra-

Monoff.l. London, 1859, 4to. 3. 'Report on tion, thought he had wasted his time at

the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. Challenger/ Cambncl -e, but m 1841 he won the Hert-

London, 1884-6, 2 vols. 4to. This, his most ford scho.arship at Oxford, and was elected

7 ,' -1.1 -.r j_v_ hskl-isNlAi. f\f lT.-va-f.ai* (InWarra. trt 1 SJ.V ha

his last illness. A work on 'Crania Typica -- -----.- . .. ,

was projected and the plates drawn, but the B.A. on 4 Dec. 1845 and M. A, on 30 April

text was never completed. He also contri- 1846. Among his friends at Oxford were

buted descriptions of Bryozoa to MacGil- Lord Coleridge, James Anthony Froude, and

livray's < Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sir George Ferg U8on Bowen, In 1848 he

Rattlesnake '(1852), P. P. Carpenter's' Cata- was appointed to a tutorship at Durham

loo-ue of Mazatlan Shells' (1857), Sir G. S. University. In 1850 he returned to Ox-

Nares's 'Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar ford, where he was for several years a ?ub-

Sea> (1878), Tizard and Sir J. Murray's lie examiner, and in 1852 he vacatec. his

'Exploration of the Faroe Channel' (1882), fellowship by marriage. In that year he

an article on 'Venomous Insects and Hep- introduced geographical lectures at Oxford,

tiles' to T. Holmes's System of Surgery' and afterwards gave lectures on art m the

and 'Descriptions of the Animal Taylor building, publishing his lectures ^m

id in Brixham Cave ' to Sir J. 1852 with the tit.e ' Principles of Imitative

It&mains found *ju. *^jL*o,ij.*juj. VWTU v * ^. nne-j* 1 *- j j

Prestwich's ' Report on the Exploration of Art,' London, 8vo. In 1854 he was ordained

Brixham Cave ' (1873). He moreover pub- deacon as curate of St. Giles s, Oxford, and

lished translations of various important re- in 1855 priest. In 1855 he was classical

ports and papers on botany, zoology, and examiner to the secretary of state for war,

medicine for taeRay and Sydenham societies, and in 1856 examiner for the East India

chief of which were Steenstrup's 'On the Company's civil service. From 1856 to 1858

Alternation of Generations' (1845), and he was principal of Butler's Hall, a private

Koelliker's 'Manual of Human Histology' college at Oxford, to which he gave the

(2 vols. 1853-4), the latter in co-operation name, and from 1857 to 1865 he was vice-

with Thomas Henry Huxley [a. v. Suppl.] principal of Cheltenham College. In 18bb

He edited the 'Microscopic Journal' for ae was appointed principal of Liverpool

1842, the Quarterly Journal of Microacopi- College, wliere he remained until his mstal-

cal Science 'from 1853 to 1868, the 'Natural ment as canon of Winchester on 7 Au".

History Review' from 1861 to 1865, and the 1882. While at Liverpool he and his i wi.e

'Journal of the Ethnological Society ' for laboured actively for the abolition of the

1869 and 1870. state regulation of prostitutes in connection

Butler

359

Butler

with the army. Butler died in London on
14 March 1890, and was buried in the ceme-
tery at Winchester. On 8 Jan. 1852 he
was married at Corbridge in Northumber-
land to Josephine Elizabeth, fourth daughter
of John Grey (1785-1868) [q. v.] She sur-
vived him, and published in 1892 * Recol-
lections of George Butler,' Bristol, 8vo.
He left several children.

Besides the work already mentioned, and
several single sermons, Butler -published:

1. < Village Sermons/ Oxford, ^857, 8vo.

2. 'Sermons preached in Cheltenham Col-
lege Chapel,' Cambridge, 1862, 8vp. He
also edited : 1. * Codex Virgilianus qui nuper
ex bibliotheca Abbatis M. L. Canonici Bod-
leianae accessit, cum Wagneri textu col-
latus,' Oxford, 1854, 8vo. 2. * The Public
Schools Atlas of Modern Geography/ 1872,
fol.; new edit. 1885, 8vo. 3. 'The Public
Schools Atlas of Ancient Geography/ 1877,
8vo.

[Mrs. Butler's Recollections of George Butler ;
Harrow School Register, ed. Welch, 1801-93,
p. 89 ; Boase's Register of Exeter Colle ;e (Oxford
Hist. Soc.), 1894, pp. 183, 222.] 3. I. C.

BUTLER, WILLIAM JOHN (1818-
1894), dean of Lincoln, eldest son of John
Laforey Butler, a member of the firm of
H. and I. Johnstone, merchants and bankers,
was born in Bryanston Street, Marylebone,
London, on 10 Feb. 1818. His mother, Hen-
rietta, daughter of Captain Robert Patrick,
was of Irish, as his father was of Pembroke-
shire, descent. After schooling at Enfield,
he became a queen's scholar at Westminster
in 1832, and was elected to Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1836. He won the Trinity
essay in 1839, but, though a fair classical
scholar, was unable to give sufficient time
to the tripos, and took a pass degree in 1840.
He commenced M. A. in 7.844, and on 1 July
1847 was admitted ad eundem at Oxford,
where he was made an honorary canon of
Christ Church in 1872 (FosTEB). He was
ordained by Bishop Sumner in Farnham
cha-Del in 1841 to the curacy of Do^mers-
fielc, under Charles Dyson [q. v.]. Subse-
c uently for one year he held the curacy of
!?uttenham in Surrey, and in 1844 he accepted
the perpetual curacy of Wareside, a poor out-
lying hamlet of Ware. Here he preached the
discourses included in his * SermonsforWork-
ing Men' (1847). Meanwhile, in June 1846, he
was appointed by the dean and chapter of
Windsor to the vicarage of Wantage, with
which place, as a model parish priest, and as
the founder and warden of the penitentiary
sisterhood of St. MarVs, in 1850, his name is
inseparably associated. He retained the

wardenship until his death. While at
Wanta -e Se trained as his curates the Rev.
A. H.Kackonochie, the Rev. Gr. Cosby White,
the Rev. M. H. Noel, the Rev. V. S. S. Coles,
Canon Newbolt, and Dr. Liddon. * I owe all
the best I know to Butler ' -was a saying at-
tributed to Liddon, but felt equally by many
of the other churchmen who came under
Butler's stimulating influence. Upon the
deposition of Bishop Colenso in 1864 by the
Capetown Metropo itan synod, Butler was
elected to replace him at a synod of the dio-
cese of Nata. ; but the election was disap-
proved by Archbishop Longley, to whose
views Butler loyally subordinated his own
wishes. He was a great believer in obedience,
and ' a still greater in submission.*

In 1874 he was elected to convocation as
proctor for the clergy of Oxford, and often
"Drightened the debates by the short speeches
in which he excelled. In politics be was
rather conservative than otherwise. In 1880,
however, he was nominated by Gladstone to
a residentiary canonry at ATorcester, and
while there did much -ood work in connec-
tion with the internal government of the
cathedral, the establishment of a separate
school for the choristers, and the formation
of a girls' high school in the city. In 1885
Gladstone advanced him to the deanery of
Lincoln in the room of Blakesley. To him
the cathedral at Lincoln owes the evening
service in the nave and numerous other im-
provements in the services.

He rose early and was unsparing of him-
self his time, his trouble, and his purse.
' Prayer, grind, and love * was his descrip-
tion of the requisites of the pastor of a large
parish, and the same were tie principles of
Ms cathedral work. Though a staunch high
churchman, he was averse from all extremes.
Loyalty to the Prayer Book was his watch-
word, and he regretted the way in which
' some of the clergy were transforming the
church of England into a congregational
body/ His affinities were with the trac-
tarian school of thought, though he com-
bined a good deal of Cambridge practicality
with it. A man of an austere exterior,
Butler had a very kind heart, and felt sorry
for people even when he wounded them by
speaking the truth. His outspokenness
extended to the pulpit; but he was never
unmerciful except to self-indulgence. He
hated a clergyman to smoke, and in answer
to arguments would simply say ' Mr. Keble
never did.* 'What are you going to do? 1
he once asked a devout lady who was saying
how much she had been moved by some sermon
of his. His vigorous health suddenly broke
in January 1894, and he died at the deanery

Butt

360

Butterfield

on 14 Jan., and was buried on the 18th in
the Cloister Garth, Lincoln. His death
was followed on 21 Jan. by that of his wife,
Emma, daughter of George Henry Barnett,
head of the banking firm of Barnett, Hoare,
& Co., whom he had married at Putney on
29 July 1843, and by whom he had issue.
She was buried beside her husband in the
Cloister Garth.

An alabaster effigy of Dean Butler was
erected in Lincoln Cathedral and unveiled
on 25 A;?ril 1896. Two portraits, dated 1843
and 1883, are given in the * Life and Letters
of William John Butler, Lite Dean of Lincoln
and sometime Vicar of Wantage,' brought
out by his daughter, Mrs. Knight, in con-
junction with his eldest son, Mr. Arthur
John Butler, in 1897. The south chapel in
Wantage church was restored in 189o, * in
thankful memory of W. J. Butler, 34 years
vicar.' Though he published little, Dean
Butler will probably enjoy a high reputation
both as a preacher and a letter writer among
the worthies of the church of England. His
letters from the seat of the Franco-Prussian
war in September 1870, when he rendered
voluntary assistance to the Red Cross Society
at Sedan and Saarbriicken, are of great in-
terest and considerable documentary value.
As a writer his name is most familiar upon
the titleoage of two devotional manuals,
'School Prayers' (1848, &c.) and 'Plain
Thoughts on Holy Communion' (1880,
numerous editions).

[Life and Letters of William John Butler,
1897 ; Times, 15, 19, and 22 Jan. 1894; Guar-
dian, February 1894; Church Times, 19 and
26 Jan. 1894; Illustrated London News, 20 Jan.
1804 (portrait) ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. 8.

BUTT, SIB CHARLES PARKER (1880-
1892), judge, third son of the Rev. Phelpes
John. Butt of Wortham Lodge, Bournemouth,
by Mary, daughter of the Kev. John Eddy,
vicar o- Toddngton, Gloucestershire, born
on 24 June 1830, was educated under private
tutors. On 22 Jan. 1849 he was admitted
student at Lincoln's Inn, where he was
called to the bar on 17 Nov. 1854, and elected
"bencher on 11 Jan. 1869. Whilst acting as
correspondent for the * Times 7 at Constanti-
nople he practised in the consular courts,
where he gained an experience of mercantile
and maritime law anc usage which on his
return to England stood him in good stead
on the northern circuit and in the admiralty
court. Though by no means a consummate
lawyer he was an eminently skilful advo-
cate, and, on taking silk (8 Dec. 1868), suc-
ceeded to much o: the practice which was
liberated by the advancement of Sir "William

Baliol Brett (afterwards Viscount Eaher)
[q. v. Suppl.] to the bench.

Butt unsuccessfully contested Tamworth
in the liberal interest in February 1874, but
was returned to parliament for Southampton
on 6 April 1880. His maiden speech was
an able vindication on broad constitutional
grounds of Charles Bradlaugh's right to take
the oath (1 July). On the Irish question,
so long as he remained in parliament, he was
an unwavering supporter of the government.
He succeeded tiirP-oberfc Phillimore as justice
of the high court, probate, divorce, and ad-
miralty division, on 31 March 1883, and was
knighted on 20 A^ril following. He suc-
ceeded Sir James ILannen as president of the
division on 29 Jan. 1891. He was a member,
but hardly a working member, of the royal
commission appointed on 1 Nov. 1884 to in-
vestigate the causes of loss of life at sea. His
health was already gravely impaired, and a
painful malady, which latterly rendered con-
tinuous attention almost impossible, was
complicated by an attack of influenza in the
winter of 1891, and terminated in hia death
from cardiac paralysis at Wiesbaden on 26 May
1892. In sucn circumstances a greater lawyer
must have failed to establish a reputation
commensurate with his cowers,

Butt married, on 2? Dec, 1878, Anna
Georgina, daughter of C. Ferdinand Rode-
wald.

[Foster's Men at the Bar ; Lincoln's Inn He-
cords; Burke's Peerage (1892); Members of
Parliament (official lists, App.) ; Hansard's Parl.
Deb. 3rd ser. ccliii. 1302, cclvii. 313, cclxvii.
470 ; Parl. Papers (H. 0.), 1887, C, 6227 ; Vanity
Fair, 12 Feb. 1887; Whitehall Rev. 28 May
1892 j Times, 27 May 1892 ; Aim. Rog. 1892, ii.
174; Law Times, 4 June 1892; Law Journ.
4 June 1802; Solicitor's Journ. 28 May 1892;
Men and Women of the Time (1891) ; Law Bep.
App. Cases (1887) p. xviii, (1891) Memoranda.]

J, M. H.

BUTTERFIELD, WILLIAM (1814-
1900), architect, the son of William Butter-
field, by his wife Ann, daughter of Bobert
Stevens, was born in the parish of St.
Clement Danes, London, on 7 Sept. 1814.
His first architectural education was received
in ah office at Worcester, where a sympa-
thetic head clerk of archaeological tastes en-
couraged him in those studies of English,
mediaeval building which laid the foundation
of his career and knowledge (Builder, 1900,
Ixxviii. 201). He measured and drew the
cathedral at Worcester so as to know it in
every detail ; and at, the close of his pupilage
he continued this personal examination of
buildings in other parts of the country,
doubly important from the fact that

Butterfield

361

Butterfield

period the gothic structures of England had
neither been efficiently recorded nor 're-
stored.' Pugin -was practically the only
gothic architect of the day, and Rickman's
' catalogued examination of English churches
was a useful -Dioneer no more ' ( R. L JB. A.
Journal, 190J, vii. 241). Butterfield's in-
clinations led him naturally into collabora-
tion with the Cambridge Camden Society,
amon ; whose founders he had many personal
friends, especially the Rev. Benjamin Webb
[c_. v.], on -whose advice in church matters he
placed a high value, and in consultation
with whom he prepared a great number of
illustrations for the ' Instrumenta Ecclesias-
tica' (London, 1847, 4to), a repertory of
church design.

Under the auspices of the Cambridge
Camden Society, a scheme was started in
1843 for the improvement of church plate
and other articles of church use, and Butter-
field, whose offices were then, as throughout
his career, at 4 Adam Street, Adelphi, was
appointed the t agent.' He was, in fact, not
merely the receiver of orders but the designer
of the goods and the superintendent of their
execution (Ecclesiolagist, 1843, ->. 117).

In 1844 Butterfield designed, for Cealpit
Heath, near Bristol, a small church to seat
four hundred (ib. 1844, p. 113), and in the
next year he undertook for Alexander James
Beresford-Hope [q. v.] his first important
wor k the re-erection of St. Augustine's,
Canterbury, as a missionary college. This
building (ib. vii. 1) shares with t'-ie church
of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington (1853),
and with the collegiate church (now cathe-
dral) of Cumbrae, a certain simplicity and
adherence to type which is absent from But-
terfield's later and more individual works.
The chapel at Balliol College, pxford (1856-
1857), a small but characteristic building,
shows the beginning of his unusual methods
in colour ; but the first church which made
his reputation as an. architect of undoubted
originality was All Saints*, Margaret Street,
London, which, with its adjoining buildings
(1859), forms a significant and admirable
group of modern ecclesiastical architecture
(ib. xx. 184 ; BERESFQEB-EoPE, English Ca-
thedrals of the Nineteenth Century, pp. 2S4,
250). The type of gothic adopted here is, so
far as it follows precedent, that of the four-
teenth century, but there is great freedom
in the handling of forms and mouldings, and
an exuberance in the colour decoration. One
of the striking features of the church is the,
then novel, use of exposed brickwork, both
external and internal. m .,, OJ .

All Saints' was followed in 1863 by bt.
Alban's, near Holborn [see ETJBBAUB, JOHN

G-ELLiBBiNB], a building of singular majesty,
in which the fine proportions more than
counterbalance the iciosvncrasies. A sketch
(Builder, xlvi. 1884), made by Mr. A. Beres-
ford Pite, when the houses in Gray's Inn
were demolished, shows an aspect of the
building generally invisible. The new build-
ings at Merton College, Oxford (Eccleswlo-
gist, xix, 218), with restoration of the chapel,
were entrusted to Butterfield in 1864 3 and
in 1868 he carried out the Hampshire county
hospital, which, with St. Michael's Hospital,
Cheddar, is among the chief of his non-eccle-
siastical works. His next important desi jn
was for the chapel and other school build-
ings at Rugby (1875), and about the same
time there came the great opportunity of his
life, the commission to build Keble 'College
at Oxford. Of this undertaking the chapel,
completed in 1876 at a cost of 60,000/., was
intended to be the point of central interest.
Its proportions and forms are good ; but its
colour, whether in marble, glass, or other
materials, is generally acknowledged to be
unfortunate. It is only fair to mention that
the chapel has undergone certain alterations
by anotier hand.

Butterfield's chief interest lay essentially
in his ecclesiastical buildings; but he de-
signed various domestic works, chiefly for
his personal friends. Heath's Court, near
Ottery St. Mary, erected in 1883 for Lord
Coleridge, is one of his best houses, and
Milton Ernest in Bedfordshire another. He
made the plans for the layin out of Hun-
stanton, and designed several houses for Mr.
Le Strange.

Among his later designs are the^ chapel
and other buildings at Ascot Priory 'see art.
PUSET, EBTTAKB BouvEBnf , competed in
1885, and the church at Hug'sy in -fc-96.
- Butterfield's works of restoration were not
as happy as his ori ;inal designs. It is strange
that one who basec. all his knowledge upon
original study and who had a genuine love
of old buildings should have produced such
misinterpretations of antic uity. At Win-
chester College, where he ouilt certain new
' buildings, he incurred criticism by destroy-
ing the seventeenth-century stalls of the
chapel (which may perhaps have been de-
caved) ; at St. Cross Hospital he employed,
in'the name of restoration, a very startling
' scheme of colouring ; at St. Bees be made
additions incongruous to the fabric, including-
a costly iron screen. At Frislmey, Lincoln-
shire, and Brigham, Cumberland, there are
further examples of his somewhat unsym-
pathetic attention- to old chnrches.

Butterfield had several commissions for
colonial work, designing churches (mostly

Butterfield

362

Butterfield

cathedrals) for Melbourne, Adelaide (Eccle-
sioloffist, v. 141), Bombay, Poonah, Cape
Town, Port Elizabeth, and Madagascar. In
the case of the first named, Butterfield's ad-
vice was withdrawn daring the progress of
the work, and the finished interior by no
means represents his intentions (HOPE, Eng-
lish Cathedrals, pp. 9G, 104).

Of his works not yet mentioned the most
important are the church of St. Augustine
in Queen's Gate, London, another church of
the same dedication at Bournemouth, St.
Ninian's Cathedral at Perth (completed in
1890; see HorE, English Cathedrals, p. 78),
the chapel at Fulham Palace, the ecclesias-
tical coJege in the close at Salisbury, the
guards' chapel at Oaterham barracks, and
the Gordon Boys' Home at Bagshot.

Butterfield's name is also associated with
work at St. Michael's Hospital, Axbridge ;
the grammar school at Exeter; St. Mary's
Church in Dover Castle; the church and
vicarage of St. Mary Magdalen at Enfield ;
the c:iapel of Jesus College, Cambridge ;
Babbacombe, near Torquay, where Devon
marble was employed; West Lavington, with
a shingle spire; St. Thomas, a red- brick
church, at Leeds ; St. John's, Huddersfield ;
Emery Down, in the New Forest; Baldersby,
near Lincoln ; Yealmpton, Devonshire ; Ard-
leigh, Essex ; St. Mary's Brookfield, Harrow
"Weald, Middlesex ; St. Clement's, City Road ;
St. John's, Hammersmith; and St, Luke's
Church, Sheen, Staffordshire, recast by But-
terfield in 18S2, his friend Webb being per-
petual curate, and Beresford-Hope patron of
the parish. Churches at the following places
are also all of them original works by Butter-
field : Ashford, Aberystwith, Barnet, Brook-
field, Barley, Bamford, Beechill, Btilmont,
Braishfield, Battersea (college chapel), Clay-
ton, Christleton, Clevedon, Cowick, Gaer Hill,
Dandela, Dalton, Dropmore, Dublin (St. Co-
lumba College chapel), Edmonton, Ellerch,
Etal, Foxham, Horton, Hensall, Hitchin,
Highway, Kingsbury, Landford, Lincoln
(Bede chapel), Langley, Lamplugh, Milton
Ernest, Netherham^ton, Newbury, Ports-
mouth, Penarth, Pou-ton, Pollington, Rother-
hithe, Rangemore, Ravenswood, "Weybridge,
Waresley, and Wykeham.

Though he contributed valuable articles to
the * Ecclesiologist,' the organ of the Cam-
bridge ^ Camden Society, Butterfield was
otherwise an infrequent writer, and almost
his only independent publication was a small
book on church seats and kneeling boards
(2nd edit 1886 ; 3rd edit. 1889).

Having a large practice Butterfield natu-
rally employed assistants, and, though he
was himself an excellent draughtsman, he

was careful, at least in later life, to commit
all his working drawings to his subordinates
but he submitted their work to such untiring
correction that all he sent out from his office
may be looked upon as emphatically his
own. His life was one of singular seclu-
sion. It was his care to make it as quiet
and retired as was consistent with his public
engagements.

Butterfield's work cannot be considered
apart from the inner spirit of the church re-
vival ; his art was entirely inspired by keen
churchmansliip, and his churchmanship was
based on something 1 deeper than ceremonial.
Taking the minutest interest in the details
of traditional worship, he held in horror any-
thing like fancy ritual. He instilled into
the craftsmen associated with him some-
thing of his own scruples against working
for the Roman church, and something- of his
own willingness to labour, if need be with-
out reward, for the church of England. He
was associated with various conventual
buildings erected for the English church,
providing designs both for Hiss Sellon's
establishment at Plymouth [see SEIXON,
PKISCILLA LYDIA" and for the novitiate wing
at Wantage, in w.iich town he also carried
out St. Mary's iSchool and King Alfred's
Grammar School. JIo interested himself in
the problem of providing cheap churches,
and once designed a model church to cost
260 It was intended to be without porch
or even pulpit, and tho bell was to hang on
a neighbouring tree* As a matter of fact,
Butterfield more than realised his intention,
for his church at Charlton, near Wantage,
cost under 250/ v and had porch, bell-turret,
and jjulpit,

It is in tho matter of colour that Butter-
field has been most attacked by his critics,
and it is certain that on this subject his
views did not coincide with those even of
his friends. It may be pointed out, in de-
fence, that in the case of All Saints' Church,
and others of that period, his colour theory
seems to have been that such combinations
were permissible as could be produced by
uncoloured natural materials. This theory
will account for the juxtaposition of strongly
discordant bricks and marbles, and the
bright contrasts thus obtained led on, upon
Butterfield's own admission, to his strange
choice of garish colours in glass ; but this
plea of ' natural ' colour cannot be made to
cover his views mon the use of similar con-
trasts in paint. .Sor indeed does the con-
sideration that he made a special study of
colour in Northern Italy satisfactorily ex-
plain the use under the English climate of
what may have seemed beautiful beyond the

By

363

By

Alps. Still, if in colour and in other matters
his work sometimes exhibited originality at
the expense both of beauty and of traditional
usage, it must at all events be acknowledged
as invariably sincere, substantial, and fear-
lessly true.

Butterfield died, unmarried, on 23 Feb.
1900 at his residence, 42 Bedford Square.
He was buried at Tottenham cemetery. He
had been a constant attendant at the church
of All Hallows, Tottenham, which he had
practically rebuilt.

[Royal Institute of British Architects Journal
(with copy of portrait by Lady Coleridge), vii.
241 ; Builder, 1900, Ixxviii. 201 ; Times, 26 Feb.
1900 ; Men and Women of the Time; informa-
tion from the Rev. W. Starey.] P. "W.

BY, JOHN /1781-1886), lieutenant-
colonel royal engineers, founder of Bytown,
now Ottawa, Canada, and engineer of the
Kideau canal, was born in 1781. After pass-
ing through the Royal Military Academy at
"Woolwica, he received a commission as second
lieutenant in the royal artillery on 1 Aug.1799,
but was transferred to the royal engineers
on 20 Dec. following. His further commis-
sions were dated : lieutenant 18 April 1801,
second captain 2 March 1805, first captain
24 June -809, brevet ma; or 23 June 1814,
lieutenant-colonel 2 Dec, 1824. After serv-
ing at Woolwich and Plymouth he went in
August 1802 to Canada, where he regained
for nearly nine years. He constructed a
fine model, now at Chatham, of the fortress
of Quebec, including the confluence of the
rivers St. Charles and St. Lawrence, and the
site of the battle won by Wolfe on the plains
of Abraham. In January 1811 he went to
Portugal and served in the peninsular war,
taking part in the first and second sieges of
Badajos in May and June of that year.

By was recalled from the peninsula to
take charge of the works at the royal gun-
powder mills at Faversham, Purfleet, and
Waltham Abbey, a post he occupied with
great credit from January 1812 until August
1821, when, owing to reductions made in
the establishments of the army, he was
placed on the unemployed list. While em-
ployed in the powder mills he designed a
bridge on the truss principle for a span of
one thousand feet, and constructed a model
of it which is in the possession of the royal
engineers at Chatham. A description of the
bridge appeared in the ' Morning Chronicle
ofUFeo.1816. .

In A^ril 1826 By went to Canada, having
been selected to design and carry out a mili-
tary water communication, free of obstruc-
tion and safe from attack by the Lmted

States, between the tidal waters of the St.
Lawrence and the great lakes of Canada.
* If ever man deserved to be immortalised in
this utilitarian age,' says Sir Richard Bonnv-
castle in 'The Canadas in 1841,' 'it was
Colonel John By.* In an unexplored part
of the country, where the only mode of
progress was the frail Indian canoe, with a
department to be organised, workmen to be
instructed, and many difficulties to be over-
come, he constructed a remarkable work
the Rideau canal. On his arrival in Canada
he surveyed the inland route up the Ottawa
river to the Rideau affluent, and thence by
the Rideau lake and Catariqui river to Kin ;s-
ton on Lake Ontario. He chose for :iis
headquarters a position near the mouth of
the proposed canal, a little below the beau-
tiful Ciaudiere falls of the Ottawa river,
whence the canal was to ascend eighty-two
feet by a succession of ei :ht locks through
a chasm. Here he built himself a house in
the bush, there being- at that time only two
or three log huts at Nepean point. A town
soon sprang up, and was named after him
Bytown.

*In May 1827, the survey plans and esti-
mates having been approved by the home
overnment, by whom the cost was to he
c.efirayed, By was directed to push forward
the work as rapidly as possible, without
waiting for the usual annual appropriations
of money. Two companies of sappers and
miners were placed at his disposal, a regular
staff for the works organised, barracks and
a hospital were commenced to be built in
stone, and the foundation stone of the canal
works was laid by Sir John Franklin. The
canal was openecl in the spring of 1832,
when the steamer Pamper passed through
from Bytown to Kin-ston. The length of
the navi;ation is 12t* miles, with forty-
seven locks and a total .ockage of 446| feet.
The work proved to be much more expensive
than had been anticipated; for although
stone, sand, and puddling clay were near at
hand, the excavations had to be made in a
soil full of springs interspersed with masses
of erratic rock, -n 1828 the attention of the
British parliament was called to the expen-
diture, 3y having recommended that addi-
tional money should be granted to increase
the size of the locks and build them in stone
instead of wood. Colonels Edward Fan-
shawe and Griffith George Lewis [q, v.], of
the royal engineers, were sent as commis-
sioners from England to report on the sub-
let, and adopted By's views. Hingsford, in
2iis * History of Canada/ says, l Y> e should
never forget, the debt we owe to Colonel By
for the stand he made on this occasion.

By

364

Byrne

Bytown sprang c uickly into au important
place, and became tue centre of a vast lumber
trade. After the union of Upper and Lower
Canada, its name was changed to Ottawa ;
in August 1858 it became the capital of the
united provinces, and in 1807 of the domi-
nion of Canada. The cost of the Bideau
canal about a million was so much above
the original estimate that a select commit-
tee of the House of Commons, with John
Nicholas Fazakerley, M.P. for Peterborough,
as chairman, was appointed to inquire into
tlie matter. By was recalled, and arrived
in England in November 1832. He was
examined by the committee, who, while ad-
mitting that the works had been carried out
with care and economy, concluded their re-
port with a strong expression of regret at
the excess of the expenditure over tae esti-
mate and the parliamentary votes. By, who
had expected commendation on the comple-
tion of this magnificent work in so short a
time, under so many difficulties, and at a
cost by no means extravagant, felt himself
dreadfully ill-used, and never recovered from
the disappointment. His health failing, he
was placed on the unemployed list, and died
at his residence, Shernfo-d Park, near Franfr,
Sussex, on 1 Feb. 183(5.

By married, on 14 March 1818, Esther
(d. 18 Feb. 1838),, heiress of John March of
Harley Street, London, and granddaughter
of John Raymond Barker of Fairford Park,
Gloucestershire, by whom he left two daugh-
ters: Esther (1820-1848), who married in
1838 the Hon. Percy Ashburnham (1799-
1881), second son o: the third earl; and
Harriet Martha (1822-1842), unmarried,

burnham;' Pall Mall Magazine, June 1898,
article on Ottawa; United Empire Loyaliatl
17 March, 1827 ; private source/ R. H. V.

BYRNE, JULIA CLARA" (1810-1 894),
author, born in 1 81 9, was the second dan *hter
and fourth child of Hans Busk (1772-.8G2)
[q. v/ Educated bv her father she became
a gooc. classical scholar and learned to speak
French perfectly.

On 28 April 1842 Julia Busk married
William Pitt Byrne, the proprietor of the
' Morning Post/ who died on 8 April 1861.
There were issue of the marriage one son and
one daughter.

She be^an at an early age to contribute
to periodicals. Her first book all her
works wore published anonymously 'A
Glance behind the Grilles of the Religious
Houses in France/ appeared in 1855, and
discussed the working of the Roman catholic
church as compared with that of the pro-
testant, Mrs. Byrno, coming under the
influence of Cardinal Manning, became a
convert to the Roman catholic caurch. Both
at home and abroad Mrs, Byrne saw or
met many person a of note, and her books
deal largely with her social experiences.
Some of her books, like * Flemish ^Interiors/
1856, and 'Gossip of the Century/ .1892,
are anecdotal, light, and amusing, while
others deal with serious social ciiestions.
' Undercurrents Overlooked/ pubJshed in
two volumes in 1 BOO, called attention to the
abuses of the workhouses, and its revelations,
due to first-hand experience on the part of
the author, created a profound impression,
and helped to bring about many much-needed
reforms. * Gheel, the City o'f the Simple/
1869, deals with the Belgian, mode of treat-
ing the insane, and ' The Beggynhof, or City
of the Single/ 1809, with a French method
of providing for the unmarried,
Mrs. Byrne died at her residence, 16
"

[War Office Records; Royal Engineers' Re-
cords ; Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal
Engineers, 4th ser. vols. i. ii. and v., with plates;
Connolly's History of the Royal Sappers and
Miners; Porter's History of the Royal Engi-
neers ; Family Recollections of Lieutemint-geno- Montagu Street, "Portman Square, London,
ral Elias Walker Durnford, privately printed, on 29 March 1894, She was. a woman of
Montreal, 1863 ; Parliamentary Committee Re-
ports, 1832 i Bouchette's British Dominions in
North America, 1831, 2 vols. 4 to ; W. H. Smith's
Canada, Past, Present, and Fiiture, Toronto,
1851, 8vo ; Bryce's Short History of the Canadian
People, 1887; Bonnycastle's The Canadas in
1841, London, 1842, 2 vols. 8vo; Histories of

Canada by Kingaford (vol. ix), "by Roberts (To-
ronto, 1897), and by Greswell (Oxford, 1890);
Waleh's Notes on some of the Navigable Rivers
and Canals in the United States and Canada,
vith plates, Madras, 1877 ; article by J. G-. Bou-
rinot in the Canadian Monthly, Toronto, June
1 872, entitled * From the G reat Lakes to the Sea ; '
Historical Sketch of the Canals of Canada, in
Van -Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine,
New York, 1871 ; Burke's Peerage, under ' Ash-

.

versatile talents ; she know dead and modern
languages, illustrated many of her books
with her own hand, understood music, and
was a good talker and correspondent.

Other works are : 1. ' Realities of Paris
Life/ 1869. 2, 'Red, White, and Blue:
Sketches of Military Life/ 1862, 3 vols.

3. ' Cosas de Espana, illustrative of Spain
and the Spaniards as they are/ 1866, 2 vols.

4. * Pictures of Hungarian Life ? (illustrated
by the author), 1809. 5. 'Feudal Castles
of France* (illustrated from the author's
sketches), 1869. 6. ' Curiosities of the Search
Room: a Collection of Serious and Whimsical
Wills/ 1880, 7, 'De Omnibus Rebus : an Old
Man's Discursive Raniblings on the Road of

Byrnes

365

Caird

Everyday Life/ 1888. A third and fourth
volume of t Gossip of the Century ' was edited
by her sister, Miss Rachel Harriette Busk, in
1898, with the alternative title 'Social
Hours with Celebrities.'

[Athenaeum, 7 April 1894; Burke's Landed
Gentry, i. 242-3 ; Allibone's Diet. Suppl. i. 269.]

E. L.

BYRNES, THOMAS JOSEPH (1860-
1898), premier of Queensland, born in Bris-
bane, Queensland, in November 1860, was the
son of Irish Roman catholic parents. He was
educated at the Bowen primary school, gained
two state scholarships, and entered the Bris-
bane grammar school. He graduated B.A.
and LL.B. at Melbourne University, and was
called to the bar in Victoria in 1884, but re-
turned to Queensland to practise in the fol-
lowing year. He quickly attained a leading
position at the supreme court bar, and ac-
cepted a seat in the legislative council in
August 1890, with the office of solicitor-
general, in the Griffith-Mcllwraith ministry.
He made his reputation by the firm manner
in which he dealt with the labour troubles
in Queensland. A conflict between the
shearers' union and the pastoralist associa-
tion on the subject of tie employment of
non-union labourers by members of the as-

sociation almost attained the dimensions of
an insurrection hi the Clennont districts.
Woolsheds were fired, policemen c held up/
and a state of terrorism established. To meet
the emergency Byrnes introduced Mr. Bal-
four's Peace Preservation Act of 1837, with
necessary modifications. It was carried in
one week's fierce parliamentary struggle,
during which all the members of the labour
party were suspended. Byrnes then des-
patched an adequate force of volunteers to
the seat of trouole, who effectually quelled
lawlessness.

In 1897 Byrnes accompanied the premier,
Sir Hugh Muir Nelson, to England on the
occasion of the queen's diamond jubilee. Re-
turning after visiting the east of Europe,
he succeeded Nelson as premier in March
1898, the first native-born prime minister of
Queensland. The short period of his ad-
ministration was markec by a vigorous
policy. He supported Australian federa-
tion, and was cesirous of establishing one
great university for the whole of Australia.
He died at Brisbane on 27 Sept. 1898, and
was buried in Toowong cemetery,

[Australasian Review of Reviews, October
1898; Times, 28 Sept. 1898; Daily Chronicle,
1 Oct. 1898; Melbourne Argus, 28-30 fept.
1898.] E. I. C.

CAIRD, SIB JAMES (1816-1892), agri-
culturist and author, was the third son of
James Caird of Stranraer, Wigtownshire, a
' writer * and procurator fiscal for Wigtown-
shire, by Isabella McNeel, daughter of
Archibald McNeel of Stranraer. He was
born at Stranraer in June 1816, and re-
ceived his earliest education at the burgh
school. Thence he was removed to the
high school at Edinburgh, where he re-
mained until he entered the university.
After studying at the university for about a
year he left without taking a ^ degree, and
went to learn practical farming in Northum-
berland. His stay in Northumberland was
terminated after about twelve months by an
offer to him of the management of a farm
near Stranraer, belonging to his uncle,
Alexander McNeel. _n 1841 he took a
farm called Baldoon, on Lord Galloway's
estate near Wigtown, a tenancy he retained
until I860. He first attracted public notice
in connection with the controversy between
free trade and protection which continued
after the repeal of the corn laws. An ardent
free trader, he published in 1849 a treatise

on f High Farmin as the best Substitute
for Protection.' T^e support of a practical
farmer with a literary style was of the
highest service to the supporters of free
trade, and the work speedily ran through
eight editions. It introduced Caird to tiie
notice of Peel, who commissioned him in the
autumn of the same year to visit the south
and west of Ireland, then but slowly re-

- covering from the famine of 1846, and to
report to the government. His report was
sussecuently enlarged into a volume, and
oublisaed in 1850 under the title of 'The
Plantation Scheme, or the West of Ireland

* as a Field for Investment.' The sanguine
view which he took of the agricultural re-
sources of the country led to the invest-
ment of large sums of English capital in
Irish land. In the beginning of 1S50 the
corn-plaints by Englishlandlords and farmers
of tSe distressed state of agriculture since
the adoption of free trade caused the J Times *
newspaper to organise a systematic inquiry.
This was eneourajed by Peel in a letter to
Caird (6 Jan. 1850), who had been nomi-
nated the * Times' principal commissioner.

Caird

366

Caird

His associate was the late J. C. MacDonald,
one of the staff of the paper, who, however,
co-operated only during the earlier portion,
of the work. Caird's letters to the * Times/
dated throughout 1850, furnish the first
general review of English agriculture since
those addressed by Arthur Young and others
to the board of agriculture at the end of the
eighteenth and tj.e beginning of the nine-
teenth century. They were republished in
1852 in a volume entitled * English Agri-
culture in 1850-1851.' The worlc was again
published in the United States, and was
translated into French, German, and Swedish.
At the general election of 1852 Caird con-
tested the Wigtown Burghs, which included
Stranraer, as a liberal conservative. He was
defeated (16 July) by the sitting liberal mem-
ber by one vote. He was returned (28 March)
for the borough of Dartmouth at the general
election of 1857, as a ' general supporter of
Lord Palmerston, strongly in favour of the
policy of non-intervention in continental
wars,' a somewhat incongruous profession of
faith. His dislike of intervention in foreign
affairs led him to oppose the government
conspiracy bill, generally believed to have
been introduced at the instigation of the
French emperor. To his attitude on this
question he frequently referred with satis-
faction in after life. His first speech
(21 July 1857) was u-pon his motion for
leave to bring in a bill to provide for the
collection of agricultural statistics in Eng-
land and Wales. It was not until 1864
(7 June), ' after years of fruitless endeavour,'
that he succeeded in carrying this measure,
extended to Great Britain, by way of re-
solution, in spite of the opposition of Lord
Palmerston. He also obtained a vote in the
session of 1865 of 10,000 J, for carrying the
resolution into effect. The returns were
first published in 1866.

W.iile his opposition to the conspiracy
bill estranged his Palmerstpnian supporters,
he alienated the conservative section of his
constituents by moving for leave to bring in
a bill to assimilate the county franchise of
Scotland to that of England, a measure
which, by enlarging the Scottish county con-
stituencies, was intended, as Caird avowed,
to diminish the influence of the landowners.
The motion was defeated (6 May 1858).

end of the year, and in 1859 published the
notes of his journey in a volume entitled
' Prairie Farming in America, with Notes by
tho Way on Canada and the United States '
His observations on Canada provoked some
resentment in that colony anc gave rise to a
pamphlet, published at Toronto, 'Caird's
Slanders on Canada answered and refuted '

Caird set sail from Liverpool for America.
From New York he proceeded to Montreal.
Thonce he made a tour through the west of
Canada, and, returning to the United States,
visited Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, and Mary-
land. He returned to England before the

On the opening of tho parliamentary ses-
sion of 1869 Caird declared himself in op-
position to the conservative government's
DilHor -Dnrliamentary reform. He thereby
again oLbnded the conservative section of
his constituents, and at the dissolution
(23 April) deemed it imprudent to offer him-
self for re-election at Dartmouth. He ac-
cordingly stood for the Stirling Burghs and
was returned unopposed (!29 April). On
this occasion ho vindicated his political con-
duct as that of 'a consistent Liberal. 1 He
claimed support as having endeavoured in.
parliament to promote measures for reducing
the expenses of land transfer (speech of
8 June 1858), and for the more economical
administration of the department of woods
and forests (speech of 22 June 1857). lie
continued active in parliament, chiefly on
questions connected with agriculture. klav-
ing, during tho session of 1860, taken a pro-
minent part in parliamentary debates on
the national fisheries, he was nominated a
member of the fishery board. In the same
year he bought the estate of Cassencary in
Kirkcudbrightshire, which he afterwards
made his home, relinquishing his tenancy of
Baldoon. In June 18(53 Caird was nomi-
nated on a royal commission to inquire into
the condition of the sea fisheries of the
United Kingdom [see HUXLEY, THOMAS
HBNBT, Sup^L", and was made chairman.
During 180$, 1864, and 1866 he visited
for the purposes of the commission eighty-
six of the more important fishing ?orts of
the United Kingdom. The commissioners
reported in 18G6, and their re-port has
mainly governed subsequent legislation on
sea fisheries.

After the outbreak of the civil war in the
United States in 1861 the growing scarcity
of cotton led Caird to interest himself in
the extension of the sources of supply. On
3 July 1863 he moved in the Eouse of
Commons for a select committee * to inquire
whether any further measures can be tanen,
within the legitimate functions of the Indian
government, for increasing the supply of
cotton from that country/ The motion was
supported bv John Bright [q, v- SinpL] and
OoDden, and from this time Briglxt main-
tained a constant friendship with Caird. The

Caird

367

Caird

government, however, resolved upon a policy
of laissez-faire. Caird, therefore, during the
recess visited Algeria, Italy, and Sicily, with
a view to ascertain their capabilities for grow-
ing cotton. After his return he resumed
his parliamentary activity, constantly speak-
ing on subjects connected with agriculture
and occasionally on India and Ireland, but
abstaining from debates on foreign policy.
In June^ 1865 he was appointed enclosure
commissioner and vacated his seat in parlia-
ment. This office he held until the consti-
tution of the land commission in 1882, of
which he then became senior member. He
published in 1868 'Our Daily Food, its
Price and Sources of Supply/ being a re-
publication of papers read ~Defore the Statis-
tical Society in 1868 and 1869. The book
passed through two editions. In the follow-
ing year he revisited Ireland, The outcome
of this tour was a -oamphlet on l The Irish
Land Question' (1369). He was created
O.B. in 1869. His exertions upon the sea
fisheries commission and his eminence as an
a 'riculturist and statistician procured his
election as a fellow of the Eoyal Society on
3 June 1875.

As president of the economic section of
the social science congress held at Aberdeen
in 1877, he delivered an address published
in the Statistical Society's 'Journal' for
December of that year on ' Food Supply and
the Land Question.' After the great Indian
famine of 1876-7 Caird was appointed by
Lord Salisbury, then secretary of state for
India, to serve on the commission instructed
to make an exhaustive inquiry into the
causes and circumstances of that calamity.
He was specially marked out for the post as
well by his interest in the agricultural re-
sources of India while in parliament as by a
recent work, l The Landed Interest and the
Supply of Food,' published in 1878. This
wori was ' prepared at the request of the
president and council of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of England for the informa-
tion of European agriculturists at the inter-
national agricultural congress 1 held at Paris
in that year. It was translated into French
and published in Paris, as also in the
1 Journal ' of the Royal Agricultural Society,
and towards the close of 1878 as a separate
volume. As famine commissioner he left
En land 10 Oct. 1878 and returned in the
ear y summer of 1879, after havin travelled
over all parts of the country. &. narrative
of his experiences and observations was
published in four successive parts in the
' Nineteenth Century ' review of the same
year. It was reprinted in aa extended form
in 1883, and during that year and 1884

passed through three editions under the
title of ' India, the Land and the People.'
In 1880 Caird became president of the
Statistical Society, delivering his inaugural
address on English and American food pro-
d notion on 16 Nov. (Statistical Society's
Journal, xliii. 559). He was re-elected pre-
sident for 1881, when he took for his sub-
ject ' The English Land Question ' (15 Nov.)
(ib. xliv. 629). This was reprinted in the
same year as a pamphlet with the title 'The
British Land Question/ and had a wide cir-
culation. In 1882 he was created K.C.B.
In 1884 (17 April) the university of Edin-
bur -h, on the occasion of its tercentenary,
conferred upon him the honorary decree of
LL.D. He was nominated by Lord Salis-
bury in 1886 a member of Earl Cowper's
commission to inquire into the agricultural
condition of Ireland. On the formation
of the board of agriculture in 1889 Caird
was appointed director of the land depart-
ment and was elevated to the rank of privy
councillor. He retired from the board in
December 1891.

Caird had in. 1887 contributed to a com-
posite work entitled e The Reign of Queen
Victoria/ edited by Mr. T. H. Ward, a re-
view of English agriculture since 1837.
On the attainment of its jubilee by the
Royal Agricultural Society of England in
1890, he revised this essay and published the
revision in the society's * Journal ' for that
year. His last communication to the
society was e On the Cost of Wheat Grow-
ing ' (Journal, 1891). He died suddenly of
syncope at Queen's Gate Gardens, London,
on 9 Feb. 1892.

Sir James Caird was a J.P. for Kirkcud-
brightshire, and D.L. and J.P. for Wigtown-
shire. He married, first, Margaret, daughter
of Captain Henryson, R.E. ; secondly, Eliza-
beth, daughter of Robert Dudgeon of Cleve-
land Square, London. He had issue, by his
first wife only, four sons and four daughters,
of whom three sons and two daughters sur-
vived him. Although during the latter
years of his life necessarily resident for the
most part in London, he continued to take
a keen, interest in practical agriculture. He
introduced the system of Cheddar cheese-
making into the south-west of Scotland with
great success. At his own expense he fur-
nished a water supply to Creetown, a village
adjacent to his estate. His society and ad-
vice were sought by the leading agriculturists
of the kingdom.

There is a portrait in oils at Cassencary by
Tweedie, painted about 1876. A photo-
gravure hangs in the Reform Club, Lon-

Caird

368

Caird

[Private information; Times, 11 Feb. 1892;
Galloway Gazette, 11 Feb. 1892 ; Edinburgh
Univ. Tercentenary, 1884, p. 73 ; Hansard's Par-
liamentary Debates, 1857-65-1 I. S. L.

CAIRD, JOHN (1820-1898), principal
of Glasgow University, son of John Caird (d.
September 1838) of Kessrs. Caird & Co., en-
gineers, Greenock, was bom at Greenock on
15 Dec. 1820. Receiving his elementary edu-
cation in Greenock schools, he entered his

' father's office at the age of fifteen. Gaining
thus a practical knowledge of several depart-
ments of engineering, he went to Glasgow
University in 1837-8, taking the classes of
mathematics and logic, in both of which he
became a prizeman. He returned to the en-
gineering in 1838, but closed his active con-
nection with the firm in 1839, when he offi-
ciated as superintendent of the chainmakers.
From 1840 to 1845 he studied at Glasgow

, University, gaining a special .prize for poetry
and another for an essay on 'Secondary
Punishments.'

Graduating M.A. at Glasgow University
in 1845, when he had completed his studios
for the ministry of the church of Scotland,
Caird was appointed the same year parish
minister of Newton-on-Ayr. In 1847 lie
was called to Lady Yester's, Edinburgh,
where he remained till near the end of 1849.
Here, in addition to the ordinary congrega-
tion, his rare accomplishments and. finished
pulpit oratory attracted and retained an in-
tellectual audience, which regularly included
many professional men and a body of theo-
logical students. The continuous strain of
this work induced him to accept as a relief
the charge of the country parish of Errol,
Perthshire, where he laboured for eight years
(1849-57). In those vears he closely studied
standard divinity. He also learned German
in order to get a direct knowledge of German
thinkers. In 1857 he preached before the
queen at Balmoral a sermon from Romans
xii. 11, which, on her majesty's command, he
soon afterwards published under the title
* Religion in Common Life,' It sold in enor-
mous numbers, and Dean Stanley considered
it ' the greatest single sermon of the century '
(memorial article in Scotsman, 1 Aug, 1898).
Meanwhile his reputation had been steadily-
growing, and he was translated to Park
Church, Glasgow, where he preached for the
first time on the last Sunday of 1857. In
1860 the university of Glasgow conferred on
him its honorary degree of D.D.

