DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
LESLIE STEPHEN
VOL. VI.
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
MACMILLAN AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1886
DA
18
I
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE SIXTH VOLUME.
O. A
A. J. A. . .
T. A. A. . .
J. A
E. C. A. A.
W.E.A.A.
G. F. R. B.
B. B. . . .
G. T. B. . .
W. G. B. .
0. B-T. . .
G. C. B. . .
O. Gr. B. . .
H. B
J. B
R. H. B. . .
R. C. B. . .
A.H.B. .
G. W. B. .
M. B
H. M. C. .
A. M. C. ,
T. C
C. H. C. . .
W. P. C. .
H. C
M. C. .
OSMUND AIRY.
SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I.
T. A. ARCHER.
JOHN ASHTON.
E. C. A. AXON.
W. E. A. AXON.
G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
a. T. BETTANY.
THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D.
THE LATE OCTAVIAN BLEWITT.
G. C. BOASE.
THE VERY REV. Gr. Gf. BRADLEY.. D.D.,
DEAN OF WESTMINSTER.
HENRY BRADLEY.
JAMES BRITTEN.
R. H. BRODIE.
R. C. BROWNE.
A. H. BULLEN.
G-. W. BURNETT.
PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS.
H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.
Miss A. M. CLERKE.
THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
C. H. COOTE.
W. P. COURTNEY.
HENRY CRAIK, LL.D.
THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.
R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON.
A. D AUSTIN DOBSON.
F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
L. F Louis FAGAN.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.
J. Gr JAMES GAIRDNER.
R. Gf RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
J. W.-G-. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D.
J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
A. G-N. . . ALFRED GOODWIN.
G. G GORDON GOODWIN.
A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.
E. G EDMUND GOSSE.
A. H. G. . . A. H. GRANT.
N. G NEWCOMEN GROVES.
J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
R. H. ... ROBERT HARBISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
W. H-H. . . WALTER HEPWORTH.
J. H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS.
R. H-T. . . . ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S.
W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D.
C. K CHARLES KENT.
J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.
J. K. L. . . J. K. LAUGHTON.
S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE.
VI
List of Writers.
W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.
F. W. M. . F. W. MAITLAND.
W. M. ... WESTLAND MARSTON.
C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN.
J. M JAMES MEW.
A. M ARTHUR MILLER.
C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE.
N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.
H. F. M. . H. FORSTER MORLEY, D.Sc.
T. 0 THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN.
J. H. 0. . . THE KBV. CANON OVKRTON.
J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.
K. L. P. . . E. L. POOLE.
S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
E. K ERNEST EADFORD.
J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG.
C. J. E. . . THE KEV. C. J. EOBINSON.
J. H. K. . . J. H. ROUND.
J. M. S. . . J. M. SCOTT.
E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH.
B. C. S. . . B. C. SKOTTOWE.
E. S EDWARD SMITH.
G. B. S. . . G-. BARNETT SMITH.
W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE.
L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.
H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS.
W.K.W.S. THE KEV. W. K. W. STEPHENS.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON.
R. E. T. . . R. E. THOMPSON, M.D.
J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE.
T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES.
C. W THE LATE CORNELIUS WALFORD.
A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D.
M. G. W. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT.
T. W-R. . . THOMAS WHITTAKER.
H. T. W. . H. TRUEMAN WOOD.
W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Bottomley
Bouch
BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (/. 1820),
musician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire
in 1786. His parentage is not recorded, but
his musical education was begun at a very
early age; when only seven years old he
played a violin concerto in public. At the
age of twelve he was sent to Manchester,
where he studied under Grimshaw, organist
of St. John's Church, and Watts, the leader
of the concerts. Under Watts's direction he
at the same time carried on his violin studies
with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man-
chester. In 1801 Bottomley was articled
to Lawton, the organist of St. Peter's, Leeds,
and on the expiration of his term removed
to London to study the pianoforte under
Wcelfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his
native county, and obtained the appoint-
ment of organist to the parish church of
Bradford, but he made Halifax his home,
where he had a large teaching connection.
In 1820 he was appointed organist of Shef-
field parish church, which post he held for
some considerable time. The date of his
death is uncertain. Bottomley published
several original works, including ' Six Exer-
cises for Pianoforte,' twelve sonatinas for
the same instrument, two divertissements
with flute accompaniment, twelve valses,
eight rondos, ten airs varies, a duo for two
pianos, and a small dictionary of music (8vo),
published in London in 1816.
[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. pt. i. 138 a.] E. H.
BOUGH, SIR THOMAS (1822-1880),
civil engineer, the third son of William Bouch,
a captain in the mercantile marine, was born
in the village of Thursley, Cumberland, on
22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher,
Mr. Joseph Hannah, of Thursby, ' On the
Kaising of Water in Ancient and Modern
VOL. VI.
Times,' made so great an impression on his
mind that he at once commenced reading
books on mechanics. His first entrance into
business was in a mechanical engineering
establishment at Liverpool. At the age of
seventeen he engaged himself to Mr. Larmer,
civil engineer, who was then constructing the
Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Here he
remained four years. In November 1844 he
proceeded to Leeds, where he was employed
for a short time under Mr. George Leather,
M. Inst. C.E. Subsequently he was for four
years one of the resident engineers on the
Stockton and Darlington railway. In Janu-
ary 1849 he left Darlington and assumed
the position of manager and engineer of the
Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en-
gagement first brought to his notice the in-
convenient breaks in railway communication
caused by the wide estuaries of the Forth
and the Tay, the efforts to remedy which
afterwards occupied so much of his attention.
His proposal was to cross the estuaries by
convenient steam ferries, and he prepared
and carried into effect plans for a l floating
railway ' — a system for shipping goods trains
which has ever since been in operation.
Soon after completing this work Bouch left
the service of the Northern railway and
engaged in general engineering business.
He designed and carried out nearly three
hundred miles of railways in the north of
England and Scotland, the chief of these
being the South Durham and Lancashire
Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten
miles long, the latter being considered the
pattern of a cheaply constructed line. On
the introduction of the tramway system he
was extensively engaged in laying out lines,
including some of the London tramways,
the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram-
ways, and many others. In the course of his
B
Bouch
Boucher
professional work Bouch constructed a num-
ber of remarkable bridges, chiefly in connec-
tion with railways. At Newcastle-on-Tyne he
designed the Redheugh viaduct, a compound
or stiffened-suspension bridge of four spans,
two of 260 feet and two of 240 feet each.
His principal railway bridges, independent
of the Tay bridge, were the Deepdale and
Beelah viaduct on the South Durham and
Lancashire railway, the Bilston Burn bridge
on the Edinburgh, Loanhead, and Roslin
line, and a bridge over the Esk near Mont-
rose. In all these bridges the lattice girder
was used, because of its simplicity and its
slight resistance to the wind encountered at
such high elevations.
In 1863 the first proposals for a Tay bridge
were made public, but the act of parliament
was not obtained until 1870. The Tay bridge,
which crossed the estuary from Newport in
Fife to the town of Dundee, was within a
few yards of two miles long. It consisted of
eighty-five spans — seventy-two in the shal-
low water, and thirteen over the fairway
channel, two of these being 227 feet, and
eleven 245 feet wide. The system of wrought-
iron lattice girders was adopted throughout.
After many delays the line was completed
from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1877. The
inspection of the work by Major-general Coote
Synge Hutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the
board of trade, occupied three days, and on
31 May 1878 the bridge was opened with
much ceremony. The engineer was then
e'esented with the freedom of the town of
undee, and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted.
The traffic was continued uninterruptedly till
the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec. 1879, when
during a violent hurricane the central portion
of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrying
with it an entire train and its load of about
seventy passengers, all of whom lost their
lives. Under the shock and distress of mind
caused by this catastrophe Bouch's health
rapidly gave way, and he died at MofFat on
30 Oct. 1880. The rebuilding of the Forth
bridge was begun in 1882. Bouch became
an associate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers on 3 Dec. 1850, and was advanced
to the class of member on 11 May 1858.
He married, July 1853, Miss Margaret Ada
Nelson, who survived him with one son and
two daughters. His brother, Mr. William
Bouch, was long connected with the locomo-
tive department of the Stockton and Darling-
ton and North Eastern lines.
[Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Ixiii. 301-8 (1881) ; Illustrated
London News, with portrait, Ixxvii. 468 (1880);
Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Eeport of the
Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr. Rothery
upon the Fall of a portion of the Tay Bridge, in
Parliamentary Papers (1880), C 2616 and C
2616-i.] GK C. B.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1777-1818), divine,
was born in 1777. He was entered at St.
John's, Oxford ; proceeded B.A. on 23 May
1799 {Cat. Gmd. Oxon. p. 71) ; was elected
fellow of Magdalen at the same time (Preface
to his Sermons, p. 1) ; was admitted to holy
orders in 1801 (id. p. 5), and proceeded M.A.
on 29 April 1802. At this time he became
rector of Shaftesbury, and in 1804 vicar of
Kirk Newton, near Wooler, Northumberland.
He married and had several children. He
preached not only in his own parish, but in
the neighbouring district. One of his sermons
was delivered at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1810,
and another at Belford in 1816. He died on
12 Nov. 1818, at Kirk Newton. There is a
tablet to his memory on the north wall of
the church where he was buried (WILSON,
Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 73). After his
death a 12mo volume of his ' Sermons ' was
printed, dedicated to Shute Barrington, bishop
of Durham. The volume reached a second
edition in 1821.
[Preface to Sermons by the late Rev. John
Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private informa-
tion.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1819-1878), divine,
born in 1819, was the son of a tenant-farmer
in Moneyrea, North Ireland. Intended for
the Unitarian ministry (in accordance with the
theological views of his parents), he was care-
fully educated, and in 1837 was sent to the
Belfast Academy, then under Drs. Mont-
gomery and J. Scott Porter. Leaving the
academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at
Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and finally, in
1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hack-
ney, where for five years his fervour and elo-
quence drew full congregations from all parts
of the metropolis. In 1850 Boucher pub-
lished a sermon on ' The Present Religious
Crisis,' and the ' Inquirer ' speaks of another
of the same year on 'Papal Aggression/
About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic
views ; but he soon afterwards changed his
opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853,
and entered himself at St. John's, Cambridge,
to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded
B.A. in 1857 (LTJARD, Grad. Cant. p. 46),
and it was hoped that he would have a bril-
liant career in the establishment; but his
health failed ; he left Cambridge, and leading
the life of a thorough invalid in the neighbour-
hood, at Chesterton, for many years, he died
12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the
trustees of Dr. Williams's library, till his con-
Boucher
Boucher
version caused him to resign ; and he was a
member of the presbyterian board, visiting
Carmarthen College. He married Louise, a
daughter of Ebenezer Johnston, of Stamford
Hill, London, who survived him a year. He
left no issue.
[The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Luard's
Grad. Cant. p. 46 ; private information.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804),
divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber-
land ' statesman,' was born at Blencogo, a
small hamlet in the parish of Bromfield, be-
tween Wigton and Allonby, on 12 March
1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar
school. When about sixteen years old he
went to America to act as private tutor in
a Virginian family, and remained engaged
in tuition for some years, the stepson of
George Washington being numbered among
his pupils. Having resolved upon taking
orders he returned to England, and was
ordained by the Bishop of London in 1762.
For many years he had charge, in turn, of
several ecclesiastical parishes in America.
He was rector of Hanover, in King George's
County, in 1762 ; then of St. Mary's, in Caro-
lina; and lastly, in 1770, of St. Anne's, in
Annapolis. Whilst resident in the new
country he lived in intimate friendship with
Washington. They often dined together, and
spent many hours in talk ; but the time soon
came when they ' stood apart.' Boucher's
loyalty was uncompromising, and when the
American war broke out he denounced from
the pulpit the doctrines which were popular
in the colonies. ' His last sermon, preached
with pistols on his pulpit-cushion, concluded
with the following* words : " As long as I
live, yea, while I have my being, will I pro-
claim God save the king." ' Washington
shared in the denunciations of Boucher ; but
when the loyal divine published the discourses
which he had preached in North America be-
tween 1763 and 1775 he dedicated the col-
lection to the great American general, as ' a
tender of renewed amity.' Some time in the
autumn of 1775 he returned to England, and
soon after his struggles in opposition to the
advancement of the cause of the colonies
were rewarded by a government pension. In
January 1785 he was instituted to the vicar-
age of Epsom, on the presentation of the
Rev. John Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek
and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re-
tained until his death, which happened on
27 April 1804. Boucher was considered one
of the best preachers of his time, and was a
member of the distinguished clerical club,
still in existence (1886), under the fantastic
title of ' Nobody's Club.' He was thrice
married. His first wife, whom he married
in June 1772, was of the same family as
Joseph Addison ; the second, Mary Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles Foreman, was married
on 15 Jan. 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 1788 ;
by his third wife, widow of the Rev. Mr.
James, rector of Arthuret, and married to
Boucher at Carlisle in October 1789, he left
eight children [see BOTJCHIEE, BARTON]. Some
portions of Boucher's autobiography were
printed in 'Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i.
103-4, v. 501-3, vi. 21, 81, 141, 161.
Boucher was a man of widespread tastes
and of intense affection for his native county
of Cumberland. His anonymous tract, con-
taining proposals for its material advance-
ment, including the establishment of a county
bank, was signed 'A Cumberland Man,
Whitehaven, Dec. 1792,' and was reprinted
in Sir F. M. Eden's ' State of the Poor/ iii.
App. 387-401. To William Hutchinson's
1 Cumberland' he contributed the accounts
of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and
Sebergham, and the lives included in the
section entitled 'Biographia Cumbrensis.'
The edition of Relph's poetical works which
appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher,
and among the ' Original Poems ' of San-
derson (1800) is an epistle to Boucher on
his return from America. He published
several single sermons and addresses to his
parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the
title of l A View of the Causes and Conse-
quences of the American Revolution,' thirteen
of his discourses, 1763-1775. His ' Glossary
of Archaic and Provincial Words,' intended
as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to
which he devoted fourteen years, was left
uncompleted. Proposals for publication under
the direction of Sir F. M. Eden were issued
shortly before his death, and the part in-
cluding letter A was published in 1807, but
did not obtain sufficient encouragement to
justify the continuance of the work. A
second attempt at publication was made in
1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and
Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro-
duction to the whole work and the Glossary
as far as Blade. The attempt was again un-
successful ; and it is understood that most of
the materials passed into the hands of the
proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic-
tionary. A certain J. Odell, M. A., an Epsom
schoolmaster, published in 1806 an ' Essay on
the Elements of the English Language/
which was intended as an introduction to
Boucher's work.
[Gent. Mag. (1804), pt. ii. 591, by Sir F. M.
Eden (1831), 450 ; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v.
630-41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1859 ed.),
131-9, 169; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix.
B2
Bouchery
Bough
75-6, 282-4, 5th ser. ix. 50, 68, 89, 311, 371 ;
Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 625 ; Allen's
American Biog. Diet. (3rd ed.), 105-6; Hawks's
Eccles. Hist, of the United States, ii. 269.]
W. P. C.
BOUCHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712),
Latin poet, son of Arnold Bouchery, one of
the ministers of the Walloon congregation at
Canterbury, was born in that city in 1683,
and educated in the King's School there and
at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702,
M.A. 1706). It is said that at the time he
graduated M.A. he had migrated to Em-
manuel College, but the circumstance is not
recorded in the ' Cantabrigienses Graduati.'
He became rector of Little Blakenham in
Suffolk in 1709, and died at Ipswich on
24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me-
mory was erected in the church of St. George,
Canterbury, by his son, Gilbert Bouchery,
vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk. He published
an elegant Latin poem — ' Hymnus Sacer :
sive Paraphrasis in Deborae et Baraci Canti-
cum, Alcaico carmine expressa, e libri Judi-
cum cap. v.,' Cambridge, typis academicis,
1706, 4to.
[Addit. MS. 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff. 113, 1146;
Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 46; Hasted's
Kent, iv. 469 n.] T. C.
BOUCHIER, BARTON (1794-1865), re-
ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger
son of the vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev.
Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed
his name from Boucher to Bouchier after
1822. He was educated at Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thornbury,
of Avening, Gloucestershire (Gent. Mag.
1866, pp. 431-2). He proceeded B.A. in
1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at first
read for the bar. But he afterwards took
holy orders and became curate at Monmouth.
A sermon preached by him at Usk in 1822 for
the Christian Knowledge Society was pub-
lished by request. Bouchier held curacies
later at Old, Northamptonshire (Gent. Mag.
supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey,
from which place he issued an edition of
Bishop Andrewes's ' Prayers.' In 1836 he
published ' Prophecy and Fulfilment,' a little
book of corresponding texts ; and in 1845
'Thomas Bradley,' a story of a poor pa-
rishioner, and the first of a series of similar
pamphlets describing clerical experiences,
collected and published in various editions as
'My Parish,' and 'The Country Pastor,' from
1855 to 1860.
In 1852 Bouchier commenced the publica-
tion of his ' Manna in the House,' being ex-
positions of the gospels and the Acts, lasting,
with intervals, down to 1858 ; in 1854 he
wrote his 'The Ark in the House,' being
family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he
wrote his ' Manna in the Heart,' being com-
ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a
'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber-
deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on
Sundays, following up this appeal in 1854 by
'The Poor Man's Palace,' &c., a pamphlet ad-
dressed to the Crystal Palace directors. In
1856 he published ' Solace in Sickness,' a col-
lection of hymns, and in the same year was
made rector of Fonthill Bishop, Wiltshire.
He published his ' Farewell Sermon ' to his
Cheam flock, having preached it on 28 Sept.
In 1864 he published ' The History of Isaac.'
He died at the rectory 20 Dec. 1865, aged 71.
The editorship of ' The Vision,' a humorous
illustrated poem on Jonathan Boucher's phi-
lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden,
bart., and published in 1820, has been wrongly
attributed to Bouchier.
[G-ent. Mag. 4th ser. 1866, i. 431-2; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] J. H.
BOUCHIER or BOURCHIER,
GEORGE (d. 1643), royalist, was a wealthy
merchant of Bristol, fie entered into a plot
with Robert Yeomans, who had been one of
the sheriffs of Bristol, and several others, to
deliver that city, on 7 March 1642-3, to Prince
Rupert, for the service of King Charles I ; but
the scheme being discovered and frustrated,
he was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im-
prisonment, brought to trial before a council
of war. They were both found guilty and
hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May
1643. In his speech to the populace at the
place of execution Bouchier exhorted all
those who had set their hands to the plough
(meaning the defence of the royal cause) not
to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's
sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in
the king's service. There is a small portrait
of Bouchier in the preface to Winstanley's
' Loyall Martyrology,' 1665.
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843),
389; Lloyd's Memoires (1677), 565; Winstan-
ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5; Granger's Biog.
Hist, of England (1824), iii. 110; Barrett's
Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T. C.
BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822-1878), land-
scape painter, third child of a shoemaker,
originally from Somersetshire, was born at
Carlisle on 8 Jan. 1822, and when a boy
assisted at his father's craft. Later he was
for a short time engaged in the office of the
town clerk of Carlisle ; but, while still young,
abandoned the prospects of a law career, and
Boughen
Boughen
wandered about the country, making sketches
in water colour, and associating with gipsies.
In the course of his wanderings he visited
London several times ; first in 1838, when
he made some copies in the National Gallery.
He was never at any school of art. In 1845
he obtained employment as a scene-painter
at Manchester, and was thence taken by the
manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar-
ried Isabella Taylor, a singer at the theatre.
His abilities were recognised by Sir D.
Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to
give up his work at the theatre for land-
scape painting. He began in 1849 a more
earnest study of nature, working at Hamil-
ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest,
and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his
1 Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his
principal works may be mentioned : l Canty
Bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,'
1 London from Shooter's Hill,' ' Kirkwall,'
' Borrowdale ' (engraved in ' Art Journal,'
1871), ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban-
nockburn and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild-
ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra-
tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie
& Co. and by other publishers ; produced a
few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve-
ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up
the practice of scene-painting.
In 1856 he became an associate of the
Royal Scottish Academy, and on 10 Feb.
1875 a full member. For the last twenty
years of his life his abode was fixed at Edin-
burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878.
Although Bough at times painted in oil,
the majority of his works, and among them
his best, are in water colour. His style was
much influenced by his practice as a scene-
painter, and is characterised by great breadth,
freedom, and boldness of execution, with
power over atmospheric effects, but with at
times some deficiency in the quality of colour.
A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a
rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes
sarcastic manner, a warm heart and a mind
cultivated by loving knowledge of some
branches of older English literature. He was
a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and
the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection
of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow
Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh
in 1884.
[Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots-
man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in
Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 5 July 1884 ;
Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-H.
BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587-
1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck-
inghamshire, and received his education at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford
(B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed
chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ;
he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk-
shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated
to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The
presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe-
titioned against him in 1640 for having acted
as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected
from both his livings. Thereupon he retired
to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on
1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of
the garrison to the parliamentary forces;
he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent.
Wood says : ' This Dr. Boughen, as I have
been informed, lived to see his majesty re-
stored, and what before he had lost, he did
obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen
died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus
minus.' It is not improbable that he is
identical with the Edward Boughen, pre-
bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches-
ter, whose death occurred between 29 May
and 11 Aug. 1660 (WALKER, Sufferings of
the Clergy, ed. 1714, ii. 13).
Boughen was a learned man and a staunch
defender of the church of England. He
published : 1. Several sermons, including
' Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, ne-
cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity
in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can-
terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch-
bishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church,
April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635, 8vo ; reprinted in
1714, l with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D.,
rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some
account of the author, also vindicating him
and the preachers, who flourished under King
James I and King Charles I, from the reflec-
tions cast upon them in a late preface before
a sermon of Abp. Whit gift's.' 2. ' An Ac-
count of the Church Catholick : where it was
before the Reformation, and whether Rome
were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer
to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to.
A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris,
appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant,
as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho-
lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow
of New Coll. in Oxon.' (WooD, Athena Oxon.
ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. ' Observations upon
the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at
Westminster. After Advice had with their
Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of
Ministers pro Tempore, according to their
Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex-
amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645.
4. ' Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo-
sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng-
land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668,
Boughton
Boultbee
1671. The later editions bear this title : 'A
short Exposition of the Catechism of the
Church of England, with the Church Cate-
chism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in
English and Latin for the use of Scholars,'
Lond. 1671, 12mo. Some of the prayers an-
nexed are very singular. That for the king
implores ' that our sovereign King Charles
may be strengthened with the faith of Abra-
ham, endued with the mildness of Moses,
armed with the magnanimity of Joshua,
exalted with the humility of David, beauti-
fied with the wisdom of Solomon ; ' for the
queen : l That our most gracious queen Catha-
rine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving
to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise
as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah,'
&c. 5. 'Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience
sifted ; wherein is enquired whether the king
(considering his oath at coronation to protect
the clergy and their priviledges) can with a
safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of
Episcopacy,' Lond. 1648, 1650, 4to. Geree
published a reply under the title of Smoppayia,
the Sifter's Sieve broken.' 6. Poems in the
university collections on King James's visit
to Christ Church in 1605, and on the mar-
riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 388-90,
Fasti, i. 333, 347, ii. 100; Addit. MS. 5863,
f. 215 b ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill ; Kennett's Re-
gister and Chronicle, 597, 842, 843, 861
Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), 73.]
T. C.
BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr,
was an old widow of eighty years or more,
who held certain of Wycliffe's opinions. She
was said to be the mother of a lady named
Young, who was suspected of the like
doctrines. She was burnt at Smithfield
28 April 1494.
[Fabyan, p. 685, ed. Ellis ; Foxe's Acts and
Monuments, iii. 704, iv. 7, ed. 1846.] W. H.
BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1876), secre-
tary and director of the Liverpool, London,
and Globe Insurance Company, commenced
life in Liverpool as local agent for insurance
offices. In 1836 he founded the Liverpoo
Fire Office, which, after struggling with many
difficulties, became, through Boult's energy,
the largest fire insurance office in the world
After the great fires in Liverpool of 1842-i
Boult offered to the merchants of Liverpool
opportunities of insuring their merchandise
against fire in the various parts of the worlc
where it was lying awaiting transshipment
Agencies, which proved very successful, were
gradually opened in various parts of America
and Canada, in the Baltic, in the Mediter-
•anean, and afterwards in the East generally,
ind in Australia. About 1848 the company,
3n account of the number of its London clients,
>ecame known as the Liverpool and London ;
fterwards, on absorbing the business of the
jlobe Insurance Company, under the autho-
rity of parliament the present title of Liver-
3Ool, London, and Globe was assumed. The
company now transacts a large business in all
:he leading mercantile countries of the world,
its premiums from fire insurance alone con-
siderably exceeding one million per annum.
Boult was the principal means of intro-
ducing * tariff rating ' as applied to cotton mills,
whereby real improvements in construction
are taken into account in determining the pre-
miums ; he originated the Liverpool Salvage
Committee, did much to secure the passing of
the Liverpool Fire Prevention Act, and de-
vised a uniform policy for the tariff fire offices.
He made the circuit of the globe in order to
render himself familiar with the real nature
of the fire risks which his company, in com-
mon with other fire offices, was called upon
to accept ; became managing director of his
company, and gave evidence before various
parliamentary committees on points affecting
the practice of fire insurance, especially before
that on fire protection which sat in 1867. He
died in 1876, aged 67.
[Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W.
BOULTBEE, THOMAS POWNALL,
LL.D. (1818-1884), divine, the eldest son of
Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar
of Bidford, Warwickshire, was born on 7 Aug.
1818. He was sent to Uppingham school in
1833, which he left with an exhibition to St.
John's College, Cambridge. He took the de-
gree of B. A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In
March 1842 he was elected fellow of his col-
lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844. He took
orders immediately ; and after holding one or
two curacies, and taking pupils, he became
curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten-
ham, afterwards dean of Carlisle. From 1852
to 1863 he was theological tutor and chaplain
of Cheltenham College. In 1863 he assumed
the principalship of the newly instituted Lon-
don College of Divinity, at first located in a
private house at Kilburn, where the principal
entered upon his task with a single student.
Two years afterwards it was moved to St.
John's Hall, Highbury, and the number of
pupils rose to fifty or sixty. In 1884 the
number of students in residence was sixty-
eight. Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in
1872, and in October 1883 received from the
Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, the preben-
dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan.
Boulter
Boulter
1884, and was buried at Chesham, Bucking-
hamshire,'of which, his youngest son was vicar.
Besides a few sermons and occasional
papers, Dr. Boultbee published: 1. ' The
Alleged Moral Difficulties of the Old Tes-
tament, a Lecture delivered in connection
with the^Christian Evidence Society,' 28 June
1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. < The Annual
Address of the Victoria Institute, or Philoso-
phical Society of Great Britain,' 8vo, London,
1873. 3. ' A Commentary on the Thirty-nine
Articles, forming an Introduction to the
Theology of the Church of England,' 8vo,
London, 1871, and other editions. 4. ' A
History of the Church of England Pre-Re-
formation Period,' 8vo, London, 1879.
[Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873; Crockford's
Clerical Directory; Times, 1 Feb. 1884; Eev.
C. H. Waller, St. John's Hall, Highbury, in the
Eock, 8 Feb. 1884; Eecord, 1, 8, and 15 Feb.
1884, where appear a funeral sermon by Bishop
Eyle, and communications from Gr. C., A. P., and
the Eev. Thomas Lewthwaite, Newsome Vicarage,
Huddersfield.] A. H. G.
BOULTER, HUGH (1672-1742), arch-
bishop of Armagh, born in London 4 Jan.
1671-2, was descended from a 'reputable and
.estated family.' His father was John Boulter
of St. Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant
Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated
at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was
an associate of Addison, and was subse-
quently made fellow of Magdalen College
(B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, D.D. 1708). In
1700 he received the appointment of chaplain
to Sir Charles Hedges, secretary of state,
and afterwards acted in the same capacity to
Archbishop Tenison. Through the patronage
of Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland, Boul-
ter was appointed to St. Olave's, Southwark
(1708), and archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16).
With Ambrose Philips, Zachary Pierce,
bishop of Rochester, and others, Boulter
contributed to a periodical established in
1718, and entitled < The Free Thinker.' In
1719 Boulter attended George I as chaplain
to Hanover, and was employed to instruct
Prince Frederick in the English language.
The king in the same year appointed him
bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ Church,
Oxford. Five years subsequently George
nominated Boulter to the primacy of the
protestant church in Ireland, then vacant,
which he for a time hesitated to accept. The
king's letter for his translation from the see of
Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug.
1724. In November of that year he arrived
in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips accompanied
him as his secretary. As a member of the
privy council and lord justice in Ireland
Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity
to governmental business, as well as to the
affairs of the protestant church. He approved
of the withdrawal of Wood's patent for cop-
per coinage. On other points he differed both
with William King, archbishop of Dublin,
and with Swift. One of Swift's last public
acts was his condemnation of the measure
promoted by Boulter for diminishing the value
of gold coin and increasing the quantity of
silver currency, which it was apprehended
would, by causing an advance in the rent of
land, increase the absentee drain from Ire-
land. Swift, in some satirical verses, ridi-
culed Boulter's abilities. Through Sir Robert
Walpole and his connections in England
Boulter acquired a predominating influence
in administration and in the parliament at
Dublin, where he considered himself to be
the head of the * English interest.' Boulter's
state policy, to secure what he styled l a good
footing ' for the ' English interest ' in Ireland,
was to confer important posts in church and
state there on his own countrymen, to repress
efforts of the protestants in Ireland towards
constitutional independence, and to leave the
Roman catholics subjected to penal legisla-
tion. By a statute enacted through Boulter's
influence the Roman catholics were excluded
from the legal profession, and disqualified
from holding offices connected with the ad-
ministration of law. Under another act passed
through Boulter's exertions they were de-
prived of the right of voting at elections for
members of parliament or magistrates — the
sole constitutional right which they had been
allowed to exercise. Boulter forwarded with
great energy the scheme for protestant charter
schools, with a view to strengthen the ' Eng-
lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to
the church of England. He gave many liberal
contributions to protestant churches, and for
the relief of the poor in periods of distress in
Ireland. As a memorial of his charity, in
1741 a full-length portrait of him by Francis
Bindon was placed in the hall of the poor
house, Dublin. Boulter repeatedly held of-
fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab-
sence of the viceroy, Carteret, and his suc-
cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and Devonshire.
The death of Boulter occurred at London on
27 Sept. 1742. He was interred in the north
transept of Westminster Abbey, where a
marble monument and bust were placed over
his remains. * Sermons,' and l A Charge at
his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725,'
are his only published productions, with the
exception of a portion of his correspondence.
A selection of his letters was printed in two
volumes at Oxford in 1769, under the super-
intendence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted
Boulton
8
Boulton
as his, secretary in Ireland. This series con-
sists of letters from November 1724 to De-
cember 1738, to state officials and eminent
churchmen in England. They were repub-
lished at Dublin in 1770 by George Faulkner,
who, in his introduction to them, observed
that Boulter, with all his virtues, ' was too
partially favourable to the people of England
and too much prejudiced against the natives
of Ireland.' In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden
published at London ' Boulter's Monument,
a panegyrical poem.' This production, dedi-
cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re-
vised by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by him
in his dictionary. A full-length portrait
of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen College,
and a bust of him is in the library of Christ
Church, Oxford.
[Letters of Hugh Boulter, D.D., 1769-70;
Biographia Britannica, 1780; O'Conor's Hist, of
Irish Catholics, 1813 ; Stuart's Hist. Memoirs of
Armagh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott,
1824 ; Works of Samuel Johnson, 1825 ; Mant's
Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Boswell's Life
of Johnson, ed. Napier, 1884 ; C. J. Robinson's
Registers of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 315.]
J. T. GK
BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809),
engineer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept.
1728, where his father, Matthew Boulton the
elder, had long been carrying on the trade, ac-
cording to Dr. Smiles, of a silver stamper and
piercer. The Boultons were a Northamp-
tonshire family, but John, the grandfather
of the younger Matthew, settled in Lich-
field, and Matthew the elder was sent to
Birmingham to enter into business, in con-
sequence of the reduced fortunes of the
family. The younger Boulton entered his
father's business early, and soon set himself
to extend it. This he had succeeded in doing
to a considerable extent, when in 1759 his
father died. In the following year he mar-
ried Anne Robinson of Lichfield, with
whom he received a considerable dower.
Being thus able to command additional
capital, he determined to enlarge his opera-
tions still further, and with this view he
founded the famous Soho works. About the
same time he also entered into partnership i
with Mr. Fothergill. The works were opened
in 1762, and soon obtained a reputation for !
work of a higher character than it was then
usual to associate with the name of Birming-
ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve
not only the workmanship, but the artistic
merit of his wares, and for this purpose em-
ployed agents to procure for him the finest t
examples of art-work not only in metal, but
in pottery and other materials, which he :
employed as models for his own produc-
tions.
The growth of the factory, and the con-
sequent increased need for motive power
more abundant than the water-power with
which Soho was but scantily furnished, led
Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam
engine, then only used for pumping. He
himself made experiments, and constructed
a model of an improved engine, but nothing
came of it. Watt was then in partnership
with Roebuck, endeavouring unsuccessfully
to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a friend
of Boulton, and told him of Watt and his
experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to
Soho in 1767 and 1768 made him anxious
to secure the help of Boulton and to avail
himself of the resources in Soho in perfect-
ing the engine, while Boulton was on his
side desirous of getting Watt's aid in the
construction of an engine for the works.
For some time negotiations as to a partner-
ship between the two went on, but they
came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in
1772. As a set-off against a claim of 1,2007.,
Boulton then accepted Roebuck's share in
the engine patent, and entered into partner-
ship with Watt. In consequence of Boul-
ton's advice the act of parliament was pro-
cured by which the patent rights were
extended for a period of twenty-four years
(with the six expired years of the original
patent, thirty years in all). The history
of the difficulties which were vanquished
by the mechanical skill of one partner and
by the energy of the other will more fitly be
related in the account of Watt [see WATT,
JAMES], but it may be said here that if the
completion of the steam engine was due
to Watt, its introduction at that time
was due to Boulton. He devoted to the
enterprise not only all the capital he pos-
sessed, but all he could raise from any
source whatever, and indeed he brought
himself to the verge of bankruptcy before
the work was completed and the engine a
commercial success. He kept up the droop-
ing spirits of his partner, and would never
allow him to despond, when he was almost
inclined to despair of his own invention.
Of course at last he had his reward, but it
was not until after six or seven years' labour
and anxiety, and when he had passed his
sixtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1787 as the
year when Watt began to realise a profit
from the engine, but the greater outlay for
which Boulton had been responsible made
it some time later before he got clear from
his liabilities and began to make a profit.
The reform of the copper coinage was an-
other important movement with which
Boulton
Bouquet
Boulton was connected in the latter part of
his life. In 1788 he set up several coining
presses at Soho to be worked by steam (he
patented his press in 1790), and after making
large quantities of coins for the East India
Company, for foreign governments, and for
some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook
the production of a new copper coinage for
Great Britain. He also supplied machinery
to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced
in 1805, and until quite lately part at least
of our money was coined by the old machinery
constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was
not until the reorganisation of the mint ma-
chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was
finally abandoned.
In the scientific society of his time Boul-
ton held a prominent place. Among his
intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin,
Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow
of the Royal Society and a member of the
Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society
of note. His house at Soho was the meeting-
place for all scientific men, both English and
foreign. He died there 18 Aug. 1809.
[Smiles's Lives of Boulton and "Watt (founded
on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's
Life of Watt, London, 1858 ; Gent. Mag. 1809,
780, 883, 979.] H. T. W.
BOULTON, RICHARD (ft. 1697-1724),
physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was
the author of a number of works on the medical
and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason
of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con-
cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. ' An
Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,'
1699. 4. < Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by
his Letter to Dr. Leigh,' 1699. 5. ' System of
Rational and Practical Chirurgery,' 1699 ;
2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the
Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699-
1700. 7. ' Physico-Chirurgical Treatises of
the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve-
nerea,' 1714. 8. 'Essay on External Reme-
dies,' 1715. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721.
10. ' Vindication of the Compleat History of
Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the
Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though
apparently learned in the science of his pro-
fession, he was seemingly not successful in
his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane
he states that he undertook to write an
abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account
of ' misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in
another letter he mentions that successive
misfortunes had made him the object of his
compassion, and begs him to effect something
towards putting him in a way to live. In
the preface to the ' Vindication of the His-
tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for
some time out of England.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ;
Sloane MS. 4038.]
BOUND, NICHOLAS (d. 1613). [See
BOWNDE.]
BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-1765), gene-
ral, born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne,
Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet
in the regiment of Constant in the service of
the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was
made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he
passed into the service of the king of Sardinia,
and distinguished himself in the wars against
France and Spain. The accounts he sent to
Holland of these campaigns having attracted
| the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was
j engaged by him in the service of the republic.
As captain-commandant, with the rank of
I lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Swiss
guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748,
j he was sent to the Low Countries to receive
from the French the places they were about
to evacuate. A few months afterwards he
accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels
in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the
war between the French and English settlers
in America in 1754 he was appointed lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi-
ment which was then raised in three bat-
talions, and by his integrity and capacity
gained great credit, especially in Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent
by General Amherst from Canada with mili-
tary stores and provisions for the relief of
Fort Pitt, and on 5 Aug. was attacked by a
powerful body of the Indians near the defile
of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated
them that they gave up their designs against
Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set-
tlements. In the following year he was sent
from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and
succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese,
Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of
peace. At the conclusion of the peace with
the Indians he was made brigadier-general
and commandant of all troops in the south-
ern colonies of British America. He died in
the autumn of 1765 at Pensacola, from an
epidemic then prevalent among the troops.
[The account of General Bouquet's Expedition
against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published
at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London
in the following year. The work has been as-
cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the
United States, who supplied the map, but pro-
perly belongs to Dr. William Smith, provost of
the College of Philadelphia. An edition in
French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori-
cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at
Bouquett
IO
Bourchier
Amsterdam in 1769. An English translation of
this life is added to an edition of the work pub-
lished at Cincinnati in 1868, and forming vol. i.
of the Ohio Historical Series. The letters and
documents formerly belonging to Bouquet, and
relating to military events in America, 1757-
1765, occupy thirty volumes of manuscripts in
the British Museum, Add. MSS. 21631-21660.
In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven-
tory of his property and of his will.]
T. F. H.
BOUQUETT, PHILIP, D.D. (1669-
1748), Hebrew professor, was educated at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
in 1689 to a scholarship at Trinity College,
Cambridge. He became B.A. 1692, M.A.
1696,B.D. 1706,D.D. 1711. Whenavacancy
occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in
1704, which it was thought desirable to con-
fer on Sike, Bouquett was temporarily ap-
pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the
famous oriental scholar, for whom the post
was reserved. Sike was definitely elected in
August 1705, but on the professorship falling
vacant again seven years later, Bouquett was
elected to fill it permanently. He died senior
fellow of Trinity on 12 Feb. 1747-8, aged 79.
Cole describes him as 'born in France, an old
miserly refugee, who died rich in college, and
left his money among the French refugees.
He was a meagre, thin man, bent partly
double, and for his oddities and way of living
was much ridiculed.' He refused to sign the
petition against Dr. Bentley. Bouquett con-
tributed a copy of elegiacs to the university
collection of poems on the death of George I
and accession of George II in 1727.
[Welch's Al. West. 214 ; Gent. Mag. xviii. 92 ;
Cole's MSS. xxxiii. 274, xlv. 244, 334 ; Monk's
Life of Bentley, i. 186, 329-30.] J. M.
BOURCHIER, GEORGE. [See Bou-
CHIER.]
BOURCHIER, HENRY, EARL OP ESSEX
(d. 1483), was the son of Sir William Bour-
chier, earl of Ewe or Eu, and of Anne,
daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of
Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of
Stafford. He was therefore great-grandson of
Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed-
ward III, brother of Thomas [q.v.], archbishop
of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John,
duke of N orfolk, and half-brother of Humfrey,
duke of Buckingham. Early in the reign of
Henry VI he served in the French war, going
to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke
of York. He succeeded his father as earl of
Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament
by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the
barony of Bourchier. He served in France
under the Duke of York, was appointed lieu-
tenant-general in 1440, and in 1443 \vas cap-
tain of Crotoy in Picardy. He was summoned
to parliament as Viscount Bourchier in 1446.
He married Isabel, daughter of Richard, earl
of Cambridge, and aunt of Edward IV. In
1451 he served on the commission of oyer and
terminer for Kent and Sussex. The battle of
St. Albans made the Duke of York and his
party the masters of the king, and on 29 May
1455 Henry appointed Bourchier, the duke's
brother-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom.
Bourchier held office until 5 Oct. 1456, and
was then succeeded by the Earl of Shrewsbury
— a change that l perhaps indicates that the
mediating policy of the Duke of Buckingham
was exchanged for a more determined one'
(STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 176) ; for up to this
time the Bourcliiers, in spite of their close
connection with the house of York, held a kind
of middle place between the two parties, and,
though the queen's party came into power in
February, continued to hold office in what
may be called the Lancastrian government.
His and his brother's sudden discharge from
office was put down to the queen's influence
(Paston Letters, i. 408). In 1460 Bourchier
was with the Earls of March and Warwick
at the battle of Northampton, and was there-
fore by that time a declared partisan of the
duke. On the accession of his nephew, Ed-
ward IV, he was created earl of Essex (30 June
1461) ; lie was made treasurer for the second
time, and held office for a year. He received
from the king the castle of Werk and the
honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to-
gether with many other estates in different
counties. In 1471 the earl was again made
treasurer, and retained his office during the
rest of his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John
de Vere, earl of Oxford, landed at St. Osyth's,
Essex and others rode against him and com-
pelled him to re-embark (Paston Letters, iii.
92). In this year also he was for about a
month keeper of the great seal during the
vacancy of the chancellorship. Essex died
4 April 1483, and was buried at Bylegh. He
had a large family. His eldest son, William,
who married Anne Woodville, died during his
lifetime, and he was therefore succeeded by
his grandson, Henry [q. v.] His second son,
Sir Henry Bourchier, married the daughter
and heiress of Lord Scales ; the third son,
Humfrey, Lord Cromwell, died in the battle
of Barnet ; the fourth son, Sir John, married
the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of
Groby. He had four other children.
[Polydore Vergil's Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603;
Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; Will. Worcester ;
Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 129 ; Stubbs's Constitu-
tional History, iii. 176 ; Foss's Judges of Eng-
land, iv. 423.] W. H.
Bourchier
Bourchier
BOURCHIER, HENRY, second EAEL
OF ESSEX (d. 1539), was the son of William
Bourchier and the grandson of Henry Bour-
chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne
Woodville, sister of the queen of Edward IV.
He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was
a member of the privy council of Henry VII.
In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou-
logne. At the knighthood of Henry, duke ; endangered
folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di-
vision being made of the council in 1526 for
purposes of business, his name was placed
with those who were to treat of matters of
law. He joined in the letter sent by a num-
ber of English nobles to Clement VII in
1530, warning him that imless he hastened
the king's
of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro-
minent part in the ceremonies, and was one
of the challengers at the jousts held in honour
of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de-
tachment against the rebels at Blackheath.
He accompanied the king and queen when
they crossed to Calais in 1500, to hold an in-
terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The
next year he was one of those appointed to
meet Catherine of Arragon. On the acces-
sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of
the new bodyguard. During the early years
of the king's reign he took a prominent part
in the revels in which Henry delighted.
Constant references may be found in the
State Papers to the earl's share in these en-
tertainments. For example, in 1510 he and
others, the king among the number, dressed
themselves as Robin Hood's men in a revel
given for the queen's delectation. He was also
constantly employed in state ceremonies, such
as meeting papal envoys, as in 1514, when
the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in
1515, when he met the prothonotary who
brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ;
and in 1524, when Dr. Hanyball came over
with the golden rose for the king. These
and such like engagements necessarily put
him to great expense. He received some
grants from Henry, and appears both as a
pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On
one occasion his tailor seems to have had
some difficulty in getting his bill settled.
He served at the sieges of Terouenne and
Tournay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears '
(HERBEKT) in 1513, and the next year was
made chief captain of the king's forces. When
the king's sister Margaret, widow of James
IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought
refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in
company with the king, Suffolk, and Sir G.
Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in
her honour. In 1520 he attended the king
at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes.
He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of
Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed-
minster as his share of the duke's estates.
In 1525, when engaged in raising money for
the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote
to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in-
surrection, and by the king's command took
a company to the borders of Essex and Suf-
divorce, his supremacy would be
1. While riding a young horse, in
1539, he was thrown and broke his neck.
As he had no male issue by his wife Mary,
his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour-
chier) became extinct at his death. His
barony descended to his daughter Anne, who
married William Parr, afterwards Earl of
Essex.
[Hall's Chron. (Hen. VIII), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed.
1548; Stow's Annals; Polydore Vergil's Historia
Anglica, 1437, 1521, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Eic. Ill
and Hen. VII, Eolls Series ; Herbert's Life and
Keign of Henry VIII, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers,
Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim; Dugdale's Baron-
age, ii. 130.] W. H.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN
DE (d. 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as
deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford,
to represent him in the parliament summoned
in 1306 for the purpose of granting an aid on
the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving
knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to
postpone the assumption of the same rank
for three years in consideration of paying a
fine of lOOs. In 1314-y> he appears as one
of the justices of assize for the counties of
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap-
pears in various commissions for the years
1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he
was summoned to parliament at Westminster,
apparently for the first time, as a justice, and
on the '31st of the same month was appointed
a justice of the common bench. Next year
he was engaged in trying certain persons
charged with making forcible entry upon the
manors of Hugh le Despenser, in Glamorgan-
shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in-
vestigating a charge of malversation against
certain commissioners of forfeited estates in
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases
of extortion by sheriffs, commissioners of
array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford,
and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on
a special commission for the trial of persons
accused of complicity in the fabrication of
miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows
on which Henry de Montfort and Henry de
Wylyngton had been hanged at Bristol. In
February 1325-6 he was placed at the head
of a commission to try a charge of poaching
brought by the Bishop of London and the
dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a
Bourchier
12
Bourchier
number of persons alleged to have taken a
large fish, ' qui dicitur cete,' from the manor
of Walton, in violation of a charter of
Henry III, by which the chapter claimed the
exclusive right to all large fish found on
their estates, the tongue only being reserved
to the king. In the same year he was en-
gaged in trying cases of extortion by legal
officials in Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, and
Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the
conservators of the peace in Lincolnshire.
In December of this year he was summoned
to parliament for the last time. He was re-
appointed justice of the common bench
shortly after the accession of Edward III,
the patent being dated 24 March 1326-7.
The last fine was levied before him on Ascen-
sion day 1329. He died shortly afterwards,
as we know from the fact that in the follow-
ing year his heir, Robert, was put in posses-
sion of his estates by the king. By his mar-
riage with Helen, daughter and heir of
Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor
of Stanstead, in Halstead, Essex, adjoining
an estate which he had purchased in 1312.
He was buried in Stanstead Church.
[Parl. Writs, i. 164, 166, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139-
140, 236, 351, 419, pt, ii. 110-11, 119, 134-5,
139, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 188, 193, 230-2, 237,
241, 283, 288; Rot, Parl. i. 449 b • Dugdale's
Orig. 45 ; Rot. Orig. Abbrev. ii. 44 ; Gal. Rot.
Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m. 10 ; Rymer's Fcedera (ed.
Clarke), ii. 619 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 253 ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R.
BOURCHIER, JOHN, second BARON
BERNERS (1467 -1533), statesman and author,
was the son of Humphrey Bourchier, by
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney,
and widow of Sir Thomas Howard. His
father was slain at the battle of Barnet
(14 April 1471) fighting in behalf of Ed-
ward IV, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey (WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments,
1632, p. 482). His grandfather, John, the
youngest son of William Bourchier, earl of
Ewe, was created Baron Berners in 1455, and
died in 1474. Henry Bourchier [q. v.], the
Earl of Ewe's eldest son and the second Lord
Berners's granduncle, became Earl of Essex in
1461. Another granduncle, Thomas Bour-
chier [q. v.], was archbishop of Canterbury
from 1454 to 1486.
In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his
grandfather as Baron Berners. He is believed
to have studied for some years at Oxford, and
Wood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col-
lege. But little is known of his career till
after the accession of Henry VII. In 1492
he entered into a contract ' to serue the king in
his warres beyond see on hole yeere with two
speres ' (RYMER, Fc&dera, xii. 479). In 1497
he helped to repress the Cornish rebellion in
behalf of Perkin Warbeck. It is fairly cer-
tain that he and Henry VIII were acquainted
as youths, and the latter showed Berners
much favour in the opening years of his reign.
In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue to
Calais, and was present at the capture of
Terouenne. Later in the same year he was mar-
shal of the Earl of Surrey's army in Scotland.
When the Princess Mary married Louis XII
(9 Oct. 1514), Berners was sent with her to
France as her chamberlain. But he did not
remain abroad. On 18 May 1514 he had
been granted the reversion to the office of
chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 May
1516 he appears to have succeeded to the post.
In 1518 Berners was sent with John Kite,
archbishop of Armagh, on a special mission to
Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII
and Charles of Spain. The letters of the
envoys represent Berners as suffering from
severe gout. He sent the king accounts of
the bull-baiting and other sports that took
place at the Spanish court. The negotiations
dragged on from April to December, and the
irregularity with which money was sent to
the envoys from home caused them much
embarrassment (cf.Berners to Wolsey, 26 July
1518, in BRE WEE'S Letters fyc. of Henry
VIII}. Early in 1519 Berners was again
in England, and he, with his wife, attended
Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of
Gold in the next year. The privy council
thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of
the ceremonial which he forwarded to them.
Throughout this period Berners, when in
England, regularly attended parliament, and
was in all the commissions of the peace
issued for Hertfordshire and Surrey. But
his pecuniary resources were failing him.
He had entered upon several harassing law-
suits touching property in Staffordshire,
Wiltshire, and elsewhere. As early as 1511
he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the
loan was frequently repeated. In Decem-
ber 1520 he left England to become deputy
of Calais, during pleasure, with 100Z. yearly
as salary and 104/. as ' spyall money.' His
letters to Wolsey and other officers of state
prove him to have been busily engaged in suc-
ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica-
tions of Calais and in watching the armies of
France and the Low Countries in the neigh-
bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V.
In 1528 he obtained grants of manors in
Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Oxford-
shire. In 1529 and 1531 he sent Henry VIII
gifts of hawks (Privy Purse Expenses, pp. 54,
231). But his pecuniary troubles were in-
creasing, and his debts to the crown remained
Bourchier
Bourchier
unpaid. Early in 1532-3, while Berners was
very ill, Henry VIII directed his agents in
Calais to watch over the deputy's personal
effects in the interests of his creditors. On
16 March 1532-3 Berners died, and he was
buried in the parish church of Calais by his
special direction. All his goods were placed
under arrest and an inventory taken, which
is still at the Record Office, and proves
Berners to have lived in no little state.
Eighty books and four pictures are men-
tioned among his household furniture. By
his will (3 March 1532-3) he left his chief
property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his
executor, who became earl of Huntingdon in
1544 (Chronicle of Calais, Camd. Soc. p. 164).
Berners married Catherine, daughter of John
Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had a
daughter, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmund
Knyvet of Ashwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc-
ceeded to her father's estates in England.
Small legacies were also left to his illegiti-
mate sons, Humphrey, James, and George.
The barony of Berners was long in abey-
ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress
died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas
Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him
the barony, but died in 1616 before his claim
could be ratified. In 1720 Elizabeth, a great-
granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was confirmed
in the barony and bore the title of Baroness
Berners, but she died without issue in 1743,
and the barony fell again into abeyance. A
cousin of this lady in the third degree married
in 1720 Henry Wilson of Didlington, Norfolk,
and their grandson, Robert Wilson, claimed
and secured the barony in 1832. The barony
is now held by a niece of Henry William
Wilson (1797-1871), the third bearer of the
restored title.
While at Calais Berners devoted all his
leisure to literary pursuits. History, whether
real or fictitious, always interested him, and
in 1523 he published the first volume of his fa-
mous translation of (1) Froissart's Chronicles.
The second volume followed in 1525. Richard
Pynson was the printer. This work was un-
dertaken at the suggestion of Henry VHI
and was dedicated to him. Its style is re-
markably vivid and clear, and although a few
French words are introduced, Berners has
adhered so closely to the English idiom as
to give the book the character of an original
English work. It inaugurated the taste for
historical reading and composition by which
the later literature of the century is charac-
terised. Fabian, Hall, and Holinshed were
all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a
reprint of Berners's translation in 1812, and
although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart
(1803-5) has now very generally superseded
that of Berners, the later version is wanting
in the literary flavour which still gives
Berners's book an important place in Eng-
lish literature. But chivalric romance had
even a greater attraction for Berners than
chivalric history, and four lengthy transla-
tions from the French or Spanish were com-
pleted by him. The first was doubtless
(2) ' Huon of Burdeux,' translated from the
great prose French Charlemagne romance,
about 1530, but not apparently published
till after Lord Berners's death. It is pro-
bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in
1534 under the direction of Lord George
Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, who had urged
Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford
has a unique copy of this book. A second
edition, apparently issued by Robert Copland
in 1570, is wholly lost. Two copies of a third
revised edition, dated 1601, are extant, of
which one is in the British Museum and the
other in the Bodleian. The first edition was
reprinted by the Early English Text Society
1883-5. (3) < The Castell of Love ' (by D. de
San Pedro) was translated from the Spanish
1 at the instaunce of Lady Elizabeth Carew,
late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.'
The first edition was printed by Robert Wyer
about 1540, and a second came from the press
of John Kynge about the same time. (4) * The
golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour
and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a
French version of Guevara's ' El redox de
Principes.' It was completed only six days
before Berners's death, and was under-
taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis
Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534,
and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553, 1557,
and 1559. A very definite interest attaches
to this book. It has been proved that English
< Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of
the Spanish Guevara. Lyly's ' Euphues ' was
mainly founded on Sir Thomas North's * Dial
of Princes ' (1558 and 1567), and the ' Dial
of Princes' is a translation of an enlarged
edition of Guevara's ' El Redox/ which was
first translated into English by Berners. The
marked popularity of Berners's original trans-
lation clearly points to him as the founder of
'Guevarism' or so-called Euphuism in England
(LANDMANN'S Euphuismus, Giessen, 1881).
Berners also translated from the French
(5) 'The History of the moost noble and
valyaunt knight, Artheur of Lytell Brytaine.'
The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812.
Wood, following Bale, attributes to Berners
a Latin comedy, (6) ' Ite ad Vineam,' which
he says was often acted after vespers at
Calais, and a tract on (7) ' The Duties of the
Inhabitants of Calais.' Nothing is known
now of the former work ; but the latter may
Bourchier
Bourchier
not improbably be identified with the elabo-
rate ' Ordinances for watch and ward of
Calais' in Cotton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89-
102 b}. These ordinances were apparently
drawn np before 1532, and have been printed
at length in the ' Chronicle of Calais ' pub-
lished by the Camden Society, pp. 140-62.
Warton states, on the authority of Oldys,
that Henry, lord Berners, translated some of
Petrarch's sonnets, but the statement is pro-
bably wholly erroneous (Hist. EngL Poet.
iii. 58).
Holbein painted a portrait of Berners in
his robes as chancellor of the exchequer
(WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor-
num, i. 82). The picture is now at Key-
thorpe Hall, Leicestershire, in the posses-
sion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It
was engraved for the Early English Text ,
Society's reprint of ' Huon of Burdeux ' |
(1884).
[Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 132-3 ; Marshall's
Genealogist's Guide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foster's
Peerage ; Bale's Cent. Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 72 ; Brewer's Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-1534 ; Utter-
son's Memoir of Berners in his reprint of the
Froissart (1812); Walpole's Eoyal and Noble
Authors, i. 239-45 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Intro-
duction to the Early English Text Society's
reprint of Huon of Burdeux, ed. S. L. Lee.]
S. L. L.
BOURCHIER, SIB JOHN (d. 1660),
regicide, grandson and heir of Sir Ralph
Bourchier, of Benningborough, Yorkshire,
appears in 1620 in the list of adventurers
for Virginia as subscribing 371. 10s. In the
following year, having complained of the lord-
keeper for giving judgment against him in a
lawsuit, he was censured and obliged to
make a humble submission (Lords' Journals,
iii. 179-92). He suffered more severely in
a contest with Strafford concerning the en-
closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre,
near York. Sir John attempted to assert his
claims by pulling down the fences, for which
he was fined and imprisoned. Directly the
Long parliament met he petitioned, and his
treatment was one of the minor charges
against Strafford (RusHWORTH, Strajford's
Trial, p. 146 ; see also Straff. Corr. i. 86-88,
ii. 59). His name also appears among those
who signed the different Yorkshire petitions
in favour of the parliament, and a letter from
him describing the presentation of the peti-
tion of 3 June 1642 on Hey worth Moor, and
a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile
on that occasion, was printed by order of
the House of Commons (Commons' Journals,
6 June 1642). He entered the Long parlia-
ment amongst the ' recruiters ' as member
for Ripon (1645). In December 1648 he was
appointed one of the king's judges, and signed
the death-warrant. In February 1651, and
again in November 1652, he was elected a
member of the council of state, and finally
succeeded in obtaining a grant of 6,000/. out
of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it
is not evident what satisfaction he actually
obtained (Commons1 Journals, 31 July 1651).
At the Restoration he was, with the other
regicides, summoned to give himself up, and
the speaker acquainted the House of Com-
mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660
(Journals). While the two houses were
quarrelling over the exceptions to be made
to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as-
serting to the last the justice of the king's
condemnation. 1 1 tell you it was a just act ;
God and all good men will own it' (LuDLOw's
Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 358). Sir John's son,
Barrington Bourchier, having aided in the
Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's
estate (Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1661,
p. 557).
[Noble's Regicides and House of Cromwell,
ii. 36 ; the Fairfax Correspondence (Civil Wars),
i. 338, contains a letter from Sir John Bourchier
to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministers in
Yorkshire.] C. H. F.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, RO-
BERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son
of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common
pleas, began life in the profession of arms.
He was returned as a member for the county
of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In
1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench
in Ireland. He was present at the battle of
Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament
of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When
on his return to England the king displaced
his ministers, he committed the great seal,
which had long been held by Archbishop
Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chi-
chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus
became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan-
cellor. His salary was fixed at 500 L, besides
the usual fees. In the struggle between the
king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld
the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, in-
terrupted his address to the bishops in the
Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged
him to submit to the king. When the parlia-
ment of 1341 extorted from the king his assent
to their petitions that the account of the royal
officers should be audited, and that the chan-
cellor and other great officers should be
nominated in parliament, and should swear
to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he
had not assented to these articles, and would
Bourchier
Bourchier
not be bound by them, as they were contrary
to his oath and to the laws of the realm.
He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and
delivered it to parliament. He resigned his
office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to par-
liament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In
1346 he accompanied the king on his expedi-
tion to France. He was in command of a
large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in
the first division of the army. He married
Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas
Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead
for eight priests ; but it probably never con-
tained so many, as its revenues were very
small. The king granted him the right of
free warren, and license to crenellate his
house. He died of the plague in 1349, and
was buried at Halstead.
[Eolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131 ; Keturn
of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng.
Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's
Judges of England, iii. 399-402 ; Campbell's
Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's
Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391 ; Dugdale's
Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi.
1453.] W. H.
BpURCHIER, THOMAS (1404P-1486),
cardinal, was the third son of William
Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne
Plantagenet, second daughter of Thomas of
Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, youngest
son of Edward III. His father had won the
title he bore by his achievements under
Henry V in France, and transmitted it to
his eldest son, Henry [q. v.j, who afterwards
was created earl of Essex. A second son, by
right of his wife, was summoned to parlia-
ment as Lord Fitzwarren. The third, Thomas,
the subject of this article, was born about
1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death
of his father. A fourth, John Bourchier, was
ennobled as Lord Berners [see BOTJKCHIER,
JOHN]. A daughter Eleanor married John
Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur-
name, and the fourth duke, his son, conse-
quently speaks of the cardinal as his uncle
(Paston Letters, ii. 382).
Thomas Bourchier was sent at an early
age to Oxford, and took up his abode at
Nevill's Inn, one of five halls or inns which
occupied the site of what is now Corpus
Christi College. In 1424 he obtained the
prebend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathedral,
and before 1427 he was made dean of St.
Martin's-le-Grand, London. He also received
the prebend of West Thurrock, in the free
chapel of Hastings. In 1433, though not yet
of full canonical age, he was recommended
for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the
death of Thomas Polton. But Polton had
died at Basle while attending the general
council, and the pope had already nominated
as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis-
bury. On the other hand the commons in
parliament addressed the king in favour of
Bourchier, putting forward, according to the
royal letters, the 'nighness of blood that our
well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto
us and the cunning and virtues that rest in
his person.' Accordingly Brouns was trans-
lated to Rochester, and the pope cancelled his
previous nomination to Worcester by an ante-
dated bull in favour of Bourchier, whose no-
mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434.
The temporalities of the see were restored to
him on 15 April 1435.
Meanwhile, in 1434, Bourchier was made
chancellor of the university of Oxford, a po-
sition which he held for three years, and which
implies at least that he took some interest
in scholarship, though we have no evidence
that he himself was a distinguished scholar.
Wood says that he took part in a convocation
of the university as early as 1428. But we
may reasonably surmise that his subsequent
promotions were as much owing to high birth
as to great abilities. He had not remained
long in the see of Worcester when, in 1435,
the bishopric of Ely fell vacant. The chapter,
at the instigation of John Tiptoft, the prior,
agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes-
sengers to Rome to procure bulls for his
translation. The bulls came, but as the
government refused to ratify his election,
Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's
ministers wished to reward Cardinal Louis
de Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen (chan-
cellor of France under the English king) with
the revenues of the bishopric of Ely. So by
an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand-
ing the opposition of Archbishop Chichele,
the bishopric was not filled up, but the arch-
bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator
of the see. But when he died in 1443, there
was no further difficulty in the way of Bour-
chier's promotion. He was nominated by the
king, elected by the chapter, and having re-
ceived a bull for his translation, dated 20 Dec.
1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo-
ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444.
There is little known of his life at this
time beyond the story of his promotions, and
what we hear of his conduct as bishop is
from a very adverse critic, the historian of
the monastery of Ely, who says that he was
severe and exacting towards the tenants, and
that he would never celebrate mass in his
own cathedral except on the day of his in-
stallation, which he put off till two years
after his appointment. It appears that in 1 438
there was an intention of sending Bourchier,
Bourchier
16
Bourchier
then bishop of Worcester, with others to the
council of Basle ; but it does not appear that
he actually went (NICOLAS, Privy Council
Proceedings, v. 92, 99). That he was often
called to the king's councils at Westminster
there is ample evidence to show.
In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of
Canterbury, died. A deputation of the lords
rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to
the king, and to signify to him, if possible, that
a new chancellor, a new primate, and a new
council required to be appointed. But Henry's
intellectual prostration was complete, and he
gave no sign that he understood the simplest
inquiry. The lords accordingly appointed the
Duke of York protector, and on 30 March the
council, in compliance with a petition from
the commons, recommended the Bishop of
Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury ' for
his great merits, virtues, and great blood that
he is of ' (Rolls of Parl. v. 450). Bourchier
was translated on 22 April following ; and we
may presume that he owed his promotion to
the Duke of York's influence. On 6 Sept. in
the same year William Paston writes from
London to his brother : t My lord of Canter-
bury hath received his cross, and I was with
him in the king's chamber when he made his
homage ' (Paston Letters, i. 303) . Apparently
he paid a conventional reverence to the poor
unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe-
bruary following.
On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed
lord chancellor, and received the seals at
Greenwich from the king himself, who had
recovered from his illness at the new year.
His appointment, in fact, was one consequence
of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis-
bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the
Duke of York) could not have been acceptable
to the queen. Bourchier apparently had to
some extent the good-will of both parties,
and was expected to preserve the balance be-
tween them in peculiarly trying times. Little
more than two months after his appointment,
when the Duke of York and his friends took
up arms and marched southwards, they ad-
dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor
declaring that their intentions were peace-
able and that they came to do the king service
and to vindicate their loyalty. Bourchier
sent a special messenger to the king at Kil-
burn, but the man was not allowed to come
into the royal presence, and neither the letter
to the archbishop nor an address sent by the
lords actually reached the king (Rolls of Parl.
v. 280-1). The result was the first battle of
St. Albans, which was the commencement of
the wars of the Roses.
A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol-
lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech
as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount
Bourchier, was at the same time appointed
lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pro-
rogued to November. Before it met again
the king had fallen a second time into the
same melancholy state of imbecility, and for
a second time it was necessary to make York
protector. The archbishop resigned the great
seal in October 1456, when the queen had ob-
tained a clear advantage over the Duke of
York, and got the king, who had been long
separated from her, down to Coventry, where
a great council was held. These changes
raised misgivings, even in some who were
not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck-
ingham, who was a son of the same mother as
the two Bourchiers, was ill-pleased at seeing
his brothers discharged from high offices of
state, and it was^said that he had interposed to
protect the Duke of York himself from unfair
treatment at the council (Paston Letters, i.
408). But the archbishop was a peacemaker ;
and the temporary reconciliation of parties in
the spring of 1458 appears to have been greatly
owing to him. He and Waynflete drew up
the terms of the agreement between the lords
on both sides, which was sealed on 24 March,
the day before the general procession at St.
Paul's.
Shortly before this, in the latter part of
the year 1457, the archbishop had been called
upon to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chichester,
as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one,
for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He
was first turned out of the king's council, the
archbishop as the chief person there ordering
his expulsion, and then required to appear be-
fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His writings
were examined by three other bishops and
condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop,
as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that
high authorities were against him in several
points, and told him to choose between re-
cantation and burning. The poor man's spirit
was quite broken, and he preferred recanta-
tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the
archbishop for some time at Canterbury and
Maidstone, and afterwards committed by him
to the custody of the abbot of Thorney.
In April 1459 Bourchier brought before
the council a request from Pius II that the
king would send an ambassador to a council
at Mantua, where measures were to be con-
certed for the union of Christendom against
the Turks (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceed-
ings, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nuncio,
after remaining nearly a year and a half in
England, gave up his mission as hopeless and
recrossed the Channel. But at Calais the Earl
of Warwick, who was governor there, won
him over to the cause of the Duke of York.
Bourchier
Bourchier
He recrossed the Channel with the Earls of
Warwick, March, and Salisbury, giving their
enterprise the sanction of the church. Bour-
chier met them at Sandwich with his cross
borne before them. A statement of the Yorkist
grievances had been forwarded to him by the
earls before their coming, and apparently he
had done his best to publish it. Accompanied
by a great multitude, the earls, the legate, and
the archbishop passed on to London, which
opened its gates to them on 2 July 1460. Next
day there was a convocation of the clergy at
St. Paul's, at which the earls presented them-
selves before the archbishop, declared their
grievances, and swore upon the cross of St.
Thomas of Canterbury that they had no de-
signs against the king. The political situation
was discussed by the bishops and clergy, and it
was resolved that the archbishop and five of
his suffragans should go with the earls to the
king at Northampton and use their efforts for
a peaceful settlement. Eight days later was
fought the battle of Northampton, at which
Henry was taken prisoner. The archbishop,
as agreed upon in convocation, accompanied
the earls upon their march from London, and
sent a bishop to the king to explain their
attitude ; but the bishop (of whose name we
are not informed) acted in a totally different
spirit and encouraged the king's party to fight.
When the Duke of York came over from
Ireland later in the year and challenged the
crown in parliament, the archbishop came up
to him and asked if he would not first come
and pay his respects to the king. * I do not
remember,' he replied, l that there is any one
in this kingdom who ought not rather to
come and pay his respects to me.' Bourchier
immediately withdrew to report this answer
to Henry. When, after the second battle of
St. Albans, the queen was threatening Lon-
don, the archbishop had betaken himself to
Canterbury, awaiting better news with the
young Bishop of Exeter, George Nevill, whom
the Yorkists had appointed lord chancellor.
Bourchier, though he had shown in the
house of peers that he did not favour York's
repudiation of allegiance, could not possibly
sympathise with the disturbance of a parlia-
mentary settlement and the renewal of strife
and tumult. From this time, at all events,
he was a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke
of York's eldest son came up to London and
called a council at his residence of Baynard's
Castle on 3 March, he was among the lords
who attended and agreed that Edward was
now rightful king. On 28 June he set the
crown upon Edward's head. Four years later,
on Sunday after Ascension day (26 May)
1465, he also crowned his queen, Elizabeth
Woodville.
VOL. vr.
For some years nothing more is known of
the archbishop's life except that Edward IV
petitioned Pope Paul II to make him a car-
dinal in 1465, and it appears that he was
actually named by that pope accordingly on
Friday, 18 Sept. 1467. But some years elapsed
before the red hat was sent and his title of
cardinal was acknowledged in England. In
1469 the pope wrote to the king promising
that it should be sent very shortly ; but the
unsettled state of the country, and the new
revolution which for half a year restored
Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed
its transmission still further, and it was only
sent by the succeeding pope, Sixtus IV, in
1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May.
By this time the archbishop had given
further proofs of his devotion to Edward.
He and his brother, whom the king had
created earl of Essex after his coronation,
not only raised troops for his restoration in
1471, but were mediators with the Duke of
Clarence before his arrival in England, and
succeeded in winning him over again to his
brother's cause. After the king was again
peacefully settled on his throne he went on
pilgrimage to Canterbury at Michaelmas, ap-
rrently to attend the jubilee of St. Thomas
Becket, which, but for the state of- the
country, would have been held in the pre-
ceding" year. Edward had visited Canter-
bury before, soon after the coronation of his
queen, and bestowed on the cathedral a
window representing Becket's martyrdom,
of which, notwithstanding its destruction in
the days of Henry VIII, some fragments are
still visible.
Bourchier was hospitable after the fashion
of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can-
terbury an eastern patriarch, who is believed
to have been Peter II of Antioch. In
1455 — the year after he became archbishop
— he had purchased of Lord Saye and Sele
the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, which
he converted into a castellated mansion and
bequeathed to the see of Canterbury. It re-
mained as a residence for future archbishops
till Cranmer gave it up to Henry VIII.
Here Bourchier entertained much company,
among whom men of letters like Botoner and
patrons of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor-
cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians
like Hambois, Taverner, and others. That
he was a promoter of the introduction of
printing into England, even before the date
of Caxton's first work, rests only on the evi-
dence of a literary forgery published in the
seventeenth century.
In 1475 Bourchier was one of the four
arbitrators to whom the differences between
England and France were referred by the
0
Bourchier
18
Bourchier
peace of Amiens (RYMEK, xii. 16). In 1480,
feeling the effects of age, he appointed as his
suffragan William Westkarre, titular bishop
of Sidon. In 1483, after the death of Ed-
ward IV, he was again called on to take
part in public affairs in a way that must have
been much to his own discomfort. He went
at the head of a deputation from the council
to the queen-dowager in sanctuary at West-
minster, and persuaded her to deliver up her
second son Richard, duke of York, to the
keeping of his uncle, the protector, to keep
company with his brother, Edward V, then
holding state as sovereign in the Tower. The
cardinal pledged his own honour so strongly
for the young duke's security that the queen
at last consented. Within three weeks of the
time that he thus pledged himself for the
good faith of the protector he was called on
to officiate at the coronation of Richard III !
That he should have thus lent himself as
an instrument to the usurper must appear all
the more melancholy when we consider that
in 1471 he had taken the lead among the
peers of England (as being the first subject
in the realm) in swearing allegiance to
Edward, prince of Wales, as heir to the
throne (Parl. Rolls, vi. 234). But perhaps
we may overestimate the weakness involved
in such conduct, not considering the speci-
ous plea on which young Edward's title was
set aside, and the winning acts and plausible
manners which for the moment had made
Richard highly popular. The murder of the
princes had not yet taken place, and the
attendance of noblemen at Richard's corona-
tion was as full as it ever had been on any
similar occasion. After the murder a very
different state of feeling arose in the nation,
and the cardinal, who had pledged his word
for the safety of the princes, could not but
have shared that feeling strongly. How far
he entered into the conspiracies against
Richard III we do not know, but doubtless
he was one of those who rejoiced most sin-
cerely in the triumph of Henry VII at
Bosworth. Within little more than two
months of that victory he crowned the new
king at Westminster.
One further act of great solemnity it was
left for him to accomplish, and it formed the
fitting close to the career of a great peace-
maker. On 18 Jan. 1486 he married Henry
VII to Elizabeth of York, thus joining the
red rose and the white and taking away all
occasion for a renewal of civil war. He died at
Knowle on 6 April following, and was buried
in his own cathedral.
[W. Wyrcester; Contin. Hist.deEpp. Wygorn.,
and Hist. Eliensis in Wharton's Anglia Sacra ;
Nicolas's Privy Council Proceedings, vol. vi.; An
English Chronicle, ed. Davies (Camclen Society) ;
Registrum Johannis Whethamstede (Eolls ed.) ;
Hearne's Fragment, Fleetwood, and Warkworth
(three authorities which may be conveniently
consulted together in one volume, though very ill
edited, entitled ' Chronicles of the White Rose ') ;
Paston Letters ; Polydore Vergil ; Hall ; Pii
Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino compositi,
161 (ed. 1584); Rolls of Parliament; More's
Hist, of Richard III; Loci e Libro Veritatum
(Grascoigne), ed. Rogers; Babington's Introduc-
tion to Pecock's Represser ; Brown's Venetian
Calendar, i. 90, 91. A valuable modern life of
Bourchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the
Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G-.
BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?),
was a friar of the Observant order of the Fran-
ciscans. He was probably educated at Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of
his having graduated in that university.
When Queen Mary attempted to re-esta-
blish the friars in England, Bourchier be-
came a member of the new convent at Green-
wich ; but at that queen's death he left the
country. After spending some years in Paris,
where the theological faculty of the Sor-
bonne conferred on him the degree of doctor,
he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the
convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the
church of S. Maria di Ara Caeli, and subse-
quently became penitentiary in the church of
S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits,
his biographer, speaks of having sometimes
seen him.
He wrote several books, but the only one
that survives is the i Historia Ecclesiastica
de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci
dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia
sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio
sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia
tempore Elizabethse regnantis Reginse, idque
ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum prsesen-
tem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is
dated from Paris, ' ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan.
1582. The book was very popular among
catholics, and other editions were brought
out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in
1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of
his works was a treatise entitled ' Oratio doc-
tissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gon-
zagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem
pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conven-
tus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This
was published under the name of Thomas
Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have
been an alias of Bourchier.
Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans,
calls him, in his supplementary volume,
1 Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero An-
glice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis
autem Beccaro ' (an alternative form of
ajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con-
vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour-
3hier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S.
)lara and Parkinson, the author of ' Collec-
inea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two
listinct persons, who both took their degree
" D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers
however, of no better authority than
/'adding. Another treatise by Bourchier,
(De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur
juod a saecularibus judicari non debeant,' is
lentioned by Wadding as in his possession,
ut only in manuscript ; this was written at
'aris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno-
the 'Censura Orient alis Ecclesiae de
;ipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,' which
fas published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour-
•chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about
1586.
[Pits, De AngliaeScriptoribus, 789; "Wadding's
Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl.
ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's
Athene Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ;
Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran-
jiscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat.
Min. 48-55.] C. T. M.
BOURDIEU, ISAAC DU. [See Du
BOTJRDIETJ.]
BOURDIEU, JEAN DTI. [See Du
BOFRDIETJ.]
BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR
(1811-1883), Madras civil servant, was the
second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon,
vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon-
shire. He was educated partly by his father,
and partly at a school at Ramsgate ; having
been nominated to an Indian writership, he
proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828,
and in the following year to Madras. After
serving in various subordinate appointments
in the provinces, he was appointed secretary
to the board of revenue, and eventually in
1854 secretary to government in the depart-
ments of revenue and public works. Bour-
dillon had previously been employed upon an
important commission appointed under in-
structions of the late court of directors to
report upon the system of public works in the
Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major
{now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of
the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu-
tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B.,
of the Madras artillery. The report of the
commission, which was written by Bourdillon,
enforces in clear and vigorous language the
enormous importance of works of irrigation,
and of improved communications for the pre-
vention of famines and the development of
the country. The writer's accurate know-
ledge of details and breadth of view render
the report one of the most valuable state
papers ever issued by an Indian government.
Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise
on the ryotwar system of land revenue, which
exposed a considerable amount of prevalent
misapprehension as to the principles and
practical working of that system. Working
in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir
Thomas Py croft, he was instrumental in ef-
fecting reforms in the transaction of public
business, both in the provinces and at the
presidency. He especially helped to improve
the method of reporting the proceedings of
the local government to the government of
India and to the secretary of state, which for
some years put Madras at the head of all the
Indian governments in respect of the thorough-
ness with which its business was conducted
and placed before the higher authorities.
Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he
was compelled to leave India, and to retire
from the public service at a time when the
reputation which he had achieved would in
all probability have secured his advancement
to one of the highest posts in the Indian
service. To the last he devoted much time
and attention to Indian questions, occasion-
ally contributing to the ' Calcutta Review,'
and interesting himself among other matters
in the questions of provincial finance and of
the Indian currency. He revised for the
late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later
pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He
died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May
1883.
[Madras Civil List; Eeport of the Madras
Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church
of Scotland Mission Press, 1856 ; family papers
and personal knowledge.] A. J. A.
BOURGEOIS, SIR PETER FRANCIS
(1756-1811), painter, is said to have been
descended from a family of some importance
in Switzerland. His father was a watch-
maker, residing in London at the time of his
birth. He was intended for the army, and
Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a
commission, but he preferred to be an artist,
and was encouraged in his choice of profes-
sion by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De
Loutherbourg was his master, and he early
acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter.
In 1776 he set out on a tour through France,
Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810,
the year before his death, he exhibited 103
pictures at the Royal Academy and five at
the British Institution. In 1787 he was
elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem-
ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow-
ing year he was appointed landscape-painter
to George III.
c2
Bourke
20
Bourke
Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanis-
laus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed
him his painter and conferred on him the
honour of a knight of the order of Merit,
and his title was confirmed by George III.
Although he appears to have been successful
as a painter, he owed much of his good for-
tune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer,
who was employed by Stanislaus to collect
works of art, which ultimately remained on
his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desen-
fans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his
death inherited what, with some pictures
added by himself, is no\v known as the Dul-
wich Gallery. He died from a fall from his
horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the
chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed
371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,0001.
campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he-
was posted to the staff of the army in Por-
tugal as assistant quartermaster-general, and
on account of his knowledge of Spanish was
sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the head-
quarters of Don Gregorio Cuesta, the com-
mander-in-chief of the Spanish army. From
30 May to 28 June 1809 he fulfilled his diffi-
cult mission to Wellesley's entire satisfaction,
and then for some unexplained reason resigned
his post on the staff and returned to England.
He was again sent, on account of his know-
ledge of Spanish, on a detached mission to
Galicia in 1812. He was gazetted an assistant
quartermaster-general, and stationed at Co-
runna, whence he sent up provisions and
ammunition to the front, and acted in general
as military resident in Galicia. At the con-
to provide for the maintenance of the collec- j elusion of the war he was promoted colonel
--''-* Jl ' and made a C.B. He was promoted major-
general in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor
of the eastern district of the Cape of Good
Hope from 1825 to 1828, when he returned
to England. In 1829 he edited, with Lord
Fitzwilliam, the ' Correspondence ' of Ed-
mund Burke, whom he had often visited at
Beaconsfield in his own younger days. In
1831 he was appointed governor of New
South Wales in succession to General Dar-
ling.
When Bourke arrived he found the colony
divided into two parties. The emancipists, or
freed convicts,had been encouraged byGeneral
Macquarie to believe that the colony existed
for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Bris-
bane and Darling had been entirely governed
by the wealthy emigrants and poor adven-
turers, and given all power to the party of the
exclusivists or pure merinos. General Darling
had behaved injudiciously, and had got into
much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi-
tion of absolute impartiality to both parties.
He freed the press at once from all restrictions ;
and though himself foully abused, he would
not use his position to interfere. Still more
important was his encouragement of emigra-
tion. Under his influence a regular scheme
of emigration was established, evidence was.
taken in Australia and issued in England
by the first Emigration Society, which was.
established in London in 1833, and means
were provided for bringing over emigrants
by selling the land in the colony at a mini-
mum price. He succeeded in carrying what
is known as Sir Eichard Bourke's Church
Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular,
and he became still more so by his travels,
throughout the inhabited part of his vice- .
kingdom. He was made a K.C.B. in 1835.
He resigned his governorship on 6 Dec. 1837,
after six years of office, on being reprimanded
tion, and 2,000/. to repair and beautify the
west wing and gallery of the college. The
members of the college, however, determined
to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs.
Desenfans contributed 6,000/. apiece for this
purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir)
John Soane as the architect of the present
buildings, which were commenced in the year
of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mau-
soleum for his remains and those of Mr. and
Mrs. Desenfans.
Although Bourgeois generally painted land-
scapes, he attempted history and portrait.
Amongst his pictures were ' Hunting a Tiger,'
Mr. Kemble as ' Coriolanus,' and ' A Detach-
ment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty-
two of his own works were included in his
bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides
landscapes, may now be seen ' A Friar kneel-
ing before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,'
and a portrait of himself. Though an artist
of taste and versatility, his works fail to sus-
tain the reputation which they earned for
him when alive.
[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's
Diet. (Graves) ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818 ;
Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.] C. M.
BOURKE, SIB RICHARD (1777-1855),
colonial governor, was the only son of John
Bourke of Dromsally, a relation of Edmund
Burke, and was born in Dublin on 4 May
1777. He was originally educated for the
bar, and was more than twenty-one when
he was gazetted an ensign in the 1st or
Grenadier guards on 22 Nov. 1798. He
served in the expedition to the Helder, when
he was shot through the jaws at the battle
of Bergen, and was proiroted lieutenant and
captain on 25 Nov. 1799. As quartermaster-
general he served with Auchmuty's force at
Monte Video, and on the conclusion of the
Bourke
21
Bourke
by the secretary of state on account of his
dismissal of a Mr. Riddell from the executive
council. The sorrow at his departure was
genuine, and money was at once raised to
erect a statue to him. ' He was the most
popular governor who ever presided over the
colonial affairs' (BKAIM, History of New
South Wales, i. 275).
On returning home to Ireland Bourke
spent nearly twenty years at his country
seat, Thornfield, near Limerick. He was \
promoted lieutenant-general, and appointed
colonel of the 64th regiment in 1837, served
of it (' St. Petersburg and Moscow : A Visit
to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South-
well Bourke, Esq.,' 2 vols., Henry Colburn,
1846), which gave evidence of acute observa-
tion, and met with considerable success. In
1847 he took an active part in the relief of
the sufferers from the Irish famine. At the
general election in the same year he was
elected to parliament as one of the members
for the county of Kildare. In the following
year he married Miss Blanche Wyndham,
daughter of the first Lord Leconfield. In
1849 his grand uncle died, and his father suc-
the office of high sheriff of the county of ceeding to the earldom, he assumed the cour-
1 tesy title of Lord Naas. In 1852 he was
appointed chief secretary for Ireland in Lord
Derby's administration, and held the same
office during the subsequent conservative ad-
ministrations which came into power in 1858
and 1866, retaining it on the last occasion
until his appointment as viceroy and gover-
nor-general of India shortly before the fall of
Mr. Disraeli's government. He succeeded to
the Irish earldom on the death of his father
in 1867.
During all these years Lord Mayo had a
seat in the House of Commons, serving as
member for Kildare county from 1847 to
1852, for the Irish borough of Coleraine from
1852 to 1857, and for the English borough of
Cockermouth during the remainder of his
parliamentary life. His politics were those
of a moderate conservative. His policy was
Limerick in 1839, and was promoted general
in 1851. He died suddenly, at the age of
.•seventy-eight, at Thornfield, on 13 Aug. 1855.
[Gent. Mag. 1855, p. 428; Eoyal Military
•Calendar. For his Australian government con-
sult Braim's History of New South Wales,
from its Settlement to the Close of 1844, 2 vols.
1846 ; Lang's Historical and Statistical Account
of the Colony of New South Wales, from the
Foundation of the Colony to the Present Day,
1834, 1837, 1852, 1875; Flanagan's History of
New South Wales, 2 vols. 1862.] H. M. S.
BOURKE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL,
sixth EAEL or MAYO (1822-1872), viceroy
and governor-general of India, was the eldest
son of Robert Bourke, fifth earl of Mayo, who
succeeded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1849.
he earls of Mayo, like the earls and mar-
quises of Clanricarde, are said to have de-
scended from William Fitzadelm de Borgo,
who succeeded Strongbow in the government
of Ireland in 1066. Richard, the eldest of j
ten brothers and sisters, was born in Dublin
on 21 Feb. 1822, and spent his earlier years
at Hayes, a country house belonging to the
family in the county of Meath. He was edu-
cated at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity
College, Dublin, where, without going into
residence, he took an ordinary degree. His
father was a strong evangelical. His mother,
Anne Jocelyn, a granddaughter of the first
Earl of Roden, was a woman of considerable
culture, of deep religious feelings, and of
strong common sense. Brought up amidst
the sports of country life he became a clever
shot, an accomplished rider, and a good
swimmer. While an undergraduate he spent
much of his time at Palmerstown and in
London with his granduncle, the fourth Earl
of Mayo, whom Praed described as
A courtier of the nobler sort,
A Christian of the purer school,
Tory when whigs are great at court,
And protestant when papists rule.
^ In 1845 he made a tour in Russia, and after
Iiis return to England published an account
eminently conciliatory, combined with un-
flinching firmness in repressing sedition and
crime. While opposed to any measure for
disestablishing the protestant church in
Ireland, he was in favour of granting public
money to other institutions, whether catholic
or protestant, without respect of creed, ' esta-
blished for the education, relief, or succour of
his fellow-countrymen.' His view was that
no school, hospital, or asylum should languish
because of the religious teaching it afforded, or
because of the religion of those who supported
it. His opinions on these questions and on
the land question were very fully stated in a
speech made by him in the House of Commons
on 10 March 1868, in which he propounded a
policy which has been often described as the
' levelling-up policy,' involving the establish-
ment of a Roman catholic university, and such
changes in ecclesiastical matters as would
meet the just claims of the Roman catholic
portion of the community. He was in favour
of securing for tenants compensation for im-
provements effected by themselves, of pro-
viding for increased powers of improvement
by limited owners, and of written contracts in
supersession of the system of parole tenancies.
Lord Mavo's views on all these matters met
Bourke
22
Bourke
with full support from his political chief, Mr.
Disraeli, who, when announcing to the Buck-
inghamshire electors the appointment of his
friend to the office of viceroy and governor-
general of India, declared that ' a state of
affairs so dangerous was never encountered
with greater firmness, but at the same time
with greater magnanimity.' ' Upon that no-
bleman, for his sagacity, for his judgment,
fine temper, and knowledge of men, her ma-
jesty has been pleased to confer the office of
viceroy of India, and as viceroy of India I
believe he will earn a reputation that his
country will honour.' The resignation of the
ministry had actually taken place before the
governor-generalship became vacant ; but the
appointment was not interfered with by Mr.
Gladstone's government, and Lord Mayo was
sworn in as governor-general at Calcutta on
12 Jan. 1869.
Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of
the government of India and of the subordi-
nate governments had been mainly devoted
to internal administrative improvements, and
to the development of the resources of the
country. With the exception of the Orissa
famine no serious crisis had taxed the ener-
gies or the resources of the state, and Lord
Mayo received the government in a condition
of admirable efficiency, with no arrears of
current work (SiR JOHN STKACHEY'S Minute
on the Administration of the Earl of Mayo,
30 April 1872). But clear as the official file
was, and tranquil as was the condition of the
empire, several questions of first-rate impor-
tance speedily engaged the consideration of
the new viceroy. Of these the most important
were the relations of the government of India
with the foreign states on its borders, and
especially with Afghanistan, and the con-
dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding
the vigilant supervision of the late viceroy,
was not altogether satisfactory.
The condition of Afghanistan from the
time of the death of the amir, Dost Muham-
mad Khan, in 1863, up to a few months
before Lord Mayo's accession to office, had
been one of constant intestine war, three of
the sons of the late amir disputing the suc-
cession in a series of sanguinary struggles
which had lasted for five years. Sir John
Lawrence had from the first declined to aid
any one of the combatants in this internecine
strife, adhering to the policy of recognising
the de facto ruler, and at one time two de
facto rulers, when one of the brothers had
made himself master of Cabul and Candahar,
and the other held Herat. At length, in the
autumn of 1868. Shir Ali Khan having suc-
ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was
officially recognised by the governor-general
as sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan,,
and was presented with a gift of 20,000/.r
accompanied by a promise of 100,000/. more.
It was also arranged that the amir should
visit India, and should be received by the
viceroy with the honours due to the ruler of
Afghanistan. This position of affairs had
been brought to the notice of Lord Mayo
before his departure from England. While
fully realising the difficulties by which the
whole question was encompassed, he appears-
to have entertained some doubts as to the-
policy which so long had tolerated anarchy
in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of
the final decision to aid the re-establishment
of settled government in that country, he lost
no time on his arrival in giving effect to the
promises of his predecessor. A meeting with
the amir took place at Amballa in March
1869. The amir had come to India bent
upon obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a
treaty laying upon the British government
an obligation to support the Afghan govern-
ment in any emergency, and the recognition
by the government of India of his younger
son, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the-
exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan.
None of these requests were complied with.
But the amir received from Lord Mayo
emphatic assurances of the desire of the
government of India for the speedy consoli-
dation of his power, and of its determination
to respect the independence of Afghanistan.
He was encouraged to communicate fre-
quently and fully with the government of
India and its officers. Public opinion dif-
fered as to the success of the meeting. The
intimation that the government of India
would treat with displeasure any attempt of
the amir's rivals to rekindle civil war was
by some regarded as going too far, and by
others as not going far enough ; but the pre-
valent view was that good had been done,
and that Shir Ali had returned to Cabul
well satisfied with the result of his visit.
On the general question of the attitude of
the British government towards the adjoining
foreign states, Lord Mayo held that while
British interests and influence in Asia were
best secured by a policy of non-interference
in the affairs of such states, we could not
safely maintain <a Thibetian policy' in the
East, but must endeavour to exercise over
our neighbours ' that moral influence which
is inseparable from the true interests of the
strongest power in Asia.' Regarding Russia,,
he considered that she was not ' sufficiently
aware of our power ; that we are established,,
compact, and strong, whilst she is exactly the
reverse, and that it is the very feeling of our
enormous power that justifies us in assuming-
Bourke
Bourke
that passive policy which, though it may be
carried occasionally too far, is perhaps right
in principle.' But* while entertaining these
views, he by no means agreed with the ex-
treme supporters of the ' masterly inactivity '
policy. Writing on this subject little more
than a month before his death, he said : ' 1
have frequently laid down what I believe
to be the cardinal points of Anglo-Indian
policy. They may be summed up in a few
words. We should establish with our fron-
tier states of Khelat, Afghanistan, Yarkand,
Nipal, and Burma, intimate relations of
friendship ; we should make them feel that
though we are all-powerful, we desire to sup-
port their nationality; that when necessity
arises, we might assist them with money,
arms, and even perhaps, in certain eventuali-
ties, with men. We could thus create in
them outworks of our empire, and, assuring
them that the days of annexation are past,
make them know that they have everything
to gain and nothing to lose by endeavouring
to deserve our favour and support. Further,
we should strenuously oppose any attempt
to neutralise those territories in the European
sense, or to sanction or invite the interference
of any European power in their affairs/
Another point upon which Lord Mayo felt
very strongly was the necessity of checking
the tendency to aggression on the part of the
Persian government. He considered that
'the establishment by Persia of a frontier
conterminous with that of the British empire
in India would be an event most deeply to be
deplored,' and,with a view to the more effectual
prevention of any such designs, he urged in
a 'despatch to the secretary of state, which
was drafted just before his death, that the
British mission at Teheran should be trans-
ferred to the control of the secretary of state
for India. It may here be mentioned that the
appointment, with the consent of the govern-
ments of Persia and Afghanistan, of a com-
mission to delimitate the boundary between
Persia and the Afghan province of Seistan,
which prevented war between the two coun-
tries, was one of the latest of Lord Mayo's
acts.
Another question which engaged much of
the viceroy's attention was that of punitory
expeditions against the savage tribes inhabit-
ing various tracts on the frontier. To such
expeditions Lord Mayo was extremely averse,
except under circumstances of absolute ne-
cessity. The Lushai expedition, which took
place in the last year of his government, was
rendered necessary by the repeated inroads
of the tribe of that name upon the Cachar
tea plantations.
With the feudatory states within the
borders of India Lord Mayo's relations were
of the happiest kind. Scrupulously abstain-
ing from needless interference, but never
tolerating oppression or misgovernment, he
laboured to convince the princes of India
that it was the sincere desire of the British
government to enable them to govern their
states in such a manner as to secure the
prosperity of their people and to maintain
their own just rights. With this view he
encouraged the establishment of colleges for
the education of the sons of the chiefs and
nobles in the native states. The Mayo Col-
lege at Ajmir and the Rajkumar College in
Kathiawar were the result of his efforts.
Another measure which he contemplated
was the amalgamation, many years before
advocated by Sir John Malcolm, of the
Central India and Rajputana agencies under
a high officer of the crown, with the status
of a lieutenant-governor.
When Lord Mayo took charge of the go-
vernment of India, the condition of the
finances was not satisfactory. Lord Mayo
dealt vigorously with the situation. By re-
ductions of expenditure on public works and
other branches of the civil administration,
by increasing the salt duties in Madras and
Bombay, and by raising the income-tax in the
middle of the financial year, he converted
the anticipated deficit into a small surplus,
and by other measures he so improved the
position, that the three following years pre-
sented an aggregate surplus of nearly six
millions. Among the measures last referred
to were the reduction of the military expen-
diture by nearly half a million without any
diminution in the numerical strength of the
army, and the transfer to the local govern-
ments of financial responsibility for certain
civil departments, with a slightly reduced
allotment from imperial funds, and with
power to transfer certain items of charge to
local taxation. For many years over-cen-
tralisation had been one of the difficulties
of Indian administration. The relations of
the supreme government and some of the
local governments were altogether inhar-
monious, and there was no stimulus to avoid
waste or to develope the public revenues in
order to increase the local means of improve-
ment. This policy, commonly described as
the ' decentralisation policy,' has been tho-
roughly successful, and has since been ex-
tended by Lord Mayo's successors.
Another financial reform suggested by
Lawrence, and carried into effect by Mayo,
was that of constructing extensions of the
railway system by means of funds borrowed
by the government, in supersession of the
plan of entrusting such works to private
Bourke
Bourn
companies with interest guaranteed by the
state. A further economy under this head,
for which Mayo's government was solely re-
sponsible, was effected by adopting a narrow
gauge of three feet three inches for the new
state railways. To public works generally
Mayo devoted a considerable portion of his \
time. He took charge personally of the
public works department of the government j
in addition to the foreign department. He !
effected large savings in the construction of |
barracks, arid endeavoured to economise the |
expenditure on irrigation by enforcing pro-
vincial and local responsibility. The ques-
of providing adequate defences for the |
tion
principal Indian ports engaged his early and
anxious attention. He took great interest
in agricultural reform, constituting a new ;
department of the secretariat for agriculture, ,
revenue, and commerce. He passed a land-
improvement act, and an act to facilitate by '
means of government loans works of public j
utility in towns. The decision that the per-
manent settlement of the land revenue upon j
the system established by Lord Cornwallis in |
Bengal should not be extended to other pro-
vinces was mainly due to him. While not I
opposed to a permanent settlement of the |
land revenue, he considered that it should be j
upon the basis, not of a fixed money payment,
but of an assessment fixed with reference to
the produce of the land. Although under
the stress of financial difficulties he tempo-
rarily raised the income-tax in his first year
of office, the result of his inquiries was that
he discarded it as a tax unsuited to India.
The equalisation of the salt duties through-
out India, and the abolition of the inland
preventive line, were measures which he had
much at heart. He advocated the develop-
ment of primary education, and suggested
special measures for promoting the education
of the Muhammadan population. During
the three years of his viceroyalty he saw
more of the territory under his rule than
had been seen by any of his predecessors.
The distances which he travelled over in his
official capacity during this period exceeded
20,000 miles.
In the midst of these useful and devoted
labours Lord Mayo was suddenly struck
down by the hand of an assassin on "che occa-
sion of a visit of official inspection to the
penal settlement of Port Blair on 8 Feb.
1872. The intelligence of his death was re-
ceived with the deepest sorrow by all classes
throughout India and in England. The queen
bore testimony in language of touching sym-
pathy to the extent of the calamity which had
' so suddenly deprived all classes of her sub-
jects in India of the able, vigilant, and impar-
tial rule of one who so faithfully represented
her as viceroy of her Eastern empire.' The
secretary of state, in an official despatch ad-
dressed to the government of India, described
the late governor-general as a statesman whose
exertions ' to promote the interests of her ma-
jesty's Indian subjects,' and to ' conduct with
justice and consideration the relations of the
queen's government with the native princes
and states,' had been 'marked with great
success,' and had not been surpassed by the
most zealous labours of any of his most dis-
tinguished predecessors at the head of the
government of India.' Lord Mayo had nearly
completed his fiftieth year at the time of his
death. He left a widow, four sons, and two
daughters.
[Hunter's Life of the Earl of Mayo, London,
1875; a Minute by Sir John Strachey on the
administration of the Earl of Mayo as Viceroy
and Governor-general of India, dated 30 April
1872 ; Records of the India Office; The Finances
and Public Works of India, 1869-81, by Sir J.
Strachey, Gr.C.S.I., and Lieutenant-general R.
Strachey, F.R.S., London, 1882; private papers ;
personal recollections.] A. J. A.
BOURMAN, EGBERT. [See BOKE-
MAN.]
BOURN, NICHOLAS.
BOURN, SAMUEL, the elder (1648-
1719), dissenting minister, was born in 1648
at Derby, where his father and grandfather,
\ who were clothiers, had shown some public
I spirit in providing the town with a water sup-
I ply. His mother's brother was Robert Seddon,
who, having received presbyterian ordination
on 14 June 1654, became minister at Gorton,
Lancashire, and then at Langley, Derbyshire,
where he was silenced in 1662. Seddon sent
Bourn to Emmanuel College, which he left in
1672. His tutor was Samuel Richardson, who
taught him that there is no distinction between
gTace and moral righteousness, and that salva-
tion is dependent upon the moral state. It
does not appear that he accepted this view ;
his theology was always Calvinistic, and he
lamented the deflections from that system. in
his time, though he was no heresy-hunter.
Leaving Cambridge without a degree, being
unwilling to subscribe, Bourn taught in a
school at Derby. He then became chaplain
to Lady Hatton. Going to live with an aunt
Bourn in London, he was ordained there. In
1679 Dr. Samuel Annesley's influence gained
him the pastoral charge of the presbyterian
congregation at Calne, Wiltshire, which he
held for sixteen years, declining overtures
from Bath, Durham, and Lincoln. Seddon,
who, after 1688, preached at Bolton, Lanca-
Bourn
Bourn
.shire, on his death-bed in 1695 recommended
Bourn as his successor there. Bourn removed
thither in 1695, and though at first not well
received by the whole congregation, he de-
clined the inducement of a larger salary offered
by the Calne people to tempt him back, and
gradually won the love of all his Bolton flock.
For him the new meeting-house (licensed
30 Sept. 1696) was built on the ground given
by his uncle. He originated, and after a time
•entirely supported, a charity school for twenty
poor children. His stipend was very meagre,
though when pleading for the wants of others
he was known as ' the best beggar in Bolton.'
By will he left 20 1. as an additional endow-
ment to the Monday lecture. His constitu-
tion broke some time before his death, which
occurred on 4 March 1719. On his deathbed,
in answer to his friend Jeremiah Aldred
(d. 1729), minister of Manton, he emphati-
cally expressed his satisfaction with the non-
•conformist position he had adopted. His fune-
ral sermon was preached (from 2 Kings ii. 3)
by his son Samuel [see below], who had al-
ready been appointed to preach a funeral ser-
mon for a member of his father's flock, and
discharged the double duty. Brown married
the daughter of George Scortwreth, ejected
from St. Peter's, Lincoln, and had seven
•children. His eldest son Joseph died on
17 June 1701 in his twenty-first year ; his
youngest sons, Daniel and Abraham, had
died in infancy in April 1701 ; his widow
survived him several years. Bourn printed
nothing, but his son Samuel published:
4 Several Sermons preached by the late Rev.
Mr. Samuel Bourn of Bolton, Lane.,' 1722,
8vo (two sets of sermons from 1 John iii. 2, 3,
on ' The transforming vision of Christ in the
future state,' &c.), adding the funeral sermon,
and a brief memoir by William Tong (b. 1662,
d. 21 March 1727), and dedicating the volume
to a relative, Madam Hacker of Dufneld.
He speaks of his father as a great preacher,
a good pastor, a good scholar, and an honest,
upright man. A portrait prefixed to the
volume shows a strong countenance ; Bourn
wears gown and bands, and his flowing hair
is confined by a skull-cap.
[Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial (1802), i. 411 ;
Toulmin's Mem. of Rev. Samuel Bourn, 1808
(an oddly arranged storehouse of dissenting
biography); March's Hist. Presbyt. and Gen.
Bapt. Churches in West of Engl. (1835), pp. 56,
<60; Baker's Nonconformity in Bolton, 1854.]
A. G.
BOURN, SAMUEL, the younger (1689-
1754), dissenting minister, second son of
Samuel Bourn the elder [q. vj, was born in
1689 at Calne, Wiltshire. He was taught
classics at Bolton, and trained for the ministry
in the Manchester academy of John Chorlton
and James Coningham, M.A. His first settle-
ment was at Crook, near Kendal, in 1711,
where he gave himself to study. He carried
with him his father's theology, but seems to
have attained at Manchester the latest de-
velopment of the nonsubscribing idea, for at
his ordination he declined subscription, not
from particular scruples, but on general prin-
i ciples ; hence many of the neighbouring mi-
! nisters refused to concur in ordaining him.
I Toulmin says 'the received standard of or-
thodoxy ' which was proffered to him was the
assembly's catechism. In 1719, when the
Salters' Hall conference had made the Trini-
: tarian controversy a burning question among
! dissenters, Bourn, hitherto ' a professed Atha-
nasian,' addressed himself to the perusal of
Clarke and Waterland, and accepted the
Clarkean scheme. While at Crook, Bourn
dedicated a child (probably of baptist pa-
rentage) without baptism, according to a
form given by Toulmin. In 1720 Bourn suc-
1 ceeded Henry Winder (d. 9 Aug. 1752) at
! Tunley, near Wigan. He declined in 1725
| a call to the neighbouring congregation of
Park Lane, but accepted a call (dated 29 Dec.
1727) to the ' new chapel at Chorley.' On
i 7 May 1731 Bourn was chosen one of the
Monday lecturers at Bolton, a post which he
held along with his Chorley pastorate. On
19 April 1732 Bourn preached the opening
sermon at the New Meeting, which replaced
the Lower Meeting, Birmingham, and on 21
and 23 April he was called to be colleague with
Thomas Pickard in the joint charge of this
! congregation and a larger one at Coseley,
where he was to reside. He began this minis-
try on 25 June. He was harassed by John
j Ward, J.P., of Sedgley Park (M.P. for New-
castle-under-Lyne, afterwards sixth Baron
| Ward, and first Viscount Dudley and Ward),
j who sought to compel him to take and
maintain a parish apprentice. Bourn twice
appealed to the quarter sessions, and pleaded
his own cause successfully. Subsequently,
on 15 Dec. 1738, Ward and another justice
tried to remove him from Sedgley parish
to his last legal settlement, on the pretext
that he was likely to become chargeable.
Toulmin prints his very spirited reply. After
Pickard's death, his colleague was Samuel
Blyth, M.D. Bourn had a warm temper, and
was not averse to controversy ; was in his ele-
ment in repelling a field-preacher, or attack-
ing quakers in their own meeting-house, and
with difficulty was held back by his friend
Orton from replying on the spot to the doc-
trinal confession of a young independent
minister, who was being ordained at the New
Bourn
Bourn
Meeting, lent for the occasion. He engaged in
correspondence on the ' Logos ' (1740-2) with
Doddridge (printed in Theol. Repos. vol. i.) ;
on subscription (1743) with the Kidder-
minster dissenters ; on dissent (1746) with
Groome, vicar of Sedgley. In his catecheti-
cal instructions, founded on the assembly's
catechism, he used that manual rather as a |
point of departure than as a model of doc-
trine. Although he had a great name for
heterodoxy, his preaching was seldom po-
lemical, but full of unction, as were his
prayers. In 1751 Bourn declined a call to
succeed John Buck (d. 8 July 1750) in his
father's congregation at Boltoii. He died at
Coseley of paralysis on 22 March 1754. His
person was small, slight, and active ; his
glance keen ; in dress he was somewhat neg-
ligent. He married while at Crook (about
1712) Hannah Harrison (d. 1768), of a good
family near Kendal. She bore him nine
children : 1. Joseph, born 1713; educated at
Glasgow; minister first at Congleton, then
at Hindley (1746) ; married (1748) Miss
Farnworth (d. 1785) ; died 17 Feb. 1765 ; his
eldest daughter Margaret married Samuel
Jones (d. 17 March 1819), the Manchester
banker, uncle of the first Lord Overstone.
2. Samuel [see below]. 3. Abraham, surgeon at
Market Harborough, Leicester, and Liverpool;
author of pamphlets (' Free and Candid Con-
siderations,' &c., 1755, and { A Review of the
Argument,' &c., 1756) in reply to Peter Whit-
field, a learned Liverpool printer and sugar-
refiner, who left the dissenters and vigorously
attacked their orthodoxy. 4. Benjamin, a
London bookseller, author of 'A Sure Guide to
Hell ' (anon.), 1750, and supplement ; he pub-
lished some of his father's pieces. 5. Daniel,
who built at Leominster what is said to have
been the first cotton mill erected in England,
an enterprise wrecked by a fire. 6. Miles, a
mercer at Dudley. 7. John : died under age.
Two others died young. Bourn's publica-
tions were : 1. ' The Young Christian's Prayer
Book,' &c.; 1733 ; 2nd ed. Dublin, with preface
by John Leland, D.D. : 3rd ed. enlarged, 1742 ;
4th and best edition, 1748. 2. 'An. Intro-
duction to the History of the Inquisition,' &c.
(anon.), 1735. 3. ' Popery a Craft, and Popish
Priests the chief Craftsmen/ 1735, 8vo (a
Fifth of November sermon on Acts xix. 25, re-
printed in ' A Cordial for Low Spirits,' edited
by Thomas Gordon, 2nd ed. 1763, edited
by Rev. Richard Baron. 4. 'An Address
to Protestant Dissenters ; or an Inquiry into
the grounds of their attachment to the As-
sembly's Catechism . . . being a calm examina-
tion of the sixth answer ... by a Prot. Dis-
senter' (anon.), 1736. 5. 'A Dialogue betw.
a Baptist and a Churchman ; occasioned by
the Baptists opening a new Meeting-House^
for reviving old Calvinistical doctrines and
spreading Antinomian and other errors, at
Birmingham,' &c. Part I. by ' a consistent
Protestant ' (anon.), 1737 ; Part II. by ' a con-
sistent Christian' (anon.), 1739. 6. ' The
Christian Family Prayer Book,' &c., with a,
recommendation by Isaac Watts, D.D., 1738
(frequently reprinted with additions. A pre-
fixed 'Address to Heads of Families on Family
Religion' was reprinted by Rev. John Kentish,,
1803). 7. ' Address to the Congregation of
Prot. Dissenters ... at the Castle Gate in
Nottingham,'&c., by a Prot. Dissenter (anon.),,
1738 (in vindication of No. 4, which had been
attacked by Rev. James Sloss, of Notting-
ham). 8. ' Lectures to Children and Young
People . . . consisting of Three Catechisms-
. . . with a preface,' &c., 1738 (prefixed is a,
recommendation by Revs. John Motters-
head, Josiah Rogerson, Henry Grove, Thomas-
Amory, D.D. [q. v.], Samuel Chandler, D.D.,
and George Benson, D.D. [q. v.], whom Bourn
describes as his intimate friend ; appended is-
the revision of the assembly's catechism, by
James Strong, minister at Ilminster ; 2nd ed.
1739 ; 3rd ed. 1748 (with title, ' Religious Edu-
cation,' &c.) ; the third catechism of the set
was re-edited by Job Orton as ' A Summary
of Doctrinal and Practical Religion.' 9. ' The.
True Christian Way of Striving for the Faith
of the Gospel,' 1738, 8vo (sermon, on Phil. i.
27, 28, at the Dudley double lecture, 23 May).
10. * Remarks on a pretended Answer ' to th&
last piece (anon.), 1739. 11. 'The Christian
Catechism,' &c. (anon.), 1744 (intended as a
preservative against Deism). 12. ' Address *
in services at ordination of Job Orton on
18 Sept. 1745 at Shrewsbury (a charge, from
1 Thess. ii. 10). 13. ' The Protestant Cate-
chism,' &c. (anon.), 1746. 14. 'The Protes-
tant Dissenters' Catechism ... by a lover of
truth and liberty ' (anon.), 1747. 15. ' An
Answer to the Remarks of an unknown
Clergyman ' on the foregoing (anon.), 1748-
(annexed is a letter from a London dissenter
on kneeling at the Lord's Supper). 16. 'A
new Call to the Unconverted' (anon.) 1754,
8vo (four sermons on Ezek. xxxiii. 2).
17. (posthumous) ' Twenty Sermons on the
most serious and practical subjects of the
Christian Religion,' 1755, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1757.
Toulmin prints selections from his cateche-
tical lectures on scripture history, and de-
scribes the manuscript of a projected work
on ' The Scriptures of the O. T. digested under
proper heads . . . according to the method of
Dr. Gastrell, bishop of Chester,' &c.
[Blyth's Fun. Serm. for Eev. S. Bourn, 1754;
Toulmin's Mem. of Eev. Samuel Bourn, 1808;
Turner's Lives of Eminent Unitarians, vol. iu
Bourn
Bourn
1843 ; Twamley's Hist, of Dudley Castle (1867),
p. 53; Pickard's Brief Hist, of Congleton Uni-
tarian Chapel, 1883; Baker's Memorials of a
Dissenting Chapel (Cross Street, Manchester),
1884.1 A. G.
BOURN, SAMUEL (1714-1796), dis-
senting minister, second son of Samuel
Bourn the younger [q. v.], was born in 1714 at
Crook near Kendal, and educated at Stand
grammar school and Glasgow University,
where he studied under Hutcheson and Sim-
son. In 1742 he settled in the ministry at
Eivington, Lancashire, where he enjoyed
the friendship of Hugh, fifteenth Lord Wil-
loughby of Parham, who lived at Shaw Place,
near Rivington, and was the representative
of the last of the presbyterian noble families.
Bourn was not ordained till some years after
his settlement. He then made a lengthy
declaration (printed by Toulmin) dealing
with the duties of the ministry and allowing
no doctrine or duty except those taught in
the New Testament. Bourn lived partly at
Leicester Mills, a wooded vale near Riving-
ton, and partly at Boltoii. He does not seem
to have taken very kindly to Rivington at
the outset, for his father writes to his son
Abraham at Chowbent on 13 Feb. 1742-43,
' I am afraid your brother Samuel is too im-
patient under his lot, and would have ad-
vancement before God sees he is fit for it, or
it for him.' In 1752 the publication of his
first sermon led to overtures from the presby-
terian congregation at Norwich, and in 1754,
apparently after the death of the senior mini-
ster, Peter Finch (1661-1754), Bourn became
the colleague of John Taylor. The Norwich
presbyterians had laid the first stone of a
new meeting-house on 25 Feb. 1754. When
Bourn came to them they were worshipping
in Little St. Mary's, an ancient edifice, then
and still held by trustees for the Walloon or
French protestants. On 12 May 1756 was
opened the new building, the Octagon Chapel,
described in the following year by John
Wesley (Journals, iii. 315). Not long after
Bourn lost 1,000/., which he had risked in
his brother Daniel's cotton mill, and in 1758
he travelled about to obtain subscriptions
for two volumes of sermons. He placed the
manuscript in the hands of Samuel Chand-
ler, D.D., of the Old Jewry. In one of these
sermons Bourn had espoused the doctrine of
the annihilation of the wicked, but being in
London in 1759, he heard Chandler charac-
terise in a sermon the annihilation doctrine
as ' utterly inconsistent with the Christian
scheme.' Deeming this a personal attack,
he vainly sought to draw Chandler into a
controversy by a published letter. His ser-
mons, when published, produced a contro-
versy with John Mason (1706-1763). The
point in discussion was the resurrection of the
flesh. Mason's (affirmative) part in the con-
troversy will be found in his 'Christian
Morals,' 2 vols. 1761. Bourn's opposite view
is defended in an appendix to his sermons
' on the Parables. Bourn's reputation as a
i preacher was due to the force, and sometimes
. the solemn pathos, of his written style, and
to the strength of his argumentative matter,
! Among those brought up under his ministry
was Sir James Edward Smith, founder of
the Linnean Society. Like his father, Bourn
rested in the Christology of Dr. Clarke. He
was no optimist ; he devoted a powerful dis-
course to the theme that no great improve-
ment in the moral state of mankind is prac-
ticable by any means whatsoever (vol. i. 1760,
| No. 14). W' hen, in 1757, Dr. Taylor left Nor-
wich to fill the divinity chair in Warring-
ton Academy, Bourn obtained as colleagues
first John Hoyle, and afterwards Robert
Alderson, subsequently a lawyer, and father
of Sir E. H. Alderson [q. v.], who, when
Bourn became incapable of work, had to
discharge the whole duty, and was accord-
; ingly ordained on 13 Sept. 1775. Bourn
| was a favourite with the local clergy of the
| establishment. Samuel Parr took him to
Cambridge, and speaks of him as ( a mas-
! terly writer, a profound thinker, and the
I intimate friend of Dr. Parr at Norwich '
I (Bibl. Parr. p. 704). W7hen his health failed,
! and he was retiring to Thorpe on a pro-
I perty of 60/. a year, it is said by Toulmin
I (and repeated by Field) that Dr. Mann,
bishop of Cork, who was visiting Norwich,
offered him a sinecure preferment of 300/. a
year if he chose to conform. He declined,
| to the admiration of Parr, who did his best
privately to assist his ' noncon. friend.' Bourn
died in Norwich on 24 Sept. 1796, and was
buried (27 Sept.) in the graveyard of the
1 Octagon Chapel. Late in life he married,
I but left no family. He published : 1. ' The
Rise, Progress, Corruption, and Declension
of the Christian Religion,' &c. (anon.), 1752,
! 4to (sermon from Mark iv. 30, before the Lan-
cashire provincial assembly at Manchester,
12 May 1752). 2. 'A Letter to the Rev.
Samuel Chandler, D.D., concerning the
| Christian Doctrine of Future Punishment,'
1759, 8vo (afterwards added to the second
| edition of his sermons, and reprinted by Ri-
; chard Baron [q. v.] in « The Pillars of Priest-
craft and Orthodoxy shaken,' 1768, vol. iii.)
3. ' A Series of Discourses on the Principles
! and Evidences of Natural Religion and the
| Christian Revelation,' &c. 1760, 2 vols. 8vo
j (the 2nd vol. has a different title-page).
Bourn
Bourne
4. 'Discourses on the Parables of our Saviour,'
1764, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. ' Fifty Sermons on
various Subjects, Critical, Philosophical, and
Moral,' Norwich, 1777, "2 vols. 8vo. Toulmin
mentions a manuscript ' History of the He-
brews,' which Bourn had partly prepared for
the press.
[Toulmin's Mem. of Rev. Samuel Bourn, 1808 ;
Field's Mem. of Parr, 1828, i. 139-141 ; Taylor's
Hist, of Octagon Chapel, Norwich, 1848 ; tomb-
stone at Norwich.] A. Gr.
BOURN, THOMAS (1771-1832), com-
piler, was born in Hackney on 19 April 1771,
and in conjunction with his father-in-law,
Mr. William Butler, the author of various
works for the instruction of the young, he
became a teacher of writing and geography
in ladies' schools. His death occurred at his
house in Mare Street, Hackney, on 20 Aug.
1832. He published ' A Concise Gazetteer of
the most Remarkable Places in the World ;
with references to the principal historical
events and most celebrated persons connected
with them.' London, 1807, 8vo, 3rd edit.
1822.
[Gent. Mag. cii. 297 : Biog. Diet, of Living
Authors ( 1 8 1 6), 34 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; E. Evans's
Cat. of Engraved Portraits, 13005.] T. C.
BOURN, WILLIAM (Jl. 1562-1582).
[See BOURNE.]
BOURNE, GILBERT (d. 1569), bishop
of Bath and Wells, the son of Philip Bourne
of Worcestershire, entered the university
of Oxford in 1524, and was a fellow of All
Souls' College in 1531, l and in the year
after he proceeded in arts, being then es-
teemed a good orator and disputant ' (WOOD'S
Athence Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 805). In 1541 he
was made one of the prebendaries of the
king's new foundation at Worcester; in 1545
lie received a prebend of St. Paul's Cathe-
dral, and took another prebend in its place
in 1548 ; in 1547 he was proctor for the clergy
of the diocese of London; and in 1549 he
"became rector of High Ongar in Essex, and
archdeacon of Bedford. He is described,
probably in error, by Foxe and Wood as
archdeacon of Essex and Middlesex, and by
Godwin as archdeacon of London. He be-
came chaplain to Bishop Bonner in the reign
of Henry VIII, and preached against heretics
(WooD and FOXE). His preferments prove
that he must have complied with the reli-
gious changes of the reign of Edward VI.
In spite, however, of this compliance, he did
not desert his patron, for he stood by Bonner
•during the hearing of his appeal in 1549.
On the accession of Mary he acted as one of
the delegates for Bonner's restitution, and on
13 Aug. of the same year (1553) preached a
sermon at Paul's Cross justifying the conduct
of the bishop, and enlarging on his sufferings
in the Marshalsea. His hearers, enraged at
the tone of his discourse, raised a hubbub,
and a dagger was thrown at the preacher.
The weapon missed its aim, and Bradford
and Rogers, who were popular with the Lon-
doners, led him out of the tumult, and put
him in safety within the door of the gram-
mar school. Three days after this Bradford
was arrested. On being brought to trial the
next year, Bradford was accused of having
excited the people to make this disturbance.
He pleaded the help he had given to Bourne,
but that was not allowed to profit him
(FoxE, Acts, fyc. ; HETLIN, Hist. Reform. ;
BURNET, Hist. Reform.} As Bourne's uncle,
Sir John Bourne, was principal secretary of
state, his advancement in the church was cer-
tain. Accordingly he was elected bishop of
Bath and Wells on 28 March 1554 in the
place of Barlow, who was deprived of his
office. He was consecrated on 1 April along
with five others, and received the temporali-
ties of his see on 20 April. He received
from the queen the office of warden of the
Welsh marches. As bishop he was zealous
in restoring the old order of the church. Im-
mediately after his consecration he commis-
sioned Cottrel, his vicar-general, to deprive
and punish 'all in holy orders keeping in
adulterous embraces women upon show of
feigned and pretensed matrimony ; ' and ' mar-
ried laics who in pretence and under colour
of priestly orders had rashly and unlawfully
mingled themselves in ecclesiastical rights,
and had obtained de facto parish churches, to
deprive and remove from the said churches and
dignities, and those so convicted to separate
and divorce from their women or their wives,
or rather concubines, and to enjoin salutary
and worthy penances, as well to the same
clerks as to the women for such crimes '
(STRYPE, Eccl. Mem. in. i.) Accordingly
no less than eighty-two cases of deprivation,
and an unusually large number of resigna-
tions, appear in the Register of this bishop.
Bourne was much employed in the proceed-
ings taken against heretics. In April 1554
j he took part in the disputation held with
: Cramner, Latimer, and Ridley at Oxford,
! and at different dates acted on commissions
for the -trial of Bishop Hooper, Dr. Taylor,
Tomkins, and Philpot. In these proceedings,
however, he always did what he could for the
prisoners, checking Bonner's violence, and
earnestly exhorting them to save themselves
by recantation. Proofs of this unwilling-
ness to allow men to suffer may be found in
Foxe, who records the repeated endeavours
Bourne
Bourne
he made to induce Mantel (1554) to save
himself, the appeal he made to Tomkins
(1555), and the interruption he made when
Bonner was about to pass sentence on Phil-
pot somewhat eagerly (1555). In his own
diocese it does not appear that any one was
put to death for religious opinions. The im-
prisonment of two clerks is noticed in his
Register under 11 April 1554, and in 1556
a certain Richard Lush was condemned and
sentenced to be committed to the sheriffs. A j
certificate of this condemnation was sent by j
the bishop to the king and queen, but as not !
even Foxe has been able to find any record
of Lush's martyrdom (Acts and Mon. viii.
378), it may be taken for granted that he was
not put to death. Zealous then as he was
for his own religion, Bourne saved Somerset
from any share in the Marian persecution.
He did all that lay in his power to regain
some of the possessions of which his church
had been robbed in the late reign, and suc-
ceeded in obtaining such as had fallen into
the hands of the crown. Banwell was re-
gained for the bishopric, and Long Sutton
and Dulverton for the chapter of Wells. He
sent his proxy to the first parliament of Eliza-
beth in 1558. The next year he and other
disaffected bishops were summoned to appear
before the queen, possibly in convocation, and
were bidden to drive all Romish worship out
of their dioceses. He was one of the bishops
appointed by the queen for the consecration
of Matthew Parker ; but the commission
failed, probably through the unwillingness of
those nominated to carry it out. Bourne re-
fused to take the oaths of supremacy and
allegiance, and with six other bishops was
committed to the Tower. The recusant
bishops were treated with indulgence, and
allowed to eat together at two tables. When
the plague visited London in 1562, they were
removed from the Tower for fear of infection.
Bourne was committed to the keeping of Bul-
lingham, bishop of Lincoln, and dwelt with
him as a kind of involuntary guest. He was
an inmate of his household in 1565, and in
that year seems to have stayed for a while in
London. He was also kept by Dean Carey
of Exeter. He died at Silverton in Devon-
shire on 10 Sept. 1569, and was buried there
on the south side of the altar. Such pro-
perty as he had he left to his brother, Richard
Bourne of Wiveliscombe. ' He was,' Fuller
says, ' a zealous papist, yet of a good nature,
well deserving of his cathedral.'
[Strype's Annals, i. i. 82, 211, 220, 248, n. ii.
51 ; Ecclesiastical Memorials, in. i. 180, 286,
827, 352 ; Memorials of Abp. Cranmer, 459 ; Life
of Abp. Parker, i. 106, 172, 282 (8vo ecL); Foxe's
Acts and Monuments, v, vi, vii, viii passim (ed.
1846); Heylin's Hist, of Reformation, 286 (ed..
1674) ; Fuller's Church History, ii. 449, iv. 180,
367 (ed. Brewer) ; Burnet's Hist, of Keforma-
tion ; Nichols's Narratives of the Keformation,
142, 287, Camden Society; Wood's Athense Oxon.
(ed. Bliss), ii. 805 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Godwin,
De Prsesulibus (1742), p. 388 ; Cassan's Lives of
the Bishops of Bath and Wells, i. 462 • Bourne's-
Register, MS. Wells.] W. H.
BOURSE, HENRY (1696-1733), anti-
quary, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in
1696. He was the son of Thomas Bourne, a
tailor, and was intended for the calling of a
glazier. His talents, however, attracted the-
attention of some friends, through whose of-
fices he was released from his apprenticeship
and sent to resume his education at the New-
castle grammar school. He was admitted a
sizar of Christ College, Cambridge, in 1717,
under the tuition of the Rev. Thomas Ather-
ton, a fellow-townsman. He graduated B. A.
in 1720 and M.A. in 1724, and received the-
appointment of curate of All Hallows Church,
Newcastle, where he remained until his death
on 16 Feb. 1733.
In 1725 he published ' Antiquitates Vul-
gares, or the Antiquities of the Common
People, giving an account of their opinions
and ceremonies.' This was republished, with
additions by Brand, in 1777 in his l Popular'
Antiquities/ and forms the groundwork of the
later labours of Sir Henry Ellis and W. C.
Hazlitt. In 1727 he issued ' The Harmony
and Agreement of the Collects, Epistles, and
Gospels, as they stand in the Book of Com-
mon Prayer for the Sundays throughout the
Year.' He also wrote a history of his native
town, which was left in an unfinished state-
at his death, but was afterwards published
by his widow and children in a folio volume
in 1736, under the title of « The History of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, or the Ancient and
Present State of that Town.'
[Adamson's Scholse Novocastrensis Alumni,,
p. 13 ; Brand's Hist, of Newcastle, 1789, preface ;
Allibone's Dictionary.] C. W. S.
BOURNE, HUGH (1772-1852), founder
of the primitive methodists, son of Joseph
Bourne, farmer and wheelwright, by his wife
Ellen, daughter of Mr. Steele, was born at
Fordhays Farm, in the parish of Stoke-upon-
Trent, 3 April 1772, and, after some educa-
tion at Werrington and Bucknall, worked'
with his father in his business. The family
removed to Bemersley, in the parish of Nor-
ton-in-the-Moors, in 1788, and Bourne then'
took employment under his uncle, William
Sharratt, a millwright and engineer at Milton.
He had so far been carefully brought up by
a pious mother, and in June 1799 joined the-
Bourne
Bourne
Wesleyan methodists, soon after became a
local preacher, and in 1802 built, chiefly at
his own expense, a chapel at Harrisehead.
In imitation of the camp meetings for preach-
ing and fellowship, which had been the means
of reviving religion in America, Bourne, in
company with his brother James, "William
Clowes [q. v.], and others, held a camp
meeting on the mountain at Mowcop, near
Harrisehead, on Sunday, 31 May 1807. The
meeting commenced at six in the morning,
and prayer, praise, and preaching were con-
tinued until eight at night. This success-
ful revival was the first of many held in
that part of the country. The Wesleyan
methodist conference at the meeting at Li-
verpool on 27 July 1807 passed a resolution
protesting against such gatherings. The camp
meetings were, however, continued, and on
27 June 1808 Bourne was, in what seems to
have been an illegal manner, expelled from
the Wesleyan Methodist Society by the
Burslem circuit's quarterly meeting ; but he
still continued to raise societies here and
there, recommending them to join the Wes-
leyan circuits, and as yet entertained no idea
of organising a separate community. But the
Wesleyan authorities remained hostile, and a
disruption was the consequence. On 14 March
1810 the first class of the new community was
formed at Standley, nearBemersley . Quarterly
tickets were introduced in the following year,
and the first general meeting of the society was
held at Tunstall on 26 July 1811. The name
Primitive Methodist, implying a desire to
restore methodism to its primitive simplicity,
was finally adopted on 13 Feb. 1812, but the
opponents of the movement often called the
people by the name of ranters. The first
annual conference was held at Hull in May
1820, and a deed poll of the primitive ruetho-
dists was enrolled in the court of chancery
on 10 Feb. 1830. Bourne and his brother
purchased land and built the first chapel of
the new connexion at Tunstall in 1811.
After the foundation and settlement of the
society Bourne made many journeys to Scot-
land and Ireland, for the purpose of enrolling
recruits in the new sect. During 1844-6 he
travelled in the United States of America,
where he obtained large congregations. He
lived to see primitive methodism with 1,400
Sunday schools, 5,300 chapels, and 110,000
enrolled members, and died from a mortifi-
cation of his foot at Bemersley, Staffordshire,
onll Oct. 1852, aged 80 years and six months,
and was buried at Englesea Brook, Cheshire.
He was, in common with many preachers and
members of the primitive methodist church,
a rigid abstainer. For the greater part of his
life he worked as a carpenter and builder, so
as not to become chargeable to the denomi-
nation, and it was not until he had reached
his seventieth year that he was placed on the
superannuation fund. He was the author
of: 1. ' Observations on Camp Meetings,
with an Account of a Camp Meeting held at
Mow, near Harrisehead,' 1807. 2. ' The
Great Scripture Catechism, compiled for Nor-
ton and Harrisehead Sunday Schools,' 1807.
3. 'Remarks on the Ministry of Women/
1808. 4. ' A General Collection of Hymns
and Spiritual Songs for Camp Meetings and
Revivals,' 1809. 5. < History of t^ie Primi-
tive Methodist,' 1823. 6. 'A Trcitise on
Baptism,' 1823. 7. ' Large Hymn Book for
the use of the Primitive Methodists,' 1825.
8. 'The Primitive Methodist Magazine,'
1824, which he edited for about twenty
years.
[Walford's Memoirs of H. Bourne, 1855, with
portrait ; Petty's Primitive Methodist Connexion,
1864, with portrait ; AntlifFs Funeral Sermon on
H. Bourne, 1852; Simpson's Recollections of
H. Bourne, 1859.] G. C. B.
BOURNE, IMMANUEL (1590-1672),
divine, born on 27 Dec. 1590, was the eldest
son of the Rev. Henry Bourne, who was
vicar of East Haddon, Northamptonshire,
from 1595 till his death in 1649 (BRIDGES'S
Northamptonshire, i. 506). He was educated
at Christ Church, Oxford, and proceeded
B.A. 29 Jan. 1611-12 and M.A. 12 June
1616. Soon afterwards he was appointed
preacher at St. Christopher's Church, Lon-
don, by the rector, Dr. William Piers, a
canon of Christ Church. Bourne found a
patron in Sir Samuel Tryon, an inhabitant
of the parish of St. Christopher, and he dates
one of his sermons — 'The True Way of a
Christian ' — ' from my study at Sir Samuel
Tryon's in the parish of St. Christopher's,
April 1622.' In 1622 he received the living
of Ashhover, Derbyshire, where he exhibited
strong sympathy with the puritans. In
1642, on the outbreak of the civil war, his
open partisanship with the presbyterians
compelled him to leave Ashhover for Lon-
don. There he was appointed preacher at
St. Sepulchre's Church, and about 1656 he
became rector of Waltham-on-the-Wolds,
Leicestershire, where he engaged in contro-
versy with the quakers and anabaptists. He
conformed at the Restoration, and on 12 March
1669-70 was nominated to the rectory of
Aylestone, Leicestershire, where he died on
27 Dec. 1679. He was buried in the chancel
of the church.
Bourne's works were : 1. ' The Rainbow,
Sermon at St. Paul's Cross. 10 June 1617,
on Gen. ix. 13,' London, 1617 ; dedicated to
Bourne
Bourne
Robert, first Baron Spencer of Wormleighton.
2. ' The Godly Man's Guide, on James iv. 13,'
London, 1620. 3. ' The True Way of a
Christian to the New Jerusalem . . . on 2 Cor.
v. 17,' London, 1622. 4. < Anatomy of Con-
science,' Assize Sermon at Derby, on Rev.
xx. 11, London, 1623. 5. « A Light from
•Christ leading unto Christ, by the Star of
His Word ; or, a Divine Directory for Self-
examination and Preparation for the Lord's
Supper,' London, 1645, 8vo. An edition,
with a slightly altered title-page, appeared
in 1646. 6. l Defence of Scriptures,' to which
was added a ' Vindication of the Honour
due to the Magistrates, Ministers, and
others,' London, 1656. This work describes
a disputation between clergymen and James
Nayler, the quaker. Bourne's argument
against the quaker was answered by George
Fox in 'The Great Mystery of the Great
Whore unfolded,' 1659. 7. ' Defence and Jus-
tification of Ministers' Maintenance by Tithes,
and of Infant Baptism, Humane Learning,
and the Sword of the Magistrate, in a reply
to a paper by some Anabaptists sent to Im.
Bourne,' to which was added ' Animadver-
sions upon Anth. Perisons [Parsons] great
case of tithes,' London, 1659. 8. < A Gold
Chain of Directions with 20 Gold Links of
Love to preserve Love firm between Hus-
band and Wife,' London, 1669. Only the
works marked 1, 3, and 4 in this list are in
the British Museum Library.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 977-9 ;
Fasti, i. 342, 366 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]
S. L. L.
• BOURNE, NEHEMIAH (fi. 1649-
1662), admiral, in his earlier days appa-
rently a merchant and shipowner, served in
the parliamentary army during the civil
war, and on the remodelling of the fleet after
Batten's secession, having then the rank of
major, was appointed to the command of the
Speaker, a ship of the second rate. As cap-
tain of the Speaker he was for two years
commander-in-chief on the coast of Scotland,
and in September 1651 carried the Scottish
records, regalia, and insignia taken in Stir-
ling Castle to London, for which services he
afterwards received a gold medal of the value
of 60/. In 1652 he was captain of the An-
drew, and in May was senior officer in the
Downs, wearing a flag by special authority
from Blake, when, on the 18th, the Dutch
fleet under Tromp anchored off Dover. It
was thus Bourne who sent, both to the coun-
cil of state and to Blake, the intimation of
Tromp's presence on the coast, and who
commanded that division of the fleet which
had so important a share in the action of
Bourne, Nehemiah. ii. 939*. This article
needs revision. See Sir Charles Firth in
The Marinpr** A/Tirrnr. xii.
19 May [see BLAKE, ROBEKT]. Without
knowledge of the battle, the council had
already on the 19th appointed Bourne rear-
admiral of the fleet, a rank which he held
during the whole of that year, and com-
manded in the third post in the battle near
the Kentish Knock on 28 Sept. But after
the rude check sustained by Blake off
Dungeness on 30 Nov., it was found neces-
sary to have some well-skilled and trust-
worthy man as commissioner on shore to
superintend and push forward the equipment
and manning of the fleets. To this office
Bourne was appointed, and he continued to
hold and exercise it not only during the rest
of the Dutch war, but to the end of the pro-
tectorate. In this work he was indefatigable,
and in a memorial to the admiralty, 18 Sept.
1653, claimed, by his special knowledge, to
have saved hundreds of pounds in buying
masts and deals ; from which we may perhaps
assume that he had formerly been engaged in
the Baltic trade. Nor was he backward in
representing his merits to the admiralty ; and
although he wrote on 13 Oct. 1653, that his
modesty did not suit the present age, it did
not prevent him from quaintly urging his
claims both to pecuniary reward and to
honourable distinction. This last, he says,
13 April 1653, ' would give some counte-
nance and quicken the work. I ask for the
sake of the service, for I am past such toys
as to be tickled with a feather.'
After the Restoration, being unwilling to
accept the new order of things, he emigrated
to America ; the last that is known of him is
the pass permitting him ' to transport him-
self and family into any of the plantations '
(May 1662). On 3 April 1689 the secretary
of the admiralty wrote to a Major Bourne in
Abchurch Lane, desiring him to attend the
board, who wished ' to discourse him about
some business relating to their majesties'
service ; ' and 011 28 June 1690 a Nehemiah
Bourne was appointed captain of the Mon-
mouth (Admiralty Minutes^). If this was the
old puritan, he must have been of a very ad-
vanced age : it may more probably have been
a son. In either case he apparently refused
to take up the appointment, for on 9 July
another captain was appointed in his stead.
[Calendars of State Papers, Dom. 1651-62.]
J. K. L.
BOURNE, REUBEN (Jl. 1692), dra-
matist, belonged to the Middle Temple, and
left behind him a solitary and feeble comedy
which has never been acted. The title of
this is ' The Contented Cuckold, or Woman's
Advocate,' 4to, 1692. Its scene is Edmonton,
and the principal character, Sir Peter Lovejoy,
Bourne
32
Bourne
poe
169
contends that a cuckold is one of the scarcest
of created beings.
[Genest's History of the Stage ; Balcer, Reed,
and Jones's Biographia Dramatica.] J. K.
BOURNE, ROBERT, M.D. (1761-1829),
professor of medicine, was born at Shrawley,
Worcestershire, and educated at Bromsgrove,
whence he was elected scholar of Worcester
College, Oxford, and became a fellow of that
society. He proceeded B.A. in 1781, M.A.
in 1784, M.B. in 1786, and in 1787 took the
degree of M.D. and was elected physician to
the Radcliffe Infirmary at Oxford. In 1790
he became a fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians. In 1794 he was appointed
reader of chemistry at Oxford, in 1803 pro-
fessor of physic, and in 1824 of clinical me-
dicine. He died at Oxford on 23 Dec. 1829.
A monument was erected to him in the chapel
of his college. His published works are :
1. ' An Introductory Lecture to a Course of
Chemistry,' 1797. 2. ' Cases of Pulmonary
Consumption treated with Uva ursi,' 1805.
[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 401.]
BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747), Latin
et, son of Andrew Bourne, was born in
695, and admitted on the foundation of
Westminster School in 1 7 1 0. He was elected
to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, on 27 May 1714, proceeded B.A. in
1717, became a fellow of his college in 1720,
and commenced M.A. in 1721. On Addi-
son's recovery in 1717 from an attack of ill-
ness, Bourne addressed to him a copy of
congratulatory Latin verses. In 1721 he
edited a collection of l Carmina Comitialia,'
which contains, among the ' Miscellanea ' at
the end, some verses of his own. On leaving
Cambridge he became a master at Westmin-
ster School, and continued to hold this ap-
pointment until his death. In 1734 he pub-
lished his ' Poemata, Latine partim reddita,
partim scripta,' with a dedication to the
Duke of Newcastle, and in November of the
same year he was appointed housekeeper and
deputy sergeant-at-arms to the House of
Commons. A second edition of his poems
appeared in 1735, and a third edition, with
an appendix of 112 pages, in 1743. Cowper,
who was a pupil of Bourne's at Westminster,
and who translated several of his pieces into
English verse, says (in a letter to the Rev.
John Newton dated 10 May 1781) : 1 1 love
the memory of Vinny Bourne. I think him
a better Latin poet than Tibullus, Proper-
tius, Ausonius, or any of the writers in his
way except Ovid, and not at all inferior to
him.' Landor remarks on this judgment of
Cowper's: 'Mirum ut perperam, ne dicam
stolidejudicaverit poeta psene inter summos
j nominandus ' (Poemata et Inscriptiones, ed.
| 1847, p. 300). Charles Lamb was a warm
admirer of Bourne. In his ' Complaint of
the Decay of Beggars ' he inserted a trans-
lation of the ' Epitaphium in Canem,' together
with the Latin original ; and in one of his
letters to Wordsworth, written in 1815, there
is a charming criticism of Bourne's poems,
which he had then been reading for the first
time : ' What a sweet, unpretending, pretty-
manner'd, matterful creature ! Sacking from
every flower, making a flower of everything f
His diction all Latin, and his thoughts all
English ! ' A special favourite with Lamb
was ' Cantatrices,' a copy of verses on the
ballad-singers of the Seven Dials. Among
Lamb's miscellaneous poems are nine trans-
lations from the Latin of Vincent Bourne.
The charm of Bourne's poems lies not so
much in the elegance of his Latinity (though
that is considerable) as in his genial optimism
and homely touches of quiet pathos. He
had quick sympathy for his fellow-men, and
loving tenderness towards all domestic ani-
mals. His epitaphs, particularly the ' Epi-
taphium in septem annorum puellulam,' are
models of simplicity and grace. Bourne's
little volume of Latin verses will keep his-
memory fragrant and his fame secure when
many whose claims were more pretentious
are forgotten. He was a man of peaceful
temperament, content to pass his life in in-
dolent repose. As a teacher he wanted
energy, and he was a very lax disciplinarian.
Cowper, in one of his letters to Rose (dated
30 Nov. 1788), says that he was so inatten-
tive to his pupils, and so indifferent whether
they brought him good or bad exercises, that
' he seemed determined, as he was the best,
so to be the last, Latin poet of the West-
minster line.' In another letter Cowper
writes : ' I lost more than I got by him ; for
he made me as idle as himself.' He was
particularly noted for the slovenliness of his
attire. Cowper relates that he remembered
seeing the Duke of Richmond l set fire to his-
greasy locks, and box his ears to put it out
again.' It is said that the Duke of New-
castle offered him valuable ecclesiastical pre-
ferment, and that he declined the offer from
conscientious motives. In a letter to his
wife, written shortly before his death, he
says : * I own and declare that the import-
ance of so great charge [i.e. entering into
holy orders], joined with a mistrust of my
own sufficiency, made me fearful of under-
taking it : if I have not in that capacity
assisted in the salvation of souls, I have not
been the means of losing any ; if I have not
brought reputation to the function by any
Bourne
33
Bourne
merit of mine, I have the comfort of this
reflection — I have given no scandal to it by
my meanness and unworthiness.' Bourne
died on 2 Dec. 1747, and was buried at
Fulham. He had written his own epitaph :
'Pietatis sincere summeeque humilitatis,
nee Dei usquam immemor nee sui, in silen-
tium quod amavit descendit V. B.' From
his will we learn that he had a son who was
a lieutenant in the marines. A careful edi-
tion of Bourne's poems, with a memoir by
the Rev. John Mitford, was published in 1840.
[Southey's Life and Works of Cowper,iii. 226,
iv. 97-8, vi. 201 ; Welch's Alumni Westmonas-
terienses, ed. 1852, pp. 252, 264; Nichols's
Literary Anecdotes, viii. 428 n. ; Nichols's Lite-
rary Illustrations, vii. 656-7; Aikin's Life of
Addison, ii. 214; Bourne's Poemata, ed. Mit-
ford, 1840.] A. H. B.
BOURNE or BOURN, WILLIAM (d.
1583), mathematician, was the son of William
Bourne of Gravesend, who died 1560. The
earliest mention of the mathematician is in
the first charter of incorporation of Gravesend,
granted 22 July 1562, where he appears on the
list of jurats of the town. His name is also
repeated in the same* capacity in the second
charter, granted 5 June 1568. It is worthy of
remark that the only records of the measures
taken for the regulation of the traders of the
town under the authority of the second charter
are in the handwriting of Bourne. In one of
the presentments of a jury, touching the office
of clerk of the market, drawn up by him in
a tabular form, 15 March 1571, he records his
own name as Mr. Bourne, portreve, one of
fourteen of the ' Innholders and Tiplers that
were amerced for selling Beer and Ale in
Pots of Stone and Cans not being quarts full
measure ' (CRTJDEN, p. 208). The fine in-
flicted upon Bourne was ' vid.' This serves
to show that, according to the practice of the
period, he engaged in business as an inn-
keeper. In ' A note of all the inhabitants,
reseant [i.e. resident] and dwelling in the
parishes of Gravesend and Milton the 20th
Sept. 1572-3,' his name appears once more as
one of the jurats, and as having paid for his
freedom of the Mercers' Company (CKUBEN,
197). In the dedication of his 'Treasure
for Travellers ' to Sir William Winter, he
writes : ' I have most largely tasted of your
benevolence towards me being as a poors
gunner serving under your worthiness.' In
book iii. cap. 9 of the same work he describes
himself as being ' neither Naupeger or Ship-
carpenter, neither usuall Seaman.' From
these passages it is clear that 'he was not a
seaman by profession ; as the offices of his
patron were of a general nature, not to be dis-
VOL. VI.
charged at sea, it may be that Bourne served
under him on shore, perhaps as one of the
gunners of Gravesend bulwark, which he has
delineated and referred to in more than one
of his works. These, from internal evidence,
appear to have been written at Gravesend,
his native town. He wrote : 1. ' An Alma-
nacke and prognostication for iii yeres, with
serten Rules of navigation,' 1567 (AEBEK, i.
336). 2. ' An Almanacke and prognostica-
tion for iii years . . . now newly added vnto
my late rules of navigation that was printed
iiii years past. Practised at Gravesend, for
the meridian of London by William Bourne,
student of the mathematical sciences,' T.
Purfoot, imp. 1571 (AMES, 996). 3. 'An
Almanacke for ten yeares beginning at the
yeare 1581, with certaine necessarie Rules,'
R. Watkins with J. Roberts, imp. 1580
(AMES, 1025). 4. ' A Regiment of the Sea :
conteyning . . . Rules, Mathematical experi-
ences, and perfect Knowledge of Navigation
for all Coastes and Countreys : most needfull
and necessarie for all Seafaring Men and
Travellers, as Pilots, Mariners, Merchants,
&c.,' T. Dawson and T. Gardyner for lohn
Wight, imp. [1573]. It is dedicated to the
Earl of Lincoln, lord high admiral, whose^
arms are given in his flag flying at the maintop
of a large ship-of-war on the title-page. This
work, by which Bourne is best known, passed
through several editions, viz., 1580, pos-
thumous 1584, 1587, 1592 (corrected by T.
Hood), 1596, and 1643. 5. ' A booke called
the Treasure for Travellers, divided into five
Bookes or partes, conteynyng very necessary
matters, for all sortes of Travailers, eyther by
Sea or Lande,' Thomas Woodcocke, imp.
1578. It is dedicated to l Syr William Win-
ter, knight, Maister of the Queenes Maiesties
Ordinaunce by Sea, Survaior of her highnesse
marine causes,' whose arms and crest are
given on verso of the title-page. 6. Another
edition, under the title of ' A Mate for Mari-
ners,' 1641 (CRUDEN, p. 209). 7. ' The Arte
of Shooting in great Ordnance, conteyning
very necessary matters for all sortes of Ser-
vitoures, eyther by Sea or by Lande,' Thos.
Woodcocke, imp. 1587. It is dedicated to ' Lord
Ambrose Dudley, Earle of Warwick . . .
Generall of the Queen's Maiesties Ordnance
within her highnesse Realme and Dominions.'
Other editions, 1596 (CKTJDEN) and 1643.
That 1587 is not the date of its composition
is certain, as the license for printing was
granted to H. Bynnemann 22 July 1578
(AMES, 992 ; ARBEK, 2, 150) ; moreover it is
referred to in Bourne's next work : 8. ' In-
ventions or Devises ; Very necessary for all
Generalles and Captaines, or Leaders of men,
as wel by Sea as by Land,' Thos. Woodcocke,
Bourne
34
Bourne
imp. 1578. This is dedicated to ' Lorde
Charles Howard of Effingham.' Some of
these devises are of peculiar interest, as they
anticipated by more than eighty years the
' Century of Inventions ' by the Marquis of
Worcester. No. 21 is supposed to be the
earliest mention in our language of a ship's
log and line, the deviser of which was Hum-
prey Cole, of the Mint in the Tower. No. 75
is a night signal or telegraph, afterwards used
by Captain John Smith, and for which he ob-
tained such renown. No. 110 seems to be a
curious anticipation of the telescope, appa-
rently borrowed from the Pantometria by
Digges (1571), while some have been brought
forward as new discoveries at Gravesend
within the present century.
Of Bourne's manuscripts three are ex-
tant : 1. ' The Property or Qualytyes of
Glaces [glasses], Acordyng vnto ye severall
mackyng pollychynge & gryndyng of them '
(Brit. Mus. 'Lansd.,' 121 (13), printed by
Halliwell-Phillipps). 2. ' A dyscourse as
tochying ye Q. maejisties Shypes.' Brit Mus.
' Lansd.,'29 (20). All doubt as to the author-
ship is obviated by a reference to his f Inven-
tions and devises ' to be found in it. 3. A
m manuscript in three parts (1) 'Of Certayne
principall matters belonging vnto great Ord-
nance ; ' (2) ' Certayne conclusions of the skale
of the backside of the Astrolabe ; ' (3) ' A litle
briefe note howe for to measure plattformes
and bodyes and so foorth' (Brit. Mus.
' Sloane,' 3651). Dedicated to Lord Burleigh.
The substance of this manuscript is to be
found in ' Shooting in Great Ordnance ' and
' Treasure for Travellers ; ' it, however, con-
tains two unpublished drafts in Bourne's
hand : a small one of the Thames and Med-
way, and another on a larger scale of the
Thames near Gravesend, with ' plattformes '
for the defence of the river. A short study
of his writings serves to show that Bourne
was a self-taught genius, who, although he
had mastered mathematics as then under-
stood in all its branches, did not always suc-
ceed in setting forth his acquired knowledge
in fairly good English. His sentiments, as
expressed in his several addresses to <ye
gentell reader,' are as pious as they are pa-
triotic, the little incident of the fine not-
withstanding, which arose doubtless from the
negligence of his servants or from preoccu-
pation. He died 22 March 1582-3, leaving
a widow and four sons.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit., 1748; Ames's Typogr.
Antiq., 1785; Hutton, Math, and Philos. Diet.,
1815, i. 244; Halliwell-Phillipps's Kara Mathe-
matica, 1839, p. 32 ; Cruden's Hist, of Gravesend,
1843, pp. 207-12 ; Arber's Register of Company
of Stationers, 1875, 4to.] C. H. C.
BOURNE, WILLIAM STURGES-
(1769-1845), politician, the only son of the
Rev. John Sturges, D.D., chancellor of the
diocese of Winchester, by Judith, daughter
of Richard Bourne, of Acton Hall. Worcester,
was born on 7 Nov. 1769. After having
been at a private school near Winchester,
where he made the acquaintance of Canning,
he entered the college where he remained as
a commoner until 1786. In the Michaelmas
term of that year he matriculated at Christ
Church, Oxford ; and as Canning was at
the same house, their friendship was re-
newed and never interrupted. His degrees
were B.A. 26 June 1790, M.A. 28 June
1793, and D.C.L. 15 June 1831. He was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 23 Nov.
1793, and entered into public life as member
for Hastings on 3 July 1798. During his
parliamentary career he represented many
constituencies in turn : Christchurch from
1802 to 1812 and from 1818 to 1826, Bandon
1815-18, Ashburton 1826-30, and Milburne
Port 1830-1. On the death in 1803 of his
uncle, Francis Bourne, who had assumed the
name of Page, the bulk of his wealth came
to Sturges, coupled with the condition that
he should assume the name of Bourne. He
refused the post of under-secretary of the
home department in 1801, but acted as joint-
secretary of the treasury from 1804 to 1806,
and as a lord of the treasury from 1807 to
1809, when he resigned with Canning. In
1814 he was created an unpaid commissioner
for Indian affairs, was raised to the privy
council, and from 1818 to 1822 served as a
salaried commissioner. Sturges-Bourne had
more than once refused higher office in the
state ; but on the formation, in April 1827,.
of Canning's administration he consented to
hold the seals of the home department. He
only retained this place until July in the same
year. When he resigned the home depart-
ment in favour of Lord Lansdowne, he ac-
cepted the post of commissioner of woods
and forests, and retained his seat in the ca-
binet. In January 1828 he resigned all his
offices with the exception of the post of lord
warden of the New Forest, and in February
1831 he retired from parliament. His name
is commemorated by an act for the regulation
of vestries passed in 1818 (58 Geo. Ill, c. 69),
which is still in force, and is usually called
after him Sturges-Bourne's Act. He died at
Testwood House, near Southampton, on 1 Feb.
1845, and was buried at Winchester Cathe-
dral. He married, on 2 Feb. 1808, Anne,
third daughter of Oldfield Bowles of North
Aston, Oxford. His manner was not impres-
sive, and his speech was ineffective ; but he
had much knowledge of public affairs, and his
Boutel
35
Boutell
opinions were highly valued in the House of
Commons.
[Gent. Mag. (1808), 169, (1845) pt. i. 433-4,
661 ; Stapleton's Canning, iii. 343, 426 ; Return
of Members of Parliament.] W. P. C.
BOTJTEL, MKS. (fi. 1663-1696), actress,
joined, soon after its formation, the company at
the Theatre Royal, subsequently Drury Lane,
and was accordingly one of the first women
to appear on the stage. Her earliest recorded
appearance took place presumably in 1663 or
1664, as Estifania in ' Rule a Wife and Have
a Wife.' She remained on the stage until
1696, ' creating,' among other characters,
Melantha in ' Marriage a la Mode,' Mrs.
Pinchwife in Wycherley's ' Country Wife,'
Fidelia in 'The Plain Dealer,' Statira in
Lee's 'Rival Queens,' Cleopatra in Dry-
den's ' All for Love,' and Mrs. Termagant in
Shadwell's 'Squire of Alsatia.' Gibber
somewhat curiously omits from his ( Apology '
all mention of her name. In the ' History
of the Stage ' which bears the name of Bet-
terton, Mrs. Boutel is described as a ' very
considerable actress,' low of stature, with
very agreeable features, a good complexion,
a childish look, and a voice which, though
weak, was very mellow. l She generally
acted/ says the same authority, ' the young
innocent lady whom all the heroes are mad
in love with,' and was a great favourite with
the town. A well-known story concerning
her is that, having in the character of Sta-
tira obtained from the property-man a veil
to which Mrs. Barry, the representative
of Roxana, thought herself entitled, much
heat of passion was engendered between the
two actresses, and Mrs. Barry dealt so for-
cible a blow with a dagger as to pierce
through Mrs. Boutel's stays, and inflict a
wound a quarter of an inch in length.
Davies, in his ' Dramatic Miscellanies,' vol.
ii. p. 404, speaks of Mrs. Boutel as * celebra-
ted for the gentler parts in tragedy such as
Aspatia in the '' Maid's Tragedy." ' After the
union of the companies, 1682, her recorded
appearances are few. The last took place in
1696, as Thomyris in ' Cyrus the Great.'
She appears to have lived in comfort for
some years subsequently.
[G-enest's History of the Stage ; Downe's Ros-
cius Anglicanus ; Davies's Dramatic Miscellanies ;
Betterton's History of the English Stage (ed.
Curll), 1741.] J. K.
BOUTELL, CHARLES (1812-1877),
archaeologist, born at St. Mary Pulham, Nor-
folk, on 1 Aug. 1812, was the son of the
Rev. Charles Boutell, afterwards rector of
Litcham and East Lexham. He was B.A.
of St. John's, Cambridge, 1834 ; incorporated
at Trinity College, Oxford, and M.A., 1836 ;
took priest's orders, 1839 ; and was after-
wards curate of Hemsby, Norfolk; Sand-
ridge, Hertfordshire ; Hampton, Middlesex ;
and Litcham, Norfolk ; rector of Downham
Market and vicar of St. Mary Magdalen,
Wiggenshall, Norfolk ; and rector of Nor-
wood, Surrey. His works on archaeology
and mediaeval heraldry are numerous. He
was secretary of the St. Albans Architectural
Society, and one of the founders, in 1855,
of the London and Middlesex Archaeological
Society, of which he was honorary secretary
for a few months in 1857, but was dismissed
under very painful circumstances (London
and Middlesex Arch. Soc. Trans, i. 209,
316). His life was one of continuous trouble,
and at length, after two years of declining
health, he died of a ruptured heart on
11 Aug. 1877.
His antiquarian works are : 1. Descriptive
and Historical Notices to 'Illustrations of
the Early Domestic Architecture of Eng-
land,' drawn and arranged by John Britton,
F.S.A., &c., London, 1846. This book is a
small octavo, with a folding plate nine times
its size. 2. ' Monumental Brasses and Slabs
. . . of the Middle Ages, with numerous il-
lustrations,' London, 1847, 8vo, pp. 236.
Consisting of papers read to the St. Albans
Architectural Society, with illustrations.
3. 'Monumental Brasses of England,' de-
scriptive notices illustrative of a series of
wood engravings by R. B. Utting, London,
1849, 8vo. 4. ' Christian Monuments in Eng-
land and Wales from the Era of the Norman
Conquest,' with numerous illustrations, Lon-
don, 1849. 5. ' A Manual of British Archaeo-
logy,' illustrated by Orlando Jewitt, London,
1858, 4to, pp. 384. 6. 'A Manual of He-
raldry, Historical and Popular,' with 700
illustrations, London, 1863, 8vo. A second
edition was called for in two months, and
published as : 7. ' Heraldry, Historical and
Popular,' with 850 illustrations, London,
1863. 8. The third edition, revised and en-
larged, same title, 975 illustrations, London,
1864. 9. 'The Enamelled Heraldic Shield
of Wm. de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1296,
from . . . Westminster Abbey, drawn by
Luke Berrington, with descriptive notice by
Charles Boutell, M.A.,' London, 1864, large
folio. 10. 'English Heraldry,' illustrated,
London, 1867, 8vo. This is a cheaper ar-
rangement of his larger work, for the use of
architects, sculptors, painters, and engravers ;
a fourth edition of it appeared in 1879.
11. 'Arms and Armour in Antiquity and
the Middle Ages. Also a descriptive notice
of Modern Weapons. Translated from the
D2
Boutflower
Bouverie
French of M. P. Lacombe,' illustrated, Lon-
don, 1874, 8vo — preface, notes, and a chapter
on English Arms and Armour by Boutell.
12. ' Arts and the Artistic Manufactures of
Denmark/ illustrated, London, 1874, large
4to. 13. l Gold-working ' in ' British Manu-
facturing Industries,' edited by G. P. Bevan,
F.G.S., London, 1876, 8vo. Besides these
antiquarian works he published ' The Hero
and his Example,' a sermon on the Duke
of Wellington's death, preached at Litcham
when curate under his father, London, 1852,
8vo; 'An Address to District Visitors/
&c., London, 1854, 8vo ; ' A Bible Diction-
ary . . . Holy Scriptures and Apocrypha/
London, 1871, thick 8vo ; since republished
as ' Haydn's Bible Dictionary,' London, 1879.
A work written by his daughter, Mary E. 0.
Boutell, * Picture Natural History, including
Zoology, Fossils, and Botany/ with upwards
of 600 illustrations, London [1869], 4to, has
a preface and introduction by him. In the
' Gentleman's Magazine/ 1866, he wrote a
series of articles on ' Our Early National
Portraits/ and many papers of his on church
monuments, heraldry, &c., will be found in
the journals of the Archaeological Institute
and Association.
[Boutell's "Works; Lond. and Mid. Archseol.
Soc. Trans, vol. i. : Athenaeum, 11 Aug. 1877.1
J. W.-G.
BOUTFLOWER, HENRY CREWE
(1796-1863), Hulsean essayist, was the son
of John Boutflower, surgeon, of Salford, and
was born 25 Oct. 1796. He was educated at
the Manchester grammar school, and in 1815
entered St. John's College, Cambridge. In
1816 he gained the Hulsean theological prize.
The degrees of B. A. and M. A. were conferred
on him in 1819 and 1822, and he was ordained
in 1821, when he became curate at Elmdon
near Birmingham, having previously acted as
assistant-master at the Manchester grammar
school. In 1823 he was elected to the head-
mastership of the Bury school, Lancashire,
and in 1832 was presented to the perpetual
curacy of St. John's Church in that town.
He was highly respected there as an able
and conscientious clergyman and a good
preacher. The rectory of Elmdon, where he
first exercised his ministry, was offered to and
accepted by him in 1857, and he held it until
his death, which took place 4 June 1863, while
on a visit at West Felton vicarage, Salop.
He was buried at Elmdon. He collected ma-
terials for a history of Bury, which he left in
manuscript. His Hulsean prize essay, which
was published in 1817 at Cambridge, was en-
titled ' The Doctrine of the Atonement agree-
able to Reason.' He also published a sermon
on the death of William IV, 1837, and other
sermons.
[Manchester School Eegister, published by the
Chetham Society, iii. 13-15]. W. C. S.
BOUVERIE, SIR HENRY FREDE-
RICK (1783-1852), general, was the third
son of the Hon. Edward Bouverie, of Delapr6
Abbey, near Northampton, M.P. for Salisbury
from 1761 to 1775, and for Northampton from
1790 to 1807, who was the second son of Sir
Jacob Bouverie, first Viscount Folkestone,
and brother of the first Earl of Radnor. Henry
Frederick was born on 11 July 1783. He
was gazetted an ensign in the 2nd or Cold-
stream guards on 23 Oct. 1799, and served
with the brigade of guards under Sir Ralph
Abercromby in Egypt. In 1807 he acted as
aide-de-camp to the Earl of Rosslyn at Copen-
hagen, and in 1809 accompanied Sir Arthur
Wellesley to Portugal in the same capacity,
and was present at the Douro and at Talavera.
He acted for a short time as military secretary,
but on being promoted captain and lieutenant-
colonel in June 1810 he gave up his post on
Lord Wellington's personal staff, and was
appointed to the staff of the army as assistant
adjutant-general to the fourth division. He
was present at the battles of Salamanca,
Vittoria, the Nive, and Orthes, and at the
storming of San Sebastian, and was parti-
cularly mentioned in both Sir Rowland Hill's
and the Marquis of Wellington's despatches
for his services at the battle of the Nive.
On the conclusion of the war he was made an
extra aide-de-camp to the king and a colonel
in the army in June 1814, and a K.C.B. in
January 1815. He was promoted major-
general in 1825, and was appointed governor
and commander-in-chief of the island of Malta
on 1 Oct. 1836. His governorship, which he
retained till June 1843, was uneventful, and
at its close he was made a G.C.M.G. He had
been promoted lieutenant-general in 1838,
appointed colonel of the 97th regiment in
1843, and made a G.C.B. on 6 April 1852.
Just as he was preparing to leave his country
seat, Woolbeding House, near Midhurst in
Sussex, to attend the funeral of his old com-
mander-in-chief, the Duke of Wellington,
apparently in his usual health, he suddenly
fell ill from excitement and sorrow, and died
on 14 Nov. 1852.
[Royal Military Calendar ; Times, Obituary
Notice, 17 Nov. 1852.] H. M. S.
BOUVERIE, WILLIAM PLEYDELL-
(1779-1869), third EARL RADNOR, a distin-
guished whig politician, was born in London
on 11 May 1779, descended from a Huguenot
family which settled in Canterbury in the six-
1
Bouverie
37
Bovey
teenth century. He was partly educated in
France. When quite a boy he was presented
to Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette,
and he subsequently witnessed the early
scenes of the French revolution. He returned
to England a staunch advocate of popular
rights, and entered parliament in 1801 as
representative for the family borough of
Downton, and boldly ventured into the front
ranks of opposition. In 1802 he was re-
turned for Salisbury, and sat for that borough
as Viscount Folkestone until he succeeded to
the title of Radnor in the year 1828. During
this long period he uniformly advocated ad-
vanced liberal principles. He took a leading
part in the impeachment of Lord Melville,
the proposed inquiry into Wellesley's al-
leged abuse of power in India, and Wardle's
charges against the Duke of York ; he was
an active assailant of corporal punishment in
the army, excessive use of ex-ojficio informa-
tion against the press, attempts to exclude
strangers from the House of Commons, en-
deavours to coerce the people in times of
distress, and any process which aimed at
limiting public freedom. He opposed the
treaty of Amiens, and the proposal to pay Mr.
Pitt's debts. He warmly resisted the im-
position of the corn laws in 1815, and in
1819 the arbitrary coercive measures of Lord
Castlereagh. Upon his removal to the upper
house, Radnor continued his active support
of all measures bearing on social ameliora-
tion. He made two vigorous but unsuccessful
endeavours to promote university reform, the
first in 1835, by the introduction of a bill for
abolishing subscription to the Thirty-nine
Articles ; secondly, two years later, with a
measure for revising the statutes of Oxford and
Cambridge universities. One of his later par-
liamentary efforts (1845) was to enter a lords'
protest against an Allotment Bill, which
he maintained would strike at the indepen-
dence of the agricultural labourer and have a
tendency to lower wages. Radnor offered
the borough of Downton to Robert Southey
in 1826, and subsequently to Mr. Shaw-Le-
fevre, stipulating on each occasion that the
member should vote for its disfranchisement.
He never held office.
Radnor gradually withdrew from the scene
of his political career, and devoted himself
to agricultural pursuits and to the duties
of a country gentleman. He was long as-
sociated, both in political views and on terms
of private friendship, with William Cobbett.