In 1862 Caird was appointed professor of
theology in Glasgow University, and began
his wori in January 1863. He taught a rea-
soned and explicit idealism akin to the philo-
sophy of Hegel, and cordially recognised the

importance in Christianity of the principle of
development. He illustrated the extent of
his tolerance when he proposed, in 1808, that
the university should confer its honorary D.D.
degree upon John McLcod Campbell ""a. v.l*
who had been deposed from the ministry of
the church of Scotland in 1831 foradvocatino-
universalisin in his work on the Atonement 3 .
About the same time he largely contributed
towards maturing the improved" arrange-
ments for granting both B.JD. and D.D. de-
grees, and assisted to promote the erection
of the new university wildings on Gilmore
Hill at the west end of Glasgow, In 1871,
after the new college buildings were occupied,
Caird revived the univorsity chapel, preach-
ing frequently himself nnd securing the ser-
vices of eminent preachers of all denomina-
tions.

In 1878, on the death of Thomas Barclay
(1792-1873) [<i.v.], principal of Glasgow
University, Caird was presented to the post by
the crown, his colleagues having unani-
mously petitioned for his appointment. lie
displayed rani business capacity, presiding
over meetings with tact, uriamty, and judg-
ment ; steadily helping forward such impor-
tant movements as the university education
of women and the changes introduced by the
universities commissions of 187($ and 1887,
His leisure was given to theological study. In
1878-9 he delivered the Croall lecture in
Edinburgh. In 1 884- he received in Edinburgh
the honorary degree of LL.D, on the occasion
of the tercentenary celebration of the uni-
versity. In 1890-1 he was appointed Gifford
lecturer at Glasgow, and delivered twelve
lectures in the current session. lie resumed
the course in 1890, and had given eight lec-
tures, when he was laid aside by paralysis,
Recovering considerably, ho was able for his
official duties throughout the following year.
In February 1898 he had a serious illness,
from which ho partially recovered. He then
intimated his intention of retiring from the
principalshb on the following 31 July, and
on 30 July _898 he died at t;ie hpuse'of lus
brother in Greenock. lie is buried in the
Greenock cemetery,

In June 1858 Caird married Isabella,
daughter of William Glover, minister of
Greenside parish, Edinburgh, His wife sur-
vived him, and there was no family.

Besides a volume of sermons (1868) and
one of sermon-essays, reprinted from ' Good
Words ' (1863), Caird provided two numbors
of the famous ' ScotcS Sermons/ edited in
1880 by Dr. Robert Wallace. His Croall lec-
tures, revised and enlarged, appeared in 1880
(2nd edit. 1900), under the title ' Introduc-
tion to the Philosophy of Religion/ Here,

Cairns

369

Cairns

as was said by T. H. Green, the essence of
Hegelianism as applicable to tlie Christian
religion^ is presented by * a master of style.'
Combating materialism, agnosticism, and
other negative theories, and working from a
reasonable basis along a careful line of evo-
lution, Caird furnishes in this work a sub-
stantial system of theism. In $ie volume
on Spinoza, contributed to Blaekwood's
' Philosophical Classics ' (1888), he gives a
specially full and comprehensive statement
and discussion of the philosopher's ethics.
In 1899 appeared two posthumous volumes,
' University Sermons, 1873-9S/ and * Uni-
versity Addresses.' The Grifford lectures on
' The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity/
with a prefatory memoir by Caird's brother,
Dr. Edward Caird, master of Balliol, were
published in two volumes in 1900. This work
expands, and in some measure popularises,
the discussions in the * Introduction to the
Philosophy of Religion/ the author's desire
being, in his own words, to show 'that
Christianity and Christian ideas are not con-
trary to reason, but rather in deepest accord-
ance with both the intellectual and moral
needs of men.'

[Memoir prefixed to the Fundamental Ideas of
Christianity ; Glasgow evening papers of 30 July
1898; Scotsman, Glasgow Herald, and other
daily papers of 1 Aug., and Spectator of 6 Aug.
1898 ; Memorial Tribute by Dr. Flint in Life
and Work Magazine, January 1899; Mrs. Oli-
phant's Memoir of Principal Tulloch ; A. K. H.
3oyd's Twenty-Five Years of St Andrews,"

T."3.

CAIEIsrS, JOHN (1818-1892), presby-
terian divine, born at Ayton Hill, Berwick-
shire, on 23 Aug. 1818, was the son of John
Cairns, shepherd, and his wife, Alison Mur-
ray. Educated at Ayton and Oldcambus,
Berwickshire, he was for three years a herd,
doing meanwhile private work for his school-
master. In 1834 he entered Edinburgh
University, and, while diversifying his curri-
culum with teaching in his native parish and
elsewhere, became the most distinguished
student of his day. Sir William Hamilton
(1788-1856) [q. v.]> in some instances, dis-
cussed Cairns's metaphysical opinions at
considerable length in the class-room, and
Professor Wilson highly eulogised his talents
and his attainments in literature, philosophy,
and science. Speaking to his class of a cer-
tain mathematical problem that Cairns had
solved, Professor Kelland said that it had
been solved by only one other of his thou-
sands of students. Cairns was associated
with A. Campbell Fraser, David Masson, and
other leading students in organising the
Metaphysical Society for weekly philosophi-

VOL, i. STTP,

cal discussions. He graduated 3IJL in 1841,
being facile princeps in classics and philo-
sophy, and equal first in mathematics.

Havin "entered the Presbyterian Secession
Hall in 1840, Cairns continued his brilliant
career as a student. In 1843 the movement
that culminated in the formation of the Free
Church aroused his interest, and an article
of his in the Secession Magazine ' prompted
inquiries regarding the writer from Thomas
Chalmers [q. v.] In the end of 1843 Cairns
officiated for a month in an English indepen-
dent chapel at Hamburg, and he spent the
winter and spring of 1843-4 at Berlin,
ardently studying the German language,
philosophy, and theology. On 1 May he
went on a three months' tour through Ger-
many, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland, writ-
ing home descriptive and critical letters of
great interest. Returning to Scotland, he was
licensed as a preacher on 3 Feb. 1845, and on
6 Aug. of the same year he was ordained
minister of Golden Square Church, Berwiek-
on-Tweed. Here he became one of the fore-
most of Scottish preachers notable for cer-
tain quaint but attractive peculiarities of
manner, but above all for his force and im-
pressiveness of appealand he declined
several invitations to important charges,
metropolitan and other, and to professor-
ships both in Great- Britain and Canada.

In 1849, visiting the English lakes, Cairns
met Wordsworth, from whom he elicited
some characteristic views on philosophy and
the descriptive graces of Cowper. Interest-
ing himsejf in public questions at home, he
delivered his first great platform speech at
Berwick in 1856, when he successfully com-
bated a proposal favouring the introduction
into Scotland of the methods of the conti-
nental Sunday. In 1857 he addressed in
German the members of the Evangelical
Alliance in Berlin, having been chosen to
represent English-speaking Christendom oil
the occasion. Edinburgh University in 1 858
conferred on fri the honorary degree of
D.D., and in 1859, on the death of John
Lee (1779-1859) [q. v.], princbal^of Edin-
burgh University, he declined tne invitation
of the Edinburgh town councillors (patrons
of the vacant post) to be nominated as his
successor.

From 1863 to 1873 the cuestipn of union
between the United Presbyterian Church
and the Free Church of Scotland occupied
much of Cairns's attention, but the difficulty
was unri?e for settlement. Meanwhile, in
August .867, Cairns became professor of
apologetics in the United Presbyterian Theo-
logical Hall, retaining his charge at Berwick.
His students testify to his zeal and success,

BB

Cairns

370

Cairns

especially recalling his insistence on the
essential harmony between culture and rea-
son. His numerous engagements impaired
his strength, and in the autumn of 1&68 he
recruited on the continent, continuing- the
process next spring by a walking tour on
the, Scottish borders, and spending the fol-
lowing autumn in Italy, -n May 1872 he
was moderator of the United Presbyterian
synod, and a few weeks later he oilicially
represented his church in Paris at the first
meeting of the Reformed Synod of France.
On 16 May 1876 he was appointed joint
professor of systematic theology and Apolo-
getics with James Harper [c . v.l, principal
of the United Presbyterian Theological Col-
lege, On 18 June he preached a powerful and
touching farewell sermon to an enormous
congregation, thus severing his official con-
nection with Berwick, where, however, he
frequently preached afterwards.

In the spring of 1877, at the request of
Bishop Glaughton, Cairns lectured on Chris-
tianity in London in the interests of the Jews,
and in April the Free Church, making the first
exception in his case, appointed him its Cun-
ning jam lecturer. In t \e autumn he preached
for some weeks at Christiania, responding to
an invitation to check a threatened schism
in the state church of Norway. He preached
in Norsk, specially learned for the purpose.
Next summer he was a fortnight in Paris, in
connection with the M'All missions, and on
the way formed one of a deputation of Scot-
tish ministers who expressed sympathy with
Mr. Gladstone in his attitude on the Bul-
garian atrocities. "While thus assisting else-
where he worked hard at the United Pres-
byterian synod this same year in connection
with the declaratory act of the church. Diver-
sity of occupation and interest even on oc-
casion the learning of a new language
seemed indispensable for the exercise o:' his
extraordinarv energies and activities. On
the death o? Principal Harper he was ap-
pointed principal of the United Presbyterian
Theological College, 8 May 1879. lie de-
livered the Cunningham lecture in 1880, his
subject being the unbelief of the eighteenth
century. Five months of the same year he
spent in an American tour, his personality
and preaching everywhere making a deep
impression. About the same time he was
chairman of a committee of eminent protes-
tant theologians, European and American,
who discussed the possi Dility of formulating
a common creed for the reformed churches.

In 1884, on the occasion of her tercen-
tenary celebrations, Edinburgh University
included Cairns among the distinguished
Scotsmen on whom she conferred the honorary

dogi-on of LL.P. The death of a colleague
in 1880 greatly increased his work, and yet
about this time he completed a systematic
study of Arabic, and between 188^ and 1886
he had learned Danish and Dutch, the former
to qualify him for a mooting of the Evan-
gelical Alliance at Copenhagen, and the
-utter to enable him to read Kuonon's theo-
logical works in the original. Iu May
1888 bin portrait, by \V, E. Lockhart, IIA.,
was presented to the synod by unitudpws-
bytoriau ministorn and lay num. lie s->ent
some time of 1800 in JJerlin and Amsterdam,
mainly acquainting himattlf with the ways of
younger theologians. Ou his return he wrote
an elaborate article on current theology lor
the f Presbyterian and Reformed iWiew.'
In July 1891 he preached his last sermon in
the church of his brother at Stitchel, near
Kelso, and in tho autumn of that year the
doctors forbade further professional work.
lie resigned his post on *Jti Feb. following,
and he died at 10 Speuce Street, Edinburgh,
on 12 March 1892. lie wan buried in Echo
Bank cemetery, Edinburgh, where a monu-
ment marks las grave.

Cairna never married, and from 1856 on-
wards hift housekeeper was his sister Janet,
Tlis strength lay in tho simple straight-
forwardness of a manly character imbued
with the traditions of a sturdy Scottish
Christianity. His was a healthy, energetic,
and practical evangelicalism, and his man-
ner of proclaiming it appealed to all, from
the unlettered peasant to the philosophical
or theological specialist. The fact that all
over Scotland, and bjr people of all donoini-
nationw, he was familiarly and affectionately
called * Cairns of Berwick/ even after he
was college principal, of itself marks a deep
and unique Influence, Had he not been a
distinguished divine he might have achieved
fame as a philosophical writer. From his
criticism ot Ferrier's 'Metaphysics* and the
cognate) discussion ho earned the reputation
of being a prominent though independent
Hainiltoman (MAsaosr, Eewnt British Philo-
sophy, pp, 265-6).

Besides numerous articles in church maga-
zines, Cairns published: 1. ' Translation ' of
Krummacher'a" Elijah the Tifllxbite," 1 1846.
2. ' Fragments of College and Pastoral Life:
a Memo.r of Rev. John Clark/ 1851 . 3. ' Ex-
amination of Ferrier's " Knowing and Being"
and " The Scottish Philosophy : a Vindica-
tion and a Re?ly/' ' 1866. 4. ' Memoir of
John Brown, D.D./ 1860. 5. 'Liberty of
the Christian Church. ' and ' Oxford national-
ism, 1 1861, (5. < Romanism and Rationalism/
1863. 7. 'False Christs and the True/
1864-, considered by Dean Milman "the beat

Calderon

."' * w< "* * ' The Doctrine of the
Presbyterian Church,' 1876. 12. < The Jews

Ift77 iT.T ! * h ? hur <* ^d the World,'

j -loni >- .wv .01. AAJ. uuc uiguteeniin uen-
tury 1881: a learned and elaborate work.
14, Contribution to a Clerical Symposium
on Immortality/ 1885. 15. Doctrinal Prin-
ciples of the United Presbyterian Church'
(Dr. Blair's manual), 1888. He contributed
the article on Kant to the eighth edition
ot the/ Encyclopedia Britannica/ and a

1859) [q.v.] in < Maemfflan's Magazine/ 1860.
His reminiscences and estimate constitute a
feature of Veitch's < Memoir of Sir William
Hamilton/ 1869. He wrote frequently in
the 'North British Review/ the 'British
Quarterly/ the < Sunday at Home/ and other
periodicals, and he issued several publica-
tions on church union and disestablishment,
besides furnishing some notable disquisitions
to the Religious Tract Society. He wrote
critical prefaces for a reissue of Culverwell's
'Light of Nature/ 1856 ; for Bacon's * Bible
Thoughts/ 1862; and for Krummacher's
4 Autobiography/ 1869. A posthumous vo-
lume, ' Christ the Mornin Star, and other
Sermons/ appeared in 189.".

[Information from Cairns's brother, the Rev.
David Cairns of Stitchel, Zelso, and his nephew,
the Rev. David Cairns of Ayton, Berwickshire;
MacEwen's Life and Letters of John Cairns,
1895 ; United Presbyterian Missionary Record,
12 April 1892; Scotsman and other newspapers
of 13 March 1892; memorial sermons by the
Rev. John W. Dunbar, Edinburgh, and the Rev.
R. D. Shaw, Hamilton ; personal knowledge.]

T. B.

CALBERON, PHILIP HERMO-
GENES (1833-1898), winter, was born at
Poitiers on 3 May 183?, He was the only
son of the Reverend Juan Calderon (1791-
1854), a native of La Manchaand a member
of the same family as the celebrated Spanish
dramatist, though not his direct descendant.
Juan Calderon had been a priest in the
Roman catholic church; he left Spain on
becoming a protestant, and was married at
Bayonne to Mar -uerite Chappelle. He sub-
sequently settled in London as professor of
Spanish literature at King's College, and
minister to the community of the Spanish
reformed church resident in London. Philip
Calderon, who came to England at the age
of twelve, was educated mainly by his father.
After beginning life as the pupil of a civil
engineer, the lad showed so strong a taste

Calderon

for drawing^hat it was decided to let him
become a painter. He studied afc the British
Museum and the Rational Gallerv 'Safe
18oO entered J. M. Lei -F 3 art school in
Newman Street, where ae began to Taint
f ? 1 fi ? m the ^ ^eraUv bv gasj^ht.
In 18ol he went to Paris and Wditd under
Francois Edouard Picot, one of the best
teachers of his time, who compelled his
pupil to draw from the model in chalk with
great exactness, and would not allow him
to paint. A year of this training made Cal-
deron a firm and rapid draughtsman, with a
thorough knowledge of form. During 1832
Henry Stacy Marks [q. v. SuppL" was his
companion for five months in the" Rue des
Martyrs, Montmartre.
_ On returning to London Calderon worked
in the evenings at Lei 'h's school, while he
copied Veronese and Rubens on students'
days at tbe National Gallery. In 1853 he
exhibited his first picture, <"By the Waters
of Babylon/ at the Royal Academy, He
exhibited there again in 1855 and at other
galleries in 1856. He painted many por-
traits about this time, but did not exhibit
them. In 1857 he made his name at the
academy by his picture, 'Broken Vows,'
which was engraved in mezzotint by W. H.
Simmons in 1859, and became verv popular"
In 1858 he exhibited The Gaoler's Daugh-
ter' and Flora Macdonald's Farewell to
Charles Edward.' Works of less importance
shown in 1859 and 1860, were followed by
two pictures in 1861, <La Demande en
Manage' and * Liberating Prisoners on the
Young Heir's Birthday/ which greatly in-
creased his reputation. He gained the silver
medal of the Society of Arts for the former
picture, which is now in Lord Lansdowne's
collection. < After the Battle ' (1862) made
a still deeper impression, and revealed in
Calderon a master of pathos. The second
picture of this year, * Catherine of Aragon
and her Women at \Tork/ was another suc-
cess. All his best qualities were exhibited
in 'The British Embassy in Paris on the
Day of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew '
(1863). In July 1864 he was elected an
associate of the Royal Academy. His pic-
tures that year were i The Burial of Hanr>-
den' and f ln the Cloisters at Aries.' Tn
1868 he exhibited what has been described
as his masterpiece, * Her Most High, Noble,
and Puissant Grace/ a picture of a littla
princess passing, with musicians and heralds,
along a gallery hung with arras, and fol-
lowed by ..adies and courtiers. This picture
was exhibited at the international exhibi-
tion at Paris in 1867, and the painter ob-
tained for it the only gold medal awarded

BBS

Calderon

37*

Calderon

to an English artist. When it appeared at
Christie's in the year of the artist's death it
fetched a sum considerably below its ori-

(1867) t_ie background was a careful study
of the courtyard at Hever Castle, Kent, which
the painter had occupied for three mouths
in 1866 with his artist friends, Mr. W. F.
Yeanies (now K.A.) and D. W. Wvnfield
(d. 1887). These three, with the ac.ditiou
of Mr. George D. Leslie, R.A,, Mr. George
A. Storey, 3.A., and the late academicians,
Henry Stacy Marks and John Evan Hodgson
"q. v. Suppl.], composed a group which was
Imown from about 1862 to 1887, when its
members were dispersed, as the ' St. John's
Wood school ' or * clique/ All the mem-
bers except Mr. Leslie and Mr. Yeames had
been, like Calderon, pupils at Leigh's ; they
looked up to him as their leader, and he was
the organiser of many outings and social
entertainments in which the 'clique' took
part (MARKS, Pen and Pencil Sketches, 1894,
i. chap. 9-10).

Calderon's chief academy picture of 1868
was ' The Young Lord Hamlet riding on
Yorick's Back;' it was accompanied by
'GEnone'and 'Whither.' The last-named
picture, painted at Hever, was the painter's
diploma work, for he had been elected an
academician on 22 June 1867. In 1869 he
exhibited ' Sighing his Soul into his Lady's
Face,' and in 1870 'Spring driving away
Winter.' ( On her Way to the Throne ' ap-
peared in 1871. Later works of importance
were ' A High-born Maiden,' 'Les Coquettes,
Aries/ 'The Queen of the Tournaments/
and *Home they brought her Warrior
dead' (1877). Tae last-named work was
exhibited, with six others, at the Paris ex-
hibition of 1878, when Calderon obtained
another gold medal and the decoration of
the legion of honour.

Calceron had been exhibiting meanwhile
at other galleries in England. ' Drink to me
only with thine Eyes ' appeared with other
pictures at the Frenc'j. Gallery, while
'Aphrodite' was one of the best of his
Grosvenor Gallery pictures. Calderon, too,
like other members of the ' St. John's Wood
school,' took a prominent part in the exhi-
bitions of water-colours in the spring and
oil-paintur -s in the winter which were held
at the Dudey Gallery from 1864 to 1882.
After 1870 he returned to the practice of
portarait-paintm" and exhibited many por-
traits at the r^oyal Academy, among the
most remarkable of which were those of
Stacy Marks and the Marquis and Mar-

chioness of Waterford. In 1887 Calderon
was elected koepor of the Royal Academy,
in which capacity ho was closoly concerned
with the management of the academy
schools, so that he found less time thence-
forth for painting. As this appointment
carried with it an olHcinl residence in Bur-
lington ]lou$e,Cal<lornii now left St. John's
Wood, where he had rnwidod in Marlborough
Road, Grove End ltond,and elsewhere., ever
since his return from Paris. In 1889 he
exhibited 'Home/ and in 1891 the most
famous of his later works, ' The Renuncia-
tion of St. TClizabot.h of Hungary,' a subject
from Kings! oy's * Saint's Tragedy/ which
was purchased for 1,2001. by t-ie council of
the 1 ioyal Academy out of the funds of the
Chantrey bequest. The representation of
the saint as a nude figure kneeling before the
altar ave groat offence, especially in 'Roman
catho'Jc circles. The picture is now in the
National Gallery of British Art, Millbank.
Other late pictures were ' Elizabeth Wood-
ville parting with the Duke of York' (1893),
now in the Q.uft<msland Art Gallery at
Brisbane; 'Ariadne' (1895); 'The Olive/
' The Vine, 1 and ' Tho Flowers of the
Earth/ decorative subjects painted for the
dining-room of Sir John jLird, M.P., at
14 Hyde Park Terrace; 'Kuth'and 'The
Answer' (1897).

After a protracted illnwiR Calderon died at
Burlington House on 30 April 1898, and
was buried on 4 May at ICensal Green
cemetery.

By his marriage, which took ilace in May
I860, with Clara, daughter of Barnes Payne
Storey and sister of Mr. G A* Storey,
R.A., Calderon loft two daughters and six
sons, the third of whom is the painter, Mr.
William Frank Calderon, director of the
well-known school of animal painting and
anatomy in Baker Street* The portrait of
Calderon, still m tho possession ofithe painter,
Mr. G, F. Watts, R,A., is that of a man of
distinguished and picturesque appearance,
showing his Spanish blood.

Calcleron's admirable draughtsmanship and
sound technique secured the esteem of artists
for hie work. lie probably owed much of
his -oopularity with the general public to his
choice of subjects. Most of his pictures tell
a story, usually one of his own invention,
sometimes a subject from history or litera-
ture. He resembled Millais in his power of
representing a dramatic or pathetic inci-
dent, usually with few actors on the scene,
with a simplicity which appealed at once to
the intelligence and the sympathy of the
crowd which frequents the Royal Academy
exhibitions* The success of his pictures

Calderwood

373

Calderwood

was assisted by their "bright and agreeable
colouring. Most of them are in private
hands ; ' Ruth and Naomi ' is in the "Walker
Art Gallery, Liverpool. A collection of En -
lish paintings, formed by Mr. Of. C. Schwaoe
and presented to the Kunsthalle of his native
town of Hamburg, includes several pictures
by Calderon 'La Gloire de Dijon/ 'Desde-
mona and Emilia/ ' Captives of his Bow and
Spear/ ' Sighing his Soul into his Lady's
Face/ portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Schwabe,
and others.

Tom Taylor in the Portfolio, 1870, i. 97;
Atienseura, 7 May 1898 ; G. &. Storey, A.R.A.,
in the Magazine of Art, 1898, p. 446; private
information.] 0. D.

CALDERWOOD, HENRY (1830-1897),
philosopher, born on 10 May 1830 at Peebles,
where jis forefathers had lived for genera-
tions, was the son of William Calderwood
and -his wife, Elizabeth Mitchell. He was
baptised in the East United Presbyterian
now the Leckie memorial church, Peebles.
In his boyhood his parents removed to Edin-
burgh, where his father became a corn mer-
chant, and he received his early education at
the Edinburgh high school. He studied at
the university of Edinburgh with a view to
the ministry. His attention was chiefly de-
voted to philosophy, and he came second in
Sir William. Hamilton's prize list in 1847.
In the logic class in 1850 his name appears
next to that of John Veitch [c. v He
entered the theological hall of tae tfnited
Presbyterian Church in 1851, and was
licensed to preach lor the presbytery of
Edinburgh in January 1856. In 1854, while
still a student, he published ' The Philosophy
of the Infinite.' This work, wbich has reached
a fourth edition, is a criticism of the agnostic
tendencies of Sir William Hamilton's philo-
sophy in his lectures and in ' The Philosophy
of the Conditioned/ In opposition to Sir
William Hamilton, who taug.it that though
we must believe in the Infinite we can have
no knowledge of its nature, Calderwood
maintained that a partial and ever-extending
knowledge of God the Infinite One is possi-
ble for man, and that faith in Him implies
knowledge. It was a daring undertaking
for a youth thus to enter the lists against
the most experienced and accomplished meta-
physician of his day, but it was generally
acknowledged that in the essence oc the con-
tention at least the pupil had scored against
his professor, and the learning, courage, and
logical acumen of the young author at once
placed him among the foremost of the philo-
sophic thinkers of his time.

On 16 Sept. 1856 Calderwood was ordained
minister of Greyfriars church, Glasgow, in

succession to David King w ~q. v.] By Hh
clear incisive preaching and" Sis efficient pa?<-
toral work Calderwood maintainedthehonoiLr
and strength of the church over which he had
been placed, and when he left it after twelve
years' ministry it was compact, well orga-
nised, and prosperous. Calderwood threw
himself heartily into many political and reli-
gious movements intended to benefit his fel-
low citizens, especially the lower classes of
Glasgow. There was scarcely an organisa-
tion of a philanthropic nature in the city that
did not receive his ready advocacy and" help,
and when he left Glasgow for Edinburgh he
received a public testimonial from the citi-
zens in tojcen of their appreciation of his
services. In 1861 Calderwood was elected
examiner in philosophy to the university of
Glasgow ; that university conferred upon aim
the cegree of LL.D. in 1865; and in 1866,
-lending the appointment of a successor to
^VilKam Fleming and the introduction of
Professor Edward Caird, now master of
Balliol College, Oxford, he conducted the
moral philosophy classes in Glasgow. In
1868 he was appointed to the chair of moral
philosophy in tie university of Edinburgh,
liis systematic teaching was on the lines of
the Scottish philosophy and against all He-
gelian tendencies, and he showed how philo-
sophical studies could be pursued in a devout
spirit. At an early period in his work as a
professor the newerevolutionary science then
lisin -into prominence engaged his attention,
and he tried to discover and explain the bear-
ings of physiological science on man's mental
and moral nature. The physiology of the
brain and nervous system was closely studied,
and in 1879 he published * The Eelations of
Mind and Brain,' which has reached a third
edition. In 1881 he published his Morse
lectures on ' The Relations of Science and
Religion/ originally delivered in connection
with the Union Theological Seminary, Us ew
York, and afterwards redelivered in Edin-
burgh. * Evolution and Man's Place in Na-
ture' was published in 1893, and enlarged
in 1896. In these works Calderwood tried
to prove that the primary function of brain
is to serve, not as an organ of thought but
as an organ of sensory-motor activity. He
believed it to be demonstrated bv physiology
-that the direct dependence of mind on brain
was confined to the sensory-motor functions,
the dependence of the higher forms of mental
activity being on the other hand only in-
direct. He endeavoured to establish the
thesis that man's intellectual and spiritual
life as we know it is not the product of na-
tural evolution, but necessitates the assump-
tion of a new creative cause. The success

Calderwood

374

Caldicott

of his work aa -professor was demonstrated
Tby the extremely large proportion of the
Ferguson scholarships in philosophy, open
to all the Scottish universities, which his
students gained. He was fond of the Socratic
or catechetical method of instruction, and
encouraged the students to express difii-
cultiesand ohjections. Calderwood occupies
a distinctive and original place in the temple
of Scottish philosophy.

But, hesic.es his work as a professor, Cal-
derwood took an active interest in political,
philanthropic, educational, and religious
matters in Edinburgh. In 1869 he was elected
a Fellow of the Itoyal Society of Edinburgh.
He was the first chairman of the Edinburgh
school board, elected in 1873, and on his
retirement from the post in. 1877 he received
an address from the public school teachers of
the city. He was repeatedly asked to stand
as a candidate for parliament for the southern
division of Edinburgh, and was at the time
of his death chairman of the North and East
of Scotland Liberal Unionist Association.
In 1870 he was elected a ruling elder in
Morning-side United Presbyterian church,
Edinburgh, and up to the end was seldom
absent from the annual meetings of synod.
He sat on the mission board of' his church
for three terms of four years, and in 1880 he
was elected moderator of synod. Questions
of temperance reform, Presbyterian union,
foreign missions, and kindred subjects re-
ceived his warm and powerful advocacy.
For some years he was editor of the ' United
Presbyterian Magazine/ He received the
freedom of Peebles, his native town, in 1877.
In 1897 he was presented with a handsome
testimonial by the residents and visitors at
Carr Bridge, Inverness-shire, for conducting
religious services during several holiday
seasons and for other acts of piety and
benevolence. He died at Edinburgh on
39 Nov. 1897. In 1857 he married Anne
Ilulton Leadbetter, who survives him, A
portrait, painted in 1897 by Sir George lieid,
J..H.A., is in the possession of his widow.

Besides the works already mentioned and
pamphlets and articles in magazines, Pro~
i'essor Calderwood published : I. * Handbook
of Moral Philosophy,' 1872, now in its 17th
edit,, and widely used in Britain and America.
2. ' Teaching, its End and Means,' 1874, now
in the 4th edit, 3. ' The Parables of Our
Lord,' 1880 ; and, posthumously, 4. 'David
Hume/ in Famous Scots Series/ 1898.

[In 1900 appeared the Life of Professor Cal-
derwood by his eon, Mr. W. C. Calderwood of
the Fishery Board for Scotland, and the Rev.
David Woodside, B.D., with a special chapter on
his Philosophical Works by A. Seth Priiigle-

Fnttison, LL.I). Other wmrcoB of information
arts the Vnitml Prcwbytoriun Ma^axinos and Mis-
aiona-ry Records, and personal knowledge 1

T. B. J.

CALDICOTT, ALFRED JAMES (1842-
1897), musician, was the oldest son of Wil-
liam Calclicott, a hop merchant of Worcester
and musical amateur, and was bom at Wor-
cester on 20 Nov. 18412. At the ago of nine
he became a choirboy in the cathedral, where
several of his brothers and half-brothers sub-
sequently san# also. He rose to be the lead-
ing- treble, and, while taking part in the Threo
Choir festivals, formed the ambition to con-
duct an oratorio of his own in the cathedral.
At the ago of fourteen hit* VOLCO broke, and
he was articled to Done, tlm cathedral or-
ganist. II o romuincd at Worcester, acting
as assistant to Dono until 1803, when he
entered the Leipzig Cousm'vatorium to com-
plete liis studios. .Moacholes and Plnidy were
ais masters for tho pianoforte; Koineckoj
ITauptmaim, and Kichlor for theory and com-
position. In 1 8($o he return od to Worcester,
and became orpaniaf; at St. Stephen's and
honorary organist to the corporation. He
spent twelve years in routine work, teaching 1 ,
organ-playing, and conducting a musical
society ho had established, In 1878 he
graduated Mus. Bac, Cantab. In the same
year he made his first notable success aa a
composer, his humorous glee ' llumpty
Dumpty* being awarded a special prize at a
competition instituted by the Manchester
Glee Society, In 1879 his serious glee
' Winter I)ava* won tho prisse oilerod by the
II udders fielc, Gleo and Madrigal Union.
He was then commissioned to compose an
oratorio for the Worcester festival. II o chose
the story of the widow of Njiin as subject,
wrote both libretto and music himself,' and
on 1 2 Sept, 1 881 realised his boyish dream by
conducting his oratorio in the cathedral.

In 1882 Caldicott loft Worcester for Tor-
f uay, but a few months later settled in Lon-
con. lie then began to compose operettas
for Thomas Gorman lioed fa.' v.] ( tho first
being 'Treasure Trove/ performed in 1883.
Reed produced twelve others, including 'A
Moss Itoso Kent/ 1883 ; ' Old Knockles, 1
1884 ; * In Cu-oid's Court,' 1885 ; < A United
Pair/ 1886 ; < The Bosun's Mate/ 1888 ; ' The
Friar ; ' 'Wanted an Heir : ' ' In Possession; 7
'Brittany Folk;' 'Tally Ho!' (1890). When
the Albert Palace in Battersea Park was
opened with ambitious intentions a full
orchestra was engaged, and Caldicott was
appointed conductor. JIo composed a dedi-
cation ode for the opening on June 1885,
but very soon resigned. He afterwards con-
ducted at the Prince of Wales's Theatre,

Caldicott

37S

Caldwell

where two operettas, All Abroad and Jolui
Smith,' commissioned by Carl Rosa, were per-
formed in 1889-90. He went to the United
States in 1890 as conductor to Miss Agnes
Huntingdon's li ;ht opera company ; her re-
tirement from tie stage prevented the pro-
duction of an important work commissioned
for her on a larger scale than Caldicott's
other operettas. After his return to England
he was appointed a professor at the Tuoyal
College of ilusic and the Guildhall School of
Music; in 1892 he resigned these posts on
being appointed principal of a private teach-
ing establishment styled the London College
of Music. He also became conductor at trie
Comedy Theatre in 1893. Incessant work
overtaxed his stren-th, and in 1896 cerebral
exhaustion gradua .y developed. His last
composition was a part-song, *Th& Angel
Sowers/ composed for J. S. Cm-wen's 'Choral
Handbook ? (1885). He died at Barnwobd
House, near Gloucester, OB 24 Oct. 1897.
He married an Irish lady, niece of Sir Ri-
chard Mayne [q. v.], and a good soprano
vocalist, by whom he had three sons and also
a daughter, who was trained as a vocalist,
but married and retired.

Other works by Caldicott were : Operettas :
A Fishy Case' (1885), and ' The Girton Girl
and the Milkmaid' (1893); cantatas for ladies?
voices : ( A Rhine Legend ' (1882) and ' Queen
of the May ' (1884) ; and many single songs,
both solo and concerted. * Unless J (London,
1883, fol.), to words by Mrs, Browning has
been specially successful. He was well s. iilled
in musical science, and constructed many
clever canons ; in his oratorio ' The Widow
of Nain ' there is a chorale, the treble and bass
of which remain the same if sung with the-
book held upside down. His sacred music,
from ' The "Widow of Nain' to the smallest
jart-song, is always dignified and pleasing,
lie published no instrumental musicof impor-
tance. The special novelty he brought for-
ward was the humorous admixture of childish
words and very complicated music in the glee
c Humpty Dumpty ' (1878). It was so suc-
cessful that he composed another in the
same year, ' Jack and Jill,' and many musi-
cians imitated him for a time. He set these
nursery rhymes in the most elaborately sci-
entific style, with full use of contrast and
the opportunities afforded by individual
words as, for instance, the descent of all the
voices through the interval of an eleventh
at the words ' Humpty Dumpty had a great
fall,' These pieces, as also Caldicott's humo-
rous songs, 'The New Curate' and 'Two
Spoons/ are thoroughly amusing to an average
English audience ; yet any listener not com-
prehending ' the text would probably notice

thing beyond spirited and well-constructed
usic, and n

not -

music, and not even suspect a humorous in-
tention. This fact helps to illustrate the
powers and limitations of the art of music,
Should any profound research on the func-
tions of the various arts be undertaken,
Caldicott's glees may give considerable assis-
tance.

[Musical Herald, November 1897, Trith por-
trait; Musical Times, December 1897; Brown
and Stratton's British Musical Biography;
Grove's Dictionary of Music and ilusieians, IT,
769 ; private information.] H. D.

CALBWELL, Sra JAMES LILLY-
MAN (1770-1863), -eneral, colonel com-
mandant royal (late Madras) engineers, son
of Major Arthur Caldwell (. 1786) of the
Bengal engineers and of his wife Elizabeth
Weed of Greenwich, Kent, and nephew of
General Sir Alexander Caldwell, G.C.B., of
the Bengal artillery, was born on 22 ^'ov.
1770. He entered the service of the East
India Company as a cadet in 1788 and re*
eefred a commission as ensign in the Madias
engineers on 27 July 1789. His further
commissions were dated : lieutenant, 2 Dec.
1792 , captain lieutenant, 8 Jan. 1796 ; cap-
tain, 12 Aug. 1802; major, 1 Jan. 1800;
lieutenant-colonel, 26 Sept. 1811 ; lieutenant-
colonel commandant, 1 May 1824; colonel,
20 May 1825 ; major-general, 10 Jan. 1837 ;
lieutenant- -eneraL 9 Nov. 1846: general.
20 June 1854.

Early in 17&1 Caldwell joined the force
under Lord Cornwallis for the campaign
against Tippu in Maisur, He was present
at the attack by Colonel Floyd oa Tippu's
camp in front of Bengalur on 6 March, and
took part in the successful assault of the
pettah of Bengalur oa the following day,
when the British loss was heavy. He served
throughout the sie ;e el Bengalur from 8 to
20 Marcl^ and, although wounded in the
trenches^ entered the breach with the storm-
ing party on the 21st. He was present at
the "battle of Arakere* when Tippu was de-
feated "by Cornwallis on 14- May, and was
with the advanced brigade on 15 July at the
capture of Usur. He served as an engineer
at the siege of Ryakota and of five other
strong forts during the same month. On
17 Sept. he assisted in the reduction of
Ramanghar, took part in the surprise and
capture of the pettah of Nundidrog on the
22nd, and in tie siege of Xundidrug from
27 Sept, to 18 Oct., when he mounted the
breach with the storming party at its cap-
ture. On 29 Nov. he accompanied the chief
engineer, Lieutenant-colone?. Patrick Ross
[<! "V'-l to ^ e si e S e ^ *ke strong hiE fort of

Caldwell

376

Caldwell

Savandrug, and climbed to the broach and
entered with tlie storming party on 21 Dec,
On 6 Feb. 1792 Caldwell was engaged iu
the night attack under Cornwallis on Tippu's
entrenched camp in front of Seringapatam,
and served through the sieje of that place,
which immediately followed, until 22 Feb.,
when he was wounded in the trenches.
After the capitulation and treaty of peace
with Tippu on 19 March he returned to
Madras.

In 1794 Caldwell went to the Northern
Circars with Michael Topping, who came to
India as an astronomer and was employed
on the public works, to investigate and re-
port upon proposals for the improvement of
that part of the country. He constructed
various public works until 1799, when he
took part under General Harris in the final
campaign against Tippu. He was present
at the action of Malavali on 27 March and
at the second siege of Seringapatam in April,
when he commanded the third brigade of
engineers. He led the ladder party in the
successful assault on 4 May. Ho was twice
wounded, once in the trenches, and again
with the forlorn hope at the top of the broach,
when he was shot and rolled down into the
ditch. For his services he was most fa-
vourably mentioned in despatches, received
the medal for Seringapatam, and a pension
for his wounds.

On his recovery he resumed his civil
duties, and was engaged for the next ten
years on public works of importance. At
the end of August 1810 he sailed with Sir
John Abercronaby [q, v/j in the frigate
Ceylon as chief engineer in. the expedition
against Mauritius, On 18 Sept. they foil in
with the French man-of-war Venus, off St.
Denis, Bourbon, and after a smart action, in
which both vessels were dismasted, the
Ceylon was compelled to strike to the
French sloop Victor which, came to the as-
sistance of the Venus. The following morn-
ing, however, Commodore Kowley, arriving
in the Boadicea, retook the Ceylon and also
picked up the Venus. The expedition as-
sembled at Bodriguez in November, and on
the 29th landed at Mauritius. Next day
the, French were defeated, and on 2 Dec.
the island surrendered. Caldwell was
thanked in general orders and favourably
mentioned in despatches for his ; most able
and assiduous exertions.*

He returned to Madras in January 1811,
and in March was appointed to the engineer
charge of the centre division of the Madras
army. In 1812 he repaired and reconstructed
the fortress of Serigapatam. In 1813 he
was appointed special surveyor of fortresses,

In 18J5 his fiorvicos woro acknowledged by
a companionship of tho order of tlxo .Bath,
military division. In 1810 lie was appointed
acting chief engineer ot'Maclnm and a com-
missioner for the restoration of tho French
settlements on tiioMalahar and Coromandol
coasts. Kight yours Inter ho became liou-
timant-colon el-commandant of his corps.
After fifty yoarw of distingniMhwl war and
peaeo service, lio rotirod from tho active list
in 1837 and was made a K.C.JJ. on 10 March,
On his return home the same yoar ho lived
chiefly at his hcw.so, 10 1,'laco Von dome, Paris,
until his wifoV death, when ho bought Hiwch-
lands, Kydo, Lslo of Wighfc, and jmasod his
time partly there and at hit* .London house
in Portland Place,

Caldwoll was tmulo a O.O.B. in 1848.
lie died at Boechlands, "l\o of Wight, on
28 Jane 180& In tlio earlier part of his
life he was a very clover artist in water-
colour, and loft many Indian landscapes of
merit, A. brief memoir of law acrvices is
given in Vi hart's 'Military History of tho
Madras Ei^moara' (vol.il.), and tlio fronti-
spiece of tjo volunto IK a reproduction of a
crayon likeness of paid well in llio possession
of Miss rears of HichuHmd Greon ? Surrey,
daughter of Sir Thomas Poara [q. v.] Cald-
weL married, in India in 1796, Joanne
Baptisto, widow of Captain Charles Johnston
of tho Madras army, and daughter of Jean
Maillard of Dflle, iVancho-Oomtfi. By her
he had a son, Arthur James (1799-18-tft),
major in tho 2nd quoon'a dragoon gtiardM,
who left no isauo, and a daughter, Elizabeth
Maria (1797-1870), who married, in 1815,
Edward Richard (1791-1 82JJ), Madras civil
service, third son of Sir JUchard Sullivan of
Thames Ditton (firnt baronot), and had JHSUO,

[India Office Jtecordw; J)opatchofl ; G-mit.
Map. 1863; Vibatt's Military Bintory of tho
Madras Kntfinoore ; Welsh's Military JlonxiniH-
concos; Indian IliHtorios ; Annual JRogiBter,
1811; private sourceu,] B. H. V.

CALDWELL, KOBERT (1814-1891),
coadjutor biHhoo of IMadvaa, born on 7 May
1814 near Antrim, was tho sow of Scottish
parents, In his tenth yoar his pavtmt re-
moved to Glasgow. In his sixteenth year
ho was taken to Dublin by an older brother
then living there, tjiat ho might study art:
While in Dublin ho carao under religious
impressions which led eventually to his be-
coming a missionary. Mo returned to Glas-
gow in 1833, and in tho following- year ^ was
accepted by tho London Missionary Society,
which seat him to Glasgow University to
prosecute his studies. While studying there
le imbibed a love of comparative philology,

Caldwell

which was intensified by the lectures of the
Greek professor, Sir Daniel Keyte Sandford
[q. v.J After jraduating B,A. in 1837, he
embarked for Madras in the Mary Ann on
30 Aug. A mong the passengers was Charles
Philip Brown [q. v.], the Telugu scholar,
who assisted Caldwellinhis linguistic studies.
Arriving in Madras on 8 Jan. 1838, he
occupied himself during the first year of his
residence in acquiring Tamil. While in
Madras he made the acquaintance of the
missionary, John Anderson (180o-185o)
[q. v.J, who exercised considerable influence
on him. In February 1841 he resolved to
join the English church, for which he had
entertained predilections from his student
days. He associated himself with the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel, and was
ordained on 19 Sept. by George Trevor Spen-
cer Tq. v.], bishoo of Madras, at Utakamand,
in the Nilgiri hills. By the end of 1841 he
had established himself in Tinnevelly, where
he laboured for fifty years, and before the end
of 1842 he had visited all the mission stations
and the important towns of the province.
He took up his abode at Edengudi, and his
first labour was to lay the foundations of a
parochial system by obtaining the establish-
ment of boundaries between the fields of the
Church Missionary Society and of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel. He found
the people in a very low state of civilisation,
and successfully promoted education among
them by establisain-; schools for boys and
girls. During his li:etime he saw the Chris-
tians of Tinnevelly increase in number from
six thousand to one hundred thousand. The
change in condition was no less marked. In
1838 they were sneered at by the govern-
ing race as ' rice Christians, 7 and disdained
by the educated Hindus as a new low caste,
begotten of ignorance and hunger. Nbfc long
before CaldwelTs death the director of public
instruction in Madras declared that if the
native Christians maintained their present
rate of educational progress, they would
before long en ;ross the leading -positions in
professional life in Southern 'Jndia. On
t -I March 1877 Caldwell was consecrated at
1 Calcutfa bishop of Tinnevelly as coadjutor
to the bishoy o: Madras.

Caldwell is, however, more widely known
as an orientalist than as a missionary. His
work as an investigator of the South Indian
family of languages is of the first importance,
and he brought to light many Sanskrit manu-
scripts in Southern India. By his researches
he collected a mass of carefully verified and
original materials such as no other European
scholar has ever accumulated in India.
In 1842 he assisted to revise the Tamil ver-

. ^

sion of the Prayer Book, and &om April 1853
until April 1869 he was occupied with the
revision of the Tamil Bible, undertaken bv
a number of delegates at the instance of the
Madras Auxiliary Bible Society. In 1872
he assisted in a second revision of the Praver
Book. In 1856 he published his < Compara-
tive Grammar of the Dravidian or South
Indian Family of Languages' (London,8voX
which in 1875 he revised and enlarged for
a second edition, and which remains the
standard authority on the subject. He had
an intimate acquaintance with the people

London, 1850), which in 1881 he withdrew
from circulation, on the representation of
some of the younger members of the race
that they had since so advanced in civilisa-
tion that the picture of their condition was
no longer accurate. In 1881 his 'Political
and General Historv of the District of Tin-
nevelly from the earliest Period to its Cession
to the English Governmentin 1801 ' was pub-
lished by the Madras government at the
public expense. In the same year appeared
'Records of the Early History of tSe Tin-
nevelly Mission of the Society Jbr Promoting
Christian Knowledge and the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel 1 'Madras,
8vo). Tjiis work was chiefly compiled from
the manuscript records of the mission which
Caldwell brought together and collated for
the first time.

On 31 Jan. 1891, on account of his age
and feebleness, Caldwell resigned his er>i-
scopal office and retired to KodaikanaL He
died there in the same year on 28 Aug., and
was buried on 29 Aug. under the altar of the
church at Edengudi. A memorial tablet ia
English was placed in St. George's Cathedral,
Madras, and a similar one in Tamil in the
church at Edengudi. On 20 March 1844 he
was married at iNagercoil, South Travaneore,
to Eliza, eldest daughter of Charles Mault, a
missionary of the London Missionary Society.
She assisted him greatly in his mission work,
being peculiarly fitted to do so by her know-
ledge of Tamil. He left issue. In 1857 he
received the degree of LL.D. fern Glasgow
University, and in 1874 that of BJD. Sum
Durham University. He was an honorary
member of the Asiatic Society.

Besides the works already mentioned Cald-
well was the author of : 1. * Lectures on the
Tinnevelly Missions/ London, 1S57 5 l*?mo.
2. * On Reserve in communicating Eeligious
Instruction to Non-Christians in ^Mission
Schools in India/ Madras, 1681, 8vo. He
also published many sermons and lectures,

Callaway

373

Ceil I away

and, iu conjunction with, Edward Sargent,
he revised the Tamil hymn-book, lie made
many contributions TO the * Indian Antiquary.'
His ' Reminiscences' were published in 1894,
after his death, by his son-in-law, the Kev.
Joseph Light Wyatt.

[CaldwelVs Reminiscences ; Day's Mission
Heroes: Bishop Oaldwell, 1896 ; Stock's Hist,
of the Church Hissionary Society, 1809, index;
The Times, 29 Aug. 1891 ; Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Soc. 1892, pp. 143-6 ; Temple's Men and
Events of ray Time in India, 1882, pp. 454-6;
Addison's Roll of Glasgow Graduates, 1898.1

E. I. C.

CALLAWAY, HENRY (1817-1890),
first missionary bishop of St, John's, ICaf-
fraria, in South Africa, born at Lymington
in Somerset on 17 Jan. 1817, was the eleventh
child of an exciseman, formerly a bootmaker,
and of his wife, the daughter of a farmer at
Mineliead. Shortly after his birth his parents
moved to Southampton, thence to London,
and finally to Orediton, where his father
was appointed supervisor of excise, lie was
educated at Crediton grammar school, and in
May 1883 he went to Heavitree as assistant
teacher in a small school. The head-in aster,
William Dymond, was a quakor, and Calla-
way inclined to his opinions. lu 1835 ho wont
to Wellington as private tutor in a quaker
family, and in the spring of 1837 he was ad-
mitted a member of the Society of Friends.
In April 1839 he entered the service of a
chemist at Southampton, but soon afterwards
removed to Tottenham as surgeon's assistant
to E. C. May, a former acquaintance. Early
in 1841 he began studying at St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital, and was licensed by the
Royal College of Surgeons in July 184:2, and
by the Apothecaries' Society in April 1844.
He took rooms in Bishopsgato Street in the
summer of 1844, and in a short time suc-
ceeded in making- a fair practice, Ho also
held posts at the Red Lion Square (now
Soho Square) Hospital, St. Bartholomew's,
and the Farringclon dispensary, and about
1848 he took a house in Finsbury Circus.
The, impaired state of his health compelled
him to sell his practice, worth about ],OOOJ.
a year, in the summer of 1852, and in Octo-
ber to proceed to southern France ; and he
soon afterwards quitted the Society of
Friends. On 12 Aug. 1853 he graduated"
M.D. at King's College, Aberdeen, having
resolved to practise as a physician.