It has been said that he was the only man
with whom Cobbett never quarrelled. He
did not pretend to be an orator, but he was
always attentively listened to. Some of his
speeches may still be read in 'Hansard' with
considerable interest, notably that of March
1835 in support of his proposal to abolish
subscription. He died 9 April 1869, at the
j age of ninety, leaving behind him a name
I distinguished by unwearied generosity and
devotion to the welfare of his countrymen.
Radnor married in 1800 Lady Catherine
Pelham Clinton, who died in 1804; and
secondly, in 1814, Judith, daughter of Sir
Henry Mildmay.
[Eandom Recollections of the House of Lords,
pp. 290-4 ; Swindon Advertiser, April 12 and 19 ;
Salisbury and "Winchester Journal, April 17 ;
Wilts County Mirror, April 14 ; Times, April 12,
1869; Cobbett's Register, passim; Journal of
Thomas Raikes, Esq., ii. 169, iii. 159; Romilly's
Memoirs, ii. 380, iii. 329; Southey's Life and
Correspondence, v. 261 j William Cobbett, a
Biography (1878), ii. 23, 49, 97, 112, 231, 264,
277.] E. S.
BOUYER, REYNOLD GIDEON (d.
1826), archdeacon of Northumberland, was
educated at Jesus College, Cambridge (LL.B.
1769) ; collated to the prebend of Preston
in the church of Sarum, 1785 ; obtained the
rectory of Howick and the vicarage of North
Allerton, with the chapelries of Brompton
and Dighton, all in the diocese of Durham ;
was collated to the archdeaconry of Northum-
berland, 9 May 1812; and died, 20 Jan.
1826. He published two occasional dis-
courses, but is remembered for the parochial
libraries which he established at his own
expense in every parish in Northumberland.
They contained upwards of 30,000 volumes,
which cost him about 1,400/., although he
was supplied with them by the Society for
the Promotion of Christian Knowledge at
40 per cent, under prime cost. These useful
libraries were placed under the care of the
parochial ministers, and the books were lent
gratuitously to the parishioners.
[Funeral Sermon by W. K Darnell, B.D.,
Durham, 1826; Richardson's Local Historian's
Table Book (Hist. Div.), iii. 323; Graduati
Cantab. (1856), 43; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy),
ii. 678, iii. 308.] T. C.
BOVEY or BOEVEY, CATHARINA
(1669-1726), charitable lady, was born in
London in 1669, her father being John Riches,
a very wealthy merchant there (WiLFOKD,
Memorials of Eminent Persons, p. 746, Epi-
taph), originally of Amsterdam, and her
mother being a daughter of Sir Bernard de
Gomme, also of Holland, surveyor of ordnance
to Charles II, and delineator of the maps of
Naseby, &c. (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
ix. 221-2). Catharina was a great beauty. In
< The New Atlantis ' of 1736 (iii. 208 et seq.),
where she is called Portia, she is described as
Bovey
Bovill
' one of those lofty, black, and lasting beauties
that strike with reverence and yet delight/
and in 1684 she was married to William Bovey
or Boevey, of Flaxley Hall, Gloucestershire.
He was given to l excesses, both in debauch
and ill-humour,' bringing much suffering to
his wife ; she never complained, however, but
supported it all ' like a martyr, cheerful under
her very sufferings ' (ift.). In 1691, when
Mrs. Bovey was only twenty-two, Mr. Bovey
died, leaving her mistress of his estate of
Flaxley (Magna Britannia, 1720, ii. 834) ;
and as she was also the sole heiress to her
wealthy father (BALLAKD, British Ladies, p.
439), she was at once the centre of a crowd of
wooers. Mrs. Bovey would listen to none.
About 1686 she had formed a strong friend-
ship with a Mrs. Mary Pope ; and seeing ample
scope for a life of active benefactions, she asso-
ciated Mrs. Pope with her in her good works.
She distributed to the poor, relieved prisoners,
and taught the children of her neighbours.
Her gifts, which included the purchase of an es-
tate to augment the income of Flaxley Church
(FosBROKE, Gloucestershire, ii. 177 e't seq.), a
legacy to Bermuda, and bequests to two schools
at Westminster, are duly enumerated in her
epitaph at Flaxley. Particulars of her habits,
and of how she dispensed her charities, ap-
pear in H. G. Nicholls's ' Forest of Dean,' pp.
185 et seq.
In 1702 Dr. Hickes, in the preface (p. xlvii)
to ' Linguarum Septentrionalium Thesaurus/
calls Mrs. Bovey 'Angliee nostree Hypatia
Christiana.' In 1714, Steele prefixed an
' Epistle Dedicatory ' to her to the second
volume of the ' Ladies' Library.' i Do not
believe that I have many such as Portia to
speak of,' said the writer of ' The New At-
lantis' (p. 212); and the repute of her happy
ways and generous deeds had not died out in
1807, when Fosbroke ( Gloucestershire,^. 179)
wrote of her as ' a very learned, most exem-
plary, and excellent woman.' She died at
Flaxley Hall on Saturday, 18 Jan. 1726, and
was buried ' in a most private manner,' accor-
ding to her own directions (Gent. Mag. Ixii.
pt. ii. 703).
A monument was erected to Mrs. Bovey
in Westminster Abbey, by her friend Mrs
Pope, shortly after her death ; and it was
there certainly as late as 1750. Ballard
who calls it 'a beautiful honorary marble
monument,' writes to a friend asking him to
copy the inscription for him, telling him i1
is on the north side ( NICHOLS, Lit. Illustr. iv.
223). It is copied in Ballard's ' Ladies ' anc
in Wilford's 'Memorials;' there is no men-
tion of Mrs. Bovey or the monument, how-
ever, either in Walcott's ' Memorials of West-
minster,' 1851, or in Stanley's ' Westminster
Abbey/ fifth edition, 1882. Mrs. Bovey was
)y some thought to be the widow who was
nexorable to Sir Roger de Coverley in ' The
Spectator' (Gent. Mag. Ixii. pt. ii. 703).
[Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Persons,
pp. 745, 746 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix.
221-2; Nicholls's Forest of Dean, pp. 185 et
seq. ; The New Atlantis, ed. 1736, iii. 208 etseq. ;
Fosbroke's Gloucestershire, 1807, ii. 177 et seq.;
Ballard's British Ladies, 437 et seq. ; Steele's
Ladies' Library, Preface, 1714 ; Gent. Mag. 1792,
Ixii. pt. ii. 703.1 J. H.
BOVILL, SIR WILLIAM (1814-1873),
judge, was a younger son of Mr. Benjamin Bo-
vill of Durnford Lodge, Wimbledon, and was
born at Allhallows, Barking, on 26 May 1814.
He was not a member of any university, but
began his legal career by accepting articles
with a firm of solicitors in the city of London.
'At an early age/ says a fellow-pupil, < he was
remarkable for the zeal with which he pursued
his legal studies.' For a short time he prac-
tised as a special pleader below the bar. He
became a member of the Middle Temple, and
was called to the bar in 1841. He joined the
home circuit, and at a peculiarly favourable
time. Platt had already gone, and Serjeants
Shee and Channell, and Bramwell and Lush,
the then leaders, were all raised to the bench
within a few years. Bovill owed something
to his early connection with solicitors. He
was also connected with a firm of manufac-
turers in the east end of London, and so be-
came familiar with the details of engineering.
Hence he in time acquired a considerable,
though far from an exclusive, patent practice,
and was largely engaged in commercial cases.
Still it was somewhat remarkable that, almost
alone among large city firms, Messrs. Hoi-
lams, one of the largest, never were clients
of his. He became a Q.C. in 1855, and,
being very popular in his circuit towns, was
elected M.P. for Guildford in 1857. In poli-
tics he was a conservative, but did not take
any leading part in the House of Commons
for some years. He was, however, zealous in
legal reforms, and two useful acts, the Pe-
tition of Right Act, 23 & 24 Viet., and the
Partnership Law Amendment Act, 28 &
29 Viet., bear his name. In 1865, too, he
urged the concentration of all the law courts
into one building, and in 1866 pressed for more
convenient and suitable provision for the li-
brary of the Patent Office. On 6 July 1866,
when Sir Fitzroy Kelly was made lord chief
baron, Bovill was appointed solicitor-general
in Lord Derby's last administration ; but he
held office only for five months, and in No-
vember of the same year succeeded Sir Wil-
liam Erie as chief justice of the common pleas.
Bovillus
39
Bowater
A few months previously he had been elected
treasurer of the Middle Temple, but on being
raised to the bench he resigned that office. In
1870 he was made honorary D.C.L. of Oxford,
and he was also F.R.S. He became most
familiar to the public during the first Tich-
borne trial, which took place before him. At
its conclusion he ordered the plaintiff to be
indicted for perjury, admitting him to bail in
5,000£ for himself and two sureties of 2,500£
each. In January 1873 he was appointed a
member of the judicature commission ; but
going the midland circuit in March he did not
long act upon it. For some weeks before his
death he was in ill-health, but was thought to
be recovering when, on 1 Nov., he died at noon
at his residence, Coombe House, Kingston,
Surrey, for which county he was many years
a magistrate. He was of the best type of the
non-university judge ; very few were more
learned, though some might be more eloquent ;
but in advocacy no one at the common law
bar surpassed him. At nisi prius he displayed
great force and energy, a great grasp of facts,
and a very acute perception of the true point
of a case. In argument before a court in bane
he was logical, skilful, and authoritative. His
memory and industry were alike great, and
he was scrupulous in attending to all cases
that he undertook, often returning briefs in
preference to neglecting them. If not one
of the great judges whose tradition is handed
down for generations, he was unsurpassed in
his practical mastery of commercial law. His
successor, the attorney-general, Sir John Cole-
ridge, said of him : ' Not a single day passes
that I do not long for some portion of his great
and vigorous capacity, and for his remarkable
command of the whole field of our great pro-
fession.' His defect as a judge was a too great
confidence that he had apprehended the point
and the merits of a case at nisi prius before
hearing the evidence out, but with time he
got rid of it. Always patient, courteous, and
genial, and very kind to junior counsel, he
was much lamented by the profession. He
married in 1844 Maria, eldest daughter of
Mr. John Henry Bolton, of Lee Park, Black-
heath, by whom he had a large family. One
of his sons he appointed in 1868 clerk of as-
size of the western circuit.
[Times, 1 Nov. 1873 ; Law Journal, viii. 657,
ix. 365 ; Law Magazine, 2nd ser. xxii. 362, 3rd
ser. ii. 79, 368, iii. 28 ; Annual Register, 1873 ;
Hansard, 10 Feb. 1865, 9 April 1866; Quarterly
Eeview, v. 139, 404, 409.] J. A. H.
BOVILLUS. [See BULLOCK, HENRY.]
BOWACK, JOHN (Jl. 1737), topogra-
pher, was for many years a writing-master
at Westminster School. In 1705-6, when
living in Church Lane, Chelsea, he began to
publish, in folio numbers, ' The Antiquities
of Middlesex, being a collection of the several
church monuments in that county ; also an
historical account of each church and parish,
with the seats, villages, and names of the
most eminent inhabitants.' Of this work two
parts appeared, comprising the parishes of
Chelsea, Kensington, Fulham, Hammersmith,
Chiswick, and Acton. A third part was pro-
mised, which would have extended through
Baling, New Brentford, Isleworth, and Han-
well ; but from want of encouragement Bo-
wack proceeded no further. A beautiful
specimen of his skill in ornamental hand-
writing is to be seen in Harleian MS. 1809,
a thin vellum book, containing two neat
drawings in Indian ink, and various kinds of
English text and print hands, which was
sent to Lord Oxford in December 1712, with
a letter, wherein the author expresses the
hope that his little work may find a place in
his lordship's library. Bowack was appointed
in July 1732 clerk to the commissioners of
the turnpike roads, and in 1737 assistant-
secretary to the Westminster Bridge com-
missioners, with a salary of 100£. a year.
The date of his death appears to be un-
known.
[Gough's Brit. Topography, i. 537-8 ; Faulk-
ner's Chelsea, i. 161 ; Gent. Mag. ii. 877, vii.
515.] GK G-.
BOWATER, SIR EDWARD (1787-
1861), lieutenant-general and colonel 49th
foot, was descended from a respectable Co-
ventry family, members of which were esta-
blished in London and at Woolwich during
the last century. From one of the latter, a
landowner of considerable wealth, the govern-
ment purchased most of the freehold sites
since occupied by the artillery and other
barracks, the military repository grounds, &c.,
at Woolwich. Sir Edward was the only son
of Admiral Edward Bowater, of Hampton
Court, by his wife Louisa, daughter of Thomas
Lane and widow of G. E. Hawkins, sergeant-
surgeon to King George III. He was born
in St. James's Palace on 13 July 1787, edu-
cated at Harrow, and entered the army in
1804 as ensign in the 3rd foot guards, with
which he served in the Peninsula from De-
cember 1808 to November 1809, in the Penin-
sula and south of France from December 1811
to the end of the war, and in the Waterloo
campaign. He was present at the passage of
the Douro, the capture of Oporto, the battles
of Talavera, Salamanca, and Vittoria, the
sieges of Burgos and San Sebastian, the pas-
sage of the Bidassoa, and the battles of
Quatre Bras and Waterloo, and was wounded
Bowden
Bowden
at Talavera and at Waterloo. In 1837 he
left the Scots Fusilier guards, after thirty-
three years' service therein, on promotion to
the rank of major-general. In 1839 he mar-
ried Mary, daughter of the late M. Barne,
sometime M.P. for the since disfranchised
borough of Dunwich. Soon after the arrival
of the prince consort, Bowater was ap-
pointed his equerry, and in 1846 he became
groom in waiting in ordinary to the queen.
In 1861, it being desired that the late Duke
of Albany, then a child eight years old, should
winter in a warmer climate, it was arranged
that he should proceed with Sir Edward and
Lady Bowater and their daughter to the south
of France. While there Bowater, whose
health had been failing, died at Cannes, in
his seventy-fourth year, on 14 Dec. 1861, the
day of the prince consort's death.
[Miscel. Gen. et Heral., new series, ii. 177-9
(pedigree) ; Hart's Army Lists ; Ann. Eeg. 1 862 ;
Gent. Mag. 1862, i. 109; Martin's Life of Prince
Consort, v. 405, 417.] H. M. C.
BOWDEN, JOHN (d. 1750), presbyterian
minister, is identified, in Walter Wilson's
manuscript list of dissenting academies, with
the Bowden who studied under Henry Grove
at Taunton ; but this is apparently an error.
Bowden was settled at Frome, Somersetshire,
before 1700, as assistant to Humphrey Phil-
lips, M.A. (silenced at Sherborne, Dorsetshire,
1662, died 27 March 1707). He became sole
minister on Phillips's death, and the present
meeting-house in Rook Lane was built for
him in 1707. According to Dr. Evans's list
he had a thousand hearers in 1717. Among
them was Elizabeth Howe, the dissenting
poetess and friend of Bishop Ken, whose
funeral sermon Bowden preached in 1737.
During the last nine years of his long mi-
nistry Bowden was assisted successively by
Alexander Houston (1741), Samuel Blyth
(1742, removed to Birmingham 1746; see
BOUKN, SAMUEL, 1689-1754), Samuel Perrott,
and Josiah Corrie (1750), who became his suc-
cessor. There is a tablet to Bowden's memory
outside the front of his meeting-house, which
says that he died in 1750, and that he was ' a
learned man, an eloquent preacher, and a
considerable poet.' Four lines which follow,
beginning —
Though storms about the good man rise,
Yet injured virtue mounts the skies,
are thought by Walter Wilson to indicate
that he was not comfortable in his later
years. Perhaps, since Bowden is classed with
the liberal dissenters of the day, the allusion
may be explained by T. S. James's reference
to a trinitarian secession from his ministry.
A writer in * Notes and Queries ' (3rd ser.
iv. 431) speaks of having in his possession
a letter from Anne Yerbury, of Bradford, to
Bowden's widow, dated January 1749, and
forwarding ' An Essay towards ye character
of my greatly esteemed Friend, the Rev. Mr.
Bowden,' which contains some rather fulsome
verses in reference to his poetical powers.
This is reconcilable with the date on the
memorial tablet, if we assume the letter-
writer to have retained the old style. Samuel
Bowden, M.D., known as l the poet of Frome,'
was probably his brother. John Bowden
does not seem to have published any separate
volume of poetry. He is the author of a
1 Hymn to the Redeemer of the World ' (34
stanzas), and a ' Dialogue between a Good
Spirit and the Angels' (11 pages), contained
in ' Divine Hymns and Poems on several
Occasions, &c., by Philomela and several other
ingenious persons,' 1704, 8vo. (The volume
is dedicated to Sir Richard Blackmore, and
the preface, which is unsigned, is probably
by Bowden. ' Philomela ' is Elizabeth Rowe ;
she had already published under this nom de
plume in 1696.) He is the author also of a
few sermons: 1. 'Sermon (1 Tim. iv. 16) at
Taunton before an Assembly of Ministers/
1714, 8vo. 2. ' Sermon (Eccl. x. 16, 17) at
Frome, on 20 Jan. 1714-5,' 1715, 8vo (thanks-
giving sermon for accession of George I).
3. ' Exhortation,' 1717, 8vo, 3rd ed. 1719,
8vo (i.e. charge at the ordination of Thomas
Morgan at Frome, 6 Sept. 1716, published
with the ordination sermon, 'The Conduct
of Ministers, &c.,' by Nicholas Billingsley,
minister at Ashwick from 1710 to 1740.
Morgan, who was independent minister at
Bruton, Somersetshire, and afterwards at
Marlborough (1715-26), became M.D., and
was the author of l The Moral Philosopher/
1738. The fact that Morgan, an independent
at Marlborough, went to Frome for presby-
terian ordination, is curious, and has been
treated as an early indication of the theo-
logical divergences of the two bodies, but
Morgan's ' Confession of Faith ' on the occa-
sion shows no doctrinal laxity ; it is strongly
trinitarian and Calvinistic). 4. 'The Vanity
of all Human Dependance, Sermon (Ps.
cxlvi. 3, 4) at Frome, 18 June, on the death
of George I,' &c., 1727, 8vo (dedicated to
Benjamin Avery, LL.D., to whom Bowden
was under l particular obligations '). Bowden
was perhaps the grandfather of Joseph Bow-
den, ' born at or near Bristol/ entered Daventry
academy under Ashworth in 1769, minister
at Call Lane, Leeds, for over forty years, from
about 1778, and author of (1) l Sermons de-
livered to the Protestant Dissenters at Leeds/
1804, 8vo ; (2) ' Prayers and Discourses for
Bowden
Bowdich
the use of Families, in two parts/ 1816,
8vo.
[Wilson's MSS. in Dr. Williams's Library;
Christian's Magazine, 1763, p. 531 sq. ; James's
Presb. Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 676,
693, 695; Mon. Rep. 1822, p. 196; Wicksteed's
Memory of the Just, 2nd ed. 1849, p. 115; Notes
and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 431, 504 ; information
from Eev. J. E. Kelly, Frome.] A. G.
BOWDEN, JOHN WILLIAM (1798-
1844), ecclesiastical writer, was born in
London on 21 Feb. 1798. He was the eldest
son of John Bowden, of Fulham and Gros-
venor Place. In 1812 he went to Harrow,
and in 1817 was entered as a commoner at
Trinity College, Oxford, simultaneously with
the dearest of his friends, John Henry New-
man. In 1820 Bowden obtained mathe-
matical honours, and on 24 Nov. took his
degree of B.A. In collaboration with New-
man, in the following year, he wrote a fiery
poem in two cantos on ' St. Bartholomew's
Eve.' On 4 June 1823 Bowden took his degree
of M. A. Three years later, in the autumn of
1826, he was appointed a commissioner of
stamps. That office he held for fourteen
years, resigning it only on account of ill-
health in 1840. Nearly two years after its
acceptance he was married, on 6 June 1828,
to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of Sir John
Edward Swinburne. From 1833 he zealously
took part in the tractarian movement. To
Hugh Rose's l British Magazine ' he contri-
buted six of the 178 hymns afterwards, in
1836, collected into a volume as the ' Lyra
Apostolica.' His contributions are signed a.
Cardinal Newman said Bowden ' was one of
the earliest assistants and supports of a
friend ' (meaning himself) ' who at that time
commenced the "Tracts for the Times."'
For the ' British Critic ' Bowden supplied
four important contributions. These were :
July 1836, ' Rise of the Papal Power; ' April
1837, ' On Gothic Architecture ; ' January
1839, ' On British Association ; ' July 1841,
* On the Church in the Mediterranean.' The
last two were published under Newman's
editorship. In the spring of 1839 Bowden
was first attacked by the malady which five
years afterwards proved fatal. In the au-
tumn of 1839 he went abroad with his
family. The winter of that year he passed in
Malta. In the spring of 1840 he published
his ' Life of Gregory the Seventh.' This work
had been first suggested to him, at the in-
stance of Hurrell Froude, by Newman. For
some years it had been gradually growing
under his hands. Cardinal Newman com-
mends the * power and liveliness of Bowden's
narrative.' He proposed to write, but never I
produced, a ' Life of St. Boniface,' which in
1843 was announced as in preparation.
Bowden's only publication in 1843 was ' A
few Remarks on Pews.' How completely
at one Newman and Bowden were through-
out the whole of the Oxford movement is
clearly shown in almost every page of New-
man's ' Apologia.' During the summer of
1843 Bowden's complaint returned with in-
creased severity, and he died at his father's
house in Grosvenor Place, on 15 Sept. 1844.
Cardinal Newman attests emphatically that
he passed away ' in undoubting communion
with the church of Andrewes and Laud,'
adding, with reference to his interment at
Fulham, * he still lives here, the light and
comfort of many hearts, who ask no happier,
holier end than his.' A posthumous. work
from Bowden's hand was published in 1845,
1 Thoughts on the Work of the Six Days of
Creation.' The key to his argument was
the motto on the title-page, ' Novum Testa-
mentum in Veteri velabatur, Vetus Testa-
mentum in Novo revelatur.'
[Preface by J. H. N. (Cardinal Newman) to
Bowden's Thoughts on the Work of the Six
Days of Creation, 1845, pp. v-viii ; Newman's
Apologia, passim ; Mozley's Eeminiscences, 1882,
ii. 4.] C. K.
BOWDEN, SAMUEL (fl. 1733-1761),
a physician at Frome, Somersetshire, was
author of two volumes of poems published
1733-5. Neither the date of his birth nor
that of his death has been ascertained, though
it appears from the ' Gentleman's Magazine,'
to which he was an occasional contributor,
that he was living in 1761, while a passing
mention of him in 1778 is in the past tense.
The writer adds that he was a friend of
Mrs. Rowe [see ROWE, ELIZABETH, poetess],
and belonged to the same communion. Bow-
den was therefore a nonconformist, and not
improbably a relative of the Rev. John Bow-
den [see BOWDEN, JOHN] who preached Mrs.
Rowe's funeral sermon.
[Gent. Mag. xxxi. 424, xlviii. 485; Life of
Mrs. Howe prefixed to her works, 1739.]
J. M. S.
BOWDICH, THOMAS EDWARD
(1791-1824), African traveller, was born at
Bristol 20 June 1791. His father, Thomas
Bowdich, was a hat manufacturer and mer-
chant there, and his mother was one of the
Vaughans of Payne's Castle, Wales. He
was educated at the Bristol grammar school,
and when nine years old removed to a well-
known school at Corsham, Wiltshire, where,
being fond of classics, he soon became head
boy, but what he knew of mathematics he
Bowdich
Bowdich
was ' flogged through.' In his youth he was
noted for his clever jeux-d'esprit in maga-
zines, and his skill as a rider. Originally
intended for the bar, it was much against his
wishes that his father put him to his own
trade, and for one year, 1813, he was partner in
the firm of Bowdich, Son, & Luce. The same
year he married a lady (Sarah , daughter of Mr.
JohnEglingtonWallis, of Colchester) nearly
of his own age, and entered himself at Oxford,
but never matriculated. His uncle, Mr. Hope
Smith, governor-in-chief of the settlements
belonging to the African Company, obtained
for him a writership in the service, and he
proceeded to Cape Coast Castle in 1814 ; his
wife, whose name is thenceforward so closely
linked with his, following him, but on her
arrival she found he had returned to England
for a time. In 1815 the African Company
planned a mission to Ashantee, and appointed
Bowdich the conductor. On reaching Cape
Coast Castle the second time, the council, con-
sidering him too young, appointed Mr. James
(governor of Fort Accra) principal. Events
at Coomassie, however, soon compelled Bow-
dich to supersede his chief (a bold step after-
wards sanctioned by the authorities), and by
diplomatic skill and intrepidity, when the
fate of himself and comrades hung on a
thread, he succeeded in a most difficult nego-
tiation, and formed a treaty with the king
of Ashantee, which promised peace to the
British settlements on the Gold Coast. He
was therefore the first whose labours accom-
plished the object of penetrating to the in-
terior of Africa. In 1818 he returned home
with impaired health, and in 1819 published
the interesting and valuable details of his
expedition, * A Mission from Cape Coast
Castle to Ashantee,' &c., London, 4to. This
work, the most important after Bruce's, ex-
cited great interest, as an almost incredible
story (recalling * The Arabian Nights ') of a
land and people of warlike and barbaric
splendour hitherto unknown. Bowdich pre-
sented to the British Museum his African col-
lection of works of art and manufacture, and
specimens of reptiles and insects. The inde-
pendent spirit of the young traveller soon
came into collision with the African Com-
pany. His writings and letters continually
speak of unmerited disappointment ; the net
reward for his great mission amounted to
only 200/., and it cost him a moiety of this
to return home ; while another gentleman,
Mr. Dupuis, was appointed consul at Coo-
massie with 600Z. a year. In the same year
he published ( The African Committee, by
T. E. Bowdich, conductor of the Mission to
Ashantee,' in which he attacked the African
Company, and made such an exposure of
the management of their possessions that
the government was compelled to take them
into its own hands. Feeling deficient in
several of the requisites of a scientific tra-
veller, he proceeded to Paris to perfect him-
self in mathematics, physical science, and
natural history, and such was his progress
that he soon after gained the Cambridge prize
of 1,000/. for a discovery which was depen-
dent on mathematics. Humboldt, Cuvier,
Denon, Biot, and other savants, gave the
famous traveller a generous reception in
Paris, and a public eloge was pronounced
upon him at the Institute. Not only was
* the brilliant society of the Hotel Cuvier '
open to him and his accomplished wife, but
for three years the extensive library and
splendid collections of that great scholar were
to them as their own. The French govern-
ment made him an advantageous offer of an
appointment, which an honourable feeling
towards his own country compelled him to
decline. Early in 1820 he wrote ' A Reply to
the Quarterly Review,' Paris, 8vo, in which
he successfully answered the article on his
Ashantee mission. His next work, published
anonymously, was a translation of a French
book, * Taxidermy, &c.,' with plates, London,
1820, 12mo, followed by a translation of ' Tra-
vels in the Interior of Africa to the Sources
of the Senegal and Gambia, by G. Mollien,'
with full page illustrations, London, 1820, 4to,
and an appendix (separately issued) ' British
and Foreign Expeditions to Teembo, with
remarks on Civilization,' &c., London, 1820.
In 1821 appeared an ( Essay on the Geo-
graphy of North- Western Africa,' accom-
panied by a large lithographed map, compiled
from his own discoveries, and an ' Essay on
the Superstitions, Customs, and Arts common
to the Ancient Egyptians, Abyssinians, and
Ashantees,' with plates, Paris, 4to. His
next publications were three works, in 8vo,
illustrated by numerous lithographed figures
done by his wife, 'Mammalia,' &c., Paris,
1821 ; ' Ornithology,' &c., Paris, 1821 ; ' Con-
chology, &c., including the Fossil Genera,'
Paris, 1822. About this time he issued in
lithograph ' The Contradictions in Park's Last
Journal explained.' He was also the author
of ' A Mathematical Investigation with Ori-
ginal Formulae for ascertaining the Longitude
of the Sea by Eclipses of the Moon.' The
funds realised by their joint labours enabled
Bowdich and his wife to start upon a second
African expedition, and in August 1822 they
sailed from Havre to Lisbon. Here, from
various manuscripts, he collected a complete
history of all the Portuguese discoveries in
South Africa, afterwards published as ' An
Account of the Discoveries of the Portuguese
Bowdler
43
Bowdler
in Angola and Mozambique/ London, 1824,
8vo. Proceeding to Madeira, where they
were detained for some months, he wrote a
Geological description of the island of Porto
anto, the trigonometrical measurement of j
the peaks, a flora, &c., which was pub- j
lished in 1825, after his death. They next j
reached the Cape de Verde Islands and the |
mouth of the Gambia, and, while waiting at I
Bathurst for a means of transit to Sierra
Leone, he began a trigonometrical survey of
the river. Unfortunately, while taking astro-
nomical observations at night, he caught cold,
which was followed by fever, to which, after
several partial recoveries, he succumbed at
the early age of thirty-three, on 10 Jan. 1824.
The last chapter of his life's story was pub-
lished by Mrs. Bowdich, in a work entitled ' A
Description of the Island of Madeira, by the
late Thomas Edward Bowdich ... A Narra-
tive of his last Voyage to Africa . . . Re-
marks on the Cape de Verde Islands, and a
Description of the English Settlements in the
River Gambia,' with plates coloured and plain,
London, 1825, 4to. Under dates from 1819
to 1825 there are also five scientific papers
by Bowdich in l Tilloch's Philosophical Ma-
gazine/ { Edinburgh Philosophical Journal/
and the { Zoological Journal.'
In figure Bowdich was slightly but well
formed, and he possessed great activity ot
body and mind. He was an excellent lin-
guist, a most pleasing and graphic writer,
and his conversational powers made him a
very agreeable companion. His enthusiastic
devotion to science cost him his life. He
left a widow and three children, one of them
named after the two companions of his
Ashantee mission. Mrs. Tedlie Hutchison
Hale (wife of Dr. Douglas Hale) repub-
lished her father's early work, with an intro-
ductory preface, 'The Mission from Cape
Coast Castle to Ashantee, &c./ London, 1873,
8vo, inscribing the volume to her father's
old friend, Mr. David R. Morier.
Mrs. Bowdich afterwards married Mr. R.
Lee, and under the name of * Mrs. R. Lee '
became a popular writer and illustrator of
scientific works for the young up to her
death in 1865.
[Bowdich's Works; Mrs. Bowdich's Works;
Mrs. Hale's Mission, 1873 ; Dupuis's Ashantee,
1824; Bristol Directory, 1812-15 ; Lit. Gazette,
1824 ; Gent. Mag. 1824, pt. i. 279-80 ; Koyal
Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers; Quarterly
Eev. xxii.l J. W.-G.
BOWDLER, HENRIETTA MARIA
(1754-1830), commonly called Mrs. Harriet
Bowdler, author, daughter of Thomas and
Elizabeth Stuart Bowdler, and sister of John
Bowdler the elder [q.v.] and Thomas Bowdler
the elder [q. v.], was the author of a series of
religious * Poems and Essays/ 2 vols. (Bath,
1786), which passed through a large number
of editions. Her ' Sermons on the Doctrines
and Duties of Christianity ' (n. d.) appeared
anonymously, and passed through nearly
fifty editions. Beilby Porteus, bishop of Lon-
don', believed them to be from the pen of a
clergyman, and is said to have offered their
author, through the publishers, a living in
his diocese. In 1810 Miss Bowdler edited
( Fragments in Prose and Verse by the late
Miss Elizabeth Smith/ which was very popu-
lar in religious circles. A novel by Miss
Bowdler entitled ' Pen Tamar, or the His-
tory of an Old Maid/ was issued shortly
after her death. Miss Bowdler died at Bath
on 25 Feb. 1830.
[Gent. Mag. 1830, pt. i. 567, pt. ii. 649; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BOWDLER, JANE (1743-1784), author,
born 14 Feb. 1743 at Ashley, near Bath, was
the eldest daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth
Stuart Bowdler, and thus sister of John the
elder [q.v.], and of Thomas the elder, the editor
of Shakespeare [q. v.] Throughout her life she
suffered from ill-health. In 1759 she had a
severe attack of small-pox, and from 1771
till her death was a confirmed invalid. She
died in the spring of 1784. In her later
years she wrote many poems and essays, and
a selection was published at Bath for the
benefit of the local hospital in 1786 under
the title of ' Poems and Essays by a Lady,
lately deceased.' This volume became extra-
ordinarily popular. The verse is very poor, and
the prose treats, without any striking origi-
nality, such subjects as sensibility, politeness,
candour, and the pleasures of religion. Never-
theless, sixteen editions (with the author's
name on the title-page) were published at
Bath in rapid succession between 1787 and
1830. Other editions appeared at Dublin, in
London, and in New York, where the first
American edition (from the tenth Bath edi-
tion) appeared in 1811. A few of Miss Bowd-
ler's pieces, not previously printed, appear in
Thomas Bowdler's ' Memoir of John Bowdler/
1824.
[T. Bowdler's Memoir of John Bowdler the
elder, 1824, 93-104.] S. L. L.
BOWDLER, JOHN, the elder (1746-
1823), author, born at Bath on 18 March
1746, was descended from a Shropshire family
originally settled at Hope Bowdler. His
great-grandfather, John Bowdler (1627-
1661), held high office in the Irish civil
service during the Commonwealth, and was
Bowdler
44
Bowdler
intimate with Archbishop Ussher. This
John Bowdler's son, Thomas, was a fellow-
officer at the admiralty with Samuel Pepys,
became a conscientious Jacobite, was the
intimate friend of Dr. Hickes, and died in
Queen Square in July 1738, at the age ol
77. His elder son, Thomas, married in
1742 Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter and
coheiress of Sir John Cotton, a direct de-
scendant from the famous Sir Robert Cotton,
and died in May 1785. John Bowdler the
elder was the eldest son of this marriage.
His mother, the authoress of ' Practical Ob-
servations on the Revelations of St. John '
(Bath, 1800), written in the year 1775, was
noted for her piety and general culture, and
gave all her children a strict religious train-
ing. After attending several private schools,
Bowdler was placed, in November 1765, in
the office of Mr. Barsham, a special pleader,
and practised as a chamber conveyancer be-
tween 1770 and 1780. In January 1778 he
married Harrietta, eldest daughter of John
Hanbury, vice-consul of the English factory
at Hamburg. In November 1779 he attended
Robert Gordon, the last of the nonjuring
bishops, through a fatal illness. His father's
death in 1785 put Bowdler in possession of a
small fortune ; he then finally retired from
his profession. In 1795 he wrote a long letter
to Lord Auckland about the high prices of
the time, in which he fiercely attacked the
clergy and the legislators for neglecting mo-
rality and religion. In 1796 he addressed
letters on similar subjects to the Archbishop
of Canterbury and Bishops Porteus and
Horsley. He published in 1797 a strongly
worded pamphlet entitled ' Reform or Ruin,'
in which he sought again to expose the im-
morality and irreligion of the nation. The
pamphlet had a very wide sale, and reached an
eighth edition within a year of its first publi-
cation. He disapproved of Sir Richard Hill's
'Apology for Brotherly Love,' a partial justi-
fication of the prevailing dissent, and issued
pamphlets in support of the opposite views ex-
pounded in Daubeney's ' Guide to the Church.'
In 1815 he formed a committee to memo-
rialise the government to erect additional
churches in the populous parts of England
out of the public funds. In 1816 he petitioned
Lord Sidmouth to abolish lotteries. He died
at Eltham on 29 June 1823. Bowdler was
one of the founders of the Church Building
Society. He had ten children, six of whom
survived infancy. His sons John and Thomas
are separately noticed. His daughter Eliza-
beth died on 4 Dec. 1810.
[Memoir of Life of John Bowdler, Esq., written
for private circulation by his son Thomas in 1824
and published for sale in 1825.] S. L. L.
BOWDLER, JOHN, the younger (1783-
1815), author, younger son of John Bowdler
the elder [q. v.], was born in London on 2 Feb.
1783. He was educated at Winchester, and
in 1798 was placed in a London solicitor's
office. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1807, made some progress in his pro-
fession, and attracted the notice of Lord-
chancellor Eldon. But in 1810 signs of
consumption appeared, and he spent the two
following years in the south of Europe. In
May 1812 he returned to England and lived
with an aunt near Portsmouth. But his
health was not restored, and he died 1 Feb.
1815. According to the testimonies of his
father and brother Charles, John was in every
way an exemplary character. He engaged
in literary pursuits during his illness, and his
father published in 1816 his ' Select Pieces in
Prose and Verse ' (2 vols.) The book con-
tained a full memoir and the journal kept
by Bowdler during his foreign tour of 1810-
1812. Wide reading in current English
philosophy is exhibited in a long sympathetic
exposition of Dugald Stewart's philosophi-
cal theories, but the other essays and the
poems are religious rhapsodies of no literary
merit. The book was reprinted in 1817,
1818, 1819, and 1820. Selections from the
religious portions of it appeared in 1821 and
1823, and in 1857 the author's brother Charles
reissued a part of it under the title of ' The
Religion of the Heart, as exemplified in the
Life and Writings of John Bowdler.' This
edition includes a new biographical preface
and much hitherto unpublished correspon-
dence.
[The editions of Bowdler's works of 1816 and
1857.] S. L. L.
BOWDLER, THOMAS (1754-1825),
editor of the ' Family Shakespeare,' the
younger son of Thomas and Elizabeth Stuart
Bowdler, was born at Ashley, near Bath, on
11 July 1754. His father, a gentleman of
independent means, belonged to an ancient
family originally settled at Hope Bowdler,
Shropshire. His mother, the second daugh-
ter of Sir John Cotton of Conington, Hunt-
ingdonshire, fifth baronet in direct descent
from the well-known Sir Robert Cotton,
was a highly accomplished woman and author
of ' Practical Observations on the Book of
Revelation,' Bath, 1800 (Life ofJ. Bowdler,
pp. 109-23). Thomas suffered much through
life from a serious accident sustained when
he was nine years old. About 1765 he went
to Mr. Graves's school at Claverton, near
Bath, where his intimate friend in after life,
William Anne Villettes, a military officer
of repute, was a fellow-pupil. In 1770 he
Bowdler
45
Bowdler
proceeded to St. Andrews University to study
medicine. He subsequently removed to Edin-
burgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1776 and
published a thesis, ' Tentamen . . . de Febrium
Intermittentium Natura et Indole.' He spent
the next four years in travel, and visited
Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Sicily. In
1781 he caught a fever from a young friend
whom he attended, on a journey to Lisbon,
through a fatal illness. He returned to Eng-
land in broken health, and with a strong
aversion to his profession. In the same year
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society
and a licentiate of the College of Physicians
(9 April). Soon afterwards he permanently
settled in London, and obtained an intro-
duction to Mrs. Montagu's coterie, where
he became intimate with Bishops Hinch-
cliffe and Porteus, Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Cha-
pone, and Mrs. Hannah More. He was
elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
in 1784. He devoted himself to charitable
work, and acted for many years as chair-
man of St. George's vestry, Hanover Square,
as a committee-man of the Magdalen Hos-
pital, and as a commissioner (with Sir Gil-
bert Elliott and Sir Charles Bunbury) to in-
quire into the state of the penitentiaries
(1781). After the death of John Howard,
the prison reformer, in 1790, he inspected the
prisons throughout the country, with a view
to continuing Howard's work. In 1787
Bowdler visited the Low Countries when the
struggle between the patriotic party and the
stadtholder (the Prince of Orange), supported
by a Prussian army, was at its height, and he
wrote a detailed account of the revolution in
1 Letters written in Holland in the months
of September and October, 1787 ' (London,
1788) ; an appendix collects a large number
of proclamations and other official documents.
During 1788 Bowdler travelled in France.
From 1800 to 1810 he resided at St. Boniface,
Isle of Wight, and after 1810 until his death
at Rhyddings, near Swansea. In 1814 he
visited Geneva to settle the affairs of his old
friend, Lieutenant-general Villettes, who had
died in Jamaica in 1807, and in the following
year he published a ' Life of Villettes ' (Bath,
1815), with an appendix of ' Letters during
a Journey from Calais to Geneva and St.
Bernard in 1814,' and a short biography (in-
cluding seven letters) of ' The late Madame
Elizabeth.' With later copies of the book
was bound up a postscript, entitled ' Obser-
vations on Emigration to France, with an
account of Health, Economy, and the Edu-
cation of Children,' also published separately
in 1815. Bowdler here warned Englishmen
against France, and English invalids espe-
cially against French watering-places, and
recommended Malta, which he had visited
with a nephew in 1810, as a sanitary resort.
In 1818 Bowdler published his edition of
1 Shakespeare,' the work by which he is best
known. Its title ran : < The Family Shake-
speare in ten volumes ; in which nothing is
added to the original text ; but those words
and expressions are omitted which cannot
with propriety be read aloud in a family.'
In the preface he writes of Shakespeare's
language : ' Many words and expressions
occur which are of so indecent a nature as
to render it highly desirable that they should
be erased.' He also complains of the un-
necessary and frivolous allusions to Scrip-
ture, which * call imperiously for their erase-
ment.' Bowdler's prudery makes sad havoc
with Shakespeare's text, and, although his
' Shakespeare ' had a very large sale, it was
deservedly attacked in the ' British Critic '
for April 1822. To this review Bowdler
published a long reply, in which he stated
his principle to be : ' If any word or expres-
sion is of such a nature that the first impres-
sion it excites is an impression of obscenity,
that word ought not to be spoken nor written
or printed ; and, if printed, it ought to be
erased.' He illustrates his method from his
revisions of 'Henry IV,' ' Hamlet/ and ' Mac-
beth.' Bowdler's ' Shakespeare ' has been very
frequently reissued. Four editions were pub-
lished before 1824, and others have appeared
in 1831, 1853, and 1861.
During the last years of his life Bowdler
was engaged in purifying Gibbon's ' History.'
The work was completed just before his death
in 1825, and published in six volumes by his
nephew Thomas [q. v.] in 1826. The full title
runs: 'Gibbon's History of the Decline and
Fall of the Roman Empire, for the use of
Families and Young Persons, reprinted from
the original text with the careful omissions of
all passages of an irreligious or immoral ten-
dency.' In the preface Bowdler is self-con-
fident enough to assert a belief that Gibbon
himself would have approved his plan, and
that his version would be adopted by all
future publishers of the book. Bowdler's
nephew adds in a note that ' it was the pe-
culiar happiness of the writer' to have so
purified Shakespeare and Gibbon that they
could no longer ' raise a blush on the cheek
of modest innocence nor plant a pang in the
heart of the devout Christian.'
Bowdler died at Rhyddings on 24 Feb. 1825,
and was buried at Oystermouth, near Swan-
sea. Besides the works already mentioned,
he published l A short Introduction to a se-
lection of Chapters from the Old Testament,
intended for the use of the Church of Eng-
land Sunday School Society in Swansea/
Bowdler
46
Bowen
Swansea, 1822 ; it was reprinted in 1823 as
' Select Chapters from the Old Testament
. . . with Short Introductions.' Bowdler was
an active promoter of the Proclamation So-
ciety, formed in 1787 to enforce a royal pro-
clamation against impiety and vice — a society
which was afterwards replaced by the Society
for the Suppression of Vice.
The verb to l bowdlerise ' is of course a
derivative from Bowdler's name. It was ap- j
parently first used in print by General Per-
ronet Thompson in 1836 in his ' Letters of a !
Representative to his Constituents during
the session of 1836 ' (London), reprinted in '
Thompson's 'Exercises,' 1842, iv. 124. Thomp-
son writes that there are certain classical |
names in the writings of the apostles which j
modern ultra-christians ' would probably have '
£owdler-ized ' (information kindly supplied
by Dr. J. A. H. Murray of Oxford).
[Some account of Thomas Bowdler, F.R.S. and |
F.S.A., is appended to the Life of John Bowdler I
by his son Thomas Bowdler, 1825, pp. 298-331. |
This notice was reprinted in the Annual Bio- !
graphy and Obituary (1826), x. 191-218. See j
also Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ix. 37 ; preface to j
Bowdler's Shakespeare (4th ed.) ; Munk's College
of Physicians, ii. 324 ; Nichols's Illustrations, j
v. 641.] S. L. L.
BOWDLER, THOMAS, the younger
(1782-1856), divine, the eldest son of John
Bowdler the elder [q. y.],born 13 March 1782,
was educated at a private school, and at St.
John's College, Cambridge, where he pro- I
ceeded B. A. in 1803, and M.A. in 1806. He i
was appointed curate of Leyton, Essex, in j
1803, and after holding the livings of Ash and
Ridley, and of Addington, Kent, became in-
cumbent of the church at Sydenham in 1834.
He took an active part in opposing the trac-
tarian movement of 1840. In 1846 he became
secretary of the Church Building Society,
which his father had been instrumental in
founding. On 7 Dec. 1849 he received a pre-
bend in St. Paul's Cathedral. He died on
12 Nov. 1856. He married about 1804 Phoebe,
the daughter of Joseph Cotton, who died in
December 1854. Of nine children, four died
in infancy, and three in succession between
1833 and 1839. Bow.dler was the author of
a large number of published sermons. Col-
lected editions were issued in 1820, 1834, and
1846 respectively. He wrote a memoir of
his father in 1824, and edited with Launcelot
Sharpe the Greek version of Bishop An-
drewes's ' Devotions.' He was the editor of
the edition of Gibbon prepared by his uncle,
Thomas Bowdler the elder [q. v.]
[Gent. Mag. 1857, pt. i. 241-2 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat.] S. L. L.
BOWEN, JAMES (d. 1774), painter and
topographer, was a native of Shrewsbury,
where he died in 1774 (LEIGHTON, Guide
through Shrewsbury, p. 182). He made a
copious collection for a history of Shropshire,
having taken church notes, sketches of monu-
ments, transcripts of records, &c., when he
was accompanying Mr. Mytton through the
county (GOTTGH'S Topography, ii. 176). One
of Bowen's works is a view of the church of
Mary in the Battlefield, Shrewsbury (ib.
p. 184), and he produced also some useful
maps (ib. p. 185). Gough bought all the
genealogical and topographical materials
which Bowen had amassed, and they form
part of the manuscripts and similar relics
which Gough bequeathed to the Bodleian
Library.
[Leigbton's Guide through Shrewsbury, p. 182 ;
Gent. Mag. vol. cii. pt. ii. p. 185 ; Gough's Topo-
graphy, ii. 176.] J. H.
BOWEN, JAMES (1751-1835), rear-
admiral, was born at Ilfracombe. He first
went to sea in the merchant service, and in
1776 commanded a ship in the African and
West India trade ; but shortly after entered
the navy as a master, and served in that ca-
pacity on board the Artois with Captain Mac-
bride during 1781-2, being present in the
battle on the Doggerbank on 5 Aug. 1781,
and on many other occasions. He continued
with Captain Macbride in different ships till
1789, when he was appointed inspecting a.gent
of transports in the Thames. When the revo-
lutionary war broke out, Bowen quitted this
employment at the request of Lord Howe to
go with him as master of his flagship, the
Queen Charlotte, and h,e had thus the glo-
rious duty of piloting her into the battle of
1 June. It is told by ancient tradition that
on the admiral giving the order { Starboard ! '
Bowen ventured to say, ' My lord, you'll be
foul of the French ship if you don't take care.'
* What is that to you, sir ? ' replied Howe
sharply ; ' starboard ! ' ' Starboard ! ' cried
Bowen, muttering by no means inaudibly,
' Damned if I care, if you don't. I'll take you
near enough to singe your black whiskers.'
He did almost literally fulfil this promise,
passing so close under the stern of the Mon-
tagne, that the French ensign brushed the
main and mizen shrouds of the Queen Char-
lotte as she poured her broadside into the
French ship's starboard quarter. For his con-
duct on this day Bowen was made a lieutenant
on 23 June 1794; after the action offL'Orient
on 23 June 1795, in which he was first lieu-
tenant of the Queen Charlotte, he was made
commander ; and on 2 Sept. of the same year
was advanced to the rank of captain. During
Bowen
47
Bowen
the two following years he commanded the
Thunderer in the West Indies. In 1798 he
commanded the Argo of 44 guns in the Me-
diterranean, took part in the reduction of
Minorca by Commodore Duckworth, and on
6 Feb. 1799, after a brilliant chase of two
Spanish frigates of nearly equal force, suc-
ceeded in capturing one of them, the Santa
Teresa of 42 guns. For the next three
years Bowen was employed in convoy ser-
vice, in the course of which he was officially
thanked by the court of directors of the East
India Company, and presented with a piece
of plate value 400Z. for his { care and atten-
tion ' in convoying one of their fleets from
England to St. Helena. In 1803 he was ap-
pointed to command the Dreadnought of
98 guns, but was shortly afterwards nomi-
nated a commissioner of the transport board.
In 1805 he had the charge of laying down
moorings for the fleet in Falmouth harbour ;
in 1806 he was for some time captain of the
fleet to Lord St. Vincent off Brest ; and in
January 1809 superintended the re-embarka-
tion of the army at Corunna, for which im-
portant service he received the thanks of
both houses of parliament. In 1816 he was
appointed one of the commissioners of the
navy, and continued in that office till July
1825, when he was retired with the rank of
rear-admiral. He died on 27 April 1835.
Bowen was not the only one of his family
who rendered the name illustrious in our
naval annals. His brother Richard, captain
of the Terpsichore in 1797, fell in the attack
on Santa Cruz on 24 July, 'than whom,'
wrote Nelson, ' a more enterprising, able, and
gallant officer does not grace his majesty's
naval service ' {Nelson Despatches, ii. 423).
Another brother George, also a captain in
the navy, died at Torquay in October 1817.
His eldest son James died captain of the
Phoenix frigate, on the East India station, in
1812 ; and another son John, also a captain,
after serving in that rank through the later
years of the war, died in 1828. His youngest
son St. Vincent was a clergyman. He had
also a daughter Teresa, who died in 1876,
bequeathing to the Painted Hall at Green-
wich a very pleasing portrait of her father.
[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 94.]
J. K. L.
BOWEN, JOHN (1756-1832), painter
and genealogist, was the eldest son of James
Bowen, painter and topographer, of Shrews-
bury [q.v.], and was born in that city in 1756.
Bowen studied the local antiquities under
his father; traced out the pedigrees of Shrop-
shire families, and became especially skilful in
deciphering and copying ancient manuscripts.
In 1795 he sent a drawing of the Droitwich
town seal to the ' Gentleman's Magazine '
(vol. Ixv. pt. i. p. 13), signing himself <Anti-
quarius ;' and in 1802 (vol. Ixxii. pt. i. p. 210)
he followed this up with another communica-
tion, to which he put his initials. He drew
four views of Shrewsbury, which were en-
graved by Vandergucht (GouGH, Topography,
ii. 177), and in the < Philosophical Transac-
tions' (xlix. 196) is a plate of some Roman
inscriptions from his hand. He died on 19 June
1832, aged 76.
[Gent. Mag. vol. cii.pt. ii. p. 185; Gough's
Topography, ii. 177 ; Leighton's Guide through
Shrewsbury, p. 182.] J. H.
BOWEN", JOHN, LL.D. (1815-1859),
bishop of Sierra Leone, son of Thomas
Bowen, captain in the 85th regiment, by his
third wife, Mary, daughter of the Rev.
John Evans, chaplain to the garrison at Pla-
centia, Newfoundland, was born at Court,
near Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, on 21 Nov.
1815. At twelve years of age he was sent to
school at Merlin's Vale, near Haverfordwest,
and in 1830 continued his studies at the
same place under the care of the Rev. David
Adams. He emigrated to Canada in April
1835, and took a farm at Dunville, on the
shores of Lake Erie, where, during the re-
bellion of 1837-8, he served in the militia.
On Sunday, 6 March 1842, he heard a sermon
in the Lake Shore church, which made a
great impression on his mind, and ultimately
led to a desire to prepare himself for the
ministerial office. A favourable opportunity
having occurred for disposing of his farm
advantageously, he returned home, and in
January 1843 entered himself at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in
1847, and became LL.B. and LL.D. ten years
later. His first appointment was to the
assistant-curacy of Knaresborough, York-
shire, in 1848. While residing here he asked
the Church Missionary Society to allow him
to visit their numerous foreign stations. The
society suggested that he should proceed to
Jerusalem, there to confer with Bishop Gobat,
and then to visit the missionary stations at
Syra, Smyrna, and Cairo ; afterwards to jour-
ney to Mount Lebanon, Nablous, and other
places in Syria, and thence to proceed to Mosul
by Constantinople and Trebizond, returning
by Bagdad and Damascus to Jerusalem. All
this he accomplished, going through many
hardships and dangers, and returning to
England in December 1851. In 1853 he was
named, by the Marquis of Huntly, rector of
Orton-Longueville with Botolph Bridge in
Huntingdonshire. Having obtained permis-
sion from his bishop, he again left England
Bowen
Bower
in September. 1854, and was absent in the
East until July 1856. He had by this time
made such good use of his opportunities
for the study of Arabic, that he was able to
preach with fluency in that difficult language.
On 10 Aug. 1857 he was consecrated bishop
of Sierra Leone by the Archbishop of Can-
terbury and the Bishops of Peterborough
and Victoria, and sailed for his diocese on
26 Nov. following. The bishop recovered from
several attacks of yellow fever. Malignant
fever, however, broke out in the colony, and
he died of it on 2 June 1859, when he had
occupied the see two years and five months.
He married, on 24 Nov. 1857, Catharine
Butler, second daughter of Dr. George But-
ler, dean of Peterborough. She died at Free-
town, after giving birth to a stillborn son, on
4 Aug. 1858.
[Memorials of John Bowen, LL.D., Bishop of
Sierra Leone, by his Sister, 1862; Gent. Mag.
vii. 187-8 (1859).] G. C. B.
BOWEN, THOMAS (d. 1790), engraver
of charts, was the son of EMANTJEL BOWEIT,
map engraver to George II and Louis XV,
who published a 'Complete Atlas of Geo-
graphy,' with good maps, 1744-7 ; an ' Eng-
lish Atlas, with a new set of maps,' 1745 (?) ;
a * Complete Atlas ... in sixty-eight Maps,'
1752 ; 'Atlas Minimus ; or a new set of Pocket
Maps,' 1758, 24mo ; and a series of separate
maps of the English counties, of Germany,
Asia Minor, and Persia, between 1736 and
1776, of which Gough speaks with little ap-
proval. Thomas Bowen engraved the maps
and charts of the West Indies, published
by the direction of the government from the
surveys of Captain James Speer ; maps of the
country twenty miles round London and of
the road between London and St. David's,
about 1750 ; a ' New Projection of the Eastern
and Western Hemispheres of the Earth,' 1776;
and an 'Accurate Map of the Russian Empire
in Europe and Asia,' 1778. He contributed
to Taylor and Skinner's ' Survey and Maps of
the Roads of North Britain ' in 1776. He
died at an advanced age in Clerkenwell work-
house early in 1790.
[Gent. Mag. Ix. pt. i. p. 374 ; Eedgrave's Diet,
of English Artists ; Gough's British Topography,
vols. i. ii. ; "Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Map
Cat.] S. L. L.
BOWER, ALEXANDER (fl. 1804-
1830), biographer, was originally a teacher
in Edinburgh, and afterwards acted as assis-
tant-librarian in the university of Edinburgh.
He died suddenly about 1830-1. He pub-
lished several works between 1804 and 1830,
the titles of them being: 1. 'An Account
of the Life of James Beattie, LL.D.,' in which
are occasionally given characters of the prin-
cipal literary men, and a sketch of the state
of literature in Scotland during the last cen-
tury, 1804, 8vo. 2. ' The Life of Luther,
with an account of the early progress of the
Reformation,' 1813, 8vo. 3. ' The History of
the University of Edinburgh, chiefly com-
n"1 id from original Papers and Records never
ore published,' vols. i. ii., 1817, vol. iii.
1830, 8vo. This work is strong in biographi-
cal details of the professors and others, but
in other points the history is now of little
value. 4. ' The Edinburgh Students' Guide,
or an Account of the Classes of the Univer-
sity,' 1822.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Cat. of the Advocates'
Library; Grant's Edin. University, 1884, i.p.ix.l
C. W. S.
BOWER, ARCHIBALD (1686-1766),
author of the 'History of the Popes,' was
born on 17 Jan. 1685-6 at or near Dundee ;
according to his own account, he was de-
scended from an ancient family which had
been for several hundred years possessed of
an estate in the county of Angus in Scot-
land. In 1702 he was sent to the Scotch
college at Douay; afterwards proceeded to
Rome, and was there admitted into the So-
ciety of Jesus on 9 Dec. 1706. His own
statement that he was admitted into the
order in November 1705 is evidently untrue,
as is shown by the entry in the register of
the Roman province of the society. After a
novitiate of two years he went in 1712 to
Fano, where he taught classics till 1714,
when he removed to Fermo. In 1717 he was
recalled to Rome to study divinity in the
Roman college, and in 1721 he was trans-
ferred to the college of Arezzo, where he re-
mained till 1723, and became reader of phi-
losophy and consultor to the rector of the
college. He was next sent to Florence, and
in the same year removed to Macerata, at
which place he continued till 1726. Before
the latter date he was probably professed of
the four vows, his own account fixing that
event in March 1722 at Florence (Full Con-
futation, p. 54), though, as he certainly was
resident at Arezzo in that year, his profession
was most likely made a year later. All his
statements concerning himself must be re-
ceived with extreme caution.
The turning-point in Bower's career was
his removal from Macerata to Perugia, and
his flight from the latter city to England in
1726. His enemies said that this step was
taken in consequence of his having been de-
tected in an amour with a nun, but he him-
self ascribes it to the ' hellish proceedings '
Bower
49
Bower
of the court of the inquisition at Macerata,
in which he says that he was counsellor or
judge. He was greatly impressed with the
horrible cruelties committed in the torture-
chamber, particularly on two gentlemen,
whose stories, as well as his own escape, he
related in detail in an ' Answer to a Scurri-
lous Pamphlet' (1757). Another account
had been previously published by Richard
Baron [q. v.] in 1750, professing to contain
the substance of the relation which Bower
gave of his escape to Dr. Hill, chaplain to
the archbishop of Canterbury (Six Letters
from Bower to Father Sheldon, p. 3 ri). The
title of Baron's pamphlet is : 'A faithful
Account of Mr. Archibald Bower's Motives
for leaving his Office of Secretary to the
Court of Inquisition ; including also a rela-
tion of the horrid treatment of an innocent
gentleman, who was driven mad by his suf-
ferings, in this bloody Court ; and of a Noble-
man who expired under his tortures. To
both which inhuman and shocking scenes the
author was an eye-witness.' A third account
of these occurrences is printed at the end
of 'Bower and Tillemont compared' (1757).
The narrative published by Bower thirty-
one years after the date of his alleged ' es-
cape ' conflicts with the versions previously
given by him orally, and is of doubtful
veracity.
On his arrival in England in June or July
1726 he became acquainted with Dr. Edward
Aspinwall, formerly a Jesuit, who received
him kindly and introduced him to Dr. Clarke.
After several conferences with these gentle-
men, and some with Berkeley, dean of Lon-
donderry (afterwards bishop of Cloyne), he
withdrew himself from the communion of
the Roman catholic church, took leave of the
provincial, and quitted the Society of Jesus.
He says that he formed a system of religion
for himself and was for six years a protestant
of no particular denomination, but at last he
conformed to the church of England.
Through the kindness of Dr. Goodman
(physician to George I) Bower obtained a
recommendation to Lord Aylmer, who wanted
a person to assist him in reading the classics.
With Aylmer he continued for several years
on terms of the greatest intimacy, and was
introduced to all his patron's connections,
one of whom — George (afterwards Lord)
Lyttelton — remained his steady friend when
he was deserted by almost every other per-
son. While he resided with Lord Aylmer
he wrote the f Historia Literaria,' a monthly
review, begun in 1730 and discontinued in
1734. During the following nine years (1735-
1744) he was employed by the proprietors
of the t Universal History,' to which work he
VOL. VI.
contributed the history of Rome. He also
undertook the education of the son of Mr.
Thompson, of Cooley, Berkshire, but ill-health
did not allow him to continue more than a
twelvemonth in that family, and upon his
recovery Lord Aylmer secured his services
as tutor to two of his children.
In 1740 he invested his savings (1,100/.)
in the Old South Sea annuities, and with this
sum he resolved to purchase an annuity. In
the disposition of this money he engaged in
a negotiation which afterwards proved fatal
to his reputation. Bower's own account of
j the transaction is that as none of his protestant
friends cared to burden their estates with a
life-rent, he left his money in the funds till
August 1741, when being informed that an
act of parliament had passed for rebuilding
a church in the city of London upon life-
annuities, at seven per cent., he went into
the city, intending to dispose of his money in
that way, but he found the subscription was
closed. This disappointment he mentioned
to a friend, Mr. Hill, whom he accidentally
met in Will's coffee-house, and upon Hill's
offering the same interest that was given by
the trustees of the above-mentioned church
the sum of 1,100/. was transferred to Mr.
Wright, Mr. Hill's banker. Mr. Hill, Bower
adds, was a Jesuit, but transacted money mat-
ters as an attorney. Some time after Bower
added 250Z. to the sum already in Hill's
hands, and received for the whole 94/. 10s. a
year. He afterwards resolved to marry, and
it was chiefly upon that consideration that
he applied to Hill to know upon what terms
he would return the capital. Hill agreed at
once to repay it, only deducting what Bower
had received over and above the common in-
terest of four per cent, during the time it had
been in his hands, and this was done. ' Thus/
Bower asserts, ' did this money transaction
begin with Mr. Hill, was carried on by Mr.
Hill, and with Mr. Hill did it end.'
By his opponents it is alleged with more pro-
bability that after a time he wished to return
to the church he had renounced, and there-
fore, in order to recommend himself to his
superiors, he desired effectually to prove his
sincerity towards them. He proposed to Father
Shireburne, then provincial in England, to
give up to him, as representative of the So-
ciety of Jesus, the money he then possessed,
on condition of being paid during his life an
annuity at the rate of seven per cent. This
offer was accepted, and on 21 Aug. 1741 he
paid to Father Shireburne 1,100/f., and on
27 Feb. 1741-2 he paid to the same person
150/. more upon the same conditions. Nor
did his confidence rest here, for on 6 Aug.
1743 he added another 100/. to the above
Bower
Bower
sums, now augmented to 1,350/., when the
several annuities were reduced into one,
amounting to 94/. 10s., for which a bond was
given. This negotiation had the desired
effect, and Bower was readmitted in a formal
manner into the order of Jesus by Father
Carteret at London some time before the
battle of Fontenoy (30 April 1745).
Bower soon again grew dissatisfied with his
situation. It has been suggested that he took
offence because his superiors insisted on his
going abroad, or that he had a prospect of ad-
vancing his interest more surely as an avowed
protestant than as an emissary of the pope.
Whatever motive may have impelled him, it
seems certain that when he began his corre-
spondence with Father Sheldon, the succes-
sor of Father Shireburne in the office of
provincial, he had finally resolved to make a
second breach of his vows. To accomplish
that object he wrote the famous letters which
occasioned a lively controversy. The cor-
respondence answered his purpose, and he
received his money back from the borrowers
on 20 June 1747.
He received 300/. for revising and correct-
ing the second edition of the ' Universal
History,' but he performed the task in a
slovenly and careless manner. On 25 March
1747 he issued the ' proposals ' for printing
by subscription his l History of the Popes,'
describing himself as 'Archibald Bower, esq.,
heretofore public professor of rhetoric, his-
tory, and philosophy in the universities of
Home, Fermo, and Macerata, and, in the latter
place, counsellor of the inquisition.' He
announced that he had begun the work at
Rome some years previously, his original
design being to vindicate the doctrine of the
pope's supremacy, and that while prosecuting
his researches he became a proselyte to the
opinion which he had proposed to confute.
He presented the first volume to the king
13 May 1748, and on the death of Mr. Say,
keeper of Queen Caroline's library (10 Sept.),
he obtained that place through the interest
of his friend Lyttelton with the prime minis-
ter, Pelham. The next year (4 Aug. 1749)
he married a niece of Bishop Nicolson and
daughter of a clergyman of the church of Eng-
land. This lady had a fortune of 4,000/. and
a child by a former husband. He had been
engaged in a treaty of marriage, which did
not take effect, in 1745.
The second volume of the ' History of the
Popes ' appeared in 1751, and in the same
year Bower published, by way of supplement
to this volume, seventeen sheets, which were
delivered to his subscribers gratis. Towards
the end of 1753 he produced a third volume,
which brought down his history to the death
of Pope Stephen in 757. In April 1754 his.
constant friend Lyttelton appointed him
clerk of the buck-warrants. It was in this
year that the first serious attack was made
upon him on account of his * History of the
Popes ' in a pamphlet by the Rev. Alban But-
ler, published anonymously at Douay under
the title of ' Remarks on the two first volumes
of the late Lives of the Popes ; in letters from
a Gentleman to a Friend in the Country.''
Meanwhile the letters addressed by Bower to
the provincial of the Jesuits had fallen into-
the hands of Sir Henry Bedingfield, a Roman
catholic baronet, who made no secret of their
contents. He asserted that the letters clearly
demonstrated that while their writer was
pretending to have the liveliest zeal for the
protestant faith, he was in fact a member of
the Roman church, and in confidential corre-
spondence with the head of that body. Bower
maintained that these letters were infamous
forgeries, designed to ruin his credit with his-
protestant friends, and brought forward by
the Jesuits in revenge for his exposure of the
frauds of the priesthood. At this juncture
the Rev. John Douglas (afterwards bishop of
Salisbury), who had already detected the
frauds of Lauder in regard to Milton, deter-
mined to expose the duplicity of Bower's
conduct, and published in 1756 a pamphlet
entitled ' Six Letters from A d B r
to Father Sheldon, provincial of the Jesuits
in England ; illustrated with several remark-
able facts, tending to ascertain the authen-
ticity of the said letters, and the true character
of the writer.' In this tract Douglas proved
the genuineness of the letters ; showed that
want of veracity was not the only defect in
Bower's character, but that he was as little
remarkable for his chastity as for his love of
truth ; and brought forward the attestation
of Mrs. Hoyles. Bower had converted this
lady to Roman Catholicism, and her state-
ment leaves no cause to doubt the historian's
zeal to support in secret the church which,
for self-interested ends, he was publicly dis-
owning. Douglas's pamphlet elicited a reply
from Bower, or one of his friends, under the
character of a ' Country Neighbour.' Douglas
then published his second tract, ' Bower and
Tillemont compared' (1757), in which he de-
monstrates that the ' History of the Popes,'
especially the first volume, is merely a trans-
lation of the work of the French historian. In
1757 Bower brought out three large pamph-
lets, in which he labouredto refute the charges
made against his moral, religious, and literary
character. Douglas followed with ' A Full
Confutation of all the Facts advanced in Mr.
Bower's Three Defences ' (1757), and ' A Com-
plete and Final Detection of A d B r ''
Bower
Bower
(1758). To the last two pamphlets were
attached certificates and other documents ob-
tained from Italy, clearly establishing Bower's
guilt and imposture. In the course of this
embittered controversy, Garrick, who had
formerly been his friend, threatened to write
a farce in which Bower was to be introduced
on the stage as a mock convert and to be
shown in various situations, so that the pro-
fligacy of his character might be exposed
(DAVIES, Memoirs of Garrick, ed. 1808, i.
306). From this period Bower's whole time
was spent in making ineffectual attacks upon
his enemies, and equally vain efforts to re-
cover the reputation of himself and his 'His-
tory of the Popes.' Before the controversy
had ended he published his fourth volume,
and in 1757 an abridgment of the first four
volumes of his work was published in French
at Amsterdam. In 1761 he seems to have
assisted the author of ' Authentic Memoirs
concerning the Portuguese Inquisition, in a
series of letters to a friend ; ' and about the
same time he produced the fifth volume of
his ' History of the Popes.' To this volume
he annexed a summary view of the contro-
versy between himself and the Roman catho-
lics. The remainder of his history did not
appear till just before the author's death,
when the sixth and seventh volumes were
published together, but in so hasty and slo-
venly a manner that the whole period from
1600 to 1758 was comprehended in twenty-
six pages. The ' History of the Popes ' has
been reprinted with a continuation by Dr.
Samuel Hanson Cox, in 3 vols., Philadelphia,
1844-5, 8vo.
Bower died on 3 Sept. 1766, and was buried
in Marylebone churchyard. The epitaph on
his tomb describes him as ' a man exemplary
for every social virtue, justly esteemed by all
who knew him for his strict honesty and in-
tegrity, a faithful friend, and a sincere Chris-
tian.' He bequeathed all his property to his
wife, who, some time after his death, attested
that he died in the protestant faith (London
Chronicle, 11 Oct. 1766).
His portrait has been engraved by J.
M'Ardell and T. Holloway from a painting
by G. Knapton; and by J. Faber from a
painting by Reynolds.
[The principal authorities are the twenty-two
pamphlets published during the Bower contro-
versy, and a series of articles, probably by Bishop
Douglas, in the European Magazine for 1794,
xxv. 3, 133, 209, 261, xxvi. 32. These articles
were reprinted without acknowledgment in the
General Biog. Diet. (1798), ii. 528, and thence
transferred by Alexander Chalmers (but with
the omission of the references) to his edition of
that work. Consult also Birch MS. in Addit.
MS. Brit. Mus. 4234 ; Gent. Mag. Ix. 1187, Ixi.
118, Ixxi. 509; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. ii. 134;
Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 477, ii. 42, 394, 554, 565,
iii. 507, iv. 95, vi. 463, 467, viii. 269 ; Milner's
Life of Bishop Challoner, 29-31 ; Bromley's Cat.
of Engraved Portraits, 383; Oliver's Jesuit Col-
lections, 40 ; Foley's Kecords, vii. 882 ; Cat. of
Birch and Sloane MSS. 713, 717 ; Lysons's En-
virons, iii. 263, 264; Edinburgh Mag. (1785),
i. 284 ; Memoirs of George Psalmanazar, 2nd
edit. 277 ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits,
1212, 1213; Macdonald's Memoir of Bishop
Douglas, 28-36 ; C. Butler's Life of Alban Butler
(1800), 9.] T. C.
BOWER, or BOWERS, GEORGE (Jl.
1681), medallist, worked principally in the
reigns of Charles II and James II, and for a
short time under William III. In January
1664 he was appointed ' embosser in ordinary *
(engraver) to the Mint, an office which he con-
tinued to hold till his death in the early part
of 1689-90. He executed numerous medals
for the royal family as well as for private
persons, and his work displays considerable
skill, though it is inferior in finish and exe-
cution to that of the Roettiers, the well-
known medallists of the same period. The
most interesting of all his medals is, perhaps,
the specimen struck to commemorate the ac-
quittal of the Earl of Shaftesbury on the
charge of high treason, showing on the ob-
verse the bust of the earl, and on the reverse
the legend < Lsetamur, 24 Nov. 1681,' and a
view of London with the sun bursting from
behind a cloud. It was the production of
this specimen which gave rise to Dryden's
satire on Shaftesbury entitled ' The Medal : r
Five days he sate for every cast and look,
Four more than God to finish Adam took ;
But who can tell what essence angels are,
Or how long Heaven was making Lucifer ?
Bower also executed in the reign of Charles II
the Restoration medal (1660: reverse, Jupi-
ter destroying prostrate giants, signed ' G.
Bower '), the marriage medal (1662 : signed
* G. B.'), and medals relating to the popish
and Rye House plots. Of the medals made
by him under James II, we may mention a
piece commemorating the defeat of Mon-
mouth (signed ' G. Bowers '), and specimens
referring to the trial of the seven bishops.
He further produced a medal celebrating the
landing of William (III) at Torbay, 1688,
and the coronation medal of William and
Mary, 1689.
[Grueber's Guide to English Medals exhibited
in British Museum, reff. in Index of Artists, s. v.
' Bower.' and ib. p. xx, p. 39 ; Hawkins's Medallic
Illustrations, ed. Franks and Grueber ; Calendar
of State Papers, Domestic, 1664, p. 462 ; Numis-
E2
Bower
Bower
matic Chronicle, 1841, iii. p. 177; Calendar of
Treasury Papers, 1556-7-1696, pp. 53, 106, 1 10.]
W. W.
BOWER or BOWMAKER, WALTER
(d. 1449), abbot of Inchcolm, is the reputed
continuator of Fordun's 'Chronica Gentis
Scotorum/ as it appears in the volume gene-
rally known as the ' Scotichronicon.' The
latter book, however, in its printed form
does not contain the name of Walter Bower,
nor does it include any passage ascribing
its compilation to the abbot of Inchcolm,
who is credited with having written the
work on the testimony of his contemporary
but anonymous abbreviator in the Carthusian
monastery at Perth — a theory which is also
supported by the heading of the ' Black Book
of Paisley.' The abbot of Inchcolm is also
cited in 1526 by Boethius as one of the
chief authorities for his ' Histories Scotorum '
(prsef. iii, 2nd ed., Paris, 1526). Other evi-
dence points in the same direction, and the
identity of the author of the ' Scotichronicon '
with the abbot of Inchcolm may be con-
sidered as fairly certain. According to his
own testimony (xiv. 50), the writer of the
4 Scotichronicon ' was born in the year when
Richard II burnt Dryburgh and Edinburgh,
i.e. in 1385. To this the Book of Cupar adds
that his birthplace was Haddington, where
we find that a certain John Bower or Bow-
maker was deputy-custumar from 1395 to
1398 (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, iii. 364,
433). This officer Mr. Tytler considers to have
been the abbot's father (Lives of Scottish Wor-
thies, ii. 199; with which cf. Exch. Rolls,
iv. pref. 88). Goodall makes Walter Bower
become a monk at eighteen, after which, ac-
cording to the same authority, he completed
his philosophical and theological studies in
Scotland, and was ordained priest before
taking up his abode in Paris for the sake of
perfecting himself in the law. But there
seem to be no satisfactory proofs for these
statements, and we are without any posi-
tive information as to Bower's life until
in his thirty-third year he was consecrated
abbot of Inchcolm on 17 April 1418 (Scoti-
chronicon, xv. 30). It seems, however, very
clear that the author of the ' Scotichronicon '
had been a member of the Augustinian priory
of St. Andrews and well acquainted with at
least two of its priors — James Biset (1393-
1416) and James Haldenden (1418-1443).
Under the former he appears to have received
his education, and he may from his own
words be inferred to have been a licentiate
or bachelor in canon law, though perhaps not
a master in theology (ib. vi. 55-7). There is,
however, nothing to show with any certainty
whether he took his degree at Paris or in the
new university of St. Andrews, of which his
patron James Biset was so prominent a
founder (1410).
Very shortly after Biset's death at least six
of his pupils were appointed to high church
dignities, and amongst them, on 17 April
1418, Walter was consecrated abbot of Inch-
colm, a small island in the Firth of Forth.
Every summer he had to leave his house for
the mainland to avoid the attacks of the Eng-
lish pirates, though before his death he fortified
Inchcolm. Besides attending to the affairs of
his abbey — whose documents he copied with
his own hands — the new abbot was a promi-
nent figure in politics. When James I returned
from captivity, Bower was one of the two com-
missioners appointed to collect that king's
ransom-money in 1423 and 1424. Nine years
later (1433), on the betrothal of James's
daughter to the dauphin, the same two com-
missioners were again entrusted with the
collecting of the tax for her dowry, but were
soon bidden by the king himself to desist
from exacting the imposition (ib. xvi. 9). A
few years previously (December 1430), on
the submission of Alexander of the Isles,
this nobleman's mother, the Countess of Ross,
was confined in Inchcolm — probably under
the charge of Abbot Walter — till her release
in February 1432 (ib. xvi. 16, 20). In
October of the same year the abbot was
present at the council held at Perth for the
consideration of the English propositions
for peace. On this occasion, in company
with his old friend the abbot of Scone, he
made a strenuous opposition to the English
offers, on the ground that James had sworn
to make no peace with the English except
with the consent of the French. The pru-
dence of the two abbots was confirmed by
the discovery that the whole affair was an
artifice on the part of the English. It was
not till about the year 1440 that Bower com-
menced to write the ' Scotichronicon,' at the
request of Sir David Stewart of Rossyth, who,
according to Mr. Skene, died in 1444. This
work seems to have occupied several years,
and was not completed till 1447 (cf. the dates
given in Scotichronicon, lib. i. 8, vi. 57, xvi. 8,
26). Shortly before his death, which took
place in 1449, according to the statement of
the Carthusian abbreviator (SKENE, John of
For dun, Iii), Bower seems to have condensed
his larger work and divided it into forty books.
The ' Scotichronicon ' in its original form
was divided into sixteen books, of which the
first five and chapters 9-23 of the sixth are
mainly the work of John Fordun, who also
collected certain materials for continuing
the history down to the year 1385. To the
earlier books of Fordun Bower made large
Bower
53
Bowerbank
additions, carefully distinguishing them from
the work of his predecessor (whom he speaks
of as the author} by prefixing the word ' Scrip-
tor ' to his own insertions. The last eleven
Bower claims as practically his own : 'Quinque
librosFordun,undenos scriptor arabat;' though
even here he has made use of Fordun's 'Gesta
Annalia,' down to the middle of David II's
reign, and, to a very slight extent, beyond this
date (Scotichronicon, prologue, pp. ii and iii,
also i. 7 and 9, vi. 23). With the reign of
Robert I, towards the end of the fourteenth
book, Bower becomes a contemporary writer,
and continues his narrative till the death of
James I. Soon after the completion of the
' Scotichronicon ' its immense length and ver-
bosity induced its author shortly before his
death to write the abridgment, generally
known as the Book of Cupar, which still
exists in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh
(MS. 35, 1, 7) ; it has not yet been printed,
though an edition has long been promised in
the ' Historians of Scotland.' A year or so
later (c. 1451) the ' Scotichronicon' was con-
densed once more for the newly founded
Carthusian monastery at Perth, probably by
the Patrick Russell 'spoken of below (MS.
Adv. Lib. 35, 6, 7). Another abridgment
of the ' Scotichronicon ' (ib. 35, 5, 2) was
drawn up in 1461 by a writer who had
been in France in attendance on the Princess
Margaret (SKENE, preface, liv). This work,
which, according to Mr. Skene, after the
twenty-third chapter of book vi. differs greatly
from the original • Scotichronicon,' was copied
several times, notably about the year 1489,
by a writer who tells us that he had himself
seen Joan of Arc (SKENE, preface, liv ; MS.
Marchmonf).
Besides these abbreviations the ' Scoti-
.chronicon' itself was copied several times
during the fifteenth century, notably by one
Master Magnus Makculloch in 1483-4 for
the archbishop of Glasgow (Harl MS. 712),
and in the large volume in the royal library
at the British Museum, known as the Black
Book of Paisley (13 Ex.) Another tran-
script (Donibristle MS.) assigns the work to
one Patrick Russell, a Carthusian of Perth.
Each of these last transcribers has some-
times been considered as the author of the
larger work; but, after careful considera-
tion, Mr. Skene has rejected both their claims
in favour of Walter Bower. Many other
manuscripts of the original work (a) and the
abbreviations (£) exist : notably of (a) in
the Edinburgh College Library (from which
Goodall's edition is published) ; in the British
Museum Royal Library (the Black Book
of Paisley) ; and at Corpus Christi, Cam-
bridge.
The only complete printed edition of the
'Scotichronicon' as it left the hands of Walter
Bower is that printed from the Edinburgh
College Library MS. by Walter Goodall in
the middle of the last century (Edinburgh,
1759). The edition of Fordun published by
Hearne in 1722 (Oxford, 5 vols.), though ap-
parently containing a good deal of Bower's
work, notably the history of St. Andrews,
appears to be mainly Fordun's production.
The exact relationship, however, of this ma-
nuscript to Fordun and Bower has yet to
be worked out. Some thirty years earlier
(1691) Thomas Gale had printed a portion
of the same manuscript belonging to Trinity
College, Cambridge (GALE, i. 6, ix. 9) in the
third volume of his ( Rerum Anglicarum
Scriptores.'
[Scoticbronicon (ed. Goodall), Edinburgh,
1759 ; John of Fordun, ed. Skene, ap. Histo-
rians of Scotland, preface and introductions) ;
Tytler's Lives of Scottish Worthies, ii. 198-202;
Exchequer Eolls of Scotland, ed. George Bur-
nett, iii. and iv.] T. A. A.
BOWERBANK, JAMES SCOTT (1797-
1877), geologist, was born in Bishopsgate,
London, in 1797. We have no reliable in-
formation as to his early education ; but he
certainly exhibited in his youth a strong at-
tachment to natural history, and in his boy-
hood he was especially fond of collecting
plants, and of studying books on botany.
Bowerbank was most happily placed in this
world ; as the son of a highly respectable city
merchant and a distiller he enjoyed all that
wealth could afford him. He succeeded with
his brother, on the death of his father, to the
well-established distillery of Bowerbank &
Co., in which firm he remained an active
partner until 1847. His energy and industry
secured for him amongst the most intelligent
of his city friends the character of a careful
and attentive man of business. He, however,
found sufficient leisure to pursue his scien-
tific studies, and early in life he obtained
much exact knowledge, as is proved by his
having published papers on the Insecta and
their anatomy at an age which is generally
considered as immature. Bowerbank also,
in the years 1822-3-4, lectured on botany,
and in 1831 we find him conducting a class
on human osteology, and studying the works
of Haller, Alexander Monro, and other osteo-
logists. When of age he joined the Mathe-
matical Society of Spitalfields, and remained
a member until its incorporation with the
Astronomical Society in 1845. In 1836,
Bowerbank, associating himself with several
geological friends, originated 'The London
Clay Club,' the members of which devoted
Bowerbank
54
Bowers
themselves to the task of examining the fos-
sils of this tertiary formation, and making
a complete list of the species found in it.
Bowerbank's anatomical studies, which were
pursued with considerable attention, prepared
his mind by a stern discipline for the study of
the sponges, to which he subsequently devoted
himself for many years. At the same time
he occupied his leisure by examining the moss
agates, and the minute structure of shells and
corals.
In 1840 he published a volume on the
* Fossil Fruits of the London Clay,' which re-
mains a standard work ; indeed, the only one
in which these very interesting remains are
thoroughly described and accurately figured.
In 1842 Bowerbank was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. In 1847, after the reading
of a paper by Professor Prestwich at the rooms
of the Geological Society, Bowerbank invited
the leading geologists to meet him in the tea-
room. He then proposed the establishment
of a society for the publication of undescribed
British fossils. He was supported in this by
Buckland, De la Beche, Fitton, and others,
and thus was founded the Palgeontographical
Society. From 1844 to 1864 Bowerbank was
in the habit of receiving at his residence, once
a week, professed geologists and young ama-
teurs who showed a real fondness for this
science, which was still struggling against the
prejudices which dogmatic teaching had fos-
tered. Every young and earnest geologist
found in him a sincere friend and always a
willing instructor. Bowerbank's classification
of the spongidse, his observations on their spi-
culate elements, and his papers on the vital
powers of the sponges, remain splendid ex-
amples of unwearying industry and careful
observation. On his retirement from the ac-
tive labours of life, his fervent desire was to
finish his great work on the sponges, and un-
remittingly he gave all the energies of his
well-trained mind to this object, until the
failure of brain-power compelled intervals of
entire repose. Happily he reached the last
plate of his great work. When half of it was
drawn his powers began to fail him, and he
became sadly depressed. The finishing tasks
were postponed from day to day, then resumed
for a few hours, to be again deferred, until
8 March 1877, when death closed for ever the
labours of a well-spent life.
Bowerbank was always a most indefati-
gable collector, and in 1864 his collection had
arrived at a state which truly merited the
name of magnificent. It was purchased by
the British Museum, and forms a well-known
and most important division of the natural
history section of this national establish-
ment. The catalogue of scientific papers pub-
j lished by the Royal Society credits Bower-
bank with forty-five papers. These appeared
i in the ' Journal of the Microscopic Society,'
' The Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
| tory,' the ' Journal of the Geological Society,'
I the ' Reports of the British Association,' and
| the publications of the Zoological and Lin-
! nean Societies. l The Pterodactyles of the
I Chalk,' published in the ' Proceedings of the
! Zoological Society,' was one of Bowerbank's
most important memoirs. He paid great at-
tention to the question of silicification, and
some admirable papers on this interesting
subject are scattered through the journals
named. His ( Contributions to a General
History of the Spongidee,' which is in the
1 Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' de-
serves especial attention. Bowerbank's first
Sublished paper was ' Observations on the
irculation of the Blood in Insects,' which
appeared in 1833. His last was a l Report
on a Collection of Sponges found at Ceylon
by E. W. H. Holdsworth,' printed in 1873.
[Geological Magazine ; Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society; Koyal Society Catalogue
of Scientific Papers ; Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society ; Palseontological Journal.]
R. H-T.
BOWERS, GEORGE HULL, D.D. (1794-
1872), dean of Manchester, born in Stafford-
shire in 1794, was the son of Mr. Francis
Bowers. He was sent to the Pembroke
grammar school, and thence proceeded to
Clare College, Cambridge. After a success-
ful university career he was appointed per-
petual curate of Elstow, Bedfordshire'. He
graduated B.A. in 1819, proceeding B.D. in
1829, and D.D. in 1849. He was select
preacher of his university in 1830. In 1832
he became rector of St. Paul's, Covent
Garden. On the death of Dean Herbert in
1847 he was nominated by Lord John Russell
to the deanery of Manchester, an office which
he held until 26 Sept. 1871. He was not a
frequent preacher in Manchester, but his
pulpit discourses were at once simple and
scholarly, and his delivery effective.
His chief writings are : 1. l Sermons
preached before the University of Cambridge.'
2. t A Letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury
on a Proposed School for Sons of Clergymen/
London, 1842. 3. ( A Scheme for the Founda-
tion of Schools for the Sons of Clergymen and
others,' London, 1842 ; this led to the esta-
blishment of Marlborough School, of which,
conjointly with the Rev. C. E. Plater, he was
founder. Similarly Rossall and Haileybury
owed their origin to Bowers's suggestion,
and the latter gained much on its establish-
ment from Bowers's personal help and expe-
Bowes
5.S
Bowes
rience. 4. ' Sermons preached in the Parish
€hurch of St. Paul, Covent Garden/ London,
1849. 5. ' Open Churches with Endowments
preferable to Pew Rents, a Sermon,' Man-
chester, 1855. 6. ' Pew Rents injurious to
the Church, an Address,' Oxford, 1865. He
was a warm advocate of the ' free and open
•church movement.' He was for this reason
instrumental in the erection of St. Alban's,
Cheetwood, and various addresses which he
-delivered there have been printed. On his
resignation of the office of dean of Manchester
•he retired to Leamington, where he died
Friday, 27 Dec. 1872. He was twice married.
He bequeathed 300/. for the support of the
special Sunday evening services at the Man-
chester Cathedral, where a window and a
brass were placed by his widow to his me-
mory. A portrait by Charles Mercier is
•at Rossall School. One of his daughters,
Georgiana Bowers, has distinguished herself
by successful pictures of hunting and country
life in ' Punch.' Some of these have been
issued in book form.
[Manchester Guardian, 30 Dec. 1872 ; Parkin-
.son's Old Church Clock, ed. Evans ; private in-
formation.] W. E. A. A.
BOWES, ELIZABETH (1502 P-1568),
disciple of John Knox, was the daughter
of Roger Aske, of Aske, Yorkshire. Her
father died when she was a child, and she
and her sister Anne were coheiresses of
their father and grandfather. Their ward-
ship was sold in 1510 to Sir Ralph Bowes of
Dalden, Streatlam, and South Cowton. In
1521 Elizabeth Aske was betrothed to Richard
Bowes, youngest son of Sir Ralph, and the
king granted to him special livery of half
the lands of William Aske, which he was to
receive on his marriage. Richard Bowes, like
the rest of his family, was engaged in border
business, but seems to have lived chiefly at
Aske, where his wife bore him five sons and
ten daughters. Two of the sons, George
(b. 1527) and Robert (b. 1535), are noticed
below. In 1548 Richard Bowes was made
-captain of Norham. His wife and family
followed him northwards and lived in Ber-
wick. Mrs. Bowes was deeply religious and
had been much affected by the theological
movements of the Reformation period. At
Berwick she met John Knox, who took up
his abode there in 1549. She fell at once
under his influence, and Knox gained the
affections of her daughter Marjory. Her
husband's family pride was hurt by Knox's
proposal to marry his daughter, and he re-
fused his consent. Knox, however, who was
about the same age as Mrs. Bowes, contracted
himself to Marjory, and adopted Mrs. Bowes
as a relative. He wrote to Marjory as
' sister,' and to Mrs. Bowes as ' mother.' In
July 1553 he married Marjory Bowes in
spite of the opposition of her father and the
rest of his family. At this time Knox's
fortunes were at a low ebb, as Mary had
just ascended the throne. His letters to Mrs.
Bowes were intercepted by spies, and in
January 1554 he judged it prudent to leave
England. His letters to Mrs. Bowes are the
chief source of information concerning his
doings at this time. In June 1556 Mrs.
Bowes and her daughter joined Knox at
Geneva, where two sons were born to him.
It would seem that the breach in the Bowes
family owing to Marjory's marriage was
never healed, and that Mrs. Bowes found
Knox's counsels so necessary to her spiritual
comfort that she left her husband and her
other children and followed Marjory's for-
tunes. In 1558 her husband died, and in
1559 Knox left Geneva for Scotland. He
was soon followed by his wife, and Mrs. Bowes
after a short stay in England made her way
to her son-in-law, who wrote for the queen's
permission for her journey (Sadler Papers,
i. 456, 479, 509). In 1560 Mrs. Knox died,
but her mother still stayed near her son-in-
law. She left her own family and adhered to
Knox. She died in 1568, and immediately
after her death Knox thought it desirable to
give some account of this strange intimacy.
In the Advertisement to his 'Answer to a
Letter of a Jesuit named Tyrie ' (1572) he
published a letter to Mrs. Bowes, 'to declare
to the world what was the cause of our great
familiarity, which was neither flesh nor blood,
but a troubled conscience on her part which
never suffered her to rest but when she was
in the company of the faithful. Her company
to me was comfortable, but yet it was not
without some cross ; for besides trouble and
fasherie of body sustained for her, my mind
was seldom quiet for doing somewhat for the
comfort of her troubled conscience.'
[Sharp's Memorials of the Eebeliion, 371-2 ;
Surtees's Durham, iv. 114; Knox's letters to
Mrs. Bowes are largely quoted in M'Crie's Life
of John Knox, and are published in full in
Knox's Works (Wodrow Soc. 1854), iii. 337.]
M. C.
BOWES, SIR GEORGE (1517-1556),
commander in border warfare, was a pos-
thumous son of Sir Ralph Bowes of Dalden,
Streatlam, and South Cowton, and Eliza-
beth, daughter of Henry, lord Clifford. Car-
dinal Wolsey, then bishop of Durham, sold
his ' ward, custody, and marriage ' for 800/.
to Sir William Bulmer in 1524. Sir William
in turn sold it to Lord Eure, whose daughter
Bowes
Bowes
Muriel was married to George Bowes. He
had livery as heir to his father in 1535. He
early took part in border warfare. He went
with the Earl of Hertford on his devastating
raid in 1544, and was knighted at Leith on
11 May. So highly were his services esteemed
that the privy council announced to the Earl
of Shrewsbury, lieutenant-general in the
north, that it was the king's intention to
confer on him a barony ( Talbot Papers, in
Illustrations of the Reign of Queen Mary,
Maitland Club, p. 171). This intention, how-
ever, was not carried into effect. Bowes
returned from Scotland and died in 1556,
leaving no male heir.
[Surtees's Durham, iv. 112; Sharp's Memorials
of the Rebellion of 1569, 370.] M. C.
BOWES, SIR GEORGE (1527-1580),
military commander, was the son of Richard
Bowes and Elizabeth A ske [see BOWES, ELIZA-
BETH]. At the age of fourteen he was married
to Dorothy, daughter of Sir William Mallory
of Studley Royal. He early went to the Scot-
tish war, and in 1549 is mentioned as being in
command of one hundred cavalry at Douglas.
In 1558 he was made marshal of Berwick.
Being at this time a widower, he strengthened
his position by an alliance with the powerful
house of Shrewsbury. He married Jane,
daughter of Sir John Talbot of Albrighton.
His opinion was often asked by the govern-
ment about border affairs, and in 1560 he
was knighted at Berwick by the Duke of
Norfolk. Soon afterwards he resigned the
onerous post of marshal of Berwick and re-
tired to his house at Streatlam. In 1567 the
privy council gave him a curious commission
to get quicksets for hedges to enclose parts
of the frontier'(C«/. State Papers, For. 1566-8,
p. 412). In 1568 he was employed to escort
Mary queen of Scots from Carlisle to Bolton
Castle. He displayed such courtesy in the
discharge of this duty that Mary in later
years had a grateful remembrance of his kind-
ness, and wrote to him as to a friend (Memo-
rials of the Rebellion, p. 379). Next year the
rebellion of the northern earls threatened
Elizabeth's throne, and it was chiefly owing
to the steadfastness of Bowes that the re-
bellion did not become more serious. He
remained at Streatlam, in the centre of a
disaffected neighbourhood, and faced the un-
popularity which his notorious loyalty drew
upon his head. Already, on 7 March 1569,
Lord Hundson wrote, ' The country is in
great hatred of Sir George Bowes so as he
dare scant remain there' (Cal. State Papers,
For. 1569-71, p. 199). Streatlam was not far
from Brancepeth, the seat of the Earl of
Westmorland, who was the centre of the dis-
affected party. Bowes kept a sharp watch
on all that was passing, and sent informa-
tion to the Earl of Sussex, lord president of
the north, who was stationed at York. Sus-
sex for some time did not believe that the
earls would proceed to any open action. At
length their proceedings were so threaten-
ing that Bowes thought it safer, on 12 Nov.,
to leave Streatlam, and shut himself up in
the strong castle of Barnard Castle, which
belonged to the crown and of which he was.
steward. He was empowered to levy forces
for the queen, and the well-affected gen-
tlemen of the neighbourhood gathered round
him. He wished to use his small force for
the purpose of cutting off the rebels who
were gathering at Brancepeth ; but Sussex
hesitated to give permission, and things were
allowed to take their course. At last, on
14 Nov., the rebel earls entered Durham,
and advanced southwards for the purpose of
releasing Queen Mary from her prison at
Tutbury. They were not, however, agreed
amongst themselves. They changed their
plan suddenly and retreated northwards.
The sole point in which they were agreed
was hatred of Bowes. His house at Streat-
lam was destroyed, and Barnard Castle was
besieged. It was ill supplied with provisions,
and the hasty levies which formed its gar-
rison were not adapted to endure hardships.
Many of the garrison leapt from the wall
and joined the enemy. Bowes held out
bravely for eleven days, but dreaded trea-
chery within. He thought it better to sur-
render while honourable terms were possible.
He was permitted to march out with four
hundred men. He joined the Earl of Sussex
and was appointed provost marshal of the
army.
By this time the royal army had marched
northwards. The rebels, discouraged by the-
indecision of their leaders, retreated and
gradually dispersed. The rebellion was at
an end, but Elizabeth had been thoroughly
frightened and gave orders that severe punish-
ment should be inflicted on the ringleaders.
The executions were carried out by Bowes,
as provost marshal, though the lists of those
to be executed were drawn out by the Earl
of Sussex. Bowes had been the principal
sufferer, but he does not appear to have shown
any personal vindictiveness. The Earl of
Sussex warmly commended him to the grati-
tude of the queen, both on account of the
losses which he had sustained, and for his-
eminent services. But Bowes appealed in
vain to Elizabeth's generosity. Not till 1572
did he receive some grants of forfeited lands,
which appear to have been of small value.
In 1571 he was elected M.P. for Knares-
Bowes
57
Bowes
borough, and in 1572 for Morpeth. In 1576
he was made high sheriff of the county
palatine. In 1579 .he relieved his brother
Robert [see BOWES, EGBERT, 1535P-1597],
who wished for a short leave of absence from
the post of marshal of Berwick. His resi-
dence in Berwick was both costly and cum-
bersome, and after staying there for nearly
a year he begged to be relieved. Soon after
his return to Streatlam he died, in 1580. The
general testimony to his character is given in
a contemporary letter to Burghley : ' He was
the surest pyllore the queen's majesty had in
these parts.'
[The letters of Sir George Bowes dealing with
the rebellion are given in Sharp's Memorials of
the Rebellion of 1569 (1840), where is also the I
fullest account of the life of Sir George Bowes j
drawn from manuscripts at Streatlam, p. 373, &c.
See also Cal. State Papers, Dom., Addenda, !
1566-79.] M. C.
BOWES, SIE JEROME (d. 1616), am- |
bassador, was of a Durham family, ' sprung •
from John Bowes, who married Anne, daugh- ;
ter of Gunville of Gorleston in Suffolk, who [
bore the same arms as those of Gonville and !
Caius College, Cambridge ' (Notes and Queries,
1st series, xii. 230). His name occurs in the
list of those gentlemen who followed Clinton,
earl of Lincoln, to France, in his expedition
to revenge the fall of Calais in the spring of
1 558 ( Calendar of Hat field MSS. p. 146). It
has been inferred from a casual mention of
him by Stowe (p. 669, ed. 1631) that he was
a client of the Earl of Leicester in 1571 ;
but he was certainly banished from court six
years later for ' slanderous speech ' against the
favourite (Cal. State Papers, Dom., Addenda,
8 Aug. 1577). In his retirement he had
leisure to translate from the French an * Apo-
logy for the Christians of France ... of the
reformed religion' (1579), 'whereby the pure-
ness of that religion ... is plainly shewed,
not only by the holy scriptures and by rea-
son, but also by the pope's own canons.'
He was restored to favour, and in 1583 was
appointed ambassador to Russia. His claim
to remembrance mainly rests on his conduct
in that capacity. Eighty years later the
officers of the customs, fellow-guests with
Pepys, ' grave, fine gentlemen,' held dis-
course with him of Bowes, who, ' because
some of the noblemen there would go up-
stairs to the emperor before him, would not
go up till the emperor had ordered those
two men to be dragged downstairs, with
their heads knocking upon every stair till
they were killed.' On demand being made
of his sword before entering the presence,
he had his boots pulled off and made the
emperor wait till he could go in his night-
gown, nightcap, and slippers, < since he might
not go as a soldier.' The emperor having
ordered a man to leap from a window to cer-
tain death, and having been obeyed, Bowes
scornfully observed that 'his mistress did
set more by, and make better use of, the
necks of her subjects.' He then showed what
her subjects would do for her sake by fling-
ing down his gauntlet before the emperor,
and challenging all the nobility to take it
up, in defence of the emperor against his
queen, ' for which at this very day the name
of Sir Jerome Bowes is famous and honoured
there ' (Diary, 5 Sept. 1662). Milton, in his
' Brief History of Moscovia,' gives an ac-
count of this embassy, taken from Hakluyt.
He does not mention the foregoing anecdotes,
nor those recorded in Dr. Collins's ' Present
State of Russia/ 1671 (quoted in Notes and
Queries, 1st series, x. 210). The czar(Ivan-
vasilovitch) is there said to have nailed the
French ambassador's hat to his head. Bowes
at his next audience put on his hat, and the
czar threatened him with the like punish-
ment. Bowes replied that he did not repre-
sent the cowardly king of France, but the
invincible queen of England, * who does not
vail her bonnet nor bare her head to any
prince living.' The czar commended his
bravery and took him into favour. Bowes
also tamed a wild horse — a task assigned
him at the instance of envious courtiers — so
effectually that the beast fell dead under
him.
Milton's account fully bears out the cha-
racter assigned to Bowes by Pepys and
Collins. He describes the pomp of the re-
ception and the failure of its intended effect
on the ambassador, who would not submit
to the etiquette prescribing the delivery of
his letters into the hands of the chancellor,
but insisted upon his right to give them to
the emperor himself. The czar, irritated by
the assertion of Elizabeth's equality with the
French and Spanish kings, lost all patience
when Bowes, to his question ' What of the
emperor ? ' replied that her father had the
emperor in his pay. He hinted that Bowes
might be thrown out of the window, and
received for answer that the queen would
know how to revenge any injury done to her
ambassador. Ivan's anger gave place to ad-
miration, and he renewed his proposal of an
alliance with one of the queen's kinsfolk.
But he died soon after, and the Dutch anti-
English faction came into power. M. Ram-
baud, in his ' History of Russia,' has blamed
Bowes for clumsiness and want of tact ; but
his diplomacy seems to have been suited to
the barbaric court, and his misfortunes are
Bowes
Bowes
more justly attributed to the death of the
czar. He was imprisoned, threatened, and
at last dismissed in a fashion strongly con-
trasting with the splendour of his recep-
tion. When ready to embark he sent back
the new emperor's letters and ' paltry present '
by ' some of his valiantest and discreetest
men,' who safely fulfilled their dangerous
mission.
The subsequent life of Bowes has left few
traces. In a report by the lord chief baron
of the exchequer he appears in a discreditable
light, as having fraudulently dealt with a
will under which he claimed (the record
is undated, but assigned to 1587 in the Cal.
State Papers, Domestic). On 5 Feb. 1592 a
special license is granted him to make drink-
ing-glasses in England and Ireland for twelve
years, and in 1597 ' the inhabitants of St.
Ann, Blackfriars, built a fair warehouse under
the isle ' for his use, and also gave him 133/.
{Notes and Queries, 1st series, x. 349). In
1607 he was living at Charing Cross, as ap-
pears by an account of a robbery and murder
committed at his house there. ' A true re-
port of the horrible murder ... in the house
of Sir Jerome Bowes on 22 Feb. 1606' (Lon-
don, 1607), tells the story in great detail,
with many invectives against Brownists, to
which sect one of the murderers belonged.
The culprits were apprehended on suspicion
at Chester, and the lords of the council gave
directions for the restitution of their plunder
to Bowes (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. 381).
Bowes was buried on 28 March 1616 in
Hackney Church. A portrait of him, painted
in the year of his embassy, is in the posses-
sion of the Earl of Suifolk at Charlton, and
was in the National Portrait Exhibition of
1866 (No. 400 in Cat.)
[Authorities as above.] R. C. B,
BOWES, JOHN (1690-1767), lord chan-
cellor of Ireland, born in 1690, studied law at
London with Philip Yorke, subsequently Lord
Hardwicke. Bowes was called to the bar in
England in 1718, and in Ireland in 1725. He
was appointed third serjeant-at-law there in
1727, solicitor-general in 1730, and through
government influence became,in 1731, member
of parliament for the borough of Taghmon, in
the county of Wexford. He was appointed
attorney-general for Ireland in 1739, and be-
fore a court of high commission at Dublin in
that year displayed great eloquence and legal
acquirements at the trial of Lord Santry for
murder. In 1741 Bowes was appointed chief
baron of the exchequer in Ireland. He pre-
sided at the remarkable trial at bar between
James Annesley and Richard, earl of Angle-
sey, which continued from 11 Nov. 1743 to
the 25th of the same month [see ANNESLEY,
JAMES]. A mezzotinto portrait of Bowes as
chief baron was executed by John Brooks.
Through the influence of Lord Hardwicke,
Bowes was promoted to the chancellorship
of Ireland in 1757, and took his seat as chair-
man of the House of Lords in October in that
year. In 1758 the title of Baron of Clonlyon,
in the county of Meath, was conferred upon
him. Mrs. Delany, who met Bowes in May
1759, wrote that he was at that time ' in a
miserable state of health, with legs bigger
considerably at the ankle than at the calf.'
In the same year, during the riot at Dublin
against the proposed union of Ireland with
England, Bowes was taken out of his coach
by the populace at the entrance to the par-
liament house, and compelled to swear that
he would oppose the measure. Bowes was
averse to relaxation of penal laws against
Irish catholics. He continued in office as
chancellor on the accession of George III.
Bowes promoted the publication of an edition
of the ' Statutes of Ireland,' which was printed
by the government in 1762 under the super-
intendence of Francis Vesey. According to
Vesey, in his dedication of this work to
Bowes, the latter had made the high court of
chancery ' a terror to fraud, and a protection
and comfort to every honest man.' Bowes
acted as a lord justice in Ireland in 1765 and
1766. The House of Lords in 1766 passed a
resolution to present an address to the crown
for a grant of one thousand pounds to Chan-
cellor Bowes, in addition to his customary
allowance, in consideration of his ' particular
merit and faithful services ' during that ses-
sion of parliament. The faculties of Bowes
are stated to have been unimpaired when he
died in office as lord justice in July 1767. He
was interred in Christ Church, Dublin, where
a marble monument, including a bas-relief of
his bust, was erected to him in that cathedral
by his brother, Rumsey Bowes of Binfield,
Berkshire.
[Rolls of Chancery, Ireland, George I,
George II ; Journals of Lords and Commons,
Ireland, 1731-67; Dublin Freeman's Journal,
1767; Annual Register, 1767; Statutes of Ire-
land, vol. i. 1786 ; Berkeley's Literary Relics,
1789; Hist, of King's Inns, Ireland, 1806;
Hardy s Life of Lord Charlemont, 1810 ; Hist, of
City of Dublin, 1854-59; Autobiography of Mrs.
Delany, 1861 ; Dormant and Extinct Peerages,
1866 ; Reports Hist. MSS. Commission, 1881-84.]
J. T. G.
BOWES, JOHN (1804-1874), preacher,
was born at Swineside, Coverdale, in Cover-
ham parish, Yorkshire, on 12 June 1804, the
son of parents in very humble circumstances.
While still in his teens he began preaching,
Bowes
59
Bowes
iirst among theWesleyans, then as a primitive
methodist minister. About 1830 he separated
himself from that body, and, renouncing all
ry appellations, started a mission at Dun-
where he was joined by Mr. (afterwards
Dr.) Jabez Burns. Bowes subsequently left
Dundee and went from town to town, preach-
ing in the open air or wherever he could
gather a congregation, but he always declined
to take part in a service at which money was
taken, as he could not think of ' saddling the
gospel with a collection.' He was several
times prosecuted for street preaching, and
often suffered privations in his journeyings.
He was an earnest and vigorous platform
.speaker, ever ready to combat wTith social-
ists, freethinkers, or Roman catholics. With
like ardour he entered into the advocacy of
temperance and of peace, and in 1848 was
•one of the representatives of England at the
Brussels Peace congress. During the greater
portion of his life he refused to accept a salary
for his ministrations, and he seems to have
.supported himself and family chiefly by the
sale of his own tracts and books. He died
.-at Dundee on 23 Sept. 1874, aged 70.
His publications consist of some 220 tracts ;
two series of magazines— the ' Christian
Magazine ' and the ' Truth Promoter ' — is-
sued between 1842 and 1874 ; pamphlets on
4 The Errors of the Church of Home,' ' Mor-
monism exposed,' ' Second Coming of Christ,'
•' The Ministry,' &c. ; discussions with Lloyd
Jones, G. J. Holyoake, Joseph Barker, C.
Southwell, W. Woodman, and T. H. Milner ;
.a volume on ' Christian Union' (1835, 310
pages) ; a translation by himself of the New
Testament (1870) ; and his ' Autobiography '
(1872). His son, Robert Aitken Bowes, was
•editor of the ( Bolton Guardian,' and died on
7 Nov. 1879, aged 42.
[Autobiography or History of the Life of John
Bowes, 1872; Alliance News, 10 Oct. 1874;
G. J. Holyoake's History of Co-operation, i.
•326; Old South-East Lancashire, 1880, p. 40.1
C. W. S.
BOWES, MARMADUKE (d. 1585), ca-
tholic martyr, is described as a substantial
Yorkshire yeoman, of Angram Grange, near
Appleton, in Cleveland. He was much divided
on religious questions, but refused to declare
himself a catholic, although he sympathised
strongly with the catholic cause. According
to the recollections of Grace, wife of Sir Ralph
Babthorpe of Babthorpe, Yorkshire, Bowes
was a married man, and l kept a schoolmaster
to teach his children.' The tutor, himself a
-catholic, was arrested and apostatised. The
fellow thereupon reported to the council at
York that Bowes, who, according to catholic
testimony, was * no catholic, but a poor schis-
matic,' was in the habit of entertaining ca-
tholic priests. Bowes was summoned to
answer this complaint, and was ordered to
appear at the August assizes of 1585. There
he was indicted, condemned, and hanged,
' and, as it was reported, in his boots and
spurs as he came to the town. He died very
willingly and professed his faith [i.e. was
openly converted to Catholicism], with great
repentance that he had lived in schism.' He
suffered on 17 Nov. 1585 under the recent
statute (27 Eliz.) against harbouring priests.
Hugh Taylor, a seminary priest, who had
stayed with him some time previously, was
hanged about the same time.
[Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,
i. 244, iii. passim; Dodd's Church History, ii. 154 ;
Challoner's Missionary Priests, i. 85.] S. L. L.
BOWES, SIE MARTIN (1500P-1666),
lord mayor of London and sub-treasurer of
the Mint, was son and heir of Thomas Bowes
of York. Early in life he became a well-
known jeweller and goldsmith in London,
and had large transactions with the Mint.
In 1530 he acted as deputy for Robert Ama-
das, deputy of Lord Mountjoy, ' keeper of the
exchange,' and in April 1533 received a
| grant of the office of master and worker of the
i king's moneys, and keeper of the change in
j the Tower of London with his friend Ralph
Rowlet 'in survivorship.' Strype states that
in January 1550-1 he surrendered the post
of sub-treasurer of the Mint, and was found
to be 10,000/. in debt to the king. But the
government were well enough satisfied with
' his honest and faithful managery of his
place ' to grant him an annuity of 200 marks
in addition to the pension of 66Z. 13s. 4<?.
already granted him by Henry VIII. He
was an alderman of the city, and was elected
sheriff of London in 1540 and lord mayor in
1545. In June 1546 he examined the re-
puted heretic Anne Askew [q. v.] in the
Guildhall, and committed her to the Counter
(Narratives of the Reformation, Camd. Soc.
pp. 40-1). He was a liveryman of the Gold-
smiths' Company, and was a constant guest
at the feasts of the other city companies, and
a generous benefactor to his own company.
He bequeathed to the latter the houses in
Lombard Street where Messrs. Glyn's bank-
ing-house now stands.
Bowes died on 4 Aug. 1566, and was buried
in the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lom-
bard Street, beneath ' a goodly marble close
tombe under the communion table.' By his
will dated 20 Sept. 1562 he left lands to dis-
charge the ward of Langbourne ' of all fiftenes
to bee granted to the king by parliament/
Bowes
Bowes
and founded almshouses at Woolwich, where
he had a house and lands. He established
a yearly sermon on St. Martin's day at the
church of St. Mary Woolnoth. A broad-
sheet entitled ' The epethaphe of syr Marten
Bowes ' was licensed for the press soon after
his death, but no copy is known (ARBER'S
Transcript, i.)
Bowes was thrice married : (1) to Cicely
Elyot ; (2) to one Anne , who, dying on
19 Oct. 1553, was buried with heraldic cere-
mony (22 Oct.) at St. Mary Woolnoth,
Lombard Street (Harl. MS. 897 f. 13 b ; Ma-
chyn's Diary, Camd. Soc. pp. 46, 335) ; and
(3) to Elizabeth Harlow. By his first wife
Bowes had two sons, Thomas and Martin. Jo-
anna, a daughter of Bowes, married George
Heton of Heton, Lancashire, and was mother
of Martin Heton, bishop of Ely (STRYPE,
Annals, 8vo, iv. 490).
A contemporary portrait of Bowes (' a°
1566 set. suse 66 ') still hangs in the commit-
tee-room of Goldsmiths' Hall, and a cup pre-
sented by him to the same company is still
extant, and has been engraved in H. Shaw's
' Decorative Arts.'
[Visitations of Essex, pub. by Harl. Soc.
xiii. 27 ; Redpath's Border History ; Surtees's
Hist, of Durham, i. 236, iv. 117 ; Stow's London,
ed. Strype ; Herbert's Livery Companies, ii. 143,
247 ; Malcolm's Londinium Rediv. ii. 411 ;
Strype's Memorials, n. i. 424-5, ii. 216 ; Brewer's
Letters and Papers of Henry VIII ; notes sup-
plied by Mr, H. H. S. Crofts.] S. L. L.
BOWES, MARY ELEANOR, COUNTESS
OP STRATHMORE (1749-1800), was the daugh-
ter and sole heiress of George Bowes, M.P.,
of Streatlam and Gibside in the county of
Durham, the head of a family well known in
border warfare [see BOWES, SIR WILLIAM].
After some flirtations with the brother of
the Duke of Buccleuch, she was married on
24 Feb. 1767 to John Lyon, ninth earl of
Strathmore. He was born at Houghton-le-
Spring on 16 Aug. 1737, and after his mar-
riage obtained an act of parliament which
enabled him to take his wife's surname. In
the same year he was elected a represen-
tative peer of Scotland. Three sons and
two daughters were the fruits of this union.
Lord Strathmore died on 7 March 1776,
whilst on a voyage to Lisbon. After his
death the widow had several suitors, and
the Hon. George Grey was thought to be
the favoured man. His 'Turkish Tale' is
said to have been written for her entertain-
ment. Her conduct was not very discreet,
and some paragraphs reflecting on her cha-
racter appeared in the ' Morning Post,' then
controlled by < Parson Bate ' (the Rev. Sir
Henry Bate Dudley), who went through a,
sham duel with another suitor, Andrew Ro-
binson Stoney. This adventurer induced her
to marry him on 17 Jan. 1777. Stoney was
a bankrupt lieutenant on half-pay, who had
wasted the fortune acquired with a previous
wife, Hannah Newton of Newcastle. In the
following month he assumed his wife's sur-
name of Bowes, and found that when en-
gaged to Mr. Grey the countess had executed
a deed securing her estates to herself. This
she had made known to Grey, who supped
with her the night before her marriage, but
not to her husband, who by cruelty induced
her to make a deed of revocation. John
Hunter was a witness to this document,
which was executed at the dinner-table. Two
children were born of this marriage, one of
whom, William Johnstone Bowes, lieutenant
in the royal navy, was lost with Sir Thomas
Trowbridge in the Blenheim in 1807. Lady
Strathmore's influence secured her husband's
election as M.P. for Newcastle in 1780. He
was nominated in 1777, and petitioned against
Sir John Trevelyan, but lost the election.
He was also sheriff of Newcastle. Bowes
treated his wife with barbarity and was un-
faithful to her. She instituted proceedings
in the ecclesiastical courts for a divorce, and
escaped from her husband, against whom
she exhibited articles of the peace in the
court of king's bench on 7 Feb. 1785. On
10 Nov. 1786 she left her house in Blooms-
bury Square to call on business at a Mr.
Foster's in Oxford Street, when she was ab-
ducted by a gang of men in the pay of her
husband. At Highgate Bowes made his
appearance. Lady Strathmore was hurried
off to Straithland Castle. After much bru-
tal ill-treatment she was rescued by some
husbandmen and taken back to London by
her deliverers. Bowes and his colleagues
were convicted of conspiracy and sentenced
on 26 June 1787 to a fine of 300/., imprison-
ment of three years, and to find securities for
good behaviour for fourteen years. The deed
by which she had placed her estates under
the control of Bowes was invalidated on
the ground of duress on 19 May 1788. The
court of delegates made a decree of divorce
on 2 March 1789 against A. R. Bowes. On
the following day the lord chancellor pro-
nounced in favour of the validity of the deed
executed before marriage by Lady Strath-
more, who was thus restored to the control
of her own fortune. Bowes became in 1790
an inmate of the king's bench prison, but in
the following year behaved creditably during
a riot in the prison, and his imprisonment was
relaxed. Lady Strathmore died at Christ-
church, Hampshire, on 28 April 1800, and
Bowes
61
Bowes
was buried in Westminster Abbey, arrayed
In ' a superb bridal dress.' Her persecutor
survived her until 16 Jan. 1810. There are
engraved portraits of both husband and wife.
Lady Strathmore wrote : 1. ' The Siege of
Jerusalem,' 1774. A few copies only were
printed to be given away. 2. l The Confes-
sions of the Countess of Strathmore : written
by herself. Carefully copied from the originals
lodged in Doctors' Commons,' London, 1793.
This appears to have been extorted by her
liusband.
[Gent. Mag. Ivi. 991, 993, 1079, Ivii. 88, lix.
269, lx. 665, Ixx. 488 ; Surtees's History of Dur-
ham, iv. 1 09 ; Baker's Biographia Dramatica ;
Martin's Catalogue of Privately Printed Books ;
Full and Accurate Keport of Trial between Ste-
phens, Trustee to E. Bowes, and A. R. Bowes,
1788; Eeport of the Proceedings in the High
Court of Chancery in the matter of Andrew
Robinson Bowes, 1804 ; Foot's Lives of Andrew
Robinson Bowes and the Countess of Strath-
more, 1810.] W. E. A. A.
Mrs. Bowes died in 1706. The eldest son,
Martin, born in London, was also a pensioner
of St. John's College, Cambridge, where he
was admitted 16 April 1686, at the age of
sixteen, but left without taking a degree.
He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of
Edward Thurland of Reigate, Surrey, and
afterwards settled at Bury St. Edmund's,
Suffolk, where he died in 1726. His second
daughter, Ann, became, in 1732, the wife of
Philip Broke of Nacton.
[Autobiography and Correspondence of Sir
', Simonds D'Ewes, ii. 17-18; Admissions to the
College of St. John the Evangelist, ed. J. E. B.
Mayor, p. 98; Admission Book of Middle Temple;
Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ii. 70, vii. 517, 3rd
ser. v. 247, 330; St. Dunstan's Register; Hut-
chins's Dorsetshire, 3rd ed. i. 421 ; Morant's
Essex, i. 250, 442, ii. 36 ; Wills reg. in P. C. C.
91 Bath, HOEedes, 177 Plymouth; Harl. MSS.
374, if. 315, 316, 1542, f. 148 ; Page's Supple-
ment to Suffolk Traveller, p. 61 ; Gent. Mag. iii.
45.] G. GK
BOWES, PAUL (d. 1702), editor of
D'Ewes's ' Journals,' was the second son of
Sir Thomas Bowes, knight, of Great Bromley,
Essex, the notorious witch-persecutor, by
Mary, third daughter of Paul D'Ewes, one
of the six clerks in chancery. He was born
at Great Bromley, and after being educated
in the school at Moulton, Norfolk, was ad-
mitted a pensioner of St. John's College,
Cambridge, 21 Dec. 1650. He took no de-
gree ; indeed, he does not appear to have ma-
triculated. Having fixed on the law for his
future profession, he was on 12 May 1654
entered of the Middle Temple, and being
called to the bar by that society 10 May
1661, became a bencher on 24 Oct. 1679.
In addition to his professional acquirements,
he possessed a taste for history and anti-
quities, and he edited the manuscript work
of his celebrated uncle, Sir Simonds D'Ewes,
entitled * The Journals of all the Parliaments
during the Reign of Queen t Elizabeth, both
of the House of Lords and 'House of Com-
mons,' folio, London, 1682. Other editions
appeared in 1693 and 1708. Bowes was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society 30 Nov.
1699, and, dying in June 1702, was buried
3 July at St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, Fleet
Street. By his wife Bridget, daughter of
Thomas Sturges of the Middle Temple, he
left issue three sons and two daughters.
His will, dated 5 Aug. 1699 (with two co-
dicils dated 17 April and 12 Aug. 1701),
was proved by his widow and sole executrix,
16 July 1702. Besides property in Lincoln-
shire, Suffolk, and Essex, he was possessed,
in 1700, of the manor of Rushton, Stokeford,
and Binnegar in East Stoke, Dorsetshire.
BOWES, SIR ROBERT (1495 P-1554),
military commander and lawyer, son of Sir
Ralph Bowes and Marjory Conyers of South
Cowton, Yorkshire, studied law in his early
years, but his ancestral connection with the
borders marked him out for employment in
border affairs, where he did active service.
In 1536 he was in the royal army against
the Pilgrimage of Grace, and carried to the
king the petition of the rebels. In 1541 he
was specially summoned to London to advise
the privy council about Scottish business. In
1542 he accompanied the Duke of Norfolk
on his plundering raid into Scotland, and
was sent with 3,000 men to harry Jed-
burgh. He was attacked on his way and was
made prisoner, but soon released. In 1550
he was made warden of the east and middle
marches, and in this office left a valuable
record of his administrative capacity. At the
request of the warden general, Henry, mar-
quis of Dorset, he drew up ' A Book of the
State of the Frontiers and Marches betwixt
England and Scotland.' This record is the
chief authority for the state of the border
country in the sixteenth century. It de-
scribes the nature of the land, its military
organisation, the condition of the fortresses,
the number of the garrisons, and besides
gives much information about the character
of the borderers. As Bowes was a lawyer
as well as a soldier, he added to his survey
of the country a legal treatise on the adminis-
tration of the complicated system of inter-
national law by which disputes between
the borderers of England and Scotland were
settled. His treatise of 'The Forme and
Order of a Day of Truce ' explains the
Bowes
Bowes
formalities to be used in the execution of
justice in the combined court of the wardens
of England and Scotland. We are not sur-
prised that a man of such powers of ad-
ministration was needed for weighty matters.
In June 1551 he was one of the commis-
sioners appointed to make a convention with
Scotland. In the following September he
was made a member of the privy council,
and next year he was appointed master of
the rolls. His signature is affixed as one of
the witnesses of Edward VI's will, and he
was a member of the short-lived council of
the Lady Jane Grey. The council soon found
its position to be impossible. On 19 July
1553 Bowes signed a letter to Lord Rich
on Jane's behalf. On 20 July he signed an
order to the Duke of Northumberland bid-
ding him disarm (Queen Jane and Queen
Mary, Camd. Soc. 1851, p. 109). On the
accession of Queen Mary Bowes was not
disgraced. He held office as master of the
rolls for two months, and then resigned of
his own accord. In 1554 he was ordered
by the privy council to repair to Berwick
and assist Lord Conyers in organising the
defences of the border, and received from
the queen a grant of 100/. Soon after his
return from this duty he died. He married
Alice, daughter of Sir James Metcalfe of
Nappa, near Richmond, but left no surviving
children.
Bowes's ' Survey of the Border ' is printed
in Hodgson's ' Northumberland,' ii. pt. v. 171,
&c., where, besides the survey of 1551, there
is given in the note an earlier one of 1542
made by Bowes and Sir Ralph Elleker. The
latter one is more detailed and is more full
of interest. It is also printed in ' Reprints
of Rare Tracts,' vol. iv. Newcastle, 1849, and
in a private issue of the Border Club, 1838.
The ' Form of Holding a Day of Truce ' is
partially printed in the same issue of the
Border Club, and extracts are given in
Raine's ' North Durham,' xxii. There are
three manuscripts, one in the Record Office
(State Papers Edward VI, iv. No. 30), and
two in the British Museum (Caligula B. viii.
f. 106, and Titus F. xiii. f. 160). The last
is most perfect.
[Foss's Judges of England, v. 354 ; Sharp's
Memorials of the Rebellion, 370 ; Surtees's
Durham, iv. 112.] M. C.
BOWES, ROBERT (1535 P-1597), Eng-
lish ambassador to Scotland, fifth son of Rich-
ard Bowes and Elizabeth Aske [see BOWES,
ELIZABETH], married first Anne, daughter of
Sir George Bowes of Dalden, and in 1566
Eleanor, daughter of Sir Richard Musgrave
of Eden Hall. He served under his father
in the defence of the borders. In 1569 he
was sheriff of the county palatine of Durham,
and helped his brother, Sir George Bowes
[q. v.], to hold Barnard Castle against the
rebel earls. Afterwards he was sent in com-
mand of a troop of horse to protect the west
marches. In 1571 he was elected M.P. for
Carlisle. In 1575 he was appointed treasurer
of Berwick, and in this capacity had many
dealings with the Scottish court. In 1577
he was appointed ambassador in Scotland,
where he had a difficult task to perform.
His object was to counteract the influence of
France, retain a hold on James VI, keep
together a party that was favourable to
\ England, and promote disunion among the
Scottish nobles. His letters to Burghley,
i Walsingham, and Leicester are of the greatest
\ importance for a knowledge of Scottish affairs
I between 1577 and 1583. In 1578 he managed
by his tact to compose a quarrel between Mor-
I ton and the privy council which threatened
to plunge Scotland into civil war (BOWES'S
Correspondence, 6, 11). In 1581 he was busily
employed in endeavouring to counteract the
growing influence of Esme Stewart, lord of
Aubigne, over James VI. He witnessed the
events which led to the raid of Ruthven and
D'Aubigne's fall. He tried hard to gain
possession of the casket letters, which after
Morton's death were said to have come into
the hands of the Earl of Gowrie, but his
attempts failed. He was weary of his arduous
task in Scotland, and managed to procure his
recall in 1583. But he still held the post of
treasurer of Berwick, and was often em-
ployed on diplomatic missions in Scotland,
though the affairs were not afterwards of
so much importance. Like his brother, Sir
George, he worked for the penurious Elizabeth
at his own cost, and was rewarded by no sub-
stantial tokens of the royal gratitude. Ha
wrote in 1596 : ' I shall either purchase my
liberty, or at least lycence to come to my
house for a tyme to put in order my broken
estate before the end of my dayes.' This satis-
faction was, however, denied him. Elizabeth
held him at his post, and he died in Berwick
in 1597.
[The letters of Robert Bowes are published
by Stevenson, ' The Correspondence of Robert
Bowes, of Aske, Esquire' (Surtees Soc. 1842).
For his life see Stevenson's Preface, and Sharp's
Memorials of the Rebellion, p. 30.] M. C.
BOWES, THOMAS (fi. 1586), translated
into English the first and second parts of the
' French Academy,' a moral and philosophical
treatise written by Peter of Primaudaye, a
French writer of the latter half of the six-
teenth century. The translation of the first
Bowes
Bowet
part was published in 1586, and seems to have
met with immediate popularity, for a fifth
edition was issued in 1614. Along with the
third edition in 1594 was published the trans-
lation of the second part. To both parts
Bowes prefixes a letter to the reader, and in
the longer of the two, prefixed to the second
part, J. Payne Collier detects allusions to
Marlowe, Greene, and Nash. The allusion
to Marlowe can scarcely be maintained if the
second part appeared for the first time in the
1594 edition ; for Marlowe, who, if indeed he
is meant, is alluded to as living, died in 1593.
Bowes is denouncing the prevalence of athe-
istic and licentious literature, and after giving
as an instance Ligneroles, a French atheist,
goes on to quote from English imitators, but
gives no names. He ends by denouncing
lying romances about Arthur and Huon of
Bordeaux. J. Payne Collier, in the ' Poeti-
cal Decameron,' discusses the whole passage.
There is an edition of the third part of the
' Academy,' englished by R. Dolman, pub-
lished in 1601. Strype mentions a certain
Thomas Bowes, M.A., of Queens' College,
Cambridge, whom some have identified with
the translator.
[Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Collier's Poetical De-
cameron, ii. 271 ; Collier's Extracts from Registers
of Stationers' Company, ii. 198 ; Strype's An-
nales Reform, iii. 1, 645, Oxford, 1824; Nouvelle
Biographie Grenerale, xxix. n. article ' La Pri-
maudaye.'] R. B.
BOWES, SIB WILLIAM (1389-1460?),
military commander, was the founder of the
political importance of his family. He was
the son of Sir Robert Bowes, and of Maude,
lady of Dalden. He married Jane, daughter
of Ralph, lord Greystoke. His wife died in
the first year of her marriage, whereon ' he
toke much thoght and passed into France '
about the year 1415. He showed much gal-
lantry in the French war, and so commended
himself to John, duke of Bedford, whom he
served as chamberlain. He fought at the battle
of Verneuil, where he was knighted. While
in France he was impressed with the archi-
tecture of the country, and sent home plans
for rebuilding his manor house at Streatlam,
near Barnard Castle. He returned from
France after seventeen years' service and
superintended his buildings at Streatlam,
which unfortunately have been entirely de-
stroyed. After his return he took part in
the government of the borders, as warden of
the middle marches and governor of Berwick.
He died at a good old age, and is known in
the family records as * Old Sir William.'
[Surtees's Durham, iv. 102 : Leland's Itinerary
(ed. 1744),iv. 9.] M. C.
BOWET, HENRY, LL.D. (d. 1423),
bishop of Bath and Wells, and subsequently
archbishop of York, was apparently a mem-
ber of a knightly family that, about his time,
migrated from the north to the eastern coun-
ties (BLOMEFIELB, Hist, of Norfolk, x. 434-5;
cf. Harleian MS. 6164, 92 b). His father was-
buried at Penrith, his mother in Lincolnshire.
His kinsfolk mostly lived in Westmoreland
(Testamenta Eboracensia, i. 398). The date
and place of his birth, the university in which
he studied civil and canon law, and of which
he became a doctor, are, with the time of his-
ordination, equally unknown. He seems to
have practised law in the ecclesiastical courts
(ADAM or USE, p. 63), and to have become
clerk to the warlike Bishop Spencer of Nor-
wich, whom he accompanied on his unlucky
crusade to Flanders. On the bishop's im-
peachment in 1383, after his return, Bowet
gave evidence before parliament that tended
to clear his patron of the charge of receiving
bribes from the French (Rot. Part. iii. 152 a).
A few years later he appears at Rome as a
chaplain of Urban VI and auditor of causes
in the court of the apostolic chamber (RYMEK,
vii. 569). In 1385 he was the only English-
man at the papal court who had courage to
remain with Urban after the riots at Luceria,
in which an Englishman named Alleyn
was slain (WALSINGHAM, ii. 124). Early in
February 1388 he acted as Richard IPs agent
in an important negotiation with the poper
but had not sufficient powers from his master
to complete the affair. He must then have
returned to England, where already in 1386
he had been appointed archdeacon and pre-
bendary of Lincoln. A namesake was at
this time the archdeacon of Richmond ( Test.
Ebor. i. 390). That he was high in the
confidence of Richard II is shown by his
being excepted in 1388 by the Merciless
Parliament from the pardon which they is-
sued at the end of their work of proscribing
the king's friends (Eot. Parl. iii. 249 b). It
is not easy to understand Bowet's subsequent
movements. He seems to have been pri-
marily anxious for advancement, and with
that object to have transferred his services
to the house of Lancaster. In 1393 he was,
with others, appointed to negotiate with the
king of Castile, still on bad terms with Eng-
land (RYMEK, vii. 743, mispaged 739). On
19 July 1397 Bowet was made chief jus-
tice of the superior court of Aquitaine (ib.
viii. 7), and on 23 July 1398 constable of
Bordeaux (ib. viii. 43). In the latter year,
Henry of Bolingbroke, Bowet's patron, was
banished from England, but obtained per-
mission to appoint a proxy to receive his
inheritance in the event of the death of his
Bowet
64
Bowet
father, Lancaster. Bowet seems to have as-
sisted Henry in obtaining this. When Lan-
caster died, however, in January 1399, Richard
revoked his grant, and procured Bo wet's
condemnation in the committee of parlia-
ment at Shrewsbury. As the counsellor and
•abettor of Bolingbroke, Bowet was declared
a traitor, and sentenced to execution ; this
sentence, however, was commuted into per-
petual banishment in consideration of his
•clergy (Rot. Parl. iii. 385). His archdeaconry
was taken away from him and conferred on
another. After the accession of Henry IV,
Bowet was rewarded for his fidelity to the
new king by restoration to his old preferment
at Lincoln, along with the profits that had
.accrued during his deprivation ; by a pre-
bend at London ; by lavish grants of land,
houses, rents, and tolls in Aquitaine ; and by
his appointment in May 1400 as one of the
four regents to whom the new king entrusted
the government of his possessions in southern
France (RYMER, viii. 141). His presence
being required in England, where he became,
says Dr. Stubbs, Henry's confidential agent,
he was allowed to appoint a deputy to dis-
charge his duties in Aquitaine. In 1400 a
majority of the chapters of Bath and Wells
elected him at the royal request as their
bishop, but Boniface IX provided another
minister of Henry's, Richard Clifford, keeper
of the privy seal, for the vacant see. A diffi-
culty arose, although Clifford, at the king's
command, declined to accept the illegal pre-
ferment. At last matters were settled by the
•death of the bishop of Worcester. Clifford
was transferred to that see, and the pope
now issued a provision appointing Bowet to
Wells (19 Aug. 1401). He was consecrated
at St. Paul's on 20 Nov. (ADAM or USE:,
p. 63 ; WALSINOHAM, ii. 247 ; Annales Ric. II
•et Hen. IV, 334 ; Anglia Sacra, i. 571).
The appointment of a suffragan perhaps
.showed that Bowet was still mainly de-
voted to cares of state. On 27 Feb. 1402 he
became treasurer, though he did not hold
that post very long. He was constantly em-
ployed, however, by Henry in various capa-
cities. In 1403, on a special embassy, he
concluded a truce with France (TROKELOWE,
Annales Hen. IV, p. 372). In 1403, 1404,
1406, and 1407, he was a trier of petitions
(Rot. Parl. iii.) In 1404 he was one of the
king's council nominated in parliament. In
1406 he swore to observe Henry's settlement
of the succession. His name appears con-
.stantly in the proceed ings of the privy council.
In 1406 he accompanied the court to Lynn,
and was thence despatched on an important-
mission to Denmark, to escort Philippa, the
king's daughter, to the home of her intended
husband Eric, the heir of the famous Mar-
garet, who had united the three Scandina-
vian kingdoms. His report of the young
king's character and the condition of his
country is full of interest (Annales Hen. IV.
p. 420).
Bowet had scarcely returned from his
Danish embassy when he was translated to
York by papal provision, after the arch-
bishopric, vacant since the execution of Scrope,
had been unoccupied for two years and a
half. He was enthroned on 9 Dec. 1407.
With increasing age and with i nportant
duties in the north Bowet seems henceforth
to have had less to do with the court. He
was still often in parliament, where in 1413,
1414, 1415, and 1416 he was again trier of
petitions, but he was employed on no more
embassies, and his name appears less often
in the proceedings of the council. It is re-
markable that the registers of the arch-
bishopric, till then full of documents of
public interest, assume a new aspect under
Bowet, and henceforth contain little but the
ordinary proceedings of the diocese (RAINE,
Northern Registers, p. xiv, Rolls Ser.) The
inventory of his property (printed in ' Testa-
menta Eboracensia,' iii. 69) shows him to have
been possessed of very considerable wealth.
He acquired a great reputation for a hospitality
and sumptuous housekeeping that consumed
eighty tuns of claret yearly. He built the
great hall at Cawood and a new kitchen at
Ottley, and was a liberal benefactor to his
cathedral (GODWIN", De Prcesulibus ; RAINE,
Fabric Rolls of York Minster). In 1411 he
had a suit against the archbishop of Can-
terbury with respect to the right of visitation
of Queen's College, Oxford, which seems to
have resulted in a compromise (Rot. Parl.
iii. 652 b}.
In 1410 he showed his zeal against Lol-
lardy by acting as one of Aruiidel's assistants
at the trial of Badby (FoxE, iii. 235), and in
1421 he wrote a strong letter to the king
against another heretic named John Tailor
or Bilton (MS. Harl. 421). It was not
until 1414 that he saw the last of a trouble-
some suit with Sir W. Farenden, which had
originated when he was regent of Guienne.
He was one of Henry IV's executors, and
sat on a commission appointed to pay that
monarch's debts. He had himself lent Henry
various sums of money, sometimes at least
on good security. In 1417 the Scots profited
by Henry V's absence in Normandy to in-
vade the borders. Bowet, though advanced
in years and so infirm that he could only be
carried in a litter, resolved to accompany the
army of defence with his clergy. His bravery,
patriotism, and loyalty largely encouraged
Bowie
Bowlby
the English to victory. He died on 20 Oct.
1423, and was buried at the east end of York
minster, opposite the tomb of his ill-fated
predecessor.
[Anglia Sacra ; Walsingham ; Kymer ; Eolls
of Parliament ; Proceedings of Privy Council ;
Annales Kic. II et Hen. IV, ed. Eiley ; Adam of
Usk, ed. Thompson ; Memorials of Henry V, ed.
Cole ; G-esta Henrici V, ed. Williams ; Hingeston's
Koyal and Historical Letters under ' Henry IV ; '
Torr's MS. collections at York are often referred
to as a great source of information ; there are
original brief lives of Bowet by a Canon of Wells
(Anglia Sacra, i. 571), and by the continuator of
Thomas Stubbs; short modern lives are to be
found in Godwin's De Prsesulibus and Cassan's
Bishops of Bath and Wells; Le Neve's Fasti
Ecclesise Anglicanae ; Drake's Eboracum. Bowet's
will is printed in Kaine's Testamenta Eboracensia
(Surtees Soc.), i. 398-402.] T. F. T.
BOWIE, JAMES (d. 1853), botanist, was
born in London, and entered the service of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1810. In 1814 he was
appointed botanical collector to the gardens in
conjunction with Allan Cunningham. They
went to Brazil, where they remained two
years, making collections of plants and seeds.
In 1817 Bowie was ordered to proceed to the
Cape ; here he worked with much energy,
taking journeys into the interior, and send-
ing home large collections of living and dried
plants, as well as of drawings ; the last are in
the Kew herbarium, the dried specimens for
the most part in the British Museum. A vote
of the House of Commons having reduced the
sum granted for botanical collectors, Bowie
was recalled in 1823, taking up his residence
at Kew. After four years of inactivity he set
out again for the Cape, where he was for
some years gardener to Baron Ludwig of
Ludwigsberg. He became a correspondent
of Dr. Harvey, who, in dedicating to him
the genus Bowiea, says ' by many years of
patient labour in the interior of South Africa
he enriched the gardens of Europe with a
greater variety of succulent plants than had
ever been detected by any traveller.' He
left his employment in or before 1841, and
made journeys into the interior to collect
plants for sale ; his habits, however, were
such as to interfere with his prospects, and
he died in poverty in 1853.
[Gardeners' Chronicle, new ser. xvi. 568
(1881).] J. B.
BOWLBY, THOMAS WILLIAM (1817-
1860), ' Times ' correspondent, son of Thomas
Bowlby, a captain in the royal artillery, by
his wife, a daughter of General Balfour, was
born at Gibraltar, and when very young was
VOL. VI.
taken by his parents to Sunderland, where his
father entered on the business of a timber mer-
chant. Young Bowlby's education was en-
trusted to Dr. Cowan, a Scotch schoolmaster
who had settled in Sunderland. After leaving
school he was articled to his cousin, Mr. Rus-
sell Bowlby, solicitor, Sunderland. On com-
pletion of his time he went to London and
spent some years as a salaried clerk in the office
of a large firm in the Temple. In 1846 he com-
menced practice in the city as junior partner
in the firm of Lawrence, Crowdy, & Bowlby,
solicitors, 25 Old Fish Street, Doctors' Com-
mons, and for some years enjoyed a fair prac-
tice ; but the profession of the law was not
to his taste, and he made many literary ac-
quaintances. Although remaining a member
of the firm until the year 1854, he went to
Berlin as special correspondent of the * Times '
in 1848. Bowlby married Miss Meine, the
sister of his father's second wife, and on the
death of her father Mrs. Bowlby became pos-
sessed of a considerable fortune. During the
railway mania Bowlby got into pecuniary
difficulties, which caused him to leave Eng-
land for a short time, but he made arrange-
ments for the whole of his future earnings
to be applied in liquidation of his debts. On
returning to England he was for some time
associated with Jullien, the musical director
and composer. He next repaired to Smyrna,
where he was employed for a while in con-
nection with the construction of a railway.
In 1860 he was engaged to proceed to China
as the special correspondent of the ' Times.'
Lord Elgin and Baron Gros were fellow-
passengers with him in the steamship Mala-
bar, which was lost at Point de Galle on
22 May. His narrative of this shipwreck
is an admirable piece of work. His various
letters from China afforded much information
and pleasure to the readers of the ' Times.'
After the capture of Tien-tsin on 23 Aug.
1860, Bowlby accompanied Admiral Hope
and four others to Tang-chow to arrange
the preliminaries of peace ; here they were
treacherously captured and imprisoned by
the Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin. Bowlby
died from the effects of the ill-treatment he
received on 22 Sept. 1860 ; his body was
afterwards given up by the Chinese, and
buried in the Russian cemetery outside the
An-tin gate of Pekin on 17 Oct. His age
was about forty-three ; he left a widow and
five young children.
[Gent. Mag. 1861, pp. 225-6; Times, 26, 27, 30
Nov., 10, 11, 15, 17, 19, 25 Dec. 1860; Illus-
trated London News, with portrait, xxxvii. 615 -
616 (1860); Annual Register, 1860, pp. 265-71;
Boulger's History of China (1884), iii. 499-521.]
G. C. B.
Bowie
66
Bowie
BOWLE or BOWLES, JOHN (d. 1637),
bishop of Rochester, a native of Lancashire,
was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he obtained a fellowship. He pro-
ceeded M.A. (1603), D.D. (1613), and was
incorporated M.A. of Oxford on 9 July 1605,
and D.D. on 11 July 1615. He was house-
hold chaplain to Sir Robert Cecil, first earl
of Salisbury, and attended him through his
last illness in 1612. After the earl's death
Bowie addressed to Dr. Mountague, bishop
of Bath and Wells, * a plaine and true rela-
tion of those thinges I observed in my Lord's
sickness since his goeing to Bath,' which is
printed in Peck's ' Desiderata,' pp. 205-11.
Bowie held at one time the living of Tile-
hurst, Berkshire. He became dean of Salis-
bury in July 1620, preached before the king
and parliament on 3 Feb. 1620-1, and was
elected bishop of Rochester on 14 Dec. 1629.
He died ' at Mrs. Austen's house on the Banck-
side the 9th of October 1637, and his body
was interred in St. Paul's ch., London, in
the moneth following.' Archbishop Laud, in
his account of his archiepiscopate addressed
to Charles I for 1637, complained that Bowie
had been ill for three years before his death,
and had neglected his diocese. He was the
author of a 'Sermon preached at Flitton in the
countie of Bedford at the funerall of Henrie
[Grey], Earle of Kent,' London, 1614, and
of a ' Concio ad ... Patres et Presbyteros
totius Provincise Cantuar. in Synodo Lon-
dini congregates, habita . . . 1620, Jan. 31,'
London, 1621. Bowie married Bridget, a
sister of Sir George Copping, < of the crown
office,' by whom he had a son (Richard ) and
a daughter (Mary).
[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, pp. 308, 364; Le
Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 517, 673 ; Cal. State
Papers, Domestic, 1620-37; Nichols's Progresses
of James I, ii. 448 ; Laud's Works, v. 349 ; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BOWLE, JOHN (1725-1788), writer on
Spanish literature, and called by his friends
Don Bowie, was descended from Dr. John
Bowie, bishop of Rochester [q. v.l He was
born on 26 Oct. 1725. He was educated at
Oriel College, Oxford, and became M.A. in
1750. He was elected F.S.A. in 1776.
Having entered orders, he obtained the vicar-
age of Idmiston (spelt Idemeston in his ' Don
Quixote,' Salisbury, 1781, 6 vols. 4to), in
Wiltshire, where he died on 26 Oct. 1788,
the day of his birth, aged 63.
Bowie was an ingenious scholar of great
erudition and varied research in obscure and
ancient literature. In addition to his know-
ledge of the classics, he was well acquainted
with French, Spanish, and Italian, and had
accumulated a large and valuable library,
sold in 1790. He was a member of Dr. John-
son's Essex Head Club. He preceded Dr.
Douglas in detecting Lander's forgeries, and
had, according to Douglas, the justest claim
to be considered their original discoverer.
He published in 1765 miscellaneous pieces of
ancient English poetry, containing Shake-
speare's ' King John,' and some of the satires
of Marston. In 1777 he printed l a letter to
the Rev. Dr. Percy concerning a new and
classical edition of "Historia del valoroso
Cavallero Don Quixote de la Mancha," to be
illustrated by annotations and extracts from
the historians, poets, and romances of Spain
and Italy, and other writers, ancient and
modern, with a glossary and indexes in which
are occasionally interspersed some reflections
on the learning and genius of the author,
with a map of Spain adapted to the history,
and to every translation of it,' 4to. He gave
also an outline of the life of Cervantes in the
' Gentleman's Magazine,' 1781, Ii. 22, and cir-
culated proposals to print the work by sub-
scription. It appeared in 1781, in six4to vols.,
the first four containing the text, the fifth
the notes, and the sixth the indexes. The
whole work is written in Spanish. Its re-
ception was unfavourable, except in Spain,
where it called forth hearty approval from
many of the best writers of the day, including
Don Antonio Pellicer, the earliest and best
commentator on ' Don Quixote.' Inl784 Bowie
complained in the ' Gentleman's Magazine '
of his critics, and in 1785 he published 'Re-
marks on the extraordinary conduct of the
Knight of the Ten Stars and his Italian
Squire, to the editor of Don Quixote. In a
letter to J. S., D.D./ 8vo. The pamphlet was
directed against Joseph Baretti, who retorted
in an anonymous pamphlet full of bitter per-
sonalities, entitled ' Tolondron, speeches to
John Bowie about his edition of Don Quixote,'
8vo, 1786. Bowie wrote frequently under
various signatures in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine,' contributed to Granger's 'History,'
Steevens's edition of ' Shakespeare,' 1778,
and Warton's ' History of Poetry.' In ' Ar-
cheeologia,' vi. 76, are his remarks on the
ancient pronunciation of the French lan-
guage ; in vii. 114, on some musical instru-
ments mentioned in ' Le Roman de la Rose ; '
in viii. 67, on parish registers ; and in viii.
147, on playing cards.
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd.ii. 553, iii. 160, 670, vi.
182, viii. 660, 667; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Gent.
Mag. liv. Iv. Iviii. 1029; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Nichols's Lit. Illust. vi. 382, 402, 403, 411, vii.
592, viii. 165, 169, 193, 274; Granger's Letters,
1805, pp. 37-47; Nicolas's Life of Ritsoii,
p. xxii ; Epistolarium Bowleanum, manuscript in
the possession of A. J. Duffield, Esq.] J. M.
Bowler
67
Bowles
BOWLER, THOMAS WILLIAM (d.
1869), landscape painter, was born in the
Vale of Aylesbury. His general talent was
noticed by Dr. Lee, F.R.S., who obtained for
him the office of assistant-astronomer under
Sir T. Maclear at the Cape. After four years,
he resigned his post at the observatory, and
established himself successfully in Cape Town
as an artist and teacher of drawing. He
painted a panorama of the district, and pub-
lished, in 1844, 'Four Views of Cape Town ; '
in 1854, ' South African Sketches,' a series of
ten lithographs of scenes at the Cape of Good
Hope ; and in 1865, ' The Kafir Wars,' a series
of twenty views, with descriptive letterpress
by W. R. Thomson. In 1857 he exhibited at
the rooms of the Society of British Artists
a drawing of the Royal Observatory, Cape
Town ; and in 1860, at the Royal Academy,
two views of Cape scenery. In 1866 he visited
Mauritius and made a number of drawings,
but a fever there permanently weakened his
health, and coming to England he died from
an attack of bronchitis, 24 Oct. 1869.
His lithographs are somewhat in the style
of Harding, and show facility in handling the
chalk and some power of composition.
[Cat. Brit. Mus. Lib. ; Cat. Eoyal Academy ;
Cat. Soc. Brit. Artists; Art Journal, April 1870 ;
Redgrave's Diet, of Artists (1878).] W. H-H.
BOWLES, CAROLINE ANNE. [See
SOUTHEY.]
BOWLES, EDWARD (1613-1662),
presbyterian minister, was born in February
1613 at Sutton, Bedfordshire. His father,
Oliver Bowles, B.D., minister of Sutton, was
one of the oldest members of the Westminster
Assembly, and author of: 1. ' Zeale for God's
House quickned : a Fast Sermon before the
Assembly of the Lords, Commons, and Di-
vines,' 1643, 4to. 2. <De Pastore Evangelico,'
1649, 4to ; 1655 and 1659, 16mo (published
"by his son, and dedicated to the Earl of Man-
chester). Bowles was educated at Catherine
Hall, Cambridge, under Sibbes and Brown-
rigge. He was chaplain to the second Earl
of Manchester, and after the surrender of
York, 15 July 1644, was appointed one of the
four parliamentary ministers in that city,
officiating alternately at the minster and
Allhallows-on-the-Pavement. On 10 June
1645 the House of Commons voted him 100£.
as one of the ministers in the army. His
preaching is said to have been extremely
popular, even with hearers not of his own
party. Among the presbyterians of the city
and district he was the recognised leader;
nay, it is said that, without being a forward
man, < he ruled all York.' On 29 Dec. 1657
he wrote to Secretary Thurloe, urging the
suppression of preachers who advocated the
observance of Christmas. Matthew Pool, the
commentator, thought more of his judgment
than of any other man's. He was a man of
some humour. In 1660 he was active in the
restoration of the monarchy, accompanying
Fairfax to Breda, and incurring some odium
with his friends for over-zeal. He did not*
however, flinch from his presbyterianism,
though report said that the deanery of York
was offered to him. Bradbury relates that
Bowles, on leaving London after the Resto-
ration, said to Albemarle, * My lord, I have
buried the good old cause, and I am now
going to bury myself.' Excluded from the
minster, he continued to preach at Allhallows,
and subsequently at St. Martin's, besides con-
ducting a Thursday lecture at St. Peter's.
The parishioners of Leeds petitioned the king
in April 1661 for his appointment to that
vicarage, but it was given to John Lake (after-
wards bishop of Chichester). Efforts were
made (Calamy says by Tillotson and Stilling-
fleet) to induce him to conform ; but when
asked in his last illness what he disliked in
conformity, he replied ( The whole.' Calamy
reckons him among the silenced ministers,
but he died just before the act came into
force, and was buried on 23 Aug. 1662. His
wife, who predeceased him, was a grand-
daughter of Matthew Hutton, archbishop of
York, and widow of John Robynson of Digh-
ton. Bowles's portrait (which has been pho-
tographed) was in 1869 the property of
Leonard Hartley of Middleton Tyas, a col-
lateral descendant. He published : 1. ' The
Mystery of Iniquity yet working,' &c.,
1643, 4to (he means popery). 2. 'Manifest
Truth,' 1646, 4to (a narrative of the pro-
ceedings of the Scotch army, and vindica-
tion of the parliament, in reply to a tract
called ' Truths Manifest '). 3. ' Good Counsell
for Evil Times,' 1648, 4to (sermon [Eph. v.
15, 16] at St. Paul's, before the Lord Mayor
of London). 4. ' The Dutie and Danger of
Swearing,' 1655 (sermon at York). 5. ' A
Plain and Short Catechism ' (anon), 8th edit.
1676, 8vo (reprinted in Calamy 's ' Continua-
tion ' and in James's ' History '). The will,
dated 9 July 1707, codicil 21 Aug. 1710, of the
presbyterian Dame Sarah Hewley (born 1627,
died 23 Aug. 1710), widow of Sir John Hew-
ley, knt. (died 1697), left a large estate to
found several trusts for almshouses, preachers,
and students ; a condition of admission to the
almshouses being the repeating of Mr. Ed-
ward Bowles's catechism. The trust having
descended to anti-trinitarian hands, a suit
was begun on 18 June 1830, which ended in
the removal of the trustees by a judgment
of the House of Lords given on 5 Aug. 1842.
T? 9
Bowles
68
Bowles
Much use was made on both sides of the
doctrinal statements and omissions in the
catechism. This suit was the immediate
occasion of the passing of the Dissenters'
Chapels Act, 1844.
[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 779; Calamy's
Continuation, 1729, p. 933; Palmer's Nonconf.
Memorial, 1802, p. 455; Mitchell's Westminster
Assembly, 1883, p. 137 ; Kenrick's Memorials
Presb. Chapel, York, 1869, pp. 6 sq. ; James's
Hist, of Presb. Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp.
227 seq., 733 seq. ; Cole's MS. Athense Cantab. ;
extracts from Bowles's will, in the Prerogative
Court, York.] A. G.
BOWLES, SIR GEORGE (1787-1876),
general, colonel 1st West India Regiment,
and lieutenant of the Tower of London, was
second son of W. Bowles of Heale House,
Wiltshire, and was born in 1787. He entered
the army as ensign in the Coldstream guards
in 1804, and served with that corps in the
north of Germany in 1805-6, at Copenhagen
in 1807, in the Peninsula and south of France
from 1809 to 1814, excepting the winters of
1810 and 1811, and in the Waterloo cam-
paign, being present at the passage of the
Douro, the battles of Talavera, Salamanca,
and Vittoria, the capture of Madrid, the sieges
of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos, Burgos, and San
Sebastian, the passages of the Nive, Nivelle,
and Adour, the investment of Bayonne, the
battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo, and
the occupation of Paris. When a brevet-
major he served as military secretary to the
Duke of Richmond in Canada in 1818-20,
and as deputy adjutant-general in the West
Indies from 1820to 1825. While with his bat-
talion of the Coldstreams in Canada, as lieu-
tenant-colonel and brevet-colonel, he com-
manded the troops in the Lower Province
during the rebellion of 1838. He retired on
half-pay in 1843. In 1845 Bowles, who
while on half-pay had been comptroller of
the viceregal household in Dublin, was ap-
pointed master of the queen's household, in
succession to the Hon. 0. A. Murray. A
good deal of invidious feeling had arisen in
connection with the duties of the office, and
Bowles's appointment is said to have been
made at the recommendation of the Duke of
Wellington. He was promoted to the rank
of major-general in 1846, and on his re-
signation of his appointment in the royal
household, on account of ill-health, in 1851,
was made K.C.B. and appointed lieutenant
of the Tower of London. Bowles, who was
unmarried, died at his residence in Berkeley
Street, Berkeley Square, London, on 21 May
1876, in the ninetieth year of his age.
[Hoare's Wiltshire, iv. 11, 36 (pedigree);
Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards (Lon-
don, 1832); Hart's Army Lists ; Sketches H.M.
Household (London, 1848) ; Martin's Life of
the Prince Consort, ii. 382-3; Ann. Eeg. 1876;
lllust. London News, Ixviii. 551, and Ixix. 255
(will).] H. M. C.
BOWLES, JOHN (d. 1637). [See
BOWLE.]
BOWLES, PHINEAS (d. 1722), major-
general, is first mentioned in the t Military
Entry Books ' in January 1692, when he was
appointed captain-lieutenant in the regiment
of Colonel W. Selwyn, since the 2nd Queen's,
then just arrived in Holland from Ireland
(Home Off. Mil. Entry Books, vol. iii.) In
July 1705 he succeeded Colonel Caulfield in
command of a regiment of foot in Ireland,
with which he went to Spain and served at
the siege of Barcelona. According to memo-
randa of General Erie (Treas. Papers, vols.
cvi. cxvi.), Bowles's was one of the regi-
ments broken at the bloody battle of Almanza.
It appears to have been reorganised in Eng-
land, as Narcissus Luttrell mentions Bowles's
arrival in England on parole, and afterwards
that he was at Portsmouth with his regi-
ment, awaiting embarkation with some troops
supposed to be destined for Newfoundland.
Instead, he again proceeded with his Regi-
ment to Spain, where it was distinguished
at the battle of Saragossa in 1710, and was
one of the regiments surrounded in the
mountains of Castile, and made prisoners
after a gallant resistance, in December of
the same year. After this Bowles's regi-
ment disappeared from the rolls, and its
colonel remained unemployed until 1715,
when, as a brigadier-general, he was com-
missioned to raise a corps of dragoons, of
six troops, in Berkshire, Hampshire, and
Buckinghamshire, to rendezvous at Read-
ing. This corps is now the 12th lancers.
In 1719 Bowles was transferred to the
colonelcy of the 8th dragoons. He died in
1722.
PHINEAS BOWLES, lieutenant-general, son
of the above, served long as an officer in the
3rd foot guards, in which he became captain
and lieutenant-colonel in 1712 (Home Off.
Mil. Entry Books, vol. viii.) He made the
campaigns of 1710-11 under the Duke of
Marlborough, and was employed in Scotland
in 1715 during the suppression of the Earl
of Mar's rebellion. In 1719, being then lieu-
tenant-colonel, 12th dragoons, he succeeded
his father as colonel, and commanded the
regiment in Ireland until 1740. He became
a brigadier-general in 1735, major-general
in 1739, and a lieutenant-general 27 May
1745. He was also governor of Londonderry
(CHAMBERLAYNE, Magn. Brit. Not. 1745),
Bowles
69
Bowles
and colonel of the 7th horse, now the 6th
dragoon guards or carabineers. He died in
1749. He was member of parliament for
Bewdley in February 1734-5.
[Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, 1857, vi.
213, 427 ; Home Office Mil. Entry Books, vols.
iii. and viii.; Treasury Papers, cvi. 57, cxvi. 32;
Cannon's Hist. Eecords, 6th Dragoon Guards,
8th Hussars, 12th Lancers.] H. M. C.
BOWLES, WILLIAM (1705-1780),
naturalist, was born near Cork. He gave up
the legal profession, for which he was des-
tined, and in 1740 went to Paris, where he
studied natural history, chemistry, and metal-
lurgy. He subsequently travelled through
France, investigating its natural history and
mineral and other productions. In 1752,
having become acquainted with Don Antonio
de Ulloa, afterwards admiral of the Spanish
fleet, Bowles was induced to enter the Spanish
service, being appointed to superintend the
state mines and to form a collection of natural
history and fit up a chemical laboratory. He
first visited the quicksilver mines of Alma-
den, which had been seriously damaged by
fire, and the plans he suggested were success-
fully adopted for their resuscitation. He after-
wards travelled through Spain, investigating
its minerals and natural history, living chiefly
at Madrid and Bilbao. He married a German
lady, Anna Rustein, who was pensioned by
the king of Spain after her husband's death.
Bowles is described as tall and fine-looking,
generous, honourable, active, ingenious, and
well informed. His society was much valued
in the best Spanish circles. He died at Madrid
25 Aug. 1780.
Bowles's principal work was ' An Intro-
duction to the Natural History and Physical
Geography of Spain/ published in Spanish at
Madrid 1775. It is not systematically ar-
ranged, but has very considerable value as
being the first work of its kind. The second
edition (1782) was edited by Don J. N. de
Azara, who rendered considerable assistance
to the author in preparing the first edition.
It was translated into French by Vicomte de
Flavigny (Paris, 1776). An Italian edition,
much enlarged by Azara, then Spanish am-
bassador at Rome, was published at Parma in
1784. Bowles was also the author of ' A Brief
Account of the Spanish and German Mines '
(Phil. Trans. Ivi.) ; of ' A Letter on the Merino
Sheep,' &c. ( Gent. Mag. May and June 1764) •;
and of ' An Account of the Spanish Locusts '
(Madrid, 1781). Sir J. T. Dillon's ' Travels
through Spain' (London, 1781) is very
largely an adaptation of Bowles.
[Preface to English translation of Bowles's
Treatise on Merino Sheep, London, 1811.]
G. T. B.
BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762-
1850), divine, poet, and antiquary, was born
on 24 Sept. 1762 at King's Sutton, North-
amptonshire, of which his father was the
vicar. Both his father and mother, as he
tells us in his autobiographical preface to
'Scenes and Shadows of Days Departed,'
were descended from old and much-respected
families. In 1776 he was placed at Win-
chester School, under Dr. Joseph Warton,
who, discerning his taste for poetry and
general literature, did his best to foster it
by encouragement and training. On the
death of his old master, Bowles wrote a mo-
nody which expresses his regard for his
character. On leaving Winchester he was
elected in 1781 a scholar of Trinity College,
Oxford, of which Joseph Warton's brother,
Thomas Warton— professor of poetry at Ox-
ford and eventually poet laureate — was the
senior fellow. In 1783 the young student,
by his poem entitled ' Calpe Obsessa, or the
! Siege of Gibraltar,' carried off the chancellor's
prize for Latin verse. Here, however, any
signal distinctions at the university seem to
have ended. It was not until 1792 that he ob-
tained his degree. Having entered holy orders
he first officiated as curate of Donhead St.
Andrew in Wiltshire. In 1792 he was
appointed to the rectory of Chicklade in Wilt-
shire, which he resigned in 1797, on being pre-
sented to the rectory of Dumbleton in Glou-
cestershire. In the same year he was married
to Magdalene, daughter of Dr. Wake, pre-
bendary of Westminster, whom he survived.
In 1804 he became vicar of Bremhill, Wilt-
shire, where, greatly beloved by his parish-
ioners, he thenceforth generally resided till
near the close of his life. In 1804 he was
also made prebendary of Stratford in the
cathedral church of Salisbury, of which in
1828 he became canon residentiary. Ten
years earlier he had been appointed chaplain
to the prince regent.
About 1787, the year of his leaving college,
Bowles fell in love with Miss Romilly, niece
of Sir Samuel Romilly; but his suit, pro-
bably for want of sufficient means on his
part, was rejected. After a while he formed
a second attachment, but the hopes to which
it gave rise were unhappily cut short by the
lady's death. Bowles then turned for con-
solation to poetry. During a tour through
the north of England, Scotland, and some
parts of the continent, he composed the
sonnets which first brought him before the
public. The little volume was published at
Bath in 1789, under the title of * Fourteen
Sonnets written chiefly on Picturesque Spots
during a Journey.' Their success was ex-
traordinary, the first small edition being
Bowles
70
Bowles
speedily exhausted, while Coleridge, then in
his seventeenth year, expressed his delight
at the restoration of a natural school of
poetry, a tribute which he confirmed later
by celebrating the praise of Bowles in a fine
sonnet. The simplicity and earnestness of
Bowles had all the charm of novelty and
contrast. His pensive tenderness, delicate
fancy, refined taste, and, above all, his power
to harmonise the moods of nature with those
of the mind, were his chief merits. He was
a true though not a great poet, having
neither depth of thought nor vigour of ima-
gination. The qualities of his early sonnets
are common to all his poetry, though in his
longer works they frequently sink into a
graceful feebleness. His 'Verses to John
Howard ' appeared in 1789, and were re-
printed in 1790. In 1805 this collection
had passed into an illustrated ninth edition.
1 Coombe Ellen ' and « St. Michael's Mount '
were published in 1798 ; ' The Battle of the
Nile' appeared in 1799; 'The Sorrows of
Switzerland ' in 1801 ; 'The Picture' in 1803;
* The Spirit of Discovery,' his longest poem,
in 1804 ; ' Bowden Hill ' in 1806 ; < The Mis-
sionary of the Andes ' in 1815 ; * The Grave
of the last Saxon ' in 1822 ; < Ellen Gray ' in
1823 ; ' Days Departed ' in 1828 ; ' St. John
in Patmos ' in 1833 ; ' Scenes and Shadows
of Days Departed,' with an autobiographical
introduction , in 1 837 ; and ' The Village Verse-
Book,' a series of hymns composed by him-
self for the use of children, in the same year.
In 1806, not in 1807 (as is erroneously stated
by Gilfillan and others), Bowles issued in ten
volumes his memorable edition of Pope, with
a sketch of his life and strictures on his
poetry. His comments on Pope's life are
undoubtedly written in a severe, if not a
hostile spirit. It has been justly urged, that
while he omitted no detail that could harm
Pope's memory, he either left out or men-
tioned coldly such facts as did him honour.
These errors drew upon the biographer sting-
ing assaults from Byron both in verse and
prose. Bowles's estimate of Pope as a poet
gave rise to a long controversy, in which much
bitterness was displayed. Bowles's propo-
sition that ' images drawn from what is beau-
tiful or sublime in nature are more sublime and
beautiful than images drawn from art,and that
they are therefore per se more poetical, and
that passions are more adapted to poetry than
manners,' is by no means refuted by Camp-
bell's assertion that 'the exquisite description
of artificial objects and manners is no less
characteristic of genius than the description
of physical appearances.' Bowles never de-
nied that many artificial objects are beautiful.
Byron's instances, in opposition to Bowles, go
chiefly to show that certain natural objects are
| less interesting than certain artificial ones,
, and that by laws of association the latter at
times, especially when unfamiliar, strike us
more than the former, though intrinsically
superior, when custom has lessened their
effect. The doctrine of Bowles is not shaken
by either of his principal antagonists. If it
exclude Pope from the small band of the
very highest poets, his critic nevertheless
declares that in the second rank none were
superior to him. Besides his poetical claims,
those of Bowles as an antiquary are by
no means inconsiderable. Of his labours
j in this capacity his l Hermes Britannicus/
! published in 1828, is perhaps the most im-
I portant. He wrote largely also upon ecclesias-
; tical matters. Upon crime, education, and the
condition of the poor he addressed a letter
to Sir James Mackintosh. His sermons,
though scarcely eloquent, have a rare union
of dignity with simplicity of style. He was
an active but lenient magistrate. In cha-
racter he seems to have been ardent and
impulsive, but genial and humane. Moore,
the poet, in his journal, gives some interest-
| ing particulars of him, illustrating his keen
susceptibility to impressions, his high-church
principles, his love of simple language in
the pulpit, together with certain eccentri-
cities, such as his constant refusal to be
measured by a tailor. His health had failed
some time before his death, which took
place when he was eighty-eight at the Close,
Salisbury. Of his numerous productions,
in addition to his poems, the following, be-
sides those already named, may be cited as
representative : 1. ' The Parochial History
of Bremhill,' 1828. 2. < Life of Bishop Ken/
1830. 3. ' Annals and Antiquities of Lacock
Abbey,' 1835. 4. 'A few Words to Lord
Chancellor Brougham 011 the Misrepresenta-
tion concerning the Property and Character
of the Cathedral Clergy of England,' Salis-
bury, 1831. 5. < The Cartoons of Raphael.'
6. ' Sermons preached at Bowood,' 1834.
[Bowles's Poetical Works, collected edition,
•with Memoir, &c., by Eev. George Gilfillan,
Edin., 1855; Eng. Cyclop. Biog. vol. i., 1856;
Bowles's Autobiog. In trod, to Scenes and Shadows
of Departed Days, 1837 ; Maginn's Gall, of Illust.
Characters, ed.-by G. "W. Bates, 1873; Bowles's
edition of Pope in ten vols., 1806; Campbell's
Specimens of British Poets, &c., with an Essay
on Poetry, 1819 ; Bowles's Invariable Principles
of Poetry, 1819; Byron's Letter to John Murray
and Observations upon Observations, &c., 182,1 ;
Bowles's Letters to Byron and Campbell, 1822;
Quarterly Kev., May to July 1820, June to Oc-
tober 1825 ; Memoirs, Journal, and Correspon-
dence of Thomas Moore, edited by Lord John
Kussell, 1853.] W. M.
Bowley
Bowman
BOWLEY, ROBERT KANZOW (1813-
1870), amateur musician, was born 13 May
1813. His father was a bootmaker at Cha-
ring Cross, and Bowley was brought up to
the same business. His first taste for music
was acquired by associating with the cho-
risters of Westminster Abbey, and at an
early age he became a member, and subse-
quently conductor, of the Benevolent Society
of Musical Amateurs. He was a member of
the committee of the amateur musical festival
held at Exeter Hall in 1834, and about the
same date was appointed organist of an inde-
pendent chapel near Leicester Square. Bowley
joined the Sacred Harmonic Society in 1834,
and all his life contributed much to its suc-
cess, being librarian from 1837 to 1854, and
treasurer from 1854 to the year of his death.
It was Bowley who, in 1856, originated the
plan of the gigantic Handel festivals, which
have been held every three years at the Crystal
Palace since 1857. His connection with these
performances led to his appointment (in 1858)
as general manager of the building at Syden-
ham, a post he continued to hold until his
death, which took place 25 Aug. 1870.
[Mr. W. H. Husk in Grove's Diet, of Music,
i. 266 b, 658.] W. B. S.
BOWLY, SAMUEL (1802-1884), slavery
abolitionist and temperance advocate, son
of Mr. Bowly, miller at Bibury, Gloucester-
shire, was born in Cirencester on 23 March
1802. During his youth he had a sound busi-
ness training under his father. In 1829 he
removed from Bibury to Gloucester, and com-
menced business as a cheese factor. He be-
came chairman of many local banking, gas,
railway, and other companies, and for the
last twenty years of his life he was looked
upon as a leader in commercial circles and
affairs. In the agitation against the corn
laws he took a prominent part, and loyally
supported Messrs. Cobden and Bright. It
was one of his endeavours to give the people
cheap and universal education, and he was
not only one of the founders of the British
and ragged schools in Gloucester, but a con-
sistent advocate of a national system. Like
his father, he belonged to the Society of
Friends ; he was a faithful though courteous
and fair supporter of disestablishment.
Bowly took an active part in the anti-
slavery agitation, and by his powerful ap-
peals completely beat Peter Borthwick [q. v.J,
the pro-slavery lecturer, off the ground. He
was one of the deputation, 14 Nov. 1837,
which went to Downing Street to have an
interview with Lord Melbourne about the
cruelties exercised towards the slaves under
the seven years' apprenticeship system, and
in the following year took an active part in
the formation of the Central Negro Eman-
cipation Committee, which was ultimately
instrumental in causing the abolition of the
objectionable regulations. But his advocacy
of temperance made him best known. It was
on 30 Dec. 1835 that he signed the pledge
of total abstinence, and formed a teetotal
society in his own city. One of his earliest
missions was to the members of his own re-
ligious society, undertaken in company with
Edward Smith of Sheffield, throughout Great
Britain and Ireland. During his later years
he held frequent drawing-room meetings.
As president of the National Temperance
League, as president of the Temperance Hos-
pital from its foundation, and as a director of
the United Kingdom Temperance and General
Provident Institution, he was able to draw the
attention of scientific men to the injurious
effects of alcohol on the human system. On
behalf of the National Temperance League
he attended and addressed 107 meetings
during the last year of his life, travelling
many hundreds of miles.
The eightieth anniversary of his birth was
celebrated in Gloucester in 1882, and he died
in that city on Sunday, 23 March 1884, the
eighty-second anniversary of his birthday.
He was buried in the cemetery on 27 March,
when an immense concourse of people, both
rich and poor, attended the funeral.
He married, first, Miss Shipley, daughter
of Mr. John Shipley of Shaftesbury. His
second wife was the widow of Jacob Henry
CottrellofBath, especially known for his con-
nection with the Rechabite Friendly Society.
Bowly published : 1. 'A Speech delivered
1 Oct. 1830 at a meeting to petition Par-
liament for the Abolition of Negro Slavery,'
1830. 2. ' Speech upon the present condition
of the Negro Apprentices,' 1838. 3. l A Letter
to J. Sturge on the Temperance Society and
Church Rates, by L. Rugg, with a reply by
S. Bowly,' 1841. 4. < An Address to Christian
Professors,' 1850. 5. ' Total Abstinence and
its proper Place,' 1863.
[Sessions's Life of Samuel Bowly, 1884, with
portrait.] G. C. B.
BOWMAN, EDDOWES (1810-1869),
dissenting tutor, eldest son of John Eddowes
Bowman the elder [q. v.] and Elizabeth, his
cousin, was born at Nantwich on 12 Nov.
1810. He was educated chiefly at Hazelwood,
near Birmingham, by Thomas Wright Hill,
father of Sir Rowland Hill . The future postal
reformer was his teacher in mathematics.
From school he passed to the Eagle foundry,
Birmingham, where he improved himself in
mechanical engineering. He became, about
Bowman
Bowman
1835, sub-manager of the Varteg ironworks,
near Pontypool. On the closing of the
Varteg works in 1840 Bowman betook him-
self to study, graduated M.A. at Glasgow,
and attended lectures at Berlin, acquiring
several modern languages and mastering
various branches of physical science. In 1846
Francis W. Newman resigned the classical
chair in the Manchester New College, having
been elected to the chair of Latin in Univer-
sity College, London. Bowman was imme-
diately appointed his successor at Manchester
as professor of classical literature and history,
and he held that post till the removal of the
college to Gordon Square, London, as a purely
theological institution, in 1853. To this re-
moval he was strongly opposed. Remaining
in Manchester, though possessed of a sufficient
independence, he gratified his natural taste
for teaching by engaging in the education of
girls. For the study of astronomy he had built
himself an excellent observatory. On optics
and acoustics he delivered several courses of
lectures at the Manchester Royal Institution
and elsewhere. From 1865, when the Owens
scholarship was founded in connection with
the Unitarian Home Missionary Board, he
was one of the examiners. He was a man
of undemonstrative disposition, of wise kind-
ness, and of cultured philanthropy. He died,
unmarried, at Victoria Park, Manchester,
on 10 July 1869. Among his publications
are : 1. ' Arguments against the Divine
Authority of the Sabbath . . . considered,
and shown to be inconclusive/ 1842, 8vo.
2. l Some Remarks on the proposed Removal
of Manchester New College, and its Connec-
tion with University College, London,' 1848,
8vo. 3. l Replies to Articles relating to Man-
chester New College and University College,'
1848, 8vo. 4. < On the Roman Governors of
Syria at the time of the Birth of Christ'
(anonymous, but signed B.), 1855, 8vo (an
able and learned monograph, reprinted from
the 'Christian Reformer,' October 1855, a
magazine to which he was a frequent con-
tributor).
[W. H. H. (Rev. AVilliam Henry Herford) in
Inquirer, 10 July 1869 ; Unitarian Herald, 16 July
1869 ; Roll of Students at Manchester New Col-
lege, 1868; Hall's Hist, of Nantwich, 1883,
p. 505 sq.] A. G.
BOWMAN, HENRY (fl. 1677), was a
musician, of whose life little is recorded. He
was probably a connection of that Franc.
Bowman mentioned by Anthony a Wood as
a bookseller of St. Mary's parish, Oxford,
with whom lodged Thomas Wren, the bishop
of Ely's son, an amateur musician of repute in
Oxford (WooD, Athena Oxon. (Bliss), i. xxv).
Henry was organist of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and published in 1677 at Oxford a thin
folio volume of ' Songs for one, two, and three
Voices to Thorow Bass ; with some short
Simphonies collected out of some of the Se-
lect Poems of the incomparable Mr. Cowley
and others, and composed by H. B., Philo
Musicus.' A second edition was brought out
at Oxford in 1679. The Oxford Music School
Collection contains some English songs and
a set of ' Fifteen Ayres,' which were * first per-
formed in the schooles 5 Feb. 1673-4.' In
the same collection are some Latin motets by
Bowman, and the Christ Church Collection
contains a manuscript Miserere by him.
[Euing Musical Library Catalogue, 1878,
p. 148 ; North's Memoirs of Musick ; Catalogues
of Royal College of Music Library, Christ Church
Collection and Music School Collection ; Grove's
Dictionary of Music.] R. H.
BOWMAN, JOHN EDDOWES, the elder
(1785-1841), banker and naturalist, was born
30 Oct. 1785 at Nantwich, where his father,
Eddowes Bowman (1758-1844), was a to-
bacconist. His education was only that of a
grammar school, but he was a bookish boy,
and got from his father a taste for botany, and
from his friend Joseph Hunter (1783-1861),
then a lad at Sheffield, a fondness for genea-
logy. He was at first in his father's shop,
and became manager of the manufacturing
department, and traveller. He wished to
enter the ministry of the Unitarian body to
which his family belonged, but his father
dissuaded him. In 1813 he joined, as junior
partner, a banking business on which his
father entered. Its failure in 1816 left him
penniless, and he became manager at Welsh-
pool of a branch of the bank of Beck & Co.
of Shrewsbury. In 1824 he became manag-
ing partner of a bank at Wrexham, and was
able to retire from business in 1830. From
1837 he resided in Manchester, where he pur-
sued many branches of plrysical science. He
was a fellow of the Linnean and Geological
Societies, and one of the founders of the
Manchester Geological Society. His dis-
coveries were chiefly in relation to mosses,
fungi, and parasitical plants. A minute fossil,
which he detected in Derbyshire, is named
from him the ' Endothyra Bowmanni.' In the
last years of his life he devoted himself almost
entirely to geology. He died on 4 Dec. 1841.
He married, 6 July 1809, his cousin, Eliza-
beth (1788-1859), daughter of W. Eddowes
of Shrewsbury. A daughter, married to
George S. Kenrick, died in November 1838.
Four sons survived him : 1. Eddowes [q. v.]
| 2. Henry [see below]. 3. Sir William, born
j 20 July 1816, the distinguished oculist.
Bowman
73
Bownas
4. John Eddowes, professor of chemistry
[q. v.] J. E. Bowman, senior, contributed
various papers to the Transactions of the Lin-
nean and other learned societies, and also to
London's ' Magazine of Natural History.'
HENKY BOWMAN (1814-1883), second son
of J. E. Bowman, an architect in Manchester,
was joint author with James Hadfield of
' Ecclesiastical Architecture of Great Britain,
from the Conquest to the Reformation,' 1845,
4to ; and with his partner, J. S. Crowther, of
' The Churches of the Middle Ages,' 1857, fol.
He died at Brockham Green, near Reigate, on
14 May 1883.
[Tayler's Sketch of the Life and Character of
J. E. Bowman, in Memoirs of the Manch. Lit.
and Phil. Soc., 2nd ser. vol. vii. pt. i. p. 45
(read 4 Oct. 1842); Hall's Hist. Nantwich, 1883,
p. 505 sq. ; Lyell's Student's Elem. of G-eology,
1871, p. 382; Cooper's Men of the Time, 1884,
E. 155 ; Catalogues of Advocates' Library, Edin. ;
urgeon-G-eneral's Library, Washington, U.S. ;
information from C. W. Sutton, Manchester.]
A. G.
BOWMAN, JOHN EDDOWES, the
younger (1819-1854), chemist, son of John
Eddowes Bowman the elder [q. v.], and
brother of Sir William Bowman, physiologist
and oculist, was born at Welchpool on 7 July
1819. He was a pupil of Professor Daniell at
King's College, London, and in 1845 succeeded
W. A . Miller as demonstrator of chemistry at
that college, becoming subsequently, in 1851,
the first professor of practical chemistry there.
He was one of the founders of the Chemical
Society of London. He died on 10 Feb. 1854.
Besides contributions to scientific journals, he
published ' A Lecture on Steam Boiler Ex-
plosions,' 1845 ; ' An Introduction to Practi-
cal Chemistry ' (London, 1848 ; subsequent
editions in 1854, 1858, 1861, 1866, and 1871) ;
and *A Practical Handbook of Medical
Chemistry ' (London, 1850, 1852, 1855, and
1862). The later editions of these works
are edited by C. L. Bloxam.
[Chem. Soc. Journ. ix. 159, and private infor-
mation.] H. F. M.
BOWMAN, WALTER (d. 1782), anti-
quary, was a native of Scotland, and owned
an estate at Logie in Fifeshire. He had been
travelling tutor to the eldest son of the first
Marquis of Hertford, and was rewarded with
the place of comptroller of the port of Bristol.
For many years he resided at East Molesey,
Surrey, but latterly on his property at Egham,
in the same county. A zealous traveller and
collector, he had some celebrity in his day
as a virtuoso and man of science, which
gained him admission in 1735 to the Society
of Antiquaries, and in 1742 to the Royal
Society. To the former he cont ributed several
papers, chiefly on classical antiquities, three
of which were printed in vol. i. of the ' Ar-
chaeologia,' pp. 100, 109, 112. His only pub-
lished communication to the Royal Society
was an eccentric letter addressed to Dr.
Stephen Hales, on an earthquake felt at East
Molesey 14 March 1749-50, which appeared
in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' xlvi.
684. Bowman had withdrawn from both
societies several years before his death, in
February 1782. In his will (proved 16 March
of that year) he left singularly minute and
whimsical directions regarding the arrange-
ment and preservation of his fine library at
Logie, where the family still continues to
flourish.
[Leighton's History of the County of Fife, ii.
50 ; Letters of Horace Walpole, ed. Cunningham,
iv. 122, 199, iii. 282 ; Nichols's Literary Illus-
trations, iv. 795; Egerton MS. 2381, f. 41;
Sloane MS. 4038, f. 324; Addit. MS. 4301,
ff. 229-233 ; Willreg. in P. C. C. Ill G-ostling.]
G. G.
BOWNAS, SAMUEL (1676 - 1753),
quaker minister and writer, was born at
Shap, Westmoreland, on 20 Nov. 1676. His
father, a shoemaker, died within a month of
Samuel's birth, leaving his mother a house
to live in and a yearly income of about
4:1. 10s. ; there was another son about seven
years old. Hence Bownas got little educa-
tion ; in fact, he could just read and write.
At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to
his uncle, a blacksmith, who used him harshly;
afterwards to Samuel Parat, a quaker, near
Sedbergh, Yorkshire. Bownas's father had
been a persecuted quaker, who held meetings
in his house; his mother brought him up
with a deep regard for his father's memory,
and took him as a child to visit quaker pri-
soners in • Appleby gaol. But the lad was
fonder of fun than of meetings, and grew up,
as he says, ' a witty sensible young man.'
The preaching of a young quakeress, named
Anne Wilson, roused him from the state of
' a traditional quaker,' and he very shortly
after opened his mouth in meeting, 'on that
called Christmas day,' about 1696. He had
still some three years of his apprenticeship
to serve ; on its expiry he got a certificate
from Brigflats monthly meeting to visit Scot-
land on a religious mission. His heart failed
him while on the way, and the work fell
to a companion, but he made missionary
visits to many parts of England and Wales,
supporting himself by harvest work. At
Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, he met with his
future wife. He started for Scotland in
good earnest on 11 Aug. 1701. Of this
journey he gives a graphic account, telling
Bownas
74
Bownde
how lie was put into the Jedburgh tolbooth
as a precautionary measure, the officer re-
marking, ' I ken very weel that you'll preach,
by your looks.' In March 1702 he sailed for
America, arriving in Potuxant river, Mary-
land, at the end of May. Preaching here, he
soon received a written challenge from George
Keith,who had left the quakers in 1692. After
leading a sect of his own, Keith had received
Anglican orders in May 1700, and was now
an ardent (and not unsuccessful) advocate of
episcopacy. Bownas wrote declining ' to take
any notice of one that hath been so very
mutable in his pretences to religion ;' but he
distributed a tract (whether original or not
does not appear) in answer to one by Keith.
Keith got him prosecuted for his preaching,
and on 30 Sept. 1702 he was put into the
county gaol of Queen's County, Long Island,
as he would not give bail, ' if as small a sum
as three-halfpence would do.' On 28 Dec.
the grand jury threw out the indictment, but
Bownas was held in prison, where he learned
to make shoes, and had a visit from an 'Indian
king, as he styled himself,' who discoursed
with him about the good Monettay, or God,
and the bad Monettay, or Devil. A seventh-
day baptist, John Rogers, also came to con-
fer with him. On 3 Sept. 1703 he was set
at liberty. After further travels in America
he returned home, reaching Portsmouth in
October 1706. He was married in the spring
of 1 707 ; his wife's name is not given ; she
died in September 1719. He visited Ireland
in 1708, and was put into Bristol gaol for
tithes by the Rev. William Ray, of Lyming-
ton, in 1712, but was soon let out ; after all,
the parson outwitted Mrs. Bownas, and got
101. for tithe, a sore subject with the poor
woman on her death-bed.
In February 1722 Bownas married his
second wife, a widow named Nichols, of Brid-
port, where he henceforth resided, though
he still travelled much. Visiting America
again in 1726, he met Elizabeth Hanson, of
' Knoxmarsh, in Kecheachy, in Dover town-
ship,' New England, from whom he obtained
particulars of her captivity (with her children)
among the Indians in 1724. The substance of
the story was afterwards printed. The Lon-
don reprint of this ' Account of the Captivity,
&c.,' 1760, 8vo (2nd edition, same year ; 3rd
edition, 1782 ; 4th edition, 1787), purports to
be ' by Samuel Bownas,' but it is a mere re-
issue, with a new title, of an American pub-
lication, ' God's mercy surmounting Man's
Cruelty, &c.,' which Bownas expressly says
that he first saw in Dublin. He got home
again on 2 Aug. 1728, travelled in the north
and in Ireland ; lost his second wife on
6 March 1746; and continued to travel at
intervals till within a few years of his death,
which took place at Bridport on 2 April
1753. He was a tall man, with a great voice,
ready in retort, more given to scriptural
argument than some of the earlier Friends.
He wrote: 1. Preface (dated Lymington,
2 June 1715) prefixed to Daniel Taylor's
'Remains,' 1715, 8vo (edited by Bownas).
2. l Considerations on a Pamphlet entituled,
The Duty of Consulting a Spiritual Guide,
&c.,' 1724, 8vo (in reply to a Lincolnshire
clergyman named Bowyer). 3. ' A Descrip-
tion of the Qualifications necessary to a
Gospel Minister, &c.,'1750, 8vo; 2nd edition,
1767, 8vo (with appendix) ; 3rd edition, 1853,
16mo (with new appendix). 4. 'Account of
the Life, Travels, ... of Samuel Bownas,'
1756, 8vo (this is an autobiography to 2 Sept.
1749, with preface by Joseph Besse, and tes-
timony of the Bridport monthly meeting),
reprinted 1761, 8vo ; 1795, 12mo ; Stamford,
1805, 12mo; 1836, 16mo; Philadelphia, 1839:
1846, 8vo.
[Life, ed. of 1846; Smith's Cat. of Friends'
Books, 1867, i. 308, 912, ii. 703 ; Smith's Biblio-
tlieca Anti-Quak. 1872, p. 82.] A. G-.
BOWNDE or BOUND, NICHOLAS,
D.D. (d. 1613), divine, was son of Richard
Bound, M.D., physician to the Duke of
Norfolk. He received his academical edu-
cation at Peterhouse, Cambridge, of which
college he was elected a fellow in 1570 (Ad-
dit. MS. 5843, f. 41 £). He graduated B.A.
in 1571 and M.A. in 1575. On 19 July 1577
he was incorporated in the latter degree at
Oxford, and on 3 Sept. 1585 he was insti-
tuted to the rectory of Norton in Suffolk, a
living in the gift of his college. He was
created D.D. at Cambridge in 1594.
In 1595 Bownde published the first edi-
tion of his famous treatise on the Sabbath.
In it he maintained that the seventh part of
our time ought to be devoted to the service
of God ; that Christians are bound to rest on
the seventh day of the week as much as the
Jews were on the Mosaical sabbath. He
contended that the ' sabbath ' was profaned by
interludes, May-games, morris dances, shoot-
ing, bowling, and similar sports; and he
would not allow any feasting on that day,
though an exception was made in favour of
'noblemen and great personages' (Sabbathvm
veteris et novi Testamenti, 211). The obser-
vance of the Lord's day immediately became
a question between the high-church party
and the puritans, and it is worthy of notice
that this was the first disagreement between
them upon any point of doctrine. The Sab-
batarian question, as it was henceforth called,
soon became the sign by which, above all
Bownde
75
Bowness
others, the two parties were distinguished.
The new doctrine made a deep impression
on men's minds. The prelates took official
cognisance of it, and cited several ministers
before the ecclesiastical courts for preaching
it. But these extreme measures were un-
availing to prevent the rapid spread of the
strict Sabbatarian doctrine.
In 1611 Bownde became minister of the
church of St. Andrew the Apostle at Norwich,
and he was buried there on 26 Dec. 1613. He
married the widow of John More, the ( apostle
of Norwich.' His daughter Anne married John
Dod (CLARKE, Lives, ed. 1677, p. 169) ; and
his widow married Richard Greenham (ib,
13, 169).
Subjoined is a list of his works : 1. ' Three
godly and fruitfull Sermons, declaring how
we may be saved in the day of Judgement.
. . . Preached and written by M. John More,
late Preacher in the Citie of Norwitch.
And now first published by M. Nicholas
Bound, whereto he hath adjoined of his
owne, A Sermon of Comfort for the Afflicted ;
and a short treatise of a contented mind,'
Cambridge, 1594, 4to. 2. ' The Doctrine of
the Sabbath, plainely layde forth, and soundly
proued by testimonies both of holy Scrip-
ture, and also of olde and new ecclesiastical
writers. . . . Together with the sundry abuses
of our time in both these kindes, and how
they ought to bee reformed,' London, 1595,
4to. Dedicated to Robert Devereux, earl of
Essex. Reprinted, with additions, under
the title of ' Sabbathvm veteris et novi Tes-
tamenti : or the true doctrine of the Sabbath
. . . ,' London, 1606, 4to. 3. ' Medicines for
the Plagve : that is, Godly and fruitfull Ser-
mons vpon part of the twentieth Psalme . . .
more particularly applied to this late visi-
tation of the Plague/ London, 1604, 4to.
4. ' The Holy Exercise of Fasting. Described
largely and plainly out of the word of God.
... In certaine Homilies or Sermons . . . ,'
Cambridge, 1604, 4to. Dedicated to Dr. Je-
gon, bishop of Norwich. 5. ' The Vnbeliefe
of St. Thomas the Apostle, laid open for the
comfort of all that desire to beleeue . . . ,'
London, 1608, 8vo ; reprinted, London, 1817,
12mo. 6. ' A Treatise ful of Consolation for
all that are afflicted in minde or bodie or
otherwise . . . ,' Cambridge, 1608, 8vo ; re-
printed, London, 1817, 12mo. The reprints
of this and the preceding work were edited
by G. W. Marriot. Bownde has a Latin ode
before Peter Baro's * Prselectiones in lonam,'
1579 ; and he edited the Rev. Henry More's
' Table from the Beginning of the World to
this Day. Wherein is declared in what yeere
of the World everything was done,' Cam-
bridge, 1593.
[Blomefield's Norfolk (1806), iv. 301 ; Brook's
Puritans, ii. 171 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii.
356 ; Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question,
i. 145-51, 418 ; Fuller's Church Hist. (1655),
lib. ix. 227, 228 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxxvi. (ii.) 487,
Ixxxvii. (i.) 157, 429, 503, 596, 597 ; Hallam's
Const. Hist, of England (1855), i. 397 n ; Hey-
lyn's Hist, of Abp. Laud (1671), 195 ; Heylyn's
Hist, of the Presbyterians (1672), 337, 338;
Heylyn's Extraneus vapulans, or the Observator,
117 ; Addit. MS. 5843, f. 41, 5863, f. 94, 19079,
ff. 293-5, 19165, f. 136, 27960, f. 16; manu-
script collections for Cooper's Athense Cantab. ;
Marsden's Hist, of the Early Puritans, 241 ;
Neal's Hist, of the Puritans (1822), i. 451, 452;
Page's Suppl. to the Suifolk Traveller, 798;
Eogers's Catholic Doctrine of the Ch. of Eng-
land (ed. Perowne), introd. ix. 19, 90, 97, 98,
187, 233, 271, 315, 319, 322, 326, 327 ; Taylor's
Eomantic Biog. ii. 88, 89; Topographer (1791),
iv. 164, 165; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (ed. Bliss),
ii. 207.] T. C.
BOWNE, PETER (1575-1624?), physi-
cian, was a native of Bedfordshire ; became
at the age of fifteen a scholar of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, in April 1590;' and
was afterwards elected a fellow of that so-
ciety. After taking degrees in arts he ap-
plied himself to medicine, and proceeded
B.M. and D.M. at Oxford on 12 July 1614.
He was admitted a candidate of the College
of Physicians on 24 Jan. 1616-17, and fellow
on 21 April 1620. On 3 March 1623-4
Richard Spicer was admitted a fellow in his
place. According to Wood, Bowne prac-
tised medicine in London, ' and was much in
esteem for it in the latter end of King Jam. I
and beginning of Ch. I.' It is probable,
nevertheless, that 1624 was the date of his
death. He was the author of ' Pseudo-Medi-
corum Anatomia,' London, 1624, 4to, in
which his name appears as Boungeus. A
Laurentius Bounseus, probably a son of
Peter Bowne, matriculated at Leyden Uni-
versity on 16 Nov. 1602, and is described in
the register as * Anglus-Londinensis ' (PEA-
COCK'S Leyden Students (Index Soc.), p. 12).
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 363-4;
Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 357-8 ; Munk's College
of Physicians, i. 177.] S. L. L.
BOWNESS, WILLIAM (1809-1867),
painter, was born at Kendal. He was self-
taught, and after some practice in his native
town he, soon after his twentieth year, came
to London and achieved moderate success as
a portrait and figure painter. In 1836 he ex-
hibited his ' Keepsake ' at the Royal Academy,
and afterwards sent thither about one picture
annually until his death. He also contributed
to the exhibitions of the British Institution
in Pall Mall, and, in great number, to those
Bowring
76
Bowring
of the Society of British Artists in Suffolk
Street. His works are mostly portraits and
figure-subjects of domestic character.
He periodically visited his native town,
and is author of a number of poems in the
Westmoreland dialect, and of some of senti-
mental strain in ordinary English. He died
at his house in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy
Square, London, 27 Dec. 1867.
His writings have been collected under the
title 'Rustic Studies in the Westmoreland
Dialect, with other scraps from the sketch-
book of an artist,' London and Kendal, 1868.
A pamphlet, ' Specimens of the Westmore-
land Dialect,' by Rev. T. Clarke, William
Bowness, &c., Kendal, 1872, contains one
poem from the above-named collection.
[Cat. Royal Academy ; Cat. Brit. Institution ;
Cat. Soc. Brit. Artists ; Art Journal, February
1868; Kendal Mercury, 4 Jan. 1868; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists (1878).] W. H-H.
BOWRING, SIB JOHN (1792-1872),
linguist, writer, and traveller, was born at
Exeter on 17 Oct. 1792. He was descended
from an ancient Devonshire family, which
gave its name to the estate of Bowringsleigh,
in the parish of West Allington. For many
generations the Bowrings had been engaged
in the woollen trade of Devon, and in 1670
an ancestor coined tokens for the payment of
his workmen bearing the inscription, with a
wool-comb for a device, 'John Bowring of
Chulmleigh, his half-penny.' Sir John was
the eldest son of Mr. Charles Bowring, of
Larkbeare. He was first placed under the
care of the Rev. J. H. Bransby, of Moreton-
hampstead, and subsequently under that of
Dr. Lant Carpenter.
Bowring entered a merchant's house at
Exeter on leaving school, and during the
next four years laid the foundation of his
linguistic attainments. According to the
brief memoir written by his son, he learned
French from a refugee priest, Italian from
itinerant vendors of barometers and mathema-
tical instruments, while he acquired Spanish
and Portuguese, German and Dutch, through
the aid of some of his mercantile friends.
He afterwards acquired a sufficient acquaint-
ance with Swedish, Danish, Russian, Servian,
Polish, and Bohemian, to enable him to trans-
late works in those languages. Magyar and
Arabic he also studied with considerable
success, and in later life, during his residence
in the East, he made good progress in Chinese.
In 1811 Bowring became a clerk in the Lon-
don house of Milford & Co., by whom he
was despatched to the Peninsula. He subse-
quently entered into business on his own
account, and in 1819-20 travelled abroad for
commercial purposes, visiting Spain, France,
Belgium, Holland, Russia, and Sweden. In.
France he made the acquaintance of Cuvier,
Humboldt, Thierry, and other distinguished
men. On his return from Russia in 1820 he
published his ' Specimens of the Russian
Poets.'
In 1822 he was arrested at Calais, being
the bearer of despatches to the Portuguese
ministers announcing the intended invasion
of the Peninsula by the Bourbon government
of France. He was thrown into prison and
passed a fortnight in solitary confinement.
The real object of his imprisonment was to
extort from him admissions which would en-
able the Bourbon government to prosecute
the French liberals. Canning, then British
foreign minister, insisted upon an indictment
or a release. Bowring was eventually released
without trial, but as he had been accused of
complicity in the attempt to rescue the young
sergeants of La Rochelle, who were executed
for singing republican songs, he was con-
demned to perpetual exile from France. Lord
Archibald Hamilton brought the illegality of
the arrest before the House of Commons, but
Canning explained that the proceedings, how-
ever despotic, were warranted by the then
existing laws of France. Bowring published
a pamphlet entitled < Details of the Imprison-
ment and Liberation of an Englishman by
the Bourbon Government of France,' 1823.
In 1830, Bowring was the writer of an address
from the citizens of London congratulating
the French people on the revolution of July.
He headed the deputation which bore the
address to Paris, was welcomed at the hotel
de ville, and was the first Englishman re-
ceived by Louis-Philippe after his recognition
by the British government.
Bowring's intimate friend and adviser,
Jeremy Bentham, founded, in 1824, the
1 Westminster Review,' intended as a vehicle
for the views of the philosophical radicals.
The editorship was first offered to James
Mill, but declined by him on the ground of
the incompatibility of the post with his official
work. Bowring and Southern eventually
became the first editors of the ' Review,' the
former taking the political and the latter the
literary department ; but subsequently the
management passed into Bowring's hands
alone. Bowring not only wrote many of
the political articles, but also papers on the
runes of Finland, the Frisian and Dutch
tongues, Magyar poetry, and a variety of
other literary subjects.
In 1824 Bowring issued his ' Batavian
Anthology' and 'Ancient Poetry and Ro-
mances of Spain ; ' in 1827 appeared his
' Specimens of the Polish Poets,' and ' Servian
Bowring
77
Bowring
Popular Poetry;' in 1830 ' Poetry of the
Magyars;' and in 1832 'Cheskian Antho-
logy.' He published Bentham's ' Deontology '
(1834) in two volumes, and nine years sub-
sequently he edited a collection of the works
of Bentham, accompanied by a biography, the
whole consisting of eleven volumes. The uni-
versity of Groningen conferred upon him, in
1829, the degree of LL.D.
In 1828 Bowring was appointed a com-
missioner for reforming the system of keeping
the public accounts, by Mr. Herries, then
chancellor of the exchequer ; but his appoint-
ment was cancelled at the instance of the
Duke of Wellington, who objected to Bow-
ring's radical opinions. He was, however,
authorised to proceed to Holland, for the
purpose of examining the method pursued by
the financial department of that country. He
prepared a report, the first of a long series on
the public accounts of various European states.
It was during this visit to the continent that
he translated ' Peter Schlemihl' from the
German at the suggestion of Adelung.
During a stay in Madrid Bowring had
published in Spanish his ' Contestacion a las
Observaciones de Don Juan B. Ogavan sobre
la esclavitud de los Negros,' being an exposition
of the arguments in favour of African slavery
in Cuba. At a later period he translated
into French the ' Opinions of the Early
Christians on War,' by Thomas Clarkson.
His ' Matins and Vespers ' (1823) went into
many editions, both in England and the United
States, and his ' Minor Morals ' (1834-9), re-
collections of travel for the use of young
people, were likewise very popular. For his
' Russian Anthology ' he received a diamond
ring from Alexander I, and for his works on
Holland, some of which were translated into
Dutch, a gold medal from the king of the
Netherlands.
In 1831 Bowring — who had sought official
employment in consequence of commercial
disasters — was associated with Sir H. Parnell
in the duty of examining and reporting on
the public accounts of France, ' a task which
was so satisfactorily performed that he was
appointed secretary to the commission for
inspecting the accounts of the United King-
dom.' Bowring visited Paris, the Hague, and
Brussels, and examined the finance depart-
ments of their various governments. The
first report made by the commission led to a
complete change in the English exchequer,
and was the foundation of all the improve-
ments which have since been made. The
second report, dealing with the military ac-
counts, was carried into immediate effect.
Bowring and Mr. Villiers (afterwards Earl of
Clarendon) were appointed, in 1831, commis-
sioners to investigate the commercial relations
between England and France, and presented
two elaborate reports to parliament.
On the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832
Bowring appeared as a candidate for the re-
presentation of Blackburn, but, though popu-
lar with the mass of the people, he lost the
election by twelve votes. He now went over
to France, where he made close investigation
into the silk trade ; and in 1833 he visited
Belgium on a commercial mission for the
government. His exertions in the south of
France in the succeeding year led to a free-
trade agitation in the wine districts. In 1835
he went through the manufacturing districts
of Switzerland, and reporting to parliament
on the trade of that country, he showed the
great advantages that had been reaped from
the system of free trade. He was in Italy
in the autumn of 1836, when he reported to
parliament on the state of our commercial
relations with Tuscany, Lucca, the Lom-
bardian and Pontifical states. Bowring had
been returned to parliament for the Clyde
burghs in 1835, but losing his seat at the
general election of 1837, he now travelled
in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey on another
commercial mission for the government.
During this tour Bowring visited every part
of Egypt as far as Nubia in the south, tra-
versed Syria from Aleppo to Acre, and re-
turned by way of Constantinople and the
Danube. Shortly after his arrival in England
he accepted an invitation to a public dinner
at Blackburn. This was in September 1838 ;
and, halting at Manchester on his way to
Blackburn, Bowring met Cobden and others
at the York Hotel, the result of this meeting
being the formation of the Anti-Corn Law
League. In 1839 Bowring was deputed to
proceed to Prussia with the object of in-
ducing that country to modify her tariff on
English manufactures. He was met by the
objection that, ' so long as the English corn
laws imposed a prohibitive tariff on foreign
grain, it was useless to ask Germany to relax
her heavy duties on English goods.' Bowring
was the chief author of the important report
to parliament on the import duties, which
led to the proposed but unsuccessful measure
for the relaxation of the English tariff by
the whigs, and to Sir Robert Peel's great
revised tariff scheme of 1842.
Convinced of the necessity for the aboli-
tion of the corn laws, Bowring again sought
a seat in parliament for the purpose of ad-
vocating this measure. Defeated at Kirk-
caldy, he was elected for Bolton in 1841.
He was a frequent speaker on commercial
and fiscal questions, on education, the factory
acts, and similar subjects. He took an active
Bowring
Bowring
part on the committee of inquiry into the dis- '
tress of the hand-loom weavers, on that in j
connection with Irish education, and on that
on the state of the arts as applied to com-
merce and manufactures, and he was an
eloquent advocate for the abolition of flogging
in the army. Bowring received services of
silver plate from the electors of Blackburn,
Kirkcaldy, and Kilmarnock respectively ;
from the Manxmen for his valuable aid in
obtaining an act of parliament for their eman-
cipation from feudal tyranny ; and from the
Maltese in recognition of the success of his
advocacy as their unofficial representative in
the House of Commons. Supported by the
prince consort, Bowring obtained, after a dis-
cussion in the House of Commons, the issue
of the florin, intended as the first step towards
the introduction of the decimal system into
the English currency. He subsequently pub-
lished a volume on ' The Decimal System in
Numbers, Coins, and Accounts, especially
with reference to the Decimalization of the
Currency and Accountancy of the United
Kingdom '(1854).
After his election for Bolton, Bowring em-
barked all his fortune in ironworks in Gla-
morganshire. In 1847 a period of severe
depression set in, and as there was no prospect
of the cloud lifting, Bo wring became seriously
alarmed at the aspect of his affairs. He
consequently applied for the appointment of
consul at Canton, and, obtaining it through
the friendship of Lord Palmerston, resigned
his seat in parliament. The general relations
between England and China were even then
in a somewhat critical condition. It was
understood that the gates of Canton, hitherto
closed against foreigners, were now to be
opened, and Bowring hoped that the man-
darins would at least receive him officially
within the walls of the city, thus paving the
way for the entrance eventually of all Euro-
peans. But the Chinese treated him with the
same contumely as they had done his prede-
cessors, and the governor-general wrote him
offensive letters. Yet the Cantonese, with
whom Bowring mixed a great deal, received
him with good feeling, thus proving that the
mandarins were the sole ground of opposition.
From April 1852 to February 1853 Bowring
had charge of the office of plenipotentiary
in the absence of Sir George Bonham ; but on
the return of the latter Bowring applied for
leave of absence for a year, visiting the island
of Java on his way home. In 1854 he was
appointed plenipotentiary to China, and sub-
sequently held the appointment of governor,
commander-in-chief, and vice-admiral of Hong
Kong and its dependencies, as well as chief
superintendent of trade in China. He was
also accredited to the courts of Japan, Siam,
Cochin-China, and the Corea. On receiving
these appointments he was knighted by the
queen. The Taiping insurrection shortly
afterwards broke out in China, trade was
paralysed, smuggling was largely carried on
at Shanghai, and the imperial dues could not
be collected. Sir John Bowring resolutely
endeavoured to put an end to the disorder.
Bowring has stated (Autobiographical Re-
collections) that one of the most interesting
parts of his public life was his visit to Siam
in 1855. He went upon a special mission,
being authorised to conclude a treaty of com-
merce with the two kings of that country.
There had already been many unsuccessful
attempts on the part of the United States,
of the governor-general of British India, and
of the English government, to establish diplo-
matic and commercial relations with Siam.
Sir John Bowring succeeded in concluding a
treaty, which was carried out with prompti-
tude and sagacity. In 1857 Bowring pub-
lished an account of his travels and experiences
in Siam under the title of * The Kingdom
and People of Siam.'
In October 1856 the outrage on the lorcha
Arrow by the Canton authorities involved
Sir John Bowring in hostilities with the
Chinese government. It was admitted that
the vessel had no right to carry the British
flag, the term of registry having expired ;
but the English representative maintained
that the expiry of the license did not warrant
the violence perpetrated by the Canton autho-
rities. He affirmed that the authorities did
not know of its expiry ; that it was their
specific object to violate the privileges of the
British flag ; that the case of the Arrow was
only one of a succession of outrages for which
no redress had been given ; and that the
expiry of the license and the failure to renew
it placed the ship under colonial jurisdiction.
Votes of censure on the conduct of Sir John
Bowring, and the British government in sup-
porting him, were moved in both houses of
parliament, and some of the former friends
and colleagues of the British plenipotentiary
took a strong part against him. The Earl
of Derby moved the hostile resolution in the
House of Lords, but after a long debate it
was negatived by a majority of thirty-six.
In the House of Commons Cobden proposed
the vote of censure, and contended that Sir
John Bowring had not only violated the prin-
ciples of international law, but had acted
contrary to his instructions, and even to ex-
press directions from his government. Lord
Palmerston warmly defended Sir John Bow-
ring and his action. Cobden's motion was
carried against the government by a majority
Bowring
79
Bowring
of sixteen. Lord Palmerston appealed to the
country, and in the elections that ensued the
chief movers against Sir John Bowring lost
their seats, while the ministry came back
greatly strengthened. Lord Elgin, who suc-
ceeded Bowring as English plenipotentiary
in China, endorsed and carried out his pre-
decessor's policy.
During the hostilities with China the
mandarins put a price on Sir John Bo wring's
head. He had a narrow escape of his life
in January 1857, when the colony of Hong
Kong was startled by a diabolical attempt to
poison the residents by putting arsenic into
their bread. The governor's family suffered
severely, and the constitution of Lady Bow-
ring was so undermined that in the ensuing
year she was obliged to leave for England,
where she died soon after her arrival.
Towards the close of 1858 Sir John Bow-
ring proceeded to Manila, on a visit to the
Philippine islands, chiefly with a view to
the extension of the trade of the islands
with Great Britain. Manila had been the
only port accessible to foreigners, but the
more liberal policy of the Spaniards had
opened the harbours of Sual, Hoilo, and
Zamboanga, which Bowring visited in H.M.S.
Magicienne. As the representative of free
trade he was everywhere welcomed, and on
the completion of the tour he published
his 'Visit to the Philippine Islands.' Sir
John returned to China in January 1859, and
in the following May resigned his office, after
more than nine years of unusually harassing
and active service. On leaving China he re-
ceived from the Chinese people several cha-
racteristic marks of their appreciation of his
government.
On the voyage home the Alma, in which
he sailed, struck upon a sunken rock in the
Red Sea. The passengers were compelled to
remain for three days upon a coral reef, where
they suffered greatly before relief arrived.
The remainder of Bowring's life was passed
in comparative quiet. In 1860 he was de-
puted by the English government to inquire
into the state of our commercial relations with
the newly formed kingdom of Italy. He had
interviews with Count Cavour; but at Rome
he was seized with illness, the attack being
aggravated by the effects of the arsenical poi-
soning at Hong Kong three years before. He
was not fully restored to health until 1862.
In addition to Bowring's labours in connec-
tion with commercial treaties with various
European and Asiatic powers, at home ' he
was an active member of the British Associa-
tion, the Social Science Association, the
Devonshire Association, and other institu-
tions, often contributing papers to their pro-
ceedings and taking a prominent part in their
discussions.' He was a constant contributor
o the leading reviews and magazines, and
delivered many public lectures on oriental
topics and the social questions of the day.
Bowring was the writer of many poems
and hymns, one at least of which, ' In the
cross of Christ I glory,' has acquired universal
fame. Early in his career he conceived an
extensive scheme in connection with the
poetic literatures of the continent. Enjoying
the advantage of personal acquaintance with
most of the eminent authors and poets of his
time, he secured their assistance in his pur-
pose (never fully carried out) of writing the
history and giving translated specimens of
the popular poetry, not only of the western,
but of the oriental world. He was promised
the co-operation of Rask and Finn Magnusen
(Icelandic), Oehlenschlager and Munter
(Danish), Franz6n (Swedish), in the Scandi-
navian field ; of Karamsin and Kriulov
(Russian), Niemcewicz and Mickiewicz (Po-
lish), Wuk (Servian), Hanka and Celakow-
sky (Bohemian), Talvj (von Jakob), and many
coadjutors in the Moravian, Illyrian, and
other branches of the Slavonic stem ; while
in the Magyar, Toldy and Kertbeny lent him
their aid ; Fauriel in Romaic, and Teng-
strom in Finnish. In the various kingdoms
of southern Europe he gathered together
extensive materials for a work which might
well have occupied a lifetime. His scattered
translations from the Chinese, Sanskrit, Cin-
galese, and other oriental languages, and his
Spanish, Servian, Magyar, Cheskian, Russian,
and other poetical selections, amply attest
that he never relinquished his scheme, though
the comprehensive and exhaustive plan he
originally formed was found to be impossible
of execution.
In the closing years of his life Bowring's
mental and physical faculties were strong
and apparently unimpaired. When verging
upon eighty years of age he addressed an
assemblage of three thousand persons at
Plymouth with all the energy of youth.
After a very brief illness he died at Exeter
on 23 Nov. 1872, almost within a stone's-
throw of the house where he was born.
Bowring was a fellow of the Royal Society,
a knight commander of the Belgian order
of Leopold, and a knight commander of the
order of Christ of Portugal with the star; he
had the grand cordon of the Spanish order
of Isabella the Catholic, and of the order of
Kamehameha I ; he was a noble of the first
class of Siam, with the insignia of the White
Elephant, a knight commander with the star
of the Austrian order of Francis Joseph, and
of the Swedish order of the Northern Star,
Bowring
Bowtell
and also of the Italian order of St. Michael and
St. Lazarus ; and he was an honorary member
of many of the learned societies of Europe.
He received no fewer than thirty diplomas
and certificates from various academies and
other learned bodies and societies.
Bowring was twice married : first, in
1816, to a daughter of Mr. Samuel Lewin, of
Hackney, who died in 1858 ; secondly, to a
daughter of Mr. Thomas Castle, of Bristol.
His eldest son by the former marriage, Mr.
J. C. Bowring, presented to the British
Museum a fine collection of coleoptera, con-
sisting of more than 84,000 specimens, known
by the name of the Bowringian collection.
His second son, Mr. Lewin Bowring, was
Lord Canning's private secretary through
the Indian mutiny of 1857, and held for
some time the post of chief commissioner of
Mysore and Coorg. A third son, Mr. E. A.
Bowring, C.B., represented his native city of
Exeter in parliament from 1868 to 1874, and
was made companion of the Bath for his
services in connection with the Great Exhi-
bition of 1851. He is also known in litera-
ture for his translations of Goethe, Schiller,
and Heine.
The following is a complete list of the
works of Sir John Bowring: 1. i Some Ac-
count of the State of the Prisons in Spain and
Portugal,' published in the * Pamphleteer,'
1813. 2. ' Observations on the State of Re-
ligion and Literature in Spain,' published in
the series ' New Voyages and Travels,' 1820.
3. ' Contestacion a las Observaciones de Don
Juan B. Ogavan sobre la Esclavitud de los
Negros,' 1821. 4. ' Observations on the Re-
strictive and Prohibitory Commercial System
from MSS. of Jeremy Bentham,' 1821.
5. 'Details of the Arrest, Imprisonment,
and Liberation of an Englishman,' 1823.
6. 'Russian Anthology ,'1820-3. 7. 'Matins
and Vespers,' 1823. 8. 'Batavian Anthology,'
1824. 9. ' Ancient Poetry and Romances of
Spain,' 1824. 10. ' Peter Schlemihl ' (trans-
lation from Chamisso), 1824. 11. 'Hymns,'
1825. 12. ' Servian Popular Poetry,' 1827.
13. ' Specimens of the Polish Poets,' 1827.
14. ' Sketch of the Language and Literature
of Holland, being a Sequel to "Batavian
Anthology," ' 1829. 15. ' Poetry of the Mag-
yars,' 1830. 16. ' Cheskian Anthology,' 1832.
17. 'Deontology,' 1834. 18. ' Minor Morals,'
1834-9. 19. 'Observations on Oriental Plague
and Quarantines,' 1838. 20. ' The Influence
of Knowledge on Domestic and Social Happi-
ness,' 1842. 21. ' Jeremy Bentham's Life
and Works,' 1843. 22. ' Manuscript of the
Queen's Court ; a Collection of old Bohemian
Lyrico-epic Songs, with other ancient Bohe-
mian Poems,' 1843. 23. 'A Speech delivered
j on the occasion of the Opening of the Barker
I Steam Press,' 1846. 24. ' The Political and
Commercial Importance of Peace,' 1846 (?).
25. ' The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins,
and Accounts,' 1854. 26. 'The Kingdom
and People of Siam,' 1857. 27. ' A Visit to
the Philippine Isles,' 1859, 28. ' Ode to the
Deity,' translated from the Russian, 1861.
29. ' On Remunerative Prison Labour as
an Instrument for promoting the Reforma-
tion and diminishing the Cost of Offenders,'
1865. 30. ' Translations from Petofi,' 1866.
31. 'On Religious Progress beyond the Chris-
tian Pale,' 1866. 32. ' Siam and the Siamese/
a discourse in connection with the Sunday
Evenings for the People, 1867. 33. 'The
Flowery Scroll,' translation of a Chinese
novel, 1868. 34. 'The Oak,' original tales
and sketches by Sir J. B., &c., 1869. 35. ' A
Memorial Volume of Sacred Poetry,' to which
is prefixed a memoir of the author by Lady
B., 1873. 36. 'Autobiographical Recollec-
tions of Sir John Bowring,' 1877.
[Bowring, Cobden, and China, a Memoir, by
L. Moor, 1857 ; the various Works of Bowring ;
Annual Reg. 1857 and 1872; Times, 25 Nov.
1872 ; Autobiographical Recollections of Sir
John Bowring, with a brief Memoir by Lewin
Bowring, 1877 ; Western Times, Exeter, 26 Nov.
1872; Men of the Time, 8th ed. 1872.]
a. B. s.
BOWTELL, JOHN (1753-1813), topo-
grapher, born in the parish of Holy Trinity,
Cambridge, in 1753, became a bookbinder and
stationer there. He compiled a history of
the town, keeping it by him -unprinted ; col-
lected fossils, manuscripts, and other curiosi-
ties ; and was a member of the London Col-
lege Youths. He was also an enthusiastic
bell-ringer, and in 1788, at Great St. Mary's,
Cambridge, he rang on the 30-cwt. tenor bell
as many as 6,609 harmonious changes ' in the
method of bob maximus, generally termed
"twelve-in." ' Bowtell had no family, and
dying on 1 Dec. 1813, aged 60, he made the
following important bequests for the benefit
of Cambridge: 7,000/. to enlarge Adden-
brooke's Hospital; 1,000/. to repair Holy
Trinity ; 500/. to repair St. Michael's ; 500/.
to apprentice boys belonging to Hobson's
workhouse ; and his ' History of the Town '
and other manuscripts, his books, his fossils,
and curiosities, to Downing College. He was
buried at St. Michael's, where the Adden-
brooke's Hospital governors erected a tablet
to his memory. The governors also placed
a portrait of him in their court-room.
[Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iv. 505-6 ;
Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxiv. pt. ii. p. 85 ; Cambridge
Chronicle for 3, 17, 24 Dec. 1813.] J. H.
Bowyer
81
Bowyer
BOWYER, SIB GEORGE (1740 P-1800),
admiral, third son of Sir William Bowyer,
bart., of Denham, Buckinghamshire, and, by
right of his wife, of Radley, Berkshire, attained
the rank of lieutenant in the navy on 13 Feb.
1758, commander 4 May 1761, and captain
28 Oct. 1762, from which time he commanded
the Sheerness frigate till the peace. On the
breaking out of the dispute with the colonies
of North America he was appointed to the
Burford of 70 guns, and early in 1778 was
transferred to the Albion of 74 guns, one of
the squadron which sailed for North Ame-
rica with Vice-admiral Byron, whom he ac-
companied to the West Indies, taking part
in the battle of Grenada, 6 July 1779. He
remained in the West Indies for two years
longer, and was present in Sir George Rod-
ney's three actions with the Count de Gui-
chen on 17 April, 15 and 19 May, 1780, in
which the Albion suffered severely in men,
spars, and hull, and had to be sent to Ja-
maica for repairs. In 1783 he commissioned
the Irresistible of 74 guns, as guardship in
the Medway, and commanded there for the
next two years, during which time he wore
a commodore's broad pennant. In 1784 he
was returned to parliament by the borough
of Queenborough, and in 1785 was a member
of a committee appointed to consider the
defences of Portsmouth and Plymouth. On
the occasion of the Spanish armament in
1790, he was appointed to the Boyne of
98 guns, a ship newly launched at Wool-
wich, which, however, was paid off towards
the end of the year. On 1 Feb. 1793 he
was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral,
and shortly afterwards hoisted his flag in the
Prince of 90 guns, in the Channel fleet,
under the command of Lord Howe. On
1 June 1794 he took an important part in
the engagement off Ushant, in which he sus-
tained the loss of a leg. For this he re-
ceived a pension of 1,000/. in addition to
the chain and gold medal, and on 16 Aug.
was created a baronet. His wound incapaci-
tated him from further active service, though
he was in due course advanced to the rank
of vice-admiral, 4 July 1794, and of admiral,
14 Feb. 1799. By the death of his brother
in April 1797 he succeeded to the older
baronetcy, in which his newer title was
merged. He died at Radley, 6 Dec. 1800.
He was twice married : first to Lady Down-
ing, widow of Sir Jacob Downing, bart.,
who died without issue ; and second, to Hen-
rietta, only daughter of Admiral Sir Peircy
Brett, by whom he had three sons and two
daughters.
[Ralfe's Nav. Biog. i. 374 ; Charnock's Biog
Nav. vi. 511.] J. K. L.
VOL. Ti.
BOWYER, SIR GEORGE (1811-1883),
seventh baronet, jurist, was born on 8 Oct.
1811, at Radley Park, near Abingdon, Berk-
shire. He was the eldest son of Sir George
Bowyer, bart., of Denham Court, Bucking-
hamshire, by his wife, Anne Hammond,
daughter of Captain Sir Andrew Snape Dou-
las, R.N. Admiral Sir George Bowyer [q.v.]
was his grandfather. Sir William Bowyer,
mt., teller of the exchequer in the reign of
James I, originally purchased the family es-
;ate of Denham Court. His grandson, William
Bowyer, M.P. for Buckinghamshire in the
Irst two parliaments of Charles II, on 25 June
1660 was created a baronet.
Bowyer was for a short time a cadet of the
Royal Military College at Woolwich. On
1 June 1836 he was admitted as a student of
the Middle Temple. In 1838 he published < A
Dissertation on the Statutes of the Cities of
Italy, and a Translation of the Pleading of
Prospero Farinacio in Defence of Beatrice
Cenci, with Notes.' On 7 June 1839 he was-
called to the bar of the Middle Temple, being
immediately afterwards (12 June) created an
honorary M . A. at Oxford. He then began prac-
tising as an equity draughtsman and convey-
ancer. In 1841 he brought out, in twenty-
seven chapters with an appendix, pp. xiv,
712, 'The English Constitution: a Popular
Commentary on the Constitutional Laws of
England.' This was the first of a series of
valuable text-books from his hand on consti-
tutional jurisprudence. On 20 June 1844 he
was made aD.C.L. at Oxford. In 1848 he pub-
lished, in fifty-two chapters, pp. xx, 334, his
' Commentaries on the Civil Law,' inscribed
to the Marquis of Lansdowne. In the same
year he brought out, in an octavo pamphlet
inscribed 'to Henry Lord Holland by his-
sincere friend,' a vindication of Charles Albert,
under the title of l Lombardy, the Pope, and
Austria.' In the July of 1849 he stood un-
successfully as a candidate for the represen-
tation of Reading. He was converted to
Catholicism in 1850, and issued in the same
year a pamphlet entitled ' The Cardinal
Archbishop of Westminster and the New
Hierarchy/ 8vo, pp. 42, which was announced
on its title-page as issued ' by authority,' and
rapidly passed through four editions. Early
in the same year he was appointed reader in
law at the Middle Temple, and before its close
published the first two of his readings, * On the
Uses of the Science of General Jurisprudence
and the Classification of Laws,' and ' On the^
Uses of the Roman Law and its Relation*
to the Common Law.' In 1851 the whole
course was published as ' Readings delivered
before the Honourable Society of the Middle
Temple,' inscribed to Lord Campbell. During
Bowyer
Bowyer
that year he issued from the press two supple-
mentary papers on the catholic hierarchy,
one of them entitled ' The Roman Docu-
ments relating to the New Hierarchy, with
an Argument,' and the other (8vo, pp. 44),
1 Observations on the Arguments of Dr.
Twiss respecting the new Roman Catholic
Hierarchy.' In the July of 1852 Bowyer
entered parliament for the first time as M.P.
for Dundalk, which borough he continued to
represent in the House of Commons for six-
teen years, down to December 1868. In 1854
he published, in twenty-eight chapters, 8vo,
pp. xi, 387, his ' Commentaries on Universal
Public Law,' and in 1856 two pamphlets —
4 Rome and Sardinia,' and ' The Differences
between the Holy See and the Spanish Go-
vernment ' — in vindication of the holy see,
reprinted from the ' Dublin Re view,' Septem-
ber 1855, and March 1856. On 1 July 1860
Bowyer succeeded his father as baronet. In
1864 appeared, in quarto, ' Friends of Ireland
in Council,' the interlocutors in which were
Bowyer, William Henry Wilberforce, and
John Pope Hennessy. In 1868 Bowyer, in
the form of a letter to the Earl of Stanhope,
published, 8vo, pp. 19, ' The Private History |
of the Creation of the Roman Catholic Hier- j
archy in England.' In 1873 he brought out j
a reprint from the ' Times ' of ' Four Letters i
on the Appellate Jurisdiction of the House
of Lords and the New Court of Appeal.'
Bowyer was defeated in his candidature at
Dundalk in December 1868, but in December
1874 was returned in the home-rule interest
for the county of Wexford, and retained that
seat until March 1880. He published, in
1874, 8vo, pp. 72, his 'Introduction to the
Study and Use of the Civil Law, and to Com-
mentaries on the Modern Civil Law,' a work
inscribed to Earl Cairns. During the last five
years of his career in parliament he estranged
himself from the liberal party, and was at
last expelled, on 23 June 1876, from the Re-
form Club. Bowyer was conspicuous as a
representative catholic. His numerous let-
ters to the ' Times ' mainly bore reference to
questions of religious or constitutional law.
He was a prominent member of the commit-
tee convened to farther the agitation against
the abolition of the legal duties of the House
of Lords. Bowyer was found dead in his
bed at his chambers in the Temple, 13 King's
Bench Walk, on the morning of 7 June
1883. The funeral service was performed
in his own church of St. John of Jerusalem,
in Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury, which
had been entirely built by him. Bowyer
was a knight of Malta and honorary president
of the Maltese nobility. He was knight
commander of the order of Pius IX, as
well as a chamberlain to that pontiff, knight
grand cross of the order of St. Gregory the
Great, and grand collar of the Constan-
tinian order of St. George of Naples. He
was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
Berkshire.
[Men of the Time (10th ed.), 137; Annual
Register, 1883, 152-3; Times, 8 June 1883;
Tablet, 9 and 23 June 1883, 901, 994; Weekly
Register, 9 June 1883, 724 ; Law Times, 16 June
1883, 137; Law Journal, 16 June 1883, 339.1
C. K.
BOWYER, ROBERT (1758-1834), minia-
ture painter, seems to have been at an early
date known to Smart, the miniature painter,
and is supposed by Redgrave to have been
Smart's pupil. He exhibited miniatures and
paintings at the Royal Academy occasionally
between 1783 and 1828; was appointed
painter in water-colours to the king, and
miniature painter to the queen; and re-
ceived much fashionable patronage. In 1792
he issued a prospectus giving details of a
plan for an edition of Hume's 'History of
England,' with continuation to date, to be
' superbly embellished.' West, Smirke, Lou-
therbourg, and other leading artists of the
day furnished historical pictures specially to
be engraved for this work, which contains
besides a number of engravings of portraits,
medals, and antiquities. It was issued in
parts, and by 1806 five unwieldy folios were
published, reaching to the year 1688 ; the con-
tinuation was never issued, as a loss of 30,OOOZ.
is asserted to have been already incurred.
Bowyer also published ' An Impartial Narra-
tive of Events from 1816 to 1823,' London,
1823. He died at his house at Byfleet,
Surrey, 4 June 1834.
[Cat. Brit. Mus. Lib.; Cat, R. A.; Gent.
Mag. August 1834, p. 221 ; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists (1878).] W. H-H.
BOWYER, WILLIAM, the elder (1663-
1737), printer, son of John Bowyer, citizen
and grocer of London, by Mary, daughter of
'William King, citizen and vintner of London,
was born in 1663, apprenticed to Miles
Flesher, printer, in 1679, and admitted to
the freedom of the Company of Stationers
1686. By his first wife, who died early, he
had no issue. By his second wife, Dorothy,
daughter of Thomas Dawks (a printer who
had been employed on Bishop Walton's Poly-
glot Bible) and widow of Benjamin Allport,
bookseller, he was father of William Bowyer
the younger, 'the learned printer' [q. v.],
and a daughter Dorothy married to Peter
Wallis, a London jeweller. In 1699, a few
Bowyer
months before the birth of his son, he began
business as a printer at the White Horse in
Little Britain, and here he produced his first
book, a neat small 4to, of 96 pp., t A Defence of
the Vindication of King Charles the Martyr
justifying his Majesty's title to EIK^I/ Bao-i-
At«77 in answer to .... Amyntor [i.e. John
Toland],' Lond. 1699, 4to. Immediately after
he removed to Dogwell Court, Whitefriars.
In 1700 he was made liveryman of the Sta-
tioners' Company, and was chosen one of the
twenty printers allowed by the Star-cham-
ber. On 29 Jan. 1712-13 a fire destroyed his
printing-office and dwelling, and one member
of the family was burnt to death. Plant and
stock were consumed ; Atkyn's ( Gloucester-
shire,' Bishop Bull's ' Primitive Christianity,'
L'Estrange's ' Josephus,' part of Thoresby's
4 Ducatus Leodiensis,' and many other works,
with some valuable manuscripts, were lost.
The estimated total loss was 5,146£, but this
was more than half replaced by the produce
of a king's brief granted 6 March 1713 for
a charitable collection, the contributions of
friends and a subscription of his own frater- |
nity amounting to 2,539£ In remembrance {
of this kindness he had several tail-pieces I
and devices engraved, representing a phoenix
rising from the flames, with suitable mottoes j
used afterwards in some of his best books. |
Continuing his business at the houses of j
friends, he at length returned to Whitefriars, |
October 1713, where he became the foremost
printer of his day, until the fame of his learned
son overshadowed his. The latter was taken
into partnership in 1722, and his duty thence-
forward was to correct the press, while his
father up to his death retained the execu-
tive, the imprint of their works continuing
to be ' Printed by William Bowyer.' The list, '
with copious notes, of all the works pub-
lished by him is given in Nichols's ' Literary
Anecdotes,' from 1697 to 1722, 230 pages,
and of the joint works, 1722 to 1737, 370
pages.
Bowyer died 27 Dec. 1737, having survived
his wife ten years, and was buried in the
church of Low Leyton, Essex, in the south-
west corner of which is an inscription to the
memory of the Bowyer family generally.
There is a marble monument erected by his
son to his memory in the same church. In
the stock room at Stationers' Hall there is a
brass tablet, also by his son, commemorative
of his loss by fire in 1712-13, and of the
donations of the Stationers' Company and
friends. By the side of it hangs a half-length
portrait of Bowyer, which has been well de-
scribed as that of 'a pleasant round-faced
man ' and ' a jolly good-looking man in a
flowing wig.' An engraving of it by Basire
3 Bowyer
is the frontispiece of Nichols's first volume of
' Literary Anecdotes.'
In 1724 Bowyer was a nonjuror ; we know
nothing more of his religious views except a
few traces, in his early life, recorded by Ord
in the ' History of Cleveland,' where it is
said that he had a controversy with a priest
who defended the conduct of his sister, a
professed nun of the order of Poor Clares,
at Dunkirk. The letters commence October
1696, and end in June 1697, at the time
when he was a journeyman printer at Daniel
Sheldon's in Bartholomew Close. He seems
to have been a very kind-hearted man, and
ever ready to show kindness to others. He
was the principal means of establishing the
elder Caslon as a typefounder.
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 1-485, ii. 1-116, iii.
272; Gent. Mag. xlviii. 409, 449, 513, Iii. 348,
554, 582, liv. 893; Ord's Cleveland, p. 340;
Bigmore and Wyman's Bibliog. of Printing, p.
75 ; Hansard's Typographia, p. 324 ; Wright's
Essex, i. 496.] J. W.-G.
BOWYER, WILLIAM, the younger
(1699-1777), 'the learned printer,' only son of
William Bowyer the elder [q.v.] and his second
wife, Dorothy Dawks, was born at Dogwell
Court, Whitefriars, London, on 19 Dec. 1699,
a few months after his father had set up in
business as a printer and issued his first book.
Early in life he was placed under Ambrose
Bonwicke the elder [q. v.J, at Headley, near
Leatherhead. Bowyer so won his master's
affection, that when his father suffered in the
great fire of 1712, he was gratuitously taught
and boarded by Bonwicke for a year, without
any intimation that it was the good divine's
own deed. In June 1716 his father placed him
as a sizar at St. John's, Cambridge, but seems
to have dealt not very kindly in the matter of
finances. Here he was under Dr. Christopher
Anstey and Dr. Newcome, and in 1719 ob-
tained Roper's exhibition, and wrote l Epi-
stola pro Sodalitio a rev. viro F. Roper mihi
legato,' but did not take a B.A. degree. He
was therefore not a candidate for a fellowship
in 1719, as sometimes stated. In 1722 he
was still at college without a degree, and
about this time he began to help his father in
correcting learned works for the press, Dr.
Wilkins's great folio edition of Selden's works
being the first, and for this he drew up an
epitome — ' De Synedriis veterum Ebraeorum,'
and memoranda of ' Privileges of the Baronage'
and ' Judicature in Parliament.' His father
took him into partnership towards the end of
1722, retaining the management of the busi-
ness, and delegating the learned work to his
son. In 1727 he wrote and published ' AView
of a Book entitled Reliquiae Baxterianae ' [see
G 2
Bowyer
84
Bowyer
BAXTER, WILLIAM, 1650-1723], which was
received with high approbation from Dr. Wot-
ton, Samuel Clarke, and other men of letters.
On 9 Oct. 1728, shortly after his mother's
death, he married Anne Prudom, his mother's
niece, a ward of his father, acquiring with
her freehold farms in Yorkshire and Essex.
On 17 Oct. 1731 his wife died in her twenty-
sixth year, leaving one child only, Thomas, j
born 1730, a previous son, William, having j
died in infancy. In 1729 he wrote the preface !
to Bonwicke's life of his son — 'A Pattern
for Young Students in the University,' &c.,
London, 1 2mo ; and in the same year he was ap-
pointed, through Onslow, the speaker, to print
the votes of the House of Commons, an office
he held under three speakers, and for nearly
fifty years, in spite of efforts to prejudice him
as a nonjuror. In 1730 he edited Dr. Wot-
ton's posthumous work, 'A Discourse con-
cerning the Confusion of Languages at Babel,'
London, 8vo. In 1731 he wrote 'Remarks
on Mr. Bowman's Visitation Sermon on the
Traditions of the Clergy,' exposing that gen-
tleman's deficiency in Latin and Greek, as
well as in ecclesiastical history. The * Ser-
mon ' and these ' Remarks ' made a great stir
at the time. In 1732 Bowyer was involved
in a literary dispute with Pope, which seems
to have ended with the poet's expressing a
good opinion of his critic. The same year he
published ' The Beau and Academick,' a trans-
lation of Haseldine's ' Bellus Homo et Aca-
demicus,' recited in the Sheldonian theatre.
In 1733 he wrote in the magazines many let-
ters and papers on Stephen's ' Thesaurus.' In
May 1736, at the recommendation of Drake,
the antiquary, Bowyer was appointed printer
to the Society of Antiquaries, of which he was
elected a fellow the July following. He
made several valuable contributions to the
society, of which are noteworthy one on ' The
Inscription on Vitellius at Bath,' and a 'Dis-
sertation on the Gule or Yule of our Saxon
Ancestors.' The same year, in conjunction
with Dr. Birch, he formed the Society for the
Encouragement of Learning, an institution
which promised well, but had a very brief
existence. In 1738 he became liveryman of
the Stationers' Company, of which he was
afterwards called on the court in 1763, and
fined for the office of master in 1771. In
1741 he put into useful form two schoolbooks,
' Selectee ex Profanis Scriptoribus Histories,'
and ' Selectee e Veteri Testamento Histories,'
with his own prefaces. In 1742 he edited a
translation of Trapp's 'Latin Lectures on
Poetry,' with additional notes ; and also
the seventh volume of Dr. Swift's ' Miscella-
nies,' 8vo ; and in 1744 he wrote a pamphlet
on the 'Present State of Europe,' chiefly
from Puffendorf, which is now exceedingly
scarce.
In 1747 he married his housekeeper, a
widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Bill, who had lived
with him fourteen years. In 1750 he wrote
a prefatory critical dissertation to Kuster's
treatise, ' De vero usu Verborum Mediorum,r
also a Latin preface to Leedes's ' Veteres
Poetee citati,' works, printed together, of
which new editions with improvements were
issued in 1773, 12mo, 1806, 8vo, 1822, 12mo.
The valuable and extensive notes on Colonel
Bladen's ' Translation of Caesar's Commen-
taries ' signed 'Typogr.' were by Bowyer,
1750. He also wrote the long preface to-
Montesquieu's ' Reflections on the Rise and
Fall of the Roman Empire/ Lond. 1751, and
translated the dialogue between Sylla and
Eucrates. The same year he gave to the world
the first translation of Rousseau's ' Paradoxi-
cal Oration on the Arts and Sciences,' which
gained the Dijon prize in 1750, and wrote
a preface to the work. Excepting a few
brief periods of retirement to Knightsbridger
Bowyer clung to business very closely, and
his great labours in producing an immense
number of learned works at length told upon
his constitution. He therefore entered into
partnership in 1754 with Mr. James Emon-
son, a relative, and Mr. Spens, a corrector of
the press, and afterwards editor of ' Lloyd's^
Evening Post,' and took another house in
Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, to enjoy ' a
freer and sweeter air ' in the garden grounds--
attached. A separation of partnership took
place in 1757, when Bowyer resumed the*
active duties of his profession. This year he-
took as his apprentice John Nichols, then
thirteen years of age, who was soon entrusted
with the management of the office. In 1761,
through the interest of the Earl of Maccles-
field, president of the Royal Society, Bowyer
became printer for that institution, and held
the same office under five presidents up to his
death. The same year he published ' Verses
on the Coronation of their late Majesties,
King George II and Queen Caroline,' spoken
by scholars of Westminster School, with
translations of all the Latin copies. In this
humorous pamphlet he had the assistance of
Mr. Nichols. In 1762 he edited the thirteenth
and fourteenth volumes of Swift's Works,
8vo, and in 1763 appeared his excellent edi-
tion of the Greek Testament in 2 vols. 12mo,
pp. 488, to which he added ' Conjectural
Emendations,' &c., paged separately, pp. 178.
These critical notes, selected from the works
of Bishop Barrington, Markland, Schultz,
Michaelis, Owen, Woide, Gasset, and Stephen
Weston, were considered of very great value.
A second edition of the ' Conjectural Emen-
Bowyer
Nations' appeared in 1772, 8vo; 3rd ed. 1782,
4to ; 4th ed., much enlarged, 1812, 4to. In
1765 Bowyer had some intention of purchas-
ing a lease of exclusive privilege of the uni-
versity press, but the scheme fell through.
Early in the next year he took into partner-
ship the apprentice-manager of his business,
and thenceforward the ever-increasing suc-
cess of the business was insured. The typo-
graphical anecdotes of the Bowyer Press from
1722, when Bowyer became a partner with
his father, to 1766, when he took John
Nichols into partnership, extend in Nichols's
•' Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Cen-
tury' to 703 closely printed 8vo pages, and
from the latter date to his death in 1777 the
joint productions of Bowyer and Nichols oc-
cupy in description and anecdotes 293 further
pages of the same work. In 1766 Bowyer
brought out with an excellent Latin preface
— 'Joannis Harduini Jesuitse ad censuram
-Scriptorum Veterum Prolegomena.' In 1767
he was appointed to print the rules of par-
liament and the journal of the House of
Lords through the influence of the Earl of
Marchmont ; and at this time, for want of
room, the printing-office was removed from
Whitefriars to Red Lion Passage, where he
placed the sign of Cicero's head, and styled
himself 'ArchitectusVerborum.' The anxiety
consequent upon this removal from the place
•of his birth brought on a touch of paralysis,
that affected him throughout his after life.
In 1771 his second wife died, aged 70. She
had assisted in correcting the press until
young Nichols took her place. In the pre-
face to the second edition of ' Conjectural
Emendations,' 1772, Bowyer craves indul-
gence from his readers in consequence of suf-
fering from palsy and affection of the stone
.and bilious colic, but still continued his
literary labours. In 1773 he translated and
published ' Select Discourses from Michaelis,
on the Hebrew Months, Sabbatical Years,'
•&c. 12mo ; in 1774 he published anonymously
his well-known work, l The Origin of Print-
ing, in Two Essays, 8vo,' in which he was
assisted by Dr. Owen and Mr. Missy. A se-
cond and enlarged edition appeared in 1776,
8vo, with a supplement in 1781, 8vo, by Mr.
Nichols. In 1776 he was laid up for weeks
with paralysis ; still he managed to push for-
ward his last editorial work, Dr. Bentley's
' Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris,'
which was not published until 1782 (8vo),
five years after his death.
In the last year of his life he published
* Rolls of Parliament ' in six folio volumes,
and thirty-one volumes of the * Journal of the
House of Lords,' and he had a multitude of
works in the press — for instance, the two
> Bowyer
handsome folios of * Domesday Book,' which
were not completed until 1783. He died on
18 Nov. 1777, aged 77. Most of his learned
pamphlets, essays, prefaces, corrections, and
notes have been reprinted as ' Miscellaneous
Tracts by the late William Bowyer . . . col-
lected and illustrated with notes by John
Nichols, F.S.L. Edin.,' London, 1785, 4to,
pp. 712.
Bowyer was a man of very small stature,
and in the jeux $ esprit of his day we find
him called 'the little man,' <a little man
of great sufficiency.' In character he was
very amiable, and his cheerful disposition
and learned conversation cemented many
a lifelong friendship. Every species of dis-
tress was relieved by him, and so privately
that the knowledge of his kindness came
only from letters found after his death. His
will, made 30 July 1777, often reprinted, is
full of an affectionate and grateful spirit to
the institutions and families of persons who
had helped his father in the trouble of the
great fire. To his own profession this will
shows him a great benefactor, and his be-
quests are now administered by the Sta-
tioners' Company. For religion he had a great
regard, and his moral character was unim-
peachable. In the church of Low Leyton,
Essex, there is a white marble monument to
the memory of his father and himself, with
a Latin inscription by him. A bust of him
is placed in Stationers' Hall, with his father's
portrait, and the brass plate underneath has
an inscription in English in reference to the
fire of 1712. His portrait by Basire is the
frontispiece to -vol. ii. of Nichols's l Literary
Anecdotes,' 1812, 8vo. The 1812 edition of
his t Conjectural Emendations ' has a fine
quarto-sized portrait of him as ' Gulielmus
Bowyer, Architectus Verborum, set. Ixxviii.,'
with various emblems beneath, including the
phoenix, symbolical of the rise of the new
firm from the memorable fire. There are also
inferior portraits in Hansard's ' Typographia '
and Wyman's 'Bibliography of Printing.'
Each representation reveals to us a severe
face as of one of the old puritans, in remark-
able contrast to the genial faces of his father
and his successor. His son Thomas survived
him. He was intended to be his father's
successor in business, but seems to have
been a very wayward youth, though it is
clear from his father's gossiping letters on
domestic matters that it was the stepmother's
refusal to take proper care of ' Tom.' and her
extraordinary affection for her young nephew,
Emonson, that disgusted the lad and turned
the current of his life. Ordained by Bishop
Hoadly for the church, and for a time curate
at Hillsdon, Middlesex, he then became a
Boxall
86
Boxall
military man, but changed once more to a j
quaker shortly before his father's death. He j
had several estates from his grandfather Pru- |
dom, and his father's will dealt very kindly
with him. For some time he resided at a i
secluded village near Darlington, calling him-
self ' Mr. Thomas/ and died suddenly in 1783,
aged 53.
[Bowyer's Works ; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, i.
ii. iii. &c. ; Nichols's Illustrations of Literature ;
Nichols's Miscellaneous Tracts, 1785; Wyman's
Bibliog. of Printing; Hansard's Typographia.]
J. W.-G.
BOXALL, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1571), Queen
Mary's secretary of state, a native of Bram-
shoot in Hampshire, was, after a preliminary
training in Winchester School, admitted a
perpetual fellow of New College, Oxford, in
1542, where he took his degrees in arts,
1 being then accounted one of the subtilest
disputants in the university.' He took orders,
but. being opposed to the doctrines of the re-
formers, he abstained from exercising the func-
tions of his ministry during the reign of Ed-
ward VI. On Queen Mary's accession he was
appointed her majesty's secretary of state, dean
of Ely, prebendary of Winchester, and warden
of Winchester College (1554) in the place of |
Dr. John White, who had been promoted |
to the see of Lincoln. He was one of the |
divines who were chosen to preach at St.
Paul's Cross in support of the catholic reli-
gion, and Pits relates that on one occasion,
while thus engaged, a bystander hurled a
dagger at him (De illustr. Anylice Scriptori-
bus, 870). Other writers assert that this
happened to Dr. Pendleton ; but Stow (An-
nales, 1615, p. 614) correctly tells us that
Gilbert Bourne [q. v.] occupied the pulpit on j
the occasion referred to. On 23 Sept. 1556 !
Boxall was sworn as a member of the privy
council ; also as one of the masters of requests
and a councillor of that court (Lansd. MS.
981, f. 85). In July 1557 he was made dean
of Peterborough ; on 20 Dec. following he
was installed dean of Norwich, and about
the same time dean of Windsor. He was
elected registrar of the order of the Garter
on 6 Feb. 1557-8, and in 1558 was created
D.D. and appointed prebendary of York and
Salisbury. It should be mentioned that Queen
Mary allowed him ten retainers (STRYPE,
Memorials, iii. 480), and that he was one of
the overseers of Cardinal Pole's will (ib.
468).
Boxall was removed from the office of se-
cretary of state by Queen Elizabeth, on her
accession, to make way for Cecil, and his be-
haviour on the occasion places his character
in a favourable light ; for, instead of op-
posing obstacles to his successor in office, it
is clear from a few of his letters to Cecil,
dated about this period, that he cherished
no sentiment but that of anxiety to give him
all the assistance in his power. Having been
deprived of his ecclesiastical preferments, he
was on 18 June 1560 committed to the Tower
by Archbishop Parker and other members of
the ecclesiastical commission (STRYPE, An-
nals, i. 142, 148, 167 ; MACHYN, Diary, 238 ;
Lansd. MS. 981, f. 85 b). Subsequently he
was committed to ' free custody ' in the pri-
mate's palace at Lambeth, with Thirleby, late
bishop of Ely, Tunstall, late bishop of Dur-
ham, and other divines who adhered to the
old doctrines. He was removed at different
periods to Bromley and Beaksbourne, re-
maining still in the archbishop's charge. In
the library of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge (MSS. No. 114, f. 286) is a letter
from Boxall thanking Parker for his kind-
ness to him when confined in his house and
for the leave he had obtained of removing to-
Bromley. On 20 July 1569 Boxall, then in
custody at Lambeth, wrote to Sir William
Cecil requesting leave to visit his mother.
In his letter, which is signed ' Jo. Boxoll/
he says : ' My poore mother beside the comen
sicknes of age, beinge of SOyeares at the lest,
ys also dangerously diseased, desyrouse to-
see me & I likewyse desyrous to do my dewtye
vnto her ' (Lansd. MS. 12, f. 12). Even-
tually, being attacked by illness, Boxall was
allowed to go to the house of a relative in
London, where he died on 3 March 1570-1.
His brothers Edmund and Richard were ap-
pointed administrators of his property.
He published a Latin sermon preached in
a convocation of the clergy in 1555 and
printed at London in octavo in the same
year. He also wrote an t Oration in the
Praise of the Kinge of Spaine,' MS. Reg.
12 A. xlix. This discourse, which is in Latin,
was probably composed in May or June 1555,,
on the report of the queen having been de-
livered of a prince.
It is recorded to his honour that he was-
' a man who, though he were so great with
Queen Mary, yet had the good principle to
abstain from the cruel blood-shedding of the
protestants, giving neither his hand nor his
consent thereunto ' (STRYPE, Life of Parker y
i. 47). Lord Burghley (Execution of Justice r
1583, sheet B ii.) describes him as ' a person
of great modestie and knowledge,' and Arch-
bishop Parker says : ' Inerat enim ei tan-
quam a natura ingenita modestia comitasque
summa, qua quoscunque notos ad se dili-
gendum astrinxit' (PARKER, Mattheus, ap-
pended to some copies of De Antiq. Brit*
Eccl}
Boxall
Boxer
[Wood's Athense Oxon (ed. Bliss), i. 380;
Dodd's Church Hist. i. 513 ; Jewel's Works, iv.
1146 ; Le Neve's Fasti (ed. Hardy), i. 257, 352,
354, ii. 418, 476, 539, iii. 374; Strype's Annals,
i. 83, 142, 148, 167; Strype's Eccl. Memorials,
iii. 183, 352, 456, 468, 479; Strype's Parker, i.
47, 89,140, 141, 142, 146, iii." Append. 161;
Strype's Life of Sir T. Smith (1820), 46, 65;
Parker Correspondence, 65, 104, 122, 192, 194,
203^,215,217, 218; Willis's Hist, of the Mitred
Parliamentary Abbeys, i. 333 ; Burgon's Life of
Sir T. Gresham, i. 214 ; Kegal. MS. 12 A. xlix. ;
Addit. MS. 5842, f. 1806; Machyn's Diary, 238,
380; Zurich Letters, i. 5, 255, ii. 183; Nas-
mith's Cat. of MSS. in C. C. C. C. 164.] T. C.
BOXALL, SIB WILLIAM (1800-1879),
portrait-painter, the son of an Oxfordshire
exciseman, was born on 29 June 1800. He
was educated at the grammar school at
Abingdon, and entered the schools of the
Royal Academy in 1819. In 1827 he went
to Italy, and resided there for about two
years. He first exhibited at the Koyal Aca-
demy in 1823 ' Jupiter and Latona' and
' Portrait of Master Maberley,' and in the
following year ' The Contention of Michael
and Satan for the Body of Moses.' In 1831
appeared ' Lear and Cordelia,' which was
engraved in Finden's 'Gallery.' Boxall
painted the portraits of many literary and
artistic celebrities, among them those of
Allan Cunningham (1836), Walter Savage
Landor (1851), David Cox (1857), and Cop-
ley Fielding ; the last now hangs in the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery. In 1859 he painted
for Trinity House a portrait of the prince
consort, wearing the robes of master of the
corporation. He excelled in the portrayal of
female beauty, and many of his works of that
class were engraved in the publications of
the day. He exhibited at the Royal Aca-
demy altogether eighty-six portraits. In
1851 he was elected an associate of the aca-
demy, and in 1863 a full academician. Two
years afterwards, in 1865, he succeeded Sir
Charles Eastlake in the directorship of the
National Gallery, which post he held until
1874. In 1867 he received the honour of
knighthood.
During Boxall's administration the pic-
ture by Rembrandt of ' Christ blessing Little
Children,' known as the ' Suermondt Rem-
brandt,' was secured for the National Gal-
lery ; also ' The Entombment,' attributed to
Michelangelo Buonarroti, the authenticity
of which was the subject of some discussion
in the < Times ' in September 1881. In 1874,
when the Peel collection was offered to the
nation, Boxall had already resigned his post
in consequence of failing health, but his suc-
cessor not having been appointed, Mr. Lowe
(now Lord Sherbrooke), the chancellor of the
exchequer, entrusted him with the negotia-
tion, which he brought to a successful issue.
He died on 6 Dec. 1879. One of his works,
entitled ' Geraldine,' and representing a lady
at her toilette, is in the National Gallery.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Recent and Living Painters, &c., London,
1866, 8vo ; Art Journal, 1880, p. 83.] L. F.
BOXER, EDWARD (1784-1855), rear-
admiral, entered the navy in 1798, and after
eight years' junior service, for the most part
with Captain (afterwards Sir) Charles Bris-
bane, and for some short time in the Ocean,
bearing Lord Collingwood's flag, was con-
firmed, 8 June 1807, as lieutenant of the Tigre
with Captain Benjamin Hallo well (afterwards
Carew), whom, on promotion to flag rank in
October 1811, he followed to the Malta, and
continued, with short intermissions, under
Rear-admiral Hallowell's immediate com-
mand, until he was confirmed as commander
on 1 March 1815. In 1822 he commanded the
Sparrowhawk (18) on the Halifax station,
and was posted out of her on 23 June 1823.
From 1827 to 1830 he commanded the Hussar
as flag-captain to Sir Charles Ogle at Hali-
fax. In August 1837 he was appointed to
the Pique, which he commanded on the North
American and West Indian stations; and
early in 1840 was sent to the Mediterranean,
where he conducted the survey of the posi-
tion afterwards occupied by the fleet off Acre,
and took part in the bombardment and re-
duction of that place in November. For his
services at that time he received the Turkish
gold medal, and was made C.B. 18 Dec. 1840.
In August 1843 he was appointed harbour-
master at Quebec, and held that office till his
promotion to flag-rank, 5 March 1853. In
December 1854 he was appointed second in
command in the Mediterranean, and under-
took the special duties of superintendent at
Balaklava, which the crowd of shipping, the
narrow limits of the harbour, and the utter
want of wharves or of roads had reduced to a
state of disastrous confusion. This, and more
especially the six-mile sea of mud between the
harbour and the camp, gave rise to terrible suf-
fering and loss, the blame for which was all laid
on the head of the admiral-superintendent at
Balaklava, so that even now Admiral Boxer's
name is not uncommonly associated with the
memory of that deadly Crimean winter. But
in truth it ought to be remembered rather as
that of the man who, at the cost of his life,
remedied the evils which had given rise to
such loss. He died of cholera on board the
Jason, just outside the harbour, on 4 June
1855, and Lord Raglan in reporting his death
Boyce
88
Boyce
said : ' Since he undertook the appointment
of admiral-superintendent of the harbour of
Balaklava he has applied himself incessantly
to the discharge of his arduous duties, ex-
posing himself in all weathers ; and he has
rendered a most essential service to the army
by improving the landing-places and esta-
blishing wharves on the west side of the
port, whereby the disembarkation of stores
and troops has been greatly accelerated, and
communications with the shore have been
rendered much easier.' He had been a
widower for nearly thirty years, but left
a numerous family.
[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag.
(1855), N.S. xliv. 95.] J. K. L.
BOYCE, SAMUEL (d. 1775), dramatist,
was originally an engraver, and held subse-
quently a place in the South Sea House. He
is the author of ' The Rover, or Happiness
at Last,' a dramatic pastoral, 4to, 1752, which
was never acted, and 'Poems on several
Occasions,' Lond. 1757, 8vo, a large-paper
copy of which was in the Garrick sale. He
died 21 March 1775.
[Baker, Eeed, and Jones's Biographia Dra-
matica ; Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual.]
J. K.
BOYCE, THOMAS (d. 1793), dramatist,
was rector of Worlingham, Suffolk, and
chaplain to the Earl of Suffolk. He is the
author of one tragedy, ' Harold,' Lond. 4to,
L786, which was never acted. In the preface
to this he states that when he wrote it he
was unaware that Cumberland's play on the
same subject was in rehearsal at Drury Lane.
It is a dull work, but the termination, judged
by the standard of the day, is not ineffective.
He died 4 Feb. 1793.
[Genest's History of the Stage ; Baker, Keed,
and Jones's Biographia Dramatica.] J. K.
BOYCE, WILLIAM (1710-1779), Mus.
Doc., was born at Joiners' Hall, Upper Thames
Street, in 1710. His father is variously stated
to have been a 'housekeeper,' a joiner and
cabinet maker, a man of considerable property,
and the beadle of the Joiners' Company.
Boyce was educated at St. Paul's School,
and was a chorister of St. Paul's Cathedral
under Charles King. When his voice broke
he was apprenticed to Dr. Maurice Greene,
with whom he always remained on close
terms of friendship. In 1734 he competed
for the post of organist at St. Michael's, Corn-
hill, the other candidates being Froud, Wor-
gan, Young, and Kelway. The appointment
was given to the last-named musician, and
Boyce became organist of Oxford Chapel (now
»St. Peter's), Vere Street, where he succeeded
Joseph Centlivre. At this time he studied
theory under Dr. Pepusch, and was much in
demand as a teacher of the harpsichord, par-
ticularly in ladies' schools. In 1736 Kelway
left St. Michael's, and succeeded Weldon at
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields ; whereupon Boyce
resigned his post at Oxford Chapel, and took
Kelway 's place in the city, which he continued
to occupy until 5 April 1768. On 21 June
of the same year he was sworn in as composer
to the Chapel Royal, the post of organist at
the same time being conferred upon Jonathan
Martin, while Boyce undertook to fulfil the
third part of the duty of organist, receiving
in return one-third part of the money allotted
to Martin as * travelling expenses.' In 1734
Boyce's setting of ' Peleus and Thetis,' a
masque, written by Lord Lansdowne, had been
performed by the Philharmonic Society, and
in 1736 the Apollo Society produced an ora-
torio by him, ' David's Lamentation over Saul
and Jonathan,' the words of which were by
John Lockman. In 1737 he was appointed
conductor of the Three Choirs festivals, a post
he held for many years. About the same
time he became a member of the Royal So-
ciety of Musicians, and a little later he com-
posed music to two odes for St. Cecilia's day,
written respectively by Lockman and an
under-master of Westminster School named
Vidal. In 1740 he composed the Pythian
Ode, ' Gentle lyre, begin the strain,' and in
1743 produced his best work, the serenata of
' Solomon,' the book of which was compiled
from the Song of Solomon by Edward Moore,
the author of t Fables for the Female Sex.'
Shortly afterwards he published a set of
' Twelve Sonatas for Two Violins, with a
Bass for the Violoncello or Harpsichord/
which long remained very popular as cham-
ber music ; and in 1745 he began the publi-
cation of his miscellaneous songs and cantatas,
which, under the name of ' Lyra Britannica/
ultimately extended to six volumes. The
year 1749 saw Boyce at the height of his ac-
tivity. On 2 Jan. the masque of ' Lethe '
was revived at Drury Lane, with Beard as
Mercury, for whom Boyce wrote new songs.
On 1 July his setting of Mason's ode on the
installation of the Duke of Newcastle as
chancellor of the university of Cambridge was
performed in the senate house, and on the
following day an anthem by him, with or-
chestral accompaniments, was performed at
Great St. Mary's as an exercise for the degree
of Mus. Doc., which the university had con-
ferred on him. On 2 Dec. < The Chaplet,' an
operetta by Moses Mendez, with music by
Boyce, was produced at Drury Lane, the
principal parts in which were filled by Beard,
Mrs. Clive, and Master Mattocks, on which
Boyce
89
Boyce
occasion Mattocks made his first appear-
ance on the stage. In the same year the
parishioners of Allhallows the Great and
Less, Thames Street, where Boyce was born,
requested him to become organist of the parish
<church ; he held this post until 18 May 1769,
when he was dismissed, probably because his
numerous occupations prevented him from
attending properly to the duties of the post.
In 1750 Garrick revived Dryden's ' Secular
Masque ' (30 Oct.), which had been originally
produced with ' The Pilgrim ' on 25 March
1700. For this Boyce had already written
music, which had been performed at ' Hick-
ford's Room, or the Castle Concert ; ' this
was now heard at Drury Lane, with Beard
as Momus. In the following year (19 Nov.
1751) another small work by Mendez and
Boyce was brought out at Drury Lane ; this
was ' The Shepherd's Lottery,' in which Beard
and Mrs. Clive sang the principal parts.
About this time he moved from his father's
house in the city to Quality Court, Chancery
Lane, where he lived with his wife until his
removal to Kensington in 1758. In 1755, on
the death of Dr. Greene, Boyce was nomi-
nated by the Duke of Grafton to be master
of the king's band of musicians. He was not
sworn in until June 1757, but he fulfilled the
•duties of the post from the death of Greene.
In this capacity he composed a large number
of odes for the king's birthday and new year's
day. A complete collection of these from
the year 1755 to 1779 is preserved in the
Music School Collection at Oxford, besides a
queen's ode (performed 6 June 1763), and two
settings of ' The king shall rejoice,' the earliest
of which was performed at the wedding of
George III (8 Sept. 1761), and the other at
St. Paul's Cathedral (22 April 1766). As
conductor of the festivals of the Sons of the
•Clergy, another post to which he succeeded
on Greene's death, Boyce wrote additional
accompaniments to Purcell's great Te Deum
and Jubilate, besides composing specially for
these occasions two of his finest anthems. I
In 1758 John Travers, the organist of the !
Chapel Royal, died, and on 23 June Boyce ;
was admitted to this post. In the same year j
he wrote music for Home's tragedy of * Agis,'
which was produced at Drury Lane 21 Feb.
Boyce also wrote at different times music for '
Shakespeare's ' Tempest,' l Cymbeline,' and i
4 Winter's Tale,' and a dirge for ' Romeo and
Juliet.' His last work for the theatre was j
the music to Garrick's pantomime, ' Har- i
lequin's Invasion,' which was produced at !
Drury Lane 31 Dec. 1759. Boyce's most im- j
portant contribution to this work was the |
fine song * Hearts of Oak,' a composition I
which almost rivals ' Rule Britannia ' in i
vigour and popularity. This song was origi-
nally sung by Champness ; it was published
in * Thalia, a Collection of six favourite Songs
(never before Publish'd) which have been
occasionally Introduced in several Dramatic
Performances at the Theatre Royal in Drury
Lane ; the words by David Garrick, Esq., and
the musick compos'd by Dr. Boyce, Dr. Arne,
Mr. Smith, Mr. M. Arne, Mr. Battishill, and
Mr. Barthelemon.' During the whole of his
life Boyce suffered much from deafness ; even
before his articles had expired this infirmity
had made itself very apparent, and by the
year 1758 it had increased to such an extent
that he resolved to give up teaching and to
retire to Kensington, and devote himself to
editing the collection of church music which
bears his name. The idea of publishing a
work of this description occurred simulta-
neously to Dr. Alcock and Dr. Greene about
the year 1735. The latter issued a prospectus
on the subject, whereupon Dr. Alcock gave
up the plan, and presented Greene with his
collections ; but he did not live to begin the
work in earnest, which thus devolved, by
Greene's wishes, upon Boyce. The ' Cathe-
dral Music,' the first volume of which was
published in 1760, has been often reprinted,
and, although at the time of its publication
it brought but little beyond honour to its
editor, it still remains a most valuable and
important work, and a monument of Boyce's
erudition and good judgment. Besides the
preparation of this great work, in his latter
years Boyce revised most of his earlier com-
positions, and published a selection of the over-
tures to his new-year and birthday odes, under
the title of * Eight Symphonys.' Most of his
anthems were not published until after his
[ death, whentwro volumes were brought out by
his widow and by Dr. Philip Hayes, besides a
' burial service and a collection of voluntaries
I for the organ or harpsichord. He died of
J gout at Kensington 7 Feb. 1779, and was
! buried under the dome of St. Paul's on the
i 16th of the same month. His will, dated
1 24 June 1775, proved by his wife and daugh-
; ter 20 Feb. 1779, directs that he should not
be buried until seven days and seven nights
after his death. By his wife Hannah he had
two children : (1) Elizabeth, who was born
29 April 1749; and (2) William, born
25 March 1764. The latter, after his father's
death, entered at an Oxford college, but was
sent down without taking a degree. He at-
tained some distinction as a double-bass
player, and died about 1823. Two oil paint-
ings of Boyce are known to exist. One, a full
length, is in the Music School Collection at
Oxford; another, a small three-quarter length
of him, seated, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, is
Boyd 9
now (1886) in the possession of Mr. John
Rendall. There is an engraved portrait of
him, ' drawn from the life, and engraved by
F. K. Sherwin/ prefixed to the second edition
of the ' Cathedral Music ' (1788). The same
portrait was prefixed to the ' Collection of
Anthems/ published by Mrs. Boyce in 1790.
A vignette of him, by Dray ton, after R.
Smirke (together with Blow, Arne, Purcell,
and Croft), was published in the * Historic
Gallery/ September 1801.
Personally, Boyce was a most amiable and
estimable man. Burney, twenty-four years
after his death, wrote of him as follows :
1 There was no professor whom I was ever
acquainted with that I loved, honoured, and
respected more/ and he seems to have been
a universal favourite with all with whom
he came in contact. Musically, he occupies
a distinct position amongst his contempora-
ries. Like all the English composers of his
day, it was his ill fortune to be overshadowed
by the giant form of Handel, and yet, in spite
of this, he managed to preserve an individu-
ality of his own. He may best be described
as the Arne. of English church music ; for the
same characteristics of grace and refinement
are to be found in his music as in that of his
contemporary, and, like Arne, he had a re-
serve of power which was all the more ef-
fective for not being too often brought into
play.
[Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 267 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Burney in Rees's Encyclopaedia, v. ; the
Georgian Era, iv. 243 ; Life of Boyce prefixed
to Cathedral Music, vol. i. (Warren's edition,
1849); Busby's Concert Room Anecdotes, iii.
166; Gent. Mag. xlix. 103; Genest's History
of the Stage, iv. ; Probate Registers (42 War-
burton) ; manuscripts in the possession of Mr.
T. W. Taphouse ; manuscripts in the Music School
Collection, Oxford ; Appendix to Bemrose's
Choir Chant Book : Cheque Book of the Chapel
Rojal.] W. B. S.
BOYD, ARCHIBALD (1803-1883), dean
of Exeter, son of Archibald Boyd, treasurer
of Derry, was born at Londonderry in 1803,
and, after being educated at the diocesan
college in that city, proceeded to Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A.
1823, proceeded M.A. 1834, and B.D. and
D.D. long after, in 1868. He officiated as
curate and preacher in the cathedral of Derry
1827-42, and here he first distinguished him-
self as an able and powerful preacher, as a
controversialist, and as an author. At that
time the controversy between the presby-
terians and the episcopalians of the north of
Ireland was at its height. Boyd came to the
defence of the church and preached a series
Boyd
of discourses in reply to attacks. These dis-
courses attracted great attention, and were
afterwards printed. In 1842 he was appointed
perpetual curate of Christ Church, Chelten-
ham. With Francis Close, his fellow-worker
here, he joined in a scheme for establishing
additional Sunday schools, infant schools, and
bible classes. For eight years after 1859 he
was entrusted with the care of Paddington.
On 11 Nov. 1867 he accepted the deanery of
Exeter, and resigned, with his vicarage, an
honorary canonry in Gloucester Cathedral,
which he had held since 1857. Like Dean
Close, he was a preaching and a working dean.
He was a firm but moderate evangelical, and
was a voluminous writer on the ecclesiastical
questions of the day. His name is connected
with the well-known Exeter reredos case.
The dean and chapter erected in the cathe-
dral, 1872-3, a stone reredos, on which were
sculptured representations in bas-relief of the
Ascension, the Transfiguration, and the De-
scent of the Holy Ghost, with some figures of
angels. In accordance with a petition pre-
sented by William John Phillpotts, chancellor
of the diocese, the bishop (Dr. Temple) on
7 Jan. 1874 declared the reredos to be con-
trary to law and ordered its removal. After
much litigation touching the bishop's juris-
diction in the matter, the structure was de-
clared not illegal by the judicial commit-
tee of the privy council on 25 Feb. 1875
(Law Reports, BTJLWER'S Admiralty and
Ecclesiastical Reports, iv. 297-379 (1875);
COWELL'S Privy Council Appeals, vi. 435-67
(1875).
Whilst on the continent during the autumn
of 1882 Dean Boyd met with an accident at
Vienna, from the effects of which he never
fully recovered. He died at the deanery,
Exeter, on 11 July 1883, bequeathing nearly
40,000/. to various societies and institutions
in the diocese of Exeter. He married Frances,
daughter of Thomas Waller of Ospringe, and
widow of the Rev. Robert Day Denny. She
died on 6 Jan. 1877.
Boyd was the author of the following
works : 1. ' Sermons on the Church, or the
Episcopacy, Liturgy, and Ceremonies of the
Church of England,' 1838. 2. < Episcopacy,
Ordination, Lay-eldership, and Liturgies,'
! 1839. 3. 'Episcopacy and Presbytery,' 1841.
i 4. ' England, Rome, and Oxford compared
! as to certain Doctrines,' 1846. 5. ' The History
of the Book of Common Prayer,' 1850.
I 6. < Turkey and the Turks,' 1853. 7. < Baptism
i and Baptismal Regeneration,' 1865. 8. ' Con-
fession, Absolution, and the Real Presence/
; 1867. 9. < The Book of Common Prayer/
1869. He also printed many single sermons
, and minor publications.
Boyd
[Times, 12 July 1883, p. 6; Devon Weekly
Times, 13 and 20 July 1883 ; The Golden Decade
of a Famous Town, i.e. Cheltenham, by Contem
Ignotus (1884), pp. 70-102.] G. C. B.
BOYD, BENJAMIN (1796-1851), Aus-
tralian squatter, second son of Edward Boyd
of Merton Hall, Wigtonshire, by his wife,
Jane, eldest daughter of Benjamin Yule of
Wheatfield, Midlothian, and brother of Mark
Boyd [q. v.], was born at Merton Hall
about 1796, and, after being in business as a
stockbroker in the city of London from 1824
to 1839, went out to Sydney in 1840-41
for the purpose of organising the various
branches of the Royal Banking Company of
Australia. Acting on behalf of this com-
pany, he purchased station property in the
Monaro district, Riverina, Queensland, and
elsewhere. At the first-named place he erected
large stores and premises for boiling down
his sheep into tallow. He at the same time
speculated largely in whaling, and Twofold
Bay became the rendezvous for his whaling
ships. On the south head of the bay he put
up a lighthouse for the purpose of directing
vessels coming to his wharf. Another busi-
ness which he carried on extensively was
shipping cattle to Tasmania, New Zealand,
and other markets. Boyd had also in view
the making of Boyd Town, which he had
founded, a place of commercial importance,
by stealing a march on the government, who
had made Eden the official township. He
was the first, or amongst the first, to attempt
to procure cheap labour in Australia by the
employment of South Sea Islanders as shep-
herds, but the scheme proved abortive. Mean-
time the company grew dissatisfied with
Boyd's management, and after a good deal
of trouble Boyd agreed to retire and to re-
sign all claims on the company on condition
of receiving three of the whaling ships, his
yacht, called the Wanderer, in which he had
come from England, and two sections of land
at Twofold Bay. His next enterprise was to
embark with a digging party on board the
Wanderer and to sail for California in 1850
at the time of the gold excitement there. He
was unsuccessful in his search for gold, and
was on his way back to Sydney in 1851
when his yacht touched at one of the islands
in the Solomon group, known as Gandal-
canar. There he went ashore with a black
boy to have some shooting, and was never
seen again. The affairs of the Royal Banking
Company were ultimately wound up, when
the shareholders had to make good a defi-
ciency of 80,000£. Boyd also had large estates
of his own, amounting to 381,000 acres, for
which, in 1847, he paid an annual license of
i Boyd
80/. He was in his time the largest squatter
in the Australian colonies. He never married.
[Heaton's Australian Dictionary of Dates
(1879), pp. 23-24.] G. C. B.
BOYD, HENRY (d. 1832), translator of
Dante, was a native of Ireland, and was most
probably educated at Dublin University. He
published a translation of Dante's 'Inferno'
in English verse, the first of its kind, with a
specimen of the ' Orlando Furioso ' of Ariosto,
1785. It was printed by subscription, and
dedicated to the Earl of Bristol, bishop of
Derry. The dedication is dated from Kil-
leigh, near Tullamore, of which place presu-
mably Boyd was incumbent. In 1796 he pub-
lished ' Poems chiefly Dramatic and Lyric/
As early as 1791 the l ingenious and unfor-
tunate author ' was seeking subscriptions for
his original poems (NICHOLS, Lit. Illustra-
tions, vii. 717). In 1802 he issued three
volumes of an English verse translation of
the whole ' Divina Commedia' of Dante, with
preliminary essays, notes, and illustrations,
which was dedicated to Viscount Charleville,
whose chaplain the author is described to be
in the title-page. In the dedication Boyd
states that the terrors of the Irish rebellion,
had driven him from the post of danger at
Lord Charleville's side to seek a safe asylum
in a ' remote angle of the province.' In 1805
he was seeking a publisher for his translation,
of the 'Araucana ' of Ercilla, a long poem,
which 'was too great an undertaking for
Edinburgh publishers,' and for which he
vainly sought a purchaser in London (ibid.
120, 149). In 1805 he published the 'Pe-
nance of Hugo, a Vision,' translated from the
Italian of Vincenzo Monti, with two ad-
ditional cantos ; and the ' Woodman's Tale/
a poem after the manner and metre of Spen-
ser's ' Faery Queen.' The latter poem formed
really the first of a collection of poems and
odes. These poems were to have been pub-
lished at Edinburgh, and Boyd seems to have
acted badly in making an engagement with
a London house to publish them after they
had been announced there (ibid. 157). In.
the title-pages to both these works the author
is described as vicar of Drumgath in Ireland ;
but in all biographical notices and in the
obituary record of the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine' for September 1832, the date of his
death, he is invariably described simply as
vicar of Rathfriland and chaplain to the
Earl of Charleville. Anderson, writing to
Bishop Percy in 1806, says that he had re-
ceived some squibs written by Boyd against
Mone, and that the humour was coarse and
indelicate (ibid. 171). In 1807 he issued
the ' Triumphs of Petrarch,' translated, into
Boyd
English verse, and in 1809 some notes of his
on the Fallen Angels in ' Paradise Lost '
were published, with other notes and essays
on Milton, under the superintendence of the
Rev. Henry Todd. He died at Ballintemple,
near Newrv, at an advanced age. 18 Sept.
1832.
[Nichols's Illustrations of Literature, vii. 120,
149, 157, 171, 717 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Iv. pt. i., vol.
cii.pt. ii. ; Boyd's Dante, Dedication.] B. C. S.
BOYD, HUGH (1746-1794), essayist,
was the second son of Alexander Macauley
of county Antrim, Ireland, and Miss Boyd
of Ballycastle in the same county. He was
born at Ballycastle in October 1746, and
showed precocious talents. He was sent to
Dr. Ball's celebrated school at Dublin, and
at the age of fourteen entered at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin. He became M.A. in 1765, and
would have entered the army, but his father's
somewhat sudden death left him unprovided
for. He accordingly chose the law for a
profession, and came to London. Here he
became acquainted with Goldsmith and with
Garrick. His wit and talents and his re-
puted skill at chess soon brought him into
the best society. In 1767 he married Miss
Frances Morphy, and on the death of his ma-
ternal grandfather he took the name of Boyd.
After a visit to Ireland in 1768, during which
he wrote some political letters in the Dublin
journals, he resided at various places in and
near London, his time and talents being de-
voted to literature, politics, and legal studies.
During these years in London Boyd was a fre-
quent contributor to the ' Public Advertiser '
and other journals, and was in close intimacy
with the circle of Burke and Reynolds. In
1774 he began to work harder at the law,
and also attended the commons' debates,
which he wrote down from memory with
extraordinary accuracy. Another visit to
Ireland took place in 1776, on the occasion
of an election for Antrim, the candidate for
which he supported by a series of able letters
under the signature of * A Freeholder.' Boyd
was at length compelled by pecuniary pres-
sure to seek a post of some emolument, and
in 1781 he accepted the appointment of secre-
tary to Lord Macartney, when that officer
was nominated governor of Madras. Boyd
now applied himself sedulously to the study
of Indian affairs. Not long after his arrival
at Madras he conducted a mission from the
governor to the king of Candy in Ceylon,
requiring that potentate's assistance against
the Dutch. On his return the vessel in which
he sailed was captured by the French, and
he became a prisoner for some months at
the isle of Bourbon. Returning at length to
i Boyd
India he lived for some time at Calcutta,
and eventually was appointed master-attend-
ant at Madras. In 1792 Boyd conducted a
paper called the ' Madras Courier,' and the
following year projected the 'Indian Ob-
server,' being papers on morals and litera-
ture ; and started a weekly paper, ' Hircarrah '
(i.e. messenger), as a vehicle for the essays.
In 1794 he proposed to publish by subscrip-
tion an account of his embassy to Candy, and
had actually begun the work when he was
carried off" by an attack of fever. He died on
19 Oct. 1794.
Boyd is represented as possessed of very
high social and intellectual qualities. His
claims to a place in the history of English
literature rest very much on the assumption
— maintained by Almon and by George Chal-
mers— that he is the veritable ' Junius.' The
argument in his favour is stated in the books
mentioned below. Boyd's writings were col-
lected and republished after his death by one
of his Indian friends, under the title of ' The
Miscellaneous Works of Hugh Boyd, the
author of the Letters of Junius, with an
Account of his Life and Writings, by Law-
rence Dundas Campbell,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lon-
don, 1800. They comprise the 'Freeholder
Letters ; ' ' Democraticus,' a series of letters
printed in the 'Public Advertiser,' 1779;
' The Whig,' a series of letters contributed
to the 'London Courant,' 1779-80: 'Abs-
tracts of Two Speeches of the Earl of Chat-
ham ; ' ' Miscellaneous Poems ; ' ' Journal of
Embassy to the King of Candy ; ' and the
' Indian Observer.'
[Almon's Biographical Anecdotes, i. 16 ; Al-
mon's Letters of Junius, passim (2 vols. 12mo,
1806) ; Reasons for rejecting the presumptive
Evidence of Mr. Almon that Mr. Hugh Boyd
was the Writer of Junius (8vo, London, 1807) ;
An Appendix to the Supplemental Apology for
the Believers in the Supposititious Shakespeare
Papers, being the documents for the opinion
that Hugh M'Auley Boyd wrote Junius's Let-
ters, by Gi-eorge Chalmers (8vo, London, 1800) ;
The Author of Junius ascertained ... by George
Chalmers (8vo, London, 1819); Campbell's Mis-
cellaneous Works of Boyd, with Life, &c. (2 vols.
London, 1800); (rent. Mag. Ixxxiv. 224; Euro-
pean Mag. xxxvii. 339, 433 ; Notes and Queries,
2nd ser., i. 43, ix. 261, xi. 8; Taylor's Records
of my Life, i. 188, 190.] E. S.
BOYD, HUGH STUART (1781-1848),
Greek scholar, was born at Edgware. Before
his birth his father, Hugh McAuley, took the
name of Boyd, borne by the family of his
wife, the daughter of Hugh Boyd of Bally-
castle, Ireland [q. v.], one of the supposed
authors of the ' Letters of Junius.' His
mother's maiden name was Murphy. Boyd
Boyd
93
was admitted a pensioner of Pembroke Hall,
Cambridge, on 24 July 1799, and matriculated
on 17 Dec. of the following year. He left
the university without taking a degree. He
had a good memory, and once made a curious
calculation that he could repeat 3,280 'lines'
of Greek prose and 4,770 lines of Greek verse.
In 1833 he appears to have resided some time j
at Bath. During the last twenty years of j
his life he was blind. He married a lady of
Jewish family, and by her had one daughter,
Henrietta, married to Mr. Henry Hayes.
He lived chiefly at Hampstead, and died at
Kentish Town on 10 May 1 848. While blind
he taught Greek to Elizabeth Barrett Brown-
ing, who was much attached to him. One of
her poems, the ' Wine of Cyprus,' is dedicated
to Boyd. She also wrote a sonnet on his
blindness and another on his death. His
published works are : 1. ' Luceria, a Tragedy,'
1806. 2. ' Select Passages from the Works
of St. Chrysostom, St. Gregory Nazianzen,
&c., translated,' 1810. 3. * Select Poems of
Synesius, translated/ with original poems,
1814. 4. ' Thoughts on the Atoning Sacrifice,'
1817. 5. * Agamemnon of -^Eschylus,' trans-
lated, 1823. 6. 'An Essay on the Greek
Article,' included in Clarke's ' Commentary
on the Epistle to the Ephesians,' second edi-
tion, 1835. 7. ' The Catholic Faith,' a sermon
of St. Basil, translated, 1825. 8. ' Thoughts
on an illustrious Exile,' 1825. 9. * Tributes
to the Dead,' translation from St. Gregory
Nazianzen, 1826. 10. < A Malvern Tale, and
other Poems,' 1827. 11. < The Fathers not
Papists, with Select Passages and Tributes
to the Dead,' 1834.
[Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 88, 175, 226,
vii. 284, 523, 3rd ser. iv. 458 ; Etheridge's Life
of Dr. Adam Clarke, 382-4 ; Weldon's Eegister,
August 1861, p. 56; Gent. Mag. vol.xcvi.pt.
ii. p. 623, new ser. xxx. p. 130; Brit. Mus.
Catal.] W. H.
BOYD, JAMES, LL.D. (1795-1856),
schoolmaster and author, the son of a glover,
was born at Paisley on 24 Dec. 1795. After
receiving his early education partly in Paisley
and partly in Glasgow, he entered Glasgow
University, where he gained some of the
highest honours in the humanity, Greek, and
philosophical classes. After taking his de-
grees of B.A. and M.A., he devoted him-
self for two years to the study of medicine,
but abandoned this pursuit ; entered the di-
vinity hall of the university of Glasgow, and
was licensed to preach the gospel by the pres-
bytery of Dumbarton in May 1822. Towards
the close of that year he removed to Edin-
burgh, where for three years he maintained
himself by private tuition. In 1825 he was
Boyd
unanimously chosen house governor in George
Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh. The university
of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary
degree of doctor of laws.
Boyd became classical master in the high
school of Edinburgh 19 Aug. 1829. The
largely attended classes which he always
had decisively proved the public estimate of
his merits. For many years before his.
death he held the office of secretary to the
Edinburgh Society of Teachers. He died
at his house, George Square, Edinburgh, on
18 Aug. 1856, having nearly completed an
incumbency of twenty-seven years in the
high school. He was interred at New
Calton, Edinburgh, on 21 Aug. The affec-
tionate respect which all his pupils entef-
tained towards Boyd is evinced by the number
of clubs formed in his honour by his classes.
In the Crimea, during the Russian war,
two l Boyd clubs ' were formed by British
officers in acknowledgment of their common,
relation to him as their preceptor. Within
two months after his death a medal, to be
named the Boyd medal, and to be annually
presented to the ' dux ' of the class in the
high school taught by Boyd's successor, was-
subscribed for at a meeting held in Edin-
burgh by his friends and pupils. He married
on 24 Dec. 1829 Jane Reid, eldest daughter
of John Easton, merchant, Edinburgh, by
whom he was the father of nine children.
Boyd's literary talents were confined to
the editing of classical and other school
books. They include : * Roman Antiquities,'
by A. Adams, 1834, which was reprinted fif-
teen times during the editor's lifetime ; ' Q.
Horatii Flacci Poemata,' by C. Anthon, 1835,
which passed through three editions ; * Ar-
chaeologia Greeca,' by J. Potter, Bishop of Ox-
ford, 1837; ' Sallustii Opera,' by C. Anthon,
1839 ; ' Select Orations of Cicero,' by C. An-
thon, 1842 ; ' A Greek Reader,' by C. Anthon,
1844 ; ' A Summary of the Principal Evi-
dences of the Christian Religion,' by B. Por-
teus, Bishop of London, 1850 ; and < The First
Greek Reader,' by Frederic Jacobs, 1851.
[Colston's History of Dr. Boyd's Fourth High
School Class, with biographical sketch of Dr.
Boyd, 1873 ; Dalgleish's Memorials of the High
School of Edinburgh (1857), pp. 31, 46-7, with
portrait.] GK C. B.
BOYD, MARK (1805 P-1879), author,
born in Surrey near the Thames, was the
younger son of Edward Boyd of Merton Hallr
Newton Stuart, Wigtonshire, a merchant
and brother of Benjamin Boyd [q. v.l He
mainly spent his childhood on the Scotch
estate, which was near the river Cree. He
afterwards pursued in London an active
Boyd
"business career, and became London director
of a Scotch insurance society, and a lively
promoter of the colonisation of Australia
and New Zealand, and of other useful public
undertakings. He travelled much in Europe.
He published an account in the ' London
and Shetland Journal ' of a journey in the
Orkney Isles in 1839. On 23 Dec. 1848 he
married Emma Anne, the widow of ' Romeo '
Coates, who had been run over and killed in
the previous February. In 1864 Boyd pub-
lished a pamphlet on Australian matters ; in
1871 his ' Reminiscences of Fifty Years,' and
in 1875 his ' Social Gleanings,' dedicating the
first to the Australian colonists, and the last
(from Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames) to Dean
Ramsay. He died in London on 12 Sept. 1879,
aged 74.
[Boyd's Keminiscences of Fifty Years, Dedica-
tion, vi, vii, and pp. 102, 310, 333, 336, 368, 397,
464, 466; Annual Reg. 1848, p. 216, 1879,
p. 222 ; Gent. Mag. N.S. xxx. 648.] J. H.
BOYD, MARK ALEXANDER (1663-
1601), Latin scholar, born in Galloway
on 13 Jan. 1563, was a son of Robert Boyd
of Penkill Castle, Ayrshire. His father
was the eldest son of Adam Boyd, brother
of Robert, restored to the title of Lord
Boyd in 1536. Boyd is said to have been
baptised Mark, and to have himself added
the name Alexander. He had a brother
"William. His education began under his
uncle, James Boyd, of Trochrig, consecrated
archbishop of Glasgow at the end of 1573.
Proceeding to Glasgow College, of which
Andrew Melville was principal, he proved
insubordinate, and is said to have beaten the
professors, burned his books, and forsworn
all study. Going to court he fought a duel.
He was advised to follow the profession of
arms in the Low Countries, but instead of
this he went to France in 1581 . After losing
his money at play, he resumed his studies at
Paris under Jacques d'Amboise, Jean Pas-
serat, famed for the beauty of his Latin and
French verse, and Gilbert G6ne~brard. G6-
nebrard was professor of Hebrew, but Boyd
confesses his ignorance of that language. He
then began to study civil law at Orleans, and
pursued the same study at Bourges, under
Jacques Cujas, with whom he ingratiated him-
self by some verses in the style of Ennius, a
favourite with that great jurist. Driven from
Bourges by the plague, he went to Lyons, and
thence to Italy, where he found an admiring
friend in Cornelius Varus, who calls himself
a Milanese (Boyd in a manuscript poem calls
him a Florentine). Returning to France in
1587, he j oined a troop of horse from Auvergne,
under a Greek leader, and drew his sword for
94
Boyd
Henri III. A shot in the ankle sent him back
to law studies, this time at Toulouse, where
he projected a system of international law.
From Toulouse he visited Spain, but soon
returned on account of his health. When
Toulouse fell into the hands of the leaguers
in 1588, Boyd, with a view to joining the
king's party, betook himself to Dumaise, on
the Garonne. Not liking the look of things
here, he was for going on, but his boy warned
him of a trap set for his life, into which a
guide was to lead him. After hiding for two
days among the bushes, he went back to the
leaguers, and was imprisoned at Toulouse.
As soon as he got his liberty he hastened by
night to Bordeaux. His letters allow us to
trace his wanderings to Fontenai, Bourges,
Cahors, &c. He laments that he was no deep
drinker, or he would have pushed on more
confidently (JEpp. p. 159). He went to Ro-
chelle, being robbed and nearly murdered on
the way. Rochelle not suiting him, he found
for some time a country retreat on the bor-
ders of Poitou. From France he repaired to
the Low Countries, printing his volume of
poems and letters at Antwerp in 1592. From
first to last there is a good deal of eccentri-
city about Boyd, but his accomplishments
as a writer of Latin verse are undoubted,
though it must be left for his friend Varus
to set him above Buchanan. Another ad-
mirer calls him ' Naso redivivus.' His own
verdict is that there were few good poets of
old, and hardly any in his own time ; the
Greek poets rank first, in this order : Theocri-
tus, Orpheus, Musaeus, Homer ; the Hebrew
poets (judging from translations) fall de-
cidedly below the Latin, of whom Virgil is
chief. Boyd conversed in Greek, and is said
to have made a translation of Csesar in the
style of Herodotus. On his way back to
Scotland in 1595, after fourteen years' absence,
he heard of the death of his brother William,
who, as we learn from Boyd's verses, had been
in Piedmont, and for whom he expresses a
great affection. Having once more gone abroad
as tutor to the Earl of Cassilis, he finished
his career in his native land, dying of slow
fever at Penkill on 10 April 1601. He was
buried in the church of Dailly. His publica-
tion above referred to is ' M. Alexandri Bodii
Epistolae Heroides, et Hymni. Ad lacobum
sextum Regem. Addita est ejusdem Literu-
larum prima curia,' Antv. 1592, small 8vo
(there are fifteen ' epistolse,' the first two of
which are imitated in French by P. C. D.
[Pietro Florio Dantoneto] ; the ( hymni,' de-
dicated in Greek elegiacs to James VI, are
sixteen Latin odes, nearly all on some special
flower, and each connected with the name
of a friend or patron ; there is also a Greek
Boyd
95
Boyd
ode to Orpheus ; a few epigrams in the an- \
thor's honour are added ; then come the prose j
letters. The poetical portion of the book is j
included in Arthur Johnston's ' Deliciae Poe- j
tarum Scotorum,' Amst. 1637, 12mo. John- [
ston prints the title as ' Epistolae Heroidum '). \
Boyd is said to have published also a defence
of Cardinal Bembo and the ancient eloquence,
addressed to Lipsius. He left prose and verse
manuscripts, now in the Advocates' Library,
Edinburgh ; among them are, ' In Institutiones
Imperatoris Comments,' 1591 ; ' L'Estat du
Royaume d'Escosse a present ;' ' Politicus, ad
Joannem Metellanum cancellarium Scotise '
(Sir John Maitland, or Matlane, died 3 Oct.
1595).
[Sibbald's Scotia Illustrata, sive Prodromus,
&c. 1684 fol. (gives a life, with portrait engraved
by T. de Leu) ; Kippis, in Biog. Brit. ii. (1780)
455 (Kippis used Dr. Johnson's copy of the De-
licise) ; Dalryraple's (Lord Hailes) Sketch of the
Life of Boyd, 1787, 4to (portrait) ; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 1824, i. 318; Irving's
Lives of Scottish Writers, 1839, i. 182; Grub's
Eccl. Hist, of Scotland, 1861, ii. 191. 225; An-
derson's Scottish Nation, 1863, i. 364.] A. G.
BOYD, ROBERT, LORD (d. 1469 ?), Scotch
.statesman, eldest son of Sir Thomas Boyd of
Kilmarnock, was created a peer of parlia-
ment by James II by the title of Lord Boyd,
and took his seat on 18 July 1454. In 1460
he was appointed one of the regents during
the minority of the young king, James III.
In 1464 (11 April) he was joined with the
Bishop of Glasgow, the Abbot of Holyrood,
his brother, Sir Alexander Boyd of Duncole,
and three others, in a commission to nego-
tiate a truce with Edward IV. In 1466 he
obtained the appointment of his brother, Sir
Alexander, as instructor to the young king
In knightly exercises, and conspired with
him to obtain entire control of the affairs of
the kingdom. To this end they, in defiance
of the protests of Lord Kennedy, one of their
co-regents, took possession of the person of
the king, and carried him from Linlithgow
to Edinburgh, where, in a parliament sum-
moned (9 Oct.), a public expression of ap-
proval of their conduct was obtained from
the king, and an act was passed constituting
Boyd sole governor of the realm. He now
governed autocratically, but he appears by
no means to have abused his power. On
the contrary, some of the measures which
he introduced must have been eminently
salutary. Commendams were abolished, and
religious foundations which had deviated
from their original purposes were reformed.
He also passed enactments designed to pro-
mote the interests of the mercantile and
.shipping community, prohibiting the freight-
ing of ships without a charter-party by sub-
jects of the king, whether within the realm
or without it, and also fostering the importa-
tion and discouraging the exportation of bul-
lion. He negotiated a marriage between the
king and Margaret, the only daughter of Chris-
tian, king of Norway, thereby obtaining the
cession of Orkney (8 Sept, 1468) and the
formal release of the annual tribute of 100
marks, which was still nominally payable
to the king of Norway, in the church of
St. Magnus, Kirkwall, though it had long
ceased to be paid. In 1467 he obtained for
himself the office of great chamberlain for
life, while his eldest son, Thomas (by Mariota,
daughter of Sir Robert Maxwell of Calder-
wood) was created Earl of Arran and Baron
of Kilmarnock, and married to the king's
elder sister, the Lady Mary. This last step
was more than the jealousy of the Scotch
nobles could endure, and they determined to
strike a blow at the supremacy of the Boyds.
Accordingly, in November 1469, Lord Robert
and his brother were arraigned before the
parliament on a charge of treason based on
their conduct of three years previously in
laying hands on the person of the king. They
were found guilty and sentenced to death
(22 Nov.) Boyd, however, anticipating the
issue of the trial, fled to Alnwick in North-
umberland, where he soon afterwards died.
His brother was detained in Scotland by
illness, and lost his head on the Castle Hill.
His eldest son, THOMAS, EARL OF ARRAN,
was sent to Denmark to bring over the king's
destined bride, returned while the trial was
in progress, and, being warned by his wife of
the condition of affairs, landed the princess,
but did not himself set foot on shore. He is
said by the older historians of Scotland to have
sailed back to Denmark accompanied by his
wife, and thence to have travelled by way of
Germany into France, there to have sought
service with the Duke of Burgundy, and
dying prematurely at Antwerp to have been
splendidly buried there by the duke. In an
undated letter of John Paston to Sir John
Paston he is referred to in terms of the high-
est eulogy as t the most courteous, gentlest,
wisest, kindest, most companionable, freest,
largest, most bounteous knight/ and as * one
of the lightest, deliverst, best spoken, fairest
archer, devoutest, most perfect, and truest
to his lady of all the knights that ever ' the
writer ' was acquainted with.' Fenn conjec-
tures that the letter was written either in
1470 or 1472 ; but the expression ' my lord
the Earl of Arran which hath married the
king's sister of Scotland/ coupled with the
absence of any reference to the sudden pre-
cipitation of the family from supreme power
Boyd
96
Boyd
to a position of dependence, for the estates
not only of LordKobert and his brother, but
of the Earl of Arran, were forfeited in 1469,
would seem to argue an earlier date. "What-
ever the true date may be, he was then in
London lodging at the George in Lombard
Street, his wife apparently with him. The
date of his death is uncertain. In 1474 his
widow married James, lord Hamilton, whose
son was in August 1503 created Earl of
Arran. Lord Robert's second son, Alex-
ander, was restored to a portion of the Kil-
marnock estates in 1492, but without the
title of Lord Boyd. Alexander's eldest son,
Robert, created Lord Boyd in 1536, is called
third lord.
[Acts Parl. Scot. ii. 77, 86, 185, xii. Suppl. 23 ;
Keg. Mag. Sig.Eeg. Scot. (1424-1513), 912-15,
1177; Kymer'sFoedera (Holmes), xi. 517, 524, 558;
Exch. KollsScot. vii. Ix. Ixvii. 463, 500, 520, 564,
594-8, 652, 663, 670; Accounts of the Lord High
Treasurer of Scotland, i. xl-xliii ; Drummond's
Hist. Scot. 120, 127 ; Maitland's Hist. Scot. ii.
660-5 ; Paston Letters (ed. Gairdner), iii. 47 ;
Douglas's Peerage, ii. 32.] J. M. K.
BOYD, ROBERT, fourth LORD BOYD (d.
1590), son of Robert the third lord, is men-
tioned by Herries (Hist, of the Reign of Mary
Queen of Scots, 10) as defeating the Earl of
Glencairn at Glasgow in 1544, thereby ren-
dering material aid to the regent, the Earl of
Arran, in quelling the insurrection of Lennox.
Two years later (19 Dec./i546) we find him
present at a meeting otflie privy council at
St. Andrews. On the<fitb»eak of the civil war
between the lords of the congregation and the
queen regent he took part with the former,
being present with them at Perth in May 1559.
He signed the letter addressed by the lords to
Sir William Cecil (19 July) explaining their
policy, and another of the same date to Eliza-
beth asking for support. He also took part in
the negotiations with the queen regent for a
compromise, which were entirely without re-
sult. Apparently at this time Boyd's zeal in the
cause of the congregation was growing luke-
warm, for Balnaves, accounting to Sir James
Crofts for the way in which he had applied
the English subsidy, writes under date 4 Nov.
1559 : ' And I delivered to the Earl of Glen-
cairn and Lord Boyd 500 crowns, which was
the best bestowed money that ever I bestowed,
either of that or any other ; the which if I
had not done our whole enterprise it hath
been stayed, both in joining with the duke
(Chatelherault) and coming to Edinburgh, for
certain particular causes that were betwixt
the said lords and the duke, which were set
down by that means by me so secret that it
is not known to many.'
In February 1559-60 he was one of the sig-
natories of the treaty of Berwick, by which
Elizabeth engaged ' with all convenient speed
to send into Scotland a convenient aid of
men of warr,' for the purpose of driving out
the French, and in the following April joined
the English army at Prestonpans. On the
27th of that month he signed the contract
in defence of the liberty of the ' evangel of
Christ,' by which the lords of the congrega-
tion sought to encourage and confirm one
another in the good work. He was present,
on 7 May, at the unsuccessful attempt made
by the English army to carry Leith by esca-
lade, and on the 10th signed the document
by which the treaty of Berwick was con-
firmed. On 27 Jan. 1560-1 he subscribed
the ' Book of Discipline of the Kirk,' and at
Ayr, on 3 Sept. 1562, he signed a bond to
* maintain and assist the preaching of the
evangel.' Shortly after the marriage of
Darnley (28 July 1564) the lords, despairing
of prevailing on the queen to abolish ' the
idolatrous mass,' and incensed by some acts
of a rather high-handed character done by
her, surprised Edinburgh during her tempo-
rary absence, but hastily abandoned the city
on hearing that she was returning. Upon
this Boyd, with Argyle, Murray, Glencairn,
and others, was summoned to appear at the
next meeting of parliament, which was fixed
for 3 Feb. 1565, to answer for their conduct on
pain of being denounced rebels and put to the
horn. Parliament, however, did not meet in
February, and before its next session, which
began on 14 April 1567, Boyd's political
attitude had undergone a complete change.
If any credit is to be given to the so-called
dying declaration of Bothwell, Boyd, ac-
cording to that version of it which is found
in Keith's ' History of Scotland ' (App. 144),
was privy to the murder of Darnley. His
name, however, is not mentioned in the copy,
or rather abstract, preserved in the Cottonian
Library (Titus, c. vii. fol. 396), nor is the frag-
ment Cal. D. ii. fol. 519 in the same collec-
tion ; the original was in all probability a for-
gery. Though a member of the packed jury
which acquitted Bothwell of the deed (April
1567), he, after Both well's marriage to Mary,
joined a confederacy of nobles who bound
themselves to protect the young prince against
the sinister designs with which Bothwell was
credited. Afterwards, however, he united
himself with the faction which by a solemn
' league and covenant ' engaged to take part
with Bothwell ' against his privy or public ca-
lumniators,' * with their bodies, heritage, and
Boyd was now made one of the permanent
members of the privy council (17 May), and
Boyd
97
Boyd
soon became as decided and energetic a par-
tisan of the queen as he had formerly been
of the congregation. In June he attempted
to hold Edinburgh for the queen, in conjunc-
tion with Huntly, the archbishop of St.
Andrews, and the commendator of Kilwin-
ning. The citizens, however, refused to de-
fend the place, and it almost immediately
fell into the hands of the other faction. In
August we find him, with Argyll, Livingston,
and the commendator of Kilwinning, in ne-
gotiation with Murray for the release of the
queen from captivity. In 1568, after her
escape from Lochleven (2 May), he joined
her forces at Hamilton, and was present at
the battle of Langside (13 May). After the
battle he retired to his castle of Kilmarnock,
which, however, he was soon compelled to
surrender to the council. In September he
was appointed one of the bishop of Ross's
colleagues for the conference to be held at
York. After the conclusion of the negotia-
tions he accompanied the bishop to London,
and was admitted to audience of the queen
at Hampton Court (24 Oct.) On 6 Jan.
1568-9 Mary made him one of her council.
He was employed by her in her intrigues
with the Duke of Norfolk, and was entrusted
by the latter with a diamond to deliver to
the queen at Coventry as a pledge of his
affection and fidelity. In a letter to the
duke, apparently written in December 1569,
she says: 'I took from my lord Boyd the
diamond, which I shall keep unseen about
my neck till I give it again to the owner of
it and me both.' In June 1569 he was des-
patched to Scotland with authority from
Mary to treat with the regent, and a written
mandate to institute proceedings for a divorce
from Bothwell. Chalmers (Life of Mary,
p. 331, published in 1818) asserts that Both-
well's consent to the divorce had been obtained
before the commencement of the correspon-
dence with Norfolk, and that the document
signifying it l remained among the family
papers of Lord Boyd to the present century.'
The papers referred to are presumably iden-
tical with those which on the attainder of
William Boyd (the fourth earl of Kilmarnock)
[q. v.], were placed in the custody of the public
officials of the town of Kilmarnock, where
they remained until 1837, when a selection
from them, comprising all such as were of any
historical value, was edited for the Abbotsford
Club, and constitutes the first portion of the
'Abbotsford Miscellany.' No such document,
however, as Chalmers refers to is there to be
found, though a draft of the formal authority
to apply for the divorce is among the papers.
Boyd had an interview with Murray in July
at Elgin, and on the 30th the question of the
VOL. VI.
divorce was submitted to the council at
Perth, when it was decided by a large ma-
jority that nothing further should be done
in the matter. After reporting the failure
of his mission to the queen, Boyd appears to
have remained in England for some months,
during which the record of his life is very
scanty. He seems to have stood very high
in the estimation of his mistress. In one of
her letters (5 Jan. 1568-9) she designates
him 'our traist cousigne and counsallour/
and writing to Cecil, under date 11 Feb.
1569-70, she expresses a desire to retain him
with the bishop of Ross permanently about
her person. At this time, however, he was
again in Scotland actively engaged in hatch-
ing a plot for a general rising, and much
suspected of complicity in the murder of
Murray (22 Jan. 1569-70). The following
year he was commissioned by Mary to esta-
blish in that country ' a lieutenant, ane or
twa,' in her name. In the brief insurrection
of the summer he was taken prisoner by
Lennox at Paisley, but escaped to Edinburgh,
and thence went to Stirling in August, and on
the 12th, with Argyll, Cassilis, and Eglinton,
affixed his seal to a treaty of secession and
amity executed on the part of the regent by
Morton and Mar. This defection is ascribed
by the unknown author of the ' History of
King James the Sext ' to the ' great promises '
of Lennox, but the reason given by Mary is
probably nearer the mark. She writes to
De la Motte Fenelon, under date 28 June
1571, that she is advised that Argyll, Athole,
and Boyd, ' comme desespe~res d'aucune aide,
' commencent a se retirer et regarder qui aura
du meilleur.' On 5 Sept. we find Boyd men-
tioned as a consenting party to the election
of Mar to the regency ; on the 7th he was
made a member of the privy council. He
visited Knox on his deathbed (17 Nov.), but
except that he said, 1 1 know, sir, I have
offended in many things, and am indeed come
to crave your pardon,' what passed on either
side is unknown. He was included in the
act of indemnity passed 26 Jan. 1571-2, and
subscribed the articles of pacification drawn
up at Perth on 23 Feb. 1572-3, by one of
which he was appointed one of the judges
for the trial of claims for restitution of goods
arising out of acts of violence committed
during the civil war. On 24 Oct. 1573 he
was appointed extraordinary lord of session
by Morton, of whom from this time forward
he was a firm adherent. Relying on the
favour of Morton, he signalised his elevation
to the bench by ejecting (November 1573)
Sir John Stewart from the office of baillie
of the regality of Glasgow, held under a
grant from the late king, and engrossing the
Boyd
98
Boyd
profits himself. About the same time he
Procured the appointment of his kinsman,
ames Boyd, to the archiepiscopal see of
Glasgow. On Morton's resignation in Fe-
bruary 1577-8, Boyd, according to Spottis-
woode, ' did chide him bitterly,' pointing out
that the king was a mere boy, and that by
resigning Morton was in fact playing into
the hands of his enemies, the Argyll-Athole
faction. In consequence of Morton's eclipse,
Boyd for a time lost his seat both at the
council table and on the bench, but on the
regent's return to power as prime minister
in July 1578 he was again made a permanent
member of the council, being at the same
time appointed visitor of the university of
Glasgow and commissioner for examining the
book of the policy of the kirk and settling
its jurisdiction. The same month (23rd)
he was compelled to surrender the bailliary
of the regality of Glasgow to the king as
Earl of Lennox. On 15 Oct. his seat on the
bench was restored to him. In the spring
of the next year he was appointed one of the
commission to pursue and arrest Lord John
Hamilton and his brother, Lord Claud, who,
however, made their escape to England.
The commissioners received the thanks of
the council for their services on 22 May.
Boyd was a party to the conspiracy known
as the Raid of Ruthven, by which the person
of the king was seized as a pledge for the
dismissal of the Duke of Lennox then in
power, and in consequence was banished the
realm in June 1583, James Stuart, earl of
Arran, taking his place as extraordinary lord
of session. He retired for a time to France,
but in June 1586 we find him acting for the
king in the negotiations which resulted in
the treaty of alliance between the crowns of
England and Scotland of that year, and
while thus engaged induced the king to
restore him to his former place on the bench,
which, however, he resigned two years later
(4 July 1588). In 1587-8 he was appointed
commissioner to raise 100,OOOJ. for the ex-
penses connected with the king's marriage,
and in 1589 was placed on a commission to
enforce the statute against Jesuits (passed
14 Aug. 1587), and on the king's leaving for
Norway (October) was constituted one of
the wardens of the marches. He died on
3 Jan. 1589-90, in the seventy-second year
of his age, being survived by his wife Mar-
garet or Mariot, daughter of Sir John Col-
quhoun of Glins, and was succeeded by his
second son Thomas.
[State Papers, Scottish Series; Eeg. P. C.
Scot. i. 57, 192, 335, 365, 386, 409, 509, 608,
614, 616, 617, 625, ii. 8, 12, 193-200, 312,
697, iii. 6, 8, 146, 150, 165, iv. 86 n, 269,
426, 507 », 652 n ; Knox's Works (Bann. Club),
i. 340-5, 369, 382, 413, 434, ii. 38, 53, 56, 58,
61, 63, 128, 258, 348, 498-503, 552, 556, 563,
iii. 413, 425, vi. 35, 43, 640, 657 ; Spottiswoode's
Hist. (Bann. Club), ii. 35, 56, 65-7, 208, 264 ;
Anderson's Coll. i. 112, iii. 13, 33, 43, 52, 61, 70, 96,
iv. 33, 156; Hume of Godscroft's Hist. House
Angus, 167, 183, 199, 381; Keith's Hist. Scot.
97, 100, 127, 316, 320, 326, 337, 381, 447, App.
44, 145 ; Lesley's Hist. Scot. (Bann. Club), 151,
177, 274, 284 ;Froude's Hist. vii. 121, 122, ix. 434 ;
Acts and Proceedings Gen. Ass. Kirk Scot. 93,
102, 750, 755 ; Book Univ. Kirk Scot. 348, 571 ;
Bann. Misc. iii. 123; Herri es's Memoirs (Abbots-
ford Club), 10, 87, 91, 102, 123, 131, 135, 139;
James Melville's Diary (Bann. Club), 37; Hist.
King James Sext (Bann. Club\ 8, 10, 19, 26,
32, 35, 53, 55, 74, 75, 85, 129, 141, 189, 198;
Memoirs of Lords Kilmarnock, Cromartie, and
Balmerino (London, 1746, 8vo) ; Colville's Letters
to Walsingham (Bann. Club), 44 ; Lettres de
Marie Stuart (ed. Labanoff), ii. 265, 266, 271,
294, 304, 321, iii. 22, iv. 340 ; Moysie's Mem.
(Bann. Club), 21, 22, 57 ; Diurnal of Occurrents
in Scotland (Bann. Club), 279-82, 313, 324, 328 ;
Acts Parl. Scot. iii. 77, 96, 98, 105; Douglas's
Peer. ii. 34.] J. M. E.
BOYD, ROBERT, of Trochrig (1578-
1627), theological writer, was the eldest son
of James Boyd, archbishop of Glasgow, great-
grandson of Robert Boyd (d. 1469) [q. v.], and
owner of an estate in Ayrshire, which is vari-
ously spelled Trochrig, Trochridge, and Tro-
chorege. He was connected by birth with the
noble family of Cassilis, and enjoyed a good
social position. He studied at the university
of Edinburgh, taking his divinity course under
Robert Rollok, first principal of the university,
for whom he had an extraordinary reverence
and affection. The profound religious impres-
sions made on him under Rollok led him to as-
sociate himself with the earnest presbyterians
of the day. In compliance with the custom
of the times he went abroad to complete his
studies, and in 1604 was chosen pastor of the
church at Verteuil, and in 1606 professor in
the university of Saurnur, both in France.
Along with the duties of the chair he dis-
charged the office of a pastor in the town, and
was afterwards called to the chair of divinity.
While at Saumur he married a French young
lady, though he had always the hope of re-
turning to his native country. The university
of Saumur had been founded some years
before by the celebrated Philip de Mornay
(Seigneur du Plessis-Mornay), with whom,
as with many more of the eminent men
whom the reformed church of France then
possessed, he was on terms of intimacy.
The fame of Robert Boyd having reached
the ears of King James, he offered him the
principalship of the university of Glasgow.
Boyd
99
Boyd
In 1615 Boyd removed to Glasgow, to the
great loss and sorrow of the people and pro-
fessors of Saumur ; in addition to the du-
ties of principal he had to perform those of
a teacher of theology, Hebrew, and Syriac,
and those also of preacher to the people of
Govan. ' His exemplary holiness/ says his
earliest biographer, Dr. Rivet, l singular
learning, admirable eloquence; his gravity,
humility, unaffected modesty, and extraor-
dinary diligence, both in his ecclesiastical
and scholastical employment, above the rate
of ordinary pastors and professors, drew all
to a reverence, love, and esteem for, and
many even to an admiration of him.' Boyd
delivered extemporaneous lectures in Latin
with all the flow and elegance of a written
discourse. His preaching at Saumur in
French had been admired by the natives.
In his lectures, all his quotations from the
Greek fathers, which were very frequent and
sometimes very long, were repeated by heart.
He himself used to say that, if he were at
liberty to select a language for his public
discourses, he would choose Greek, as the
most appropriate to express his thoughts.
As it was known to the bishops that Boyd
was not in favour of the ' five articles of
Perth,' he began to experience annoyance.
The mind of the king was poisoned against
him, and in 1621 he resigned the principal-
ship and retired to the family house of
Trochrig. But, being invited by the magis-
trates and people of Edinburgh in 1622 to
be principal of the university there and one
of the ministers of the city, he accepted
the invitation. The king, on hearing this,
reproved the magistrates for the appoint-
ment, and ordered them not only to deprive
him of his office, but to expel him from the
city unless he should conform absolutely to
the articles of Perth. As Boyd refused to
comply with this condition, he was deprived
and expelled accordingly. Afterwards he
had some hope of being restored to his office
in Glasgow, and was induced to sign a quali-
fied declaration of conformity. But, after all,
the appointment was given to another. In
1626-7 he was called to be minister of Paisley,
but owing to disturbances fomented by a
bitter enemy, the Marchioness of Abercorn,
who had recently gone over to the church of
Rome, he was obliged to leave Paisley. In
1627, on a visit to Edinburgh, he was seized
with his last illness, and died there, in much
bodily pain but great mental serenity, in the
forty-ninth year of his age.
Boyd's chief work was a large and very
elaborate 'Commentary on the Epistle to
the Ephesians,' published after his death.
Dr. Walker thus describes it in his ' Theo-
logy and Theologians of Scotland : ' ' A work
it is of stupendous size and stupendous learn-
ing. Its apparatus criticus is something
enormous. . . . Much more properly it might
be called a theological thesaurus. You have
a separate discussion of almost every im-
portant theological topic.'
Boyd excelled in Latin poetry, and his
' Hecatombe ad Christum Salvatorem ' was
included by Sir John Scot of Scotstarvet
in his ' Delicias Poetarum Scotorum.' This
was afterwards reprinted at Edinburgh by
the well-known naturalist, Sir Robert Sib-
bald, M.D., nephew of Dr. George Sibbald,
who married Boyd's widow.
[Life of Robert Boyd by Dr. Rivet, prefixed
to Bodii Preelections in Epist. ad Ephes. 1652 ;
"Wodrow's Life of Mr. Robert Boyd of Trochrig
(Maitland Club), 1848.] W. G. B.
BOYD, SIK ROBERT (1710-1794),
general, colonel 39th foot, and governor of
Gibraltar, is first noticed in official lists
about 1740, when he appears as (civilian)
storekeeper of ordnance at Port Mahon, Mi-
norca, at a salary of 182/. 10s. per annum,
in succession to Mr. Ninian Boyd, by whom
the post had previously been held for a good
many years. Robert Boyd was still store-
keeper sixteen years later, in 1756, when the
garrison, commanded by the aged general,
afterwards Lord Blakeney, was besieged by
the French and Spaniards. During this time,
on 19 May 1756, he distinguished himself
by a gallant but unsuccessful attempt to carry
despatches in an open boat, in view of the
j enemy, from Governor Blakeney to Admiral
j Byng, whose long-expected fleet was in the
I offing, in consequence of which he was one
| of the first witnesses called by the crown at
the subsequent trial of the unfortunate ad-
miral. In recognition of his services at Mi-
norca Boyd received a commission in the
army as lieutenant-colonel unattached, bear-
ing date 25 March 1758. On 13 Jan. 1760 he
was brought into the 1st foot guards, then
commanded by the Duke of Cumberland, as
captain-lieutenant and lieutenant-colonel,
and on 23 July following was promoted to
captain and lieutenant-colonel in the regi-
ment, being at the time in Germany on the
personal staff of the Marquis of Granby, then
in command of the British troops serving
under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. A
couple of letters from Colonel Boyd to Sir
Andrew Mitchell, dated from Germany in
January 1759 and December 1760, show
that there was some intention of sending him
to India in command of a regiment, but, the
East India Company having applied for an
officer who had served in India before, he
H2
Boyd
100
Boyd
escaped what appears to have been an un-
welcome duty (Mitchell Papers, Add, MSS.
6860, p. 86). On 18 Sept. 1765 he exchanged
from the Guards to the 39th foot, and on
6 Aug. 1766 was promoted colonel of that
regiment, in succession to Lieutenant-general
Aldercron, deceased. On 25 May 1768 he was
appointed lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar,
whither his regiment had proceeded (Home
Off. Military Entry Books, vol. xxvii.) j
Sundry references to Colonel Boyd will be !
found in the Calendars of Home Office Papers
for 1760-70, and a number of letters written
by him whilst acting governor of Gibraltar
are in British Museum, Add. MSS. 24159 to
24163. He became a major-general in 1772, I
and lieutenant-general in 1777. He was j
second in command under Lord Heathfield
during the famous defence of Gibraltar from j
1779 to 1783, and it was at his suggestion \
that red-hot shot were first employed for the I
destruction of the enemy's floating batteries •
(DRINKWATER, p. 129). For his distinguished l
services at this eventful period he was created '
K.B. In May 1790 he succeeded Lord
Heathfield as governor. On 12 Oct. 1793 !
he attained the rank of general, and died on '
13 May 1794. He was buried in a tomb con- '
structedby his directions in the king's bastion '
on the sea-line of defences, in the salient
angle of which is a marble tablet, the very '
existence of which is now unknown to many \
dwellers on the Rock, with the following !
inscription: ' Within the walls of this bastion !
are deposited the mortal remains of the late '
General Sir Robert Boyd, K.B., governor of :
this fortress, who died on 13 May 1794, aged '
84 years. By him the first stone of the I
bastion was laid in 1773, and under his super- I
vision it was completed, when, on that occa- !
sion, in his address to the troops, he expressed I
a wish to see it resist the combined efforts of !
France and Spain, which wish was accom-
plished on 13 Sept. 1782, when, by the fire
of this bastion, the flotilla expressly designed
for the capture of this fortress were utterly
destroyed.
A mural tablet in the King's Chapel, Gib-
raltar, also records the date of his death and
the place of his burial.
[Anglise Notitia, 1727-55; Ordnance "Warrant
Books in Public Eecord Office ; Beatson's Nav. and
Mil. Memoirs (ed. 1804), i. 490-1 ; Shorthand
Report Trial Admiral Byng, Brit. Mus., Trials ; !
Annual Army Lists; Hamilton's Hist. Gren. '
Guards, vol. iii. Appendix ; Cannon's Hist. Ree.
39th Foot ; Add. MSS. 5726 C and 6860 f. 86 ;
Add. MSS. Lord Granby's Orders ; Add. MSS.
24159-63 ; Calendars Home Office Papers, 1760-
72 ; Drinkwater's Siege of Gibraltar (ed. 1844),
pp. 11-12, 129, 164-6; Scots Mag. Ivi. 442;
Notes and Queries, 6th ser. x. 6.] H. M. C.
BOYD, ROBERT (d. 1883), writer on
diseases of the insane, became a member of
the Royal College of Surgeons in 1830, and
in the following year graduated M.D. in the
university of Edinburgh. In 1836 he be-
came a licentiate of the Royal- College of
Physicians, and in 1852 was elected to the
fellowship of the college. For some time he
was resident physician at the Marylebone
workhouse infirmary, and afterwards physi-
cian and superintendent of the Somerset
county lunatic asylum. He then became
proprietor and manager of the Southall Park
private asylum, which was destroyed on
14 Aug. 1883 by a fire in which he lost his
life. In the various positions in which he
was placed he utilised to the utmost his op-
portunities for original research. He pub-
lished the annual ' Reports on the Pauper
Lunatics' at the St. Marylebone infirmary
and the Somerset county asylum, and contri-
buted numerous independent papers to the
literature of pathology and psychological
medicine. He was the author of patho-
logical contributions to the ' Royal Medical
and Chirurgical Transactions,' vols. xxiv.
and xxxii., and to the ' Edinburgh Medical
Journal,' vols. Iv. to Ixxii. ; of 'Tables of
the Weights of the Human Body and In-
ternal Organs,' in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions ; ' and of a paper, f The Weight of
the Brain at different Ages and in various
Diseases.' To the ' Journal of Mental Sci-
ence ' he contributed no fewer than sixteen
papers on ' Treatment of the Insane Poor/
' Diseases of the Nervous System,' ' Statistics
of Pauper Insanity,' and cognate subjects,
the most important being that on ' General
Paralysis of the Insane ' in the ' Journal of
Mental Science ' for May and October 1871,
the result of 155 post-mortem examinations
of persons who had died from that disease in
the Somerset county asylum. He was also
the author of three papers on ' Vital Statis-
tics,' ' Insanity,' and ' The Pauper Lunacy
Laws,' published in the 'Lancet.'
[Lancet, 1883, ii. 352-3; Medical Times, 1883,
ii. 249-50.]
BOYD, WALTER (1754 P-1837), finan-
cier, was born about 1754. Before the
outbreak of the French revolution he was
engaged as a banker in Paris, but the pro-
gress of events soon caused him to flee for
his life, whilst the property of the firm of
Boyd, Ker, & Co., of which he was the chief
member, was confiscated in October 1793. On
15 March 1793 the firm of Boyd, Benfield, &
Co. was established in London. Boyd, as the
principal partner, contributed 60,000/. to the
common stock, and his ' name, connections,
Boyd
101
Boyd
and exertions' soon carried it to a great
'pitch of celebrity.' He was 'zealously
attached to Mr. Pitt, and enjoyed his confi-
dence for many years ' (advertisement to 2nd
edition of Letter to Pitt}. He was employed
in contracting to the amount of over thirty
millions for large government loans, and for
some time was very prosperous. He was also
M.P. for Shaftesbury (1796-1802), which at
the period of his election was a pocket
borough of his partner Paul Benfield [q. v.],
who was returned along with him (HUTCHINS,
History of County of Dorset, iii. 19, 20, West-
minster, 1868). After a few years the firm
got into difficulties. It had at one time
seemed likely that the property seized at Paris
would be restored, but the revolution of
4 Sept. 1797 caused the overthrow of the
government which had taken the preliminary
steps towards this restitution, and the final
confiscation of the property followed. In
expectation of a different issue, Boyd, Benfield,
& Co. had entered into various arrangements
which soon resulted in disaster. They ob-
tained private help, and even assistance from
government, but in 1799 the affairs of the
company were put into liquidation, and Boyd
found himself ruined. He visited France in
the brief interval of peace (March 1802-May
1803), was one of the detained, and was not
released till the fall of Napoleon in 1814.
On his return to England he was able to re-
cover something of his former prosperity, and
sat as M.P. for the borough of Lymington
from April 1823 to 1830. Scott met him
in April 1828, and gives an account, appa-
rently not quite accurate, of his remarkable
self-sacrifice on behalf of his creditors (LOCK-
HART'S Life of Scott , ch. Ixxvi.) He died
at Plaistow Lodge, Kent, on 16 Sept. 1837.
Boyd wrote several pamphlets on financial
subjects, which were not without weight in
themselves, and to which the author's posi-
tion gave additional force. They were : j
1. 'Letter to the Right Honourable William
Pitt on the Influence of the Stoppage of Issues I
in Specie at the Bank of England on the
Prices of Provisions and other Commodities '
(London, 1801, 2nd ed. 1811). This was called
forth by a pamphlet on the effects of the sus-
pension of cash payments in 17"*" d was
intended to prove ' that the increase of bank-
notes is the principal cause of the great rise
in the price of commodities and every species
of exchangeable value' (p. 7). These con-
clusions were attacked by Sir Francis Baring
in his ' Observations ' (1801) and a number
'of other writers (a list of some of these is given
in general index to Monthly Review, London,
1818, i. 610). 2. ' Reflections on the Financial
System of Great Britain, and particularly on
the Sinking Fund' (1815, 2nd ed. 1828). This
was written in captivity in France in 1812. It
enlarges on the benefits of a sinking fund as
a means of clearing off national debt, and
explains various schemes for its application.
3. ' Observations on Lord Grenville's Essay
on the Sinking Fund ' (London, 1828), pursues
the same line of argument, and is a reply to
the treatise of that nobleman published the
same year.
[G-ent. Mag. for 1837, p. 548 ; Letter to the
creditors of the house of Boyd, Benfield, &
Co., by Walter Boyd, 1800 ; List of Members of
Parliament ; Commons Eeturn, part ii. 1 March
1878.] F. W.
BOYD, WILLIAM, fourth EAEL OF KIL-
MARNOCK (1704-1746), belonged to a family
which derives its descent from Simon, third
son of Alan, lord high chancellor of Scotland,
and brother of Walter, the first high steward
of Scotland. Simon's grandson Robert was
awarded a grant of lands in Cunninghame by
Alexander III, as a reward for his bravery at
the battle of Largs, 1263. From the earliest
times the family was noted for its antagonism
to the English, and it is recorded of Sir Robert
Boyd that he was a staunch partisan of Sir
William Wallace, and subsequently of Bruce,
from whom he received a grant of the lands
of Kilmarnock, Bondington, and Hertschaw
(HERVEY, Life of Bruce).
William, ninth lord Boyd, descendant of
Robert, first lord Boyd [q. v.], was created
first earl of Kilmarnock by Charles II, by
patent bearing date 7 Aug. 1661.
The third earl was an ardent supporter of
the house of Hanover. Rae, in his ' History
of the Rebellion,' says of him : ' It must not
be forgot that the Earl of Kilmarnock ap-
peared here at the head of above 500 of
his own men well appointed . . . and that
which added very much unto it was the early
blossoms of the loyal principle and education
of my Lord Boyd, who, though but eleven
years of age, appeared in arms with the Earl
his father.' This was in 1715, and the boy
here mentioned succeeded his father as fourth
earl of Kilmarnock in 1717. He was born in
1704, his mother being the Lady Euphane,
eldest daughter of the eleventh Lord Ross.
His character was generous, open, and affec-
tionate, but he was pleasure-loving, vain, and
inconstant. He was educated at Glasgow, and
during the earlier part of his life he continued,
in accordance with his father's principles, to
support the house of Hanover; and we find
that, on the death of George I, he sent an
order calling on the authorities of Kilmar-
nock to hold ' the train bands in readiness for
proclaiming the Prince of Wales.' It was not
Boyd
102
Boyd
indeed until quite the close of the rebellion of
'45 that he proved false to the opinions which
this act shows him to have held. Various
reasons are assigned for his defection ; by some
it was attributed to the influence of his wife,
Lady Anne Livingstone, who was a catholic,
and whose father, fifth earl of Linlithgow, had
been attainted for treason in 1715. Smollett,
however, says : { He engaged in the rebellion
partly through the desperate situation of his
fortune, and partly through resentment to the
government on his being deprived of a pension
which he had for some time enjoyed.' This
opinion is supported by Horace Walpole, who
mentions that the pension was obtained by his
father (Sir Robert Walpole) and stopped by
Lord Wilmington. In his confession to Mr.
James Foster — a dissenting minister who at-
tended him from the time sentence of death
was passed on him to the day of his execu-
tion— the earl himself says : ' The true root
of all was his careless and dissolute life, by
which he had reduced himself to great and
perplexing difficulties.' The persuasions of
his, wife, who was captivated by the affability
of the young Pretender, no doubt influenced
him in deserting the Hanoverian cause ; but
the hope of bettering his straitened fortunes
by a change of dynasty must also be taken
into account. His estates were much encum-
bered when he succeeded to them, and a long
course of dissipation and extravagance had
plunged him into such embarrassment that
his wife writes to him : ' After plaguing the
Stewart for a fortnight I have only succeeded
in obtaining three shillings from him.'
When he finally joined the rebels he was
received by Prince Charles with great marks
of distinction and esteem, and was made by
him a privy councillor, colonel of the guards,
and subsequently general. He took a leading
part in the battle of Falkirk, 17 Jan. 1746. At
the battle of Culloden he was taken prisoner
in consequence of a mistake he made in sup-
posing a troop of English to be a body of Fitz-
James's horse. In his speech at the trial he
pleaded as an extenuating circumstance that
his surrender was voluntary, but afterwards
admitted the truth, and requested Mr. Foster
to publish his confession. On 29 May he, to-
gether with the Earl of Cromarty and Lord
Balrcerino, was lodged in the Tower. They
were subsequently tried before the House of
Lords, and convicted of high treason, notwith-
standing an eloquent speech from Lord Kil-
marnock. The court was presided over by
Lord Hardwicke as lord high steward, and his
conduct on this occasion seems to have been
strangely wanting in judicial impartiality.
Walpole, in a letter to Sir Horace Mann com-
menting on this, says : l To the prisoners he was
peevish, and instead of keeping up to the hu-
mane dignity of the law of England, whose
character it is to point out favour to the
criminal, he crossed them and almost scoffed
at any offer they made towards defence.'
The sentence on Lord Cromarty was after-
wards remitted, but no such grace was ac-
corded to Lord Kilmarnock, principally on
account of the erroneous belief held by the
Duke of Cumberland that it was he who was
responsible for the order that no quarter was
to be given to the English at Culloden.
On 18 Aug. 1746 he was executed on Tower
Hill in company with Lord Balmerino. He
is described as being ' tall and slender, with
an extreme fine person,' and his behaviour at
the execution was held to be ( a most just
mixture between dignity and submission.'
His lands were confiscated, but subse-
quently restored to his eldest son, and sold
by him to the Earl of Glencairn. The title
was merged in 1758 in that of Errol.
[Paterson's History of Ayr, 1847; M'Kay's
History of Kilmarnock, 1864; Doran's London
in the Jacobite Times, 1871 ; Moore's Compleat
Account of the Lives of the two Eebel Lords,
1746; Ford's Life of William Boyd, Earl of
Kilmarnock, 1746; Foster's Account of the Be-
haviour of William Boyd, Earl of Kilmarnock,
1746; Observations and Eemarks on the two
Accounts lately published by J. Ford and J. Foster,
1746; Gent. Mag. xvi.; Scots Mag. viii. ; Howell's
State Trials, xviii.] N. G.
BOYD, WILLIAM (d. 1772), Irish pres-
byterian minister, was ordained minister of
Macosquin,co. Derry,by the Coleraine presby-
tery, on 31 Jan. 1710. He is memorable as
the oearer of a commission to Colonel Samuel
Suitte, governor of New England, embodying-
a proposal for an extensive emigration from
co. Derry to that colony. The commission
is dated 26 March 1718, is signed by nine
presbyterian ministers and 208 members of
their flocks, who declare their ' sincere and
hearty inclination to transport ourselves to
that very excellent and renowned Plantation,
upon our obtaining from His Excellency
suitable encouragement.' Witherow reprints
the document, with the signatures in full,
from Edward Lutwyche Parker's 'History
of Londonderry, New Hampshire,' Boston,
1851. Boyd fulfilled his mission in 1718.
How he was received is not known ; the in-
tended emigration did not, however, take
place. But in the same year, without await-
ing the issue of Boyd's negotiation, James
McGregor (minister of Aghadowey, co. Derry,
from 1701 to 1718), who had not signed the
document, emigrated to New Hampshire with
some of his people, and there founded a town
to which was given the name of Londonderry.