With returning health, however, the idea
of mission work took increasing possession
of him, and at the beginning of 1854 he
wrote-to John William Colenso [c .v.l, bishop
of Natal, offering- his services. Me was ac-
cepted by the Society for the Propagation

of the Goypol, and ordained deacon at Nor-
wich on ] Aug. On 20 Aug. he and his
wife loft England in the Lady of the Lake
reaching Durban on 5 I )c. After Christmas
they moved to Piutonuuriteburg, where he
remained in chargo of th mission church at
Ekukunyimi, in tho neighbourhood. On
&J Sopt. .1855 ho wu8 ordained priest, and on
14 Oct. St. Andruw's church was o>onod.
and ho was placed in char^o. In the Begin-
ning of 1858 ho obtainoi" a grant of laud
from govornmwit beyond the Umkoinanzi
river, and aoltlwl at a vacated Dutch farm
on the JLuBungnze, which ho named Spring
Vale. At this wol.tlomont he bogan * that
life among the natives -which has made his
name a household word iu South Africa.'
In 18()8, when Robert dray (t .v.], binhop of
Capo Town, couHooratwl William Kenneth
Macrorio, bishop of Natal, iu place of Oolen-
so, Callaway attor some hesitation resolved
to support Macrorio.

From tho beginning of his residence at
Sprinp Vale, (Jallaway studied nativo beliefs,
traditions, and customs. In 18(>8 ho pub*
lishod 'Nursery Talon, Traditions, and llis-
torius of tho ZuluH,' a valuable contribution
to folklore, which was printed at Sprim*
Vale, Botwctm 1 808 awl 1 870 lu* published
his greatest work, 'Tho Itoligioiw System of
the Anw/ulu/ which appeared in four parts:
' Tho Tradition of Oroatiou ; ' < Amatonga,
or Ancwstor Worahn ; J < Diviners ; ' and
' Medical Magic and VitchcraiV The last
part was not eowplottul. These works,
owing to the lack of appreciation by the
public, remained incomploto, but their scien-
tific value is vory groat, They arc perhaps
the most accurate record of the beliefs and
xnodofl of thought of an unlettered race iu
the English tonguo.

In December 1871 tho Routh African
bishops potitioxiod tho Scottish episcopal
churcjx to ostabliflh a bishopric in KaflVaria,
and on All Saints' day 187& Oallaway was
consecrated missionary bishop of St. John's,
Kallraria, at St. Paul's episcopal church,
Edinburgh. On 2 J une 1 874 he received the
honorary degree of I) J,). from tho university
of Oxford, and on 2/> Aug. ho left England*
In 1876 the headc uarters of the diocese were
removed to Unrfata. In 1877 war broke
out, and Umtata was fortified by tho direc-
tions of the g-overnor, Sir Bartle Frero,
After the conclusion of the war an important
advance was made in regard to native edu-
cation, which Oallaway had peeuliarlv at
heart, by the foundation of St. John's Tlieo-
logical College at Umtata in June 1879.
T!ae failure of Oallaway's health caused the
consecration of Bransby Key on Ii3 Aug.

Cameron

379

Cameron

1873 as coadjutor-bishop, and in June 1886
he resigned the bishopric. Beturning to
Englanc in May 1887 he settled at Ottery
St. Mary in Devonshire in 1888. He died
at Ottery on 26 March 1890, and was buried
in Ottery churchyard on 31 March. On
14 Oct. 1845 he married Ann Chalk, a mem-
ber of the Society of Friends. They had no
surviving children.

Besides the works already mentioned and
several pamphlets, Callaway was the author
of: 1. l Immediate Revelation,' London,
1841, 12mo. 2. * A Memoir of James Par-
nell/ London, 1846, 12mo. 3. ' Missionary
Sermons,' London, 1875, 16mo. He also
translated the book of Psalms into Zulu in
1871 (Natal, 16mo), and the Book of Com-
mon Prayer in 1883 (Natal, 8vo).

[Miss Benbam's Henry Callaway (with por-
trait"), 1896 ; Athenseum, 1890, i. 471 ; Times,
29 March 1890.] E. I. C.

the Katikara river ; on 12 July he crossed
the Maungatawhira with 380 men; on
29 Oct. he occupied Meri-3Ierij though with-
out preventing the retreat of the Maori
force 5 and on 29 Xov. he again defeated thfe
Maoris at Rangarira. On 20 Feb. 1864
he was nominated K..C.B. On 29 April he
was repulsed with considerable loss in aa
assault on the Gate Pah. He carried on
his operations with zeal, but he failed to
adapt his tactics to bush warfare, and suf-
fered severely on several occasions from
attacking strong defensive positions without
adequate dispositions. He also entirely dis-
approved of the war, which he considered to
have been occasioned by the desire of the
colonists to acquire the native lands. He
expressed his disapprobation with consider-
able freedom, and in his letters to Grey made
serious charges against the colonial ministers.
Grey communicated these charges to the
accused, and was blamed by Cameron for
publishing a private communication. la
January 1865 Cameron refused to under-
take the destruction of a pah at Te Wereroa,
alleging that his force was insufficient.
Grey took the command himself, and partly
by his judicious conduct of the operation,
partly by his great influence with the Maoris,
reduced'the position in three days. Came-
ron tenderec his resignation in February,
and received permission to return to Eng-
land in June. His conduct was approved by
the war office. He also received t!ie thanks
of the New Zealand legislative council.

On 9 Sept. 1863 he was nominated colonel
of the 42nd; on 1 Jan. 1868 he became
lieutenant-general, and on 5 Dec. 1 874 lie
attained the rank of general. He was go-
vernor of Sandhurst from 1868 to 1875.
On 24 May 1873 he was nominated G,C.B.
He died without issue at Blackheath on
7 June 1888. On 10 Sept. 1873 he married
Louisa Flora (d. 5 May 1875), fourth daugh-
ter of Andrew Maclean, deputy inspector-
general of the Military College, Sandhurst.

fFoster's Baronetage and Knightage, 1882 ;
Times, 12 June 1888; Mackenzie's Hist, of the
Camerons, 1884, pp. 413-4; Kusden's Hist ^ of
New Zealand, 1883, ii. passim ; *fcsme]l a Diet,
of Australasian Biogr. 1892 ; Bees's Life and
Times of Sir George Grey, lS92;^KJBglakes
Invasion of the Crimea, 6th edit m. 2a*. 26J ;
Reeves's Long White Ciond, 1898; Gudgeons
Reminiscences of the War in New ZealaBcU
1879; Gisbome'a New Zealand BnJen and
Statesmen, 1897, pp. 17W 5 TVft u Jjew
Zealand, 1866.] B. J- U

CABCBR03ST, VEffiffBY LOVETT (1844-
1894X African explorer, the son of Jonathan
Henry Lorett Cameron, rector of Sboreham,

CAMERON, vSiit DUNCAN ALEX-
ANDKIl (1808-1888), general, born on
19 Dec. 1808, was the only son of Sir John
Cameron [q.v.] He joined the 42nd royal
Highlanders (Black Watch) as ensign on
8 April 1825. He hecame lieutenant on
15 Aug. 1826, captain on 21 June 1833,
major on 23 Aug. 1839, and lieutenant-
colonel on 5 Sept. 1843. On the outbreak
of the Crimean, war he obtained the local
rank in Turkey of brigadier. He commanded
the 42nd at Alma, 20 Sept. 1854, and the
highland brigade at Balaklava, 26 Sept.
and took part in the siege of Sebastopol, and
in the assault on the lledan on IS June 1855.
For his services he was mentioned in the des-
patches, received the medal with three clasps,
was made an officer of the legion of honour,
and obtained the Sardinian and Turkish
medals, and the third class of the Medjidie.
At the conclusion of the war he was nomi-
nated C.B. On 5 Oct. 1855 he received the
local rank of major-general in Turkey, and on
24 July 1856 the same local rank in England.
On 25 "March 1859 he was nominated major-
general. In 1860 he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief in Scotland, and in the fol-
lowing year commander of the forces in JSew
Zealand in succession to (Sir) Thomas Sim-
son Pratt [q.v.], with the local rank of lieu-
tenant-general. .

New Zealand was in a state of inter-
mittent warfare, and hostilities between the
English and Maoris were of frequent occur-
rence. In November 1862 Cameron repre-
sented to the -overnor, Sir George Grey
[q v Suppl.l, tie smallness of his force,
which numbered under four thousand men.
On 4 June 1863 he defeated the natives on

Cameron

380

Cameron

Knt,and Frances, daughter of Francis Sapte
of Cadicote Lodje, Welwyn, Hertfordshire,
was born at Racipole, Weymouth, on 1 July
1844, and educated at Bourton in Somerset.
He joined the navy in August 18 ">7, and was
-)lacedonthe Illustrious training 1 ship, whence
j.e was transferred to the Victor Emmanuel,
and spent nearly four years in the Medi-
terranean and on the Syrian coast, He
became a midshipman in June 1860. He
was sent to the If orth American station on
the Liffey at the end of 1861, and in the fol-
lowing year was at New Orleans when it
was captured by the federals. From 1862
to 1864 he was in the Channel squadron,
becoming sub-lieutenant in August 1863;
promoted lieutenant in October 1865, he
was sent to the East Indies in the Star.
He was on the coast of East Africa in 1867,
and saw service in the Abyssinian campaign
of 1868, where he earned a medal. He was
afterwards employed in the suppression of
the slave trade in East Africa, and his ex-
periences made a deep impression on him.
About 1870 he was put on the steam reserve
at Sheerness.

As soon as Cameron found himself in so
quiet a berth as Sheerness, he volunteered
to the Royal Geographical Society to go in
search of Livingstone, attracted by a project
which was then in many men's minds ; but
it was not till 1872, after some disappoint-
ments, that he was selected as leader of the
expedition sent out by the society to carry
aic. to Livingstone, who had been discovered
by Stanley in the previous year (Me Intro-
duction to Across Africa). The object of his
journey was to find Livingstone, who was
!*mown to have been bound for the south end
of Bangweolo when Stanley left him, and
afterwards to take an independent line of
geographical exploration, \vitlx the aid of
Livingstone's advice.

Cameron started on his task early in 1873,
leaving England in company with Sir Bartle
Frere ^q.v.', who was on a mission to Zanzi-
bar. J)r, W. E. Dillon accompanied the ex-
plorer, and Lieutenant Cecil Murphy volun-
teered at Aden to join the expedition. Arriv-
ing at Zanzibar in Februar; _873, they found
the fcask of getting together the necessary
carriers unusually- difficult. At last they
had to push on with an incomplete convoy
to Rahenneko, and wait there, for Murphy.
On Murphy's arrival, further troubles and
delaya arose before a real start may be con-
'sidered to have been made. By Mpwapwa,
Ugogo,the MgundaMkali, and Unyanyembe,
they went forward without mucn incident.
At the latter place all three members of the
expedition were down with severe fever, and

many carriers wore tem;>tod to de.sort. At
this stage the news of ^ivingstone's death
was brought to Cameron, and altered all his
plans. Dillon and Murphy started to return
to the coast with Livingstone's body, and
Cameron decided to proceed alone ; but very
shortly after their start Cameron heard of
Dillon's death, and this caused another delay.
When he at lust got o(V ho encountered a
series of auunytmccR and hardships which
were only cheeked on arrival at tao Mala-
garazi, Tina next point of importance was
Lake Tanganyika, a great part of which was
still unexplored, Cameron spent a consider-
able time in determining the 'proper position
of the southern portion of the lake, and, when
he had finished, despatched his own servant
with Livingstone's papers from Ujiji and his
own journals to the coast, gave to those who
wished to return the option of doing so, and
then proceeded westward with sixty-two or
sixty-three men lor Nyangwe, which he de-
termined to be ou the main stream of the
Congo. Hero he endeavoured to obtain
canoes, wifch the idea of folio wing 1 the jrreat
river; but failing in this, and meeting Tippoo
Tib, ho was induced to strike southward,,
where he met with much suspicion from
natives who had boon raided by tuxve dealers.
His success in avoiding collisions and loss of
life was remarkable. At Kasongo he fell in
with an Arab who treated Jura with much
kindness, and with a slave dealer Irom Bih6,
in whose company he finally struck "west-
ward again alon^ 1 10 watershed between the
Con jo and Xamcwsi, discovering the sources
of tlie latter. After considerable sufferings
from thirst and much worry, owm j to t'.ie
enforced company of slavers, he roao-iod Bih6
early in October 1875. He was now 'MO
miles from the west coast, and the journey
seemed almost over ; yet the greatest hard-
ships fell upon his party at tliis point, and
finally he had to -juan on by forced marches
of 160 miles in iibur days to flave his own
life and send back relief for his men. Ho
arrived atKatombelaon 28 Nov.l875,bein*
thus the first traveller to cross the breadta
of Africa from sea to sea.

On his return to England Cawieron was
naturally received with much acclamation ;
he was promoted specially to be a com-
mander in July 187(5, and was made a C.B. ;
he was also awarded the gold modal of the
Boy al Geographical Society, and created hon.
D.C.L. of Oxford on i31 June. In September
of this year ho attended the Brussels con-
ference on Africa.

After returning for a time to ^ his profes-
sional duties, and among other things taking
courses of gunnery and torpedo practice,

Cameron 1

381

Campbell

Cameron obtained leave in September 1878
to make a journey through Asiatic Turkey
with a view to determining the value of a
route to India from a point opposite Cyprus,
which had just been transferred to British
keeping, through Turkish dominions and by
way of the Persian Gulf. He received a
passage in the troopshn Orontes to Cyprus ;
thence he crossed to Beirut and travelled
through Lebanon to Tripoli of the Levant ;
thence to Aleppo, where he encountered
some small difficulties; got on by way of
Diarbekir and Mosul to Bagdad ; then to
Bussora and Bushire, where j.e heard of the
British disasters in Zululand. He then at
once telegraphed for leave to proceed to
Natal, but by some misunderstanding re-
ceived a message at Karachi to detain him,
and so returned to En -land. When he arrived
there, on 29 May 1S79, it was too late for
him to proceed to the theatre of war, so he
set himself to write a popular description of
his late journey, called ' Our Future HigK-

In 1882 Cameron made a journey of
another kind. On 8 January he joined Sir
Bichard Burton [q.v. Suppl.] at Madeira, and
travelled to the^West Coast of Africa on a
special mission initiated by certain mining
companies to examine the gold-producing
district of the Gold Coast. They touched at
Bathurst and Sierra Leone, and finally dis-
embarked at Axim on the Gold Coast, where
they proceeded to explore the interior within
some twenty miles of the coast. Cameron
in particular, leaving Axim on 16 March,
mace a route-survey to Tar^uah, which is
now the centre of the gold district ; he also
plotted the course of the Ankobra river. He
made various collections for Kew and the
NaturalHistory Museum, which were mostly
snoiled or lost. He returned from this expe-
dition at the end of April, and on 26 June
1882 lectured on the subject with Burton
at a meeting of the Royal Geographical
Society.

In 1883 Cameron retired from the navy

a matter of particular interest to Mm, and
he was on various occasions consulted by the
king of the Belgians on this sub'eet. *In a
lecture delivered on 3 Feb. 1894 lie claimed
to have been the real originator of the idea
of a railroad from the Cape to Cairo.

Cameron usually resided at Soulsbury,
Leighton Buzzard, where he regularly
hunted in the season. On 27 March 1894
he was thrown from his horse in returning
from a day's hunting, and was killed. He
was buried at Shoreham, Kent. At the
tune of Lis death he was chairman of the
African International Flotilla and Trans-
port Company, and of the Central African
and Zoutspanberg Exploration Company.
Besides the C.B., he received the order of
the crown of Italy, and the gold medals of
the Royal Geographical Society, the French
Geographical Society, and a special medal
from King Victor Emmanuel o: Italy. The
public sense of his services was further
marked by the grant of a civil list pension
of 5QL a year to Hs widow.

Cameron's character was remarkably un-
selfish; his exploration of Africa was marked
by intense philanthropy, and his admini-
stration of companies by a disregard of per-
sonal profit. 3r-e was a great reader as well
as a uent writer; and his knowledge of

in all, including French, Italian, Spanish,
and Portuguese, as well ^as. some of the
African tongues, as SwahilL

Cameron married, on 2 June 1885, Amy
Mona Reid, daughter of William Bristowe
Morris of Kingston, Jamaica.

Cameron was a fairly prolific writer, parti-
cularly of tales of adventure for boys. His
more important works are: 1. * Essay on
Steam Tactics/ 1865. 2. * Across Africa/
1877, 2 vols. 8vo : 2nd edit. 1885. 3. * Our
Future Highway/ 1880, 2 vols 8m
4 'To the Gold Coast for Gold' (jointly
with Sir Richard Burton), 1883, 8vo.
5. ' The Cruise of the Black Prince, prm-
teer/ 1886. 6. * The Queen's Land, or Ard

study of African political questions^
management or direction of various com-
panies, chiefly connected with Africa. In
890 immediately after the conclusion ot
the Anglo-German agreement for the delimi-
tation of the possessions of the two^powers

Dert> iu.ttssey m K2vu,tu. .. *****.., ~ -
8. ' The History of Arthur Penreath, some-
time gentleman of Sir Walter Raleigh,
1888. 9. Log of a Jack Tar/ 189L

men of the Time, 1891 ; Times, 28 March
1894- Chums, 31 Aug. 1894 (an internet);
t, l*~ Stor y O f Africa, ii. 266 ; hisovmroris;

accei

he

Campbell 382 Campbell

9 March 1832, was the son of James Camp- England which was smit to obtain a trans-
bell, a physician of Scottish parentage, who, formice to Canada of t h<> Hudson's Bay terri-
after residing for some time in Yorkshire, tor'uw and Rupor(/H Land, but, for some
emigrated to Lachine, Lower Canada, in unexplained roason, he declined to go, and
1824. Alexander was educated first by the counseled delay in the matter. Two years
oresbyterian minister at Lachine, then in the later ho undertook a M )ocial mwwon to Kng-
3oman catholic seminary of St.-Hyaciuthe, land in connection wit i tlio subjects oPOana-
and, on the removal of the family to Upper dian import duUos which were then in dia-
Canada, at the Kingston grammar school putobotwiwn Kglund and thw United States,
He began the study of t:ie law in 1830. iiud wore dealt with by tho Washington treaty
About the same time he entered into articles, of 1870, A now department of t le intori<!r
and, having served part, of his time with and suporintowlont Of Indian affairs was
(Sir) John Alexander Macdonald [q. v.J, created in 187:3 and tfmw to Campbell, but
was admitted an attorney in Hilary term hiw incumbency lastod only for about six
1842, and called to the bar m the Michaelmas mouths, In Novwubor of that year the
following He was thereupon taken into ministry rosignod,

partnership by Macdonald, In 1856 he bo From 187JJ to 1 878 lin led the conservative
came queen's counsel, and in the samo yoar opposition in the atmalo and took a very
was chosen a bencher of the Law Society, active part iiffiuiwti tho Mackenzie admini-
Pour years later he was appointed dean of .stratum, particularly with rogard to its
the faculty of law in Queen's University, Pacific railway '>ol icy and its nmintttnanco
Kingston. of Lotollior an 1 fMiUmant-^ovornor of (Jun-

Eis first public office was that of alder- bee. After Sir John Alexander M'ncdouald
man of Kingston (J851-2). In 1850, in returned to po\v<n', Campbell held tho fol-
answer to a keen popular demand, Canada lowin $oabi not; oiluwHinHUocuriHion: receiver-
begun the ex >eriment of electing* her lejfis- Amoral, H Nov. 1H7H; postmaHter-gonoral,
lative councLlorfl, and Campbell, stancing iiO May 1879; minister of militia, 10 Jan.
for the district of Cataraqui, which included 1880; poHtwuiHtor-gononil, 8 Nov. 1880;
Kingston and the county of Frontenac, was minwter of justice, iiO M'ay J881 ; post-
returned by a large majority in 1858. lie maHter-gwwral from 95 Htnt. 1885 till
was then offered, but declined, a seat in the 'J(> Jan, 1887 in all of wluch ho proved
Macdonald-Oartier cabinet. In February of himsolf a painstaking administrator.
1863 he was elected speaker of the h^is- Ilis mot important departimtmt was that
lative council in succession to Sir AJ,au of justice, In oxwcimttjy tho dominion supor-
Napier Macnab "q. v.], and performed the* vision over local If^'iHlatioiit a power in-
duties of the ofice for about a yoar, when hwited from the colonial ollico, Oampboll
he entered the Maedonald-Tacho admiuistra- was considerod to take an unduly narrow
tion as commissioner of crown lands. He viow of the powers of the provincial logis-
occupied the same position in the coalition laturew aw they wore defined under the Con-
of 1864, the principal object of which was to federation Act. Two of his decisions aroused
bring about confederation, lie took part in much public oxcitomont. Ono was the difl-
both the Charlotfcetown and Quebec con- allowance on threw occanious (1881-2 JJ) ^of
ferences. In March 1865 he submitted the a railway measure by which the provincial
resolutions in favour of the Canadian fede- legislature of Manitoba nought inaopmidttnt
ration to the council, and secured their connection with thw United States ByHtwm.
passage by a large vote. The province ultimately Hoournd, its end, anl

During 1866-7, when the governor-general a compromise was ollocf ed with the Canadian
and the leading members of the ministry Pacific Railway Company. A^ain, tho log-is-
were at the Westminster conference, Camp- lature of BritiHu Colunibia levied certain iitxes
bell stayed in Canada as minister in charge, on the immigration of tho Chinese. Camp*
At the inauguration of the dominion, on bell disallowed the act as well on imperial
1 July 1867, he was sworn of the privy as dominion grounds (188JJ), Somewhat
council of Canada, and became the first post- later there came a despatch from Lord Derby
master-general, a portfolio which lie con- (81 May 1884) to 1 1& oitoet that similar
tinued to hold for the next six years. Sura- legislation in Australia wan not hold to in-
moned to the senate on 23 Oct. 1867, he volve imperial interests. The legislature of
held the seat for twenty years, acting, while British Columbia thereupon re-enacted the
the conservative party was in power, as statute which was duly suffered to cotxxe
government leader in that body. into operation (1885),

In 18H8 Campbell was nominated, at his- The honour o'f 1CC.M.G, was bostowod on
own request, to act on a commission to Campbell at an in vestituro held in Montreal

Campbell

383

Campbell

"by her Majesty's direction on 24 May 1879.
On 1 June 1887 he was a2pointed lieutenant-
governor of Ontario. Ee died on 24 May
1892, just before the expiry of his term, at
Government House in the city of Toronto,
and was buried with public honours.

In 18S5 he married Georgina Frederica
Locke, daughter of Thomas Sandwith of
Beverley in Yorkshire.

[Taylor's Portraits of Brit Araer. i. 247-58 ;
Dent's Can. Port. Gall.iii. 217-19; Bent's Last
Forty Years, ii. 428, 435, 444-5, 470-1, 548;
Morgan's Legal Directory, pp, 36,41 ; Morgan's
Dora. Ann. Reg. (1879), p. 146 ; J. E Cote's
Political Appts. pp. 3, 38 ; N. 0. Cote's Political
Appts. pp. 75-6 ; Todd's Parl. G-ovt. in the Col.
p. 603; Pope's Mem. of Sir J. A. Maedonald,
_. 18, 180-2, 267, ii. 48, 237; Hodginss Cor.
fte. Min. of Justice, pp. 826-39 1078-94 ; Con-
federation Debates, Quebec, 1865 ; Canadian

i * *' *'

CAMPBELL, SIB GEORGE (1824-
1892), -Indian administrator and author, born
in 1824, was the eldest son of Sir Geor~e
Campbell of Edenwood, near Cupar, Fi:e-
shire, by Margaret, daughter of A. Christie
of Ferrybank. The elder Sir George, brother
of John, first Baron Campbell [q. v.], was
for some time assistant sur-eon in the East
India Company's service. Lie was knighted
in 1833 in consideration of bis active services
in preserving the peace in Fifeshire during
the reform riots. 3Le died at Edenwood on
20 March 1854,

The younger Sir George was, at the age of
eight, sent to the Edinburgh New Academy,
After two years there he went for three
years to Macras College, St. Andrews, He
then spent two sessions at St. Andrews
University. Having obtained a nomination
for the East India Company, he entered at
Haileybury, where, during two years, his
chief subjects were history, political economy,
and law. He embarkec for India in Sep-
tember 1842, in company with his two
brothers, Charles and Johi Scarlett Camp-
Drome ,

George Campbell became in June 1843
assistantmagistrateandcollectoratBadaon,
Bohilcund, in the north-west provinces. In
mShewaspromotedtothejomtniagistracy
oftLdSof Moradabad. Heveryearly
Ls-an to study land tenures, and to confirm
Knowled? by intercourse with the vil-

"between Loodiana and Ferozepore. He then
carried out the annexation of tie Nafeha
and Ka-Doorthalla territories and the oecupa-
tion anc settlement of Aloowal, and, having
"been sent back to Ehytul and Ladwa, did
good service in finding" and conveying sup-
plies for the troops in the second Sikh war.
In the early part of 1849 Campbell con-
tributed to the ' MofussiHte/ a well-known
Indian pajjer, some letters signed < Econo-
mist,' urging upon Lord Dalhousie the
annexation of the Punjab, but, in opposition
to the views of Sir H. Lawrence, limiting
further extension within the line of the
Indus. The views advocated were in their
m& i n iin es carried out. After the annexation
o f the p un j a b, Campbell was promoted to
tlie <3i str j et O f Loodiana, having also charge
of the Th department oTthe Punjab.

Shah Sujah f eMU J er of Afghanistan, was
under his care. A recrudescence of Thu ;gee
was checked and dacoity successfully ealt
with. Owing to ill-health Campbell, in
January 1851, left Calcutta for Europe on
long furlough.

During his three years 7 absence from India
Campbell was called to the English bar from
the Inner Tern-pie in 1854, and was appointed
by his uncle (tSen lord chief-justice) associate
of the court of queen's bench. He gave
evidence before the ^committee of Inquiry
which was held previous to the renewal of
the East India Company's charter, in view
of which he published in 1852 a useful
descriptive handbook, * Modern India/ In
the following year he also issued * India as
it may be, J a long pamphlet setting forth his
view of needful reforms.

Having married, Campbell returned to
India with his wife m June 18o4. He
went back to the north-west provinces as
magistrate and collector of A^unghurin the
province of Benares. Early in 18oo he was
made commissioner of customs for Northern
India and assistant, to John Hussell Colym
[q. v.] in the general government of the
provinces. Later in the year he became
commissioner of the Cis-Sutlej State* 'the
appointment of aU others I st coveted
Nominally under Sir John Lawrence, lie .held
in reality an almost mde^ndent position.
His policy was to leave J^ MttTert-te.
alone so Ion - as they were well managed,
In March 18*7

Sikhs HedthCis-Sutle terri-

Campbell

384

Campbell

India) Campbell impressed upon him their
importance and his knowledge of communi-
cation among the sepoys. Unable to reach
his new post at Agra owing to the mutiny,
he remained at his old post at Umballa.
Thence he forwarded to the * Times ' an
interesting series of letters on the course of
the mutiny, under the signature of ' A Civi-
lian.' Campbell was the first to enter Delhi
after its capture. On 20 Sept., as provisional
civil commissioner, he joined tlie column
pursuing the mutineers. Subsequently ho
went with the troops to the relief of Agra,
During the pursuit of the rebels, he rodo
ahead of the troops and accidentally captured
three of the rebels' guns, the gunners thinking
him to be leading a body of cavalry.

After a short stay at Agra ho accompanied
Sir Hope Grant's force to the relief of pawn-
pore and Lucknow (26 Oct.) On arrival at
the former place, however, his functions as
civil commissioner ceased, and he was soon
afterwards ordered to Benares as advisor to
(Sir) John Peter Grant [q. v. Suppl.j In a
final contribution to tho ' Times ' signed
' Judex,' Campbell insisted upon the absence
of concerted rebellion among tho Moham-
medans, and declared that he had boon
unable to find any proof of the alleged
atrocities committed upon white women.
Leaving Benares for Calcutta at the end of
November 1857, he was employed by the
Governor-general (Lord Canning) to write
an official ' account of the mutiny for tho
home authorities, Campbell subjoined a
recommendation to reorganise the north-
west provinces on the Punjab system. A fter
Colin Campbell's capture of Lucknow,
Campbell was ordered there as second civil
commissioner of Oude. He also for a time
had charge of the Lucknow district, and
was entrusted with the restoration of order
and the care of the Oude royal family. He
was not always in harmony with the policy
of Lord Canning. In his annual report for
1861 he contended for a system of tenant
right, and thus initiated a controversy which
became acute under Lord "Elgin's viceroyalty,
and was not settled till 1886, when the Ouie
Landlord and Tenant Law was passed.
Lord Lawrence supported Campbell's views,
which, in the main prevailed. Campbell
visited England in 18ft), and after returning
to Lucknow he, in 1862, introduced into
Oude the new Indian codes of civil and
criminal procedure and the penal code.
In the same year he was appointed by Lord
Elgin a judge of the newly constituted
hijh court of Bengal His judicial duties,
waich were confined almost entirely to the
appellate courts, were not heavy, and he

was employed by the, viceroy, Lord Lawrence,
on special missions to Atfra to inquire* into tho
.'udie.ial system of 1,1m north-west provinces.
. lis recoimnomlattoiw wore tho foundation
on which tho now high courts wore esta-
blished in I HU5. If is legal investigations
were embodied in ' Tho Law applicable to the
now Regulation "Provinces of India, with
Notes and Appendices,' 1M(W, 8vo.
^ "While atCalonUa, ( Jampboll devoted much
time to his favour! to study of ethnology.
After a Ion* tour in India in 18(54-5 ae
published 'Vlm Kt-lniolo^y of India* and a
pamphlet called l The Capital of India, with
soiiuj particulars of the (Juography and Cli-
mateof that, Country/ lHr>, in which Natwik,
near Bombay, was recommended ns a suitable
site for a new capital, hi J 8(5(5 he visited
China, and on his return was sent to Orissa
as head of a commission to report mou the
causes of tho recent severe famine (tlie most
serious in Bengal sinoo 1770) and the mea-
sures taken by tho local administrators.
The WHO Hi of 1H(J7 was unfavourable to the
Bonga oliicifilH, I'fc recommended improved
transport and means of communication, in-
creased expenditure and security of tenure
for cultivators. Campbell himself was en-
trusted with tho compilation of a supple-
mentary report, on former famines, ana on
changes of administration needed to meet
future ones. In tho sping of 18(>7 he loft
India to collect materials at tho India oilico
in London. On his return in, the autumn
ho was appointed chief commissioner of tho
central provinces, where in his own words
ho went to work * in now broom stylo,' II o
nominally held tho post for throo years, but
in 1808 his health broko down and he went
to England on long furlough.

Darin? a two years' absence from India
Campbol stood tor Dumbartonshire as an
advanced liberal, but rotirod before tho roll-
ing day. Ho also made two tours in Iro.and
to study tho laud question, the outcome of
which was 'The Irish Land/ 1809, in which
were advocated tho tenant-right principles
embodied in the land acts of 1870 and 188L
For the Oobden Club series on land tenure
he also published in 1870 a volume on
' Tenure of Laud in India/ New editions
ap->eared in 187 and 138L lie was created
1). 3.L. of Oxford on 32 June 1870, Having
been somewhat unexpectedly offered tho
lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, he sailed
for India in January 1871, Lord Mayo,
then viceroy, was in sympathy with his
views, and Campbell was appointed to carry
out the changes he had recommended in the
supplemental Orissa report, He obtained
the assistance as secretary of Mr. (afterwards

335

Campbell

ministration was the district r I act i

lection ot statistics was also initiated and
the first properly conducted census of Bengal
was taken in 1871. Campbell also gave greW
attention to education. He extended the
village school system of Sir John Peter
tyrant and established competitive examina-
tions for the admission of natives into the
Jteiifal service. A medical school founded
for tuem at Calcutta bears Campbell's name.
Campbell believed in technical and physical

training rather than in legal and literary. IS^'sVo, InTr^U^^hT
During his term of office in Bengal a sue- Frontier/ 'l879, 8vH 2 n 1887 he i

:essfulexnftdit,tnn TQ nA t ^+~A _:..L,T.- _-, ' ^ V1 \ TIT' - " *?' ne *

"*"> ****u. AUttuuer ana. a too frs
quent interposition in debate, Campbell soon
weaned the house, and as a politician his
failure was as complete as had been his suc-
cess as an administrator in India.

In the welfare of native raci
always showed great interest. in me
autumn of 1878 he went to the United
States to make a ^study of the negro question.
in 18^.9 he pubhshec his results in 'Black
and \Vhite: the Outcome of a Visit to the
United States/ Campbell also published
A Handy Book on the Eastern Question,'

I HTft Qw -.J _ ^t t , s rm , -. . '

ndEr'n', i P er
and Ettnck fo.T. bup jLJ continued his su>

wt to Campbell's re:orm S> bt Lwd Norti-
jrook was not m harmony with his views.aad
vetoed a bill (which had passed unanimously
the Bengal council) for re-establishing the

^^=S^^^

nient. After the assassination of Lore Mayo, including those of the Aborlinll Tribenf

the temraorarvvinprriT' IT /;,= T J V : R-~,l*i. n j i WW^MW.* J.IIUCB yi

Jtsengat, tae Uentral Provinces, and the
Eastern Frontier/ At the time of his death
he was in Egypt, writing an account of his
; Indian career.

Campbell died at Cairo, from the effects of
influenza, on 18 Feb. 1892, and was buried in
the British Protestant cemetery there. He
I married in 1853 Laetitia, daughter of Joha
; Gowan Vibart, of the Bengal civil service,
and left several children.

Campbell's ' Memoirs of my Indian Career*
(2 vols. 1893, ed. Sir Charles Bernard) con-
tains some severe criticism of Kaye's and
Malleson's account of the mutiny from the
point of view of a close spectator, as well as
a valuable account of t!ie progress of the
tenant-right question in India, and the treat-
ment of famines, with both of which Camp-
bell's name will always be prominently
associated.

[Memoirs of my Indian Career, ecL Bernard,
with portrait ; Gent Mag. 1854, ii. 75, 76; Sir
E. Temple's Men and Events of my Time in
India, c:iap. xviii ; Lucy's Diary of Two Par-
liaments and the Salisbury ParL; Times,
19, 20 Feb. 1892 ; Men of the Time, 13th edit. ;
Allibone's Diet. JEngl. Lit. Suppl.]

G. LB G-. N.

CAMPBELL, GEORGE DOUGLAS,
eighth DITZE OF AESTLL (1823-19GG),
second son of John Dou las, seventh duke,
and Joan, daughter of Jo in Glassel of Lon
Niddry, East Lothian, was bom on 30 April

c c

famine of 1873-4, however, there was no
serious disagreement between the viceroy
and the lieutenant-governor, with the notable
exception of the refusal to sanction Campbell's
proposed prohibition of the export of rice from
Bengal. I'he system of relief by public works
and of advances to cultivators was success-
fully carried out by Campbell, with the assist-
ance of Sir Richard Temple, who succeeded
him as lieutenant-governor. In the latter's
opinion he knew more of the realities of
famine than any officer then in India, and
his views had great weight with the com-
mission appointed after the Southern Indian
famine of 1876-7.

Campbell finally left India in April 1874,
partly on account of bad health, but partly
also because he felt that he was not suffi-
ciently in the confidence of the Indian
government. In the preceding February he
-md been named a member of the council of
India, but gave up the appointment in. less
than a year to enter parliament. He had
been created K.C.S.L in May 1873, Camp-
bell presided over the economy and trade
department at the Social Science Congress

TOL. i. STTP.

Campbell

386

Campbell

1823 at Ardencaple Castle, Dumbartonshire.
It was here that he was brought 1 up and
privately educated. As a youth lie read
widely, and deeply interested himself in
natural science. In May 1837 he became
Marc uis of Lome and lioir to the dukedom
by tne death of his elder brother, John
Henry (b. 11 Jan. 1821). His first contri-
bution to public questions was a ' Lot tor
to the Peers from a Peer's Son/ a work
which, though published in 184'2 anony-
mously, was soon known to be by him.
The subject was the struggle in the church
of Scotland, which resulted in 184J3 in the
secession of Dr. Chalmers and the founda-
tion of the Free Church. In 1 848 he followed
this work by another, entitled ' Presbytery
Examined: an Essay on the Ecclesiastical
History of Scotland since the Reformation. 1
His view was to some extent favourable to
that which had been held by Chalmers, but
not to the point, of secession, his ultimate
conclusion being that the claim of the Free
Church to exclusive jurisdiction in matters
spiritual was a dogiua not authorised by
scripture. He had already, on the death of
his father in 1847, taken his place in the
House of Lords among the Peel it OK, Tor he
was a convinced free-trader and gave an
independent support to the Russell ministry,
then engaged in carrying out tho doctrines
of 1846, the legacy of the government of
Sir Robert Peel, 'His maiden speech was
delivered in May 1848, in favour of a bill
for the removal of Jewish disabilities, and
later in the session ho took occasion to de-
clare that he was 'no protectionist.' Uis
abilities began to attract attention ; he made
a reputation as a writer on scientific sub-
jects, and on 19 Jan. 1851 he was elected
J\R.S. In the same year the university of
St. Andrews elected him its chancellor, and
in his address he spoke regretfully of having
never enjoyed at public school or university
the training which produced 'a wise tole-
rance of the idiosyncrasies of others and broad
catholicity of sentiment,' In 1854 Glasgow
University also elected him lord rector, in
the following year he presided over the
British Association at G-.asgow, and later,
in 1861, lie bebame president of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Meanwhile Lord
Derby's brief-lived ministry had come arid
p -one in 1852, and in January 1853 the duke
aecame privy seal in the coalition ministry
of whips and Peelit.es formed by Lord Aber-
deen, 1 10 ugh he was not yet thirty years of
age. The Crimean war be^an, and in Fe-
bruary 1854, the month w:xen France and
England sent their ultimatum to St. Peters-
burg, the duke came forward as a supporter

of the government, asserting that < the real
qnoNtion is whether you, arc to allow a
weaker nation to be trodden under foot by
a stronger,' i.e. Rnsn'ia (Ilamard, 14 Feb.
1854), In January 1 855 tho Roebuck motion
for inquiry into tho war wan carried in the
HOUHO of Commons, and Lord Aberdeen at
once roHignod; but the *J Radical Duke,' as he
was sometimes called, retained his oHice
under the new whig prime minister, Lord
Palmers ton, In the eourBooi 1 tho name year
he exchanged his olUee for that of post-
im'iHter-genonil in succession to Lord Canning,
remaining in that position until February
185H, when Lord 1'ahnorston's government
fell, and was Mueeeedod by that of Lord Derby.
At the (Hid of June 1 851), however, I'almerston
returned to otlice,and with him the duke, who
reverted to the post of privy .seal.

In 18(50 ho took charge* of the post office
for a lew months during the absence of Lord
Klgin, but resumed tho privy weal in the
mine year. PahnerHton died in October
1S(>5, but; the duke retained oiliee under his
successor, Karl Russell, retiring with his chief
on his defeat in June IHOO. Meanwhile he
Jiad performed considerable service to tho
government iu the Iloiwoof Lords, where
the conservul.iveH were nob only formidable
in numbers, bnt also, under the leadership
of Lord Derby, for mi da bl e in debate. Thus,
for instance, In 1857, when a resolution was
debated condemning the policy of the go-
vernment, in China and their conduct in the
affair of the Arrow, the duke defended Pal-
morstou on an occasion when many of the
party broke away, causing a do feat both
in the Lords and (.ho Commons. Again,
he and Russell were tho only members of
the eabinet in IHO'J who advocated, in vain,
though how wisely was proved later, tho
detention of the Alabama. In respect of
the, American civil war then commencing
the duke was strongly favourable to the
cause ol 1 the north and of the union, pining
from Bright approval of tho 'fair and
friendly'" utterances of 'one of tho best and
most iiboral of his order,' The duke do-
fended IUB opinions in characteristic lan-
guage : * There is a curious animal in Loch
Fyne which I have sometimes dredged up
from the bottom of tho aua, and which per-
forms the most extraordinary and unaccount-
able acts of suicide and 'self-destruction,
It is a peculiar kind of star-fish, which, when
brought u - > from tho bottom of the water,
immediately throws oil' all its arms; its very
centre breaks up, and nothing remains of one
of the most beautiful forms iu nature but a
thousand wriggling fragments. Such un-
doubtedly wo'nld have been the fate of the

Campbell

387

Campbell

American union if its government had ad-
mitted what is called the right of secession. ,
I think we ought to admit, in fairness to
the Americans, that there are some things !
worth fighting for, and that national ex-
istence is one of them/ There spoke the
man of science as well as the statesman, for
the duke was both. "When the paper-duty
repeal bill was introduced into the Lords, as
part of the programme of Gladstone's budget
of 1860, the duke warned the peers, though
in vain, not to reject a supply bill, or take an
action for which there was no precedent since
the revolution. Evidently there was a future
for such a man, of character as lofty as his
lineage, of long and early experience in affairs, '
and gifted with an austere and commanding j
eloquence. The way seemed to be clearer be- !
fore him now that Palmerston was dead and !
Kussell in retirement. It mi 'lit well be that
the thoughts of Gladstone, the new liberal
chief and the greatest of the Peelites, would
turn with favour upon the posthumous heir
of that decaying line.

But from 1866 to 1868 the conservatives
were in power, and the two questions of the
time were the franchise and the Irish church.
The duke spoke with indignation against
the conservative reform bill : * These attempts !
to bamboozle parliament and to deceive the
people are new in the history of English
politics. They tend to degrade the noble
contests of public life and the honourable ,
rivalries of political ambition/ 'The tones
of moral indignation are healthy tones ' '
(Hansard, 13 March 1868). On another
occasion he made a declaration of whig
ecclesiasticism : ' Tithes are a fund charged
upon the land of the country, entirely at the
disposal of the supreme legislature of the
country. They are not private property, they
are not even corporate property ; they are not,
as Sir James Graham argued in 1835, trust
property, but revenue at the disposal of the
state' (ib. 24 June 1867). In 1868 Glad-
stone succeeded the Derby-Disraeli govern-
ment, and formed his first administration ;
the duke became secretary of state for India,
remaining in that office until the fall of
Gladstone's government in 1 874, His under-
secretary, Sir M. E. Grant Duff, thus writes
of his chief: * He was not only an orator, but
an excellent man of business. He had the
first merit of a minister in great place and
at the- head of a huge organisation; he knew
what he could leave to others.^ ' The ordi-
nary business passed through his hands in a
steadv and unbroken stream,' but on an oc-
casion great enough to call forth ' the energies
of a philosopher ' he was great also (Banff-
sMre Journal 8 May 1900). It was that hour

when a foreign policy for India had to be
created. India could no longer be another
Thibet. Relations were established with
Khelat, Afghan istan, Yarkand, Xipal, and
Burma; they were to be the free friends
of an all-powerful India. Annexations of
them by Great Britain, as well as their
absorption by Russia, were to cease or to be
checked. In finance the policy known to
financiers as * decentralisation ' was earned
out that Is, the local governments were
given an interest in economisin- the public
expenditure and raising the pu slie revenue
within their area. There was r>eace and pro-
gress. Later, famine began, "jut the crisis
was not reached during his term of office,
and adequate preparations were made for
dealing with it. In other directions also he
actively supported the government, parti-
cularly" the measure for Irish church dis-
establishment 'We desire/ he said, *to
wipe out the foulest stain upon the name
and fame of England our policy to the
Irish people ' (Hansard, 18 June 1S69).

For twenty-one years, with the exception
of the two short Derby ministries, the duke
had been in office; now he was to be out
from 1874 to 1880, during the conservative
administration. The Eastern question shortly
became prominent ; Gladstone left his tent
and put on his armour; so did Argyll. Early
in 1877 the latter, now a mature statesman,
opened fire on Lord Derby, the foreign secre-
tary, even as in old days as a youth he had
scandalised the Lords by opening fire upon
the father. The Eastern question presented
the problem of the desirability of forcing
Turkey to make internal reforms. There
were the Bulgarian atrocities. So LordDerby
agreed to the Constantinople conference of
December 1876, to put pressure upon the
Porte. Russia :>ut pressure of another sort,
and in April 1877 began war on Turkey.
This was progress of an unacceptable order;
the English government began to think of
war with Russia ; the fleet was ordered to
sass the Dardanelles in January 1878, and
jlngland refused to recognise Russia's im-
position of terms by her San Stefano treaty
with Turkey in March. Accordingly there
was the Berlin conference, whence the Eng-
lish plenipotentiaries returned, bringing
' peace witi honour.' In May 1879 the duke
made perhaps his best speech. Lord Beacons-
field, who had entered the Lords in the au-
tumn of 1876, called it * a criticism not male-
Tolent but certainly envenomed.' It reviewed
the past four years: the nation, though no
longer shopkeepers but warriors, thanks to
the government's rule, must take stock, for

< even warriors at the end of a campaign look

Campbell tf

to the roll-tmll of the living and the dead ; '
true tho opposition wan we.uk, but * we have
not been repaired indeed by what is called
a tiro of pw.iwion ; we hav<i boeu beaten
rather by u sort of ftulu rush. We hnv ,
boon mobbed and aw.segaied right, nnd left/
Yet Lord Salisbury was not at eawe; 'the
other night when mcame down to explain in
dulcet tonoHlhu entire fitliiltnent of the t mat y
of Berlin, he Rhone like the ',)eae,eful evening
ntar. But Houuitimert he in li <o the red planet
Mara, and occasionally he (lames in the mid-
night sky, not only perplexing nations hut
~)tirploxing hi.s own nearest friends and fol-
lowers/ What had it all betm about,, thi'SM
* ringing dwern nnd imperial puronitiotiM 1 !'
There wan the wonderful blue-book^ giving
'the territory restored to Turkey' on one
page, 'like tlin advorLiseint^it. of* a Hecowl-
rat.e thuatro/ The trinity of U(rlin WUM
' nothing but a copy, with slight, cimipuru-
tively unimportant, and MometimeH miM
chievoufl modiiications of t\w t-ivaty of San
Stefano/ AH for ' peace with lumour/ it.
was really ' retreat with bounting/ In th(*
earlier wtages of the Hastcni qtuwtion i tJiin
government^ waa no hotter than a roMpcct*
able committee of the Hocicty of iViendn,
with all ita holplHsiu*sH but without its
principles.' Later we armed * at tin* wrniitr
time and in a wrong cautio/ And t.hen <*ti

Campbell

rnply to 'on.v w luw ability m enial ti^any
iMMiMy.oncy, ii ml who invariably flights the
utidii'iirf \vhirh h^ iwlclnssHiw/ that Lord
Hi'nr.iiw()nld uttrrod the phrane, 'The key
nj huha m not, Mery,ir Herat, or Uantlahar,
Tho Ki\y nf Imlia in London/ On 8 April
1SS1 tho dukti eio.M'd htrt mi niKtnrial career
with u pet>otiul e\jtlnnatinn. ft WHH very
brief; tho Hubjeit wns the Irish hind bill
His ground for ^.hjreting to it was pithily
ixpre,sMiMi : " 1 mil oppoMfd to nienstiroH whicK
ttMici to drsii-ov >wiur,*hip altogether, by do-
priving it of the miulitiniiH which are noces-
-snry tn tht^ oxcrciM** of its funetioiw/ < In
lnliui owmTMht i will IH^ in eommlsNum or
in ubi' t viinr*/ ( Tien followed a tributu to
(UilNtnni; it \vjw an old connection of
twenty -ninoyiMirji, "a nmiMU'.tion on my part
of ev^r-iiuMNuiMtng ailee.tion and

tlie afcartlinij and prophetic cloo: *My lortlw,
you are byginning to bo found out. Tiw IB
your ^reat accuflr ; tho courwe of ovontH IB
summing up the case rtgrauwt you. 1 Whether
correct m it8 concluniontt or not, it wan a
speecli of which Brigiit might havw bwu
proud, the rofercucu to the aocu^ty of frumdfl
always excu\)tud.