Boyd
103
Boyd
In the non-subscription controversy Boyc
took a warm part. When the general synod of
Ulster in 1721 permitted those of its members
to subscribe the Westminster Confession who
thought fit, Boyd was one of the signatories
He was on the committee of six appointed
in 1724 to draw up articles against Thomas
Nevin, M.A. (minister of Downpatrick from
1711 to 1744 ; accused of impugning the deity
of Christ), and probably drafted the docu-
ment. Next year Boyd moved from Macos-
quin to a congregation nearer Londonderry,
anciently known as Taughboyne, subsequently
as Monreagh, where he was installed by Deny
presbytery on 25 April 1725. The stipend
promised was 50/. The congregation had
been vacant since the removal of William
Gray to Usher's Quay, Dublin, in 1721. In
1727 Gray, without ecclesiastical sanction,
came back to Taughboyne and set up an
opposition meeting in a disused corn-kiln at
St. Johnston, within the bounds of his old
congregation. Hence arose defections, re-
criminations, and the diminution of Boyd's
stipend to 40/. The general synod elected
him moderator at Dungannon in 1730. The
sermon with which he concluded his term of
office in the following year at Antrim proves
his orthodoxy as a subscriber to the West-
minster Confession, and perhaps also proves
that the influence of a non-subscribing pub-
lication, above ten years old, was by no
means spent. It is directed specially against
a famous discourse by the non-subscribing
minister of the town in which it was de-
livered, John Abernethy, M.A., whose 'Re-
ligious Obedience founded on Personal Per-
suasion ' was preached at Belfast on 9 Dec.
1719, and printed in 1720 [see ABEKNETHY,
JOHN, 1680-1740]. Boyd decides that < con-
science is not the supreme lawgiver,' and that
it has no judicial authority except in so far
as it administers ' the law of God/ an expres-
sion which with him is synonymous with the
interpretation of Scripture accepted by his
church. In 1734 Boyd was an unsuccessful
candidate for the clerkship of the general
synod. His zeal for the faith was again
shown in 1739, when he took the lead against
Richard Aprichard, a probationer of the
Armagh presbytery, who had scruples about
some points of the Confession, and ultimately
withdrew from the synod's jurisdiction. He
was one of the ten divines appointed by the
synod at Magherafelt on 16 June 1747 to
draw up a ' Serious Warning ' to be read from
the pulpits against dangerous errors 'creeping
into our bounds.' These errors were in re-
ference to such doctrines as original sin, the
' satisfaction of Christ,' the Trinity, and the
authority of Scripture. The synod, in spite
of its ' Serious Warning,' would not enter-
tain a proposal to forbid the growing practice
of intercommunion with the non-subscribers.
We hear nothing more of Boyd till his death,
which occurred at an advanced age on 2 May
1772. He published only <A Good Con-
science a Necessary Qualification of a Gospel
Minister. A Sermon (Heb. xiii. 18) preached
at Antrim June 15th 1731, at a General
Synod of the Protestants of the Presbyterian
Persuasion in the North of Ireland,' Derry.
1731, 18mo.
[Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presb.
in Ireland, 2nd ser. 1880, p. 1 ; Armstrong's Ap-
pendix to Ordination Service, James Martineau,
1829, p. 102; Manuscript Extracts from Minutes
of General Synod.] A. GK
BOYD, ZACHARY (1585 P-1653), was
a descendant of the family of Boyd of Pen-
kill in Ayrshire. He was born about 1585,
and was first educated at Kilmarnock, whence
he went to Glasgow University in 1601. He
also attended the university of St. Andrews
from 1603 to 1607, and graduated there as
M.A. Subsequently he went over to the
protestant college of Saumur, in France, and
was offered, but declined, the principalship
of that college. He resided in France for
sixteen years, and seems to have left it on
account of the religious troubles. In 1623
he returned to Scotland, and was appointed
minister of the Barony parish in Glasgow.
He died in 1653. The latter part of his life
was spent in the management of his parish
and of the affairs of the Glasgow University,
in which he took a deep interest, and in lite-
rary pursuits. Only a part of his writings
were printed; some still remain in manu-
script in the possession of Glasgow Uni-
versity, to which he left them, along with a
money bequest, which not only assisted in
>roviding new buildings, but served to esta-
)lish some bursaries. His bust, well known
to many generations of students, stood in a
niche of the quadrangle which was built
with his bequest, until a few years ago the
university deserted those buildings and moved
to its present situation, where the bust is still
preserved in the library. Boyd served the
offices of dean of faculty, rector, and vice-
chancellor in the university during several
years. His printed prose works appeared
between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical
works between 1640 and 1652. < The Battell
of the Soul in Death ' (1629), dedicated to
Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta
Maria, while the second volume contains a de-
dicatory letter to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia,
on the death of her son Frederick, is a sort
of prose manual for the sick. About 1640
Boydell
104
Boydell
he published a poem on General Lesly's vic-
tory at Newburn, which is marked by the
utmost extravagance and absurdity of lan-
guage and of metaphor. In 1640 he pub-
lished 'Four Letters of Comforts for the
deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord
Boyd.' The ' Psalms of David in Meeter,'
with metrical versions of the songs of the
Old and New Testament, was published in
1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd,
preserved in Glasgow University, are very
voluminous, and some extracts have been
published as curiosities. The chief portions
are the ' Four Evangels ' in verse, and a col-
lection of poetical stories, taken chiefly from
Bible history, which he calls * Zion's Flowers,'
and which, having been commonly called
' Boyd's Bible,' gave currency to the idea
that he had translated the whole Bible. The
stories are often absurd enough in style and
treatment, but the general notion of their
absurdities has been exaggerated from the
fact that they were abundantly parodied by
those whose object was to caricature the
presbyterian style which Boyd represented.
He seems to have been inclined to oppose
the policy of the royalist party even in earlier
days ; for though he wrote a Latin ode on
the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in
1633, his dedication of the ' Battell of the
Soul ' to the king contained what must have
been taken as a reflection on the want of
strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church.
In later years he became a staunch cove-
nanter, but did not relish the triumph of
Cromwell. In 1650 he preached before Crom-
well in the cathedral, and, as we are told,
1 railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom-
well's secretary, would have called him to
account, but Cromwell took means to pay
him back more effectually in kind by inviting
him to dine and then treating him to three
hours of prayers. After that, we are told,
Boyd found himself on better terms with the
Protector. Reflecting many of the oddities
and absurdities of style which were charac-
teristic of his time, Boyd seems nevertheless
to have been a man of considerable energy
and shrewdness, and to have won a fair
amount of contemporary popularity as an
author.
[Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin.
1878; Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, by Z. B.,
with introductory notice by Gr. Neil, Glasgow,
1855 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death,
Edin. 1629.] H. C.
BOYDELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en-
graver, print publisher, and lord mayor, was
born at Dorrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan.
1719. His father, Josiah, was a land surveyor,
and his mother's maiden name was Millies.
His grandfather was the Rev. J. Boydell,
D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple -
ton in Derbyshire. Boydell was brought up
to his father's profession, but when about
one-and-twenty he appears to have aban-
doned it in favour of art. He walked up to
London, became a student in the St. Martin's
Lane academy, and apprenticed himself to
W. H. Toms, the engraver. The year of his
apprenticeship is stated by himself to have
been 1741, but in another place he says that
he bound himself apprentice when ' within a
few months of twenty-one years of age.' It
is said that he was moved to do this by his
admiration of a print by Toms, after Bades-
lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his
own statement engraved upon his first print
that he ' never saw an engraved copper-plate
before he came on trial.' This first print,
which was begun immediately on being bound
apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le
Bas after Teniers. He soon began to publish
on his own account small landscapes, which
he produced in sets of six and sold for six-
pence. One of these was known as his
' Bridgebook ' because there was a bridge in
each view. As there were few print-shops at
that time in London, he induced the sellers
of toys to expose them in their windows, and
his most successful shop was at the sign of
the Cricket-bat in Duke's Court, St. Martin's
Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates
are included in the collection of his engravings
which he published in 1790, and the earliest
date to be found on any of them is 1744. In
the next year he appears to have commenced
the publication, at the price of one shilling
each, of larger views about London, Oxford,
and other places in England and Wales,
drawn and engraved by himself. This prac-
tice he continued with success for about ten
years, by which time he had amassed a small
capital. This was the foundation of his for-
tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790
in the British Museum, which was presented
by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp-
tor), is preserved an autograph note, in which
he calls it ' The only book that had the ho-
nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.'
In the * advertisement ' or preface to the
volume he speaks of his master Toms as one
1 who had himself never risen to any degree
of perfection,' and adds, 'indeed at that
period there was no engraver of any emi-
nence in this country.' Of his own engrav-
ings he speaks with proper humility, for
beyond a certain neatness of execution they
have little merit. ' The engraver has now
collected them,' he wrote, l more to show the
improvement of art in this country, since
Boydell
105
Boydell
the period of their publication, than from
any idea of their own merits.'
Though not altogether relinquishing the
burin till about 1767, he had long before
this commenced his career as a printseller
and a publisher of the works of other en-
gravers. After serving six years with Toms,
he purchased the remainder of his term of
apprenticeship, and the success of his prints,
especially of a volume of views in England
and Wales, published in 1751, enabled him
to set up in business on his own account.
The first engraving of great importance pro-
duced under his encouragement was Wool-
lett's plate after Wilson's ( Niobe,' published
in 1761. This was also (with the exception
of Hogarth's prints) the first important en-
graving by a British engraver after a British
painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Wool-
lett appended to ' Nollekens and his Times,'
recounts the history of this plate as told him
by Boydell. ' When I got a little forward in
the world,' said Boydell, 'I took a whole shop,
for at my commencement I kept only half a
one. In the course of one year I imported
numerous impressions of Vernet's celebrated
" Storm," so admirably engraved by Lerpi-
niere ; for which I was obliged to pay in
hard cash, as the French took none of our
prints in return. Upon Mr. Woollett's ex-
pressing himself highly delighted with this
Erint of the " Storm," I was induced, knowing
is ability as an engraver, to ask him if he
thought he could produce a print of the same
size, which I could send over, so that in
future I could avoid payment in money, and
prove to the French nation that an English-
man could produce a print of equal merit ;
upon which he immediately declared that he
should much like to try.'
The result was the print of ' Niobe,' for
which Boydell agreed to pay 100/., ' an un-
heard of price, being considerably more than
I had given for any copperplate.' He had,
however, to advance the engraver more than
this before the plate was finished. Very few
proofs were struck off, and 5s. only was
charged for the prints ; but the work brought
Boydell 2,000/. It was followed by the
' Phaeton,' also engraved by Woollett, after
Wilson, and published by Boydell in 1763.
These prints had a large sale on the con-
tinent, with which an enormous trade in
English engravings was soon established.
BoydelFs enterprise increased with his capi-
tal, and he continued to employ the latter in
encouraging English talent. In the list of
engravers employed by him are the names of
Woollett, M'Ardell, Hall, Earlom, Sharpe,
Heath, J. Smith, Val. Green, and other
Englishmen, and a large proportion of the
prints he published were, from the first, after
Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English
painters. His foreign trade spread the fame
of English engravers and English painters
abroad for the first time. The receipts from
some of the plates, especially the engravings
by Woollett after West's ' Death of General
Wolfe,' and ' Battle of La Hogue,' were
enormous. In 1790 he stated the receipts
from the former amounted to 15,000/. Both
were copied by the best engravers in Paris
and Vienna.
In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon-
don, having been elected alderman for the
ward of Cheap in 1782, and served sheriff
in 1785. During his career as a print pub-
lisher the course of the foreign trade in
prints was turned from an import to an ex-
port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf-
folk in the House of Lords that the revenue
coming into this country from this branch
of art at one time exceeded 200,000/. per
annum. Having amassed a large fortune,
Boydell in 1786 embarked upon the most
important enterprise of his life, viz. the pub-
lication, by subscription, of a series of prints
illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures
painted expressly for the work by English ar-
tists. For this purpose he gave commissions
to all the most celebrated painters of this
country for pictures, and built a gallery in
Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution
of this project extended over several years.
In 1789 the Shakespeare Gallery contained
thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in
1802 one hundred and sixty-two, of which
eighty-four were of large size. The total
number of works executed was 170, three of
which were pieces of sculpture, and the artists
employed were thirty-three painters and two
sculptors, Thomas Banks and the Hon. Mrs.
Darner. It appears from the preface to the cata-
logue of 1789, and from other recorded state-
ments of Boydell, that he wished to do for Eng-
lish painting what he had done for English
engraving, to make it respected by foreigners,
and there is independent evidence of the
generous spirit in which he conducted the
enterprise. Northcote, in a letter addressed
to Mrs. Carey, 3 Oct. 1821, says : * My picture
of " The Death of Wat Tyler " was painted
in the year 1786 for my friend and patron
Alderman Boydell, who did more for the ad-
vancement of the arts in England than the
whole mass of nobility put together. He
paid me more nobly than any other person
has done ; and his memory I shall ever
hold in reverence.'
Boydell's l Shakespeare ' was published in
1802, but the French revolution had stopped
his foreign trade, and placed him in such
Boydell
106
Boydell
serious financial difficulties that in 1804 he
was obliged to apply to parliament for permis-
sion to dispose of his property by lottery. This
property was very considerable. In the pre-
vious year Messrs. Boydell had published a
catalogue of their stock in forty-eight volumes,
which comprised no less than 4,432 plates,
of which 2,293 were after English artists. In
a letter read to the House of Commons Boy-
dell wrote : 'I have laid out with my brethren,
in promoting the commerce of the fine arts in
this country, above 350,000/.' In his printed
lottery scheme it is stated that it had been
proved before both houses of parliament that
the plates from which the prize prints were
taken cost upwards of 300,000/., his pictures
and drawings 46,266/., and the Shakespeare
Gallery upwards of 30,000/. The lottery
consisted of 22,000 tickets, all of which were
sold. The sum received enabled Boydell to
pay his debts, but he died at his house in
Cheapside on 12 Dec. 1804, before the lottery
was drawn.
This was done on 28 Jan. 1805, when the
chief prize, which included the Shakespeare
Gallery, pictures and estate, fell to Mr. Tassie,
nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos
in glass, who sold the property by auction.
The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon.
Mrs. Darner realised 6,181 1. 18s. 6d. The
gallery was purchased by the British Insti-
tution, and Banks's 'Apotheosis of Shake-
speare ' was reserved for a monument over
the remains of Boydell. This piece of sculp-
ture, however, after remaining for many
years in its original position over the en-
trance to the gallery, has now been removed
to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Although Boydell appears to have been
responsible for an imposition on the public
in regard to Woollett's print of < The Death
of General Wolfe/ the entire property of
which fell into his hands after the engraver's
death — the plate was repaired and unlettered
proofs printed and sold — his career was one
of well-won honour and success, until the
French revolution marred his prosperity.
His influence in encouraging native art in
England was great, and salutary, assuming
proportions of national importance. It is
true that the Boydell ' Shakespeare,' taken as
a whole, seems now to shed little lustre on
the English school, but this was not Boy-
dell's fault ; he employed the best artists he
could get — Reynolds, Stothard, Smirke, Rom-
ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of
Derby, Angelica Kauffman, Westall, Hamil-
ton, and others. It must also be remembered
that this was the first great effort of the kind
ever made by English artists, and its influ-
ence cannot easily be overestimated. Boy-
dell deserves great credit for his patriotism,
generosity to artists, and public spirit. To
the corporation of London he presented the
frescoes by Rigaud on the cupola of the com-
mon-council chamber, and many other paint-
ings, including Reynolds's ' Lord Heathfield ;'
to the Stationers' Company, West's ' Alfred
the Great ' and Graham's ' Escape of Mary
Queen of Scots.' It was his intention, before
the reverse of his fortunes, to bequeath the
Shakespeare gallery of paintings to the na-
tion. In 1748 he married Elizabeth Lloyd,
second daughter of Edward Lloyd of the
Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire, by whom
he had no issue. He was buried at St. Olave's,
Coleman Street.
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Redgrave's Diet. o-.
Artists (1878) ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves, now in
course of publication) ; Annual Eeg. (1804) ;
Gent. Mag. (1804); Hayley's Life of Eomney;
Nollekens and his Times; Pye's Patronage of
British Art ; A Collection of Views in England
and Wales by J. B. (1790) ; Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Works revised by Steevens, with plates,
9 vols. (1802) ; A Description of several Pictures
presented to the Corporation of London by J. B.
(1794); Catalogues of Pictures in Shakespeare
Gallery (1789-1802); Hansard's Parliamentary
Debates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249.] C. M.
BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752-1817),
painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman
John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor
House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan.
1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art
and his capacity in design, he was sent to Lon-
don and placed under the care and patronage
of his uncle, whose partner and successor he
eventually became. He drew from the an-
tique, studied painting under Benjamin West,
and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving
from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boy-
dell undertook the publication of the series
of engravings from the famous Houghton
collection previous to its removal to thb
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his
nephew and Joseph Farington to make the
necessary drawings from the pictures for the
use of the engravers. Boydell painted seve-
ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal-
lery, and exhibited portraits and historical
subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772
and 1799. He resided for some time at
Hampstead, and during the French war as-
sisted in forming the corps known as the
Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he
was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of
the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his
uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but
ill-health compelled him to resign this latter
office within a few years. During the latter
part of his life he resided at Halliford, Middle-
Boyer
107
Boyer
sex, and lie died there on 27 March 1817. He
was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his
principal paintings may be mentioned : a por-
trait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited
at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by
Valentine Green : a portrait of his wife, when
Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhi-
bited in 1773 ; and * Coriolanus taking leave
of :his Family/ also exhibited in 1773. He
engraved some excellent plates in mezzo-
tinto : ' Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rem-
brandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo
Maratti ; ' The Virgin and Child,' after Par-
migiano ; ' Charles I,' after A. van Dyck.
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410 ; MS. notes
in the British Museum.] L. F.
BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), miscella-
neous writer, was born on 24 June 1667, at
Castres, in Upper Languedoc, where his father,
who suffered for his protestant zeal, was one of
the two consuls or chief magistrates. Boyer's
education at the academy of Puylaurens was
interrupted by the religious disturbances, and
leaving France with an uncle, a noted Hugue-
not preacher, he finished his studies at Frane-
ker in Friesland, after a brief episode, it is said,
of military service in Holland. Proceeding
to England in 1689 he fell into great poverty,
and is represented as transcribing and pre-
paring for the press Dr. Thomas Smith's
edition of Camden's Latin correspondence
(London, 1691). A good classical scholar,
Boyer became in"1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst,
afterwards first Earl Bathurst, whose father
Sir Benjamin was treasurer of the household
of the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. Pro-
bably through this connection he was ap-
pointed French teacher to her son William,
duke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared
and to whom he dedicated ' The Complete
French Master,' published in 1694. Disap-
pointed of advancement on account of his zeal
for whig principles, he abandoned tuition for
authorship. In December 1 699 he produced on
the London stage, with indifferent success, a
modified translation in blank verse of Racine's
' Iphigenie,' which was published in 1700 as
' Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a tragedy
written by Mr. Boyer.' A second edition of
it appeared in 1714 as ' The Victim, or Achilles
and Iphigenia in Aulis,' in an ' advertisement'
prefixed to which Boyer stated that in its first
form it had ' passed the correction and appro-
bation ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the
Hague the work which has made Boyer's a
familiar name, his ' Dictionnaire Royal Fran-
cais et Anglais, divisS en deux parties,' osten-
sibly composed for the use of the Duke of Glou-
cester, then dead. It was much superior to
every previous work of the kind, and has been
the basis of very many subsequent French-
English dictionaries ; the last English un-
abridged edition is that of 1816 ; the edition
published at Paris in 1860 is stated to be the
41st. For the English-French section Boyer
claimed the merit of containing a more com-
plete English dictionary than any previous
one, the English words and idioms in it being
defined and explained as well as accompanied
by their French equivalents. In the French
preface to the whole work Boyer said that
1,000 English words not in any other English
dictionary had been added to his by Richard
Savage, whom he spoke of as his friend, and
who assisted him in several of his French
manuals and miscellaneous compilations and
translations published subsequently. Among
the English versions of French works exe-
cuted in whole or in part by Boyer was a
popular translation of Fenelon's { Tel6maque,'
of which a twelfth edition appeared in 1728.
In 1702 Boyer published a ' History of
William III,' which included one of James II,
and in 1703 he began to issue t The History
of the Reign of Queen Anne digested into
annals,' a yearly register of political and mis-
cellaneous occurrences, containing several
plans and maps illustrating the military
operations of the war of the Spanish succes-
sion. Before the last volume, the eleventh,
of this work appeared in 1713, he had com-
menced the publication of a monthly periodi-
cal of the same kind, < The Political State of
Great Britain, being an impartial account of
the most material occurrences, ecclesiastical,
civil, and military, in a monthly letter to a
friend in Holland' (38 volumes, 1711-29). Its
contents, which were those of a monthly news-
paper, included abstracts of the chief political
pamphlets published on both sides, and, like
the ' Annals,' is, both from its form and mat-
ter, very useful for reference. ' The Political
State ' is, moreover, particularly noticeable as
being the first periodical, issued at brief in-
tervals, which contained a parliamentary chro-
nicle, and in which parliamentary debates were
reported with comparative regularity and with
some approximation to accuracy. In the case
of the House of Lords' reports various devices,
such as giving only the initials of the names
of the speakers, were resorted to in order to
escape punishment, but in the case of the
House of Commons the entire names were
frequently given. According to Boyer's own
account (preface to his folio History of Queen
Anne, and to vol. xxxvii. of the Political
State) he had been furnished by members of
both houses of parliament (among whom he
mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of
their speeches, and he had even succeeded in
becoming an occasional ' ear-witness ' of the
Boyer
108
Boyes
debates themselves. When he was threatened
at the beginning of 1729 with arrest by the
printers of the votes, whose monopoly they
accused him of infringing, he asserted that for
thirty years in his ' History of King William/
his ' Annals/ and in his ' Political State/ he
had given reports of parliamentary debates
without being molested. The threat induced
him to discontinue the publication of the de-
bates. He intended to resume the work, but
failed to carry out his intention (see Gent.
Mag. for November 1856, Autobiography of
Sylvanus Urban). He died on 16 Nov. 1729,
in a house which he had built for himself at
Chelsea.
Besides conducting the periodicals men-
tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Post-
boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-sheet.
His connection with it ended in August 1709,
through a quarrel with the proprietor, when
Boyer started on his own account a ' True Post-
boy/ which seems to have been short-lived.
A ' Case ' which he printed in vindication of
his right to use the name of ' Post-boy ' for
his new venture gives some curious particu-
lars of the way in which the news-sheets of
the time were manufactured. Boyer was
also the author of pamphlets, in one of which,
' An Account of the State and Progress of
the present Negotiations of Peace/ he attacked
Swift, who writes in the ' Journal to Stella '
(16 Oct. 1711), after dining with Boling-
broke : f One Boyer, a French dog, has
abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got
him up in a messenger's hands. The secre-
tary ' — St. John — ' promises me to swinge him.
... I must make that rogue an example for
warning to others.' Boyer was discharged
from custody through the intervention, he
says, of Harley, to whom he boasts of having
rendered services (Annals of Queen Anne, vol.
for 1711, pp. 264-5). Though he professed
a strict political impartiality in the conduct
of his principal periodicals, Boyer was a zea-
lous whig. For this reason doubtless Pope
gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad ' (book ii.
413), where, under the soporific influence of
Dulness, ' Boyer the state, and Law the stage
gave o'er ' — his crime, according to Pope's ex-
planatory note, being that he was ' a volu-
minous compiler of annals, political collec-
tions, &c.'
Of Boyer's other writings — the list of those
of them which are in the library of the British
Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of
print in its new catalogue — mention may be
made of his folio ' History of Queen Anne '
(1722, second edition 1735), with maps and
plans illustrating Marlborough's campaigns,
and ' a regular series of all the medals that
were struck to commemorate the great events
of this reign ; ' and the ' Memoirs of the Life
and Negotiations of Sir William Temple,
Bart., containing the most important occur-
rences and the most secret springs of affairs in
Christendom from the year 1655 to the year
1681 ; with an account of Sir W. Temple's
writings/ published anonymously in 1714,
second edition 1715. Boyer's latest produc-
tion— in composing which he seems to have
been assisted by a ' Mr. J. Innes ' — was ' Le
Grand Theatre de 1'Honneur/ French and
English, 1729, containing a dictionary of he-
raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry, with
engravings of the arms of the sovereign prin-
ces and states of Europe. It was published
by subscription and dedicated to Frederick,
prince of Wales.
[Boyer's "Works ; obituary notice in vol.
xxxviii. of Political State, of which the Memoir
in Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, is mainly
a reproduction ; Haag's La France Protestante,
2nd edition, 1881; Grenest's Account of the Eng-
lish Stage, ii. 166-9; Catalogue of the British
Museum Library.] F. E.
BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811-
1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811,
entered Merchant Taylors' School in the
month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin
Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident
in Charterhouse Square. After a very credit-
able school career extending over nearly ten
years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law
exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford,
having relinquished a scholarship which he had
gained in the previous year at Lincoln College.
He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second
class in classics, his papers on history and
poetry being of marked excellence. Soon
afterwards he was appointed second master
of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and
eventually succeeded to the head-mastership,
which he filled for many years. He proceeded
M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford
(whither he was summoned to act as ex-
aminer at responsions in 1842), and among
a large circle of discriminating friends, he
enjoyed a high reputation for culture and
scholarship. l There was not an English or
Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not
familiar, and from whom he could not make
the most apposite quotations. With th$ best
prose authors in our own and in French,
and indeed other continental literature, he
was thoroughly acquainted ' (AKCHDEACON
HESSE Y). The fruits of his extensive read-
ing and literary taste are to be seen in his
published works, which evince also consider-
able originality of thought, terseness of ex-
pression, and felicity of illustration. The
closing years of his life were largely devoted
Boyle
109
Boyle
to practical benevolence, in the exercise of
which he was as humble as he was liberal.
He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May
1879.
His writings comprise: 1. 'Illustrations
of the Tragedies of ^Eschylus and Sophocles,
from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,'
1844. 2. ' English Repetitions, in Prose and
Verse, with introductory remarks on the
cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849.
3. ' Life and Books, a Record of Thought
and Reading,' 1859. 4. ' Lacon in Council,'
1865. The two latter works remind one
very much in their style and texture of
1 Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare.
[Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors'
School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon
Hessey, Dr. Seth B. "Watson, and other personal
friends of Mr. Boyes ; Preface and Appendix to
Sermon by Rev. J. G-. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.]
C. J. R.
BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth EAKL OF OR-
RERY in Ireland, and first BARON MARSTON,
of Marston in Somersetshire (1676-1731),
grandson of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery
[q. v.], was born at Chelsea in 1676, and suc-
ceeded his brother as Earl of Orrery in 1703.
Educated at Christ Church, he joined the wits
engaged in a struggle with Bentley, who re-
presented the scholarship of the Cambridge
whigs. Sir W. Temple had made some rash
statements as to the antiquity of Phalaris in
a treatise on ancient and modern learning,
and this was the subject of attack by Wotton,
a protege" of Bentley's, in his ' Reflections on
Ancient and Modern Learning/ published in
1694. By way of covering Temple's defeat,
the Christ Church scholars determined to
publish a new edition of the epistles of Pha-
laris. This was entrusted to Boyle, who,
without asserting the epistles to be genuine,
as Temple had done, attacked Bentley for
his rudeness in having withdrawn too ab-
ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's
Library, which Boyle had borrowed. Bentley
now added to a new edition of Wotton's ' Re-
flections ' a ' Dissertation ' upon the epistles,
from his own pen [see BENTLEY, RICHARD,
1662-1742J. Boyle was aided by Atterbury
and Smalridge in preparing a defence, pub-
lished in 1698, entitled ' Dr. Bentley's Dis-
sertations .... examined.' Bentley returned
to the charge and overwhelmed his opponents
by the wealth of his scholarship. The dispute
led to Swift's ' Battle of the Books.' Before
succeeding to the peerage Boyle was elected
M.P. for Huntingdon, but his return was
disputed, and the violence of the discussion
which took place led to his being engaged in
a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley,
in which he was wounded. He subsequently
entered the army, and was present at the battle
of Malplaquet, and in 1709 became major-
general. In 1706 he had married Lady Eliza-
beth Cecil, daughter of the Earl of Exeter. We
find him afterwards in London, as the centre
of Christ Church men there, a strong adhe-
rent of the party of Harley, and a member
of ' the club ' established by Swift. As envoy
in Flanders he took part in the negotiations
that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and
was afterwards made a privy councillor and
created Baron Marston. He was made a
lord of the bedchamber on the accession of
George I, but resigned this post on being de-
prived of his military command in 1716. Swift,
in the ' Four Last Years of the Queen,' adduces
Orrery's support of the tory ministry as a proof
that no Jacobite designs were entertained by
them ; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery
was thrown into the Tower for six months
as being implicated in Layer's plot, and was
released on bail only in consequence of Dr.
Mead's certifying that continued imprison-
ment was dangerous to his life. He was
subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug.
1731. Besides the works above named, he
wrote a comedy called 'As you find it.' The
astronomical instrument, invented by Gra-
ham, received from his patronage of the in-
ventor the name of an ' Orrery.'
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles ; Bentley's
Dissertation ; Swift's Battle of the Books ; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, DAVID, LORD BOYLE (1772-
1853), president of the Scottish court of ses-
sion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle
of Shewalton, near Irvine, the third son of
John, second Earl of Glasgow, was born at
Irvine on 26 July. 1772 ; was called to the
Scottish bar on 14 Dec. 1793 ; was gazetted
(9 May 1807), under the Duke of Portland's
administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ;
and in the general election of the following
month was returned to the House of Commons
by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent
until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a
lord of session and of justiciary. He was ap-
pointed lord justice clerk on 15 Oct. 1811. He
was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the
privy council of George IV, at whose corona-
tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir
Walter Scott to have shown to great advan-
tage in his robes.
After acting as lord justice clerk for nearly
thirty years, Boyle was appointed lordjustice-
general and president of the court of session,
on the resignation of Charles Hope, lord Gran-
ton. Boyle resigned office in May 1852, de-
clining the baronetcy which was offered to
Boyle
no
Boyle
him, and retired to his estate at Shewalton,
to which he had succeeded on the death of a
brother in 1837. He died on 30 Jan. 1853.
Boyle was always distinguished for his
noble personal appearance. Sir J. W. Gordon
painted full-length portraits of him for the
Faculty of Advocates and for the Society of
Writers to the Signet. Mr. Patrick Park
also made a bust of him for the hall of the So-
ciety of Solicitors before the Supreme Courts
in Edinburgh.
Boyle was twice married : first, on 24 Dec.
1804, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alex-
ander Montgomerie of Annick, brother of
the twelfth Earl of Eglintoun, who died on
14 April 1822 ; he had nine children by her,
the eldest of whom, Patrick Boyle, succeeded
to his estates; and secondly, on 17 July 1827,
to Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of David
Smythe of Methven, lord Methven, a lord of
session and of justiciary, who died on 25 Dec.
1880, leaving four children.
[Wood's Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ;
Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent.
Mag., passim ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of
the College of Justice, 1813; Caledonian Mer-
cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Feb. 1853; Edin-
burgh Evening Courant and Ayr Observer,
8 Feb. 1853; Times, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated
London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1853.]
A. H. G.
BOYLE, HENRy, LORD CARLETON
(d. 1725), politician, was the third and
youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of
Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter
of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson
of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.]
He sat in parliament for Tamworth from
1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University-
after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton
supported his opponent — from 1692 to 1705,
and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710.
Although he was at the head of the poll at
Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try
his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he
was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter
year he became the chancellor of the ex-
chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord
treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was
made a principal secretary of state in the
room of Harley. Two years later he was
displaced for St. John, and the act formed
one of those bold steps on the part of the
tory ministry which ' almost shocked ' Swift.
Boyle is generally said to have been the
messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his
mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and
a definite promise of preferment and the pro-
spect of still greater advancement, secured
the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of
Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is'said,
for his good offices on this occasion, the third
volume of the ' Spectator ' was dedicated to
Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians
no one had ' made himself more friends and
fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist,
was another of the men of letters whom he
befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of
the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On
20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as
Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and
from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the
council in Walpole's administration. He
died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on
14 March 1725. He left this house, known
as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales,
and it was long notorious as the abode of
the prince regent : the name is still per-
petuated in Carlton House Terrace. The
winning manners and the tact of Lord Car-
leton have been highly praised. He was
never guilty, so it was said by his pane-
gyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any
acts to injure the success of the whig cause.
Swift, however, accuses him of avarice.
[Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's
Works ; Chalmers ; Cooper's Annals of Cam-
bridge, iv. 19, 40, 47 ; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.]
W. P. C.
BOYLE, HENRY, EARL OF SHANNON
(1682-1764), born at Castlemartyr, county
Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant-
colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger
Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry
Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien,
daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of
Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry
Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and
on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705,
Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the
family estates at Castlemartyr, which had
been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected
knight of the shire for Cork, and married
Catherine, daughter of-Chidley Coote. After
her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta
Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative,
Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That
nobleman entrusted the management of his
estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much
enhanced their value, and carried out and
promoted extensive improvements in his dis-
trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself
in parliament at Dublin in resisting success-
fully the attempt of the government to obtain
a vote for a continuation of supplies to the
crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Wai-
pole is stated to have entertained a high opi-
nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy
of Boyle, and to have styled him ' the King
of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was
Boyle i]
made a member of the privy council, chan-
cellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of
revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same
year elected speaker of the House of Commons
there. Through his connections, Boyle exer-
cised extensive political influence, and was
parliamentary leader of the whig party in
Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popu-
larity by opposing the government proposal
for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex-
chequer. In commemoration of the parlia-
mentary movements in this affair, medals
were struck containing portraits of Boyle
as speaker of the House of Commons. For
having opposed the government, Boyle and
some of his associates were dismissed from
offices which they held under the crown.
After negotiations with government, Boyle,
in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was
granted an annual pension of two thousand
pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of
Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of
Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for
many years in the House of Peers in Ireland,
and frequently acted as lord justice of that
kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in
his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year
of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were
engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks.
[Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland ;
Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of
Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS. ; Works
of Henry Grattan, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin,
1854-59.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, JOHN, fifth EARL OF CORK, fifth
EARL OF ORRERY, and second BARON MAR-
STOBT (1707r1762), was born on 2 Jan. 1707,
and was the only son of Charles Boyle, fourth
earl of Orrery [q. v.], whom he succeeded as
fifth earl in 1731. Like his father, he was
educated at Christ Church. He took some
part in parliamentary debates, chiefly in op-
position to Walpole. On the death, in 1753,
of his kinsman, Richard Boyle, the Earl of
Cork and Burlington [q. v.], he succeeded
him as fifth earl of Cork, thus uniting the
Orrery peerage to the older Cork peerage.
His father, from some grudge, left his library
to Christ Church, specially assigning as his
reason his son's want of taste for literature.
According to Johnson, the real reason was
that the son would not allow his wife to as-
sociate with the father's mistress. The pas-
sage in the will seems to have stimulated
the son to endeavour to disprove the charge,
and he has succeeded in making his name re-
membered as the friend first of Swift and
Pope, and afterwards of Johnson. His ' Re-
marks on Swift,' published in November
t Boyle
1751, attracted much attention as the first
attempt at an account of Swift, and 7,500
copies appear to have been sold within a
month. But neither Lord Orrery's ability,
nor his acquaintance with Swift, was such as
to give much value to his l Remarks.' The
acquaintance had begun about 1731 (appa-
rently from an application by Swift on behalf
of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her
poems to Orrery, although Swift had pre-
viously seen a good deal of his father), when
Swift was already sixty-four years old, and
their meetings, during the few succeeding
years before Swift became decrepit, were not
very frequent. If we are to judge, however,
from the expressions used by Swift, both in
his letters to Orrery and in correspondence
with others, the friendship seems to have
been cordial so far as it went. In one of the
earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be ' a
great example, restorer, and patron of virtue,
learning, and wit ; ' and he writes to Pope
that, next to Pope himself, he loves l no man
so well.' Pope, too, writes of Orrery to
Swift as one ' whose praises are that precious
ointment Solomon speaks of.' A bond of
sympathy existed between Swift and Orrery
in a common hatred of Walpole's govern-
ment. It was to Orrery's hand that Swift
entrusted the manuscript of his l Four Last
Years of the Queen ' for delivery to Dr. King
of Oxford ; and Orrery was the go-between
employed by Pope to get his letters from
Swift. In his will Swift leaves to Orrery a
portrait and some silver plate. On the other
hand, there are traditional stories of con-
temptuous expressions used by Swift of
Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may
have inspired in Orrery that dislike which
made his ' Remarks ' so full of rancour and
grudging criticism. The ' Remarks on the
Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift,' pub-
lished in 1751, are given in a series of
letters to his son and successor, Hamilton
Boyle (1730-1764), then an undergraduate
at Christ Church, and are written in a stilted
and affected style. The malice which he
showed made the book the subject of a bitter
attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v.],
who did something to clear Swift from the
aspersions ca'st on him by Orrery. But the
grudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift's
genius shown in the ' Remarks ' are mainly due
to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was
filled with literary aspirations, and, as Ber-
keley said of him, ' would have been a man
of genius had he known how to set about it.'
But he had no real capacity for apprehending
either the range of Swift's intellect or the
meaning of his humour. Orrery was after-
wards one of those who attempted to patronise
Boyle
112
Boyle
Johnson, by whom he was regarded kindly
and spoken of as one ( who would have been
a liberal patron if he had been rich.'
Orrery married in 1728 Lady Harriet
Hamilton, third daughter of the Earl of
Orkney, and after her death he married, in
1738, Miss Hamilton, of Caledon, in Tyrone.
He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743,
114-b and F.R.S. in 1«&. He died on 16 Nov.
1762. He wrote some papers in the 'World'
and the l Connoisseur,' and various prologues
and fugitive verses. His other works are :
1. 'A Translation of the Letters of Pliny the
Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751). 2. ' An Essay
on the Life of Pliny.' 3. ' Memoirs of Robert
Carey, Earl of Monmouth,' published from the
original manuscript, with preface and notes.
4. ' Letters from Italy in 1754 and 1755,'
published after his death (with a life) by the
Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774.
[Buncombe's Life, as above ; Swift's and Pope's
Letters; Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 153, 232; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, JOHN (1563 ?-l 620), bishop of
Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of
Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl
of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563.^Kjohn
Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford,
and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield
in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary
assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork,
and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed
to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and
Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618.
He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was
buried at Youghal.
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ec-
clesise Hibernicae, 1 851 ; Brady's Records of Cork,
Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580 ?-
1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore,
born in London about 1580, was son of Mi-
chael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle,
archbishop of Tuam [q. v.l Michael Boyle
entered Merchant Taylors School, London,
in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College,
Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A.
5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D.
9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He be-
came a fellow of his college,and no high opinion
was entertained there of his probity in matters
affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap-
pointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire.
Through the influence of his relative, the Earl
of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore
in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford
and Lismore in 1619. He held several
other appointments in the protestant church,
and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was
>, buried in the cathedral there.
After ' 1563.' insert * He was admitted to
Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1583, and
proceeded B.A. in 1586, M.A. in 1590,
B.D. in 1598, and D.D. in 1614 (Venn,
Alumni Cantab.^ pt. i, i. 196).'
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739 ; Robinson's
Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30 ;
Wood's Athense Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88 ; Wood's
Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elrington's
Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise
Hibernicae, 1851 ; Brady's Kecords of Cork,
Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the younger (1609?-
1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of
Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q.v.], and
nephew of the elder Michael [q. v.], was born
about 1609. He was apparently educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded
M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated
M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory
in the diocese of Cloyne, received the degree of
D.D., was made dean of Cloyne, and during the
war in Ireland acted as chaplain-general to
the English army in Munster. In 1650 the pro-
testant royalists in Ireland employed Boyle,
in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and
Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be-
half with Oliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented
the conduct of Boyle in conveying Cromwell's
passport to him, which he rejected. Letters
of Boyle on these matters have been recently
printed in the second volume of the ' Con-
temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641-
1652.' At the Restoration, Boyle became privy
councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi-
shop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. In addition
to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re-
ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in
his diocese, on the ground of being unable to
find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser-
vices in England in connection with the Act
for the Settlement of Ireland, the House of
Lords at Dublin ordered a special memorial
of thanks to be entered in their journals in
1662. Boyle was translated to the see of
Dublin in 1663, and appointed chancellor of
Ireland in 1665. In the county of Wicklow
he established a town, to which he gave
the name of Blessington, and at his own
expense erected there a church, which he sup-
plied with plate and bells. In connection
with this town he in 1673 obtained the title
of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son,
Murragh. In 1675 Boyle was promoted from
the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An
autograph of Boyle at that time has been
reproduced on plate Ixxix of 'Facsimiles
of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2.
On the accession of James II, he was con-
tinued in office as lord chancellor, and ap-
pointed for the third time as lord justice
in Ireland, in conjunction with the Earl of
Granard, and held that post until Henry,
earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant
in December 1685. In Boyle's latter years
his faculties are stated to have been much
Boyle i
impaired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702,
in his ninety-third year, and was interred in
St. Patrick's Cathedral there. Little of the
wealth accumulated by Boyle was devoted
to religious or charitable uses. Letters and
papers of Boyle are extant in the Ormonde
archives at Kilkenny Castle and in the
Bodleian Library. Portraits of Archbishop
Boyle were engraved by Loggan and others.
Boyle's son, Murragh, viscount Blessington,
was author of a tragedy, entitled ' The Lost
Princess.' Baker, the dramatic critic, cha-
racterised this production as 'truly con-
temptible,' and added that the ' genius and
abilities of the writer did no credit to the
name of Boyle/ Viscount Blessington died
25 Dec. 1712, and was succeeded by his son
Charles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one time go-
vernor of Limerick, and lord j ustice of Ireland
in 1696. The title became extinct on the
death of the next heir in 1732.
[Carte's Life of Ormonde, 1736 ; Wood's Fasti
(Bliss), i. 498; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 130;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland;
Peerage of Ireland; BiographiaDramatica, 1812;
Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; G-ranard
Archives, Castle Forbes; Elrington's Life of
Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse,
1851; Reports of Royal Commission on Hist.
MSS.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MURRAGH, VISCOUNT BLES-
SINGTON. [See under BOYLE, MICHAEL,
1609 P-1702.]
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF CORK
(1566-1643), an Irish statesman frequently
referred to as the ' great earl,' was descended
from an old Hereford family, the earliest of
which there is mention being Humphry de
Binvile, lord of the manor of Pixeley Court,
r Ledbury, about the time of Edward
Confessor. He was the great-grandson
1 Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire,
a younger branch of the family, and the
jond son of Roger Boyle, who had removed
Faversham, Kent, and had married there
>an, daughter of Robert Naylor of Canter-
iry (pedigree in ROBINSON'S Mansions of
Herefordshire, pp. 94-5). In his ' True Re-
lembrances ' he says : 'I was born in the city
'" Canterbury, as I find it written by my
TI father's hand, the 13th Oct. 1566.' After
fivate instruction in ' grammar learning'
>m a clergyman in Kent, he became 'a
lolar in Bennet's (Corpus Christi) College,
mbridge,' into which he was admitted in
L583 (MASTERS, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll.,
1831, p. 459). On leaving the university
entered the Middle Temple, but, finding
dmself without means to prosecute his
( studies, he became clerk to Sir Richard Man-
VOL. VI.
3 Boyle
wood, chief baron of the exchequer. In this
employment he discovered no prospect ade-
quate to his ambition, and therefore resolved
to try his fortunes in Ireland. Accordingly,
on Midsummer's eve, 23 June 1588, he landed
in Dublin, his whole property, as he tells us,
amounting only to 277. 3*. in money, a dia-
mond ring and a bracelet, and his wearing
apparel. With characteristic astuteness he
secured introductions to persons of high influ-
ence, and he was even affirmed to have done so
by means of counterfeited letters. At any rate,
as early as 1590 his name appears as escheator
to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa-
tion which he doubtless knew how to utilise
to his special personal advantage. In 1595
he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter
and coheiress of William Ansley, who died
in 1599 in childbed, leaving him an estate of
500/. a year in lands, ' which,' he says, ' was
the beginning of my fortune.' The last state-
ment must, however, be compared with the
fact that some time before this he had been
the victim of prosecutions, instigated, accord-
ing to his own account, by envy at his pro-
sperity. About 1592 he was imprisoned by
Sir William Fitzwilliam on the charge of
having embezzled records, and subsequently
he was several times apprehended at the in-
stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of
charges, one of them being that of stealing a
horse and jewel nine years before, of which
he was acquitted by pardon (Answers of Sir
Richard Boyle to the Accusations against him,
17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 12). Find-
ing these prosecutions unsuccessful, Sir Henry
Wallop and others, according to Boyle, ' all
joined together by their lies complaining
against me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing
that I came over without any estate, and
that I made so many purchases as it was not
possible to do without some foreign prince's
purse to supply me with money ' ( True Re-
membrances}. To defeat these machinations
Boyle resolved on the bold course of pro-
ceeding to England to justify himself to the
queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose
was frustrated by the outbreak of the re-
bellion in Munster. As the result of the
rebellion was to leave him without ' a penny
of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time
to be in danger from the accusations of his
enemies. Indeed, his fortunes in Ireland
were now so desperate that he was compelled
to leave the country and resume his legal
studies in his old chambers in the Temple.
Scarcely, however, had he entered upon them
when the Earl of Essex offered him employ-
ment in connection with ' issuing out his
patents and commissions for the government
of Ireland.' This at once caused him again
I
Boyle
114
Boyle
to experience the attentions of Sir Henry
Wallop, ' who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious
in his own heart that I had sundry papers
and collections of Michael Kittlewell, his late
treasurer, which might discover a great deal of
wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late
accounts ... he renewed his former com-
plaints against me to the queen's majesty.' In
consequence of this Boyle was conveyed a close
prisoner to the Gatehouse, and at the end of
two months underwent examination before
the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that
the complaints were in any way modified or
altered, but if they were not his account of
them in his ' True Remembrances ' is not only
inadequate but misleading. His examination
before the Star-chamber had no reference
whatever to his being in the pay of the king
of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism — the ac-
cusations he specially instances as ' formerly '
made against him by Sir Henry Wallop —
but bore chiefly on the causes of his previous
imprisonments, and on several asserted in-
stances of trafficking in forfeited estates (see
Articles wherein Richard Boyle, prisoner, is
to be examined, Add. MS. 19832, f. 8, and
Articles to be proved against Richard Boyle,
Add. MS. 19832, f. 9). It can scarcely be
affirmed that he came out of the ordeal of
examination with a reputation utterly un-
sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of
his explanations was condoned by the reve-
lations he made regarding the malversations
of his accuser as treasurer of Ireland, and
according to his own account he had no
sooner done speaking than the queen broke
out ' By G — 's death, these are but inventions
against the young man, and all his sufferings
are but for being able to do us service.' Sir
Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the
treasurership by Sir George Carew [q. v.],and
a few days afterwards Boyle received the
office of clerk of the council of Munster. He
was chosen by Sir George Carew, who was
also lord president of Munster, to convey to
Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinsale
in December 1601, and after the final reduc-
tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. 1602,
sent over to England to give information in
reference to the condition of the country.
On the latter occasion he came provided by
Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc-
tion to Sir Walter Raleigh, recommending
him as a proper purchaser for all his lands in
Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.'
Through the mediation of Cecil, terms were
speedily adjusted, and for the paltry sum of
1,000/. Boyle saw himself the possessor of
12,000 acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip-
perary, exceptionally fertile, and present-
ing unusual natural advantages for the de-
velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended
on his own energy and skill in making proper
use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it
such a bad bargain that he was glad to be
rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the
country it was even possible that no amount
of enterprise and skill might be rewarded
with immediate success. Boyle, however,
possessed the advantage of being always on
the spot, and of dogged perseverance in the
one aim of acquiring wealth and power.
Before the purchase could be completed Ra-
leigh was attainted of high treason, but in
1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro-
perty from the crown, and paid the purchase-
money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no
doubt whatever as to the honourable cha-
racter of his dealings with Raleigh, who
throughout life remained on friendly terms
with him. The attempt of Raleigh's widow
and son to obtain possession of the property
was even morally without justification. It
had become to its possessor a source of im-
mense wealth, but the change was the result
solely of his marvellous energy and enter-
prise. Cromwell, when he afterwards be-
held the prodigious improvements Boyle had
effected, is said to have affirmed that, if there
had been one like him in every province, it
would have been impossible for the Irish
to raise a rebellion (Cox, Hist. Ireland,
vol. ii.) One of the chief causes of his suc-
cess was the introduction of manufactures
and mechanical arts by settlers from Eng-
land. From his ironworks alone, according
to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/.
(Ireland's Nat. Hist. (1652), p. 112). At
enormous expense he built bridges, con-
structed harbours, and founded towns, pro-
sperity springing up at his behest as if by a
magician's wand. All mutinous manifesta-
tions among the native population were kept
in check by the thirteen strong castles erected
in different districts, and defended by well-
armed bands of retaineis. At the same time,
for all willing to work, immunity from the
worst evils of poverty was guaranteed. C n
his vast plantations he kept no fewer thain
4,000 labourers maintained by his moneT-
His administration was despotic, but eji-
lightened and beneficent except as regarded
the papists. For his zeal in putting into
execution the laws against the papists IJie
received from the government special co^-
mendation — a zeal which, if it arose from \ a
mistaken sense of duty, would deserve at leaa t
no special blame ; but probably self-interesp
rather than duty was what chiefly inspirecjl
it, for by the possession of popish houses h(P
obtained a considerable addition to his wealth!
The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng-
Boyle i
lish rule in the south of Ireland and his
paramount influence in Munster marked him
out for promotion to various high dignities.
On the occasion of his second marriage on
25 July 1603 to Catherine Fenton, daughter
of Sir George Fenton, principal secretary of
state, he received the honour of knighthood.
On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy
councillor for the province of Munster, and
12 Feb. 1612 a privy councillor of state for
the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616
he was created Lord Boyle, baron of Youghal,
and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dungarvan
and Earl of Cork. On 26 Oct. 1629 he was
appointed one of the lords justices of Ireland,
and on 9 Nov. 1631 he was constituted lord
high treasurer. So greatly was he esteemed
for his abilities and his knowledge of affairs
that, ' though he was no peer of England, yet
he was admitted to sit in the Lords House
upon the woolsack ut consularius ' (BORLASE, |
Reduction of Ireland, 219). For his pro- ;
motion and honours he was in a great |
degree indebted first to Sir George Carew,
and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland.
On the appointment of Wentworth, after- j
wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in |
1633, he, however, discovered not only that
the fountain of royal favour was, so far as 1
he was concerned, completely intercepted, |
but that all his astuteness would be required j
to enable him to hold his own against the
overmastering will of Strafford. The action
of Strafford in regard to the immense tomb
of black marble which the earl had erected
for his wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca-
thedral, Dublin, was, though not unjustifi-
able, sufficiently indicative of the general
character of his sentiments towards him. It
was utterly impossible, indeed, that there
could be harmonious action between men of
such consuming ambition placed in circum-
stances where their vital interests so conflicted.
At first Strafford had the advantage, but the
Earl of Cork's patience and self-control, dis-
ciplined by a long course of trials and hard-
ships, never for a moment failed him. In
e management of intrigue he was much
re than a match for Strafford, who found
purposes thwarted by causes in a great
ee beyond his ken, and ultimately fell
ictim to the hostility provoked by his
e of ' thorough.' One of the first intima-
.ons made to the council after Wentworth's
irrival was the intention of the king to issue
t commission for the remedying of defec-
ive titles to estates. The real design of the
;ommission was to enable the king to obtain
noney by confiscating estates to which the
title was doubtful. It was too probable that
the Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind
Boyle
were set on foot, would not escape scatheless.
A charge was preferred against him in regard
to his possession of the college and revenues
of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the
defence, adjourned the court, and sent word
to the Earl of Cork that, if he consented to
abide by his award, he would prove the best
friend he ever had. The earl at once agreed,
whereupon he intimated the decision ' that
he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds
for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col-
lege property, and surrender all the advow-
sons and patronage — everything except the
college house and a few fields near the town.'
On learning the sentence Laud wrote to
Wentworth in high glee : ' No physic is better
than a vomit if it be given in time, and there-
fore you have taken a very judicious course to
administer one so early to my lord of Cork '
(Laud to Wentworth, 15 Nov. 1633, Letters
and Despatches of Thomas, Earl of Strafford,
i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of
Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he
never permitted himself to indulge in ex-
pressions of anger or to show any direct
hostility to Strafford. While undoubtedly
working to undermine his authority, he even
took pains to let it be known indirectly to
Strafford how thoroughly he admired his rule.
Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov. 1638,
mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to
him in high terms of his ' prudence, inde-
fatigable industry, and most impartial justice '
(Letters of Strafford, ii. 245), to which the un-
suspecting Strafford replies : ' It must be con-
fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had
more taken from him than any one, nay than
any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro-
ceeding with me I do acknowledge his in-
genuity as well as his justice' (Letters, ii, 271).
Possibly the Earl of" Cork deemed it best, in
the uncertain condition of the struggle at
this time, to be secure against any result ; but
even to the last, when the fall of Strafford
seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro-
minent part against him. At the trial he bore
witness with seeming reluctance. ' Though
I was prejudiced,' he says, l in no less than
40,000/. and 200 merks a year, I put off my
examination for six weeks.' He also states
that he was ' so reserved in his answers, that
no matter of treason could by them be fixed
upon the Earl of Strafford.' All the same,
but for the Earl of Cork, Stratford's Irish
policy would very likely not have been met
with the skilful and persistent opposition
which led to his impeachment ; and in any
case that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear
witness against him was not inspired by affec-
tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an
entry in his diary on the day of Strafford's
12
Boyle
116
Boyle
execution : < This day the Earl of Stratford Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford,
was beheaded. No man died more universally and the second son of Michael Boyle, mer-
hated, or less lamented by the people.' , chant, of London, and Jane, daughter and co-
Short ly after his return from England — heir to William Peacock. He became warden
whither he had gone as a witness at Strafford's of Youghal on 24 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water-
trial — the rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- ford on 10 May 1603, archdeacon of Limerick
land. Sudden as was the outbreak, the earl on 8 May 1605, and bishop of Cork, Cloyne,
was not taken by surprise, for from the be- and Koss on 22 Aug. 1620, these three prefer-
ginning he had carefully prepared against ! ments being obtained through the interest of
such a contingency. In Munster, therefore, ( his cousin, the first Earl of Cork. He was
the rebels, owing to the stand made by the j advanced to the see of Tuam on 30 May 1638.
Earl of Cork, found themselves completely I On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he
checkmated. Repairing to Youghal he sum- retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of
moned all his tenants to take up arms, and Killala, and others, to Galway for protection,
placed his sons at their head without delay, j where, when the town rose in arms against
In a letter to Speaker Lenthall, giving an the garrison, his life was preserved through
account of his successes, he states that, his ! the influence of the Earl of Clanricarde.
ready money being all spent in the payment ! He died at Cork on 19 March 1644, and was
of his troops, he had converted his plate into buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. . He is
coin {State Papers of the Earl of Orrery, p. 7). said to have repaired more churches and con-
At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642, his i secrated more new ones than any other bishop
four sons held prominent commands, and his
eldest son was slain on the field. The Earl
of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1643, and was
buried at Youghal. He left a large family,
many of whom were gifted with exceptional
talents, and either by their achievements or in-
fluential alliances conferred additional lustre
on his name. Of his seven sons, four were
ennobled in their father's lifetime. Eichard
[q. v.l was first earl of Burlington ; Roger
[q. v.J was first earl of Orrery ; Robert [q. v.],
the youngest, by his scientific achievements,
became the most illustrious of the Boyles ;
and of the eight daughters, seven were mar-
ried to noblemen.
[Earl of Cork's True Remembrances, printed
in Birch's edition of Robert Boyle's works ; Bud-
gell's Memoirs of the Boyles (1737), pp. 2-32;
A Collection of Letters chiefly written by Richard
Boyle, Earl of Corke, and several members of his
family in the seventeenth century, the originals
of which are in the library of the Royal Irish
Academy, and a copy in the British Museum
Harleian MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his
of his time. By his marriage to Martha,
daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of
Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and
nine daughters.
[Ware's Works (ed. Harris), i. 566, 616-7 ;
Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), i. 145.]
T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF BTTR-
LINGTON and second EARL OF CORK (1612-
1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle
[q. v.], first earl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh-
ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and was born at the
college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1612 (EARL OF
CORK, True Remembrances). On 13 Aug. 1624
he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord
deputy of Ireland. In his twentieth year he
was sent under a tutor to ' begin his travels
into foreign kingdoms,' his father allowing
him a grant of a thousand pounds a year
($.) On the continent he spent over two
years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy.
Shortly after his return he made the ac-
examination before the Privy Council in 1598 <luaintance °f ^e Earl of Strafford, and corn-
Add. MS. 19832 ; copies of various of his letters Bended himself so much to his good graces
that he arranged a match between him and
from 1632 to 1639, Add. MS. 19832; copy of
indenture providing for his children 1 March
1624, Add. MS. 18023; Earl of Strafford's
Letters and Despatches ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.
series) reign of Charles I ; State Papers of the
Earl of Orrery ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bor-
lase's Reduction of Ireland ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis),
ii. 459-71; Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 150-162;
the Diary of the Earl of Cork and his corre-
spondence, formerly atLismore Castle, are with
other Lismore papers being published (1886)
under the editorship of Rev. A. B. Grosart, LL.D.]
T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD (d. 1644), arch-
bishop of Tuam, was the elder brother of
Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of Henry
Lord Clifford, afterwards Earl of Cumber-
land. The marriage was solemnised in the
chapel of Skipton Castle, Craven, on 5 July
1635. This was the Countess of Burlington
referred to by Pepys as ' a very fine speaking
lady and a good woman ' (Diary, 28 Sept.,
1668). Through the marriage he acquirec?.
an influential position at court, which her
greatly improved by his devotion to the
interests of the king. When Charles in 1639
resolved on an expedition to Scotland, he
raised a troop of horse, at the head of which
he proposed to serve under the Earl of Cum-
Boyle
117
Boyle
berland. On the outbreak of the rebellion
in Ireland in 1642, he went to his father's
assistance at Munster, distinguishing him-
self at the battle of Liscarrol. He was mem-
ber for Appleby in the Long parliament, but
was disabled in 1643 (list in CARLYLE'S Crom-
well). After the cessation of arms in Sep-
tember 1643 he joined the king at Oxford
with his regiment. Some months previously
he had succeeded his father as Earl of Cork,
but the king as a special mark of favour raised
him also to the dignity of Baron Clifford of
Lanesborough, Yorkshire. Throughout the
war he strenuously supported the cause of
the king until that of the parliament was
completely triumphant, after which he was
forced to compound for his estate for 1,6311.
(LLOYD, Memoirs, 678). During the protec-
torate he retired to his Irish estates, but in
1651 his affairs were in such a desperate con-
dition that his countess was obliged to sup-
plicate Cromwell for redress. Through the
mediation of his brother Roger, lord Broghill
[q. v.], he then obtained a certain amount of
relief from his grievances. After this matters
improved with him so considerably that at the
Restoration he was able to assist Charles II
with large sums of money, in consequence of
which he was, in 1663, raised to the dignity
of Earl Burlington or Bridlington in the
, county of York. Subsequently he was ap-
1 pointed lord-lieutenant of the West Riding
of Yorkshire and custos rotulorum. These
offices he retained under James II, until he
could no longer support him in his unconsti-
tutional designs. Although he took an active
part in promoting the cause of William and
> Mary, he accepted no office under the new
I regime. It was the Earl of Burlington who
was the first occupant of Burlington House,
/ Piccadilly. He died 15 Jan. 1697-8. His son
t Charles, lord Clifford, was father of Charles,
third earl of Cork, and of Henry, lord Car- |
leton [q. v.]
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Family of the
Boyles, pp. 32-3 ; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed.
1789, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii.
471-4.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, third EARL OF BUR- '
LINGTON and fourth EARL OF CORK (1695-
1753), celebrated for his architectural tastes
and his friendship with artists and men of let-
ters, was the only son of Charles, third earlof j
Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry i
Noel, Luffenham, Rutlandshire. He was born I
25, April 1695, and succeeded to the title and |
estates of his father in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714
he was sworn a member of the privy council.
In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute-
nant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in
June following custos rotulorum of the North
and West Ridings. In August of the same
year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire-
land. In June 1730 he was installed one of
the knights companions of the Garter, and in
June of the folio wing year constituted captain
of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Having
before he attained his majority spent several
years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an
enthusiastic admirer of the architectural
genius of Palladio, and on his return to Eng-
land not only continued his architectural
studies, but spent large sums of money to
gratify his tastes in this branch of art. His
earliest project was about 1716, to alter and
partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic-
cadilly, which had been built by his great
grandfather, the first earl of Burlington.
The professional artist engaged was Campbell,
who in f Vitruvius Britannicus,' published
in 1725, during the earl's lifetime, takes
credit for the whole design. Notwithstand-
ing this, Walpole asserts that the famous
colonnade within the court was the work of
Burlington ; and in any case it D ay be as-
sumed that Campbell was in a g: jat degree
guided in his plans by his patron's sugges-
tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon-
sible for the character of the building is
further supported by the fact that it formed a
striking and solitary exception to the bastard
and commonplace architecture of the period.
It undoubtedly justified the eulogy of Gay :
Beauty within ; without, proportion reigns.
(Trivia, book ii. line 494.)
But, as was the case in most of the designs
of Burlington, the useful was sacrificed to
the ornamental. The epigram regarding the
building attributed to Lord Hervey — who,
if he did make use of it, must have trans-
lated it from Martial, xii. 50 — contained a
spice of truth as well as malice. He says
that it was
Possessed of one great hall of state,
Without a room to sleep or eat.
The building figures in a print of Hogarth's
intended to satirise the earl and his friends,
entitled ' Taste of the Town,' afterwards
changed to ' Masquerades and Operas, Bur-
lington Gate.' Hogarth also published
another similar print entitled ' The Man of
Taste,' in which Pope is represented as white-
washing Burlington House and bespattering
the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Burlington
appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bur-
lington House was taken down to make way
for the new buildings devoted to science and
art. In addition to his town house Bur-
lington had a suburban residence at Chis-
wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House
Boyle
118
Boyle
and erected near it, in 1730-6, a villa built
after the model of the celebrated villa of Pal-
ladio. This building also provoked the satire
of Lord Hervey, who said of it that ' it was
too small to live in and too large to hang to
a watch.' The grounds were laid out in the
Italian style, adorned with temples, obelisks,
and statues, and in these ' sylvan scenes ' it
was the special delight of Burlington to en-
tertain the literary and artistic celebrities
whom he numbered among his friends. Here,
relates Gay,
Pope unloads the boughs within his reach,
The purple vine, blue plum, and blushing peach.
(Epistle on a Journey to Exeter.)
Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth
epistle of his Moral Essays, ' Of the Use of
Riches,' afterwards changed to ' On False
Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon-
shire to regain his health, addressed to him
his ' Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716.
Both poets frequently refer in terms of warm
eulogy to his disinterested devotion to lite-
rature ai d art ; but Gay, though he was en-
tertained by him for months, when he lost
in the South Sea scheme the money obtained
from the publication of his poems, expressed
his disappointment that he had received from
him so 'few real benefits' (CoxE, Life of
Gay, 24). This, however, was mere unrea-
sonable peevishness, for undoubtedly Bur-
lington erred rather on the side of generosity
than otherwise. Walpole says of him ' he
possessed every quality of a genius and artist
except envy.' He was a director of the
Royal Academy of Music for the performance
of Handel's works, and about 1716 received
Handel into his house (SCHOELCHEE, Life of
Handel, p. 44). At an early period he was a
patron of Bishop Berkeley. The architect
Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy,
resided in his house till his death in 1748,
and Burlington used every effort to secure
him commissions and extend his fame. His
enthusiastic admiration of Inigo Jones in-
duced him to repair the church at Covent
Garden. It was at his instance and by his help
that Kent published the designs of Inigo
Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful
edition of Palladio's ' Fabbriche Antiche,'
1730.
Burlington supplied designs for various
buildings, including the assembly rooms at
York built at his own expense, Lord Harring-
ton's house at Petersham, the dormitory at
"Westminster School, the Duke of Richmond's
house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in
Cork Street. The last two were pulled down
many years ago. Of General Wade's house
Walpole wrote, l It is worse contrived in the
inside than is conceivable, all to humour the
beauty of front,' and Lord Chesterfield sug-
gested that, ' as the general could not live in
it to his ease, he had better take a house over
against it and look at it.' Burlington ' spent,'
says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to
public works, and was known to choose that
the expense should fall on himself rather
than that his country should be deprived
of some beautiful edifices.' On this account
he became so seriously involved in money
difficulties that he was compelled to part
with a portion of his Irish estates, as we
learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is
now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in
Ireland for 200,000/., which won't pay his
debts ' (Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xix. 129).
He died in December 1753. By his wife,
Lady Dorothy Savile, daughter and coheiress
of William, marquis of Halifax, he left three
daughters, but no male heir. His wife was
a great patroness of music. She also drew
in crayons, and is said to have possessed a
genius for caricature.
[Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; Walpole's
Anecdotes of Painting;. Works of Pope, Gay,'
and Swift ; Wheatley's Bound about Piccadilly,
46-59.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, HON. ROBERT (1627-1691),
natural philosopher and chemist, was the \
seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard I
Boyle, the 4 great ' Earl of Cork, by his second 1
wife Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey
Fenton, principal secretary of state for Ire-
land, and was born at Lismore Castle, in the
province of Munster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627.
He learned early to speak Latin and French,
and won paternal predilection by his aptitude !
for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of ,
mind. His mother died when he was three \
years old, and at the age of eight he was sent \
to Eton, the provost then being his father's
friend, Sir Henry Wotton, described by
Boyle as ' not only a fine gentleman himself,
but very well skilled in the art of making
others so.' Here an accidental perusal of
Quintus Curtius 'conjured up in him' (he
narrates in an autobiographical fragment)
' that unsatisfied appetite for knowledge that
is yet as greedy as when it first was raised ; '
while ' Amadis de Gaule,' which fell into his
hands during his recovery from a fit of tertian
ague, produced an unsettling effect, counter- j
acted by a severe discipline — self-imposed )
by a boy under ten — of mental arithmetic
and algebra.
From Eton, after nearly four years, he was
transferred to his father's recently purchased !
estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his
education continued by the Rev. Mr. Douch,
Boyle
119
Boyle
and later by a French tutor named Mar-
combes. With him and his elder brother
Francis he left England in October 1638,
and, passing through Paris and Lyons, settled
during twenty-one months at Geneva, where
he acquired the gentlemanly accomplish-
ments of fluent French, dancing, fencing,
and tennis-playing. From this time, when
he was about fourteen, he dated his ' con-
version,' or that express dedication to religion
from which he never afterwards varied. The
immediate occasion of this momentous resolve
was the awe inspired by a thunderstorm.
At Florence during the winter of 1641-2
he mastered Italian, and studied 'the new
paradoxes of the great star-gazer Galileo/
whose death occurred during his stay (8 Jan.
1642). He chose in Rome to pass for a
Frenchman, and with the arrival of the party
at Marseilles, about May 1642, Boyle's record
of his early years abruptly closes. A serious
embarrassment here awaited them. A sum
of 250/., with difficulty raised by Lord Cork
during the calamities of the Irish rebellion,
was embezzled in course of transmission to
his sons. Almost penniless, they made their
way to Geneva, M. Marcombes' native place,
and there lived on credit for two years. At
length, by the sale of some jewels, they
raised money to defray their expenses home-
wards, and reached England in the summer
of 1644. They found their father dead, and
the country in such confusion that it was
nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who
had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could
make his way thither.
But civil distractions were powerless to
extinguish scientific zeal. From the meet-
ings in London in 1645 of the ' Philosophi-
cal,' or (as he preferred to call it) the ' In-
visible College,' incorporated, after the Re-
storation, as the Royal Society, Boyle de-
rived a definitive impulse towards experi-
mental inquiries. He was then a lad of
eighteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow-
ledged leader of the movement thus origi-
nated. Chemistry was from the first his
favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported
and bewitched me,' he wrote from Stalbridge
to his sister, Lady Ranelagh, 31 Aug. 1649,
as to ' make me fancy my laboratory a kind
of Elysium.' Compelled to visit his disor-
dered Irish estates in 1652 and 1653, he de-
scribed his native land as 'a barbarous country,
where chemical spirits were so misunder-
stood, and chemical instruments so unpro-
curable, that it was hard to have any Her-
metic thoughts in it.' Aided by Sir William
Petty, he accordingly practised instead ana-
tomical dissection, and satisfied himself ex-
perimentally as to the circulation of the
blood. On his return to England in June
1654 he settled at Oxford in the society of
some of his earlier philosophical associates,
and others of the same stamp, including
Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkins, and
Seth Ward. Meetings were alternately held
in the rooms of the warden of Wadham
(Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining
University College, and experiments were
zealously made and freely communicated.
Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number
of operators at work, and engaged Robert
Hooke as his chemical assistant. Reading
in 1657, in Schott's ' Mechanica hydraulico-
Eneumatica,' of Guericke's invention for ex-
austing the air in a closed vessel, he set
Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and
the result was the so-called l machina Boyle-
ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting
all the essential qualities of the modern air-
pump. By a multitude of experiments per-
formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the
effects (at that time very imperfectly recog-
nised) of the elasticity, compressibility, and
weight of the air ; investigated its function
in respiration, combustion, and the convey-
ance of sound, and exploded the obscure notion
of &fuga vacui. /A. first instalment of results
was published at Oxford in 1660, with the
title, l New Experiments Physico-Mechanical
touching the Spring of the Air and its Effects,
made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical
Engine.' His 'Defence against Linus,' ap-
pended, with his answer to the objections of
Hobbes, to the second edition (1662), con-
tained experimental proof of the proportional
relation between elasticity and pressure, still
known as ' Boyle's Law ' ( Works, folio ed.
1744, i. 100). This approximately true prin-
ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was
at once generalised and accepted, and was
confirmed by Mariotte in 1676. j
Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo-
gical subjects attention as earnest as if it
had been undivided. At the age of twenty-
one he had already written, besides a treatise
on ethics, several moral and religious essays,
afterwards published. His veneration for
the Scriptures induced him, although by
nature averse to linguistic studies, to learn
Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac
enough to read them in the originals. At
Oxford he made some further progress in this
direction,with assistance from Hyde, Pococke,
and Clarke ; applied himself to divinity under
Barlow (afterwards bishop of Lincoln) ; and
encouraged the writings on casuistry of Dr.
Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/. a
year. Throughout his life he was a munifi-
cent supporter of projects for the diffusion
of the Scriptures. He bore wholly, or in
Boyle
I2O
Boyle
part, the expense of printing the Indian, Irish,
and Welsh Bibles (1685-86) ; of the Turkish
New Testament, and of the Malayan version
of the Gospels and Acts (Oxford, 1677). As
governor of the Corporation for the Spread
of the Gospel in New England, and as direc-
tor of the East India Company (the charter
of which he was instrumental in procuring),
he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal
pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris-
tianity in those regions. He contributed,
moreover, largely to the publication of Bur-
net's l History of the Reformation,' bestowed
a splendid reward upon Pococke for his trans-
lation into Arabic of Grotius' ' De Veritate,'
and during some time spent 1,0001. a year in
private charity. Nor was science forgotten.
Besides his heavy regular outlay, and help
afforded to indigent savants, we hear in 1657,
in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for
investing 12,000/. in forfeited Irish estates,
the proceeds to be devoted to the advance-
ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase
to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi-
larly applied, but that, being ' cast upon im-
j>ropriations,' he felt bound to consecrate it
to religious uses.
On the Restoration, he was solicited by
the Earl of Clarendon to take orders ; but
excused himself, on the grounds of the absence
of an inner call, and of his persuasion that
arguments in favour of religion came with
more force from one not professionally pledged
to uphold it. This determination involved
the refusal of the provostship of Eton, offered
to him in 1665. He also repeatedly declined
a peerage, and died the only untitled member
of his large family.
In 1668 he left Oxford for London, and re-
sided until his death in Lady Ranelagh's house
in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Royal
Society perhaps furnished in part the induce-
ment to this move. Boyle might be called
the representative member of this distin-
guished body. He had taken a leading part
in its foundation ; he sat on its first council ;
the description and display of his ingenious
experiments gave interest to its proceedings ;
he was elected its president 30 Nov. 1680,
but declined to act from a scruple about
the oaths, and was replaced by Wren. His
voluminous writings flowed from him in
an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691, and
procured him an immense reputation, both
at home and abroad. Most of them ap-
peared in Latin, as well as in English, and
were more than once separately reprinted.
I In the < Sceptical Chymist ' (Oxford, 1661)
he virtually demolished, together with the
peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the
Spagyristic doctrine of the tria prima, tenta-
tively substituting the principles of a ' me-
chanical philosophy/ expounded in detail in
his ' Origin of Forms and Qualities ' (1666).
Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these
accord, in the main, with the views of many
recent physicists. They postulate one uni-
versal kind of matter, admit in the construc-
tion of the visible world only moving atoms,
and derive diversity of substance from their
various modes of grouping and manners of
movement, j, Boyle added as a corollary the
transmutability of differing forms of matter
by the rearrangement of their particles ef-
fected through the agency of fire or otherwise ;
referred ' sensible qualities ' to the action of
variously constituted particles on the human
frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase-
ology of the time, that ' the grand efficient of
forms is local motion ' ( Works, ii. 483). He
acquiesced in, rather than accepted, the cor-
puscular theory of light, but clearly recog-
nised in heat the results of a ( brisk ' molecular
agitation (ibid. i. 282).
In 'Experiments and Considerations touch-
ing Colours ' (1663) he described for the first
time the iridescence of metallic films and
soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydrostatical Paradoxes '
(1666) he enforced, by numerous and striking
experiments (presented to the Royal Society
in May 1664), the laws of fluid equilibrium.
His statement concerning the ' Incalescence
of Quicksilver with Gold' (Phil. Trans.
21 Feb. 1676) drew the serious attention of
Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's
Works, v. 396), and a widespread sensatio'n
was created by his ' Historical Account of a
Degradation of Gold ' (1678), the interest of
both these pseudo-observations being derived
from their supposed connection with alche-
mistic transformations. Boyle's faith in their
possibility was further evidenced by the re-
peal, procured through his influence in 1689,
of the statute 5 Henry IV against ' multi-
plying gold.'
Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents
were Newton, Locke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- |
denburg, Wallis, Beale, and Hartlib. To him
Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1659, his scheme for
the foundation of a ' physico-mathematic col-
lege,' and Newton, 28 Feb. 1679, his ideas
regarding the qualities of the aether. Na-
thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 \
his ' History of Generation ; ' Wallis in 1659
his essay on the ' Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in 1666
his ' Methodus curandi Febres,' intimating
Boyle's frequent association with him in his
visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed
to him in 1686 the letters constituting his
'Travels.' Wholesale plagiarism and theft
formed a vexatious, though no less flattering,
tribute to his fame. Hence the ' Advertise-
Boyle
121
Boyle
ment about the loss of many of his Writings/
published in May 1688, in which he described
the various mischances, both by fraud and
accident, having befallen them, and declared
his intention to write thenceforth on loose
sheets, as offering less temptation to thieves
than bulky packets, and to send to press with-
out the dangerous delays of prolonged re-
vision. In the same year he gave to the
world * A Disquisition concerning the Final
Causes of Natural Things,' and in 1690 ' Me-
dicina Hydrostatica ' and 'The Christian
Virtuoso,' setting forth the mutual service-
ableness of science and religion. The last
work published by himself was entitled ' Ex-
perimenta et Observationes Physicee,' part i.
(1691) ; the second part never appeared.
In 1689 the failing state of his health com-
pelled him to suspend communications to the
Royal Society, and to resign his post, filled
since 1661, as governor of the Corporation for
the Spread of the Gospel in New England.
About the same time he publicly notified his
intention of excluding visitors on certain por-
tions of four days in each week, thus reserving
leisure to ' recruit ' (as he said) ' his spirits,
to range his papers, and to take some care of
his affairs in Ireland, which are very much
disordered, and have their face often changed
by the public calamities there.' He was also
desirous to complete a collection of elaborate
chemical processes, which he is said to have
entrusted to a friend as t a kind of Hermetick
legacy,' but which were never made known.
Some secrets discovered by him, such as the
preparation of subtle poisons and of a liquid
for discharging writing, he concealed as mis-
chievous.
From the age of twenty-one he had suffered
from a torturing malady, of which he dreaded
the aggravation, with the approach of death,
beyond his powers of patient endurance. But
his end was without pain, and almost with-
out serious illness. His beloved sister, Ca-
therine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and
noble personage, died 23 Dec. 1691. He sur-
vived her one week, expiring three-quarters
of an hour after midnight, 30 Dec., aged
nearly 65, and was buried 7 Jan. 1692 in
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Dr.
Burnet preached his funeral sermon. By his
will he founded and endowed with 50/. a
year the < Boyle Lectures,' for the defence of
Christianity against unbelievers, of which the
first set of eight discourses was preached by
Bentley in 1692.
' Mr. Boyle,' Dr. Birch writes (Life, p. 86),
'was tall of stature, but slender, and his
countenance pale and emaciated. His con-
stitution was so tender and delicate that he
had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he
went abroad, according to the temperature of
the air, and in this he governed himself by
his thermometer. He escaped, indeed, the
small-pox during his life, but for almost forty
years he laboured under such a feebleness of
body and lowness of strength and spirits that
it was astonishing how he could read, medi-
tate, ,try experiments, and write as he did.
He had likewise a weakness * His eyes, which
made him very tender of them, .*nd extremely
apprehensive of such distempers as might
affect them.' To these disabilities was added
that of a memory so treacherous (by his own
account) that he was often tempted to abandon
study in despair. He spoke with a slight
hesitation ; nevertheless at times ' distin-
guished himself by so copious and lively a
flow of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir William
Davenant both thought him equal in that
respect to the most celebrated geniuses of
that age.' He never married, but Evelyn
was credibly informed that he had paid court
in his youth to the Earl of Monmouth's beau-
tiful daughter, and that his passion inspired
the essay on ' Seraphic Love,' published in
1660. It was, however, already written in
1648, and Boyle himself assures us, 6 Aug.
of that year, that he ' hath never yet been
hurt by Cupid ' ( Works, i. 155). The story
is thus certainly apocryphal.
The tenor of his life was in no way in-
consistent with his professions of piety. It
was simple and unpretending, stainless yet
not austere, humble without affectation. His
temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub-
dued to mildness ; his religious principles
were equally removed from laxity and in-
tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per-
secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree
the credulousness of his age. He publicly
subscribed to the truth of the stories about
the ' demon of Mascon,' and vouched for the
spurious cures of Greatrakes the 'stroker.'
Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in-
separable from the cultivation of a philosophy
' that valued no knowledge but as it had a
tendency to use.' His view of astronomical
studies is, in this respect, characteristic. If
the planets have no physical influence on
the earth, he admits his inability to propound
any end for the pains bestowed upon them ;
' we know them only to know them ' (ibid. v.
124).
Yet his services to science were unique.
The condition of his birth, the elevation of
his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of
his researches, combined to lend dignity and
currency to their results. These were coex-
tensive with the whole range, then accessible,
of experimental investigation. He personi-
fied, it might be said, in a manner at once
Boyle
122
Boyle
impressive and conciliatory, the victorious
revolt against scientific dogmatism then in
progress. Hence his unrivalled popularity
and privileged position, which even the most
rancorous felt compelled to respect. No
stranger of note visited England without
seeking an interview, which he regarded it as
an obligation of Christian charity to grant.
Three successive kings of England conversed
familiarly with him, and he was considered
to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of
the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr.
Boyle,' Hughes wrote in the 'Spectator'
(No. 554), ' was the person who seems to have
been designed by nature to succeed to the
labours and inquiries of that extraordinary
genius. By innumerable experiments he, in
a great measure, filled up those plans and
outlines of science which his predecessor had
sketched out.' Addison styled him (No. 531)
' an honour to his country, and a more dili-
gent as well as successful inquirer into the
works of nature than any other one nation
has ever produced.' 'To him,' Boerhaave
wrote, ' we owe the secrets of fire, air, water,
animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his
works may be deduced the whole system of
natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar-
tem Medicam, p. 152).
It must be admitted that Boyle's achieve-
ments are scarcely commensurate to praises
of which these are but a sample. His name
is identified with no great discovery ; he pur-
sued no subject far beyond the merely illus-
trative stage ; his performance supplied a
general introduction to modern science rather
than entered into the body of the work. But
such an introduction was indispensable, and
was admirably executed. It implied an ' ad-
vance all along the line.' Subjects of inquiry
were suggested, stripped of manifold obscuri-
ties, and set in approximately true mutual
relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the
experimental method was vividly exhibited,
and its use rendered easy and familiar. Boyle
was the true precursor of the modern chemist.
Besides clearing away a jungle of perplexed
notions, he collected a number of highly sug-
gestive facts and observations. He was the
first to distinguish definitely a mixture from
a compound ; with him originated the defi-
nition of an ' element ' as a hitherto unde-
composed constituent of a compound; he
introduced the use of vegetable colour-tests
of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint
as to the method of preparing phosphorus
(discovered by Brandt in 1669) he arrived at
it independently, communicated it 14 Oct.
1680 in a sealed packet to the Royal Society,
and published it for the first time in 1682
(Works iv. 37). In a tract printed the same
year he accurately described the qualities
of the new substance under the title of the
' Icy Noctiluca.' He, moreover, actually pre-
pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver
placed over water, but failed to .distinguish
it from what he called 'air generated de
novo' (ibid. i. 35).
In physics, besides the great merit of having
rendered the air-pump available for experi-
ment and discovered the law of gaseous
elasticity, he invented a compressed-air
pump, and directed the construction of the
first hermetically sealed thermometers made
in England. He sought to measure the ex-
pansive force of freezing water, first used
freezing mixtures, observed the effects of
atmospheric pressure on ebullition, added
considerably to the store of facts collected
about electricity and magnetism, determined
the specific gravities and refractive powers
of various substances, and made a notable
attempt to weigh light. He further ascer-
tained the unvarying high temperature of
human blood, and performed a variety of
curious experiments on respiration. He aimed
at being the disciple only of nature. Down
to 1657 he purposely refrained from ' seriously
or orderly ' reading the works of Gassendi,
Descartes, or 'so much as Sir F. Bacon's
" Novum Organum," in order not to be pos-
sessed with any theory or principles till he
had found what things themselves should
induce him to think ' (ibid. 194). And, al-
though he professed a special reverence for
Descartes, as the true author of the ' tenets
of mechanical philosophy' (ibid. iv. 521),
we find, nine years later, that he had not yet
carried out his intention of thoroughly study-
ing his writings (ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was
no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his
scientific efforts bore the broad Baconian
stamp ; nor was the general voice widely in
error which declared him to have (at least
in part) executed what Verulam designed.
The style of his writings, which had the
character rather of occasional essays than of
systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical
affectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole-
rably prolix, its not rare felicities of phrase
being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He
endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro-
cesses of compulsory concentration. Boulton's
first epitome of his writings appeared in
1699-1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second,
of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols.
8vo) ; and Dr. Peter Shaw's abridgment of.
his philosophical works in 1725 (3 vols. 8vo).
The first complete edition of his writings
was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio
volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4to, London,
1772). It included his posthumous remains
Boyle
123
Boyle
and correspondence, with a life of the author
founded on materials collected with abortive
biographical designs by Burnet and Wotton,
and embracing Boyle's unfinished narrative
of his early years entitled ' An Account of
Philaretus during his Minority.' More or
less complete Latin editions of his works
were issued at Geneva in 1677, 1680, and
1714; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Venice
in 1695. A French collection, with the title
' Recueil d'Exp^riences,' appeared at Paris in
1679. Of his separate treatises the follow-
ing, besides those already mentioned, deserve
to be particularised: 1. '.Some Considera-
tions touching the Usefulness of Experimental
Natural Philosophy' (Oxford, 1663, 2nd part
1671). 2. ' Some Considerations touching
the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1663),
extracted from an 'Essay on Scripture,'
begun 1652, and published, after the writer's
death, by Sir Peter Pett. 3. ' Occasional
Reflections upon several Subjects' (1664,
reprinted 1808), an early production satirised
by Butler in his ' Occasional Reflection on
Dr. Charlton's feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gres-
ham College,' and by Swift in his ' Medita-
tion on a Broom Stick,' who nevertheless was
probably indebted for the first idea of * Gul-
liver's Travels ' to one of the little pieces thus
caricatured (' Upon the Eating of Oysters,'
Works , ii. 219). 4. ' New Experiments and
Observations touching Cold, or an Experi-
mental History of Cold begun ' (1665), con-
taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine
of ' antiperistasis ' (in full credit with Bacon)
and of Hobttjs's theory of cold. 5. ' A Con-
tinuation of New Experiments Physico-
Mechanical touching the Spring and Weight
of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third
series appeared in 1682). 6. ' Tracts about
the Cosmical Qualities of Things' (1670).
7. ' An Essay about the Origin and Virtues
of Gems' (1672). 8. 'The Excellency of
Theology compared with Natural Philosophy '
(1673). 9. ' Some Considerations about the
Reconcilableness of Reason and Religion'
(1675). 10. ' The Aerial Noctiluca ' (1680).
11. 'Memoirs for the Natural History of
Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High
Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God'
(1685). 13. ' A Free Enquiry into the vul-
garly received Notion of Nature' (1686).
14. 'The General History of the Air de-
signed and begun' (1692). 15. ' Medicinal
Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both
posthumous.
Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub-
lished at London in 1688 and subsequent
years. He bequeathed his mineralogical col-
lections to the Royal Society, and his portrait
by Kerseboorn, the property of the same
body, formed part of the National Portrait
Exhibition in 1866.
[Life by Birch ; Biog. Brit. ; "Wood's Fasti Oxon.
(Bliss), ii. 286 ; Burnet's Funeral Sermon ; Watt's
Bibl. Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 155 ;
Poggendorff's Gesch. d. Physik, p. 466 ; Libes's
Hist. Phil, des Progres de la Physique, ii. 134 ;
A. Crum Brown's Development of the Idea of
Chemical Composition, pp. 9-14.] A. M. C.
BOYLE, ROGER, BARON BROGHILL, and
first EAKL OF ORRERY (162] -1679), states-
man, soldier, and dramatist, the third son of
Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Cathe-
rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, was
born at Lismore 25 April 1621. In recogni-
tion of his father's services he was on 28 Feb.
1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age
of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin
(BTJDGELL, Memoirs of the Boyles, p. 34), and
according to Wood (Athena, ed. Bliss, iii.
1200) he also 'received some of his academical
education in Oxon.' After concluding his
university career he spent some years on the
continent, chiefly in France and Italy, under
a governor, Mr. Markham. Soon after his
return to England, he was entrusted by the
Earl of Northumberland with the command
of his troop in the Scotch expedition. On
his marriage to Lady Margaret Howard,
third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set
out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on
the very day that the great rebellion broke
out. When the Earl of Cork summoned his
retainers, Lord Broghill was appointed to a
troop of horse, with which he joined the Lord
President St. Leger. It was only Broghill's
acuteness that prevented St. Leger from be-
lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry,
the leader of the Irish rebels, that he was act-
ing on the authority of a commission from the
king. Under the Earl of Cork he took part
in the defence of Lismore, and he held a com-
mand at the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642.
When the Marquis of Ormonde resigned his
authority to the parliamentary commissioners
in 1647, Lord Broghill, though a zealous
royalist, continued to serve under them until
the execution of the king. Immediately on
receipt of the news he went over to Eng-
land, where he lived for some time in strict
retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At
last, however, he determined to make a stre-
nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and
the royal cause, and, on the pretence of visiting
a German spa for the sake of his health, re-
solved to seek an interview with Charles II
on the continent, with a view to concoct
measures to aid in his restoration. With
this purpose he arrived in London, having
meanwhile made application to the Earl of
Boyle
124
Boyle
Warwick for a pass, only communicating his I
real design to certain royalists in whom he
had perfect confidence. While waiting the '
result of his application, he was surprised by
a message from Oliver Cromwell of his in-
tention to call on him at his lodgings. Crom-
well at once informed him that the council
were completely cognisant of the real charac-
ter of his designs, and that but for his inter-
position he would already have been l clapped
up in the Tower ' (MoEBiCE, Memoirs of the \
Earl of Orrery, p. 11). Broghill thanked
Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked j
his advice as to what he should do, whereupon ;
Cromwell offered him a general's command
in the war against the Irish. No oaths or
obligations were to be laid on him except a
promise on his word of honour faithfully to
assist to the best of his power in subduing
Ireland. Broghill, according to his biographer,
asked for time to consider ' this large offer,'
but Cromwell brusquely answered that he
must decide on the instant ; and, finding that
' no subterfuges could any longer be made
use of,' he gave his consent.
The extraordinary bargain is a striking
proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men
and of his consciousness of the immense diffi-
culty of the task he had in hand in Ireland.
The trust placed by him in Broghill's stead-
fastness and abilities was fully justified by
the result. By whatever motives he may have
been actuated, there can be no doubt that
Broghill strained every nerve to make the
cause of the parliament in Ireland triumph-
ant. Indeed but for his assistance Cromwell's
enterprise might have been attended with
almost fatal disasters. With the commission
of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately
proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for
Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster
that he soon found himself at the head of a
troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro-
perty, and 1,500 well-appointed infantry,
many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi-
quin. After joining Cromwell at Wexford,
he was left by him ' at Mallow, with about
six or seven hundred horse and four or five
hundred foot,' to protect the interests of the
parliament in Munster, and distinguished
himself by the capture of two strong garri-
sons (CAKLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxix.) This
vigorous procedure greatly contributed to
drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they
shortly afterwards surrendered. Cromwell
then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill
was ordered to attack a body of Irish under
the titular bishop of Ross, who were march-
ing to its relief. This force he met at Ma-
croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated,
taking the bishop prisoner. While prepar-
ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received
a message from Cromwell, whose troops had
been decimated by sickness and the sallies
of the enemy, to join him with the utmost
haste ; and on his arrival Clonmel was taken
after a desperate struggle. Cromwell, whose
presence in Scotland had been for some time
urgently required, now left the task of com-
pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the
hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at
the siege of Limerick. News having reached
the besiegers that preparations were being
made for its relief, Broghill was sent with a
strong detachment to disperse any bodies of
troops that might be gathering for this purpose.
By a rapid march he intercepted a strong force
under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the
army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so
completely routed them that all attempts to
relieve Limerick were abandoned.
On the conclusion of the war Broghill re-
mained in Munster to keep the province in
subjection, with Youghal for his headquarters
(MoEKiCE, 19). While the war was proceed-
ing he had been put in possession of as much
of Lord Muskerry 's estates as amounted to
1,000/. a year, until the country in which his
estate was situated was freed from the enemy
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 473),
and at its close Blarney Castle, with lands
adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/.,
was bestowed upon him, the bill after long
delay in parliament receiving the assent of
Cromwell in 1657 (Commons' Journal). Ire-
ton, who had been so suspicious of Broghill's
intentions as to advise that he should ' be
cut off,' died from exposure at Limerick, and
Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied
implicitly on Broghill's good faith, gradually
received him into his special confidence.
Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal
cause was for the time hopeless, devoted all
his energies to make the rule of Cromwell a
success. Actuated at first by motives of self-
interest, he latterly conceived for Cromwell
strong admiration and esteem. In Crom-
well's parliament which met in 1654 he sat
as member for Cork, and on the list of the
parliament of 1656 his name appears as
member both for Cork and Edinburgh. His
representation of the latter city is accounted
for by the fact that this year he was sent as
lord president of the council to Scotland.
That he remained in Scotland only one year
was due not to any failure to satisfy either
the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the
condition he made on accepting office, that he
should not be required to hold it for more
than a year. According to Robert Baillie
he 'gained more on the affections of the
people than all the English that ever were
Boyle
among us ' (Journals, iii. 315). After his
return to England he formed one of a special
council whom the Protector was in the habit
of consulting on matters of prime importance
(WHITELOCKE, Memorials, 656). He was
also a member of the House of Lords, nomi-
nated by Cromwell in December 1657 (Par I.
Hist. iii. 1518). It was chiefly at his in-
stance that the parliament resolved to recom-
mend Cromwell to adopt the title of king
(LUDLOW, Memoirs, 247), and he was one
of the committee appointed to discuss the
matter with Cromwell (Monarchy asserted \
to be the best, most ancient, and legall form
of government, in a conference held at White-
hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com-
mittee of Parliament, 1660, reprinted in
the State Letters of the Earl of Orrery,
1742). Probably it was after the failure of !
this negotiation that he brought before Crom-
well the remarkable proposal for a marriage
between Cromwell's daughter Frances and
Charles II (MoKRiCE, Memoirs of the Earl
of Orrery, 21). After the death of Oliver he
did his utmost to consolidate the government
of his son Richard, who consulted him in his
chief difficulties, but failed to profit suffi-
ciently by his advice. Convinced at last
that the cause of Richard was hopeless, he
passed over to Ireland, and obtaining from
the commissioners the command in Munster,
he, along with Sir Charles Coote, president
of Connaught, secured Ireland for the king.
His letter inviting Charles to land at Cork
actually reached him before the first commu-
nication of Monk, but the steps taken by
Monk in England rendered the landing of
Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con-
vention parliament Broghill sat as member
for Arundel, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was
created Earl of Orrery. About the close of
the year he was appointed one of the lord
justices of Ireland, and it was he who drew
up the act of settlement for that kingdom.
On the retirement of Lord Clarendon, the lord
high chancellor, he was offered the great
seals, but, from considerations of health, de-
clined them. He continued for the most
part to reside in Ireland in discharge of his
duties as lord president of Munster, and
in this capacity was successful in defeating
the attempt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral
of France, to land at Kinsale. The presi-
dency of Munster he, however, resigned in
1668 on account of disagreements with the
Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly
afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeached in
the House of Commons for ' raising of moneys
by his own authority upon his majesty's sub-
jects ; defrauding the king's subjects of their
estates/ but the king by commission on 11 Dec.
5 Boyle
suddenly put a stop to the proceedings by
proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach-
ment of the Earl of Orrery, Parl. Hist. iv.
434-40), and no further attempt was made
against him. He died from an attack of gout
16 Oct. 1679. He was buried at Youghal.
He left two sons and five daughters.
The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author
of an anonymous pamphlet l Irish Colours
displayed, in a reply of an English Protes-
tant to a letter of an Irish Roman Catholic/
1662. The ' Irish Roman Catholic' was
Father Peter Welsh, who replied to it by
' Irish Colours folded.' Both were addressed
to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was
the author of the pamphlet is not impossible,
but the statement is unsupported by proof.
It is probable, therefore, that it has been con-
founded with another reply to the same letter
professedly written by him and entitled ' An
Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed
and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator
to the Sec. and Reg. Popish Priests of Ire-
land.' This pamphlet has for sub-title ' A
full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish
rebels and the beginning of the rebellion
there. Necessary to be considered by all
adventurers and other persons estated in that
kingdom.' Both the letter of Welsh and this,
reply to it have been reprinted in the l State
Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742.
In 1654 he published in six volumes the first
part of a romance, ' Parthenissa/ a complete
edition of which appeared in three volumes
in 1665 and in 1677. The writer of the
notice of Orrery in the ' Biographia Britan-
nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance
to its remaining unfinished, but finished.it
certainly was, and if it had not been, its tedi-
ousness would not have been relieved by
adding to its length. More substantial merit
attaches to his ' Treatise of the Art of War/
1677, dedicated to the king. He claims for
it the distinction of being the first l Entire
Treatise on the Art of War written in our
language/ and the quality of comprehensive-
ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does
of the ' choice and educating of the soldiery ;
the arming of the soldiery ; the disciplining
of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons ;
the marching of an army ; the camping of
an army within a line or intrenchment ; and
battles.' The treatise is of undoubted inte-
rest as indicating the condition of the art at
the close of the Cromwellian wars, and, like
his political pamphlet, is written in a terse
and effective style.
Not content to excel as a statesman and
a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure
to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden
is to be believed, the hours he chose for the
Boyle
126
Boyle
recreation were not the most auspicious.
' The muses,' he says, ' have seldom employed
your thoughts but when some violent fit of
gout has snatched you from affairs of state,
and, like the priestess of Apollo, you never
come to deliver your oracles but unwillingly
and in torment ' (Dedication prefixed to The
Rivals). Commenting on this, Walpole re-
marked that the gout was a ' very impotent
muse.' Like his relative Eichard, second
earl of Burlington, Orrery was on terms of
intimate friendship with many eminent men
of letters — among others Davenant, Dryden,
and Cowley. Besides several dramas he was
the author of ' A Poem on his Majesty's
happy Restoration,' which he presented to
the king, but which was never printed ; ' A
Poem on the Death of Abraham Cowley,'
1677, printed in a ' Collection of Poems ' by
various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re-
published in Budgell's ' Memoirs of the
Family of the Boyles,' and prefixed by Dr.
Sprat to his edition of Cowley's works ; ' The
Dream ' — in which the genius of France is in-
troduced endeavouring to persuade Charles II
to become dependent on Louis XIV — pre-
sented to the king, but never printed, and
now lost ; and ' Poems on most of the Festi-
vals of the Church,' 1681. Several of the
tragedies of Orrery attained a certain success
in their day. They are written in rhyme
with an easy flowing diction, and, if some-
what bombastic and extravagant in sentiment,
are not without effective situations, and mani-
fest considerable command of pathos. The
earliest of his plays performed was ' Henry V,'
at Lincoln's Inn Fields, as is proved by the
reference of Pepys, under date 13 Aug. 1664.
He then saw it acted, and he makes a
later reference, under date 28 Sept. of the
same year, to ' The General ' as ' Lord Brog-
hill's second play.' Downes asserts that
< Henry V ' was not brought out till 1667,
when the theatre was reopened, but it was
then only revived, and was performed ten
nights successively. The play was published
in 1668. It is doubtful if Orrery was the
author of' The General ' — at least there is no
proof of his having acknowledged it. ' Mus-
tapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent,'
was brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields
3 April 1665, and played before their majes-
ties at court 20 Oct. 1666 (EVELYN). ' The
Black Prince,' published 1669, and played for
the first time at the king's house 19 Oct. 1667
(PEPYS), was not very successful, the read-
ing of a letter actually causing the audience
to hiss. ' Tryphon,' a tragedy, published in
1672, and acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields
8 Dec. 1668, met with some applause, but
showed a lack of invention, resembling his
other tragedies too closely in its construction.
These four tragedies were published together
in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his 'Dramatic
Works.' Of Orrery's two comedies, ' Guzman '
and ' Mr. Anthony,' * the former,' according
to Downes, 'took very well, the latter but
indifferent.' Pepys, who pronounced ' Guz-
man ' to be ' very ordinary,' mentions it as
produced anonymously 16 April 1669. It
was published posthumously in 1693. ' Mr.
Anthony ' was published in 1690, but is not
included in the ' Dramatic Works.' Two
tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu-
mously, ' Herod the Great,' in 1694, along
with his four early tragedies and the comedy
' Guzman ;' and ' Altemira ' in 1702, in which
year it was put upon the stage by his grand-
son Charles Boyle. The ' Complete Drama-
tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,' including
all his plays with the exception of 'Mr.
Anthony,' appeared in 1743. The Earl of
Orrery is the reputed author of ' English
Adventures, by a Person of Honour,' 1676,
entered in the catalogue of the Huth Li-
brary.
[State Letters of Eoger Boyle, 1st Earl of
Orrery, containing a series of correspondence
between the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship,
from the Kestoration to the year 1668, together
with some other letters and pieces of a different
kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by
the Eev. Mr. ThomasMorrice, his lordship's chap-
lain, 1742 ; Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles, 34-
93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Book whilst Governor
of Minister (1644-49), Add. MS. 25287 ; Letters
to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109-188;
Ludlow's Memoirs ; Whitelocke's Memorials ;
Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; Old-
mixon's History of the Stuarts ; Carte's Life of
Ormonde ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), especially
during the Protectorate ; Pepys's Diary; Evelyn's
Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), iii.
177 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1200-1;
Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors (Park), v.
191-7; Genest's History of the .Stage; Biog.
Brit. (Kippis), ii. 4 7 9-92; Lodge's Irish Peerage
(1789), i. 178-192.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, ROGER (1617 P-1687), bishop of
Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, where he was elected a fellow. On the out-
break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor
to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained
until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he
became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone
in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was
advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on
12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the see of
Down and Connor. On 21 Sept. 1672 he
was translated to the see of Clogher. He died
at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth
year of his age, and was buried in the church
Boyne
127
Boys
at Clones. He was the author of ' Inquisitio
in fidem Christianorum hujus Saeculi,' Dub-
lin, 1665, and 'Summa Theologies Chris-
tianas,' Dublin, 1681. His commonplace book
on various subjects, together with an abstract
of Sir Kenelm Digby's ' Treatise of Bodies,' is
in manuscript in Trinity College Library,
Dublin.
[Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, iii. 80,
207-8; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 190, 213, ii.
203.] T. F. H.
BOYNE, VISCOUNT. [See HAMILTON,
GUSTAVUS.]
BOYNE, JOHN (d. 1810), water-colour
painter, caricaturist, and engraver, was born
in county Down, Ireland, between 1750 and
1759. His father was originally a joiner by
trade, but afterwards held for many years
an appointment at the victualling office at
Deptford. Boyne was brought to England
when about nine years of age, and subse-
quently articled to William Byrne, the land-
scape-engraver. His master dying just at
the expiration of his apprenticeship, he made
an attempt to carry on the business himself,
but being idle and dissipated in his habits,
he was unsuccessful. He then joined a com-
pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford,
where he enacted some of Shakespeare's
characters, and assisted in a farce called
' Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode
of life, he returned to London in 1781, and
took to the business of pearl-setting, being
employed by a Mr. Flower, of Chichester
Rents, Chancery Lane. Later on we find
him in the capacity of a master in a draw-
ing school, first in Holborn, and afterwards
in Gloucester Street, Queen Square, where
Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne
died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June
1810. His most important artistic produc-
tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays,
spiritedly drawn and tinted ; also ' Assigna-
tion, a Sketch to the Memory of the Duke of
Bedford ;' < The Muck Worm,' and ' The Glow
Worm.' His ' Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now
in the South Kensington Museum, was en-
graved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub-
lished ' A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri-
dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a
Member of the Society of the Freedom of the
Press.'
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red-
grave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (rf.1461),
Carmelite, was educated at Oxford, and lec-
tured in theology at that university ; he also
visited for purposes of study the university of
Cambridge and several foreign universities.
He became head of the Carmelite community
at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451.
The following are the titles of works written
by Boys : 1. ' De duplici hominis immorta-
litate.' 2. ' Adversus Agarenos.' 3. ' Contra
varies Gentilium Ritus.' 4. 'De Spiritus
Doctrina.' 5. ' De vera Innocentia.'
[Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis,
p. 454 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Bibliotheca Car-
melitana.] A. M.
BOYS, EDWARD (1599-1667), divine, a
nephew of Dr. John Boys (1571-1625), dean
of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas
Boys of Hoad Court, in the parish of Blean,
Kent, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter
of Richard Rogers, dean of Canterbury, and
lord suffragan of Dover, was born in 1599
(W. BERET, County Genealogies, Kent, p.
445). Educated at Eton, he was elected
a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of
that house graduated B.A. in 1623, M.A.
in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1631.
He proceeded B.D., was appointed one of
the university preachers in 1634, and in
1639, on the presentation of William Pas-
ton, his friend and contemporary at college,
became rector of the tiny village of Maut-
boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful
authority, to have been one of the chap-
lains to Charles I (R. MASTERS, Hist. Cor-
pus Christi College, pp. 242-3). After an
incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died
at Mautboy on 10 March 1666-7, and was
buried in the chancel (BLOMEFIELD, Nor-
folk, ed. Parkin, xi. 229-30). An admired
scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher,
and in great favour with his bishop, Hall,
Boys was deterred from seeking higher pre-
ferment by an exceeding modesty. After
his death appeared his only known pub-
lication, a volume of 'Sixteen Sermons,
preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon-
don, 1672. The editor, Roger Flynt, a fellow-
collegian, tells us in his preface that it was
with difficulty he obtained leave of the dying
author to make them public, and gained it
only upon condition 'that he should say
nothing of him.' From which he leaves the
reader to judge 'how great this man was,
that made so little of himself.' He speaks,
nevertheless, of the great loss to the church
' that such a one should expire in a country
village consisting onely of four farmers.' In
1640 Boys had married Mary Herne, who
was descended from a family of that name
long seated in Norfolk. His portrait by W.
Faithorne, at the age of sixty-six, is prefixed
to his sermons.
Boys
128
Boys
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. vi. 374-5; Masters's
Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. (Lamb), p. 353 ; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6 ;
General Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Chambers, i.
249, ii. 1336.] G-. G.
BOYS, EDWARD (1785-1866), captain,
son of John Boys (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered
the navy in 1796, and after serving in the
North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the
Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the
Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when
in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the
French, and continued so for six years, when
after many daring and ingenious attempts he
succeeded in effecting his escape. On his re-
turn to England he was made lieutenant,
and served mostly in the West Indies till the
peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander ;
but, consequent on the reduction of the navy
from its war strength, had no further em-
ployment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he
was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal.
On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of
captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866.
Immediately after his escape, and whilst in
the West Indies, he wrote for his family
an account of his adventures in France ; the
risk of getting some of his French friends into
trouble had, however, made him keep this
account private, and though abstracts from it
had found their way into the papers it was
not till 1827 that he was persuaded to pub-
lish it, under the title of ' Narrative of a Cap-
tivity and Adventures in France and Flanders
between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a
book of surpassing interest, and the source
from which the author of ' Peter Simple '
drew much of his account of that hero's es-
cape, more perhaps than from the previously
published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's ad-
ventures [see ASHWORTH, HEBTRY]. Captain
Boys also published in 1831 ' Remarks on the
Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich
or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the
present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was
captain of the Excellent and superintendent
of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth
1869-74, director of naval ordnance from
1874-8, and second in command of the Chan-
nel fleet in 1878-9.
[O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Berry's Kentish
Genealogies.] J. K. L.
BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of
Canterbury, was descended from an old
Kentish family who boasted that their ances-
tor came into England with the Conqueror,
and who at the beginning of the seventeenth
century had no less than eight branches,
each with its capital mansion, in the county
of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas
Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter
and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He
was born at Eythorn in 1571, and pro-
bably was educated at the King's School in
Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge, where Arch-
bishop Parker had founded some scholarships
appropriated to scholars of that school. He
took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but
migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently
on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow-
ship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Cold-
well, and which was filled up by the election
of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was
forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His
first preferment was the small rectory of
Betshanger in his native county, which he
tells us was procured for him by his uncle
Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls
' my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears
to have resided upon this benefice and to have
at once begun to cultivate the art of preach-
ing. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the
mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon
afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but
the aggregate value of these preferments was
quite inconsiderable, and when he married
Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury,
in 1599, he must have had other means of
subsistence than his clerical income. The
dearth of competent preachers to supply the
London pulpits appears to have been severely
felt about this time, and in January 1593
Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor
and heads of the university of Cambridge
complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge
divines to take their part in this duty. The
same year that the primate appointed Boys
to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at
St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only
twenty-seven years of age. Two years after
he was called upon to preach at the Cross
again, and it was actually while he was in
the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made
his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1).
Next year we find him preaching at St.
Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping
his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded
D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the
Latin sermon he then delivered is among his
printed works. Whitgift's death (February
1604) made little alteration in his circum-
stances ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him
into his favour, and he preached at Asliford,
on the occasion of the primate holding his
primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607.
Two years after this Boys published his
first work, * The Minister's Invitatorie, being
An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip-
tures used in our English Liturgie : together
with a reason why the Church did chuse
Boys
129
Boys
the same.' The work was dedicated to Ban-
croft, who had lately been made chancellor
of the university of Oxford, and in the * dedi-
catorie epistle ' Boys speaks of his ' larger
exposition of the Gospels and Epistles ' as
shortly about to appear. It appeared accord-
ingly next year in 4to, under the title of
' An Exposition of the Dominical Epistles
and Gospels used in our English Liturgie
throughout the whole yeere,' and was dedi-
cated to his 'very dear uncle/ Sir John
Boys of Canterbury. In his dedication Boys
takes the opportunity of mentioning his
obligations to Sir John and to Archbishop
Whitgift for having watered what 'that
vertuous and worthy knight ' had planted.
The work supplied a great need and had a
very large and rapid sale ; new editions fol-
lowed one another in quick succession, and
it would be a difficult task to draw up an
exhaustive bibliographical account of Boys's
publications.
Archbishop Bancroft died in November
1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri-
macy in the spring of 1611. Boys dedicated
to him his next work, ' An Exposition of the
Festival Epistles and Gospels used in our
English Liturgie,' which, like its predeces-
sors, was published in 4to, the first part in
1614, the second in the following year.
Hitherto he had received but scant recogni-
tion of his services to the church, but prer
ferment now began to fall upon him liberally.
Abbot presented him with the sinecure rec-
tory of Hollingbourne, then with the rectory
of Monaghan in 1618, and finally, on the
death of Dr. Fotherby, he was promoted by
the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter-
bury, and installed on 3 May 1619. Mean-
while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi-
tion of the proper Psalms used in our English
Liturgie,' and dedicated it to Sir Thomas
Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot-
ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a
member of the high commission court, and
in 1622 he collected his works into a folio
volume, adding to those previously published
five miscellaneous sermons which he calls
lectures, and which are by no means good
specimens of his method or his style. These
were dedicated to Sir Dudley Digges of
Chilham Castle, and appear to have been
added for no other reason than to give occa-
sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish
magnate.
On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed
at Dover. Charles I saw her for the first
time on the 13th, and next day the king at-
tended service in Canterbury Cathedral, when
Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre-
served. It is a poor performance, stilted and
VOL. VI.
unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it
has the merit of being short.
Boys held the deanery of Canterbury for
I little more than six years, and died among
his books, suddenly, in September 1625.
There is a monument to him in the lady
i chapel of the cathedral. He left no chil-
dren ; his widow died during the rebellion.
Boys's works continued to be read and used
I very extensively till the troublous times set
! in ; but the dean was far too uncompromising
an A.nglican, and too unsparing in his denun-
ciation of those whom he calls the novelists,
to be regarded with any favour or toleration
by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed
by any who sympathised with the puritan
theology. When he began to be almost for-
gotten in England, his works were translated
into German and published at Strasburg in
1683, and again in two vols. 4to in 1685. It
may safely be affirmed that no writer of the
seventeenth century quotes so widely and
so frequently from contemporary literature
as Boys, and that not only from polemical
or exegetical theology, but from the whole
range of popular writers of the day. Bacon's
1 Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn-
ing,' Sandys's 'Travels,' Owen's, More's, and
Parkhurst's ' Epigrams,' ' The Vision of Piers
Plowman,' and Verstegan's 'Restitution,'
with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans-
lation of Du Bartas's ' Divine Weeks,' must
have been bought as soon as they were pub-
lished. Indeed Boys must have been one
of the great book collectors of his time.
Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely
proverbs, of allusions to the manners and
customs of the time, of curious words and
expressions.
[The works of John Boys, D.D., and Dean of
Canterbury, folio, 1622, pp. 122,491,508, 530,
972, &c. ; Remains of the Reverend and Famous
Postiller, John Boys, Doctor in Divinitie, and
late Dean of Canterburie .... 4to, 1631 (this
contains ' A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of
the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ;
Masters's History of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss),
ii. 860; Fasti, ii. 276, 345 ; Nasmith's Catalogue
of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Neve's Fasti ;
Camb. Met. Soc. Proc. ii. 141 ; Fuller's Church
Hist B. x. cent. xvi. sec. 19-24.] A. J.
BOYS, JOHN (1561-1644). [See Bois.]
JOHN (1614P-1661), translator
of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (b. 1690)
of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of
Edward Boys, 1599-1677 [q. v.] His mother
was Mary, daughter of Martin Fotherby,
bishop of Salisbury. He was born about
1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d.
Boys
130
Boys
1625), brother of the dean, John Boys [q. v.],
inherited the estate of Hoad Court from his
uncle, Sir John Boys, an eminent lawyer, who
died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659-
1660 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter-
bury a declaration in favour of the assembly
of a free parliament, drawn up by himself in
behalf (as he asserted) ( of the nobility, gentry,
ministry, and commonalty of the county of
Kent.' But the declaration gave offence to
the magistrates, and the author, as he ex-
plained in his 'Vindication of the Kentish
Declaration,' only escaped imprisonment by
retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his
friends were less successful. In February
1659-60 he went to London with his kins-
man, Sir John Boys [q. v.] of Bonnington,
and presented to Monk, at Whitehall, a
letter of thanks, drawn up by himself ' ac-
cording to the order and advice of the
gentlemen of East Kent.' He also prepared
a speech for delivery to Charles II on his
landing at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but < he
was prevented therein by reason his majesty
made no stay at all in that town,' and he
therefore sent Charles a copy of it.
Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas-
sical attainments. In 1661 he published two
translations from Virgil's ' JEneid.' The first
is entitled, t JEneas, his Descent into Hell:
as it is inimitably described by the Prince
of Poets in the Sixth of his JEneis,' Lon-
don, 1661. The dedication is addressed to
Sir Edward Hyde, and congratulates him on
succeeding to the office of lord chancellor.
His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend,
Thomas Philipott, contribute commendatory
verses. The translation in heroic verse is
of very mediocre character, and is followed
by 181 pages of annotations. At their close
Boys mentions that he has just heard of the
death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept.
1660), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug-
gested by Virgil's lament for Marcellus. The
volume concludes with ' certain pieces relat-
ing to the publick,' i.e. on the political mat-
ters referred to above, and with a congratu-
latory poem (dated Canterbury, 30 Sept.
1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William
Somner, on the completion of his ' Dictiona-
rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys's se-
cond book is called '^Eneas, his Errours on
his Voyage from Troy into Italy ; an essay
upon the Third Book of Virgil's "^Eneis." '
It is dedicated to Lord Cornbury, Clarendon's
son. A translation of the third book of the
'^Eneid' in heroic verse occupies fifty-one
pages, and is followed by ' some few hasty
reflections upon the precedent poem.' Boys's
enthusiasm for Virgil is boundless, but his
criticism is rather childish.
Boys married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil-
liam Kingsley, archdeacon of Canterbury, by
whom he had three sons — Thomas, who died
without issue ; John, a colonel in the army,
who died 4 Sept. 1710; and Sir William Boys,
M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Boys
himself died in 1660-1, and was buried in the
chancel of the church of Hoad.
[Hasted's Kent, i. 565 ; Corser's Anglo-Poet.
Collect, ii. 323-5; Brit. Mus. Cat; Berry's
Kentish Genealogies, p. 445.] S. L. L.
BOYS, SIR JOHN (1607-1664), royalist
military commander, was the eldest son and
heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent,
by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of
Northborne. He was baptised at Chillen-
don, Kent, on 5 April 1607. In the civil
war he became a captain in the royal army
and governor of Donnington Castle in Berk-
shire. This castle, which is within a mile of
Newbury, was garrisoned in 1643 for King
Charles I, and commanded the road from
Oxford to Newbury and the great road from
London to Bath and the west. Boys, by
the bravery with which he defended the castle
during a long siege, showed himself well
worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was
first attacked by the parliamentary army,
consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under
the command of Major-general Middleton,
who attempted to take the castle by assault,
but was repulsed with considerable loss.
Middleton lost at least 300 officers and men in
this fruitless attempt. Not long afterwards,
on 29 Sept. 1644, Colonel Horton began a
blockade, having raised a battery at the foot
of the hill near Newbury, from which he
plied the castle so incessantly during a period
of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap
of ruins, having beaten down three of the
towers and a part of the wall. Nearly 1,000
great shot are said to have been expended
during this time. Horton having received
reinforcements sent a summons to the go-
vernor, who refused to listen to any terms.
Soon afterwards the Earl of Manchester came
to the siege with his army, but their united
attempts proved unavailing ; and after two
or three days more of ineffectual battering
the whole army rose up from before the walls
and marched in different directions. When
the king came to Newbury (21 Oct. 1644)
he knighted the governor for his good ser-
vices, made him colonel of the regiment
which he had before commanded as lieu-
tenant-colonel to Earl Rivers, the nominal
governor of Donnington, and to his coat
armour gave the augmentation of a crown
imperial or, on a canton azure. During the
second battle of Newbury Boys secured the
Boys
Boys
king's artillery under the castle walls. After
the battle, when the king had gone with
his army to Oxford, the Earl of Essex with
his whole force besieged Donnington Castle
with no better success than the others had
done. He abandoned the attempt before the
king returned from Oxford for the purpose o
relieving Donnington on 4 Nov. 1644. Th
place was then re victualled, and his majest
slept in the castle that night with his arm
around him. In August 1648 Boys mad
a.' fruitless attempt to raise the siege o
Deal Castle. A resolution put in the Sous
of Commons at the same time to banis
him as one of the seven royalists who ha
been in arms against the parliament sine
1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 h
was a prisoner in Dover Castle for petition
ing for a free parliament, but was released o
23 Feb. 1659-60. He apparently received th
office of receiver of customs at Dover from
Charles II.
Sir John Boys died at his house at Bon
nington on 8 Oct. 1664, and was buried in
the parish church of Goodnestone-next
Wingham, Kent. The inscription describe
his achievements in the wars. By his first
wife, Lucy, he had five daughters. He hac
no children by his second marriage wit]
Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathanie
Finch, serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Si
John Fotherby of Barham, Kent.
There is a portrait of Boys engraved by
Stow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money
in his ' Battles of Newbury ' (1884).
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Kebellion (1843)
429, 499 ; Heath's Chronicle of the Civil Wars
62; Walter Money's Battles of Newbury (1884)
Hasted's Kent, iii. 705; Lysons's Berkshire, 356
357 ; Berry's Pedigrees of Families in Kent, 441
Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 51
52.] T. C.
BOYS, JOHN (1749-1824), agriculturist,
only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter
of William Cooper of Ripple, was born in
November 1749. At Betshanger and after-
wards at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill
and success, and as a grazier was well known
for his breed of South Down sheep. He was
one of the commissioners of sewers for East
Kent, and did much to promote the drainage
of the Finglesham and Eastry Brooks. At
the request of the board of agriculture he
wrote f A General View of the Agriculture of
the County of Kent,' 1796, and an ' Essay on
Paring and Burning,' 1805. He died on
16 Dec. 1824. By his wife Mary, daughter of
the Rev. Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry-
cum-Word, he had thirteen children, eight
•sons and five daughters.
[Berry's Pedigrees of the County of Kent,
p. 446; Gent. Mag. xcv. (pt. i.) 86-7.]
T. F. H.
BO YS,THOMAS (1792-1880), theologian
and antiquary, son of Rear-admiral Thomas
Boys of Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent,
and educated at Tonbridge grammar school
and Trinity College, Cambridge. The failure
of his health from over-study prevented his
taking more than the ordinary degrees (B.A.
1813, M.A. 1817), and, finding an active life
necessary to him, he entered the army with
a view to becoming a military chaplain, was
attached to the military chest in the Peninsula
under Wellington in 1813, and was wounded
at the battle of Toulouse in three places, gain-
ing the Peninsular medal. He was ordained
deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822. While in
the Peninsula he employed his leisure time in
translating the Bible into Portuguese, a task
he performed so well, that his version has
been adopted both by catholics and protes-
tants, and Don Pedro I of Portugal publicly
thanked him for his gift to the nation. In
1848 he was appointed incumbent of Holy
Trinity, Hoxton ; but before that he had es-
tablished his reputation as a Hebrew scholar,
being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col-
lege, Hackney, from 1830 to 1832, and pro-
fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary College,
Islington, in 1836. While holding this last
post, he revised Deodati's Italian Bible, and
also the Arabic Bible. His pen was rarely
idle. In 1825 he published a key to the
Psalms, and in 1827 a * Plain Exposition of
the New Testament.' Already in 1821 he
had issued a volume of sermons, and in 1824
a book entitled l Tactica Sacra,' expounding a
theory that in the arrangement of the New
Testament writings a parallelism could be
detected similar to that used in the writings
of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub-
lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Proofs
of the Miraculous Faith and Experience of
the Church of Christ in all ages, from authen-
;ic records of the Fathers, Waldenses, Huss-
tes . . . an historical sketch suggested by
3. W. Noel's " Remarks on the Revival of
Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same
year produced a plea for verbal inspiration
mder the title 'A Word for the Bible,' and
1834 ' A Help to Hebrew.' He was also a fre-
uent contributor to 'Blackwood 'of sketches
nd papers, for the most part descriptive of
his Peninsular experiences. The most im-
>ortant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal,
vhich ran from November 1849 to July 1850.
rlis acquaintance with the literature and an-
iquities of the Jews was very thorough, but
>erhaps the best proofs of his extensive learn-
Boys
132
Boys
ing are to be found in the numerous letters
and papers, sometimes under his own name,
and sometimes under the assumed name of
'Vedette/ contributed to the second series of
'Notes and Queries.' Of these the twelve
papers on Chaucer difficulties are a most
valuable contribution to the study of early
English literature. He died 2 Sept. 1880,
aged 88.
[Times, 14 Sept. 1880; Men of the Time,
1872 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] E. B.
BOYS, THOMAS SHOTTER (1803-
1874), water-colour painter and lithographer,
was born at Pentonville on 2 Jan. 1803. He
was articled to George Cooke, the engraver,
with the view of following that profession,
but when, on the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, he visited Paris, he was induced by
Bonington, under whom he studied, to de-
vote himself to painting. He exhibited at
the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824,
and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded
to Brussels, but on the outbreak of the revo-
lution there returned to England. Paying
another visit to Paris, he remained there until
1837, and then again came to England for the
purpose of lithographing the works of David
Roberts and Clarkson Stanfield. Boys's great
work, 'Picturesque Architecture in Paris,
Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen,' &c., appeared in
1839, and created much admiration. King
Louis-Philippe sent the artist a ring in re-
cognition of its merits. He also published
' Original Views of London as it is,' drawn
and lithographed by himself, London, 1843.
He drew the illustrations to Blackie's ( His-
tory of England,' and etched some plates for
Ruskin's 'Stones of Venice.' Boys was a
member of the Institute of Painters in Water
Colours, and of several foreign artistic so-
cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu-
seum possesses two fine views of Paris by
him, drawn in water-colours, and another is
in the South Kensington Museum.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Recent and Living Painters and Engravers,
London, 1866, 8vo; MS. notes in the British
Museum.] L. F.
BOYS, WILLIAM (1735-1803), surgeon
and topographer, was born at Deal on 7 Sept.
1735. He was of an old Kent family (HAS-
TED, History of Kent, iii. 109), being the
eldest son of Commodore William Boys,
R.N., lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hos-
pital, by his wife, Elizabeth Pearson of Deal
( Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). About 1755
he was a surgeon at Sandwich, where he was
noted for his untiring explorations of Rich-
borough Castle, for skill in deciphering anciert
manuscripts and inscriptions, for his zeal in
collecting antiquities connected with Sand-
wich, and for his studies in astronomy, natural
history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married
Elizabeth Wise, a daughter of Henry Wise,
one of the Sandwich jurats (ib.\ and by her
he had two children. In 1761 he was elected
jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the
same year, 1761, she died, and in the next
year, 1762, he married Jane Fuller, coheiress
of her uncle, one John Paramor of Staten-
borough ($.) In 1767 Boys was mayor of
Sandwich. In 1774 his father died atGreen-
i wich (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} In 1775
i appeared his first publication — a memorial
i to resist a scheme for draining a large tract
I of the neighbouring land, which it was thought
i would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew
it up as one of the commissioners of sewers,
on behalf of the corporation, and it was pub-
| lished at Canterbury in 1775 anonymously
i (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). In 1776
Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again
served as mayor. In 1783 his second wife
died, having borne him eight or nine children
(ib., and HASTED, Hist, of Kent, iv. 222 n.}
In the same year Boys furnished the Rev. John
Duncombe with much matter relating to the
Reculvers, printed in Duncombe's ' Antiqui-
ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published
' Testacea Minuta Rariora,' 4to, being plates
and description of the tiny shells found on
the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, ' that
inquisitive naturalist ' (Introd. p. i). The book
was put together by George Walker, Boys
himself being too much occupied by his pro-
fession. In 1786 Boys issued proposals for
publishing his ' Collections for a History of
Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover
its expenses, and placed his materials in the
hands of the printers (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vi.
613). In 1787 Boys published an < Account
of the Loss of the Luxborough,' 4to (NICHOLS,
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in
which his father (Commodore Boys) had been
one of the men compelled to resort to this
horrible means of preserving life. Boys had
a series of pictures hung up in his parlour
portraying the whole of the terrible circum-
stances (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon-
don to the Isle of Wight, quoted in NICHOLS'S
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} Of this ' Account/ as
a separate publication, there is now no trace ;
but it appears in full in the 'History of
Greenwich Hospital,' by John Cooke and
John Maule, 1789, pp. 110 et seq.; it is also
stated there that six small paintings in the
council room of the hospital (presumably
replicas of those seen by Pennant in the
possession of William Boys) represent this
passage in the history of the late gallant
Boyse
133
Boyse
lieutenant-governor. In 1788 appeared the
first part of * Sandwich,' and in 1789 Boys was
appointed surgeon to the sick and wounded
seamen at Deal. Over the second part of
' Sandwich ' there was considerable delay and
anxiety (Letter from Denne, NICHOLS'S
Lit. III. vi. 613) ; but in 1792 the volume
was issued at much pecuniary loss to Boys.
In 1792 Boys also sent Dr. Simmons some
* Observations on Kit's Coity House/ which
were read at the Society of Antiquaries, and
appeared in vol. xi. of ' Archaeologia.' In
1796 he gave up his Sandwich practice and
went to reside at Walmer, but returned to
Sandwich at the end of three years, in 1799.
His health had now declined. He had apo-
plectic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy
on 15 March 1803, aged 68.
Boys was buried in St. Clement's Church,
Sandwich, where there is a Latin epitaph to
his memory, a suggestion for a monument with
some doggerel verses, from a correspondent to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii.
612), having fallen through. He was a
member of the Linnean Society, and a con-
tributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (In-
dex, vol. iii. preface, p. Ixxiv). A new fern
found by him at Sandwich was named Sterna
Boysii, after him, by Latham in his ' Index
Ornithologicus.'
[Watt's Bibl. Brit., where 'Sandwich5 is said,
•wrongly, to have consisted of three parts, and to
have been published in London ; Grent. Mag.
Ixxiii. pt. i. 293, 421-3; Hasted's Kent, iii. 109,
557 n. u, iv. 222 n. i ; Nichols's Lit. 111. iv. 676,
vi. 613, 653, 685, 687 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix.
24-27 nn.] J. H.
r BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby-
terian minister, born at Leeds on 14 Jan. 1660,
was one of sixteen children of Matthew Boyse,
a puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row-
ley, New England, and afterwards a resident
for about eighteen years at Boston, Mass. He
was admitted into the academy of Richard
Frankland, M.A., at Natland,near Kendal, on
16 April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to
the academy at Stepney under Edward Veal,
B.D. (ejected from the senior fellowship at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1661 ; died 6 June
1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministerial en-
gagement was at Glassenbury, near Cran-
brook, Kent, where he preached nearly a year
(from the autumn of 1679). He was next
domestic chaplain, during the latter half of
1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager
Countess of Donegal (Letitia, daughter of Sir
William Hickes) in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
For six months in 1682 he ministered to the
Brownist church at Amsterdam, in the ab-
sence of the regular minister, but he did not
swerve from his presbyterianism. He would
have settled in England but for the penal
Laws against dissent. On the death of his
friend T. Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him
at Dublin, and there pursued a popular
ministry for forty-five years. His ordination
sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejected
from Broad winsor, Dorsetshire. The pres-
byterianism of Dublin and the south of Ireland
was of the English type ; that of the north
was chiefly Scottish in origin and discipline.
But there was occasional co-operation, and
there were from time to time congregations
in Dublin adhering to the northern body.
Boyse did his part in promoting a community
of spirit between the northern and southern
presbyterians of Ireland. Naturally he kept
up a good deal of communication with Eng-
lish brethren. From May 1691 to June 1702
Boyse had Emlyn as his colleague at Wood
Street. Meanwhile Boyse came forward as a
controversialist on behalf of presbyterian dis-
sent. In this capacity he proved himself cau-
tious, candid, and powerful ; ' vindication,' the
leading word on many of his polemical title-
pages, well describes his constant aim. First of
his works is the ' Vindicise Calvinisticse,' 1688,
4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa-
ture W. B., D.D.), in reply to William King
(1650-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, who had attacked the presbyterians
in his f Answer ' to the ' Considerations ' of
Peter Manby (d. 1697), ex-dean of Derry,
who had turned catholic. Again, when Go-
vernor Walker of Derry described Alexander
Osborne (a presbyterian minister, originally
from co. Tyrone, who had been called to
Newmarket, Dublin, 6 Dec. 1687) as ' a spy
of Tyrconnel,' Boyse put forth a ' Vindica-
tion/ 1690, 4to, a tract of historical value.
He was a second time in the field against
King, now bishop of Derry (who had fulmi-
nated against presbyterian forms of worship),
in l Remarks,' 1694, and l Vindication of the
Remarks,' 1695. Early in the latter year he
had printed anonymously a folio tract, f The
Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland
in reference to a Bill of Indulgence,' &c., to
which Tobias Pullen, bishop of Dromore,
wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony
Dopping, bishop of Meath, another reply, like-
wise anonymous. Both prelates were against
a legal toleration for Irish dissent. Boyse re-
torted on them in ' The Case . . . Vindicated,'
1695. But the day for a toleration was not yet
come. The Irish parliament rejected bill after
bill brought forward in the interest of dis-
senters. The harmony of Boyse's ministerial
relations was broken in 1702 by the episode
of his colleague's deposition, and subsequent
trial, for a blasphemous libel on the ground
Boyse
134
Boyse
of an anti-trinitarian publication [see EMLYN,
THOMAS]. Boyse (who had himself been under
some suspicion of Pelagianism) moved in the
matter with manifest reluctance, had no hand
in the public prosecution, and made strenuous,
and at length successful, efforts to free Emlyn
from incarceration. Boyse drew up, with much
moderation, ' The Difference between Mr. E.
and the Dissenting Ministers of D. truly re-
presented ; ' and published ' A Vindication
of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour,'
1703, 8vo (2nd ed. 1710, 8vo), in answer to
Emlyn's * Humble Inquiry.' Emlyn thinks
that Boyse might have abstained from writing
against him while the trial was pending ; but
it is probable that Boyse's able defence of the j
doctrine in dispute gave weight to his inter- I
cession. Boyse at this early date takes note j
that ' the Unitarians are coming over to the
deists in point of doctrine.' Emlyn's place as
Boyse's colleague was supplied by Richard
Choppin, a Dublin man (licensed 1702, or-
dained 1704, died 1741). In 1708 Boyse issued
a volume of fifteen sermons, of which the last
was an ordination discourse on 'The Office of a
Scriptural Bishop,' with a polemical appendix.
This received answers from Edward Drury
and Matthew French, curates in Dublin, and
the discourse itself was, without Boyse's con-
sent, reprinted separately in 1709, 8vo. He
had, however, the opportunity of adding a vo-
luminous postscript, in which he replied to the
above answers, and he continued the contro-
versy in * A Clear Account of the Ancient
Episcopacy,' 1712. Meantime the reprint of
his sermon, with postscript, was burned by
the common hangman, by order of the Irish
House of Lords, in November 1711. This
was King's last argument against Boyse ; now
the archbishop of Dublin writes to Swift,
' we burned Mr. Boyse's book of a scriptural
bishop.' Once more Boyse came forward in
defence of dissent, in ' Remarks,' 1716, on a
pamphlet by William Tisdall, D.D., vicar of
Belfast, respecting the sacramental test. Boyse
had been one of tliepatroni of the academy at
Whitehaveri (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon,
M.D., and on its cessation he had to do with
the settlement in Dublin of Francis Hutche-
son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of
a somewhat similar institution, in which
Boyse taught divinity. He soon became in-
volved in the nonsubscription controversy.
At the synod in Belfast, 1721, he was present
as a commissioner from Dublin ; protested with
his colleague, in the name of the Dublin pres-
bytery, against the vote allowing a voluntary
subscription to the Westminster Confession ;
and succeeded in carrying a ' charitable decla-
ration,' freeing nonsubscribers from censure
and recommending mutual forbearance. The
preface to Abernethy's ' Seasonable Advice/
1722, and the postscript to his ' Defence ' of
the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's
collected works, though signed also by his
Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop-
pin. In the same year he preached (24 June)
at Londonderry during the sitting of the
general synod of Ulster. His text was John
viii. 34, 35, and the publication of the dis-
course, which strongly deprecated disunion,
was urged by men of both parties. Next year,
being unable through illness to offer peaceful
counsels in person, he printed the sermon.
Perhaps his pacific endeavours were dis-
counted by the awkward circumstance that
at this synod (1723) a letter was received from
him announcing a proposed change in the
management of the regium donum, viz. that
it be distributed by a body of trustees in Lon-
don, with the express view of checking the
high-handed party in the synod. The rupture
j between the southern and northern presby-
i terians was completed by the installation of
! a nonsubscriber, Alexander Colville, M.D.,
1 on 25 Oct. 1725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the
! Dublin presbytery ; Boyse was not one of the
i installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy
letter to the presbyterian ministers of the
north, in ' vindication ' of a private commu-
nication on their disputes, which had been
| printed without his knowledge. Writing to
i the Rev. Thomas Steward of Bury St. Ed-
i munds (d. 10 Sept. 1753, aged 84) on 1 Nov.
I 1726, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the
! nonsubscribers as 'the late shameful rup-
! ture,' and gives an account of the new presby-
j tery which the general synod, in pursuance
j of its separative policy, had erected for Dub-
lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly
on Boyse, considering the moderation of his
views and temper. He always wrote like a
gentleman. He published several sermons
against Romanists, and a letter (with appen-
dix) 'Concerning the Pretended Infallibility of
the Romish Church,' addressed to a protestant
divine who had written against Rome. His
' Some Queries offered to the Consideration
of the People called Quakers, &c.,' called
forth, shortly before Boyse's death, a reply
| by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin schoolmaster. It
is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re-
( lief from domestic sorrow, due to his son's
career. He died in straitened circumstances
on 22 Nov. 1728, leaving a son, Samuel [q. v.]
(the biographers of this son have not usually
mentioned that he was one of the deputation
to present the address from the general synod
of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a
daughter, married to Mr. Waddington. He
was succeeded in his ministry by Abernethy
(in 1730). Boyse's works were collected by
Boyse
himself in two huge folios, London,
(usually bound in one ; they are the earliest ii
not the only folios published by a presbyterian
minister of Ireland). Prefixed is a recom-
mendation (dated 23 April 1728) signed by
Calamy and five other London ministers.
The first volume contains seventy-one ser-
mons (several being funeral, ordination, and
anniversary discourses ; many had already
been collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo),
and several tracts on justification. Embedded
among the sermons (at p. 326) is a very cu-
rious piece of puritan autobiography, ' Some
Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of
Mr. Edmund Trench.' The second volume is
wholly controversial. Not included in these
volumes are : 1. ' Vindication of Osborne ' (see
above). 2. 'Sacramental Hymns collected
(chiefly) out of such Passages of the New Tes-
tament as contain the most suitable matter of
Divine Praises in the Celebration of the Lord's
Supper, &c.,' Dublin, 1693, small 8vo, with
another title-page, London, 1693. (This
little book, overlooked by his biographers, is
valuable as illustrating Boyse's theology : it
nominally contains twenty-three hymns, but
reckoning doublets in different metres there
are forty-one pieces by Boyse, one from George
Herbert, and two from Mr. Patrick, i.e. Simon
Patrick, bishop of Ely. In a very curious
preface Boyse disclaims the possession of any
poetic genius ; but his verses, published thir-
teen years before Isaac Watts came into the
field, are not without merit. To the volume is
prefixed the approval of six Dublin ministers,
headed by ' Tho. Toy,' and including ' Tho.
Emlin.') 3. 'Case of the Protestant Dis-
senters ' (see above. The tract is so rare that
Reid knows only of the copy at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin. The vindication of it is in the
' Works '). 4. ' Family Hymns for Morning
and Evening Worship. With some for the
Lord's Days. . . . All taken out of the Psalms
of David,' Dublin, 1701, 16mo. (Unknown
to bibliographers. Contains preface, recom-
mendation by six Dublin ministers, and
seventy-six hymns, in three parts, with music.
Boyse admits ' borrowing a few expressions
from some former versions.' The poetry is
superior to his former effort. A copy, un-
catalogued, is in the Antrim Presbytery
Library at Queen's College, Belfast.) 5. 'The
Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting
Ministers of D., &c.' (see above. Emlyn re- '[
prints it in the appendix to his ' Narrative,'
1719, and says Boyse drew it up). Of his
separate publications an incomplete list is
furnished by Witherow. The bibliography
of the earlier ones is better given in Reid.
Boyse wrote the Latin inscription on the
original pedestal (1701) of the equestrian
Boyse
statue of William III in College Green,
Dublin.
[Choppin's Funeral Sermon, 1728 ; Towers, in
Biog. Brit. ii. (1780), 531 ; Calamy's Hist. Ace.
of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 515; Thorn's
Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1864, 68 ;
Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyte-
rianism in Ireland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 79, 2nd ser.
1880, p. 74 ; Keid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland
(ed. Killen), 1867,vols.ii. iii. ; Anderson's British
Poets, 1794,x. 327 ; Monthly Kepos. 1811, pp.204,
261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm-
strong's Appendix to Ordination Service (James
Martineau), 1829, p. 70 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire-
Ian d(ed. A rchdall), 1789 (re Countess Donegal);
Winder's MSS. in Kenshaw Street Chapel Li-
brary, Liverpool (re Whitehaven) ; Narrative of
the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the
Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ;
manuscript extracts from Minutes of General
Synod, 1721 ; Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quak. 1782,
p. 82.] A. G.
BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet,
was the son of Joseph Boyse [q. v.], a dissent-
ing minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708.
He was educated at a private school in Dub-
lin and at the university of Glasgow. His
studies were interrupted by his marriage when
twenty with a Miss Atchenson. He returned
to Dublin with his wife, and lived in his
father's house without adopting any profes-
sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730
Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed
a letter on Liberty in the ' Dublin Journal,'
No. xcvii., in 1726, but his regular commence-
ment as an author dates from 1731, when he
printed his first book, 'Translations and
Poems/ in Edinburgh. He was patronised
by the Scottish nobility, and in this volume
and in some later poems wrote in praise of his
patrons. An elegy on the death of Viscountess
•stormont, called ' The Tears of the Muses/
1736, procured for Boyse a valuable reward
Torn her husband, and the Duchess of Gordon
*uve the poet an introduction for a post in
jhe customs. The day on which he ought to
lave applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to
.ose the place rather than face the rain. Debts
at length compelled him to fly from Edin-
burgh. His patrons gave him introductions
:o the chief poet of the day, Mr. Pope, to the
.ord chancellor, and to Mr. Murray, after-
wards Lord Mansfield, and then solicitor-
general. Boyse had, however, not sufficient
steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted
the opportunities which these introductions
might have given him of procuring a start in
the world of letters or a settlement in life.
Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse
never called again. The phrases of Johnson
may be recognised in a description of him at
Boyse
136
Boyse
this time, which relates that l he had no power
of maintaining the dignity of wit, and though
his understanding was very extensive, yet but
a few could discover that he had any genius
above the common rank. He had so strong a
propension to groveling that his acquaintance
were generally of such a cast as could be of
no service to him ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets,
1753, v. 167). In 1739 Boyse published < The
Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 « The Praise ot
Peace, a poem in three cantos from the Dutch
of Mr. Van Haren.' He translated Fenelon
on the demonstration of the existence of God,
and modernised the ' Squire's Tale ' and the
1 Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. These, with se-
veral papers in the ' Gentleman's Magazine '
signed Alcseus, were his chief publications in
London. At Reading, in 1747, he published,
in two volumes, ' An Historical Review of the
Transactions of Europe, 1739-45.' When
the payments of the booksellers did not satisfy
his wants, Boyse begged from sectaries, to
whom his father's theological reputation was
known, and when their patience was exhausted
from any one likely to give. Two of his begging
letters are preserved in the British Museum
(Sloane MS. 4033 B). A sentence in one
of these shows how abject a beggar the poet
had become. * You were pleased,' he writes
to Sir Hans Sloane, l to give my wife the en-
closed shilling last night. I doubt not but
you thought it a good one, but as it happened
otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa-
sioned by the mistake.' The letter is dated
14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re-
duced to greater straits. ' It was about the
year 1740 that Mr. Boyse, reduced to the last
extremity of human wretchedness, had not a
shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put
on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried
to the pawnbrokers, and he was obliged to be
confined to bed with no other covering than
a blanket. Daring this time he had some
employment in writing verses for the maga-
zines, and whoever had seen him in his study
must have thought the object singular enough.
He sat up in bed with a blanket wrapped
about him, through which he had cut a hole
large enough to admit his arm, and placing
the paper upon his knee scribbled, in the best
manner he could, the verses he was obliged
to make ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, v. 169).
Necessity is the mother of invention, and
Boyse's indigence led him to the discovery of
paper collars. ' Whenever his distresses so
pressed as to induce him to dispose of his
shirt, he fell upon an artificial method of sup-
plying one. He cut some white paper in
slips, which he tyed round his wrists, and in
the same manner supplied his neck. In this
plight he frequently appeared abroad, with
the additional inconvenience of want of
breeches ' (CiBBER, v. 169). In the midst of
this deserved squalor, and with vicious pro-
pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse
had some knowledge of literature and some
interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation.
It was this and his miseries, and some traces
which he now and then showed of a religious
education, not quite obliterated by a neglect
of all its precepts, which obtained for him the
acquaintance of Johnson. Shiel's ' Life of
Boyse ' (CIBBER, v. 160) contains Johnson's
recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at
Reading, where Boyse had gone to live. On
his return to London two years later he mar-
ried again. His second wife seems to have
been an uneducated woman, but she induced
him to live more regularly and to dress de-
cently. His last illness had, however, begun,
and after a lingering phthisis he died in
lodgings near Shoe Lane in May 1749. John-
son could not collect money enough to pay
for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction
from other paupers for Boyse, that the ser-
vice of the church was separately performed
over his corpse.
Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is
said to have had a taste for painting and for
music,and an extensive knowledge of heraldry.
' The Deity, a Poem,' is the best known of his
works. It appeared in 1729, went through
two editions in the author's lifetime, and has
been since printed in several collections of the
English poets (' The British Poets,' Chiswick,
1822, vol. lix.; Park's 'British Poets,' London,
1808, vol. xxxiii.) Fielding quotes some lines
from it on the theatre of time in the com-
parison between the world and the stage,
which is the introduction to book vii. of
1 Tom Jones.' He praises the lines, and says
that the quotation f is taken from a poem
called the Deity, published about nine years
ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A
proof that good books no more than good men
ido always survive the bad.' It was perhaps
a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made
Fielding praise him. The poem was obviously
suggested by the ' Essay on Man,' and the
arrangement of its parts is that common in
theological treatises on the attributes of God.
The edition of 1749 contains some alterations.
These are unimportant, as ' celestial wisdom '
(1739) altered to 'celestial spirit' (1749);
' doubtful gloom ' (1739) to ' dubious gloom '
(1749) ; while the few added lines can neither
raise nor depress the quality of the poem. In
some of Boyse's minor poems recollections of
Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior
may be traced. False rhymes are not un-
common in his verse, but the lines are usually
tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on
Brabazon
137
Brabazon
Loch Kian, in which Lord Stair's character is
compared to the steadfast rock of Ailsa, with
a coincident allusion to the Stair crest and
the family motto ' Firm.' Four six-line verses
entitled ' Stanzas to a Candle/ in which the
author compares his fading career to the nick-
ering and burning out of the candle on his
table, are the most original of all Boyse's
poems. They are free from affectation, and
show Boyse for once in a true poetic mood,
neither racking his brains for imagery nor
using his memory to help out the verse ; not
writing at threepence a line for the bookseller,
but recording a poetic association clearly de-
rived from the object before him.
[Gibber's Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol. v. ;
Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1791; Sloane MS.
4033 B ; Boyse's Works.] N. M.
BRABAZON, ROGER LE (d. 1||17),
judge, descended from an ancient family of
Normandy, the founder of which, Jacques le
Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with
William the Conqueror, his name occurring
in the Roll of Battle Abbey. The name is
variously spelt Brabacon, Brabancon, and
Brabanson, and was originally given to one of
the roving bands of mercenaries common in
the middle ages. His great-grandson Thomas
acquired the estate of Moseley in Leicester-
shire, by marriage with Amicia, heiress of
John de Moseley. Their son, Sir Roger, who
further acquired Eastwill in the same county,
married Beatrix, the eldest of the three sisters,
and coheirs of Hansel de Bisset, and by her
had two sons, of whom the elder was Roger,
the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider-
able learning, and practised before the great
judge De Hengham. His first legal office was
as justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in
Lancashire, which he held in 1287. In 1289,
when almost all the existing judges were re-
moved for extortion and-corrupt practices,
Brabazon was made a justice of the king's
bench, receiving a salary of 331. 6s. 8d. per
annum, being as much greater (viz. 61. 13s. 4rf.)
than the salaries of the other puisne justices as
it was less than the salary of the chief justice.
"When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator
between the rival claimants to the crown of
Scotland, resolved to claim the suzerainty for
himself, Brabazon (though not then chief jus-
ticiary as one account has it, the office then
no longer existing) was employed to search
for some legal justification for the claim. By
warping the facts he succeeded in making out
some shadow of a title, and accordingly at-
tended Edward and his parliament at Nor-
ham. The Scottish nobles and clergy assem-
bled there on 10 May 1291, and Brabazon,
speaking in French, the then court language of
Scotland, announced the king's determination,
and stated the grounds for it. A notary and
witnesses were at hand, and he called on the
nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para-
mount of Scotland. To this the Scotch de-
murred, and asked time for deliberation. Bra-
bazon referred to the king, and appointed the
day following for their decision ; but the time
was eventually extended to 1 June. Brabazon,
however, did not remain in Scotland till then,
but returned south to the business of his court,
acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng-
land in this year. After the Scottish crown
had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con-
tinued to be employed upon a plan for the
subjection of Scotland. He was one of a body
of commissioners to whom Edward referred a
complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgess
of Berwick, that English judges were exer-
cising jurisdiction north of the Tweed ; and
when the Scottish king presented a petition,
alleging that Edward had promised to observe
the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon re-
jected it, and held that if the king had made
any promises, while the Scottish throne was
vacant, in derogation of his just suzerainty,
such promises were temporary only and not
binding; and as to the conduct of the judges
they were deputed by the king as superior and
direct lord of Scotland, and represented his
person. Encouraged by this decision, Mac-
Duff, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish
king to the English House of Lords, and on
the advice of Brabazon and other judges it
was held that the king must come as a vassal
to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy
three of his castles were seized. He is found
in 1293 sitting in Westchepe, and with other
judges sentencing three men to mutilation by
loss of the right hand. But, although sitting
as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the
political events in which he was engaged, had
completely overshadowed Gilbert de Thorn-
ton, the chief justice of his court. The time
was now arrived to reward him. In 1295
Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra-
bazon succeeded him, and being reappointed
immediately upon the accession of Edward II,
6 Sept. 1307, continued in that office until his
retirement in 1316. He had been a commis-
sioner of array for the counties of Nottingham,
Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore-
land, and York, in 1296, and was constantly
summoned to the parliaments which met at
Westminster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle,
Northampton, Stamford, and York up to
1314. In 1297 Brabazon's position pointed
to him naturally as a member of the council
of Edward, the king's son, when left by his
father in England as lieutenant of the king-
dom. On 1 April 1300 he was appointed to
Brabazon
138
Brabazon
perambulate the royal forests in Salop, Staf-
fordshire, and Derby, and call the officers to
account. In 1305 he is named with John de j
Lisle as an additional justice in case of need j
in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Middlesex, pur-
suant to an ordinance of trailbaston, and al-
though the writ is cancelled, he certainly
acted, for he sat at Guildhall ' ad recipiendas
billas super articulis de trailbaston.' In
the same year, being present at the parlia-
ment held at Westminster, he was appointed
and sworn in as a commissioner to treat with
the Scotch representatives concerning the
government of Scotland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he
sat at the Tower of London on the trial of the
Earl of Athole and convicted him. In 1308,
having been appointed to try certain com-
plaints against the bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, Brabazon was ordered (19 Feb.) to
adjourn the hearing, in order to attend the
coronation of Edward II. He was twice as-
signed to hold pleas at York in 1309 and
1312, was detained specially in London in the
summer of 1313 to advise the king on matters
of high importance, and was still invested
with the office of commissioner of forests in
Stafford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and
Oxon, as late as 1316.
All these labours told severely on his health.
Broken by age and infirmity he, on 23 Feb.
1316, asked leave to resign his office of chief
justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda-
tory patent of discharge ; but he remained a
member of the privy council, and was to at-
tend in parliament whenever his health per-
mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge,
but did not long survive. He died on 13 June
1317, and his executor, John de Brabazon,
had masses said for him at Dunstable Abbey.
He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He
appears to have had a high character for learn-
ing. To his abilities his honours and offices
bear testimony, whatever blame may attach
to him for his course in politics. He was
a landowner in several counties. In 1296 he
is enrolled, pursuant to an ordinance for the
defence of the sea-coast, as a knight holding
lands in Essex, but non-resident, and in the
year following he was summoned as a land-
owner in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to
attend in person at the muster at Nottingham
for military service in Scotland with arms and
horses. In 1310 he had lands in Leicester-
shire, and in 1316 at Silbertoft and Sulby in
Northamptonshire, at East Bridgeford and
Hawkesworth in Nottinghamshire, and at
Rollright in Oxfordshire. The property at
East Bridgeford came to him through his wife
Beatrix, daughter of Sir John de Sproxton,
with the advowson of the church appurtenant
to the manor. As to this he was long engaged
in a dispute, for after he had presented a clerk
to the living and the ordinary had instituted
him, one Bonifacius de Saluce or Saluciis,
claiming apparently through some right con-
nected with the chapel of Trykehull, intruded
upon the living and got possession, and
though Brabazon petitioned for his removal
as early as 1300, the intruding priest was
still unousted in 1315. Brabazon left no issue,
his one son having died young ; he had a
daughter, Albreda, who married William le
Graunt ; his property passed to his brother
Matthew, from whom descend the present
earls of Meath, barons Brabazon of Ardee, in
Ireland.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives
of the Chief Justices, i. 78 ; Dugdale's Origines ;
Tytler's Scotland, i. 80 ; History of the Family
of Brabazon ; Kot. Pat. 9 Edw. II ; Thurston's
Notts, i. 294 ; Biographical Peerage, iv. 30 ;
Boberts's Calend. Genealogicum, 461 ; Parlia-
mentary Bolls, i. 138, 218, 267, 301 ; Palgrave's
Parliamentary Writs, i. 490, ii. 581; Luard's
Annales Monastic!, iii. 410, iv. 506; Stubbs's
Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280.]
J. A. H.
BRABAZON, Sm WILLIAM (d. 1552),
vice- treasurer and lord justice of Ireland,
was descended from the family of Roger le
Brabazon [q. v.], and was the son of John
Brabazon of Eastwell, Leicestershire, and a
daughter of — Chaworth. After succeeding
his father he was knighted on 20 Aug. 1534,
and appointed vice-treasurer and general
receiver of Ireland. In a letter from Chief-
justice Aylmer to Lord Cromwell in August
1535 he is styled ' the man that prevented
the total ruin and desolation of the king-
dom.' In 1536 he prevented the ravages
of O'Connor in Carberry by burning several
villages in Offaly and carrying away great
poil.
tive a speech in support of establishing the
popo that ho ponDuadod tno pajiiamont to
paoo tho bill fog that pujpooo. Ao a i-eoult >*&
of thio; many poligiouo hotieoo wore in 1539
anrronflQrod tn thp king For these and
other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con-
stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was
again appointed to the same office on 1 April
1546. In the same year he drove Patrick
O'More and Brian O'Connor from Kildare.
In April 1547 he was elected a member of
the privy council of Ireland. In the spring
of 1548 he assisted the lord deputy in sub-
duing a sedition raised in Kildare by the
sons of Viscount Baltinglass. He was a
third time made lord justice on 2 Feb. 1549.
In August 1550, with the aid of 8,000/. and
400 men from England, he subdued Charles
Brabourne
139
Brabourne
Mac-Art-Cavenagh, who, after making sub-
mission and renouncing his name, received
pardon. Brabazon died on 9 July 1552 (as
is proved by the inquisitions taken in the
year of his death), not in 1548 as recorded
on his tombstone. His heart was buried
with his ancestors at Eastwell, and his body
in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church,
Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter
and coheir to Nicholas Clifford of Holme,
he left two sons and three daughters.
[Lodge's Peerage (Archdall), i. 265-70 ; Genea-
logical History of the Family of Brabazon ; Gal.
State Papers, Irish Series; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Series, Henry VIII; Cal. Carew MSS.
vol. i. ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. i.] T. F. H.
BRABOURNE, THEOPHILUS (b.
1590), writer on the Sabbath question, was
a native of Norwich. The date of his birth
is fixed by his own statement in 1654 : ' I am
64 yeares of age ' (Answer to Cawdry, p. 75).
His father was a puritan hosier, who edu-
cated his son at the free school of Norwich till
he was fifteen years of age, and designed him
for the church. Incidentally he mentions
some curious particulars of Sunday trading
in Norwich during his schoolboy days, and
says that the city waits played regularly at
the market cross { on the latter part of the
Lord's day,' in the presence of thousands of
people. When the lad should have gone to
Cambridge, the silencing of many puritan
ministers for non-compliance with the cere-
monies induced the father to take him into
his own business, and send him to London,
as factor for selling stockings wholesale. He
remained in London till his marriage to
Abigail, daughter of Koger and Joane Gal-
liard. He was thus brother-in-law of Ben-
jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard.
After his marriage, Brabourne lived for two or
three years at Norwich with his father, and
resuming his intention of entering the minis-
try, he studied privately under ' three able
divines.' He seems to have been episcopally
ordained before 1628, and it is probable that
he officiated (Collings says he got a curacy
of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in-
dication of his having been connected with
any other place after he left London, though
Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls
him a Suffolk minister. In 1628 appeared
his 'Discourse upon the Sabbath Day/ in
which he impugns the received doctrine of
the sabbatical character of the Lord's day,
and maintains that Saturday is still the
sabbath. Hence Robert Cox regards him
as ' the founder in England of the sect at
first known as Sabbatarians, but now calling
themselves seventh-day baptists.' This is
quite incorrect ; Brabourne was no baptist,
founded no sect, and, true to the original
puritan standpoint [see BKADSHAW, WIL-
LIAM], wrote vehemently against all separa-
tists from the national church, and in fa-
vour of the supremacy of the civil power in
matters ecclesiastical. His attention had
been drawn to the Sabbath question (' Dis-
course,' p. 59) by a work published at Ox-
• ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces-
tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con-
cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com-
' mandment.' Broad rests the authority of
I the Lord's day on the custom of the early
church and the constitution of the church of
j England. Brabourne leaves it to every
i man's conscience whether he will keep the
sabbath or the Lord's day, but decides that
those who prefer the former are on the safe
side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground
1 in his ' Defence ... of the Sabbath Day,'
1632, a work which he had the boldness to
dedicate to Charles I. Prior to this publica-
| tion he appears to have held discussions on
i the subject with several puritan ministers in
' his neighbourhood, and claimed to have al-
ways come off victorious. He tells us that
he held a conference, lasting ' many days, an
houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hoi-
born, with Francis White (bishop of Nor-
wich 1629-31, of Ely 1631-8). This was
the beginning of his troubles ; in his own
words, he was l tossed in the high commis-
sion court near three years.' He lay in the
Gatehouse at Westminster for nine weeks,
and was then publicly examined before the
high commission, ' near a hundred ministers
present (besides hundreds of other people).'
The king's advocate pleaded against him,
and Bishop White ' read a discourse of near
an hour long ' on his errors. Sir H. Martin,
one of the judges of the court, moved to sue
the king to issue his writ de hceretico combu-
rendo, but Laud interposed. Brabourne was
censured, and sent to Newgate, where he
remained eighteen months. When he had
been a year in prison, he was again exa-
mined before Laud, who told him that if he
had stopped with what he said of the Lord's
day, namely that it is not a sabbath of
divine institution, but a holy day of the
church, ' we should not have troubled you.'
Ultimately, he made his submission to the
high commission court. The Document is
called a recantation, but when safe from the
clutches of the court, Brabourne explained
that all he had actually retracted was the
word 'necessarily.' He had affirmed 'that
Saturday ought necessarily to be our sab-
bath j ' this he admitted to be a ' rash and
Brabourne
140
Brabourne
of God's, the Sabbath Day. . . . Under-
taken against all Anti-Sabbatharians, both of
Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana-
baptists ; and by name and especially against
these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut-
chinson, M. Furnace, M. Benton, M. Gallard,
M. Yates, M. Clmppel, M. Stinnet, M. John-
son, and M. Wade. The second edition,
corrected and amended; with a supply of
many things formerly omitted. . . .' 1632,
4to (according to Watt, the first edition was
presumptuous error,' for his opinion, though
true, was not ' a necessary truth.' Bra-
bourne's book was one of the reasons which
moved Charles I to reissue on 18 Oct. 1633
the declaration commonly known as the
Book of Sports ; it was by the king's com-
mand that Bishop White wrote his ' Treatise
of the Sabbath Day,' 1635, 4to, in the dedi-
cation of which (to Laud) is a short account
of Brabourne. Returning to Norwich in
1635, Brabourne probably resumed his minis-
try; but he got some property on the death of ! in 1631, 4to, and there was another edition
a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- I in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten-
ing1. In 1654 he writes in his reply to John j net of Abingdon, the first English seventh-
The
The
16mo
„ A ---„-- the
Collings was a bitter antagonist of j Change of Church-Discipline. . . . Also a
his non-presbyterian neighbours. Brabourne | Reply to Mr. Collins his answer made to
had written in 1653 l The Change of Church- j Mr. Brabourne's first part of the Change of
Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all Church-Discipline . . .' 1654, 4to (the reply
sorts. This stirred Collings to attack him | has a separate title-page and pagination, ' A
in ' Indoctus Doctor Edoctus,' &c. 1654, 4to.
A second part of Brabourne's tract pro-
Reply to the " Indoctus Doctor Edoctus/' '
1654, 4to). 5. ' The Second Vindication of
voked ' A New Lesson for the Indoctus my first Book of the Change of Discipline ;
Doctor,' &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabourne | being a Reply to Mr. Collings his second
wrote a f Second Vindication ' in reply. This ; Answer to it. Also a Dispute between Mr.
pamphlet war is marked by personalities, in \ Collings and T. Brabourne touching the
which Collings excels. Collings tells us | Sabbath Day,' 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. ' An
that Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, Answer to M. Cawdry's two books of the
had tried several employments. He had Sabbath lately come forth,' &c, 1654, 12mo.
been bolt-poake, weaver, hosier, maltster (in 6. l Answers to two books on the Sabbath :
St. Augustine's parish), and was now ' a j the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no
nonsensical scribbler,' who was forced to j Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren, the
publish his books at his own expense. While Jews' Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, 8vo (not
this dispute with Collings was going on, seen ; Jeremy Ives's book was published 1659,
Brabourne brought out an ' Answer ' to 4to ; Edmund Warren's (of Colchester) was
the ' Sabbatum Redivivum,' &c., of Daniel i also published 1659, 4to). 7. ' God save
1 ' and his Parlia
Theophilus
Brabourn unto the hon. Parliament, that, as
all magistrates in the Kingdome doe in their
office, so Bishops may be required in their
office to own the King's supremacy,' &c. 1661,
4to (published 5 March ; there is ; A Post-
script, (sic) i Of many evils' (sic) which follow
of the quest
to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was
unconvinced by Cawdrey. Five years later
he wrote on liis favourite theme against
Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard
of Brabourne till after the Restoration, when
he put out pamphlets rejoicing in liberty of
conscience, and defending the royal supre-
macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these
pamphlets he spells his name Brabourn. The
last of them was issued 18 March 1661.
Nothing is known of Brabourne later.
He published : 1. ' A Discourse upon the
Sabbath Day . . . Printed the 23th (sic) of
Decemb. anno dom. 1628,' 16mo (Brabourne
maintains that the duration of the sabbath is
' that space of time and light from day-peep
or day-break in the morning, until day be
quite off the sky at night). 2. ' A Defence
of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance
upon the King's grant to Bishops of a coer-
cive power in their courts for ceremonies ').
9. ' Of the Lavvfnluess (sic) of the Oath of
allegiance to the King, and of the other
oath to his supremacy. Written for the
benefit of Quakers and others, who out of
scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of
allegiance and supremacy,' 1661, 4to (pub-
lished 18 March, not included in Smith's
' Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana,' 1872).
[Wood's Athense Oxon. i. (1691), 333 ; Brook's
Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362 ; Barham's
Collier's Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii. 76 ; Hunt's Eel.
Bracegirdle
141
Bracegirdle
Thought in England, 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's
Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, xi.
1875 (Laud), 237 seq. ; Cox's Literature of the
Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c. ; Browne's
Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf-
folk, 1877, 494 n ; works cited above.] A. G.
BRACEGIRDLE, ANNE (1663 P-1748),
one of the most popular and brilliant of Eng-
lish actresses, was born about 1663, presu-
mably in one of the midland counties. Curll
(History of the English Stage) calls her the
daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle, of North-
•^mptonshire (? Northampton), esq., says 'she
• Rtifl the good fortune to be well placed when
j aii infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and
• his wife/ and adds that ' she performed the
page in "The Orphan," at the Duke's Theatre
in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.'
' The Orphan ' was first played, at Dorset
Garden, in 1680. With the addition of a de-
cade to Mrs. Bracegirdle's age, which this
date renders imperative, this story, though
without authority and not undisputed, is re-
concilable with facts. Downes (JRoscius An-
glicanus) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in
connection with the Theatre Royal in 1688,
in which year she played Lucia in Shadwell's
' Squire of Alsatia.' Maria in Mountfort's
' Edward III,' Emmeline in Dryden's ' King
Arthur,' Tamira in D'Urfey's alteration of
Chapman's 'Bussy d'Ambois,' and other
similar parts followed. In 1693 Mrs. Brace-
girdle made, as Araminta in the ' Old Bache-
lor,' her first appearance in a comedy of
Congreve, the man in whose works her chief
triumphs were obtained, and whose name
has subsequently, for good or ill, been most
closely associated with her own. In the
memorable opening, by Betterton, of the
little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695,
with 'Love for Love,' Mrs. Bracegirdle
played Angelica. Two years later she enacted
Belinda in the ' Provoked Wife ' of Van-
brugh, and Almeria in Congreve's l Mourning
Bride.' To these, which may rank' as her
principal ' creations,' may be added the he-
roines of some of Rowe's tragedies, Selina in
1 Tamerlane,' Lavinia in the ' Fair Penitent,'
and in such alterations of Shakespeare as
were then customary ; Isabella (' Measure for
Measure '), Portia (' Merchant of Venice '),
Desdemona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford,
with other characters from plays of the epoch,
showing that her range included both comedy
and tragedy. In the season of 1706-7 Mrs.
Bracegirdle at the Haymarket came first into
competition with Mrs. Oldfield, before whose
star, then rising, her own went down. Accord-
ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield,
published in 1730, the year of her death, and
quoted by Genest (vol. ii. p. 375), the question
whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle
was the better actress in comedy was left to
the town to settle. ' Mrs. Bracegirdle accord-
ingly acted Mrs. Brittle ' (in Betterton's
t Amorous Widow ') f on one night, and Mrs.
Oldfield acted the same part on the next
night ; the preference was adjudged to Mrs.
Oldfield, at which Mrs. Bracegirdle was very
much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit,
being allowed by Swiney to be in the season
before Mrs. Bracegirdle's, added so much to
the affront that she quitted the stage imme-
diately.' That from this time (1707) she re-
fused all offers to rejoin the stage is certain.
Once again she appeared upon the scene of
her past triumphs. This was on the occasion
of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and
13 April 1709, when, with her companion
Mrs. Barry, she came from her retirement,
and played in ' Love for Love ' her favourite
role of Angelica [see BETTEETON, THOMAS].
After this date no more is publicly heard
of her until 18 Sept. 1748, when her body
was removed from her house in Howard
Street, Strand, and interred in the east
cloisters of Westminster Abbey. Of her
long life less than a third was directly con-
nected with the stage. An amount of pub-
licity unusual even in the case of women of
her profession was thrust upon her during
her early life. To this the murder of
Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun,
due to the passion of the former for Mrs.
Bracegirdle and his jealousy of his victim,
contributed. An assumption of virtue, any-
thing but common in those of her position
in the days in which she lived, was, however,
a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far
the merit of 'not being unguarded in her
private character,' which, without a hint of
a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Gibber, is her
due, it is useless now to inquire. Evidence
will be judged differently by different minds.
Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de-
clares ' She seems to have been a cold, vain,
and interested coquette, who perfectly under-
stood how much the influence of her charms
was increased by the fame of a severity
which cost her nothing, and who could ven-
ture to flirt with a succession of admirers
in the just confidence that no flame which
she might kindle in them would thaw her
own ice ' (History of England, iii. 380, ed.
1864). For this statement, to say the least
rash, the authorities Macaulay quotes, un-
friendly as they are, furnish no justification.
Tom Brown, of infamous memory, utters
sneers concerning her Abigail being ' brought
to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to
her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious
though atrocious publication, ( A Comparison
Bracegirdle
142
Bracken
between Two Stages,' expresses his want of
faith in the story of her innocence, concern-
ing which, without arraigning it, he says (p.
18), 'I believe no more on't than I believe
of John Mandevil.' Wholly valueless is the
evidence of these two indirect assailants
against the general verdict of a time known
to be censorious. Mrs. Bracegirdle may at
least claim to have had the highest reputa-
tion for virtue of any woman of her age ; and
her benevolence to the unemployed poor of
Clare Market and adjacent districts, l so that
she could not pass that neighbourhood with-
out the thankful acclamations of people of
all degrees, so that, if any one affronted her,
they would have been in danger of being
killed directly ' (TONY ASTON), is a pleasing
trait in her character. The story is worth
repeating that ' Lord Halifax, overhearing
the praise of Mrs. Bracegirdle's virtuous be-
haviour by the Dukes of Dorset and Devon-
shire and other nobles, said, " You all com-
mend her virtue, &c., but why do we not
present this incomparable woman with some-
thing worthy her acceptance ?" His lordship
deposited 200 guineas, which the rest made
up to 800 and sent to her ' (Tour ASTON).
Whether, as is insinuated in some quarters,
she yielded to the advances of Congreve,
whose devotion to her, like the similar de-
votion of Howe, seemed augmented by her
success in his pieces, and whose testimony
in his poems appears, like all other testimony,
to establish her virtue, remains undeter-
mined. In her own time she was suspected,
though her biographers ignore the fact, of
being married to Congreve. In a poem
called 'The Benefits of a Theatre,' which
appears in ' The State 'Poems,' vol. iv. p. 49,
and is no more capable of being quoted than
are the other contents of that valuable but
unsavoury receptacle, Congreve and Mrs.
Bracegirdle, unmistakably associated under
the names of Valentine and Angelica, are
distinctly, though doubtless wrongly, stated
to be married. Congreve left her in his will
a legacy of 200/. Grarrick, who met Mrs.
Bracegirdle after she had quitted the stage,
and heard her repeat some lines from Shake-
speare, is said to have expressed an opinion
that her reputation was undeserved. Colley
Gibber denied her any 'greater claim to
beauty than what the most desirable brunette
might pretend to,' but states that 'it was
even a fashion among the gay and young to
have a taste or tendre for Mrs. Bracegirdle.'
She inspired the best authors to write for
her, and two of them, Congreve and Howe,
1 when they gave her a lover, in her play,
seemed palpably to plead their own passion,
and made their private court to her in ficti-
tious character.' Aston, bitter in tongue as
he ordinarily is, shared his father's belief in
her purity, and has left a sufficiently tempting
picture of her. ' She was of a lovely height,
with dark-brown hair and eyebrows, black
sparkling eyes and a fresh blushy complexion,
and, whenever she exerted herself, had an
involuntary flushing in her breast, neck, and
face, having continually a cheerful aspect, and
a fine set of even white teeth, never making
an exit but that she left the audience in an
imitation of her pleasant countenance ' (Brief
Supplement, pp. 9-10).
[G-enest's History of the Stage ; Gibber's Apo-
logy, by Bellchambers ; Egerton's Life of Ann
Oldfield, 1731 ; Stanley's Historical Memorials
of Westminster Abbey; W. Clark Eussell's
Representative Actors ; A Comparison between
the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Aston's Brief Sup-
plement to Colley Gibber, n. d. ; Downe's Roscius
Anglicanus.] J. K
BRACEGIRDLE, JOHN (d. 1613-14),
poet, is supposed to have been a son of John
Bracegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon-
Avon from 1560 to 1569. He was matricu-
lated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge,
in December 1588, proceeded B.A. in 1591-
1592, commenced M.A. in 1595, and pro-
ceeded B.D. in 1602. He was inducted to
the vicarage of Rye in Sussex, on the pre-
sentation of Thomas Sackville, lord Buck-
hurst, 12 July 1602, and was buried there on
8 Feb. 1613-14.
He is author of ' Psychopharmacon, the
Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo-
sophie, contained, in five bookes, called the
Consolation of Philosophic, compiled by
Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boe-
thius,' translated into English blank verse,
except the metres, which are in many dif-
ferent kinds of rhyme, Addit. MS. 11401.
It is dedicated to Thomas Sackville, earl of
Dorset.
[Wheler's Stratford -upon- A von, 31 ; Cooper's
Athenae Cantab, ii. 430; Sussex Archaeological
Collections, xiii. 274.] T. C.
BRACKEN, HENRY, M.D. (1697-1764),
writer on farriery, was the son of Henry
Bracken of Lancaster, and was baptised
there 31 Oct. 1697. His early education
was gained at Lancaster under Mr. Bordley
and the Rev. Thomas Holmes, and he was
afterwards apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth-
ington, a physician in extensive practice at
Wigan. At the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, about 1717, he went to London,
and passed a few months as a pupil at St.
Thomas's Hospital. Thence he went over to
Bracken
143 Brackenbury
Paris to attend the Hotel-Dieu, and subse-
quently to Leyden, where he studied under
Herman Boerhaave, and took his degree of
M.D., but his name is omitted from the 'Al-
bum Studiosorum Academiae Lugd. Bat./
printed in 1875. On his return to London he
attended the practice of Drs. Wadsworth and
Plumtree, and soon began to practise on his
own account at Lancaster, and before long be-
came widely known as a surgeon and author.
About 1746 he was charged with abetting the
Jacobite rebels and thrown into prison, but
was discharged without trial, there appearing
to have been no ground for his arrest ; indeed,
he had previously rendered a service to the
king by intercepting a messenger to the
rebels, and sending the letters to the general
of the king's forces, and for this act he had
been obliged to keep out of the way of the
Pretender's followers. He received much
honour in his native town, and was twice
elected mayor— in 1747-8 and 1757-8. In
his method of practice as a medical man he
was remarkably simple, discarding many of
the usual nostrums. In private life he was
liberal, generous, charitable, and popular ;
but his love of horse-racing, of conviviality,
and of smuggling, which he called gambling
with the king, prevented him from reaping
or retaining the full fruits of his success.
He published several books on horses, writ-
ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound-
ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to
be placed by John Lawrence at the head of all
veterinary writers, ancient or modern. Their
dates and titles are as follows : in 1735, an
edition of Captain William Burdon's ' Gentle-
man's Pocket Farrier,' with notes ; in 1738,
1 Farriery Improved, or a Oompleat Treatise
upon the Art of Farriery,' 2 vols., which
went through ten or more editions ; in 1742,
1 The Traveller's Pocket Farrier ; ' in 1751,
' A Treatise on the True Seat of Glanders in
Horses, together with the Method of Cure,
from the French of De la Fosse.' He wrote
also ' The Midwife's Companion,' 1737, which
he dedicated to Boerhaave (it was issued
with a fresh title-page in 1751) ; ' Lithiasis
Anglicana ; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into
the Nature and Origin of the Stone and
Gravel in Human Bodies,' 1739 ; a transla-
tion from the French of Maitre-Jan on the
eye ; and some papers on small-pox, &c.
On the establishment of the London Medical
Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the
literary assistance of Bracken, 'for whose
abilities,' he observed, 'I have long had a
great esteem, and who has laboured more
successfully for the improvement of medicine
than most of his contemporaries.' Bracken
died at Lancaster, 13 Nov. 1764.
[Prefaces to Bracken's writings ; Letter to Dr.
Preston Christopherson, printed in the Preston
Guardian, 4 Sept. 1880 ; Georgian Era, ii. 561 ;
John Lawrence's Treatise on Horses, 2nd ed. 1802,
i. 29-32 ; information furnished by Alderman W.
Roper of Lancaster.] C. W. S.
BRACKENBURY, SIR EDWARD
(1785-1864), lieutenant-colonel, a direct
descendant from Sir Robert Brackenbury,
lieutenant of the Tower of London in the
time of Richard III, was second son of
Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin-
colnshire, by his wife Janetta, daughter of
George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was born
in 1785. Having entered the army as an
ensign in the 61st regiment in 1803, and be-
come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same
year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at
Scylla Castle and at Gibraltar, 1807-8, and
in the Peninsula from 1809 to the end of the
war in 1814. At the battle of Salamanca he
took a piece of artillery from the enemy,
guarded by four soldiers, close to their re-
tiring column, without any near or imme-
diate support, and in many other important
engagements conducted himself with distin-
guished valour. As a reward for his nume-
rous services he received the war medal with
nine clasps.
On 22 July 1812 he was promoted to a
captaincy, and after the conclusion of the
war was attached to the Portuguese and
Spanish army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec.
1816, when he was placed on half-pay. He
served as a major in the 28th foot from
1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan. 1828, when he was
again placed on half-pay. His foreign services
were further recognised by his being made a
knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower
and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish
order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of
the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis.
Brackenbury, who was knighted by the
king at Windsor Castle on 26 Aug. 1836,
was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Lincoln. He attained to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel on 10 Jan. 1837,
and ten years afterwards sold out of the
army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln-
shire, on 1 June 1864.
He was twice married : first, on 9 June
1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward
Bromhead of Reepham near Lincoln, and,
secondly, in March 1847, to Eleanor, daughter
of Addison Fenwick of Bishopwearmouth,
Durham, and widow of W. Brown Clark of
Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in
1862.
[Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon's The
Sixty-first Regiment (1837), pp. 24, 31, 67.]
G. C. B.
Brackenbury
144
Bracton
BRACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788-
1864), poet, was born in 1788 at Langton,
probably Lincolnshire, where he spent his
early years. On 28 Oct. 1808 he was a stu-
dent at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In 1810 he published his 'Natale Solum and
other Poetical Pieces ' by subscription. In
1811 he proceeded B.A. (ROMILLY, Grad.
Cant. p. 45) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to
the Madras establishment, and returning after
some years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819.
From 1828 to 1856 he was chaplain and secre-
tary to the Magdalen Hospital, Blackfriars
Road, London. In 1862 he became rector of
Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart-
disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76.
[Brackenbury 's Natale Solum, &c. pp. 2, 10,
28, 58, 120 ; Gent. Mag. 1864, p. 668; Brayley's
Surrey, v. 321 ; private information.] J. H.
BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON,
VISCOUNT. [See EGERTON.]
BRACTON, BRATTON, or BRETTON,
HENRY DE (d. 1268), ecclesiastic and judge,
was author of a comprehensive treatise on the
law of England. Three places have been con-
jecturally assigned as the birthplace of this
distinguished jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly,
near Okehampton in Devonshire, Bratton
Fleming, near Barnstaple in the same county,
and Bratton Court, near Minehead in Somer-
setshire. The pretensions of Bratton Clovelly
seem to rest entirely upon the fact that an-
ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Travers
Iwiss, in his edition of Bracton's great work,
' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise/ in-
clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the
ground that one Odo de Bratton was per-
petual vicar of the church there in 1212
(Rot . Lit. Pat. i. 93 b), when the rectory was
conferred on William de Ralegh, a justice
itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de
Pateshull, Bracton is known to have had in
his possession almost certainly for the pur-
poses of his work. Bracton cites Ralegh's
decisions less frequently indeed than those
of Pateshull, whom he sometimes refers to
with a familiarity which seems to imply per-
sonal intimacy, as ' dominus Martinus,' or
simply Martinus (lib. iv., tract i., cap. xxvii.,
fol. 205 b, xxviii. fol. 207 6), but more fre-
quently than those of any other j udge. Ralegh
was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these
data, which it must be owned are rather
slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton
stood to both Pateshull and Ralegh in the
relation of a pupil, and that it was while the
latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he
came into connection with him. Collinson,
the historian of Somersetshire, is mistaken
in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc-
ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in
the Black Book of the Exchequer as holding
lands at Bratton, near Minehead, under Wil-
liam de Mohun, 12 Henry II (1166), and
that he lies buried in the church of St.
Michael in Minehead under a monument re-
presenting him in his robes, since it has been
established by Sir Travers Twiss that Bracton
was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral
before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a
little to the south of the entrance to the
choir, at which a daily mass was regularly
said for the benefit of his soul for the space
of three centuries after his decease. At the
same time, if Bracton was really a landowner
in the neighbourhood of Minehead, a monu-
ment may have been put up to his memory
by his relatives in the parish church there.
It seems impossible to decide upon the claims
of the three competing villages. Some un-
certainty also exists as to the orthography
of the judge's name, of which four principal
varieties — Bracton, Bratton, Bretton, and
Bryckton — are found. Bryckton may be dis-
missed without hesitation as corrupt, and
Bretton is almost certainly a dialectical
variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be-
tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to
decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols
to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris-
ing from the similarity between the tt and
the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen-
tury handwriting. The passage cited by Sir
Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii. liv-v) as evidence
that the judge himself considered Bracton to
be the correct spelling of his name appears
rather to militate against that view. The
passage in question refers to the fatal effect
of clerical errors in writs. According to the
reading of a manuscript (Rawlinson, c. 160,
in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers
Twiss's opinion (i. xxi, Iii), has been faith-
fully copied from a manuscript older than
any now extant (BRACTON, ed. Twiss, iii.
212), the writer says that if a person writes
Broctone for Bractone, or Bractone for Brat-
tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe-
rence can be drawn from the passage, it
would seem to be that, in the author's opinion,
Brattone, and not Bractone, was the true
form of the name. That it was so in fact
seems to be as nearly proved as such a thing
can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls
extending from 1250 to 1267, i.e. during
nearly the whole of Bracton's official life, and
numbering nearly a hundred in all. While
Bratton and Bretton occur with about equal
frequency, no single instance of Bracton is
discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five
entries in Bishop Branscombe's register cited
Bracton
145
Bracton
"by Sir Travers Twiss, four have Bratton and
one Bracton. The deed of 1272 endowing
a chantry for the benefit of his soul speaks
of Henry de Bratton, and so does the deed of
1276 with a like object. This chantry, which
existed until the reign of Henry VIII, seems
to have been always known as Bratton's
chantry. The earliest extant biographical
notice of Bracton occurs in Leland's ' Com-
mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis ' (i. cap.
cclxxvi.) He says he took it l ex inscriptione
libri Branomensis bibliothecae.' Bale, in his
* Illustrium Majoris Britannia) Scriptorum
Catalogus,' appropriates his account very
much as it stands, adding only that Bracton
was of good family, that his university was
Oxford, and that he was one of the justices
itinerant before he became chief justice. The
reference to the 'Branomensis bibliotheca'
he suppresses, probably because he could
make nothing of it. Tanner, who also re-
peats Leland, tries to emend the text by
inserting ' edidit ' after ( librum,' and appends
the following note : ' " In Bravionensis seu
Wigorniensis bibliothecse serie quadam legi
memoriaque retinui." Ita legit MS. Lei.
Trin.' It is clear that in any case the passage
is corrupt. The subsequent biographers of
Bracton until Foss do little more than repeat
Bale's statements, and these are only very
partially confirmed by the records. Dugdale
mentions him as a justice itinerant in Not-
tinghamshire and Derbyshire in 1245, and
places him in the commission of the follow-
ing year for Northumberland, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, and Lancashire. As he is de-
scribed as a justice in the record of a fine
levied in this year, preserved in the Register
of Waltham Abbey (Harl MS. 391, fol.
71), in close connection with Henry de Ba-
thonia and Jeremiah de Caxton, both jus-
tices of the Curia Regis, it is probable that
he was then one of the regular justices.
Against this, however, must be set the fact
that the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to
which reference has already been made does
not begin until 1250. After 1246 Dugdale
ignores him until 1260, from which date
until 1267 he mentions him pretty frequently
as a justice itinerant in the western counties.
After 1267 all the records are silent as to his
doings. During a portion of his career he
seems to have stood well with the king ; for
in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of
the town house of the Earl of Derby, then
recently deceased, during the minority of the
heir, being therein designated ' dilecto clerico
nostro.' In 1263-4 (21 Jan.) he was ap-
pointed archdeacon of Barnstaple, but re-
signed the post in the following May on being
created chancellor of the cathedral of Exeter.
VOL. VI.
He also held a prebend in the church of
Exeter, and another in that of Bosham in
Sussex, a peculiar of the bishops of Exeter,
from some date prior to 1237 until his death,
which occurred in 1268, and probably in the
summer or early autumn of that year, as
Oliver de Tracy succeeded him as chancellor
of Exeter Cathedral on 3 Sept., and Edward
Delacron, dean of Wells, and Richard de
Esse in the prebends of Bosham and Exeter
respectively in the following November. He
is known to have left some manuscripts to
the chapter of Exeter by his will, and it may
have been one of these that Leland saw, sup-
posing * Exoniensis bibliothecse ' to be the
true reading. For the statement that he dis-
charged the duties of chief justice for twenty
Siars no foundation is now discoverable,
uring the earlier portion of his official life
(1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and
if Bracton was ever chief justice, it must
have been either before 1258 or after 1265.
It is possible that, while the office was in
abeyance, the king entrusted his f dear clerk '
with some of the duties incident to it. It
is also possible, as Foss has conjectured, that
Bracton held the office during the interval
between the death of Hugh le Despenser and
the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 March
1267-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if he
was ever regularly appointed, no record of
the fact should have survived. Of his al-
leged connection with Oxford it is also im-
possible to discover any positive evidence.
That he was an Oxford man is intrinsically
probable from the character of his treatise,
1 De Legibus et Coiisuetudinibus Anglise.'
It bears such evident traces throughout of
the influence of the civil law as to leave no
doubt that the author was familiar not merely
with the Summa or manual of the civil law
compiled by the celebrated glossator, Azo
of Bologna, but with the Institutes and
Digest of Justinian, and Oxford was at that
time the seat of the study of the civil law
in this country. Moreover, Bracton's first
two books, 'De Rerum Divisione' and 'De
acquirendo Rerum Dominio,' have a deci-
dedly academic air, for they are carefully
mapped out according to logical divisions
such as a professor writing for a society of
students would naturally affect ; and though,
from a reference to the candidature of Richard,
earl of Cornwall, for the imperial crown in
the latter book (ii. cap. xix. § 4, fol. 47), it
is clear that that passage was written as late
as 1257, it by no means follows that the
book as a whole does not belong to a much
earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be
affirmed with any confidence that Bracton
could not have acquired the accurate and
L
Bracton
146
Bracton
extensive knowledge of the Roman law which
he undoubtedly did possess without residing
in Oxford, and neither the title l dominus ' by
which he is usually designated in ecclesiastical
records, and which, as Sir Travers Twiss has
pointed out, was the proper appellation of a
professor of law at the university of Bologna ;
under the privilege accorded by Frederic I at |
the diet of Roncaglia (1158), nor that of
' magister ' given him by Gilbert Thornton
(chief justice), who epitomised his work in
1292, can be relied on as necessarily importing
an academical status. The date of the com-
position of his work is approximately fixed
by a reference to the Statute of Merton
(1235) on the one hand, and the absence of
any notice of the changes in the law intro-
duced by the Provisions of Westminster
(1259) on the other. The work seems never
to have received a final revision, and it is
probable that the order of arrangement of
the several treatises does not in all cases
correspond with the order of composition.
Bracton's relation to the civil and canon law
has been ably discussed by Professor Giiter-
bock of Konigsberg, who agrees in the main
with the view taken by Spence, that he did
not so much romanise English law as syste-
matise the results which a series of clerical
judges, themselves familiar with the civil
and canon codes, and using them to supple-
ment the inadequacy of the common law,
had already produced, a conclusion which is
in accordance with the strictly practical
purpose apparent throughout the treatise.
This view is also adopted by Sir Travers
Twiss. Bracton's position in the history
of English law is unique. The treatise ' De
Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise ' is the
first attempt to treat the whole extent of
the law in a manner at once systematic and
practical. The subject-matter of the work
is defined in the proem to be ' facta et casus,
qui quotidie emergunt et eveniunt in regno
Anglise,' and to this he for the most part
strictly limits himself, citing cases in support
of the principles he enunciates in the most
exemplary manner. Hence the influence of
the work was both immediate and enduring.
Besides the abridgment by Thornton, of
which, though none is now known to exist,
Selden had an imperfect copy, two other sum-
maries of it were compiled during the reign
of Edward I by two anonymous authors, one
in Latin, of which the title ' Fleta ' is thought
to conceal some reference either to the Fleet
Prison or to Fleet Street, the other in Norman-
French known as Britten. Through Coke,
who had a high respect for Bracton, and fre-
quently cited him, both in his judgments and
in his ' Commentary ' on Littleton, his influ-
ence has been effective in moulding the exist-
ing common law of England. Some remark-
able passages relating to the prerogative of
the king (i. cap. viii. § 5, fol. 5 ; ii. cap. xvi.
§ 3, fol. 34 ; iii. tract i. cap. ix. fol. 107 b}
were cited by Bradshaw in his judgment on
Charles I, and by Milton in his ( Defence of
the People of England/ as showing that the-
doctrine of passive obedience was repugnant
to the ancient common law of this country.
The bibliography of Bracton may be put
into very small compass. A considerable
portion of the treatise found its way into
print in 1557, in the shape of quotations
made by Sir William Staundeford in hi&
' Plees del Coron.' The first printed edition
of the entire work was published by Richard
Tot tell in 1569 (fol.), with a preface by one
T. N. (whose identity has never been deter-
mined), in which credit is taken for a careful
recension of the text. The next edition (4to)
appeared in 1640, being a mere reprint of
that of 1569. In spite of the labours of T. N.
the text remained in so unsatisfactory a con-
dition that Selden never cited it without
collation with manuscripts in his own pos-
session. No other edition appeared until
1878, when Sir Travers Twiss issued the first
volume of the recension and translation un-
dertaken by him by the direction of the
master of the rolls. The sixth and last vo-
lume appeared in 1883. For information
concerning the apparatus criticus available
for the establishment of the text reference
may be made to vol. i. pp. xlix-lxvi of this
edition, to the ( Law Magazine and Review,'
N.S., i. 560-1, ii. 398, to the < Athenaeum'
(19 July 1884), where Professor VinogradoiF,^
of Moscow, gives an interesting account of
the discovery by him among the Additional
MSS. in the British Museum (Addit. MS.
12269) of a collection of cases evidently com-
piled for Bracton's use, and actually used and
annotated by him for the purpose of his work,,
and also to an article in the ' Law Quarterly
Review ' for April 1885, in which the same
writer suggests one obvious and two unwar-
rantable alterations of the text, impugns the
authority of Rawl. MS. c. 160, on which
Sir Travers Twiss's recension is based, on the
ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui-
sition on degrees of affinity, and argues from
other passages that the text as it stands is
the result of the gradual incorporation with
Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc-
cessive commentaries.
[Lysons's Devonshire, ii. 66, 67 ; Domesday
Book, fol. 96, 101 b, 105 b, 107; Collinson's
Somersetshire, ii. 31 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. ii.
82 ; Britton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv ; Valor.
Eccl. ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257;
Bradberry
147
Bradbridge
Spence's Eqxiitable Jurisdiction of Court of
Chancery, i. 120; Tanner's Notitia Monastica
(ed. Nasmith), Sussex, v. ; Fourth Report of Dep.
Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat.,
cent. iii. art. xcviii. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dug-
dale's Orig. 56; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 12, 19;
Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 405, 417; Bracton
(ed. Twiss), i. ix-xviii, ii. vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v.
Ixxx ad fin., vi. lix-lxiii ; Cobbett's State Trials,
ii. 693, iv. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People
of England, cap. viii. ad fin. ; Henricus de Brac-
ton und sein Verhaltniss zum romischen Rechte
von Dr. Carl Griiterbock, Berlin, 1862 (this work
has been translated by Brinton Coxe, Philadel-
phia. 1866); Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. R.
BRADBERRY,sometimes called BRAD-
BURY, DAVID (1736-1803), nonconfor-
mist minister, appears to have been resident
in London in 1766, and for a time was minis-
ter of the congregation at Glovers' Hall, Lon-
don, which then belonged to the baptists;
but he went from Ramsgate to Manchester,
where he succeeded the Rev. Timothy Priest-
ley, brother of Joseph Priestley, 14 Aug. 1785,
as the minister of a congregational church in
Cannon Street. He was not very successful in
his ministry, which was disturbed by con-
troversy, especially with some Scotch mem-
bers, who were anxious to import the fashion
of 'ruling elders,' and who eventually seceded
and erected in Mosley Street what was then
the largest dissenting chapel in Lancashire
(HALLEY). He resigned his position in
1794 and left the neighbourhood. He is
buried in Bunhill Fields, where his grave-
stone states that he 'died 13 Jan. 1803, aged
67 years ; having been a preacher of the
gospel forty-two years.'
Bradberry was the author of : 1. ' A Chal-
lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Chief
of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amos iv. 12, Lon-
don, printed for the author, 1766. 2. t Letter
relative to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. ' Tete-
lestai, the Final Close,' a poem, in six parts,
Manchester, 1794. This poem describes the
day of judgment from an ' evangelical ' stand-
point, and is remarkable for its unusual
metre. The book is also a literary curiosity
from its long and quaint dedication, addressed
to the Deity , who is styled, among many other
titles, ' His most sublime, most high and
mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most
faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se-
rene, most reverend,' and ' Governor-general
of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop
of Souls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals,
Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of
Rights and Finisher of Fates, Father of
Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf. Notes and
Queries, 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.)
[Manual of the Chorlton Road Congregational
| Church, 1877 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii.
220 ; Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism, &c. ;
j British Museum General Catalogue ; Allibone's
Dictionary; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxviii. pt. ii.
p. 516; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849, p. 11.1
W. E. A. A.
BRADBRIDGE or BRODEBRIDGE,
WILLIAM (1501-1578), bishop of Exeter,
sprang from a Somersetshire family now ex-
tinct, but variously known as Bradbridge,
: Bredbridge, or Brodbridge. William Brad-
i bridge was born in London in 1501. From the
j fact that he succeeded one Augustine Brad-
bridge as chancellor of Chichester, who was
afterwards appointed treasurer and preben-
dary of Fordington, diocese of Sarum,inl566,
and who died the next year, it is possible
the latter was a brother. One Nicholas
Bradbridge was prebend of Lincoln in 1508,
and a Jone and George Bradbridge were
respectively martyred during the Marian
persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury.
William took his B.A. degree at Magdalen
College, Oxford, on 15 July 1528, but whether
as demy or non-foundationer does not appear.
In 1529 he became a fellow of his college,,
MA. on 6 June 1532, B.D. on 17 June 1539,
' being then arrived to some eminence in the
theological faculty' (WTOOD). On 26 March
1565 he supplicated the university for a D.D.
degree, but was not admitted. Yet Strype-
(Parker, book iv. 4) calls him D.D. He
espoused the reformed religion, and had to-
flee with Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi-
tives in 1553. He is found, however, in
England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on
the presentation of Ralph Henslow, he was
appointed prebendary of Lyme and Halstock,
Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester,
and in 1561 a dispensation was granted him
on account of this as regarded part of his
term of residence at Salisbury. He sub-
scribed the articles of 1562 as a member of
the lower house of convocation, and when
the puritanical six articles of the same year
were debated in that assembly, in common
with all those members who had been brought
into friendly contact with the practice of
foreign churches during the reign of Mary,
be signed them, but was outvoted by a
majority of one. He also subscribed the
articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated
to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April
1562, and was allowed to hold the chancel-
lorship in commendam with his bishopric.
On Low Sunday 1563 he preached the annual
Spittal sermon, and on 23 June of the same
year, showing himself conformable to the
discipline which was then being established,
was elected dean of Salisbury by letters from
L2
Bradbridge
148
Bradbridge
Queen Elizabeth, in the place of the Italian*
Peter Vannes. Here he was a contemporary
of Foxe, the martyrologist, and Harding, the
chief opponent of Jewell. On 26 Feb. 1570-1
the queen issued her significavit in his favour
to the archbishop, and he was duly elected
bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de-
claration of the queen's supremacy and doing
homage, the temporalities of the see were
restored to him on the 14th. He is still
termed B.D. (State Papers, Domestic, Eliz.
vol. Ixxxii.) His election was confirmed
the next day, and he was consecrated at
Lambeth on the 18th by Archbishop Parker
and Bishops Home and Bullingham of Win-
chester and Worcester. Although Wood says
'he laudably governed the see for about
eight years/ his administration was some-
what halting and void of vigour, the weak-
ness of age probably colouring his judgment
and prompting him to love retirement. He
exerted himself, however, to collect 250/.
among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall
for the use of Exeter College, whence his
name is inserted in its list of benefactors.
Oliver believes that either by his predecessor,
Bishop Alley, or by him, portions of the
palace at Exeter were taken down as being
superfluous and burdensome to the diminished
resources of the see. The bishop still kept
up his scholarship. In 1572 the Books of
Moses were allotted to him to translate for
the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at
least to one ' W. E.,' whom Strype takes
for 'l William Exon.' Hoker, however, says
(Antique Description of Exeter} : ' He was a
professor of divinity, but not taken to be so
well grounded as he persuaded himself. He
was zealous in religion, but not so forwards
as he was wished to be.' In 1576, when
papists on one side and schismatics on the
other were troubling the church, a glimpse
is obtained of Bradbridge's administration.
He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle-
men who would not attend church, but
could not induce them to conform. At
length as he saw ' they craved ever respite
of time and in time grew rather indurate
than reformed,' in compliance with an order
that such should be sent up to the privy
council or the ecclesiastical commission held
at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to
their reducement,' he wrote on the subject to
the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert
Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis
Ermyn. He begged the treasurer to prevail
with the archbishop or bishop of London ' to
take some pains with them,' adding that ' the
whole country longed to hear of their godly
determination, viz. what success they should
have with these gentlemen.' In the same
year another dangerous opinion in his dio-
cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher,
a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an
oath taken on one of the gospels ( was of no
more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly.'
All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and
on the bishop proceeding' to Liskeard the man
maintained his view in writing. As the town
was in such confusion that no trial could
be held with any prospect of justice, the
bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In
the meantime he sent for Dr. Tremayn, the
archbishop's commissary, and other learned
divines, and consulted on the point, saying
'that truly the Cornishmen were, many of
them, subtle in taking an oath,' and that if
the reverence due to scripture were abated
it would let in many disorders to the state.
Unluckily Strype does not give the conclu-
sion of these trials.
About this time the bishop was very uneasy
regarding an ecclesiastical commission which
he heard would probably be granted to several
in his diocese. Dr. Tremayn headed a party
against him, but the bishop withstood him,
and wrote to the treasurer that the commis-
sion was not required, adding that ' he spake
somewhat of experience, that his diocese was
great, and that the sectaries did daily in-
crease. And he persuaded himself he should
be able easier to rule those whom he partly
knew already than those which by this means
might get them new friends.' Indeed he
found the cares of his position so heavy that
he earnestly supplicated the treasurer (11
March 1576) that he might be suffered to
resign the bishopric and return to his deanery
of Sarum, urging 'the time serveth, the place
is open.' In his latter years he delighted
to dwell in the country, which proved very
burdensome to all who had business with
him. Newton Ferrers was his favourite re-
sidence, the benefice of which, together with
that of Lezante in Cornwall, the queen had
allowed him to hold in commendam in con-
sequence of the impoverished state of the see,
as had been the case with his predecessors.
Benefices were given to his successor also.
At the age of seventy he embarked largely in
agricultural speculations, which eventually
ruined him. ' Hitherto,' says Fuller, ' the
English bishops had been vivacious almost to
a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty
years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de-*
ceased within the compasse of two years.'
Among them was Bradbridge, who died
suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77,
no one being with him, at Newton Ferrers.
Izacke (Memorials of Exeter} sums up the
prevailing opinion of him, ' a man only me-
morable for this, that nothing memorable is
Bradburn
149
Bradbury
recorded of him saving that he well governed
this church about eight years.' When he
died he was indebted to the queen 1,4001. for
tenths and subsidies received in her behalf
from the clergy, so that immediately after
his death she seized upon all his goods. The
patent book of the see records that he ' had
not wherewith to bury him.' He was buried
in his own cathedral, on the north side of
the choir near the altar, under a plain altar
tomb, and around him lie his brother pre-
lates, Bishops Marshal, Stapledon, Lacy, and
Woolton. A simple Latin inscription was
put over him, now much defaced, record-
ing that he was 'nuper Exon. Episcopus.'
A shield containing his arms still remains,
1 Azure, a pheon's head argent.' His will is
in the Prerogative Office. No portrait of him
is known to exist. His register concludes
his acts with the old formula, ' Cujus animse
propitietur Deus. Amen.'
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 817;
Strype's Annals of the Keformation, 8vo, Cran-
mer, Parker, i. 377, ii. 416 ; Cardwell's Con-
ferences, p. 119 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Jones's Fasti
Ecclesiae Sarisb.pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hoker
and Izacke's Memorials of Exeter ; Fuller's Church
History, 16th Century; Oliver's Lives of the
Bishops of Exeter.] M. GK W.
BRADBURJST, SAMUEL (1751-1816),
methodist preacher, was an associate of Wes-
ley, and an intimate disciple of Fletcher ot
Madeley. He was the son of a private in the
army, and was born at Gibraltar. On his
father's return to England, when he was
about twelve years old, he was apprenticed
to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course
of youthful profligacy became a methodist at
the age of eighteen, entered the itinerant
ministry about three years later, and con-
tinued in it more than forty years till his
death. Bradburn was, according to the testi-
mony of all who heard him, an extraordinary
natural orator. He had a commanding figure,
though he grew corpulent early in life, a re-
markably easy carriage, and a voice and in-
tonation of wonderful power and beauty. By
assiduous study he became perhaps the great-
est preacher of his day, and was able constantly
to sway and fascinate vast masses of the people.
His natural powers manifested themselves
from the first time that he was called upon
to speak in public. On that occasion he was
suddenly impelled to take the place of an
absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with-
out hesitation, though for months previously
he had been trembling at the thought of
such an ordeal. In the evening of the same
day a large concourse came together to hear
him again, when he preached for three hours,
and found, at the same moment in which he
exercised the powers, that he had obtained the
fame of an orator. Bradburn was a man of
great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity.
Of this once famous preacher nothing remains
but a volume of a few posthumous sermons of
no particular merit.
[Bradburn's Life (written by his daughter in
the same year that he died) ; a second biography
(1871), by T. W. Blanshard, under the somewhat
affected title of The Life of Samuel Bradburn,
the Methodist Demosthenes.] K. W. D.
BRADBURY, GEORGE (d. 1696), judge,
was the eldest son of Henry Bradbury of St.
Martin's Fields, Middlesex. Of his early years
nothing is known. He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Middle Temple on 28 June 1660,
was created a master of arts by the university
of Oxford 28 Sept, 1663, and was called to
the bar on 17 May 1667. For some time his
practice in court was inconsiderable. He first
occurs as junior counsel against Lady Ivy in
a suit in which she asserted her title to lands in
Shadwell, 3 June 1684. The deeds upon which
she relied were of doubtful authenticity, and
Bradbury won commendation from Chief-jus-
tice Jeffreys,who was try ing the case, for inge-
niously pointing out that the date which the
deeds bore described Philip and Mary, in
whose reign they purported to have been exe-
cuted, by a title which they did not assume
till some years later. But the judge's temper
was not to be relied upon. Bradbury repeat-
ing his comment, Jeffreys broke out upon
him : ' Lord, sir ! you must be cackling too ;
we told you your objection was very inge-
nious, but that must not make you trouble-
some. You cannot lay an egg but you must
be cackling over it.' Bradbury's name next
occurs in 1681, when he was one of two trus-
tees of the marriage settlement of one of the
Carys of Tor Abbey. His position in his pro-
fession must consequently have been consider-
able, and in December 1688, when the chiefs
of the bar were summoned to consult with
the peers upon the political crisis, Bradbury
was among the number. In the July of the
year following he was assigned by the House
of Lords as counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair,
Dr. Elliott, and others, who were impeached
for dispersing proclamations of King James.
The impeachment was, however, abandoned.
On 9 July, upon the death of Baron Carr, he
was appointed to the bench of the court of
exchequer, and continued in office until his
death, which took place 12 Feb. 1696. The
last judicial act recorded of him is a letter
preserved in the treasury in support of a
petition of the Earl of Scarborough, 19 April
1695.
Bradbury
150
Bradbury
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; State Trials, x
616, 626; Luttrell's Diary, i. 490, 555, 557, iv
117; Parliamentary History, v. 362; Pat. 1 W
and M. p. 4 ; Nicholls's Herald and Genealogist,
viii. 107; Eedington's Treasury Papers, i. 438;
Cat. Oxford Graduates; Woolrych's Life of
Jeffreys.] J. A. H.
BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-1860),
writer on printing, was the eldest son of
William Bradbury, of the firm of Bradbury
& Evans, proprietors of ' Punch/ founders of
the 'Daily News,' the 'Field,' and other
periodicals, and publishers for Dickens and
Thackeray. In 1850 he entered as a pupil in
the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna, where
he became acquainted with the art of nature
printing, a process whereby natural objects
are impressed into plates, and afterwards
printed from in the natural colours. In 1855
he produced in folio the fine f nature-printed '
plates to Moore and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great
Britain and Ireland.' These were followed by
' British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal
octavo, and a reproduction of the i Ferns,' also
in octavo. In the same year, and again in 1 860,
he lectured at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain on the subject of nature printing.
He paid much attention to the production of
bank notes and the security of paper money,
on which he discoursed at the Royal Insti-
tution. This lecture was published in 1856,
in quarto, with plates by John Leighton,
F.S.A. In 1860 this subject was pursued by
the publication of ' Specimens of Bank Note
Engraving,' &c. Another address on ' Print-
ing : its Dawn, Day, and Destiny,' was issued
in 1858. He died by his own hand 2 Sept.
1860, aged 29, leaving a business he had
founded in Fetter Lane, and afterwards
moved to Farringdon Street, which was car-
ried on under the name of Bradbury, Wilkin-
son & Co. At the time of his death he thought
of producing a large work in folio on the
graphic arts of the nineteenth century, but
he never got beyond the proof of a prospectus
that was ample enough to indicate the wide
scale of his design.
[Information supplied by Mr. John Leighton,
F.S.A.; JBigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of
Printing, i. 23, 77-8 ; Proceedings of Royal In-
stitution.] C. W. S.
BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-1759),
congregational minister, born in Yorkshire,
was educated for the congregational ministry
in an academy at AtterclifFe. Of Bradbury
as a student we have a glimpse (25 March
1695) in the diary of Oliver Hey wood, who
gave him books. He preached his first ser-
mon on 14 June 1696, and went to reside as
assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas
Whitaker, minister of the independent con-
gregation, Call Lane, Leeds. Bradbury speaks
of Whitaker's ' noble latitude,' and commends
him as being orthodox in opinion, yet no slave
to 'the jingle of a party' (' The Faithful
Minister's Farewell, two sermons [Acts xx.
32] on the death of Mr. T. Whitaker,' 1712,
8vo). From Leeds, in 1697. Bradbury went
to Beverley, as a supply ; and in 1699 to New-
castle-on-Tyne, first assisting Richard Gilpin,
M.D. (ejected from Greystock, Cumber-
land), afterwards Bennet, Gilpin's successor,
both presbyterians. It seems that Bradbury
expected a co-pastorate, and judging from
Turner's account (Mon. Repos. 1811, p. 514)
of a manuscript ' Speech delivered at Madam
Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr. Thos. Brad-
bury,' his after influence was not without its
effect in causing a split in the congregation.
It is significant that Bennet's ' Irenicum,'
1722, did more than any other publication
to stay the divisive effects of Bradbury's
action at Salters' Hall. Bradbury went to
London in 1703 as assistant to Galpine, in
the independent congregation at Stepney.
On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become
colleague with Samuel Wright at Great
Yarmoutli, but declined. After the death
of Benoni Rowe, Bradbury was appointed
(16 March 1707) pastor of the independent
congregation in New Street, by Fetter Lane.
He was ordained 10 July 1707 by ministers
of different denominations ; his confession of
faith on the occasion (which reached a fifth
edition in 1729) is remarkable for its uncom-
promising Calvinism, but is expressed entirely
in words of scripture. His brother Peter be-
came his assistant, Bradbury took part in the
various weekly dissenting lectureships, de-
livering a famous series at the Weighhouse on
the duty of singing (1708, 8vo), and a sermon
before the Societies for Reformation of Morals
(1708, 8vo). His political sermons attracted
much attention, from the freedom of their style
and the quaintness of their titles. Among
them were ' The Son of Tabeal [Is. vii. 5-7]
on occasion of the French invasion in favour
of the Pretender,' 1708, 8vo (four editions) ;
' The Divine Right of the Revolution '
[1 Chron. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo ; ' Theocracy ;
the Government of the Judges applied to the
Revolution' [Jud. ii. 18], 1712, 8vo ; ' Steadi-
ness in Religion . . . the example of Daniel
under the Decree of Darius,' 1712, 8vo;
' The Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan
compared in their regard for civil liberty'
[Gen. xlix. 14-18], 1712, 8vo (a 5th of No-
vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston,
U.S., in 1768) ; ' The Lawfulness of resist-
ing Tyrants, &c.' [1 Chron. xii. 16-18], 1714,
8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EIKO>J>
Bradbury
Bradbury
^; a sermon [Hos. vii. 7] preached
29 May, with Appendix of papers relating to
the Restoration, 1660, and the present settle-
ment,' 1715, 8vo ; ' Non-resistance without
Priestcraft ' [Rom. xiii. 2], 1715, 8vo (5 Nov.) ;
* The Establishment of the Kingdom in the
hand of Solomon, applied to the Revolution
and the Reign of King George ' [1 K. ii. 46],
1716, 8vo (5 Nov.); 'The Divine Right of
Kings inquired into ' [Prov. viii. 15], 1718,
•8vo; ' The Primitive Tories ; or . . . Perse-
cution, Rebellion, and Priestcraft ' [Jude 11],
1718, 8vo (four editions). Bradbury boasted
of being the first to proclaim George I, which ;
he did on Sunday, 1 Aug. 1714, being ap-
prised, while in his pulpit, of the death of Anne
lay the concerted signal of a handkerchief.
The report was current that he preached from
2 K. ix. 34, ' Go, see now this cursed woman
and bury her, for she is a king's daughter ;'
but perhaps he only quoted the text in con-
versation. Another story is to the effect
that when, on 24 Sept., the dissenting mi-
nisters went in their black gowns with an
address to the new king, a courtier asked,
* Pray, sir, is this a funeral ? ' On which
Bradbury replied, 'Yes, sir, it is the funeral
of the Schism Act, and the resurrection of
liberty.' Robert Winter, D.D., Bradbury's
descendant, is responsible for the statement
that there had been a plot to assassinate him,
and that the spy who was sent to Fetter Lane
was converted by Bradbury's preaching. On
the other hand it is said that Harley had
offered to stop his mouth with a bishopric.
Bradbury's political harangues were some-
times too violent for men of his own party.
Defoe wrote ' A Friendly Epistle by way of
reproof from one of the people called Quakers,
to T. B., a dealer in many words,' 1715, 8vo
{two editions in same year). With the re-
ference of the Exeter controversy to the
judgment of the dissenting ministers of Lon-
don, a large part of Bradbury's vehemence
passed from the sphere of politics to that of
theology. The origin of the dispute belongs !
to the life of James Peirce (1674-1726), the '
leader of dissent against Wells and Nicholls.
Peirce, the minister of James's Meeting,
Exeter, was accused, along with others, of
favouring Arianism. The Western Assembly
was disposed to salve the matter over by ad-
mitting the orthodoxy of the declarations of
faith made by the parties in September 1718.
But the body of thirteen trustees who held the
property of the four Exeter meeting-houses
appealed to London for further advice. After
much negotiation the whole body of London
dissenting ministers of the three denomina-
tions was convened at Salters' Hall to con-
sider a draft letter of advice to Exeter. Brad-
bury put himself in the front of the conserva-
tive party ; the real mover on the opposite
side was the whig politician John Shute Bar-
rington, viscount Barring-ton, a member of
Bradbury's congregation, and afterwards the
; Papinian of Lardner's letter on the Logos.
The conference met on Thursday, 19 Feb. 1719
(the day after the royal assent to the repeal
of the Schism Act), when Bradbury proposed
that, after days of fasting and prayer, a de-
putation should be sent to Exeter to offer
advice on the spot ; this was negatived. At
the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad-
bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice,
embodying a declaration of the orthodoxy of
the conference, in words taken from the As-
sembly's catechism. This was rejected by
fifty-seven to fifty-three. Sir Joseph Jekyll,
master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene,
is author of the often-quoted saying, 'The
Bible carried it by four.' At the third meet-
ing, 3 March, the proposition was renewed, but
the moderator, Joshua Oldfield, would not take
a second vote. Over sixty ministers went up
into the gallery and subscribed a declaration
of adherence to the first Anglican article, and
the fifth and sixth answers of the Assembly's
catechism. They then left the place amid
hisses, Bradbury characteristically exclaim-
ing, ' 'Tis the voice of the serpent, and may
be expected against a zeal for the seed of the
woman.' Thus perished the good accord of
English dissent. Principal Chalmers, of
King's College, Old Aberdeen, who was pre-
sent at the third meeting, and in strong
sympathy with Bradbury's side, reported to
Calamy that ' he never saw nor heard of such
strange conduct and management before.'
The nonsubscribing majority, to the num-
ber of seventy-three, met again at Salters'
Hall on 10 March, and agreed upon their ad-
vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March.
Bradbury and his subscribers (61, 63, or 69)
met separately on 9 March, and sent off" their
advice on 7 April. The remarkable thing is
that the two advices (bating the preamble) are
in substance and almost in terms identical ;
and the letter accompanying the nonsub-
scribers' advice not only disowns Arianism,
but declares their ( sincere belief in the
doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the proper
divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, which they
apprehend to be clearly revealed in the Holy
Scriptures.' Both advices preach peace and
charity, while owning the duty of congrega-
tions to withdraw from ministers who teach
what they deem to be serious error. Neither
was in time to do good or harm, for the Exeter
trustees had taken the matter into their own
hands by formally excluding Peirce and his
colleague from all the meeting-houses. Brad-
Bradbury
Bradbury
bury had his share in the ensuing pamphlet
war, which was political as well as religious, for ,
a schism in dissent was deprecated as inimical
to the whig interest. He printed ' An Answer j
to some Reproaches cast on those Dissenting
Ministers who subscribed, £c./ 1719, 8vo ; '.
a sermon on ' The Necessity of contending
for Revealed Religion' [Jude 3], 1720, 8vo
(appended is a letter from Cotton Mather on
the late disputes) ; and ' A Letter to John j
Barrington Slmte, Esq.,' 1720, 8vo. Barring- |
ton left Bradbury's congregation, and joined
that of Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., independent
minister and nonsubscriber, at Pinners' Hall. I
Bradbury was brought to book by ' a Dis-
senting Layman' in 'Christian Liberty as-
serted, in opposition to Protestant Popery,'
1719, 8vo, a letter addressed to him by name,
and answered by ' a Gentleman of Exon,'
in { A Modest Apology for Mr. T. Bradbury,'
1719, 8vo. But most of the pamphleteers
passed him by as ' an angry man, that makes
some bustle among you' (Letter of Advice to
the Prot. Diss., 1720, 8vo) to aim at Wil-
liam Tong, Benjamin Robinson, Jeremiah
Smith, and Thomas Reynolds, four presby-
terian ministers who had issued a whip for
the Salters' Hall conference in the subscrib-
ing interest, and who subsequently published
a joint defence of the doctrine of the Trinity.
In 1720 an attempt was made to oust Brad-
bury from the Pinners' Hall lectureship ; in
the same year he started an anti-Arian Wed-
nesday lecture at Fetter Lane. This did not
mend matters. There appeared ' An Appeal
to the Dissenting Ministers, occasioned by the
Behaviour of Mr. Thomas Bradbury,' 1722,
8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the ' Moral Philo-
sopher,' 1737), who had made an unusually
orthodox confession at his ordination [see
BOWDEN. JOHN] in 1716, but was now on
his way to ' Christian deism,' wrote his ' Ab-
surdity of opposing Faith to Reason ' in reply
to Bradbury's 5th of November sermon, 1722,
on ' The Nature of Faith.' He had previously
attacked Bradbury in a postscript to his
' Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm,'
1719, 8vo. Returning to a former topic,
Bradbury published in 1724, 8vo, ' The Power
of Christ over Plagues and Health,' prefix-
ing an account of the anti-Arian lectureship.
He published also * The Mystery of Godli-
ness considered,' 1726, 8vo, 2 vols. (sixty-one
sermons, reprinted Edin. 1795). In 1728
his position at Fetter Lane became uncom-
fortable ; he left, taking with him his brother
Peter, now his colleague, and most of his flock.
The presbyterian meet ing-house i n NewCourt ,
Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was vacant
through the removal of James Wood (a sub-
scriber) to the Weighhouse in 1727 ; Brad-
bury was asked, 20 Oct. 1728, to New Court,
and accepted on condition that the congrega-
tion would take in the Fetter Lane seceders-
and join the independents. This arrange-
ment, which has helped to create the false
impression that at Salters' Hall the presby-
terians and independents took opposite sides
as denominations, was made 27 Nov. 1728y
Peter continuing as his brother's colleague
(he probably died about 1730, as Jacob Fowler
succeeded him in 1731 ). Bradbury now pub-
lished ' Jesus Christ the Brightness of Glory/
1729, 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3) ; and
a tract ' On the Repeal of the Test Acts/
1732, 8vo. His last publication seems to-
have been ' Joy in Heaven and Justice on
Earth,' 1747, 8vo (two sermons), unless hi&
discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle-
ming drew * The Character of the Rev. Tho.
Bradbury, taken from his own pen/ 1749,
8vo, are later. Doubtless he was a most
effective as well as a most unconventional
preacher ; the lampoon (about 1730) in the
Blackmore papers may be accepted as evi-
dence of his 'melodious' voice, his 'head
uplifted/ and his ' dancing hands.' The stout
Yorkshireman reached a great age. He died
on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and was buried in
Bunhill Fields. His wife's name was Rich-
mond ; he left two daughters, one married
(1744) to John Winter, brother to Richard
Winter, who succeeded Bradbury, and father
to Robert Winter, D.D., who succeeded
Richard; the other daughter married (1768)
George Welch, a banker. Besides the publi-
cations noticed above, Bradbury printed seve-
ral funeral and other sermons, including two
on the death of Robert Bragge (died 1738;.
' eternal Bragge ' of Lime Street, who preached
for four months on Joseph's coat). His 'Works/
1762, 8vo, 3 vols. (second edition 1772), con-
sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly political.
[Memoir by John Brown, Berwick, 1831;
Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, ii. 367- and
index ; Thompson's MS. List of Academies (with
Toulmin's and Kentish's additions) in Dr. Wil-
liams's Librnry ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood,
1842, p. 385 ; Christian Reformer, 1847, p. 399 ;
Bogue and Bennet's Hist, of Dissenters, vol. iii.
1810, pp. 489 seq. ; Mon. Repos. 1811, pp. 514,.
722 ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in
Norf. and Suff., 1877, p. 242 ; James's Hist. Presb.
Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 23 seq., Ill seq.,.
690, 705 seq. ; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own
Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 403 seq. ; Salmon's Chronol.
Historian, 2nd ed. 1733, pp. 406-7; Chr. Mode-
rator, 1826, pp. 193 seq. ; Pamphlets of 1719 on
the Salters' Hall Conference, esp. A True Re-
lation, &c. (the subscribers' account), An Au-
thentick Account, &c. (nonsubscribers'), An Im-
partial State, &c. (these give the main facts ; the-
argumentative tracts are legion) ; Blackmore
Braddock
153
Braddock
Papers in possession of E. D. Darbishire, Man-
chester (the verses on the London ministers
are given in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 454, by
A. B. K., i.e. Eobert Brook Aspland).] A. G.
^BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695-1755),
je^' ^major-general, wag gQn ^ Major-general Ed-
: jUtjU/- ward Braddock,regimental lieutenant-colonel
^/ bitk of the Coldstream guards in 1703. After serv-
'yF v»e/u -YT «ing with credit in Flanders and Spain the elder
Braddock retired from the service in 1715, and
died on 15 June 1720 at Bath, where he was
buried in the Abbey Church. Braddock the
younger entered the army as ensign in Colonel
Cornelius Swann's company of his father's
regiment on 29 Aug. 1710, and became a lieu-
tenant in 1716. He is said to have fought
a duel with swords and pistols with a Colonel
Waller in Hyde Park on 26 May 1718. Both
battalions of the Coldstreams were then en-
camped in the park. He became lieutenant
of the grenadier company in 1727, and cap-
tain and lieutenant-colonel in the regiment
in 1735. Walpole (Letters, ii. 460-2) has
raked up some discreditable stories of him
at this period of his life, which possibly need
qualification; Walpole is, at any rate, dis-
tinctly wrong in stating that Braddock was
subsequently * governor ' of Gibraltar. He be-
came second major in the Coldstreams in 1743,
first major in 1745, and lieutenant-colonel
21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded
war service is in September 1746, when the
second battalion of his regiment, under his
command, was sent to join, but did not actu-
ally take part in Admiral Lestock's descent
on L'Orient, after which the battalion re-
turned to London. He embarked in com-
mand of it again in May 1746, and proceeded
to Holland, where he served under the Prince
of Orange in the attempt to raise the siege
of Bergen-op-Zoom, and was afterwards quar-
tered at Breda and elsewhere until the bat-
talion returned home in December 1748. On
17 Feb. 1753 Braddock was promoted from
the Guards to the colonelcy of the 14th foot
at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, as
then was customary ; but there is no record
of his having exercised any higher command
in that garrison. He became a major-general
29 March 1754, and soon after was appointed
to the command in America, with a view to
driving the French from their recent encroach-
ments. The warrant of appointment, of which
there is a copy in the archives at Philadelphia,
appoints Braddock to be ' general and com-
mander-in-chief of all our troops and forces
yl are in North America or yl shall be sent
or rais'd there to vindicate our just rights and
possessions.' Braddock, who must have been
then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil-
liam, duke of Cumberland, to whom he pro-
bably owed the appointment, although his
detractors alleged that his sturdy begging for
place under pressure of his gambling debts
was the real cause. He arrived at his resi-
dence in Arlington Street from France on
\ 6 Nov., and left for Cork, where his reinforce-
ments were to rendezvous on the 30th. Before
leaving he executed a will in favour of Mr.
! Calcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife,
better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy
! [q. v.] This lady, a natural daughter of an
i old brother officer, had been petted from her
earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls
her second father, and who, she admits, was
' misled as to her relations with Calcraft (BEL-
LAMY, Apoloffy, in. 206). Delays occurring
at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from
the Downs with Commodore Keppel on
24 Dec. 1754, arriving in Hampton Roads,
Virginia, 20 Feb. 1755. He found everything
in the utmost confusion. The colonies were
at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea-
lousies were rife ; no magazines had been
collected ; the promised provincial troops had
| not even been raised, and the few regulars
already there were of the worst description.
Braddock summoned a council of provincial
governors to concert measures for carrying
out his instructions. Eventually it was re-
solved to despatch four expeditions — three in
the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and
the French posts in Nova Scotia ; one in the
south against Fort Duquesne, on the present
site of Pittsburg. The troops for the latter
rendezvoused, under Braddock's command, at
Fort Cumberland, a stockaded post on the Po-
tomac, about halfway between the Virginian
seaboard and Fort Duquesne, a distance of
two hundred and twenty miles : and after de-
lays caused by what George Washington, then
a young officer of provincials and a volunteer
with the expedition, termed the 'vile mis-
management ' of the horse-transport, and the
desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a
spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June,
where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock
pushed on with twelve hundred chosen men,
regulars and provincials, who reached the Mo-
nongahela river on 8 July, in excellent order
and spirits, and crossed the next morning with
colours flying and music playing. During the
advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when
about seven miles from Fort Duquesne, the
head of the column encountered an ambuscade
of French and Indians concealed in the long
grass and tangled undergrowth of the forest
openings. Flank attacks by unseen Indians
threw the advance into wild disorder, which
communicated itself to the main body coming
up in support, leading to terrible slaughter,
Braddock
'54
Braddock
and ending, after (it is said) two hours' fight-
ing, in a panic-stricken rout. Braddock, who
strove bravely to re-form his men, after having
several horses shot under him, was himself
struck down by a bullet, which passed through
his right arm and lodged in the body. His
aide-de-camp Orme and some provincial offi-
cers with great difficulty had him carried off i
the field. He rallied sufficiently to give di- j
rections for succouring the wounded, but gra-
dually sank and died at sundown on Sunday, !
13 July 1755, at a halting-place called Great
Meadows, between fifty and sixty miles from
the battlefield. ' We shall know better how to j
deal with them next time ' were his last words
as he rallied momentarily before expiring. He '
was buried before dawn in the middle of the
track, and the precaution was taken of passing
the vehicles of the retreating force, now re- ;
duced to some degree of order, over the grave, !
to efface whatever might lead to desecration
by the pursuers. Long after, in 1823, the
grave was rifled by labourers employed in the
construction of the national road hard by, and
some of the bones, still distinguishable by mili-
tary trappings, were carried off. Others were
buried at the foot of a broad spreading oak,
which marks or marked the locality, about a
mile to the west of Fort Necessity.
No portrait of Braddock is known to exist,
but he is described as rather short and stout in
person in his later years. To failings common
among military men of his day he added the
unpopular defects of a hasty temper and a
coarse, self-assertive manner, but his fidelity
and honour as a public servant have never
been questioned, even by those who have por-
trayed his character in darkest colours. He was
a severe disciplinarian, but his severity, like his
alleged incapacity as a general, has probably
been exaggerated. The difficulties he appears
to have encountered at every step have been
forgotten, as well as the fact that the ponderous
discipline in which he had been trained from
his youth up, and which was still associated
with the best traditions of the English foot,
had never before been in serious collision with
the tactics of the backwoods. Two shrewd
observers among those who knew him person-
ally judged him less harshly than have most
later critics. Wolfe, on the first tidings of
the disaster, wrote of Braddock as ' a man of
courage and good sense, although not a master
of the art of war,' and added emphatic tes-
timony to the wretched discipline of most
line regiments at the time (WRIGHT, Life of
Wolfe, p. 324). Benjamin Franklin said of
him : ' He was, I think, a brave man, and
might have made a good figure in some Eu-
ropean war, but he had too much self-confi-
dence, and had too high an idea of the validity
of European troops, and too low a one of
Americans and Indians ' (SPARKS, Franklin,
i. 140). One of Braddock's order-books, said
to have belonged to Washington, is preserved
in the library of Congress, and a silken mili-
tary sash, worked with the date 1707, and
much stained as with blood, which is believed
to have been Braddock's sash, is in the posses-
sion of the family of the late General Zachary
Taylor, United States army, into whose hands
it came during the Mexican war. In after
years more than one individual sought a
shameful notoriety by claiming to have trai-
torously given Braddock his death-wound
during the fight. Mr. Winthrop Sargent has
exposed the absurdity of these stories. One
is reproduced in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd
ser. xii. 5. Braddock had two sisters, who
received from their father a respectable for-
tune of 6,000 1., and both of whom predeceased
their brother. The unhappy fate of Fanny
Braddock, the surviving sister, who committed
suicide at Bath in 1739, has been recorded by
Goldsmith (Miscellaneous Works, Prior's ed.
iii. 294). Descendants of abrother were stated
in 'Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some
time back to be living at Martham in Norfolk,
in humble circumstances, and to believe them-
selves entitled to a considerable amount of
money, the papers relating to which had been
lost. No account has been found of moneys
standing to the credit of Braddock or his re-
presentatives in any public securities.
The accounts of the Fort Duquesne expe-
dition published at the time appear to have
been mostly catchpenny productions; but
two authentic narratives are in existence. Of
these one is the manuscript journal of Brad-
dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme,
Coldstream guards, who afterwards retired
from the service and died in 1781. This is
now No. 212 King's MSS. in British Museum.
The other is the manuscript diary of a naval
officer attached to Braddock's force, which is
now in the possession of the Rev. F. O. Morris
of Nunburnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by
whom it was published some years ago under
the title, ' An Account of the Battle on the
Monagahela River, from an original docu-
ment by one of the survivors ' (London, 1854,
8vo). Copies of these journals have been em-
bodied with a mass of information from Ame-
rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop
Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming
vol. v. of ' Memoirs of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania' (Philadelphia, 1856). A
map of Braddock's route was prepared from
traces found still extant in 1846, when a rail-
way survey was in progress in the locality,
and first appeared in a Pittsburg periodical,
entitled ' Olden Time ' (vol. ii.) An excel-
Braddocke
'55
Braddon
lent account of Braddock's expedition and of
the events leading up to it is given in Park-
man's ' Montcalm and Wolfe,' vol. i. Some
brief military criticisms were contributed by
Colonel Malleson to the ' Army and Navy
Magazine/ March 1885, pp. 401, 404-5. The
Home Office and War Office Warrant and
Military Entry Books in the Record Office in
London contain references to the expedition,
but none of any special note.
[Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards
(London, 1832), i. 388-9, vol. ii. Appendix; Home
Office Military Entry Books, 10-27 ; Cannon's
Hist. Eecord 14th (Buckinghamshire) Foot;
Carter's Hist. Kecord 44th (East Essex) Foot ;
"Walpole's Letters (eel. Cunningham, 1856), ii.
460-2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy
(5 vols., London, 1786), iii. 206 ; Beatson's Naval
and Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol-
lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 296 etseq. ; Memoirs Hist.
Soc. of Pennsylvania, vol. v. ; Parkman's Mont-
calm and Wolfe (London, 1884) ; Army and Navy
Mag. liii. 385-405 ; American Magazine of His-
tory, ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, 462, viii. 473, 500, 502;
Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Eeport, i. 226 a ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd ser.
xii. 5.] H. M. C.
BRADDOCKE, JOHN (1656-1719), di-
vine, was a native of Shropshire, and received
his education at St. Catharine's Hall, Cam-
bridge, where he was elected to a fellowship
(B.A. 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving the
university about 1689, he became chaplain
to Sir James Oxenden, bart., of Dean, near
Canterbury, and chaplain to Dr. John Bat-
tely, rector of the neighbouring parish of
Adisham. In 1694 he was nominated by
Archbishop Tenison to the perpetual curacy
of Folkestone, and on 1 April 1698 he was
presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's,
alias Hackington, near Canterbury. On the
promotion of Dr. Offspring Blackall, his con-
temporary at college and intimate friend, to
the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was
made the bishop's chaplain, though he got
nothing by the appointment except the title.
In 1709 he was collated by Archbishop Teni-
son to the mastership of Eastbridge hospital
in Kent. He died in his vicarage house on
14 Aug. 1719, in his sixty-fourth year.
He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of the Fathers
and Schools considered, concerning the Ar-
ticles of a Trinity of Divine Persons and the
Unity of God. In answer to the Animad-
versions on the Dean of St. Paul's Vindica-
tion of the Doctrine of the Holy and ever
Blessed Trinity, in defence of those sacred Ar-
ticles, against the objections of the Socinians,
and the misrepresentations of the Animad-
verter.' Part I, 1695, 4to. 2. ' Deus unus et
trinus,' 4to. This \vas entirely printed, except
the title-page, but was suppressed, and never
j published, by the desire of Archbishop Teni-
son, who thought the controversy ought not
to be continued.
[MS. Addit. 5863, f. 1146; Cantabrigienses
Graduati (1787), 49 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 388, 601 ,
iv. 628.1 T. C.
BRADDON, LAURENCE (d. 1724),
politician, the second son of William Brad-
don of Treworgy, in St. Genny's, Cornwall,
was called to the bar at the Middle Temple,
and for some time worked hard at his pro-
fession. When the Earl of Essex died in
the Tower in 1683, Braddon adopted the
belief that he had been murdered, and worked
actively to collect sufficient evidence to prove
the murder. He set on foot inquiries on
the subject in London, and when a rumour
reached him that the news of the earl's death
was known at Marlborough on the very day
of, if not before, the occurrence, he posted off
thither. When his action became known at
court, he was arrested and put under restraint.
For a time he was let out on bail, but on
7 Feb. 1683-4 he was tried with Mr. Hugh
Speke at the king's bench on the accusation
of conspiring to spread the belief that the
Earl of Essex was murdered by some persons
about him, and of endeavouring to suborn
witnesses to testify the same. Braddon was
found guilty on all the counts, but Speke
was acquitted of the latter charge. The one
was fined 1,000 J. and the other 2,000/., with
sureties for good behaviour during their lives.
Braddon remained in prison until the landing
of William III, when he was liberated. In
February 1695 he was appointed solicitor to
the wine licence office, a place valued at IOQI.
per annum. His death occurred on Sunday,
29 Nov. 1724.
Most of Braddon's works relate to the
death of the Earl of Essex. The ' Enquiry
into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther
of the late Earl of Essex ' (1689) was probably
from his pen, and he was undoubtedly the
author of ' Essex's Innocency and Honour
vindicated' (1690), 'Murther will out'
(1692), ' True and Impartial Narrative of
the Murder of Arthur, Earl of Essex ' (1729),
as well as ' Bishop Burnet's late History
charg'd with great Partiality and Misrepre-
sentation' (1725) in the bishop's account of
this mysterious affair. Braddon also pub-
lished ' The Constitutions of the Company of
Watermen and Lightermen,' and an ' Ab-
stract of the Rules, Orders, and Constitu-
tions ' of the same company, both of them
issued in 1708. ' The Miseries of the Poor
are a National Sin, Shame, and Danger ' was
the title of a work (1717) in which he
Brade
156
Bradfield
argued for the establishment of guardians of
the poor and inspectors for the encourage-
ment of arts and manufactures. Five years
later he brought out 'Particular Answers to
the most material Objections made to the
Proposals for relieving the Poor.' The re-
port of his trial was printed in 1684, and
reprinted in ' Cobbett's State Trials,' ix.
1127-1228, and his impeachment of Bishop
Burnet's i History ' is reprinted in the same
volume of Cobbett, pp. 1229-1332.
[Hist. Kegister (1724), 51 ; Kippis's Biog.
Brit. iii. 229-30; North's Examen, 386-8;
Wilts Archaeological Mag. iii. 367-76 ; Notes
and Queries (1863), 3rd ser. iv. 500; Ealph's
Hist, of England, i. 761-5 ; Luttrell's State
Affairs, i. 286, 299-306, iii. 441 ; Bibl. Cornub.
i. 40, iii. 1091 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Keport,
406-7.] W. P. C.
BRADE, JAMES. [See BRAID.]
BRADE, WILLIAM (ft. 1615), an Eng-
lish musician, was violist to the Duke of
Holstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham-
burg at the beginning of the seventeenth
century. He was living at Hamburg on
19 Aug. 1609, when he dedicated a volume
of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke
of Schleswig, and he probably remained at
the same town until 14 Feb. 1619, when
he was appointed capellmeister to Johann
Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His
salary in this post was 500 thalers per an-
num, besides a thaler a week for i kostgeld '
when at court, and when following the mar-
grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals
weekly, with sufficient beer, a stoup of wine
daily, free lodgings, and all disbursements.
He also received two suits of clothes (' Ehren-
kleid'), and his son, Christian Brade, had
300 thalers, with clothes, boots, shoes, and
maintenance. Brade had full authority over
the court band, but the care of the boys of
the chapel was given to a vice-capellmeister.
He does not seem to have remained long at
Berlin, as a report on the margrave's band,
drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of
the past capellmeisters, and in the following
year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy-
ing his post. Nothing more is known of
him ; but Dr. Rimbault (an untrustworthy
guide) says (GROVE, Diet, of Music, i. 269 a)
that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the
authority for which statement cannot be
discovered.
The greatest confusion exists as to the
bibliography of Brade's works, all of which
are extremely rare. F6tis and Rimbault
copy Gerber's ' Lexikon der Tonkiinstler '
(Leipzig, 1812), i. 493, with the exception
that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Oder as
Frankfort, which is additionally misleading.
The list given by these authorities differs
materially from the following, which is taken
from Moller's l Cimbria Literata,' 1744, ii.
103, and is reprinted in the 'Lexikon der
hamburgischen Schriftsteller/ 1851, i. 364:
1. ' Musicalische Concerten,' Hamburg, 1609,
4to. 2. ' Newe ausserlesene Paduanen, Gal-
liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran-
ten, auf allerlei Instrumenten zu gebrau-
chen,' Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. 'Newe
ausserlesene Paduanen und Galliarden, midt
6 Stimmen, auf allerhand Instrumenten, in-
sonderheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Hamburg,
1614, 4to. 4. ' Newe ausserlesene liebliche
Branden, Intraden, Masqueraden, Balletten,
Alamanden, Couranten, Volten, Aufziige und
frembde Tantze, samt schonen lieblichen
Friihlings- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5
Stimmen ; auf allerlei Instrumenten, inson-
derheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Liibeck, 1617,
8vo. 5. 'Newe lustige Volten, Couranten,
Balletten, Paduanen, Galliarden, Masquera-
den, auch allerlei Arten newer franzosischer
Tantze, mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instru-
menten zu gebrauchen,' Berlin, 1621, 4to.
Fetis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of
2 as 1609, and the place of publication of 5
as Frankfurt a. d. Oder. Bohn's 'Biblio-
graphic der Musik-Druckwerke bis 1700'
(p. 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the
title-page, by which it would seem that 1609
is the right date. A manuscript ' Fancy ' by
Brade is in the library of the Royal College
of Music.
[The authorities quoted above ; Fetis's Bio-
graphie desMusiciens (1837), ii. 293 a ; Mendel's
Musikalisches Lexicon, i. 162 ; Brand's Biblio-
theca Librorum German icorum Classica (1611),
555; L. Schneider's Geschichte derChurfurstlich-
Brandenburgischen und Koniglich-Preussischen
Capelle, pp. 29, 30, 31.] W. B. S.
BRADFIELD, HENRY JOSEPH
STEELE (1805-1852), surgeon and author,
was born on 18 May 1805 in Derby Street,
Westminster, where his father, Thomas Brad-
field, was a coal merchant. Whilst still under
age he published in 1825 ' Waterloo, or the
British Minstrel, a poem.' He was bred to-
the art of surgery, and on 26 April 1826 left
England in the schooner Unicorn in Lord
Cochrane's expedition to Greece, during
which he was present in several engagements-
by land and sea. After his return he pub-
lished ' The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians,
a poem,' 1830 ; ' Tales of the Cyclades, poems/
1830: and in 1839 edited a work entitled 'A
Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's-
" Russia.'" On 1 Sept. 1832 he received from
the King of the Belgians a commission as
sous-lieutenant in the Bataillon Etranger
Bradford
157
Bradford
of Belgium, and was appointed to the 1st
regiment of lancers. At one time he held a
commission in the Royal West Middlesex
Militia. He was appointed on 31 Dec. 1835
stipendiary magistrate in Tobago, from which
he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May
1836. He was reappointed to the southern
or Cedros district on 13 April 1839, but
soon returned to England, having been su-
perseded in consequence of a quarrel with
some other colonial officer. In 1841 he
again went to the West Indies in the capa-
city of private secretary to Colonel Mac-
donald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and
in 184:2 he acted for some time as colonial
secretary in Barbados. The charges which
had occasioned his previous return were,
however, renewed, and the government can-
celled his appointment. From that period
he lived very precariously, and for many
years solicited in vain a reversal of his sen-
tence at the colonial office. He turned his
moderate literary talents to account, and
among some communications he made to
the * Gentleman's Magazine ' were articles on
1 The Last of the Paleologi ' in January 1843,
and a ' Memoir of Major-general Thomas
Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe'
in August, September, and October in the
same year. Latterly he practised all the arts
of the professional mendicant. He com-
mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic
acid in the coffee-room of the St. Alban's
Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Square,
London, on 11 Oct. 1852.
[Cochrane's Wanderings in Greece (1837), p.
SO; Gent. Mag. (1853), xxxix. 102; Morning
Post, 13 Oct. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Oct. p. 6.1
G. C. B.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro-
testant martyr, was born of gentle parents
about 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A
local tradition claims him as a native of the
chapelry of Blackley. He was educated at
the grammar school, Manchester. In his
' Meditations on the Commandments,' written
during his imprisonment in the reign of Queen
Mary, he speaks of the ' particular benefits '
that he had received from his parents and
tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered
the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton,
Rutlandshire, who was treasurer at various
times of the king's camps and buildings in
Boulogne. At the siege of Montreuil in
1544 Bradford acted as deputy-paymaster
under Sir John Harrington. On 8 April 1547
he entered the Inner Temple as a student of
common law. Here, at the instance of a fel-
low-student, Thomas Sampson, afterwards
dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention
to the study of divinity. A marked change
now came over his character. He sold his
' chains, rings, brooches, and jewels of gold,'
and gave the money to the poor. Moved by
a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to
be made to the crown of a sum of money
which he or Sir John Harrington had frau-
dulently appropriated. The facts are not
very clear. Sampson in his address * To the
Christian Reader,' prefixed to Bradford's
' Two Notable Sermons,' 1574, states that the
fraud was committed by Bradford and with-
out the knowledge of his master ; but Brad-
ford's own words, in his last examination
before Bishop Gardiner, are : ' My lord, I set
my foot to his foot, whosoever he be, that can
come forth and justly vouch to my face that
ever I deceived 'my master. And as you are
chief justice by office in England, I desire
justice upon them that so slander me, because
they cannot proAre it ' (Examination of Brad-
ford, London, 1561, sig. a vi.) In May 1548
he published translations from Artopoaus
and Chrysostom, and in or about the follow-
ing August entered St. Catharine's Hall,
Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and
profiting in knowledge and godly conversa-
tion ' were such, that on 19 Oct. 1549 the
university bestowed on him, by special grace,
the degree of master of arts. The entry in
the grace book describes him as a man of
mature age and approved life, who had for
eight years been diligently employed in the
study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip-
tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to
a fellowship at Pembroke Hall. In a letter
to Traves, written about November 1549, he
says: 'My fellowship here is worth seven
pound a year, for I have allowed me eighteen-
pence a week, and as good as thirty-three
shillings fourpence a year in money, besides
my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am
bound to nothing but once or twice a year to
keep a problem. Thus you see what a good
Lord God is unto me.' Among his pupils at
Pembroke Hall was John Whitgift, after-
wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of his
intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he
accompanied on a visit to Oxford in July
1550. On 10 Aug. of the same year he was
ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley at Fulham,
and received a license to preach. The bishop
made him one of his chaplains, received him
into his own house, and held him in the
highest esteem. 1 1 thank God heartily,' wrote
Ridley to Bernhere [q. v.] after Bradford's
martyrdom, ' that ever I was acquainted with
our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I
had such a one in my house.' On 24 Aug.
1551 Bradford received the prebend of
Kentish Town, in the church of St. Paul. A
Bradford
158
Bradford
few months later he was appointed one of the
king's six chaplains in ordinary. Two of the
chaplains remained with the king, and four
preached throughout the country. Bradford
preached in many towns of Lancashire and
Cheshire, also in London and Saffron Wai-
den. Foxe says that ' sharply he opened and
reproved sin ; sweetly he preached Christ
crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and
errors ; earnestly he persuaded to godly life.'
John Knox, in his ' Godly Letter,' 1554,
speaks with admiration of his intrepidity in
the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with
passionate earnestness. He takes the first
words that come to hand, and makes no at-
tempt to construct elaborate periods. ' Let
us, even to the wearing of our tongue to the
stumps, preach and pray,' he exclaims in the
'Sermon on Repentance;' and not for a
moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke
out boldly and never shrank from denouncing
the vices of the great. In a sermon preached
before Edward VI he rebuked the worldliness
of the courtiers, declaring that God's ven-
geance would come upon the ungodly among
them, and bidding them take example by the
sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke
of Somerset. At the close of his sermon,
with weeping eyes and in a voice of lamen-
tation, he cried out aloud : ' God punished
him ; and shall He spare you that be double
more wicked ? No, He shall not. Will ye
or will ye not, ye shall drink the cup of the
Lord's wrath. Judicium Domini, .Indicium
Domini ! The judgment of the Lord, the
judgment of the Lord ! '
On 13 Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces-
sion of Queen Mary, a sermon in defence of
Bonner and against Edward VI was preached
at St. Paul's Cross by Gilbert Bourne [q. v.],
rector of High Ongar in Essex, and afterwards
bishop of Bath and Wells. The sermon gave
great offence to the hearers, who would have
pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to
pieces if Bradford and John Rogers, vicar of
St. Sepulchre's, had not interposed. On the
same day in the afternoon Bradford preached
at Bow Church, Cheapside, and reproved the
people for the violence that had been offered
in the morning to Bourne. Within three
days after this occurrence Bradford was sum-
moned before the privy council on the charge
of preaching seditious sermons, and was com-
mitted to the Tower, where he wrote his
treatise on * The Hurt of Hearing Mass.' At
first he was permitted to see no man but his
keeper ; afterwards this severity was relaxed,
and he was allowed the society of his fellow-
prisoner, Dr. Sandys. On 6 Feb. 1553-4
Bradford and Sandys were separated; the
latter was sent to the Marshalsea, and the
former was lodged in the same room as Cran-
mer, Latimer, and Ridley, the Tower being-
then very full owing to the imprisonment of
; Wyatt and his followers. Latimer, in his
protest addressed to the queen's commis-
sioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker
Society), tells how he and his fellow-prisoners-
* did together read over the New Testament
1 with great deliberation and painful study/
On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the
King's Bench prison. Here, probably by the
favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, the knight-
I marshal of the prison, he was occasionally
j allowed at large on his parole, and was suf-
fered to receive visitors and administer the
1 sacrament. Once a week he used to visit
the criminals in the prison, distributing
charity among them and exhorting them to
amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-5 he was
brought up for examination before Bishops
Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There
is an account (first published in 1561) in his
own words of his three separate examinations
before the commissioners on 22, 29, and
30 Jan. The commissioners questioned him
closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en-
deavoured to convince him that his views
were heretical ; but he answered their argu-
ments with imperturbable calmness, and re-
fused to be convinced. Accordingly he was
condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was
committed to the Compter in the Poultry.
It was at first determined to have him burned
at his native town, Manchester ; but, whether
in the hope of making him recant or from
fear of enraging the people of Manchester,
the authorities finally kept him in London
and waited some months before carrying
out the sentence. At the Compter he was
visited by several catholic divines, who en-
deavoured unsuccessfully to effect his conver-
sion. Among these were Archbishop Heath,
Bishop Day, Alphonsus a Castro, afterwards
archbishop of Compostella, and Bartholomew
Carranza, confessor to King Philip, and after-
wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as
he refused to recant, a day was fixed for car-
rying out the sentence. On Sunday, 30 June
1555, he was taken late at night from the
Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in
tears bidding him farewell. In spite of the
lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad,
and as he passed along Cheapside the people
wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread
that he was to be burned at four o'clock the
next morning, and by that hour a great con-
course of people had assembled ; but it was
not until nine o'clock that he was brought to .
the stake. ' Then,' says Foxe, l was he led
forth to Smithfield with a great company of
weaponed men to conduct him thither, as the-
Bradford
Bradford
like was not seen at no man's burning ; for
in every corner of Smithfield there were some,
besides those who stood about the stake.' A
young man named John Leaf was his fellow-
martyr. After taking a faggot in his hand
and kissing it, Bradford desired of the sheriffs
that his servant might have his raiment.
Consent being given, he put off his raiment
and went to the stake. Then holding up his
hands, and looking up to heaven, he cried :
' 0 England, England, repent thee of thy
sins, repent thee of thy sins. Beware of
idolatry, beware ,of false antichrists ; take
heed they do not deceive you.' As he was
speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be
tied if he would not keep silence. ' O master
sheriff,' said Bradford, * I am quiet. God for-
give you this, master sheriff.' Then having
asked the people to pray for him he turned
to John Leaf and said : ' Be of good comfort,
brother, for we shall have a merry supper
with the Lord this night.' His last words
were : ' Strait is the way and narrow is the
gate that leadeth to salvation, and few there
be that find it.'
Bradford was a man of singularly gentle
character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that
he was ' of a more soft and mild nature than
many of his fellows.' There is a tradition
that on seeing some criminals going to exe-
cution ht> xclaimed : ' But for the grace of
God there goes John Bradford.' Often when
engaged in conversation he would suddenly
fall into a deep reverie, during which his eyes
would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles.
In all companies he would reprove sin and
misbehaviour in any person, ' especially
swearers, filthy talkers, and popish praters ; '
but the manner of his reproof was at once so
earnest and so kindly that none could take
offence. His life was passed in prayer and
study. He seldom slept more than four hours,
and he ate only one meal a day. In person
he was tall and slender, of a somewhat san-
guine complexion, and with an auburn beard.
A portrait of him (which is engraved in
Baines's ' History of Lancashire, ii. 243) is
preserved in the Chetham Library at Man-
chester. A more modern portrait is in Pem-
broke Hall, Cambridge.
The following is a list of Bradford's wri-
tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the
Lawe and of the Gospell, gathered owt of the
hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . .
Translated into English,' London, 1548, 8vo.
2. ' A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me-
lanchthon], translated into English,' London,
n. d. 8vo. 3. ' Two Notable Sermons, the one
of Repentance, and the other of the Lorde's
Supper,' London, 1574, 1581, 1599, 1617 ; the
* Sermon on Repentance ' had been issued se-
parately in 1553 and 1558. 4. ' Complaint of
I Verity e,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed
I in a collection issued by William Copland.
j 5. 'A Godlye Medytacyon,' London, 1559.
' 6. ' Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes.
Prayer, the Beleefe, and Ten Commande-
ments ... whereunto is annexed a defence
of the doctrine of God's eternal election and
j predestination,' London, 1562,1578, 1604, &c.
• 7. ' Meditations ; ' from his autograph in a
! copy of Tyndale's New Testament. 8. ' Medi-
tations and Prayers from manuscripts in Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, and elsewhere/
9. ' All the Examinacions of the Constante
Martir of God, M. John Bradforde, before
the Lord Chancellour, B. of Winchester,
the B. of London, and other comissioners ;
whereunto ar annexed his priuate talk and
conflictes in prison after his condemnacion,r
' &c. 1561. 10. ' Hurte of hering Masse,' n. d.
I (printed by Copland), 1580, 1596. 11. 'A
' FruitefulT Treatise and full of heavenly con-
| solation against the feare of death,' n. d.
12. Five treatises, namely (1) ' The Old Man
and the New;' (2) ' The Flesh and the Spirit ; *
(3) 'Defence of Election;' (4) 'Against the
Fear of Death ; ' (5) ' The Restoration of all
Things.' 13. ' Ten Declarations and Ad-
dresses.' 14. 'An Exhortation to the Brethren
in England, and four farewells to London,
Cambridge, Lancashire, and Cheshire, and
Saffron Walden ; ' from Coverdale's ' Letters
of the Martyrs ' and Foxe's ' Acts and Monu-
ments.' 15. 'Sweet Meditations of the
Kingdom of Christ,' n. d. 16. Letters from
Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' 1563, 1570,
and 1583 ; Coverdale's ' Letters of the Mar-
tyrs,' Strype's 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' and
manuscripts in Emmanuel College, Cam-
bridge, and British Museum. It is probable
that Bradford contributed to 'A Confuta-
cion of Four Romish Doctrines,' a treatise en-
titled 'An Exhortacion to the Carienge of
Chryste's crosse, with a true and briefe confu-
tacion of false and papistical! doctryne,' n. d.,
printed abroad. A complete collection of
Bradford's writings, very carefully edited
by Rev. Aubrey Townsend, was published at
Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols.
8vo, 1848-53.
[Life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts
and Monuments ; Strype ; Holling worth's Man-
cuniensis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Baines's Lanca-
shire, ii. 243-54; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, i. 125;
Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses.] A. H. B.
BRADFORD, EARL or. [See NEWPORT,
FRANCIS.]
BRADFORD, JOHN (d. 1780), Welsh
poet, was born early in the eighteenth cen-
Bradford
160
Bradford
tury. In 1730, while still a boy, be was ad-
mitted a * disciple ' of the bardic chair of
Glamorgan, in which chair he himself pre-
sided in 1750. Some of his poems, ' moral
pieces of great merit,' according to Dr. Owen
Pughe, were printed in a contemporary Welsh
periodical entitled the ' Eurgrawn.'
[Owen Pughe's Cambrian Biography.]
A. M.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1750-1805), dis-
senting minister, was born at Hereford in
1750, the son of a clothier, educated at Here-
ford grammar school, and at Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of
B.A. On leaving college he accepted a
curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he
married when twenty-eight years of age, and
had a family of twelve children. About this
time his religious opinions became decidedly
Calvinistic, and he preached in several of
Lady Huntingdon's chapels. On account of
this irregularity the rector discharged him
from his curacy. He then joined the Countess
of Huntingdon's connection, and, after spend-
ing some time in South Wales, removed to
Birmingham, and preached with great popu-
larity in the old playhouse, which the countess
had purchased and made into a chapel for
him. Subsequently he left the connection
of the countess for a new chapel in Bar-
tholomew Street, supplementing his small
income by making watch-chains. Not being
successful, he removed to London in 1797,
and preached till his death in the City Chapel,
Grub Street. He died 16 July 1805, and
was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some account
of his life is given in an octavo volume, chiefly
controversial, by his successor, William Wales
Home. Bradford published : 1 . ' The Law
of Faith opposed to the Law of Works,' Bir-
mingham, 1787 (being an answer to the bap-
tist circular letter signed Joshua Thomas).
2. * An Address to the Inhabitants of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of
two Ministers sent by the Countess of Hunt-
ingdon,' 1788. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns '
(some of them composed by himself), 1792.
4, 'The Difference between True and False
Holiness.' 5. 'A Christian's Meetness for
Glory.' 6. ' Comfort for the Feeble-minded.'
7. 'The Gospel spiritually discerned.' 8. 'One
Baptism.' A fine octavo edition of ' Bun-
van's Pilgrim's Progress, with Notes by John
Bradford,' was published in 1792. Mr. Offor
says, ' These notes are very valuable.'
[Bunjan's Works (ed. Offor), with notes to
the Pilgrim by Bradford ; Gadsby's Memoirs of
Hymn Writers ; Home's Life of the Rev. John
Bradford, 1806.] J. H. T.
BRADFORD, SAMUEL, D.D. (1652-
1731), bishop successively of Carlisle and
Rochester, was the son of William Bradford,
a citizen of London, who distinguished him-
self as a parish officer at the time of the plague,
and was born in St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on
20 Dec. 1652. He was educated at St. Paul's
School ; and when the school was closed, owing
to the plague and the fire of London, he at-
tended the Charterhouse. He was admitted
to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1669, but
left without a degree in consequence of re-
ligious scruples. He devoted himself for a
time to the study of medicine ; but, his former
scruples being removed, he was admitted in
1680, through the favour of Archbishop San-
croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate,
and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 July
1697. He shrank from taking orders until
after the Revolution, and acted as private
tutor in the families of several country gen-
tlemen. Bradford was ordained deacon and
priest in 1690, and in the spring of the follow-
ing year was elected by the governors of St.
Thomas's Hospital the minister of their church
in Southwark. He soon received the lecture-
ship of St. Mary-le-Bow, and was tutor to the
two grandsons of Archbishop Tillotson, with
whom he resided at Carlisle House, Lambeth.
In November 1693 Dr. Tillotson collated
Bradford to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow ;
he then resigned his minor ecclesiastical pre-
ferments, but soon after accepted the lecture-
ship of All Hallows, in Bread Street.
Bradford was a frequent preacher before
the corporation of London, and was a staunch
whig and protestant. On 30 Jan. 1698 he
preached before William III, who was so
much pleased that in March following he ap-
pointed Bradford one of the royal chaplains
in ordinary. The appointment was continued
by Queen Anne, by whose command he was
created D.D. on the occasion of her visit to
the university of Cambridge, 16 April 1705 ;
and on 23 Feb. 1708 was made a prebendary
of Westminster.
In 1699 Bradford delivered the Boyle lec-
ture in St. Paul's Cathedral, and preached
eight sermons on ' The Credibility of the
Christian Revelation, from its Intrinsick Evi-
dence.' These, with a ninth sermon preached
in his own church in January 1700, were is-
sued with other Boyle lectures delivered
between 1691 and 1732, in 'A Defence of Na-
tural and Revealed Religion,' &c. 3 vols. fol.,
London, 1739.
Bradford was elected master of Corpus
Christi College on 17 May 1716; and on
21 April 1718 was nominated to the bishop-
ric of Carlisle, to which he was consecrated
on 1 June following. In 1723 he was trans-
Bradford
161
Bradford
lated to the see of Rochester, and was also
appointed to the deanery of Westminster,
which he held in commendam with the bi-
shopric of Rochester. In 1724 Bradford re-
signed the mastership of Corpus Christi, and
in 1725 became the first dean of the revived
order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731,
at the deanery of Westminster, and was buried
In the abbey. JWWjflWS'SWISJ &.£
Bradford s wife, who survived him, was
a daughter of Captain Ellis of Medbourne
in Leicestershire, and bore him one son
and two daughters. One of the latter was
married to Dr. Reuben Clarke, archdeacon
of Essex, and the other to Dr. John Denne,
archdeacon of Rochester. His son, the Rev.
William Bradford, died on 15 July 1728,
aged thirty-two, when he was archdeacon of
Rochester and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bradford published more than a score of
separate sermons. One of these — a ' Discourse
concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regenera-
tion,' 2nd ed., 8vo, London, 1709 — attained a
singular popularity. A ninth edition was pub-
lished in 1819 by the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
[Graduati Cantab. 1787; Gent. Mag. May
1731; Chronological Diary, 1731; Birch's Life
of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752 ; History and An-
tiquities of Rochester, &c., 1817; R. Masters's
Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (Lamb), 1831 ; Le
Neve's Fasti, 1851.] A. H. G.
BRADFORD, SIB THOMAS (1777-
1853), general, was the eldest son of Thomas
Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaster, and
Ashdown Park in Sussex, and was born on
1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign
In the 4th regiment on 20 Oct. 1793. He was
promoted major into the Nottinghamshire
Fencibles, then stationed in Ireland, in 1795.
He gave proof of military ability during the
Irish rebellion, and in 1801 was promoted
"brevet lieutenant-colonel, and appointed as-
sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was
again brought on to the strength of the army
as major in 1805, and served with Auchmuty
as deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the
expedition to South America. In June 1808
he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur
Wellesley to Portugal, and was present at
the battles of Vimeiro and Corunna. On his
return to England he became assistant adju-
tant-general at Canterbury, and lieutenant-
colonel in succession of the 34th and 82nd
regiments in 1809. In 1810 he was promoted
•colonel, and took the command of a brigade
in the Portuguese army. He proved himself
one of the most successful Portuguese briga-
diers, and at the attack on the Arapiles in
the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade
VOL. 71.
showed itself worthy of a place beside the
British army. In 1813 he was promoted
major-general, and made a mariscal de campo
in the Portuguese service, receiving the com-
mand of a Portuguese division. He com-
manded this division at Vittoria, at the siege
of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the
Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was
so severely wounded that he had to return to
England.
In 1814 he was placed on the staff of the
northern district, and made K.C.B. and
K.T.S. ; but he missed the battle of Water-
loo, at which his younger brother, Lieutenant-
colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B.,
who had also been a staff officer in the
Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the
seventh division of the army of occupation
in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops
in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted
lieutenant-general in May 1825, and was thei*
appointed commander-in-chief of the troops
in the Bombay presidency. He held this
command for four years, and on his return to
England in 1829 received the colonelcy of
the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made
G.C.H., in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro-
moted general, and in 1846 exchanged the
colonelcy of the 38th for that of the 4th regi-
ment. He died in London on 28 Nov. 1853,
aged 75.
[Royal Military Calendar ; obituary notices
in the Times, Gent. Mag., and Colburn's United
Service Magazine.] H. M. S.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657),
second governor of Plymouth, New England,
and one of the founders of the colony, was
born in a small village on the southern border
of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in
Mather's ' Magnalia,' the chief authority on
his early life, wrongly printed Ansterfield,
and was first identified as Austerfield by
Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the
Early History of the Founders of New Eng-
land). William was the eldest son and third
child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter
of John Hanson, and according to the entry
still to be found in the parish register was
baptised 19 March 1589-90. The family held
the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 his two
grandfathers, William Bradford and John
Hanson, were the only persons of property in
the township. On the death of his father,
on 15 July 1591, he was left, according to
Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance/
and ' was cast on the education, first of his
grandparents and then of his uncles, who de-
voted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs
of husbandry.' He is said to have had serious
impressions of religion at the age of twelve
Bradford
162
Bradford
or thirteen, and shortly afterwards began to
attend the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Clifton, i
puritan rector of Babworth. Notwithstand- !
ing the strong opposition of his relations and i
the scoffs of his neighbours, he joined the com-
pany of puritan separatists, or Brownists,who
first met at the house of William Brewster
[q.v.] at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, in 1606,
and were presided over by Clifton. The com- i
munity within a short period obtained con-
siderable accessions, but, being threatened
with persecution, resolved to remove to Hol-
land. Bradford, along with the principal
members of the party, entered into negotia-
tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to
embark them at Boston, but betrayed their
intention to the magistrates, who sent some
of them to prison, and compelled others to
return to their homes. Bradford after seve-
ral months' imprisonment succeeded, in the
spring of the following year, in reaching
Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster-
dam, he became apprenticed to a French
protest ant who was engaged in the manufac-
ture of silk. On coming of age he converted
his estate in England into money, and entered
into business on his own account, in which
he is said to have been somewhat unsuccess-
ful. About 1609 he removed with the com-
munity to Leyden, and when, actuated by a
desire to live as Englishmen under English
rule, they resolved to emigrate to some Eng- \
lish colony, he was among the most zealous
and active in the promotion of the enterprise.
Their choice lay between Guinea and New
England, and was finally decided in favour
of the latter. By the assistance of Sir Edwin
Sandys, treasurer, and afterwards governor
of Virginia, a patent was granted them for
a tract of country within that colony, and on
5 Sept. 1620 Bradford, with the first com-
pany of ( Pilgrim Fathers,' numbering in all
a hundred men, women, and children, em-
barked for their destination in the Mayflower
at Southampton. By stress of weather they
were prevented landing within the territory of
the Virginia Company, and finding themselves
in a region beyond the patent, they drew up
and signed a compact of government before
landing at the harbour of Plymouth— already
so named in Smith's map of 1616. Under
this compact Carver was chosen the first
governor, and on his death on 21 April 1621
the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected
every year continuously, with the exception
of two intervals respectively of three years
and two years at his own special request.
This fact sufficiently indicates his paramount
influence in the colony, an influence due both
to the unselfishness and gentleness of his
nature, and to his great practical abilities as
a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to*
his energy and forethought that the colony
at the most critical period of its history was
not visited by overwhelming disaster. Among
the earliest acts of his administration was to-
send an embassy to confirm a league with the
Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered
by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to
that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding his.
friendship it was found necessary in 1622, on
account of the threats of the sachem of Narra-
gansett, to fortify the town, but no attack was
made. Another plot entered into among cer-
tain chiefs to exterminate the English was,
through the sachem of Masassoit, disclosed to
Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem
the ringleaders were seized and put to death.
The friendship of the Indians, necessary as it
was in itself, was also of the highest advan-
tage on account of the threatened extinction
of the colony by famine. The constant ar-
rival of new colonists frequently reduced
them almost to the starving point. The
scarcity was increased by the early attempts
at communism, and it was not till after an
agreement that each family should plant for
themselves on such ground as should be as-
signed them by lot, that they were relieved
from the necessity of increasing their supplies
of provisions by traffic with the Indians.
In 1629 a patent was obtained from the
council of New England, vesting the colony
in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso-
ciates, and assigns, confirming their title to
a certain tract of land, and conferring the
power to frame a constitution and laws. In
framing their laws, the model adopted by
the colonists was primarily and principally
the ' ancient platform of God's law, and
secondly the laws of England. At first the
whole body of freemen assembled for legis-
lative, executive, and judicial business, but
in 1634 the governor and his assistants were
constituted a judicial court, and afterwards
the supreme judiciary. The first assembly of
representatives met in 1639, and in the fol-
lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re-
quest, surrendered the patent into the hands
of the general court, reserving to himself
only his proportion as settler by previous
agreement. He died on 9 May 1657. His
first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at
Leyden on 20 Nov. 1613, was drowned at
Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on
14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter,
widow of Edward Southworth, a lady with
whom he had been previously acquainted in
England, and who, at his request, had arrived
in the colony with the view of being mar-
ried to him. By his first marriage he had
one son, and by his second two sons and a
Bradford
163
Bradford
daughter. His son William, by the second
marriage (born on 17 June 1624, died on
20 Feb. 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the
colony, and attained high distinction during
the wars with the Indians.
Though not enj oy ing special educational ad-
vantages in early life, Bradford possessed
more literary culture than was common
among those of similar occupation to him-
self. He had some knowledge of Latin and
Greek, and knew sufficient Hebrew to enable
him to l see with his own eyes the ancient
oracles of God in their native beauty.' He
was also well read in history and philosophy,
and an adept in the theological discussion
peculiar to the time. He employed much of
his leisure in literary composition, but the
only work of his which appeared in his life-
time was ' A Diary of Occurrences ' during
the first year of the colony, from their land-
ing at Cape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec.
1621. This book, written in conjunction
with Edward Winslow, was printed at
London in 1622, with a preface signed by
G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind
him are thus referred to in a clause of his
will : ' I commend unto your wisdom and
discretion some small books written by my
own hand, to be improved as you shall see
meet. In special I commend to you a little
book with a black cover, wherein there is a
word to Plymouth, a word to Boston, and a
word to New England.' These books are all
written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the
Historical Society of Massachusetts there is a
transcript copy of these verses which bears date
1657. It contains (1) * Some observations
of God's merciful dealings with us in this
wilderness,' published first in a fragmentary
form in 1794 in vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 77-84,
of the ' Collections of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society,' by Belknap, among whose
papers the fragment of the original manu-
script was found, and in 1858 presented
to the society ; published in complete form
in the ' Proceedings ' of the society, 1869-70,
pp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to Plymouth,'
first published in 'Proceedings,' 1869-70,
pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) « Of Boston in New
England,' and ' A Word to New England,'
published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the
' Collections ;' (5) * Epitaphium Meum,' pub-
lished in Morton's ' Memorial,' pp. 264-5 of
Davis's edition ; and (6) a long piece in verse
on the religious sects of New England, which
has never been published. In 1841 Alexander
Young published * Chronicles of the Pilgrim
Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602
to 1625,' containing, in addition to other
tracts, the following writings belonging to
Bradford: (1) A fragment of his 'History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his-
tory of the community before its removal to
Holland down to 1620, when it set sail for
America, printed from a manuscript in the
records of the First Church, Plymouth, in
the handwriting of Secretary Morton, with
the inscription, ' This was originally penned
by Mr. Wm. Bradford, governor of New
Plymouth ; ' (2) the ' Diary of Occurrences r
referred to above, first printed 1622, again
in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in
the fourth volume of his ' Pilgrims,' thus re-
printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ' Collections,' and the
portions omitted in the abridgment reprinted
with a number of errors in vol. xix. of the
' Collections,' from a manuscript copy of the
original made at Philadelphia ; (3) ' A. Dia-
logue or the Sum of a Conference between
some young men born in New England and
sundry ancient men that came out of Hol-
land and Old England,' 1648, printed from
a complete copy in the records of the First
Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied
by Secretary Morton, but existing also in
a fragmentary form in the handwriting of
Bradford in the Cabinet of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ; (4) a ' Memoir of
Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from
the original manuscript into the church re-
cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter-
book, containing letters to him, rescued from a
grocer's shop in Halifax, the earlier and more
valuable part having been destroyed. Brad-
ford was the author of two other dialogues
or conferences, of which the second has ap-
parently perished, but the third, l concerning
the church and government thereof,' having
the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some
old papers taken from the remains of Mr.
Prince's collection, belonging to the old South
Church of Boston, and published in the i Pro-
ceedings ' of the Massachusetts Historical So-
ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-64. Copies of several
of his letters were published in the ' Collec-
tions ' of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to
JohnWinthrop in vol.vi. 4th series, pp. 156-61.
The manuscripts of Bradford were made use
of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for
their historical works, and are the principal
authorities for the early history of the colony.
Besides the manuscripts already mentioned,
they had access to a connected ' History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' by Bradford, which
at one time existed in Bradford's own hand-
writing in the New England Library, but
was supposed to have been lost during the war
with England. In Anderson's 'History of
the Colonial Church,' published in 1848, the
manuscript was referred to as ' now in the
M2
Bradford
164
Bradford
possession of the Bishop of London,' but
the statement not having come under the
notice of any one in New England interested
in the matter, it was not till 1855 that cer-
tain paragraphs in a ' History of the Pro-
testant Episcopal Church of America,' by
Samuel Wilberforce, published in 1846, pro-
fessedly quoted from a l MS. History of Ply-
mouth in the Fulham Library,' led to its
identification. These paragraphs were shown
by J. W. Thornton to the Rev. Mr. Barry,
author of ' The History of Massachusetts,'
who brought them under the notice of Sam.
G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden-
tified with certain passages from Bradford's
* History,' quoted by the earlier historians.
On inquiry in England the surmise was con-
firmed, and a copy having been made from
the manuscript in Bradford's handwriting in
the Fulham Library, it was published in
vol. iii. (1856) of the 4th series of the < Col-
lections ' of the Mass. Hist. Soc. The manu-
script is supposed to have been taken to Eng-
land in 1774 by Governor Hutchinson, who
is the last person in America known to have
had it in his possession. The printed book-
plate of the New England Library is pasted
on one of the blank leaves.
[The chief original sources for the life of Brad-
ford are his own writings ; Mather's Magnalia,
vol. ii. chap. i. ; ShurtlefFs Eecollections of the
Pilgrims in Russell's Guide to Plymouth ; Mor-
ton's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning
the Early History of the Founders of New Ply-
mouth, 1849. See also Belknap's American Bio-
graphy, ii. 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the
Pilgrims ; Fessenden's Genealogy of the Bradford
Family ; .Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the
First Settlers of New England, i. 231 ; Raine's
History of the Parish of Blyth; Hutchinson's
History of Massachusetts; Collections of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series,
vol. iii. ; Winsor's Governor Bradford's Manu-
script History of Plymouth Plantation and its
Transmission to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who
identified Bradford's Manuscript? 1883.]
T. F. H.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752),
the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the
son of William and Anne Bradford of Lei-
cestershire, where the family had held a good
position for several generations. He is usually
said to have been born in 1658, and on his
tombstone the date is 1660, but both dates
are contradicted by the ' American Almanac'
for 1739, printed by himself, where, under the
month of May, the following entry appears :
< The printer born the 20th, 1663.' He learned
his art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace-
church Street, London. Sowles was an inti-
mate friend of William Penn and George Fox,
and his daughter Elizabeth married Bradford.
It says much for the enlightened forethought
i of Penn that he induced Bradford to ac-
j company him in his first voyage to Penn-
j sylvania, on which he sailed 1 Sept. 1682.
| Bradford returned to London, but he set out
again in 1685, hoping to embrace within his
operations the whole of the middle colonies.
In 1692 he was printing for Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island,
and in 1702 also for Maryland. The earliest
issue from his press is an almanac for 1686
(printed in 1685), entitled ' America's Mes-
senger/ of which there is a copy in the
Quakers' Library, London. In 1686, aloi
with some Germans of the name of Ritten"!
house, he erected on the Wissahickon, near
Philadelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta'
blished in America. Apart from almanac^
his first publication was in 1688, a volumf
entitled ' The Temple of Wisdom/ which in'
eluded the essays and religious meditation)
of Francis Bacon. Of this book there ij
a copy in the Quakers' Library, London
The honour of being the first to propose th«
printing of the Bible in America is usuallf
assigned to Cotton Mather, but in 1688, seveL
years before Mather, Bradford had entered
upon the project of printing a copy of the Holy
Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the
Book of Common Prayer. In 1689 he was
summoned before the governor and council
of Pennsylvania for printing the charter.
During the disputes in the colony caused by
the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford,
who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub-
lishing the writings of Keith and Budd, and
his press, type, and instruments were seized.
Not only, however, were they restored to him
by Fletcher, governor of New York, during his
temporary administration of Pennsylvania,
but at the instance of Fletcher he went to
New York, where, on 12 Oct. 1693, he was
appointed royal printer at a salary of 40£,
which was raised in 1696 to 60/., and in
1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deacon
of Trinity Church, New York, from which
he received 30/. on bond, to enable him to
print the Common Prayer and version of the
Psalms, and when the enterprise did not pay
the bond was returned to him. In 1725 he
began the publication of the 'New York
Gazette/the first newspaper published in New
York, which he edited until his eightieth
year. He was also appointed king's printer
for New Jersey, as appears from the earliest
copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717.
He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty-
nine. He was buried in the grounds of
Trinity Church, New York, where there is
a monument to his memory. His character
Bradick
165
Bradley
is thus summed up in the ' New York Ga-
zette ' of 25 May 1752 : ' He was a man of
great sobriety and industry, a real friend to
the poor and needy, and kind and affable to
all. He was a true Englishman. His tem-
perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he
was a stranger to sickness all his life.'
[New York Gazette, 25 May 1752 ; New York
Historical Magazine, iii. 171-76 (containing ca-
talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ;
Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians,
1859, pp. 124-9 ; Penington's An Apostate ex-
posed, or George Keith contradicting himself
and his brother Bradford, 1695; the Tryals of
Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and
Wm. Bradford, Quakers, for several great mis-
demeanours (as was pretended by their adver-
saries) before a Court of Quakers, at the Session
held at Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, 9th, 10th,
and 12th day of December 1692, printed first
beyond the sea, and now reprinted in London
for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1
T. F. H.
BRADICK, WALTER (1706-1794), a
merchant at Lisbon, was ruined by the earth-
quake which destroyed that city in 1755.
Returning to England he had the further
misfortune to lose his eyesight, and in 1774,
on the nomination of the queen, he was ad-
mitted to the Charterhouse, where he died
on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ' Cho-
heleth, or the Royal Preacher,' a poem, and he
was the author of ' several detached publica-
tions.' A contemporary record of his death
affirms that i Choheleth ' ' will be a lasting
testimony to his abilities,' but it may be
doubted whether the work is now extant.
[Information from Master of Charterhouse ;
Gent. Mag. Ixv. pt. i. 83.] J. M. S.
BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871),
eminent as a preacher and writer of sermons
published between 1818 and 1853, belonged
to the evangelical school of the church of
England. He was born at Halstead, Essex,
in February 1789. His parents, Thomas and
Ann Bradley, were both of Yorkshire origin,
but settled in "Wallingford, where their son
Charles, the elder of two sons, passed the
greater part of the first twenty-five years of
his life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep-
herd of Yattenden, took pupils and edited
several school books, one or two of which are
still in use. He was, for a time after his mar-
riage, a member of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford,
but was ordained on reaching the age of 23,
without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812
became curate of High "Wycombe. Here for
many years he combined the work of a
private tutor with the sole charge of a large
parish. Among his pupils were the late
Mr. Smith O'Brien, the leader for a short
time of the so-called national party in Ire-
land ; Mr. Bonamy Price, professor of poli-
tical economy in the university of Oxford ;
and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more
than half a century in the diocese and city
of Winchester. His powers as a preacher
soon attracted attention. He formed the ac-
quaintance of William Wilberforce, Thomas
Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and
others ; and a volume of sermons, published
in 1818 with a singularly felicitous dedica-
tion to Lord Liverpool, followed by a second
edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The
sixth edition was published in 1824, the
eleventh in 1854.
In the year 1825 he was presented by
Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids,
afterwards of Lichfield) to the vicarage of
Glasbury in Brecknockshire. Here a volume
of sermons was published in 1825, which
reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained
the living of Glasbury till his death, but in
the year 1829 became the first incumbent of
St. James's Chapel at Clapham in Surrey,
where he resided, with some periods of absence,
till 1852.
By this time his reputation as a preacher
was fully established. His striking face and
figure and dignified and impressive delivery
added to the effect produced by the substance
and style of his sermons, which were pre-
pared and written with unusual care and
thought. A volume of sermons published in
1831, followed by two volumes of 'Practical
Sermons' in 1836 and 1838, by ' Sacramental
Sermons ' in 1842, and ' Sermons on the Chris-
tian Life ' in 1853, had for many years an
exceedingly large circulation, and were widely
preached in other pulpits than his own, not
only in England and Wales, but in Scotland
and America. Of late years their sale greatly
declined, but the interest taken in them has
revived, and a volume of selections was pub-
lished in 1884.
Quite apart from the character of their
contents, as enforcing the practical and spe-
culative side of Christianity from the point
of view of the earlier leaders of the evange-
lical party in the church of England, the
literary merits of Bradley's sermons will
probably give them a lasting place in litera-
ture of the kind. No one can read them
without being struck by their singular sim-
plicity and force, and at the same time by
the sustained dignity and purity of the lan-
guage.
Bradley was the father of a numerous
family. By his first wife, who died in 1831,
he had thirteen children, of whom twelve
survived him. The eldest of six sons was
Bradley
166
Bradley
the late Rev. C. Bradley of Soutligate, well
known in educational circles. The fourth is
the present dean of Westminster (late master
of University College, Oxford, and formerly of
Marlborough College). By his second mar-
riage in 1840 with Emma, daughter of Mr.
John Linton, he also left a large family, one
of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer-
ton College, Oxford, author of a work on
ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrew
Cecil, fellow of Balliol, is professor of English
literature at Liverpool.
Bradley spent the last period of his life at
Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871.
[Personal knowledge.]
G. G. B.
BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816-1863),
journalist, was born at Whitby in Yorkshire
in 1816, and apprenticed to a firm of printers
in his native town. After being for several
years a reporter on the ' York Herald ' he
was appointed editor of the ' Sunderland and
Durham County Herald,' and about 1848 he
became editor and one of the proprietors of
the ' Newcastle Guardian.' He resided at
Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. 1863,
being greatly respected, and for a consider-
able period an influential member of the
town council. Bradley published ' A Con-
cise and Practical System of Short -hand
Writing, with a brief History of the Progress
of the Art. Illustrated by sixteen engraved
lessons and exercises,' London, 1843, 12mo.
The system is a variation of Dr. Mayor's.
[Whitby Times, 23 Oct. 1863; Rockwell's
Teaching, Practice, and Literature of Shorthand,
70.] T. C.
BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), as-
tronomer-royal, was the third son of William
Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at
Bradley Castle, county Durham, from the
fourteenth century, by his marriage, in 1678,
with Jane Pound of Bishop's Canning in
Wiltshire. He was born at Sherbourn in
Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March
1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain-
able. He was educated at the Northleach
grammar school, and was admitted as a com-
moner to Balliol College, Oxford, 15 March
1711, when in his eighteenth year, proceeding
B.A. 15 Oct. 1714, and M.A. 21 June 1717.
His university career had little share in
moulding his genius. His uncle, the Rev.
James Pound, rector of Wanstead in Essex,
was at that time one of the best astronomical
observers in England. A warm attachment
sprang up between him and his nephew. He
nursed him through the small-pox in 1717 ;
he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from
a somewhat straitened home ; above all, he
discerned and cultivated his extraordinary
talents. Bradley quickly acquired all his
instructor's skill and more than his ardour.
Every spare moment was devoted to co-
operation with him. His handwriting ap-
pears in the WTanstead books from 1715, and
the journals of the Royal Society notice
a communication from him. regarding the
aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formally
introduced to the learned world by Halley,
who, in publishing his observation of an ap-
pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717,
prophetically described him as ' eruditus
juvenis,qui simul industria et ingenio pollens
his studiis promovendis aptissimus natus
est ' (Phil Trans, xxx. 853). The skill with
which he and Pound together deduced from
the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral-
lax between 9" and 12", was praised by the
same authority (ib. xxxi. 114), who again
imparted to the Royal Society ' some very
curious observations' made by Bradley on
Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for
the sun of less than 10" ( Journal Books R.
Soc. 16 Nov. 1721). The entry of one of
these states that 'the 15-feet tube was moved
by a machine that made it to keep pace with
the stars' (BRADLEY, Miscellaneous Works,
p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving
automatic movement to a telescope.
Doubtless with the view of investigating
annual parallax, Bradley noted the relative
positions of the component stars of y Virginis,
12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719
and 1 Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter
observation about 1759 brought the discovery
of their orbital revolution almost within his
grasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyne to
Herschel, served to confirm and correct its
theory (Phil Tram, xciii. 363).
Bradley's first sustained research, however,
was concerned with the Jovian system. He
early began to calculate the tabular errors of
each eclipse observed, and the collation of older
observations with his own afforded him the
discovery that the irregularities of the three
inner satellites (rightly attributed to their
mutual attraction) recur in the same order
after 437 days. His ' Corrected Tables ' were
finished in 1718, but, though printed in the
following year with Halley's i Planetary
Tables,' remained unpublished until 1749, by
which time they had become obsolete. The
appended 'Remarks' ( Works, p. 81), de-
scribing the 437-day cycle, are stated by the
minutes to have been read before the Royal
Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then
already a fellow ; he was elected 6 Nov. 1718,
on the motion of Halley, and under the pre-
sidential sanction of Newton.
The choice of a profession meantime be-
Bradley
167
Bradley
•came imperative. He had been brought up
to the church, and in 1719 Hoadly, bishop
of Hereford, presented him to the vicarage of
Bridstow. On this title, accordingly, he was
ordained deacon at St. Paul's, 24 May, and
priest, 25 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine-
cure rectory of Llandewi-Velfry in Pem-
brokeshire was procured for him by his friend
•Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the Prince of
Wales, and he also became chaplain to the
bishop of Hereford. His prospects of promo-
tion were thus considerable, but he continued
to frequent Wanstead, and took an early op-
portunity of extricating himself from a posi- !
tion in which his duties were at variance with |
his inclinations. The Savilian chair of as- !
tronomy at Oxford became vacant by the
death of Keill in August 1721. Bradley was
•elected to fill it 31 Oct., and, immediately re-
signing his preferments, found himself free to
follow his bent on an income which amounted
in 1724 to 138/. 5s. 9d. He read his in-
augural lecture 26 April 1722.
In 1723 we find him assisting his uncle
in experiments upon Hadlev's new reflector
(Phil. Trans, xxxii. 382) ; and Hadley's ex-
ample and instructions encouraged him, about
the same time, to attempt the grinding of
specula (SMITH, A Compleat System of Op-
ticks, ii. 302). In this he was only partially
successful, though his mechanical skill sufficed
at all times for the repair and adjustment of
his instruments. His observations and ele-
ments of a comet discovered by Halley 9 Oct.
1723 formed the subject of his first paper in
•' Philosophical Transactions ' (xxxiii. 41 ; see
NEWTON'S Principia, 3rd edit. lib. iii. prop. 42,
3>. 523, 1726). Bradley was the first successor
of Halley in the then laborious task of com-
puting the orbits of comets. He published
parabolic elements for those of 1737 and 1757
(Phil. Trans, xl. iii, 1. 408), and by his com-
munication to Lemonnier of the orbit of, and
process of calculation applied to, the comet
of 1742, knowledge of his method became
diffused abroad.
By the death of Pound, which took place
16 Nov. 1724, he lost 'a relation to whom he
was dear, even more than by the ties of blood.'
He continued, however, to observe with his
instruments, and to reside with his widow
(visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his
lectures) in a small house in the town of
Wanstead memorable as the scene of his chief
discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24|-foot te-
lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction
of the zenith at the house of Mr. Samuel Moly-
neux on Kew Green. It had been resolved by
him and Bradley to subject Hooke's supposed
detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to
& searching inquiry, and the first observation
for the purpose was made by Molyneux at
noon 3 Dec. 1725. It was repeated by Bradley,
' chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec., when, to
his surprise, he found the star pass a little more
to the southward. This unexpected change,
which was in the opposite direction to what
could have been produced by parallax, con-
tinued, in spite of every precaution against
error, at the rate of about \" in three days ;
and at the end of a year's observation the star
had completed an oscillation 39" in extent.
Meanwhile an explanation was vainly
sought of this enigmatical movement, per-
ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with
their latitude, by other stars. A nutation of
the earth's axis was first thought of, and a test
star, or ' anti-Draco,' on the opposite side of
the pole (35 Camelopardi) was watched from
7 Jan. 1726; but the quantity of its motion was
insufficient to support that hypothesis. The
friends next considered 'what refraction
might do,' on the supposition of an annual
change of figure in the earth's atmosphere
through the action of a resisting medium;
this too was discarded on closer examination.
Bradley now resolved to procure an instru-
ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a zenith-
sector of 12£ feet radius, and 12£° range, was
mounted for him by Graham in the upper
part of his aunt's house. Thenceforth he
trusted entirely to the Wanstead results. A
year's assiduous use of this instrument gave
him a set of empirical rules for the annual
apparent motions of stars in various parts of
the sky ; but he had almost despaired of being
able to account for them, when an unex-
pected illumination fell upon him. Accom-
panying a pleasure party in a sail on the
Thames one day about September 1728, he
noticed that the wind seemed to shift each
time that the boat put about, and a question
put to the boatman brought the (to him) signi-
ficant reply that the changes in direction of
the vane at the top of the mast were merely
due to changes in the boat's course, the wind
remaining steady throughout. This was the
clue he needed. He divined at once that the
progressive transmission of light, combined
with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must
cause an annual shifting of the direction in
which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an
amount depending upon the ratio of the two
velocities. Working out the problem in de-
tail, he found that the consequences agreed
perfectly with the rules already deduced from
observation, and announced his memorable
discovery of the * aberration of light ' in the
form of a letter to Halley, read before the
Royal Society 9 and 16 Jan. 1729 (Phil.
Trans, xxxv. 637).
Never was a more minutely satisfactory
Bradley
168
Bradley
explanation offered of a highly complex phe-
nomenon. It was never disputed, and has
scarcely been corrected. Bradley found the
< constant' of aberration to be 20-25" (reduc-
ing it, however, in 1748 to 20"). Struve fixed
it at 20-445". Bradley concluded, from the
amount of aberration, the velocity of light to
be such as to bring it from the sun to the
earth in 8m 13s, although Roemer had, from
actual observation, estimated the interval at
llm. The best recent determination (Glase-
napp's) of the 'light equation' is 8m 21s.
Bradley's demonstration of his rules for
aberration remained unpublished till 1832
( Works, p. 287). He observed only the effects
in declination ; but his theory was verified as
regards right ascension also, by Eustachio
Manfredi at Bologna in 1729. The subject
was fully investigated by Clairaut in 1737
(Mem. de FAc. 1737, p. 205). An important
secondary inference from the Wanstead ob-
servations was that of the vast distances of
even the brighter stars. Bradley stated deci-
sively that the parallax neither of y Draconis
nor of r) Ursse Majoris reached V, and be-
lieved that he should have detected half that
quantity (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 660. Double
parallaxes are there spoken of). This well-
grounded assurance shows an extraordinary
advance in exactness of observation.
Bradley succeeded Whiteside as lecturer
on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729,
and resigned the post in 1760, after the close
of his seventy-ninth course. There was no
endowment, Lord Crewe's benefaction of 30/.
per annum becoming payable only in 1749 ;
but fees of three guineas a course, with an
average attendance of fifty-seven, produced
emoluments sufficient for his wants. His
lectures were delivered in the Ashmolean
Museum, of which he vainly sought the
keepership in 1731. In 17^32 he took a share
in a trial at sea of Hadley's sextants, and wrote
a letter warmly commendatory of the inven-
tion ( Works, p. 505). His removal to Oxford
occurred in May of the same year, when he oc-
cupied a house in New College Lane attached
to his professorship. His aunt, Mrs. Pound,
accompanied him, with two of her nephews,
and lived with him there five years. He trans-
ported thither most of his instruments, but
left Graham's sector undisturbed. An im-
portant investigation was in progress by its
means, for the purposes of which he made dur-
ing the next fifteen years periodical visits to
Wanstead.
It is certain that Halley desired to have
Bradley for his successor, and it is even said
that he offered to resign in -his favour. But
death anticipated his project, 14 Jan. 1742.
Through the urgent representations of George,
earl of Macclesfield, who quoted to Lord-
chancellor Hardwicke Newton's dictum that
he was ' the best astronomer in Europe,' Brad-
ley was appointed astronomer-royal 3 Feb.
1742. The honour of a degree of D.D. was
conferred upon him by diploma at Oxford
22 Feb., and in June he went to live at
Greenwich. His first care was to remedy, so
far as possible, the miserable state of the in-
struments, and to procure an assistant in- the
person of John Bradley, son of his eldest
brother, who, at a stipend of 26/., diligently
carried out his instructions during fourteen
years, and Avas replaced successively by Mason
and Green.
With untiring and well-directed zeal Brad-
ley laboured at the duties of his new office.
He took his first transit at Greenwich
25 July 1742, and by the end of the year 1500
had been entered. The work done in 1743
was enormous. The records of observations-
with the transit instrument fill 177, with
the quadrant 148 folio pages. On 8 Aug.
255 determinations of the former, 181 of
the latter kind were made. His efforts to-
wards a higher degree of accuracy were un-
ceasing and successful ; yet he never pos-
sessed an achromatic telescope. He recognised
it as the first duty of an astronomer to make
himself acquainted with the peculiar defects,
of his instruments, and was indefatigable in
I testing and improving them. By the addi-
! tion of a finer micrometer screw, 18 July 1745,
he succeeded in measuring intervals of half a
\ second with the eight-foot quadrant erected
by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from
attempting further refinements by discover-
j ing it a year later to be sensibly eccentric.
At various times between 1743 and 1749 he
made experiments on the length of the seconds
pendulum, giving the most accurate result
i previous to Kater's in 1818. The great comet
! of 1743 was first seen at Greenwich 26 Dec.,
and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744.
i Bradley roughly computed its trajectory, but
| went no further, it is conjectured, out of kind-
ness towards young Betts, who had the ambi-
tion to try his hand on it. He also observed
the first comet of 1748, and calculated that of
1707. His observations of Halley's comet
in 1759 have for the most part perished.
The time was now ripe for the publication
of his second great discovery. From the first
the Wanstead observations had shown the
displacements due to aberration to be at-
tended by a ' residual phenomenon.' A slight
progressive inequality was detected, occasion-
ing in stars near the equinoctial colures an
excess, in those near the solstitial colures a
defect of movement in declination, as com-
pared with that required by a precession of
Bradley
169
Bradley
50". The true explanation in a ' nodding '
movement of the axis, due to the moon's
unequal action upon the equatorial parts of
the earth, was more than suspected early in
1732 ; but Bradley did not consider the proof
complete until he had tracked each star
through an entire revolution of the moon's
nodes (18*6 years) back to its mean place (al-
lowance being made for annual precession).
In 'September 1747 he was at length fully
satisfied of the correspondence of his hypo-
thesis with facts ; and 14 Feb. 1748 a letter
to the Earl of Macclesfield, in which he set
forth the upshot of his twenty years' watch-
ing and waiting, was read before the Royal
Society (Phil. Trans, xlv. 1). The idea of a
possible nutation of the earth's axis was not
unfamiliar to astronomers ; and Newton had
predicted the occurrence of a semi-annual,
but scarcely sensible, effect of the kind. A
phenomenon such as Bradley detected, how-
ever, depending on the position of the lunar
orbit, was unthought of until its necessity
became evident with the fact of its existence.
The complete development of its theory went
beyond his mathematical powers, and he
invited assistance, promptly rendered by
D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley 's coefficient
of nutation (9") has proved nearly a quarter
of a second too small. He might probably
have gone even nearer to the truth had he
trusted more implicitly to his own observa-
tions. His confidence was, however, em-
barrassed by the proper motions of the stars,
the ascertainment of which he, with his
usual clear insight into the conditions of exact
astronomy, urged upon well-provided obser-
vers ; while his sagacious hint that they
might be mere optical effects of a real trans-
lation of the solar system (Phil. Trans, xlv.
40) gave the first opening for a scientific
treatment of that remarkable subject.
As regards nutation, the novelty of his an-
nouncement had been somewhat taken off by
previous disclosures. On his return from Lap-
land, Maupertuis consulted him as to the re-
duction of his observations, when Bradley
imparted to him, 27 Oct. 1737, his incipient
discovery. Maupertuis was not bound to
secrecy, nor did he observe it. He trans-
mitted the information to the Paris Academy
(Mem. de TAc. 1737, p. 411), while Lalande
published in 1745 (ib. 1745, p. 512) the con-
firmatory results of observations undertaken
at Bradley 's suggestion.
The discovery of aberration earned for its
author, 14 Dec. 1730, exemption on the part
of the Royal Society from all future pay-
ments ; that of nutation was honoured in
1748 with the Copley medal. His heightened
reputation further enabled him to ask and
obtain a new instrumental outfit for the Royal
Observatory. He took advantage of the annual
visitation by members of the Royal Society
to represent its absolute necessity ; and a
petition drawn up by him and signed by the
president and members of council in August
1748 produced an order for 1,000/. under the
! sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's
handwriting informs us, by the treasurer of
the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of
old stores. The wise expenditure of this
paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modern
practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate
in the co-operation of John Bird. The eight-
foot mural quadrant, for which he paid him
300 /., was an instrument not unworthy the
eye and hand that were to use it. He had
also from him a movable quadrant forty
inches in radius, and a transit-instrument of
eight-feet focal length. From Short a six-
foot reflector was ordered, but not delivered
until much later ; and 20/. was paid for a
magnetic apparatus, changes in dip and va-
riation having been objects of attention to
Bradley as early as 1729. For the Wanstead
sector, removed to Greenwich in July 1749,
45/. was allowed to him.
The first employment of Bird's quadrant
was in a series of observations, 10 Aug. 1750
to 31 July 1753, for the purpose of deter-
mining the latitude of the observatory and
the laws of refraction. Simultaneously with
Lacaille and Mayer, Bradley introduced the
improvement of correcting these for barome-
trical and thermometrical fluctuations. His
formula for computing mean refraction at
any altitude closely represented the actual
amounts down to within 10° of the horizon
(GRANT, Hist. Phys. Astr. pp. 329-30). After
its publication by Maskelyne in 1763, it was
generally adopted in England, and was in
use at Greenwich down to 1833.
In 1751 Bradley made observations for
determining the distances of the sun and
moon in concert with those of Lacaille at
the Cape of Good Hope (Mem. de VAc. 1752,
p. 424). From the combined results for
Mars, Delisle deduced a solar parallax of
10-3" (BRADLEY, Misc. Works, p. 481). A
series of 230 comparisons with the heavens-
of Tobias Mayer's ' Lunar Tables,' between
December 1755 and February 1756, enabled
Bradley to report them to the admiralty as-
accurate generally within V. His hopes of
bringing the lunar method of longitudes into
actual use were thus revived ; and he under-
took, aided by Mason, a laborious correction
of the remaining errors founded on 1,220
observations. The particulars of these were
inserted in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1774^
but the amended tables, completed from
Bradley
170
Bradley
them in 1760, never saw the light, and were |
superseded by Mayer's own improvements in
1770. The regular work of the observatory, !
consisting in meridian observations of the
sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile
carried on with unremitting diligence and j
unrivalled skill.
The salary of astronomer-royal was then,
as in Flamsteed's time, 100/. a year, reduced j
to 907. by fees at public offices. This pit- j
tance was designed to be supplemented by i
Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's
name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which
was, however, refused on the honourable
ground of incompatibility of clerical with
official obligations. His disinterestedness
was compensated by a crown pension of
2501. per annum, granted under the privy
seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his suc-
cessors. Honours now fell thickly upon him.
From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a
member of the council of the Royal Society,
and he occupied that position uninterruptedly
from 1752 until his death. In July 1746
Euler wrote to announce his admission to
the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was as-
sociated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg
respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably
in acknowledgment of his services in super-
intending the construction of a quadrant by
Bird for the latter body, complimented with
its full membership in 1754 ; while the in-
stitute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June
1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe
but sought a correspondence with him,
which he usually declined, being averse to
writing, and leaving many letters unan-
swered.
No direct descendant of Bradley survives.
He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter
of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Glouces-
tershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daugh-
ter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745,
who married in 1771 her first cousin, the
Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an
only daughter, who died childless in 1806.
Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Mac-
clesfield grew closer after his removal to
Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him
in the establishment (about 1739) of an ob-
servatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the
reform of the calendar, calculating the tables
appended to the bill for that purpose. Until
near the close of his life he continued to re-
side about three months of each year at Ox-
ford, but resigned his readership through ill-
health in 1760. For several years he had
felt the approach of an obscure malady in
occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours
in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his
hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a
heavy cloud of depression settled over his
spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension
of surviving his mental faculties, which re-
mained nevertheless clear to the end. He
attended, for the last time, a meeting of the
Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a
paper of instructions for Mason, on his de-
parture to observe the transit of Venus, the
latest astronomical event in which he took
an active interest. But already in May he
was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and
when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761,
arrived, he was unable to use the telescope.
He, however, took a final observation with the
transit-instrument in September, after which
his handwriting disappears from the Green-
wich registers. The few months that remained
he spent at Chalford, being much attached
to his wife's relations, and there died, in the
house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's
acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth
year, and was buried with his wife and mother
at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on
examination to be a chronic inflammation
of the abdominal viscera. The case was
described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the
1 Philosophical Transactions ' (lii. 635).
In character Bradley is described as ' hu-
mane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son,
an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a
steady friend ' (Suppl. to New Biog. Diet.,
1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives
experienced his generosity. His life was
blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper
mild and placid. He was habitually taci-
turn, but was clear, ready, and open in ex-
plaining his opinions to others. No homage
could overthrow his modesty or disturb his
caution. He was always more apprehen-
sive of injuring his reputation than san-
guine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from
publicity; polished composition, moreover,
was irksome to him. His only elaborate
pieces were the accounts of his two leading
discoveries ; and the preservation of several
unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords
evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of
expression. Nor had he any taste for ab-
stract mathematics. His great powers were
those of sagacity and persistence. He pos-
sessed l a most extraordinary clearness of
perception, both mental and "organic ; great
accuracy in the combination of his ideas ;
and an inexhaustible fund of that " industry
and patient thought " to which Newton as-
cribed his own discoveries ' (RiGAUD, Me-
moirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive
than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and
precision. No discrepancy was too minute
for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible
causes and their consequences was keen, dis-
Bradley
171
Bradley
passionate, and complete ; his mental grasp
was close and unrelaxing. He ranks as the
founder of modern observational astronomy ;
nor by the example of his ' solicitous accu-
racy' alone or chiefly, though this was much.
But his discoveries of aberration and nuta-
tion first rendered possible exact knowledge
of the places of the fixed stars, and thereby
of the movements of the other celestial bodies.
Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in his
diligent and faithful record of the state of
the heavens in his time, a mass of docu-
mentary evidence invaluable for the testing
of theory, or the elucidation of change.
The publication, for the benefit of his
daughter, of his observations, contained in
thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, was
interrupted by official demands for their pos-
session, followed up by a lawsuit commenced
by the crown in 1767, but abandoned in 1776.
The Rev. Mr. Peach, Bradley's son-in-law,
thereupon offered them to Lord North, to be
printed by the Clarendon Press, and after
many delays the first of two volumes ap-
peared in 1798, under the editorship of Dr.
Hornsby, with the title ' Astronomical Ob-
servations made at the Royal Observatory
at Greenwich, from the year 1750 to the year
1762;' the second, edited by Dr. Abram
Robertson, in 1805. They number about
60,000, and fill close upon 1,000 large folio
pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the
observations of Bliss and Green down to
15 March 1765, was included in the second
volume. A catalogue of 387 stars, computed
by Mason fromBradley's original manuscripts,
and appended to the 'Nautical Almanac'
for 1773, formed the basis of a similar work
inserted by Hornsby in vol. i. (p. xxxviii); and
1,041 of Bradley's stars, reduced by Pilati,
were added toPiazzi's second catalogue (1814).
In the hands of Bessel, however, his obser-
vations assumed a new value. With extra-
ordinary skill and labour he deduced from
them in 1818 a catalogue of 3,222 stars for
the epoch 1755, so authentically determined
as to afford, by comparison with their later
places, a sure criterion of their proper mo-
tions. The title of ' Fundamenta Astrono-
mise ' fitly expressed the importance of this
work. More accurate values for precession
and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad-
ley's observations of the moon and planets,
when reduced by Airy, supplied valuable
data for the correction of the theories of
those bodies.
Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford
{by Hudson), at Shirburn Castle, at Green-
wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society.
A dial, erected in 1831 by command of
William IV, marks the spot at Kew where
he began the observations which led to the
discoveries of aberration and nutation. His
communications to the Royal Society, besides
those already adverted to, were on ' The Longi-
tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York,
from Wanstead and London, determined by
Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter '
(Phil. Trans, xxxiv. 85) ; and ' An Account
of some Observations made in London by
Mr. George Graham, and at Black River in
Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concern-
ing the going of a Clock ; in order to deter-
mine the Difference between the Lengths of
Isochronal Pendulums in those Places ' (ib.
xxxviii. 302). His ' Directions for using
the Common Micrometer ' were published by
Maskelyne in 1772 (ib. Ixii. 46). The origi-
nals of Bradley's Greenwich observations
having been deposited in the Bodleian, the
confused mass of his remaining papers, dis-
interred by Professor S. P. Rigaud, afforded
materials for a large quarto volume, pub-
lished by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the
title ' Miscellaneous Works and Correspon-
dence of James Bradley, D.D., Astronomer-
Royal.' It includes, besides the Kew and Wan-
stead journals, every record of the slightest
value in his handwriting, not omitting papers
already printed in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions,' with many letters addressed to him
by persons of eminence in England and abroad,
and in some cases his replies. The prefixed
memoir embodies all that the closest inquiry
could gather concerning him. The investi-
gation of his early observations, thus brought
to light after nearly a century's oblivion,
was made the subject of a prize by the Royal
Society of Copenhagen in 1832 ; whence the
publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of
' Reduction of the Observations made by
Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine
the Quantities of Aberration and Nutation '
(Oxford, 1838).
[Rigaud's Memoirs of Bradley ; New and Gen.
Biog. Diet. xii. 54, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippis);
Fouchy's Eloge, Mem. de 1'Ac. des Sciences,
1762, p. 231 (Hist.) ; same trans, in Annual Keg.
1765, p. 23, and Gent. Mag. xxxv. 361; Delambre's
Hist, de 1'Astronomie au xviii* siecle, p. 413 ;
Thomson's Hist, of K. Soc. p. 344 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.] A. M. C.
BRADLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con-
veyancing barrister, was a contemporary of
James Booth [q. v.], who has been called the
patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradley-
was called to the bar by the society, of Gray's
Inn, and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with
geat success for upwards of half a century,
e is said to have managed the concerns of
almost the whole county of Durham, and,
Bradley
172
Bradley
though & provincial counsel, his opinions were
everywhere received with the greatest respect.
His drafts, like Booth's, were prolix to excess,
but some of them were, to a very recent period,
in use as precedents in the northern counties.
He published (London, 1779) ' An Enquiry
into the Nature of Property and Estates as
defined by English Law, in which are con-
sidered the opinions of Mr. Justice Black-
stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro-
perty.' There was also published in 1804
in London ' Practical Points, or Maxims in
Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi-
ence of a late eminent conveyancer (Brad-
ley), with critical observations on the various
parts of a Deed by J. Ritson.' This was
a collection of Bradley's notes on points of
practice, and the technical minutiae of con-
veyancing as they were suggested in the
course of his professional life. Ritson was
a contemporary and fellow-townsman of
Bradley. The latter by his will left a con-
siderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the
purchase of books calculated to promote the
interests of religion and virtue in Great Bri-
tain and the happiness of mankind. Lord
Thurlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside
the charitable disposition of Bradley in favour
of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton-
on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788, and was buried in
the parish church of Greatham, where a
mural monument was erected to his memory
on the north side of the chancel.
[Gent. Mag. vol. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1184; David-
son's Conveyancing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin's Legal
Bibliograph, p. 141 ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham,
iii. 140.] E. H.
BRADLEY, RICHARD (d. 1732), bo-
tanist and horticultural writer, was a very
popular and voluminous author. His first
essays in print were two papers published in
the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1716,
on mouldiness in melons, and the motions of
;7*X the sap. He was elected F.R.S. in 17D3;
and professor of botany at Cambridge on
10 Nov. 1724, the latter by means of a pre-
tended verbal recommendation from Dr. Wil-
liam Sherard to Dr. Bentley, with pompous
assurances that he would found a public bo-
tanic garden in the university by his private
purse and interest. Very soon after his elec-
tion the vanity of his promises was seen, and
his entire ignorance of Latin and Greek ex-
cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after-
wards succeeded him, was appointed to read
the prescribed courses of lectures, in conse-
quence of Bradley's neglect to do so. In
1729 he gave a course of lectures on ' Ma-
teria Medica,' which he afterwards published.
In 1731 it is stated that ' he was grown so
scandalous that it was in agitation to turn
him out of his professorship,' though the
details of his delinquency do not appear to
be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Nov.
1732.
The use of Bradley's name was paid for
by the publishers of a translation of Xeno-
phon's ' Economics ' solely on account of his
popularity, as he knew nothing of the ori-
ginal language. His botanical publications
show acuteness and diligence, and contain
indications of much observation in advance
of his time.
Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes-
sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley,
but they have not been maintained distinct
by succeeding botanists.
His works include : 1. ( Historia planta-
rum succulentarum, &c.,' London, 1716-27,
5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734.
2. ' New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening,' London, 1717 (two editions), 8vo,
1731. 3. ' Gentleman's and Farmer's Calen-
dar,' London, 1718, 8vo ; French translations
(1723, 1743, 1756). 4. < Virtue and Use of
Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con-
tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8vo.
5. ' Philosophical Account of the Works of
Nature,' London (1721 and 1739), 8vo.
6. ' Plague of Marseilles considered,' London,
1721, 8vo. 7. ' New Experiments and Ob-
servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724,
8vo. 8. ' Treatise of Fallowing,' Edinburgh,
1724, 8vo. 9. 'Survey of Ancient Hus-
bandry and Gardening collected from Cato,
Varro, Columella, &c.,' London, 1725, 8vor
and several small treatises on gardening and
agriculture. Part II. of Co-well's ' Curious
and Profitable Gardener, concerning the great
American Aloe,' has been attributed with
little reason to Bradley.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790),
| ii. 129-33; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51,
j 709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed. vi.
1 (1812), 415-16; Kees's Cyclop, v. art. 'Bradley';
Seguier's Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller's Bibl. Bot.
ii. 133-7 ; Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 31, id. ed. 2,
| p. 38.] B. D. J.
BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670),
divine, a native of Berkshire, states that he
was 72 years old in 1669, and was therefore
born in 1597. He became a battler of Exeter
College, Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A.
on 21 July 1620. He was chaplain to the
Duke of Buckingham for several years, and
accompanied him in the expedition to Ro-
chelle and the Isle of Rhe in 1627. After
Buckingham's murder in the following year he
became chaplain to Charles I, and on 16 June
1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap-
Bradley
173
Bradock
plied to the council to take Bradley with him
as chaplain of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom.
1628-9, p. 579). Soon afterwards (5 Mayl631)
Bradley married Frances, the daughter of Sir
John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefract, and
he was presented by his father-in-law about
the same time to the livings of Castleford
and Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch
royalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on
20 Dec. 1642, and was expelled a few years
later by the parliamentary committee from
both his Yorkshire livings. ' His lady and
all his children/ writes Walker, ' were turned
out of doors to seek their bread in desolate
places,' and his library at Castleford fell
into the hands of his oppressors. He pub-
lished in London in 1658 a curious pamph-
let entitled < A Present for Csesar of 100,000/.
in hand and 50,000/. a year,' in which he re-
commended the extortion of first-fruits and
tithes according to their true value. The
work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver '
Cromwell. At the Restoration he was re- I
stored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary j
to vindicate his 'pamphlet in another tract
entitled < Appello Csesarem ' (York, 1661). |
But his conduct did not satisfy the govern-
ment, and in an assize sermon preached at
York in 1663 and published as ' Caesar's Due '
and the Subject's Duty,' he said that the '
king had bidden him ' preach conscience to
the people and not to meddle with state j
affairs,' and that he had to apologise for his
sermons preached against the excise and the
excisemen, the Westminster lawyers, and
*the rack-renting landlords and depopula- j
tors.' He also expressed regret for having
suggested the restoration of the council of
the north. In 1666 he was made a pre-
bendary of York. He died in 1670.
His publications consist entirely of ser-
mons. The earliest, entitled ' Comfort from
the Cradle,' was preached at Winchester and
published at Oxford in 1650; four others,
? -eached at York Minster, were published at
ork between 1661 and 1670, and six occa-
sional sermons appear to have been issued col-
lectively in London in 1667. Walker de-
scribes Bradley as ' an excellent preacher '
and ' a ready and acute wit.'
A son, Savile, was at one time fellow of
New College, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of
Magdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells
a curious story about his ordination in 1661.
[Wood's Athenae Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. xliii, iii.
719 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 392, ii. 52 ; Walker's Suffer-
ings, ii. 85 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
S. L. L.
BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751-
1813), physician, was a native of Worcester,
where for some time he conducted a school
in which mathematics formed a prominent
study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu-
cation, and, devoting himself to medical
studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra-
duated M.D. in 1791, his dissertation, which
was published, being <De Epispasticorum
Usu in variis morbis tractandis.' He settled
in London, and on 22 Dec. 1791 was admitted
licentiate of the College of Physicians. From
1794 to 1811 he was physician to the West-
minster Hospital. For many years he acted
as editor of the ' Medical and Physical Jour-
nal.' He published a revised and enlarged
edition of Fox's ' Medical Dictionary,' 1803,
and also a 'Treatise on Worms and other
Animals which infest the Human Body,'
1813. In the practice of his profession he
was not very successful. He died in St.
George's Fields at the close of 1813.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 419-20;
Gent. Mag. Ixxxiv. (pt. L) 97-8.]
BRADLEY, WILLIAM (1801-1857),
portrait painter, was born at Manchester on
16 Jan. 1801. He was left an orphan when
three years old, and commenced life as an
errand-boy ; but having a natural talent for
art, he at the age of sixteen advertised him-
self as a i portrait, miniature, and animal
painter, and teacher of drawing,' and drew
portraits at a shilling apiece. Having re-
ceived some lessons from Mather Brown,
who was then living at Manchester, he came
to London when about twenty-one, and, ob-
taining an introduction to Sir Thomas Law-
rence, established himself in the metropolis,
where he enjoyed some practice as a por-
trait painter. Between 1823 and 1846 he
exhibited thirteen portraits at the Royal
Academy, twenty-one at the Free Society of
Artists, and eight at the British Institution.
He returned in 1847 to his native city, broken
down in health, and he died in poverty on
4 July 1857. Bradley 's portraits were suc-
cessful as likenesses, and well drawn. Among
his sitters were Lords Beresford, Sandon,
Bagot, and Ellesmere, Sheridan Knowles,
W. C. Macready, and the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone. His portrait of the last-men-
tioned has been engraved in mezzotinto by
W. Walker.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, Painters, &c., London, 1878, 8vo ;
MS. notes in the British Museum.] L. F.
BRADOCK, THOMAS (f,. 1576-1604),
translator, was educated at Christ's College,
Cambridge, proceeded B.A. 1576, and was
elected fellow of his college in 1578. In 1579
his name appears in a protest against the
Bradshaigh
174
Bradshaw
action of Dr. Hawford, the master, in with-
holding his fellowship from Hugh Broughton.
In 1580 he proceeded M.A., and was incor-
porated M.A. at Oxford in 1584. In 1588
he was elected head-master of the grammar
school at Reading, and in 1591 was presented
to the vicarage of Stanstead Abbots in Hert-
fordshire, which he resigned in 1593. The
advowson of Great Munden in Hertford-
shire was granted 11 July 1604 to a certain
Thomas Nicholson upon trust to present it to
Bradock. Bradock never obtained the pre-
sentation, which did not fall vacant till 1616 ;
he probably died before that date. Bradock
translated into Latin Bishop Jewell's confu-
tation, in six parts, of the attack of Thomas
Harding on Jewell's ' Apologia Ecclesise An-
glicanse.' The translation, taking up 637 folio
pages, was published at Geneva in 1600, and
was undertaken that foreign scholars and di-
vines might be able to follow the controversy
which the ' Apologia ' had occasioned. It is
dedicated to John Whitgift, archbishop of
Canterbury.
[Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 395; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 394 ; Fasti i. 228 ; Clut-
terbuck's Hertfordshire iii. 247 ; Coate's Read-
ing, 335 ; Strype's Annals, ii. App. 136, iii. 490,
App. 201 ; Cal. State Papers (Dom. 1603-10).]
K. B.
BRADSHAIGH, RICHARD. [See
BAKTON.]
BRADSHAW, ANN MARIA (1801-
1862), actress and vocalist, was born in
London in August 1801. Her maiden name
was Tree, and her father, who lived in Lan-
caster Buildings, St. Martin's Lane, was in
the East India House. After a training in
the chorus at Drury Lane, and a short ex-
perience in Bath, she appeared in 1818 at
Covent Garden as Rosina in ' The Barber of
Seville.' Subsequently she played, princi-
pally as a substitute for Miss Foote or Miss
Stephens, Patty in < The Maid of the Mill,'
Susannah in i The Marriage of Figaro,' and
other similar characters. Her first recorded
appearance in ah original role seems to have
been as Princess Stella in the ' Gnome King,'
a spectacular piece produced on 6 Oct. 1819
at Covent Garden. On 11 Dec. of the same
year she appeared as Luciana in an opera
founded by Reynolds on ' The Comedy of
Errors.' This led to the series of Shake-
spearean performances on which her fame
rests. In various renderings, musical and
otherwise, of Shakespearean comedy, she
?layed with success Ariel, Viola, Imogen,
ulia (in the ' Two Gentlemen of Verona '),
Ophelia, and Rosalind. With the exception
of a solitary appearance at Drury Lane on
19 April 1823, when she was lent by her own
management, she appears to have remained
at Covent Garden till her retirement. This
took place on 15 June 1825 in two of her
original characters, Mary Copp in ' Charles II/
by Howard Payne, and Clari in the opera of
that name, by the same author. Shortly
afterwards she married, under passably ro-
mantic circumstances, and after, it is said, an
attempt at suicide, James Bradshaw, a man
of property. She died on 18 Feb. 1862. Of
medium stature and pleasing figure, and with
no special claim to beauty, she owed her
popularity to the pathos in her voice. Though
inferior to her singing, her acting won com-
mendation. She was much praised for the
modesty of her performance in male attire.
Her sister, Ellen Tree, became the wife of
Mr. Charles Kean.
[Genest's History of the Stage; Oxberry's
Dramatic Biography ; The Drama or Theatrical
Pocket Magazine ; Era Almanack.") J. K.
BRADSHAW, GEORGE (1801-1853),
originator of railway guides, only son of
Thomas Bradshaw, by his wife, Mary Rogers,
was born at Windsor Bridge, Pendleton,
Salford, on 29 July 1801. His parents taxed
their limited means to give a good education
to their only child by placing him under the
care of Mr. Coward, a Swedenborgian minis-
ter ; thence he removed to a school kept
by Mr. Scott at Overton, Lancashire. On
leaving school he was apprenticed to Mr. J.
Beale, an engraver, who had acquired some
reputation by the execution of the plates of
1 The Art of Penmanship Improved,' by
Duncan Smith, 1817. In 1820 he accom-
panied his parents to Belfast, and there esta-
blished himself as an engraver and printer,
but, not finding adequate occupation, returned
to Manchester in the following year. His
attention had been for some time directed to
the engraving of maps, and in 3827 he de-
termined to devote himself more especially
to that branch of art. The first map pro-
jected, engraved, and published by him was
one of Lancashire, his native county. This
was followed in 1830 by his map of the
canals of Lancashire, Yorkshire, &c. This
map eventually became one of a set of three
known as ' Bradshaw's Maps of Inland Navi-
gation.' Soon after the commencement of
the railway system, Bradshaw, the originator
of railway guides, produced 'Bradshaw's
Railway Time Tables ' in 1839, a small 18mo
book, bound in cloth, price 6d. In 1840 the
name was changed to ' Bradshaw's Railway
Companion/ which contained more matter,
with sectional maps, and was sold at 1*. It
was not published periodically, but appeared
Bradshaw
175
Bradshaw
occasionally, and was supplemented by a
monthly time-sheet. The agent in London
for the sale of this work was Mr. William
Jones Adams, who, it would appear, was
the first to suggest the idea of a regular
monthly book at a lower price, as an im-
provement on ' The Companion.' This idea
was taken up by Bradshaw, and the result
was the appearance in December 1841 of ;
No. 1 of * Bradshaw's Monthly Railway
Guide,' in the well-known yellow wrapper,
a work which has gained for itself a world-
wide fame. Another undertaking was ' Brad-
shaw's Railway Map,' produced in 1838.
Among his other publications may be men- ;
tioned 'Bradshaw's Continental Railway
Guide,' printed in Manchester, but of which
the first number was published in Paris in
June 1847 ; and 'Bradshaw's General Rail-
way Directory and Shareholder's Guide,'
which first appeared in 1849.
Bradshaw when a young man joined the
Society of Friends, and was an active co-
adjutor of Cobden, Pease, Sturge, Scoble, '
Elihu Burritt, and others in holding peace i
conferences, in the attempts to establish an !
ocean penny postage, and other philanthropic
labours. Part of his time he devoted to the
establishment of schools for the poorer classes.
Bradshaw joined the Institution of Civil En- j
gineers as an associate in February 1842. In ;
August 1853 he went to Norway on a tour I
combining business and recreation, and on
6 Sept., while on a visit to a friend in the
neighbourhood of Christiania, he was seized
by Asiatic cholera, and died in a few hours.
He was buried in the cemetery belonging to ,
the cathedral of Christiania.
He married, on 16 May 1839, Martha, I
daughter of William Darbyshire of Stretton, j
near Warrington, and left a son, Christopher. !
[Manchester Guardian, 17 Sept. 1853, p. 7;
Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil
Engineers (1 854), xiii. 145-9; Athenaeum, 27 Dec.
1873, p. 872, 17 Jan. 1874, p. 95, 24 Jan. p. 126 ;
Notes and Queries, 6th ser., viii. 45, 92, 338,
xi, 15.] GK C. B.
; BRADSHAW, HENRY (d. 1513), Be-
nedictine monk and poet, was a native of
j Chester. Being from childhood much ad-
'' dieted to religion and learning, he was, while
young, received among the monks of St. Wer-
burgh's. Thence he was sent to Gloucester
College, Oxford, and there passed his course
in theology. He then returned to his monas-
tery. He wrote ' De Antiquitate et magnifi-
centiallrbis Cestrise;' f Chronicon and a Life
of St. Werburgh,' in English verse, includ-
ing the ' Foundation of the City of Chester,'
the ' Chronicle of the Kings,' &c. The date
of his death is fixed at 1513, by ' A Balade
to the Auctour,' printed with this poem. A
full description of this rare volume is given
by Dibdin ( Typographical Antiquities, ii. 491).
The title is, ' Here begynneth the Holy Lyfe
and History of Saynt Werburge, very frute-
full for all christen people to rede. Imprinted
by Richarde Pynson . . . A° MDXXI.' 4to.
Three ballads follow ; at the end of these
is the colophon, 'And thus endeth the
lyfe and history e of Saynt Werburge. Im-
printed, &c.' Herbert (Typographical An-
tiquities, i. 270) says that a few years before
he wrote, the very existence of this book
was questioned. Five copies are, however,
known to be in existence, one in the Minster
Library at York, two in the Bodleian Li-
brary (Catal iii. 802), one, the copy described
by Dibdin as Heber's, in the British Mu-
seum, and the fifth in Mr. Miller's collec-
tion (Remains, Sfc. Chetham Soc. xv.) It
was reprinted for the Chetham Society in
1848, being edited by E. Hawkins. Copious
extracts are given, not always exactly, by
Warton. The main body of the poem is a
translation from a Latin work then in the
library of St. Werburgh's, called the l True
or Third Passionary,' by an author of whom
Bradshaw says ' uncertayne was his name/
Warton's conjecture, then, that this writer
was Goscelin, is, as Hawkins points out (In-
tro d. Chetham Soc. xv. 5), unlikely to be
correct. The ' prologes ' and some other
parts of the volume are original. Bradshaw
wrote, he says, for the people —
Go forth litell boke, Jesu be thy spede,
And saue the alway from mysreportyng,
Whiche art compiled for no clerk e indede
But for marchaunt men, hauyng litell lernyng,
And that rude people thereby may haue knowyng
Of this holy virgin and redolent rose
Whiche hath been kept full longe tyme in close.
Warton speaks slightingly of Bradshaw's
powers. Dibdin, who also gives some long
extracts, rates them more highly. Many
passages are vigorous, and some are certainly
picturesque. In his concluding stanza he
speaks of Chaucer and Lydgate, of 'preig-
naunt Barkley,' and of i inventive Skelton.'
Herbert also attributes to Bradshaw a book
beginning • < Here begynneth the lyfe of saynt
Radegunde,' also in seven-line stanzas, printed
by Pinson, n. d., without the name of the
author or translator.
[Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Dibdin), ii. 491-9,
Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), i. 269, 294 ; Wood's
Athense Oxon. i. col. 18, ed. Bliss; Warton's
History of English Poetry, ii. 371-80 ; The
Holy Lyfe and History, &c. Chetham Soc. xv.
ed. E. Hawkins, with introd. ; Tanner's Bibl.
Prit. 121.] W. H.
Bradshaw
176
Bradshaw
BRADSHAW, JAMES (1636 P-1702), i. 391, 473, ii. 97, 105, 108, 185, 238; Cat. Dr.
ejected minister, of the Bradshaws of Haigh, Williams's Library, 184 1, ii. 432 ; Fisher's Comp.
near Wigan, the elder and royalist branch of ' and KeJ to Hist, of Eng. 1832. pp. 535, 757 ;
the family, was born at Hacken. in the parish Calamy's Hist. Ace. of my own Life.. 2nd ed. 1830,
of Bolton, Lancashire, about 1636. He was Pi.349 '> information from Rev. P. Vance-Smith,
educated at the Bolton grammar school and : Hmdley-J A. G.
Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, but did not j BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746),
graduate. This was due to the influence of j Jacobite rebel, born in 1717, was the only
his uncle Holmes, then a minister in North- j child of a well-to-do Roman catholic in trade
amptonshire, under whom he studied divinity, j ftt Manchester. He was educated at the free
Returning to Lancashire, he was ordained school, and learned some classics there. About
minister of Hindley. With other Lancashire | 1734 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Charles
ministers, he was concerned in the royalist j Worral, a Manchester factor, trading at the
rising under Sir George Booth [q. v.] He i Golden Ball, Lawrence Lane, London. In
was ejected in 1662, but, continuing to preach, I 1740 Bradshaw was called back to Man-
he suffered some months' imprisonment at the | Chester through the illness of his father, and
instance of his relative Sir Roger Bradshaw, I after his father's death he found himself in
an episcopalian magistrate. On the indulgence possession of a thriving trade and several
of 1672 he got possession of Rainford Chapel, ' thousand pounds. Very quickly (about 1741)
in the parish of Prescot. The neighbouring j he took a London partner, Mr. James Daw-
clergy now and then preached for him, read- son, near the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and
ing the prayer-book ; hence the churchwarden i he married a Miss Waggstaff of Manchester,
was able to say ' yes ' to the question at visi- She and an only child both died in 1743.
tations : ' Have you common prayer read , Bradshaw thereupon threw in his lot with
yearly in your chapel ? ' Pearson, the bishop the Pretender. He was one of the rebel cour-
of Chester, would not sustain informations , tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745.
against peaceable ministers, so Bradshaw was J He visited his own city on 29 Nov., where he
not disturbed. He was also one of the Monday j busied himself in recruiting at the Bell Inn.
lecturers at Bolton. He died at Rainford in He was a member of the council of war, and
1702, in his sixty-seventh year, his death being received his fellow-rebels in his own house,
the result of a mishap while riding to preach, j Having accepted a captaincy in Colonel
His son Ebenezer, presbyterian minister at I Towneley's regiment he marched to Derby,
Ramsgate, was ordained 22 June 1694 in Dr. | paying his men out of his own purse; he
Annesley's meeting-house, Bishopsgate With- j headed his company on horseback in the skir-
in, near Little St. Helen's (this was at the j mish at Clifton Moor ; he attended the Pre-
tender's levSe on the retreat through Carlisle
first public ordination among presbvterians
after the Restoration). Bradshaw published :
1. ' The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd,' &c.,
1677, 12mo (sermons on Cant, v., preface by
Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., who died 21 June
1697, aged 52). 2. < The Trial and Triumph
of Faith.' Halley confuses him (ii. 184) with
another James Bradshaw, born at Darcy
Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at
Brasenose College, Oxford, presbyterian rector
of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege
of Lathom House by sermons from Jerem.
xv. 14, in which he compared Lathom's seven
towers to the seven heads of the beast. He
was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hotham
for not observing the parliamentary fast, but
called to Macclesfield, whence he was ejected
in 1662. He preached at Houghton Chapel,
and subsequently at Bradshaw Chapel,reading
some of the prayers, but not subscribing. He
died in May 1683, aged 73.
[Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 16, 123; Cala-
my's Continuation, 1727, pp. 17, 140 ; Palmer's
Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, i. 337, ii. 364; Hat-
field's Manch. Socin. Controversy, 1825, p. 140;
Halley's Lane., its Puritanism and Nonconf., 1 869,
in December ; and preferring to be in Lord
Elcho's troop of horse when the rebels were
striving to keep together in Scotland in the
early weeks of 1746, he fought at Falkirk.
He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and
finally at Culloden, on 16 April in the same
year, where in the rout he was taken prisoner.
His passage to London was by ship, with forty-
two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the
New Gaol, Southwark ; his trial took place
at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that
occasion he was dressed in new green cloth,
and bore himself somewhat gaily. His counsel
urged that he had always had 'lunatick
pranks,' and had been driven entirely mad by
the death of his wife and child. He was
found guilty, and having been kept in gaol
nearly a month more, he was executed on
Kennington Common, 28 Nov. 1746, aged
only 29.
[Ho well's State Trials, xviii. 415-24.1
J.H.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (1602-1659), regi-
cide, was the second surviving son of Henry
Bradshaw, a well-to-do country gentleman,
Bradshaw
177
Bradshaw
of Marple and Wibersley halls, Stockport,
Cheshire, who died in 1654. His mother
was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning-
ton of Offerton in the same county, who
was married at Stockport on 4 Feb. 1593,
and died in January 1603-4. The eldest
surviving son, Henry, the heir to the family
property, was born in 1600. Francis, the
youngest son, was baptised on 13 Jan. 1603-4.
John was born at Wibersley Hall in 1602,
and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec.
in that year. Educated first at the free school
of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools
at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan-
cashire. There is a doubtful tradition that he
spent some time in his youth at Macclesfield,
and there wrote on a gravestone the lines :
My brother Henry must heir the land,
My brother Frank must be at his command ;
Whilst I, poor Jack, will do that
That all the world will wonder at.
He studied law in London, and was called
to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627.
He had previously served for several years
as clerk to an attorney at Congleton, an'd ap-
parently practised as a provincial barrister.
He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and
high steward of the borough several years
later (Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 328). He
formally resigned the office in May 1656.
At Congleton he maintained no little state,
and possessed much influence in the neigh-
bourhood. He was steward of the manor of
Glossop, Derbyshire, in 1630.
' All his early life,' writes Bradshaw's
friend, Milton, in the l Second Defence of the
People of England '(1654), ' he was sedulously
employed in making himself acquainted with
the laws of his country; he then practised
with singular success and reputation at the
bar.' Before 1643 he had removed from
Congleton to Basinghall Street, London,
and in that year was a candidate for the
post of judge of the sheriffs' court in Lon-
don. The right of appointment was claimed
by both the court of aldermen and the court
of common council, and the latter elected
Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time
the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a
rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once
upon the duties of the office, and continued
in it till 1649, when other employment com-
pelled him to apply for permission to nominate
a deputy. Proctor meanwhile brought an
action against him in the king's bench. The
suit lingered till February 1654-5, when the
claim of the court of common council to the
appointment was established.
In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the
counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord
VOL. VI.
Macguire of Fermanagh and HughMacmahon
for their part in the Irish rebellion of 1641.
Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and
the latter received much assistance from Brad-
shaw in his elaborate argument proving that
Irish peers were amenable to English juries.