In 1880 tie conservative government fell
The duke liad takn a atronuoiiB linn agauiHt
it on the Afghan crwift, and t o fw ui*in, ( Glad-
stone excepted, could thw rwult of the ele<s
tions be more comictiy attributed, In IH79
he had published hia im]jortimt political
work * The^ KaBtern QueHtion, 7 a survey of
eastern policy since th Orimean war. Its
conclusion waa: * Unjust and impolitic afl T
think the conduct of the government has
been in the east of Europe, it hat) been
wisdom and virtue itself in comparison with
its conduct m India 1 (ii, 510). ^le returned
to his former post of privy seal, since hia
health, always delicate, did not admit of a
more arduous office, A compensation for
disturbance bill was introduced; he sup-
ported it with reluctance, as a temporary and
charitable measure. In March 1881 the
duke, who had created the phrase ' Mervoua-
ness,' attackedfche ' forward ' policy of thalate
government in Afghanistan, and it was m

after, in IHH7, he br<)u out agamwt
th'iH liuid act i * I nwli* Wan there over such
nrcurwd le^iMlntiouP (Jonqtierovw have
wronged the cit ien of a oount ry und plundered
itn pnueeHjbut you havo ourned Ireland with
a piTpetual eut*s*/

In the month Muoeeediiift )UH retirwmmt
the TniUHvaal 4UtMiou canu* forward, and
the ff(>vt*rumt*(tt. k H policy ufttr Majuba, fol-
lowing upon thn annexation in 1H77, was
diMc.UHHtl. r rho dultn ha<l approved of the
b(eatme he utuhu'Htootl that tho

Ho<*m awtsnted^to the measure, t There is
no public man in th'w tutuut<ry f belonging to
any -mrty, who would have cared to annex
tlu^VauHVual if ho hud believed that it was
n^aiimt th* UHnent of the- population*' The
battle of haingV Nek, he atatecl, occurroil
wlion (HudHton^H government had already
i enured into imiiroct commuiucationH with
a view to peace' ;//rf/ww/ t 10 May 1BBI),
Lattti* in the year -u* moved for papi^Hontho
Hubject of Inndlord and tenant m rrnlftnd*
( I am inyncir a Oelt, und, more than that, m
our country wt are Irtrtlt deltw* The tio&H
whon our ptntpln m tho wentoru lughlamls
of Scotland en wo over from Ireland Btill
Uvttft in thn memory of i\w people, I have
oftu fitood on t ht hor* of wiy <wja country
looking to the nppoHiti* coant of Iwlauti^
divid<u, by a Htruit HO narrow that on a clear
day we fteu the IIOUHCH, the diviBionR of the
fields, and the e.ohmw of th cropflj ^and I
often wonchye<l at ilw marvellous dilfeence
in tho dcvidopuumt of tlm t.wo Icmdred
:w*o-)lws/ The wwrt*t of th(^ progrtmw of Bcot-
laxic. and of th Htagnation of freland was
that in th former * nothing now remains of
that old Oltic chanwftet xcpt a certain
sentimant of the clan feeliw^ which still
AW4tetens our ttot*wty very mutu aft th clotids
on a stormy morning we the hngutewt pma-

meat of a peaceful day. What was the
cause of the change? It was the gradual
invasion and the firm establishment against
the old Celtic habits of those higher cus-
toms and better laws which came from the
Latin and Teutonic races/

He lost offica, but not influence. Irish

i a oo / E ^yP t ? k 1 ^ 11 were nis subjects. In
1884, speaking of India, he had occasion
to refer to the Crimean war : I have never
been ashamed of the part which the English
government took upon that occasion. We
did not fight for the resurrection of Turkey.
I for one never would.' They fought that
the fate of Turkey f mi, 'ht not rest in the
hands of Russia, but might be decided by
Europe ' (Hansard, 10 March 1884). Later
in the year he spoke in favour of the reform
bill. There was a reminiscence of the
Peelites. He had, he said, a cross-bench
mind, and 'when I first came into this
house I sat on the bench opposite with that
group of statesmen of whom Lord Aberdeen
was the centre and the most distinguished
ornament. That group of men were essen-
tially cross-bench men. They had come put
of the great conservative party.* Home
rule came forward in 1886, and the third
Gladstone government was beaten ia June.
Here was a subject which stirred the duke
to profound hostility, and completed his
severance from his old chief. In 1888 he
moved in tbe House of Lords, and carried
unopposed, a vote of confidence in the Irish
policy of the conservative government, and
in 1891 he supported the land purchase bill on
the ground taat it contained the principle of .
' restoration of ownership/ All these yeaas
since 1886 he had been labouring outside par- '
liament with the greatest energy against home
rule. Perhaps bis best performance in these v
years was his Manchester speech of 10 Nov.
1891. With 1892 came the fourth Glad- ,
stone government, and presently anolsher
borne rule bill. The duke was roused as
before, sneaking finely at Edinburgh in
March 1893 ; in June at Leeds he described
Gladstone as ' no longer a leader, but only
a bait.' With the defeat of the home rule
bill in September the parliamentary discus-
sion closec ; but at Glasgow on 1 Ivov. of
that year the duke entered, upon a review
of Gladstone's whole career. It was bitter,
and an estrangement followed, though the
quarrel was eventually made up, and dis-
appeared when in 1895 they both were roused
to defend the case of the Armenians, - On
the tenant's arbitration (Ireland) bill be
made -an interesting speech on 13 Aug.
1894 ; Lord Rosebery iiad referred to his
position on the cross-benches : ' I sit on this

^ ^ _ ___ ___^__

bench because I opened mv career uTThil
house on that bench in the year in which he
was born.' Clearly, amid new men and
strange faces his career was drawing to its

The duke died on 24 April 1900, and was
buried at Eilmun, the ancient buria!- ? lace
of the Argylls on the Holy Loch, on 11 .lav.
lie had been created K.T. in 1856, D C.L
of the university of Oxford on 21 June 1870
and KG. in 18S4. He married first, on
31 July 1844, Lady Elizabeth LeveUi-
7, eldest daughter of the second Duke

ui Quinerianci, and Dv lier "
1878, he had five sons and seven daughters.
The eldest son,, the present duke, then Mar-
quis of Lome, K.T., married in March 1871
Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen
\ ictoria. The eldest daughter, Lady Edith
Campbell, married in December 1868 the
seventh Duke of Northumberland. The
duke married, secondly, on 13 Aug. 1881,
Amelia Maria, daughter of Thomas Claughton
[^ v. SuppL], bishopof St. Albans, and widow
o: Colonel Hon. Augustus Anson; she
died in January 1894. He married thirdlv,
on 26 July 1895, the- Hon. Ina MeXeitl,
extra woman o the bedchamber to the
c_ueen, and youngest daughter of Archibald
McNeill of Colonsaf.

The following portraits of the Duke of
Argyll are in the- possession of the familv :
chalk drawings by George Biehmond, RjL,
and by James Swinton; a three-quarter length
oil painting by An -eli;. in. highland dress ;
oil paintings of the iead by "Watson Gordon
and by Sydney Hall ;. and- a profile in oils by
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll. A por-
trait in oils, by Mr. G. F. Watts, KA.,is in
the National ortrait Gallery, London.

As an orator the Duke of Argyll stood
amon - his contemporaries nest to Gladstone
and Bright ; hs was the kst survivor of the
school which was careful of literary finish,
and not afraid of emotion (cf. ME. AEimTnn
LTTTELTON m. Anglo-Saxon Review. Decem-
ber 1899, p. 158).

In estimating Argyll's career the most
pregnant question that can be asked is why
aedid not rise to supreme place in the state.
Was it that he was a Peelite and so out of
touch both with liberals and conservatives ?
But during his lifetime there were two
Peelite prime ministers, Aberdeen and Glad-
stone. "Was it that his convictions were
not as liberal as thoee,of the party to whicn
he belonged ? Bat on the leading questions
of free trade, Irish church, reform, Turkey,
tbe f/rimea, and Afghanistan, their views
were his, and, besides, he had all tbe pre-
stige that a lofty character, a noble eloquence,

Campbell

390

Campbell

and a famous lineage can bestow. Or wan
it that he was a Scotchman and thus un-
sympathetic to the English people? Hut
the past and the present have soon Scottish
prime ministers. Or may there be said of
politics what Plato said of virtue, that it
owns no master, and did the dukw give
something to science when he should have
given all to statesmanship ? Yet thoro have
'Deen cases where literary and theological
pursuits have not barred* the way, Was
it that his lot was cast like that of Fox,
for instance, in an age averse to his ideas,
and that this excluded him and his friends
from oince ? Precisely the reverse ; tho
year before he entered politics the conser-
vative party was broken up f r nearly a
generation, and the liberals with brief inter-
ludes were to hold oflico until 1H74. Did he
prove inelastic to new ideas, and was lie too
much rooted in 1846 to tool the enthiusia.sms
of 1848? Not so ; as his utterances on the
minor nationalities of tho Balkan States, of
the Transvaal, of Armenia, of Afghanistan,
and even of Ireland, testify. f it was
none of these things, \vap it t-ho -m'dotninanco
of Gladstone? That was undoubtedly tho
obvious and efficient cause: there was one
more deep, Emerson said of tho British
elector that he xmikoH his greatest, men of
business prime miniskirt Vho duke's (Celtic
blood, his youthful training, or want of it,
his seclusion from the busy press of ail'airs
at Ardencaple Oastle during hia youth and
during his maturity in tho llouse of Lords,
set his intellect on another plane. His host
memorial will be the lines which Tennyson
addressed to him, beginning: <() patriot
statesman, be tho a wi.se to know The limits
of resistance,' and ending with tho descrip-
tion of ' thy will, a power to make This
ever-changing- world of circumstance, in
changing chime with never-changing law.'

G. P.

i boyhood to the end of his life the
Duke of Argyll spent much of his time
amongthe islands, firths, and sea-lochs of the
west of Scotland, where his instinctive love
of nature had ample scope for its develop-
ment. He became fond of the study of hires,
and grew familiar with their forms and
habits. Into the domain of geology he was
first led by the discovery which one of his
tenants made in the island of Mull, of a bed
full of well-preserved leaves, intercalated
among the basalt-lavas of that region. He
at once perceived the importance of this dis-
covery, and announced it to the meeting of
the British Association in 1850, The leaves
and other vegetable remains were subse*

quontlynludind by Ktlward Korbo,s[<jv,],wlu>
jironouue.od them to bo of older tortiary .
The dopowit in wliieh they occur, and Its re-
latioius to tho volcunic rookw, wero deucribod
by tho duko to the (Geological Society in
I8f>l in a pnpor of great. interest, and impor-
timco, which paved tho way for all that IMS
ainco boon donn in tho investigation of the
rotuarkablo history of tertiary volcanic ac-
tion in tlw British IH!<\M, This memoir was
by far tho moat, valuable contribution ovor
made by it author IrO the literature of
Acioiico. Unlike tho controversial writing's
of hi lator years, it-H purport was not argu-
mentative hut descriptive, and it raised the
hopo, unhappily not. realised, that the duko,
in tho m'u'.Ht of his numerouH avocations,
mi^ht lind tirno to enrich geology with a
fiorion of similar original okservntionM anion*
liiw own Scottihth lerritorioH, regarding whic i
much still remained to bo discovered. Ho
continued, indent!, up to the ond of his life
to take a keen interest, in (JioproproHs of tho
Mc.iciico, mid to Contribute from tnno to time
* i rtH 4 vM on Homo of its diMputod problems.
These pupors, however, beeaino tnoro and
in wo polemical nNyoiii'H wont. on,and though
always ncuto and forciblo, oft on failed to
grasp the truo bearing of tho factH, and to
realise the, weight, of tho ovidonco against
tho views whic \ \w had oHpouHod.

Having grown up a8 a follower of the
ontHolyHinal school in geology, ho could ibid
no language too wtrong to ox")reHH his duwent
from tho yoiuigtHrovolutiona Hehool. There
wore inoro purdieuhtrly throo directions in
wliir.h ho purwue<l tins nntagoniHm, lie saw
in tho present, topography of the land, more
particularly of iln mountajnouH portions, re-
cords of primeval wmvulHioim by which the
hills hud been upheaved and tlm glonn had
btum Hj)lit, o|>on. In vain did tho younger
generation appeal to tho proofs, ovory whe.ro
obtainable, of tho reality and rapidity of the
docnyoftho surface ot the land, and who w
that oven at tho present rate, of denudation
all traco of any primoval topography miiflt
ages ago have dmap M it*arod. I a continued
to inveigh against. w,iat> ho contittmptuouRly
nicknamed the 'futtor thoory.' Again, hft
threw himself wit.i characteristic confidence
and persistence into the diwuiRHion of the
problems presented by the- records of the ice
age. The ^ geologists of Britain, aft er vainly
endeavouring to account for these records by
Ihe supposition of local valley-glaciers and of
floating ice during a time of submergence,
were, at last reluctantly forced to admit and
adopt the views of Agaswi, who, a far back
as 1840, had "pointed out the irresistible
proofs that the mountainous tracts of theses

Campbell

391

Campbell

islands had once been buried under snow and
ice. As the evidence accumulated in demon-
stration of this conclusion, the vigour of the
duke's protest against its growing acceptance
seemed to augment in proportion. The uni-
versality and significance of the polished and
striated rock-surfaces were never recognised
by him, so that to the end he clun-; to the '
belief, long since abandoned by tie great
body of geologists, that the marks of glacia-
tion are local and one-sided and can quite
well^ be accounted for by local glaciers and
floating ice.

The third domain of scientific inquiry into-
which the duke boldly plun -ed as a contro-
versial critic was that of the evolution of
organised creatures, From the first he was
strongly opposed to Darwinian views. The
strength of his convictions led him to pen
many articles and letters in the journals of
the day, and to engage in polemics with such
doughty anta;onists as Mr. Herbert Spencer
and Thomas lienry Huxley [q.y. SuppL] It
maybe admitted that the keen critical taeulty
of a practised debater enabled him to detect
a weak part here and there in his adversary's ,
armour and to take full advantage of it. But
here again, in the broader aspects of the sub-
ject, he seemed to labour under some disquali-
fication for framing in his mind and reproduc-
ing in words an accurate picture of the chain
of reasoning that had led his opponents to.
their conclusions. To him the modem doc-
trines of evolution were deserving of earnest
reprobation for their materialism and their
want of logical coherence. With energy
and often with eloquence he maintained that
the phenomena of the living world and the
history of life in the geological past are in-
explicable except on the assumption that
the apparent upward progress and evolution
have from the beginning been planned and
directed by mind. On the basis of this fun-
damental postulate he was willing to become
an evolutionist, though with various reserves
and qualifications.

Though the Duke of Argyll can hardly be *
ranked as a man of science, he -undoubtedly
exerted a useful influence on the scientific-
progress of his day. His frequent contro-
versies on scientific c uestions roused? a wide-
spread interest in taese subjects, and thus
helped to further the advance of the^de-
^artments which he subjected to criticism*,
It is perhaps too soon to judje finally of the-
value of tjls criticism. There can be no,
doubt, however, that it was in itself stimu-
lating, even to those who were most opposed
to it, A prominent public man, immersed
in politics and full of the cares of a great
estate, who finds his recreation in scientific

inquiry, must be counted among the benefi-
cent influences of his time.

The duke began his writings on scientific
subjects m 1850, and continued them almo^
to the end of his life. They include van 3115
papers and addresses read before learned so-
cieties or communicated to popular journals;
likewise a few independent works consisting
partly of essays already published. Of these
works the more notable are: ' The Bei<m of
Law' (1807; oth ed. 1870), * Primeval Man*
(1869), ' The Unity of Nature* (1884), and
* Organic Evolution cross-examined ' (1S9S |.

"

Besides his scientific works, Argyll was
author of the following works on religion
and politics: 1. f Presbytery Examined/
London, 1848,. 8yo: 2nd* edit. 1849; this
evoked many replies. 2. ' India under Bal-
housie and " Canning,' London, 186o ? Svo,
3. <Iona/ London, 1870, 8vo; new edit.
Edinburgh, 1889, Svo. 4, * Essay on the
Commercial Principles applicable* to Con-
tracts for the Hire of Land ' (published by
the Cobden Club), London, 1877, 8vo.
5. -'The Eastern Question/ London, 1879,
2 vols. 8vo. 6. < Crofts and Farms in the
Hebrides/ Edinburgh, 1883, Svo. 7. ' Scot-
land as it was and as it is/ Edinburgh, 1887,
2 vols. 8yo ; 2nd edit, same year. 8. ' The
New British Constitution and its Master
Builders/ Edinburgh, 1888, Svo. 9. 'The
Highland Nurse ; a tale/ London, 1892, Svo.
10. * Irish Nationalism : an Appeal to His-
tory/London, 1893, Svo. 11. The Unseen
Foundations of Society/ London, 1893, Svo.

12. ' Application of the Historical Method
to Economic Science/ London, 1894, Svo.

13. ' The Burdens of Belief and other Poems/
London,, 1894, Svo. 14. 'Our Responsi-
bilities for Turkey : Facts and Memories of
Forty Years/ London, 1896, Svo. 15. 'The
Philosophy of Belief; or, Law in Christian
Theology,* London, 1896, Svo. The duke
also published many speeches, lectures, ad-
dresses, letters, and articles in magazines
and reviews on religious and political topics.

[The Duke of Argyll wrote a private memoir
of his career for publication j it is BOW in the
hands of the Dowager Duchess of Argyll and
Viscount Peel as trustees. This article is based
on Hansard, memoirs appearing on the day
subsequent to bis death in the Times, Standard,
Daily Telegraph, and other leading papers ; as
well as on his OWE works and private informa-
tion from former colleagues and friends.]

CAMPBELL, JAMES DYKES (1838-
ISOo^ biographer of Coleridge, born at Port
Glasgow on 2 Nov. 18SB, was second son
and third child of Peter CampbeD. His

Campbell

grandfather, Duncan Cannbell, was a ship-
wright of Glasgow, and ais mother, Jean,
was daughter of James Dykes, his grand-
father's partner, Campbell was sent^ to the
burgh school at Port Glasgow at six, and
there received a sound elementary education,
but he left school in 1852 for a merchant's
office in his native town. On his father's
death, in 1854, the family removed to (-llasr
^'ow, where Campbell was employed in the
jiouse of Messrs. Cochrane & Co., manufac-
turers of ' Verreville pottery.' There he found
leisure for much study of "English Iitera.tur0.
In April 1800 he went to Canada on behalf
of his employers and stayed for two years at
Toronto. A rare talent for making friends
had already manifested itself, and at Toronto
he speedily became a member of a very plea-
sant society, which included Kdwin Hatch
[q, v.] and other men of literary or scientific
reputation. Campbell had for some years
closely studied Tennyson, and had collected
early editions of his works. It occurred to
him to print privately a amall volume giving
from Tennyson's * Poems chiefly Lyrical
(1830) and from his 'Poomn' (1833) .such
pieces as the poet had afterwards suppressed,
as well as a list of alterations made in those
pieces which he had retained in later edi-
tions. The work duly appeared under the
title ' Poems MDCCCxxx-MDCCCxxxnr, Pri-
vately printed, 186:2 ; ' it is a foolscap octavo
of 112 pages in light-green wrappers, A
publisher in London procured a copy, and
prepared to publish it, but Tennyson ob-
tained an injunction prohibiting the issue
of the book/ copies of which are now very
scarce.

After returning to Glasgow in 1862 Camp-
bell started in business lor himself, but con-
tinued to gratify his liking far literary re-
search. In 1864 he purchased accidentally
a volume containing manuscript materials in
Addition's autograph for three papers 'of
imagination, jealousy, and fame' that we?e
ultimately published in Addiaon and Steeled
* Spectator. 7 Accordingly in 18(M Campbell
privately printed 250 copies of a blue-tcovered
pamphlet entitled < Some Portions of Spec-
tator Papers. Printed from Mr. Addison*s
MS/ The genuineness of the manuscript,
although it was impugned at the time *yy
critics in the < Athenaeum,* was fully esta-
blished.

In 1866 Campbell made a trip to Bombay,
and at the end ol the year accepted a pro-
posal to join a mercantile firm it* Mauritius.
After some vicissitudes Campbell became in
1873 a partner of Ireland, Fraser, & Co,, the
leading firm of merchants in the island,
Thenceforth his position was assured.

Campbell

In Mauritian Campbell nuula numerous
frienclti, ntul on IJJ Nov. 1875 ho married
Mary Hophin, oldor duughtorof Otmnral K It.
ChcHiioy, who hold command in tho island,
In 1878 Camp-boll and his wile revisited
Kuropo, In Kngland tlioy travollod throu ?h
thti lako district of (umborlfiml, carofuly
#oin ovor the ground Hacrcd to (Joloridg'e
and '"VovdHWorllu In 1881 (Campbell found
hhuHolf able to ivtiro from huHinoBH on a
modorato competency . 1 1 o final ly left M'auri-
t ius in Juno 1881, juul after a tour in Italy,
in tho courtw of whidi h formed a cloiso
friendHhi") with the American author, Mr.
(fharlcw .)u<lley Warner, ho Hot-tied in ItJHii
in a flat at K^nHinj^toii. 'Phero ho nuuainod
for MIX yearn und (oruuxl IKJW frituidrihipu
with men and womo.n of lottorfl, coming to
know MtM. l*root.(.r and liohort. Jkowning
very ultimately. Ho acttul aw honorary
secretary of tho Browning Hocu^ty which Dr.
Furnivall and MIHH J lickoy had founded in

Campbell now inn inly con<!<mtrut<d IUH at-
tention on tho ))lojyfni|)hy of Cohu'idgo, and
ho awjuirod a uioHt. thorough knowledge of
tho hiHtxiry not only of ( -olorid^o, but oi tho
who!** circle of hiHYriondH. J*\>r many years
ho contributed valuable not OH and reviews
on that and cognato HubjoctH 1o tho *Athe-
nmnin.' Tho unins}vo rJsHult of hi minute
labour appeared <IH a * bio^rnphical introduc-
tion ' to a now tMlitifuvori'oloritlgo'fl poetical
workw in 180JJ, w\ proyod a monument of
oriulition, conuinoly piickod into tho nar*
rowoHt posHiblo UmitH. Noxt y^ar Oamp-
bell'H introduction roappnaro<l r an it, doHervod,
in a Hopnrato vobuno ontiitlud SSamuol Tay-
lor ColtM-idgc^; a Narrative of tho K vents of
hiii Lifts, 7

JMcanwhilo, owing to IUH wlfoV ill-hoalth,
Cannbell had removed from Kennhigton to
St* ^aonardn in 1889, Th(r h<i charac-
teri k stica,llv adclod to hifi acquit in lance cou-
lafcnial no'^hbourn Hku Coventry Fatmoro
*q. v. Supp!..] and l)r, W, A, GrQouhill [q.v.
SuppL] SuDHttcniflntly dcathfl of friends" and
pecuniary^ losao? troubled him, and hin bsaltli
showed Willis of failura. lie removed to
Tunbridge Wells early in 1805, but alarm-
ing symptoms soon developed, and ho died on
1 June ,.895. Ho was buried in the church-
yard of Frant. Hie wile survived him. ITo
ha4 no children.

Campbell wa, as Mr. Leslie Stephen hiw
pointec out, of that type of Scotsman which
appreciates Burners poetrr more than the
tleology of John Knox* His cordiality and
power of sympathy were exceptional, and
while the value of his literary work refits
on the thoroughnetts of bin researches into

Capern

393

Carpenter

bibliographical and biographical problems,
he had no little critical insight, nor did he
lack the faculty of appreciating literature
for its own sake.

After his death there appeared < Coleridge's
Poems. A Facsimile Heproduction of the
Proofs and MSS. of some of the Poems.
Edited by the late James Dykes Campbell.
With preface and notes by W. Hale White '
(Westminster, 1899 ; fifty copies on large
paper and 250 copies on small). A second
edition of his ' Coleridge ' was issued in 1896
with a memoir of him by Mr. Leslie Stephen.

[The memoir by Campbell's friend, Mr. Leslie
Stephen, prefixed to a reissue of Campbell's
biography of Coleridge in 1896 ; notices by
Canon Ainger and Sir Walter Besant in the
Athenaeum, 8 June 1895, and by Mr. Stephen
in the same paper on 15 June; Times, 6 Tune
1895, and Illustrated London News, 8 June.]

S.L.

CAPERN, EDWARD (1819-1894),
' the rural postman of Bideford,' was born
at Tiverton on 21 Jan. 1819, His parents
were poor, and at eight he commenced to
earn his living as a worker in a lace factory,
The work tried his eyesight, he was com-
pelled to abandon it during the 'famine'
of 1847, and he suffered from privation until
he secured the post of rural letter carrier at
Bideford, upon wages of 105. 6d. a week.
He now began to write verse for the f Poet's
Corner ' of the < North Devon Journal/ and
his poems were soon in great request at
county gatherings. In 1856 William
Frederick Rock of Barnstaple procured him
a body of subscribers, including the names
of Landor, Tennyson, Dickens, and Charles
Kingsley, and in the same year was issued
' Poems by Edward Capern, Rural Postman
of Bideford, Devon' (3rd edit. 1859), The
little volume was received with lavish praise
in unwonted quarters. Landor oraised it
in his ' Letters/ Froude eulogised Capern in
'Eraser's/ and the 'Athenaeum* spoke no
less highly of his work ; the book is said to
have brought the author over 150/., in
addition to an augmentation of salary to
IBs. per week. On 23 Nov. 1857 Palmer-
ston Bestowed upon him a civil list pension
of 40 (raised to 601. on 34 Nov. 1865).
In 1858 Capern issued his 'Ballads and
Songs/ dedicated to (Lady) Burdett Coutts,
and in 1862 was published his 'Devonshire
Melodist/ a selection from his songs with
his own musical airs. In 1865 appeared
' Wayside Warbles/ with portrait and in-
troductory lines addressed to the Countess
of Portsmouth (2nd edit. 1870), containing
pome of his best songs. Three years later
he left Marine Gardens, Bidetbrd, and settled

at_ Harborne, near Birmingham, meeting
with considerable success as a lecturer in
the ^Midlands.

He returned to Devonshire and settled at
Braunton, near Bideford, about 1854. His
wife's death in February 1894 proved a
great shock to him, and he died on 4 Jane
1894, and was buried in the churchyard at
Heanton, overlooking the beautiful Vale of
the Torridge. lungsley warmly praised his
poem * The Seagull/ an imitation of Hogg's
' Bird of the Wilderness. 7 Landor dedicated
to him * Antony and Oetavius/ and always
held him in high regard, as did also Elihu
Burritt, who saw a great deal of Capern dur-
ing his stay in England. He had two chil-
dren, often celebrated in his verse Milly,
who predeceased him, and Charles, who
went to America and edited the 'Official
Catalogue of the World's Fair ' at Chicago
in 1894. ^

[Times, 6 June 1894 ; Ormond'sBeeolleetions
of Edward Capern, 1860; Wright's West
Country Poets, p. 72 ; Sunday Magazine, July
1896 (portrait); Academy, 9 June 1894**;
Eraser's Magazine, April 1856; Biegrapn, 187Q,
vol. ii, ; AUibone's Diet, of English Lit] T. S.

CABLINGFORD, BABOS, [See FOR-
TESCUB, CHICHESUBE SAMUEL PABEIXSOX,
1823-1898.]

CARPENTER, ALFRED JOHN (1825-
1892), physician, son of John Carpenter,
surgeon, was born at Rothwell in North-
amptonshire on 28 May 1825. He was
educated at the Moalton grammar .school in
Lincolnshire until he was apprenticed to his
father in 1839. He became a pupil of "William
Percivalat the Northampton Infirmair in
1841, and afterwards acted as assistant to
John. Syer Bristowe, the father of Dr. John
Syer Bristowe fq. v. SuppLJ at Gamberwell,
He entered St. Thomas's Hospital in 1847,
taking the first scholarship, and afterwards
gaining the treasurer's gold medaL He was
admitted a member of the Royal Colle-e of
Surgeons of England and a licentiate o* the
Society of Apothecaries in 1851, and after
serving the offices of house surgeon and resi-
dent accoucheur at St. Thomas's Hospital, he
commenced general practice at Grovdon in
1852. In 1S55 he graduated M.B." and in
1859M.D. at the London University, and in
1883, when he gave up general for consulting
practice, he was admitted a member of the
Zrtoyal College of Physicians of London. He
was lecturer on -public health at St. Thomas's
Hospital 1875-84, and in 1881 he was elected
a vice-president of the Social Science Asso-
ciation. He stood twice for parliament in
the liberal interest in 1885 lorlleigate, aittl

Carpenter

394

Carpenter

in 188(> for North Bristol, but in (inch cawo
unsuccessfully. Carpenter ronderod ini]>or-
tant services to the British Medical Associa-
tion, where he was president of the south-
eastern branch in 187!3, a member of tho
council in 1878, president of the council
1878-81, and president of tho section of
jublic health at tho Worcester mooting in
..882. In 1860 he began to attend tho arch-
bishops of Canterbury at Addington, whoro
he was medical adviser in succession to
Archbishops Stunner, Longley, Tait, and
JJenson. He was an examiner at tho So-
ciety of Apothecaries, and he acted as ex-
aminer in public health at the universities
of Cambridge and London.

He died on 27 Jan. 1892, and in buried
in Croydon cemetery, A bust by R Uoscoe
Mullins, executed for the Croydon Lite-
rary and Scientific Institution, is in the
public hall at Croydon. He married, on
S3 June 1853, Margaret Jane, eldest daugh-
ter of Evan Jones, marshal of tho high court
of admiralty, by whom he had three Bonn
and one daughter.

Dr. Carpenter believed that healthy homos
made healthy people, and IUH life was de-
voted to the conversion of this belief into
practice. His activity extended over tho
whole range of sanitary science. Jlo felt
the deepest interest in the application of
sewage to the land, which ho he ,d to be tho
proper way of dealing with it, and aa chair-
man of the Croydon sewn 70 farm he xnado
it a model which was afterwards widely
copied. He studied the general sanitary
conditions of Croydon wita groat euro, he
established baths, and ventilated the sewers.
He promoted in every way in his power tho
Habitual Drunkards Act of 1879 j and in
1878, when he was orator of the Medical
Society of London, he took < Alcoholic Drinks *
as the subject of his oration. He was for
many years chairman of the Whitgift foun-
dation at Croydon.

Besides maixy small works and capers
upon sanitary medicine and alcoholic crinks,
Carpenter- published * The Principles and
Practice of School Hygiene/ London, 1887,

"Leyland's Contemporary Medical Men, 1888,
vo.. i. ; information kindly given by Dr. Arthur
Bristowe Carpenter.] D'A, P.

twntli y<wr ho nenmijwniod hwfathor in the
Litflitmtjtf on a dml^-m^untl Hounding cruiwe
to tho Karoos, and noxt yoar in tho Poreu-
pinn, in whir.h VOHHO! during the following
Nummorhn wont to |,ho ModitmTanoan, noting
as a Mrinntilic nHMiNlaut on UIOHO erniBON. In.
1871 ho obtained a .sHmlarHhip in natural
seumco at Trinity Col logo, (Jamhrid^o,
wlusr^ ho moro ospccially Hiudind g<H>lo#y
and biology, obtaining a firm. r.hiHfl in the
natural (uuonro tripos of IH7-I. Ho pro-
enodod to tho dtifrrn) of ALA. in 1878, and
of S.I>. in IHK1.

Alto quitting Cambridge and making 1 a
voyage in tho VnlornuHto Dinoo Hay in 1875
for Mtiimitific piirjioNOM, In* wont to vVur/Jbnrft
and worked undor ProftworSompor, Whilo
thorn, in contwqucmw <vf a r,onl.Mvorny which
had uriwu ooueornin^ hm lathor'w iuvoHt.iga-
tion.M int,o thn Ht,rur,tur of orinoida, he
wpodrtlty HtwlicM^ that proup, and made im-
port ant tliHtutvcrioA which noon placed him
in tho front nuik of ftnthoritioH on that wib-
joct. On hi.s rot urn (tx Ku^laml in 1H77 ho
wtt ppoinUd an asMiHtant nuiHt.or at Ktotx
in Kpi'cml char^o of tho biolog-ical tnnching.
Witli many num Much dutioH would havo
fc )racsr.i<',ally put, an nd to original roHuarch,
jnl; ('arp( k n((n*\s nntluiHiaMin and indomitable
miorjyy oimbli'd him to carrjr out a rcnnarkablo
amount, Tht rich collection of t^hinodw-
mata brought back by^ tho, C^halhni^w in
1H70 ")rov<Kl an additional HthnultiH, and
from t',iat t.inus onwardn to hiH dcial.b a con-
stant wt.voam of papoiv) ilowodfrom hinpon on
ttchinodormH, and oHptudally on cnnoid mor-
phology. ThoHn aro about lifty in number f
and to them wo nntflt a<ld IUH two cbiof workn,
tbe ' Koport. on tlw Btalk(Kl Orinoidn, c<>llocto(l
by tho Ohallmiger/ publtHbed in 1884, and
that on tho froo-H\vitnmin^ formw in 1888.
Bcwidos thoHC ho wan joint author (with Mr.
R. EthoridffO, ;"nn,) oJ tho catalogut) of tlio
Blautoidea inta Dritiwh AliiHoum, and made
important iuvoBtigatumw into another foml
orcor, the Oyntuloa.

Th character ifstic of bin worlc, apart from
its thoronglmtiBM and accuracy, was that it
was conducted on tho following principle :
| The only way to umtatand fo^iln properly
is to gain a thoroug-h knowledge of tiie mor-
phology of their 1 iving rprHentativeB. Thewe,
on the other hand, goom to ie inconnlotely
known, if no account IH taktm of t4e Ufe
forms which have prtu^ulyd thwm/

OarpentwalHO largely aided in t.he section
dealing with the ec.iinodurmfl in Nicholson
and Lydekker'fl ' Paleontology ' (1889),
wrote a popular account of the same group

CARPENTER, PHILIP HERBERT
(1852-1891), palaeontologist and zoologist,
fourth son of William Benjamin Carpenter
fa- v.], was born in London on 6 Feb. 1852.
Educated at University College school, he was

at an earl* a-e drawn by iome influences in Oasse.Fs * Natural History' (1888)" awl
to the stucy o; natural science. In his seven- was, in addition, over ready to help fellow

Carrodus

395

Casey

labourers in science. Probably these inces-
sant labours affected even his vi-orous con-
stitution, for after suffering in tne summer
of 1891 from an unusually severe attack of
influenza, its effects, aggravated by some
domestic anxieties, brought about an un-
wonted depression (for generally he was re-
markable for his buoyant spirits), and ^vhile
in that condition, yielding to a sudden and
unexpected impulse, he ended his life on
21 Oct. 1891. This was a heavy loss to
science ; it was, if possible, a yet heavier one
to friends.

Carpenter was elected F.L.S. in 1886,
F.E.S. on 4 June 1885, and in 1883 was
awarded by the Geological Society part of
the Lyell fund on the same day that his
father received the medal. He was married
on 19 April 1879 to Caroline Emma Hale,
daughter of Edward Hale, an assistant
master at Eton, by whom he had five sons,
all surviving him.

[Obituary notices; Proc. Eoy. Soc. LI. p.
xxxvi, by A. M. M[arshall" ; Proc, Linn. Soc.
1890-2, p. 263; Geologica. Mngazine, 1801,
p. 573, by F. A. B'ather]; Nature, xliV. 628 ;
information from IVJrs. Carpenter (widow), and
personal knowledge.] T. &. B.

CAEEODUS, JOHN TIPLADY (1836-
1895), violinist, son of Tom Carrodus, barber
and music-seller, was born at Braithwaite,
near Kei -hley, Yorkshire, on 20 Jan. 1836.
He had jis first lessons on the violin from
his father, and gave a concert at Keighley
in 1845. Subsequently he studied under
Molique in London and in Stuttgart, and
made a brilliant dSbut at the Hanover
Square Rooms on 1 June 1849. He joined
the orchestra of the Royal Italian Opera in
1855, and, when Costa and Sainton resigned
in 1869, he was appointed leader, a post
which he retained for twenty years. ^ Ulti-
mately he became principal violinist in the
Philharmonic and several other leading or-
chestras ; and he was leader at the Leeds
festival from 1880 to 1892. As a quartet
slayer he appeared first at Molic tie's cham-
ber concerts m 1850, and as a so.oist at the
London Musical Society in 1863. In the
latter capacity he was specially well known,
being engaged at the Crystal Palace and
the leading metropolitan and provincial con-
certs. In 1876 he was appointed professor
of the violin at the National Training School
for Music, and in 1881 he began giving
violin recitals, which practically ended with
a tour in South Africa (1890-1). For some
time he was a professor at the Guildhall
School of Music and at Trinity College,
London. In February 1895 the freedom of

Keighley was presented to him in commemo-
ration of the fiftieth anniversary of his Urst
public appearance there. He was a splendid
teacher, and in that capacity largely in-
fluenced the younger generation of violinists.
His solo-playing was much admired on ac-
count of his fine tone and reliable tech-
nique. Correctness and neatness rather than
warmth and passion were the distinguishing
features of his style, and his 'school' was
generally accepted as a modification of that
of Spohr. His published compositions in-
clude a romance (London, 1881, fol.) and
several fantasias; and he edited for Pitman's
'Sixpenny Musical Library* a collection of
celebrated violin duets in eight books (Lon-
don, 1880, 4to) and some studies. He wrote
a -ood deal on his art in the musical and
otaer journals. His t Chats to Violin Stu-
dents/ originally published in * The Strad/
were subsequently issued in book form (Lon-
don, 1895). He died suddenly in London,
from rupture of the oesophagus, on 13 July
1895. 3e was twice married, and left five
sons in the profession.

[British Museum Music Catalogue; OroTe's
Diet, of IM/usic ; Brown aad Strattos's Brit.
Musical Biog.; Scottish Musical Monthly, Octo-
ber 1894, August 1895; Musical Times,* August
1895; information from family.] J. C. H.

CAEHOLL, LEWIS (1833-1898),
pseudonym. [See DODGSON, CHAELBS LTJT-
WIDGE.]

CASEY, JOHK (1820-1891), mathema-
tician, born at Kilkenny, co. Cork, in
May 1820, was the son of "William Casey.
He was educated at first in a small school in
hig native village, and afterwards at Mitcliels-
town. He became a teacher under the board
of national education in various schools, in-
cluding Tipperary national school, and ulti-
mately head-master of the central model
schools, Kilkenny. He turned his attention
to mathematics, and succeeded in solving
Poncelet's theorem geometrically. This so-
lution led him into correspondence with Dr.
Salmon and Richard Townsend (1821-1884)
fq.v.l At Townsend's suggestion he entered
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1858, obtaining a
sizarship in 1859 and a scholarship in 1861,
and graduating B.A. in 1862. From 1862
till 1873 he was mathematical master in
Kingstown school. On 14 3Iay 1866 he was
elected a member of the Royal Irish Aca-
demy, and hi March 1880 became a member
of its council. In 1869 he received from
Dublin University the honorary degree of
LL.D. In 1873 he was offered a professor-
ship of mathematics at Trinity College, but
with some reluctance he diose rather to

Casey 31

assist the advancement of Roman catholic
education by accepting the prolWor.ship of
higher mathematics and mathematical phy-
sics in the Catholic University, lie was
elected a member of the London Mathemati-
cal Society on 12 Nov. 1874, a follow of the
Royal Society of London an 3 June 1875,
and a member of the Soci6t6 Scientiliquo do
Bruxelles in 1878, In 1878 the Royal Irish
Academy conferred on him a Cunningham
gold medal. In 1881 the Norwegian govern-
ment presented hhn with JS'iels Henrik
Abel's works,

In 1881 Casey relinquished his post in the
Catholic^ University, and was elected to a
fellowship in the Royal University, and to a
lectureship in mathematics in University
College, Stephen's Green, which ho returned
, until his death. In 1 881 he began a Herion
of mathematical -class-books, which have a
high reputation. He was electtxl a member
of the Soci6t6 Math&natique de France in
1 1884, and received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from the Royal University of Ireland
m 1885, He died at Dublin on 3 Jan. 1HIU.

Casey's work was chiefly confined to piano
geometry, a subject which ho treated with
great ability. Professor Cremona spoaks
with admiration of the ele ranee and mastery
with which he handled dii:,,cuH and intricate
questions, He was largely selfTtaught, but
widened his knowledge ;>y an extensive
correspondence with mathematicians in
-various parts of Europe.

Casey was the author of: 1. <0n Cubic
Transformations ' (' Cunningham Memoirs
of the Royal Irish Academy/ No. 1), Dublin,
1880, 4to, 2. * A Sequel to .Euclid ' (Dublin
University Press Series), Dublin, 1881, Svo ;
6th edit, by Patrick A. E- Rowling, 1892.
3. 'A Treatise on the Analytical Geometry
of the Point, Line, Circle, and Conic Sec-
tion' (Dublin University Press Series),
Dublin, 1886, Svo; 2ud edit, by Bowling,
1893, 4. 'A Treatise on Elementary Trigo*-
nometry/ Dublin, 1886, 8vo ; 4th edit, by
Dowling, 1895. 6. <A Treatise on Plane
Trigonometry, containing an Account of
Hyperbolic Functions,' Dublin, 1888, 8vo<
6. 'A Treatise on Spherical Trigonometry/
Dublin, 1889, Svo. He edited 'The First
Six Books of Euclid' (Dublin, 1882, Svo;
llth edit, 1892), and was the author of eigh-
teen mathematical papers between 1861 and
1880, enumerated in the Royal Society's

Catalogue of Scientific Papers/ From 1862
to 1868 v he was one of the editors of the

P-?? ord ' C^ridge, and Dublin Messenger
.of Mathematics,' and for several years was
Dublin correspondent of the ' Jahrbuch uber
,die Fprtschritte der-Mathematik.'

Gates

H of tlio Royal So<\ 1801, vol xlix
m>, aativ~xxv; information kiiully givin bv
J. K. Ingrain, HI. ( LL.D.'J ft. x. o.

OAS8, SIR JOHN ( 1000-1 7 18), benefac-
tor of tKo city of London, cum of Thomas
CUHH, oarptmtnr to t.h royal ordminco, wiw
born iu London in 10<><>, and attniniKl a a
city merchant to uu intltumtial position and
a lurg'o int*.omo. lh* huill.nnd oudowud two
HchooiM tiojir St. Holnlph'H, Aldgato, whidi
wore oponod in 1710, and on L>:5 Jan. 1710
Iw b('<yinn) aUhniin of PortHokon ward.
On ii5 Nov. 1710 ho wan rot.umnl to parlia-
mont for tho dty iu thn church and tory
in twenty an<l hu \v\\ n*-dhl.cd OH L^ Nov.
"17K5. On L'5 Jutuv 1711 ht^ \vas olcctod
sluu'ilF; 'to tho grivibjoy of tlu high church
party,' and on la Jtim/ITlii, upon tho occa-
sion of tho city'H addrnHH lo <juoon Anno iu
favoiw oi* ponci*^ lu^ WIIH knighiod, In apito
of hi'H tory mm l^oyor notoH that ho voted
again.st; Boliti^brok(^\M iroaty of tsommorco iu
Jmua 171^. Sir Jolin tUnd'on 5 July 171,8,
agod 5iJ. IliH widow KUxubotli cliod on
7 July 17JW. l$y hw will, datccl ($ May 1700,
CHHH Icift 1, ()()()/. lor a nohool at Ha'chnoy.
In 17-'W t-ho boquonh wiiH^routly otilar^tni by
a d^ciHion of t \w <>ttrt of chancery in con-
formity with tho im,<mti<m of tin unfmiHhad
codicil to t)u will of 1700, Tho incomo
from tho OttrtH oHttttoB now nxci^xlH tt,U(XV,
per annum, 'Hio bulk of this JH tx]>ondod
upon an ttlomontnry day fi<;liool, n<.wly erected
at Hackney, for boyH and girln, niunluiring
about two hun<Tro,d and iifty, who arts par-
tially found in food and clothing, in Addi-
tion to a technical inntituto, in connection
with which aue sovaral inhibitions.

[J, B. IIolHngvovtli'A Hornwn, -with omj Ac-
count of $hr John OHH, 1817; Boyot'w Annuls
of Qnoou Anno, 1785, pp. <178, 61f> 581, 637;
Scheme of Charity Comnriftfliononi, oirdoroil to be
printed /? May IflM; notoA kindly communi-
cated by Ohiutlw Welch, wq., F.S.A.J T* 8.

CATES, WILLIAM LELST BEAD*
"WIN (18S1-1895), cownpUt, oldost son of
Ilobort Ofttofl, solicitor, of Fttlcwiham, Nor-
folk, and his wife, Mary Ann Read win,
was born at that plticu on la Nov, 1821,
He was educated for tho law undor a private
tutor, and after gassing his examinations at
the London Unwmty wont to Chattels,
Cambridgeshire. II o iubHoquently removed
to Qraveaond for about a year, but ; failing
to establish a practice, took an appointment
in 1844 as articled clerk to John Barfleld,
solicitor, at Thatcluun, Berkshire,

His work proving thoroughly uncongenial
and^ irksome to him, ho abandoned the pro-
fession, tot for private tuition, and later on

Caulfield 397

for literature. In 1848 he settled at Wilma-

in 1864

bury, near Manchester. In 1860 he removed
to London, in order to co-operate with his
friend Bernard Bolingbro'^e Woodward
Lq. v.j in the production of the Encyclo-
paedia of Chronology,' which he completed
in 1872 ; in the interval he edited a ' Die-
2SSPL* ^^*!Sg*$y' ( L ?^on,

I edi-
tion

tution In 1876 appeared his important <
Sn V H iP Un 5 B k f ^Corporation

f S? r fe ?l lo T m 1877 ^ ' *** Register
ot the Parish of Christ Church, Cork ' Next
year appeared the 'Council Book of the Cor-
poration of Youghal/ with annals and appen-
dices, to which succeeded the * Council

rinnlr nf *-T O J -,^ 1 . * * -

...j on < Chronology' in the ^^v,^-
psedia Britanhica' (9th edit.) he was
author of: 1. 'The Pocket Date Book,*
London, 1868, 8vo, which ran to a second

Death of Edward the Confessor to the Death
of King John,' London, 1874, 8vo. He edited
and largely re-wrote 'The Biographical
Treasury ... By S. Maunder, Tairteenth
edition,' London, 1866, 8vo, besides superin-
tending the fourteenth edition in 187<? and
a subsec uent one in 1882. He also trans-
lated anc edited vols. vL to viii. ofd'Aubign's
' History of the Reformation in Europe in
the Time of Calvin,' London, 1875-8, 8vo.
[Private information ; Brit. Mns. Cat.]

B. B, W.

CAULFIELD, RICHARD (1823-1887),
Irish antiquary, was born in Cork on 23 April
1823, and educated under Dr. -Browne at
the Bandon endowed school, whence he was
admitted a pensioner at Trinity College,
Dublin, in 1841, He graduated B.A. in
1845, LL.B. in 1864, and LL.D. in 1866.
He often referred to the benefit he derived
while at college from the lectures in an-
cient philoso Ay of William Archer Butler
"q. v.] In 1 '53 he published his ' Sigilla
3lcclesi8e Hibernicse Illustrate/ In 1857 he
edited for the Camden Society the * Diary
of Rowland Davies, D.D., Dean of Cork/
1689-90; and in 1859 he published *Rotulus
Pipse Clonensis,' or Pipe IM1 of Cloyne. In
I860 he discovered at Dunmanway House,
co. Cork, the original manuscript of the
autobiographicalmemoir of Sir Richard Cox,
extendin ; from 1702 to 1707, which had
been usec. by Harris in his edition of Ware's
* Writers of Ireland/ and published the frag-
ment in extenso. The Society of Antiquaries
elected him a fellow on 13 Feb. 1862.
While at Oxford in this year he discovered in
the Bodleian Library the curious manuscript
'Life of St, Fin Barre/ which he copied and

e had few rivals, and his

assistance was seldom sought unsueeessfullv.
He was appointed in 1876, by royal siga
manual, librarian to the Queen's College,
Cork, and in 1882 was made an honorary
member of the Royal Academy of Historv
at Madrid. He was also a member for
many years of the Society of Antiquaries of
Normandy, and he was an active member of
the committee for rebuilding Cork cathe-
dral. He died at the Royal Cork Institu-
tion on 3 Feb. 1887, and was buried in the
churchyard of Douglas, co. Cork. His wife,
Dora Dowden, survived him.

[Cork Weekly Xews, 19 Feb. 1887; Times,
24 Feb. 1887; Athenaeum, 1887, i 290; Men
of the Time, 1 2th edit. ; Boase's Modem English
Biography, i. 573 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. S,

GATE, ALFRED (1847-1900), congre-
ational divine, born in London on 29 Aug.
-847, was the fourth son of Benjamin Cave
by his wife, Harriet Jane, daughter of Samuel
Hackett. He was educated at the Philolo-
gical School, Marylebone Road, London, and
originally intended to study medicine ; but
in I866,havingresolved to become a minister,
he entered New College, London, whence he
graduated B.A. at London University in
1870. On leaving New College in 1872, he
became minister at Berkhannstead,whenbe
removed in 1876 to WatfordL In 1880 he
resigned his pastorate, and became professor
of Hebrew and church history at 3ackney
College. Two years later he was appointed
principal and professor of apologetical, doc-
trinal, and pastoral theology, offices which
he retained until has death. In 1838 he was
chosen congregational union lecturer, taking
as his subject 'The Inspiration of the Old
Testament inductively considered* (London,
1888, Svo ; 2nd edit, 1889). In 1889 lie re-
ceived the honorary degree of BJXfrom the
university of St. Andrews.
In 1888 and 1898 Cave was chairman of

C;tve *:; Cavendish

tho L'ttiilmi ItMiird nf mn;,'j'y,Mt ionrtl mini i1r"-,-*t tti tin* itpp.i mj* COIIIM

nivi, Htul in lr*!W J ln \VMH inrn'ltMnt.V hr .'mni'd to ml hurt ti Ifdiousnirfyuimwl, llo

luw. Iff* \\H'uvKon dindor of tin* London , \\;r> iru'MinjH'tt-nt in rrnmiml UM in civil CHHOH.

MiNMnnitrv SnnHy and of tin* t'idonwl Mi-- t Hi4 knmvlril>;r f nnMvuniili'iilVuirs waMcom*

woimry S.Vt'ty, 'He died on 1U DIM*, Ht*o j ;inhMi'.i\iMind intiiafo,nndiMpjrinllv fitted
hi . HU'Kmy<*olli'^o Hounn, llnnvwiiMuKiind J um for tin* jiot of IwnKruptcy jud^n, to

Hnrnh U*hivnt ItalUftix Fox, whoHurvi\*l ' of thu jurhIuMion to tlnM|iuWM bonr.h dU

him, vision nnd*n I In* Art of I HSU, To his ablft

tli'Mid*** thi work ultvndy nmntiowul l'\ ntlwinittrnhon ihr MIWHM of that. mnawire

WUH th utji*r of: 1. 'Tin* Script uwl Otu'- wir^ in no funull d*'j',riM duo; nnd hiul h ro-

trtiu*ofKurtniitMnud AtotMMUc-nt/l'Jditihuixh* ti''d tVoiu tlio Itrn^h whon ho tN'HijfiuHl tho

lH*/7|Kvo; yud oditi. lwW), 1*. * An Intro** hfinkrupti'V juri.'Mlirtitin, nt tho coniiuotu^**

durtion toTUtM>l^y/ Mdinlnir^h, lSSo,Svo; tnrnt of JWM^, h would Iwvi* iwoidd a

tJmitnlit, iHUii. Jl *Tho lUtt.h* of tin- Stand- winin l*m-. of r'|iutution, Ui nvnr a^aiu

:>mtn>, t!kt< <*1<1 Tt^tiuiu'tit and tin* HitfhtT nhowiMl IMJUH! vi^mir, ml tin* n\$\\* ofdoniy

'.VitH'tMiti,* !<(UuUm f IH!*0, Hyo; *Jtul rdit, \viri' pit in fully mnif<"it I for nomo timtOmforo

IW)^*, 4, *Thi S )iHt,ual World: tin* hint hin *lfiith (of jmrulvHi^O at. bin iwidwuw,

Word of I'hihwop ly and tho lirst, Word of Mnnor Hnit-^, \Voo<!n>nnMt,^ns Mpsom, on

Ohrirtt,' Limd<?n t ISU'i, HVO, f>, *ThtStory of 7 Sojit, |S'.7 Ilin riMnainrt won* inlonvd at

th KiuiudiitL* of Hacknoy (.ollog'tv/ liotulon, St, IVtor'wt WtHuljtHuwt^ptu*, on 10 Snpt,^ ^
lHUH t Hvo -to also aHHintod in tratiHhvtin^ t*nv* WUH burly in p**rnon itnd blutV in

HtiriuVM MUuubiMiMl^htt 1 / 1HKO *2,.J volM,,tof niitnnor f utul looked, HN h^ WHH, tlu, viry iu-

Olnrk^ * KoirMj(u Tlu*olopfit*al Lihrury,* t'nrnution f nonnd rtitninouHnnNis Il^ inar-

ITimwi, *4i* Dm\ tnoO; Whu'w Who, \\W\.\ w^ on r \u$ t {HoiJ Jlnlift, dan^htnr of tlw

K. 1, <', l*v, C*. 1\ Wnt Kins, vicar of Brixworth,

OAVK, S$u LFAV1S WILLIAM l lH.'1-J Northntn|ii-diri', by whom hi luwl mw,
lrtl)7i. nitiuti. nldiwl. Hon of VVilliiiiu (*HV*', iv lt wn** joint iMtitoroft 1. St OTW'H * Wac*

., ,ir of l)nliopo\i^h, Northuinp" fi** of Potty SMNIO?H/ London, 1HOI (7th

by 1JHmlMi.h t hit* wifo, wns Imm nt 'dit,) ( Hyo. ' l> ( * Ufnurtrt oMlw (Jcntrt for

at Uiiflby School and lam-oln ( f oili^. Iitmdon, JwU . f , HVO, H, 'n> third vohuno

Oxford, of whudi howasOt't'Wn nxhiUitionfr, of th thirtM!ith edition of Burn* Muslim

ntMnatriftulatcd on <i March lS51 t ^niduutcd of tho l f MM*/ t<undon f !HW,Hv<, Htnvnrt

B,A (Hwoud laH in /tVrr/f humtmiMFM] in rtoli*!y rcspunwibli' for th^ml-h and Hnvtmth

lHr>r>,amipmwdilM.A,in 1^77* OnU7*hi, oditi*m of Addinon'M *TmiliM* on tin* Law

1H5(J h wan admitted ntudmit t t!t k humr of (*nnti'iwt?*/ Loitdfm t JHMO, JH7A, Hvo, and

Twmpli^ and WUH tiu*ro mlhul to thn bur on for tho fifth edition of Addinou'M * Law ot

1 Juno 1K5H, ami td( k ctiHi bt^u'.h^r on 15 Juno TortH/ 1 <*mlon, 1 M7H, Hvo,
1H77, Ho wmti at Hwt tlw inidhnul luruuit, (IMIMMI-'M Mu nt tlm llm*, Alumni Oxon., ami

"butaft^rwardHtuignittul to th<uiortli-<tMiHtt*rni lliu'onntH^; Londn JhwntM 1 . 10 rt^pt. 18KO;

wheru ho had for somn ytuu'H n lurj(<* f^nnoral I'urt* I*up* (l\,(* ), IHHl, t '.{Kfttt ; Tinuw, H^pt,

practice. In 1RH5 ho was appoint d nwiHinj; im)7; Ann. HK- >Hij7, ii. l7' t J Law Jonru,

iiirriHtftT, in 187-i woordw* of I/nu*,oln aw* 1 , ^ Hojit, 1M!7 Uiw Tiims, It Supt. 1807; Ho-

on k JB Juno 1875 WHH g'a^ttod i^fl, H Hfitop'n J.iuru. 1 J S*pt. W7i Mniul Womjn

was commiHHionw for Uw autumn HMMUM lit **! tli r./ ri J ll .*V tH , fl ? J , ViUHty hup i/ r , M-J

1B77, wan plaojul on tlw* Oxford tdmauw 1ill 7 < ! 1 , u ! ^; ^ jl ^^^^ ! i M u

commiBHion m 1HRO (10 Sept,), ami in 1MHI nllil K v - 4th WWt WIU aif ^ ''' M ' K '
was raiH^cl to tho boiwih its jiwticn of thn CAVKNDIrtH tlW^lWH)), pntuitlonym.
Mph court, q[txeun*8 hunch divwinn, and
lm ; glit^d (14 March, 1 April), r \w ap-

yointment won unexpotfid, as Oavo'H wpii" >,*,*.*,*.,,-*,,. ,.-.. N -

taticm was .greater mi circuit than in th madiO*>r tirnt apptnvrantMHitthi^N^w Royalty

' L ft ^|.

tap.(lity,and Ins sterootyied rcHponH, *Tlmt. in ' A Romantk*. Attafthm<mt' on Ifi Febj,
won't do, you. know, ave you anything nhii nHaywl omt'tly for the fiwt time, Aftflr
elaeP ' or < What do you say to tUatV ' ad- playing "Mr, F ( atlJ'riy in * A Widow Hunt

399

and at the St. James's Lady Avondale in the
School of Reform,' she first distinguished
herself as the ordinal Mrs. Pinchbeck in
Kobertsons adaptation 'Home,' Haymarket,
8 Jan. 1869. At the opening of the Vau-
deville on 16 April 1870 she was the original
Mrs Darlington in 'For Love or Money.'
At the Globe she played the Marchesa San
Pietrom' Marco Spada;' at the Royalty
Grace Elliot m Marston's < Lamed for Life '
at the Gaiety Donna Diana in a revival of
the piece so named ; and at the Court Estelle
m < Broken Spells.' Her greatest success
was Mercy Merrick in Wilkie Oollins's < New
Magdalen,' at the Olympic, on 19 May 1873,
when her acting made t'ie fortune of an un-
pleasant piece. Shewas for a time manager
of^the Olympic, at which she played several
original parts, and was seen as Juliet. Lady
Clancarty, an original part in Taylor's piece
so named, was given on 9 March 1874. She
was also seen as Madonna Pia in 'Put to the
Test/ In April 1875, at theGaiety, sheplayed
Beatrice in ' Much Ado about Nothing.' At
the Globe, on 15 April 1876, she was the
heroine of Wilkie Oollins's ' Miss Gwilt. 1 On
15 Jan. 1877she was at the Olympic the Queen
of Connaught in the piece so named. In 1878
she went to America, opening at the Broad-
way as Mercy Merrick, and pla7in ; throu -h
the United States as Rosalind, 'Lacy Teaz.e,
and Juliet. In 1877 she opened" the St.
James's as Lady Teazle. On 10 June she
played Blanche in ' Night and Morning,' a
rendering of 'La Joie fait Peur.' On her
marriage, on 8 May 1885, to Francis Albert
Marshall [q. v.~, she practically retired from
the stage, but a?ter his death, on 28 Dec. 1889,
acted occasionally in the country. She had
good gifts in comedy and serious drama, and
was more than respectable in Shakespearean
characters. She died in London 5 Oct. 1895.

[Personal knowledge ; Pascoe's Dramatic List ;
Scott and Howard s Blanchard : Hollingshead's
Gaiety Chronicles ; Cook's Nights at the Play;
Athenaeum, 12 Oct. 1895; Sunday Times; The
Theatre ; Era, various years.] J. K.

CAVENDISH, SIR CHARLES (1591-
1654), mathematician, born in 1591, was the
youngest son of Sir Charles Cavendish (Io53-
1617), of Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire,
by his second wife, Catherine, Baroness Ogle
(d. 1629), only surviving daughter of Cuth-
bert 0-le, baron Ogle (d. 1597). Sir William
Cavencish [q. v.] was his grandfather, and
"William Cavendish, first duke of Newcastle
[q. y.j, was his brother. From his youth he
inclined to learning. According to John
Aubrey t he was a little weake crooked man,
and nature having not adapted him for the

Cavendish

court nor campe, he betoofce Mmselfe to the
study of the mathematics, wherein he be-
came a great master.' In March 1612 he and
his brother accompanied Sir Hemr Wotton
[q. v.J to France (NICHOLS, JW/jww* of
Jam*? ,1828 ii 438). His father, on h
death in 1617, left him a good estate, and he
devoted himself to the collection of matae^
matical works and the patronage of nurh*.
maticians. He was knighted at ^Velbeek
on 10 Auj. 1619 during a visit of the En*
to lua brother (& iii. 559-60 ). On 23 Jan*.
1623-4 he was returned to parliament for
the borou -h of Nottingham. He was ak;
returned for the same place to the third
parliament of Charles I on 18 Feb. 1627-8,
and to the Short parliament on 30 March
1640. On the outbreak of the civil war
Cavendish, with his brother Newcastle, en-
tered the king's service, serving under his
brother as lieutenant-general or the horse.
He_ behaved with great gallantry in several
actions, particularly distinguish himself
at Marston Moor (CiABEsrooy. History of
the Rebellion, 1888, iii. 375). After that
battle, despairing of the royal cause, he
repaired to Scarborough and embarked with
his brother for Hamburg, where he arrived
on 8 July 1644. He accompanied his
brother to Paris in 1645 and to Che Hague.
On 4 May 1649 he petitioned the committee
for compounding to be permitted to com-
pound his delinquency in the first war, and
ou 27 Aug., his fine having been paid, an
order was made for discharging his estate.
On 4 Jan. 1650-1, however, the committee
for Staffordshire informed the committee
for compounding that Sir diaries had been
beyond seas at the time of his composition,
and that he was a very dangerous per-
son. On 27 and 28 March the sequestration
of his estates was ordered on account of
his adherence to Charles Stuart and of his
being abroad without leave (cL Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 16ol ? p. 114). Cavendish
was disinclined to make any concession by
returning to England, but as the revenue
from his estates was serviceable to his family,
his brother Newcastle induced Clarendon to
persuade him to make his submission. He
accordingly repaired to England in the
beginning of November with Lady New-
castle. They stayed in Southwark and
afterwards in lod ;ings at Coveat Garden, in
great poverty. Ke was finally admitted to
compound, and succeeded in purchasing
Welbeck and Bolsover which hac beea con-
fiscated from his brother. The proceedings
in regard to his estates were not completed
at the time of his death, He was buried at
Balsover in the family vault on 4 Feb.

Cavendish

400

Cavendish

Another urcount -jlwvM Inn (loath
dayw lntr (w dW, */ U'wemltitt /Vi/>fW
1H01), ii! it 17). UN wart ummirriiHl

Cavwndinh ww tinted ioHi'iH mathomiitiral
knowledge OH well tin for hw lovo of mallm-
matioiam. Aubrey rUt*w that ' In* had
collected in Italic, Franco, &<%, with no
muall chard ^ as many maniiHoript mat.ht 1 -
maticall boo B as filled a UoggoHhtMid* whirh
lui intended to havo printed ; which if hn
had lived to liavis donno, the growth of
mathematical! learning bad boon t birty \vams
or more forwarder than 'tis. 1 IJw oxwutor,
an attornoy of dillonl's tun, dying, however,
loft the manuscripts in tho custody of IUH
wife, wlio Hold them *IH waste, paper. Oavon-
diflli was a groat admirer of Reno DewnrloH
and tried to indium him and Claude Mv-
dorgo to coimi to Kngland that, tlwv migm.
wettle there under tho pal ronagcof Charles I,
According to John Wall in (KHfl-1708)
[q, v,], however, ho convinced Uihw Per-
Bonne do Uobwrval that Ihwsurten WIIH in-
debted to Thomas Harriot [tj. v,| in bin
additions to the theory of equations, In
K3ii6 Mydorgft wont Oaveitdi.sh hit* treat iwo
on rofraotion (/fw^, MlStf. CtwiM* I'ortland
MSS. ii. '). liiB), which wa prol>ably iden-
tical witJi bin ^Protlrotni eatojrtiricorutn et
dioptricorum,' niiblirthed in Pavirtthret*. years
later* Oavenurth wa alno the friend of
Pierre (tatwnnd, William Oughtred [tj, v.'| (
and John Twyndwi [q. v,] A<H*ortlinfj to
John Pell [<j. v.] 'he writti noverall thingH
in mathomatiquuti for bin owim phuiHun*, 1 A
numbor of his lot tors to that mathematician
are ^wsflovywl among the Biruh inanuRtu'ipt.8
in tue British Museum, and aomo of them
were printed by Robert Vaughan (170r)-
1868) [q. v.] in the second volume of IUH
* Protectorate of Cromwoir (1H8K) (whre
Oavendmh IB confviaed with IUH nnphow,
Lord Mansfield), and by Jamoa Ortjhard
Halliwell [q, v.] inhiB c Oolkction of L^ttwR
illustrative of the Progress of fc5cien.cn in
England' (jffht. $oe. of fltewwif, l4l),
Cavendish was probably the author of 8om
mathematical papers, formerly in tho p<m-
session of John Moore (16 KM 7 14*) [q. v,],
bishop of Ely, attributed by White 'Kcmnett.
"q. v.] to Sir Charles Cavendwh [q. v/],
yrotlier of the Earl of Devonshire, His
sister-in-law, the Duchess of Newcastle,
dedicated to him her i Poems and Fancied '
(1658). A letter from Eiobbes to Cavendish
dated 1641 is in the Hwrleian MSB. (679(i,
1 293), and another from Pell dated 18 Fob*
1644-6 is preserved in the same collection
(16. 6796, 295-6).

[Life of William Cavendish, Duke of How-
canto, ed. C, E. Pirtli, 1886, index; Lloyd's

i'iH, j>, "a; t'oDinsM Hint,

linriNf.f NM> Knmilios, 1?o'^ pp, ^ f t > Aulinw'a
Hinof MVIIM, Hi, <?Irk, JHiH, i. lf>8 4, 800, ayo
3S<1; Ui^niurn Corronp. of Srimitifio Mon, 1841*
i, 'A 14H, LMI, rt, 87, HH; <lHlU(tiir of (Wnwtttu)
for (JoiiumjuuliUK, pp. aoai 3; Ohmmdwi 8tato
t'ujuM'H, iii, Ji4, JiiiH ; IWry'H Oiin, IVrit^o, p
18 j Uit. MSH, (Jtimtii, IMrthmU MSM.ihiai,
tiiH ; Stm t'iml ttutl T>wunil'H Groat, Oovwriing
, 186, i, I'H.J K, I, (X

OAVKNDI'HH, WILLIAM,
OK DMVONHIMUK, Hiwonth

llAUTtNilTUN, touth KAUI, OF

nn<l wwmti MAUL OK Hitui.mirvoN (1808-
IH)1) ( bom <m 17 April IHOH, in dhrtrlos
Stront, U<M'luh\v Sqmtn% WHM thn *>ldjHt HOH
of Willmm ('aviMuliMh ( I7HH -IHia), by hiit
wifo LdtuMii(rf, IH April iHtKOtOldoHtdaugh-
t-or of (-ornoliuH <) (Jnlhi$han, tirnl; Ikmu
Li,smt>r( Lord Uwnyn Au^unttiH Hnry
('avrwlisl^ first <arl o,' Hurltngton (1751^
1HJM), wftrt liirt ffmnclfntt*or titul William
(lavimdwh, Fowrtluluk<i of i>ov<iHhir [q.v."],
WHM hi* jfnftt,-f(riutfjUluff. Uo was" inlii*
<*titid at ^llon nn<l at. Trinity Oollogu, Otun-
iuluiit.iuiC HA. iu'lHitO an tuwond
and iM^'ith <laHHo Honry Phil
[(j.v.j, af1t*rwim'.Hbmho^f>F WorooHtw,
^miiur writn^Ior, In t'o onsuinj( oxnmna-
tion for tho Snil*M pmon tho ordor of Jhinr
i\amoH wan rnvovHtl, H wan alm tughth
in th(^ ftrnt IUMH of tho otaNMuw) tripon, lie
'(radiuitofi M,A, in 1H:JU, and rowiivod tho
honorary dogn*o of LI ,*,!), on <J July 18IW,
On 18 !lmw IH^O ho WUM rotupiu'd for th
ttnivorwity to \}w HOUHO of <'<mimoiiH,whjw
in IHHI and 1HJW h^ HiDjwirtwi tho KoyHi-
2>ro])()nfilH fw imr^iamnntary roform.
wan, in conNwiunuco, wjufliod by th
orHity at tho olydion ojf 18,11, bul^ou
iUnly ; wiw rtnrnwl for Mall.ou in YorkHhiro.
On l()rt*yit, iHHl hiHfjfratidfftihor wiiHomitfld
Karl of Turlington, und ho was hontswforth
tyld Lord OavomtiHh. In tho wun yar
ftcftptin^ 1.1 1 (JhiUora HuwlrotlH hn uc-
cnpdod hin gmndfathor an MJ** for Di'.rby-
nhiro ou 3$ Sopi ,, and on il-1 !), I8&i he*
wan roturnod for North Diirb^Hhiro, whit;h
ho cr>it4tuiod to rrtpwimmt. until, on 9 May
18JJ4, ho fluctJfltKl^d hi gmndfathw an socond
oari of Burlington, On 15 Jan, 1858 ho uc-
ceedcsd IUH counin, William Gor? Spncw
Oavondifth, Bixth duk of I)von'iiro [q. v.]
From thn time of IUH removal to tho" upper
houBo Burlington abandoned pnlitioH and
dovotftd liimHft',f to tho Hcsuwtific and indus*
trial cononmn of th country. On entering;
into poswosHion of tho ducal (wtatos he found
them heavily Qncumbwed, and devoted him-
aolf to relieving t-hem of tlwir burd(^na,
He showed liimwolf an enlightened and

Cavendish

401

Cayley

liberal landowner, contributing 200,000?.
towards the extension of railways in Cork
and Waterford, where his Irish estate of
Lismore was situated. In Enjland his
name was particularly associated with the
development of Barrow-in-Furness, where
he assisted to establish the iron mining and
steel producing industries. He was chair-
man of the Barrow Haematite Company on
its constitution on 1 Jan. 1866, and with
(Sir) James Ramsden promoted the Fuiness
railway and the Devonshire and Buccleuch
docks, which were opened in September
1867. He was also closely associated with
the growth of both Eastbourne and Buxtpn,
where he owned much property, as watering

mwa.

Devonshire was first president of the Iron .
and Steel Institute on its foundation in 1868,
and was a munificent contributor to the
Yorkshire College of Science and to Owens ,
College, Manchester. He was chancellor of
the university of London from 1836 to 1856,
and on the death of the ?rince consort in
1861 was chosen chancellor of Cambridge
University, an office which he retained till
his death. After the foundation of Victoria
University in 1880, he became its first chan-
cellor, fie was chairman of the royal com-
mission on scientific instruction and the
advancement of science, and presented, tne
Cavendish laboratory to Cambridge Univer-
sity. He was one of the original founders
of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1839,
and was president in 1870. On 26 July
1871 he was nominated a trustee of the
British Museum. For fifty years he was a
breeder of shorthorns, and his Holker herd
had a wide reputation,

Devonshire rarely spoke in the House ot
Lords. He supported Gladstone's Irish
Church Bill in 1869, and remained in har-

Devonshire's portrait, painted by 3Ir.
Henry Tanworth "Wells, was presented to
the Iron and Steel Institute on 19 March
1872 by a subscription among the members
of the institute,

[Times, 22 Dec. 1891 ; Proceedings of the
Royal Society, 1892, vol. li. pp. xxxviii-r:l ;
Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. lSi'9
pp. 5-28, 1872 i. 213, 1892 ii. 120-7; Boyle's
Official Baronage, 1886.] E. L C.

CAYLET, ARTHUR (1821-1595), ma-
thematician, these_eond son of Henry Gayley
by his wife Maria Antonia Doughty, was
born at Richmond in Surrey on 16 Aug. 1821 .
He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in
1838, and became scholar of the college in
1840. In 1842 he graduated as senior
wrangler, and was awarded the first Smith's
prize immediately afterwards ; and he was
admitted to a Trinity fellowship on 8 Oct. in
that year. He remained in Cambridge for
a few years, giving himself up chiefly to
mathematical research, and laying the founda-
tion of several ranges of investigation which
occupied him throughout his lire. No con-
genial appointment, however, offered itself
which was sufficient to keep him in residence ;
it thus became necessary to choose some
profession. He selected law, left Cambridge
in 1846, was admitted student of Lincoln's
Inn on 20 April 1846, and was called to the

strictly to conveyancing; yet, instead of
attempting to secure a large practice, he
carefully limited the amount of work he
would undertake. He made a distinct re-
putation by the excellence of his drafts, and
v ft was asserted that, had he cared, he might
have achieved a high legal position; but
during the whole of his legal career he spent
hi= jealously guarded leisure in the pursuit

x

of the Uberal unionists in 1885 .

tion of home rule, when he beaHU chai
of the Loyal and ? *mon He J*
nominated KG. on March 185 8, and a

for

dication of Ms mathematical
te suffi .

r

Devonshirediedon21Dee.
Hall, his favourite residence, near Gran^^m

LancMhire, and was boned at! B^ s or,near

Chatsworth,on26Dec. ^ W88 M ^ ed S?
6 Aug.l829,atDevonshireHouse,toBlanche

Guiana 1812-1840), fourth daughter of
George Howard, sixth earl of Oarhsle[q.v.]
BThe^hehadthreesons-S^ncerOom^on

Cavendish, the present ^'^JSS^S
Charles Cavendish a. r-1 and Lord Edward
Cavendish (1838-1891)-and one daughte,
Lady Louisa Carobne married on 26 Sept.
1865 to Rear-admiral Francis Egerton.

VOL. I. SOT.

TWO nuiiurcu iu,nii.i*& *"* paper?? j

include someof his most brilliant discoveries.
" ' the constitution of the
tafciGB at Cambridge led to
wdt of the Sadlerian professor-
lathematics in that university ;

" y was elected into

um^ which he held for
Henceforward he lived
m me uiuvc^y, often talon? ^ imoortanfe
share in its administration, mt tn^mghis

statutory cuty 4 to explain and teach tha
principles of pure mathematics, and to apply

Cayley

402

Cecil

himself to the advancement of that science, wharo. Nor w ii, to l.ho various theories in
.Such a life naturally was of a quiet, toner, ;)uromathemutieH alone that he contributed,
and Cayley did not possess the ambition of Jis norvieoH in the region of theoretical
playing a prominent part in public life, astronomy were of substantial inr Knrtanco ;
Indeecjitwas seldom that duties fell to him and in one instance he was enab'od, by an
which brought him into popular notice ; elaborate piece of refined analysis, to take
perhaps the most conspicuous exception was p >art in settling a controversy 'between his
ais presidency of the British Association in Jriwul, John Couch Adams [q. v. Suppl.], and
1883. Scientific honours came to him in some Kreneh astrononiorH. Also, in framing
copious measure. He was made an honorary any estimate of his work, account should be
fellow of Trinity in 1872, and three years taken of l,hn various papers he wrote upon
later was made an ordinary fellow once more, theoretical dynamics, and in particular of
his first tenure having lapsed in 1862. II o two reports upon thai, subject, presented to
received honorary degrees from many bodies, the British Association. It remains, of
among others from Oxford, Dublin, Editi- course, with tho future to ussigu him his
burgh, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Leyden, and position among tho masters of his science.
Bologna, as well as from his own university, ^y his contemporaries he was acknowledged
From the Royal Society of London (of which one of the greatest mathematicians of his
he was elected fellow on 3 June 1852) he re- time.

ceived a Royal medal in 1859 and tho Copley As regards liis publications, the body is to
medal in 1882, the latter being the highest be found in the memoirs contributed, through
honour which that body can bestow. In more than fifty years, to various mathematical
addition to membership of all the loading journals and to the proceedings of learned
scientific societies of his own country, he societies* 1 1 is Capers, amounting to more
was an honorary foreign member of the French t.han nine hunuwl in number, have boon
Institute and of the academies of Berlin, collected and issued in a set of thirteen
Gottingen, St. Petersburg, Milan, Home, volumes, together with an index volume, by
Leyden, Upsala, and Hungary; and lie ac- the Cambridge University Press (18H9-i)8).
ceptedan invitation from tlxe Johns Hopkins Cayley himself published' only one separate
University, Baltimore, to deliver a special book, 'A Treatise on Elliptic
course ot lectures there, discharging this
office between December 1881 and June 1882.
His life pursued an even scientific course,
and his productive activity in mathematics
was terminated only by his death, which

occurred at Cambridge on 26 Jan. 1895. He ... .,

is buried in the Mil,. Road cemetery, Cam- justi qxiouii, Tho tixaot dateH nnd places of 'tho
bridge, His portrait, painted by Mr. Lowes publication of his memoirs aw* stutod in con-
Dickinson in _874, hangs in the dining hall noction with each pajwr wmtainwUii tho thirteen
of Trinity college ; and a bust, by Mr. Henry volume. Prollxod to voL xi w an
Wiles, was placed in 1888 in the library of photograph of Cayloyby Mr, A, (>. i
that college. " < *

Cayley contributed to nearly every sub- CECIL, AlOTIUH,whoHO teal name WAS
jectiix the range of pure mathematics, and AHTHTTK Owwii KIYIOT (IfUtt-lftMl), actor,
some of its branches owe their origin to him. bom near London in 1H-13, played as an
Conspicuously among these may be cited amateur at the Richmoml theatre and olatv-
the tieory of invariants and covariants ; the where, and made, m Arthur Cecil, on
;eneral establishment of hyper geometry on Kawter Monday 18(19, hin llrHt -jrofoRKional
3i*oad foundations, and specially the intro- appearance at' the Gallery of MluHtratien
duction of ' the absolute ' into the discussion with the evman Heeds aw Mr, GhnrchrncmHe
of metrical properties; the profound develop- in Mr, Gilbert's * No Cards/ and Box in the 1
ment of branches of algebra, which first were musical rendering of < Box and Oox ' by Mr,
explained in a memoir on matrices ; contribu- Burnand and Sir Arthur Sullivan. In I K74 he
tions to the theory of groups of operations; joined the company at the (flobe, appearing
and advances in the taeory of the solution on ^4 Jan. aB Jonathan Wagstalf in Mr. W..~
of the c[uiutic equation. Not less important bert/s * Committed for Trial/ and playing on
were liis contributions to the theory of ana- 6 April Mr, Justice Jonon in. Alb(iry s t Wig
lytical geometry, alike in regard to curves and Gown.' At the Gaiety on 19 Dec. lie
and to surfaces. There is hard .y an important was Dr. Cains, and in the following Fe-
juestion in the whole range of either subject bruary, at the tbera Comiquo, Touchfltone.
in the solution of which he has not had some Other parts in waicli he wan seen were Wir

lpt

(Cambridge, 187CJ; a wocoud odition, with
only slight changes, way published in 1895
after MB death,).

TrocewHnRH of tho Boyal 800. vol. Iviii.
'ofi), p->. Uxliii, roprintod AH a profoco to vol,
v iii. of tuo Oollui'tod Mathomntiwil 'PnporH,

Cecil

403

Cecil

Harcourt Courtly in 'London Assurance/
Monsieur Jacques in the musical piece so
named, Duke Anatole in the 'Island of
Bachelors,' Charles in Byron's 'Oil and
Vinegar/ Sir Peter Teazle", Tony LumpMn,
and 'Jourbillon in ' To Parents and Guar-
dians.' At the Globe on 15 April 1876 he
was the first Dr. Downward in Wilkie Col-
lins's 'Miss Gwilt/havin; previously at the
Haymarket on 5 Feb. played Ohaoiuis in
Taylor's ( Anne Boleyn.' On 30 "Sept. at
the Prince of Wales's he was in ' Peril' the
first Sir "Woodbine Grafton. The Rev. Noel
Hay;arth in the 'Vicarage '-followed on
31 March 1877, and Baron Stein in 'Diplo-
macy ' on 12 Jan. 1878. There also he clayed
Sam Gerridge in ' Caste ' and Tom Diboles in
'Good for Nothing/ On 27 Sept. 1879 he
was the first John Hamond, M.P., in ' Duty/
At the opening- by the Bancrofts of the Hay-
market on 31 Jan, 1880 he played Graves in
' Money/ He was Lord Ptarmi -an in ' So-
ciety/ and Demarets in ' Plot and Passion.'
At the Court theatre, in the manage-
ment of which he was subsequently asso-
ciated with John Clayton [q. v. Sup3>L],he
was^on 24 Sept. 1881 the first Baron %rdu-
ret in * Honour.' At this house he was the
first Connor Hennessy in the 'Rector' on
24 March 1883, and subsequently played Mr.
Guy on in the 'Millionaire/ Richard Black-
burn in ' Margery's Lovers/ Buxton Scott in
'Young Mrs. Winthrop/ Lord Henry Tober
in the 'Opal Ring/ Mr. Posket in the
* Magistrate/ Vere Queckett in the 'School-
mistress/ and Blore in ' Dandy Dick.' The
theatre then closed. When, under Mrs.
John Wood and Mr. A. Chudleigh, the new
house opened (24 Sept. 1888), he was the
first MCes Henniker in ' Mamma.' On 7 Feb.
1889 he played at the Comedy Pickwick in
a cantata so named. At the Court he was
S. Berkeley Brue in ' Aunt Jack' on 13 July,
Sir Julian Twembley in the ' Cabinet Mini-
ster' on 23 April 1890, the Duke of Donoway
in the ' Volcano ' on 14 March 1891, and
Stuart Crosse in the ' Late Lamented * on
6 May. At the Comedy he was on 21 April
1892 the first Charles Deakin in the ' Widow/
and at the Court Sir James Bramston in the
' Guardsman ' on 20 Oct. On 18 Feb. 1893
he repeated at the Garrick Baron Stein. He
suffered much from 'out, died at the Orleans
Club, Brijhton, on _6 April 1896, and was
buried at'Mortlake. In addition to his per-
formances, the list of which is not quite
complete, he gave entertainments in society
and wrote songs which had some vogue.
He was a thorough artist and a clever actor,
more remarkable for neatness than robust-
ness or strength.

[Personal knowledge; Passoe's Dramatic
List; Cook's Nights at the Play; Scott ai:d
Howard's Blanchard; Dramatic Peerage; Ths
Theatre, various years ; Era Almanack, various
years; Sunday Times, various years; Hollinss-
head's Gaiety Chronicles.] J. K."

CECIL, alias SNOWBEjtf, JOHX (1558-
1626), priest and political adventurer, was
born in 1558 of parents who lived at Wor-
cester. He was educated at Trinity Col-
le je, Oxford (Douay .Diaries, p. 363), became
a [Roman catholic, joined the seminarv at
Rheims in August 1583, and in Apr! of
the following year, when he was twenty-sis
years of age, passed to the English college at
Home (FOLEY, Records, Diary of the College,
p. 164), where he received holy orders. For
eighteen months (1587-8) he acted as Latin
secretary to Cardinal Allen, and afterwards
spent two years in Spain, and was with
Father Parsons at his newly erected seminary
at Yalladolid. Early in 1591 Parsons sent
Cecil, with another priest, Fixer, alias Wilson,
into England, via Amsterdam ; but the vessel
in which they sailed was captured by her
Majesty's ship Hope in the Channel, and the
two priests were carried to London. Here
they at once came to terms with Lord
Burghley. Cecil had already in 1588 corre-
sponded, under the name of Juan de Campo,
with Sir Francis Walsingham. He now de-
clared that although he and his companion
had been entrusted with treasonable com-
missions by Parsons, in preparation for a
fresh attack upon England by the Spanish
forces, they nevertheless detested all such
practices, and had resolved to reveal them
to the government at the first opportunity.
Cecil hoped to obtain liberty of conscience
for catholic priests who eschewed politics,
and, with the view of helping to distinguish
loyal from disloyal clergy, he willingly
undertook to serve the queen as secret in-
former, provided that he was not compelled
to betray catholic as catholic, or priest as
priest. On this understanding he was sent,
at his own request, into Scotland. For the
next ten years this clever adventurer con-
trived, without serious difficulty, to combine
the characters of a zealous missionary priest,
a political agent of the Scottish catholic earls
in rebellion against their kin^, and a spy
in the employment of Buigjuey and Sir
Robert Cecil. In Scotland he resided gene-
rally with Lord Seton, and acted as con-
fessor or spiritual director of Barclay of Lady-
land, When George Kerr was captured, on
his startin for Spain with the * Spanish
Blanks,* 31 Bee. 1592, there were found
among his papers letters from John Cecil to
Cardinal Allen and to Parsons, assuring

Cecil

44

Cecil

faith and
also a letter irom
nlernng indeed
clmdatioa to the

intiM'viown. Thov then iournoycd

A f|i M J luulJuu

(ViMim

v

t1.y ,mwiUo I'Wlip at Tolorto tluar
*,, nl(ml omK (Wl atUinUn K Ogilvy,
<l dnmonHlroltog Uui l>o.st,ilil,y of Jamna to
i A and its nilhunntH, and
l Inn tluilio l.nU,mc ( *. This

'three

thrcatiiolic lor'ds, whon hard
King James, Bent Cecil on a di

who^unsuspJctingly introduced him to Juan
d'tdiaouez as ' a good man who had Builtirud
for the cause,' For greater secrecy Paworw
sent him disguised as a soldier, and told
Idiwiuea that he must ?ive him monoy to

oxpoHuro of tho Scottish Uiujjf enraged r ather
William (Vu*hton[ (\, v. |, thoagod joHuit,who,
in opposition to tho policy of tfatluir Paraona,
liatl eoNHtanU>Miphold.!amoH'H claim to suc-
cood to thoKufllinh throno. llo accordingly
wroto anonyiuouHly t and diHwnivmatod in.

to I IK..

r l\) tliirt Oottit, who had HUMM

JVaixcis Dralw, who seemed to ;>lacti wimo
value on his services, and in 159- hoboaHtod
to the Earl of Essex of all ho had done, and
how he had discovered the plots of catholics
by brinffiiig their letters to Burghloy ( Lat~
field Papers, iv. 473,478, 479; Cat. Uom.
FAiB. 151)1-4, -). 474).

In October ..B94 Coed was again aent into
Spain by tho Earl* of Angus and Mrrol to
represent to lung Philn tho condition ot
catholics in Scotland, anc to solicit IUH aui.
He made no secret of this mission to Sir
Robert Cecil ; for, writing to him, 80(0 Pec.
1596 (Cat. Dom. Bliss.)> lie sa y B : ' Wlun i " wtl
in fcbain I gave such satisfaction that I WIIH
emp'oyod by the contrary ~mrty to give in-
formation of the estate of Scotland, and to

jnivry"" <*uu *ii^ IT(I '** > 'V*MIHI' - - - -
liilit,y oil' tho namo ri'nlino, and lohn Oocyll,
Fvynnt and I). olV diuinityn by a malitumfl
Mytholo^'u^ t,itliul an Apolotfio and copilod
by William (Jrit(i, 1'ryrwt, and prolnHsod
li'Huitn, whoHo habit and l^liautotire, whow
ft,o und rodiLionH, aro an mitablo att i^au
his hivloM, and Iw>bhm voicW Tho prolaco
iw dated * from tho monastery of Montmarlro,
10 Aujf, 1500, Tlio writor, indignant at
bcMT\ff Htitfumtiwd KM ( 'mtrllitfouwir 1 to tho
Kiitrlwh g'ov(M'unuMit doc.lartw 1-hat, it. waa
done 1o ruin him, and that., an \w i ahont to
pasrt into SisdUand, the chaise >iKt bo hm

C At tho ond <fl(M)l (Jocil ww in Kran^,and
aimawntly in (wn'iny with llolwrt Jsnujo
1(1 v Huppl.l; tor Jardinal d^Osnat, wntinj?
from licim.s a Nov., warrm Villnroi against

-,

trues of John Ogilvy [q.. v.] of Poury, who
U, or pretended to have, a' secret mlimon
from Jamestoseekthefriondshhand alliauco
of PhUip, and to assure the Sing and the
Jope of^is own catholic sympathies and
proclivities. Cecil met Ogilvy at Home,
where the two men endeavoured to over-
reach each othoratthe papal court and with
the Duke of Sesa, with whom they had

. , .,

m-ctudlj; took <'>'' P ';,"'
dputatwn : ad lortihwl w t
from tho Pranoli govmnt, m .mm o o
D'Oxsat's warnmK, hJ ' ll ^ ; "^
months umimud Umdnig 1 a tit tt ^P
c W d ngo with tlm lop> a t.d o nrj
eoudingH m which on ot tlw ""
brought agaiust tho juHiuta was

CelHer

405

Cellier

proper meddling with the affairs of state,
--'arsons now in vain denounced Cecil to the
pope as a swindler, a forger, a spv, the friend
of heretics, and the betrayer of his brethren ;
for as the Jesuit had made similar or more
incredible accusations against all his other
opponents, the charges were disbelieved or
disregarded by the papal court, Cecil had
several favourable audiences of the pope,
and his ability and tact gained for him great
credit with the clerical party, to whose
cause he had attached himself. It is pro-
bably to his pen that we owe the * Brevis
lielatio/ or formal account of the proceedings
in the case at Rom6 (printed in Arckpriest
Controversy, ii. 45-151). In 1606 he was ,
chosen, together with Dr. Champney, to pre-
sent to the pope the petition of a number of
English priests for episcopal government.
The indignant Parsons again denounced his
adversary, and desired that he might be seized
and put upon his trial (TIEKNEY, Dodd,
v. 10, 11, xiv-xx), but Dr. Cecil remained
unharmed in fortune or character. He for
some time held the appointment of chaplain
and almoner to Margaret of Valois, the
divorced wife of Henry IV, and settled down
to a quiet life. There are even indications
that he became friendly with the Jesuits.
He handed over, indeed, copies of certain
letters touching Garnet to the English am-
bassador ; but Carew, forwarding them to
Salisbury, 2 Feb. 1607, wrote that *he[CeeH]
is of late so great with Pere Cotton that I
dare not warrant this for clear water 7 (R. 0.
French correspondence). He died at Paris,
according to Dr. John Southcote y s Nate Book
(MS. penes the Bishop of Southwark), on
21 Dec. 1626.

[Bcdd's Church Hist.ii. 377 ; Stateiaents and
Letters of ' John Snowden,' Gal. State Papers,
Dom. Eliz. 1591-4, pp. 38-71 ; Calderwood]s
Bist.v. 14-36; Documents illustrating Catholic
Policy, &c., viz. (1) Summary of Memorials pre-
eented to the King of Spain by John Ogilvy of
Poury and Dr. John Cecil; (2) Apology and
Defence of the King of Scotland by Father Wil-
liam Creijhton, S.J., edited, with introduction,
by T. G-. Law, in Miscellany of the Scot. Hist.
Soc. 1893; The Archpriest Controversy (Eoyal
Hist. Soc.), vol. ii. passim.] T. G. L.

ments: 1862, All Saints 7 , Blackheath ; 1866,' A
Ulster Hall, Belfast (in succession to Dr. ^
E. T. Chipp), and conductor of the Belfast
Philharmonic Society; 1868, St. Alban's,
Holborn. He soon, however, exchanged the
organist's career for that of a composer and
conductor. He was the first musical director
of the Court Theatre (January 1871) ; from
1871 to 1875 director of the orchestra at the
Opera Comique, Manchester ; from 1877 to
1879 at the Opera Comique, London; in
1878-9 he was joint conductor, with Sir
Arthur Sullivan, of the promenade concerts,
Covent Garden, and he also held similar
appointments at various theatres. He sub-
sequently, owing to considerations of health,
resided abroad, especially in America and
Australia.

Cellier^ chief claim to fame rests upon
his comic operas. The most successful of
these was * Dorothy,' which had an extra-
ordinary popularity when produced at the
Gaiety 'Theatre on 25 Sept. 1886, and a rim
of upwards of nine hundred nights. The
o-3era was a fresh arrangement of his * Nell
(rwynne* music, produced ten years before,
hut with a new libretto. The song: ' Queen
of my Heart/ one of the most popu_ar num-
bers in the opera, was a forgotten ballad
composed by him several years before, and
which had long been reposing on the shelves
of a London music publisher. Cellier's otlu-r
comic operas were: 'Charity begins at
Home ' (Gallery of Illustration, 1870) j * The
Sultan of Mocha,' Prince's Theatre, Man-
chester, 16 Nov. 1874 (revived at Strand
Theatre, London, with new libretto, 21 Sept.
1887) * The Tower of London ? (Manchester,
4 Oct.' 1875); 'Nell Gwynne* (Manchester,
16 Oct. 1876); 'The Foster Brothers' (St.
George's Hall, London, 1876); * Dora's
Dream' (17 Nov. 1877); 'The Spectre
Knight' (9 Feb. 1878); Bella Donna, or

, the Little Beauty and the Great Feast

John Ogilvy of (Manchester, April 1878) ; * After All' (Loa-
;) Apology and 16 Dec . 1379) . <In theSulks' (21 Feb.
by Father Wil- jggQ) . < ^he Carp * (Savoy Theatre, 13 Feb.
1886); 'Mrs. rarramie's Genie 7 (Savoy,
1 4 T?k legs) ; < Doris ' (Lyric Theatre, April
*.-> and * The Mountebanks/ libretto by
r. fl-'qiUwt (Lyric Theatr* 4 Jan- 1892)

lot* He was educated at) tne giewjjj-t* *>- w~ w ~

Ccnnick

406

Chachvick

of 1883, coirnofitwl iueitlontal miwic^to ' Afl
you like it ' (~HH6), a fliiito Hymphonujuo lor
orchestra, a barcarolle for llute and piano-
forte, various songa and ^iaiioibrto piucen, of
which latter a uanse Pompadour IB well
known. He was an excellent organ play or
and had a lino literary taste. Ho wrotu a
trenchant article in 'TIioThoatro ' ol* < )ctobur
1878, entitled <A Nightmaro of Tradition, 1
in which ho put forward a plea for KngUnh
opera, Tho worry of ;>roducinjf his hurt-
opera ('The Mountebanks'), wluch ho did
not live to soe performed, doubtluRB haaUsiwd
his premature end, lie died at 69 Torr ing-
ton Square, Bloomsbury, the houso of a
friend, 28 Dec. 1801, agod 47. Ilia romaiiiB
are interred in Norwood comotory.