The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac-
guire. In 1645 Bradshaw was counsel for
John Lilburne in his successful appeal to
the House of Lords against the sentence
pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for
publishing seditious books eight years before.
The commons nominated Bradshaw one of
the commissioners of the great seal on 8 Oct.
1646, but the lords declined to confirm this
arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap-
pointed chief justice of Chester, and on
18 March following a judge in Wales. In
June he was one of the counsel retained
(with Oliver St. John, Jermin, and William
Prynne) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins
on the charge of passing judgment of death
on men who had fought for the parliament.
In a letter to the mayor of Chester (1 Aug.
1648) he promises to resume his practice of
holding 'the grand sessions' at Chester after
1 the sad impediment ' of the wars, but only
promises attention to the city's welfare on
condition of its inhabitants' constant com-
pliance with the directions of parliament
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 344). On
12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad-
shaw and several other lawyers of their party
serjeants-at-law.
On 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords rejected the
ordinance of the commons for bringing the
king to trial before a parliamentary com-
mission. The commons straightway re-
solved to proceed on their sole authority.
Certain peers and judges had been nominated
members of the commission ; but the names
of the former were now removed (3 Jan.),
and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele,
all lawyers without seats in the house, sub-
stituted. On 6 Jan. the ordinance for the
trial passed its final stage. On 8 Jan. the
commission held its first private meeting in
the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis-
cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw
did not put in an appearance. A second
meeting took place two days later, from
which Bradshaw was also absent. The com-
missioners then proceeded to elect a presi-
dent, and the choice fell upon the absent
lawyer. Mr. Say filled the post for the
rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum-
mons was sent to Bradshaw to be present at
the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. He then
appeared and ' enlarged upon his own want
of abilities to undergo so important a charge.
. . . And when he was pressed ... he re-
Bradshaw
178
Bradshaw
quired time to consider it.' The next day
he formally accepted the office, with (it is
said) every sign of humility. It was re-
solved by the court that he should hence-
forward bear the title of lord president.
Clarendon is probably right in describing
Bradshaw as 'not much known [at this
time] in Westminster Hall, though of good
practice in the chamber.' There were cer-
tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa-
tion both in parliament and at the bar who
might have been expected to be chosen be-
fore Bradshaw president of the great com-
mission. But there were obvious reasons
for appointing a lawyer of comparatively
little prominence. The proceedings demanded
a very precise observance of legal formali-
ties, and a lawyer was indispensable. But
the anti-royalists had very few lawyers among
them who believed in the justice or legality
of the latest development of their policy.
Whitelocke and Widdrington both refused to
serve on the commission ; Serjeant Nicholas,
who had been nominated to the commission
at the same time as Bradshaw, declined to
take part in the trial ; the parliamentary
judges Rolle, St. John, and "Wilde deemed
the proceedings irregular from first to last ;
Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the
commons had appointed solicitor-general on
12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against
the king, and his place was filled for the
occasion by John Cook, a man of far smaller
ability. But the commissioners, whether or
no they had any misgivings, were resolved
to prove their confidence in the man of their
choice. Everything was done to lend dignity
to the newly elected president. The deanery
at Westminster was handed over to him as
his residence for the future, but during the
trial it was arranged that he should lodge at
Sir Abraham Williams's house in Palace Yard
to be near Westminster Hall. He was given
scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard.
Although his stout-heartedness is repeatedly
insisted on by his admirers, Bradshaw had
some fear of personal violence at this time.
' Besides other defence,' saysKennett, 'he had
a high-crowned beaver hat lined with plated
steel to ward off blows/ The hat is now in
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (Complete
Hist. iii. 181 n. ; GKANGEK, Biog. Hist. ii. 397).
Private meetings of the commission, at-
tended by less than half the full number of
members, were held under Bradshaw's presi-
dency in the Painted Chamber at Westmin-
ster almost every day of the week preceding
the trial, and on the morning of each day of
the trial itself. The trial opened at West-
minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9.
Bradshaw's name was read out by a clerk,
and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair,
' having a desk with a crimson velvet cushion
before him.' He was surrounded by atten-
dants, and placed in the midst of his colleagues.
The president addressed the prisoner as soon
as he was brought into court as ( Charles
Stuart, king of England,' and invited him to
plead, but the king persistently declined the
invitation on the ground of the court's in-
competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and
impatient appeals had no effect upon him.
Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed-
ings to the following Monday. The same
scene was repeated on that and the next two
days. The president repeatedly rebuked the
prisoner for his freedom of language, and abso-
lutely refused to allow him to make a speech.
On 25 Jan. twenty-nine witnesses were hur-
riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and
the commissioners framed a sentence of death
at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber.
It was read over by them on the morning of
the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad-
shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and
pronounced judgment in a long-winded and
strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw
spoke, Charles made an earnest appeal to
be heard in his defence. Some of the com-
missioners were anxious to grant him this
request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it.
After the sentence was pronounced, the king
renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly
told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards
to remove him. On 30 Jan., the day of the
execution, the commission held its last meet-
ing in private ; the death-warrant was duly
engrossed and signed by fifty-eight members.
Bradshaw's signature headed the list.
Bradshaw was censured by crowds of
pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal
behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf.
Reason against Treason, or a Bone for Brad-
shaw to pick, 9 July 1649). His friends
professed to admire his self-confidence and
dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous
judicial experience. On the whole it appears
that he behaved very much as might be ex-
pected of a commonplace barrister suddenly
called from the bench of a city sheriffs' court
to fill a high and exceptionally dignified
judicial office.
The lord president's court was re-esta-
blished, with Bradshaw at its head, on 2 Feb.
1648-9, and throughout the month it was
engaged in trying leading royalists for high
treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke
of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and Henry Rich,
earl of Holland. Bradshaw, arrayed in his
scarlet robes, pronounced sentence of death
upon them all in very lengthy judgments.
He showed none of these prisoners any
Bradshaw
179
Bradshaw
mercy, but he appeared to least advantage
as the judge of Eusebius Andrews [q. v.], a
royalist charged with conspiracy against the
Commonwealth. He sought by repeated
cross-examinations to convict Andrews out
of his own mouth, and kept him in prison for
very many months. Finally Bradshaw con-
demned him to death on 6 Aug. 1650 (F.
BUCKLEY'S account of the trial, 1660, re-
printed in State Trials, v. 1-42). Bradshaw
did not continue, however, to perform work of
this kind. His place was filled by Serjeant
Keeble in 1651, and by Serjeant 1'Isle in 1654.
Bradshaw found other occupation in the
council of state, to which he was elected by
a vote of the commons on its formation
(14 Feb. 1648-9), and chosen its permanent
president (10 March). He did not attend
its sittings till 12 March, after which he was
rarely absent. No other member was so re-
gular in his attendance. He was in frequent
correspondence with Oliver Cromwell during
the campaigns of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland
and Scotland, and during those years offices
and honours were heaped upon him. On
20 July 1649 parliament nominated him at-
torney-general of Cheshire and North Wales,
and eight days later chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster, a post in which he was con-
tinued by a special vote of the house on
18 July 1650. On 19 June 1649 parliament,
having taken his great merit into considera-
tion, paid him a sum of 1,000/., and on 15 Aug.
1649 formally handed over to him lands worth
2,0001. a year. The estates assigned him were
those of the Earl of St. Albans and Lord Cot-
tington. He was re-elected by parliament a
member of the council of state (12 Feb.
1649-50, 7 Feb. 1650-1, 24 Nov. 1651, and 24
Nov. 1652), and presided regularly at its sit-
tings, signing nearly all the official correspon-
dence. He was not very popular with his col-
leagues there. He seemed ' not much versed in
suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/ and spent
much of their time by his own long speeches.'
Cromwell's gradual assumption of arbi-
trary power did not meet with Bradshaw's
approval. On 20 April 1653 Cromwell, who
had first dissolved the Long parliament, pre-
sented himself later in the day before the
council of state, and declared it at an end.
Bradshaw, as president, rose and addressed
the intruder in the words : ' Sir, we have
heard what you did at the house in the
morning, and before many hours all Eng-
land will hear it ; but, sir, you are mis-
taken to think the parliament is dissolved,
for no power under heaven can dissolve them
but themselves ; therefore take you notice of
that '(LuDLOW, Memoirs, 195) . Bradshaw did
not sit in Barebones's parliament, which met
on 4 July 1653, but an act was passed (16 Sept. )
by the assembly continuing him in the chan-
cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
I elected to the next parliament, which assem-
bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 12 Sept.
to sign the ' recognition ' pledging members
to maintain the government ' as it is settled
in a single person and a parliament.' He was
summoned by Cromwell before the council
of state formed by him on becoming pro-
tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud-
low, and was bidden by Cromwell to take
out a new commission as chief justice of
Chester. He refused to submit to the order.
He declared that he had been appointed
during his good behaviour, and had done
nothing to forfeit his right to the place, as
he would prove before any twelve j urymen.
Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad-
shaw immediately afterwards went his circuit
as usual. But Cromwell revenged himself
by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence
in Cheshire. In the parliament which met
17 Sept. 1656 Bradshaw failed to obtain a seat,
owing to the machinations of Tobias Bridges,
Cromwell's major-general for the county
(THTTBLOE, vi. 313) . There had been a proposal
to nominate him for the city of London, but
that came to nothing. * Serjeant Bradshaw/
writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom-
well in Ireland (26 Aug. 1656), 'hath missed
it in Cheshire, and is chosen nowhere else.'
Bradshaw was now an open opponent of
the government. According to an anony-
mous letter sent to Monk he entered early in
1655 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pride,
and others, to seize Monk as a first step
towards the army's overthrow (THUELOE,
Papers, iii. 185). He was also suspected,
on no very valid ground, of encouraging
the fifth-monarchy men in the following
year. In August 1656 an attempt was made
by Cromwell to deprive him of his office of
chief justice of Chester (THUKLOE). In private
and public Bradshaw vigorously denounced
Cromwell's usurpation of power, and he is
credited with having asserted that if such
conduct ended in the Protector's assumption
of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had
committed the most horrid treason [in their
treatment of Charles I] that ever was heard
of (^Bradshaw's Ghost, being a Dialogue be-
tween the said Ghost and an apparition of the
late King, 1659). Under date 3 Dec. 1657
Whitelocke writes of the relations between
Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste
between them' was perceived to increase.
During the last years of the protectorate
Bradshaw took no part in politics.
The death of the great Protector (3 Sept.
1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom-
N2
Bradshaw
1 80
Bradshaw
well (25 May 1659), restored to Bradshaw
some of his lost influence. The reassembled
Long parliament nominated him on 13 May
one of the ten members of the reestablished
council of state who were not to be members
of parliament. On 3 June 1659 he was
appointed a commissioner of the great seal
for five months with Serjeants Fountaine
and Tyrrel. But Bradshaw's health was ra-
pidly failing, and on 9 June he wrote to the
parliament asking to be temporarily relieved
during indisposition of the duties of commis-
sioner of the seal. On 22 July he took the
necessary oath in the house to be faithful to
the Commonwealth, but was still unable to
attend to the work of the office. Matters went
badly in his absence. The Long parliament
again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing
of the speaker's (Lenthall) arrest, 13 Oct., by
Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on his way
to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from his sick
bed, and presented himself at the sitting of the
council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea-
voured to justify the army's action, but Brad-
shaw, { weak and extenuated as he was,' says
Ludlow, ( yet animated by ardent zeal and
constant affection to the common cause, stood
up and interrupted him, declared his abhor-
rence of this detestable action ; and telling
the council, that being now going to his God,
he had not patience to sit there to hear His
great name so openly blasphemed.' According
to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he
raved like a madman, and flung out of the room
in a fury ( The Lives . . . of the prime actors
. . . of that horrid murder of . . . King
Charles, 1661). On arriving home at the
deanery of Westminster, which he had con-
tinued to occupy since his appointment as
lord president, he became dangerously ill, and
' died of a quartan ague, which had held him
for a year,' on 31 Oct. 1659 (Mercurius Poli-
ticus, 31 Oct.) 'He declared a little be-
fore he left the world that if the king were
to be tried and condemned again, he would
be the first man that would do it ' (PECK,
Desiderata Ouriosa, xiv. 32). He was buried
with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey
(22 Nov.), and his funeral sermon — an ela-
borate eulogy — was preached by John Howe,
preacher at the abbey since 1654 (Merc.
Pol. 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describes him
as 'a strict man, and learned in his pro-
fession ; no friend of monarchy.' Clarendon
writes of him with great asperity, while
Milton's stately panegyric, written in Brad-
shaw's lifetime (1654), applauded his honest
devotion to the cause of liberty. He was not
a great man, but there is no reason to doubt
his sincere faith in the republican principles
which he consistently upheld. He was ap-
parently well read in history and law. Ac-
cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a
study for himself on the roof of Westminster
Abbey, which was well stocked with books.
Charles II, in a letter to the mayor of Bris-
tol (8 March 1661-2), states that Bradshaw's
gipers, which were then in the hands of one
eorge Bishop, included ' divers papers and
writings ' taken by Bradshaw ' out of the
office of the King's Library at Whitehall,
which could not yet be recovered' (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 328). Bradshaw is
stated to have supplied ' evidences ' to March-
mont Needham, when translating Selden's
' Mare Clausum ' (NICOLSON, Hist. Libr.
iii. 124). He fully shared the piety of the
leaders of the parliament, and, in spite of his
high-handed conduct as lord president of the
commission, does not seem to have been of
an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock
found a document a few years ago which
proved that Bradshaw, after obtaining the
§^ant of the estates of a royalist named Richard
reene at Stapeley, heard of the destitute
condition of Greene's three daughters ; where-
upon he ordered (20 Sept. 1650) his steward
to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe-
nceum, 23 Nov. 1878). Similarly, on receiving
the tithes of Feltham, Middlesex, he issued
an address (4 Oct. 1651) to the inhabitants of
the parish, stating that his anxiety l touching
spyritualls ' had led him to provide and endow
a minister for them without putting them to
any charge (Athenceum for 1878, p. 689).
On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that
Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted
by act of parliament, together with Crom-
well, Ireton, and Pride, all of whom died
before the Restoration. As early as 3 May
1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted
from any future pardon in a proclamation
issued by Charles II. On 12 July 1660 the
sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to
the house Bradshaw's goods (Commons Jour-
nal, viii. 88). On 4 Dec. 1660 parliament
directed that the bodies of Bradshaw, Crom-
well, and Ireton ' should be taken up from
Westminster ' and hanged in their coffins at
Tyburn. This indignity was duly perpetrated
30 Jan. 1660-1. The regicides' heads were
subsequently exposed in Westminster Hall
and their bodies reburied beneath the gallows
(PEPTS'S Diary, 4 Feb. 1660-1).
Bradshaw married Mary (b. 1596), daughter
of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but
had no children. She died between 1655 and
1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
On 9 Sept. 1661 directions were given for the
removal of her body to the churchyard outside
the abbey ( Westminster Abbey Register, Harl.
Soc. p. 522). By his will, made in 1655 and
Bradshaw
181
Bradshaw
proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed by
Earwaker), Bradshaw bequeathed most of his
property, which consisted of estates in Berk-
shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somerset, and
Middlesex, to his wife, if she survived him,
for her life, with reversion to Henry (d. 1698),
his brother Henry's son. He also made chari-
table bequests for establishing a free school
at Marple, his birthplace ; for increasing the
schoolmasters' stipends at Bunbury and Mid-
dleton, where he had been educated ; and for
maintaining good ministers at Feltham and
Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted
property by parliament. By one codicil he
left his houses and lodgings at Westminster
to the governors of the school and alrnshouses
there, and added a legacy of 10/. to John
Milton, the poet. After the .Restoration, how-
ever, all Bradshaw's property was confiscated
to the crown under the act of attainder.
Two engraved portraits of Bradshaw are
mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii. 71) — one
in his iron hat by Vandergucht, for Claren-
don's ' History,' and another in 4to, ' partly
scraped and partly stippled.'
HENRY BRADSHAAV, the president's elder
brother, signed a petition for the establish-
ment of the presbyterian religion in Cheshire
on 6 July 1646 ; acted as magistrate under
the Commonwealth; held a commission of
sergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse-
quently one of lieutenant-colonel in Colonel
Ashton's regiment of foot; commanded the
militia of the Macclesfield hundred at the
battle of Worcester (1651), where he was
wounded; sat on the court-martial which
tried the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at
Chester in 1652 ; was charged with this offence
at the Restoration ; was imprisoned by order
of parliament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660 ;
was pardoned on 23 Feb. 1660-1 ; and, dying
at Marple, was buried at Stockport on 15
March 1660-1 (EARWAKER'S East Cheshire,
ii. 62-9; ORMEROD, Cheshire, pp. 408-11).
[Noble's Lives of the Eegicides, i. 47-66;
Foss's Judges, vi. 418 et seq. ; Earwaker's East
Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii.
408-9 ; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Eng-
land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebellion ; White-
locke's Memorials ; Ludlow's Memoirs; Thurloe's
State Papers; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1649-
1658; Carlyle's Cromwell; Commons' Journal,
vi. vii. viii. ; State Trials, iii. iv. v. Many attacks
on Bradshaw were published after his death.
The chief of them, besides those mentioned above,
are The Arraignment of the Divel for stealing
away President Bradshaw, 7 Nov. 1659 (fol. sh.) ;
The President of Presidents, or an Elogie on the
death of John Bradshaw, 1659 ; Bradshaw's
Ultimum Vale, being the last words that were
ever intended to be spoke of him, as they were
delivered in a sermon Preach'd at his Interment
by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England,
Oxf. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinner; or,
Bradshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with his
last will and testament, Lond. 1659. Marchmont
Needham published, 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech 'in-
tended to have been spoken ' at his execution at
Tyburn, but ' for very weightie reasons omitted.'
The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity
of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom-
well's new-erected Slaughter-House, a bitter at-
tack on Bradshaw's judicial conduct, appeared in
1705.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (Jl. 1679), poli-
tical writer, son of Alban Bradshaw, an at-
torney, of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that
town in 1659. He was admitted a scholar of
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1674, and
was expelled from that society in 1677 for
robbing and attempting to murder one of
the senior fellows. He was tried and con-
demned to death, but after a year's imprison-
ment was released. Wood says that Bradshaw,
' who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee
ad omnia, retir'd afterwards to his own
country, taught a petty school, turn'd quaker,
was a preacher among them, and wrote and
published "The Jesuits Countermin'd ; or,
an Account of a new Plot, &c.," London,
1679, 4to.' When James II came to the
throne, Bradshaw ' turned papist.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 619.]
T. C.
BRADSHAW, RICHARD (Jl. 1650),
diplomatist, and a merchant of Chester, ap-
pears in December 1642 as one of the col-
lectors of the contribution raised for the
defence of that city (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th
Rep. p. 365). During the civil war he served
as quartermaster-general of the horse under
the command of Sir William Brereton [q. v.]
(Petition in Commons Journals, 23 Jan. 1651).
In the year 1649 he was mayor of Chester,
and in January 1650 was appointed by par-
liament resident at Hamburg. In Novem-
ber 1652 he was for a short time employed
as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in
April 1657 was sent on a similar mission to
Russia. He returned to England in 1659,
and was in January 1660 one of the commis-
sioners of the navy (Mercurius Politicus,
28 Jan. 1660). He is said by Heath to have
been the kinsman of President Bradshaw;
and from the tone of his letters, and his
attendance at Bradshaw's funeral, this ap-
pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood
states that he was the nephew of John
Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of the latter's
family given in Earwaker's ' History of
Cheshire ' does not confirm this statement.
[Bradshaw has left a large correspondence. The
Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain several let-
Bradshaw
182
Bradshaw
ters of 1649-51 . In the Sixth Eeport of the Koyal
Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 426-44,
is a report by Mr. Horwood on a collection of
letters to and from Bradshaw in the possession of
Miss Ffarington. His official correspondence is
contained in the Thurloe State Papers. Some
other letters may be found in the Calendar of
Domestic State Papers. Mercurius Politicus, Nos.
135 to 144, contains a full account of Bradshaw's
Mission to Copenhagen (18 Dec. 1652 to 10 Feb.
1653). Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, pp. 485-90,
contains depositions relative to the plot for his
murder formed during his stay there. Peck terms
him the nephew of President Bradshaw.]
C. H. F.
BRADSHAW, THOMAS (fi. 1591),
poet, was the author of 'The Shepherd's
Starre, now of late scene and at this hower
to be obserued, merueilous orient in the East :
which bringeth glad tydings to all that may
behold her brightnes, having the foure ele-
ments with the foure capital! vertues in her,
which makes her elementall and a van-
quishor of all earthly humors. Described
by a Gentleman late of the Right worthie
and honorable the Lord Burgh, his companie
£ retinue in the Briell in North-holland/
London, 1591. The dedication is addressed
to the well-known Earl of Essex and to
' Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of Gaynsburgh,
Lord Gouernour of the towne of Bryell and
the fortes of Newmanton and Cleyborow in
North Holland for her Maiestie.' Alexander
Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the
author (dated ' from the court of Greenewich
upon Saint George's day, 1591, Aprill 23')
in which he says that he has taken the liberty
of publishing this book in its author's ab-
sence abroad. The preliminary poems by
I. M. and Thomas Groos deal with Brad-
shaw's departure from England. The volume
consists of ' A Paraphrase upon the third of
the Canticles of Theocritus/ in both verse
and prose. The author's style in the preface
is highly affected and euphuistic, but the
Theocritean paraphrase reads pleasantly. The
book is of great rarity. A copy is in the
British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro-
ceeded B.A. at Oxford in 1547, and suppli-
cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549
(Or/. Univ. JReg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 212).
[Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618),
puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw,
of a Lancashire family, was born at Market
Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1571. His early
schooling at Worcester was paid for by an
uncle, on whose death his education was
gratuitously continued by George Ainsworth,
master of the grammar school at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch. In 1589 Bradshaw went to Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. and MA., but was unsuccessful
in competing for a fellowship (1595) with
Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich.
Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton
[q. v.], the first master of Emmanuel, he ob-
tained a tutorship in the family of Sir Thomas
Leighton, governor of Guernsey. Here he
came under the direct influence of the puritan
leader, Thomas Cartwright [q. v.], who had
framed (1576) the ecclesiastical discipline of
the Channel Islands on the continental model,
and was now preaching at Castle-cornet.
Between Cartwright and Bradshaw a strong
and lasting affection- was formed. Here also
he met James Montague (afterwards bishop
of Winchester). In 1599, when Montague
was made first master of Sidney Sussex Col-
lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointed
one of the first fellows. He had a near es-
cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at
Harston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour-
neying on horseback to the university. He
took orders, some things at which he scrupled
being dispensed with, and preached occasion-
ally at Abington, Bassingbourne, and Steeple-
Morden, villages near Cambridge. He left
Cambridge, having got into trouble by dis-
tributing the writings of John Darrel [q. v.],
tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601,
through Chaderton's influence, he was invited
to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the
diocese of Rochester. He was very popular,
and the parishioners applied (25 April 1602),
through Sir Francis Hastings, for the arch-
bishop's confirmation of his appointment to
the living. A report that he held unsound
doctrine had, however, reached London ; and
Bradshaw was cited on 26 May to appear
next morning before Archbishop Whitgift,
and Bancroft, bishop of London, at Shorne,
near Chatham. He was accused of teaching
' that man is not bound to love God, unless
he be sure that God loves him.' Bradshaw
repudiated this heresy, and offered to produce
testimony that he had taught no such thing.
However, he was simply called upon to sub-
scribe ; he declined, was suspended, and bound
to appear again when summoned. The vicar,
John Philips, stood his friend, and the pa-
rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of
Rochester, for his restoration, but without
effect. Under this disappointment, Bradshaw
found a retreat in the family of Alexander
Redich, of Newhall, close to Stapenhill, Der-
byshire. Redich procured him a license from
William Overton, bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, to preach in any part of his diocese.
Accordingly he preached at a private chapel
in Redich's park, and subsequently (from
Bradshaw
183
Bradshaw
1604) in Stapenhill Church. Although he
drew no emolument from his public work,
the hospitality of his patron was liberally
extended to him. Soon after his marriage
he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill
parish, and his wife made something by
needlework and by teaching a few children.
Bradshaw was one of a little knot of puritan
divines who met periodically at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch, Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Sta-
penhill. Neither in form nor in aim was this
association a presbyterian classis. Whether
Bradshaw ever held Cartwright's views of ec-
clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear ; it is plain
that he did not adhere to them. Neal places
both him and his neighbour Hildersham, of
Ashby , among the beneficed clergy who inl 586
declared their approbation of Cartwright's
1 Book of Discipline ; ' but the chronology in
both cases is manifestly wrong. Even Cart-
wright and his immediate coadjutors declared
in April 1592 that they never had exercised
any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or so much as
proposed to do so, till authorised by law.
The exercises of the association with which
Bradshaw was connected were limited to a
public sermon and a private conference. In
these discussions Bradshaw's balanced judg-
ment gave him a superiority over his brethren,
who called him ' the weighing divine.' He
was strongly averse to ceremonies, both as
unlawful in themselves and imposed by the
undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was
in London, probably on a publishing errand,
in 1605 ; he had been chosen lecturer at
Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop
would not authorise him. He had already
published against ceremonies, and though
his tracts were anonymous, their paternity
was well understood. He now put forth his
most important piece, ' English Puritanisme,'
1605, 4to, which professed to embody the
views of the most rigid section of the party.
His views of doctrine would have satisfied
Henry Ainsworth [q. v.] ; he was at one with
Ainsworth as regards the independence of
congregations, differing only as to the ma-
chinery of their internal government ; he was
no separatist, but he wanted to see the church
purified. Moreover, he entertained a much
stronger feeling than Ainsworth of the duty
of submission to the civil authority. Let the
king be a ' very infidel ' and persecutor of the
truth, or openly defy every law of God, he
held that he still retained, as ' archbishop and
general overseer of all the churches within
his dominions,' the right to rule all churches
within his realm, and must not be resisted in
the name of conscience ; those who cannot
obey must passively take what punishment
he allots. The key to Bradshaw's own scheme
of church polity is the complete autonomy of
individual congregations. He would have
them disciplined inwardly on the presbyterian
plan, the worshippers delegating their spi-
ritual government to an oligarchy of pastors
and elders, power of excommunication being
reserved to ( the whole congregation itself.'
But he would subject no congregation to any
ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is
within itself.' To prevent as far as possible
the action of the state from being warped by
ecclesiastical control, he would enact that
no clergyman should hold any office of civil
authority. Liberty of conscience is a prin-
ciple which his view of the royal supremacy
precludes him from directly stating ; but he
very carefully guards against the possible
abuse of church censures, and holds it a sin
for any church officers to exercise authority
over the body, goods, lives, liberty of any man.
In spite of the safeguard provided by the auto-
cratic control which he proposed to vest in the
civil power, the system of which Bradshaw was
the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed
as abandoning every recognised security for
the maintenance of protestant uniformity.
That on his principle congregations might set
up the mass was doubtless what was most
feared ; ' puritan-papist ' is the significant title
jiven in 1605 to a writer on Bradshaw's side,
who would ' persuade the permission of the
promiscuous use and profession of all sorts
of heresies.' But before very long the ap-
pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as
Wightman confirmed the impression that the
scheme of Bradshaw and his friends would
never do. Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism
bore no name, but its authorship was never
any secret. It was not enough to answer
him by the pen of the Bishop of London's
Welsh chaplain ; his London lodgings were
searched by two pursuivants, deputed to seize
him and his pamphlets. His wife had sent
him out of the way, and, not half an hour
before the domiciliary visit, had succeeded in
cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace.
They carried this spirited lady before the high
commission, but could extract nothing from
her under examination, so they bound her to
appear again when summoned, and let her go.
Ames's Latin version of the ' English Puri-
tanisme ' carried Bradshaw's views far and
wide (see AMES, WILLIAM, 1576-1633, and
BBOWHB'Sj5i0£. of Congregationalism in Norf.
and Suff. 1877, p. 66 seq.) His Derbyshire re-
treat was Bradshaw's safe sanctuary ; thither
he returned from many a journey in the cause
he loved ; his friends there were influential ;
and there was much in his personal address
which, when his surface austerity yielded to
the natural play of a bright and companionable
Bradshaw
184
Bradshaw
disposition, attached to him the affectionate '
regard of men who did not share his views. !
No encomium from his own party gives so |
sympathetic a picture of his character as we
find in the graphic touches of his compeer,
Bishop Hall, who puts the living man before I
us, ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty
in friendship, regardless of the world, a de-
spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.' In
the year before his death Bradshaw got back
to Derbyshire from one of his journeys, and
the chancellor of Overall, the bishop of Co-
ventry and Lichfield, •' welcomed him home
with a suspension from preaching.' But ' the
mediation of a couple of good angels ' (not
'two persons of some influence,' as Rose
suggests, but coins of the realm) procured the
withdrawal of the inhibition, and Bradshaw
was left to pursue his work in peace. On
a visit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma-
lignant fever, which carried him off in 1618.
A large company of ministers attended him
to his burial in Chelsea Church on 16 May.
The funeral sermon was preached by Thomas
Gataker [q. v.], who subsequently became his
biographer. Bradshaw married a widow at
Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place
till a short time prior to his election by the
vestry as afternoon lecturer at Christ Church.
He left three sons and a daughter ; the eldest
son, John, was born in Threadneedle Street,
and 'baptized in the church near thereto
adjoyning, where the minister of the place,
somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake,
instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John.' He
became rector of Etchingham, Sussex. Brad-
shaw published : 1. ' A Triall of Subscription
by way of a Preface unto certaine Subscribers,
and reasons for lesse rigour against Nonsub-
scribers,' 1599, 8vo (anon.) 2. ' Humble
Motives for Association to maintain religion
established,' 1601, 8vo (anon.) 3. * A con-
sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco-
pall,' 1604, 12mo (anon. ; the positions at-
tacked are four, viz. that religion needs
ceremonies, that they are lawful when their
doctrine is lawful, that the doctrine of the
Anglican ceremonies is part of the gospel,
that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. 'A
shorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme
. . . the use of the crosse in baptisme is not
indifferent, but utterly unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.) 5. ' A Treatise of Divine Worship,
tending to prove that the Ceremonies imposed
. . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.); reprinted 1703, 8vo, with preface
and postscript, signed D. M. (Daniel Mayo),
t in defence of a book entitled " Thomas
against Bennet" ' [see BENTSTET, THOMAS, D.D.]
6. ' A Proposition concerning kneeling in the
very act of receiving, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon.)
7. 'A Treatise of the nature and use of things
indifferent, tending to prove that the Ceremo-
nies in present controversie . . . are neither
in nature or use indifferent,' 1605, 8vo (anon. ;
a note prefixed implies that it was circu-
lated anonymously in manuscript and pub-
lished by an admirer of the unknown author).
8. l Twelve generall arguments, proving that
the Ceremonies imposed ... are unlawful!,
and therefore that the Ministers of the Gos-
pell, for the . . . omission of them in church
service are most unjustly charg'd of dis-
loyaltie to his Majestie,' 1605, 12mo (anon.)
9. l English Puritanisme : containeing the
maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those
that are called Puritanes . . .' 1605, 8vo
(anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to :
the article AMES, WILLIAM, speaks of this as
the earliest edition of the original ; it was
translated into Latin for foreign use, with
preface by William Ames, D.D., and title
' Puritanismus Anglicanus,' 1610, 8vo. Neal
gives an abstract of this work and No. 10,
carefully done ; but the main fault to be found
with Neal is his introduction of the phrase
* liberty of conscience, which implies rather
more than Bradshaw expressly contends for).
10. ' A Protestation of the King's Supremacie :
made in the name of the afflicted Ministers,
. . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; it was in explanation
of the statement of the church's attitude
towards civil governors, contained in the fore-
going, and concludes with an earnest plea
for permission openly and peacefully to exer-
cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub-
ject only to the laws of the civil authority).
11. 'A myld and just Defence of certeyne
Arguments ... in behalf of the silenced
Ministers, against Mr. G. Powell's Answer to
them,' 1606, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell was
chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London, and
had published against toleration (1605). In
reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of
the deprived and silenced Ministers' Argu-
ments, . . .' 1606, 4to ; and in reply to
Bradshaw's defence he wrote 'A Rejoinder
to the mild Defence, justifying the Con-
sideration,' &c., 1606, 4to). 12. < The Un-
reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa-
rant, by an Examination of Mr. Johnson's
pretended Reasons,published in 1608, whereby
heelaboureth to justifie his Schisme from the
Church Assemblies of England,' Dort, 1614,
4to. (Francis Johnson's < Certayne Reasons
and Arguments ' was written while Johnson
was at one with Ainsworth in advocating a
separatist congregational polity. John Canne,
who subsequently became pastor of Johnson's
Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis-
tinguish himself as a fifth-monarchy man,
published ' A Necessitie of Separation from
Bradshaw
185
Bradshaw
the Church of England, proved from the
Nonconformists' Principles/ 1634, 4to, in
reply to Bradshaw and Alexander Leighton,
M.D., a non-separatist presbyterian. Gataker
then brought out a supplemented edition
of Bradshaw's book, 'The Unreasonable-
ness of the Separation made apparent, in
Answere to Mr. Francis Johnson ; together
with a Defence of the said Answere against the
Keply of Mr. John Canne,' 1640, 4to.) 13.
1 A Treatise of Justification,' 1615, 8vo ; trans-
lated into Latin, 'Dissertatio de Justifica-
tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, 12mo ; Oxford,
1658, 8vo. (Gataker says that John Prideaux,
D.D., a strong opponent of Arminianism, after-
wards bishop of Worcester, expressed pleasure
at meeting Bradshaw's son, l for the old ac-
quaintance I had, not with your father, but
with his book of justification.') 14. The 2nd
edition of Cartwright's ' A Treatise of the
Christian Religion, . . .' 1616, 4to, has an
address ' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B.
(Bradshaw). Probably posthumous was 15,
*A Preparation to the receiving of Christ's
Body and Bloud, . . .' 8th edit., 1627, 12mo.
Certainly posthumous were 16, 'A Plaine
and Pithie Exposition of the Second Epistle
to the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by
Gataker). 17. 'A Marriage Feast/ 1620, 4to
(edited by Gataker). 18. t An Exposition of
the XC. Psalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to.
(The first of these seems to have been sepa-
rately published as * A Meditation on Man s
Mortality ; ' the other is the same as 14.) In ad-
dition to the above, Brook gives the following,
without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian
Reproof.' 20. < A Treatise of the Sin against
the Holy Ghost/ 21. < A Twofold Catechism.'
22. < An Answer to Mr. G. Powell ' (probably
the same as 11, but possibly a reply to one of
Powell's earlier tracts). 23. ' A Defence of
the Baptism of Infants.' A collection of
Bradshaw's tracts was published with the
title, ' Several Treatises of Worship & Cere-
monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford,
1660, 4to ; it contains Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly-
leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed
in Aug. 1660 by J. Rothwell, at the Foun-
tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All
the tracts, except 3 and 4, have separate title-
pages, though the paging runs on, and are
sometimes quoted as distinct issues.
[Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology,
1677 ; Neal'sHist. of the Puritans, Dublin, 1759,
i. 381, 418; ii. 62 seq., 106; Brook's Lives of
the Puritans, 1813, ii. 212, 264 seq., 376 seq.;
Brook's Memoirs of Cart-wright, 1845, pp. 434,
462 ; Fisher's Companion and Key to the Hist,
of England, 1832, pp. 728, 747; Rose, Biog.
Diet. 1857, v. 1; Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861,
1 ii. 236, 405 seq. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Eel.
: Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, 99,
101 ; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, ii. 534 seq.,
, iii. 565 seq. ; extracts from Stapenhill Registers,
per Rev. E. Warbreck. The list of Bradshaw's
; tracts has been compiled by help of the libraries
; of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata-
logue of the Advocates' Library, Edin., and a
private collection. Further search would pro-
bably bring others to light. They are not easy
to find, owing to their anonymity.] A. G-.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700),
hack writer, was originally educated for the
church. The eccentric bookseller John Dun-
I ton, from whom our only knowledge of him
is derived, has left a flattering account of his
abilities. ' His genius was quite above the
common order, and his style was incompa-
rably fine. . . . He wrote for me the parable of
the magpies, and many thousands of them
sold.' Bradshaw lived in poverty and debt,
and under the additional burden of a melan-
i choly temperament. Dunton's last experi-
ence of him was in connection with a
j literary project for which he furnished cer-
i tain material equipments ; possessed of these,
I Bradshaw disappeared. The passage in which
' Dunton records this transaction has all his
j characteristic nai'vetS, though it may be
j doubted whether, if Bradshaw lived to read
| it, he derived much satisfaction from the
j plenary dispensation which was granted him
— ' If Mr. Bradshaw be yet alive, I here de-
: clare to the world and to him that I freely
forgive him what he owes both in money and
books if he will only be so kind as to make
! me a visit.' Dunton believed Bradshaw to
be the author of the ' Turkish Spy/ but this
conjecture is negatived by counter claims
supported on better authority (Gent. Mag.
Ivi. pt. i. p. 33 : NICHOLS, Literary Anecdotes,
. i. 413 ; D'ISEAELI, Curiosities of Literature,
5th ed. ii. 134).
[Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705, ed.
! 1818.] J. M. S.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. (1671-
1 1732), bishop of Bristol, was born at Aberga-
1 venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1671
(CooPER, Biographical Dictionary}. He was
educated at New College, Oxford, taking his
degree of B. A. 14 April 1697, and proceeding
M. A. 14 Jan. 1700. He was ordained deacon
4 June 1699, and priest 26 May 1700, and
was senior preacher of the university in
1711- On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap-
lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor-
wich, he published a sermon preached in St.
Paul's Cathedral. After having been for some
time incumbent of Fawley, near Wantage,
in Berkshire, he was appointed on 21 March
1717 to a prebend of Canterbury, which he
Bradshawe
186
Brad street
resigned on his appointment as canon of Christ
Church, Oxford, on 24 May 1723. He received
the degree of D.D. on 27 Aug. of the same
year ; and on 29 Aug. 1724 was nominated
to both the deanery of Christ Church and
the bishopric of Bristol, receiving the two
Preferments in commendam. He published in
730 a ' Sermon preached before the House of
Lords on 30 Jan. 1729-30.' Bradshaw died at
Bath on 16 Dec. 1732. He was buried in
Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat stone,
about two feet beyond the bishop's stall to-
wards the chancel, was inscribed : ' William
Bradshaw, D.D., Bishop of Bristol and Dean
of Christ Church, in Oxford ; died 16 Dec.
1732, aged 62 ' (Rawlinson MSS. 4to, i. 267).
It is also erroneously said that Bradshaw was
buried at Bath (LE NEVE, Fasti) ; ' ibique
jacet sepultus' (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus).
Bradshaw left 300/. to Christ Church.
[Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ; Cooper's
Biog. Diet. 1873; History of the University of
Oxford, 1814; Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ed. Ri-
chardson, 1743; Le Neve's Fasti, 1854; Daily
Journal, 19 Dec. 1732 ; Britton's Abbey and Ca-
thedral Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popular
History of Bristol, 1861.] A. H. G.
BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1635),
fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, was the
author of ' Canticvm Evangelicvm Summam
Sacri Evangelii contin ens,' London, 1635, 8vo,
dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwaring, knight.
This book is unnoticed by all bibliographers.
[Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vi, 143.]
T. C.
BRADSTKEET, ANNE (1612-1672),
poetess, was born in 1612, probably at North-
ampton, and was the second of the six children
of Thomas Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wife
( Works in Prose and Verse, Introd. p. xiv).
Her father was once page to Lord Compton,
then, steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and
finally governor of Massachusetts. In 1628
Anne had the small-pox. Later in the same
year she married Simon Bradstreet, son of
Simon Bradstreet, a nonconformist minister
in Lincolnshire : the younger Simon had been
eight years in the Earl of Lincoln's family
under Anne's father (Magnolia Christi Ame-
ricana, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 was steward
to the Countess of Warwick (Worlds, &c.,
Introd. p. xxii). On 29 March 1630 the Brad-
streets, the Dudleys, and Arbella (the Earl of
Lincoln's sister, wife of Isaac Johnson), with
many others, set sail for New England, and
on 12 June landed at Salem, whence they re-
moved at once to Charlestown (ib. p. xxxi).
In 1632 Anne had a ' fit of sickness,' and in
1634 the party settled at Ipswich, Massa-
chusetts (Works, Introd. p. xxxv). Simon
Bradstreet formed a plantation at Merrimac
in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her
' Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.' At Ipswich,
on Monday, 28 Sept. 1640, she at last be-
came a mother, and she could eventually
write, 23 June 1659 (Poems, p. 245) :
I had eight birds hatcht in one nest,
Four cocks there were and hens the rest.
In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in
honour of Du Bartas, and she shortly made a
collection of her poems. The chief of them
was entitled ' The Four Elements ; ' she dedi-
cated the volume in verse to her father, under
date 20 March 1642. These poems were dis-
tributed in manuscript, and gained her great
celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her as ' a
crown to her father ' (Magnalia, bk. ii. p. 17),
whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebrated
poet of her time in America' (Poets and Poetry
of America, p. 92). The book was at last pub-
lished, in London, 1650, under the title ' The
Tenth Muse,' . . . ' By a Gentlewoman in
Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on
27 Dec., Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's
mother, died (Poems, p. 220) ; in 1644 her
father married again (having three more
children by this marriage). In 1653 Anne's
father died. In 1661 she had a further long
and serious illness, and her husband, then
secretary to the colony, had to proceed to
England on state business. Anne wrote
1 Poetical Epistles' to him. By 3 Sept.
1662 he had returned. Anne Bradstreet
wrote poems in 1665 and 1669 commemo-
rating the deaths of three grandchildren ; and
on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her last poem,
beginning
As weary pilgrim, now at rest.
After this Anne Bradstreet's health failed
entirely, and she died of consumption, at An-
dover, Massachusetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60.
It is not known where Anne Bradstreet
was buried. Her poems, says Cotton Mather,
are a ' monument for her memory beyond the
stateliest marbles ; ' and these ' Poems ' were
issued in a second edition, printed by John
Foster, at Boston (America), in 1678. Anne
Bradstreet also left a small manuscript book
of ' Meditations,' designed for the use of her
children. Extracts from this book appeared,
with the title of ' The Puritan Mother,' in the
American ' Congregational Visitor,' 1844 ; in
Dr. Budington's * History of the First Church
in Charlestown,' and in many American
newspapers to which they were contributed
by Mr. Dean Dudley ( Works, Introd. p. x). In
1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne
Bradstreet's ' Works,' and there these ' Medi-
tations,' together with all that Anne Brad-
street ever wrote, are given in their entirety.
Brad street
187
Bradstreet
Simon Bradstreet (a portrait of whom is
in the senate chamber of the State House,
Massachusetts) married again after Anne's
death, and became governor of Massachusetts
in 1679, not dying till 1697, aged 94. Amongst
Anne's descendants are Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Dana, and Dr. Channing, besides
many other of the best-known Americans.
[Works of Anne Bradstreet, in Prose and
Verse (ed. Ellis), U.S. A. 1867; Anne Bradstreet's
Poems, 2nd ed. Boston, 1678 ; Mather's Magnalia
Christi Americana, bk. ii. pp. 17, 19.] J. H.
BRADSTREET, DUDLEY (1711-1763),
adventurer, was born in 1711 in Tipperary,
where his father had obtained considerable
property under the Cromwellian grants,
which, however, was much reduced by debts.
Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his
early years in charge of a foster father in
Tipperary. While a youth he became a
trooper, but soon quitted the army and traded
unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and sub-
sequently as a brewer. For several years, in
Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an er-
ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro-
jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet
was employed by government officials to act
as a spy among suspected persons. He was
also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of
Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them
with information on the movements of Prince
Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet as-
sumed the character of a devoted adherent to
the Stuart cause, and, under the name of ' Cap-
tain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to the
prince and his council at Derby. There he
acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of
Cumberland, and, without being suspected
by the Jacobites, continued on good terms
with them, and took his leave as a friend
when they commenced their return march to
Scotland. Bradstrefct's notices of Prince
Charles and his associates are graphic. He
describes circumstantially the executions, in
August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and
Lord Balmerino, at which he states he was
present. Although Bradstreet's services as
a secret agent were admitted by the govern-
ment officials, he was unable to obtain from
them either money or a commission in the
army, which he considered had been promised
to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing
his case under the notice of the king, from
whom he consequently received the sum of
one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet
subsequently subsisted for a time on the re-
sults of schemes, his success in which he
ascribed to the l superstition ' of the English
people, and ' their credulity and faith in
wondrous things.' The last of his devices
at London appears to have been that styled
the ' bottle conjurer,' which, with the assist-
ance of several confederates, he carried out
with great gains in January 1747-8. On his
adventures in connection with the affair Brad-
street wrote a play, in five acts, styled l The
Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer,' which he
states was revised for him by some of the
best judges and actors in England, including
Mrs. Woffington, who gave him ' the best
advice she could about it.' This play was
four times performed with great success at
London, but on the fifth night, when Brad-
street was to have taken the part of ' Spy,'
the principal character, it was suppressed by
the magistrates of Westminster. ' The Bottle
Conjurer' was printed by Bradstreet with his
' Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet
returned to Ireland, where he owned a small
property in land. He attempted unsuccess-
fully to carry on trade as a brewer in West-
meath, and became involved in contests with
officials of the excise. To raise funds, he
printed an account of his life and adventures.
The work is written with vivacity and de-
scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multi-
farnham, Westmeath, in 1763. His brother,
Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in
Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759,
and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet
[q. v.], third baronet, was a younger brother
of Sir Simon, the first baronet's son and
heir.
[The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Cap-
tain Dudley Bradstreet, 1755; Dublin Journal,
1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.]
J. T. G.
BRADSTREET, ROBEET (1766-
1836), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was
born at Highana, Suffolk, in 1766, and edu-
cated under the care of the Rev. T. Foster,
rector of Halesworth in that county. On
4 June 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of
St. John's College, Cambridge, and he became
a fellow-commoner of that society on 23 Jan.
1786. The dates of his degrees are B.A.
1786, M.A. 1789. Bradstreet was the pos-
sessor of an estate at Bentley in Suffolk,
with a mansion called Bentley Grove, which,
it is believed, he inherited from his father.
He resided for several years abroad, and
witnessed many of the scenes of the French
revolution, of which he was at one time an
advocate. He married in France, but took
advantage of the facility with which the
marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on
his return to England he married, in 1800,
Miss Adham of Mason's Bridge, near Had-
leigh, Suffolk, by whom he had a numerous
family. For some time he lived at Higham
Bradstreet
188
Bradwardine
Hall, Raydon, but removing thence, lie re-
sided at various places, and at length died at
Southampton on 13 May 1836.
He was the author of ' The Sabine Farm,
a poem : into which is interwoven a series
of translations, chiefly descriptive of the
Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an
excursion from Rome to Licenza,' London,
1810, 8vo. There are seven engraved plates
in the work, and an appendix contains * Mis-
cellaneous Odes from Horace.'
[London Packet, 20-23 May 1836, p. 1, col. 1 ;
Addit. MS. 19167, f. 237; Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii)
420, N.S., vi. 108.] T. C.
BRADSTREET, SIR SAMUEL (1735?-
1791), Irish judge, the representative of a
family who had settled in Ireland in the
time of Cromwell, was born about 1735,
being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad-
street, a barrister, who was created a baronet
of Ireland on 14 July 1759. Samuel Brad-
street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary
term, 1758. * He was appointed in 1766 to the
recordership of Dublin. In June 1776 Brad-
street — who, at the death of Sir Simon, his
elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the
title as third baronet — was elected represen-
tative of the city of Dublin in the Irish House
of Commons. He was re-elected in October
1783, and was distinguished as a member of
the l patriotic party,' from which, however,
according to Sir Jonah Barrington, he was one
of the ' partial desertions.' ' Mr. Yelverton,
the great champion of liberty, had been made
chief baron, and silenced ; Mr. Bradstreet [i.e.
Sir Samuel Bradstreet] became a judge [in
January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly
had accepted the office of paymaster, and
had renegaded' (Historic Anecdotes, ii. 166).
Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Maryborough,
Queen's County, where he summed up for the
conviction of Captain (afterwards General)
Gillespie, for the murder of William Barring-
ton, younger brother of Sir Jonah Barrington,
whom he held to have been unfairly slain by
Captain Gillespie in a duel. In 1788 Brad-
street was appointed a commissioner of the
great seal, in association with the Archbishop
of Dublin and Sir Hugh Carleton, chief jus-
tice of the court of common pleas. Bradstreet
died at his seat at Booterstown, near Dublin,
on 2 May 1791, and was succeeded in the
baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four
sons by his wife Eliza, whom he married
in 1771, and who died in 1802, only daugh-
ter and heiress of James Tully, M.D., of
Dublin.
[Dublin Gazette, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-15
Jan. 1784; London Gazette, 10-13 Jan. 1784;
Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1766-1776; St.
James's Chronicle, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer-
age and Baronetage, 1884; Smyth's Chronicle of
the Law Officers of Ireland, 1839 ; B. H. Blacker's
Parishes of Booterstown and Donny brook, 1860-
74 ; Members of Parliament : Parliament of Ire-
land, 1559-1800, 1878; Barrington's Historic
Memoirs of Ireland, 1833 ; Barrington's Rise and
Fall of the Irish Nation ; Barrington's Personal
Sketches of his own Time, 1869-1 A- H. G.
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?-
1349), archbishop of Canterbury, is com-
monly called DOCTOR PROFUNDTJS. His sur-
name is variously spelt Bragwardin (Ger-
son), Brandnardinus (Gesner), Bredwardyn
(Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William
de Dene). In public documents he is usually
designated as Thomas de Bradwardina or de
Bredewardina. His family may have ori-
lally come from Bradwardine near Here-
ford, but he himself says that he was born
in Chichester, and implies that his father and
grandfather were also natives of that city.
Birchington indeed (WHARTON, Anglia Sa-
cra, i. 42) says that he was born at Hertfield
(Hartfield) in the diocese of Chichester, and
William de Dene (Ana. Sac. i. 376) gives
Condenna (probably Cowden) in the diocese
of Rochester as his birthplace, but neither of
these writers supports his statement by any
evidence.
At Chichester Thomas may have become
acquainted with the celebrated Richard of
Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who
held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe-
dral early in the fourteenth century, and from
that enthusiast in study and diligent collec-
tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste
for learning. Nothing, however, is known re-
specting his education before he went to Ox-
ford, nor has the exact date of his going
thither been ascertained. All we know for
certain is that he was entered at the college,
then recently founded by W alter de Merton,
and in 1325 his name appears as one of the
proctors of the university. In this capacity
he had to take part in a dispute between
the university and the archdeacon of Oxford.
The archdeaconry was held in commendam
by Galhardus de Mora, cardinal of St. Lucia ;
the duties of the office were discharged by
deputy, and the emoluments were farmed by
men whose object was to make as much gain
for themselves as they could. They claimed
spiritual jurisdiction over the university for
the archdeacon. The chancellor and proctors
resisted the claim, maintaining that the dis-
cipline of the university pertained to them.
The cardinal archdeacon having complained
to the pope, the chancellor, proctors, and
certain masters of arts were summoned to
Avignon to answer for their conduct, but they
Bradwardine
189
Bradwardine
declined to appear and lodged a counter suit
against the archdeacon in the king's court.
The king, Edward III, compelled the arch-
deacon to submit to the arbitration of Eng-
lish judges, and the controversy ended in
favour of the university, which was exempted
from all episcopal jurisdiction.
During his residence in Oxford, Thomas
Bradwardine obtained the highest reputation
as a mathematician, astronomer, moral phi-
losopher, and theologian. At the request of
the fellow's of Merton he delivered to them
a course of theological lectures, which he
afterwards expanded into a treatise. This
work earned him the title of Doctor Profun-
dus : in his owTn day it was commonly called
' Summa Doctoris Profundi,' but in later
times it has been entitled 'De Causa Dei
contra Pelagium, et de virtute causarum ad
suos Mertonenses libri tres.' This treatise
was edited by Sir Henry Savile in 1618 in
a folio volume of nearly 1,000 pages. It con-
tinued to be for ages a standard authority
amongst theologians of the Augustinian and
Calvinistic school. Dean Milner gives a sum-
mary of its contents in his f Church History '
(iv. 79-106). According to Bradwardine the
whole church had in his day become deeply
infected with Pelagianism. 'I myself/ he
says, l was once so foolish and vain when I
first applied myself to the study of phi-
losophy as to be seduced by this error. In
the schools of the philosophers I rarely heard
a word said concerning grace, but we were
continually told that we were the masters
of our own free actions, and that it was
in our own power to do well or ill.' He en-
deavours to prove, with much logical force
and mathematical precision, that human ac-
tions are totally devoid of all merit, that
they do not deserve grace even of congruity,
that is as being meet and equitable — the
most specious form of Pelagianism, and one
which wras most commonly entertained in
that day. He maintains that human nature
is absolutely incapable of conquering a single
temptation without a supply of divine grace,
and that this grace is the free and unmerited
gift of God, whose knowledge and power are
alike perfect. If God did not bestow His
grace freely, He could not foresee how He
would confer His gifts, and therefore His fore-
knowledge would not be absolute ; so that the
doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free
grace are linked together. Underlying all
the hard and dry reasoning, however, of this
treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and
genuine piety which occasionally breaks out
into fervent meditation and prayer, full of
love, humility, and thankfulness.
The estimation in which Thomas Brad-
wardine was held as a theologian in his own
century is indicated by the way in which
Chaucer refers to him. In the ' Nun's Priest's
Tale ' the speaker, touching on the question of
God's foreknowledge and man's free-will, is
made to say :
But I ne cannot boult it to the bren,
As can the holy doctour S. Austin,
Or Boece, or the Bishop Bradwirdyn.
About 1335 Bradwardine was, with seven
other Merton men, summoned to London by
Richard of Bury, who had been made bishop
of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the
following year, and who surrounded himself
with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains,
partly from a love of splendour, partly from
a love of the society of men of learning who
could assist him in the formation of his library.
In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtained for
his chaplain Bradwardine the chancellorship
of St. Paul's Cathedral with the prebend of
Cadington Minor attached to it. He soon
afterwards accepted also a prebendal stall in
Lincoln Cathedral, although not without some
scruples and hesitation, owing to the objec-
tions then becoming prevalent against the
non-residence of beneficiaries.
On the joint recommendation of Arch-
bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham
he was appointed one of the royal chaplains.
Although the title of confessor was borne
by all the king's chaplains, the language of
Birchington seems to imply that Bradwar-
dine actually received the confession of Ed-
ward III, which, considering what the life
of the king then was, must have been a very
difficult and unpleasant office if it was con-
scientiously discharged. He joined the court
in Flanders and accompanied the king,
16 Aug. 1338, in his progress up the Rhine
to hold a conference at Coblenz with his
brother-in-law Lewis of Bavaria.
At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the
king that Richard Coeur de Lion had offered
public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his
escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca-
thedral had been destroyed by fire, but the
new structure, which has not been completed
till our own day, was in course of erection.
The plans were submitted to the king, and
after consultation with Bradwardine he sub-
scribed a sum equal to 1,500/. according to
the present value of money. Bradwardine
continued to be in attendance upon the king-
up to the date of the victory of Cressy and
the capture of Calais. He was so diligent
in his exhortations to the king and the sol-
diers that many attributed the successes of
the English arms to the favour of Heaven
obtained through the wholesome warnings
Bradwardine
190
Brady
and the holy example of the royal chaplain.
After the battles of Cressy and Neville's
Cross he was appointed one of the commis-
sioners to treat of peace with King Philip.
Archbishop Stratford died 23 Aug. 1348,
and the chapter of Canterbury, thinking to
anticipate the wishes of the king, elected
Bradwardine to the vacant see without
waiting for the congt d'Slire. The king,
however, was offended by the irregularity,
and requested the pope to set aside the elec-
tion and appoint John of Ufford by provision.
The appointment was merely a device in
order to vindicate his own right of nomina-
tion, which had been infringed by the pre-
mature action of the chapter ; for John of
Ufford was aged and paralytic, and died of
the plague before his consecration.
After the death of John of Ufford the
chapter applied for the conge d'elire, which
was sent with the recommendation to elect
Bradwardine. The pope, Clement VI, also
issued a bull in which he affected to supersede
the election of the chapter, and appointed
Thomas by provision. Bradwardine was on
the continent at the time of his election, and
repaired without delay to the papal court at
Avignon for consecration, which took place
19 July 1349. The pope was so completely in
the power of Edward at this time that he had
once bitterly remarked, if the King of England
were to ask him to make a bishop of a jack-
ass, he could not refuse. The cardinals had
resented the saying, and one of them, Hugo,
cardinal of Tudela, a kinsman of the pope,
had the ill taste to make the consecration of
Bradwardine an occasion for indulging their
spleen. In the midst of the banquet given
by the pope, the doors of the hall being
suddenly thrown open a clown entered seated
upon a jackass and presented a humble peti-
tion that he might be made archbishop of
Canterbury. Considering the European re-
putation of Bradwardine for learning and
piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable;
the pope rebuked the offender, and the rest
of the cardinals marked their displeasure by
vying with one another in the respect which
they paid to the new archbishop.
Although the Black Death was now raging
in England, Bradwardine hastened thither.
He landed at Dover on 19 Aug., did hom-
age to the king at Eltham, and received the
temporalities from him on the 22nd. Thence
he went to London, and lodged at La Place,
the residence of the Bishop of Rochester in
Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival
he had a feverish attack, which was attribu-
ted to fatigue after his journey, but in the
evening tumours under the arms and other
symptoms of the deadly plague which was
then ravaging London made their appear-
ance, and on the 26th the archbishop died.
Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the
disease, the body was removed to Canterbury
and buried in the cathedral.
His works are : 1. ' De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium et de virtute causarum,' edited by
Sir Henry Savile, London, 1618. 2. ' Trac-
tatus de proportionibus,' Paris, 1495. 3. ' De
quadrature, circuli,' Paris, 1495. 4. ' Arith-
metica speculativa,' Paris, 1502. 5. ' Geo-
metria speculativa,' Paris, 1530. 6. ' Ars
Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec-
tion, British Museum, No. 3744. This last is
an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory
by the method of mentally associating certain
places with certain ideas or subjects, or the
several parts of a discourse.
[Sir Henry Savile, in the preface to his edition
of Bradwardine's work De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium, has collected all the notices of his
life, which are but scanty. See also Birchington
and William of Dene, Hist. Eoff., and William
de Chambre, Hist. Dunelm., in Wharton's Anglia
Sacra, vol. i. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops,
vol. iv.] W. K. W. S.
BRADY, SIB ANTONIO (1811-1881),
admiralty official, was born at Deptford on
10 Nov. 1811, being the eldest son of Anthony
Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then
storekeeper at the Royal William victualling
yard, Plymouth, by his marriage, on 20 Dee.
1810, with Marianne, daughter of Francis
Perigal and Mary Ogier. He was educated
at Colfe's school, Lewisham, and then entered
the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic-
toria victualling yard, Deptford, on 29 Nov.
1828, and, having served there and at Ply-
mouth and Portsmouth, was, through the
recommendation of Sir James Graham, pro-
moted to headquarters at Somerset House as
a second-class clerk in the accountant-gene-
ral's office on 26 June 1844. He was gradu-
ally promoted until in 1864 he became re-
gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently
assisted very materially in reorganising the
office, he was made the first superintendent
of the admiralty new contract department on
13 April 1869, when an improved salary of
1,000/. a year was allotted to him. He held
this appointment until 31 March 1870, when
he retired on a special pension. He was
knighted by the queen at Windsor on 23 June
1870.
After his retirement Sir Antonio devoted
himself to social, educational, and religious
reform. Having taken a great interest in the
preservation of Epping Forest for the people,
he was appointed a judge in the ' Verderer's
court for the forest of Epping.' He was
Brady
191
Brady
associated with church work of all kinds.
He published in 1869 ' The Church's Works
and its Hindrances, with suggestions for
Church Reform.' The establishment of the
Plaistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the East
London Museum at Bethnal Green, and the
West Ham and Stratford Dispensary was in
a great measure due to him.
Brady was a member of the Ray, the Pa-
laeontographical, and Geological Societies.
So long ago as 1844 his attention had been
attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick-
earth which occupy the valley of the Roding at
Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou-
raged by Professor Owen he commenced col-
lecting the rich series of mammalian remains
in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com-
prising amongst others the skeletons of the
tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceros, horse,
elk, stag, bison, ox, hippopotamus, &c. This
valuable collection of pleistocene mammalia
is now in the British Museum of Natural His-
tory, Cromwell Road. In his l Catalogue of
Pleistocene Mammalia from Ilford, Essex,'
1874, printed for private circulation only,
Brady acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr.
William Davies, F.G.S., his instructor in the
art of preserving fossil bones. He died suddenly
at his residence, Maryland Point, Forest Lane,
Stratford, on 12 Dec. 1881. He was buried in
St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on 16 Dec.
His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of
George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on
18 May 1837, and by her, who survived him,
he left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector
of Wennington, Essex, and two daughters.
[Stratford and South Essex Advertiser, 16 and
23 Dec; 1881 ; Nature (1881-2), xxv. 174-5, by
Henry Woodward; Guardian (1881), p. 1782;
and collected information.] Gr. C. B.
BRADY, JOHN (d. 1814), clerk in the
victualling office, was the author of ' Clavis
Calendaria; or a Compendious Analysis of
the Calendar : illustrated with ecclesiastical,
historical, and classical anecdotes,' 2 vols.,
London, 1812, 8vo ; 3rd edit., 1815. The com-
piler also published an abridgment of the
work, and some extracts from it appeared in
1826, under the title of ' The Credulity of
our Forefathers.' This book, once very po-
pular, has been long since superseded. Brady
died at Kennington, Surrey, on 5 Dec. 1814.
His son, John Henry Brady, arranged and
adapted for publication 'Varieties of Lite-
rature ; being principally selections from the
portfolio of the late John Brady/ London,
1826, 8vo.
[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 36, 416;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in
Brit. Mus.] T. C.
BRADY, SIR MAZIERE (1796-1871),
lord chancellor of Ireland, born on 20 July
1796, was a great-grandson of the Rev. Nicho-
las Brady, D.D. [q. v.], the psalmist, and
the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a
gold and silver thread manufacturer in Dub-
lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity College,
Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a scholarship
there, and twice carried off the vice-chancel-
lor's prize for English verse. He proceeded
B.A. (1816) and M.A. (1819), and was called
to the Irish bar in Trinity term of 1819. In
1833, under the ministry of Earl Grey, he, as
an avowed liberal, was appointed one of the
commissioners to inquire into the state of the
Irish municipal corporations. In 1837 he was
made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes-
sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], and became at-
torney-general in 1839. In the year following
he was promoted to the bench as chief baron
of the Court of Exchequer. He was raised to
the bench of the Irish Court of Chancery,
somewhat against his inclination, in 1846.
He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the
Russell administration, 1847-52. He became
in 1850 the first vice-chancellor of the Queen's
University, of the principles of which founda-
tion Brady was a constant advocate. From
1853 to 1858 Brady was again lord chancellor
of Ireland. He resumed the post once more in
1859, and held it through the second adminis-
trations of Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell
until the overthrow of the latter in 1866. On
28 June of that year he sat for the last time
in the Irish Court of Chancery. He retired
amidst general regret. He was fond of scien-
tific studies, especially geology. In 1869 he
was created a baronet by Mr. Gladstone. He
died at his residence in Upper Pembroke
Street, Dublin, on Thursday, 13 April 1871.
At the time of his death, besides holding the
vice-chancellorship of the Queen's Univer-
sity, he was a member of the National Board
of Education, and president of the Irish Art
Union, and of the Academy of Music.
Brady was twice married : first, in 1823,
to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan
of Dublin, who died in 1858 : and secondly
to Mary, second daughter of the Right Hon.
John HatcheU, P.C., of Fortfield House,
co. Dublin. His first wife left him five
children, by the eldest of whom, Francis
William Brady, Q.C., he was succeeded in
his title and estates.
[Catalogue of Dublin Graduates, 1869 ; Free-
man's Journal, 14 and 18 April 1871 ; Daily News,
15 April 1871; Irish Times, 18 April 1871;
Times, 15 and 13 April 1871 ; Burke's Lives of
the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, 1872 ; Wills's
Irish Nation, its History and its Biography, 1875 ;
Debrett's Baronetage, 1884.] A. H. G.
Brady
192
Brady
BRADY, NICHOLAS (1659-1726),
divine and poet, son of Major Nicholas
Brady, who served in the king's army in the
rebellion, and Martha, daughter of Luke
Gernon, a judge, was born at Bandon, county
Cork, on 28 Oct. 1659. After he had for
some time attended a school called St. Fin-
berry's, kept by Dr. Tindall, he was sent to j
England at the age of twelve, and admitted j
into the college of Westminster in 1673.
Thence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- [
ford, where he matriculated 4 Feb. 1678-9, |
proceeding B.A. in Michaelmas term 1682. j
He then returned to Ireland, lived with his
father at Dublin, and took his B.A. degree at
the university there in 1685, proceeding M.A. |
the next year. Entering orders he was in- j
stituted prebendary of Kinaglarchy in the
church of Cork in July 1688, and a few
months later was presented to the livings of
Killmyne and Drinagh in Cork diocese. He
was also chaplain to Bishop Wetenhall. j
During the revolution he warmly upheld i
the cause of the Prince of Orange, and j
suffered some loss in consequence. His in- j
terest with James's general, MacCarthy, j
enabled him to save the town of Bandon,
though James thrice commanded that it i
should be burnt. The people of the town j
having suffered considerable loss sent him j
with a petition to the English parliament j
praying for compensation. During his visit I
to London his preaching was much admired ; i
he was chosen lecturer at St. Michael's, !
Wood Street, and, on 10 July 1691, was ap- !
pointed to the church of St. Catherine Cree, j
where he remained until 1696. The sermon j
he preached on his resignation was printed, i
London, 1696, 4to. On his resignation he
received the living of Richmond, Surrey, 1
which he held until his death. From 1702 j
to 1705 he also held the rectory of Stratford- |
on-Avon, which he resigned on his appoint-
ment to the rectory of Clapham on 21 Feb.
1705-6. Although his ecclesiastical prefer-
ments brought him in an income of 600/. a
year, his expensive habits, and especially his
love of hospitality, obliged him to keep a
school at Richmond. This school is men-
tioned in terms of praise in a paper of Steele's
in the ' Spectator' (No. 168). On 15 Nov.
1699 the university of Dublin conferred on
him the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in recog-
nition of his abilities, and sent him the
diploma of doctor by the senior travelling
fellow of the society. Brady was chaplain to i
William III, to Mary, to Anne both as !
princess of Wales and as queen, and to the j
Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In j
1690 he married Letitia, daughter of Dr. j
Synge, archdeacon of Cork, and had by her ,
four sons and four daughters. He died at
Richmond 20 May 1726, and was buried in
that church. His funeral sermon, preached
by the Rev. T. Stackhouse, vicar of Been-
ham [q. v.], was published under the title
of ' The Honour and Dignity of True Mini-
sters of Christ,' London, 1726.
Brady's best known work is (1) the metrical
version' of the Psalms, which he undertook
while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con-
junction with Nahum Tate [q. v.] When
their work was complete and had been sub-
mitted to and revised by the archbishop of
Canterbury and the bishops, the authors
petitioned the king that he would allow it
to be used in the public services of the
church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec.
1696, made an order in council that it might
' be used in all churches ... as shall think
fit to receive the same.' The ' New Version,'
as the work of Brady and Tate is called to
distinguish it from the version of T. Stern-
hold and J. Hopkins, was well received by
the whigs. Some of the stiffer tories among
the clergy, however, objected to it, and their
objections, which seem to have been that the
new version was too poetical, that there was
no need of change, and, as was hinted, that
they were offended at the recommendation
of the whig bishops and at the ' William R.'
on the order allowing its use, were answered
by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's
and Mr. Brady's New Version, by a True
Son of the Church of England,' London,
1698. The use of the 'New Version' was
condemned by Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in
his ' Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by
T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with
critical observations on the New Version
compared with the Old,' London, 1710, and
Brady's share in the work was sneered at
by Swift in his ' Remarks on Dr. Gibbs's
Psalms.' Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy
entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Im-
postors,' acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692,
the prologue being spoken by Betterton, and
the epilogue, the work of Shadwell, by Mrs.
Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the
some year, with a dedication to the Earl of
Dorset, but without the author's name. The
plot is concerned with the history of the
Goths and Vandals. It was slightly recast
for representation in 1729, the Goths and
Vandals being turned into Portuguese and
Spaniards. In 1692 (3) an 'Ode for St.
Cecilia's Day,' which will be found in
Nichols's 'Select Collection of Poems,' v.
302. (4) ' Proposals for the publication of a
translation of Virgil's JEneids in blank verse,
together with a specimen of the performance.'
This translation was published by subscrip-
Brady
193
Brady
tion, being completed in 1726. Johnson
says that ' when dragged into the world it
did not live long enough to cry,' he had not
seen it and believed that he had been in-
formed of its existence by ' some old cata-
logue.' It is not in the library of the British
Museum, and has not been seen by the pre-
sent writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons,
1704-6, republished with a third volume by
Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting,
Surrey, in 1730, a volume of ' Select Sermons
preached before the Queen and on other oc-
casions,' 1713. A considerable number of
sermons, most of them republished in collec-
tions, were also published separately. Among
these was a sermon preached in Chelsea
Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell,
in November 1692 (London, 1693).
[Rawlinson MSS. 4to, 5305, fol. 16, 248-57 ;
Gibber's Lives of the Poets, iv. 62; Nichols's
Select Collection of Poems, v. 302 ; Biog. Brit,
ii. 960 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 173,
183; Todd's Dublin Graduates, 62 ; Newcourt's
Repertorium, i. 381 ; Dugdale's Warwickshire,
680 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and
full Account (as above), 1698 ; Bishop Beveridge's
Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710 ; Swift's
Works (Scott, 2nd ed.), xii. 261 ; Johnson's
Works (Life of Dryden), ix. 431 (ed. 1806) ;
Brady's Rape, 1692; Genest's History of the
Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266 ; Biog. Dram. i. i. 58 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 809.]
W. H.
BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian
and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk.
He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge,
on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was
created doctor by virtue of the king's letters
in September 1660 (KENNET, Register, 251),
and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed
master of his college by royal mandate (KEN-
NET, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or
1685) he held the office of keeper of the re-
cords in the Tower, and took deep interest in
studying the documents under his charge.
He was admitted fellow of the College of
Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician
in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In
this capacity he was one of those who deposed
to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct.
1688. He was regius professor of physic at
Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university
in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He
died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money
to Caius College.
He wrote : 1. A letter to Dr. Sydenham,
dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical ques-
tions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epi-
stolse Responsoriae duse,' 1680, 8vo. 2. ' An
Introduction to Old English History com-
prehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol.
VOL. VI.
3. ' A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols.,
1685, 1700, fol. 4. < An Historical Treatise
of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing
their original,' &c., 1690 ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol.
5. ' An Inquiry into the remarkable instances
of History and Parliamentary Records used
by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreason-
ableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to.
His historical works are laborious, and are
based on original authorities ; they are marked
by the author's desire to uphold the royal
prerogative. In his preface to his ' Treatise
on Boroughs ' he says that he is able to show
that they 'have nothing of the greatness and
authority they boast of, but from the bounty
of our ancient kings and their successors.'
[Kennet's Register and Chronicle, 251, 870;
Biographia Britannica, i. 959 ; Munk's Coll. of
Phys. (1878), i. 418; Ackermann's History of
the University of Cambridge, i. 106.] W. H.
BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? -1827),
general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian
army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account
has it Cootehill), some time between October
1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian
service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that
date his name appears as ' Peter,' but in all
subsequent rolls he is called ' Thomas.' He
served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the in-
fantry regiment ' Wied.' On 10 April 1774
he was promoted ensign in the infantry regi-
ment ' Fabri ; ' he became lieutenant 30 Nov.
1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784,
and captain in 1788. He distinguished him-
self as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in
1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross
for personal bravery at the storming of Novi
on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war.
He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served
on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that
year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the
corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was
transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi-
ment ' Murray,' of which he became colonel
on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frank-
enthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795,
and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796
at Ukerad. He was promoted to major-
general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served
in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799.
He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801,
and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy
of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of in-
fantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor
of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy
councillor in recognition of his services as
a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809
be took a leading part in the battle of As-
pern, a large portion of the Austrian army
being under his conduct. General Brady was
Bragg
194
Bragge
retired on the pension of a full general on
3 Sept. 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827.
[Archives of the Imperial Royal Ministry of
War, Vienna ; information from local sources.]
H. M. C.
fc BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenant-
general, colonel 28th foot, M.P. for Armagh,
was at Blenheim as an ensign in the 1st
foot guards, his commission bearing date
10 March 1702. He appears to have after-
wards served in the 24thfoot, which was much
distinguished in allMarlborough's subsequent
campaigns under the command of Colonel
Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same
regiment of guards. The English records of
this period contain no reference to Bragg, but
in a set of Irish military entry-books, com-
mencing in 1713, which are preserved in the
Four Courts, Dublin, his name appears as
captain in Primrose's regiment, lately re-
turned from Holland to Ireland ; his com-
mission is here dated 1 June 1715, on which
day new commissions were issued to all of-
ficers in the regiment in consequence of the
accession of George I. On 12 June 1732 Bragg
was appointed master of the Royal Hospital,
Kilmainham, in succession to Major-general
Robert Stearne, deceased, and on 16 Dec.
following he became lieutenant-colonel of
Colonel Robert Hargreave's regiment, after-
wards known as the 31st foot. On 10 Oct.
1734 he succeeded Major-general Nicholas
Price as colonel of the 28th foot, an appoint-
ment which he held for twenty-five years,
and which originated the name 'The Old
Braggs,' by which that regiment was long
popularly known. As a brigadier-general
Bragg accompanied Lord Stair to Flanders,
where he commanded a brigade. He be-
came a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in
1751 was appointed to the staff in Ireland.
He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on
6 June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small
fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville.
[Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards, vol. iii. (Lon-
don, 1874); Treasury Papers, xciii. List of
Recipients of Queen's Bounty for Blenheim;
Irish Military Entry Books in Public Record
Office, Dublin ; Gent. Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190,
xv. 389, xvii. 496, xxi. 477, xxix. 293 ; De la
WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Eep.]
H. M. C.
BRAGGE, WILLIAM (1823-1884), en-
gineer and antiquary, was born at Birming-
ham 31 May 1823, his father being Thomas
Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some years
of general tuition, Bragge studied practi-
cal engineering with two Birmingham firms,
and in his leisure applied himself closely to
the study of mechanics and mathematics. In
1845 he entered the office of a civil engineer,
and engaged in railway surveying. He acted
first as assistant engineer and then as en-
gineer-in-chief of part of the line from Chester
to Holy head.
Through the recommendation of Sir Charles
Fox, Bragge was sent out to Brazil as the
representative of Messrs. Belhouse & Co.,
of Manchester, and he carried out the light-
ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with gas.
This was followed by the survey of the first
railway constructed in Brazil — the line from
Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis — for which he
received several distinctions from the em-
peror Don Pedro. The emperor in later years
visited Bragge at Sheffield.
In 1858 Bragge left South America. He
became one of the managing directors of the
firm of Sir John Brown & Co., and was elected
mayor of Sheffield. The rolling of armour
plates, the manufacture of steel plates, the
adoption of the helical railway buffer-spring,
and other developments of mechanical enter-
prise, were matters in which he rendered
effective aid to his firm. Bragge filled the
office of master cutler of Sheffield, and took
great interest in the town's free libraries,
school of art, and museums. In 1872 he
resigned his position of managing director to
his firm, which had been converted into a
limited company, and went over to Paris as
engineer to the Soci^te" des Engrais, which
had for its object the utilisation of the sew-
age of a large part of Paris. The scheme
proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy
pecuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876
Bragge returned to his native town of
Birmingham, settling there, and developing
a large organisation for the manufacture
of watches by machinery on the American
system.
The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which
he found time to cultivate in spite of his
labours in business, were manifested in his
numerous collections. Amongst these was
a unique Cervantes collection, which in-
cluded nearly every work written by or re-
lating to the great Spanish writer. This
collection, which consisted of 1,500 volumes,
valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to his
native town, but unfortunately it was de-
stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free
Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems and
precious stones which Bragge collected from
all parts of Europe was purchased for the
Birmingham Art Gallery. The most re-
markable collection formed by Bragge was
one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in
which every quarter of the world was repre-
sented. A catalogue prepared and published
Braham
195
Braham
by the collector showed that he had brought j
together 13,000 examples of pipes. China, I
Japan, Thibet, Van Diemen's Land, North j
and South America, Greenland, the Gold j
Coast, and the Falkland Islands, all furnished j
specimens. ' There were also samples of some j
hundreds of kinds of tobacco, of every con-
ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare
Chinese snuff-bottles, and also of all known
means of procuring fire, from the rude In-
dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of
Paris or Vienna.' This collection was broken
up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable j
collection of manuscripts, which realised
12,500Z. He was always ready to place his
treasures at the disposal of public bodies for |
exhibition.
Bragge was a fellow of the Society of An-
tiquaries, of the Anthropological Society, of
the Royal Geographical Society, and of many
foreign societies.
Bragge, who married a sister of the Rev.
George Beddow, died at Handsworth, Bir-
mingham, on 6 June 1884. For some time
before his death he was almost totally blind.
[Bragge's Bibliotheca Nicotiana, a catalogue
of books about tobacco, together with a cata-
logue of objects connected with the use of tobacco
in all its forms, Birmingham. 1880; Brief Hand
List of the Cervantes Collection, presented to the
Birmingham Free Library, Reference Depart-
ment, by William Bragge, Birmingham, 1874;
Times, 10 June 1884 ; Birmingham Daily Post,
9 June 1884.] G. B. S.
BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards
COUNTESS WALDEGKAVE. [See WALDE-
GKAVE.]
BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 P-1856), tenor
singer, was born in London about the year
1774. His parents were German Jews, who
died when Braham was quite young, leaving
him to what one of his biographers describes
as ' the seasonable and affectionate attention
of a near relation.' Whether it was at this
time, or at an earlier age, that the future
singer gained his living by selling pencils in
the streets is not chronicled. Braham's first
contact with music took place at the synagogue
in Duke's Place. There he met with a chorister,
a musician of his own race named Leoni, who
discovered the germs of his talent. Leoni
adopted the orphan, and gave him thorough
instruction in music and singing, with such
good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap-
peared at Covent Garden on the occasion of
a benefit performance for his master, and
sang Arne's bravura air, ' The Soldier Tired,'
between the acts of the 'Duenna.' About
this time John Palmer had started the
Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but,
not being able to obtain a license for dramatic
performances, he opened the house on 20 June
1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita-
tions, glees, songs, &c. Here Braham sang
for about two years, until his voice broke.
Even at this early period of his career his
bravura singing must have been remarkable.
His voice had a compass of two octaves, and
some of his most successful parts were Cupid
in Carter's * The Birthday,' and Hymen in
Reeves's ( Hero and Leander.' He sang again
at Covent Garden as Joe in < Poor Vulcan '
on 2 June 1788. About this time Braham's
master, Leoni, became bankrupt, and the
future tenor was once more thrown upon his
own resources. After his voice broke he con-
tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear-
ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rane-
lagh, but his main occupation consisted in
teaching the pianoforte. He met with a
wealthy patron, a member of the Goldsmid
family, and when the change in his voice was
settled, on the advice of the flute-player
Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under
Rauzzini in 1794. Braham remained at Bath
until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him,
induced Storace to procure him an engage-
ment at Drury Lane, for which house Storace
was just then engaged upon an opera. This
work was ' Mahmoud,' but before it was
finished the composer died, and the work
was completed as a pasticcio by his sister,
Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble,
Mrs. Bland, and Braham, sang in it on its
production, 30 April 1796. Braham's success
was signal, and in the following season he
appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in
Gretry's ' Azor et Z6mire ' on 26 Nov. 1796,
and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac-
chini's 'Evelina,' as well as in the annual
oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at
Gloucester. In the following year, on the
advice of the fencer M. St. George, Braham
decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ac-
cordingly, he left England with Nancy Sto-
race, with whom he lived for several years,
and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here
the two singers gave a series of concerts,
under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar-
nais. These were so successful, that they
remained eight months in Paris, and did not
reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which
they first visited, Braham sang at the Per-
gola as Ulysses in an opera by Basili, and as
Orestes in Moneta's <Le Furie d'Oreste.' At
Milan he met Mrs. Billington [q. v.], with
whom he was forced into rivalry by the
jealousy of her husband (Felissent). It is
said that, owing to Felissent's machinations,
a scena of Braham's was suppressed in Naso-
lini's 'Trionfo di Clelia,' in which both the
o2
Braham
196
Braham
English singers were to appear, and that
Braham revenged himself by appropriating
all Mrs. Billington's embellishments and
florid passages, which it was well known she
only acquired by dint of hard work, being
quite incapable of any sort of improvisation.
Fortunately, the dispute ended in their be-
coming good friends, and Braham continued
to sing at Milan for two years. At Genoa he
sang with the famous sopranist Marchesi in
'Lodoiska' for thirty nights successively,
which in those days was considered a re-
markable run. At the same place he stu-
died composition under Isola. Here Braham
and Nancy Storace were offered an engage-
ment at Naples, but declining it, they went
to Leghorn, and then to Venice, where they
arrived in 1799. During their stay here
Cimarosa wrote an opera for Braham —
' Artemisia ' — which the composer did not
live to complete. From Venice the two
singers went to Trieste, where Braham sang
in Martin's ' Una Cosa Rara,' and thence to
Vienna, where the offers of London managers
caused the popular tenor and soprano to
make for Hamburg without stopping to sing
in Germany. They arrived in London early
in the winter of 1801, and appeared on 9 Dec.
in ' Chains of the Heart/ a feeble composition
by Prince Hoare, with music by Mazzinghi
and Reeve, which failed in spite of Braham's
singing. After a few performances this work
was replaced by the t Cabinet,' the book of
which was written by T. Dibdin, the music
being supplied by different composers, but
principally by Braham himself. The l Cabi-
net ' was produced on 9 Feb. 1802, Braham,
Incledon, and Signora Storace playing the
principal characters. It was followed on
15 March by the ' Siege of Belgrade,' a pla-
giarism from Martin's * Cosa Eara,' ' Family
Quarrels ' (18 Dec. 1802), written by Dibdin,
with music by Braham, Moorhead, and Reeve,
and the ' English Fleet in 1342 ' (13 Dec.
1803). The music of this opera was entirely
by Braham, who received for it what was
then considered the enormous sum of 1,000
guineas. It contains one of his best remem-
bered compositions, viz. the duet, ' All's
Well.' About the same time Braham wrote
music to the < Paragraph,' and (10 Dec. 1804)
sang in ' Thirty Thousand,' in which he colla-
borated with Reeve and Davy, and ' Out of
Place' (28 Feb. 1805), part of the music in
which was written by Reynolds. In the sum-
mer of 1805 Braham and Nancy Storace sang
for six nights at Brighton, where the soprano
distinguished herself by replacing a default-
ing drummer in an accompaniment played
behind the scenes to a great scena of Bra-
ham's in the * Haunted Tower.' In the au-
tumn season of the same year both singers
seceded to Drury Lane, where Storace re-
mained until her retirement in May 1808,
and Braham continued to sing for many
years. Here were produced most of his
operas : * False Alarms,' part of the music by
King (3 Jan. 1807), < Kais,' in which Reeve
collaborated (11 Feb. 1808), the < Devil's
Bridge ' (10 Oct. 1812), < Narensky ' (11 Jan.
1814), written conjointly with Reeve [see
BROWN, CHARLES ARMITAGE], and ' Zuma '
(1 Feb. 1818), a collaboration with Bishop.
Braham's other operas were the 'Ameri-
cans' (Lyceum, 27 April 1811), part of the
music in which was by King, containing the
famous song the 'Death of Nelson,' 'Isi-
dore de Merida ' (1827), and the ' Taming of
the Shrew' (1828), both of which were col-
laborations with T. S. Cooke. In 1806 he
sang at the King's Theatre in Italian opera,
appearing on 4 March in Nasolini's ' Morte
di Cleopatra,' and on 27 March as Sesto in
Mozart's ' Clemenza di Tito ' for Mrs. Billing-
ton's benefit, the first performance in Eng-
i land of an opera by Mozart. In 1809 he
was engaged at the Royal Theatre, Dublin,
for fifteen nights, at the high salary of two
thousand guineas ; this engagement was so
successful that it was extended to thirty-six
nights on the same terms. In 1810 he did
not appear on the stage, but went on an ex-
tended provincial tour with Mrs. Billington.
In 1816 he reappeared in Italian opera at
the King's Theatre, singing his old part of
Sesto in Mozart's ' Clemenza di Tito,' and
Guglielmo in the same master's t Cosi fan
tutte.' In this year he was married to Miss
Bolton of Ardwick, near Manchester. It
was said that this marriage was the indirect
cause of Nancy Storace's death, which took
place in the following year.
Braham continued attached to Drury Lane,
but for the next fifteen years there is scarcely
a provincial festival or important concert or
oratorio in the programme of which his name
does not occur. He was the original Max
in Weber's ' Freischiitz ' on its production
in England at the Lyceum (20 July 1824),
and created the part of Sir Huon in the-
same composer's ' Oberon ' (Covent Garden,
12 April 1826), the scena in which, '0
'tis a glorious sight to see,' was especially
written to display his declamatory powers.
On 14 Aug. 1825 he sang at the Lyceum in
Salieri's ' Tarare,' in which he must have pre-
sented an extraordinary appearance, as Phil-
lips (Recollections, i. 88) says that he was
dressed in a home-made costume of many
colours, with a huge turban, ' which would'
better have become some old lady at a card
party than the sultan chief,' from beneath?
Braham
197
Braham
which ' protruded a long Hebrew nose and a
huge pair of black whiskers.'
During his forty years' professional life the
popular tenor had accumulated a large for-
tune, but in 1831 he unwisely joined Yates
in buying the Colosseum in Regent's Park for
40,000/., and in 1835 built the St. James's
Theatre, which cost 30,000/. Both of these
speculations proved disastrous, and he was
forced once more to return to the stage and
concert-room. In 1839 he sang the parts of
Tell and Don Giovanni in Rossini's and Mo-
zart's operas, though both are written for
baritones, but his voice at this time had
suffered from the ravages of time, and he
was no longer able to sing his old parts.
In 1840 he went to America with his son
Charles, but the tour was unsuccessful. On
his return he gave a concert in which the
father and son were the sole performers.
For several years the veteran tenor continued
to sing in public, principally in concerts and
at provincial festivals, and he did not finally
retire until March 1852, when his last ap-
pearance took place at the Wednesday con-
certs. After his retirement he lived at the
Grange, Brompton, where he died on 17 Feb.
1856. He was buried in the Brompton ceme-
tery.
Braham left six children. Three of his
sons, Charles, Augustus, and Hamilton,
adopted the musical profession ; one of his
daughters (after wards Frances, countess Wal-
degrave) was for many years a notable
figure in London society. A son by Nancy
Storace took orders in the Anglican church.
In person Braham was short, stout, and Jew-
ish-looking. At one of the Hereford festi-
vals his small stature gave rise to an amusing
incident. Braham was singing the l Bay of
Biscay,' in the last verse of which he was in
the habit of making considerable effect by
falling on one knee at the words * A sail ! a
sail ! ' On the occasion in question he did
this as usual, but unfortunately the platform
was constructed with a rather high barrier
on the side towards the audience, so that the
little tenor was completely lost to sight. The
audience, in alarm, thinking he had slipped
down a trap-door, rose like one man, and
when Braham got up again he was received
with shouts of laughter. His voice had a
compass of nineteen notes, with a falsetto
extending from D to A in alto ; the junction
between the two voices was so admirably
concealed that it could not be detected when
he sang an ascending and descending scale
in chromatics. The volume of sound he could
produce was prodigious, and his declamation
was magnificent. Even in 1830, when he
sang in Auber's l Masaniello,' his voice is said
to have rung out like a trumpet. In spite of
all these extraordinary natural gifts, great
discrepancies of opinion exist as to the merits
of his singing. His great fault seems to
have been that though he could sing with the
utmost perfection of style and execution, yet
he generally preferred to astonish the ground-
lings by vulgar and tricky displays and sen-
sational effects. In this way he was accused
of corrupting the taste of the age, and he
certainly injured his voice by shouting and
forcing it, so that in his later days he even
sang out of tune. He frittered away extra-
ordinary powers of declamation and pathos
in trivialities and vulgarities, and used his
magnificent talents only as a means of ac-
quiring money. When at the zenith of his
career, he entertained the Duke of Sussex at
his house, and in the course of the evening
sang a number of songs in the most per-
fectly artistic style. ' Why, Braham,' said
the duke, ' why don't you always sing like
that ? ' ' If I did,' was the reply, ' I should
not have the honour of entertaining your
royal highness to-night.' His own compo-
sitions were of the feeblest description, and
could only have been endurable by the em-
bellishments he introduced in singing them,
but which are never found in the published
copies of his operas and songs. In private
life he was much liked, especially in his later
days, when he enjoyed great reputation for
his conversational powers. The best portraits
of him are: (1) a water-colour drawing by
Deighton, painted in 1830 (now in the pos-
session of Mr. Julian Marshall) ; (2) a vig-
nette by Ridley, after Allingham (published
26 July 1803) ; (3) a coloured full-length,
as Orlando in the ' Cabinet,' drawn and etched
by Deighton (22 March 1802) ; (4) a vig-
nette by Anthony Cardon, after J. G. Wood
(published 30 Nov. 1806) ; and (5) a vignette
by H. Adlard, 'Mr. Braham in 1800,' in
Busby's ' Concert Room Anecdotes.'
[Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 269 a ; Hall's
Retrospect of a Long Life (1883), ii. 250 ; Lon-
don Mag. N.S. i. 118 ; Public Characters (1803-
1804), vi. 373 ; G-ent. Mag. May 1856, p. 540 ;
G-eorgian Era, iv. 299; Genest's Hist, of the
Stage, vii. ; Parke's Musical Memoirs, i. 296,
325, &c. ; Quarterly Mus. Review, i. 876, ii. 207,
iii. 273, vii. 280, 429, viii. 151, 267, 291, 411 ;
Harmonicon for 1832, p. 2 ; Annals of the Three
Choirs, 77 ; Phillips's Musical Recollections, i.
83, ii. 55, 62, 247, 316 ; Musical World, 29 July
and 5 Aug. 1854, 23 Feb. 1856 ; Brit. Mus. Music
Catalogue : information from Mrs. Keeley.]
W. B. S.
BRAHAM, ROBERT (/. 1555), edited
in 1555 * The Auncient Historic and onely
trewe and syncere Cronicle of the warres
Braid
198
Braid
patient, as alleged by the mesmerists. This
artificial condition he appropriately designated
' neuro-hypnotism,' afterwards shortened to
' hypnotism/ a term which has now come into
general use. He read a paper at a meeting of the
British Association at Manchester on 29 July
1842, entitled ' A Practical Essay on the Cura-
tive Agency of Neuro-hypnotism.' This was
the first of a series of published results of his
investigations, in the pursuit of which he
met with much violent 01
betwixte the Grecians and the Troyans . . .
translated into Englyshe verse by J. Lyd-
gate/ Thomas Marshe, London, 1555, folio.
Lydgate's work had already appeared in print
under the title of ' The hystory, sege, and
dystruccyen of Troy ' (1513). Braham pre-
fixes a preface of very high interest. He
criticises adversely Caxton's uncritical ' Re-
cueil des Histoires de Troye ; ' speaks in high
praise of William Thynne, who had recovered
the works of Chaucer ; and desire.d to emu-
late Thynne's example with respect to Lyd-
gate. Braham condemns severely the care-
lessness of the printers of the first edition of
Lydgate's * Troy,' and charges them with a
fatal ignorance of English. Braham's edi-
tion is a well-printed black-letter folio.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. : Brit. Mus. Cat.]
S. L. L.
BRAID, JAMES (1795 P-1860), writer
on hypnotism, was the son of a landed pro-
prietor of Fifeshire. He was born at Rylaw
House in that county about 1795. After
receiving his education at the university
of Edinburgh, he was apprenticed to Dr.
Anderson of Leith and his son, Dr. Charles
Anderson. On obtaining the diploma of j
M.R.C.S.E. he accepted an engagement as !
surgeon to the miners employed at the Earl
of Hopetoun's works in Lanarkshire, and
subsequently practised with Dr. Maxwell
at Dumfries. While resident there he was
called to render assistance" to a Mr. Petty of
Manchester, who had been injured in a stage-
coach accident in the neighbourhood. This
gentleman, pleased with Braid's attentions,
persuaded him to remove to Manchester,
where there was more scope for his talents,
and where he became distinguished for his
special skill in dealing with some dangerous
and difficult diseases, and acquired consider-
able popularity from his warm-hearted and
cheerful disposition. In 1841 circumstances
drew his attention to the subject of animal
magnetism, on which La Fontaine delivered
lectures in Manchester. He entered in a truly
scientific way into the investigation of mes-
merism, which he then believed to be wholly
a system of collusion or illusion ; but he soon
discovered a reality in some of the pheno-
mena, though he differed from the mesmerists
as to their causes. His experiments proved
that certain phenomena of abnormal sleep
and a peculiar condition of mind and body
might be self-induced by fixed gaze on any
inanimate object, the mental attention being j introduced into France in 1859 by Dr. Azam,
concentrated on the act. This proved the and was taken up later by Liebault, Charcot,
Bernheim, Dumontpallier, P. Richet, and C.
Richet. In Germany many of Braid's re-
ous quarters, especially from writers in the
1 Zoist,' the special organ of the mesmerists.
He went on, however, prosecuting his re-
searches with care, and advocating the truth
and the benefits of his method with good-
humoured persistency. He died suddenly
in Manchester on 25 March 1860.
The titles of his separate publications are
as follows : 1. t Satanic Agency and Mesme-
rism reviewed, in a letter to the Rev. H.
McNeile, A.M., in reply to a Sermon preached
by him ' (1842, 12mo). 2. ' Neurypnology, or
the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, considered in
relation to Animal Magnetism. Illustrated by
numerous cases of its successful application in
the relief and cure of diseases ' (1843, 12mo,
pp. 288). 3. ' The Power of the Mind over
the Body : an experimental inquiry into the
nature and cause of the phenomena attri-
buted by Baron Reichenbach and others to
a New Inponderable ' (1846). 4. < Observa-
tions on Trance; or Human Hybernation'
(1850). 5. i Electro-Biological Phenomena
considered physiologically and psychologi-
cally,' from the ' Monthly Journal of Medi-
cal Science ' for June 1851, with appendix.
6. ' Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism,
Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology ; being a
digest of the latest views of the author on
these subjects. Third edition, greatly en-
larged, embracing observations on J. C.
Colquhoun's " History of Magnetism "
(1852). 7. ' Hypnotic-Therapeutics, illustra-
ted by Cases. With an Appendix on Table-
moving and Spirit-rapping,' reprinted from
the l Monthly Journal of Medical Science f
for July 1853. 8. ' The Physiology of Fas-
cination, and the Critics criticised' (1855).
The second part is a reply to attacks made
in the l Zoist.' 9. ' Observations on the
Nature and Treatment of certain Forms of
Paralysis ' (1855). He also wrote contribu-
tions to the medical journals on ' Caesarian
section,' &c.
Braid's important hypnotic suggestion was
subjective or personal nature of the influence,
and that it did not arise from any magnetic
influence passing from the operator into the suits have been obtained by following his
Braidley
i99
Braidwood
methods by Heidenhain of Breslau, who,
however, in his work published in 1880, does
not mention the earlier investigator. Several
translations of Braid's works have been pub-
lished in France and Germany, one of the
most recent being a German rendering of
nearly all his writings, issued by W. Preyer
in 1882, under the title ' Der Hypnotismus :
ausgewahlte Schriften von J. Braid.'
[Med. Times and Gazette, 1860, i. 355, 386 ;
Manchester Courier, 31 March I860; Encyc.
Brit. (9th edit.) xv. 278; Carpenter's Mental
Physiology, pp. 160, 548, 601 ; Carpenter's Mes-
merism, &c., p. 16; Nineteenth Century, Sep-
tember 1880, p. 479 ; P. Janet in Journal Officiel,
6 May 1884; Littre, Diet, de Medecine, 1884,
p. 797.] C. W. S.
BRAIDLEY, BENJAMIN (1792-1845),
writer on Sunday schools, the son of Benja-
min Braidley, a farmer, was born at Sedge-
field, Durham, on 19 Aug. 1792. He was
apprenticed to a firm of linen importers in
Manchester, and in 1813 first became an active
worker in the Bennett Street Sunday schools.
In 1815, 1,635 pupils received prizes for re-
gular attendance, and in 1816, 2,020 scholars
were on the rolls of the schools. In 1830
Braidley was constable, and in 1831 and 1832
boroughreeve of Manchester. He was also
high constable of the hundred of Salford. In
1835 he was twice the unsuccessful candi-
date in the conservative interest for the par-
liamentary representation of Manchester.
Braidley visited America in 1837, and his
diary during his visit shows his great interest
in education, the slavery question, and reli-
gion, as regarded from an evangelical stand-
point. He was a commission agent, and
became wealthy ; but by the failure of the
Northern and Central Bank he lost the greater
part of his fortune. Braidley was the author
of ' Sunday School Memorials,' Manchester,
1831, 12mo, which contains short biographies
of persons connected with the Bennett Street
Sunday schools. This work, some portions
of which first appeared in the 'Christian
Guardian,' has passed through four editions,
the last of which, greatly enlarged, was pub-
lished in 1880, under the title of ' Bennett
Street Memorials.' Braidley also contributed
to the ' Shepherd's Voice,' a religious maga-
zine, and wrote several tracts in a local con-
troversy as to the doctrines of the church of
Rome. He died of apoplexy 3 April 1845.
He was unmarried.
[Memoir of Benjamin Braidley, Esq. (by Wil-
liam Harper), 1845, 12mo, contains extracts from
his diary; Bennett Street Memorials, 1880, con-
taining a portrait of Braidley, with a memoir
by the Kev. Henry Taylor.] E. C. A. A.
BRAIDWOOD, JAMES (1800-1861),
superintendent of the London fire-brigade,
was born at Edinburgh in the year 1800, and
was the son of a respectable tradesman in that
city. He was educated at the High School,
and after wards he folio wed the building trade.
In 1824 he joined the police, and, having been
appointed superintendent of fire-engines in
Edinburgh, he at once set to work to orga-
nise an efficient fire-brigade.
Nor was it too soon ; for in that year
Edinburgh was visited by a terrible con-
flagration, which destroyed a great part of the
High Street and the steeple of the Tron
Church. At this fire his coolness, determina-
tion, and daring were conspicuously shown :
an ironmonger's shop was in flames, and
Braidwood, hearing there was gunpowder on
the premises, entered, and at the utmost
personal risk to himself carried out first one
and then another barrel of powder.
In 1830 he published a pamphlet ' On the
Construction of Fire-engines and Apparatus,
the Training of Firemen, and the Method
of Proceeding in Cases of Fire.' This little
work brought him into more than local noto-
riety, and eventually led to his appointment,
in 1832, as superintendent of the London
Fire-engine Establishment, then supported
by the different insurance companies. On
leaving Edinburgh the firemen gave him a
gold watch, and the committee made him a
present of a valuable piece of plate.
In London he had but the very small force
of 120 men under him ; yet, by his activity,
energy, and perseverance, he kept the fires
which occurred in the metropolis in very fair
subjection. He fell a victim to his duty on
22 June 1861, while endeavouring to subdue
a huge conflagration at Cotton's Wharf and
Depot, Tooley Street, London Bridge, where
he was crushed by a falling wall, and buried
in the ruins. His body, terribly mutilated,
was recovered two days afterwards, and he
was buried at Abney Park Cemetery on
29 June.
He was for nearly thirty years an associate
of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and to
that learned body, as well as to the Society
of Arts, he read many papers connected with
the prevention and extinction of fires.
[Gent. Mag. 1861, p. 212.] J. A.
BRAIDWOOD, THOMAS (1715-1806),
teacher of the deaf and dumb, was born in
Scotland in 1715, and educated at Edinburgh
University. He was some time assistant in
the grammar school at Hamilton, and after-
wards opened a mathematical school in Edin-
burgh. In 1760 a boy named Charles Sherriff,
born deaf, and hence mute, was placed with
Braidwood
200
Braithwaite
him to learn writing. In a few years Braid-
wood taught him to speak. About the end
of 1768 some lines purporting to be by this
lad, on seeing Garrick act, appeared in the
London newspapers (reprinted in * Gent. Mag.'
1807, p. 38), and called attention to the case.
' A.,' in < Gent. Mag.' 1807, pp. 305-6, says
the verses were really written as a means of
getting an introduction to Garrick by Caleb
Whitefoord. Sherriff became a successful
miniature painter in London, Bath, Brigh-
ton, and the West Indies. Lord Monboddo
reports of him (Orig. and Prog, of Lan-
guage, 1773, i. 179) that he ' both speaks and
writes good English;' on the other hand
1 A.' (as above) says he never could under-
stand Sherriff', whom he knew well. En-
couraged by his success with Sherriff, Braid-
wood devoted himself to the teaching of the
mute. His only mechanical appliance was a
small silver rod ( about the size of a tobacco-
pipe/ flattened at one end, and having a bulb
at the other. This he employed to place the
tongue in the right positions. From about
1770 he was assisted by his kinsman, John
Braidwood. Dr. Johnson visited the insti-
tution in 1773 at Edinburgh ; he calls it a
' subject of philosophical curiosity . . . which
no other city has to show ; a college of the
deaf and dumb, who are taught to speak, to
read, to write, and to practise arithmetic.'
He set a sum, and ' wrote one of his sesqui-
pedalia verbaj which was pronounced to his
satisfaction. He says of Braidwood's pupils
that they * hear with the eye.' The number
of scholars was l about twelve.' Arnot says
(Hist. ofEdin. 1779, p. 425) the pupils were
' mostly from England, but some also from
America.' Francis Green mentions that
there were ' about twenty pupils ' in 1783.
Braidwood was then about to remove his
academy to London, the king having, accord-
ing to Green, promised IQOl. a year from his
private purse to help to make it a public in-
stitution (pp. 183-4). He established himself
at Grove House, Mare Street, Hackney, where
he died on 24 Oct. 1806, in his ninety-first
year. John Braidwood, his coadjutor, was
born in 1756, married in 1782 the daughter of
Thomas Braidwood, and died 24 Sept. 1798 at
Hackney of a pulmonary complaint, leaving a
widow, two sons, Thomas and John, and two
daughters. The academy was continued by
the widow and sons.
[Weeden Butler in Gent. "Mag. January 1807 ;
Green's Vox Oculis subjecta ; a Dissertation on
the most curious and important Art of imparting
Speech and the "Knowledge of Language to the
naturally Deaf and (consequently) Dumb, with a
particular account of the Academy of Messrs.
Braidwood of Edinburgh, and a proposal to per-
petuate and extend the benefits thereof, by a
Parent, London, 1783, 8vo (see Biog. Diet, of
Living Authors, 1816, p. 136) ; Johnson's Works,
1806, ix. 337 seq. ; Boswell's Life of Johnson (ed.
Croker and Wright), 1859, v. 152 ; Annual Ke-
gister for 1810, p. 372 ; references given above.]
A. G.
BRAILSFOKD, JOHN, the elder (Jl.
1712-1739), poetical writer, was educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1712,
M.A. 1717), and, after acting as curate at
Blaston in Leicestershire, became rector of
Kirby in Nottinghamshire. He wrote ' Derby
Silk-Mill, attempted in Miltonick Verse,'
Nottingham, 1739, fol.
[Creswell's Collections towards the History of
Printing in Nottinghamshire, 27 ; Nichols's Lei-
cestershire, ii. 453 ; Graduati Cantab. (1823), 59.]
T. C.
BRAILSFOKD, JOHN, the younger
(d. 1775), divine, after completing his educa-
tion at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A.
1744, M.A. 1766), was appointed in 1766 to
the head-mastership of the free school at
Birmingham, which situation he held till his
death on 25 Nov. 1775. He was also vicar
of North Wheatley, Nottinghamshire, and
chaplain to Francis, lord Middleton. He
published < The Nature and Efficacy of the
Fear of God,' an assize sermon preached at
Warwick (London, 1761, 4to) ; and an oc-
tavo volume, containing ' Thirteen Sermons
on various Subjects ' by him, was published
at Birmingham the year after his death.
[Carlisle's Endowed Grammar Schools, ii. 639 ;
Graduati Cantab. (1823), 59 ; Cooke's Preacher's
Assistant (1783), ii. 51.] T. C.
BRAITHWAITE, JOHN (Jl. 1660),
quaker, was probably born in 1633, as there
is an entry in the Cartmel registers of the
baptism on 24 March 1633 of John, son of
James Braithwaite of Newton. George Fox
records in his ' Journal ' that, being at New-
ton-in-Cartmel in 1652, where he attempted
to preach to the people after service, he spoke
to a youth whom he noticed in the chapel
taking notes of the clergyman's sermon. The
young man was John Braithwaite, who after-
wards became his earnest follower. He pub-
lished three tracts in support of Fox's doc-
trines: 1. 'A serious Meditation upon the
dealings of God with England and the State
thereof in General,' n. d. 2. ' The Ministers
of England which are called the Ministers of
the Gospel weighed in the Balance of Equity,
&c.,' 1660. 3. 'To all those that observe
Dayes, Moneths, Times, and Years, &c.,' 1660.
In 1658 he, or one of his name, travelled
many miles to visit a friend confined in II-
Braithwaite
201
Braithwaite
Chester gaol, but was ' unmercifully beaten
by the wicked gaoler and not suffered to
come in ; ' and at another time he was sent
to prison, along with Thomas Briggs, a
Cheshire man, for preaching at Salisbury. A
John Braithwaite, who may be identical with
the quaker, was resident in the island of
Barbadoes between 1669 and 1693, where
he suffered frequent fines in default of not
appearing in arms, and for refusing to pay
church dues. Braithwaite is stated by Smith
in his * Catalogue of Friends' Books ' to have
died at Chippenham, Wiltshire.
[Fox's Journal, Leeds, 1836, i. 184; Joseph
Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books,
i. 313; Besse's Sufferings of the Quakers, i. 584,
ii. 290, &c. ; Whiting's Memoirs.] C. W. S.
BRAITHWAITE, JOHN (1700 ? -
1768 ?), was the author of ' The History of
the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco
upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley
Ishmael,' a spirited work which was published
in 1729, and translated into Dutch 1729, Ger-
man 1730, and French (Amsterdam) 1731.
In his preface Braithwaite describes him-
self as being in the service of the African
Company, and as having, when very young,
served in the fleet in Anne's reign, and then
having been a lieutenant in the Welsh fusi-
liers, ensign in the royal guards, and secre-
tary to his kinsman Christian Cole, British
resident at Venice, with whom he travelled
through Europe. He also states that he was
in the Santa Lucia and St. Vincent expedi-
tions, and was present at the siege of Gib-
raltar (1727). Thence he crossed to Morocco
and joined the British consul-general, John
Russel, in his expedition in the emperor's do-
minions, the experiences of which he relates in
his book. The diary of the narrative extends
from July 1727 to February 1728. A Cap-
tain Braithwaite is mentioned in the 'London
Gazette ' as being appointed in 1749 to com-
mand the Peggy sloop, and again in 1761 as
commanding the Shannon ; and in February
1768 John Braithwaite was ' removed ' from
the post of secretary to the governor of
Gibraltar; but the connection of these notices
with the subject of this article is merely con-
jectural.
[Gent. Mag. for 1749, 1761, and 1768.1
S. L.-P.
BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, the elder
(d. 1818), engineer, is best known as the
constructor of one of the earliest successful
forms of diving-bell. In 1783 he descended
in one of his own construction into the wreck
of the Royal George, which had gone down
off Spit head in the August of the previous
year, and recovered her sheet anchor and
many of her guns. In the same year, and by
the same means, he recovered a number of
guns sunk in the Spanish flotilla off Gib-
raltar. In 1788 again he made a descent to
the wreck of the Hartwell, an East India-
man, lost off Bonavista, one of the Cape de
Verd islands, and recovered dollars to the
value of 38,000/., 7,000 pigs of lead, and 360
boxes of tin. In 1806 he raised from the Aber-
gavenny, an East Indiaman, lost off Portland,
75,000/. worth of dollars, a quantity of tin,
and other property to the value of 30,000£,
and successfully blew up the wreck with
gunpowder. For these purposes, in addition
to perfecting the actual diving apparatus, he
devised machinery for sawing ships asunder
under water. His ancestors had carried on
a small engineers' shop at St. Albans since
1695. His own engineering works were in
the New Road, London. Braithwaite died
in June 1818 at Westbourne Green from the
effects of a stroke of paralysis. His business
was afterwards carried on by his two sons,
Francis and John. The latter is noticed
below.
[G-ent. Mag. 1818, pt. i. 644.] R. H.
BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, the younger
(1797-1870), engineer, was third son of John
Braithwaite the elder [q. v.] He was born at
1 Bath Place, New Road,London, on 19 March
1797, and, after being educated at Mr. Lord's
school at Tooting in Surrey, attended in his
father's manufactory, where he made himself
master of practical engineering, and became a
skilled draughtsman. In June 1818 his father
died, leaving the business to his sons Francis
and John. Francis died in 1823, and John
Braithwaite carried on the business alone.
He added to the business the making of high-
pressure steam-engines. In 1817 he reported
before the House of Commons upon the Nor-
wich steamboat explosion, and in 1820 he
ventilated the House of Lords by means of
air-pumps. In 1822 he made the donkey-
engine, and in 1823 cast the statue of the
Duke of Kent by Sebastian Gahagan which
was erected in Portland Place, London.
He was introduced to Messrs. G. and R.
Stephenson in 1827, and about the same time
became acquainted with Captain John Erics-
son, who then had many schemes in view.
In 1829 Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericsson
constructed for the Rainhill experiments the
locomotive engine, The Novelty. This engine
was the first that ever ran a mile within a
minute (fifty-six seconds).
At this time Braithwaite manufactured the
first practical steam fire-engine, which was
ultimately destroyed by a London mob. It
Braithwaite
202
Bramah
had, however, previously done good service
at the burning of the English Opera House
in 1830, at the destruction of the Argyle
Rooms 1830, and at the conflagration of the
Houses of Parliament in 1834. It threw two
tons of water per minute, burnt coke, and
got up steam in about twenty minutes ; but
it was looked upon with so much jealousy
by the fire brigade of the day that the in-
ventor had to give it up. He, however, soon
constructed four others of larger dimensions,
two of which, in Berlin and Liverpool re-
spectively, gave great satisfaction. In 1833
he built the caloric engine in conjunction
with Captain Ericsson. Next year he ceased
to take an active part in the management of
the engine works in the New Road, but
began to practise as a civil engineer for public
works, and was largely consulted at home and
abroad, particularly as to the capabilities of
and probable improvements in locomotive en-
gines. In 1834 the Eastern Counties railway
was projected and laid out by him in conjunc-
tion with Mr. Charles Blacker Vignoles. The
act of incorporation was passed in 1836, and
he was soon after appointed engineer-in-chief
for its construction. He adopted a five-feet
gauge, and upon that gauge the line was
constructed as far as Colchester, the works,
however, being made wide enough for a
seven-feet gauge. On the recommendation
of Robert Stephenson it was subsequently
altered to the national gauge of 4 feet
8£ inches. In after years Braithwaite ad-
vocated a still narrower gauge. He ceased
to be officially connected with the Eastern
Counties railway on 28 May 1843. Whilst
engineer to that company he introduced
on the works the American excavating
machine and the American steam locomo-
tive pile-driving machine. He was joint
founder of the ' Railway Times/ which he
started in conjunction with Mr. J. 0. Robert-
son as editor in 1837, and he continued sole
proprietor till 1845. He undertook the pre-
paration of plans for the direct Exeter railway,
but the panic of the period, and his connection
with some commercial speculations, necessi-
tated the winding up of his affairs (1845).
Braithwaite had, in 1844, a share in a patent
for extracting oil from bituminous shale, and
works were erected near Weymouth which,
but for his difficulties, might have been
successful. Some years before, 1836-8, Cap-
tain Ericsson and he had fitted up an or-
dinary canal boat with a screw propeller,
which started from London along the canals
to Manchester on 28 June 1838, returning
by the way of Oxford and the Thames to
London, being the first and last steamboat
that has navigated the whole distance on
those waters. The experiment was abandoned
on account of the deficiency of water in the
canals and the completion of the railway
system, which diverted the paying traffic.
In 1844, and again in 1846, he was much on
the continent surveying lines of railway in
France, and on his return he was employed
to survey Langston harbour in 1850, and
to build the Brentford brewery in 1851.
From that year he was principally engaged
in chamber practice, and acted as consulting
engineer, advising on most of the important
mechanical questions of the day for patents
and other purposes. Braithwaite was elected
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in
1819, a member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers on 13 Feb. 1838, and at the time
of his death he was one of the oldest mem-
bers of the Society of Arts, having been
elected into that body in the year 1819 ; he
was also a life governor of seventeen chari-
table institutions.
He died very suddenly at 8 Clifton Gardens,
Paddington, on 25 Sept. 1870, and his re-
mains were interred in Kensal Green ceme-
tery. He was the author of two publications
entitled : 1. ' Supplement to Captain Sir
John Ross's Narrative of a second voyage in
search of a North- West Passage, containing
the suppressed facts necessary to an under-
standing of the cause of the failure of the
steam machinery of the Victory,' 1835. To
this work Sir J. Ross published a reply in the
same year. 2. 'Guideway Steam Agricul-
ture, by P. A. Halkett, with a Report by
J. Braithwaite,' 1857.
[Mechanics' Mag. with portrait, xiii. 235-37,
377-88, 417-19 (1830) ; Minutes of Proceedings
of Institution of Civil Engineers, xxxi. pt. i.
207-11 (1871) ; Walford's Insurance Cyclop, iii.
348 (1874).] a. C. B.
BRAITHWAITE, RICHARD. [See
BRATHWAITE.]
BRAKELONDE, JOCELIN DE. [See
JOCELIN.]
BRAMAH, JOSEPH (1748-1814), in-
ventor, was born in 1748 at Stainborough, a
village near Barnsley in Yorkshire. He was
the son of a farmer, and was, according to
Dr. Smiles, originally intended to follow the
plough, but an accident which unfitted him
for farm work led to his being apprenticed
to the village carpenter. His mechanical
talents soon showed themselves, and at the
end of his apprenticeship he went to Lon-
don, where, after working for some time at a
cabinetmaker's, he set up in the trade on his
own account. Being employed to fit up some
water-closets on the method invented by Mr.
Bramah
203
Bramhall
Allen, he was led by the imperfections of the ;
system to devise improvements on it, and
thence, in 1778, came the first of the long j
series of patents taken out by him. The i
closet described in the specification of that '
patent, with certain improvements devised
by the inventor, has continued in use, it
may be said, until the present day.
His next invention was his lock ; this was j
certainly a great advance on any locks then
known, and for long had the reputation of
being unpickable. In 1851, however, at the ,
time of the Great Exhibition, Hobbs, an :
American, picked the lock, and thereby ob- j
tained the reward of 200£. offered by Bramah |
to anybody who should perform this feat, j
The lock, however, was, and indeed is, a most :
excellent one, and continues to bear a very j
high reputation.
Bramah's most important contribution to \
mechanical science was his hydraulic press,
patented in 1795. The power which he gave to
engineers by this invention of converting into
a steady continuous pressure of practically un-
limited amount a number of comparatively
small impulses, was an entirely new one, and
was capable, as it afterwards proved, of enor-
mous development. That this development
was not unforeseen by the projector is evident
from the proposals he made in several of his
patents, proposals which in many cases have
only recently been carried into effect. In
giving due credit to Bramah for his great
inventive genius, it is but proper that men-
tion should be made of Henry Maudslay, to
whom is due one particular detail by which
the working of the press was rendered pos-
sible, the device by which the ram of the
press was enabled to work water-tight
within the cylinder, whatever the pressure
might be, while it was permitted to return
freely as soon as the pressure was taken off.
It may be said without disparagement that
Bramah's mind, though most ingenious, was
not highly original, for the germs of all his
inventions might be found in the work of
others. The hydraulic press is but a practi-
cal application of the principle of the hydro-
static paradox; his water-closet, as above
mentioned, was an improvement on Allen's;
his lock was suggested by that of Barron,
patented ten years before. Still, the bent of
his genius was eminently practical, and he
was singularly happy in applying scientific
discoveries to practical purposes, or in seiz-
ing hold of the idea of an imperfect invention
and completing it. Besides these, he was the
author of a host of minor inventions, among
which may be mentioned the beer-engine,
the ever-pointed pencil, the machine for
numbering bank-notes, the little apparatus
once well known for mending quill pens, and
the planing machine. He was also one of
the first who proposed to apply the screw for
the purpose of propelling vessels. In all he
took out eighteen patents, some of them
covering a number of distinct inventions.
Bramah died at Pimlico, 9 Dec. 1814
(Gent. Mag. 1814, ii. 613).
[The chief sources of information about Bra-
mah. are a memoir by Dr. Cullen Brown in the
New Monthly Magazine for April 1815, and a
short Life in Dr. Smiles's Industrial Biography.
For a description of his improvements in locks,
reference may be made to his own Dissertation
on Locks, or to E. B. Denison's Clocks and Locks.]
H. T. W.
BRAMHALL, JOHN (1594-1663), arch-
bishop of Armagh, was of the Bramhalls of
Bramhall Hall, Cheshire, and was baptised
at Pontefract, 18 Nov. 1594. His father was
PeterBramhall (d.1635) of Carleton,near Pon-
tefract. He was at school at Pontefract, and
admitted to Sidney SussexCollege, Cambridge,
on 21 Feb. 1609. His tutor was Hewlett, for
whom he provided in Ireland. He graduated
B.A. 1612, M.A. 1616, B.D. 1623, D.D. 1630
(his thesis being strongly anti-papal) . Taking
orders about 1616, he held a living in York,
also the rectory of Elvington, Yorkshire, on
the presentation of Christopher Wandesforde
(afterwards master of the rolls). His marriage
to a clergyman's widow gave him a fortune
and a library. In 1623 he won laurels in a
public discussion at Northallerton with Hun-
gate, a Jesuit, and Houghton, a priest. Tobias
Matthew, archbishop of York, made him his
chaplain (a later archbishop, Kichard Neale,
gave him the prebend of Husthwaite on
13 June 1633). He was also sub-dean of
Ripon, and had great influence there as a
preacher and public man. As one of the
high commissioners his manner was thought
severe. Resigning his English preferments
and prospects (a chaplaincy in ordinary to the
king was in store for him), he went to Ireland
as Wentworth's chaplain, by Wandesforde's
advice, in July 1633. In his letter to Laud
from Dublin, 10 Aug. 1633, he draws a la-
mentable picture of the ruin and desecration
of churches (the crypt of Christ's cathedral
was let to l popish recusants,' and used in time
of service as an alehouse and smoke-room),
the alienation of bishoprics and benefices,
and the poverty and ignorance of the clergy.
For himself he soon got the archdeaconry of
Meath, the richest in Ireland. His exertions
as a royal commissioner were successful in ob-
taining the surrender of fee-farms, by which
episcopal and clerical revenues had been scan-
dalously wasted ; in four years he is said to have
recovered to the church some 30,000/. a year.
Bramhall
204
Bramhall
Meantime he was consecrated bishop of Derry
in the chapel of Dublin Castle on 16 May 1634,
succeeding the puritan, George Downham.
Bramhall, in the Irish parliament which met
14 July 1634, procured the passing of three
important acts for the preservation of church
property. By the Irish convocation which met
in November 1634 the thirty-nine articles
were received and approved ; not directly in
substitution for, but in addition to, the Irish
articles of 1615, articles which subsequently
formed the basis of the Westminster Confes-
sion. The credit of this measure is given to
Bramhall by his biographers ; but it appears
from Wentworth's letter to Laud that he
himself, dissatisfied with what the bishops
were proposing, drew the canon, and forced
it upon the convocation in the teeth of the
primate, without permitting a word of dis-
cussion. It passed with a single dissentient
vote (in the lower house). ' It seems,' says
Collier, ' one Calvinist had looked deeper than
the rest into the matter.' What Bramhall
did was to try to get the English canons of
1604 adopted in Ireland ; there were ' some
heats ' between him and the primate Ussher,
ending with the passing of distinct canons,
in the compiling of which Bramhall had a
large share. The ninety-fourth canon, en-
dorsing a part of the wise policy of Bedell,
bishop of Kilinore, provided for the use of
the bible and prayer-book in the vernacular
in an Irish-speaking district. This was op-
posed by Bramhall, to whom the native
tongue was a symbol of barbarism, and who
failed to see the necessity of instructing a
people through the medium of a language
they understood. In 1635 Bramhall was in
his diocese, and in August of the following
year we find him at Belfast assisting Bishop
Henry Leslie in his discussion with, and
proceedings against, the five ministers who
would not subscribe the new canons [see
BEIGE, EDWAED]. The presbyterian account
does full justice to the harshness of his man-
ner. Visiting England in 1637, a trifling ac-
cusation brought him before the Star-chamber
at the instance of one Bacon, who charged him
with using language disrespectful to the king,
while executing at Ripon a commission from
the Star-chamber court. This he soon dis-
posed of; the words laid to his charge had
been uttered by a fellow-commissioner. Laud
presented him to the king, and he received
signs of royal favour. Returning to Ireland,
he employed 6,000/., the proceeds of his Eng-
lish property, in purchasing and improving an
estate at Omagh, co. Tyrone, in the midst of
Irish recusants. In the same year he was
made receiver-general for the crown of all
revenues from the estates of the city of Lon-
don in his diocese, forfeited through non-ful-
filment of some conditions of the holding.
Further power, which he was not slow to use,
was put into his hands on 21 May 1639, when
the ' black oath ' abjuring the covenant was
directed to be taken by all the Ulster Scots.
In 1639 he protected and recommended to
Wentworth John Corbet, minister at Bonhill,
who had been deposed by the Dumbarton
presbytery for refusing to subscribe the as-
sembly's declaration against prelacy. Went-
worth used Corbet as a sarcastic writer against
the Scottish covenanters, and nominated him
to the vicarage of Templemore, in the diocese
of Achonry. Archibald Adair, bishop of Kil-
lala and Achonry, a man of puritan leanings,
could not disguise his aversion to the admis-
sion of Corbet, who complained of the bishop's
language to the high commission court esta-
blished by Wentworth at the end of 1634.
Adair was tried as a favourer of the covenant.
Bedell alone voted for his acquittal ; the
loudest in his condemnation were Bramhall
and the infamous John Atherton, bishop of
Waterford [q. v.] Adair was deposed on
18 May 1640. The proceedings both exaspe-
rated the Scottish settlers and shook the sta-
bility of the episcopal system. The Irish
commons in October 1640 drew up a remon-
strance, in the course of which they speak of
the Derry plantation as ( almost destroyed '
through the policy of which Bramhall was
the administrator. No sooner had the Eng-
lish commons impeached Wentworth (now
earl of Straff ord) of high treason on 11 Nov.
1640, than the presbyterians of Antrim,Down,
Derry, Tyrone, &c., drew up a petition to the
English parliament (presented by Sir John
Clotworthy about the end of April 1641), con-
taining thirty-one charges against the prelates,
and praying that their exiled pastors might
be reinstated. Of the Ulster bishops, Bram-
hall, from his closer connection with state
affairs, was the most prominent object of at-
tack. The Irish commons, on the motion of
Audley Mervyn and others, 4 March 1641,
impeached him, with the lord chancellor, the
chief justice of the common pleas, and Sir
George RadclifFe, as participants in the al-
leged treason of Strafford. Bramhall acted
a manly part in at once leaving Derry for
Dublin, and taking his place in the House
of Lords. He was imprisoned and accused
of unconstitutional acts ; his defence was that
he had equitably sought the good of the
church, and that his hands were clean from
private rapine or family promotions. He
wrote, on 26 April, to Ussher in London,
through whose exertions with the king Bram-
hall was liberated without acquittal. He
returned to Derry. Vesey states that an
Bramhall
205
Bramhall
abortive attempt was made by Sir Phelim
O'Neil to represent Bramhall as implicated
in the Irish insurrection of 1641. The story
has an improbable air ; but Derry, crowded
with Scots seeking sanctuary from the rebels,
and soon stricken with fever, was no safe
place for him. He obeyed the warning of
friends and fled to England. He was in
Yorkshire till the battle of Marston Moor
(2 July 1644) ; he sent his plate to the king,
and in private, from the pulpit, and by pen
supported the royalist cause. With William
Cavendish, first marquis of Newcastle, and
others, he hurried abroad, landing at Hamburg
on 8 July 1644. The Uxbridge convention, in
January 1645, excepted him, with Laud, from
the proposed general pardon. In Paris he met
Hobbes (prior to 1646), and argued with him
on liberty and necessity. This led to contro-
versies with Hobbes in after years. Till 1648
he was chiefly at Brussels, preaching at the
English embassy, the English merchants of
Antwerp having the benefit of his services
monthly. He went back to Ireland, but not
to Ulster, in 1648 ; at Limerick he received
in 1649 the protestant profession of the dying
earl of Roscommon (James Dillon, third earl,
brother-in-law of Stratford). While he was
in Cork, the city declared for the parliament
(October 1649); he had a narrow escape, and
returned to foreign parts. He corresponded
diligently with Montrose, and disputed and
wrote in defence of the church of England. It
is said that he was so obnoxious to the papal
powers that on crossing into Spain he found
his portrait in the hands of innkeepers, with
a view to his being seized by the inquisition.
Bramhall himself, who reports * a tedious and
chargeable voyage into Spain ' (about 1650),
does not mention this incident. It would
appear that Granger founds upon the story
a conjecture that there was a print of Bram-
hall, which he describes as ' very rare,' and
had not seen. He was excluded from the
Act of Indemnity of 1652 ; subsequently to
this we find him occasionally adopting in his
correspondence the pseudonym of ' John Pier-
son.' In October 1 660 he returned to England.
It was supposed that he would be made arch-
bishop of York ; but on 18 Jan. 1661 he was
translated to the metropolitan see of Armagh
(vacant since Ussher's death, 21 March 1655).
On 27 Jan. 1661 he presided at the consecration
in St. Patrick's Cathedral of two archbishops
and ten bishops for Ireland. Not only was
Bramhall ex ojficio president of convocation,
but on 8 May \ 661 he was chosen speaker of
the Irish House of Lords. Both houses erased
from their records the old charges against
Bramhall. Although Parliament passed de-
clarations requiring conformity to episcopacy
and the liturgy, and ordering the burning of
the covenant, Bramhall could not carry his
bills for a uniform tithe-system, and for ex-
tending episcopal leases. Nor was there any
new Irish act of uniformity till 1667, only
the old statute of 1560, enjoining the use of
Edward VI's second prayer-book. The ejec-
tion of Irish nonconformists was effected by
episcopal activity, and was accomplished some
time before the passing of the English act of
1662. Armagh was not a specially presby-
terian diocese, nor had Bramhall to deal here
with the rigid temper of the Scots divines ;
in pursuing the process of obtaining con-
formity he used a moderation which con-
trasts favourably, in spirit and results,
with Jeremy Taylor's action in Antrim and
Down. Following the lines of the Irish ar-
ticles, he neither impugned the spiritual va-
lidity of presbyterian orders, nor refused to
make good the titles to benefices granted
under the Commonwealth ; but he told his
clergy he did not see how they were to re-
cover their tithes for the future, unless they
could show letters of orders recognised by
the existing law. Accordingly he prepared
a form of letters, certifying simply that any
previous canonical deficiency had been sup-
plied. Edward Parkinson was one of the
ministers whom he thus induced to conform.
A very remarkable letter from Sir George
Radcliffe on 20 March 1643-4 shows that
Bramhall was then inclined to admit the epi-
scopal character of the ' superintendants in
Germany.' His view of the articles as terms
of peace was framed when he was seeking a
standing-ground for Arminianism within a
generally Calvinistic church ; but he did not,
like Taylor, forget his old plea when the tables
were turned. Presbyterians hated the name
of 'bishop bramble,' and Cromwell called him
the ' Irish Canterbury.' Like Laud he had no
great presence ; he had something of Laud's
business power, with an intellect less keen and
subtle. His wrangles with Hobbes furnished
sportive occupation to a vigorous and busy
mind ; the ' Leviathan ' was not refuted by
being called ' atheistical.' Bramhall was de-
fending his rights in a court of law at Omagh
against Sir Audley Mervyn when a third
paralytic stroke deprived him of conscious-
ness. He died on 25 June 1663. Jeremy
Taylor preached his funeral sermon. James
Margetson (died 28 Aug. 1678, aged 77) was
translated from Dublin as his successor. His
wife was Ellinor Halley ; the name of her
first husband is not given. The wills of
Bramhall (5 Jan. 1663) and his widow
(20 Nov. 1665) are printed in the ' Eawdon
Papers.' He left issue : 1. Sir Thomas Bram-
hall, bart., who married the daughter of
Bramis
206
Bramston
Sir Paul Davys, and died s. p. 2. Isabella,
married Sir James Graham, son of William,
earl of Monteith ; her daughter Ellinor, or
Helen, married Sir Arthur Rawdon, of Moira,
lineal ancestor of the Marquis of Hastings.
3. Jane, married Alderman Toxteith of Drog-
heda. 4. Anne, married Standish Hartstonge,
one of the barons of exchequer. His works
were collected by John Vesey, archbishop of
Tuam, in one volume, Dublin, 1677, iol.,
arranged in four tomes, and containing five
treatises against Romanists (including a
confutation of the Nag's Head fable) ; three
against sectaries, three against Hobbes, and
seven unclassified, being defences of royalist
and Anglican views. Allibone incorrectly
says that the 'sermon preached at York
Minster, 28 Jan. 1643. before his excellency
the Marquess of Newcastle,' &c., York, 1643,
4to, is not included in the collected works.
The works were reprinted in the * Library of
Anglo-Catholic Theology,' Oxford, 1842-5,
8vo, 5 vols. Milton thought Bramhall wrote
the ' Apologia pro Rege et Populo Anglicano,'
1650, 18mo, but the real author was John
Rowland. The posthumous publication of
Bramhall's ' Vindication of himself and the
Episcopal Clergy from the Presbyterian
Charge of Popery, as it is managed by Mr.
Baxter,' &c., 1672, 8vo, with a preface by
Samuel Parker (afterwards bishop of Oxford),
produced Andrew Marvell's ' The Rehearsal
Transpros'd,' 1672, 12mo.
[Life by Vesey, prefixed to Works ; Biog. Brit.
1748, ii. 961 seq., by Morant ; a few additional
particulars by Towers and Kippis in Biog. Brit.
1780, ii. 565 seq.; Ware's Works, ed. Harris, 1764,
i. 116 seq., ii. 346 seq. &c. ; Berwick's Eawdon
Papers, 1819, pp.41, 51,93, 109, &c.; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 1824, ii. 345 ; Barham's
Collier's Eccl. Hist, of Great Brit. 1841, viii. 77,
90 ; Killen's Reid's Hist, of Presb. Ch. in Ire-
land, 1867, i. 164, 170 seq., 263 seq., 271, 293,
523 seq., ii. 265, 272 ; Grub's Eccl. Hist, of Scot-
land, 1861, iii. 57, 89; Mitchell's Westminster
Assembly, 1883, p. 373 seq.; Notes and Queries,
2nd ser. vi. 191.] A. G.
BRAMIS or BROMIS, JOHN (14th
cent.), writer, was a monk of Thetford. He
translated the 'Romance of Waldef from
French metre into Latin prose. This ro-
mance was originally written in English verse,
and had been done into French at the desire
of a lady. The manuscript of Bramis is in
the Corpus Christi College Library, Cam-
bridge, No. 329. 'Incipit prologus super
hystoriam Waldei, &c.' An historical com-
pilation entitled ' Historia compendiosa de
regibus Britonum,' and attributed to Ralph
de Diceto, is printed in Gale, ' Quindecim
Scriptores/ p. 553. The author repeatedly
refers to a former compilation thus — 'Hsec
Brom, &c.' There is no reason for making
Ralph of Diceto the author, though the ' His-
toria ' is based on his works ; it ends ' Hsec
Brome,' and is probably the work of Bramis.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 121 ; Wright's England
in the Middle Ages, i. 96 ; Hardy's Descriptive
Catalogue of Materials, &c., Kolls Ser. i. i. 337.1
W. H.
BRAMSTON, FRANCIS (<Z.1G83), judge,
third son of Sir John Bramston the elder jjq.v.],
was educated at the celebrated school of
Thomas Farnabie or Farnaby, in Goldsmiths'
Alley, Cripplegate, and at Queens' College,
Cambridge, of which Dr. Martin was then
the master, where he graduated B. A. in 1637,
and M.A. in 1640. He was admitted to the
Middle Temple as a student in 1634, but as
his health was weakly he for a time enter-
tained the idea of taking holy orders. Shortly
before the final rupture between the king
and the parliament he was elected a fellow
of his college, and after being called to the
bar (14 June 1642) left the country. The
ensuing four years (1642-46) he spent in
travel in France and Italy, falling in with
Evelyn and his friend Henshaw at Rome
in the spring of 1645, and again at Padua
and Venice in the autumn of that year. On
his return to this country he dismissed the
idea of entering the church, and devoted him-
self to the study and practice of the law.
His history, however, is a blank until the
Restoration, when he was made steward of
some of the king's courts (probably manorial)
in Essex, and of the liberty of Havering in
the same county. In 1664 he represented
Queens' College, Cambridge, in the litigation
respecting the election of Simon Patrick to
the presidency, and in the following year was
appointed one of the counsel to the university,
with a fee of 40s. per annum. In 1668 he was
elected one of the benchers of his inn, and ap-
pointed reader, his subject being the statute
3 Jac. c. 4, concerning popish recusants. The
banquet which, according to custom, he gave
on this occasion (3 Aug.) is described by
Evelyn, who was present, as ' so very extra-
vagant and great as the like hath not been
seen at any time.' He mentions the Duke of
Ormonde, the lord privy seal (Robartes), the
Earl of Bedford, Lord Belasyse, and Viscount
Halifax as among the guests, besides ' a world
more of earls and lords.' In Trinity term of
the following year he was admitted to the
degree of serjeant-at-law, presenting the king
with a ring inscribed with the motto, ' Rex
legis tutamen,' and was appointed steward of
the court of common pleas at Whitechapel,
with a salary of 100/. per annum. In Trinity
Bramston
207
Bramston
term 1678 he was created a baron of the ex-
chequer, but early next year (29 April) was
dismissed, without reason assigned, along
with Sir William Wild of the king's bench,
Sir Edward Thurland of the exchequer, and
Vere Bertie of the common pleas, Sir Thomas
Raymond being sworn in his place (5 May),
though, according to his own account, he
' had laboured, and not without great reason,
to prevent it.' It was supposed that either
Sir William Temple or Lord-chancellor Finch
was at the bottom of the aifair. On 4 June
a pension of 500/. a year was granted him,
of which the first three terminal instalments
only were paid him. At his death, which
occurred at his chambers in Serjeants' Inn
27 March 1683, it was three years and six
months in arrear. He was buried 30 March
in Roxwell Church. He died heavily in debt,
and his brother John, who was his executor,
made persistent efforts to get in the amount
due in respect of his pension (some 1,750/.),
and succeeded in 1686 in recovering 1,456/. 5s.,
the balance being, as he plaintively puts it,
abated incests. Sir Francis was never married.
In person he was short and rather stout.
[Evelyns Diary, 1645, 8 Aug., 10 Oct., 1668,
3 Aug. ; Autobiogr. of Sir John Bramston (Cam-
den Society), xi. 24, 29, 97, 163, 265 ; SirThos.
Kaymond's Reports, 103, 182, 244, 251 ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. K.
BRAMSTOISr, JAMES (1694 P-1744),
poet, was the son of Francis Bramston, fourth
son of Sir Moundeford Bramston, master in
chancery, who in his turn was younger son
of Sir John Bramston the elder [q.v.],lord chief
justice of the king's bench. In 1708 James
Bramston went to Westminster School.
Thence, in 1713, he passed to Christ Church,
Oxford, taking his B.A. degree on 17 May
1717, and his M.A. degree on 6 April 1720.
In March 1723 he became vicar of Lurga-
shall, Sussex, and later (1725) vicar of Hart-
ing in the same county, obtaining a dispen-
sation to hold both livings. In 1729 he pub-
lished the ' Art of Politicks/ an imitation of
the ' Ars Poetica ' of Horace, accompanied by
a clever frontispiece illustrating the opening
lines : —
If to a Human Face Sir James [Thornhill] should
draw
A Gelding's Mane, and Feathers of Maccaw,
A Lady's Bosom, and a Tail of Cod,
Who could help laughing at a Sight so odd ?
Just such a Monster, Sirs, pray think before ye,
When you behold one Man both Whig and Tory.
Not more extravagant are Drunkard's Dreams',
Than Low-Church Politicks with High-Church
Schemes.
The ' Art of Politicks ' was followed by l The
Man of Taste. Occasion'd by an Epistle of
Mr. Pope's on that subject ' (i.e. that to the
Earl of Burlington, 1731), 1733. Both these
little satires, which hold an honourable place
in eighteenth-century verse, abound with con-
temporary references, and frequently happy
lines. They were reprinted in vol. i. of
Dodsley's ' Poems by several Hands.' The
only other works attributed to Bramston are
some Poems in * Carolina Quadragesimalia ; '
one in the University Collection on the death
of Dr. Kadcliffe, 1715 ; 'Ignorami Lamentatio,'
1736; and a not very successful imitation of
the ' Splendid Shilling ' of John Philips, en-
titled 'The Crooked Sixpence,' Dodsley, 1743.
This, in * a learned preface,' is ascribed to
Katherine Philips (the 'matchless Orinda').
1 Bramston,' say the authors of Dallaway and
Cartwright's ' History of Sussex,' ii. (i.) 365,
' was a man of original humour, the fame
and proofs of whose colloquial wit are still
remembered in this part of Sussex.' He died
16 March 1744.
[Kawlinson MSS. fol. 16, 271, 4to, 5, 217;
Thompson Cooper in Notes and Queries, 3rd
ser. v. 205; Alumni Wesmonasterienses, 1852,
260 ; Bramston's Works in British Museum.]
A. D.
BRAMSTON, JAMES YOKKE, D.D.
(1763-1836), catholic bishop, was born
18 March 1763 at Oundle in Northampton-
shire. He came of an old and well-to-do
race of landowners in that county, his family
being staunch protestants. He was educated
at a school near his birthplace, and at Trinity
College, Cambridge. He was first intended
for the Indian civil service and then for the
navy, which latter intention was abandoned
at the desire of his invalid mother. On
26 April 1785 he was entered as a student at
Lincoln's Inn. Although he was never called
to the bar, he studied for nearly four years
under the distinguished catholic, Charles
Butler. He frequently conversed with Charles
Butler on religious matters, and in 1790
publicly joined the catholic church. Bram-
ston was bent upon at once .becoming an
ecclesiastic. He yielded, however, to his
father's entreaty that he should remain at
least twelve months longer in England. In
1792 he went to Lisbon, where he entered
himself as a theological student at the Eng-
lish college. He remained between eight and
nine years in Portugal. In 1796 he was or-
dained to the priesthood. His last five years
at Lisbon were given up entirely to his mis-
sionary labours, chiefly among the British
then in garrison there. While he was thus
engaged, early in 1800, a terrible epidemic
Bramston
208
Bramston
broke out in the city. For six weeks to-
gether Bramston never once took his clothes
off to retire to rest. His father died while
he was yet at Lisbon. In 1801 he returned
to England, and in 1802 had entrusted to
him, by the then vicar apostolic of the London
district, Bishop Douglass, the poorest of all
the catholic missions in the metropolis, that
of St. George's-in-the-Fields. There he re-
mained as the priest in charge for nearly
twenty-three years. In 1812 Bishop Poyn-
ter, then vicar-apostolic of the London dis-
trict, appointed Bramston his vicar-general.
During that same year he acted as theologian
and counsellor at the synodal meeting con-
vened in the city of Durham by Bishop Gib-
son. In 1814 Bramston went to Home with
Bishop Poynter, and on 5 April 1815, at
Genoa, the latter asked Pope Pius VII to con-
stitute his vicar-general his coadjutor. Eight
years elapsed, during which Bramston again
and again declined the proffered dignity. On
29 June 1823 he was solemnly consecrated
by Bishop Poynter at St. Edmund's College,
Hertfordshire, as bishop of Usulse in par-
tibus infidelium. On the death of Bishop
Poynter, 27 Nov. 1827, Bramston succeeded
him as vicar-apostolic of the London dis-
trict. Nearly the whole of Bramston's life
was embittered by a cruel disease, and from
1834 he was yet further afflicted with con-
stantly increasing weakness. Added to this,
in the spring of 1836 he began to suffer
from erysipelas in the right foot, which
from that time forward rendered walking
an impossibility. He died at Southampton,
in his seventy-fourth year, 11 July 1836.
His conversational powers were very re-
markable. His discernment was acute and
his knowledge profound, but his chief cha-
racteristic was his tender charity. His
singularly large acquaintance with the na-
tional life of England, his exceptional ex-
perience and skill in the conduct of busi-
ness, and his intimate familiarity with the
laws and customs of Great Britain pecu-
liarly fitted him to conduct the affairs
of the catholics of that period with dis-
cretion.
[G-ent. Mag. July 1836, 221 ; Annual Eegister
for 1836, 209; Ordo Eecitandi pro 1837, 1-7;
Brady's Episcopal Succession, 187, 189, 191, 195-
200, and 231.] C. K.
BRAMSTON, SIR JOHN, the elder
(1577-1654), judge, eldest son of Roger Bram-
ston by Priscilla, daughter of Francis Clovile
of West Hanningfield Hall, Essex, was born
at Maldon, in the same county, 18 May 1577,
and educated at the free school at Maldon and
Jesus College, Cambridge. On leaving the
university he went into residence at the Mid-
dle Temple, and applied himself diligently to
the study of the law. His ability was recog-
nised early by his university, which made him
one of its counsel in 1607, with an annual fee
of forty shillings. In Lent 1623 he was ap-
pointed reader at his inn, the subject of his
lecture being the statute 32 Henry VIII (on
limitations), and he was reappointed in the
autumn of the same year, this time discoursing
on the statute of Elizabeth relating to fraudu-
lent conveyances (13 Eliz. c. 5). Shortly
after his reading was concluded he was called
to the degree of serjeant-at-law (22 Sept.
1623). His son remarks that this was an ex-
pensive year for him, the costs entailed by
the office of reader being considerable, besides
the fee of 500/. to the exchequer payable on
admittance to the order of Serjeants. His
practice now became extensive, and during
the next few years he was engaged in many
cases of the highest importance, not only in
the courts of common law, but in chancery
and in the courts of wards and star chamber.
In 1626 he defended the Earl of Bristol on his
impeachment. A dissolution of parliament,
however, soon relieved Bramston from this
duty, by putting an end to the proceedings.
Next year he represented Sir Thomas Darnel
and Sir John Heveningham, who had been
committed to the Fleet for refusing to con-
tribute to a loan then being raised by the
king without the consent of parliament, ap-
plying unsuccessfully for a habeas corpus on
behalf of the one, and bail on behalf of the
other. In the following year he was chosen
one of the counsel for the city of London on
the motion of Sir Heneage Finch, then re-
corder, who was a close friend and connection
by marriage. In 1629 he was one of the
counsel for seven of the nine members of the'
House of Commons (including Sir John Eliot
and Denzil Hollis) who were then indicted
for making seditious speeches in parliament.
Next year the bishop of Ely (John Bucke-
ridge) appointed him chief justice of his dio-
cese, a position he held until his elevation to
the king's bench. In 1632 (26 March) he
was made queen's Serjeant, and two years
Later (8 July 1634) king's Serjeant, being
knighted 24 Nov. in the same year. In 1635
[14 April) he was created chief justice of the
king's bench. In this position his first official
act of historical importance was, in concert
with the rest of the bench, to advise the
sing (13 Feb. 1636-7) that he might lawfully
levy ship-money, and that it belonged to the
crown to decide when such levy ought to be
made. Sir John's son informs us that his
Father was in favour of modifying this opinion
n at least one essential particular : that he
Bramston
209
Bramston
would have allowed the levy 'during ne-
cessity only,' and that he was only induced
to subscribe the opinion as it stood by the
representation made ' by the ancient judges
that it was ever the use for all to subscribe
to what was agreed by the majority.' In
July of the same year Bramston was a
member of the Star-chamber tribunal which
tried the bishop of Lincoln on the charge of
tampering with witnesses, and committing
other misdemeanors. The bishop was found
guilty by a unanimous verdict, and sentenced
to be deprived of his office, to pay a fine of
10,000/., and to be imprisoned during the
king's pleasure. A similar sentence was
passed on him at a later date, Bramston be-
ing again a member of the court, on a charge
of libelling the archbishop of Canterbury and
the late lord treasurer Weston. In the ce-
lebrated ship-money case (Rex v. Hampden),
decided in the following year (12 June),
Bramston gave his judgment against the king,
though on a purely technical ground, viz. that
by the record it did not appear to whom the
money assessed was due, in that respect agree-
ing with the lord chief baron, Sir Henry
Davenport, who, with Orooke, Hutton, and
Denham, also gave judgment in Hampden's
favour ; but taking care at the same time to
signify his concurrence with the majority of
the court upon the main question. On
16 April 1640, during the indisposition of the
lord keeper Finch, Bramston presided in the
House of Lords. On 21 Dec. of the same year
proceedings were commenced in the House
of Commons to impeach the lord keeper
Finch, Bramston, and five other of the judges
who had subscribed the opinion on ship-
money. Next day it was resolved that the
message usual in such cases should be sent to
the House of Lords. The message was com-
municated to the peers the same day, and the
judges being present (except the lord keeper)
were forthwith severally bound in recogni-
sances of 10,000/. to attend parliament from
day to day until such time as trial might be
had. The lord keeper was bound to the same
effect the following day. Bramston was thus
unable to attend the king when required with-
out rendering himself liable to immediate
committal, and as no progress was made to-
wards his trial, the king terminated so anoma-
lous a condition of affairs by revoking his
patent (10 Oct. 1642), sending him shortly
afterwards (10 Feb. 1642-3) a patent consti-
tuting him serjeant-at-law by way of assu-
rance of his unbroken regard. Meanwhile so
far was the parliament from desiring to pro-
ceed to extremities with Bramston that in
the terms of peace offered the king at Ox-
ford (1 Feb. 1642-3) his reappointment as
VOL. VI.
lord chief justice of the king's bench, not
as formerly during the king's pleasure, but
during good behaviour (' quamdiu se bene
gesserit '), was included. From this time for-
ward until Bramston's death persistent at-
tempts were made to induce him to declare
definitely in favour of the parliament, but
without success. In 1644 he was consulted
by the leaders of the party as to the evidence
necessary for the prosecution of Macguire and
MacMahon, two prisoners who had made their
escape from the Tower and been retaken. In
1647 it was proposed to make him one of the
commissioners of the great seal, and it was
voted that he should sit as an assistant in the
House of Lords, ' which,' says his son, * he
did not absolutely deny, but avoided attend-
ing by the help of friends.' In the same year
a resolution was come to that he should be
appointed one of the judges of the common
pleas. Even in the last year of his life Crom-
well, then protector, sent for him privately,
and was very urgent that he should again
accept office as chief justice. Bramston, how-
ever, excused himself on the ground of his
advanced age. He died, after a short illness,
in the seventy-eighth year of his age, 22 Sept.
1654, at his manor of Skreens, in the parish
of Roxwell, Essex, which he had bought in
1635 from Thomas Weston, the second son
of Weston the lord treasurer. He was buried
in Roxwell church. In person he is described
as of middle height, in youth slight and ac-
tive, in later years stout without being cor-
pulent. Fuller characterises him as ' one of
deep learning, solid judgment, integrity of
life, and gravity of behaviour ; in a word, ac-
complished with all the qualities requisite for
a person of his place and profession.' His son
adds that he was * a very patient hearer of
cases, free from passion and partiality, very
modest in giving his opinion and judgment '
(he seems to have shown a little too much of
this quality on the occasion of the opinion
on ship-money), ' which he usually did with
such reasons as often convinced those that
differed from him and the auditory. Even
the learned lawyers learned of him, as I
have heard Twisden, Wild, Windham, and
the admired Hales, and others acknowledge
often.' The following epitaph, attributed to
Cowley, was not placed upon his tomb until
1732 :—
Ambitione, ira, donoque potentior omni
Q,ui judex aliis lex fait ipse sibi ;
Qui tanto obscuras penetravit lumine causas,
Ut convicta simul pars quoque victa foret;
Maximus interpres, cultor sanctissimus aequi,
Hie jacet : heu ! tales mors nimis sequa rapit :
Hie alacri expectat supremum mente tribunal,
Nee metuit judex Judicis ora sui.
Bramston
210
Bramston
Bramston married in 1606 Bridget, daugh-
ter of Thomas Moundeford, M.D., son of Sir
Edward Moundeford, knight, of Feltwell,
Norfolk, by whom he had a large family, of
whom six survived him, viz. three daughters,
Dorothy, Mary, and Catherine, and as many
sons, John [see BKAMSTON, Sin JOHN, the
younger] ; Moundeford, who was created a
master in chancery at the Kestoration ; and
Francis [q.v.] Sir John, the son, describes
his mother as 'a beautiful, comely person
of middle stature, virtuous and pious, a very
observant wife, a careful, tender mother;'
'very charitable to the poor, kind to her
neighbours, and beloved by them,' and 'much
lamented by all that knew her.' She died
in the thirty-sixth year of her age (whilst
John was still at school at Blackmore, Essex)
in Phillip Lane, Aldermanbury, and was
buried in a vault in Milk Street church. Sir
John continued a widower for some years,
his wife's mother, Mary Moundeford, taking
charge of his house. In 1631 he married
Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Brabazon, sister
of the Earl of Meath, and relict of Sir John
Brereton, king's Serjeant in Ireland. Brereton
was her second husband, her first having
been George Montgomerie, bishop of Clogher.
Bramston's marriage with her was the re-
vival of an old attachment he had formed as
a very young man, but which Lord Brabazon
had refused to countenance. The ceremony
was performed at the seat of the Earl of
Meath at Kilruddery, near Dublin. His son
John, who accompanied Bramston to Ireland
on this occasion, was by no means prepossessed
by the appearance of his stepmother. ' When
I first saw her,' he says, ' I confess I won-
dered at my father's love. She was low, fat,
red-faced ; her dress, too, was a hat and ruff,
which though she never changed to her death.
But my father, I believe, seeing me change
countenance, told me it was not beauty but
virtue he courted. I believe she had been
handsome in her youth; she had a delicate
fine hand, white and plump, and indeed proved
a good wife and mother-in-law too.' She died
in 1647, and was buried in Roxwell Church.
[Dugdale's Orig. 219 ; Croke's Reports, Jac. I,
671 ; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 1282, 1380, 1447,
iii. 6-11, 51-59, 770-1, 787-8, 843, 1215, 1243-
51 ; Parl. Hist. ii. 685-700, iii. 70 ; Whitelocke's
Mem. 100, 104, 108, 234, 238, 240, 245; Lords'
Journ. iv. 57, 115 ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.
1625-26) p. 195, (1627-28) p. 445, (1628-29)
pp. 555, 556, 566, (1631-33) p. 536, (1633-34)
pp. 3, 10, (1634-35) pp. 218, 239, 414, 610,
(1635) pp. 577, 579, 600, 606, 608, (1635-36)
pp. 23, 47, 49, 154, 213, 247, 431, 441, 444, 451,
(1636-37) pp. 123, 398, 416-18, (1637) pp. 107,
108, 144, 160, 466, 563, (1637-38) pp. 165, 182,
188, 190, 197, 241, 401, 458, 512, (1638-39) pp.
154, 172, 299, 412, (1639) pp. 1, 111, 266, 438,
(1639-40) pp. 47, 62, 148, 411, (1640) p. 284,
(1640-41) pp. 249, 344, (1655) p. 181 ; Claren-
don's History (1849), iii. 269, 407 ; Eymer's
Foedera (1st ed.), xix. 764 ; Fuller's Worthies, i.
329; Morant's Essex, ii. 71-73; Autobiography
of Sir John Bramston (Camden Society), vi. 6,
37, 68, 78, 96, 414 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. E.
BRAMSTON, SIB JOHN, the younger
(1611-1700), lawyer and autobiographer, was
the eldest son of Sir John Bramston, justice
of the king's bench [q. v.], by Bridget, daugh-
ter of Thomas Moundeford, M.D., of Lon-
don. He was born in September 1611, at
Whitechapel, Middlesex, in a house which for
several generations had been in possession of
the family. After attending Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, he entered the Middle Temple,
where he had as chamber fellow Edward Hyde,
afterwards Earl of Clarendon. Throughout
life he continued on terms of intimate friend-
ship with Hyde, who presented him with his
portrait, the earliest of him now known to
exist, and engraved for the edition of the
6 History of the Rebellion ' published in 1816.
He was called to the bar in 1635, and after
his marriage in the same year to Alice,
eldest daughter of Anthony Abdy, alderman
of London, took a house in Charterhouse
Yard, and began to practise law with con-
siderable success, until, in his own words,
* the drums and trumpets blew his gown over
his ears.' In accordance with his father's
advice, he sold his chambers in the Temple
on the outbreak of the civil war, and his wife
dying in 1647, he removed with his family to
his father's house at Skreens. At his father's
death in 1654 he succeeeded to the property.
In the new parliament, after the dismissal of
Richard Cromwell, he served as knight of the
shire for Essex, and supported the motion for
the Restoration. At the coronation he was
created a knight of the Bath, after refusing a
baronetcy on account of his dislike to here-
ditary honours. Subsequently, he frequently
acted as chairman in committees of the
whole house. In 1672 an accusation was
brought by Henry Mildmay, of Graces, before
the council against him and his brother of
being papists, and receiving payment from
the pope to promote his interests. The chief
witness was a Portuguese, Ferdinand de
Macedo, whose evidence bore unmistakable
signs of falsehood. Charles II is said to
have remarked concerning the affair, that it
was ' the greatest conspiracy and greatest
forgerie that ever he knew against a pri-
vate gentleman.' To the first parliament of
James II Bramston was returned for Maldon,
and in several subsequent parliaments he
Brancastre
211
Brancker
represented Chelmsford. He died 4 Feb.
1699-1700.
[The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, pre-
served in the archives at Skreens, was published by
the Camden Society in 1845. It begins with an
account of his early years, and is continued to
within a few weeks before his death. Although
it casts no important light on historical events,
it is of great interest as a record of the social
and domestic life of the period.] T. F. H.
BRANCASTRE or BRAMCESTRE,
JOHN DE (d. 1218), is included among the
keepers of the great seal by Sir T. D. Hardy,
under the dates of 1203 and 1205 ; but Mr.
Foss gives reasons for believing that the
subscriptions to charters supposed to be at-
tached by him as keeper were only affixed
in the capacity of a deputy, or a clerk in
the exchequer or in the chancery. His signa-
ture is found attesting documents from 1200
to 1208. In 1200 or the following year he
was made archdeacon of Worcester, in No-
vember 1204 was sent to Flanders on the
king's service, and on 13 Jan. 1207 was com-
missioned by King John to take charge of
the abbey of Ramsey during a vacancy in
the abbacy, and in his capacity of adminis-
trator paid thence, in May of the same year,
97/. into the exchequer. In the following
October he was rewarded by the king (who
exercised the right of presentation during
the vacancy in the abbacy) with the vicarage
of the parish which was doubtless his birth-
place, Brancaster in Norfolk, and on 29 May
1208 was appointed prebendary of Lidington
in the church of Lincoln. He died in 1218.
One of his name, probably the same, appears
as party in several lawsuits in Hertfordshire
and Sussex in 1199.
[Hardy's List of Lord Chancellors, &c., 1843;
Foss's Judges of England, ii. 43-5 ; Foss's Ta-
bulae Curiales, 1865, p. 9; Hardy's Le Neve's
Fasti, iii. 73 ; Eot. Pat. 1835, i. 11, 58, 76, 84;
Eot. Claus. 1833, i. 14, 83; Eot. Curia Eegis,
1835.] W. D. M.
BRANCH, THOMAS (Jl. 1753), was
author of ' Thoughts on Dreaming ' (1738),
and ' Principia Legis et ^Equitatis ' (1753).
The latter work, which presents in alpha-
betical order a collection of maxims, defini-
tions, and remarkable sayings in law and
equity, has been highly commended as a
student's text-book ; it has found editors both
in this country and in the United States.
Nothing is known of Branch's personal his-
tory, but if the 'lady of Thomas Branch,
Esq.' in the obituary of the ( Gentleman's
Magazine,' December 1769, was his wife, it
may be presumed that he was then alive.
[Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn), 254 ; Gent.
Mag. xxxix. 608.] J. M. S.
BRANCKER or BRANKER,THOM AS
(1633-1676), mathematician, born at Barn-
staple in August 1633, was the son of another
Thomas Brancker, a graduate of Exeter Col-
lege, Oxford, who was in 1626 a schoolmaster
near Ilchester, and about 1630 head-master
of the Barnstaple High School. The family
| originally bore the name of Brouncker [see
BROTTNCKEK, SIR WILLIAM]. Young Branc-
ker matriculated at his father's college 8 Nov.
1652; proceeded B.A. 15 June 1655, and
was elected a probationer fellow of Exeter
30 June 1655, and full fellow 10 July 1656.
After taking his master's degree (22 April
1658), he took to preaching, but he refused to
conform to the ceremonies of the church of
England, and was deprived of his fellowship
4 June 1663. He then retired to Cheshire,
changed his views, and applied for and ob-
tained episcopal ordination. He became a
'minister' at Whitegate, Cheshire, but his
fame as a mathematician reached William,
lord Brereton, who gave him the rectory of
Tilston, near Malpas, in 1668. He resigned the
benefice (after a very few months' occupa-
tion) and became head-master of the grammar
school at Macclesfield, where he died in No-
vember 1676. He was buried in Macclesfield
church, and the inscription on his monument
states that he was a linguist as well as a mathe-
matician, chemist, and natural philosopher,
and that he pursued his studies ' under the
auspices of the Hon. Robert Boyle.'
Brancker gained his first knowledge of
mathematics and chemistry from Peter
Sthael of Strasburg, ' a noted chimist and Ro-
sicrucian,' who before 1660 settled in Ox-
ford as a private tutor, at the suggestion of
Robert Boyle, and numbered Ralph Bathurst,
Christopher Wren, with Brancker, Wood, and
other less eminent men, among his pupils
(WOOD'S Autobiog. in Athence, Bliss, i. liii).
Brancker's earliest publication was 'Doctrinaa
Sphaericae Adumbratio una cum usu Glo-
borum Artificialium,' Oxford, 1662. In 1668
he published a translation of an introduction
to algebra from the High Dutch of Rhenanus,
and added a ' Table of odd numbers less than
one hundred thousand, shewing those that are
incomposit, and resolving the rest into their
factors or coefficients.' The book was licensed
18 May 1665, but the publication was de-
layed to enable Dr. John Peel to add notes
and corrections. John Collins, another mathe-
matician, also gave Brancker some assistance
over the book, and praised it highly in a letter
to James Gregory in 1668. The value of the
table and translation is acknowledged in an
early paper in the ' Philosophical Transac-
tions' (No. 35, pp. 688-9), and the table and
preface were reprinted by Francis Maseres
p2
Brand
212
Brand
translations of several of the sonnets of
Petrarch. Some of these had been privately
printed at an earlier date — in 1815 (?), 1818,
and 1819. In 1823, when Ugo Foscolo pro-
duced his ' Essays on Petrarch/ he dedicated
them to Lady Dacre, and the last forty-five
pages of the work are occupied by her lady-
ship's translations from Petrarch. Her 'Trans-
lations from the Italian,' principally from
Petrarch, were privately printed at London '
in 1836, 8vo. In addition to her other ac-
complishments, Lady Dacre was an excellent
amateur artist, and excelled in modelling ani-
mals, particularly the horse., She edited in
1831 ' Recollections of a Chaperon,' and in
1835 'Tales of the Peerage and Peasantry/
both written by her only daughter, Mrs. Ara-
bella Sullivan, wife of the Rev. Frederick
Sullivan, vicar of Kimpton, Hertfordshire.
[Gent. Mag. N.S. xlii. 296 ; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus. ; Martin's Privately Printed
Books, 276, 466; Quarterly Beview, xlix. 228,
231.] T. C.
BRAND, HANNAH (d. 1821), actress
and dramatist, younger sister of John Brand,
d. 1808 [q. v.], kept a school at Norwich in
and coheir of John Thomas, D.D., bishop of i conjunction with an elder sister Mary. But
Winchester. She was married first to Valen- | Hannah soon abandoned teaching for the
in a volume of mathematical tracts (1795),
together with James Bernouilli's * Doctrine
of Permutations ' and other papers. Maseres
states that Dr. Wallis thought well of
Brancker's table, and corrected a few errors
in it. In the Rawlinson MSS. (A 45, f. 9)
there is ' A Breviat and relation of Thomas
Branker against Dame Appollin Hall, alias
Appolin Potter, of London, once marryed to
•William Churchey ' (July 1656). A curious
manuscript key to an elaborate cipher in the
possession of J. H. Cooke, F.S.A., is attri-
buted to Brancker and is fully described in the
' Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries'
for 1877.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1086;
Fasti (Bliss), ii. 186, 214 ; Boase'sRegistrum Coll.
Exon. 72, 74, 229 ; Button's Mathematical Dic-
tionary ; Correspondence of Scientific Men (1841),
ii. 177 ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 41, 170,
345, where Mr. J. E. Bailey's notes are of es-
pecial value.] S. L. L.
BRAND, BARBARINA, LADY DACEE
(1768-1854), poet and dramatist, was the
third daughter of Admiral Sir Chaloner
Ogle, bart., by Hester, youngest daughter
tine Henry Wilmot of Farnborough, Hamp-
shire, an officer in the guards, and secondly,
on 4 Dec. 1819, to Thomas Brand, twenty-
first Lord Dacre, who died without issue on
21 March 1851. She died in Chesterfield
Street, Mayfair, London, on 17 May 1854, in
her eighty-seventh year.
Lady Dacre was on'e of the most accom-
plished women of her time. In 1821 her
poetical works were privately printed in two
octavo volumes, under the title of ' Dramas,
Translations, and Occasional Poems.' Some
of these are dated in the last century. They
include four dramas, the first of which, ' Gon-
zalvo of Cordova/ was written in 1810. In
the character of the great captain the author
followed the novel of Monsieur de Florian.