[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musiciatw,
iv. 583; Tames I). Brown and S. S. MtraUon'H
Britiwh Musical Biography ; Musical Humid,
February 1892; Brit. Mm Cut,] K 0. M

CEKKICK, JOHN (1718-1755), divmo,
was born in Koadingj on 12 Dec, 1 7 J 8. H IA
grandparents were imprisoned in Koading
gaol as quakers, but hi lather, John Oonuiclc,
conformed to tho church of l^lnghind, and
both he and his son were regular nttwidantH
at St. Lawrence's church in Roadiug. A a
youth, Gennick auifered much from roligiouH
despondency. In 1738 he waa prtmtly af-
fected by tho reading of Whitofield'a ' Jour-
nal.' In the following yoar he wont on a
visit to Oxford, saw Wesley, and became a
devout member of tho early mothodiBt baud;
the widespread indifference to tho terrors of
ein which had caused him so much anguish
ceased to oppress him. lie now went down
to Bristol and began to preach under Woa-
ley's guidance, but devoted tho beat of TUB
time to teaching 1 in Kinpfawood school for
the children of colliers. After some montlm*
combined work he had a serious diiForonco
with Woaley, and made a closer union -with
"Whiten* eld. In 1745 ho made a tour in
Germany among the Moravian brethren. In
1747 he married Jane Bryant of Clack,
"Wiltshire, and two years late was ordained
deacon in the Moravian church at London,
He died in London on 4 July 17/55, leaving a
daughter, who married J. Swortner of Bristol,

A great number of Oennick's sermons,
jreached inMoorfields, Bristol, South "Wales,
-.reland, and elsewhere, were separately
printed. Two volumes of hia sermons ap-
peared in 1763-4. * Twenty Discourses,' in-
cludin? many of these, followed in 1762.
The ^Sermons 7 were collected on a larger
scale in two volumes, London, 1 770 ; were
reprinted in. * Village Discourses/ under the
supervision of Matthew Wilks, in 1819 j arxd

n Wilc'riinn of thrnn wiw iHtmtnl in ono <luo*
doc.tuio volmms Lnntlnn, l^W, In addition
to tho HnrmoiiH (^onnir.k ptihliHli< k d lour umall
0(>lI( k ('t,i<niH of hyintiH : 1. * Sacrod llyauiHtbr
t,h (Jhildnm of (Joil in i\w Day of their Vil-
jffiina^i,' London, u.d.; iiud edit I7'U. 2.
1 Haonul HymnH for \\\u UMO of I(li|fiou8
Wiw.wtirH, 1 Urintnl, 17 U*. ii, A (3oUtion
of Hiutml HyiMiiH/ Dublin, JJrd edit. 1749,
4. * Ilyiuim for tho Honour of JOHUH OlmHt/
Dultlin, 17rL Hov^ral of thww, aurli as
* Ki'f^ i wi^J rtliu^), for ovory favour/ arts
widely mown. Tho umtUi popular, in a
wli^hlly abhrnviutiul form, in i Children of
tho lloavonly^ Kiii^.' A low of Ooxmiok's
hyintiH, loft, in tnamiMmpt, wore printed in
tun * Moravian Hymn liook ' of 17HO. All
his hyimiH nontuiu iiixo Htauzuri f but arc Tory

UIMMllml.

A -lortrait, ongrawd by AtlcuiHon'aftor
an ordinal ' i5d uro, 1 i x>i*ofijtcd to 'Village

''

A Monody to tho Memory of John
Kxotwp, I7t)/ij AD AhnUact of tho
injtfH of tho Uniik<n'H 17iiH, ii, Id; Julian's
of HymuoloKy; l)arlitiK*H 1 Ji I L Cyclop, i.
(with a dulailod lint of i'oH

(

Liluof Wwl^y, paHriiiu ; Uoano and (Vnirtnoy's
Wtil. OonmUj Wutt'n ibl. Brit; Brit, Mm
Our,] T, S,

o'lIADWlOK, 8m EDWIN (1800-
18J*0) ^sanitary vofurinori horn at Lonpight,
JMaticJuiHtor, on 5M Jan. 1800, ^an t;io son
of JumuH Oluuhvick, and grandnon of An-
druw (/had wick, u frinnd of John Woloy.
JIUAOM (Dhadwick wan a tnan of voreati-o
tuUmtiH ; ho t>au#ht botany and tuufiic to Jolm
Daltxm (17(J'-)H.M) [<> v.] tJioohwmKt; was
an aHHooiatik of thii lu.vancod libitval politi-
cians of IUH timoj tsdittnl tho ' Statesman '
nuwHpa;>or during tho impriHonmont of^ita
editor, Janiol lx>vnll (q, vJ; bucama editor
of tho * WoHUuru Tiin*H/ and finally mrtlled
as a jourmillNt in Now York, whevu ho died
at tho ago of nighty-four*

Edwin Ohadwiclc reooivod his early edu-
cation at Longwight and Btpocliport, and on
tho removal of hi family to London in 1810
Im training was cowtinuod by private
tutors. At jxn early age ho went -nto an
attorney's office, anc. BUDsoquwntly entered
m a fltiidont at the Inner Templo, where he
was called on 20 Nov, 18SO. While pur-
suing his legal ntudiofl he olrad out Ms
narrow means by writing for tho * Morning
Herald ' and other papers* Hia fct articlo
m the ' WeatminHter Roview/ contributed
in 1828, dealt with * Lifo ABRuranco.' In
the course of preparing it ho was led into a
train of reasoning that duvelojjed into what

Chadwick 407 Chadwick

ItartSbrffiE rf 1 ' "? ^JT"* Lll83 "*^a,t,klb.oaao ( ,

S^~TA -late Bs^jrasrs-ss-s
2y3*5tsf'ss sscarwJBSst, 1 ^

lived with Bentham for a time, assisting and ability to blar in his difficuTt tS
him m completing his administration code, which wi performed amidnv em-
and was with him at his death in 1832. barrassments. At first he had onlv hSf-
Bentham wanted Chadwick to become the hearted support from the ^immssionersTsir
systematic and -permanent expounder of the Thomas Frankland Lewis and John G Shaw-
Benthamite phi_osophy, and offered him an Lefevre,and when they resigned and George
independency on that condition. Chadwick Nicholls went to Ireland he was met with
declined the proposal but accepted a legacy, strong opposition from their successors,
and was long regarded as one of the philo- George Cornewall Lewis and Sir Francis
sophers most distinguished disciples. Bent- Head. As a member of the commission ap-
ham also left him part of his library, which pointed in 1838 to inquire into the besfc
has now been added to the collection at the means of establishing an efficient eonstabu-
University College, Gower Street. lary force, he along with Sir Charles Rowan

The idea of eradicating disease now took prepared a report which embodied the prin-
possession of Chadwiek's mind, and he spent ciple expounded in his original paper on
much time in personal investigation of fever 'Preventive Police : ' namely, ' to get at the
dens. While he was still hesitating as to removable antecedents of crime.*
his future course of life,_ he received and ac- The first sanitary commission was ap-
cepted the offer of an assistant commissioner- pointed at Chadwiek's instigation in 1839,
silip on the poor-law commission, then (1832) its immediate occasion being due to an
on the threshold of its work. In the follow- application for his assistance by the "White-
ing year he was appointed a chief commis- e'-iapel authorities, who were driven to de-
sioner, his promotion being due to the zeal spair by an epidemical outbreak in their
he had exhibited in collecting a vast array district. The commissioners probed the evil
of facts as to the existing system of JKJOT- to its source ; *and their report with its
law management, and to his great ability startling resolutions and remedial sugges-
in suggesting remedies for its evils. His tions attracted very wide attention, and it
improved methods at first met with dis- forthwith became a text-book of sanitation
favour from his colleagues, but eventually throughout the country. To Cbadwiek's
his propositions, with some important modi* directing hand in this matter may safely be
fications, were carried out. In the same ascribed the beginning of public sanitary
year (1833) he was engaged on the royal reform.

commission appointed to investigate the About this time Chadwick induced Lord
condition of factory children, and was the- Lyndhurst to introduce in the new Registra-
chief author of the report which recom- tion Act, by which the registrar's office was
mended the appointment of government in- established, the important clause providing
spectors under a central authority, and the for the registration of the causes as well as
limitation of children's work to six hours the num'ser of deaths. The training of
daily. Eventually the report led to the pauper children was a subject which oc-
passing of the Ten Hours Act and the- cupied part of his attention in 1840 ; and
establishment of the half-time system of his * Report on the Result of a Special la-
education. Among other proposals in the c uiry into the Practice of Interment in
report was one that employers should be Towns ' came out in 1843. His recommen-
held responsible for accidents to their work- dations in both these matters resulted in
people, a suggestion that has only recently important legislative measures.
$een fully carried into effect by the passing Another sanitary commission suggested
of the Employers' Liability Act (189P). In by Chadwick was appointed in 1844, and
the course of his evidence before a commit- reported the same year, but progress was
tee of the House of Commons in 1833 he delayed by critical political events. While
spoke in favour of restricting the traffic in this was sitting Chadwick, a-lon^with Row-
spirituous liquors, and the provision of land Hill, John Stuart Mill, !jyon Play-
healthy recreations for the people. He also fair, Dr. Neill Arnott, and other Mends,
advocated the payment of pensions to dis- formed a society called 'Friends in Council/
charged soldiers and sailors, and the desira- which met at each other's houses to discuss
bility of teaching the men a trade while on questions of political economy,
service. * n ^^ *^ e P 00 *-^ commission, esta-

Chad wick

Chudwick

I in IK'VljCamo toauond,itHdiHHolutioii in ISTI inquired into a plan for thedrninn i-o

brought about by d isagreementH be- of (^uvinoiNs submitted to luiu hy tho Diuo

tweon Chadwick and tho two conunin- of Ar^yJ, He presented an 'alternative

sionerB. Ohadwich'H own remarkable ztwl plan, that of the* Heparute nywtem/ namely

and his impatience with tho.se who Hhrank the removal of ntorm wafer by distinct

from carrying out hit* drastic plaiiH of re- e.hnimolM, und of fouled water and excreta

form, espewa.ly those based on IUM full bo by nopnrato Noll-elonminfy hniiMo <lrainH and

lief in centralisation, undoubtedly eontri- Mewe^s which principle \van approved by the

buted largely to breaking up tho board, government ami earned out by tlm army

In the following yoar he became a com miM- manitary e.ommif-u-wm. Thin wan thu hist

eioner to inquire into the health of London, wibjeet -on which ( 'hmKvie.lt waiutnnHultod by

and in the report advocated tho woparato thr ministry, HenlterwiirdHniledthopreNi-

system of drainage. On, the roeommoiida- dontinl chmr of the motion of oe.onomy of

tion of Prince Albert he waw created O.U. tho British AHHoeinlion, mid of the section

in 18-18, in -which year the first board of of jwhlie, health of the Social Me-iewse AB-

liealth was formed, with Chadwick aw ono NoeiMtion, imd nvewided over tluMron^roHH of

of the commission uiu Jle remained in ac- tho Hnnitnry Inntitut.4* in 1S78, and over

tive service until the board wan merged in tho Mention of public health of the nanitary

dont

in I8H1,
f tlir

Un also acted an

of Sanitary ln

tliNpuhlu'Horvitwwcrti
in IHW> by the bc^t-owul of a 'knighthood,
On the continent )UH work wan wL known,
aiul he wan ohriod a corresponding member
of the liiKtittitoH of Kntnenand l?e,g'l unhand
of the Sociotiett of Medicinn and Hygiene of
]<Ynmu\ Uel^ium, nn<l Italy, (!<. died at;
.Park (-ntUig'e, MnM. Nitwit, Surrey, on

the local government board in I K5'i, \vhun
he retired on a penwion of 1,QOO/, a y<ar.

During- the Crimean war ho pct'Huadcd
Lord Palmerston to Bond out a cmmniNHum
to inquire into and relievo thti Hullerin^H of
the troops. Inl8fi8 he brought b<^'orc^ tho
social science congresH tho Htibject of de-
fective sanitation in the Indian army, and
the PU',)port which hm viowa gaitiod 'after-*
wards _ud to the appointment of the Indian
army sanitary commission.

In 185f> his advocacv of comnetitivo x (J July IHUO." " Uy hi marriage, in iHiM) to
aminatioxm as testa for first appouitmentn in Ifnchel Dawnon Ivennedy, daughter of John
the public service wtxs followisd by the ap- Kennedy (1709 IHftft) |'q, v.| of Mftnclu-stor,
point m ent of tho civil Rorvice commi^ion, ho, left ail only Mon,()Hbert(.Uia<lwick, (),M,0,,
rhis was an old subject with him, for he had an eminent winitary cnpinooiv A portion of
brought it forward in lt$9. Among tho bin library WUM preNt*nt.ed by hiH non to the
nmtters with which ho aubflequonMy oo- MundtoHtor Frtse Library,
cupied himself were sanitary engineering, Olmdwich WUM a volunthioua writer of
open spaces, agricultural drainage, and pamphlet H, nnortw, papew, and lttor to
sanitation in the tropics, lie alo urged -he -jreHH, IIJH uit(Ht prtMluction being dated
the maintenance of railways as public high- 1HHJ 1 , I fin chief workn have \nm\ ad-
ways by a responsible public service, mimlly <;ondenHed by Sir Benjamin Ward
Whi.e m Paris in 1864 in connection JUdmrdwm [q, v* Hppl,|, in two volwmw,
with the ^relaxation for an exhibition, -julilwhwl in I HW), untitltul * The Health of
Chadwick aac a conversation with Napo- Nat-ioim : a Uoviiw of this Worlw of liJdwin
leon in, who asked him what he thought of Chadwick, with a Biographical Introduc-
lans. Chadwicrs characteristic annwtw tion.' Tho ilrwt volume -H in two partfl,
was : Sire, they soy that Augustus found ' Political and 10conu*jal/ ad ( Kduea-

A portrait is pruiixed to the

. , , , * ---------------- ..... overty,

re Pv 80 pleased the emperor that he directed volume*

anincuiry into the subiect referred to, ffn , . ...,,.,

la .867 he was brought out as a candi- [The boat wconntnfChiwlwiefcwtJhfttlv Rich-

date for tlie representation of London XJm~ anl8( f' P' cit " Bt)0 alHO sim mf ^g^ 1 ^ m :

vemtvmparliLent,but was wSSSifta, ^ In % t !^ l I ^ ** m.SfWs f^rt

L^^IT ~i ^ ict ' o* tfolitocal WCOMOWV; MucKay 'H Ltat of

PP tho BngliBh Poor Law, 181)0, pr,87,^ot pas-

>
'

x
C n01y of a 64 '

l y o a 64 ' 6fi ' 362 ' a^

generalsy stem o cheap postal telegraphy, and and 0. Chudwiek,

from Lord Portwuc
0, W. 8.

-Chaffers

409

Chambers

CHAFFERS, WILLIAM (1811-1892),
the standard authority on hall-marks and
-potters' marks, the son of W. Chaffers, was
jorn in "Watling Street, London, on 28 Sept,
1811, and was educated at Margate and at
Merchant Taylors' School, where he was
entered in 1824. He was descended colla-
terally from the family of RICH A.RD CHAFFEBS
(1731-1765), the son of a Liverpool ship-
wright, who set up a pottery fabric in 1752
and made blue and white earthenware in
Liverpool, mainly for the American
colonies. After discovering a rich vein of
soa-ostone at Mullion in Cornwall in 1755
he Decame a serious rival of Wedgwood as a
practical potter until his premature death
in December 1765. He was buried in the
churchyard of St. Nicholas in Liverpool.

William Chaffers was attracted to antiqua-
rian studies while a clerk in the city of Lon-
don by the discovery of the choice Roman
and mediaeval antiquities in the foundations
of the Royal Exchange during 1838-9. He
began at the same time to concentrate atten-
tion upon the study of gold and silver plate
and ceramics, especially in regard to the
official and other marks by which dates and
places of fabrication can be distinguished;
and in 1863 he published the two invaluable
works by which he is likely to be remembered.
Like Hawkins's ' Medallic History ' or Gwilt's
* Dictionary of Architecture/ they are both
being gradually transformed by otaer hands,
"but they will doubtless bear his name for a
long time to come. They are: 1. 'Hall Marks
on Gold and Silver Plate, illustrated, with
Tables of Annual Date Letters employed in
the Assay Offices of the United Kingdom,'
1863, Svo ; 3rd ed. 1868 ; 8th ed. with l His-
tories of the Goldsmiths' Trade, both inEng-
land and France, and re vised London and Pro-
vincial Tables' (with introductory essay by
0, A. Markham, 1896). 2. < Marks and
Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain of the
Renaissance and Modern Periods, with
Historical Notices of each Manufactory,
preceded by an introductory Essay ^ on

r T7 - ?i - -Jfj-T--. O_l "Dj^wi ji-ni-\_"Rvif?eli

JA QlfCVtbUi *JJ ** *---

fasa Fictilia of the Greek,

and Mediaeval Eras,' 1863, 8vo, 1866, 1870,
1872, 1874, 1876, 1886, 1897, and 1900
(with over 3,500 potters' marks), revised b^
Frederick Litchfield. The aim of the wor.*
was to be for the Keramic art what Fran-
cois Brulliot's 'Dictionnaire des Mono-
grammes ' was to painting, and it at once es-
tablished Chaffers as the leading authority
upon his subject. He produced two further
volumes of minor importance in 1887, ' The
Keramic Gallery' (in 2 vote, with five hun-
dred illustrations) and 'Gilda Aimta-
brorum,' 1883 (a history of goldsmiths and

plate workers, their marks, &c.), in addition
to a ' Handbook ' (1874) abrid -ed from his
'Marks and Monograms/ a * I*riced Cata-
logue of Coins,' and one or two minor cata-
logues. But his reputation rests iroon the
two great works of reference and tae con-
siderable talent that he displayed in orsanLr-
ing the exhibitions of art treasures, at Man-
chester in 1857, South Kensington in 156":?,
Leeds in 1869, Dublin in ISTr^Wrexham iu
1876, and Hanley (at the great Staffordshire
exhibition of ceramics) in 1S90.

Chaffers had been elected F.8.A. in 1843,
and he was a frequent contributor to the
' Archseologia/to * Kotes and Queries/ and to
various learned periodicals upon the two
subjects of which he possessed a knowledge
in some respects unrivalled. About 1S70 he
retired from Fitzroy Square to a house in
Willesden Lane, but he moved thence to
West Hampstead, where he died on
12 April 1892.

[Times, 19 April 1892 ; Athenaeum, 1S92, i.
541 ; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. i. 406 ; Men
of the Time, 13th ed. ; CbafFer&'s Harks and
Monograms, l&OO; Mayers Hist, of the Art of
Pottery in Liverpool, 1855 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

T. S.

CHAMBERS, ROBERT (1832-1SS8),

publisher, son of Robert Chambers [q. T.I
and nephew of William Chambers jj. v.T,
was born at Edinburgh in March 185:2, and
was educated at Circus Place school and in
London. * Lines to a little Boy,' which were
addressed to him by his father, appeared in
< Chambers'sEdinburgh Journal T for 14 March
1840.

Chambers became a member of the pub-
lishing firm in 1853, and in 1862 wrote au
excellent book on Tolfin ; (* A Few Rambling
Remarks on Gob"). A poem on St. An-
drews links was the joint work of Chambers
and his father. In 1874, on the resignation
of James Payn [q.v. SuppL], he became editor
of 'Chamber's Journal;' he occasionally
contributed capers, and he conducted the
magazine wit j great success. On the death
of ais uncle "William in 1883, the whole re-
sponsibility of the publishing house devolved
upon him, "but he was assisted during the last
two or three years of his life by his eldest
son, Charles Chambers. He took an active
part- in the production of the first edition of
* Chambers's Encyclopedia ' (1859-68), and
helped in the preliminary work in connec-
tion with the new edition. He also assisted
Alexander Ireland Fq. v. Suppl.] in the pre-
paration of the 188~4 edition of his fathers
'VestigesoftheNatTiralHistory of Creation^
in which was given the first authoritative

information of the authorship.

Chambers

410

Chandler

Chambers was for long* in dolicuto health,
and spout IB owt of hia limo at North, Bor-
wick or St, Andrews. He diud of an allwj-
tiou of tho heart on "2% March 188ft at Inn
house m Clatemont Crescent, Edinburgh.
llo was a member of the tit. Giles's Oat uv-
dral board, and, like Ids uncle, took much
interest in the church, Llo wa libowl-
mindod, and, with hia genial tomporainmit
and fine burly I'rumu, was vory popular with
his workmen and Monde*, By his marriage
in 1856 with a daughter of Mr, Murray An-
derson of London, ho had throo HOUR and
throe daughters, all of whom survived him,

[Athonomm, 31 March 1888 ; HoolHtnan,
23 March 1888 ; Gr1a.s^o\v Ilorald, 20 March
1888; Memoir of William and Itobm-t Cham-
bers, 13th xl. 1884.] GK A. A.

CHAMBERS, STB THOMAS (1HM-
1891), recorder of London, BOH of Thomas
Chambers of Hertford, hy Sarah, his -wilt*,
was born on 17 Dec. 1814% llo was educated
at Glaro Hall, Cambridge, where ho rocnivod
the degree of LL.B, in 18,W. On liH April
1837 lie was admitted stmhmt, at tho Middlo
Temple, and was there called to tho bar <w
20 Nov. 1840, and oluctod bunehw on 7 May
1861 and treasurer in 1872. Ho had lor
many years a lucrative practice in tho com-
mon law courts, and on 25 Feb. 1801 took
silk. He was elected common Botjwnt in
1857, and in 1878 recorder of tho city of
London, having received the honour of
knighthood on 16 March 1872. In 1884 ho
was elected steward of Southward

Chambers was returned to parliament in,
the liberal interest for Hertford on 7 July
1852, but lost his seat at the general oloctioix
of March 1857, Returned on 12 July 1,85
for Marylebono, he continued to represent
that constituency until the general election
of November 1885. As a reformer ho waw
best known for his persistent advocacy of tho
inspection of convents and of the loga iBation
of marriage with a deceased wife's ttit,ei%
1 By his death, at his residence in Gloucester
Place, Portman Square, on 24 Dec. 1891,
London lost an assiduous public functionary,
His remains were interred (80 Dec.) in tfio
family vault in All Saints' Church, Hertford*

Chambers married on 7 May 1851 Diana
(& 1877), daughter of Peter White of
Brighton, by whom he had issue,

An ' Address on Punishment and Eefor*
mation,' delivered by Chambers at tho Lon-
don meeting of the National Association for
the Promotion of Social Science in 1862. is
printed in the Transactions ' of tlie associa-
tion. He was joint author with George
Tattersall of 'The Laws relating to Build-

MtMropulilan

Act, KixtuivH, I timmuu-.o;&i-,, London, 1
^ino; also, with A. T. T. Pott-won, of * A
Troat-iwo on tho LM.W of liailvvay Ooiupanioe
in their I'Wmiition, huiorporatmn, and (io-
V(TntiiMt, with an aliNtrac,t of tho Htatutos
and a tuhlo of fonuH,' Ijoudou, JH1H, Hvo,
|I (1 oHtor'H Mon at thu Uar and Haronotu^e;
(\m\,. Ma;% IHol, ii. 7<); UUHHJUW'H
(* ({(M-tfonl '), ii, 8-1 ; Motnlmrn of
nioiiil IwU) ; .UiuiNurd'H JV1, Del).
Urd nnt\ cxxiv cxliii,, dsxxt-n'xov. ; Vanity
Fair, aii Nov. LSH-t ; Tiiuon, lift Dee. I Ml; Ann
Hnf*. I87li ii, JJdH, IHSU ii, ail; Law Tiiuwj
2 ,lun. 1 Kill! ; t a\v Jouru, a ,Iuu, I Wi)U ; Lotulou'w
Itoll of l^jums il- **'' l.| *f. M, It,

CHAMPAIN, Sut JOHN 11. B.

OirANDLIflll, MMNUY WlLI.fAM
(IHL'H'IHSO), Hcholnr, only non of Uobert
(JJuuidlor, of London, wan l>in\ in London
on U Jan, IHiH. [{\n cwly t^luoatioti was
noj(lutiMl t btit, hy dilijpmt study iutho(,hiild
hall t Library ho m-qumul enough (h'coliand
Latin to tmahln him to mntritMihttn at ( )x-
fordim ^ Jiinu IH18. On 8 lw, 1K51 ho
took a Mdi(lai*Hhi]i nt INmibroko Uolh^n, ol'
which on -1 Nov. IrtWi litnviw rtwhul follow,
having tfraduiilwl U*A, (limt chiHH in litwa
JuMHMuwt'M) m tho pnuuuling' y(tr. lit? pi-o
c<ul?d JM,A in 1855, wan for Homo ytmra
Inctunirand ttitor at hw csolli^o, and* Iuld
tho Waynllot, chair of mow- and ml,a-
phyHical ])luhHophy Irotn 1H(J7 until his
duath. Aftnr tlui puhliciation of an, inaugural
imitnws, * Tlu rhihwophy of Mind; a Oorrne-
tiv for HOMO KrwrH oi f the Day,' Lou<lun,
1S(>7, Hvo, ho confinwl himHlf to' oral toadi-
in#. HiK lavourito topic wan fthw Ni coma-
chan EthitJH, of which him oxpowtion wa
aculo and wtimulathig. Uo livod tho life
of a Hcholarly nwhwo, duvuUid to tho study
of Amtotlo and hin connwontatom, and JH
undorHtood to huvt mniuuwdc.oimmH materials
for aj^ edition of tho matv>i * FragtnotxtH/
in which h wan nnham>ily fonwuilliid by
tho (Gorman Hcholar, Vahmtia KOHU, In
1KH4 ho \yan appointed curator of tJlio
Bodloian Library* An onthuHiiwjtic biblio*
'.)hilo, ho Bignahwod \m acoemion to oflioo
oy a strong protent. a^ainHt the practice of
lending the mm printed liookw and mamj-
Bcripts presorved in that vonurablo repoHi*
tory (atnj vqfra). \}y way of aUtsrnativo
ho proposed tho reproduction of toxt. by
photoffraphy, and w mid to havo hud an
Arabic manuscript thuH copied for Hir IU-
chard Burton at his own ttxptuwe, M a
scholar ho was dintin :uinhd by vaafc, minuto,
and recondite learning and uxuuuuso labo-

Chandler

41I

Chapleau

was a prey to insomnia, which in his later

c&^^^^^

16 May 1889 from the effects, as certified
by inquest, of a dose of prussic acid admi-
mstered by himself at Pembroke College,
His books and manuscripts he left to Mrs.

w * ?^n e '-,

she by a deed of gift dated 17 Oct. 1889

gave them to the college on condition that
they were preserved as a separate collection;
a catalogue of the Aristotelian and philo-
sophical portions, with a sketch portrait of
Chandler by Mr. Sydney Hall, was published
anonymously in 1891.

Chandler's best work is unquestionably his
' Practical Introduction to Greek Accentua-
tion/ Oxford, 1864, Svo; 2nd edit. (Claren-
don Press ser.) 1881, Svo; of which 'The
Elements of Greek Accentuation' (Clarendon
Press ser.), 1877, Svo, is a synopsis ; but the
depth and variety of his erudition were
hardly less conspicuous in his ' Miscellaneous
Emendations and Suggestions/ London,
1866, 8vo. He also made two valuable con-
tributions to the bibliography of Aristotle,
viz. :1. 'A Catalo -ue of Editions of Aristotle's
Nicomachean Ethics, and of Works illus-
trative of them printed in the Fifteenth
Century; together with a Letter of Con-
stantinus Paleocappa, and the Dedication of
a Translation of Aristotle's Politics to Hum-
phrey, Duke of Gloucester, by Leonardus
Aretinus, hitherto unpublished/ Oxford,
1868, 4to. 2. 'Chronological Index to Edi-
tions of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, and
of Works illustrative of them from the
Ori-in of Printing to the Year 1799/ Ox-
fore, 1878, 4to.

His minor works are as follows: 1. 'An
Examination of Mr, Jelfs Edition of Aris-
totle's Ethics/ Oxford, 1856, Svo. 2. * A
Paraphrase of the Nicomachean Ethics of
Aristotle. Book the First/ Oxford, 1859,
Svo. 3. ' Five Court Kolls of Great Cres-
flingham in the County of Norfolk, translated (
with an Introduction and Notes/ London,
1885, Svo. 4 'On Lending Bodleian
Books and Manuscripts ' (privately printed),
1886? 5. *0n Book-lending as practised
at the Bodleian Library/ Oxford, 1886,
Svo. 6. 'Further Kemarks on the Policy
of Lending Bodleian Printed Books and
Manuscripts/ Oxford, 1887. 7. * Some Ob-
servations on the Bodleian Classed Cat*-

lation of British Museum Addit MS 140*0

Chandler edited In 1873 the < Letters,
Lectures, and Reviews, including the PhronI
tisterion' of his friend, Henry Loinmeville
Manselfq v]

t F Ster ' S AkmEi Oxon - 1715-1886 ; Qsfoid
Honours Beg.; Classical Baview, ni. 321 Ox-

ford Mag. 22 May 1889; Oxford Benew, 16,
18, 20 May 1889 ; Times, 17 May 18S9; Ann,'
&eg. 1889, ii. 145; Buigon's Lives of Twelve
Good Men, 203, 211-24; Cat. of the Aaristo-
telian and Philosophical Portions of the Library
of H w - Chandler, 1891 ; Brit, Mus. Cat/

. ^^ . , w J - ^ 3 -

CHANDLER or CEATO3DLEB,
THOMAS (U18P-U80), dean of Here-
f(Krd - C See CHATHTDLEB.]

CHAPLEAU, SIB JOSEPH ADOLPHE
(1840-1898), Canadian statesman, born on
9 Nov. 1840 at Sainte ThSrese de Blainvilie,
in the county of Terrebonne, in. the province
of Quebec, " where his family had been
settled for nearly a century, was the son. of
Pierre Chapleau, a mechanic, by his wife
Zoe Sigouin. He was educated at Terre-
bonne and Saint-Hyacinthe. He turned his
attention to law, and entered the office of
Messrs. Quimet, Morin, & Marchand, at
Montreal. He joined thelnstitut Canadien,
of which he eventually became president.
In December 1861 he was called to the ^bar
of Lower Canada. He then entered into
partnership with his former principals and
3egan to practise at the Montreal bar. He
showed great power as an orator, devoting
himself largely to criminal practice. He
was at one time professor of criminal ;"uris-
prudence at Laval I!niversity> and professor
of international la win the section established
in Montreal On 2 April 1873 he wns
created a queen's counsel, and in October
1874 he defended Le*pine and Nault ^ at
Winnipeg against the charge of murdering
Thomas Scott during the rebellion of Louis
Biel[q, v.]

From .1859 Oh&pleautook a prominent part
in politics, attachin himself to the conser-
vative party. In the beginning of 1862 he
acquired apecuniary interest in the tri-weekly
newspaper *Le Colonisatenr/ which he
edited for two years. 'In 1867 he was re-
turned to the fet provincial parliament after
the confederation as member for the county

Chapleau

412

Chapman

I Hill! IIP \VHH appointed luni
of Qurbot'., In 1H7S (1hnpliau obtained tho
honorary dogivo of U.O.L. from Laval Un\-
viM'Hily. In IHHl In* received the Roman
doctnration of St. Urogory the (iroat, and ou
10 Nov. IHSii that, of tho V^um nf honour
of Kniiin, and in IWMi hn was nominated
K.O.M.H, Ho died at Montreal on US Juno
IS! IS, and wa-H buriod on Hi June in the

Nov.

187-1 ho marrind Mnrin Louise, daughter of
LioutwunU-colouol CJlwi'h'H King of Sher-
brooke in thoproviwv of (^U( k lnn%

In 1SS7 a nuinbor of ( Jhiiplpau'H speeches
worn edited by A. do Ilonm'torro with tho
til. In ' L'llounrabln J, A, (Uuiplnau, Sa
Uiogniphii', miivio do HOW priueipaiuc Dis*
(Montivul, Svo).
wlwoVI, A. (Jhaploau, 1887;
n n Mou and Wnmun of t,ho Time,

huitluMW (>!inadH'n, IHU1 ; I)mtl'H
INu'lmit Unllm-y, 1H81, iv, JJ8-U (with
KONO'H tJ t yilopuilia of Canadian Hinap,,
0!M 7 ; Pawd'H MOM OontotnporiuiH,
2lt Ml; (.juniduui Purl. Companion,
Otlawa/ 1HH7; OotiVn Political Appointments,
OLlawu, 1K1HJ, | 10. I. 0.

CHAPMAN, KRIODKIUO (IHa IHOfi),

' wan the younp'Ht HOU of Mutluuu
I n i 1 1 . i .:. 1 1 ,^.^ .. 1 1 ..

Bibaud'H

portrait);
1MSH, pi).
tSO-l,

of TeiTobotmo, a noat. whioli ho retained
until ItSSsi, -when hc wafl returned to the
Canadian HOIIHO of COIUUIOIIH for tho Haiuo
place on 16 Aug., and continued to repro-
sont tho county until his appointment an
lieutenant-governor of ({,ue,>oc in 1SO&
"Upon the reeonMtruction of t,ho Oluuweau
cabinet in 187:3, under GocUum Ouimot,
Cha')loau acce])ted ollice JIB solicitor-poiuiral
oni:7 Feb., and retained it until the over- Ooto dtss NO,I^VN cometory. On

throw of the cabinet on a cluuvjo of eorrup- lu ' ? -' l - 1 M - : " ! - s " ''

tionon8Se')t. 1874. On 27 /an. l7(i ho
entered the Je Boucher ville tfovornmcmt *IH
provincial secretary and rt^iHtrar. Thi
position he retaiiuni until March 187S, when
the lieutenant-governor, Luc Letollier do
Bt. JuHt, disiniBsed tlie ministry, although
they posHcsacd a parliamentary majority,
and called the liberal leader, IL (3. Joly,
into oitico. Glunlouu btuuune hauler of tho
opposition until Holy's resignation in October
1879, when he "waa called on to form a
ministry, lie himself took tho portforion
of agriculture and public works, ^boHidort
acting as premier. His term of oHioo WUH
distinguished by the ro-ostablishiuont, of
rolatio'us botweon France and Lower Canada,
by tho foundation of a Canadian c-ommnrdal^

agency in France, and by the establishment of , -, - T .

a Hue of steamers between Havre and Mont- and Mary Chapman ot llJt^hin^HprtH^^Ue
real. He also succeeded, for the lirHt time
since 1877, in obtaining a surplus in the

budget, in which he was "assisted by tho Halo , -...--

of t'ae North Shore railway. At the general f 4. v.' , and WHH odiwa t.ot, at 1 1 itchni grammar
election of 1881 he swept the province, nchoo,. At 1 , tho i\tft\ of M^hlo(m he entetvd
carrying Fifty-three seats out of ninety-five, t-bo oniploymrnt, of Chapmnn & Hall, puh-
In 1878 Chapleau doclinod the oiler of a liHhow, a linn founded in 1H!M, of whioh nm
portfolio in the Dominion cabinet rnado to (!otiHm,'Kdward(Jha|mian,waH the head, I he
liim "by Sir John Alexander Macdonald )ubliHhin^ht)UHw WHH thon at IHUHtrand, In
[q, v.l but on 29 July 1882 he accepted the ^ft) it waw vemovtul to UW Piccadilly, and
post of secretary pi' state for Canada and it finally, in March 1 MH I ,t,ook up its quarters
registrar- general, in succession to Joseph in llonrioUa Streot, Oovont OardiMu On
A.ired tfousBoau who succeeded him as the d<Mith of William Hall (of Chapman &
premier of Quebec. On the same day ho Hall) in March I HIT Fred uric Chapman NUC-
was sworn a raeiixbcr of the privy council, coudcd him aspartiiwr, and on tlio retirtmient
On 4 July 1884 he was appointed a com- of Kdward Ohapraau in lH(l4,FwuloricObaj)-
missioner ,* and proceeded to Jritish Columbia man betmme tho head of tho ilrm. ( In thin
for the purpose of mvestigating and reporting* position ho embarked upon a pushing and
on the subject of Chinese immigration into successful policy, For a time ho jmbl'whea
Canada, in the following year he distin- tho works of fcho itrownin^w, while i.ord
guished himself by his firm attitude in regard Ly Won, A nthon y Trol lope, and ( i eorge J\1 ere-
to Louis Kiel [q,v!", whose fate aroused much dfth were all eliontn of tho (inn ^Trollopea
sympathy among tae French Canadians. At elder son was for three and a ball' yearn aH-
the risk' of an entire loss of popularity ho sociatod with (Chapman as a partner. With
maintained that Kiel had committed a great Dickens his relations wove long vorjr close,
crime and that his punishment was just. Dickenfl's connection with Ulurwmn & Hall
After Macdonald's death in 1891 he con- began in 18JJO, wlum William "I all made to
tinued in the ministry of Sir John Abbott Dickens the suggestion which ultimately led
[q. y. Suppl.] till 3 Dec. 1892, first as secre- to tho publication of the ' Pickwick Papers
taryof state and afterwards from 25 Jan. (FcmM'it, i, 07fiqq.) The linn subsequently
1892 as minister of customs. On 7 Dec, published l Nicholas Niokleby/ * Master

wan born at. Uorh Httvot, 11 it chin, in 1H"J^
in tho houso which luul bolon^'od to his

Chapman

413

Chapman

Humphrey's Clock,' ' Barnaby Rudge/ 'Old
Curiosity 'Shop,' 'Martin Chuzzlewit, 1 and
the ' Christmas Carol ; ' but in 1844 Dickens
quarrelled with the firm, and entered into
relations with Messrs. Bradbury & Eyans. In
1659, however, Dickens renewed his connec-
tion with Messrs. Chapman & Hall, who
issued the remainder of his books, and Frederic
Chapman purchased the copyright of Dic-
kens's worses upon the author's death in 1870.
In 1845 Chapman & Hall published the se-
cond edition of Carlyle's ' Life of Schiller, 1
and soon after 1880, when the business was
turned into a company, it purchased the
copyright of Carlyle's works.

Frederic Chapman projected in 1865 the
' Fortni "htly Review,' which was at first
edited 'Dy George Henry Lewes [q. v.] and
issued twice a month. When Mr. John Mor-
ley was appointed editor in 1867 it became a
monthly periodical. Mr. Morley retired from
the editorship in 1883, and was succeeded in
turn by Mr. T. H. S. Escott, Mr. Frank
Harris, and Mr. W. L. Courtney. In 1880
Chapman turned his business into a limited
company, at the head of which he remained
untf the time of his death. He died on
1 March 1895, at his house, 10 Ovington
Square, London. He was twine married.
His first wife was Clara, eldest daughter of
Joseph Woodin of Petersham, Surrey. By
her ie left a son, Frederic Hamilton Chap-
man, an officer in the Duke of CorawaLs
light infantry. His second wife, who sur-
vives him, was Annie Marion, daughter of
Sir llobert Harding, chief commissioner in
bankruptcy. By her he left a daughter,
Heine, married to Harold Brooke Alder. ^

Chapman was on intimate terms with
numerous men of letters of his day. He was
a keen sportsman a hunting man in his
earlier days, and to the last an expert snot.
" Private information ; Forster's Life of Dickens,
ed" 1876, passim; Anthony Trollope's Autobio-
graphy.] LS ' L -

CHAPMAN, SIB FREDERICK ED-
WAttD (1815-1893), general, only son of
Richard Chapmanof Gatchell, near Taiffiton,
and nephew of Sir Stephen Remnant Chan-
man [q. v.], vas born in Demerara, British
Guiana, on 16 Au '. 1815. After passing
through the Roya:. Military Academy at
Woolwich he received a commission as
second lieutenant in the ^ al u e ^i nee ^
18 June 1835. He became brevet colonel
2 Nov. 1855, regimental lieutenant-colonel
1 April 1859, major-general / Sept, lbb< ,
lieutenant-general and colonel-commandant
royal engineers 12 April 1S72, general 1 Oct.
1877.

After the usual course of professional in-
struction at Chatham, and a few months'
service at Portsmouth and Woolwich, Chap-
man went to the West Indies in November
1837, returning to England in February
1842. He spent a short time in the Dover
command, and then was employed in the
London military district until February
1846, when he went to Corfu. There he
became first known to theDuke of Cambridge,
who was commanding the troops in the
Ionian Islands. He returned home in Oc-
tober 1851, and did duty at Chatham until
the beginning of 1S54

On 13 Jan, 1854 Chapman was sent to
the Dardanelles to report on the defences
and to examine the peninsula between the
Dardanelles and the Gulf of Saros. On the
arrival of Sir John Fox Burgoyne Tq. v.] at
Gallipoli in the following month Caapman,
by his direction, surveyed tie line which
Burgoyne considered suitable for an en-
trenched position to cover the passage of
the Dardanelles. He was assisted by _jieu-
tenant (afterwards lieutenant-general) C. 15.
Ewart and Lieutenant James Burke (after-
wards killed on the Danube), and some
French and Turkish officers. In spite of
severe weather and deep snow Chapman
executed the work rapid_y, and Burgovne
took the survey with him to England to ky
before the -overnment. Chapman next ex-
amined anc surveyed the position of Buyuk
Tchekmedjie, with a view to cover Con-
stantinople by a line of defence works run-
ning from sea to sea in the event of the
advance of the Russians.

On the declaration of war Chapman was
attached to the first division, commanded by
the Duke of Cambridge, as senior engineer
officer, with Captain Montagu's company ot
royal sappers and miners under his orders.
He did cnty with this division while m
Turkey, and also for some time in the
Crimea. He took part in the battle of the
Alma on 30 Sept., and was mentioned m
despatches of 28 Sept. 1854. In October he
was appointed to the command, as director,
of the left British attack at the siege of
SebastopoL and continued in this post until
22 March 1855, when Ma r or (aiterwards
Major-general Sir) John William Gordon
fa vl the director of the nght British
attack, being severely wounded, Chapman
became executive eirineer.for the -whole
siege operations unu?r Sir Harry JJayia
Jones Fq- v.] Chapman was present at the
battle of Inkerman on 5 Nov., and distin-
guished himself throughout the siege opera-
tions, especially in the attack on the Led an
on 18 June 1855 and m the assault of b sept.

Chapman

414

Chapman

Tlo wan mentioned in doHptitc.hos of 1 1 Nov.
1S54, ^li June and i) tfopt. 1855. Uo viv-
turned homo in Novmnlwr; waw made a
companion of tlip ordor of tho Hath, \mlitary
division, on 5 July 1855, an oiliuur of tlw
Vrunch legion of honour, and ro.eoivtui tho
Crimean medal with tlmw t;liiHp, tho Wnr-
dininn and Turlciwli mudalw, and tho third
class of the Turkish order of the Modjidin,
11 WON also awarded a pension for dis-
tinguished servieo on %& Nov. 1 858,

On 8 April 1856 Chapman wan apointod
commanding 1 royal oug'uioor of tho Condon
military district, from which in Soptwnhor
1857 ho was transferred in animilar capacity
to Aldershot, From 1 flopt. 1800 ho WIVH
duputy ad]ut.antrgonoral of royal ongiuoorH at
the Herat! Guards for five yoart;. On 1 Jan.
1B6() ho went to Dover as commanding royal
engineer of the south-oaatom military dis-
trict. On 9 May, -while at Dovor, ho was
appointed a member of tho comnuHtuon to
inquire into recruiting for tho army. Ho
was promoted K.G.Ron 13 March 1807. On
8 April he was appointed governor an <^ Cnn)w
xnander-in-chuvf oi' the Bermudas. On 1 1 uly
1870 he resigned this government to accept
tho appointment of InHpector-genorul of forti-
fications and director of works at the war
office. During the live yearn he hold thin
post the works under the fortification loan
:orthe defence of the dockyards wore in i'ull
swing ; a large amount of barrack construc-
tion and alteration was in hand in connection
with the localisation of the forces, of tho
committee on which ha was appointed pre-
sident on 2 Sept. 1872.

On 2 June ~"877 Chapman was promoted
G.C.H ; on 21 Fob, 1878 he wan wmt on a
special mission to Home. He retired from
active service on 1 July 1881. Ho died at
- his residence inBelgrave'Mansionfi, Grortvimor
Gardens, London, on IS June 1 893, and wan
buried on the 17th in Kingston churchyard,
nearTaunton, Somerset, Chapman was twice
married; first, on 17 Jan, 184(5, to Ann
We&ton (d. 30 Dec, 1879), eldest daughter
of William Cox of Cheshunt and Oxford
Terrace, London; and, secondly, on 23 May
1889, to Matilda Sara (who survived him},
daughter of Benjamin Wood of Long Nown-
ton, Wiltshire, aud widow of John Ea')p,
consul-general in London for Switzerland

[War Office Eecords ; Royal Engineers' Bo-
cords; Despatches; Obituary notices in tho
Times of 15 June 1893 and in tho Royal En-
gineers Journal of July 1893; KSnglake's Inva-
sion of the Crimea; Knightages,] JR. H. V,
m CHAPMAN, JOHN (1822-1894), phy*
sician, author, and publisher, was son of a
chemist at Nottingham, where he was born

in IS-Jtl Ho \VUM npjm'iit.'mi'd to a w
mnUiT ut Wm'lvHop, Imt, nut .slaying
wit h him, wont to hi,s hrot-hur, a me

t. JU I')(linl)ui>';h, who wnt him out to
lo to Htnrt. in ItUHincsH an tv \vatdi-
and optirian. UP( timing tt> Kimmo
nlxMit IHM, 1m bnjj;nn nt inlying tniMlic.im* in
INiriw, iui<t cnntimitMl hin Nludii^ at St.
(tior^o'H lloHjiif-al, Lotulott, M'lor Hulmiit-
a bonk on human imlui-c to (jrmm, a
inli^r nml hookHhllnr 5n NnvpLt( Stnn<t f
WIIH IM! to iulco ovnr (h'i<>u*H buHtuoHH,
ho t.rnn.sforr(*(l to N'J Strand, lie
^ont lor AnuM'Inin HrniH, and in
'

Ji 2(f, in tlu^ MhiUini;' <lJHoiint to
rot ail <*UHtomin*H, (n 1H5I 1m Ixwanw rditor
and proj)i'iiUp of tin** Wont winnim- Ivovunv/
l(obort ( WiUinm Mackny |q, v.'| hnitig for a
titm^ kin uMnoHiit., Mary Ann Mvann \tm
OuoHrt, MAUV ANK for two ytjurn ri^iihul
with him us Miil<u,itor ut tlm puhliHliiu^
olliwM, M:^ St-mn<L On '1 May lH5^0hap-
mau <',onv<n<(l a iu<^th^ of mi thorn to pro-
toHt iipvinHt puUlwluTH' rt^uluti(nH which
fol,tnnd tho walo of boolw. (,/harhss Di^tonfl
pmmtlwl, ami Bnhlii|;u, Tom Taylor, Oruik-
nlmnk, and I'rolnKMor Owtm \viiro prowont.
JCtuiM'Hon, of whom ( 'luipmiui WUH an avhuirt^
visit ml him in Lomlon, and ho had nocial,
litiu'ary, or ImsinoHM rulatioiiH wit.li John
Stuart Mill, l<\ VV, Ncjwman, Louin Blanc,
Giirlylfy (}opgo (?ombo f J. A. Frondo, (I, II.
Low!H, W, U, Uryant, Harriot aii<l Jlamos
JVlartwwiu, mid UorlwH HjKwsr, .

and poltt>ical rolonmn'H, who iotiml in him a
warm Mympnthwor. On (t May 1 857 ho took
ft^miid'usnl <logm^ at. Mt, AndnwH, and prac-
t\md OH a physiciaxii Ht^ advocated tho ap-
plicdiion of an inbay t.o tlm Hpino aH a
romdy particularly , s or wrwckmi and
cholnra, in March* 1HGO l\u handwl over Inn
->ubliHliin# biiMiiuwH to (Joorjafo Man waring.
"n 1874 h<* n,mov^d to I'liriw, whuro ho
also ^atihorud round him m<*n of advanced
views, Ntill flontiiuiiiijaf, with hi wift^H itHfliflt-*
anco, to dit the ' WttHtmiiiHttir Itovinw,*
lit* ditid in Park on SJ5 Nov. 1894, from the
roBult of buitift rtm ovt^r by a cab.

Chapman <.ditod and publinhod *0ha>
man's Library for tlw V<w->l/ 1 5 noH, IHJi -
1854, and i Clunmau'H -iuartovly Soritift/
7 vols, WifM. Hin orignual worki include:
1. ' Human Nattiws 1 1K-M. &< OharaotoriB-
ties of Men of (tonhw,' 1H-I7, 3, 'Th Book-
selling 1 Byattun,' 185^, 4, * Chloroform and
other AnmMthct it w/ 1859, 5, *0hmtian Ita-
vivals,' 1800. (J, ' Functional DiHordow of
the Stomach; 1804. 7, < Diarrhotia and
,0holwa,' 1BU5. 8, <

Chappell

415

Chappell

9. 'Medical Institutions of the United
Kingdom,' 1870. 10. l Prostitution,' 1870.
11.' Neuralgia,' 1873. 12. ' Medical Charity/
1874.

[Personal knowledge ; Athenaeum, November,
December, 1894, pp. 755, 790, 828; American
Critic, September 1899, p. 782; New York Critic,
September 1899, p. 782 ; Cross's Life of George
Eliot.] J. G. A.

CHAPPELL, WILLIAM (1809-1888),
musical antiquary, was born in London on
20 Nov. 1809. His father, Samuel Chappell,
soon after the son's birth, entered into
partnership with Johann Baptist Cramer [q.v.]
and F, T. Latour, , and opened a musie-
-oublishing business at 124 New Bond Street.
In 1826 he became sole partner, and in 1830
was established at 50 New Bond Street,
where he died in December 1834.