The next, 'Pedarias, a tragic drama/ was
written in 1811; its story being derived from
<Les Incas' of Marmontel. Her third dra-
matic work was ' Ina/ a tragedy in five acts,
the plot of which was laid in Saxon times in
England. It was produced at Drury Lane
22 April 1815, under the management of She-
ridan, to whose second wife, the daughter of
Dr. Ogle, dean of Winchester, the author was
related. It was not sufficiently successful to
induce its repetition. It was printed in 1815,
as produced on the stage, but in Lady Dacre's
collected works she restored 'the original
catastrophe, and some other parts which had
been cut out.' The fourth drama is entitled
* Xarifa.' Lady Dacre's book contains also
stage, and on 18 Jan. 1792 appeared with the
Drury Lane Company at the King's Theatre
(Opera House) in the Haymarket, in her own
tragedy of ' Huniades.' This piece, not with-
out merit, was received during its progress
with much favour. It proved too long, how-
ever, and the performance of Miss Brand,
who was announced as making ' her first
appearance upon any stage/ deprived it of
what chance it might have had with an
actress of more experience as the heroine.
After the first representation it was with-
drawn, but was reproduced on 2 Feb. with the
title of ' Agmunda/ and writh the omission of
the character of Huniades, originally played
by John Kemble. This curious experiment
proved no more successful than the first,
and piece and author vanished from London.
Two years later, 20 March 1794, she appeared
at the York Theatre, playing Lady Townly
in the 'Provoked Husband.' Formality of
manner, a rigour in dress entirely out of
keeping with the notions then prevalent, and
it may have been a provincialism of pronun-
ciation of which her manager, Tate Wilkin-
son, complains, stirred against her the femi-
nine portion of the audience, and her first
appearance, ' so far from being well received,
met with rude marks of disgustful behaviour,
and that from ladies who did not add by such
demeanour addition to their politeness or
good understanding' (TATE WILKINSON, The
Wandering Patentee,*?. 158). She remained
Brand
213
Brand
in York till the last night of the season,
21 May 1794, when she appeared in her own
play of t Agmunda/in which she was derided.
In the summer she played in Liverpool with
no greater success. Starched in manner, vir-
tuous in conduct, and resolute in her objection
to a low-cut dress, she seems, according to
Tate Wilkinson, to have had little chance of
succeeding on the stage. Her defeat she at-
tributed to the jealousy of Mrs. Siddons and
the Kembles. Of her play she thought so
highly that she would not for fear of theft
trust the whole manuscript to the prompter,
but copied out with her own hand the entire
play, except her own part, which she reserved.
Many curious stories show how high was her
estimate of her own capacity. Wilkinson
says that, apart from her tragedy airs, she
possessed many good qualities, that she was
estimable in her private character, and en-
dowed with a good understanding. The edi-
tors of the ' Biographia Dramatica,' who saw
her performance in 'Huniades,' find fault
with her deportment, but say that her acting
was marked by discrimination. In 1798 she
published in Norwich, in 8vo, a volume of
' Dramatic and Poetical Works,' containing :
(1) ' Adelinda,' a comedy founded on i La
Force du Naturel ' of Destouches ; (2) ' The
Conflict, or Love, Honour, and Pride/ an he-
roic comedy adapted from ' Don Sanche d'Ar-
ragon,' by Pierre Corneille; and (3) ' Hu-
niades, or the Siege of Belgrade,' a tragedy,
with some miscellaneous poems. After her
failure on the stage, Miss Brand again be-
came a governess. Her pupil was a married
lady, and her eccentric conduct was the cause
of much unpleasantness between husband
and wife. Miss Brand died in March 1821.
[G-enest's History of the Stage ; Tate Wilkin-
son's Wandering Patentee; Baker, Keed, arid
Jones's Biographia Dramatica; History of the
Theatres of London from the year 1771 to 1795,
2 vols. (Oulton) ; Nichols's Lit. Illustrations, vi.
534-7 ; Beloe's Sexagenarian.] J. K.
BRAND, JOHN (1668P-1738), minister
of the church of Scotland, author of i A Brief
Description of Orkney,' was educated at the
university of Edinburgh, where he graduated
M. A. on 9 July 1688. After completing his
divinity course, he was licensed to preach by
the presbytery of Edinburgh, and on 3 Jan.
1694-5 was ordained minister of the parish
of Borrowstouness, Linlithgowshire. In Fe-
bruary 1700-1 he was appointed by the gene-
ral assembly one of a deputation to visit
QV» ^-*-l rt i^ ,rl ^-^3 ^J? ,. *_ _ J_ /~\ 1 I
an account of his experiences under the title,
1 A Brief Description of Orkney, Zetland,
Pightland-Firth, and Caithness ; wherein,
after a short journal of the author's voyage
thither, these northern places are first more
generally described, then a particular view is
given of the several isles thereto belonging ;
together with an account of what is most rare
and remarkable therein, with the author's
observations thereupon.' The book was re-
printed in vol. iii. of Pinkerton's ' Voyages
and Travels,' and was also republished sepa-
rately in 1883. Although, as may be sup-
posed, of no special value in reference either
to the antiquities or natural history of the
islands, there is considerable interest in its
descriptions of their condition, and of the
mode of life of the inhabitants at a period
when intercourse with the south was of the
most limited kind. He died on 14 July 1738,
aged about seventy. By his wife, Elizabeth
Mitchell, whom he married in 1700, he had
a large family, and he was succeeded in the
parish by his son William.
[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. vol. i. pt. i. 170;
List of Edinburgh Graduates.] T. F. H.
BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806), antiquary
and topographer, was born on 19 Aug. 1744
at Washington, in the county of Durham,
where his father, Alexander Brand, was
parish clerk. His mother dying immediately
after his birth, and his father having married
again, he was taken, when a child, under the
protection of his maternal uncle, Anthony
Wheatley, cordwainer, residing in Back Row,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,to whom he was bound
apprentice on 4 Sept. 1758. He was edu-
cated at the Royal Grammar School in that
town under the direction of the Rev. Hugh
Moises, where he acquired a taste for classi-
cal studies ; and after leaving the school he
was so indefatigable in the acquisition of
learning as to secure the esteem and friend-
ship of his former master, Mr. Moises, who
interested some opulent friends in his behalf
and assisted in sending him to Oxford. He
was entered at Lincoln College, and gra-
duated B. A. in 1775. Previously to this he
had been ordained to the curacy of Bolam
in Northumberland ; in June 1773 he was
appointed curate of St. Andrew's, Newcastle ;
on 6 Oct. 1774 he was presented to the per-
petual curacy of Cramlington, a chapel .of
ease to St. Nicholas at Newcastle, from which
town it is distant about eight miles. He was
elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
29 May 1777. In 1778 he was appointed
under-usher of the grammar school at New-
castle (BRAND, Hist, of Newcastle, i. 99), but
he does not appear to have held that situation
very long. In 1784 he was presented by his
i
Brand
214
Brand
early friend and patron, the Duke of North-
umberland, to the rectory of the united
parishes of St. Mary-at-Hill and St. Mary
Hubbard, in the city of London ; and two
years later he was appointed one of the
duke's domestic chaplains.
In 1784 he was elected resident secretary
to the Society of Antiquaries, and was annu-
ally re-elected to that office until his death,
which took place very suddenly in his rectory
house on 11 Sept. 1806. He was buried in
the chancel of his church.
We are told that ' his manners, somewhat
repulsive to a stranger, became easy on closer
acquaintance ; and he loved to communicate
to men of literary and antiquarian taste the
result of his researches on any subject in
which they might require information. Many
of his books were supplied with portraits
drawn by himself in a style not inferior to
the originals, of which they were at the same
time perfect imitations' (NiCHOLS, Literary
Anecdotes, ix. 653). Brand, it may be added,
was never married. There is a small sil-
houette likeness of him in the frontispiece to
his ' History of Newcastle.' An account of
some of the rarer tracts in his library, which
was sold by auction in 1807-8, is given in
Dibdin's < Bibliomania,' 605-611.
His works are : 1. A poem ' On Illicit
l^ove. Written among the ruins of Godstow
Nunnery, near Oxford,' Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, 1775, 4to, pp. 20. Godstow was the
burial-place of Fair Rosamond, the paramour
of Henry II. 2. ' Observations on Popular
Antiquities : including the whole of Mr.
Bourne's " Antiquitates Vulgares," with Ad-
denda to every chapter of that work ; as
also an Appendix, containing such articles on
the subject as have been omitted by that
author,' London, 1777, 8vo. Brand left an
immense mass of manuscript collections for
the augmentation of this work. These were
purchased by some booksellers and placed in
the hands of Mr. (afterwards Sir Henry)
Ellis, who incorporated them in a new edition
published at London in 2 vols. 1813, 4to,
under the title of ' Observations on Popular
Antiquities : chiefly illustrating the origin of
our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Super-
stitions.' Among the printed books in the
British Museum is a copy of this edition
with numerous interleaved additions; and
in the manuscript department there is another
copy annotated by the Rev. Joseph Hunter,
F.S.A. (Addit. MSS. 24544, 24545). Other
editions appeared in Knight's ' Miscellanies,'
3 vols. London, 1841-2, 4to, and in Bohn's
' Antiquarian Library,' 3 vols. London, 1849.
This work contains much interesting informa-
tion, but the author takes no general view of
his subject; his desultory collections are made
with little care, and the notes and text are
frequently at variance with each other. Mr.
William Carew Hazlitt made an attempt
to remedy some of these defects in his new
edition, entitled ' Popular Antiquities of
Great Britain, comprising notices of the
movable and immovable feasts, customs,
superstitions, and amusements, past and
present,' 3 vols. London, 1870, 8vo. 3. ' The
History and Antiquities of the Town and
County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,' 2 vols.
London, 1789, 4to ; a very elaborate work,
embellished with views of the public build-
ings, engraved by Fittler at a cost of 500/.
An index, compiled by William Dodd, trea-
surer to the Newcastle Society of Antiqua-
ries, was printed by that society in 1881.
4. Papers in the l Archeeologia/ vols. viii. x.
xiii. xiv. xv. 5. ' Letters to Mr. Ralph Beilby
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,' Newcastle, 1825,
8vo.
[MSS. Addit. 6391, ff. 36, 45, 99, 144, 146, 182,
237 ; 22838, if. 61, 77, 82, 86 ; 22901, if. 51,
135; 26776, if. 103, 105; Brand's Newcastle, i.
99, 196, 323 ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates (1851),
80; MS. Egerton, 2372 f. 180, 2374 if. 283, 285,
2425 ; European Mag. 1. 247 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxvi.
(ii.) 881, Ixxxii. (i.) 239 ; Literary Memoirs of
Living Authois (1798) i. 67; Lowndes's Bibl.
Man. ed. Bohn, i. 254 ; Malcolm's Lives of To-
pographers and Antiquaries ; Nichols's Illustr. of
Lit. ii. 435, 660, iii. 648, vi. 300 ; Nichols's Lit.
Anecd. viii. 695, 696, 739, ix. 651-653; Quarterly
Review, xi. 259; Reuss's Register of Authors,
i. 131, Supp. 46 ; Richardson's Local Historian's
Table-Book (Historical division), i. 156, iii. 59 ;
Sjkes's Local Records, (1824) 227.] T. C.
BRAND, JOHN (d. 1808), clergyman and
writer on politics and political economy, was a
native of Norwich, where his father was a
tanner. Entering at Caius College, Oxford, he
distinguished himself in mathematics, taking
his B. A. degree in 1766, and proceeding M.A.
in 1772. In 1772 he published ' Conscience,
an ethical essay,' a poem which he had
written in a competition for the Seatonian
prize. Having taken orders and held a
curacy he was appointed reader at St. Peter's
Mancroft, Norwich, and was afterwards pre-
sented to the vicarage of Wickham Skeith in
Suffolk. To eke out his scanty income he
contributed to the periodical press, particu-
larly to the ' British Critic,' papers on i Poli-
tical Arithmetic.' Some of these attracted
the notice of Lord-chancellor Loughborough,
and he presented Brand in 1797 to the rec-
tory of St. George's, Southwark, which he
held until his death on 23 Dec. 1808.
Brand was a staunch tory, and his toryism
coloured all his disquisitions. In his first
Brand
215
Brand
pamphlet, ' Observations on some of the pro- j [Brand's Pamphlets; Beloe's Sexagenarian
'Kf.'Ul^ nfP^^.4-r, ^f AT*, n:n i.»~ "Dm j.. i_* T_ .:— . XT:.T--I_>_ Tii _< _i- • -
bable effects of Mr. Gilbert's Bill, to which are
added Remarks on Dr. Price's account of the
National Debt ' (1776), his object was to reply
to the economists who bewailed the increase
of local taxation and of the national debt.
cxxiv. ; Nichols's Illustrations, vi. 528-34; Cat.
Brit. Mus. Lib.] F. E.
BRAND, THOMAS (1635-1691), non-
conformist divine, born in 1635, was the son
He drew a rather ingenious distinction be- ! of the rector of Leaden Roothing, Essex. He
tween fiscal charge and fiscal burden. A "'"" ^""" ^ "* "D:~u~- '~ °*— "— J TT ---- " "
long as prices steadily rose he argued tha
though more money might be taken out o
the taxpayer's pocket, the quantity of com
modities which the sum levied by taxation
would purchase steadily decreased, and that
thus if ' burden ' were interpreted to be the
amount of commodities of the power of pur-
chasing which the community was deprivec
by taxation, its increase need not be and had
not been at all proportionate to the increase
of charge. In this way he proved to his own
satisfaction that the burden of the amount
paid to the creditors of the nation at the
peace of Utrecht was nearly the same as
when he wrote, and that the alarm of Dr,
Price and others at the increase of the na-
tional debt was wholly baseless. Of such
other of Brand's pamphlets on economic
subjects as are in the library of the British
Museum, the most interesting is his ' Deter-
mination of the average price of wheat in
war below that of the preceding peace, and
of its readvance in the following.' Here
he sought to prove on theoretical grounds
that war lowers while peace raises the price
of wheat, and he then proceeded to endeavour
to confirm the soundness of this position by
an appeal to statistics. Of Brand's political
pamphlets the chief appears to be his ' His-
torical Essay on the Principles of Political
Associations in a State, chiefly deduced from
the English and Jewish histories, with an ap-
plication of those principles in a comparative
view of the Association of the year 1792 and
of that recently instituted by the Whig Club '
(1796). The intended drift of this elaborate
disquisition was that the existing tory asso-
ciations were praiseworthy and useful.
The main authority for Brand's meagre
biography is chapter xxiv. of Beloe's ' Sexa-
genarian/ which is devoted to him, but in
which, as usual in that work, the name of
the subject of the notice is not mentioned.
Brand's name is, however, supplied together
with what appears to be a complete list of
his separate publications (the library of the
British Museum is without several of them),
in the memoir of him in Nichols's l Illus-
trations of the Literary History of the
Eighteenth Century,' vi. 528-34, which is an
expansion of the chapter in the ' Sexagena-
Nichols
phlets in all.
enumerates thirteen pam-
was educated at Bishop's Stortford, Hertford-
shire, and Merton College, Oxford. There he
specially studied law, and afterwards entered
the Temple. An acquaintance formed with
Dr. Samuel Annesley [q. v.] led to a resolution
to join the ministry. He entered the family
of the Lady Dowager Roberts of Glassenbury,
Kent, the education of whose four children
he superintended. He caused the whole of
his salary to be devoted to charity. He soon
preached twice every Sunday, and frequently
a third time in the evening, at a place two
miles distant. He established weekly lec-
tures at several places, and monthly fasts. On
the death of the Rev. Mr. Poyntel of Staple-
hurst, he left Lady Roberts, went to Staple-
hurst, and was ordained. About two years after
he married a widow, by whom he had several
children, who all died young. He continued at
Staplehurst till driven away by persecution.
After many wanderings he settled near Lon-
don. He built many meeting-houses, and
contributed to their ministers' salaries. Cate-
chising the young was also a favourite occu-
pation, in which he was very successful. He
gave away thousands of catechisms and other
books, and even went to the expense of re-
printing twenty thousand of Joseph Alleine's
' Treatise on Conversion ' to be given away,
altering the title to a ' Guide to Heaven.' A
portion of this expense was defrayed by some
of his friends. Many other small books were
given away by him, and he and his friends
sold bibles much under cost price to all who
desired them, provided they would not sell
:hem again. Brand maintained children of
ndigent parents, and put them to trades.
Dr. Earle, many years a distinguished mi-
nister of the presbyterian congregation in
rlanover Street, London, was one of his
)rote'ge's. Brand spent little on himself.
lis charities were computed to amount to
above 300/. a year. He said he { would not
ell his estate because it was entailed, but he
would squeeze it as long as he lived.' Brand
lied 1 Dec. 1691, and was buried in Bunhill
ields. The inscription on his gravestone is
ecorded in ' Bunhill Memorials,' by J. A.
ones.
[Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Brand (with a
sermon preached on the occasion of his death),
by the Rev. Samuel Annesley, LL.D. 1692 pre-
printed with additions, and dedicated to Thomas
Brand, Lord Dacre, by William Chaplin), Bishop's
Brandard
216
Brande
Stortford, 1822 ; Nonconformist Memorial, iii.,
1803 ; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849.]
J. H. T.
BRANDARD, ROBERT (1805-1862),
engraver, was born at Birmingham. He
came to London at the age of nineteen, and
after studying for a short time with Edward
Goodall, the eminent landscape-engraver,
practised with much ability in the same
branch of the art. His earliest efforts were
plates for Brockedon's ' Scenery of the Alps,'
Captain Batty's ' Saxony,' and Turner's ' Eng-
land ' and ' Rivers of England.' He also en-
graved after Stanfield, Herring, Callcott, and
others for the ' Art Journal,' and produced
some etchings from his own designs, one
series of which was published by the Art
Union in 1864. Amongst his best works
were two plates after Turner entitled ' Cross-
ing the Brook ' and ' The Snow-storm,' which
were exhibited after his death at the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862. Brandard also
practised painting both in oils and water-
colours, and exhibited frequently at the Bri-
tish Institution, the Royal Academy, and
Suffolk Street, between 1831 and 1858. He
died at his residence, Campden Hill, Ken-
sington, on 7 Jan. 1862. One of his oil-
paintings, entitled ' The Forge,' was pur-
chased by the second Earl of Ellesmere, and
three others, views of Hastings, are in the
South Kensington Museum, forming part of
the Sheepshanks Collection.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS (1788-
1866), chemist, and editor of the ' Dictionary
of Science and Art,' was born in Arlington
Street, St. James's, on 11 Feb. 1788, his father
being an apothecary. He was educated in
private schools at Kensington and at West-
minster. It was his father's wish that his
son William should enter the church ; but the
boy expressed so strong an inclination for the
medical profession that he was, on 2 Feb.
1802, apprenticed to his brother, who was a
licentiate of the Company of Apothecaries.
About this period the family removed from
Arlington Street to Chiswick. The young
Brande here became acquainted with Mr.
Charles Hatchett, who was devoting his at-
tention to chemical investigations, and espe-
cially to the analysis of minerals. Mr. Hat-
chett allowed him to assist in his laboratory
and he encouraged him in the study of the
classification of ores and rocks, supplying
him with duplicates from his own cabinets
This formed the foundation of the minera-
logical series which were in future years
ised in the lectures and classes of the Royal
institution. Mr. Charles Hatchett, whose
daughter Brande subsequently married, sedu-
ously encouraged his love of science.
In 1802 Brande visited his uncle at Han-
over, and in 1803 was in Brunswick and
jfbttingen. The breaking out of the war,
and the advance of the French on Hanover,
interfered with his linguistic and scientific
studies, and he had much difficulty in es-
caping to Hamburg, where he embarked in
a Dutch merchant-vessel for London, which
tie reached after passing a month at sea.
Brande re-entered his brother's employment
in 1804. He became a pupil at the Ana-
tomical School in Windmill Street, and
studied chemistry under Dr. George Pearson
at St. George's Hospital. He also made the
acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards Sir Benjamin)
Brodie, and formed friendships with Sir Eve-
rard Home, Dr. Pemberton, and other men of
eminence.
Brande has left us an interesting note of
this date. He says : * I was now full of
ardour in the prosecution of chemistry ; and
although my brother — with whom I still
lived, whose apprentice I was, and in whose
shop, notwithstanding all other associations,
I still worked, and passed a large part of my
time — threw every obstacle in the way of
my chemical progress that was decently in
his power, I found time, however, to read,
and often to experiment, in my bedroom late
in the evening. I thus collected a series of
notes and observations which I fondly hoped
might at some future period serve as the basis
of a course of lectures, and this in time they
actually did. It was at this period that, in
imitation of Mr. Hatchett's researches, I
made some experiments on benzoin, the re-
sults of which were published in " Nicholson's
Journal " for February 1805.' This, his first
contribution to scientific literature, appeared
when he was only a little more than sixteen
years of age. In 1805 Brande became a
member of the Westminster Medical Society,
and in June of that year he read before
the members a paper on ' Respiration,' which
he contributed afterwards to ' Nicholson's
Journal.'
Early in life Brande appears to have been
introduced to Davy, and shortly after the
return of the latter from Germany he renewed
the acquaintance and attended his lectures
at the Royal Institution.
In 1805 Mr. Hatchett presented to the
Royal Society a paper by Brande ' On some
Experiments on Guaiacum Resin,' which was
printed in the * Philosophical Transactions '
for 1806. Sir Everard Home entrusted
Brande with the analysis of calculi selected
Brande
217
Brande
from the collection in the College of Sur-
geons. The results were communicated to
the Royal Society on 19 May 1808, and
published — with some observations by Sir
Everard Home — in the ' Transactions.' Two
other important papers by him were published
by the Royal Society in 1811 and 1813.
These were ' On the State and Quantity of
Alcohol in Fermented Liquids,' and for them
Brande received the Copley medal.
In 1808 Brande commenced lecturing, giv-
ing two courses on pharmaceutical chemistry
at Dr. Hooper's Medical Theatre in Cork
Street, Burlington Gardens. He subse-
quently lectured at the New Medico-Chemical
School in Windmill Street, on physics and
chemistry, and gave a course of lectures
on 'Materia Medica' at the house of Dr.
Pearson.
In 1809 Brande was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. In 1812 he accepted the
appointment of professor of chemistry and
superintending chemical operator to the
Apothecaries' Company. He soon after be-
came professor of materia medica, and de-
livered annually a course of lectures on that
subject. In the spring of this year Sir Hum-
phry Davy ' could not pledge himself to con-
tinue the lectures which he has been accus-
tomed to deliver to the Royal Institution ; '
but he was willing to accept the offices of
Erofessor of chemistry and director of the
iboratory and mineralogical collection with-
out salary, and on 1 June he was, at a special
general meeting, appointed to these offices.
Under this arrangement with Sir Humphry
Davy, Brande was elected in December of the
same year to lecture on l Chemical Philo-
sophy.' In April 1813 Davy ' begged leave
to resign his situation of honorary professor.'
Brande was then elected to the professorship
of chemistry. The rooms in the Royal In-
stitution building which had been occupied
by Sir Humphry Davy were prepared for
him, and a few months later he was appointed
superintendent of the house, and was allowed
to transfer his chemical class of medical
students from Windmill Street to the labo-
ratory of that establishment.
Brande delivered, for Sir Humphry Davy, a
course of lectures on ' Agricultural Chemistry '
before the Board of Agriculture. On the
death of Dr. Pearson the chemical lectures
were transferred from St. George's Hospital
to the Royal Institution, and Brande, now
assisted by Faraday, devoted himself entirely
to chemical investigations and to lectures
on the science. For several years Brande's
position was a responsible one. Officially
he must be regarded as the leading chemist
of the metropolis at the time ; his assistant
Faraday was travelling with Davy on the
continent.
In 1823 the government consulted Brande
on the manufacture of iron and steel, the
object of the proposed inquiry being to obtain
a more coherent metal for the dies used in
the coinage. The report, which was of an
especially practical character, led to consider-
able improvement and much economy in the
Mint. As soon as it became possible Brande
was appointed by the crown as superinten-
dent of the die department. This appoint-
ment he held conjointly with his other posts
for many years. In 1854 he was appointed
the- chief officer of the coinage department
at the Royal Mint, when he resigned the
professorship at the Royal Institution.
On the return of Faraday from the con-
tinent in 1825 he was associated with Brande
in the lectures delivered in the theatre of
the Royal Institution, and in editing the
' Quarterly Journal of Science and Art,'
which had been published since 1816. From
1816 to 1826 Brande was one of the secre-
taries of the Royal Society. In 1836 he was
named one of the original fellows of the
University of London and a member of the
senate of that body. In 1846 he became ex-
aminer in chemistry, which office he retained
until 1858. He died in 1866.
Brande received the honorary degree of
doctor of civil law in the university of Ox-
ford. He was a fellow of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, and a member of several
foreign societies.
Brande published in the l Transactions of
j the Royal Society,' and in several scientific
journals, twenty-seven papers, all of them
the result of close investigation. Among
the more important were ' Chemical Re-
searches on the Blood and some other Ani-
mal Fluids,' in 1811 ; ' On some Electro-
chemical Phenomena,' which was the sub-
ject of the Bakerian lecture for 1813; 'On
Electro-magnetic Clocks,' in 1817; several
papers on the ' Destructive Distillation of
Coal,' and on 'Coal Gas as an Illuminant,'
between 1816 and 1819. ' The Outlines of
Geology ' were published in the ' Quarterly
Journal of Science ' in 1825 to 1827. The
other papers were connected with his position
as chemist to the Apothecaries' Company,
and related mainly to pharmaceutical in-
quiries. The ' London Pharmacopoeia/ which
was an ill-arranged collection of recipes, was
greatly improved by Brande, especially in its
chemistry. Brande's ( Manual of Chemistry,'
which went through six editions, was the
text-book of the day. His 'Dictionary of
Pharmacy and Materia Medica' was one of
the most useful books ever placed in the
Brander
218
Brandon
hands of a medical student. His ' Dictionary
of Science and Art/ of which he became the
editor in 1842, was a laborious undertaking,
supplying a serious want. He was engaged
in revising a new edition of this work when
death brought his active life to a close.
During forty-six years Brande laboured
most industriously in the front ranks of
science. Although, unlike his friends Davy
and Faraday, he failed to connect his name
with any important discovery, he aided in
the development of several branches of
science, and by his earnest truthfulness — pre-
ferring demonstration to speculation — he
fitted himself for an important position at a
time when science was undergoing remark-
able changes.
[Dr. Bence- Jones in Proceedings of Eoyal In-
stitution ; Proceedings of the Eoyal Society, vol.
xvi. pt. ii. and Catalogue of Scientific Papers, i.
564; Quarterly Journal of Science, iv. 1818-
1822 ; Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philo-
sophy.] R. H-T.
BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720-1787),
merchant and antiquary, descended from a
Swedish family, was born in London in 1720,
and brought up to trade, which he carried on
with great success in the City. For many
years he was a director of the Bank of Eng-
land. Having inherited the fortune of his
uncle, Mr. Spicker, he employed much of his
wealth in forming collections of literary
interest. Among his principal curiosities
was the magnificent chair in which the first
emperor of Germany was said to have been
crowned. Engraved upon it in polished iron
were scenes from Roman history, from the
earliest times to the foundation of the em-
pire. Brander was a fellow of the Royal
Society, a curator of the British Museum,
and one of the first supporters of the So-
ciety for the Encouragement of Arts. While
he lived in London in partnership with Mr.
Spalding, his library and pictures narrowly es-
caped the flames which destroyed their house
in White Lion Court, Cornhill, on 7 Nov. 1766.
Thence he removed to Westminster, and at
length into Hampshire, where he purchased
the site of the old priory at Christchurch.
Having completed his villa and gardens in
this beautiful spot, he married, in 1780, Eliza-
beth, widow of John Lloyd, vice-admiral of
the blue, daughter of Mr. Gulston of Widdial,
Hertfordshire. In the winter of 1786 he had
just completed the purchase of a house in
St. Alban's Street, London, when he was
seized with an illness which carried him off
on 21 Jan. 1787.
To him the British Museum is indebted
for a collection of fossils found in the cliffs
about Christchurch and the coast of Hamp-
shire. Copper-plate engravings of them, ex-
ecuted by Green, and accompanied by a
scientific Latin description by Dr. Solander,
were published in a volume entitled * Fossilia
Hantoniensia collecta, et in Museo Britan-
nico deposita, a Gustavo Brander,' 1766.
Brander communicated an account of the
effect of lightning on the Danish church in
Wellclose Square to the 'Philosophical Trans-
actions ' (xliv. 298) ; and from a manuscript
in his possession Dr. Pegge printed in 1780,
for private circulation, ' The Forme of Cury.
A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled
about the year 1390.'
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 260 and index;
Addit. MS. 29533, f. 55 ; Ayscough's Cat. of the
Sloane and Birch MSS. 743, 908.] T. C.
BRANDON, CHARLES, DUKE or SUF-
FOLK (d. 1545), was the son and heir of Wil-
liam Brandon, who was Henry VII's standard-
bearer at Bosworth Field, and was on that
account singled out by Richard III, and
killed by him in personal encounter. This
William, who with his brother Thomas had
come with Henry out of Brittany, does not
appear to have been a knight, though called
Sir William by Hall the chronicler, and thus
some confusion has arisen between him and
his father, Sir William Brandon, who sur-
vived him.
It is quite uncertain when Charles Brandon
was born, except that (unless he was a posthu-
mous child) it must of course have been before
the battle of Bosworth. It is not likely, how-
ever, to have been many years earlier. No
mention of him has been found before the
accession of Henry VIII, with whom he
appears to have been a favourite from the
first. In personal qualities, indeed, he was
not unlike his sovereign ; tall, sturdy, and va-
liant, with rather a tendency to corpulence,
and also with a strong animal nature, not
very much restrained at any time by conside-
rations of morality, delicacy, or gratitude.
In 1509, the first year of Henry's reign, he
was squire of the royal body, and was ap-
pointed chamberlain of the principality of
North Wales (Calendar of Henry VIII, i.
695). On 6 Feb. 1510 he was made marshal
of the king's bench, in the room of his uncle,
Sir Thomas Brandon [q. v.], recently deceased
(ib. 859). On 23 Nov. 1511 the office of mar-
shal of the royal household was granted to
him and Sir John Care we in survivorship (ib.
1989). On 29 March 1512 he was appointed
keeper of the royal manor and park of Wan-
stead, and on 2 May following ranger of the
New Forest (ib. 3103, 3176). By this time
he was no longer esquire, but knight of the
royal body. On 3 Dec. the same year he re-
Brandon
219
Brandon
ceived a grant of the wardship of Elizabeth,
daughter and sole heiress of John Grey, vis-
count Lisle (ib. 3561), of which he very soon
took advantage in a rather questionable way,
by making a contract of marriage with her ;
and next year, on 15 May, he was created
Viscount Lisle, with succession to the heirs
male of himself and Elizabeth Grey, vis-
countess Lisle, his wife, as she is called in
the patent (ib. 4072). But in point of fact
she was not his wife, for when she came of
age she refused to marry him, and the patent
was cancelled.
Other grants he continued to receive in
abundance ; stewardships of various lands in
Warwickshire or in Wales, either tempora-
rily or permanently in the hands of the crown
(ib. 3841, 3880, 3920-1). But his first con-
spicuous actions were in the year 1513, when,
under the title of Lord Lisle, he was appointed
marshal of the army that went over to invade
France. He took a prominent part in the
operations against Terouenne, and at the
siege of Tournay he first of all obtained pos-
session of one of the city gates (ib. 4459).
While before Terouenne he sent a message
to Margaret of Savoy, the regent of the Ne-
therlands, through her agent in the camp
Philippe de Br6gilles, who, in communicating
it, said he was aware that Brandon was a
second king, and he advised her to write to him
a kind letter, ' for it is he,' wrote BrSgilles,
' who does and undoes ' (ib. 4405). Early in
the following year (1514) the king deter-
mined to send him to Margaret to arrange
about a new campaign (ib. 4736, 4831). On
1 Feb. he was created Duke of Suffolk, and,
adorned with that new title, he went over to
the Low Countries. On 4 March Henry VIII
wrote to Margaret's father, the emperor Maxi-
milian, that a report had reached England
that Suffolk was to marry his daughter, at
which the king affected to be extremely dis-
pleased. Henry pretended that the rumour
had been got up to create differences between
them. In point of fact Henry was not only
fully cognisant of Suffolk's aspirations, but
had already pleaded his favourite's cause with
Margaret personally at Tournay; and this
notwithstanding the engagement he was still
under to Lady Lisle. Some curious flirtation
scenes had actually taken place between them
at Lille, of which Margaret seems afterwards
to have drawn up a report in her own hand
(ib. 4850-1).
In October following, immediately after
the marriage of Louis XII to Henry VIII's
sister Mary, Suffolk was sent over to France
to witness the new queen's coronation at St.
Denis, and to take part in the jousts to be
held at Paris in honour of the event. This
at least seemed to be the principal object of
his mission, and as regards the tourney he
certainly acquitted himself well, overthrowing
his opponent, horse and man. But another
object was to make some arrangements for a
personal interview between the English and
French kings in the following spring (ib.
5560), and also to convey a still more secret
proposal for expelling Ferdinand of Arragon
from Navarre (ib. 5637) ; both which projects
were nipped in the bud by the death of
Louis XII on 1 Jan. following.
When the news of this event reached Eng-
land, it was determined at once to send an
embassy to the young king, Francis I, who
had just succeeded to the throne ; and Suffolk,
who had not long returned from France, was
appointed the principal ambassador. They had
a formal audience of the king at Noyon on
2 Feb., after which Francis sent for the duke
to see him in private, and to his consternation
said to him, ' My lord of Suffolk, there is a
bruit in this my realm that you are come to
marry with the queen, your master's sister.'
Suffolk in vain attempted to deny the charge,
for Francis had extracted the confession from
Mary herself — by what dishonourable over-
tures we need not inquire — and Francis, to
put him at his ease, promised to write to
Henry in his favour. The truth was that
Henry himself secretly favoured the project,
and only wished for some such letter from
Francis to make it more acceptable to the old
nobility, who regarded Suffolk as an upstart.
Wolsey, too, then at the commencement of
his career as a statesman, was doing his best
to smooth down all obstacles. But the pre-
cipitancy of the two lovers nearly forfeited
all their advantages. Mary was by no means
satisfied that, although Henry favoured her
wishes to some extent, he might not be in-
duced by his council to break faith with her
and sacrifice her to political considerations
again. Suffolk's discretion was not able to
subdue his own ardour and hers as well, and
they were secretly married at Paris.
So daring and presumptuous an act on the
part of an upstart nobleman was not easily
forgiven. Many of the king's council would
have put Suffolk to death ; the king himself
was extremely displeased. But there was a
way of mitigating the king's displeasure to
some extent, and the king was satisfied in the
end with the gift of Mary's plate and jewels
and a bond of 24,000£, to repay by yearly
instalments the expenses the king had in-
curred for her marriage with Louis. Suffolk
and his wife — the French queen as she was
continually called — lived for a time in com-
parative retirement as persons under a cloud ;
but after a while they were seen more fre-
Brandon
220
Brandon
quently at court, and Suffolk rose again into
favour. But the most marvellous thing is that
he should have escaped so easily when other
circumstances are taken into account, to which
little or no allusion seems to have been made
at the time, even by his enemies. Either the
facts were unknown, or, what is more probable,
they were not severely censured by the spirit
of the times. Whatever be the explanation, it
is certain that Suffolk when he married Mary
had already had two wives, and that the first
was still alive. Some years later he applied
to Clement VII for a bull to remove all ob-
jections to the validity of his marriage with
Mary, and from the statements in this docu-
ment it appears that his early history was as
follows : As a young man during the reign of
Henry VII he had made a contract of mar-
riage with a certain Ann Brown ; but before
marrying her he obtained a dispensation and
married a widow named Margaret Mortymer,
alias Brandon, who lived in the diocese of
London. Some time afterwards he separated
from her, and obtained from a church court
a declaration of the invalidity of the marriage,
on the grounds, first, that he and his wife
were in the second and third degrees of af-
finity ; secondly, that his wife and his first
betrothed were within the prohibited degrees
of consanguinity ; and thirdly, that he was
first cousin once removed of his wife's former
husband. These grounds being held suffi-
cient to annul the marriage, he actually mar-
ried the lady to whom he had been betrothed,
Ann Brown, and had by her a daughter,
whom, after his marriage with Mary, he for
some time placed under the care of his other
love, Margaret of Savoy. Years afterwards
the bull of Clement was required to defeat
any attempt on the part of Margaret Mor-
tymer to call in question either of his succeed-
ing marriages. When all this is considered,
together with the fact that he had the same
entanglements even at the time he proposed
to make Lady Lisle his wife, we can under-
stand pretty well what a feeble bond matri-
mony was then considered to be. .Suffolk's
father had been a grossly licentious man (Pas-
ton Letters, iii. 235). So were most of
Henry VIII's courtiers, and so, we need not
say, was Henry himself. The laxity of Suf-
folk's morality was certainly no bar to his
progress in the king's favour. He went with
Henry in 1520 to the Field of the Cloth of
Gold. He was one of the peers who sat in
the year following as judges upon the Duke of
Buckingham. In 1 522, when Charles V visited
England, he received both the king and the
emperor at his house in Southwark, and they
dined and hunted with him. In 1523 he
commanded the army which invaded France.
From Calais he passed through Picardy, took
Ancre and Bray, and crossed the Somme,
meeting with little resistance. His progress
created serious alarm at Paris ; but the end
of the campaign was disgraceful. As winter
came on, the troops suffered severely. Suf-
folk, though brave and valiant, was no general,
and he actually, without waiting for orders,
allowed them to disband and return home.
On the arrival of Cardinal Campeggio in
England in 1528, Suffolk's house in the suburbs
(probably the house in Southwark already
mentioned) was assigned him as a temporary
lodging. Suffolk undoubtedly was heartily
devoted to the object for which Campeggio
came, or was supposed to come — the king's
divorce from Catherine of Arragon. Nor did
he scruple to insinuate that it was another
cardinal, his old benefactor Wolsey, who was
the real obstacle to the gratification of the
king's wishes. With an ingratitude which
shrank from no degree of baseness he had been
carefully nourishing the suspicions entertained
by the king of his old minister upon this subject,
and being sent to France in embassy while the
divorce cause was before the legates, he ac-
tually inquired of the French king whether
he could not give evidence to the same effect.
So also, being present when Campeggio ad-
journed the legatine court in England from
July to October, and probably when everyone
was convinced even at that date that it would
not sit again, Suffolk, according to the graphic
account in Hall, ' gave a great clap on the
| table with his hand, and said : " By the mass,
| now I see that the old said saw is true, that
there was never legate nor cardinal that did
good in England ! " ' But Hall does not give
us the conclusion of the story, which is sup-
plied by Cavendish. ' Sir,' said Wolsey to
the duke in answer, ' of all men in this realm
ye have least cause to dispraise or be offended
with cardinals ; for if I, simple cardinal, had
not been, you should have had at this present
no head upon your shoulders wherein you
should have had a tongue to make any such
report in despite of us, who intend you no
manner of displeasure.' And after some al-
lusions, of which Suffolk well understood the
meaning, he concluded : 'Wherefore, my lord,
hold your peace and frame your tongue like
a man of honour and wisdom, and speak not so
quickly and so reproachfully by your friends ;
for ye know best what friendship ye have re-
ceived at my hands, the which I yet never
revealed to no person alive before now, neither
to my glory ne to your dishonour.'
But Suffolk rose upon Wolsey's fall. The
old nobility, which had once been jealous both
of him and Wolsey as upstarts promoted by
the king, had now freer access to the council
Brandon
221
Brandon
board, at which Suffolk took a position second
only to that of Norfolk. The readers of
Shakespeare know how he and Norfolk went
together from the king to demand the great
seal from Wolsey without any commission
in writing. The fact is derived from Caven-
dish, who tells us that they endeavoured to
extort its surrender to them by threats ; but
Wolsey's refusal compelled them to go back
to the king at Windsor and procure the
written warrant that he required. Soon
after this (1 Dec. 1529) we find Suffolk
signing, along with the other lords, the bill
of articles drawn up against Wolsey in par-
liament, and a few months later he signed
with the other lords a letter to the pope, to
warn him of the dangers of delaying to accede
to Henry VIII's wishes for a divorce.
In 1532 Suffolk was one of the noblemen
who accompanied Henry VIII to Calais to
the new meeting between him and Francis I.
This was designed to show the world the en-
tire cordiality of the two kings, who became
in turn each other's guests at Calais and Bou-
logne, and at the latter place, on 25 Oct., the
Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were elected
and received into the order of St. Michael at
a chapter called by Francis for the purpose.
In the beginning of April 1533 he was sent
with the Duke of Norfolk to Queen Cathe-
rine, to tell her that the king had now mar-
ried Anne Boleyn, and that she must not
pretend to the name of queen any longer.
Not long afterwards he was appointed high
steward for the day at the coronation of
Anne Boleyn. On 24 June, little more than
three weeks later, his wife, 'the French
queen,' died ; and after the fashion of the
times he immediately repaired his loss by
marrying, early in September, Katharine,
daughter of the widowed Lady Willoughby,
an heiress, whose wardship had been granted
to him four years before (Calendar of Henry
VIII, iv. 5336 (12), vi. 1069). That same
month he was present at the christening of
the Princess Elizabeth at Greenwich. At the
close of the year he was sent, along with the
Earl of Sussex and some others, to Buckden,
where the divorced Queen Catherine was
staying, to execute a commission which, it is
somewhat to his credit to say, he himself re-
garded with dislike. They were to dismiss
the greater part of Catherine's household,
imprison those of her servants who refused
to be sworn to her anew as 'Princess of
Wales ' and no longer queen, and make her
remove to a less healthy situation — Somers-
ham, in the Isle of Ely. He and the others
did their best, or rather their worst, to fulfil
their instructions ; but they did not give the
king satisfaction. They deprived Catherine
of almost all her servants, but though they
remained six days they did not succeed in re-
moving her. Suffolk himself, as he declared
to his mother-in-law, devoutly wished before
setting out that some accident might happen
to him to excuse him from carrying out the
king's instructions (ib. vi. 1541-3, 1508,1571).
In 1534 he was one of the commissioners
appointed to take the oaths of the people in
accordance with the new Act of Succession,
binding them to accept the issue of Anne
Boleyn as their future sovereigns (ib. vii. 392).
Later in the year he was appointed warden
and chief justice of all the royal forests on
the south side of the Trent (ib. 1498 (37) ).
But his next conspicuous employment was in
the latter part of the year 1536, when he was
sent against the rebels of Lincolnshire and
afterwards of Yorkshire, whom, however, he
did not subdue by force of arms, but rather
by a message of pardon from the king, who
promised at that time to hear their grievances,
though he shamefully broke faith with them
afterwards. Within the next ' two or three
years took place the suppression of the greater
monasteries, and Suffolk got a large share of
the abbey lands. It is curious that he ob-
tained livery of his wife's inheritance only in
the thirty-second year of Henry VIII, seven
years after he had married her ; but the grant
seems to apply mainly to reversionary inte-
rests on her mother's death.
For some years after the rebellion he took
no important part in public affairs. He was
present at the christening of the young prince,
afterwards Edward VI, .and at the burning
of the Welsh image called Darvell Gadarn,
in Smithfield. He was a spectator of the
great muster in London in 1539, and was one
of the judges who tried the accomplices of
Catherine Howard in 1541. On 10 Feb. 1542
he and others conveyed that unhappy queen
by water from Sion House to the Tower of
London prior to her execution. That same
year he was appointed warden of the marches
against Scotland ( Undated Commission on the
Patent Rolls, 34 Hen. VIII). In 1544, the
king being then in alliance with the emperor
against France, Suffolk was again put in com-
mand of an invading army. He made his
will on 20 June before crossing the sea. He
was then great master or steward of the king's
household, an office he had filled for some
years previously. He crossed, and on 19 July
sat down before Boulogne, on the east side of
the town. After several skirmishes he ob-
tained possession of a fortress called the Old
Man, and afterwards of the lower town, called
Basse Boulogne. The king afterwards came
in person and encamped on the north side of
the town, which, being terribly battered, after
Brandon
222
Brandon
a time surrendered, and the Duke of Suffolk
rode into it in triumph.
Early next year (1545) he sat at Baynard's
Castle in London on a commission for a ' be-
nevolence ' to meet the expenses of the king's
wars in France and Scotland. On St. George's
day he stood as second godfather to the infant
Henry Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of South-
ampton, the father of Shakespeare's friend ;
but he was now near his end. On 24 Aug. he
died at Guildford. In his will he had desired
to be buried at Tattershall in Lincolnshire ;
but the king caused him to be buried at
Windsor at his own charge.
[Besides the Calendar above mentioned the
original authorities are Hall and Wriothesley's
Chronicles, Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, and Dug-
dale's Peerage and the documentary authorities
there referred to.] J. Gr.
BRANDON, HENRY (1535-1551) and
CHARLES (1537 P-1551), DUKES OF SUF-
FOLK, were the sons of Charles, duke of Suf-
folk fq. v.], by his last wife, Katharine Wil-
loughby. Henry was born on 18 Sept. 1535,
and Charles, the younger, probably two years
later. The date'in the former case is fixed
by the inquisitio post mortem held after the
father's death (1545). Henry succeeded to
the dukedom, and held it for nearly six years.
Their mother seems to have been very careful
of their education, and appointed Thomas Wil-
son, afterwards the celebrated Sir Thomas,
secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, their
tutor. The elder, Henry, was then sent to
be educated with Prince Edward, afterwards
King Edward VI, by Sir J ohn Cheke. In 1 550
we find Henry named as a hostage on the peace
with France (RYMEE, xv. 214) ; but he does
not seem to have been required to go thither.
By this time he and his brother were pur-
suing their studies at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, from which place, after the sweating
sickness broke out in July 1551, they were
hastily removed to the bishop of Lincoln's
palace at Buckden in Huntingdonshire ; but
there they both caught the infection and died
in one day, 1 6 July. As the younger survived
the elder for about half an hour, they were both
considered to have been dukes of Suffolk ; and
their fate made a remarkable impression on
the world at the time. They seem to have
attained to a wonderful proficiency in learn-
ing, and a brief memoir of the two — a work
now of extreme rarity — published the same
year by their old tutor, Wilson, contains
epistles, epitaphs, and other tributes to their
praise from Walter Haddon and other learned
men both of Cambridge and of Oxford. Of
the elder it was said by Peter Martyr that
he was the most promising youth of bis day,
except King Edward. Their portraits by
Holbein were engraved by Bartolozzi.
[Vita etobitus duorumfratruniSuffolcensium,
1551 ; Machyn's Diary, 8, 318; Dugdale's Ba-
ronage ; Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, i.
105, 541 ; Original Letters (Parker Soc.), ii. 496.1
J. GK
BRANDON, JOHN (/. 1687), divine,
son of Charles Brandon, a doctor of Maiden-
head, was apparently born at Bray, near that
town, about 1644. He entered Oriel College,
Oxford, as a commoner on 15 Feb. 1661-2,
and proceeded B.A. on 11 Nov. 1665. Wood
says that ' he entertained "for some time cer-
tain heterodox opinions, but afterwards being
orthodox,' took holy orders. He became rec-
tor of Finchamstead, and for some years
preached a weekly lecture on Tuesdays at
Reading. He was the author of ' To irvp TO
altoviov, or Everlasting Fire no Fancy ; being
an answer to a late Pamphlet entit. "The
Foundations of Hell-Torments shaken and re-
moved,"' London, 1678. The book was dedi-
cated to Henry, earl of Starlin, from 'War-
grave (Berks), 20 July 1676.' The pamphlet
to which Brandon replied here was ' The Tor-
ments of Hell ' (London, 1658), by an ana-
baptist, named Samuel Richardson. Nicholas
Chewney had anticipated Brandon in answer-
ing the work in 1660. Brandon also pub-
lished, besides a number of sermons, ' Happi-
ness at Hand, or a plain and practical dis-
course of the Joy of just men's souls in the
State of Separation from the Body,' London,
1687. This was dedicated to Dr. Robert
Woodward, chancellor of the bishop of Salis-
bury's court.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 505; Brit. Mus.
Cat.] S. L. L.
BRANDON, JOHN RAPHAEL (1817-
1877), architect, and joint author with his
brother, Joshua Arthur Brandon, of several
architectural works, received his early pro-
fessional training from Mr. W. Parkinson,
architect, to whom he was articled in 1836.
Although fairly successful in private practice,
which he carried on along with his brother
at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, the brothers
Brandon are best known as authors. They
were both ardent students of Gothic architec-
ture, and directed their studies entirely to
English examples. The result of their labours
is a series of three works ably illustrative of
the purest specimens of Early English eccle-
siastical architecture. The most important
of these is their work on ' Parish Churches '
(Lond. 1848), which consists of a series of
perspective views of sixty-three churches se-
lected from most of the counties of England,
Brandon
223
Brandon
accompanied by plans of each drawn to a
uniform scale and a short letterpress descrip-
tion. It was first published in parts between
March 1846 and December 1847. The work
is a faithful record of antiquities which few
can visit for themselves. Their 'Analysis
of Gothic Architecture' (London, 1847),
which the authors say aims at being a prac-
tical rather than an historical work on Eng-
lish church architecture, consists of a col-
lection of upwards of 700 examples of doors,
windows, and other details of existing eccle-
siastical architecture industriously compiled
from actual measurements taken from little
known parish churches throughout the coun-
try, with illustrative remarks on the various
classes of items. The last of the series, and
probably the most useful to the profession, is j
their l Open Timber Roofs of the Middle Ages '
(London, 1849), a collection of perspective [
and geometric and detail drawings of thirty- j
five of the best roofs found in different parish
churches in eleven different English counties,
with an introduction containing some useful
hints and information as to the timber roofing
of the middle ages. The drawings given
show at a glance the form and principle of
construction of each roof, and the letterpress
proves how fully the authors appreciated the
spirit of the mediaeval builders. The work
' serves the one useful and necessary purpose
of showing practically and constructively
what the builders of the middle ages really
did with the materials they had at hand, and
how all those materials, whatever they were,
were made to harmonise' (Builder, xxxv.
1051). Of Brandon's original professional
labours the best known are the large church
in Gordon Square, London, executed in con-
junction with Mr. Ritchie for the members
of the catholic apostolic church ; the small
church of St. Peter's in Great Windmill
Street, close to the Haymarket ; and a third
in Knightsbridge, unfortunately not favour-
ably situated for architectural display. In
these he faithfully endeavoured to carry out
the mediaeval spirit and mode of work, and
no doubt in the first case he has to a great
extent succeeded. But he failed to become
a successful architect. His temperament was
over-sensitive, and he latterly fell into ex-
treme mental dejection ; on 8 Oct. 1877 he
committed suicide by shooting himself in his
chambers, 17 Clement's Inn. His wife and
one child predeceased him.
BRANDON, JOSHUA ARTHUR (1802-1847),
architect and joint author with his brother,
John Raphael Brandon, prosecuted his pro-
fession with zeal and ability, and had before
his early death at the age of twenty-five at-
tained what promised to become a consider-
able practice, particularly in church archi-
tecture, for which his studies along with his
brother and the fame of their joint publica-
tions so well fitted him. The 'brothers were
most intimately associated in their profes-
sional studies and labours, and their names
cannot be separated.
[Builder, vol. v. 1847, xxxv. 1041 and 1051;
Times, 12 Oct. 1877,] G-. W. B.
BRANDON, RICHARD (d. 1649), exe-
cutioner of Charles I, was the son of Gregory
Brandon, common hangman of London in
the early part of the seventeenth century,
and the successor of Derrick. Anstis tells
the story that Sir William Segar, Garter king
of arms, ignorant of the elder Brandon's
occupation, was led by Ralph Brooke, York
herald, to grant him a coat of arms in De-
cember 1616 (Register of the Garter, ii. 399).
Both father and son were notorious charac-
ters in London, the former being commonly
called ' Gregory,' and the latter ' Young Gre-
gory,' on account of the elder Brandon's long
tenure of office. From an early age ' Young
Gregory ' is said to have prepared himself for
his calling by decapitating cats and dogs.
He succeeded his father shortly before 1640
(Old Newes Newly Revived, 1640). In 1641
he was a prisoner in Newgate on a charge of
bigamy, from which he seems to have cleared
himself (The Organ's Eccho, 1641). He was
the executioner of Straffbrd (12 May 1641)
and of Laud (10 Jan. 1644-5) (cf. Canter-
bury's Will, 1641). Brandon asserted, after
judgment had been passed on Charles I
(27 Jan. 1648-9), that he would not carry
out the sentence. On 30 Jan., however, he
was ' fetched out of bed by a troop of horse,'
and decapitated the king. He < received
30 pounds for his pains, all paid in half-
crowns, within an hour after the blow was
given,' and obtained an orange ' stuck full of
cloves ' and a handkerchief out of the king's
pocket ; he ultimately sold the orange for
10*. in Rosemary Lane, where he lived. He
executed the Earl of Holland, the Duke of
Hamilton, and Lord Capel in the following
March, with the same axe as he had used on
the king, suffered much from remorse, died
on 20 June 1 649, and was buried the next day
in Whitechapel churchyard. On 15 Oct.
1660 William Hulett, or Hewlett, was con-
demned to death for having been Charles's
executioner; bnt three witnesses asserted
positively that Brandon was the guilty per-
son, and their statement is corroborated by
three tracts, published at the time of Bran-
don's death— i The Last Will and Testament
of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and
hangman to the Pretended Parliament,' 1649 ;
Brandon
224
Brandreth
' The Confession of Richard Brandon, the
Hangman,' 1649 ; ' A Dialogue, or a Dispute
between the Late Hangman and Death,' 1649.
Other persons who have been credited with
executing Charles I are the Earl of Stair
(HoNE, Sixty Curious Narratives, pp. 138-
140), Lieutenant-colonel Joyce (LiLLT, Life
and Times}, and Henry Porter (Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 29 April 1663 ; Lords1 Journal,
xi. 104), but all the evidence points to Bran-
don as the real culprit. Very many references
to Brandon and his father are met with in
contemporary dramatic and popular litera-
ture.
[Cat. of Satirical Prints in Brit. Mus., Div. I ;
Ellis's Orig. Letters, 2nd ser. iii. 340-41 ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. ii. v. vi., 2nd ser. ix. xi.,
3rd ser. vii.s 4th ser. iii., oth ser. v.] S. L. L.
BRANDON, SAMUEL (16th cent.), is
the author of ' The Tragi-comcedi of the Vir-
tuous Octavia,' 1598, 12mo. Concerning his
life no particulars whatever are preserved. His
solitary play is a work of some merit and of
considerable value and rarity. The plot, taken
from the life of Augustus by Suetonius, and
that of Mark Antony by Plutarch, follows
to some extent classical models. Its scene
is Rome, and its catastrophe the death of
Mark Antony. The fact that at the close
the heroine, who oscillates between love for
her husband and jealousy of Cleopatra, is still
alive, is the excuse for calling it a tragi-
comedy. Weak in structure and deficient
in interest, the ( Virtuous Octavia ' has claims
to attention as poetry. It is written in de-
casyllabic verse with rhymes to alternate
lines, and includes choruses lyrical in form
and fairly spirited. Two epistles between
Octavia and Mark Antony, ' in imitation of
Ovid's style, but writ in long Alexandrins '
(LANGBAINE, p. 30, ed. 1691), are added. These
epistles 'are dedicated to the honourable,
virtuous, and excellent Mrs. Mary Thin ' (ib^)
The play itself is dedicated to Lady Lucia
Audelay. At the close of the work are the
Italian words : ' L' acq ua non temo dell' eterno
oblio.'
[Langbaine'sDramaticPoets ; Baker, Reed, and
Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Collier's History
of English Dramatic Poetry, 1879; Lowndes's
Bibliographer's Manual.] J. K.
BRANDON, SIR THOMAS (d. 1509),
diplomatist, was the son of William Bran-
don and Elizabeth Wynfyld, and uncle to
the celebrated Charles Brandon [q.v.], duke
of Suffolk. His family were staunch sup-
porters of the Lancastrian cause. His brother,
William, was slain at the battle of Bos-
worth gallantly defending the standard of
Henry VII. A contemporary manuscript
speaks of Sir Thomas as having 'greatly
favoured and followed the party of Henry,
earl of Richmond.' He married Anne, daugh-
ter of John Fiennes, Lord Dacre, and
widow of the Marquis of Berkeley. She died
in 1497 without issue. He was appointed
to the embassy charged with concluding
peace with France in 1492, and again in-
1500 he formed one of the suite which ac-
companied Henry VII to Calais to meet
the Archduke Philip of Austria. In 1503,
together with Nicholas West, subsequently
bishop of Ely, he was entrusted with the
important mission of concluding a treaty with
the Emperor Maximilian at Antwerp. The
principal object of this treaty was to induce
Maximilian to withdraw his support from
Edmund de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and
banish him and the other English rebels
from his dominions. Other points touched
upon were the treatment of Milan and the
question of Maximilian receiving the garter.
Maximilian, according to his custom, behaved
with much indecision, and, after solemnly
ratifying the treaty, allowed the English
ambassadors to leave, 'marvailing of this
soden defection seyng divers matters as un-
determyned.' On his return to England,
Brandon was treated with much considera-
tion by Henry VII, and we find him holding
such offices as those of master of the king's
horse, keeper of Freemantill Park, and mar-
shal of the King's Bench. He was noted
for his prowess as a knight and skill in mili-
tary affairs. In the records of a tournament
held in 1494 to celebrate the creation of the
king's second son as knight of the Bath and
Duke of York, Thomas Brandon is mentioned
as having distinguished himself. For his
prowess in arms he was made a knight of
the Garter. In October 1507 he was sent
to meet Sir Balthasar de Castiglione, am-
bassador to the Duke of Urbino, who came to
England to receive the order of the Garter
in his master's name. Brandon died in 1509.
[Add. MS. 6298 ; The Order of the Garter (Ash-,
mole), 1672 ; Anstis's Order of the Garter, 1724 ;
Rymer's Fcedera, xiii. 35 ; G-airdner's Letters and
Papers illustrative of the reigns of Rich. Ill and
Henry VII ; Collins's Peerage of England, 1812 ;
Brewer's Letters and Papers, Foreign and Do-
mestic, of the reign of Henry VIII.] N. G.
BRANDRETH, JEREMIAH, otherwise
styled JEREMIAH COKE (d. 1817), leader of
an attempted rising against the government
in the midland counties, was, according to
three several accounts, a native of Ireland, of
Exeter, and — the most probable — of Wilford,
Nottingham, but nothing is known regarding
his parentage and very little regarding his
Brandreth
225
Brandreth
early life. For some time he was in the army,
but shortly before the attempted rising he
lived with his wife and three children at
Sutton-in-Ashfield, where he was occupied
as a framework knitter. His striking per-
sonal appearance and his daring and reckless
energy seem to have exercised an extraor-
dinary influence over his associates, by whom
lie was known merely as the ' Nottingham
Captain.' In reality he was the tool and
dupe of a person of the name of Oliver, who
encouraged him to undertake his quixotic
enterprise, by asserting that he was acting
in concert with others, who were fomenting
a general insurrection thoughout England.
Acting on the instructions and assurances of
Oliver, Brandreth, on 9 June 1817, assembled
about fifty associates, collected from adjoin-
ing districts, in Wingfield Park. Having
made a number of calls at farmhouses for
guns, in the course of which they shot a
farm-servant dead, the insurgents were pro-
ceeding on their march towards Nottingham,
which they supposed was already in the hands
•of their friends, when they were suddenly con-
fronted by a company of hussars. Brandreth
attempted to rally his straggling followers
to meet the threatened attack of the cavalry,
Imt they at once threw down their arms and
iled in all directions. Brandreth remained
in concealment till 50/. was offered for his
capture, upon which a friend betrayed him
to the government. He was tried by a
special commission at Derby in October fol-
lowing, and along with two of his associates
was executed at Nuns Green, Derby, 7 Nov.
He is said to have been about twenty-five
years of age. He refused to make any con-
fession or to give any particulars regarding
his past life.
[Button's Nottingham Date Book, pp. 335-42 •
Bailey's Annals of Nottingham, iii. 292-9 ;
Howell's State Trials (1817), xxxii. 755-955;
Trial of Jeremiah Brandreth for High Treason,
1817 ; Hunt's Green Bag Plot, 1819 ; Gent. Mag.
Ixxxvii. pt. ii. 358-60, 459-62.] T. F. H.
BRANDRETH, JOSEPH, M.D. (1746-
1815), physician, was born at Ormskirk,
Lancashire, in 1746. After graduating M.D.
at Edinburgh in 1770, where his thesis, ' De
Febribus intermittentibus,' was published,
he exercised his profession in his native town
until about 1776, when he succeeded to the
practice of Dr. Matthew Dobson, at Liver-
pool, on the retirement of that gentleman to
Bath. He remained at Liverpool for the
remainder of his life, and became an emi-
nently successful and popular practitioner.
He was a man of wide and various reading,
and possessed a most accurate and tenacious
VOL. VI.
memory, which he attributed to his habit of
depending on it without referring to notes.
He established the Dispensary at Liverpool
in 1778, and for thirty years gave great at-
tention to the Infirmary. The discovery of
the utility of applying cold in fever is as-
cribed to him. This remedy he described in
a paper ' On the Advantages arising from the
Topical Application of Cold Water and
Vinegar in Typhus, and on the Use of Large
Doses of Opium in certain Cases' (Med.
Commentaries, xvi. p. 382, 1791). He died
at Liverpool, 10 April 1815.
[Monthly Repository, 1815, p. 254; Gent.
Mag. Ixxxv. pt. i. 472 (taken from Liverpool
Mercury, 14 April 1815) ; Picton's Memorials of
Liverpool, 2nd ed. 1875, pp. 133, 147, 355;
Evans's Cat. of Portraits, ii. 49 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.] C. W. S.
BRANDRETH, THOMAS SHAW
(1788-1873), mathematician, classical scho-
lar, and barrister-at-law, descended from a
family that has been in possession of Lees in
Cheshire from the time of the civil war, was
born 24 July 1788, the son of Joseph Bran-
dreth, M.D. [q. v.] He was sent to Eton,
and was prepared by Dr. Maltby, afterwards
bishop of Durham, for Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he took his B. A. degree in 1810,
with the distinctions of second wrangler,
second Smith's prizeman, and chancellor's
medallist, and his degree of M.A. in 1813.
He was elected to a fellowship at his col-
lege, was called to the bar, and practised
at Liverpool, but his taste for scientific
inventions interfered not a little with his
success as a barrister. He was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1821 for his
' distinguished mathematical attainments.'
He had previously invented his logometer,
or ten-foot gunter. He also invented a
friction wheel and a double-check clock es-
capement, all of which he patented. His
scientific tastes drew him into close friend-
ship with George Stephenson, and he was one
of the directors of the original Manchester
and Liverpool railway, but resigned shortly
before its completion. " He took an active part
in the survey of the line, especially of the part
across Chatmoss. The famous House of Com-
mons limitation of railway speed to ten miles
an hour, which threatened to destroy the hopes
of the promoters of steam locomotion, led
Brandreth to invent a machine in which the
weight of a horse was utilised on a moving
platform, and a speed of fifteen miles an hour
was expected ; but the success of the ' Rocket'
soon established the supremacy of steam, and
Brandreth's invention was only used where
steam power proved too expensive, as in Lorn-
Brandt
226
Brandwood
bardy and in some parts of the United States,
where it is still employed. These scientific
pursuits and his removal to London, where
he had no longer the legal connection, con-
siderably reduced his practice, and though he
was offered a judgeship at Jamaica, he decided
to retire to Worthing and devote himself to
the education of his children. He had mar- j
ried in 1822 a daughter of Mr. Ashton Byrom
of Fairview, near Liverpool, and had, besides
two daughters, five sons, who all distin-
guished themselves in the navy, at Cambridge,
or in India. At Worthing he resumed his
classical studies, and pursued a learned and
difficult inquiry into the use of the digamma
in the Homeric poems, and published the re-
sults in a treatise entitled ' A Dissertation on
the Metre of Homer ' (Pickering, 1844), and
also a text of the ' Iliad ' with the digamma
inserted and Latin notes ('OMHPOY /IAIA2,
littera digamma restituta, Pickering, 2 vols.
1841). This was followed by a translation of
the 'Iliad ' into blank verse, line for line (Pick-
ering, 2 vols. 1846), which was well received
as an accurate and scholarly version. He
also took a lively interest in the affairs of the
town, and was largely instrumental in per-
fecting the extensive water and drainage im-
provements of Worthing, where he was chair-
man of the first local board, and a justice of
the peace for West Sussex. He died in 1873.
[Private information.] S. L.-P.
BRANDT, FRANCIS FREDERICK
(1819-1874), barrister and author, eldest son
of the Rev. Francis Brandt, rector of Aid-
ford, Cheshire, 1843-50, who died 1870, by
Ellinor, second daughter of Nicholas Grim-
shaw of Preston, Lancashire, was born at
Gawsworth Rectory, Cheshire, in 1819. He
was educated at the Macclesfield grammar
school, entered at the Inner Temple in 1839,
and practised for some years as a special
pleader. Called to the bar at the Inner
Temple on 30 April 1847, he took the North
Wales and Chester circuit. He was a suc-
cessful and popular leader of the Chester and
Knutsford sessions, had a fair business in
London, especially as an arbitrator or referee,
was one of the revising barristers on his cir-
cuit, and was employed for many years as a
reporter for the 'Times' in the common
pleas. About 1864 he was offered and de-
clined an Indian judgeship. In his earlier
days he was a writer in magazines and in
1 Bell's Life.' The first of his books appeared
in 1857, and was entitled * Habet ! a Short
Treatise on the Law of the Land as it affects
Pugilism,' in which he attempted to show
that prize-fighting was not of itself illegal.
His next work was a novel called ' Frank
Morland's Manuscripts, or Memoirs of a
Modern Templar,' 1859, which was followed
by ' Fur and Feathers, the Law of the Land
relating to Game, &c.,' 1859, ( Suggestions for
the Amendment of the Game Laws,' 1862,
and ' Games, Gaming, and Gamesters' Law,y
1871, a book of considerable legal and anti-
quarian research, which reached a second
edition. He died at his chambers, 8 Fi'g-
tree Court, Temple, London, on Sunday,
6 Dec. 1874, having suffered much from a
neuralgic complaint, and was buried at Christ
Church, Todmorden. He was a zealous and
efficient member of the Inns of Court Rifle
Corps. Brandt was never married.
[Law Times (1874), Iviii. 125.] G. C. B.
BRANDWOOD, JAMES (1739-1826),
quaker, was born at New House in Entwisle,
near Rochdale, on 11 Nov. 1739, where his
parents were of yeoman stock. After a visit
to the Friends' meeting at Crawshawbooth,
Brandwood ceased to attend the services at
Turton chapel. He never married, and prac-
tised as a land surveyor and conveyancer, and
is also said to have acted as the steward of
the Turton estate. He had the character of
a plain, conscientious countryman, and after
his death a selection from his letters on
religious subjects was published. Brandwood
joined the quakers in 1761, and a meeting
was shortly afterwards settled at Edgworth,
where he resided many years. His religious
views deprived him of his fair share in the
patrimonial inheritance, and he received only
an annuity of 25/. As a recognised minister
of the Society of Friends he visited various
parts of England, and in 1787 went to Wales
in company with James Birch. In the ' testi-
mony ' respecting him we are told : ' About
the sixtieth year of his age, this, our dear
friend, through a combination of circum-
stances, appeared to be in some degree under
a cloud ; he became less diligent in attending
meetings, and in 1813 was discontinued as
an acknowledged minister.' In 1824, when
he settled at Westhoughton, he was rein-
stated as a minister, and visited many of the
southern meetings. He died on 23 March
1826. He was buried in the Friends' burial-
ground at Westhoughton. A selection was
made from his letters and papers. These
were edited by JohnBradshaw of Manchester,
and deal with matters of religious experi-
ence, ranging in date from 1782 to 1823. The
earliest is an essay ' On War, Oaths, and
Gospel Ministry,' and the latest is a letter
to a clergyman of the church of England,
written when the author was in his eighty-
fourth year. They were published in 1828,
two years after Brand wood's death.
Branker
227
Branston
[Letters and Extracts of Letters of the late
James Brandwood (a minister of the Society of
Friends), of Westhoughton, formerly of Edg-
worth, Manchester, 1828 ; Scholes's Biographical
Sketch of James Brandwood, Manchester, 1882 ;
Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books, London,
1867.] W. E. A. A.
BRANKER,
BRANCKEK.]
THOMAS.
[See
BRANSBY, JAMES HEWS (1783-
1847), Unitarian minister, was a native of
Ipswich. His father, John Bransby (d.
17 March 1837, aged seventy-five), was an
instrument maker, a fellow of the Royal As-
tronomical Society, author of a treatise on
1 The Use of the Globes, &c.,' 1791, 8vo, and
editor of the ' Ipswich Magazine,' 1799. The
son became heterodox in opinion, and was
educated for the Unitarian ministry, in the
academy maintained at Exeter from 1799 to
1804 by Timothy Kenrick and Joseph Bret-
land. On 1 May 1803 (Letter, p. 15) he
was invited to become minister at the * new
meeting' (opened 31 Oct. 1802) to the old
presbyterian congregation at Moreton Hamp-
stead, Devonshire. Here he kept a school,
and among his pupils was John Bowring,
afterwards Sir John Bowring, in whose au-
tobiography are some amusing particulars of
his master. In 1805 Bransby removed to
Dudley. He continued to keep a preparatory
school for boys. He was by no means un-
popular, but his eccentricities gradually ex-
cited considerable remark, particularly as he
developed a tendency which is perhaps best
described as kleptomania. At length he com-
mitted a breach of trust, involving forgery,
which was condoned on condition of his
quitting Dudley in 1828 for ever. He was
succeeded, on 1 July 1829, by Samuel Bache
[q. v.] Bransby retired to Wales, and sup-
ported himself by teaching,<by editing a paper,
and by odd jobs of literary work. His peculiari-
ties accompanied him in this department, for
he would borrow a manuscript and, after im-
provements, send it to a magazine as his own.
An irresistible impulse led him on one occa-
sion to revisit Dudley for a few hours ; as he
stood gazing at his old meeting-house he was
recognised, but spared. Late in life he occa-
sionally preached again. He died very sud-
denly at Bron'r Hendref, near Carnarvon, on
4 Nov. 1847, aged 64 years. His wife, Sarah,
daughter of J. Isaac, general baptist minister
at Moreton Hampstead, predeceased him on
28 Oct. 1841. Bransby left behind him a
mass of very compromising papers, which
fell accidentally into the hands of Franklin
Baker [q. v.], and were probably destroyed.
Besides many addresses, sermons, and
pamphlets, Bransby published : 1. 'Maxims,
Reflections, and Biographical Anecdotes/
1813, 12mo. 2. 'Selections for Reading and
Recitation,' 1814, 8vo, 2nd edit. 1831, with
title 'The School Anthology.' 3. 'A Sketch
of the History of Carnarvon Castle,' 1829,
8vo, 3rd edit. 1832, 8vo (plate). 4. 'An Ac-
count of the ... Wreck of the Newry,' 1830
(not published ; reprinted ' Christian Re-
former,' 1830, pp. 486 sq.) 5. 'A Narrative
of the ... Wreck of the Rothsay Castle/
1831, 12mo (chart ; reprinted ' Christian Re-
former/ 1831, pp. 405 sq. ; this and the fore-
going are full of details derived from per-
sonal knowledge, and are admirably written).
6. 'Brief Notices of the late Rev. G. Crabbe/
Carnarvon, 1832, 12mo. 7. 'The Port Folio
. . . anecdotes/ 1832, 12mo. 8. 'A Brief
Account of the remarkable Fanaticism pre-
vailing at Water Stratford . . . 1694,' Car-
narvon, 1835, 12mo. 9. ' Description and
Historical Sketch of Beddgelert,' Carnarvon,
1840, 8vo. 10. 'Evans' Sketch . . . eigh-
teenth edition . . . with an account of seve-
ral new sects/ 1842, 16mo (best edition of
this useful compendium of ' all religions/
first published 1794, 12mo ; Bransby in-
cludes ' Puseyites/ and works in, without
acknowledgment, the contributions of several
friends). 11. 'A Description of Carnarvon,
&c./ Carnarvon, 1845, 12mo. 12. 'A De-
scription of Llanberis, &c./ Carnarvon, 1845,
8vo. In 1834 Bransby printed in the ' Chris-
tian Reformer ' (p. 837) a letter from S. T.
Coleridge, 19 Jan. 1798, explaining his with-
drawal from ' the candidateship for the mi-
nisterial office at Shrewsbury.' In 1835 he
reprinted in the same magazine (p. 12) a for-
gotten letter of John Locke ; and in 1841 a
series of papers, signed ' Monticola/ contained
most of his additions to Evans.
[Monthly Repos. 1818, 229, 1822, 434, 1837,
452 ; Murch's Hist, of Presb. and Gen. Bapt,
Churches in W. of Eng. 1835, 473, 479, 568;
Chr. Reformer, 1842, 12, 1847,760; Autobio-
graphical Recollections of Sir J. Bowring, 1877,
p. 44 sq. ; Extracts from Trustees' Mimites,
Wolverhampton Street Chapel, Dudley ; private
information.] A. Or.
BRANSTON, ALLEN ROBERT (1778-
1827), wood-engraver, the son of a general
copper-plate engraver and heraldic painter,
was born at Lynn in Norfolk in 1778. He
was apprenticed to his father, and when in
his nineteenth year settled at Bath, where
he practised both as a painter and engraver.
He came to London in 1799, and after a while
devoted himself to wood-engraving, in which
branch of the art of engraving he was self-
taught. He was employed chiefly in book-
illustration, after the designs of Thurston and
Q 2
Branthwaite
228
Branwhite
others. He soon became the head of his profes-
sion in London, where nothing equal to Bewick
and his pupils had been produced before his ar-
rival. With Bewick he was always in hopeless
rivalry, yet, though he was no designer and
some twenty-three years the junior of theNew-
castle master, he may claim to be the founder
of the * London school' of wood-engraving,
and to some extent to share with Bewick the
credit of raising the character of his art in
England. He specially excelled in engraving
figures and interiors, but was less successful
in outdoor scenes. The ' Cave of Despair/after
Thurston, in Savage's 'Practical Hints on
Decorative Printing,' 1822, is generally con-
sidered his best plate, and shows his skill both
in * white ' and ' black ' line. Amongst the
works illustrated in whole or in part by him
were * The History of England ' published by
Wallis andScholey, 1804-10; Bloomfield's
4 Wild Flowers,' 1806 ; and poems by George
Marshall, 1812. He had many pupils, the most
celebrated of whom was John Thompson. The
work of Branston and Thompson can be com-
pared in the illustrations to Puckle's ' Club,'
1817. Branston projected a volume of fables
in rivalry with those of Bewick after designs
by Thurston, but after a few of them were
cut he abandoned the enterprise. He also
engraved a few cuts of birds to show his
superiority to the Newcastle engraver ; but
though beautifully cut, they were essenti-
ally inferior to Bewick's. Branston died at
Brompton in 1827. He is generally called
Robert Branston.
[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's
Diet. (Graves) ; Chatto's Treatise on Wood-en-
graving; Linton's Wood-engraving ; Lang and
Dobson's The Library.] C. M.
BRANTHWAITE, WILLIAM, D.D.
(d. 1620), translator of the Bible, was a mem-
ber of an ancient family possessed of some
property in the county of Norfolk, and one
branch of which was settled at Hethel, near
Wymondham. He was entered at Clare
Hall, Cambridge, in 1578, and there took
his B.A. degree in 1582. Two years after-
wards, in 1584, he was admitted a fellow of
Emmanuel College, which had been founded
in the earlier part of that year. He pro-
ceeded to .the usual degrees — M.A. in 1586,
B.D. in 1593, and D.D. in 1598— and in 1607
was elected master of Gonville and Caius
College. In 1607-11 he was on one of the
two Cambridge committees appointed by
James I to revise the translation of the
Bible ; the part of the work which fell to his
committee being the Apocrypha, for which he
was especially fitted by an extensive know-
ledge of Hebrew. He died during his vice-
chancellorship in February 1619-20, leaving
his books and considerable property to Caius
College. There is a portrait of him in the
Lodge of Caius, and in the gallery of Em-
manuel College, to which foundation also he
was a benefactor.
[Documents relating to the University and
Colleges of Cambridge, ii. 389 ; Fuller's History
of Cambridge, p. 226 ; Westcott's History of the
English Bible, p. 116; references to property,
church preferments, &c., held by various members
of the family will be found in Blomefield's Nor-
folk.] E. S. S.
BRANWHITE, CHARLES (1817-
1880), landscape painter, son of Nathan
Branwhite [q.v.], was born at Bristol in 1817,
and there studied art under his father, begin-
ning as a sculptor. His association and friend-
ship, however, with William John Muller,
also a native of Bristol, induced him to give
his undivided attention to water-colour paint-
ing, and his pictures, from the year 1849,
formed no small attraction in the gallery in
Pall Mall East. He adopted this change of
art notwithstanding the fact that he had
gained silver medals for bas-reliefs in 1837
and 1838 at the Society of Arts. His style
of painting shows much of Muller's influence.
Some of his most striking landscapes repre-
sent frost scenes. Among his works are :
' Post Haste,' ' April Showers on the Eastern
Coast,' ' An old Lime-kiln,' * Kilgarren Castle/
'Winter Sunset,' ' Old Salmon Trap on the
Conway,' ' The Environs of an Ancient Gar-
den,' 1852, ' A Frozen Ferry,' 1853 (this and
the previous picture received prizes from
the Glasgow Art Union), l Ferry on the
Thames ' (at the London International Exhi-
bition, 1862), ' A Black Frost/ ' Snow Storm,
North Wales,' 'Salmon Poaching,' 'On the
River Dee, North Wales.'
[Art Journal (N.S.), xix. 208 ; Bryan's Diet,
of Painters and Engravers (ed. Graves), 178.]
T. C.
BRANWHITE, NATHAN (ft. 1825),
miniature painter and engraver, eldest son of
Peregrine Branwhite, the minor poet [q. v.],
was probably a native of Lakenham in Suffolk.
Devoting himself to the study of art, he be-
came a pupil of Isaac Taylor's, and settled at
No. 1 College Green, Bristol, where he prac-
tised painting with considerable success. He
exhibited thirteen miniatures at the Royal
Academy between the years 1802 and 1825.
He was also a very good stipple engraver.
Branwhite made an excellent engraving of
Medley's picture of the Medical Society of
London. A curious fact about this work was
that Jenner came into great notice during the
painting of the picture, and after it was
finished it was decided to add his portrait.
Branwhite
229
Braose
The plate was partially engraved before the
decision to put him in was arrived at, and a
piece of copper had to be let in, as background
details had been worked over the spot upon
which Jenner's head and shoulders were sub-
sequently placed.
[MS. Addit. 19166, f. 234; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists (1878), 52 ; Graves's Diet, of Artists,
29.] T. C.
BRANWHITE, PEREGRINE (1745-
1795 ?), minor poet, was son of Rowland
Branwhite and Sarah (Brooke) his wife, and
was baptised at Lavenham in Suffolk 22 July
1745. He was brought up to the bombazine
trade, which he carried on for some time at
Norwich. He was not very successful, how-
ever, as he seems to have paid more attention
to books than to the shop. He afterwards
established a branch of the St. Anne's School
(London) at Lavenham, and conducted it
personally for some years. A year or two
before his death he removed to Hackney,
and died, in or about 1795, at 32 Primrose
Street, Bishopsgate Street, London. He
wrote: 1. 'Thoughts on the Death of Mr.
Woodmason's children, destroyed by fire
18 Jan. 1782' (anon.) 2. 'An Elegy on
the lamented Death of Mrs. Hickman, wife
of the Rev. Thomas Hickman of Bildeston,
Suffolk, who died 7 Sept, 1789, when but
just turned of 19,' Bury St. Edmund's, 1790,
4to. 3. ' Astronomy, or a description of the
Solar System,' Sudbury, 1791. 4. < The
Lottery, or the Effects of Sudden Affluence,'
manuscript.
[MS. Addit. 19166, f. 234, in Brit. Mus.]
T. C.
BRAOSE, PHILIP DE (fi. 1172), war-
rior, was a younger son of Philip de Braose,
lord of Bramber, and an uncle of William
de Braose [q. v.] He was one of the three
captains of adventurers left in charge of
Wexford at Henry's departure in 1172, and
later in the same year he received a grant of
North Munster (' Limericense videlicet reg-
num'). Supported by Robert Fitz-Stephen and
Miles de Cogan, he set out to take possession
of it, but, on approaching Limerick, turned
back in a panic. He was presumably dead
on 12 Jan. 1201, when North Munster was
granted to his nephew William. His widow,
Eva (Fin. 4 Hen. Ill, p. 1, m. 2), or Maud
(Claus. 11 Hen. Ill, p. 1), married Philip,
the baron of Naas, and survived him.
[Giraldus Cambrensis' Expugnatio (ed. Di-
mock).] J. H. K.
BRAOSE, WILLIAM DE (d. 1211), rebel
baron, was the descendant and heir of Wil-
liam de Braose (alias Braiose, Breause,
Brehus, &c.), lord of Braose, near Falaise in
Normandy, who had received great estates
in England at the Conquest. The family
fixed their seat at Bramber in Sussex, and
were lords of its appendant rape. Through
his grandmother, a daughter of Judhael de
Totnes, lord of Totnes and Barnstaple, Wil-
liam had also a claim to one of those fiefs
and through his mother, Bertha, second
daughter of Miles and sister of Roger, earls
of Hereford, he inherited the vast Welsh
dominions of her grandfather, Bernard de
Neufmarche [q. v.] He has been confused
by Dugdale and Foss with his father and
namesake ; it was, however, as f William
de Braiose, junior,' that he made (as lord of
the honour of Brecon) a grant to Walter
de Clifford (Reports, xxxv. 2, but there
wrongly dated), and that he tested a charter
at Gloucester in 1179 (Mon. Angl. vi. 457),
so that his father must have been then
alive. It was probably, however, he, and not
his father, who in 1176 invited the Welsh-
men to Abergavenny Castle, and there slew
them, nominally in revenge for the death of
his uncle Henry de Hereford the previous
Easter (MATT. PARIS, ii. 297), a crime avenged
on Braose's grandson by Llewelyn in 1230
(Ann. Marg. 38). Under Richard I, though
withstanding the royal officers on his own
estates in Wales, he was sheriff of Hereford-
shire in 1192-9 (Rot. Pip.}, and a justice
itinerant for Staffordshire in 1196. In 1195
he was with Richard in Normandy, and in
1196 he secured both Barnstaple and Totnes
for himself by an agreement with the other
coheir. In 1198 he was beleaguered by the
Welsh in Castle Maud (alias Colwyn) in
Radnorshire, but relieved by the justiciary,
Geoffrey Fitz Piers, who defeated the Welsh
in Elvael (Roa. Hov. iv. 53 ; MATT. PARIS,
ii. 447). According, however, to the Welsh
authorities, Castle Maud was taken, and he
fell back on Pains Castle, where he had to
save himself by a compromise (Brut y Tyiuy-
sogion).
On John's accession, William was foremost
in urging that he should be crowned (Ann.
Marg. 24). High in the king's favour, he
accompanied him into Normandy in the sum-
mer of 1200 (Cart. 2 John, m. 31), and there
had a grant of all such lands as he should
conquer from the Welsh in increase of his
barony of Radnor, and was made sheriff of
Herefordshire for 1206-7 (Rot. Pip. 2 John).
On 12 Jan. 1201 he obtained the honour of
Limerick (without the city), as his uncle
Philip had received it in 1172 from Henry II
(Cart. 2 John, m. 15), for which he agreed
to pay 5,000 marks at the rate of 500 a
year (Obi. 2 John, m. 15). This was the origin
Braose
230
Braose
of the misleading statement [see BUTLEK,
THEOBALD] that John sold him all the land
of Philip de Worcester and Theobald Walter
(Roe. Hov. iv. 152-3 ; WALT. Cov. ii. 179-80).
He next received (23 Oct. 1202) the custody
of Glamorgan Castle (Pat. 4 John, m. 8), and
four months later (24 Feb. 1203) he had a
grant of Gowerland, which he claimed as his
inheritance (Plac. Parl. 30 Ed. I, 234). He
was in close attendance on John at the time
of Arthur's death, being at Rouen on 1 April
(Cart. Ant. [Chancery] 20, 26), and at Falaise
on 11 April 1203 (Cart. 4 John, m. 1), but he
publicly refused to retain charge of the prince,
suspecting that his life was in danger (Botr-
QTJET, xvii. 192), and it may have been in
order to silence him that he received on
8 July 1203 a grant of the city of Limerick at
ferm. He was still at the king's court on
18 Nov. (Cart. 5 John, m. 18). Three years
later (16 Dec. 1206) he was placed in posses-
sion of Grosmont, Llantilio (or White Castle),
and Skenfrith Castles ( Cart. 7 John, m. 3), but
shortly after his fall began. Its causes and
details have always been obscure. The chief
authority on the subject is an ex-parte state-
ment put forward by John after William's
ruin (i.e. circ. 1211), entered in the ' Red
Book ' of the exchequer and printed in Ry-
mer's 'Fcedera' (i. 162-3). From this it
would appear that the quarrel was pecuni-
ary in its origin. Checking the king's asser-
tions by the evidence of the 'Pipe Rolls/
it is clear that in 1207 (i.e. six years after
obtaining the honour of Limerick), he had
only paid up 700 marks in all (Pip. 8 John,
rot. 6), instead of 500 a year. He was also in
arrear for the ferm of Limerick itself, and Mr.
Pearson (England in the Middle Ages, ii. 49),
on the evidence of the Worcester Annals,
holds him to have been suspected of conni-
ving at the capture of the town in Geoffrey
Marsh's rebellion : but that rebellion did not
take place till later. On his becoming five
years in arrear, the crown had recourse to
distraint on his English estates. He had,
however, removed his stock, and the king's
bailiff was then ordered to distrain him in
Wales. His friends, however, met the king
at Gloucester (i.e. in November 1207), and
on their intercession William was allowed to
come to him at Hereford, and to surrender
his castles of Hay, Brecknock, and Radnor
in pledge for his arrears. But he still paid
nothing further (Pip. 9 John, rot. 4, dors.),
and upon the interdict being laid on England
on 26 April 1208, his younger son Giles,
bishop of Hereford (since 1200), was one of
the five bishops who withdrew to France
with the primate (MATT. PARIS, ii. 522;
Ann. Wig. 396). John, suspecting the con-
duct of the family, sent to demand hostages
of William, but his wife (it is said against
his advice) refused them (MATT. PAEIS, ii.
523-524). Thus committed to resistance, he
strove to regain his three castles by surprise,
and, failing in this, stormed and sacked Leo-
minster. On the approach of the royal forces
he fled with his family into Ireland (ib. ; Ann.
Wav. 261-2 ; Mon. Angl. i. 557), whereupon
his estates were seized into the king's hands.
In Ireland he was harboured by William
Marshall and the Lacys, who promised to sur-
render him within a certain time, but failed
to do so till John's invasion of Ireland be-
came imminent, when he was sent over with
a safe-conduct to the court. He came, how-
ever, no nearer than Wales, where he har-
ried the country till John's arrival at Pem-
broke in June 1210 ; he then offered 40,000
marks for peace and the restoration of his
lands. But John declared he must treat
with his wife, as the principal, in Ireland.
William, refusing to accompany him, re-
mained in Wales in rebellion. His wife, be-
sieged by John in Heath (MATT. PARIS, ii.530),
fled to Scotland, but was captured in Gallo-
way, with her son and his wife, by Duncan
of Carrick, and brought back to John at Car-
rickfergus by the end of July. John extorted
from her a confirmation of her husband's
offer, and took her with him to England.
William met them at Bristol on 20 Sept.
1210, and finally agreed to pay the 40,000
marks ; but as neither he nor his wife would
pay anything, he was outlawed in default,
and fled from his port of Shoreham in dis-
guise (' quasi mendicus ') to France (Ann.
Wav. 265 ; Ann. Osn. 54). He died at Cor-
beuil the following year (9 Aug. 1211), and
was buried the next day in St. Victor's Abbey,
Paris (MATT. PARIS, ii. 532), by Stephen Lang-
ton, the exiled primate (Ann. Marg. 31).
His wife, Maud de St. Valerie, or De Haye,
to whose arrogance his fall was largely attri-
buted, was imprisoned, with her eldest son,
by John in Windsor Castle, where they are
said to have been starved to death (Ann. Wav.
265 ; Ann. Osn. 54). Matthew Paris (ii. 531)
states, but erroneously, that the son's wife
shared their fate, while Mr. Pearson (Eng-
land in the Middle Ages, p. 53, n.} denies even
the mother's death, on the ground that she
appears as living in 1220 (Royal Letters, i.
136) ; but the Maud there mentioned was
clearly her son's wife (as is proved by Coram
rege roll Mich. 3 Hen. Ill, No. 1, m. 2, Sus-
sex), who, with the third son Reginald, had
escaped capture.
The second son, the bishop of Hereford,
returned to England with the primate on
16 July 1214, and paid a fine of 9,000 marks
Brasbridge
231
Brass
for his father's lands on 21 Oct. 1215 (Pat.
VI John, m. 14). As he died very soon after,
John allowed the lands to pass without further
fine to the third son Reginald on 26 May
1216 (Pat. 18 John, m. 9), who also, under
Henry III, recovered the Irish estates.
William's daughter, Margaret, married
Walter de Lacy, and on 10 Oct. 1216 re-
ceived a license' to found a religious house
for the souls of her mother Maud and her
brother William, the victims of John's re-
venge.
[Matthew Paris (ed. Luard) ; Annales Monas-
tici (Rolls Series) ; Chronica R. Hovedeni (ib.) ;
Brut y Ty wysogion (ib.) ; Shirley's Royal Letters
(ib.); Pipe Rolls temp. John; Charter and Patent
Rolls ; Reports of the Deputy-keeper ; Rymer's
Fcedera; Monasticon Anglieanum ; JJugdale's Ba-
ronage; Genealogist, vol. iv.] J. H. R.
BRASBRIDGE, JOSEPH (1743-1832),
.autobiographer, began business as a silver-
smith, with a good capital, in Fleet Street,
London. Pleasure continually seduced him
from his shop, and bankruptcy followed as a
matter of course ; but eventually he was re-
established in business through the kindness
of friends. In the hope that his own indis-
cretions might prove a warning to others, he
published, when in his eightieth year, his
memoirs under the title of ' The Fruits of
Experience/ which passed through two edi-
tions in 1824. His portrait is prefixed. He
died at Highgate on 28 Feb. 1832.
[Gent. Mag. xciv. (i.) 234, cii. (i.) 567;
Blackwood's Edinburgh Mag. xvi. 428 ; Lowndes's
Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 256 ; Evans's Cat. of En-
graved Portraits, ii. 50.] T. C.
BRASBRIDGE, THOMAS (Jl. 1590),
divine and author, born in 1547, was of a
Northamptonshire family, but lived at Ban-
bury in his childhood. He was elected a
demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1553,
a probationer fellow of All Souls' in 1558,
when he graduated B.A. (18 Nov.), and a
fellow of Magdalen in 1562. He proceeded
M.A. on 20 Oct. 1564. At Oxford he studied
both divinity and medicine, and remained to
tend the plague-stricken during the severe
epidemic of 1563-4. He supplicated for the
degree of B.D. on 27 May 1574, but does not
appear to have been granted it. About 1578
he resigned his fellowship. He describes
himself as an inhabitant of London in that
year, and engaged in tuition there. He
subsequently obtained a living at Banbury,
where he also opened a school and practised
medicine. At Christmas-time 1558 he was
seriously assaulted by a number of his pa-
rishioners belonging to the hamlet of Wick-
ham, who refused to come to church. His
assailants, who preferred l dancing, or some
other like pastime,' to church-going, were
charged with recusancy before the privy
[ council in March 1588-9 (Cal. State Papers,
\ Dom. 1581-90).
Brasbridge was the author of: 1. ' Abdias
1 the Prophet. Interpreted by T. B., Fellow
, of Magdalen College in Oxford,' London,
[ 1574, dedicated to Henry Hastings, earl of
! Huntingdon. 2. ' The Poore Man's levvel,
! that is to say, a Treatise of the Pestilence.
1 Unto the which is annexed a declaration of
; the Vertues of the Heart's Carduus Bene-
i dictus and Angelica ; which are very medi-
cinable, both against the Plague and also
against many other diseases,' London, 1578,
dedicated to Sir Thomas Ramsey, lord mayor
of London. Other impressions are dated
1579 and 1580. A second enlarged edition
was issued by Brasbridge in 1592, with a
dedication (dated ' Banburie, the 20 of lanu-
arie, 1592 ') to Anthony Cope and his wife
Frances. In both editions Turner's * Herball '
is laid under frequent contribution. 3. ' Quaes-
tiones in Officia M. T. Ciceronis, compendia-
riam totius opusculi Epitomen continentes,'
Oxford, 1615, dedicated to Lawrence Hum-
phrey, president of Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, 1586. The date of Brasbridge's death
is not known.
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 526 ; Wood's
Fasti, i. 154, 165, 196; Brasbridge's works;
Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] S. L. L.
BRASBRIGG or BRACEBRIGGE,
JOHN (Jl. 1428), appears as a priest of the
convent of Syon in 1428 (AUSTGIER). He is
said to have given a large number of books
to the convent, and to have written a treatise
entitled i Catholicon continens quatuor partes
grammaticse,' which, with other manuscripts
belonging to Syon monastery, passed to
Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge, its place
in the old catalogue being 0. 16, and in Na-
smith CXLII. The name of Brasbrigg is not
to be found in Nasmith's catalogue.
[Aungier's History of Syon Monastery, 52 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 118; Nasmith, Catalogue
Librorum MSS. in Academia Cantab.] W. H.
BRASS or BR ASSE, JOHN (1790-1833),
educational writer, was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he obtained a
fellowship in 1811. He graduated B.A. as
sixth wrangler in the same year, proceeded
M.A. in 1814, B.D. in 1824, and D.D. in
1829. He was presented by his college to
the living of Stotfold, Bedfordshire, in 1824,
which he held till his death, in 1833. He
edited Euclid's ' Elements of Geometry,' Lon-
Brassey
232
Brassey
don, 1825 (?), and the ' (Edipus Rex ' (1829 |
and 1834), the '(Edipus Coloneus' (1829), the
1 TrachiniEe ' (1830), and the 'Antigone ' (1830)
of Sophocles. He published a Greek Gradus j
in 1828, which was reissued, in two volumes, '
at Gottingen, under the editorship of C. F. G. I
Siedhof, in 1839-40, and in England in 1847, |
under the editorship of the Rev. F. E. J. Valpy. \
He spelt his name Brass in early life, and
Brasse in later years.
[Gent. Mag. 1833, i. 473-4 ; Brit, Mus. Cat.]
S. Li. L.
BRASSEY, THOMAS (1805-1 870), rail-
way contractor, was born on 7 Nov. 1805 at
Buerton, Aldford, Cheshire. The Brasseys
claimed to have lived for ' nearly six cen-
turies ' at Bulkeley, near Malpas, Cheshire,
whence they had moved to Buerton by 1663.
They retained a property of three or four
hundred acres at Bulkeley, which still be-
longs to the family. Brassey's father farmed
land of his own at Buerton, besides holding a
neighbouring farm under the Duke of West-
minster at a rent of 850/. a year. Brassey
was sent to school at Chester, and when six-
teen was articled to a land surveyor named
Lawton, agent to F. R. Price of Bryn-y-pys.
Lawton took him into partnership, and placed
him about 1826 at the head of a new busi-
ness in Birkenhead. On Lawton's death,
Brassey became Price's agent. In 1834 he
made acquaintance with George Stephenson,
and, through him, obtained a contract for
the Penkridge viaduct on the ' Grand Junc-
tion line,' then in course of construction.
Locke succeeded Stephenson as engineer in
chief to this line, and, upon its completion,
was employed on the London and South-
ampton railway. Brassey, at his request,
contracted for various works upon this line,
and moved to London in 1836. He had mar-
ried (27 Dec. 1831) Maria, second daughter
of Joseph Harrison, a ' forwarding agent in
Liverpool, and the first resident in the new
town of Birkenhead.' Mrs. Brassey encour-
aged her husband to take up the career of
railway contractor, though it involved con-
stant absence from home and frequent changes
of residence. Large contractors had already
been required for canals, harbours, and other
works, but the rapid development of rail-
ways now caused an opening, of which Bras-
sey's extraordinary business faculties enabled
him to take full advantage. He extended
his operations, until he was interested in en-
terprises in every quarter of the globe. Locke,
on becoming engineer to the Paris and Rouen
railway in 1841, introduced Brassey as con-
tractor, and on the completion of that line in
1843 he undertook the works for the Rouen
and Havre railway, which was completed in
two years, according to the agreement, in
spite of the fall of the Barentin viaduct, which
had cost 50,000/. His sphere of action now
rapidly extended. From 1847 to 1851 he was
contractor for the Great Northern railway,
employing from five to six thousand men,
who presented him with a silver-gilt shield,
shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, be-
sides portraits of himself and family. A list
of his numerous contracts is given in Sir A.
Helps's 'Life and Labours of T. Brassey/
pp. 161-6. Amongst his chief undertakings
were : Italian railways (1850-3), the Grand
Trunk Railway of Canada (1852-9), the Cri-
mean railway (carried out with Sir Morton
Peto and Mr. Betts in 1854), Australian,
railways (1859-63), the Argentine railway
(1864), several Indian railways (1858-65),
and Moldavian railways (1862-8). In 1866
Brassey had to surmount great financial diffi-
culties, and showed remarkable energy in
completing at the same time a line in Aus-
tria, in spite of the war with Prussia. The
anxiety probably affected his health. In
1867 he made a business tour abroad. A
breakdown at the opening of the Fell
railway over Mont Cenis caused him much
anxiety, and he exposed himself in witnessing
the experiments. He had a serious illness-
and a paralytic stroke, which, though he re-
covered at the time, was followed by another
in September 1868. He refused to allow him-
self relaxation, and his health soon declined.
He spent his last days at Hastings, and died
on 8 Dec. 1870. He was buried at Catsfield,
Sussex. He left a widow and three sons,
Thomas (now Sir Thomas), Henry Arthur,
and Albert.
Brassey is described by his biographer as
a man almost without faults. The only de-
fect mentioned was a difficulty in saying no,
which led to involvement in some disastrous-
undertakings. His ruling passion was the
execution of great works of the highest utility
with punctuality and thoroughness. He pos-
sessed the highest business talent, power of
calculation, and skill in organisation. He
knew how to trust subordinates and distri-
bute responsibility. He was beloved by the
men he employed, and made the fortunes of
many subordinates who rose by his help. He
was liberal, and indifferent to honours and
to money, though he made a large fortune
without suspicion of unfair dealing. His
domestic life was perfect. Although his edu-
cation had been scanty, and he never acquired
any command of foreign languages, he was a
man of great natural refinement, with a keen
taste for art and for natural beauty. His
courtesy and shrewdness made him an excel-
Brathwaite
233
Brathwaite
lent diplomatist, and in all his undertakings
lie was on the most cordial terms with his
associates. Brassey's experience in the em-
ployment of labourers of different races was
enormous, and he made many interesting ob-
servations, of which some account is given in
his life. Sir T. Brassey's < Work and Wages '
(1872) embodies some information derived
from this and other sources.
[Life and Labours of Mr. Brassey, by Arthur
Helps, 1872, with full information from < the
family and many of Brassey's assistants and
friends.]
BRATHWAITE, RICHARD (1588?-
1673), poet, belonged to a Westmoreland fa-
mily who variously spelt their name Brath-
waite, Brathwait, Brathwayte, Braithwaite,
Braythwait, and Braythwayte. The poet
uses indifferently the first three of these
forms. His great-grandfather, also Richard,
the squire of Ambleside, had one son, Robert,
who had two sons, Thomas and James, and five
daughters. Thomas, the poet's father, was
a barrister and recorder of Kendal, and pur-
chased the manor of Warcop, near Appleby,
where he lived until his father's death put
him in possession of an estate at Burneshead
or Burneside, in the parish of Kendal. He
married Dorothy, daughter of Robert Bind-
loss of Haulston, Westmoreland. Richard
Brathwaite was their second surviving son.
He was born about 1588, and it is supposed
at Burneside, since in two of his pieces he
speaks of Kendal as his ' native place.' That
1588 was the year of his birth is clear from
the inscription on his portrait, 'An0 1626,
M\. 38,' and from the statement of Anthony
a Wood that he ' became a commoner of
Oriel College A.D. 1604, aged 16.' ' He was
matriculated,' Wood adds, ' as a gentleman's
son.' He remained at Oxford for several years,
enjoying a scholarly life, until his father
desired him to take up the law as a profes-
sion. To prepare for this he was sent to
Cambridge, probably to Pembroke, since he
was under the authority of Lancelot An-
drewes, who was master of that college. On
leaving this university he went up to Lon-
don, and according to his own account in
1 Spiritual Spicerie : containing sundrie sweet
tractates of Devotion and Piety, '1638, devoted
himself at once to poetry, and particularly to
dramatic writing. These early plays, how-
ever, are entirely lost, and probably were
never printed. Thomas Brathwaite died in
1610, soon after his son came up to London,
and the latter seems soon after this to have
gone down to live in Westmoreland on the
estates his father had left him.
In 1611 he published his first volume, a
collection of poems entitled ' The Golden
Fleece,' in which he refers to family bicker-
ings, caused by his father's will, all which are
by this time happily concluded. This book is
dedicated to his uncle, Robert Bindlosse, and
to his own elder brother, Sir Thomas Brath-
waite. An appendix contains some ' Sonnets
or Madrigals,' but an essay on the ' Art of
Poesy,' which appears on a subsidiary title-
page, does not occur in any known copy of
the very rare volume. In 1614 Brathwaite
published three works : a book of pastorals,
entitled ' The Poet's Willow ; ' a moral
treatise, l The Prodigals Teares ; ' and « The
Schollers Medley,' afterwards reprinted as
'A Survey of History, or a Nursery for
Gentry,' 1638 and 1651. In 1615 he began
to emulate Decker, Rowlands, and Wither,
with a collection of satires entitled ' A Strap-
pado for the Devil'— a volume founded di-
rectly on ' The Abuses Whipt and Stript ' of
George Wither, whom Brathwaite calls i my
bonnie brother.' The second part of the
volume is entitled ' Love's Labyrinth,' an
adaptation of the story of Pyramus and
Thisbe. He continued for many years after
this to pour forth volumes from the press,
few of them of much merit. The most in-
teresting of his early works is ' Nature's
Embassie : or the Wilde-mans Measvres :
Danced naked by twelve Satyres,' a collec-
tion of his odes and pastorals, published in
1621. The titles of his other works are given
below.
In May 1617 he was married at Hurworth,
near Darlington, to Frances, daughter of
James Lawson of Nesham. This lady bore
him nine children, five of them sons. His
elder brother, Sir Thomas Brathwaite, died in
1618, leaving a son, George, who matriculated
at St. John's College 6 July 1631 (MATCH'S
Admissions, p. 7), but Richard was henceforth
regarded as the head of the family. He lived
at Burneside, and became captain of a com-
pany of foot in the trained bands, deputy-
lieutenant of the county of Westmoreland,
and justice of the peace. His wife died on
7 March 1633, and the pathetic terms in
which he speaks of her merit and his loss
prove that he was sincerely attached to her.
On 27 June 1639 he married a widow, the
daughter of Roger Crofts of Kirtlington in
Yorkshire. He was lord of the manor of
Catterick, and drew up a conveyance at the
time of his second marriage making the pro-
perty over to his wife in the event of his
death. They had one son, afterwards the
gallant Sir Strafford Brathwaite, who was
killed in a sea-fight with Algerine pirates.
The most famous of Brathwaite's works
appeared in 1638 with the title of ' Barnabs9
Brathwaite
234
Bray
Itinerarium, or Barnabee's Journal/ under
the pseudonym ' Corymbaeus.' This is a
sprightly record of English travel, in Latin
and English doggerel verse; it was neglected
in its own age, but being reprinted under j
the title of ' Drunken Barnaby's Four Jour- |
neys,' achieved a considerable success during
the eighteenth century, and is still in some
vogue. The eleventh edition appeared in
1876. The authorship was not ascertained
until the publication of the seventh edition
by Joseph Haslewood in 1818. Southey
pronounced the original the best piece of
rhymed Latin in modern literature. The
English part is best remembered by the
often-quoted lines —
To Bambury came I, 0 profane one !
Where I saw a puritane one
Hanging of his cat on Monday
For killing of a mouse on Sunday. ,
Brathwaite is said to have served on the
royalist side in the civil war. He was a short
man, well proportioned and singularly hand-
some. He removed to Catterick, and seems
to have retained his strength up to old age, I
for he was one of the trustees of a free I
school there, and is spoken of as in full •
possession of his authority and powers on !
12 April 1673. He was, however, at that j
time near his end, for he died on 4 May fol- !
lowing, at East Appleton, near Catterick,
being eighty-five years of age. He was
buried three days later on the north side of j
the chancel of the parish church of Catterick. j
The writings of Brathwaite not yet men-
tioned are the following: — 1. 'A. Solemne
loviall Disputation,' 1617, a prose description
of ' The Laws of Drinking.' A second part !
bears the title ' The Smoaking Age, or the
man in the mist : with the life and death of
Tobacco,' 1617 and 1703. This is anonymous.
A Latin version, under the pseudonym 'Bla-
sius Multibibus,' appeared in 1626. 2. ' A
New Spring Shadowed ' (under the pseudo-
nym of Mvsophilvs), 1619, verse. 3. ' Es-
saies upon the Five Senses,' 1620, 1635,
1815. 4. 'The Shepheards Tales,' 1621, a
collection of pastorals, 5. ' Times Cvrtaine
Drawne,' 1621, verse. 6. < Britain's Bath,'
1625, which included an elegy on the Earl
of Southampton ; of this no copy is now known
to be extant. 7. ' The English Gentleman,'
1630, 1641, 1652. 8. ' The English Gentle-
woman/ 1631, 1641. 9. 'Whimzies, or a
new cast of characters/ 1631. 10. 'Novissima
Tuba/ 1632, a religious poem in Latin. A
translation by John Vicars appeared in 1635.
11. ' Anniversaries upon his Panarete/ 1634,
1635, a poem in memory of his first wife.
12. ' Ragland's Niobe/ 1635, a poem in me-
mory of Elizabeth, wife of Edward Somerset,
lord Herbert. 13. ' The Arcadian Princess/
1635, a novel from the Italian in prose and
verse. 14. ' The Lives of all the Roman
Emperors/ 1636 (the dedication is signed
R. B.) 15. ' A Spiritual Spicerie/ 1638, in
prose and verse. 16. ' The Psalmes of David/
(by K. B.), 1638. 17. 'Ar't asleepe Hus-
band?' 1640, a collection of 'bolster lec-
tures/ in prose, on moral themes, with the
history of Philocles and Doriclea, by Philo-
genes Panedonius. 18. ' The Two Lancashire
Lovers, or the Excellent History of Philocles
and Doriclea/ by Musaeus Palatinus, 1640, a
novel in prose. 19. ' Astreea's Tears/ 1641,
an elegy on the judge, Sir Richard Hutton,
Brathwaite's godfather and kinsman. 20. ' A
Mustur Roll of the Evill Angels/ 1655, 1659,
an account, in prose, of the most noted here-
tics, by ' R. B. Gent.' Some copies bore the
title ' Capitall Hereticks.' 21. ' Lignum
Vitas/ 1658, a Latin poem. 22. < The Honest
Ghost/ 1658, an anonymous satire in verse.
23. ' The Captive Captain/ 1665, a medley,
by ' R. B./in prose and verse. 24. 'A Com-
ment upon Two Tales of our Ancient . . .
Poet Sr Jeffray Chavcer, knight/ by <R. B./
1665. It is very doubtful whether this long
list is by any means complete. He contri-
buted the ' Good Wife, together with an ex-
quisite discourse of Epitaphs/ to Patrick
Hannay's 'A Happy Husband/ 1619. In
the marginal note to the ' English Gentle-
man ' (1630), p. 198, Brathwaite mentions a
work by himself entitled the l Huntsman's
Raunge/ which is now lost.
[The principal authority for the life of Brath-
waite is Joseph Haslewood, who published a very
elaborate memoir and bibliography in 1820, as a
preface to the ninth edition of Barnabee's Jour-
nal. Some genealogical information has been
supplied by Mr. W. Wiper of Manchester.]
E. G.
BRAXFIELD, LOKD. [See MACQTJEEN,
ROBERT.]
BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (1790-1883),
novelist, daughter of John Kempe, bullion
porter in the Mint, and Ann, daughter of
James Arrow of Westminster, was born in
the parish of Newington, Surrey, on 25 Dec.
1790. It was at one time intended that Miss
Kempe should adopt the stage as her pro-
fession, and her public appearance at the
Bath Theatre was duly announced for 27 May
1815 ; but a severe cold, which she caught
on her journey, prevented her appearance,
and the opportunity was lost for ever. In
February 1818 she was married to Charles
Alfred Stothard, the son of the distinguished
royal academician and an artist himself,
Bray
235
Bray
whose talents were devoted to the illus-
tration of the sculptured monuments of
Great Britain. With him she journeyed
in France, and her first work consisted of
* Letters written during a Tour in Nor-
mandy, Brittany, &c., in 1818.' Her hus-
band was unfortunately killed through a fall
from a ladder in Beer Ferrers church, Devon-
shire, on 28 May 1821, while he was en-
gaged in collecting materials for his work,
* The Monumental Effigies of Great Britain.'
By Stothard she had one child, a daughter,
born posthumously 29 June 1821, who died
2 Feb. 1822. Mrs. Stothard undertook to com-
plete the book her husband left unfinished,
with the aid of her brother, Mr. Alfred John
Kempe, F.S.A. When Stothard died it had
advanced as far as the ninth number, and the
entire volume, which was published in 1832,
proved a severe strain upon his widow's
resources. She subsequently (1823) brought
out a memoir of her late husband. Many
years later she communicated to the < Gen-
tleman's Magazine ' and to f Blackwood's
Magazine ' reminiscences of her father-in-law,
Thomas Stothard, R.A., and these were
afterwards (1851) expanded into a life of
that admirable artist. At her death she left
to the British Museum the original drawings
of her husband's great work.
A year or two after the decease of Stot-
hard his widow married the liev. Edward
Atkyns Bray [q. v.], the vicar of Tavistock.
She then entered upon novel writing, and
from 1826 to 1874 she issued at least a dozen
works of fiction. Some of these, such as
* The Talba, or the Moor of Portugal ' — on
the publication of which she became ac-
quainted with Southey, and worshipped him
throughout her career — dealt with foreign
life ; but the most popular of her novels
were those which were based on the history
of the principal families (the Trelawneys of
Trelawne, the Pomeroys, and the Courtenays
of Walreddon) of the counties of Devon and
Cornwall. They were all of them of an his-
torical character, and proved so popular that
they were issued in a set of ten volumes
by Longmans in 1845-6, and were reprinted
by Chapman & Hall so recently as 1884.
Her second husband died in 1857, and Mrs.
Bray then removed to London, where she
employed herself at first with selecting and
editing some of his poetry and sermons, and
afterwards again betook herself to original
work. Her last years were embittered by
the report that during a visit to Bayeux in
1816 she had stolen a piece of the tapestry
for which that city is famous : but her cha-
racter was cleared by the correspondence and
leading articles which appeared in the columns
of the 'Times' on the subject. After a long
life spent in literary labours, she died in
London on 21 Jan. 1883. Her autobiography
to 1843 was published by her nephew, Mr.
John A. Kempe, in 1884 : but it is neither
so complete nor so accurate as might have
been expected. It discloses an accomplished
and kindly woman, proud of her own crea-
tions, and enthusiastic in praise of the literary
characters with whom she had come in con-
tact.
Mrs. Bray was the author of many works
in addition to those which have been already
enumerated. The most entertaining and the
most valuable of all was ' The Borders of the
Tamar and the Tavy ' (1836, 3 vols.), describ-
ing, in a series of letters to Robert Southey,
the traditions and the superstitions which
surround the town of Tavistock. It was
reviewed by Southey in the ' Quarterly Re-
view.' The remainder copies were issued with
a new title-page by Mr. H. G. Bohn in 1838,
and a new edition, compressed by Mrs. Bray
herself into two volumes, appeared in 1879.
With this may be read a series of tales for
' young people ' on the romantic legends con-
nected with Dartmoor and North Cornwall,
entitled, ' A Peep at the Pixies, or Legends
of the West ' (1854). The interest of her
travels, l The Mountains and Lakes of Swit-
zerland, with Notes on the Route there and
back ' (1841), may be said to have evaporated
by this time, though their value at a time
when the continent was less explored than
it is now was generally recognised. When
after a silence of some years she again in
1870 appeared as an author, she issued three
compilations in French history, ' The Good
St. Louis and his Times,' ' The Revolt of the
Protestants of the Cevennes,' and 'Joan of
Arc.' All of them were pleasantly written,
but they lacked that historical research which
could make them of permanent value. Of
all Mrs. Bray's works, the most lasting will
probably prove to be her letters to Southey
on the legends and superstitions on the
borders of the twin-streams of the Tamar
and the Tavy.
[Maclean's Trigg Minor, i. 78 ; Southey's Life
and Correspondence ; Mrs. Bray's Autobio-
graphy, 1884; Library Chronicle, i. 126-9.]
W. P. C.
BRAY, CHARLES (1811-1884), author
of various works on philosophy and educa-
tion, was born in Coventry on 31 Jan. 1811.
He was the son of a ribbon manufacturer in
that city, to whose business he succeeded in
1835. From this he retired in 1856. While
yet a young man, he established an infants'
school in one of the poorest neighbourhoods
Bray
236
Bray
in Coventry, and, in opposition to a church,
movement conceived on straiter lines, took
an active part in promoting an unsectarian
school which should be available for dissen-
ters. His first publication was an 'Address
to the Working Classes on the Education of
the Body ' (1837). This was followed by the
' Education of the Feelings' (1838), of which
there have been several editions, the last of
them taking the form of a school manual
(' The Education of the Feelings : a Moral
System for secular schools,' 1872).' In 1841
he published the ' Philosophy of Necessity,
or the Law of Consequences as applicable to
Mental, Moral, and Social Science ; ' this work
contained an appendix (afterwards separately
published) by the author's sister-in-law, Mary
Hennell, giving an historical outline of com-
munities founded on the principle of co-
operation. The socialistic theories at this
time in the air specially attracted him, and in
1842 he attended Robert Owen's ' Opening of
the Millennium ' at Queenwood, Hampshire.
The failure of this experiment limited his
social aspirations to more practicable objects.
He helped to establish (1843) the Coventry
Labourers' and Artisans' Society, which de-
veloped into a co-operative society, of which
he was president ; he started (1845) a work-
ing man's club, which failed owing to the
rival attractions of the public-house ; and h,e
took an active share in the management of
the Coventry Mechanics' Institute and the
Coventry Provident Dispensary. In addition
to the works already named, he published
the ' Philosophy of Necessity,' 2nd. ed. 1861
(in great part re-written) ; ' On Force and
its Mental Correlates,' 1866; 'A Manual of
Anthropology, or Science of Man based upon
Modern Research (1st ed. 1871, 2nd ed. 1883) ;
* Psychological and Ethical Definitions on a
Physiological Basis,' 1879 ; and a number
of pamphlets on speculative and practical
subjects. The possession of a local paper
(1846-74) gave him an additional field for
his opinions, which at all times, and on all
subjects, he stated with a candour that took
no account of consequences. Converted to
phrenology by George Combe, with whom
he formed an intimate association, he never
abandoned it. Phrenology and the doctrine
of necessity form the groundwork of all his
writings. Among his early friends was Mary
Ann Evans (George Eliot), who while young
and uncelebrated was for some time a mem-
ber of his household. In his autobiography
(' Phases of Opinion and Experience during
a Long Life,' 1884) he gives an interesting
account of her, and George Eliot's ' Life as
related in her Letters and Journals ' (1885)
is largely based on correspondence with e the
Brays ' (i.e. Bray, his wife, and his sister-in-
law, Miss Sara Hennell). A postscript to
the ' Phases of Opinion and Experience,' dic-
tated rather less than three weeks before'his
death, which took place on 5 Oct. 1884, c'on-
tains the following : ' My time is come, and
in about a month, in all probability, it will
be finished. . . . For fifty years and more I
have been an unbiassed and an unprejudiced
seeker after truth, and the opinions I have
come to, however different from those usually
held, I am not now, at the last hour, disposed
to change. They have done to live by, they
will do to die by.'
[Bray's Phases of Opinion and Experience
during a Long Life, 1884; Mathilde Blind's
George Eliot (Eminent Women Ser.), 1883 ;
George Eliot's Life, by J. W. Cross, 1885; Life
and Letters of Professor W. B. Hodgson, 1884,
p. 364.] J. M. S.
BRAY, EDWARD ATKYNS (1778-
1857), poet and miscellaneous writer, the
only son of Edward Bray, solicitor, and
manager of the Devonshire estates of the
Duke of Bedford, was born at the Abbey
House, Tavistock, 18 Dec. 1778. His mother,
Mary, a daughter of Dr. Brandreth of Hough-
ton Regis, and the widow of Arthur Turner,
would not allow her son to be sent to a pub-
lic school, and he was educated by himself, a
circumstance which engendered in him habits
of isolation and restraint. At an early age he
cultivated poetry, two small selections from
his effusions circulating among his friends
before he was twenty-three. Bray became a
student at the Middle Temple in 1801 and
was called to the bar in 1806. For some
time he went the western circuit, but the
profession of the law had from the first ill
accorded with his disposition, and after five
years of trial he abandoned it for the church.
He was ordained by the Bishop of Norwich
about 1811, and in the following year, by
the favour of the Duke of Bedford, became
the vicar of Tavistock and the perpetual
curate of Brent Tor. Almost immediately
after his ordination he entered himself at
Trinity College, Cambridge, and took the
degree of B.D. as a ten-year man in 1822.
In Tavistock he resided for the rest of his
life, and if he differed from his parishioners
on politics or preached over their heads, he
retained their respect. He married the widow
of 0. A. Stothard [see BEAT, ANNA ELIZA],
and an amusing account of the habits of the
worthy vicar and his wife is embodied in
the latter's autobiography. Bray died at
Tavistock 17 July 1857. During his lifetime
he published several selections of sermons :
1. l Sermons from the Works of the most
Bray
237
Bray
eminent Divines of the 16th, 17th, and 18th
Centuries,' 1818. 2. < Discourses from Tracts
and Treatises of eminent Divines,' 1821.
3. ( Select Sermons by Thomas Wilson,
Bishop of Sodor and Man,' and a volume of
his own, ' Discourses on Protestantism,' 1829.
His poetical productions were for the most
part circulated privately. After Bray's death
his widow collected and published his ' Poeti-
cal Remains' (1859, 2 vols.), and also 'A
Selection from the Sermons, General and Oc-
casional, of Rev. E. A. Bray ' (1860, 2 vols.)
At one time he projected a history of his
native town of Tavistock, and made con-
siderable collections for it, but the under-
taking was never completed. Many extracts
from his journals describing the curiosities
of Dartmoor and many of his poems are
inserted in Mrs. Bray's ' Tamar and Tavy.'
When she published her work on Switzerland
she embodied with it many passages in the
diary which her husband kept whilst on the
tour.
[Memoir prefixed to Poetical Kemains ;
Mrs. Bray's Tamar and Tavy (1879 ed.). ii. 304-
373.] W. P. C.
BRAY, JOHN (fi. 1377), physician and
botanist, received a pension of 100s. a year
from William, earl of Salisbury, which was
confirmed by Richard II. He wrote a list
of herbs in Latin, French, and English,
* Synonyma de nominibus herbarum.' This
manuscript was formerly part of the collec-
tion of F. Bernard ; it is now in the Sloane
Collection in the British Museum.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 122 ; Catal. Sloane MSS.
232, 32.] W. H.
BRAY, SiKREGINALD(^. 1503),states-
man and architect, was the second son of Sir
Richard Bray, one of the privy council to
Henry VI, by his wife Joan Troughton. The
father was of Eaton-Bray in Bedfordshire, and
lies buried in the north aisle of Worcester ca-
thedral; Leland speaks of him as having been,
by the report of some, physician to Henry VI
(Itinerary, 113 a). The son was born in the
parish of St. John Bedwardine, near Wor-
cester (NASH, Worcestershire, ii. 309). He
held the situation of receiver-general and
steward of the household to Sir Henry
Stafford, the second husband of Margaret,
countess of Richmond (mother of the Earl
of Richmond, afterwards King Henry VII),
and he continued in her service during her
subsequent marriage with Thomas, lord
Stanley (afterwards Earl of Derby), by whom
he was appointed a trustee for her dower of
600 marks per annum. In 1 Richard III
(1483) he had a general pardon granted to
him, probably for having taken part with
Henry VI.
When the Duke of Buckingham had con-
certed with Morton, bishop of Ely (then his
prisoner at Brecknock in Wales), the mar-
riage of the Earl of Richmond with the
Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Ed-
ward IV, and the earl's advancement to the
throne, the bishop recommended Bray for the
communication of the affair to the countess,
telling the duke that he had an old friend
who was in her service, a man sober, secret,
and well witted, called Reginald Bray, whose
prudent policy he had known to have com-
passed matters of great importance ; and ac-
cordingly he wrote to Bray, then in Lancashire
with the countess, to come to Brecknock
with all speed. Bray readily obeyed the
summons, entered heartily into the design,
and was very active in carrying it into effect,
having engaged Sir Giles Daubeney (after-
wards Lord Daubeney), Sir John Cheney,
Richard Guilford, and many other gentlemen
of note, to take part with Henry (HALL,
Chronicle, f. 37). After the defeat of Rich-
ard III at Bosworth he became a great
favourite with Henry VII, who liberally re-
warded his services ; and he retained the
king's confidence until his death. He was
created a knight of the Bath at the king's
coronation, and afterwards a knight of the
Garter. In the first year of the king's reign
he had a grant of the constableship of the
castle of Oakham in Rutland, and was ap-
pointed joint chief justice, with Lord Fitz-
walter, of all the forests south of Trent, and
chosen of the privy council. After this he
was appointed high-treasurer and chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster.
In 3 Henry VII he was appointed keeper
of the parks of Guilford and Henley, with
the manor of Claygate in Ash for life ; and
the year following, by letters patent dated at
Maidstone 23 Dec. 1488, a commissioner for
raising the quota of archers to be furnished
by the counties of Surrey, Hampshire, and
Middlesex for the relief of Brittany. By
indenture dated 9 May 1492 he was retained
to serve one whole year in parts beyond
| the seas, with twelve men of arms, includ-
ing himself, each having his custrel (shield-
bearer) and page, twenty-four half-lances,
seventy-seven archers on horseback, and two
hundred and thirty-one archers and twenty-
four bill-men on foot; being at the same
! time made paymaster of the forces destined
; for this expedition (RYMEE, Foedera,ed. 1711,
xii. 480). On the king's intended journey to
France, Sir Reginald was one of those in
whom the king vested his estates belonging
to the duchy of Lancaster for the purpose of
Bray
238
Bray
fulfilling his will. In the tenth year of the
king he had a grant for life of the Isle of
Wight, castle of Carisbrook, and the manors
of Swainston, Brixton, Thorley, and Welow
in that isle, at the rent of 308/. 6*. 8d.
(KYMEK, xii. 480). In October 1494 he was
made high steward of the university of Ox-
ford, and he is believed to have also held the
same office in the university of Cambridge.
In 11 Henry VII he was in the parliament
then summoned, but, the returns being lost,
it is not known for what place he served.
In June 1497 he was at the battle of
Blackheath when Lord Audley, who had
joined the Cornish rebels, was taken prisoner.
On this occasion Bray was made a knight
banneret (HousrsHED, Chronicles, iii. 1254),
and after the execution and attainder of Lord
Audley, that nobleman's manor of Shire, with
Vacherie and Cranley in Surrey, and a large
estate there, was given to Sir Reginald. On
the marriage of Prince Arthur he was asso-
ciated with persons of high rank in the church
and state as a trustee for the dower assigned
to the Princess Catherine of Arragon.
The chapel of St. George at Windsor, and
that of his royal master King Henry VII at
Westminster, are standing monuments of his
liberality and of his skill in architecture. To
the former of these he was a considerable
benefactor as well by his attention in con-
ducting the improvements made upon that
structure by the king, as by his contributions
to the support of it after his death. He
built also, at his own expense, in the middle
of the south aisle, a chapel which still bears
his name, and in various parts of which, as
well as on the ceiling of the church, his arms,
crest, and the initial letters of his name may
still be seen, as may also a device of his fre-
quently repeated both on the outer and inner
side of the cornice dividing this chapel from
the south aisle of the church, representing
an instrument used by the manufacturers of
hemp, and called a hemp-bray. The design
of Henry VII's chapel at Westminster is
supposed to have been his ; and the first
stone was laid by him, in conjunction with
the Abbot Islip and others, on 24 Jan. 1502-3.
Sir Reginald did not live to see the comple-
tion of the edifice, for on 5 Aug. 1503 he
died, and was interred in the chapel of his
own foundation at Windsor. On opening a
vault in this place for the interment of Dr.
Waterland in 1740, a leaden coffin of an
ancient form was discovered which was sup-
posed to be Sir Reginald's, and by order of
the dean it was immediately arched over.
Sir Reginald is said to have been the archi-
tect of the nave and aisles of St. Mary's,
Oxford, and it has been conjectured that he
also designed St. Mary's Tower at Taunton.
He was a munificent benefactor to churches,
monasteries, and colleges.
Bray married Catharine, daughter of Ni-
cholas Husee, a descendant of the ancient
barons of that name in the reign of Ed-
ward III. He had no issue, and his elder
brother John having only one daughter,
married to Sir William Sandes, afterwards
Lord Sandes of the Vine, he left the bulk of
his fortune to Edmund, eldest son of his
younger brother John (for he had two
brothers of that name). This Edmund was
summoned to parliament in 1 530, as Baron
of Eaton-Bray ; but his son John, lord Bray,
dying without issue in 1557, the estate was
divided among six daughters of Edmund.
Sir Reginald left very considerable estates to
Edward and Reginald, younger brothers of
Edmund.
His portrait was in a window of the Priory
church of Great Malvern in Worcestershire,
and is engraved in Strutt's 'View of the
Manners, Customs, &c. of the Inhabitants of
England,' ii. pi. 60, and more accurately in
Carter's ' Ancient Sculpture and Painting.'
Bray is represented as being ' a very father
of his country, a sage and a graue person, and
a feruent louer of iustice. In so muche that
if any thinge had bene done against good
law or equitie, he would, after an humble
fassion, plainly reprehende the king, and geue
him good aduertisement how to reforme that
offence, and to be more circumspect in another
lyke case' (HALL, Vnion of the twofamelies
of Lancastre and Yorke, ed. 1548, Hen. VII,
fol. 55 £). Bacon says of him, however,
' that he was noted to have had with the
king the greatest freedom of any counsellor,
but it was but a freedom the better to set off
flattery.'
In the library at Westminster are many
original letters addressed to Bray by Smyth,
bishop of Lincoln, and other prelates and no-
blemen, and many other letters relating to
his own private business.
[William Bray, F.S.A., in Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ;
Brayley's Surrey, v. 181, 186, 187; Chambers's
Malvern (1820), 42, 243 ; Chambers's Worcester-
shire Biography, 38 ; Churton's Lives of Bishop
Smyth and Sir E. Sutton ; Cooper's Athena&
Cantab, i. 6 ; Cooper's Memoir of Margaret,
Countess of Richmond and Derby, ed. Mayor ;
Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 368; Evans's
Cat. of Engraved Portraits, 1271 ; Gent. Mag.
1827, ii. 304, 1835, i. 181 ; Manning's Lives of the
Speakers of the House of Commons, 138-50 ;
Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 514, 517; Addit.
MSS. 5833 f. 67 b, 21505 f. 10 ; Lansd. MS. 978
f. 23 b ; Nicolas's Testamenta Vetusta, 446 ;
Shermanni Hist. Coll. Jesu Cantab. (Halliwell),
Bray
239
Bray
28 ; Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeo-
logical and Natural Hist. Soc. viii. 133-48 ;
Strutt's Manners, Customs, &c. of the Inhabit- j
ants of England, ii. 127 ; Three Books of Poly- I
dore Vergil's Engl. Hist. ed. Ellis (Camden Soc.), |
195, 196; Willement's Account of the Kestora- i
tions of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George, I
Windsor, 25, 27, 28, 42; Wood's Annals of j
Oxford (Gutch), i. 651.] T. C.
BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730), divine, j
was born at Marton in Shropshire, and edu- |
cated at Oswestry School, whence he pro- |
ceeded to Oxford. He took his B.A. degree ,
(All Souls, 11 Nov. 1678), and that of MA. j
(Hart Hall, 12 Dec. 1693). Having received I
holy orders he served for a short time a cu- j
racy near Bridgnorth, and then became chap- |
lain in the family of Sir T. Price of Park Hall
in Warwickshire. Sir Thomas presented him j
to the donative of LeaMarston orMarson,and ;
his diligence in this post introduced him to j
John Kettlewell, vicar of Coleshill, and also to
Kettlewell's patron, Simon, Lord Digby, and j
Sir Charles Holt. He also made a favourable
impression by an assize sermon which he j
preached at Warwick while quite a young
man. Lord Digby was one of the congrega- [
tion, and afterwards recommended him to his '•
brother and successor to the title, William,
lord Digby, who presented him to the
vicarage of Over-Whitacre, and subsequently
endowed it with the great tithes. In 1690
Bray was presented by the same patron to
the rectory of Sheldon, vacant by the refusal
of the rector, Mr. Digby Bull, to take the
oaths at the Revolution. At Sheldon, Bray
composed the first volume of his ' Catechetical
Lectures,' which were published by the ' au-
thoritative injunctions' of Dr. Lloyd, bishop
of Lichfield and Coventry, to whom the vo-
lume was dedicated. The work at once be-
came popular, and made Bray's name well
known in London. About the year 1691 the
governor and assembly of "Maryland deter-
mined to divide that province into parishes,
and to appoint a legal maintenance for the
ministers in each parish. In 1695 they wrote
to request the bishop of London to send them
over some clergyman to act as his commissary,
and Bishop Compton selected Bray for the
post. Bray accepted it, but was unable to
set out for Maryland until the return of
a new act thence to be confirmed by the
sovereign ; the first act for the establishment
of the church being rejected, because it was
wrongly stated in it that the laws of England
were in force in Maryland. Meanwhile he
was employed under Bishop Compton in seek-
ing out missionaries to be sent abroad as soon
as the new act could be obtained. He found
that he could only enlist poor men unable to
buy books, and he seems to have made the
help of the bishops in providing libraries a
condition of his going to Maryland. From a
paper still extant in Lambeth library it ap-
pears that the two archbishops and five bishops
agreed to 'contribute cheerfully towards these
parochial libraries.' Meanwhile Bray had ex-
tended his plans, and set himself to provide
libraries for the clergy at home as well as
abroad. He projected a scheme for esta-
blishing parochial libraries in every deanery
throughout England and Wales, and so far
succeeded that before his death he saw up-
wards of eighty established. No less than
thirty-nine libraries, some containing more
than a thousand volumes, were established in
North America, besides many in other foreign
lands during Bray's lifetime. His t premier
library 'was founded at Annapolis, the capital
of Maryland, called after Anne, Princess of
Denmark, who gave a ' noble benefaction '
towards the valuable library there. The
library scheme soon became part of a larger
scheme which took shape in the f Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge.' In 1697 a
bill was brought into parliament to alienate
lands given to superstitious uses, and vest
them in Greenwich Hospital. Bray petitioned
that a share of them should be appropriated ta
the ( propagation of true religion in our foreign
plantations.' The petition was well received
in the house, but the bill fell through ; so he
received no help from that quarter. In 1698
he addressed the king for a grant of some ar-
rears of taxes due to the crown, and actually
followed the king to Holland to get the grant
completed ; but it was found that the arrears
were all but valueless. He drew up a plan
'for having a protestant congregation pro
propaganda fide by charter from the king ; *
but ' things were not yet ripe for the charter
society,' so to prepare the way he tried to
form a voluntary society, laid the plan of it
before the bishop of London, and found ' seve-
ral worthy persons willing to unite.' The-
first sketch of the objects of the society, which
included the libraries at home and abroad,
charity schools, and missions both to colo-
nists and the heathen, was prepared by Bray,
and he was one of the first five members, and
the only clergyman among them, who com-
posed the first meeting on 8 March 1698-9.
All this while Bray was entirely without any
provision to support him. Two preferments
were offered him at home, the office of sub-
almoner and the living of St. Botolph, Aid-
gate; but he was not the man to be so
diverted. Having waited for more than two
years, he determined to set forth. He had
previously, at the request of the governor of
Mary land, taken the degrees of B.D. and D.D.
Bray
240
Bray
at Oxford (Magdalen, 17 Dec. 1696), though
he could ill afford to pay the fees. No allow-
ance was made him for expenses, and he was
obliged to dispose of his own small effects and
raise money on credit. On 16 Dec. 1699 he set
sail for Maryland. Knowing that missionaries
were often detained in the seaports, he deter-
mined to found seaport libraries ; he was able
himself to deposit books on his way at Graves-
end, Deal, and Plymouth. Arriving in Mary-
land in March, he ' at once set about repairing
the breach made in the settlement of the pa-
rochial clergy,' and was well backed up by the
governor Nicholson. But it was felt on all
sides that Bray would do better service to
the church in Maryland by returning home
and endeavouring to get the law, which had
been twice rejected there, re-enacted with the
royal assent. If Bray had consulted his own
interests, he would have remained in Mary-
land, for the commissary's office would yield
him no profits if he left the country ; but he
returned to England at once, and found that
the quakers had raised prejudices against the
establishment of the church in Maryland.
Bray refuted these in a printed memorial,
and the bill was at last approved. Before he
resigned his office of commissary he made a
vigorous effort to obtain a bishop for Mary-
land. Bray had borne all the cost of his
voyage and outfit ; it was rightly thought
unfair to allow him to impoverish himself for
the public good. Viscount Weymouth there-
fore presented him with 300 /., and two other
friends with 50/. each ; but he characteristi-
cally devoted it all to public purposes. On
his return to England he found the work of
the society so largely increased that it was
necessary to make one of its departments the
work of a separate society. Bray therefore
obtained from King William a charter for the
incorporation of a society for propagating the
gospel throughout our plantations, June 1701.
Thus Bray may almost be regarded as the
founder of our two oldest church societies.
The living of St. Botolph Without, Aldgate,
which he had refused before he went to
Maryland, was again offered to him in 1706.
He accepted it, and set himself with charac-
teristic energy to work the parish thoroughly.
Meanwhile he never forgot his earliest project
of erecting libraries, and in 1709 he had the
gratification of seeing an act passed, through
the instrumentality of Sir Peter King, after-
wards lord chancellor, ' for the better preser-
vation of parochial libraries in England.' He
took a deep interest in the condition of the
negroes in the West Indies and North Ame-
rica. When he was in Holland he had con-
versed much on the subject with Mr. D'Allone,
King William's secretary, at the Hague, and
this gentleman gave him 900/., to be devoted
to the instruction of the negroes. In 1723
Bray was attacked with a dangerous illness,
and, feeling that his life was very insecure,
he nominated certain persons to carry out his
work with him and after him. These were
called 'Dr. Bray's associates for founding
clerical libraries and supporting negro schools.'
A decree of chancery confirmed their authority
soon after Bray's death. The association still
exists, and publishes a report of its labours
every year, to which is always attached a
memoir of Bray. He continued to work dili-
gently in his parish. In 1723 Ralph Thoresby
records in his diary that he ' walked to
the pious and charitable Dr. Bray's in Aid-
gate, and was extremely pleased with his
many pious, useful, and charitable works.' A
week later he 'heard the charity children
catechised at Dr. Bray's church,' and remarks
on ' the prodigious pains so aged a man takes.'
1 He is/ Thoresby adds, ' very mortified to the
world, and takes abundant trouble to have a
new church, though he would lose 100/. per
annum.' The ( aged man ' was not content
with the work of his own parish. So late as
1727 ' an acquaintance made a casual visit to
Whitechapel prison, and his representation
of the miserable state of the prisoners had
such an effect on the doctor that he applied
himself to solicit benefactions to relieve
them ; ' and he also employed intended mis-
sionaries to read and preach to the prisoners.
This work brought him into connection with
the benevolent General Oglethorpe, who
joined the ( associates' of Bray, and persuaded
others to do so. And it was probably owing
to his acquaintance with Oglethorpe that to
the two designs of founding libraries and in-
structing negroes he added a third, viz. the
establishing a colony in America to provide
for the necessitous poor who could not find
employment at home. He died on 15 Feb.
1730.
Bray is a striking instance of what a man
may effect without any extraordinary genius,
and without special influence. It would be
difficult to point to any one who has done
more real and enduring service to the church.
His various appeals are plain, forcible, and
racy. He cannot be reckoned among our
great divines, but his writings produced more
immediate practical results than those of
greater divines have done. His first publi-
cation was entitled ' A Course of Lectures
upon the Church Catechism, in 4 volumes,
by a Divine of the Church of England/
Oxford, 1696. The first volume only, < Upon
the Preliminary Questions and Answers/
was published ; it contains 303 folio pages,
and consists of 26 lectures. In 1697 he
Bray
241
Bray
published ' An Essay towards promoting
all Necessary and Useful Knowledge, both
Divine and Human, in all parts of his
Majesty's Dominions.' The essay with this
ambitious title is of course connected with
his library scheme. In the same year he
published another work on the same design,
entitled ' Bibliotheca Parochialis, or a Scheme
of such Theological Heads as are requisite to
be studied by every Pastor of a Parish.' In
1700-1 he published his circular letters to
the clergy of Maryland, ' A Memorial repre-
senting the Present State of Religion on the
Continent of North America,' and ' Acts of
Visitation at Annapolis;' in 1702 l Biblio-
theca Catechetica, or the Country Curates' Li-
brary ; ' in 1708 a single sermon entitled ' For
God or Satan,' preached before the Society
for the Reformation of Manners at St. Mary-
le-Bow. In 1712 he appeared in print in a
new light. He had always been a strong
anti-Romanist, and on this ground he ex-
pressed two years later his intense satisfac-
tion at the l protestant succession ' of George I
in an interesting letter still preserved in the
British Museum. During the last four years
of Queen Anne's reign it is well known that
there was great alarm about the return of
popery. Bray issued a seasonable publica-
tion, entitled ' A Martyrology, or History of
the Papal Usurpation,' consisting of ' choice
and learned treatises of celebrated authors,
ranged and digested into a regular history.'
Only one volume of this work was published
in Bray's lifetime ; but he left materials for
the remainder, which he bequeathed to Sion
College. In 1726 he published his ^Direc-
torium Missionarium.' This was quickly
followed by a work entitled l Primordia Bi-
bliothecaria,' in which are given ' several
schemes of parochial libraries, and a method
laid down to proceed by a gradual progression
from strength to strength, from a collection
not much exceeding in value II. to 100/.' In
1728 he reprinted the ' Life of Bernard Gil-
pin,' and then Erasmus's ' Ecclesiastes,' a
treatise on the pastoral care, the separate pub-
lication of which he thought would be of
great use, as it was not likely to be much
read when it was ' mixed up,' as it had
hitherto been, in Erasmus's voluminous works.
Finally, Bray published ' A Brief Account
of the Life of Mr. John Rawlet,' a clergy-
man of like mind with himself, and author
of the once famous work, 'The Christian
Monitor.'
[Kawlinson MSS., J. folio, in the Bodleian Li-
brary, Oxford ; Eeport of the Association of the
late Kev. Dr. Bray and his Associates, &c., pub-
lished annually ; Public Spirit illustrated in the
Life and Designs of Dr. Bray (1746); An Ac-
VOL. VI.
count of the Designs of the Associates of the late
Dr. Bray, &c. (1769) ; Anderson's History of the
Colonial Church ; and Bray's Works, passim.]
J. H. 0.
BRAY, THOMAS, D.D. (1759-1820),
an Irish catholic prelate, was born in the
diocese of Cashel on 5 March 1759. He be-
came archbishop of Cashel in 1792, and died
in 1820. He was author of the following
privately printed work : ' Statuta Synodalia
pro unitis Dioecesibus Cassel. et Imelac.
lecta, approbata, edita, et promulgata in
Synodo Dioecesana ; cui interfuit clerus utri-
usque Dioeceseos, habita prima hebdomada
mensis Septembris, anno M.DCCC.x.,' 2 vols.,
Dublin, 1813, 12mo. This rare book con-
tains a papal bull against freemasonry; a
decree of the council of Trent against duel-
lists, with an explanation of it in English to
be given by each priest to his flock ; and
short memoirs of the archbishops of Cashel
and the bishops of Emly. The second volume
bears the following title : ' Regulations, In-
structions, Exhortations, and Prayers, &c.,
&c., in English and Irish : with the manner
of absolving heretics, in Latin and English :
for the united dioceses of Cashel and Emly.'
[Martin's Privately Printed Books, 570, 571
Brady's Episcopal Succession, ii. 29 ; Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser., xi. 197.] T. C.
BRAY, WILLIAM (d. 1644), chaplain
to Archbishop Laud, was educated at Christ's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1616-17, M.A. in 1620, and B.D. in 1631.
At the outset of his clerical career he was
a popular lecturer in puritan London, but
changing his views he became one of Arch-
bishop Laud's chaplains in ordinary, and ob-
tained considerable church preferment. He
was rector of St. Ethelburga in London, 5 May
1632 ; prebendary of Mapesbury in the church
of St. Paul, 12 June following; and vicar
of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 2 March 1632-3.
The king presented him, on 7 May 1634, to
the vicarage of Chaldon-Herring in Dorset-
shire, and by letters patent, dated 15 Jan.
1637-8, bestowed on him a canonry in the
church of Canterbury.
Having licensed two obnoxious books by
Dr. John Pocklington, the Long parliament
enjoined him to preach a recantation sermon
at St. Margaret's, Westminster. On 12 Jan.
1642-3 the house proceeded to sequester him
from the vicarage of St. Martin's, and in the
latter end of March following his books were
seized; he was also imprisoned, plundered,
and forced to fly into remote parts, where,
it is said, he died in 1644.
His recantation sermon was published with
the title : ' A Sermon of the Blessed Sacra-
E
Bray
242
Braybroc
i
ment of the Lord's Supper; proving that there
is therein no proper sacrifice now offered ; To-
gether with the disaproving of sundry passages
in 2 Bookes set forth by Dr. Pocklington; the
one called Altare Christianum, the other Sun-
day no Sabbath : Formerly printed with Li-
cence. Now published by Command/ Lon-
don, 1641, 4to.
[Newcourt's Kepertorium Ecclesiasticum, i.
176, 346, 692 ; Heylyn's Life of Abp. Laud, 441
et passim ; Troubles and Tryal of Abp. Laud,
367 ; MS. Addit. 5863, f. 103 b ; Lloyd's Memoires
(1677), 512 ; Hutchins's Dorset, i. 209.] T. C.
BRAY, WILLIAM (1736-1832), anti-
quary, the fourth and youngest son of Ed-
ward Bray of Shere in Surrey, who married
Ann, daughter of Rev. George Duncomb, was
born in 1736. When only ten years old he
was entered at Rugby, and cultivated litera-
ture by means of occasional purchases from
an itinerant bookseller from Daventry. On
one occasion, having ordered a single number
of the 'Rambler,' the bookseller, to his amaze-
ment, ordered all the copies which had then
appeared, a proceeding which, as Bray was
wont to declare, nearly ruined him. On
leaving school he was placed with an attorney,
Mr. Martyr, at Guildford, but not long after-
wards obtained a position in the board of
green cloth, which he held for nearly fifty
years and was then superannuated. On the
death of his elder brother, the Rev. George
Bray, on 1 March 1803, he inherited the
family estates in Shere and Gomshall. In
1758 he married Mary, daughter of Henry
Stephens of Wipley, in Worplesdon, who
died 14 Dec. 1796, aged 62, having had
numerous children, though only three, one
son and two daughters, lived to maturity,
and the son predeceased his father. Bray
was an incessant worker. His position in
the county and his legal training caused him
to be associated in many charitable and civil
trusts in Surrey. He died at Shere 21 Dec.
1832, aged 96, and a mural monument is
erected to his memory in its church. Bray
was elected F.S.A. in 1771, became the
treasurer of the society in 1803, and contri-
buted frequently to the ' Archaeologia.' His
first publication was the ' Sketch of a Tour
into Derbyshire and Yorkshire ; ' originally
published anonymously in 1777, the second
edition appearing with the author's name in
1783, and though its pages were somewhat
overburdened with antiquarian lore, it was
frequently reprinted and included in Pinker-
ton's ' Travels.' His next work, which was
printed privately, was ' Collections relating
to Henry Smith, sometime Alderman of Lon-
don.' When the Rev. Owen Manning, who
had begun a history of Surrey, died in 1801,
Bray undertook to complete the work, and
in its prosecution visited every parish and
church within the county's borders. The
first volume was issued in 1804, the second
in 1809, and the third in 1814 ; it still remains
one of the best county histories that England
can boast of. In the British Museum there
exists a duplicate of this work in thirty folio
volumes, with a special title-page dated 1847,
and with over 6,000 prints and drawings col-
lected by Mr. R. Percival. Bray's last literary
labour was the printing and editing of the
' Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John
Evelyn, comprising his Diary, &c.,' which was
first published in 1818 in two volumes, ap-
peared in 1827 in five volumes, and has been
often reissued.
[Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 495, 523, iii.
687 ; Gent. Mag. 1833, pp. 87, 88 ; Rugby School
Eegister, i. 34 ; Anderson's British Topography,
268.] W. P. C.
BRAYBROC, HENRY DE (d. 1234 ?),
judge, was undersheriff of Rutlandshire, Buck-
inghamshire, and Northamptonshire, in 1210-
1219, and of Bedfordshire 1211, and sheriff of
the same three counties in the next and three
succeeding years. He is included by Roger
of Wendover (1211) with his father, Robert
Braybroc, in the list of the evil counsellors
of John in his struggle with the pope. He
remained loyal until 1215, when the insurgent
barons induced him to join their party. His
estates, which were extensive, were immedi-
ately confiscated, and on John's making his
peace with the pope, Braybroc was one of
those who were excommunicated as enemies
to the king (ROGER BE WEKDOVEE, ed. Coxe,
iii. 237). In 1217 he defended the castle of
Montsorel, near Dunstable, against the pro-
tector, William Marshall, until relieved by
Louis ; but after the battle of Lincoln he did
homage, and was reinstated in his lands. In
1224 he was sent to Dunstable with two col-
leagues to hold assizes of novel disseisin for
the counties of Bedford and Buckingham,
when Falkes de Breaute" [q. v.] was so in-
censed by being fined 100/. upon each of
thirty verdicts found against him for forcible
disturbance of his neighbours, that he ordered
his brother William, who was in command
of Bedford Castle, to seize the offending
justices and confine them in the dungeon.
They were warned of the impending danger,
and quitted the town. His colleagues made
good their escape, but Braybroc was taken,
roughly handled, and imprisoned in the
castle. His wife carried the news to the
king, then in parliament at Northampton,
who immediately marched upon the town.
Braybroke
243
Braybroke
William de Breaute, refusing to surrender on
the king's summons, was promptly excommu-
nicated by the archbishop, and the castle was
reduced by a regular siege, after a stubborn re-
sistance lasting sixty days (16 June-15 Aug.),
the commandant and the garrison, with the
exception of three templars, being hanged on
the spot. The king ordered the tower and outer
battlements to be razed to the ground, the
inner works to be dismantled and the moats
filled up, and appointed Braybroc to superin-
tend the execution of this work. The ruins
of that portion of the building which was left
standing were extant in Camden's time.
Braybroc was justice itinerant for the same
counties next year (1225), and in the year
following (1226) justice itinerant for Lincoln-
shire and Yorkshire. In an exchequer record
of the year 1227 he is described as justice of
the bench. The last mention of him is in
1228, when Dugdale notices a fine as having
been levied before him. That he was dead in
1334 appears from the record of a fine which
his widow Christiana in that year paid to the
king for the privilege of marrying whom she
pleased. She was the daughter of Wischard
Ledet, a rebel, part of whose estates had been
confiscated by John, and granted to Master
Michael Belet in 1216. The portion which
remained unforfeited devolved upon his daugh-
ter on his death in 1221-2, Braybroc then
paying a fine of 100/. upon the succession.
It was situate in Northamptonshire, where
he had estates, as also in Bedfordshire, Buck-
inghamshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and
Cambridgeshire. Braybroc had two sons,
(1) Wischard, who took his mother's name of
Ledet ; (2) John, a descendant of whom, Sir
Reginald Braybroc, knight, married in the
reign of Henry IV a granddaughter of John
de Cobham, whose only child Joan married
Sir Thomas Brooke, father of Sir Edward
Brooke of Cobham, ancestor of the noble
family of Cobham.
[Fuller's Worthies, i. 121, ii. 294, 350 ; Roger
de Wendover (ed. Coxe), iii. 237, 301, 356, iv.
14, 94 ; Kymer's Fcedera (ed. Clarke), i. 175 ;
Matt. Paris, Chron. Mat. (Rolls Ser.), ii. 533,
587, 644, iii. 87 n. • Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 8, 9;
Dugdale's Baronage, i. 67, 728 ; Courthope's
Historic Peerage (Cobham title) ; Rot. Glaus, i.
200 a, 243 a, 321 a, 631 a, 655 a, ii. 77, 151;
Madox's Exch. ii. 335 ; Cal. I. P. M. i. 45 ; Cam-
den's Brit. (ed. Gough), i. 324 ; Excerpta e Rot.
Fin. i. 80, 258.] J. M. R.
BRAYBROKE, ROBERT DE (d. 1404),
ecclesiastic and judge, son of Sir Gerard
Braybroke, knight of Braybroke Castle in
Northamptonshire, a descendant of Henry de
Braybroc [q. v.], studied civil law at Oxford,
taking the degree of licentiate therein. After
taking holy orders he obtained (1360), by
papal provision, the rectory of Hinton, Cam-
bridgeshire, which, in 1379, he surrendered
for the rectory of Girton, Lincolnshire, and
this again for that of Horsenden soon after-
wards. He was appointed to the prebend of
Fenton, in the church of York, 9 Nov. 1366 ;
to that of Fridaythorpe, in the same church,
19 Oct. 1370 ; to that of All Saints in Hun-
gate, in the church of Lincoln, about 1378 ;
and to that of Colwich, in the church of Lich-
field, in the following year. He became dean
of Salisbury in 1379-80 ; archdeacon of Corn-
wall July 1381 ; bishop of London, by bull of
Pope Urban, 9 Sept. of the same year, to
which he was consecrated at Lambeth 5 Jan.
1381-2. The same year (9 Sept.) he was
created chancellor at Bristol, receiving the
seal on the 20th following, but he resigned
the office 10 March 1382-3. In 1382 he gave
great offence to the Londoners, then much
under the influence of Wycliffe, by refusing
to proclaim the nullity of the statute against
preachers of heresy passed in the previous
year. His laxity in enforcing the laws against
prostitutes also produced disturbances. In
1385 he made a vigorous attempt to vindicate
the sanctity of St. Paul's by denouncing ex-
communication against all who were guilty of
buying and selling, or playing at ball, within
the precincts of the cathedral, or of shooting
the birds which made the roof of the edifice
their home. In the following year he esta-
blished the festival of St. Erkenwald, in com-
memoration of St. Paul. In 1387 Richard II,
having been forced by the barons, headed by
the Duke of Gloucester, to dismiss the chan-
cellor Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, and
to vest the executive power in a ' continual
council,' sought to regain his former po-
sition by compelling the judges to declare the
ordinances by which the revolution had been
carried into effect null and void. At this
juncture Braybroke attempted, at the instance
of the Duke of Gloucester, to mediate between
the king and the barons, and at first with
some effect ; but on Pole, who was present at
the interview, breaking out into abuse of the
duke, the bishop rejoined with more energy
than the king deemed respectful, bidding the
late chancellor remember that as he owed his
life to the favour of the king, it was unseemly
in him to speak evil of others. Braybroke
was forthwith dismissed the king's presence,
and the barons impeached and executed or
banished the chiefs of the king's party. In 1 392 i
Braybroke tried to induce the London cobblers *s
to give up work on Sunday by a threat of -h
excommunication. In 1394 he made a jour- >ir
ney to Ireland, to represent to the king, then -ce
engaged in attempting to reform the adminis-
E 2
Braybroke
244
Brayley
tration of that country, the necessity of taking
steps to curb the insolence of the Lollards,
who had nailed the principal articles of their
creed to the door of St. Paul's. Braybroke was
so far successful that Richard, on his return to
England, compelled the principal offenders,
Thomas Latimer and Richard Story, under
pain of death, to take an oath of recantation.
In the following year he was appointed, with
the archbishop of York, to levy a contribution
of 4d. per pound upon the value of all bene-
fices in the kingdom, imposed by the pope for
the benefit of the archbishop of Canterbury.
The death of the archbishop (Courtney) soon
relieved him from this unpopular duty. The
bishop's last important public act was the re-
form of the chapter of St. Paul's. The canons
residentiary had for some time past steadily
refused to fill up any vacancies in their body
unless the candidate for election would give
security that he would expend in the first
year after his election, in eatables and drink-
ables and other creature comforts, at least
seven hundred marcs, a sum many times ex-
ceeding the annual value of the richest pre-
bend. As a result the number of canons in
residence had dwindled down from thirty, the
full complement, to two, who divided between
themselves the whole revenue of the church,
and, not content with that, engrossed even the
bread and ale, which from time immemorial
had been the due of the non-resident canons.
To put an end to this fraud the bishop obtained
from the king a writ, dated 26 April 1398,
addressed to himself and the dean and chapter,
commanding them upon their allegiance, and
under pain of a fine of 4,000/., to make by
Michaelmas, at the latest, statutes regulating
the mode of election modelled on those in
force at Salisbury, and to observe them faith-
fully for the future. Braybroke was a trier
of petitions in most of Richard II's parlia-
ments ; he celebrated high mass in the lady
chapel at St. Paul's, on occasion of a convo-
cation of the clergy there in 1399, and was a
member of Henry IVs privy council for the
first three years of his reign. As to the
precise date of his death there was formerly
much doubt, five several dates being as-
signed by different writers, viz. 8 Dec. 1401
17 Aug. 1404, 27 Aug. 1404, 28 Aug. 1404,
and 27 Aug. 1405. That the first date is er-
roneous is proved by a deed of grant of the
manor of Crendon in Bedfordshire, preserved
in the archives of All Souls' College, Oxford
to which he was party, and which bears date
16 Feb. 1403-4. He was buried in the lady
chapel at St. Paul's, and a fine brass above
his tomb remained intact as late as 1641, when
Dugdale, who gives an engraving of it, saw it
The inscription on the plate assigns 27 Aug
1404 as the date of death, and with this God-
win (De Prcesul. 186) agrees. Braybroke was
hroughout his life a close friend of William
of Wykeham. The brass was destroyed during
he civil war. Dugdale relates that on the
burning of the church in 1666 Braybroke's
coffin was shattered by the. fall of a portion of
the ruins, and the body was taken out in a
state of perfect preservation, 'the flesh, sinews,
and skin cleaving fast to the bones,' so ' that
being set upon the feet it stood as stiff as a
plank, the skin being tough like leather, and
not at all inclined to putrefaction, which some
attributed to the sanctity of the person, of-
fering much money for it.'
[Le Neve's Fasti, i. 398, 591, ii. 99, 293, 6-15,
iii. 184, 186; Hardy's Cat. Lord Chancs. 43, 44;
Walsingham (Eolls Series), ii. 49, 65, 70, 162 ;
Dugdale's Hist, of St. Paul's (ed. Ellis), 16, 27, 33,
57, 124, 219, 358 ; Chrcmicon a Mon. St. Albani,
1328-88 (Rolls Series), 383; Holinshed anno
1387; Wilkins's Concilia, iii. 194, 196,. 218;
Wharton's Hist, de Episc. Londin. ; Cat. of Ar-
chives of All Souls' Coll. 27 ; Foss's Lives of the
Judges. E. W. Brabrook, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.S.L.,
contributed an elaborate paper on Braybroke to
the Transactions of the London and Middlesex
Archaeological Society, vol. iii. pt. x. in 1869.]
J. M. R.
BRAYBROOKE,LoEDs. [See NEVILLE.]
<BRAYLEY, EDWARD WEDLAKE,
the elder (1773-1854), topographer and ar-
chaeologist, born in the parish of Lambeth,
Surrey, in 1773, was apprenticed to one of
the most eminent practitioners of the art of
enamelling in the metropolis. Before the term
of his indentures had expired he became ac-
quainted with John Britton, 1771-1857 [q.v.],
whom he used to meet at the shop of Mr. Essex
in Clerkenwell. Both the young men had
literary and artistic tastes and aspirations, and
longed to emancipate themselves from the me-
chanical pursuits in which they were engaged.
They formed a close friendship, which was
maintained for the long period of sixty-five
years, and they produced together many beau-
tifully illustrated volumes on topographical
subjects. They began their literary partner-
ship in a very humble way. Their first joint
speculation was a song called ' The Powder
Tax, or a Puff at the Guinea Pigs,' written
by Brayley and sung by Britton publicly at
a discussion club meeting at the Jacob's Well,,
Barbican. The ditty was very popular, and
seventy or eighty thousand copies of it were
sold. Soon afterwards Brayley wrote 'A
History of the White Elephant ' for Mr. Fair-
burn in the Minories. In 1801 Brayley as-
sisted Britton in producing the ' Beauties of
Wiltshire.'
Brayley
245
Brayley
About the same time the two friends en-
tered into a mutual copartnership as joint edi-
tors of the ' Beauties of England and Wales.'
Having concluded arrangements with a pub-
lisher, they made in 1800 a pedestrian tour
from London through several of the western
and midland counties, and visited every county
of North Wales in search of materials for the
work. They soon discovered that they pos-
sessed but few qualifications for the adequate
execution of their self-imposed task ; but as
the work progressed they gradually extended
the sphere of their studies, and finally they
acquired a fair, if not a profound, knowledge
of the essential branches of topography and ar-
chaeology. The first volume appeared in 1801,
and contained descriptions of Bedfordshire,
Berkshire, and Buckinghamshire. Accounts
followed of the other counties in their alpha-
betical order. The first six volumes, ending
with Herefordshire, were jointly executed by
Brayley and Britton, the greater part of the
letterpress being supplied by Brayley, while
most of the travelling, correspondence, labour
of collecting books and documents, and the
direction of draughtsmen and engravers de-
volved on his partner. Although it had been
at first announced that the work would be
comprised in about six volumes, and finished
in the space of three years, it extended to no
fewer than twenty-five large volumes, and was
in progress of publication for nearly twenty
years. This once famous and highly popular
work was beautifully embellished with cop-
per-plate engravings. Dissensions arose, how-
ever, between the two authors and their pub-
lishers. At length the former practically
withdrew from the undertaking (1814), and
other writers filled their places. Brayley
produced the accounts of Hertfordshire, Hun-
tingdonshire, Kent, and part of the description
of London (vols. vi.-x. pt. 2) ; but his name
does not appear in any subsequent volume,
and Britton was only responsible later for
parts of vols. xi. and xv. The other volumes
were compiled by the Rev. Joseph Nightin-
gale, Mr. James Norris Brewer, and others.
The ' Beauties ' were completed in 1816. Up-
wards of 50,000/. had been expended on the
work, and the number of illustrations ex-
ceeded seven hundred.
After the termination of his apprenticeship
Brayley had been employed by Henry Bone
[q. v.] (afterwards a Royal Academician) to
prepare and fire enamelled plates for small
fancy pictures in rings and trinkets. Subse-
quently, when that artist was endeavouring
to elevate painting in enamel to the position
it eventually acquired in his hands as a le-
gitimate branch of pictorial art, Brayley pre-
pared enamel plates for Bone's use, and he
continued to do so for some years after he
had become eminent as a topographer. The
plates for the largest paintings in enamel
which Bone executed — the largest ever pro-
duced until they were exceeded in several
j instances by those of Charles Muss — were
j not only made by Brayley, but the pictures
also were conducted by him throughout the
subsequent process of 'firing,' or incipient
fusion on the plate, in the muffle of an air-
furnace, requisite for their completion.
After as well as during the publication of
the 'Beauties of England and Wales,' Brayley
wrote a number of other popular topo-
graphical works. His literary activity was
most remarkable. ' Mr. Brayley,' remarks
Britton, ' was constitutionally of a healthy
and hardy frame, and was thus enabled to
endure and surmount great bodily as well as
mental exertion. I have known him to walk
fifty miles in one day, and continue the same
for three successive days. After complet-
ing this labour, from Chester to London, he
dressed and spent the evening at a party.
At the end of a month, and when pressed
hard to supply copy for the printer, he has
continued writing for fourteen and for six-
teen hours without sleep or respite, and with
a wet handkerchief tied round a throbbing
head.' Brayley was elected a fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries in 1823, and in 1825
he was appointed librarian and secretary of
the Russell Institution in Great Corain
Street, which offices he held until his death.
He continued his topographical labours, in
addition to discharging his official duties, and
nearly the whole of his most extensive
work, the l Topographical History of the
County of Surrey,' was written by him be-
tween* the ages of sixty-eight and seventy-
six. His death occurred on 23 Sept. 1854.
Subjoined is a list of his publications :
1. 'Beauties of England and Wales, or De-
lineations Topographical, Historical, and
descriptive of each County,' 1801-14. We
have already indicated the portions of this
great work that were written by Brayley.
2. ' Sir Reginalde, or the Black Tower. A
Romance of the Twelfth Century. With
Tales and other Poems,' 1803 (conjointly
with William Herbert). 3. ' The Works of
the late Edward Dayes, edited with Illustra-
tive Notes,' 1805. The topographical portion
of this volume was reprinted in 1825 under
the title of ' A Picturesque Tour through the
Principal Parts of Yorkshire and Derby-
shire.' 4. ' Views in Suffolk, Norfolk, and
Northamptonshire, illustrative of the Works
of Robert Bloomfield; accompanied with
descriptions ; to which is annexed a Memoir
of the Poet's Life,' 1806. 5. ' Lambeth Palace
Brayley
246
Brayley
illustrated by a series of Views represent-
ing its most interesting Antiquities,' 1806.
6. ' The British Atlas ; comprising a series
of maps of all the English and Welsh coun-
ies ; also plans of the Cities and principal
ties
Towns,' 1810. 7. ' Cowper : illustrated by
a series of views accompanied with copious
descriptions, and a brief sketch of the Poet's
Life,' 1810. 8. Descriptions of places repre-
sented in ' Middiman's Views of Antiquities
of Great Britain,' 1813. 9. 'Popular Pas-
times : a selection of Picturesque Represen-
tations, accompanied with Historical Descrip-
tions,' 1816. 10. ' Delineations, Historical
and Topographical, of the Isle of Thanet and
the Cinque Ports,' 1817. 11. 'The History
and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St.