"William, his eldest son, then managed the
business for his mother until 1843. They
employed a shopman of Scottish birth, who
frequently boasted of the folk-music of Scot-
land, and sneered at English folk-music as
non-existent or unimportant; these taunts
impelled ChaToell to the study of English
folVtunes and" ballads, and aroused the preju-
dice af ainst Scottish music, so frequently per-
ceptib" e in his writings. In 1838 he issued
his first work, 'A Collection of National
English Airs, consisting of Ancient Song,
BaJad, and Dance Tunes,' in two volumes,
one containing 245 tunes, the second some
elucidatory remarks and an essay on Eng-
lish minstrelsy. The airs were harmonised
by Macfarren, Dr. Crotch, and Wade ; only
Macfarren's were adequate, Wade's being
too slight, and Crotch's too elaborate. The
musical historians, Hawkins and Burney,
had given little attention to folk-music.
Busby, though writing with the avowed
intention of atoning for Barney's injustice
to the Elizabethan madrigalists, had also
neglected the popular art. ChappeU was
the first who seriously studied traditional
English tunes, and his publication was
epoch-making. In 1840 Chappell became a
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He
took an active part in the formation of the
Percv Society, for which he edited John-
son's 'Grown Garland of Golden Roses.'
He projected the Musical Antiquarian So-
ciety, to publish and perform early English
compositions, and established madrigal-smg-
, in? *W a small choir at his premises m New
Bond Street. Most of the leading English
musicians joined the society, which began
publishing in 1841; Gha-apell acted as trea-
surer and manager of ^.^^^,2?
about five years. He edited the twelfth
volume, Dowland's ' First Booke of Souges

or Ayres,' but inexplicably omitted Dow-
land's accompaniments. The society's pub-
lications were in cumbersome and expensive
folios, and the members soon fell away until
the society dissolved in 1843. The Chappell
family hac in 1843 made an arrangement by
virtue of which William retired from the
business. In 1845 he bought a share in the
publishing business of Cramer & Co., which,
was then called Cramer, Beale, & Chappell.
He patiently continued nis investigations into
antiquarian music,and waited till 1S55 before
issuing an improved edition of his collection.
It was renamed e Popular Music of the Olden
Time,' and arranged ki two octavo volumes^
letterpress and music interspersed. The tunes
were harmonised by Mact'arren. Immense
learning and research are displayed through-
out the work, which at once became the
recognised authority upon the subject. It
suffers from ChappelTs prejudices against
Scotland and everything Scottish ; and Dr.
Burney, who did not appreciate Elizabethan
madrigals, is repeatedly attacked with un-
'ustifiable exaggeration, notably in the pre-
face. A new edition, edited by Professor
H. E. Wooldridge, appeared in 1592, with
the title ' Old English Popular Music,' and
the tunes re-harmonised on the basis of the
mediae val modes; this edition is practically
a new work.

In 1861 Chappell retired from the firm of
Cramer Co. He suffered from writers'
palsy for several years, but eventually re-
covered. He acted as honorary treasurer of
the Ballad Society, for which he edited three
volumes of the ' Boxburgh Ballads ' (London,
1869 &c. 8vo). He was also an active
member, and for a time treasurer, of the
Camden Society. He gave most important
assistance in the publication of Cousse-
maker's ' Scriptores de Musica' (4 torn. Paris,
1863-76). The celebrated double canon,
* Sumer is icumen in/ whose existence in a
thirteenth-century manuscript is the most
inexplicable phenomenon in the Mstory of
music, was long studied by Chap^eH ^ a fac-
simile in colours served as the frontispiece
of his 'Popular Music of the Olden. Time/
and he finally succeeded in identifying the
handwriting as the work of Johannes _ de
Fornsete. and in showing that the writer
died on 19 Jan. 1239 or 1240 (Proceedings of
the Musical Association, 3 March 18*9 and
fi "FVh 1 S8"^V

In 'l874 Chappell published the first
volume of a < History of Music,' dealing only
with the tone-art of ancient Greece and
Home. A long controversy was aroused
bv this work His prejudices agamrt Dr.
B'urney once more found vent. A large

Chard

416

Chard

part of tlio impression waft doHtroyttd by liro.
This loss seems to have dispirit od Cluqnoll,
as he did not continue tho work, in w.iieh
Dr. Uinaburg and E. F. Kinibault -wore to
have collaborated. To ' Arcluooloafia' (vol.
xlvii.) lie contributed a paper on t.io Gwok
musical characters which are to bo found,
phonetically written, in several aorvico-
"oooks of the Aji^lo- Saxon church, At the
foundation of tie Musical Association in
1874 he was appointed a vice-president, and on
5 Nov. 1877 lie read a profound and original
paper on ' Music a Science of Num>,rH,'
5uring the latter part of his life ho lived
mostly at Weybridge, but died at his Lon-
don residence, 53 Upper Brook Street, on
20 Aug. 1888.

Though Chappell published but few works,
lie exercised a deep influence on the study of
musical history in England; and each one,
whether small or largo.'contained the rotwltR
of long and patient research, and romain.s a
standard work of reference. But he never
freed himself from his early prejudices against
Scotch music and Dr. Burney.

[ChappeU's articles iu QTOVO'H Dictionary of
Music and Musicians, i. 3!W, 414, ii. 410;
Concordia ; Times, 22 and 23 Aug. 1888 ; Noton
and Quorios, 7th aer. vi. 160; MUH'KM,! TiniOH,
September 1888; J5anistor'a Life of Maciamm,
pp. 135, 270 ; Kidwon's British JVtuHic .Pub-
lishers, pp. 33, 35, 224,] 11. L).

CHARD, JOHN ROUSE MTCURTOTT

(1847-1897), colonel, royal onginoorH, the
hero of llorko'a Drift, socond son of William
Whoaton Chard (d. 1874) of Pabhe, Somur-
set, and Mount Taraar, near Plymouth, De-
vonshire, and of lua wifp Jane (<L IHHfi),
daughter of John Hart Brimacombe of S toko
Climsland, Cornwall, was born at Boxhill,
near Plymouth, on 21 Dec. 1S47. Educatod
at Plymouth new grammar school, ho pawflod
through the Royal Military Acadoray at
Woolwich, and obtained a commission m
lieutenant in the royal engineers on 15 July
1868. His further commissions "wtiro dato.d:
captain and brevet major 23 Jan. 1870,
regimental ma; or 17 July 1886, lioutonaxxt-
colonel 8 Jan. 1893, colonel 8 Jan. 1897.

After the usual course of professional in-
struction at Chatham, Chard embarked in
October 1870 for the Bermudas, whence, in
February 1874, he went to Malta, and re-
turned home in A-oril 1875. On 2 Dec.
1878 he left England with the 6th company,
royal engineers, for active service in the
Zulu war. On arrival at Durban, on 4 Jan.
1879, the 5th company was attached to
Brigadier-general Glyn's column and marched
to Helpmakaar (150 miles), Chard being
sent on in advance with a few men. Whon

Lord CJholmsFord ontoivd /nlulund with
(Jlyn'rt column bo o.roswMl thn Itniliilo rivt*r
at Ho vkn'n Drift, whore ('hard was wtationod,
On Si!i Jan. ('hard was loll in command of
thifl post by Major Spalding, who wont lo
Holpmakaar to fiurry forward a company of
tho iMth rogiwont,

Uorko's Drift post oonMiMtod of a kraal, a
comnussaivat storo, and a small hospital
building. Ulianl wooived ospooial ordors to
protoot thopont sor il ving bridgos (in tho rivor,
and waH watching tliom ahont. tluvo o'clock
on tho ai'tornoon of ^ Jan. whon 1 jioutonanfc
Adondorir and a (.'arahinoor galloped up and
orossod by tlw pouts from tho disastrous
ImUl of Isandhlwana. Olmnl at otuw mado
to do fond tho post to tho last*
jiwsistod by 1 aou tenant Brom-
of tho* iMlh Foot/ Mr. Dalt-on of tho
^nrproon U(\ynohls, and othor
ho loopholod and barricadtul tho
Ht;on%nnd hospital bnildin ys, oomjootod thorn
by walls r-onsirnr-Uul wit.i moalio bag'H and
a couplo of wuf^ons t brought, up tho guard
from, tho pouts, nnd saw that ovory man
know his post, An hour tutor, sounds of
iirin^' woro hoard, tho nat.ivo horso and
infantry, soixod with a |>ani(% wont oil" to
Holpntakaar, and Um pirr'iMon wan thus ro-
(Inwul to a company of tbo i!1t-h loot about
oifrhl-y strong, undju* I/iontonantt Uromhoad,
and somo <lnt>ails f amounting in all to oi^ht
odu'.ors and UM non-fontmiHsionod ofncors
and won, of whom thirtv-livo wow sick in
hospital. CotiHidoring 1 Ins Into of dolonco to
bo too cxtondoti for tbo diiuiuishod ^arrinon,
Ohard cmmtructod an iwtor ontronc imunt of
bisiuut tins, and had just complotod a wall
two boxoH high wluin* Um oiuuny wort* seen
advancing at a run,

Tho Ziiins woro mot with a woll-suHtainod
iiro, but, taking advantage of tho covor af-
forded bytilio oookhouHo and atuu'HMorioM out-
Rido 1;h( dolonco, ropliwl with hoavy mus-
ketry volley H, whilo a largo nmn&u 1 ran
round tho kospital and mado a rush upon
tho mtnilio-bag hroantworlc. A11',ir a short
but dftflpwato strn^lc^ th(\y wt^ro drivon off
with heavy loss, , r 'n tho inoantimcs tho main
body, ovor two thousand strong, had coma
up, linod tho rocks, occupied tho cavofl ovor*
looking tho post, and kept u") a constant
lire, whilo another body of %u ,us eonooalod
thomaolvos iti tho hollow of the road and in
tho surrounding bush, and wore ablo to ad-
vance close to the post;. Thoy Boon hold
one whole side of wall, while a series of
assaults on tho othor woru rupollod at tlie
point of the bayonet.. They sot tho hospital
on tire. It was dofondod room by room, and
as many of tho sick as poa^ible removed

Chard

417

Charles

before the garrison retired. The fire from
the rocks had grown so severe that Chard
was forced to withdraw his men within the
entrenchment of biscuit tins. The blaze of
the hospital in the darkness of the night
enabled the defenders to see the enemy, and
also to convert two mealie-bag heaps into a
sort of redoubt to give a second line of fire.

The little garrison was eventually forced
to retire to the inner wall of the kraal.
Until past midnight assaults continued to
be mace and to be repulsed with vigour, and
the desultory fire die not cease until four
o'clock in the morning. When day broke
the Zulus were passing out of si-ht. Chard
patrolled the ground, collectec the arms
of the dead Zulus, and strengthened the
position as much as possible. About seven
o'clock the enemy again advanced from the
south-west, but fell back on the appearance
of the British third column. The number
of Zulus killed was 350 out of about three
thousand the wounded were carried off.
The British force had fifteen killed and
twelve wounded.

Chard's despatch, which was published in
a complimentary general order by Lord
Chelmsford, is remarkable for its simplicity
and modesty. It was observed at the time :
' He has spoken of every one but himself. 7
The successful defence of Rorke's Drift saved
Natal from a Zulu invasion, and did much
to allay the despondency caused by the
Isandhlwana disaster. On the arrival of re-
inforcements in Natal in April the force was
reorganised. Chard's company was placed
in the flying column under Brigadier-general
([Sir) Evelyn Wood, and was engaged in all
its operations, ending with a snare in the
victorious battle of jlundi on 4 July 1879.
On the occasion of the inspection of Wood's
flying column on 16 July by the new com-
mander of the forces, Sir Garnet (now Yis-
count) Wolseley, Chard was decorated in
the presence of the troops with the Victoria
Cross for his rallant defence of Rorke's Drift
on 22 and 28 Jan. He was also promoted
to be captain and brevet major from the
date of tae defence, and received the South
African war medal.

On his return to England, on 2 Oct., he
met with a very enthusiastic reception, and,
after a visit to the queen at Balmoral, was
the recipient of numerous addresses and
presentations from public bodies, among
which may be mentioned Chatham, Taunton,
and Plymouth where the inhabitants pre-
sented him -with a sword of honour.

After serving for two vears at Devonport,
six years at Cyprus, anc five years in the
nortli- western military district, Chard sailed

TOL. I. STTP.

for Singapore on 14 Dec. 1892, where he was
commanding royal engineer for three years.
On his return home, in January 1898, he
was appointed commanding royal engineer
of the Perth sub-district ; but" he was at-
tacked by cancer in the tongue, and died
unmarried at his brother's rectory of Hatch-
Beauchainp, near Taunton, on 1 ]Js ov, 1897 ;
he was buried in the churchyard there
on 5 Nov. The queen, who in the pre-
vious July had presented him with the
Jubilee medal, sent a laurel wreath with
the inscription *A mark of admiration and
regard for a brave soldier from his sovereign/
A memorial window has been placed is
Hatch-Beauchamp church, and his brother
officers have placed a memorial of him ia
Rochester Cathedral. A bronze bust of
Chard, the replica of a marble bust by G.
Papworth in possession of his brother-in-
law, Major Barrett, was unveiled in the
shire hall, Taunton, on 2 Nov. 1898, by Lord
Wolseley, who observed on the occasion
that it was fitting that a bust of Chard should
be placed alongside those of Blake and Speke,
as representatives of the county. Chard's
figure is a prominent feature in the oil paint-
ings of the defence of Rorke's Drift by A. de
Neuville and by Lady Butler.

[Wai Office Becords; Royal Engineers' Re-
cords ; Despatches; Times, 3 and 6 ifov. 1897;
Royal Engineers Journal, 1879 and 1897 ; Cele-
brities of the Century, 1890; Official Nairatire
of the Field Operations connected with the Zulu
War of 1879; Standard, 3 Nov. 1898; private,
sources.] E. . V,

CHARLES, MRS. ELIZABETH (1828-
1896), author, only child of John Rundle,
M.P. for Tavistoek, was born at the Bank,
Tavistock, 2 Jan. 1828. There she lived until
the age of eleven (she has described her own
early life in that of Bride Danescombe in.
* Against theStream/ 1873), whenherparents
removed to Brooklands, near Tavistock, the
house of her maternal grandfather. She was
educated at home by governesses and tutors,
and began to write very early. James Anthony
Fronde, whom she sometimes saw, criticised
her juvenile performances, and detected
touches of genius in the c Three Trances/ In
1848 Tennyson, while on a visit to 3Iiss
Bundle's uncle, read some of her poems in
manuscript. He oraised especially the lines
on the ' Alpine "aentian/ and made some
verbal criticisms on the 'Poet's Daily
Bread' (ef. TEITCTYSOS, Memoir, i. 278).

Her first printed story, * Monopoly/ was
inspired by Miss Martineau's political
economy tales. A visit to France, combined
with the Oxford movement, strongly at-
tracted her to the Eoman catholic church,

E E

Charles

418

Charles

but the influence of a Swiss protest ant;
pastor effectually prevented her coirvorHion,
She remained all her lite a strong Anglican,
but with a wide tolerance. Sho numbornd
among her closest friends 'Roman catholics,
nonconformists, and many of no pronounced
faith.

Miss Bundle published her first original
book, * Tales an Sketches of Christian I Jifo
in different Lands and Ages/ in 18AO, In
1851 she married Andrew Paton GharlcB,
arid went to live at Ilampstoad, Her hun-
band owned a soap and candle factory at
Wapping 1 , and Mrs, Charles worked among
the employ6s and among the poor of tho
district. She lived next in Tavlstoek
Square, London, where, in consequence of
the loss of their fortune, her parents joined
her. Her father died on 4 Jan. 18(54.' For
the sake of her husband's health ahe ID ado a
four months' journey in Kpypt and the Holy
Land, Turkey, the Greek islands, and Italy,
She gave some account of her travels m
' Wanderings over Bible Lauds and Soas/
1861. Ancrew Cameron, the' editor of the
' Family Treasury/ a Scottish magazine,
ottered Mrs. Charles 40QZ. for a story about
Luther for his periodical, This was tho origin
of her best-known book, ' The Chronicles" of
the Schonberg-Cotta Family/ whicli was
published in 18G2. It passed through nume-
rous editions, and has been translated into
most European languages, into Arabic, and
some of the dialects of India. Her husband
died of consumption on 4 Juno 1868, and Mr,
Charles and her mother removed to Victoria
Street, Westminster, where the friendship of
Dean and Lady Axigusta Stanley did much
to awaken Mrs. Charles to new intoreBtfl and
hopes after her bereavement. Her remi-
niscences of Lady Augusta Stanley, contri-
buted to ' Atalanta/ and afterwards (1892)
published by the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, although slight, are
full of interest. ]Lrs. Charles travelled at
this time in Scotland, Ireland, Switzerland,
and North Italy, and in 1894 built herself
a house at Combo Edge, Hanrostead, She
had inherited nothing from either fatlvor or
husband. When her books became remunera-
tive her husband invested the proceeds for
her own use. The copyright of the c SehcJn-
berg-Cotta Family* sold for 150J., to which
the publisher added another 100J. She never
again sold a copyright, and the royalties on
her subsequent 'iooks, which numbered about
fifty, enabled her to live in comfort. Her
interests were not confined to literature;

she regularly attended the meetings of the

North Loncon Hospital for Consumption ;

one of the first-meetings of the Metropolitan

for Bofriomlin^ Young- Horvunts
was held at hor homo; and H!M founded in
1885, at. IIaip ; Hl,<wd,t,ho I lomo for tho Dyinif
known OH * KriiMlrnhoim.' Her mother died
on 17 April IMHl) f amlhorowndiMith toohplaco
on "J8 March 1 SS)(5. Sho wan buriod on 1 April
following m tho churchyard of JlampHload
pn firth church. HOT friondH and admirers
wrpHlmatud hnr memory hy widowing a
>tul in tho North London' Hospital for Con-
Ktunpt.jon at, Mount Vornoniutho December
following hor (loath.

Mrs, CharioH wrote a Himplo idiomatic
Htylu, and hor books tonoh nlinost, twory cnn-
tury of (v(iry country of (/lirwtcndoiu, 'T
ar<5 inti

of mil pi^rsoiin^oH liko (Author (i,H(l Molan*
chUion, hu'.k lit\^ atul vivacity. Many of hor
wril.ing'H w<ro piiblishod by tho Noiuoty for
Promoting (jhristiian Knowlod^o, Tlu\y
wont through many editions and word much
road in Auxu'ir,a, * Uy th MywU^ry of Thy
Holy fncarnalJon^ ( IHIM) 1 ) contains' llw npi-
tomo of hor roli^mun lit.li, In jxdii.ioH wlia
was a^Htvon^ and (liMiiclrd Hhoml Among
hor fri(uuls and corrospondnnt.s wcro l*us<\y,

Tho btm^portmit 1 . of her is a crayon draw-
hig donn aftor hor death by Miss (lill, Kro^-
ntil, Hutnimioady m whoso >oHHoSHion it Bt'll
is, A picturo of hor as a g.rl is hi tho pos-
BOBflion of U.obovt (Jluirlos,

Mrs, OharlH*H works include: L * Host in
Christ, or tho Crucifix and tho Gross,' 18-18:
Sntl <Mlit 1WK). a, <Talo an<l Sketches
of Christian lafo in dtflnnmt i-andn and
Agog/ 1850, ii < Th Two Voca,t,ions/ JH58.
4, * Th<s Orip]iUi of Antioch, 1 !Hf*0 ; r*-irintd
1 870, 5, <Tho Voiof (JHriHtian Vifo m
Bon tf IHfifi ; nw wlit, I HU7. . < Tho TJirw
Wadn^H/ IHTJ)J wprintod IH(K). 7* 'Tho
Black Hhr>; 18(U ; nnriniotl !87. H. *Tho
Martyrfl o? H]ain and ^iboratprR of Holland/
18U2j rwpriutod I870j Hpanish translation,
187L 9. t Wandorin^H ovor Biblo Landft
and SHOB,' 1 803. 10, * Hk<tchR of Christian
Life in England in tho Oldon Timo/ 1804,

11. 'Diary of Mrs. Kitty Trevyly an/ 1865,

12. 'Winifred Bertram and tho 'World flho
lived in/ 18(5(1 18, 'Tho Dray tons and tho
Davenants/ J8C7. 14. On lioth Sides of
the Boa/ 1808, 15. 'The Victory of the
Vanquished/ 1871, 1(5. ' Against thtiRtnuim/
1873. 17. 'Oonqucrmff and to Ooncuer/
1876, IS, 'Tho 'Bertram Family/ :87(>.
19, 'Lapsed hut not Lost;/ 1877; Butch
translation, 1884, 20. ' Joan tho Muid/ 1879.
2L 'Sketches of the Wom*m of Christendom/
1880. 22* ' Songs Old and Now' (collected

Chaundler

419

Chaundler

poems), 1882; new edit. 1894 23. 'An
Old Story of Bethlehem,' 1884. Between
1885 and 1896 she published sixteen religious
"books for the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge.

[Our Seven Homes : autobiographical remi-
niscences, edited by Mary Davidson, 1896 ; pri-
vate information,] E. L.

CHAUNDLEB, or CHANDLER,
THOMAS (1418 P-1490), warden of Win-
chester and New Colleges and dean of Here-
ford, was born about 1418 in the parish of
St. Outhbert's, Wells. At the end of May
1480 he was admitted scholar of Winchester
College, and on 1 May 1435 he was elected
scholar of New College, Oxford. He became
fellow on 1 May 1437, graduated B.A. and
M.A., and in 1444 served the office of proctor.
He was admitted B.D. on 8 Feb. 1449-50,
and on 18 Nov. following was elected warden
of Winchester Colleje. On 9 March 1450-
1451 he supplicated for the degree of B.
Can. L., and on 15 July 1452 he was col-
lated by his friend and fellow- Wykehamist,
Thomas Beckington [q . v.], to the chancellor-
ship of Wells Cathedral. On 22 Feb. 1453-
1454 Chaundler was elected warden of New
College ; on 22 Oct. following he supplicated
for the degree of B.C.L., but ' vacat ' is noted
on the margin of the register, and on 3 March
1454-5, as warden of New, he graduated
D.D. On 6 July 1457, on the resignation
of George Neville (1433P-1476) Jq.v.J
Chaundler was elected chancellor of Oxford
University; he held the office until 15 May
1461, when Neville was again appointed,
and from 1463 to 1467 Chaundler acted as
vice-chancellor.

Outside the university Chaundler held
many ecclesiastical preferments. He was
rector of Hardwick, Buckinghamshire, parson
of Meonstoke, Hampshire, and prebendary of
Bole in York Cathedral in 1466. On 25 Feb.
1466-7 he was admitted chancellor of York,
and in the same month he was granted a
canonry and prebend in St. Stephen's, West-
minster (LE NEVE ; Cal. Patent Rolls, 1461-
1467, p. 539). Soon afterwards he became
chaplain to Edward IV, and on 18 Dec. 1467
was granted the rectorv of All Hallows,
London. He resigned t jis living in 1470,
and on 15 Au . 1471 was collated to the
prebend of Cacington Major in St. Paul's
Cathedral. He gave up this prebend in 1472,
and on 4 June was re-elected chancellor of
Oxford University, George Neville having
sided against Edward IV during Warwick's
revolt. Chaundler held the chancellorship
until 1479, serving during the same period
on the commission of the peace for Oxford;

he resigned the wardenship of New College
in 1475. On 27 Jan. 1475-6 he was col-
lated to the prebend of Wildland in St. Paul's
Cathedral, and in the following month he
exchanged the prebend of Cadington Major
for that of South Muskham in Southwell
Church. On 23 March 1481-2 he was in-
stalled dean of Hereford; he resigned the
prebend of South Muskham in f485, the
chancellorship of York in 1486, and the
prebend of Wildland before 1489; but on
-6 Dec. 1486 he received the prebend of
Gorwall and Overbury in Hereford Cathe-
dral. He died on 2 Nov. 1490, and was
buried in Hereford Cathedral,

Chaundler was a scholar and author, as
well as an ecclesiastic and man of affairs.
His Latinity is praised by Leland, and it
was he who appointed the Italian, Cornelio
Vitelli [q. v.], prelector of New College, his
oration in reply to Vitelli's first lecture being
extant in Leland's time. Vitelli is said to
have been the earliest teacher of Greek at
Oxford [ci art. GEOOTST]. Chaundler him-
self was author of a sacred drama in four
acts, extant in Trinity College, Cambridge,
MS. E. 14, 5 (Bekynton Corresp. pp. xlix-1).
It appears to belong to the usual type of
morality plays, but is remarkable for the
series o? fourteen tinted drawings executed
by Chaundler himself, and possessing great
artistic merits. On the reverse of folio 8 is
a representation of Chaundler giving the
manuscript to Beckington, then bishop of
Wells, and the manuscript which was seen
at Wells by Leland was presented to Trinity
College, Cambridge, by Thomas Neville (d.
1615) [q. v J, master of Trinity College. The
same manuscript contains several of Chaund-
ler's letters to J5eckington, which are printed
in the 'Bekynton Correspondence' (Jtolls
Ser* ed. G. Williams), Similar evidence of
Chaundler's artistic skill is given in his other
work,* Collocutiones septem de laudabili vita
et moribus nobilibus antistitis WUlelmi
W~keham . . cum prolo-o ad Thomam de
Birvnton,' written in 14 '2, and extant in
NewCollegeMacclxxxTiii(CoxE, Gu&XSSL
in Colleges Aufague Qxm.) ; two of Chamid-
x ler's drawings illustrating this manuscript
one of Winchester College, and the^other re-
presenting eminent Wykehamists, including
\3haundler himself are reproduced in Mr.
A. F. Leach's 'Winchester College,' 1899,
and this manuscript is one of the chief
authorities for Wykeham's life. Chaundler
is also said to have been secretary of state
under Henry VI and Edward IV, but no
confirmation of thisstateinent has beenfound.
[Cal. Patent Bolls, 1461-1477; Le Setrt
Fasti Eccl. AngL ed. Hardy, passim; Newecmrt'a

EE2

Chcsncy

420

Chcsncy

Repertorium Ecel. Londin. ; ITonnessy's Novum very sovoroly woundod at tho aunault of Delhi
Rep. Keel. Londin. pp. xxvi, 55, 83 ; Bofcynfcon on 1-1 Hopt, .Ilo was montionod in diwpat.ch<
Corresp, (Rolls Ser.), passim, esp. Introi,, pp. (London Gfdzt'Mf, 15 DM, lHf>7), and rocmved
xh'i, atlix-1 ; Rog. Univ. Oxon.i. 8, .Munimonta ^ho modal with chiHp and a brovet majority
Acad., Collocranpa, ii. 338-42, and ^Kpistolflo for liis Horviiuw.

Acad. (Oxford Hist. Soc.); G-Ascoigtifl'H Loci o OnrncovoriDfjffroinluswouiidHC/hortnoywiia 1
Libro Veritatum, od. Thorold Bogors, p. /J18 ; m ^ ](}( \ | (0 Oahsulta, vrlurolo waw nitido pwwi-

and uttractod
i<lginnnt,tind
public quoH- 1
, ituvitw*'

Wincheater Coll. passim ; Bernard's Cat. MBS. m connoctiou with public worlw, and Hhottly
Auglise; Coxe*s Cat. MSS. in Coll. Auliatjuo after ho was Holuitod tojonn a now dtyart-

A. 1\ I*. mont of accounts, of which luuvaw appoint od

tbo htMid in IK(50. In IHIJ7 ho wont on fur-
CHESNEY, SIB GEORGE TOMKYNS lough to .Midland, atid in 1K(W -)i;l)liMliod \m
(1830-1895), general, colonel-commandant work on * nduin .Polity: a Vuw of tlu
royal (late Bengal) engineers, youngest of WyrtUsm of A<lininiHtral.iou in India/ aval it-
four sons of Captain Charles Oornwallifl a!)lo and ptn-nnuiotit text-book on t.lio Hovt^rul !
Chesney of the liengal artillery (d, 1830), dopartvrneutH of tlio (jfovoninumt_ of India, i
and brother of Colonel Charles Oornwallifl which attracted wido notice, Mont of t.lio
Chesney [q. v.], and nephew of General changon advocntod havt^ nineo l>o,oti carr'uul
Francis Rawdon Chesney [q. v.], was born out, A second edition WUB publiHhod in
at Tiverton, Devonshire, on 30 April 18JiO. 1R70, and a third in !Hi)t, when the work
He was educated at 'BlundollV school at wa8 ])vactically nnvritten.
Tiverton, and was at first especially trained About 1HOH alno ho prepared t.ho

at Addiscombe in February 1847, and ob- selected tho Htull", and organinod tho courao

tained a commission, as second lieutenant in and wtandard of profoHHional (uluoation, and

the Bengal engineers on 8 Dec, 1848, His when, the collo#o wa oponod in 1871 he liad

further commissions were dated : lieutenant boon recalled from India to bo itn first pre-

major

lieutenant-colonel 1 April 1874, "brevet mmiHcenms of a Vohmtoor,' winch enjoyod
colonel 1 Oct. 1877, colonel 10 Jan. 1884, great popularity* It wa au imaginary 0,0-

major-^eneral 10 March 1886, lieutenant- count, oi

invasion and nltimato

genera.. 10 March 1887, colonel-commandant conquest of England by a foreign invading

of royal engineers 28 March 1890, general army, It wan doBignod to urgo liho worions

1 April 1892. ^ _ ^ and practical development of the volunteer

After the usual professional instruction movement for ^urpowH of national defence,

at Chatham Chesney went to India, arriving It was ropubl-Hhod afl a pamphlet, wont.

at Calcutta in December 1850. He was em- through m rural editions, anu wan translated

ployed in the public works department until into French, Gorman, Dutch, and other l.n-

the outbreak of the mutiny, when he joined guagos, In 1874 he published *Tho Truo

the columnfrom Ambala, took part, on, June Ilotormer,' a novol , of which the keynote was

1857, in the battle of Badli-ke-Serai as field-
engineer to Brigadier-general Showers, and
in the capture of the ri'dge in front of Delhi.

army reform ; in 1H7(J came another novel,
' The Dilemma/ which dealt with tho charac-
ter and organisation of tho Indian native

He was appointed brigade-major of royal soldiery,
engineers m the Delhi field-force. He was In 1880 Olumnoy left Cooper's Tlill on
one of the four proposers of the coup-de-main appointment on 1 Doc, to tho post of aooro-
on 11 June by seizing the Kabul aud Lahore tary to the military department of the go-
gates and drhing the enemy out of the city vernment of India, On $3-1 May IBHrt he WHB
mto the fort. As staff-officer to Major (after- made a companion of the order of tho tttar

Cheyne

421

Cheyne

He was appointed on 17 June 1886 military
member of the governor-general's council, a
position akin to that of secretary of state for
war at home. He was made a companion of
the order of the Bath (military division) on
21 June 1887, and a knight commander on
1 Jan. 1890. During the five years he was
military member of council Lord Roberts
was Commander-in-chief in India, and has
written, * No commander-in-chief ever had so
staunch a supporter or so sound an adviser
in the member of council as I had.' This
period indeed forms an epoch in the military
administration of India. The native states
were induced to join in the scheme of im-
perial defence, the equipment and organisa-
tion of the army were greatly improved, the
defences of the principal harbours and of the
frontier of India were nearly completed, and
the strategic communications were greatly
developed.

In July 1892 Chesney, who had returned
to England in the previous year, was elected
member for Oxford in the conservative in-
terest at the general election. He spoke
occasionally in the House of Commons on
questions connected with India or with army
administration. He was chairman of the
committee of service members. He died
suddenly of angina pectoris at his residence,
27 Inverness Terrace, London, on 31 March
1895, and was buried at Englefield Green,
Surrey, on 5 April. Ohesney married, IE
1855, Annie Louisa, daughter of ^ George
Palmer of Purneah, Bengal, who, with four
sons and three daughters, survived him.

In addition to the works mentioned above
Ohesnev was the author of the following
novels i 'The New Ordeal,' 1879; 'The
Private Secretary/ 1881; 'TheLesters, or
a Capitalist's Labour,' 3 vols. 1893. He con-
tributed largely to periodical literature, and
wrote a series of -Dolitical articles for the
July, August, and December numbers of the
'Nineteenth Century' of 1891.

[India Office Records ; Despatches; Memoir
in Boyal Engineers Journal, ^une 1895, and in
Times of 1 April 1895; Lord Roberta's Forty-
one Years in India ; Vibart's Addiscombe, its
Heroes and Men of Note; Medley's A Year's
Campaigning in India; Kaye's History of the
Sepoy VarfMalleson's History of the Indian
Miitiny ; Norman's Narrative of the Campaign
of the Delhi Army and other works on the siege
of Delhi ; private sources.] B. H. V .

CHEYNE, OHEYI03Y, or CHENEY,
SIB THOMAS (1485P-1558), treasurer of
thehouseholdandwardenoftheOinquePorts,
born about 1485, was eldest son by his second
wifeofWilliam Cheyne, constable of ueen-
borough Castle, Kent, and sheriff of Kent in

1477-8 and 1485-6. Sir "William Cheyne

S. v.] was his great-grandfather; but "Sir
ihn Cheyne, who was speaker of the House
of Commons for forty-eight hours in 1399
(see MAISTNING, Speakers,??. 22-S),belonged
to the Cornish branch of the family. His
uncle, Sir John Cheyne, baron Cheyne {<?.
1499), invaded England with Henry TO,
distinguished himself at Bosworth and at
Stoke, and was elected knight of the garter
before 22 April 1486 (R^SAY, Lancaster
and York, ii. 538, 549) ; he was summoned
to parliament as a baron from 1 Sept. 1487
to _4 Oct. 1495, but died without issue on
30 May 1499, and was buried in Salisbury
Cathedral; Shurland Castle and his other
estates devolved roon his nephew Thomas
(GK E. C[ozA.YNif, Complete Peerage^ ii.
238).

Thomas is said to have been henchman to
Henry ^ 7 ^, and he appears to have been
kni -hted before 12 June 1511 (CaL Letter*
anc? Papers, i. 1724). On4 March following
he was made constable of Queenborougb.
Castle, in succession to his elder luuf-
brother, Sir Francis Cheyne, deceased, and
in 1512-13 he took part as captain of a ship
in the war against Trance (The French War
of 1512-13, Navy Eocords Soc. passim). On
25 April 1513 he was one of the captains
who shared in Sir Edward Howard's fool-
hardy attempt to capture the French galleys
near Conquet "see HOWABD, SIB EDWAED].
On 10 Nov. folowing he was sent on some
mission to Italy with recommendations from
Henry to Leo X (Letters and Papers, i.
4548V He arrived at Brussels, on his re-
turn, on 15 May 1514, and on 9 Oct. was
present at the marriage of Mary Tudor to
Louis XH of France. In 1515-16 he served
as sheriff of Kent, and in 1519 was again
sent to Italy on a mission to the duke of
Ferrara (0. iiL 479). By this time he had
become squire of the body to Henry Tin,
^rhorn he attended to the field of the cloth
of gold in June 1520, and to the meeting
vitn Charles V at Grayelines in July; he

In January 1521-2 Cheyne was sent to
succeed William Fitzwffliam (afterwards
earl of Southampton) ft v.] as resident am-
bassador at the French court ; he- arrived at
Kouen on 22 Jan. and at St. Germams on the
28th i but Eeurv declared war on Francis
four months lat, and Cheyne was recalled
on 29 Mav. In August '_523 he served
under Ghailes Brandon, duke of Suffolk, in
the expedition to Brittany, and \**
1525 was granted the custody of Rochester
Castle. In March 1526, on Francis Is re-

Clicyne

rom captivity, Clieyno wo* u^am will.
UM ambassador to Ufa court to join John
Taylor (<L UM) fa, v.], but, ho wan a^ain
recalled in May ate two montlm HCWIMS
Taylor wrote that ho would ' find groat Iwk
of 'him, as ho Hpolw Krt'iieli fxpiuliMy'
(Letter* find jf tywivt, iv, i^tm), llo rw<u VIM!
a ptmflion of 150 crowns from Kninein lor

Cheyne

.

In July IfiSH Ohuyno wiw in diMtfrnw at,
court, having quarrelled with Sir John Uiw-
Boll (afterwards earl of Itodford); Homy
complained that. (11 icy n won IMTOUU nd lull
of opprolmmiH wordw uainMl VIM Mhw~Mor-
'

vantH.' In the following J anuary h
"Wolsey'B dinplnumiroj' but Anno lloloyn,
whoHO ftunti had married a Choyws nocmvd

his 'restoration to favour, 'ami usod
rudo wordw of Wolhoy;' tho circumwt am'o
was regarded iw a prowi^t of Wolsoy'* tall.
(Jhoyno naturally approved of mmryn
divorce, and in ifttti ontortainod tho king
and Anno Boloyn at Hhurlawl Oawtlo, On
17 May 15,1(5 ho -wan appointed wnrdon of
the Cinuuo Port* ; ho profited largely by tho
diHMolution of thii uionaHto.rioH in Kent, and
on 9 March IfittB-S) h wan inado. trtwmn' of
tho household (VVuumiaHUJY, C/mw, i. (M).
In that and tho following month ho wan vory
active at Dovw, providing ttgainwt tho tJiroa-
tenod invasion by OharloN V ; on iJH April
ho was olocfcwl, and ou 18 May huaailod, a
knight of tho gartur. In June 154 (i h WUH
sent to Paris aHlhrnryV deputy to bo prtwont
at the ohrifttcning of Henry 1,1 L M(\ wan a
constant attendant at tho privy council from
1540, when itH records rocouimonctti until
his death; but in Hpito of his official portion
and long aorvioo uo wua namod only ati
aasistant oxocutor to llonry VIII "H will,
and consequiiiitly had no voice in tliw <do,c-
tion of Somerset IB protoctor. According
to Paget, Henry int,wndd that Choynn Hhould
be made a baron ; thin intention WUH not ear-

would JM* dit>tndnnt upon
tho rouiuMl*rt rorouHidortiliou of itn rdigitaia
judiry.

(Iki'viu* com'nwd in nil t!m acU of War-
\virli *H ^ov'rnnunt', uiul In* nigwd both I'M-
ward'?* limit vt inn of tho muwdmi and the
ooutu'ilV t'MKnK*m*'Ht' to urry it otit. lie
WUH, howv i \ at- houvt a r.onwrvativo in
rrli^;iuiH ntnU4M*M f find ap|H'ar?U<> hftvi* urg(Ml
iiH'ouut'il tho ntu'onMity nftihf^rvin^ Hmn-y's
will; iul iw Hnnit w\ Nt^rthumhorlimd loft
l^niuftin lio ho^nti to wc?rk fur Mary. On,
U> July i'^' ho wan Mivul to Itn riltltavMlriH$

Tuwor t,t> ^o

fri*iul'i; on tUo lUt.U ho
i lottrr tn Hi<'h,onlorin^ liim to rw-

ul to^uom Jams hut onth
day Iu got nul of tlioTim-or anil WUH
at" tin* prnrliumifiuunf l^ut'on Mary* Mho

t him t UruMfii'ln to vorall l k r amlmH-
HudopM, Uoby umi Mnritum; hut in January
lnf>;i 1 ho *1V11 unlor nnmn HUMpimmt on
ai'^uunt, nf hi;i Mlnwwwun attarliing Wyatt,
On 1 Koh, ho wroto from Shurlntui OJCCUHIII^
hin dolay on ncrotmt ol' tho hoiiHtliuoKH oi 1
tho i-tnln* imtl thoir imlinjor'itim to wrve
undorhuni Ho mu'roodoa, hownvov, in col-
lod,iuf< a lort'o, wan at Sittitwliourno on tlm
4th, and at K wh*'1 ir on tho Vt h ; l)tit Wyatt
had boon dofoatod Inborn ( 'hoyno'n advanr-o
had mmlo itwi'lt' iolt, In tho HIIIUO yuur Kg-
mnnt t>oHtt)Wod on him a Bunion of a thtm-
Hand rrowuM to MOOUPO hm adhonitin to the
Stmnuihmatoh, !io ivtainod IUH ofliroH at

lliwi1tl*H nr*M*HHio, hut, dlod on H or 1 ft l)r.
in tho Towor, and wan buviod on J^ Jan.
in Mitwtov church, Mo of Shoppy,
tiirro is a ilno uuinumimt. to hw mo-

worv (U<*rl* MK Hl7, f. 17 A;

IH1.' MO; Art'/irwf. (hntittt

' . p. 2H

vu.

( n'mynij marrW, iltHt, Vrithwitli or Frid(^

riedouVVut ^on23 "Aug. ir)48 ho wan paid %vido, daughter and hoir of Sir luomaH
the SOW. bequeathed him by tho lato Icinpf. Krtwyk |"(i. v. |, ami had IMHUM an only w>n
lie repreaeuted Kent in the parliaminit of Hir Jojm, who inamod ,Mf^\W^

2, and was re-el ectod on 29 Dec, 1544,
in September 1047, in January Itiftg-d, Sep-
tember 1558, March 1553-4, on 22 Get 1554,
aud in January 1657-8, He signed the
council's order

Niwillo, third baron
q. v.f, and WUH nlain at Mutto ^ ,

imurrwd Hir John IWmt [(j, v,|, h^^puty

for the imprisonment of of Ireland, 11^ married, wutondly, m lo-n.
Bishop Gardiner in June 154"8, took part in Axmo, daughter and Iwir tif Sir John KwmfW-
the proceedings against Thomas Seymour in ton of Toddin rton, Bi'dfowHiuw; b.y n*fi WHO
January-February 1548-9, and joined tho d|d_on 1H May 1WJ-J, and wiw
majority of the council against Somerset on
7 Oct. following, On the 18th he was sent am-
bassador with Sir Philip Hoby to Charles V,

lod-

to announce Somerset's deposition and to re-
quest the emperor's aid against the French ;
this he was unable to obtain, Charles hinting

a7t,h ( MAOHVN, pp-
in an wflUy f * ff at
dington, Tty<jr<xpher> i. ~W'),lw Uftd
<mo wm, Iltmry (ir)80P-lB7), who
tiho (Uwynft Iimi Broughton wtAiB, wns
in ICUi*, and Humrnownl to pariift*

Chichester

423

Childers

ment as Baron Cheyne of Toddington from
8 May 1572 to 15 Oct. 1586 ; he married Joan
(d. 1614), daughter of Thomas, first baron
Wentworth q. v.] but died without issue,
and was buried at Toddington on 3 Sept.
1587, when the peerage became extinct.

[Letters and Papers of Henry YIH, ed.
Brewer and G-airdner, vols. i-xvii. passim;
State Papers, Henry VIII; Gal.' State Papers,
Dom. 1547-80, For. 1547-58; Proceedings of
the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas, vol. vii. ed.
Dasent, 1542-88; Off. Bet. Members of Parl. ;
List of Sheriffs, 1898 ; Lit. Remains of Ed-
ward VI (Roxbur -he Club) ; Rutland Papers,
Chron. of Calais, "Wriothesley's Chron., Chron.
Queon Jane, Troubles connected with the Prayer
Book of 1549, Greyfriars' Chron., andMachyn's
Diary (all these Camden Soc,); Holiashed's
Chron. ii. 1171 ; Herbert's Hist, of Henry VIII;
Hay ward's Edward VI ; Burnet's Hist, of the Re-
formation, ed. Poeock ; Strype's Works (General
Index); Goxigh's Index to Parker Soc. Publ.;
Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII ; Froude's Hist, of
3ngland; Pollard's England under Somerset;
George Howard's Lady Jane Grey and her
Times, 1822; Hasted's Hent ; Cruden's Hist, of
Gravosend, 1843, pp. 183-4; Burrows's Cinque
Ports ; Archseologla Cantiana, General Index to
vola. i-xix., also xxii. 192, 279, xxiii. 87-90;
Berry's Kent Genealogies; Wiffen's House of
Russell, i. 306; Dugdale's Baronage; Burke's
Extinct Peerage; G. E. C[okayne; s Complete
Peerage.] A- F. P.

lished in 1895, the year following CMchesfer'a
death. Probably Ghichester's most import-
ant contributions to military history ap-
peared in this dictionary, for which he wrote
memoirs of 499 military officers or writers on
military subjects. His name figured in the
list of writers prefixed to each volume iiom
the first to the forty-sixth (omitting the
forty-fifth). Among the more conspicuous
military names entrusted to him -were Lords
Cadogan and Cutts, Yiscount Hardinge of
Lahore, Rowland, first Viscount Hill, Lord
Lynedoch, Stringer Lawrence, and Sir John
Moore. He was indefatigable in his efforts
to collect authentic biographic details. His
method of work is wel illustrated by his
notice of Francis Jarry [q. v.], a French-
man who founded the Koyal Military Col-
lege now located at Sandhurst. It was
already known that Jarry in earlier life had
served at various times in both the Prussian
and French armies, but, in order to ascertain
definitely his services abroad, Chichester
applied to the ministries of war at both

in both places to makeinvestigation, of which
the results appeared in the * Dictionary/
Chichester died in London in March 1894
[Athenaeum and Times, 3 Harci. 1894."

S. L,
CULLING

OHICHESTER, HENRY MANNERS
(1832-1894), writer on military history,
loom in Londoninl832, was son of a hamster
of Lincoln's Inn. He entered the army in
1853 and became lieutenant in the 85th re-
eiraent (the Shropshire li -ht infantry). For
ten years he served abroad with his regiment,
chiefly at Mauritius and the Cape of Good
Hope, and at the Cape he was employed tar
a time as acting engineer officer. Jtetunun,;
home in 1863 he retired from the army, anc
thenceforth devoted himself almost exclu-
sively to the study of military history. He
gave valuable assistance in compiling aad
editing several regimental histories. The
'Historical Records' of the 24th foot and of
the 40th foot (2nd Somersetshire i****
now 1st battalion the Prince of /aless
volunteers)-the former published ra 1892
Ind the latter in 1893-owe much to his
labours, and at the time of his death he was

Corps in the British Army/ whic

CHILDERS, HUGH
EA.RDLEY (1827-1896), statesman, was
born at the house of his uncle, Sir Colling
Eardley Eardley, in Brook Street, London,
on 25 June 1827. His great-grandfather on
both sides, Sir Sampson Gideon, afterwards
Lord Eardlev (1744-1824), was son of &unjp~
son Gideon ~q.v.~; having married Maria,
daughter of Sir Joan Eardley ^ olmot jfl. T.J,
helssumed the name Eardley, and was
created Baron Eardley in the Insh peerage
in 1789, but on the death without issue of
his two sons, the peerage became extinct.
Lord Eardley also Teffc three daughters. Of
thesethesecondAarlotteEli^th^amed
Sir CuBinff Smith, first baronet, of Bedwell
Park, Hertfordshire, and was mother of
Sir Cullin Eardley Eardley [q. v., and of
Hugh Wders's mother, Maria Ciailotte.
Lord Eardle/s third daughter, ^kna, mar-
5S L/ John Walbanke Childers of
Cantley, near Doncaster, and was mother
ofjohn Walbanke Ohilders, M.P- to Cam-
bridgeshiie in 1833 and for Malton &om
1^5 to 1852, and of the Rev. Eardley

ts LSaJfwat Hugh Childers and a
daughter wao died young.
E ugh Childers was educated at

Childers

424

Childers

school from 1830 to 1843 under Oharlos
Mayo (1792 -1 8-1 0) [q. v.] On 9 A~ml 1 8-1 5
he was admitted a commoner at 'Vtulham
College, Oxford, but in May 1847 ho migrated
to Trinity College, Cambridge. Ho appourod
as a senior optima in tao mathematical
tripos, and graduated B, A, in February ItiHO.
Very shortly after leaving GambrUlg'o he
married, on 28 May '1850, Emily, third
daughter of G, J. A. Walker of 'Norton,
"Worcestershire, and, preferring- a carom- in
the colonies to tho bar, he sailed on 10 July
for Melbourne, \vhero he arrived on iJ(i Oct.
1850. He was furnished with excellent
letters of introduction to tho governor,
Charles Joseph Latrobo [q. v.], and \vaa
appointed, 1.. Jan. 1851, an inspector of
schools. In September of the sumo yoav
lie became secretary to the education de-
partment and emigration agent at tho port
of Melbourne. Ilia ability for work and
organisation was soon noted, arid on 1 1 Oct.
1852 he was given tho ollico of auditor-
general, with a seat in the legislative council,
and a salary of 1/2QO/, a year, In this oflico
he practically controlled the revenue of the
colony at the early age of twenty-six. On
4 Nov. 1859 ho produced his first budget,
which provided f.O,OOOJ. for a university at
Melbourne, and on 11 Jan. 1858 ho brought
in a bill for tho establishment of the uni-
versity, of which he was made first vice-*
chancellor. In December 1853 lie was ap-
pointed collector of customs with a salary of
2,000/., by virtue of which oflice ho obtained
a seat in the executive council as well as in
the legislative council. With Sir Oharlos
Hotham, Latrobe's successor, Childera'fl rela-
tions were strained, and Hotham wished to
dismiss him, but was overruled by the homo
government. After the con version of Victoria
into a self-governing colony in 1855, Guil-
ders was elected, ^3 Sept. 1856, to represent
Portland in the new parliament, lie sat in
the first Victorian cabinet as commissioner
of trades and customs,

In March 1857 Ohilders returned to Lou-
don to fill the newly created post of agent-
general for Victoria, but a change of govern-
ment occurring in the colony the appointment
was cancelled beyond the end of the same
year. Childers, however, continued to act for
the colony in an informal way, and to the end
of his life was a staunch advocate of colonial
federation. He visited Australia in 1858
on behalf of Messrs, Baring with regard to a
proposed loan to the colonies for the purchase
of railways by the state* On his return to
England in September 1858 Ohilders deter-
mined to devote himself to politics, and at the
general election of 1859 stood in the liberal

intoroHt for INmlofruet, whom ho
Homo intorost through hm undo, Sir
Kanlloy Kurdloy (formerly Smith), IHH mo-
ther's brotlior, who roproMontod tho borough
in IHIJO. Ho wan tho HOW md lilomi candi-
date with M'oiichlon Million (afterwards
Lord Uou#ht.on) m a uollonfluo, and wa.s
doCoutod* A petition %VUH, however, pro-
nontotl against tho return of tho connorvativo.
William Ovoroad (IHOO LHHI), Although
tho petition -was withdrawn, another content
followed in January 1KOO, whouUluldurH was
olootod, )(o continuod to roproHont. l*onto
JVrtr.t until tho ponoral Hwtion of 1HH5, 11 i
peculiar colonial oxiporionro HOOU attracted
ttUonl.ion to hm abilit'ion in tho HOUHO of
CnnmumH, HIM lirnt, Mpooch on tho worlting
of the ballot, I'Vb, 1WU) (publtHhod 18(10 j
iind od. l<s(>i)), WUH uot.ahl<^ owing to hm
knowlodgo of tho act im pnwwul in Victoria,
and brought him early imdor tho noti( k ,o of
Lord Piilnioi'Hton. ( )u tho <pioH( ion of tranN-
portiation to tlw r.olonion hocoming urgont,
!i< wan appointod chairman of tli Holo<,t com-
inittoo conMidonng tho (jwwtioH, and WUH
also a tnombor of tho royal eomnuHHion in-
quiring into ixuial Horvitudo in 18<K't; his
otlbrt-H woro lar^uly inHt.ru montal in pro-
curing tho abolition of iranNportatmn, lu
A")ril 180-1 lu)mu;wod(ul (Sir) Jam OH Mt-ans-
A^d [q, v Hupi>i. + nw a civil lord of th adau-
ralty, n<l(,r tho l)uh of Somomot, th< llrot
lard in Lord PahnotHLon'M administration,
and from tho /tort* ^howud himw^lf to boa
ntrong Hupportor of twonoitty and rolbrm in
dockyard adnuiuHtratiou, in Auguwt 18(15
ho WUH appointed (huincial wjcrtM-ary to tho
troiuwry, and comont^d ti friondrtU,|o with
GladHtono, tlwn ulumcollor of tho oxcu*quw,
whoao policy rather than that of PaluwrHton
ho wtiB from tlw lirnt jnclhu^d to mipport,
Ho was thtmcMtforth until th ond of IUH life
a dovoUnl follower and admirw of Olatltttona,
who wtsll ro warded Im loyalty, During IUB
tenure of oifioo <IH Ihianclnl Nocrotary hiw woflt
important work wan tho panning of tlw Audit
Act of 1865, for which ho waa mainly ro-
8ponftibl< (Ar,a. "W HHT, MwoUwtitm*) ii. iJOO ;
Lord Wolby in 7V?n<w, February IHlHi; Life
of CkilfoM) 1 1&M>). Jlo rotiriid torn offico
on tlxe fall of tlw limiral govonunwnt (Juno
I860), In 1867 ho aetod on tho rayal comp
miHBion appointed to iuvuHtlgato tho con-
dition of tho law courtft,

On tho formation of Okdfltfmo'fl firwt
administration in D^cmnbtsr 1H(W (Jhildors
waw appointKl firnt lonl of tho admiralty,
and was aclraittod to th privy council.
During his term of oflieo ho proved himwolf
an active adminiwfcrator, and murtad out ^ ft
ixumlber of far-reaching reforms. Ilia main

Childers

425

Childers

ivfloHs aimed at promoting 1 economy and
in creased efficiency in the existing 1 adminis-
trativo body, .By an order in council, Fe-
bruary ^ 3 870, he carried into effect new
r< ^illations for promotion and retirement,
and revised and reduced the list of officers.
In dockyard management lie effected some
material economies and improvements, and
in the matter of shipbuilding 1 determined on
the building- of an annual tonnage in peace
timo. His administrative reforms at the
admiralty tended to substitute individual
for board responsibility, and to enlarge the
powers of tin* fiwrt, lord (S3 tit J. BKTGGS, Naval
AdvninfatratiMi). lies was the first to aim
at making JQng-land's fleet equal to that of
any two other maritime powers (Zife,i. 172-
J7i'i),and in 1809 he came to the conclusion
that it would be prudent to purchase the
Suez Canal hnrew ; that was afterwards clone
by Disraeli (#, i, 280). In March 1871
O-uldoi'H resigned office, his health being ma-
terially affected on the loss of his second
son, Leonard, in the foundering of the Cap-
tain, 7 Se~)t. 1870 [see COLES, COWPEB
I'mra], 'Jin) public confidence in liis ad-
ittiiUHtration was such that his retirement
Avas described in the ' Times ' newspaper as
consti tut/ing * a national calamity/ L-lecover-
ing his health by a period of travel on the
continent, he again took office in August
1872 as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster.
On this occasion (15 Aug.) he was re-elected
for Pontefract after a contest which was the
iirat to take ;)lace after the passing of the
Ballot Act. "Vnien,however, the administra-
tion was remodelled in 1873, Childers re-
tired from office, making way for Bright.

In opposition Ohilders was not prominent
in the Jlouse of Commons* Except when
lie was personally affected, his energies were
rather directed to the commercial under-
takings in which he was interested than to
the conduct of party warfare. In July
1875 he went to Canada on Lord Dufferin's
invitation to settle a land dispute in Prince
Edward Island, but the sudden death of his
wife In November following withdrew him
for a time altogether from public life. In
1880, when Gladstone came again into power,
he gave new proof of his confidence in
Childers, appointing him secretary of state
for war. In this capacity he was responsible
for the administration of the war office
during the Transvaal war of 1881 and the
Egyptian campaign of 1882. He was not
slow to display at the war office qualities
similar to those he had exhibited at the
admiralty. The introduction of the terri-
torial system into army organisation and
the linking of line and militia battalions had

already been recommended by Colonel Stan-
ley's committee in 1875, and this recom-
mendation the new secretary for war deter-
mined to carry into law. He produced his
scheme of army reform in a speech in the
House of Commons on 3 March 1881 (pub-
lished 1881), and the bulk of his proposals
were carried into effect. Despite very con-
siderable opposition, originating from the
service itself, the single battalion regiments
with their numerical designations were now
done away with and replaced by an entirely
new organisation on a territorial basis. The
popularity^of the service was at the same-
time enhanced by the granting of greater in-
ducements in the way of pay, pension, and
rank to non-commissioned officers, and by
the abolition of flogging. With the object
of securing greater efficiency in the ranks,
the period with the colours was extended
from six to seven or eight years if abroad,
and efforts were made to gradually raise the
a^e for enlistment. The new organisation
tlius Instituted proved successful, and afforded
a means, before lacking, of making- a more
effective use of the militia and volunteer
forces.

After the close of the Tel-el-Kebir cam-
paign, to the success of which Ohilders's
administration of the war office contributed
not a little, he was offered, but declined, a,
G.C.B. ; and at the close of 1882 he was
chosen to succeed Gladstone as chancellor
of the exchequer. He had established a
reputation for financial ability when secre-
tary to the treasury, and during his parlia-
mentary career had exhibited a remarkable
capacity for mastering finance accounts and
the statistical abstracts (ALGERNON WEST,
Recoil, ii. 309). A surplus of more than
two and a half millions enabled the new-
chancellor in his first budget, 1883-4, to
remit taxation. The income-tax was reduced
from Q$d. to 5d., the railway passenger duty
on all "fares of Id. per mile and under was
abolished by the Cheap Trains Act, 1883,
and provision was made by the setting aside
of 170,000/. for the introduction of 6& tele-
grams. In 1884 revenue and expenditure
nearly balanced, and there was little oppor-
tunity for financial ingenuity ; in his financial
statement, however, on 24 April 1884
Childers dealt with the question of light
gold, but his gold coinage bill for the con-
version of the half-sovereign into a token
worth only 9s. was so generally opposed
to public opinion that it was abandoned on
10 July. In the same statement he explained
his scheme for the conversion of the existing
3 per cents, into a 2J or a 2f percent, stock.
The bill for this purpose was passed on 3 July

Childcrs

426

Cliildors

1884, but the terms of conversion, though fair
and reasonable., failed to attract tho banking
interest aulHciently, and only a timall amount;
of the now stock was created.

Another important question with which
Childers had to deal was the bankruptcy of
Egypt. After prolonged negotiations with
the powers the London. Convention wan
concluded in March 1885. That convention
' is the organic law of Egyptian finance to
the present day ' (SiB ALFJUHD MILWHK); it
formed the turning point in the fortunes of
modern Egypt.

In the budget of 188f>~(5, introduced on
30 April, heavy new taxation was nocoHsary to
provide for a delicit of more than 3,000,0001,,
and a special vote of credit for 11,000,000^,
to meet the preparations for war with
Russia consequent upontlio Pendjeh incident.
Childers attempted to meet his diiHcultioa
by increasing the income-tax from &d. to 8^,,
altering the death duties, increasing the
taxes on spirits and bocr, and suspending the
sinking-fund; his proposed division of tho
"burden between direct and indirect taxation
was approved in tho cabinet by Gladstone,
but opposed by Sir Charles Dilke and Mr.
Chamberlain. Tho consideration of the
budget was postponed until after Whitsun-
tide, and this delay, against which OhildorH
protested, gave time for an agitation again wt
it which proved fatal to i'.M govwrninont.
It was defeated on tho inland revenue bill,
9 June 1885, authorising tho new taxation
on beer, and resigned immediately; tho de-
feat was, however, due more to unpopularity
incurred on account of the government's
proceedings in Egypt and tho Soudan than
to the financial proposals of the chancellor of
the exchequer (LoKB fctoarvuoRNE, Memorials
Personal and Political, ii, 170).

Since I860 Childers had been gradually
inclining towards a policy in Ireland which
should harmonise, as far as was safe and
practicable, with the aspirations of Irish
nationalists, In September 1885 he informed
Gladstone that he intended in his election
campaign to advocate a wide measure of self-
government for Ireland, lie failed to retain
lais seat at Pontefract, but in January 1886
was elected M,P, for South Edinburgh*

Moatnvhilo UhuJHtono had mltninrl his policy
of homo nili, with whir.li Ohi dopn dor.huvil
II'IH conouvronoo. Anwdin^ly in ( Uadntono'rt
whorl. mlitunist.raUou of 1K8(> Ohildorw ludd
oflieo aw homo Hccrutary. Ho Hocurod wmio
modificalionH of detail! in UladMUmo'n tat
homo rulo bill during i|.H eonHidopal.iou by
tho cabinot, and Hjjolto in favour of it; on
^1 M ay, but on 7 Juno tho g'ovornmcnt; was
dufoatiO<i.

At tho gonoral ol<wt.ton of Juno 1880 ho
was roturno<l tor South J'Minlwrgh, but
towardH tho olono of tho your IUH hoalth
oxhibitwl Hipw of fuiluro, iVin which ho
nought roliof by t-ravoln on tli<^ continont
in 1887, and in India in iNHi), At tho
fftmoral ol action of 189U ho uniumncod bin
rol.inmiont. from actlvo polito, lu IS9-1,
Iwwovor, ho undortonk tho chainuaiwhip
of tho Ivmh iinaiMiial rolat.toiiM coiniuittoo,
and had yroparoil a draft roport boforo his

(HiihhrH, who onjoyod tho roputation of a
miK'SHliko admiuiMtrator, <lit(,l on i!S) Jan.
ISiKI, and wan huritul ati ()ant.loy f near Oon-
caHt*or. By hin fn'Hl. wifo, who i',ioil in 1875,
lio had IHHUO four HUIH und twti
two of tho Honn prodoconHod hhu,
in 1871 aTid I'Vaiirin in lHS(t,

, at tho Hrilinh MmhaMMy in

IvN^v. A. T, dillH^rt., bishop of (Jhi-
f and, widow of Oolouol tho HoiuOil-
bort Kiliot; H!HS diiul 11^ May IHU5.

Two povtraitn of (JhiUlopH in oiln, by IUH
daiuyhtor, MiH Ohililow, aroin l.ho wwHtwHiou
of hin Hon, (Jolnnol Sponi'op (JhiluTH, H.IC.
An on$mv<ul poptrait. of him in tfivoii in
fc^iir John Hri^rt'H * Naval AdailniHtraUon;*
portrait H of <''hihlorH f of both IUH wivoa, and
of ot-hor tnomhorH of tlio family, an,) alno
roproduci in tho * Jjilo * by UJH HI>U.

[LifoandCorroHpontlonnoof H. (
by \\\ti Hon, LiinitutuuiUcoloiinl
K,K, O.B.a V!H. iUOlj UatiH
tary DolmtOHj Tttmw, *MO Jan. IHltfl; Yorknhiwj
J'oit, 30 Jan. 18%; iHpw.tJilor, I K-li.
UoHultH of Adniirnlty Op^ufUHtit.ion nmwtnh
by Wir J. Ovahatu and Mr, (JhihlopH,
Buriko'H Kxtinc't I \wratfo. a,v. ' Jbjtirdluy ; ' Oavdi-
uor'a Jllog, of Waiuu,J ^* C-u,

,)<

TO

VOLUME L SUPPLEMENT.

Abbott, AnpURtus (1804-1867)
Abbott, Hir JbVcderick (1805*1802) ,

Abbott, Hir James (1807-1806) . . .

Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-
18i>) ........

Abbott, JoHoph (1780-1868). See under

PAGE

. 1

, 8

Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwoll.
Abbott, Keith Edward (d. 1878). S

See under

Abbott, SaundorH Alexius (d* 1894). See under

Abbot, Augustus.

A Boclcdit, Gilbert Arthur (1887-1891) . . 7
Abttreromby, liobort William Duff (1885-

1895). See Duff, Sir Koberb William.
Abcvrdaro, Baron* See Bruce, Henry Austin,

(1815-1806).
AcliGflon, Sir Archibald, second Earl of Gos-

ford in the Irish peerage, and first Baron

Woi-linghtwn in the peerage of the United

Kingdom (1776-1849) ..... 8
Aolana, Sir Henry Wentworth (1815-1900) . 10
Aoiand, Sir Thomas Dyke (1809-1898) . . 12
Adair, Jamas (fl. 1775) ..... 13
Adamn, EYaneis William Lauderdale (1862-

1893) ........ 14

AdamB, John Couch (1819-1892) ... 15
Adams, William Henry Davenport (1828-

1891) ........ 17

Adler, Nathan MarouB (1803-1890) . . 18

Adye, Sir John Miller (1819-1900) . - 18

Ainsworth, William Francis (1807-1896) 20

Airey, Sir James Talbot (1812-1898) . 21

Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801-1892) . 22

Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston (1832-

1890) ........ 25

Aitken, Sir William (1825-1892) ... 26
Alban,St. (<Z.804?) ...... 27

Albemarle, Earl of. See Keppel, William

Coutts '1882-1894).
Albert Vector Christian Edward, Bute of

Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone

(1864-1892) ....... 28

Albory, James (1838-1889) ... 29

Aloock, Sir Eutherford (1809-1897) . 29

Alexander, Mrs. Cecil Frances (1818-1895) 30
Alexander, Sir James Edward (1803-1885) 31
Alexander, William Lindsay (1808-1884) v 32
Alford, Marianne Margaret, Viscountess *

Alford, generally known as Lady Marian

Alford (1817-1888) ..... 33

Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh

and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and G-otha(1844-

1900) 34

Allan, Sir Henry Marshman Havelock (1830-

1897). See Havelock-Allan.

Allardyce, Alexander (1846-1896) ... 36

Allen, Grant (1848-1899) 36

Allingham, William (1824-1889) . 88

Allman, George James (1812-1898) 40

Allon, Henry (1818-1892) . . 41
Allon, Henry Erskine (1864-1897). See under

Allon, Henry.

Allport, Sir James Joseph (1811-1892) 42

Althaus, Julius (1833-1900) . . 43

Amos, Sheldon (1835-1886) . . 44

Anderdon, William Henry (1816-1890) 45

Anderson, James Robertson (1811-1895J 46

Anderson, John (1833-1900) . . 46

Anderson, Sir William (1835-1898) . 47

Anderson, William (1842-1900) . 48

Andrews, Thomas (1813-1885) . 49

Angas, George French (1822-1886) . 51

Anning, Mary (1799-1847) . . 51

Ansdell, Richard (1815-18S5) . . 52

Apperley, Charles James (1779-1843) 53

Arbuthnot, Sir Charles George (1824-1899) 54

Archbold, John Frederick (1785-1870) 54

Archdale, John (^.1664-1707) . 56

Archer, Frederick (1857-1886) , 57

Archer, William (1830-1897) . . 57

Archibald, Sir Adams George (1814-1892) 58

Archibald, Sir Thomas Dickson ; 1817-1876^ 59
Argyll, eighth Duke of. See Campbell, George

Douglas (1823-1900).

Armitage, Edward (1817-1896) . . 60

Armstrong, Sir Alexander (1818-1899) . 61
Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Arm

strong of Cragside (1810-1900) . . 62
Armstrong, William (1778-1857). See under

Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron

Armstrong of Cragside.

Arnold, Matthew 1822-1888) . . 70

Arnold, Sir Nicho.as (1507 ?-1580) . 75

Arnold, Thomas (1823-1900) . . 76

Arnould, Sir Joseph (1814-1886) . 78
Asaph, or,- according to its Welsh forms

Assaf, Assa, or Asa (fl. 570) . 78

Ashbee, Henry Spencer (1834-1900) 79

Ashe. Thomas (1836-1889) . . 80

Askham, John (1825-1894) . , 81

428

Index to Volume I. Supplement

Astley, Sir John Dugflalo (1828-1804) ,
Atkinson, Sir Harry (1881-1802) .
Atkinson, John Christopher (1814-1000)
Atkinson, Thomas Wifclam (1700-1801) .
Atlay, James (183 7-lBiM)
Attwood, Thomas (178B-385G) .
Ayrton, Acton. Smeo (1810-1880) .

Baber, Edward Colborno (1848-1 800) .
Babiftgton, Cha-rltiB Cardalo (1808-381)5)
Babineton, Churchill (1821-1889) .
Bacon, Sir James (1798-1895) .
Baden-Powell, Sir George (1847-1808),

Powell.

Badgor, George Percy (181 5-lflflft) .
Baggallay, Sir Richard (18K5-1HH8)
Bagnal, Sir Honry (15BO MfiOB) .
Baffnal, Sir Nicholas (1510 ?-15i)0 ?)
Bagot, Sir CharloH (1781-3 H4IJ)
Bailey, John EglinfiUm (1840-18B8)
Boillie-Coclmmo, Alex. 1), B. W, C.,

JMOlfl

. 81

. 8!l

, 811

. 84

. 85

, 8(i

. tit)

. 81)

. 1)0

Soo

S)!J

fiPBli

1)4
5
M
5)0
1)8
1)1)

Soo Coch-

100

101

, 105

, lOtt

107

ff.vnw
, William TCilwiwl (IH25-1MO) , . U(j

"*' ' - 1HJMI) .... Mtf

(Wi'.or (lHaMHH7) . .147
pit William llHllMHUl) . "MO

7I .,... (1707-IHW,) . . . 151

(Mwih, ThouwM Millw (1841-3HD4), Ituowu an
< Major bo (Kron ' 151.

wyi, Hnmuol (iHar-iHH) . . . . in

.,.*i /!harl^H(lHaV-lKHH) , . . .154
iy, A,bvny Vinniml, (1H71!-'IHH) . . 1,55
,ij ,I ( j(lituin<l, MiyUiil fourth J)uU of

Baron Lainington (1816-1890),
ranc-Baillio.

Bainea, Sir Kdwarcl (3800-1800) .
Bakor, Sir Samuel White (1823-181)10 ,
Baker, Sir Thomiw (1771 ?-184fl) .
Baker, Thomas Barwick Lloyd (1807-1880)
Baker, Sir Thomas Dnrand (187-1H9) .
Baker, Valentino, nfterwards known as Baker

Pacha (1827-1887) 100

Baldwin, l^bnrt (1804-18G8) . . . .110
Balteur, Edward Greou (1H1JS-1889) . . 11
Balfour, Sir George (180U-1804). Soo under

Balfour, Edward Green,
BaWour, Thomas Graham (1813-1801) . , 115

Boll. John (3818-lHHfl) 115

Ball, John Thomas (1815-1808) . . ,118
Ballance, John (1889-1808) .... 120
Ballantino, William (lBia-1887) . , . liiO
Ballantync, Robert Michael ^18^5-1894) , , laa
Banks, Isabella, known as Mrn. Lmtioous

Banks (1821-1897) 12J5

Bardolf or Bardolph, Thomas, fllth Baron

Bardolf (11)08-1408) . ' . . . . 128
Barkly, Arthur Cecil Stuart (184U-1890). Soo

Tinder Barkly, Sir Honry.
Barkly, Sir Henry (1815-1898)
Barlow, Peter William (1809-1885)
Barlow, Sir Bobert (1757-1 H4!*)
Barlow, Thomas Oldham (18544-1880)
Barnard, Frederick (18-UWL81W)
Barnato, Bamott Isaftow (1852-1897)
Barnby, ' Sir Joseph 1 18IJ8-1896)
Barnes, William (1801-1880) .
Barnott, John (1802-1890)
Barttelot, Edmund MuHgrave (1850-1888)
See under Barttelot, Sir Walter Bartlolot,
first baronet.
Barttelot, Sir Walter Barttolot, first barouot

(1820-1898)

Bate, Charles Spenco (1810-1889) .

Batoman, James (1811-1897) .

Bdteiwan, John Frederic La Trobe-, formerly

atylodJolm Frederic Batomau (1810-JHHO) 1U8
Bditeniftn-Chanipuiu, Sir John, Underwood

(1835-1887) 180

Bates, Harry (1850-1809) . 140

Bates, Henry Walter 1 18213-1892) , , .141
Bates, Thomas (1775-1840) . , . .144
Battouberg, Prince Honry of. Soo Henry

Maurice (1858-189(5).
BaxeudoU, Joseph, (1815-1887) . . .145

, ..

Btumforti, Uoury, third DuUo of

(34JMW40-1) ....... 157

BeauloH, John, firrti lOarl of Snmomofi amt
MibniuiHof l)orm>t aiul of Hdiixn'tioi (liT711 ?-
1110) ........ lf8

Bookor, r4y<lia IflrnoHtin^ (1837-181)0) . . 151)
BcokoMi, (iiU)orl, ArUnir X (17-J(H1). Soo
A ItaolcoU,

an, Mir TV1n.rl.in (tt. 170ii) , , 100

<l, l'ranr.iH(17JM) IHHM) ,

121
WO

137
W
JiiH

lao

1HO
131

184
180
137

Jam

r,.Iauuw(17Hl- IH11) .
r, Tom (17HH-J.HM). Moo mul

, 164

(JllrimiM*

Boil, John (IHll-lHiWi) 1(55

,

Boll, Th(nuan(/. ir)7!M(HO)
Hiaiow, Honry Waller

- . . .

, Hir JUIUOH Uiwdon (1H(M) 1H1) ,
.B<MUi<ai () Hii' Joint (IHM-1HD7).

UonnoU, William (!>K,
BornmU, Willirun (Sox (1890-1805) .

IHtt
, J7
, 1H
. 1(18

, Nlft

. . ,
Williiuu JIMUOII Marly (1HO-1-IHHO) , I1W)

,
inly, Uobori. Vmbhot-lt (1H!U-l8a)

BonHon, IC<lwiuvl Whiii
B<ml., Jam<w TluHKloro
liontloy, Ottor^MlHiiH

171
, J71
, V/i)

- , . . !HO

, (iHlil-lHim) , . . .381
t Martuin <;<u'viuti (1801 -1HH5) , . IHa
, Mil<H Jonot>h (1HIW -1HW) . . 1BJJ
BornayH,AlhH Jiwnowl.l8Si--18i)'j) . .181*
BorlHon, Mtlwiwd Ijyon (38ls<-l84m) , . 184
UHHmor Kir Himry (181IV-I8im) . . .185
Bent, Willing Thonum (181S-187) . . * 11
, William Hoxby (IHUV-188D) . . Itt'Ji 1

,BiK^r,J<nuH>h(Jil1iH(l8iJH.-.1Him) , . ,105
Bmtfhiun, (lH>nj;<i Oharitw, lUicfl Karl of

Lucan (1800-1888) ..... 100
IVmiw, Hir llrMU-yUW-IMi)). * , .11)8
Birch, <Jliurl<m fJll (I8a-18i)tt) , * , 10

Black, William (IH-M-IWW) ....

Blaokburn, Colin, Biu'cm IJbittltlnirn (1818-

1HUA)

BUu-lanatt, .Inlni ( //. 1

BbuUm, William (IW IHtKl) * , . . SJ10
Bbt^lon, Kmnciw William (1 778-1 1D) . , ail
Blaikio, William (Jar!u (iHiill-lHUD) , . ttia
BltUioloy, \VUliam (l8:U)18t)7) . . . ai8
BlaklHtcm, John (1785-1807), Boo unto

BUildrtton, ThomiiH Wright
BlrtlciBbon, Th^man WritfUt li8Ja-38'.)l) . .314
Blaknum, lilakcinan, or XiJhujkmaii, Juhn (/I.

14JHI-144H) ....... 21 B

Blaiiohurd, Edward LiULaman (3 S^O-iaSO) . 2J.6

Index to Volume I. Supplement

429

FAGR'

Bland, Nathaniel (1H08-lRflfi) . . . 216

Blauford, Umiry Fninoin (1HIH-1803) . 217

BlonkmHop, John (1788-1 B I) . , .217

Blow, William John (1HOH-1894) , .218

Blind, Malhildo (1841-1890) . . .219

Blith, Walter ( A KUO) 220

Bloohmatm, I Conry Ferdinand (1838-1R78) . 220
lilomudolti, Leonard, formerly Leonard

JtmyivB (1800-180:1) 221

Blomiiold, Sir Arthur William (1820-1809) . 223
Bloxam, John KOUHC (1807-1801) . , .224
Bloxam, MaUhow Itolbocho (1805-1888) . 226
Bhmt, Arthur Cecil (1844-180C), Seo Cecil,

Arthur.

Biytih, Bir Arthur (1828-1801) , . , .226
BoaHO, CharloH William (1828-1805) f , 227
Boano, George Olorncmt '1H9M897) . , 228
Bodiohon, Barbara Loig'i Smith (1827-1891) . 229
Bouhm, Sir Jonoph Edgar, iirttt baronot (UJ84-

1800) . . . , . , . .220
Boltou, Sir Francis John (18IU-1887) . . 230
Bouar, Andrew Alexander (1810-1802). Soo

uudor Bonar, HoraUtiB.

Bonar, Horabius (1808-1880) . , . .231
Botxar, John J'amoB (1808-1891). See under

Bonar, HoratiuH.

Bond, Bir Edward Au^ifltufl (1815-1808) . 232
Booth, Mrw. Cathorine (1820-1890' . . .233
Booth or Botho, William (1890 ?-:464) , , 285
Borton, Bir Arthur (1814-1808) . . . 235
BouoicauH, Dion (1820 ?-18i)0) . . .287
Bowou, OharbH Hyngo Christopher, Baron

Bowen (18U5-1804) 288

Bowon, Bir Uoovgo Forpfnflon (1821-1890) . 240
Bowman, Bir William (lHlfi-1802) , , .242
Boycott, Oharlofl Cunningham (1832-1807) , 243
Boyd, Andrew Kennedy Hutchison (1825-

1800) 244

Brabouvno, Baron. See Knatolibull-Huges-

Bon, Kdward HugosHen (1829-1808).
Braolconbury, Charles Booth (1831-1890) . 245
Brackonbury or Brakonbury, Sir Robert (d.

1485) 246

Bradlaugh, Charles (1838-1891) . , .248
Bradley, Edward (1827-1880) . . . ,250
Bradnhaw, Henry (1881-1886) . . . .251
Birady. Henry Bowman (18SC-1891) . . .254

Brady, Hugh (A. 1684) 254

Bramloy.Mooro, John (1800-1886) . . .255
Bramwoll, Geovgo William Wilshero, Baron

Bramwell (1H08-1802) 256

Brand, Sir Henry Bouverie William, first

Viscount Hampdon and twenty-third Baron

Daer (1814-1892) 257

Brand, Sir Johannes Henricus (Jan Hendrik)

(1828-1888 258

Brandram, Samuel (1824-1802) . . .260
Brantirigharn, Thomas do (d. 1894) . . 260
Brasaoy, Anna (or, as she always wrote the

name Annie), Baroness Brassey (1889-1887) 261
Brayno, William (d. 1057) . . . .262
Brenchley, Julius Lucius (1816-1878) . , 263
Broroton, Sir William (&. 1541) . . .264
Brtt, William Baliol, Viacount Esher (1815-

1800)

Brewor, Bbenozer Cobham (1810-1897) .
Bridge, Sir John (1824-1900) ....
Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1829-1899) .
Bridgman or Bridgeman, Charles (d. 1738) .
Briorley, Benjamin (1825-1896)
Brtorly, Sir Oswald Walters (1817-1894)
Bright, Sir Charles Tilston (1832-1888) .

264
266
267
267
268
269
270
271

Bright, Jacob (1821-1899). See under Bright,

John.

Bright, John (1811-1889) . 273

Brind, Sir James (1808-1888) . 291

Bristow, Henry William (1817-1889) 292

Bristowe, John Syer (1827-1895) 293

Broadhead, William (1815-1879) 294

Broome, Sir Frederick Napier (184=2-1890) 295
Brown, Ford Madox (1821-1893) 296

Brown, G-eorge 1818-1880) . 299

Brown, Hugh S-jOweU (1828-1886) 300

Brown, John '1780-1859). . . . .301
Brown, Sir Join (1816-1896) . . . .801
Brown, Peter (1784-1863). See under Brown,

George.
Brown, Robert (d. 1846). See under Brown,

Hugh StowelL

Brown, Robert (1842-1895) . . 802

Brown, Thomas Edward (1830-1897) 803

Browne, Edward Harold (1811-1891) 804

Browne, John (1823-1880) . . 304

Browne, Sir Thomas G-ore (1807-1887) 805

Browning, Robert (1812-1889) . 806

Brown-Seacard, Charles Edward (1817-1S94) 819
Bruce, Alexander Balmain (1881-1899) . 321
Bruce, George Wyndham Hamilton Knight-

(1852-1896) 322

Bruce, Henry Austin, first Baron Aberdare

(1815-1895) 822

Bruce, John Collmgwood (1805-1892) . . 325

Bruce, Robert (d. 1602) 826

Brunlees, Sir James (1816-1892) . . .828
Buchanan, Sir George (1881-1895) . . . 828

Buck, Adam (1759-1838) S30

Buckle, Sir Claude Henry Mason (1803-1894) 330
Bucknill, Sir John Charles (1817-1897) . . 881
Bufton, Eleanor (afterwards Mrs. Arthur

Swanborough) (1840?-1893) . . . 832
Bullen, George (1816-1894) . , . ,832
Burgess, John Bagnold (1829-1897) . . 833
Burgess, Joseph Tom (1828-1886) . . . 335
Burgon, John William (1813-1888) . . ,335
Burgon, Thomas (1787-1858). See under

Burgon, John William.

Burke, Sir John Bernard (1814-1892) . , 338
Burke, Ulick Ralph (1845-1895) . . .338
Burn, John Southerden (1799 ?-1870) , . 339
Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Coley (1833-1898) . 340
Burnett, George (1822-1890) . . . .844
Burns, Sir George, first baronet (1795-1890) . 344
Burrows, Sir George, first baronet (1801-1887) 345
Burton, Sir Frederic William (1816-1900) . 846
Burton, Isabel, Lady (1881-1896) . , .348
Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1821-1890) . 349
Bury, Viscount. See Keppel, William Coutts,

seventh Earl of Albemarle (1882-1894).
Busher, Leonard (fl. 1614) . . . .356
Busk, George (1807-1886) . . . .357
Bute, third Marquis of. See Stuart, John

Patrick Crichton 1847-1900).
Butler, George (181-1890) .... 858
Butler, William John (1818-1894) . . .359
Butt, Sir Charles Parker (1830-1892) . . SCO
Butterfield, William (1814-1900) . . .360

By, John (1781-1886) 31*3

Byrne, Julia Clara (1819-1894) . , .864
Byrnes, Thomas Joseph (1860-1898) . , 3G5

Caird, Sir James (1816-1892) .... SG5

Caird, John (1820-1898) 80S

Cairns, John (1818-1892) b09

Calderon, Philip Hermogenes (1833-1898) . 871

430 Index to Volume L Supplement

PAllH

Calderwood, Henry (1830-1897) , , . 7N Cayloy, Artluir (1HaT-18!)B) . . , . MJ.

Caldicott, Alfred Jarnes ( 1812-1 807) . . 1*74, Couil, ArLluir, \vhono mil mimo wan Arthur

Caldwell, Sir Jamos Ullyman (1770-1808) . 75 Coeil (Slunl. (lH4iMH!Kl) , . . .402

Caldwell, Robert (1814-1801) . . . 87(J Couil, <i/if^ HuowtUm, Iitlm (lC5B*lOiU) , . 4()tt

Callaway, Henry (1817-1BOO) , . . . 7 Collier, AlfroU (IH4 -I --181)1) . , t ^ft

Cameron, Sir Duncan Alexander (1908-1888) . H7J) Ooniiick, Jolui (17IM.7Bfi) . . . ,400

Cameron, Vernoy Lovott (1844-1804) . . 870 C3ha<lwik, Hip K<lwiu (1HOO-1HOO) , . 4(IG

Campbell, Sir Alexander (1833-1892) . . 881 (Mia!Tnrn, William (JH1 1-IHIUJ) . 401)

Campbell, Sir George (1824*1892) . . .888 ChiUTow, Hirhiud (l7UM70fi), Hco untlor

Campbell, George "Douglas, eighth Duke of CthalTurH, William,

Argyll (1828-1900) ... . 88B Cluunhurn, HolMU-t (1HAU-1HH8) , ,400

Campbell, James Dykes (1808-1895) , .Bill (JUiuulmrH, Hir Tliouinu (1HI4-IMH) . . A"\i\

Capern, Edward (1819-1804) . . . .898 Cluunpain, Hir John Uiult^rvvnotl

Carlingford, Baron. See FortoBoue,QhichOBtor (18!5-18H7). fim BaU'nuui-C'haii

Samuel Parkinson (1828-181)8). Chandlnr, Uonry William ( lHUH'48lij . , 43.0

Carpenter, Alfred John (1825-1893) , . ftO. 1 } Chiwullor or (,JlunuUr, Thomtm (1418?-

Carpenter, Philip Herbert (18R2-1891) . . B94 1-lUO;, Ko (JhautnUor,

Carrodus, John Tiplady (188(W81)5) . . ttf)6 Chplivu,Hir Jonnph Adt^lplm (1840-1H08) .411

Carroll, Lewis (pBouclonym) (1888-1808). Seo Chapman, KroU)ri (tH'JIij-lHUri) , . .412

Dodgson, Charlos Lutwidgo. ChiipiUitn, Sir l^rtHloritik Edward (1H15-

Casey, John (1820-18!)!) 8!)fi 1HOH) , 4j

Cass, Sir John (16615-1718) , , . . JWf! CliApmibn, Jnlut (1H22-1H04) * . , ,414

Gates, William Leist Roadwin (1821-1805) . t) (ihappoll, William (INOD 1HHH) , , ,415

Caulfield, Eichard (182JI-1887) . . . D7 CUuu-d, John KOUMO Mim-ioU (1H47 1H07) . 41(S

Cave, Alfred (1847-1000) !H)7 (Huu.'loH, Mi'H Kli/.altotli (182H-1H' 4 )(1) . ,417

Cave, Sir Lewis William (1882-1807) . ,808 Chauwllw or Chuudlw, Thonuvn (141H?-

Cavendish (pseudonym) (1830-1899), See 14UO) , . 41

Jones, Henry. Clnmuoy, Kir (Inortfo TomkynH (iHttO-lHOB) . 4^0

Cavendish, Ada (1889-1895) * 808 Oliyn, Clioynoy, or <31ioiuy, Hir ThiJiuftH

Cavendish, Sir Charloa (1G01-1B54) . .800 (14H5?-L5r8) ..',,. . 4M

Cavendish, William, Hoventh Duke of Devon- Chic*iuw1ior, Honry Manner H (lHll!ilHl)4)

shire, seventh Marquis of Hartitigton, tenth Ohil<lom, Hugh Culliii|j; J'lardloy '"

Earl of Devonshire, and second Earl of Bur-
lington (1808-1891) 400

END OF VOLUME I. SUPPLEMENT.

" Dock

S--

BY

SPOTTISWOODB AND 00. WD M NMW-STUKOT SQUAHU

ATHENJEUH. - "The appearance' of this Supplement to the "Dictionary of National
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In one Volume o 1,464 pages, royal 8vo. 25s. net, in cloth; or 32s. net, in half -morocco.

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This volume is intended to form a summary guide to the vast and varied contents
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A few errors of fact and date which figure in the original work have been corrected
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The separate articles which it supplies amount to 30,378 ; the cross references number

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Bright

284

Bright

his firm had boon at a stand for nearly a
year (ppin'ch of 30 Juno 18M). 1C was the
crisis ot the war. In the darkest hours of dis-
aster, when own the North's well-wishers
despaired, Bright invariably anticipated a
reunion, The value of his spooch on 80 June
was recognised by a formal tribute of thanks
from the Now York Chamber of Commerce.
Cobden, it has boon soon, had practically
abandoned expectation of an cttbctivo parlia-
mentary reform, at least during I'ahnurston's
lifetime, lie htned, however, to arouse popu-
lar interest in f nance and land reform. On
24 NOT. he met his constituents at Rochdale
and delivered an address on the subject of
the laws as atlecting agricultural labourers.
Bright was present, and spoke on the same
topic. The ' Times ' newspaper, which from
the first had described them habitually as the
' anti-corn-law incendiaries ' and had pursued
them with 'virulent, pertinacious, and un-
scrupulous opposition 1 (Cobden to Delano,
9 Dec. 1863), r'astenecl upon Br ight's argument
in i'avour of a greater distribution of land and
increased facilities for land transfer as a i pro-
position for a division among them (the poor)
of the lands of the rich' (% Dec.) Cobden, who
had also been assailed (20 Nov.), rushed to
his friend's defence, and an acrimonious con-
troversy ensued [see DEL A WE, JOHN THA-
DBTTS^ The attack upon Brig-lit Cobden had
no dLiiculty in showing 1 to be a calumnious
misrepresentation. Bright's defence of him-
self was made in a speech on the land ques-
tion at Birmingham on 26 Jan. 1804. A
contemptible example of the malignancy
with wnich Bright was at this time assailed
will be found in an anonymous pamphlet,
dated 1864, entitled 'Remarks on certain
Anonymous Articles designed to render
Queen Victoria unpopular, with an Exposure
of their Authorship.' The writer selected
passages from articles in the ' Manchester
Examiner' and 'London Review,' which,
with the assistance of innuendo and leaded
type, were distorted into reflections upon
the queen imputing them to Bright as the
author of a plot to render the cueen un-
popular and thereby to undermine tie throne.
The ephemeral literature of the day supplies
abundant evidence that it was a settlec be-
lief on the part of Bright's political oppo-
nents that he designed to supplant the
monarchy by a republic. While Bright was
m favour of th,e removal by the state of
legislative impediments to the acquisition of
land, he remained, here as elsewhere, a con-
sistent individualist. He did not propose
the creation by the state of a peasant pro-
pnetary,stilllessdid he countenance schemes
:or land nationalisation (Letter of 27 Feb.

1884). Similarly, on the drink question lie
opposed (8 June 1864) Mr. (afterwa dTsi r
Villnd Lawson's permissive bill, on the
ground that tho remedy for drunkenness i a
not parental legislation but the improvement
and instruction of the people.

Meanwhile Cobden's health continued to
wane, ^ On 4 March 1865 Bright went to
visit Jinn at Midhurst. Bright had expressed
a wish that he would come to London to op-
pose the government's scheme for fortiryine
Quebec. He came on 21 March, and died
nt his lodgings in Suffolk Street on 2 April
Bright being at his bedside. On the day after
Oobden's death Bright uttered a short but
Bathetic tribute to his memory. On 7 April
je was present at the funeral at West
Lavington. One of his last great speeches
before Cobdon's death, that demolishing the
current schemes for minority representation
(Birmingham, 18 Jan. 1805), was the out-
come of a suggestion from his friend (Cobden
to Bright, 16 Jan.) During Cobden's illness
ho took up the Question of Canadian de-
fencoa, and spoke in the House of Commons
against the vote lor the fortifications at
Quebec (1>9 March). The dissolution of par-
liament took placo on 6 July, andonthe^th
Bright was returned for Birmingham un-
opposed.

The radical party had long felt Palmer-
flton to be an incubus on their energy.
Bright, writing on 10 Sept., declared that he
was not anxious that reform 'should be
dealt with during his (TalmerstonV) official
life/ On 18 Oct. Palmerston died. Bright
at once renewed his activity, feeling there
was now some hope of influencing the policy
of the liberal ministry. The public mind
was exercised by disaffection in Ireland and
reports of fonian conspiracies. On 13 Dec.
at Birmingham Town Hall, he denounced the
established church as a source of discontent.
"When government proposed the suspension
of the habeas corpus in Ireland, hejielded a
reluctant assent, but he took occasion to re-
view and condemn the administration of Ire-
land since the union. . He was active in pro-
moting the trial of Governor Eyre for the exe-
cution, of Gordon, being one of the Jamaica
committee constituted for that purpose.

On 12 March 1806 Gladstone moved for
leave to bring in the government reform bill.
Bright delivered on the following ni^ *ht an
attack, replete with humour, upon Ivlessrs.
Horsman and Lowe, the leadinj opponents
of the measure. He compared them and
their- friends, the whi^s adverse to reform,
to the refugees of tie cave of Adullam,
thereby Introducing the party nickname
'Adullamites'to political History. In his

Bright

=85

Bright

speech upon the second reading (23 April)
he disclaimed a share in the decision of the
government to deal with the extension of
the franchise independently of redistribution
a tactical step assailed hy Earl Grosvenor's
amendment, and attributed to him. The
bill, which he characterised as * not ade-
quate/ was abandoned on the resignation of
the ministry (19 June) after defeat upon Lord
Dunkellin's amendment [see LOWE, GOBBET].
General public agitation followed the defeat
of fche bi_L There was an increasing sense
that enfranchisement must be conceded upon
a larger scale, and Bright, as their most pro-
minent representative in parliament, was
looked to as the leader of the growing num-
bers of the advocates of household suffrage.
"When the Reform League invited him to the
meeting in Hyde Park (24 July), which had
been prohibited by the conservative govern-
ment [see BEALES, EDMOUD], he replied in a
letter (19 July) indicating the rigat of the
people. At a meeting in Birmingham
(27 Au^-.) he pronounced * the accession to
office of Lord Derby ' to be ' a declaration of
war against the working classes.' At Leeds
on 8 Oct., at Glasgow on 16 Oct., at Man-
chester on 20 Nov., and in St. James's Hall,
London, on 4 Dec., he addressed enormous
audiences in favour of reform. A year
earlier, when Palmerston was still living he
had replied to an invitation, * I cannot Dear
the weight of an agitation for reform 7
(10 Sept. 1S65). The accession of the tories
to office had inspired him with the strength
for this great campaign. From Glasgow he
proceeded to Ireland. At Dublin he de-
livered two addresses (30 Oct. and 2 Nov.),
linking the cause of disestablishment and
land reform in Ireland with the reform of
parliament through the agency of a new de-
mocratic constituency. It was at a banquet
organised by the National Reform Union at
Manchester on 20 Nov. that he laid down
household suffrage as the essential basis of
the next bill. On 4 Dec. he addressed
the trade societies of London on the same
topic. It was upon this occasion that he made
a memorable defence of the queen, upon
whose infrequent appearance in public Ayr-
ton [see AYKTOIT, ACTON SMEE, Sup-)L] had
offered some censorious criticisms, jlis ac-
tivity exasperated some of his opponents to
petty reprisals in the form of calumnies upon
jis relations to his workpeople. These attacks
involved him in an acrimonious correspon-
dence with Sir Richard Garth, member for
Guildford, They were rebutted by an ad-
dress of twelve hundred of the firm's work-
people at Rochdale (25 Jan. 1867) and by
another from his fellow-townsmen (30 Jan.)

"When, at the opening of the session
(11 Feb.), Disraeli introduced a series of re-
solutions in favour of reform, Bright con-
demned the resolutions (Letter of 16 Feb.),
and in the House of Commons demanded a
biU (11 Feb.) The ministry capitulated, and
the bill was introduced on 18 March. On
the second night of the second reading
(26 March) Bright delivered a hostile criti-
cism of the measure. He resumed his attack
upon it at a great public meeting at Birming-
ham on !i2 April, and again in Hvde Park
on 6 May. Yfhen the lords sent cown the
bill with an amendment in favour of the re-
presentation of minorities, Bright protested
vehemently against it, as being a restriction
of electoral power (8 Aug.) Nevertheless
the amendment was accepted by 253 to 204
votes. The next advance of reformers, he
wrote (18 Aug.), must be to the ballot. To
this he added redistribution in a speech at a
congratulatory meeting on the election of his
brother Jacob for Manchester (23 Dec.)

The state of Ireland was now engrossing
the attention of the country. At Rochdale
(23 Dec.), at Birmingham (4 Feb. 1868), and
in ^ the House of Commons (13 March),
Bright founded on Irish discontent a plea
for the extension by state aid of the Irish
proprietary and for Irish disestablishment.
3y these speeches he contributed much to
prepare the public mind for the resolutions
"37 Gladstone in favour of disestablishment,
which he supported in the House of Com-
mons in a masterly speech (1 April). The
final debate led to a passage of arms between
Bright and Disraeli, Bright describing the
prime minister's reference to his interviews
with the queen as couched * in a manner at
once pompous and servile/ and Disraeli re-
torting that he was indulging in t stale in-
vective/

Irish disestablishment now occupied the
first place in Bright's political programme
and in the mind of the country at large.
He expounded it to the Welsh National Re-
form Association at Liverpool (3 June 1868),
to the Limerick Athenaeum (14 July), and
to his Birmingham constituents (22 Aug.)
Parliament was dissolved on 11 Nov. ; on
18 Nov. Bright, was re-elected for Birming-
ham, and was, on the formation of Gladstone's
first ministry in December, offered the place
of secretary of state for India. He dec-ined
the offer, chiefly on conscientious grounds, as
the office would associate hrrr with military
administration. He afterwards accepted the
presidency of the board of trade, being re-
elected for Birmingham without opposition
on 21 Dec. He was at the same time ad-
mitted to the cabinet and the privy council,