Peter, "Westminster : including Notices and
Biographical Memoirs of the Abbots and
Deans of that Foundation; illustrated by
J. P. Neale/ 2 vols. 1818. 12. Article on
' Enamelling ' in vol. xiii. of Rees's ' Cyclo-
paedia,' 1819. 13. 'The Ambulator, or
Pocket Companion for the Tour of London
and its Environs ; twelfth edition, with an
appendix containing lists of pictures in all the
royal palaces and principal mansions round
London,' 1819. 14. ' A Series of Views in
Islington and Pentonville by A. Pugin, with
a description of each subject by E. W. Bray-
ley,' 1819. 15. 'Topographical Sketches of
Brighthelmstone and its neighbourhood ;
with engravings,' 1825. 16. ' An Inquiry
into the Genuineness of Prynne's " Defence
of Stage Plays," &c., together with a reprint
of the said tract, and also of Prynne's " Vin-
dication," ' 1825. 17. 'The History and
Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of
Exeter,' in Britton's' Cathedral Antiquities,'
1826-7. 18. 'Historical and Descriptive Ac-
counts of the Theatres of London. Illus-
trated by a view of each theatre drawn and
engraved by D. Havell,' 1826. 19. 'Cata-
logue of the Library of the Russell Institu-
tion,' 1826, 1849. 20. 'Devonshire illus-
trated in a series of views of Towns, Docks,
Churches, Antiquities, Abbeys, Picturesque
Scenery, Castles, Seats of the Nobility, &c.'
1829. 21. 'Londiniana, or Reminiscences
of the British Metropolis,' 4 vols., 1829.
22. ' Outlines of the Geology, Physical Geo-
graphy, and Natural History of Devonshire.'
In Moore's ' History of Devonshire,' vol. i.
1829. 23. ' Memories of the Tower of Lon-
don,'1830 (conjointly with Britton). 24. 'De-
vonshire and Cornwall illustrated ; with
Historical and Topographical descriptions,'
1832 (conjointly with Britton). 25. 'The
Graphic and Historical Illustrator : an Origi-
nal Miscellany of Literary, Antiquarian, and
Topographical Information,' 4to. This peri-
odical contained a variety of essays, criticisms,
biographical and archaeological papers, with
woodcut illustrations. It was carried on
from July 1832 to November 1834, when it
was discontinued. 26. ' The Antiquities of
the Priory of Christchurch, Hants, con-
sisting of plates, sections, &c., accompanied
by historical and descriptive accounts of the
Priory Church, &c., by B. Ferrey. The lite-
rary part by E. W. Brayley,' 1834. There
is a copy printed on vellum in the British
Museum. 27. A revised edition of De Foe's
' Journal of the Plague Year,' 1835, reprinted
1872 and 1882. 28. 'The History of the
Ancient Palace and late Houses of Parlia-
ment at Westminster,' 1836. 29. ' Illustra-
tions of Her Majesty's Palace at Brighton,
formerly the Pavilion ; executed under the
superintendence of John Nash, architect :
to which is prefixed a History of the Palace/
1838. 30. ' A Topographical History of the
County of Surrey. The geological section
by G. Mantell,' 5 vols., Dorking and London,
1841-8, 4to ; new edition by Edward Wai-
ford, 4 vols., London, 1878-81, 4to.
[Memoir by Britton (privately printed), Lon-
don, 1855; Gent. Mag. N.S. xlii. 538, 582;
Brewer's introductory volume to the Beauties of
England and Wales ; Britton's Autobiography;
English Cyclopaedia; Athenaeum, 30 Sept. 1854,
p. 1170; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. ed. Bohn, i. 139,
261 ; Proceedings of the Soc. of Antiquaries, iii.
181 ; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iv. 284, 420.1
T. C.
BRAYLEY, EDWARD WILLIAM, the
younger ( 1 802-1 870) , wri ter on science, eldest
son of Edward Wedlake Brayley the elder
[q. v.], was born in London in 1802. He was
educated, together with his brothers Henry
and Horatio, under an austere system. Se-
cluded from all society except that of their
tutors, the boys led a cheerless and monoto-
nous life. The solace of pocket-money was
denied them, and they were not allowed
to take a walk unaccompanied by a tutor.
Henry and Horatio both died of consumption.
Edward William, who survived, studied
science both in the London and the Royal
Institution, where he attended Professor
Brande's lectures on chemistry. Early in
life, following in his father's footsteps, he
gave some attention to topographical litera-
ture, and wrote the historical descriptions
in a work on the ' Ancient Castles of Eng-
land and Wales ' (2 vols. 1825), the views
being engraved by William Woolnoth from
original drawings. However, he soon aban-
doned antiquarian studies and devoted his
attention exclusively to scientific investi-
gation. He had already published in the
' Philosophical Magazine ' (1824) a paper on
Bray ley
247
Breaute
luminous meteors, a subject which occupied
his attention to nearly the close of his life ;
and he afterwards published a work ( On the
Rationale of the Formation of the Filamen-
tous and Mamillary Varieties of Carbon, and
on the probable existence of but two distinct
states of aggregation in ponderable matter/
London, 1826, 8vo. For some years he held
the office of joint-librarian of the London
Institution in Finsbury Circus. He was one
of the. editors (between 1822 and 1845) of
the ' Annals of Philosophy,' the ' Zoological
Journal,' and the ' Philosophical Magazine.'
To all these he contributed original papers
and notices, chiefly on subjects of mine-
ralogical chemistry, geology, and zoology,
together with special communications on
igneous meteors and meteorites, and a few
articles of scientific biography. His prin-
cipal contribution to geological science was
a paper on the formation of rock-basins, pub-
lished in the i Philosophical Magazine ' in
1830. In 1829 and 1830 he was engaged by
Mr. (afterwards Sir) Rowland Hill, and the
father and brother of that gentleman, to take
charge, as lecturer and tutor, of a depart-
ment of instruction in physical science which
they were desirous of making a permanent
part of the system of education carried on in
their schools of Hazelwood near Birmingham,
and Bruce Castle, Tottenham, near London.
The scheme, however, did not receive ade-
quate encouragement from the public. The
original views on this subject of the Messrs.
Hill and Brayley were explained and advo-
cated by the latter in a work entitled l The
Utility of the Knowledge of Nature con-
sidered ; with reference to the General Edu-
cation of Youth,' London, 1831, 8vo.
At the London Institution he took part in
the system of lectures, both illustrative and
educational. He occasionally delivered dis-
courses on special subjects at the Friday-
evening meetings of the Royal Institution ;
in one, 11 May 1838 (Phil. Mag. S. 3, xii.
533),' On the Theory of Volcanoes,' he showed
that the thermotic theory of plutonic and
volcanic action, indicated by Mr. George
Poulett Scrope, M.P., F.R.S., and explicitly
proposed and developed by Mr. Babbage and
Sir John F. W. Herschel, necessarily included,
as an integrant part, contrary to Herschel's
opinion, the chemical theory on the same sub-
ject of Sir Humphry Davy, founded on his
discovery of the metallic bases of alkalies
and alkaline earths. This subject was re-
sumed in a course of lectures on ' Igneous
Geology,' also delivered at the Royal Insti-
tution, in 1842, on the state of the interior
of the earth and the effective thickness of its
crust.
Brayley prepared the last genuine edition
of Parkes's < Chemical Catechism ' (1834).
To the biographical division of the ( English
Cyclopaedia' he contributed the lives of
several men of science ; and to the arts and
sciences division of the same work the articles
Meteors, Correlation of Physical Forces, Re-
frigeration of the Globe, Seismology, Waves
and Tides, Winds, and others on cognate
branches of physics. He also wrote the ela-
borate papers on the 'Physical Constitution
and Functions of the Sun,' in the ' Companion
to the Almanac' for the years 1864, 1865,
and 1866, and that on the ' Periodical Me-
teors of November' in the volume for 1868.
Brayley gave assistance to several men of
science in conducting their works through
the press, and assisting them to give perfect
expression to their own views, confided to
him. Among these works may be particu-
larised the ' Origines Biblicae ' of Dr. Charles
Beke, F.S.A. ; the ' Correlation of Physical
Forces ' of Mr. (now Sir) William Robert
Grove, F.R.S. (the first and second editions) ;
and the ' Barometrographia ' of Mr. Luke
Howard, F.R.S. It is deserving of note that
when SirWilliam Grove first achieved the de-
composition of water by heat there were only
three persons present besides the discoverer,
namely, Faraday, Gassiot, and Brayley.
Brayley was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society in 1854 ; he was an original member
of the Zoological and Chemical Societies, a
corresponding member of the Societas Naturae
Scrutatorum at Basle, and a member of the
American Philosophical Society. Brayley
died on 1 Feb. 1870, at his residence in Lon-
don, of heart disease. He was in the library
of the London Institution forty-eight hours
before his death.
[Private information ; English Cyclopaedia,
Biography, vi. 982, Suppl. 311 ; Quarterly Jour-
nal of the Geological Society of London, xxvi.
p. xli.] T. C.
BREAD ALBANE, EARLS. [See CAMP-
BELL.]
BREAKSPEAR, NICHOLAS. [See
ADRIAN IV.]
BREARCLIFFE, JOHN. [See BRIER-
CLIFFE.]
BREAUTE, FALKES BE (d. 1226),
military adventurer, a Norman of mean and
illegitimate birth, was appointed sheriff" of
Glamorgan by King John about 1211. He
soon gained a high place in his master's fa-
vour, for he was an able, unscrupulous, and
godless man. The disturbed state of the
Welsh border must have invested his office
Breautd
248
Breautd
with special importance ; he became one of
the chief of the king's evil counsellors, and
was made sheriff of Oxfordshire. In the copy
of the great charter given by Matthew Paris
his name occurs in the list of those alien dis-
turbers of the peace whom the king swore to
banish from the kingdom. At the same time
Paris mentions him as one of those who joined
themselves to the twenty-five guardians of
the charter. A St. Albans historian certainly
had good reason to write him down as a dis-
turber of the peace, even if his name was not in
the original document (MATT. PAEIS, ii. 604,
n. 1, ed. Luard ; ROG. WEND. iv. 10 ; Gesta Ab-
batum, i. 267). On the outbreak of the war
between the king and the barons in the au-
tumn of 1215 Falkes was appointed one of i
the leaders of the army which was left by
John to watch London and cut off the barons' j
supplies while he marched northward. The |
royal forces wasted the eastern counties, de- !
stroyed the castles and parks of the barons, j
and set fire to the suburbs of London. Falkes
took the town of Hanslape from William
Mauduit and destroyed it, and soon after re-
duced the castle of Bedford. Greatly pleased
at his success, John gave him to wife Mar-
garet, the widow of Baldwin, earl of Albe-
marle, son of William of Redvers (de Ripariis),
earl of Devon, and the daughter and heiress
of Warin Fitzgerald. He also gave him the
custody of the castles of Windsor, Oxford,
Northampton, Bedford, and Cambridge.
From these castles Falkes drew a large num-
ber of men as unscrupulous as himself. In
1216, in company with Randulph de Blunde-
vill [q. v.],earl of Chester, he took Worcester
for the king after a stout resistance, plundered
the abbey, and put the citizens to the torture,
to compel them to give up their wealth. His
men ill-treated the monks of Warden (Bed-
fordshire), for Falkes had a dispute with them
about a certain wood ; one monk was slain
and some thirty were dragged off as prisoners
to Bedford. In this case, however, Falkes
showed a better spirit than was usual with
him, for he submitted to discipline, made re-
stitution, and took the house under his pro-
tection (Ann. de Dunstaplia). Late in the
year he joined forces with the Earl of Salis-
bury and Savaric de Mauleon, and invaded
the isle of Ely. He destroyed a tower that
guarded the island and made a new fortifica-
tion. He depopulated the country, spoiled
the churches, and exacted 209 marks of silver
from the prior as the ransom of the cathedral
church. The next year, on St. Vincent's day
(22 Jan. 1217). he made a sudden attack on
St. Albans in the dusk of the evening, and
sacked the town. He then entered the abbey.
The abbot's cook was slain as he ran for re-
fuge to the church, for Falkes would not give
the monks the advantage of treating with
him from a place of security. He demanded
100 pounds of silver of the abbot, bidding him
give the money at once, or he would burn the
town, the monastery, and all its buildings,
and the abbot was forced to comply with the
demand. He then marched off, taking many
captives with him. In the forest of Wa-
bridge he took Roger of Colville, and more
than sixty men, clerks and laymen, with him,
who had betaken themselves to the forest and
formed a band of robbers. Falkes remembered
the wrong he had done the great abbey with
uneasiness, for men deemed that St. Alban
was not to be offended with impunity. One
night when he and his wife were at Luton
he dreamed that a huge stone fell from the
abbey church and ground him to powder.
He woke in terror and told his dream to his
wife, who bade him hasten to St. Albans and
| make his peace. He took her counsel and
went off early the next day to the abbey.
; There he kneeled before the "abbot, made his
| confession, and prayed that he might ask par-
don of the brethren. He entered the chapter-
; house with his knights ; they held rods in
their hands, and bared their backs. He con-
fessed his sin, and he at least received a
whipping from each monk. Then he put on
his clothes and advanced to the abbot's seat.
' My wife,' he said, ' has made me do this for
a dream ; but if you want me to restore you
what I took from you I will not listen to
you,' and so he turned and went out (MATT.
PARIS, iii. 12, v. 324 ; Gesta Abbatum, i. 267-
269).
By the spring of 1217 the party of Henry III,
who had been crowned in the autumn of the
year before, had won many advantages over
Louis, the French claimant. Mountsorel was
besieged on Henry's behalf by the Earl of
Chester, and Falkes led the men of his castles
to help the earl. The siege was raised by
Robert Fitz Walter, and Falkes marched to
Newark to join the king's army, which was
gathered under the Earl Marshall for the re-
lief of the castle of Lincoln. When the royal
army came before the city, the leaders said
that it was most important for them to intro-
duce a force into the castle, so as to attack
Louis's men in front and rear at the same
time. There was some hesitation about un-
| dertaking this dangerous duty. Finally they
sent Falkes, who succeeded in entering the
, castle with all his band. From the parapets of
the castle and the roofs of the houses he rained
down missiles on the enemy's chargers, and
when he saw that he had thrown them into
confusion with his artillery he made a furious
sally into the streets. He was taken and
Breaute
249
Breaute
rescued. Meanwhile the king's troops broke
into the city, and Louis's men, thus hemmed
in by Falkes on the one side and the main
body of the army on the other, were cut to
pieces in the streets. The victory of the royal
army, which virtually ended the war, was in
no small degree due to the desperate courage
of Falkes and his men. During the Christmas
festival 1217-18 he entertained the king and
all his court at Northampton. He obtained
livery of the manor of Plympton, his wife's
dower, and of all the lands she inherited
from her father, and was also made guardian
of the young Earl of Devon, his stepson, and
of his lands. His power was now great.
Keeper of several strong castles which were
garrisoned by his own men, and commanded
by his own castellans, sheriff of six counties,
lord of vast estates, and executor of the late
king's will, he is described as being at this
period ' something more than the king in
England ' (Ann. de Theok. p. 68 ; STUBBS,
Const. Hist. ii. 35).
The policy of Hubert de Burgh, who de-
manded the surrender of the king's demesne,
was highly distasteful to Falkes and the rest
of John's foreign favourites. Although out-
wardly acting for the king, Falkes abetted
the revolt of the Earl of Albemarle in 1220,
and secretly supplied him with forces. The
failure of the revolt was evidently a severe
blow to his hopes, for the next year he and
Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, who
upheld the foreign party in the kingdom, de-
termined to go on the crusade. He was, how-
ever, prevented from carrying out this design
by the news of the fall of Damietta. He con-
tinued, therefore, for a little longer to act as
one of the king's officers under the govern-
ment of the justiciar, Hubert de Burgh. As
sheriff he caused a deacon, who had aposta-
tised to Judaism, and who was condemned
by the council held at Osney and delivered
over to the secular arm, to be burnt at Oxford
in 1222. In the same year a dangerous in-
surrection broke out in London under the
leadership of Constantine FitzAthulf, one of
the principal citizens. This was more than
a local riot, for Constantine was a partisan of
Louis of France, and led the citizens with
the cry l Montjoie ! Montjoie ! God and our
Lord Louis to the rescue ! ' He and two
others were taken. The justiciar was afraid
to put them to death openly, because of the
people. Falkes, however, came to his help.
Foreigner as he was, he had no desire for
a French king. What he and his party aimed
at was not a change of dynasty, but the
establishment of their own power at the ex-
pense of the royal authority. Besides, he
probably had little sympathy with a citizen
movement. Early in the morning he took the
prisoners across the Thames to hang them.
W'hen the rope was round his neck, Constan-
tine, who up to the last had hoped for a
rescue, offered 15,000 marks as a ransom for
his life. Falkes, however, would not hearken
to him, and hanged all three. Then at the head
of his men he rode into the city along with
the justiciar, and seized all who had taken
part in the sedition. At the same time he was
by no means prepared to submit without a
j struggle to the justiciar's policy of resump-
j tion. He may have carried on some nego-
j tiations with France, though the part he took
I in quelling the rising of the Londoners shows
i that at that time at least he had little expec-
I tation of help from that quarter. It is tole-
j rably certain that he and the Earl of Chester
were at least in sympathy with the rising of
the Welsh under Llewelyn ap Jorwerth and
Hugh of Lacy in 1223. Even after the insur-
rection was quelled the danger was still great,
and Pope Honorius III, who as guardian of
the kingdom pressed the resumption of the
castles, urged the bishops to do all they could
to maintain peace. Falkes joined the Earl
of Chester and other lords in a scheme for
seizing the Tower. Finding themselves un-
able to carry out their design, the conspirators
sent to the king, demanding the dismissal of
the justiciar. Henry, however, held firmly
to his minister. At Christmas 1223-4 a
great council was held at Northampton, and
there the archbishop and bishops pronounced
a general excommunication against the dis-
turbers of the peace. Falkes and the other
malcontents assembled at Leicester were in-
formed that unless they submitted to the king
on the morrow sentence of excommunication
would be pronounced against them by name.
This threat and the consciousness of the in-
feriority of their forces brought them to sub-
mission. Falkes and his castellans, together
with the other rebel lords, appeared before
the king at Northampton, and surrendered
into his hands the castles, honours, and ward-
ships that pertained to the crown.
The justiciar lost no time in following up
the victory gained at Northampton. In June
the king's justices itinerant held an assize
of novel disseisin at Dunstable. Falkes was
found guilty of more than thirty (Roe.
WEND. iv. 94, and Chron. Maj. iii. 84; thirty-
five, Ann. Dunst. p. 90 ; sixteen, Royal Let-
ters, i. 225 ; and Rot. Claris, i. 619, 655 ; see
STTJBBS, Const. Hist. ii. 35) acts of wrongful
disseisin. He was adjudged to lie at the king's
mercy, and a fine of immense amount was laid
on him. In revenge he ordered his garrison
at Bedford Castle to sei/e the justices. The
justices heard of their danger and fled. One
Breautd
250
Breaut£
of them, however, Henry de Braybroc [q. v.]
was captured, ill-treated by the soldiers, and
imprisoned at Bedford. Falkes provisioned the
castle, which was commanded by his brother
William. He was excommunicated by the
archbishop, and retreated to Wales, taking
shelter in the earldom of Chester. The king
demanded the release of his judge. William
returned answer that he would not let him
go without the order of his lord Falkes, and
' for this above all, that he and the garrison
were not bound to the king by homage or
fealty ' (Roa. WEND. iv. 95). The answer
expressed the very essence of feudal anarchy,
and should be compared with the plea urged
by the barons in Stephen's reign on behalf of
the garrison of Exeter ( Gesta Stephani, 27 ;
see under BALDWIN OF REDVEKS). A large
force, including clergy as well as laymen,
gathered at the king's summon, and the siege
of Bedford was formed 20 June. The siege
was a matter of national importance, for the
land could have no rest so long as Falkes was
in a position to defy the law. The king swore
by the soul of his father (surely a strange
oath) that he would hang the garrison. For
the purposes of the siege the assembled mag-
nates granted a carucage of £ mark on their
demesnes, of 2s. on the lands of their tenants,
and two days' work at making military en-
gines. Still Falkes was not frightened, for
he reckoned that the castle could be held for
a year. The Earl of Chester, however, at last
joined the king's side. He was forced to leave
the earldom, and took refuge at Northampton.
The pope wrote earnestly on his behalf. The
garrison at Bedford made a desperate defence.
The castle was surrendered on 14 Aug., and
William de Breaute and some eighty of the
garrison were hanged. Soon after the surren-
der Falkes was taken in the church of Coven-
try. He was not held captive, for men feared
to violate the right of sanctuary. Seeing, how-
ever, that he had no other hope, he placed him-
self under the protection of the bishop (Alex-
ander Stavensby), and in his company went
to the king at Bedford. He threw himself at
Henry's feet and asked for mercy, reminding
him how well and at what cost he had served
him and his father in time of war. By the ad-
vice of his council the king pronounced all his
possessions forfeited, and committed him to
the keeping of the bishop of London until it
should be decided what should be done with
him. His fall was looked on as a judgment for
a special act of impiety, for in past days he had
destroyed the church of St. Paul at Bedford,
and used the materials for the construction
of the castle in which he now found himself
a prisoner. When the abbess of Elstow heard
how he destroyed St. Paul's church, and saw
that the offence remained unavenged, she
taunted the apostle by taking away the sword
from the hand of his image which stood in
her convent. After the fall of Falkes she
gave the apostle back his sword, for he had
at last shown that he knew how to use
it (Chron. Maj. iii. 87). When Falkes was
in prison, his wife Margaret came before the
king and the archbishop, and prayed for a di-
vorce, for she said that she had been taken in
time of war and married against her will. A
day was fixed for hearing her case, and the
king granted her all her own estates, on con-
dition that she paid 300 marks a year towards
extinguishing her husband's debts to the
crown, placing her and her lands under the
wardship of William of Warenne.
Falkes's case was laid before the great coun-
cil held at Westminster in March 1225. The
nobles decided that, forasmuch as he had faith-
fully served the king and his father for many
years, he should not suffer in life or limb, but
all agreed that he should be banished from
England for ever. Accordingly the king bade
William of Warenne see him safely out of the
land. Falkes was then absolved from his ex-
communication, and, wearing the cross which
he had assumed when he contemplated going
on the crusade, was put on board a vessel with
five of his attendants by the Earl of Warenne.
As he parted from the earl he bade him with
many tears carry his salutation to the king,
and tell him that, whatever troubles he had
wrought in his kingdom, he had acted through-
out at the prompting of the nobles of England.
On his landing in Normandy he was seized
and carried before the French king. Louis
was minded to hang him for all the ill he had
done the French in England, and Falkes
scarcely saved himself by swearing, as he had
sworn to the earl, that he had been simply
the tool of others. As, however, he wore the
cross, the king let him go. He went on to
Rome, bearing letters to the pope, whom he
hoped to prevail on to interfere on his behalf.
Meanwhile the legate Otho prayed the king
in the pope's name to give Falkes back his
wife and his lands, of mere charity to one that
had served him and his father so well. Henry
replied that he had been banished by the
judgment of his peers, and that for open trea-
son, of which he had been convicted by all
the clergy and people of England, and that,
king as he was, it behoved him to obey the
laws and good customs of the kingdom. At
Rome he had to spend much to forward his
cause. He obtained an interview with the
pope, who, it appears, made one more attempt
on his behalf. The legate, however, met with
the same answer as before. Meanwhile Falkes
was allowed by the king of France to stay
Breaute
251
Brechin
at Troyes. He went on his way again to-
wards Rome, and was hoping to be allowed
to return to England, for it may be that he
had not heard of the second repulse of the re-
quest made on his behalf, when he died sud-
denly at St. Cyriac in 1226. His death was put
down to poison, and Hubert de Burgh [q.v.]
was afterwards accused of having caused it.
When at the same time the justiciar was ac-
cused of haA'ing caused the loss of Poitou, his
counsel answered that the rebellion of Falkes
was the true cause of the loss of Rochelle.
Falkes was certainly a greedy, cruel, and
overbearing man. For greediness and cruelty,
however, he was surpassed by many men of
the same time — by John, for example, and, to
make a less hateful comparison, probably by
Richard also ; nor, to quote men more nearly
of his own rank, was he more greedy than Wil-
liam Brewer, or more cruel than the Earl of
Chester. That he was not wholly without
some religious feelings is shown by his repent-
ance and penances for the wrongs done to the
monks of Warden and St. Albans, and per-
haps also by his assumption of the cross. At
St. Albans, however, his love of mockery and
his habit of insolence broke through his pro-
bably sincere expression of penitence. This
insolence made a strong impression on the
men of his age ; it rendered the injuries he
inflicted on others doubly hard to bear. The
abbot of St. Albans, for example, complained
of the injury done to the crops of his house
by the overflow of water from a pool Falkes
had made at Luton. ' I wish,' he answered,
1 1 had waited until your grain had been gar-
nered, and then the water would have de-
stroyed it all.' His evil doings were charac-
teristic of the class of military adventurers
to which he belonged. In common with
others of that class he was brave, and indeed
his courage seems to have been of no ordinary
sort. The foremost part he played in the his-
tory of his time shows that he was not a mere
leader of men-at-arms. He was, however, no
match for the wary politicians with whom he
had to do, and his statement that he had
simply carried out the devices of others was
doubtless to some extent true. The Earl of
Chester, for example, seems to have used him
for a while, and then left him in his time of
need. His fall was a crushing blow to the
hopes of the malcontent party, and put an
end to the importance of the foreign faction.
Unlike most other adventurers, Falkes was
faithful to his masters. His revolt was not
against the king, but against orderly adminis-
trative government, which was hateful and
ruinous to him. He left one daughter, Eva,
married to Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of
North Wales.
[Eoger of Wendover (Eng. Hist. Soc.), iii, iv,
passim ; Matt. Paris, ChronicaMajora, passim, ed.
Luard, Eolls Ser. ; Annales de Theokesberia, Bur-
tonia, Waverleia, Dunstaplia, Oseneia, Wigornia,
in Annales Monastic!, passim, Eolls Ser. ; Eoyal
Letters Henry III, passim, Eolls Ser. ; Walter
of Coventry, ii. 253, 259-74, Eolls Ser. ; Gesta
Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, i. 267, 296, Eolls Ser. ;
Dugdale's Baronage; Stubbs's Constitutional His-
tory, ii. 7-36.] W. H.
BRECHIN, SIR DAVID (d. 1321), lord
of Brechin, a royal burgh in Angusshire, was
eldest son of Sir David of Brechin, one of the
barons of Scotland who attended Edward I
into France 1297 : his mother, whose Christian
name is not known, was one of the seven
sisters of King Robert Bruce, but his father
seems to have favoured the English side up to
the king's victory at Inverary in 1308, when
he retired to his castle of Brechin. Being be-
sieged, however, he made his peace and ranged
himself under the standard of his brother-in-
law. We do not know when and where the
younger Sir David was born, or what were
those feats of arms in the Holy Land said to
have won him the poetical title of ' The Flower
of Chivalry.' Like his father, he attached him-
self to the English, and in 1312 was made
warden of the town and castle of Dundee,
then in English hands. He received at this
time a pension out of the customs duties on
hides and wool at the port of Berwick-on-
Tweed, through Piers Gaveston, the king's
favourite. At the battle of Bannockburn
(1314) he was taken prisoner, but afterwards
came into great favour with King Robert.
It is said, however, that he still received pay
from Edward, and held special letters of pro-
tection from him. Brechin was one of the
nobles who signed the letter of 6 April 1320,
soliciting the pope's interference. De Brechin
was implicated in Lord Soulis's conspiracy
against King Robert. The plans were re-
vealed to him on an oath of secrecy. He
refused co-operation, but kept silence. The
plot was divulged, and Bruce instantly ar-
rested Soulis, Brechin, and others, and called
a parliament at Perth (August 1320) to try
them. Brechin and others were executed.
The records of the trial are lost, but Tytler,
without giving references, says there is evi-
dence in the archives of the Tower of Brechin's
complicity in the treason. Other writers
doubt his guilt. The old Scottish poets com-
memorate him in their historical poems as
' the gud Schir David the Brechyn,' and his
death left a stain on his uncle's character.
He is called ' the flower of chivalrie,' t the
prime young man of his age for all arts of both
peace and war.' All speak of his connection
with the crusades, but if there is truth in
Bree
252
Breeks
this part of his little-known history, he could
not have been a young man at the time of
his execution.
His lands of Brechin, Rothernay, Kinloch,
and Knoegy were given by the king to David
of Barclay, who, in 1315, had married his
sister Margaret, and from whom the present
possessors, the earls of Panmure, are de-
scended.
[Tytler's Scotland, i. 170 ; Wright's Scotland,
i. 112; Buchanan, i. 46; Boece in Holinshed,
223 ; Fordun's Chron. i. 348, ii. 341 ; Barbour,
' the Brus,' b. xix ; Scott's Minstrelsy, iii. 254 ;
Dalrymple's Annals, ii. 96; Gibbon, c. lix. ;
Rymer's Feed. iii. 311 ; Rot. Scot. temp. Edw. II ;
Mills' Crusades, ii. 276 ; Anderson's Dipl. Scot.
pi. 51 ; Douglas's Peer. Scot. i. 243.]
J.W.-G.
BREE, ROBERT, M.D. (1759-1839),
physician, was born at Solihull, Warwick-
shire, in 1759. He was educated at Co-
ventry and at University College, Oxford,
where he matriculated on 6 April 1775, and
took his B.A. degree on 10 Nov. 1778, and,
having studied medicine at Edinburgh, pro-
ceeded M.A. on 10 July 1781. He was ad-
mitted, 31 July 1781, an extra-licentiate of
the College of Physicians ; took his bachelor's
degree in medicine on 4 July 1782, and that
of M.D. on 12 July 1791. He had first settled
at Northampton, and was appointed physician
to the general infirmary in that town, which
after a short stay he left for Leicester, to the
infirmary of which he became physician. An
obstinate attack of asthma caused in 1793 a
temporary retirement from his profession. In
1794 he accepted the command of a company
in a regiment of militia, and in 1796 settled
at Birmingham, where he was appointed in
March 1801 physician to the General Hospital.
Bree published 'A Practical Inquiry into
Disordered Respiration, distinguishing the
Species of Convulsive Asthma, their Causes,
and Indications of Cure,' 8vo, London, 1797.
It reached a fifth edition in 1815, and was
translated into several languages. ' In this
work,' says Dr. Munk, the author ( embodied
the numerous experiments in his own case,
gave a more full and complete view of asthma
and dyspnosa than had hitherto appeared, and
laid down some important therapeutic rules,
the practical value of which has been univer-
sally acknowledged.' Bree was consulted
for asthma by the Duke of Sussex, by whose
advice Bree removed in 1804 to Hanover
Square, London. He was admitted a candi-
date of the Royal College of Physicians on
31 March 1806, and a fellow on 23 March of
the following year. He was censor in the
years 1810, 1819, and 1830, and on 2 July in
he last-mentioned year was named an elect.
In 1827 Bree was chosen Harveian lecturer,
and published the lecture course he delivered.
Bree withdrew from practice in 1833, and,
fter suffering from renewed asthma, died in
Park Square West, Regent's Park, on 6 Oct.
L839. He contributed two papers ' On the
Use of Digitalis in Consumption' to the
Medical and Physical Journal,' 1799. He
was also the author of a paper ' On Painful
Affections of the Side from Tumid Spleen,'
read 1 Jan. 1811 before the Medical and Chi-
rurgical Society, of which Bree, who had some
:ars before been elected a fellow of the Royal
Society, became a member of council and a
vice-president in March following ; and of a
second paper on the same subject, read 26 May
1812, ' A Case of Splenitis, with further Re-
marks on that Disease.' These papers were
afterwards published in the first and second
volumes of the i Medico-Chirurgical Transac-
tions.' Bree was further the author of a small
tract on 'Cholera Asphyxia,' 8vo, London,
1832.
[Introduction to the various editions of Bree's
Practical Inquiry into Disordered Respiration ;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824 ; Gent. Mag. November
1839 ; Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ;
Munk's College of Physicians, 1878.] A. H. G.
BREEKS, JAMES WILKINSON (1830-
1872), Indian civil servant and author of
1 An Account of the Primitive Tribes and
Monuments in the Nilagiris,' was born at
Warcop, Westmoreland, on 5 March 1830,
and entered the Madras civil service in 1849.
After filling various subordinate offices in
the revenue and financial departments, he
was appointed private secretary to Sir Wil-
liam Denison, governor of Madras, in 1861,
holding that appointment until the latter
part of 1864, when, owing to ill-health, he
left India and joined a mercantile firm in
London, with the intention of retiring from
the public service ; but this arrangement not
proving satisfactory, he returned to Madras
in the autumn of 1867, and was shortly after-
wards appointed to the newly constituted
office of commissioner of the Nilagiris, the
principal sanatorium of the south of India.
While thus employed, Breeks, in common
with other heads of districts in the Madras
presidency, was, in 1871, called upon by the
government, at the instance of the trustees
of the Indian Museum at Calcutta, to make
a collection of arms, ornaments, dresses,
household utensils, tools, agricultural imple-
ments, &c., which would serve to illustrate
the habits and modes of life of the aboriginal
tribes in the district, as well as a collection
of objects found in ancient cairns and monu-
ments.
Breen
253
Bregwin
The discharge of this duty, which he per-
formed in a very thorough and satisfactory
manner, cost him his life ; for having occa-
sion, towards the close of his investigation,
to visit a feverish locality in a low part of
the mountain range, he there laid the seeds
of an illness which a few months later caused
his death. In the meantime he had made a
complete collection of the utensils, arms, &c.,
in use among the four aboriginal tribes of
the Nilagiris, the Todas, Kotas, Kurumbas,
and Irulas, and of the contents of many
cairns and cromlechs, and had written the
greater part of the rough draft of a report,
which, completed and edited by his widow,
who had been closely associated with him
in his inquiries, was published in London by
order of the secretary of state.
This report contains a very full account
of each of the four tribes above mentioned, il-
lustrated by drawings and photographs, and
supplemented by a brief notice of some similar
remains in other parts of India. Photographs
of the men and women of the several tribes,
of their villages, houses, temples, &c., are also
given ; as well as a vocabulary of the tribes,
and descriptive catalogues of the ornaments,
implements, £c., now in use. The book is a
valuable record of intelligent and accurate
research.
The Breeks Memorial School at Ootaca-
mund, for the children of poor Europeans and
Eurasians, was erected by public subscription
shortly after his death as a memorial of his
services to the Nilagiri community.
Breeks married in 1863 Susan Maria, the
eldest surviving daughter of Colonel Sir Wil-
liam Thomas Denison, R.E., K.C.B., at that
time governor of Madras. He left three sons
and one daughter.
[Madras Civil List ; South of India Observer
newspaper, 13 and 20 June 1872 ; Breeks's Ac-
count of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of
the Nilagiris ; personal recollections.]
A. J. A.
BREEN, JAMES (1826-1866), astrono-
mer, was the second son of Hugh Breen,
senior, who superintended the lunar reduc-
tions at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
He was born at Armagh, in Ireland, 5 July
1826, was engaged at the age of sixteen as a
calculator at Greenwich, and exchanged the
post for that of assistant in the Cambridge
Observatory in August 1846. In 1854 he
published 'The Planetary Worlds: the Topo-
graphy and Telescopic Appearance of the
Sun, Planets, Moon, and Comets,' a useful
little we k suggested by discussions on the
pluralit^ of worlds, showing considerable ac-
quaintance with the history of the subject,
as well as the practical familiarity conferred
by the use of one of the finest refractors then
in existence. After twelve years' zealous co-
operation with Challis, he resigned his ap-
pointment towards the close of 1858, and cul-
tivated literature in Paris until 1860, when he
went to Spain, and observed the total eclipse
of the sun (18 July) at Camuesa, with Messrs.
Wray and Buckingham of the Himalaya ex-
pedition. In the following year, after some
months in Switzerland, he settled in London,
and devoted himself to literary and lin-
guistic studies, reading much at the British
Museum, and contributing regularly, but for
the most part anonymously, to the ' Popular
Science Review ' and other periodicals. He
had made arrangements for the publication
of a work on stars, nebulae, and clusters, of
which two sheets were already printed, when
his strength finally gave way before the
ravages of slow consumption. He died at
noon, 25 Aug. 1866, aged 40, and was buried
with his father at Nunhead. He had been
elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 10 June 1862. Extracts from his
observations at Cambridge 1851-8 appeared
in the ' Astronomische Nachrichten ' and
' Monthly Notices.' He calculated the orbits
of the double star £ Ursee Majoris, assigning
a period of 63-14 years ; of Petersen's third
(1850), and Brorsen's (1851, iii.) comets
(Monthly Notices, x. 155, xxii. 158; Astr.
Nach. No. 786). His observations of Donati's
comet with the Northumberland equatorial
were printed in the ' Memoirs of the R. A.
Soc.' xxx. 68.
[Monthly Notices, xxvii. 104 ; R. Soc. Cat. Sc.
Papers, i. 594.] A. M. C.
BREGWIN or BREGOWINE (d. 765),
archbishop of Canterbury, the son of noble
parents dwelling in the old Saxon land, came
to England for the sake of the learning spread
abroad here by Theodore and Hadrian. In
this learning he is said to have excelled. He
was elected archbishop in the presence of a
large and rejoicing crowd, and was consecrated
on or about St. Michael's day 759 (FLOE. WIG-.
i. 57, ed. Thorpe ; Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; Eccl.
Documents, iii. 397). In the account of the
synod held at Clovesho in 798 there is a notice
of a synod held by Bregwin, in which com-
plaint was made of the unjust detention of
an estate granted to Christ Church by ^Ethel-
bald of Mercia (Eccl. Documents, iii. 399, 512).
A letter is extant addressed by Bregwin to
Lullus, archbishop of Mentz, informing him
of the death of the Abbess Bugge, or Eadburh
(Epp. Bonif. ed. Jaffe, No. 113). From this
letter it appears that Bregwin made the ac-
quaintance of Lullus during a visit to Rome,
Brekell
254
Brekell
where lie had much friendly converse with [
him. The duration of Bregwin's archiepi-
scopate is variously stated ; by the ' Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle ' as four, by Eadmer as |
three, and by Osbern as seven 'years. As he •
signs charters in 764 {Codex Dipl. civ., |
cxi.), the date of his death given by Osbern
(25 Aug. 765) may be accepted as cor-
rect. The place of his burial was a matter of i
interest. His predecessor, Cuthberht, caused j
the custom of making St. Augustine's the ;
burying-place of the archbishops to be bro- j
ken through, and was laid in his cathedral \
church. This greatly angered the monks of I
St. Augustine's ; for the miracles and offer- !
ings at the tombs of archbishops brought
them both honour and profit. In order to
secure the new privilege of their church, the
clergy of Christ Church observed the same
secrecy on the death of Bregwin as they had
done in the case, and by the order, of Cuth-
berht. They concealed the illness of the
archbishop, and on his death buried him before
they rang the bell for him. When Jaenberht,
abbot of St. Augustine's, heard of the death,
he came down with a band of armed men to
claim the body, but found that he was too
late (THORN, 1772-4). An attempt was
made in aftertimes to deprive Christ Church
of Bregwin's body. After the marriage of
Henry I and Adeliza of Louvain a monk
named Lambert came from the queen's old
home to see her, and was lodged at Canter-
bury. He begged the body of Bregwin of
Archbishop Ralph, who promised to allow him
to have it to carry back with him. Finding
that the archbishop repented of his weakness,
Lambert set out for Woodstock to lay his
case before the queen. On his way he died
at London. This attempt to despoil the
church of Canterbury was naturally followed
by a vision, in which the departed archbishop
expressed his indignation.
[Osbern De Vita Bregwini, Eadmer De Vita
Bregwini, Anglia Sacra, ii. ; Florence 'of Wor-
cester; Acta SS. Bolland. Aug. v. 827; Epp.
Bonif., ed. Jaife ; Haddan and Stubbs's Eccles.
Documents, iii. 397-99 ; Kemble's Codex Dipl.
i. 129-35, 137, HO ; Chron. W. Thorn, ed. Twys-
den, 1772-4 ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of
Canterbury, i. 234.1 W. H.
BREKELL, JOHN (1697-1769), pres-
byterian minister, born at North Meols,
Lancashire, in 1697, was educated for the
ministry at Nottingham. His first known
settlement was at Stamford, apparently as
assistant, but he did not stay long. He
went to assist Christopher Bassnett [q. v.] at
Kaye Street, Liverpool, 1729 (so Dr. EVANS'S
manuscript; HENRY WINDER, D.D., in his
manuscript funeral sermon (2 Tim. iv. 7, 8)
for Brekell, preached on 7 Jan. 1770, says he
was minister in Liverpool ' for upwards of
forty years ;' a manuscript letter of WINDER'S,
2 June 1730, mentions Brekell as a Liverpool
minister). Toulmin prints a letter (dated
Liverpool, 3 Dec. 1730) from Brekell to Rev.
Thomas Pickard of Birmingham, showing
that Brekell had been asked to Birmingham,
but had ( handsome encouragement to con-
tinue ' where he was. The date, April 1732,
given by Dr. Martineau, maybe that of Bre-
kell's admission to the status of a colleague
after ordination. On Bassnett's death on
22 July 1744 Brekell became sole pastor. His
ministry covers the period between the rise of
the evangelical liberalism of Doddridge (his
correspondent, and the patron of his first pub-
lication), and the avowal of Socinianism by
Priestley, to whose ' Theological Repository '
he contributed in the last year of his life.
Brekell, though his later treatment of the
atonement shows Socinian influence, stood
firm on the person of Christ. In his sermons
he makes considerable use of his classic litera-
ture. Lardner quotes him (Hist, of 'Heretics,
bk. i.) as a critic of the ante-Nicene writers.
His first publication was ' The Christian War-
fare ... a Discourse on making our Calling
and Election sure; with an Appendix con-
cerning the Persons proper to be admitted to
the Lord's Supper,' 1742, 8vo. Following the
example of his predecessor, he preached and
published a sermon to sailors, * Euroclydon,
or the Dangers of the Sea considered and
improved,' &c. (Acts xxvii.), 1744, 12mo.
Then came * Liberty and Loyalty,' 1746, 8vo
(a Hanoverian pamphlet). More important
is ' The Divine Oracles, or the Sufficiency
of the Holy Scriptures,' &c., 1749, 8vo, in
reply to a work by Thomas Deacon, M.D.,
of Manchester, a nonjuring bishop of the ir-
regular line. At this date (see pp. 72, 74)
Brekell sides with Athanasius against the
Arians. He published also on ' Holy Orders,'
1752, and two tracts in vindication of ' Pae-
dobaptism,' 1753 and 1755. BrekelTs name
appears among the subscribers to a work by
Whitfield, a Liverpool printer and sugar re-
finer, who had left the presbyterians, entitled
'A Dissertation on Hebrew Vowel-points.'
After Whitfield's lapse, Brekell wrote ' An
Essay on theHebrewTongue, being an attempt
to shew that the Hebrew Bible might be ori-
ginally read by Vowel Letters without the
Vowel Points,' 1758, 8vo, 2 pts., in which he
is generally admitted to have had the best of
the argument. Brekell wrote tracts on ' Bap-
tizing sick and dying Infants,' Glasgow, 1760,
and on t Regeneration,' 1761. Soon arose a
burning question among Liverpool presby-
Brembre
255
Brembre
terians in reference to a form of prayer. At
length a section of the Liverpool laity, holding
what they termed ' free ' views in theology,
built a chapel in Temple Court, printed a
'Form of Prayer and a new Collection of
Psalms/ 1763, and secured a minister from
London. The leading spirit in this movement
was Thomas Bentley (1731-1780) [q. v.],
"Wedgwood's partner. His manuscript cor-
respondence deals pretty freely with Brekell,
whom he treats as representing ' the presby-
terian hierarchy.' Brekell did all he could by
pamphlets in 1762 to show the inexpediency
of forms of prayer. The new chapel ' was
sold to a Liverpool clergyman on 25 Feb.
1776.' Meantime Brekell was publishing a
dissertation on ' Circumcision,' 1763, a volume
of sermons, ' The Grounds and Principles of
the Christian Revelation/ 1765, 8vo, and 'A
Discourse on Music/ 1766. He died on
28 Dec. 1769. He married, on 11 Nov. 1736,
Elizabeth , and had five children.
Toulmin gives the titles of sixteen of his
publications. To complete it should be
added : ' All at Stake : or an Earnest Per-
suasive to a Vigorous Self-defence, &c. By
J. B., author of the Christian Warfare, &c./
Liverpool, 1745, 16mo (a sermon ( Luke xxii.
36) dedicated 'more especially to the Gentle-
men Volunteers of Liverpool, and the Regi-
ment of Blues raised at their own expence
by that Loyal Town and Corporation.' At
the end is a warlike * Hymn suitable to the
Occasion of the general Fast to be observed
with a view to the present War, both Foreign
and Domestic') ; also a 'Sermon (Phil. i. 11)
on the Liverpool Infirmary/ 1769, 8vo (his
last publication). The signature to his papers
in the 'Theol. Repos./ vol. i. 1769, and vol. ii.
1771, is ' Verus.'
[Thorn's Liverpool Churches and Chapels,
1854, pp. 2, 7, 69, 71 ; Carpenter's Presby-
terianism in Nottingham (1861?), p. 126 seq. ;
Jones's Hist. Presb. Chapels and Charities,
1867, pp. 664, 669 ; Toulmin's Mem. of Eev. S.
Bourn, 1808, pp. 177, 182; Lathbury's Hist, of
the Nonjurors, 1845, p. 390; Halley's Lanca-
shire, its Puritanism and Nonconformity, 1869,
ii. 324, 410; Eutt's Memo, and Corresp. of
Priestley, 183 1 , i. 60; Armstrong's Ordination Ser-
vice for James Martineau, 1829, p. 83 ; Monthly
Repository, 1822, p. 21, 1831, p. 789; Winder's
Manuscripts, Manuscripts relating to Octagon
Chapel, and Family Register in Brekell's Bible,
all in Renshaw Street Chapel Library, Liver-
pool.] A. G.
BREMBRE, SIB NICHOLAS (d. 1388),
lord mayor of London, was the chief sup-
porter among the citizens of Richard II. The
' worthie and puissant man of the city ' of
Grafton (who wrongly terms him a draper),
and ' the stout mayor ' of Pennant, he was
a son of Sir John Brembre (HASTED, ii. 258),
and, becoming a citizen and grocer of London,
purchased in 1372-3 (46 Ed. Ill) from the
Malmains family the estates of Mereworth,
Maplescomb, and West Peckham, in Kent,
(ibid. i. 290, ii. 258, 264). He first appears as
an alderman in 1376 (Letter-book H, f. xliv),
sitting for Bread Street Ward, in which he
resided (HEKBERT, i. 328). The citizens were
at this time divided into two factions, the
party under John of Northampton supporting
John of Gaunt and Wycliffe, while that
headed by Walworth and Philipot supported
the opposition and Courtenay. On the fall
of John of Gaunt and his partisans at the
close of Edward Ill's reign (1377), Staple,
the then lord mayor, was deposed and re-
placed by Brembre, who belonged to the op-
posite party. He took his oath at the Tower
29 March 1377 (STOW, Annals), and was also
re-elected for the succeeding year (1377-8).
His ' Proclamacio .... ex parte ....
Regis Ricardi ' in this mayoralty (as shown
by the sheriffs' names) is given in the ' Cot-
tonian MSS.' (Nero, D. vi. fos. 1776-9). In
the parliament of Gloucester (1378) Thomas
of Woodstock, the king's uncle, demanded
his impeachment as mayor for an outrage
by a citizen on one of his followers, but the
matter was compromised (RiLEY.). He now
became for several years (at least from 1379
to 1386) one of the two collectors of customs
for the port of London, with Geoffrey Chaucer
for his comptroller, his accounts being still
preserved (Q. R. Customs Bundle, 247). The
party to which Brembre belonged had its
strength among the greater companies, espe-
cially the grocers, then dominant, and the
fishmongers, whose monopoly it upheld
against the clamours of the populace (ibid.)
It was oligarchical in its aims, striving to
deprive the lesser companies of any voice
in the city (NOKTON), and was consequently
favourable to Richard's policy. At the
crisis of the rising of the commons (15 Jan.
1381) Brembre, with his allies Walworth
and Philipot, accompanied the king to Smith-
field, and was knighted with them for his
services on that occasion (Letter-book H,
f. cxxxii ; FKOISSART, cap. 108). He is men-
tioned as the king's financial agent on 21 Dec.
1381 (Issues of Exchequer), and as one of the
leading merchants summoned ' a treter and
communer' with parliament on supplies,
10 May 1382 (Rot. Parl. iii. 123). His
foremost opponent, John of Northampton
(T. WALS. ii. Ill), held the mayoralty for
two years (1381-3) in succession to Wal-
worth, but at the election of 1383 Brembre,
who had been returned to parliament for the
Brembre
256
Bremer
city at the beginning of this year (Jfotum, i.
215), and who was one of the sixteen alder-
men then belonging to the great Grocers'
Company (HERBERT, i. 207), 'ove forte main
. . . et gnt multitude des gentz . . . feust
fait maire ' (Hot. Parl iii. 226). Dr. Stubbs
calls attention to this forcible election as pos-
sessing ' the importance of a constitutional
episode' (Const. Hist. iii. 575), but wrongly
assigns it to 1386 (ibid.) On the outbreak of
John of Northampton's riot in February 1384,
Brembre arrested and beheaded a ringleader,
John Constantyn, cordwainer (T. WALS. ii.
110-1). Our main knowledge of Brembre's
conduct is derived from a bundle of petitions
Presented to parliament in October-November
386 by ten companies of the rival faction,
of which two (those of the mercers and cord-
wainers) are printed in ' Rot. Parl.' iii. 225-7.
In these he is accused of tyrannous conduct
during his mayoralty of 1383-4, especially
of beheading the cordwainer for the riot in
Cheapside, and of securing his re-election in
1384 by increased violence. Forbidding his
opponents to take part in the election, he
filled the Guildhall with armed men, who,
at their approach, 'sailleront sur eux ove
gunt noise, criantz tuwez, tuwez, lour pur-
suivantz hydousement.' In 1386 he secured
the election of his accomplice, Nicholas Ex-
ton, who was thus mayor at the time of the
petition, so that the mayoralty was still,
it urged, 'tenuz par conquest et maistrie.'
While mayor (1384), Brembre had effected
the ruin of his rival, John of Northampton
(who had appealed in vain to John of Gaunt),
by his favourite device of a charge of treason
(T. WALS. ii. 116) ; and though Gloucester
(' Thomas of Woodstock ') and the opposition
accused him of plotting (T. WALS. ii. 150) in
favour of Suffolk (the chancellor), who was
impeached in the parliament of 1386, and of
compassing their death, he not only escaped for
the time, but at the close of the year (1386) was,
with Burley and others of the party of resist-
ance, summoned by Richard into his council.
Through the year 1387 he supported Richard
in London in his struggle for absolute power,
but was again accused by Gloucester and the
opposition of inciting the mayor and citizens
against them, when the former (Exton) shrank
from such a plot (T. WALS. ii. 165 ; Rot . Parl.
iii. 234). He was therefore among the five
councillors charged with treason by the lords
appellant on 14 Nov. 1387, and, on the citi-
zens refusing to rise for him, fled, but was
captured (in Wales, says FROISSART) and
imprisoned at Gloucester (writ of 4 Jan. 1388
in RYMER'S Feeder a), whence on 28 Jan. 1388
he was removed to the Tower (Issue Rolls,
11 Rich. II). The f merciless ' parliament
met on 3 Feb., and the five councillors
were formally impeached by Gloucester and
the lords appellant (Rot. Parl. iii. 229-36).
Brembre, who was styled ' faulx Chivaler de
Londres,' and who was hated by York and
Gloucester (FROISSART), was specially charged
with taking twenty-two prisoners out of New-
gate and beheading them without trial at the
' Foul Oke ' in Kent (Rot. Parl. p. 231). On
17 Feb. he was brought from the Tower to
Westminster and put on his trial. He claimed
trial by battle as a knight, but it was refused,
and being again brought up on the 20th, he re-
ceived sentence, and was ordered to be taken
back to the Tower, whence the marshal
should <lui treyner parmye la dite cite de
Loundres, et avant tan q'as ditz Fourches
[Tyburn], et illeoqs lui pendre par le cool'
(ib. iii. 237-8). This sentence was carried
into effect, though he had < many interces-
sors' among the citizens (T.WALS. ii. 173-4),
but was reversed by Richard in his last
struggle, 25 March 1399 (Glaus. 22 Rich. II,
p. 2, m. 6, dors.) Stow (Annals) wrongly
believed that he was beheaded (< with the
same axe he had prepared for other'). He
was buried in the choir of the Grey Friars,
afterwards Christ Church (STRYPE, iii. 133,
where the date is wrongly given). Froissart
(cap. 108) says that he was bewailed by the
citizens, but this must have applied to his
partisans. Walsingham (ii. 173-4) narrates
the absurd charges brought against him at
his fall.
[Rolls of Parliament, vol. iii. ; Ry mer's Foedera ;
Thomas of Walsingham's Historia Anglicana
(Rolls Series) ; Stow's Annals ; Strype's Stow's
Survey ; Cottonian MSS. ; Documents (ut supra)
in Public Record Office ; Riley's Memorials of
London ; Norton's Commentaries on the History
of London ; Devon's Rolls of the Exchequer ;
Froissart's Chronicles; Stubbs's Constitutional
History; Herbert's Twelve Great Companies;
Heath's Grocers' Company ; Hasted's History of
Kent; Return of Members of Parliament.]
J. H. R.
BREMER, SIR JAMES JOHN GOR-
DON (1786-1850), rear-admiral, the son
and grandson of naval officers, was entered
as a first-class volunteer on board the Sand-
wich guardship at the Nore in 1794. This
was only for a few months ; in October
1797 he was appointed to the Royal Naval
College at Portsmouth, and was not again
embarked till 1802, when he was appointed
to the Endymion as a midshipman under
Captain Philip Durham. For the next
fourteen years he was actively and con-
tinuously serving in different parts of the
world. He was made lieutenant on 3 Aug.
1805, commander on 13 Oct. 1807, and
Bremner
257
Bremner
captain on 7 June 1814, but had no oppor-
tunities of achieving any special distinction.
On 4 June 1815 he was nominated a C.B. ;
and on 24 Oct. 1816, whilst in command of
the Comus frigate, he was wrecked on the
coast of Newfoundland. In February 1824
he was sent, in command of the Tamar, to
establish a colony on Melville Island, Aus-
tralia ; after which he went to India and took
part in the first Burmese war. On 25 Jan.
1836 he was made a K.C.H., and in the fol-
lowing year was appointed to the Alligator,
and again went out to Australia, where, the
colonising of Melville Island having failed,
he formed a settlement at Port Essington.
Thence he again went to India, where, by the
death of Sir Frederick Maitland, in Decem-
ber 1839, he was left senior officer for a few
months, till superseded by Rear-admiral El-
liot in July ; and again in the following No-
vember, when Admiral Elliot invalided, till
the arrival of Sir William Parker in August
1841. Sir Gordon Bremer had thus the naval
command of the expedition to China during
a great part of the years 1840-1, for which
services he received the thanks of parlia-
ment, and was made K.C.B. on 29 July 1841.
In April 1846 he was appointed second in
command of the Channel squadron, with his
broad pennant in the Queen ; and in the
following November to be commodore-su-
perintendent of Woolwich dockyard, which
post he held for the next two years. He
attained his flag on 15 Sept. 1849, but died
a few months later, on 14 Feb. 1850.
He married, in 1811, Harriet, daughter
of Thomas Wheeler, and widow of the Rev.
George Henry Glasse, and left a family of
two sons and four daughters, the eldest of
whom married Captain (afterwards Admi-
ral) Sir Leopold Kuper.
[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet.; Gent. Mag.
(1850), N.S. xxxiii. 534.] J. K. L.
BREMNER, JAMES (1784-1856), engi-
neer and ship-raiser, was born at Keiss, parish
of Wick, county of Caithness, on 25 Sept.
1784, being the son of a soldier. He received
such education at Keiss as his mother's
means could afford until 1798, when he was
apprenticed to Robert Steele & Sons, ship-
builders of Greenock, whose establishment
afforded every opportunity for both theo-
retical and practical instruction. He re-
mained at Messrs. Steele's for about six years
and a half. At the age of twenty-five, after
having made two voyages to North America,
he settled at Pulteney Town in his native
parish, where he eventually occupied the
shipbuilding yard for nearly half a century.
During that time he built fifty-six vessels,
VOL. VI.
from a ship of 510 tons to a small sloop of
45 tons. He was also engaged in designing
and constructing harbours and piers on the
northern coast of Scotland. His works of
this kind included the reconstruction of the
old harbour of Pulteney Town, the construc-
tion of Keiss harbour (1818), the recon-
struction of Sarclet harbour near the bay of
Wick (1835-6), the construction of Lossie-
mouth harbour, and the harbour of Pitullie,
near Fraserburgh, besides surveying and pre-
paring working plans for many other ports
in Scotland.
Bremner evinced great ingenuity in the
raising and recovering of wrecked vessels -t
and in the wide circuit between Aberdeen-
shire and the isle of Skye, comprehending
the islands of Orkney, Shetland, and Lewis,
and the critical navigation of the Pentland
Firth, he raised no less than 236 vessels.
With one of his sons he was employed in
assisting to take the Great Britain off the
strand at Dundrum Bay in August and Sep-
tember 1847. Bremner was elected a corre-
sponding member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers on 12 Feb. 1833, and received a
Telford medal in 1844 for his papers on
1 Pulteney Town Harbour,' < Sarclet Harbour/'
1 A New Piling Engine,' and ' An Apparatus
for Floating Large Stones for Harbour Works/
For the last twelve years of his life he acted
as agent at Wick for the Aberdeen, Leith, and
Clyde Shipping Company. He died suddenly
at Harbour Place, Pulteney Town, on 20 Aug.
1856. Bremner was the author of a tract,
entitled ' Treatise on the Planning and Con-
structing of Harbours in Deep Water, on
Submarine Pile Driving, the Preservation of
Ships Stranded and Raising of those Sunk
at Sea, on Principles of lately patented In-
ventions,' 1845, 8vo.
Of his numerous family the sons were all
brought up as engineers ; one of them, DAVID
BKEMNEK, engineer for the Clyde trustees,
died in 1852.
[Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil
Engineers (1857), xri. 113-20.] G. C. B.
BREMNER, ROBERT (d. 1789), music
publisher, was born in Scotland in the early
part of the eighteenth century. He began life
as a teacher of singing, but about 1748 set up
in business in Edinburgh as a music printer
and publisher, at the sign of the Harp and
Hautboy, in High Street. Here he published,
in 1756, a work entitled ' The Rudiments of
Music ; or, a Short and Easy Treatise on that
Subject. To which is added, A Collection of
the best Church tunes, Canons, and Anthems.'
This book, which is characterised by its sen-
sible directions for church singing at a time
Brenan
258
Brenan
when ecclesiastical music was in a very corrupt
state, was reissued in a second edition, pub-
lished in 1763 at London, whither Bremner
had in the meantime removed. His shop in
London was at the sign of the Harp and
Hautboy, opposite Somerset House in the
Strand. Here he continued his publishing
business with great success, besides bringing
out several collections of t Scots Songs,' the
words of which were by Allan Ramsay, an
instruction book for the guitar. ' Thoughts
on the Performance of Concert Music,' l The
Harpsichord or Spinnet Miscellany. Being
a Gradation of Proper Lessons from the Be-
ginner to the tollerable (sic) Performer.
Chiefly intended to save Masters the trouble
of writing for their Pupils,' and ' Select Con-
cert Pieces fitted for the Harpsichord or
Pianoforte, with an Accompaniment for the
Violin.' The last publication, of which
several numbers appeared, contains a valu-
able collection of classical music. In the pre-
face to it, Bremner mentions his having
bought the celebrated manuscript wrongly
known as l Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book '
at the sale of Dr. Pepusch's library. For this
he gave ten guineas : the manuscript passed
from his hands into those of Earl Fitzwilliam,
and is now preserved in the Fitzwilliam Li-
brary at Cambridge. In the latter part of
his life Bremner lived at Kensington Gore,
where he died 12 May 1789.
[Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 273 b, iv. 307 b •
Gent. Mag. 1789, i. 471 ; Bremner's works men-
tioned above.] W. B. S.
BRENAN, — (jl 1756), is the author
of the ' Painter's Breakfast ; ' a dramatic
satire, Dublin, 1756, 12mo. He is also cre-
dited with the production of a comedy, en-
titled 'The Lawsuit,' which Burke is said
to have intended to publish by subscription,
but which never saw the light. Of his life
nothing whatever, is known, except that he
was a painter in Dublin. The * Painter's
Breakfast ' is a clever work. Pallat, a painter,
asks to breakfast some known patrons of art.
He then, with the aid of Dactyl, a poet, and
Friendly, a comedian, sells by auction as ori-
ginal works some copies of paintings executed
by his acquaintance. The proceeds of the
sale, after the deduction of the cost of the
breakfast and the true value of the paintings,
are to be devoted to a fund for the relief of
lunatics. The intention is of course to ridi-
cule would-be connoisseurs of art,who neglect
modern work, and will hear only of the an-
tique. The characters of Sir Bubble Buyall,
Formal (a connoisseur), Lady Squeeze, Bow
and Scrape (two hookers-in), and others are
well drawn, and the piece has some humour.
[Biographia Dramatica ; The Painter's Break-
I fast.] J. K
BRENAN, JOHN (1768 P-1830), phy-
sician, born at Ballaghide, Carlow, Ireland,
about 1768, was the youngest of six children.
His father, a Roman catholic, possessed some
property. Brenan's earliest literary produc-
tions appear to have been epigrams and short
poems, which he contributed to Dublin peri-
odicals in 1793. He graduated as doctor of
medicine in Glasgow, and established himself
in that profession in Dublin about 1801. For
some time he was a contributor of verses in
i the ' Irish Magazine,' commenced in Dublin
in 1807 by Walter Cox. Cox was tried in
Dublin in 1812 for publishing a production
in favour of a repeal of the union between
Great Britain and Ireland, and condemned to
stand in the pillory and to be imprisoned for
twelve months. While Cox was in gaol under
this sentence, Brenan quarrelled with him,
went over to the opposite party, and started
the 'Milesian Magazine, or Irish Monthly
Gleaner.' The first number appeared in April
1812, and in it and subsequent issues he as-
sailed Cox with great acerbity. Brenan was
ardently devoted to gymnastics, an expert
wrestler, and occasionally showed symptoms
of mental disorder. About 1812 puerperal
fever and internal inflammation prevailed to
a vast extent in Dublin. Brenan discovered
a valuable remedy in preparations of turpen-
tine, with which he successfully treated many
cases. The greater part of the medical prac-
tice in Dublin at that time was in the hands
of the College of Physicians. An old bylaw
of the college forbidding members to hold con-
sultations with non-members was, according
to Brenan, put in operation to curtail his prac-
tice. Brenan stated that the Dublin physicians
declined to use his remedy from personal jea-
lousy. It was, however, adopted by practi-
tioners with success in the country parts of
Ireland, as well as in England and Scotland.
In 1813 Brenan published at Dublin a pam-
phlet entitled ' Essay on Child-bed Fever, with
remarks on it, as it appeared in the Lying-in
Hospital of Dublin, in January 1813, &c.'
In this publication he attacked the College
of Physicians. He followed up the attack
by a series of articles, both in verse and prose,
in the ' Milesian Magazine,' in which he sati-
rised the prominent members of that college.
Brenan also attacked persons agitating for ca-
tholic emancipation. A government pension
was alleged to have been given for these pro-
ductions. Many of Brenan's satires were in
the form of adaptations in verse of passages
from the Latin classics, which he applied with
much poignancy. Among these was an ela-
Brendan
259
Brendan
berate piece on Daniel O'Connell, then in the
early stages of his career. The l Milesian Ma-
gazine ' was published at long intervals. The
last number, which appears to have been that
printed in 1825, contained a letter which
Brenan addressed to the Marquis of Wellesley,
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, advocating an in-
quiry into the administration of the Lying-in
Hospital at Dublin, and stating the circum-
stances of his discovery in connection with
turpentine. Brenan's death took place at
Dublin in July 1830.
[Anthologia Hibernica, 1793-4; Masonic Ma-
gazine, 1793-4; Cox's Irish Magazine, 1812;
Reflections upon Oil of Turpentine, and upon the
present Condition of the Medical Profession in
Ireland, 1817 ; Madden's United Irishmen, 1858.1
J. T. G.
BRENDAN or BRENAINN, SAINT
(490P-573), of Birr, which was so called from
the abundance of wells there (birr, birra,
water), now Parsonstown, in the King's
County, was born about A.D. 490. He was
son of Neman, a poet, and Mansenna, and
belonged to the race of Corb Aulam, great-
grandson of Rudhraighe, from whom were
the Clanna Rudhraighe. A disciple of St.
Finnian of Clonard, he is described in the Life
of St. Finnian as ' a prophet in those schools.'
He belonged, like the other Brendan (of Clon-
fert), to the second order of Irish saints, and
is sometimes distinguished as Brendan the
Senior. He was present at the council in
which St. Columba was excommunicated, but
was his intimate friend, and is said to have
been consulted by him as to the place he should
choose for his exile, on which occasion he
recommended Hy. The foundation of his
monastery of Birr is placed by some imme-
diately before 563, but by others somewhat
earlier. In the ' Felire ' of Oengus Cele De"
he is referred to at Nov. 29 as follows : —
The royal feast of Brenann of Birr,
Against whom burst the sea-level.
Fair diadem, much enduring,
White head of Ireland's prophets.
* Much enduring ' is explained ' very great
was he in enduring tribulations and troubles,
or, in supporting the poor and needy for God's
sake.' The note from the ' Lebar Brecc '
explains the incident in the second line thus :
' The surge of the sea rose against him when
he went thereon, and Brenainn, son of Find-
loga, caught him by the hand.' The term
1 white head ' seems to refer to the meaning
of his name, for it may be observed that in the
popular form of the name (Brendan) the ter-
mination is not the word an, ' noble,' usually
the suffix to Irish ecclesiastical names, as
Colm-an, Aid-an, for the correct form in all
Irish authorities is Brenann or Brenainn, of
which Brenaind is a later form ; this is in-
terpreted J$r&en-fhind, or Braen the Fair
(Felire, Ixxxvi).
His death, which took place in the eightieth
year of his age, the night before 29 Nov.,
has been assigned by Ussher to 571, but by
Tighernach to 573, which Dean Reeves thinks
more likely. St. Columba is represented as
having been aware of his death at the time
of its occurrence, and to have seen his soul
entering heaven accompanied by angels. ( Get
ready the sacred service of the eucharist im-
mediately ' (he said to his attendant), ' for this
is the natal day of Brendan.' ' Why,' said
the attendant, * do you order the sacred rites
to-day, for no messenger has come from Ire-
land with tidings of that holy man's death ? '
' Go,' said Columba, ' and obey my orders, for
last night I saw heaven open and choirs of
angels descending to meet the soul of St.
Brendan, and the whole world was illumi-
nated by their brilliant and surpassing ra-
diance.' His day in the calendar is 29 Nov.
[Reeves's Adamnan, pp. 209, 210, Dublin,
1857; Martyrology of Donegal, Dublin, 1864;
Felire of Oengus Cele De, Transactions of Royal
Irish Academy, pp. Ixxxvi, clxvi, clxxiii ; Us-
sher's Works, vi. 594, 595.] T. 0.
BRENDAN or BRENAINN, SAINT
(484-577), of Clonfert, was born in 484, at
Littus li, or Stagnum li, now Tralee, co. Kerry.
He is termed son of Finnloga, to distinguish
him from his contemporary, St. Brendan of
Birr [q. v.], and Mocu Alta, from his great-
grandfather, Alta, who was of the race of
Ciar, descendant of Rudraighe, from whom
were the Ciarraighe, who have given their
name to Kerry. His parents, though free and
well born, were in a relation of dependence,
and under the rule of their relative, Bishop
Ere. Some have thought this was the well-
known bishop of Slane, co. Meath ; but there
were many of the name, and he seems to
have been rather the head of a local monas-
tery, and permanently resident in Kerry.
Here Brendan was born, and when a year
old was taken by Ere and placed in charge
of St. Ita of Cluain Credhail, in the south-
west of the county of Limerick. Remaining
five years with her, he returned to Ere to
begin his studies, and in course of time,
when he had ' read through the canon of the
Old and New Testaments,' he wished also to
study the rules of the saints of Ireland.
Having obtained Erc's permission to go to
St. Jarlath of Tuam for the purpose, with
the injunction to return to him for holy
orders, he first paid a visit to St. Ita, ' his
nurse.' She approved of his design, but
s 2
Brendan
260
Brendan
cautioned him ' not to study with women or
virgins, for fear of scandal/ and he then
pursued his journey, and arrived in due
time at Tuam. On the completion of his
studies there he returned to Bishop Ere, and
was ordained by him, but never proceeded
beyond the order of presbyter, such being the
usage of the second order of Irish saints to
which he belonged.
It seems to have been at this period that
the desire took possession of him to go forth
on the expedition which formed the basis of
the 'Navigation of St. Brendan/ the most
popular legend in the Middle Ages. Some
difficulty has always been felt with regard
to the date usually assigned to it, as he must
have been then sixty years of age, and it is
not easy to reconcile it with the other facts of
his life (LANIGAN) ; but this difficulty seems
to arise from the belief that there was but one
voyage, as stated in the versions current
abroad. The unpublished Irish life, in the
'Book of Lismore' (A.D. 1400), removes much
of the difficulty by describing two voyages,
one early in life and the other later on. It
states that at his ordination the words of
Scripture (St. Luke xviii. 29, 30) produced
a profound impression on him, and he resolved
to forsake his country and inheritance, be-
seeching his Heavenly Father to grant him
'the mysterious land far from human ken.'
In his sleep an angel appeared to him, and
said, ' Rise, 0 Brendan, and God will grant
you the land you seek.' Rejoiced at the
message he rises, and goes forth 'alone on
the mountain in the night, and beholds the
vast and dim ocean stretching away on all
sides from him' (such is exactly the view
from Brandon Hill), and far in the distance
he seems to behold ' the fair and excellent
land, with angels hovering over it.' After
another vision, and the promise of the angel's
presence with him, he goes forth on his
navigation, but, after seven years' wandering
without success, is advised to return to his
country, where many were waiting for him,
and there was work for him to do. That
Brendan may have undertaken some such
expedition, and visited some of the western
and northern islands, is quite possible; for
it is certain that Irish hermits found their
way to the Hebrides, the Shetland and Faroe
Islands, and even to Iceland (DicuiL).
Somewhere about this time may be placed
his visit to Brittany, which is not noticed in
the Irish life. He is said to have gone thither
between 620 and 530. After a considerable
stay he returned home. But the desire to
reach the undiscovered land was not extinct,
and now it revived with new vigour, and
once more, after consulting Bishop Ere, he
her 'what he
' My dear son/
went to St. Ita and asked
should do about his voyage.' .^j ^^ w**,
she replied, ' why did you go on your [former]
expedition without consulting me? That
land you are seeking from God you shall not
find in those perishable leaky boats of hides ;
but, however, build a ship of wood, and you
shall find "the far land.'" The vessel of
the first voyage is described in the 'Navi-
gation ' as covered with hides (SCHRODER).
He then proceeded to Connaught, and built
' a large wonderful ship/ and engaging arti-
ficers and smiths, and putting on board many
kinds of herbs and seeds, the party, sixty in
all, embarked on their voyage, and, after many
adventures, reached ' that paradise amid the
waves of the sea.'
The story of the ' Navigation ' had ' taken
root in France as early as the eleventh cen-
tury, was popular in Spain and Holland, and
at least known in Italy, and was the favour-
ite reading, not only of monks, but of the
widest circle of readers ' (SCHRODER) ; but it
had been altered from its original form, the
two voyages compressed into one, and the
adventures of other Irish voyagers worked
! into it. The legend in this form is traced by
Schroder to the Lower Rhine ; but he is un-
able to conjecture why it was connected
! with Brendan's name. It was, however,
I only one of a class of Irish tales, known as
( ' Imramas,' or expeditions, of which several
are still extant ; and the popularity of this
particular legend abroad may be accounted
for by the fact that when it was taken to
the continent in the general exodus of Irish
clergy in the ninth and following centuries,
owing to the Danish invasions, the monks of
Brendan's order in one of the numerous Irish
. foundations on the Rhine thought fit to exalt
their patron by dressing up the legend in a
! manner suited to the popular taste.
Some of the adventures have been sup-
i posed to be derived from the ( Arabian
Nights ; ' but there is reason to think that
the converse is more likely (WRIGHT). There
is proof of the intercourse of Irish monks
with the East in the ninth century (DicuiL) ;
and some of the stories, as that of the great
fish, called in the 'Navigation' lasconiua
(Ir. iasCj a fish), which Sinbad took for an
island, are essentially of northern origin.
It seems to have been after his return from
this voyage that he founded, in 553 (A. F. M.)>
the monastery of Cluain Fearta, ' the lawn
of the grave/ now Clonfert, in the barony
and county of Longford, which afterwards-
became a bishop's see.
He subsequently visited St. Columba at
Hy, in company with two other saints. This
must have been after 563, when he was in
Brent
261
Brent
his seventy-ninth, year. On this occasion he
may have founded the two churches in Scot-
land of which he was patron (REEVES).
The last time we hear of him is at the in-
auguration of Aedh Caemh, the first Christian
king of Cashel, in 570, when he took the
place of the official bard, MacLenini, who
was a heathen. On this occasion Brendan
was the means of the bard's conversion, when
he gave him the name of Colman. He is since
known as St. Colman of Cloyne. Brendan
died in 577, in the ninety-fourth year of his
age. His day in the calendar is 16 May.
[Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum, Maii, torn, iii ,
Antverpiae, 1680 ; Colgan's Egressio Familise
Brendani, i. 72 ; Wright's Early English Ballads
(Percy Society), vol. xiv., 1844 ; Schroder's
Sanct Brandan, Erlangen, 1871 ; Eeeves's Adam-
nan's Life of Columba, 1857, pp. 55, 220, 223;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 22, &c. ; Dirndl, De
Mensura Orbis, Paris, 1814; O'Curry's MS. Ma-
terials of Irish History, p. 288, Dublin, 1861;
Beatha Breanainn, MS., in the Book of Lismore,
Royal Irish Academy, Dublin ; the Book of
Munster, MS. 23, E 26, in Eoyal Irish Aca-
demy.] T. 0.
BRENT, CHARLOTTE (d. 1802), after-
wards MKS. PINTO, singer, was the daughter
of a fencing-master and alto singer, who
sang in Handel's ' Jephtha ' in 1752. Miss
Brent was a favourite pupil of Dr. Arne, and
for her he composed much of his later and
more florid music, after his wife had retired
from public life. Miss Brent's first ap-
pearance took place in February 1758 at a
concert. On 3 March of the same year she
sang at Drury Lane in Arne's ' Eliza,' per-
formed as an oratorio for the composer's
benefit. Her voice at this time had not at-
tained its full strength, and Garrick (who
was no musician) refused to give her an en-
gagement. However, she was more fortunate
at Covent Garden, where she appeared as
Polly in the 'Beggar's Opera' on 10 Oct. 1759,
and repeated the same part for thirty-seven
consecutive nights. The following are some
of the principal parts which she played at
Covent Garden during her ten years' con-
nection with it. Rachel in the ' Jovial Crew'
(14Feb. 1760), Sabrina in ' Comus ' (27 March
1760), the Fine Lady in ' Lethe ' (8 April
1760), Sally in 'Thomas and Sally (28 Oct.
1760), Mandane in ' Artaxerxes ' (2 Feb.
1762), Margery in the ' Dragon of Wantley '
(4 May 1762), Rosetta in 'Love in a Vil-
lage ' (8 Dec. 1762), Flirtilla in the ' Guar-
dian Outwitted ' (12 Dec. 1764), Patty in the
1 Maid of the Mill ' (31 Jan. 1765), Miss Biddy
in ' Miss in her Teens ' (22 March 1766),
Lady Lucy in the ' Accomplished Maid '
(3 Dec. 1766), Rosamund in the opera of that
name (21 April 1767), Jacqueline in the
' Royal Merchant ' (14 Dec. 1767), Sophia in
'Tom Jones ' (14 Jan. 1768), and Thais in the
' Court of Alexander ' (1770). She was the
original Sally, Mandane, Flirtilla, Rosetta,
and Patty, most of which parts were written
to display her perfect execution and good
style. In 1764-5 Tenducci and Miss Brent
performed in ' Samson ' and other Handelian
selections at Ranelagh. She sang at the
Hereford festival in 1765, at Gloucester in
1766, and at Worcester in 1767. In the au-
tumn of 1766 she became the second wife of
Thomas Pinto ; her marriage is said to have
so disgusted Dr. Arne that on hearing her men-
tioned he exclaimed, ' Oh, sir, pray don't name
her ; she has married a fiddler.' About 1770
she left Covent Garden, where Miss Catley
was beginning to occupy the place she had
hitherto filled, and for the next ten years she
went a succession of tours with her husband
in Scotland and Ireland, appearing at Dub-
lin in 1773 as Urganda in Michael Arne's
' Cymon.' Although she had acquired large
sums of money, she was embarrassed in her
old age. In 1784 she was living in Black-
moor Street, Clare Market. On 22 April of
this year she reappeared at Covent Garden for
one night in ' Comus,' singing for the bene-
fit of Hull, the stage-manager. It was said
that her voice still ' possessed the remains of
those qualities for which it had been so much
celebrated — power, flexibility, and sweetness.'
After her husband's death she devoted her-
self to the education of her talented step-
grandson, G. F. Pinto [q. v.], whose prema-
ture decease she survived. In the latter part
of her life Mrs. Pinto lived at 6 Vauxhall
Walk, and was so poor that Fawcett, the ac-
tor, used to give her a dinner every Sunday,
and ' sometimes a bit of finery, of which she
was very fond.' Here she died 10 April 1802,
and was buried (in the same grave as G. F.
Pinto) in the churchyard of St. Margaret's,
Westminster, 011 the 15th of the same month.
The only portrait of her seems to be a small
medallion with Beard in 'Thomas and Sally,'
printed for Robert Sawyer.
[Information from Mr. W. H. Husk ; Thespian
Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1805; European Magazine,
xli. 335 ; Grenest's History of the Stage, vol. iv.;
Busby's Anecdotes, i. 119; Parke's Musical Me-
moirs, i. 57, 150; Pohl's Mozart in London, 43 ;
Annals of the Three Choirs, 41, 43.] W. B. S.
BRENT, JOHN (1808-1882), antiquary
and novelist, was born at Rotherhithe on
21 Aug. 1808, and was the eldest son of a
father of the same name, a shipbuilder there,
who about the year 1821 removed to Canter-
bury, and became thrice mayor of the city
Brent
262
Brent
and deputy-lieutenant of the county. His
mother was Susannah, third daughter of^the
Rev. Sampson Kingsford of Sturry, near Can-
terbury (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvii. pt. ii. 1074).
In his early days he carried on the business of
a miller, occupied for many years a seat on the
council of the Canterbury corporation, and
was elected an alderman, but resigned that po-
sition on being appointed city treasurer. Brent
died at his house on the Dane John, Canter-
bury, 23 April 1882. During the course of a
long life, he was indefatigable in his attempts
to throw light on the past history of the city
and county in which he dwelt. He became
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in April
1853, and was also a member of the British
Archaeological Association and of the Kent
Archaeological Society. His contributions to
antiquarian literature are mostly to be found
in the various publications of these societies.
To the forty-first volume of the ' Archseologia '
(pp. 409-20) he communicated a paper of value
to ethnological science, being an account of his
' Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Stowting, in Kent, during the autumn of I860.'
In 1855 he had published a revised edition of
Felix Summerly's 'Handbook for Canterbury,'
and in 1875 there appeared his ' Catalogue of
the Antiquities in the Canterbury Museum,'
of which he was honorary curator. His work
Canterbury in the Olden Time,' 8vo,
1860 (enlarged edition in 1879), from its re-
search and originality, bears testimony to his
unwearied industry and his ability as an an-
tiquarian topographer. Brent also claims
notice as a poet and novelist, having published
1. ' The Sea Wolf, a Romance,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1834. 2. < Lays of Poland,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1836. 3. ' Lays and Legends of Kent,"
12mo, Canterbury, 1840 ; second edition, 1851.
4. ' Guillemette La Delanasse,' a poem, 12mo,
Canterbury, 1840. 5. ' The Battle Cross. A
Romance of the Fourteenth Century,' 3 vols
12mo, London, 1845. 6. ' Ellie Forestere, a
novel,' 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1850. 7. ' Sun-
beams and Shadows,' poems, printed for pri-
vate circulation, 1853. 8. 'Village Bells,
Lady Gwendoline, and other Poems,' 8vo
London, 1865; second edition, 1868. 9. ' Ata-
lanta, Winnie, and other Poems,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1873. 10. ' Justine,' a poem, 12mo, Lon-
don, 1881. A collected edition of his poems
was published in 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1884
Numerous tales, poems, and miscellaneous
articles from his pen are also to be found in
the various magazines devoted to light lite-
rature. At the time of the insurrection in
Poland, Brent became the local secretary o
the Polish Association.
[Information from Mr. Cecil Brent, F.S.A.
Journal of the British Archaeological Associa-
ion, xxxviii. 235-6 ; Gruillaumet's Tablettes
3iographiques; Kentish Chronicle, 29 April
882; Times, 29 April 1882; Koach Smith's
Retrospections, i. 159.] Gr. G-.
BRENT, SIR NATHANIEL (1573?-
L652), warden of Merton College, Oxford,
was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wol-
brd, Warwickshire, where he was born about
L573. His grandfather's name was Richard,
and his great-grandfather was John Brent
of Cosington, Somersetshire. He became
portionist,' or postmaster, of Merton Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1589; proceeded B.A. on
20 June 1593 ; was admitted probationer fel-
,ow there in 1594, and took the degree of
M.A. on 31 Oct. 1598. He was proctor of
the university in 1607, and admitted bachelor
of law on 11 Oct. 1623. In 1613 and 1614
tie travelled abroad ' into several parts of the
Learned world, and underwent dangerous ad-
ventures in Italy to procure the " History of
the Council of Trent," which he translated
into English' (WOOD). In 1616 Carleton,
ambassador at the Hague, writes to Win-
wood that he leaves Brent, *' one not un-
known to your honour,' to conduct the busi-
ness of the embassy during his temporary
absence at Spa. On 31 Oct. of the same
year Carleton writes again to Winwood that
Brent is bringing home despatches, and
hopes to secure an office in Ireland, for which
Carleton recommends him highly. On 26 Nov.
Winwood replied that the post in question,
that of ' secretary of Ireland,' had been con-
ferred on Sir Francis Annesley before Brent's
arrival in England. Soon after the close of
his foreign tour Brent married Martha, the
daughter and heiress of Robert Abbot, bishop
of Salisbury, and niece of George Abbot,
archbishop of Canterbury.
The influence of the Abbots secured Brent's
election in 1622 to the wardenship of Merton
College, in succession to Sir Henry Savile.
He was afterwards appointed commissary of
the diocese of Canterbury, and vicar-general
to the archbishop, and on Sir Henry Marten's
death became judge of the prerogative court.
During the early years of Laud's primacy
(1634-7), Brent made a tour through the
length and breadth of England south of the
Trent, reporting upon and correcting eccle-
siastical abuses (GAKDINEK, Hist. 1884, viii.
108-17; cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 131-
147). But Brent chiefly owed his fame to his
connection with Merton College. Wood, who
was largely indebted to Brent, refers to him
as one who, ' minding wealth and the settling1
a family more than generous actions,' al-
lowed the college to lose much of the re-
putation it had acquired under Sir Henry
Savile (WooD, Athena, ed. Bliss, ii. 316).
Brent
263
Brent
Complaints were frequently made of Brent's
long sojourns in London, where he had a
house of his own in Little Britain. On
23 Aug. 1629 he was knighted at Woodstock
by the king, who was preparing to pay a
state visit to Oxford. On 24 Aug. Brent
entertained the French and Dutch ambas-
sadors at Merton, and on 27 Aug. gave a
dinner to the king and queen. In 1629-30
he was admitted to the freedom of the city
of Canterbury honoris causa, (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 9th Rep. 163 £). In August 1636
Brent presented Prince Charles and Prince
Rupert for degrees, when Laud, who had
become chancellor in 1639, was entertain-
ing the royal family. In 1638 Laud held
a visitation of Merton College, and in-
sisted on many radical reforms. Laud stayed
at the college for many weeks, and found
Brent an obstinate opponent. Laud complains
in his 'Diary' that 'the warden appeared
very foul.' Some outrageous charges of mal-
administration were indeed brought against
Brent by some of those whom Laud examined,
but the visitor took no public proceedings
against Brent on these grounds. His let-
ters to the warden are, however, couched in
very haughty and decisive language. Brent
ultimately gained the victory over Laud.
The tenth charge in the indictment drawn
up against the archbishop in 1641 treats of
the unlawful authority exercised by him at
Merton in 1638. The warden came forward
as a hostile witness at Laud's trial. His testi-
mony as to Laud's intimacy with papists and
the like was very damaging to the archbishop,
but it does not add much to his own reputa-
tion. Laud replied to Brent's accusations
in his ' History of the Troubles and Trial '
(Anglo-Cath. Libr. iv. 194). On the out-
break of the civil wars Brent sided with the
parliament. Before Charles I entered Ox-
ford (29 Oct. 1642), the warden had aban-
doned Oxford for London. On 27 Jan. 1644-
1645 Charles I wrote to the loyal fellows at
Merton that Brent was deposed from his
office on the grounds of his having absented
himself for three years from the college, of
having adhered to the rebels, and of having
accepted the office of judge-marshal in their
ranks. He had also signed the covenant.
The petition for the formal removal of Brent,
to which the king's letter was an answer,
was drawn up by John Greaves, Savilian
professor of geometry. On 9 April the great
William Harvey was elected to fill Brent's
Elace ; but as soon as Oxford fell into the
ands of Fairfax, the parliamentary general
(24 June 1646), Brent returned to Merton,
and apparently resumed his post there with-
out any opposition being offered him. In
1647 Brent was appointed president of the
famous parliamentary commission, or visita-
tion, ordered by the parliament 'for the due
; correction of offences, abuses, and disorders '
in the university. The proceedings began
I on 3 June, but it was not until 30 Sept.
1 that the colleges were directed to forward
to Merton their statutes, registers, and ac-
counts to enable Brent and his colleague
to really set to work. On 12 April 1648
Brent presented four of the visitors for the
degree of M.A. Early in May of the same
year Brent showed more mercy than his
colleagues approved by ' conniving ' at An-
thony a Wood's retention of his postmaster-
ship in spite of his avowed royalism. Wood
tells us that he owed this favour to the in-
tercession of his mother, whom Brent had
known from a girl. On 17 May 1649 Fairfax
and Cromwell paid the university a threaten-
ing visit, and malcontents were thenceforth
proceeded against by the commission with the
utmost rigour. But Brent grew dissatisfied
with its proceedings. The visitors claimed to
rule Merton College as they pleased, and, with-
out consulting the warden, they admitted fel-
lows, masters, and bachelors of arts. On
13 Feb. 1650-1 he sent a petition of protest
against the conduct of the visitors to parlia-
ment. The commissioners were ordered to
answer Brent's complaint, but there is no
evidence that they did so, and in October
1651 Brent retired from the commission. On
27 Nov. following he resigned his office of
warden, nominally in obedience to an order
forbidding pluralities, but his refusal to sign
' the engagement,' which would have bound
him to support a commonwealth without a
king or a house of lords, was probably the
more direct cause of his resignation. Brent
afterwards withdrew to his house in Little
Britain, London, and died there on 6 Nov.
1652. He was buried in the church of St. Bar-
tholomew the Less on 17 Nov. Wood states
that he had seen an epitaph in print on Brent
by one 'John Sictar, a Bohemian exile, whom
Brent had provisioned ' in his lifetime.
Brent's daughter Margaret married Ed-
ward Corbet of Merton College, a presbyte-
rian, on whom Laud repeatedly refused to
confer the living of Chartham. Brent's lite-
rary work was small. In 1620 he translated
into English the ' History of the Council of
Trent ' by Pietro Soane Polano (i.e. Pietro
Sarpi). A second edition appeared in 1629,
and another in 1676. Archbishop Abbot had
caused the Latin original to be published for
the first time in 1619 in London. In 1625,
' at the importunity of George [Abbot], arch-
bishop of Canterbury,' Brent edited and re-
published the elaborate defence of the church
Brentford
264
Brenton
of England * Vindicise Ecclesiee Anglicanse,'
first published in 1613 by Francis Mason,
archdeacon of Norfolk (STRYPE, Parker, i.
117). He did ' review it,' says Wood (Athena
Oxon., Bliss, ii. 307), ' examine the quota-
tions, compare them with the originals, and
at length printed the copy as he found it
under the author's hands.'
[Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College, Ox-
ford; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 332-6,
and passim ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. iii. ; Laud's
Works; Oal. State Papers (Dom.), 1615-50;
Burrow's Parliamentary Visitation of Oxford
(Camden Soc.)]. S. L. L.
BRENTFORD, EAEL or. [See RUTH-
TEN.]
BRENTON, EDWARD PELHAM
(1774-1839), captain in the royal navy,
younger brother of Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel
Brenton [q. v.], was born at Rhode Island on
20 July 1774. He entered the navy in 1788,
and, after serving in the East Indies and in
the Channel fleet, was made lieutenant on
27 May 1795. His services in that rank in
the North Sea, on the Newfoundland station,
and in the West Indies, call for no special
notice. On 29 April 1802 he was made
commander, and on the renewal of the war
in 1803 was appointed to the command of
the Merlin, and employed in the blockade
of the north coast of France. On 16 Dec.
1803 he succeeded in a gallant attempt to
destroy the Shannon frigate, which had got
on shore not far from Cape Barfleur, and
had been taken possession of by the French.
In January 1805 he was appointed to the
Amaranthe brig, in which he cruised with
some success in the North Sea ; and in 1808
he was sent to the West Indies, where, for his
distinguished gallantry in the attack on a
small French squadron under the batteries of
St. Pierre of Martinique, he was advanced to
post rank, his commission being dated back
to 13 Dec. 1808, the day of the action. An-
ticipating his promotion, the admiral, Sir
Alexander Cochrane, had appointed him act-
ing captain of the Pomp6e (74), bearing the
broad pennant of Commodore Cockburn, under
whose immediate command he served with
the brigade of seamen landed for the reduc-
tion of Martinique. He afterwards returned
to Europe, with the commodore, in the Belle-
isle, in charge of the garrison, who, according
to the capitulation, were to be conveyed to
France and there exchanged. As, however,
the French government refused to restore an
equivalent number of English, the prisoners,
to the number of 2,400, were carried to
Portsmouth and detained there till the end
of the war. Captain Brenton was after-
wards employed in convoy service, and in
August 1810 was appointed to command the
Spartan frigate, in succession to his brother
[see BRENTON, Sm JAHLEEL]. In the course
of 1811 the Spartan was sent to North
America, and continued on that station
during the greater part of the war with the
United States, but met with no opportunity
of distinguished service. She returned to
England in the autumn of 1813, when
Brenton went on half-pay ; nor did he ever
serve again, with the exception of a few
months in the summer of 1815, when he
acted as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Sir
Benjamin Hallowell.
Brenton now devoted a large portion of
his time to literary pursuits, and published
in 1823 a l Naval History of Great Britain
from the year 1783 to 1822,' 5 vols. 8vo ;
and in 1838 the ' Life and Correspondence
of John, Earl of St. Vincent,' 2 vols. 8vo.
As an officer of rank, who had been actively
employed during all the important part of
the period of his history, his opportunities
of gaining information were almost un-
equalled; but he seems to have been con-
stitutionally incapable of sifting such evidence
as came before him, and to have been guided
more frequently by prejudice than by judg-
ment. The plan of his work is good and
comprehensive, but the execution is feeble,
and its authority as to matter of fact is of
the slenderest possible. In addition to these
more important literary labours, he took an
active, and latterly an absorbing, part in
the promotion of temperance societies, in
the establishment and conduct of the Society
for the Relief of Shipwrecked Mariners,
and more especially of the Children's Friend
Society, the intention of which was, in
many respects, better than the results.
These, in fact, drew down on him and his
management much harsh criticism, which
he felt severely, and which to a serious
extent embittered the closing years of his
life. He died suddenly on 6 April 1839.
He married, in March 1803, Margaret Diana,
daughter of General Cox, by whom he had
a large family.
In addition to the more bulky works
already mentioned, he was also the author
of ' The Bible and Spade : an Account of
the Rise and Progress of the Children's
Friend Society,' 1837, 12mo; and of several
pamphlets on 'Suppression of Mendicity,'
' Poor Laws,' ' Juvenile Vagrancy,' and
similar subjects.
[Marshall's Royal Nav. Eiog.v. (suppl. parti.)
411; Memoir of Captain Edward Pelham Bren-
ton, with Sketches of his Professional Life and
Exertions in the Cause of Humanity as con-
Brenton
265
Brenton
nected with the Children's Friend Society, &c. ;
Observations upon Brenton's Naval History and
Life of the Earl of St. Vincent, by his brother,
Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, 1842, 8vo, a
very one-sided view of Captain Brenton's great
merits as an historian and as a philanthropist ;
Quarterly Eeview, Ixii. 424, a severe, but not
too severe, article on the Life of Lord St. Vincent.]
J. K. L.
BRENTON, SIK JAHLEEL (1770-
1844), vice-admiral, eldest son of Rear-
admiral Jahleel Brenton, the head of a family
which had emigrated to America early in
the seventeenth century, was born in Rhode
Island on 22 Aug. 1770. When the war of
independence broke out, Mr. Brenton, then
a lieutenant in the navy, adhered to the
royalist party, and his wife and children
were sent to England. He himself was in
1781 promoted to the command of the Queen,
armed ship, on board which ship his son
Jahleel was entered as a midshipman. For
two years the boy served under his father's
immediate command, and on the peace in
1783 was sent to school at Chelsea, where,
and afterwards in France, he continued till
1787, when he again entered the navy as a
midshipman. In 1790, having passed his
examination, and seeing no chance of either
employment or promotion, he accepted a com-
mission in the Swedish navy, and took part
in the battles of Biorkosund on 3 and 4 June,
and of Svenskasund on 9 July. In later life,
when deeply impressed by religious ideas, he
'felt and acknowledged the guilt of this
step.' On 20 Nov. 1790 he was promoted to
the rank of lieutenant in the English navy,
and returned home in consequence. His
service during the succeeding years, mostly
in the Mediterranean, does not require any
special notice. In the battle off Cape St.
Vincent he was, still a lieutenant, on board
the Barfleur, and in the course of 1798 he
obtained from the commander-in-chief an
acting order to command the Speedy brig,
though he was not confirmed in the rank till
3 July 1799. His conduct on several occa-
sions in action with the enemy's gunboats
won for him the approval of the admiralty
and his post rank, 25 April 1800, when he
was appointed temporarily to the Genereux
prize, giving up the command of the Speedy
to Lord Cochrane, who rendered her name
immortal in the history of our navy. In the
following January he was appointed to the
Caesar, as flag-captain to Sir James Saumarez,
and had thus an important part in the un-
fortunate battle of Algeziras on 6 July, and
in the brilliant defeat of the allied squadron
in the Straits on 12 July 1801. He con-
tinued in the Caesar, after the peace, till
March 1 802, when he obtained leave to re-
: turn to England, chiefly, it would seem, in
order to be married to Miss Isabella Stewart,
an American lady to whom he had been long
engaged.
In March 1803 he was appointed to the
Minerve frigate, but had only just joined her
j when a severe wound, given by a block fall-
I ing on his head, compelled him to go on
I shore ; he was not able to resume the com-
! mand till June, and in his first cruise, having
! chased some vessels in towards Cherbourg
I in a thick fog, the ship got aground under
| the guns of the heaviest batteries (2 July
I 1803). After sustaining the enemy's fire
for ten hours, and failing in all attempts to
! get her off, Brenton was compelled to sur-
render. He and the whole ship's company
were made prisoners of war, and so the
greater number of them continued till the
peace in 1814 ; but Brenton himself was for-
tunate in being exchanged in December 1806
for a nephew of MassSna, who had been taken
prisoner at Trafalgar. He was shortly after-
wards tried for the loss of the Minerve, and
on his honourable acquittal was at once ap-
pointed to the Spartan, a new frigate of 38
guns, ordered to the Mediterranean. The
service there was arduous and honourable,
but years passed away without leading to
any especial distinction. In October 1809
the Spartan was part of the force engaged in
the reduction of the Ionian Isles, and in May
1810, whilst cruising in company with the
Success, of 32 guns, and the Espoir brig,
chased a small French squadron into Naples.
This consisted of the Ceres frigate of the
same force as the Spartan, though with about
one-fourth more men, the Fama frigate of
28 guns, a brig, a cutter, and seven gunboats.
Brenton, feeling certain that the French ships
would not come out in the face of two fri-
gates, despatched the Success to the south-
ward, and on the morning of 3 May stood
back towards Naples, hoping to tempt the
enemy to come out. They had anticipated
his wish, and having taken on board some
400 soldiers, in addition to their already
large complements, met the Spartan in the
very entrance of the bay, about midway be-
tween Ischia and Capri. The action that
ensued was extremely bloody, for the Spar-
tan's broadsides told" with terrible effect on
the crowded decks of the Ceres and her
consorts, while on the other hand the heavy
fire of the gunboats inflicted severe loss
on the Spartan. Brenton himself was badly
wounded in the hip by a grapeshot, and
during the latter part of the fight the Spar-
tan was commanded by her first-lieutenant,
Willes, the father of the present Admiral
Brenton
266
Brereley
Sir George Ommanney Willes. The brig was
captured, but, the Spartan's rigging being
much cut, the Ceres and Fama succeeded in
getting under some batteries in Baia Bay
(JAMES, Naval History, edit. 1859, v. 115).
For his gallant and skilful conduct of the
action Willes was deservedly promoted ; and
Captain Brenton's bravery, his tactical skill,
and the severity of his wound won for him
sympathy and admiration which forgot to
remark on his mistaken judgment in sending
the Success away — mistaken, for the resolve
of the enemy to come out was formed quite
independently of the Success's absence. The
Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's voted him a sword,
value one hundred guineas ; the king of the
Two Sicilies presented him with the Grand
Cross of St. Ferdinand ; he was made a baronet
on 3 Nov. 1812, and aK.C.B. on 2 Jan. 1815.
Brenton's wound made it necessary for
him to return to England, which he was per-
mitted to do in the Spartan ; and for nearly
two years he was on shore, suffering much
pain, aggravated by the loss of all his pro-
perty by the failure of his agents, and by the
loss of a prize appeal which involved him
to the extent of 3,000£ This liability, how-
ever, some friends took on themselves, trust-
ing to have it made good from the bankrupt's
estate ; and a pension of 300/. in considera-
tion of his wound relieved him of this pressing
pecuniary anxiety. In March 1812, having
partly recovered from his wound, he ac-
cepted the command of the Stirling Castle,
74 guns, in the Channel ; but feeling that his
lameness and the occasional pain incapacitated
him for active service, he soon resigned the
appointment. Towards the close of 1813 he
was appointed commissioner of the dockyard
at Port Mahon, and on the abolition of that
establishment at the peace he was sent to the
Cape of Good Hope in the same capacity. The
establishment there was also reduced on the
death of Napoleon in 1821, and Brenton re-
turned to England in January 1822. He then
for some time had the command of the royal
yacht, and afterwards of the guardship at
Sheerness. He attained his flag in 1830, and
in 1831, on the death of Captain Browell,
was appointed lieutenant-governor of Green-
wich Hospital. In course of seniority he
would have been included in the promotion
on the queen's coronation, and have been
made a vice-admiral ; but that being incom-
patible with his office at Greenwich, the rank
was held in abeyance, though given him, with
his original seniority, on his retirement in
1840. His health had during all these years
been very broken, and he died on 3 April
1844.
During a great part of his life he devoted
much time and energy to business connected
with religious or charitable organisations,
and in assisting his brother [see BRENTON",
EDWARD PELHAM], of whom he wrote a me-
moir referring chiefly to these pursuits. He
was also the author of ' The Hope of the
Navy, or the True Source of Discipline and
Efficiency ' (cr. 8vo, 1839), a religious essay ;
'An Appeal to the British Nation on be-
half of her Sailors ' (12mo, 1838) ; and some
pamphlets. He was twice married : his first
wife died in 1817, and in 1822 he married a
cousin, Miss Harriet Brenton, who survived
him. He left only one son, Lancelot Charles
Lee Brenton, who, after taking his degree at
Oxford, became a nonconformist minister;
on his death, without issue, the baronetcy
became extinct.
[Memoir of the Life and Services of Vice-
admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, Bart., K.C.B., edited
by the Kev. Henry Kaikes, Chancellor of the
Diocese of Chester, 8vo, 1846 — a ponderous
work, smothered in a confused mass of religious
meditation ; a somewhat abridged edition, edited
by Sir L. Charles L. Brenton, was published in
1855; some of Sir Jahleel's official correspon-
dence, whilst at the Cape, with Colonel (after-
wards Sir Hudson) Lowe is in Brit. Mus. Add.
MSS. 20139, 20189-91, 20233.] J. K. L.
BRERELEY, JOHN. [See ANDERTON,
JAMES.]
BRERELEY or BRIERLEY, ROGER
(1586-1637), divine and poet, was born on
4 Aug. 1586, at Mar land, then a hamlet in
the parish of Rochdale, where Thomas Brere-
ley, his father, and Roger, his grandfather,
were farmers. The name is spelled in many
ways, but it seems best to adhere to the
form which constantly recurs in the Roch-
dale baptismal register, as this undoubtedly
represents the right pronunciation. From
his father's brother Richard the Brearleys of
Handworth, Yorkshire, are descended. He
had three brothers and two sisters younger
than himself. Brereley himself began life as a
puritan. He took orders and became perpetual
curate of Grindleton Chapel, in the parish of
Mitton in Craven. The stipend (in 1654)
was worth 51. He held (in 1626) a close in
Castleton, in the manor of Rochdale, which
had belonged to his grandfather. His preach-
ing was simple and spiritual, and his followers
soon became distinguished as a party. As
early as 1618 Nicholas Assheton, recording
the burial of one John Swinglehurst, adds
'he died distract; he was a great follower
of Brierley.' J. C., the writer of the first
notice of his life, says : ' Because they could
not well stile them by the name of Breirlists,
finding no fault in his doctrine, they then
Brereley
267
Brereton
styled his hearers by the name of Grinde-
tonians (sic), by the name of a town in Cra-
van, called Grindleton, where this author did
at that time exercise his ministry, thinking
by his name to render them odious, and brand
them for some kind of sectaries ; but they
could not tell what sect to parallel them to,
hence rose the name Grindletonism.' And
Brereley himself, in his piece ' Of True Chris-
tian Liberty,' writes : —
I was sometime (as then a stricter man)
By some good fellows tearm'd a puritan.
And now men say, I'm deeply drown'd in schism,
Retyr'd from God's grace unto G-rindletonism.
In a sermon preached at Paul's Cross on
II Feb. 1627, and published under the title
of 'The White Wolfe,' 1627, Stephen Deni-
son, minister of St. Catherine Cree, charges
the ' Gringltonian familists ' with holding
nine points of an antinomian tendency. These
nine points are repeated from Denison by
Ephraim Pagitt in his ' Heresiography ' (2nd
ed. 1645, p. 89), and glanced at by Alexander
Koss, Havo-cpcia (2nd ed. 1655, p. 365). Pagitt
is the authority Sir Walter Scott gives for
the extraordinary collocation ( Woodstock,
1826, iii. 205): 'Those Grindletonians or
Muggletonians in whom is the perfection of
every foul and blasphemous heresy, united
with such- an universal practice of hypo-
critical assentuation, as would deceive their
master, even Satan himself.' The nine points
may perhaps be a caricature of positions ad-
vanced by some of Brereley's hearers, but
they bear no resemblance to his own teaching.
If Denison derived them from the ' fifty ar-
ticles ' mentioned by J. C., as exhibited against
Brereley at York by direction of the high
commission, we can easily understand that
* when he came to his trial not one of them
[was] directly proved against him.' This trial
must have been prior to 1628, for it was held
before Archbishop Tobias Matthew, who died
29 March in that year. Matthew, a strict
and exemplary prelate, sustained Brereley in
the exercise of his ministry, and before leav-
ing York he preached in the cathedral. It is
certain that Brereley was not conscious of any
deflection from Calvinistic orthodoxy. He
expressly censures Arminius (Serm. 21), 'who
will needs set rules and laws to God.' He
calls the heresies of Nestorius, Eutyches, &c.,
' little holes in Christ's ship ' (Poems, p. 46).
Although his language about the second
Person of the Trinity may be thought to
show traces of Socinian influence, no anti-
trinitarian heresy seems to have been charged
upon him. Denison's most damaging point
is clean contrary to Brereley's own language.
He quaintly owns that ' men no angels are,'
and he doubts the possibility of perfection in
the saints on earth. He is very strong against
mere forms ; for instance, he calls ' bread and
wine a silly thing, where the heart is not led
further' (Serm. 9). But he was the very
opposite of a sectary, and desired to remain
a humble son of the church. In 1631 Brereley
was instituted to the living of Burnley, Lan-
cashire. He died in June 1637, the Burnley
register recording that ' Roger Brearley,
minister,' was buried 13 June. He was mar-
ried, and had a daughter Alice, living in 1636.
His literary remains are : 1. ( A Bundle of
Soul-convincing, directing, and comforting
Truths; clearly deduced from divers select
texts of Holy Scripture. . . . Being a brief
summary of several sermons preached at large
by ... M. Rodger Breirly . . . Edinburgh,
printed for James Brown, bookseller in Glas-
gow, 1670, sm. 8vo (this, which can hardly
be the first edition, consists of twenty-seven
sermons, and the biographical f Epistle to the
Reader,' by J. C., who says of the origin of
the volume : 'After his death a few headnotes
of some of his sermons came to my view,' per-
haps implying that the notes were Brereley's
own). 2. Another edition, London, printed
by J. R. for Samuel Sprunt, 1677, 18mo, is
probably a reprint from an earlier issue ; it
reckons the sermons as twenty-six in number,
what is Sermon 22 in the 1670 edition being
not numbered, but headed ' Exposition,' &c.
(it is on the beatitudes). It contains also,
after the sermons, the following pieces in
verse: 'The Preface of Mr. Brierly ; ' 'Of
True Christian Liberty ; ' ' The Lord's Reply/
four pieces thus headed, alternated with three
pieces headed 'The Soul's Answer,' 'The
Song of the Soul's Freedom,' ' Self Civil
War.' The spelling of the poems is often in-
teresting, as indicating a northern pronuncia-
tion, and there are a few Lancashire words ;
the punctuation is atrocious. There is often
much pathos in Brereley's rude lines : his
spirit reminds one of Juan de Vald6s, none
of whose writings were translated in his time.
[Eaine's Journal of Nicholas Assheton, Chet.
Soc. vol. xiv. 1848, 4to, pp. 89-96 (including ex-
tracts from Brereley's poems) ; Halley's Lanca-
shire, its Puritanism and Nonconformity, 1869,
i. 159-64; Whitaker's Craven (ed. Morant),
1878, p. 34 ; Whitaker's Whalley (ed. Nichols and
Lyons), ii. 169; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi.
388, 517 (more extracts fmm the poems) ; certi-
fied extracts from Eochdale parish register;
works cited above.] A. Gr.
BREHETON, JOHN (/.1603), voyager
to New England, has left few records of his
life. His birthplace is unknown, and to which
branch of the Breretons of Brereton, Cheshire,
he belonged is uncertain, although he was
Brereton
268
Brereton
probably a relative of Sir William Brereton
(1604-1661) [q.v.], major-general of Cheshire, j
who, before his military career, was interested j
in American colonisation, grants of land along !
the north-eastern coast of Massachusetts Bay i
having been made to him by Sir Ferdinando j
Gorges at a time when he intended to settle j
there. John Brereton was admitted sizar at
Caius College, Cambridge, 1587, and was B. A.
1592-3. Hejoined Captain Bartholomew Gos-
nold, Bartholomew Gilbert, Gabriel Archer,
and others to make the first English attempt
to settle in the land since called New England.
Twenty-four gentlemen and eight sailors left
Falmouth in a small bark, the Concord, on
26 March 1603, twelve of them intending
to settle, while twelve "others returned home
with the produce of the land and of their
trading with the natives. The voyage was
sanctioned by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had
an exclusive crown grant of the whole coast.
Instead of making the circuitous route by
the Canaries, Gosnold steered, as the winds
permitted, due west, only southing towards
the Azores, and was the first to accomplish
a direct course to America, saving ' the better
part of a thousand leagues.' By 15 May the
voyagers made the headland which they
named Cape Cod. Here Gosnold, Brereton,
and two others went ashore on ' the white
sands,' the first spot in New England ever
trodden by English feet. Doubling the Cape
and passing Nantucket, they touched at
Martha's Vineyard, and passing round Dover
Cliff entered Buzzard's Bay, which they
called Gosnold's Hope, reached the island
of Cuttyhuiik, which they named Elizabeth's
Island. Here they determined to settle ;
in nineteen days they built a fort and store-
house in an islet in the centre of a lake of three
miles compass, and began to trade with the
natives in furs, skins, and the sassafras plant.
They sowed wheat, barley, and peas, and in
fourteen days the young plants had sprung
nine inches and more. The country was fruit-
ful in the extreme. It was decided, however,
that so small a company would be useless for
colonisation ; their provisions, after division,
would have lasted only six weeks. The whole
company therefore sailed for England, making
a very short voyage of five weeks, and landed
at Exmouth on 23 July. Their freight real-
ised a great profit, the sassafras alone selling
for 336Z. a ton.
Brereton wrote ' A Briefe Relation of the
Description of Elizabeth's He, and some others
towards the North Part of Virginie . . .
written by John Brierton, one of the Voyage,'
London, 1602, 8vo. A second impression was
published the same year entitled ' A brief and
true Relation of the Discovery of the North
Part of Virginia . . . written by John Brere-
ton, one of the Voyage,' London, 1602, 8vo.
To this edition is added ' A Treatise of M.
Edward Hayes, containing important induce-
ments for the planting in these parts,' &c.
Purchas gives a chapter headed ' Notes taken
out of a Tractate written by James Rosier
to Sir Walter Raleigh ; ' but this is signed
1 John Brereton,' and is evidently part of a
letter written by him. Rosier was not with
Brereton, but was a fellow-voyager in Wey-
mouth's expedition five years afterwards. Of
Brereton nothing more is known. Captain
John Smith, in his ' Adventures and Dis-
courses,' speaks of ' Master John Brereton and
his account of his voyage ' as fairly turning
his brains, and impelling him to cast in his
lot with Gosnold and Wingfield, and make
that subsequent voyage which resulted in the
planting and colonisation of Virginia in 1607.
[Stith's Hist, of Virginia, p. 30, Massa-
chusetts Historical Collections, 3rd. ser. viii.
83-123; Purchas His Pilgrimes, ' the 4th part.'
pp.1646, 1656; Belknap's American Biog. (Hub-
bard's), 1844, ii. 206 ; Anderson's Hist, of Com-
merce, A.D. 1602; Hakluyt, iii. 246; Pinkerton's
Voy. and Trav. xii. 219, xiii. 19 ; Bancroft's
United States, i. 88 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 51 ;
Holmes's Annals of America, i. 117; Beverley's
Hist, of Virginia, p. 19 ; the Adventures and Dis-
courses of Capt. John Smith (Ashton's reprint,
1883), p. 69; Biogr. Brit, under ' Greenville,'
p. 2284, note/.] J. W.-GK
BRERETON, OWEN SALUSBURY
(1715-1798), antiquary ,was born in 1715. His
father was Thomas Brereton, afterwards of
Shotwick Park, Cheshire, who came into the
possession of that estate thro ugh marriage with
Catherine, daughter of Mr. Salusbury Lloyd.
Owen Brereton was the son of a former mar-
riage with a Trelawney, and added the name
of Salusbury on succeeding to estates in the
counties of Chester, Denbigh, and Flint on
his father's death about the year 1756. He
was admitted a scholar of Westminster
School in 1729, and was elected to Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1734. He was called
to the bar in 1738, and in that year held the
post of a lottery commissioner. In Septem-
ber 1742 he was appointed recorder of Liver-
pool, an office he retained till his death,
a period of fifty-six years. When he pro-
posed to resign in 1796, he was requested
by the corporation to retain the situation,
and they appointed a deputy to relieve him
of the pressure of its duties. He became a
member of the Society of Arts in 1762, and
was vice-president from 1765 to 1798, in
which capacity he rendered great service to
the society. He was also a member of the
Royal Society and of the Society of Anti-
Brereton
269
Brereton
quaries (elected 1763), a bencher of Lincoln's
Inn, treasurer of that body, and keeper of
the Black Book. He was member of parlia-
ment for Ilchester in Somerset from 1775 to
1780, and constable of Flint Castle from
1775. He died at his residence at Windsor,
on 8 Sept. 1798, in his eighty-fourth year, and
was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
on 22 Sept.
To the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1781
he contributed an account of a storm at East-
bourne, and to the l Archseologia ' he sent
several papers: 1. ( Round Towers in Ire-
land,' ii. 80. 2. ' Observations in a Tour
through North Wales, Shropshire, &c.,' iii.
111. 3. ' Extracts from a MS. relating to
the Household of Henry VIII,' iii. 145.
4. l Particulars of a Discovery of Gold Coins
at Fenwick Castle,' v. 166. 5. ' Description
of third unpublished Seal of Henrietta Maria,
daughter of Henry IV of France,' v. 280.
6. 'Brereton Church Window/ ix. 368.
7. ' Silver Coin of Philip of France,' x. 465.
In vols. viii. x. xi. and xii. of the same work
are particulars of various objects of antiquity
exhibited by him. The paper on Brereton
Church contains several unaccountable in-
accuracies, which have been commented upon
by Mr. Ormerod in his ' History of Cheshire.'
[John Holliday in Trans, of the Society of
Arts, xix. 4-8, with portrait ; same article in
Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Q-ent. Mag. 1798, Ixviii.
part ii. p. 816 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby,
1882, ii. 573; Welch's Westminster Scholars,
1788; Return of Members of Parliament, 1878,
ii. 154.] C. W. S.
BRERETON, THOMAS (1691-1722),
dramatist, was descended from a younger
branch of the noble family of Brereton in
Cheshire, his father being Major Thomas
Brereton of the queen's dragoons. He was
born in 1691, and after attending the free
school of Chester, and a boarding school
in the same city, kept by a Mr. Dennis,
a French refugee, he matriculated at Brase-
nose College, Oxford, 16 April 1709, pro-
ceeding B.A. 14 Oct. 1712. His father died
before he reached his majority, leaving him
a considerable fortune, which, however, he
soon dissipated, his wife and family being
compelled by destitution to retire to their
relations in Wales in 1721. The same year
he received from the government a small office
connected with the customs at Chester. In
connection with the election of a relative
as member of parliament for Liverpool he
wrote a libellous attack on the rival candi-
date, and to escape prosecution was advised
to abscond. To baffle pursuit he determined
to cross the Saltney when the tide was coming
in. In the middle of the stream he quitted
his horse, resolving to trust to his remarkable
powers as a swimmer, but he was unable to
reach the shore. His death took place in
February 1722. Brereton was the author of
two tragedies, or rather English adaptations
of French plays, but they were never acted
and do not possess much merit. They are :
1. ' Esther, or Faith Triumphant, a sacred
Tragedy in Rhyme, with a chorus after the
manner of the ancient Greeks; translated
with improvements from Racine,' 1715 ; and
2. ' Sir John Oldcastle, or Love and Zeal, a
Tragedy,' 1717, founded on the 'Polyeucte'
of Corneille. To ' Esther' he prefixed a 'large
dedication to the Lord Archbishop of York,
in defence of such compositions against the
rants of Tertullian and Mr. Collier.' He
also published ' A Day's Journey from the
Vale of Evesham to Oxford, to which are
added two Town Eclogues,' no date ; ' An
English Psalm ... on the late Thanksgiving
Day,' 1716 ; ' George, a poem, humbly in-
scribed to the Right Honourable the Earl of
Warrington,' 1715 ; and ' Charnock Junior,
or the Coronation, being a Parody on Mack
Flecknoe, occasioned by Dr. S 1's late
exploit at St. Andrews,' 1719. This had
been published in 1710, badly printed and
without the author's knowledge. It is a
burlesque on Dr. Sacheverell's progress after
his trial. He married Jane (b. 1685), daughter
of Thomas Hughes of Bryn Griffith, Mold,
Flintshire, on 29 Jan. 1711. Two daughters
survived him. His wife died at Wrexham
on 7 Aug. 1740. She wrote a good deal of
verse in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' and
elsewhere, which was collected after her
death and published, together with some of
her letters (1744).
[Rawlinson MSS. 4to,i. 379; Jacob's Poetical
Register (ed. 1723), i. 283 ; Biogr. Dramatica
(ed. Baker), i. 63-4 ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Mrs.
Jane Brereton's Poems.] T. F. H.
BRERETON, THOMAS (1782-1832),
lieutenant-colonel, was born in King's County,
Ireland, on 4 May 1782. He went as a
volunteer to the West Indies with his uncle,
Captain Coghlan, in 1797, and received his
commission as ensign in the 8th West India
regiment in 1798, being promoted lieutenant
1800, and captain 1804. With the excep-
tion of a short term of service in Jersey in
1803-4, he appears to have remained in the
West Indies until 1813, acting for a time as
brigade-major to his relative, General Brere-
ton, governor of St. Lucia, and being present
at the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.
In consequence of ill-health and of inju-
ries received during a hurricane in 1813, he
Brereton
270
Brereton
returned that year to England invalided. In
1814 he was appointed lieutenant-governor
of Senegal and Goree, and the next year was !
made lieutenant-colonel of the Royal African
corps. In December 1816 he was again in-
valided, and returned to England. He was ;
appointed to a command on the frontier of
the Cape Colony in 1818, visited England in j
1819, and commanded the Cape Town garri-
son until 1823. In the meanwhile he had ,
exchanged first into the 53rd regiment, after-
wards into the Royal York Rangers, and in
1821 into the 49th regiment. On his final re-
turn to England he was appointed inspecting
field officer of the Bristol recruiting district.
As senior officer on the spot he had command
of the troops quartered in the neighbourhood
of Bristol at the outbreak of the Reform riots
in that city on Saturday, 29 Oct. 1831. These
troops were composed of a squadron of the
14th light dragoons and a troop of the 3rd j
dragoon guards. About five p.m. of 29 Oct. j
the mayor was forced to read the Riot Act, j
and Brereton was called on to bring his force j
at once into Bristol. During the half-hour j
that passed before his arrival the lower part
of the mansion house was sacked. Brereton ;
appears to have been ordered by the magis-
trates to clear the streets. Their orders,
however, did not seem to him to warrant
any forcible measures, and he ordered Cap-
tain Gage to disperse the mob without draw-
ing swords or using any violence. Brereton
endeavoured to bring the people to good hu-
mour, and came in from time to time to tell
the magistrates that he had been shaking
hands with them, and that they were gradu-
ally dispersing. As, on the contrary, the
numbers and threatening aspect of the mob
increased, at eleven p.m. he ordered Gage to
clear the streets by force. The soldiers were
badly pelted, and Gage asked the mayor to
allow them to use their carbines to dislodge
those who were pelting them from a dis-
tance. Brereton, however, thought this was
unnecessary, and the request was refused. A
soldier belonging to a troop of the 14th, de-
tailed to protect the council house, shot a
rioter who had struck him with a stone, and
this added to the rage of the mob. The
streets were, however, cleared by the sabres
of the dragoons, and were kept free during
the remainder of the night. On Sunday the
riot broke out afresh, and the sack of the
mansion house was completed. The 14th
were fiercely attacked, and, as they had no
orders to retaliate, the men suffered se-
verely. Brereton ordered that they should
leave Queen's Square, in which the mansion
house stood, and that the 3rd dragoons should
take their place. In obeying the order they
were so pressed by the rioters that they were
forced to fire on them. Brereton, however,
rode down from College Green to the square,
and, it is said, assured the rioters that there
should be no more firing, and that the 14th
should be sent out of the city. On his ap-
plying to the magistrates to allow him to re-
move the 14th he was told that they would
not agree to his doing so. Brereton, how-
ever, ordered them to Keynsham, declaring
that if they were kept in Bristol every man
would be sacrificed, and the troop of the
3rd dragoons was left alone to protect the
city. The mob then broke open and set fire
to the bridewell, the gaol, and the Glouces-
ter county gaol, and released the prisoners.
Meanwhile, Brereton ordered Cornet Kelson
to go down to the city gaol, but on Kelson
asking for orders said he had none to give,
that he could find no magistrates to give
him the authority he needed, and that no
violence was to be used. During these pro-
ceedings the soldiers were in too small force
to interfere with any effect, and it is said
that Brereton went to bed for some hours.
By midnight the bishop's palace, the mansion
house, the custom house, and a large num-
ber of other buildings were destroyed. In
the course of the night the Doddington
yeomanry were brought into Bristol; but
some difficulty having arisen as to their
I billets, Brereton told their captain that they
could be of no use, and that if the people were
let alone they would be peaceable. Accord-
ingly the yeomanry returned to Doddington.
Early in the morning of Monday Brereton
went down to Queen's Square in company
with Major Mackworth, and in his presence
Mackworth and the 3rd dragoons charged and
dispersed the crowd. Major Beckwith, of
the 14th, now arrived from Gloucester, and,
having brought back the division of the 14th
previously sent away by Brereton, took the
command of the cavalry, made repeated
charges on the rioters, and restored some
measure of security. On 4 Nov. the magis-
trates sent documents to Lord Melbourne
and Lord Hill defending their own conduct
during the riots, and laying much blame
on Brereton, whom they accused of dis-
regarding their orders, of forsaking his post,
and of withdrawing the 14th from the
city. In consequence of these charges a
military commission was held to inquire into
Brereton's conduct. This was followed by
a court-martial on him, which was opened
at Bristol on 9 Jan. 1832 by Sir Henry Fane
as president. The substance of the eleven
charges made against him was that he had
been negligent and inactive; that he had
not obeyed or supported the civil authority ;
Brereton
271
Brereton
that lie had improperly withdrawn the 14th ;
that he had refused to give Cornet Kelson the
needful orders, and had neglected to take ad-
vantage of the arrival of the yeomanry. On
Friday, the fifth day of the trial, the proceed-
ings were stopped by the news of Brereton's
death : he had shot himself in his bed early
that morning. The verdict at the inquest
was that ' he died from a pistol-wound, in-
flicted on himself while under a fit of tem-
porary derangement.' His unfortunate errors
seem to have been the fruit of undecided
character rather than of any deliberate neg-
lect. On 4 May 1782 he had married Olivia
Ross, daughter of Hamilton Ross, formerly
of the 81st regiment and then a merchant at
the Cape. Mrs. Brereton died on 14 Jan.
1829, leaving two daughters, who survived
their father.
[Colburn's United Service Journal, 1831, pt.
iii. 433, 1832, pt. i. 257 ; Monthly Repository
(new series), v. 840, vi. 130; Somerton's Narra-
tive of the Bristol Riots ; Court-martial on
Lieutenant-colonel Brereton in Somerton's Bristol
Riots Tracts ; Trial of C. Pinney, late Mayor of
Bristol; Gent. Mag. 1832, i. 84.] W. H.
BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1604-
1661), parliamentary commander, son of Wil-
liam Brereton of Handforth, Cheshire, and
Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Richard
Holland of Dent on, Lancashire, was baptised
at the collegiate church, Manchester, in 1604.
On 10 March 1626-7 he was created a baro-
net. In 1634-5 he travelled through a large
part of Great Britain and Ireland, and crossed
over into Holland and the United Provinces.
He kept a * Diary' of his travels, which was
published by the Chetham Society in 1844,
and affords various interesting information
regarding the social condition of Scotland
and England ; it also manifests a serious and
religious cast of thought. Brereton's natural
bias towards puritanism was doubtless further
confirmed by his marriage to Susanna, fourth
daughter of Sir George Booth of Dunham Mas-
sey, and by intercourse with his near neigh-
bours, Henry Bradshaw and Colonel Duken-
field. He was elected to represent his native
county in parliament in 1627-8 and 1639-40.
The name of William Brereton occurs in the
parish register of Wanstead, Essex, attached
to a document signed by fifty of the principal
inhabitants, expressive of their attachment to
the church of England and abhorrence of papal
innovations, but there is no evidence to sup-
port the supposition of Lysons (Environs of
London, iv. 243) that the name was that of Sir
William Brereton of Handforth. According
to Clarendon, he was ' most considerable for
a known averseness to the government of the
church' (History, vi. 270). On the first
symptoms of the approaching civil war he
put himself at the head of the movement in
Cheshire. In August 1642 the houses of
parliament drew up instructions to him as
one of the deputy-lieutenants of the county
(Advice and Directions of both Houses of
Parliament to Sir William Brereton and the
rest of the Deputy-lieutenants of the County
of Chester, published at London on 19 Aug.
1642). Subsequently he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the forces in Cheshire and
the neighbouring counties to the south. Hav-
ing entered Cheshire from London with one
troop of horse and a regiment of dragoons,
Brereton, after a severe conflict, completely
defeated Sir Thomas Aston near Nantwich
on 28 Jan. 1642-3, the accidental explosion of
a piece of the royalists' cannon greatly aiding
his victory. This enabled him to occupy Nant-
wich, which became the headquarters of the
parliamentary party, while Chester was for-
tified by the royalists. From these places
the two parties 'contended,' in the words of
Clarendon, ' which should most prevail upon,
that is, most subdue, the affections of the
county to declare for and join them ' (History,
vi. 270). Clarendon states that the lower
orders were specially devoted to Brereton, and
that he obtained much advantage from their
readiness to supply him with intelligence. For
a considerable time it required his utmost
energy to enable him to hold his own. He again
inflicted a severe defeat, 13 March 1642-3, on
Sir Thomas Aston, who attempted to hold
Middlewich on behalf of the king, but after the
royalists had been strengthened by troops from
Ireland, Brereton was himself worsted at the
same place. Meanwhile, in the summer of
1643, he captured successively Stafford, Wol-
verhampton, and Whitchurch, besides various
strongholds. During his absence Nantwich,
while held by Sir George Booth, was closely
besieged by Lord Byron, but, with the assist-
ance of Sir Thomas Fairfax, Brereton, on
14 Feb. 1643-4, totally routed the besieging
forces, the greater part of them escaping to
Chester, while large numbers surrendered.
Having parted from Sir Thomas Fairfax, he
?roceeded towards Chester, and in August
644 defeated at Tarvin Prince Rupert, who
was marching to its relief. Following on this
came the capture of the town and castle of
Liverpool, and the town and castle of Shrews-
bury. After their defeat at Rowton Heath in
September 1645, the royalists could make no
further stand in Cheshire, and Beeston Castle
and Chester were closely invested. Brereton
obtained a complete victory over the king's
forces under Sir William Vaughan on 1 Nov.
at Denbigh, and all hope of succour being cut
Brereton
272
Brereton
off, the garrison at Beeston Castle surrendered
the same month, and that of Chester in Febru-
ary 1645-6. Immediately advancing south-
wards against Prince Maurice with 1,000 foot,
Brereton found that the enemy had disap-
peared. On 6 March he captured Lichfield,
and on 12 May Dudley Castle. On the 22nd
of the latter month he dispersed near Stow-
in-the-Wold the forces of Lord Ashley, the
last important body of the royalists in arms.
After the conclusion of the war he received
the chief forestership of Macclesfield forest,
and the seneschalship of the hundred of
Macclesfield. He also obtained various
grants of moneys and lands, among other
properties which came into his possession
being that of the archiepiscopal palace of
Croydon. In an old pamphlet, ' The Myste-
ries of the Good Old Cause ' (1663), which
mentions his possession of the palace, he is
described as ' a notable man at a thanks-
giving dinner, having terrible long teeth and
a prodigious stomach, to turn the arch-
bishop's chapel at Croydon into a kitchen ;
also to swallow up that palace and lands at
a morsel.' He died at Croydon on 7 April
1661. His body was removed thence to be
interred in the Handforth chapel in Cheadle
church, but there is a tradition that in cross-
ing a river the coffin was swept away by a
flood, and this is confirmed by the fact that
there is no entry of the burial, but only of the
death, in the Cheadle registers. By his first
wife he had two sons and two daughters,
and by his second wife two daughters.
There are rude portraits of Brereton in Ri-
craft's ' England's Champions ' and Vicars's
' England's Worthies.' In the Sutherland
collection of portraits in the Bodleian Li-
brary there is an illustration of him on horse-
back drawn by Robert Cooper.
[Ricraft's -Survey of England's Champions,
1647; Vicars's England's Worthies, 1647; Cla-
rendon's History ; Binghall's Providence Im-
proved, written 1 628-73, published at Chester in
1778, containing an account of the siege of Nant-
wich ; Cheshire Successes, 1642; Magnalia Dei,
a Relation of some of the many remarkable
Passages in Cheshire before the Siege of Nampt-
wich . . . and at the happy Raising of it by ...
Sir Tho. Fairfax and Sir William Brereton, &c.,
London, 1643 ; History of the Siege of Chester,
1793; Sir William Brereton's Letter sent to the
Hon, William Lenthall, Esq., Speaker of the Hon.
House of Commons, concerning ... the Siege
... of Chester, 5 March 1645 ; Chester's En-
largement after Three Years' Bondage, 1645;
the various contemporary accounts which were
published of his more remarkable victories. Dr.
Gower, in Account of Cheshire Collections (p. 43),
mentions the Journals of Sir Wm. Breret on in five
folio volumes, written in a small hand, describing
every circumstance that occurred during the four
years he was general. The only document now
known to be in existence, corresponding in any
degree to this description, is his letter-book from
April to June 1642, and from December 1644 to
December 1646 ; Add. MSS. 11331-3. Detailed
accounts of Brereton's career are contained in
Archseologia, vol. xxxiii., Ormerod's Cheshire, and
Earwaker's East Cheshire.] T. F. H.
BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1789- 7*
1864), lieutenant-general and colonel-corn-
| mandant 4th brigade royal artillery, was de- '*
i scendedfrom the very ancient Cheshire family
i of Brereton of Brereton Hall, through its
! Irish branch, the Breretons of Carrigslaney,
i co. Carlow, of whom some particulars are
given by Sir F. Dwarris in ' Archaeologia,'
vol. xxxiii., and in Mervyn Archdall's edition
of l Lodge's Peerage of Ireland,' ii. 251. In.
the only biographical notice wherein his
parentage is given he is described as a son
of Major Robert Brereton, who fought at
Culloden, and younger half-brother of Major-
general Robert Brereton of New Abbey, co.
Kildare (formerly of 30th and 63rd regi-
ments), and lieutenant-governor of St. Lucia,
who died in 1818. He was born in 1789, and
entered the Royal Military Academy as a
cadet in 1803, whence he passed out in May
1805 as a second lieutenant royal artillery.
He served in the Peninsular and Waterloo
campaigns from December 1809 to June
1815, including the defence of Cadiz, where
he commanded the guns at Fort Matagorda,
the battle of Barossa, where he was wounded,
the Burgos retreat, the battles of Vittoria
and the Pyrenees, the siege of San Sebastian,
where he was temporarily attached to the
breaching batteries, the battles of Orthez,
Toulouse, QuatreBras, and Waterloo. During
the greater part of the time he was one of-
the subalterns of the famous troop of the
royal horse artillery commanded by Major
Norman Ramsay, with which he was severely
wounded at Waterloo. He became a second
captain in 1816, and was placed on half pay
the year after. He was brought on full pay
again in 1823, and, after a quarter of a cen-
tury of further varied service at home and in
the colonies, was sent to China, where he was
second in command under General d'Aguilar
in the expedition to the Bocca Tigris, and at
the capture of the city of Canton in 1848.
During the early part of the Crimean war,,
Colonel Brereton, who was then on the
strength of the horse brigade at Woolwich,,
was present with the Black Sea fleet, as a
guest on board H.M.S. Britannia, carrying the
flag of his relative, Vice-admiral Sir J. D.
Dundas, and directed the fire of her rockets
in the attack upon the forts of Sevastopol on
a> f
alw
Brerewood
273
Brerewood
17 Oct. 1854. He became a major-general
in December 1854, and was made K.C.B. in
1861. For a short period he was at the
head of the Irish constabulary. Brereton,
who had been promoted to the rank of lieu-
tenant-general a few days before, died at his
chambers in the Albany, London, on 27 July
1864, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.
He wrote a brief narrative entitled 'The
British Fleet in the Black Sea,' which was
privately printed (1857 ? see Brit. Mus. Cat.}
Selections from Paixhans' ' Constitution Mi-
litaire de France,' translated by him in 1850,
appear in ' Proceedings Royal Art. Inst.,'
vol. i. (1857). By his will, executed 10 April
1850, and proved 16 Aug. 1864 (personalty
sworn under 25,000/.), he left the sum of
1,000£, whereof the interest is to be applied
in perpetuity to encouraging the game of
cricket among the non-commissioned officers
of horse and foot artillery stationed at Wool-
wich.
[Archseologia, vol. xxxiii. ; Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland, ed. Archdall, ii. 251 ; Burke's Landed
Gentry (1868) ; Kane's List Off. Eoyal Art. (re-
vised ed. Woolwich, 1869); Hart's Army Lists;
Duncan's Hist. E. Art. i. 223, ii. 362, 364, 385,
430, 432, 434, 437 ; Proc. E. Art. Inst, vol. i. ;
Ann. Eeg. 1864; Illust. Lond. News, xlv. 154,
299 (will).] H. M. C.
BREREWOOD or BRYERWOOD,
EDWARD (1565 P-1613), antiquary and ma-
thematician, son of Robert Brerewood, a wet-
glover ,who had thrice been mayor of Chester,
was born and educated in that city. In 1581
he was sent to Brasenose College, Oxford,
where he had the character of a very hard
student, He graduated B. A. 15 Feb. 1586-7,
M.A. 9 July 1590, and ' being candidate for
a fellowship, he lost it without loss of credit,
for where preferment goes more by favour
than merit, the rejected have more honour
than the elected' (FULLER, Worthies, ed. 1662,
Cheshire, 190). Then he migrated to St. Mary
Hall, and on 26 Sept, 1592, when Queen
Elizabeth was at Oxford, he replied at a dis-
putation in natural philosophy. In March
1596 he was chosen the first professor of as-
tronomy in Gresham College, London, where,
as at Oxford, ' he led a retired and private
course of life, delighting with profound spe-
culations, and the diligent searching out of
hidden verities.' Brerewood, who was a
member of the Old Society of Antiquaries,
died on 4 Nov. 1613, and was buried in the
church of Great St. Helen. His large and
valuable library he bequeathed with his other
effects to his nephew Robert [q.v.] (afterwards
knight and a justice of the common pleas), a
son of his elder brother, John Brerewood.
VOL. VI.
His works are: 1. 'De ponderibus et pretiis
veterum nummorum, eorumque cum recentio-
ribus collatione,' London, 1614, 4to. This was
first published by his nephew, and afterwards
inserted in the ' Apparatus' of the 'Biblia
Polyglotta,' by Brian Walton, and also in the
' Critici Sacri,' vol. viii. 2. ' Enquiries touch-
ing the Diversities of Languages and Religions
through the chief parts of the world,' London,
1614, 1622, 1635, 4to, 1647, &c. 8vo. This
was likewise published by his nephew, and
afterwards translated into French by J. de
la Montagne, Paris, 1640, 8vo, and into Latin
by John Johnston. Father Richard Simon
made some remarks on Brerewood's work,
under the pseudonym of le Sieur de Moni, in
a treatise entitled ' Histoire critique de la
creance et des coutumes des nations du Le-
vant,' Frankfort (really printed at Amster-
dam), 1684. In 1693 it was reprinted, and
again since that date with the following al-
terations in the title: — 'Histoire critique
des dogmes, des controverses, des coutumes,
et des ceremonies des Chretiens orientaux/
3. ' Elementa Logicse, in gratiam studiosse j u-
ventutis in academia Oxoniensi,' London,1614t
1615, &c. 8vo. 4. ' Tractatus quidam logici
de praedicabilibus, et preedicamentis,' Oxford,
1628, 1637, &c. 8vo. This book was first pub-
lished by Thomas Sixesmith, M. A., fellow of
Brasenose College, Oxford. A manuscript of
it is preserved in Queen's College library in
that university. The work is sometimes quoted
as 'Brerewood de moribus.' 5. 'Tractatus
duo : quorum primus est de meteoris, secundus
de oculo,' Oxford, 1631, 1638, 8vo. These
two tracts were also published by Sixesmith.
6. 'A Treatise of the Sabbath,' Oxford, 1630,
1631, 4to. This book was written as a letter
to Nicholas Byfield [q. v.], preacher at Chester,
having been occasioned by a sermon of his
relating to the morality of the Sabbath. It
is dated from Gresham House 15 July 1611.
The original manuscript is in the British Mu-
seum (Addit. MS. 21207). Richard Byfield
f q. v.], Nicholas's brother, wrote a reply to it.
7. ' Mr. Byfield's Answer, with Mr. Brere-
wood's Reply,' Oxford, 1631, 4to. These were
both printed together, with the second edition
of the former. 8. ' A second Treatise of the
Sabbath, or an Explication of the Fourth Com-
mandment,' Oxford, 1632, 4to. 9. 'Commen-
tarii in Ethica Aristotelis,' Oxford, 1640, 4to.
These commentaries relate only to the first
four books, and were published by Sixesmith.
The original manuscript, which was finished
27 Oct. 1586, is in the library of Queen's Col-
lege, Oxford. It is written, says Wood, ' in
the smallest and neatest character that mine
eyes ever yet beheld.' 10. ' A Declaration of
the Patriarchal Government of the antient
Brerewood
274
Bretland
Church/ Oxford, 1641, 4to, London, 1647,
Bremen, 1701, 8vo. The Oxford edition is
subjoined to a treatise called ' The original
of Bishops and Metropolitans, briefly laid
down by Archbishop Ussher,' &c.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 139, Fasti,
i. 236, 251 ; Ward's Gresham Professors, 74, 336,
with the author's manuscript notes ; Archaeologia,
i. p. xix; Gent. Mag. Ixi. (ii.) 714.] T. C.
BREREWOOD, SIR ROBERT (1588-
1654), judge, belonged to a family of re-
spectable citizens of Chester, who had held
municipal office. His grandfather, Robert,
is called a wet-glover by trade, and was once
sheriff, in 1566, and thrice mayor, in 1584,
1587, and 1600, in which last year he died
in office. His father, John, the eldest son of
Robert the elder, was sheriff of Chester, and
his uncle Edward [q. v.] was a scholar of emi-
nence, the first Gresham professor of astro-
nomy. Two of Edward Brerewood's treatises
were published by his nephew in 1614, on
the author's death. Robert Brerewood was
born hi Chester in 1588. In 1605, at the age
of seventeen, he was sent to Oxford, and ma-
triculated at Brasenose College, and two years
later was admitted a member of the Middle
Temple. Probably he was his uncle's heir,
for in dedicating one of Edward Brerewood's
posthumous works to the archbishop of Can-
terbury, he says of him, ' Succeeding him in
his temporall blessings I doe endevour to suc-
cede him in his virtues.' He was called to
the bar on 13 Nov. 1615, and continued to
practise for two-and-twenty years. He also
turned his attention to literature, and pub-
lished some of the works of his uncle Ed-
ward. In 1637 he was appointed a judge of
North Wales, probably through the local in-
fluence of his family, as he had constantly
maintained his connection with Cheshire, and
in 1639*he was elected recorder of his native
town. *He had been appointed reader at the
Middle Temple in Lent term 1638, and in
1640 was raised to the degree of serjeant-at-
law. In Hilary term 1641 he was appointed
king's serjeant, was knighted in 1643, and
raised to the bench about a month after, on
31 Jan. 1644. The king being then at Oxford,
he was sworn in there. Though he continued
to sit until the end of the civil war, he never
sat in Westminster Hall, and after the exe-
cution of Charles I he retired into private life.
He died on 8 Sept. 1654, and was buried in
St. Mary's Church, Chester. He was twice
married : first to Anna, daughter of Sir Ran-
dle Mainwaring of Over Peover, Cheshire,
and second to Katherine, daughter of Sir
Richard Lea of Lea and Dernhall, Cheshire,
and had several children by each of his wives.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
220; Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 139-40; Gent.
Mag. Ixi. 714; Books of the Middle Temple; The
Vale Royal of England (Smith and Webb), p. 85 ;
Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 181, 182; Archseologia
(Soc. Antiquaries), i. xx n.] J. A. H.
BREREWOOD, THOMAS (d. 1748),
poetical writer, was son of Thomas Brere-
wood of Horton, Cheshire, and grandson of
Sir Robert Brerewood [q. v.], justice of the
court of common pleas. Ho led the life of a
country gentleman at Horton, and died in
1748. Some pieces of poetry by him were
printed in the earlier numbers of the ( Gen-
tleman's Magazine ; ' after his death there
appeared a work by him in rhymed verse
of little merit (with a eulogistic preface by
an anonymous editor), entitled f Galfred and
Juetta, or the Road of Nature, a Tale in
three cantos,' London, 1772, 4to, pp. 56.
[Gent. Mag. vii. 760, xiv. 46, xvi. 157, 265,
xxiv. 428, Ixi. 714; Universal Catalogue for
1772, art. 78 ; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv.
511.] T. C.
BRETLAND, JOSEPH (1742-1819),
dissenting minister, son of Joseph Bretland,
an Exeter tradesman, was born at Exeter
22 May 1742. He was for several years a
day scholar at the Exeter grammar school,
and was placed in business in 1757, but shortly
after left it for the ministry. For this work
he received a special education, his course of
study being finished in 1766. From 1770 to
1772 he was minister of the Mint Chapel, and
from the latter year until 1790 kept a classical
school at Exeter. He resumed his duties at
the Mint Chapel in 1789, and continued there
until 1793. For three years, 1794-7, he acted
as minister at the George's meeting-house in
Exeter, and on the establishment in 1799 of
an academy in the West of England for
educating ministers among the protestant
dissenters, he was appointed one of its tutors.
This position he retained down to its dis-
solution in 1805, and he then retired into
private life. In 1795 Bretland married Miss
Sarah Moffatt. He died at Exeter 8 July
1819. He is described as a believer in the
unity of the Deity and in the simple hu-
manity of Jesus Christ, and he is styled a
scholar of 'extensive and solid learning.'
Many of his theological papers are in Dr.
Priestley's ' Theological Repository ' and in the
' Monthly Repository.' He composed seve-
ral sermons and many prayers for the use of
Unitarians, including a ' Liturgy for the Use
of the Mint Meeting in Exeter,' 1792. After
his death there were printed at Exeter two
volumes of ' Sermons by the late Rev. Joseph
Bretland, to which are prefixed Memoirs of
Bretnor
275
Breton
his Life, by Wm. Benjamin Kennaway, 1820.'
He was much attached to Dr. Priestley, and
edited a new edition of his ' Rudiments of
English Grammar : ' many of his letters to
the doctor are printed in J. T. Rutt's me-
moirs of Priestley.
[Life by Kennaway; Rutt's Priestley, passim;
Monthly Repository, 1819, pp. 445, 473, 494,
559.] * W. P. C.
BRETNOR, THOMAS (fl. 1607-1618),
almanac maker, calls himself on the title-
page of one of his almanacs * student in
astronomic and physicke,' and on that of
another, ' professor of the mathematicks and
student in -physicke in Cow Lane, London.'
His extant works are as follows : 1. ' A.
Prognostication for this Present Yeere . . .
M.DC.VII. . . . Imprinted at London for the
Companie of Stationers ' (a copy is in the
British Museum). ' Necessary observations
in Phlebotomie' and 'Advertisements in
Husbandrie ' are introduced into the work.
2. ' A Newe Almanacke and Prognostication
for . . . 1615 ' (copies are in the Huth Li-
brary and the Bodleian). 3. ' Opiologia, or
a Treatise concerning the nature, properties,
true preparation, and safe vse and administra-
tion of Opium. By Angelus Sala Vincen-
tines Venatis, and done into English and
something enlarged by Tho. Bretnor, M.M.,'
London, 1618. This translation, which is
made from the French, is dedicated ' to the
learned and my worthily respected friends
D. Bonham and Maister Nicholas Carter,
physitians.' In an address to the reader
Bretnor defends the use of laudanum in
medicine, promises to prepare for his readers
•* the chiefest physicke I vse my selfe/ and
mentions his friends ' Herbert Whitfield in
Newgate Market,' and ' Maister Bromhall,' as
good druggists. Bretnor was a notorious
character in London, and is noticed by Ben
Jonson in his ' Devil is an Ass ' (1616), i. 2,
and by Thomas Middleton in his ' Fair
Quarrel ' (1617), vi.
[Nares's Glossary (ed. Halliwell), s.v. ' Bret-
nor ; ' Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Middleton's Works (ed.
A. H. Bullen), iv. 263.] S. L. L.
BRETON, JOHN LE (d. 1275), bishop of
Hereford, was chosen bishop about Christmas
1268, being then a canon of Hereford, and was
consecrated 2 June 1269. For about two
years before this he was a justice of the king's
court. He died 12 May 1275. Some fifty
years after his death, perhaps sooner, the be-
lief was current that he wrote the book now
known to lawyers as ' Britton.' That book
(first printed without date about 1540, re-
printed in 1640, and carefully edited by F. M.
Nichols in 1865) is in the main Bracton's
treatise on English law condensed, re-
arranged on a new plan, purged of speculative
jurisprudence, turned from Latin into French,
and put into the mouth of Edward I, so
that the whole law appears as the king's
command. Seemingly, it is an unfinished
work, but it became very popular, and was
often copied in manuscript. Frequent refe-
rence is made in it to statutes passed after
the bishop's death, and from the internal
evidence we must suppose it written shortly
after 1290. Possibly we have but the bishop's
book as altered by a later hand, or possibly,
as Selden suggested, there has been some con-
fusion between the bishop and the contem-
porary judge whom we call Bracton [q. v.],
but whose name seems really to have been
Bratton. The book ' Britton ' might fairly be
called a Bracton for practising lawyers, and
in fourteenth-century manuscripts the two
books are indiscriminately called Bretoun,
Brettoune, and the like.
[For election, consecration, and death, see the
following Chronicles under years 1268-9, 1275 :
Gervase of Canterbury (ed. Stubbs) ; Annals of
Winchester, Waverley, Osney. Wykes, and
Worcester (all in Annales Monastici, ed. Luard,
who, vol. ii. p. xxxvii, discusses date of conse-
cration) ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglican*,
ed. Hardy, i. 459-60. For judicial employment :
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission),
ii. 444-82 ; Liber de Antiquis Legibus (Camden
Society), year 1267. Judge and bishop same
man: Ann. Osney, year 1268. The statement
that he wrote a law book is in the following,
under year 1275: F. Nicolai Triveti Annales
(ed. Hog.) ; Chronicle of Rishanger (ed. Riley) ;
Flores Historiarum Matth. Westm. (ed. 1570,
but it is not in the first edition, nor in many
manuscripts — see Hardy, Catalogue of Materials
for British History, iii. 209). The authorship
of Britton is discussed by Selden, Notes to
Hengham, ed. 1616, pp. 129-31 and Dissertation
suffixed to Fleta, pp. 458-9, also in F. M.
Nichols's preface to edition (1865) of Britton;
Foss's Judges of England.] F. W. M.
BRETON, NICHOLAS (1545 P-1626 ?),
poet, was descended from an ancient family
originally settled at Layer-Breton, Essex.
His grandfather, William Breton of Col-
chester, died in 1499, and was buried there in
the monastery of St. John. His father, also
William Breton, was a younger son, came to
London and amassed a fortune in trade. His
' capitall mansion house ' was in Red Cross
Street, in the parish of St. Giles Without
Cripplegate, and he owned tenements in other
parts of London, besides land in Essex and Lin-
colnshire. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter
of John Bacon, and by her he had two sons,
T2
Breton
276
Breton
Richard and Nicholas, and three daughters,
Thamar, Anne, and Mary. He died 12 Jan.
1558-9, while his sons were still boys, and left
by will to Nicholas the manor of Burgh-in-
the-Marsh, nearWainfleet, Lincolnshire, forty
pounds in money, l one salt, all gilte, w* a
cover . . . vj silver sppnes, and the gilte
bedsted and bedd that I lye in at London/
with all its furniture (will printed in Dr. Gro-
sart's pref. to BRETON'S Works, pp. xii-xvii).
This property was to be applied by the child's
mother to his ' mayntenaunce and fynding '
until he was twenty-four years old, when he
was to enter into full possession. William
Breton left much to his wife on the condi-
tion that she should remain unmarried, but
before 1568 she had become the wife of
George Gascoigne, the poet, who died 7 Oct.
1577, and was thus for more than nine years
Nicholas Breton's stepfather.
From the fact that Breton was a boy in
1559, the year of his father's death, the date
of his birth may be conjecturally placed in
1545, but no sure information is at present
accessible. From his ' Floorish vpon Fancie '
we know that in 1577 Breton was settled in
London and had lodgings in Holborn. The
Rev. Richard Madox, chaplain to a naval ex-
pedition in 1 582, whose unpublished diary is in
Sloane MS. 1008, records under date 14 March
1582[-3] that while on the continent, appa-
rently at Antwerp, he met l Mr. Brytten, once
of Oriel Colledge, wch made wyts will [i.e.
the prose tract, ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's Will,
or Wil's Wit,' entered on the Stationers'
Register 7 Sept. 1580]. He speaketh the
Italian well/ No university document sup-
ports the statement that Breton was edu-
cated at Oriel College, but in l The Toyes of
an Idle Head,' the appendix to his first pub-
lished book, ' A Floorish vpon Fancie,' he
refers to himself as ' a yong gentleman who
. . . had spent some years at Oxford.' He
also dedicates the l Pilgrimage to Paradise '
(1592) ' to the gentlemen studients and
scholers of Oxforde.' On 14 Jan. 1592-3 he
married Ann Sutton at St. Giles's Church,
Cripplegate, the church of the parish in
which stood his father's 'capitall mansion
house.' On 14 May 1603, according to the
St. Giles's parish register, a son Nicholas
was born ; on 16 March 1605-6 another son,
Edward; and on 7 May 1607 a daughter,
Matilda. In the burial register of the same
church are recorded the deaths of Mary,
daughter of ' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on
2 Oct. 1603, and of Matilda, daughter of
' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on 27 July 1625.
But of Breton's own death no record has yet
been found. His last published work bears
the date 1626. The Captain Nicholas Bre-
I ton, son of John Breton of Tamworth, who
! served under Leicester in the Low Countries
\ in 1586, purchased an estate at Norton, North-
| amptonshire, and died there in 1624, has
often been erroneously identified with the
j poet (SHAW, Staffordshire, i. 422 ; BRIDGES,
Northamptonshire, i. 78 ; PHILLIPPS, Thea-
trum Poetarum, 1800, p. 321).
These scanty facts are all that is known
of the poet's life. His voluminous works
in prose and verse were issued in rapid suc-
cession between 1577 and 1626. Among his
early patrons, the chief was Mary, countess
of Pembroke ; he dedicated to her the
' Pilgrimage to Paradise,' 1592, to which is
added the ' Countesse of Pembrooke's Love/
where he speaks of himself as ' Your Ladi-
shipp's unworthy named Poet.' He also
wrote for her his ' Auspicante Jehoua/ 1597,
and the Countess of Pembroke's * Passion.'
Passages in ' Wit's Trenchmour ' (1597) re-
fer to the rejection of the poet's love-suit
by a lady of high station, and it seems not
improbable that Breton's intimacy with the
Countess of Pembroke passed beyond the
bounds of patron and poet. Whatever the
character of the relationship, it ceased after
1601.
As a literary man Breton impresses us most
by his versatility and his habitual refinement.
He is a satirical, religious, romance, and pas-
toral writer in both prose and verse. But he
wrote with exceptional facility, and as a con-
sequence he wrote too much. His fertile
fancy often led him into fantastic pueri-
lities. It is in his pastoral lyrics that he is
seen at his best. The pathos here is always
sincere ; the gaiety never falls into grossness,
the melody is fresh and the style clear. His
finest lyrics are in ' England's Helicon ' and
the collection of poems published by him-
self under the title of the ' Passionate Shep-
heard.' 'Wit's Trenchmour/ an angling idyll,
is the best of his prose tracts, and had the
author not yielded to the temptation of di-
gressing from his subject in the latter half
of the book, he might have equalled Izaak
Walton on his own ground. Throughout
his works runs a thorough sympathy with
country life and rural scenery ; the pic-
turesque descriptions of country customs in
his ' Fantasticks ' and the ' Town and Coun-
try ' are of value to the social historian. Bre-
ton's satire, most of which appeared under
the pseudonym of Pasquil, is not very im-
pressive ; he attacks the dishonest prac-
tices and artificiality of town society, but
writes, as a rule, like a disappointed man.
Of the coarseness of contemporary satirists
he knows nothing. He lacks the drastic
power of Nash, who wrote under the same
Breton
277
Breton
pseudonym, and his refinement brought down
on him N ash's censure. Nash speaks of Bre-
ton, in allusion to his ' Bower of Delights,'
as ' Pan sitting in his Bower of Delights, and
a number of Midases to admire his mise-
rable hornpipes.' In his religious poems
and tracts there is a passionate yearning
and rich imagery which often suggest South-
well, or even Crashaw, but they are defaced
by wire-drawn conceits and mystical subtle-
ties. He was probably an earnest student of
Spenser, for whom he wrote a sympathetic
epitaph.
The enthusiasm for the Virgin Mary ex-
hibited in a few poems, very generally attri-
buted to Breton, has led to the belief that the
poet was an ardent catholic. But it is almost
certain — as we state below — that the un-
doubtedly catholic poems ascribed to Breton
were by another hand ; his long intimacy
with the protestant Countess of Pembroke,
which probably rested mainly on common
religious sentiments, the direct attacks on
Romanism which figure in many of Breton's
prose tracts, and his sympathetic references
to the practices of the English reformed
church, point in quite the opposite direction.
His description of the Virgin, saints, and
angels, only noticed by him as part of the
acknowledged host of heaven, and his con-
stantly recurring comparison of his own spi-
ritual condition to that of Mary Magdalen,
merely illustrate the strength of his religious
fervour (see Dr. BBJNSLEY NICHOLSON'S notes
in Notes and Queries, 5th series, i. 501-2).
Breton's popularity lasted through the first
half of the seventeenth century. A highly
eulogistic sonnet ' in authorem ' is prefixed by
Ben Jonson to Breton's ' Melancolike Hu-
mours,' 1600, and Francis Meres in his ' Pal-
ladis Tamia,' 1598, classes him with the
greatest writers of the time. Sir John Suck-
ling, in ' The Goblins,' iv. i. (DODSLEY, Old
Plays, 1826, x. 143), joined his name with
that of Shakespeare : —
The last a well-writ piece, I assure you,
A Breton I take it, and Shakespeare's very way.
Less respectful reference to the poet's vo-
luminousness is made in Beaumont and
Fletcher's ' Scornful Lady ' (ii. 3), and
' Wit without Money ' (iii. 4). At a later
date, Richard Brome, in his 'Jovial Crew'
( Works, iii. 372), speaks of 'fetching sweet-
meats' for ladies and courting them 'in a
set speech taken out of old Britain's works.'
At the end of the seventeenth century Bre-
ton seems to have completely dropped out
of notice, but his reputation was restored by
Bishop Percy, who printed his ' Phillida and
Corydon' and 'The Shepherd's Address to
his Muse ' (both from ' England's Helicon ')
in his 'Reliques of Ancient Poetry.' In
most of the subsequent poetical collections
Breton has been represented.
I. Breton's POETICAL productions, all biblio-
graphical rarities, are as follows : —
1. 'The Workes of a young Wit trust
up with a Fardell of prettie fancies, profit-
able to young Poetes, prejudicial to no man,
and pleasant to every man to passe away
idle time withall. Whereunto is joined an
odde kinde of wooing with a bouquet of
comfittes to make an end withall. Done by
N. B., Gent.,' 1577. Only one copy of this
work (entered on the Stationers' Register
under date June 1577) is now extant; it
belongs to Mr. Christie-Miller of Britwell.
George Ellis printed two poems from it in
his ' Specimens of Early English Poets '
(3rd edition, 1803), ii. 270-8; and Mr. W.
C. Hazlitt has reprinted 'The Letter Dedi-
catorie to the Reader' (dated 14 May 1577)
in his ' Prefaces &c. from Early Books,' 1874.
2. ' A Floorish vpon Fancie. As gallant a
glose vpon so trifling a text as ever was
written. Compiled by N. B., Gent. To
which are annexed The Toyes of an Idle
Head ; containing many pretie Pamphlets
for pleasaunt heads to passe away Idle time
withall. By the same Authour,' London, 'im-
printed by Richard Jhones,' 1577 and 1582.
This work was entered on the Stationers'
Register 2 April 1577 ; the only extant copy
of the edition published in 1577 is now at
Britwell ; that of 1582 is carelessly reprinted
in Park's ' Heliconia ' (cf. W. C. HAZLITT'S
Prefaces, $c. (1874), p. 55). 3*. 'The Pilgrim-
age to Paradise, coyned with the Countesse
of Penbrooke's love, compiled in verse by
Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Oxford, by
Joseph Barnes, 1592, entered on the Sta-
tioners' Register 23 Jan. 1590-1, with
the dedication to Mary, countess of Pem-
broke. John Case, M.D., prefixes a letter,
addressed in high praise of the author, ' to my
honest trve friend, Master Nicholas Breton/
and William Gager, doctor of laws, and Henry
Price add Latin verses (cf. Addit. MS. 22583,
f. 86). 4. ' The Countess of Penbrook's Pas-
sion,' first privately printed by Mr. Halli-
well-Phillipps, from a manuscript preserved
in the Public Library at Plymouth in his
' Brief Description of the Plymouth Manu-
scripts' (1853), pp. 177-210. An anonymous
writer in 'Notes and Queries' (1st series, v.
487) described another manuscript of this
poem in his possession. A manuscript older
than either of these is in the British Museum
(Sloane MS. 1303), and this was printed for
the first time in 1862, under the title of ' A
Poem on our Saviour's Passion/ as the work of
Breton
278
Breton
Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. Horace
Walpole, in his ' Royal and Noble Authors/
similarly attributed the poem to the Countess
of Pembroke, but George Steevens, to whom
the Plymouth manuscript at one time pro-
bably belonged, describes it as Breton's work
(STEEVENS'S Sale Catalogue, 997) ; its iden-
tity of style with the ' Countesse of Pem-
brooke's Love/ mentioned above, removes
almost all doubt as to its authorship. Dr.
Brinsley Nicholson discussed the question
in the ' Athenaeum ' (9 March 1878), and,
while arriving at this conclusion, pointed out
that the author was somewhat indebted to
Thomas Watson's 'Tears of Fancie.' The
title may be compared with ' The Countess
of Pembroke's Arcadia/ by Sidney, 'The
Countess of Pembroke's Emanuel ' (1591),
and 'The Countess of Pembroke's Yuy
Church' (1591-2), by Abraham Fraunce.
5*. 'Pasquil's Mad-cappe, Throwne at the
Corruptions of these Times, with his Message
to Men of all Estates/ 1626. It was en-
tered on the Stationers' Register 20 March
1599-1600, and again on 29 July 1605, but
no earlier copy than that of 1626 is extant.
6. 'Pasquil's Fooles-cap sent to svch (to
keepe their weake braines warme) as are not
able to conceive aright of his Mad-cap. With
Pasquil's Passion for the World's wayward-
nesse, begun by himselfe and finished by his
friend Morpherius/ 1600 (entered on Sta-
tioners' Register 10 May 1600). The only
copy known is in the Bodleian. The dedica-
tion, addressed 'to my very good friende,
Master Edward Conquest/ is signed ' N. B.'
7. 'Pasquil's Mistresse, or the Worthie and
Vnworthie Woman; with his Description
and Passion of that Furie, Jealousie/ 1600.
The dedicatory epistle is signed ' Salohcin
Treboun/ apparently an anagram upon Nicho-
las Breton. A unique copy is at Britwell.
8*. ' Pasquil's Passe and Passeth Not, set
downe in three pees, his Passe, Precession,
and Prognostication/ London, 1600 (en-
tered on Stationers' Register 29 May 1600).
The dedication, signed ' N. B./ is ad-
dressed ' to my . . . good friend M. Griffith
Pen.' 9. ' Melancholike Humours, in verses of
Diverse Natures set downe by Nich. Breton,
Gent./ London, 1600. This was reprinted
privately at the Lee Priory Press by Sir S.
Egerton Brydges. It is dedicated to ' Master
Thomas Blunt/ and ' Ben. lohnson ' prefixes
a sonnet ' in authorem. Copies are in the
Huth Library and the Bodleian. 10. ' Marie
Magdalen's Love : a Solemne Passion of the
Sovles Love, by Nicholas Breton/ London,
by John Danter, 1595. The first part is a
prose commentary on St. John x. 1-18. The j
second is a poem in six-line stanzas, and was I
republished separately in 1598 and *1623.
It was entered on the Stationers' Register
20 Sept. 1595. It is almost certain that
' Marie Magdalen's Love/ a catholic treatise,
was by another hand, and bound up by the
publisher — who leaned towards Catholicism
himself — with Breton's undoubted work, to
secure a sale for it. 11*. 'A Diuine Poeme
diuided into two partes : The Ravisht Soule
and the Blessed Weeper. Compiled by Nicho-
las Breton, Gentleman/ London, 1601, dedi-
cated to the Countess of Pembroke. A copy
is in the Huth Library. It was reprinted in
' Excerpta Tudoriana.' 12*. ' An Excellent
Poeme, vpon the Longing of a Blessed Heart,
which, loathing the world, doth long to be
with Christ ; with an addition vpon the defi-
nition of love. Compiled by Nicholas Breton,
Gentleman/ London, 1601. It was privately
reprinted by Sir Egerton Brydges in 1814.
The dedication is addressed to Lord North,
and ' H. T., Gent./ contributes a sonnet in
praise of the author. A copy is in the Huth
Library. 13. ' The Soules Heavenly Exercise,
set down in diverse godly meditations, both
prose and verse, by Nicholas Breton, Gent./
London, 1601, dedicated to William Rider,
lord mayor of London. This little quarto is
not mentioned by any of the bibliographers or
writers on Breton. A copy which is believed
to be unique is in private hands ; it is bound
in old vellum, with Queen Elizabeth's crest
stamped upon it in gold. 14*. ' The Soules
Harmony. Written by Nicholas Breton/
London, 1602. Dedicated to Lady Sara
Hastings. 15. ' Olde Madcapps newe Gally-
mawfrey, by Ni. Breton/ London (Richard
lohnes), 1602, and dedicated to Mistress
Anne Breton of Little Calthorpe, Leicester-
shire, entered on the Stationers' Register
4 June 1602. A unique copy is in Mr. Christie-
Miller's library at Britwell. 16. 'The Mother's
Blessing/ London, 1602, with a dedication
signed Nich. Breton, addressed to ' M. Thomas
Rowe, sonne to the Lady Bartley of Stoke/
The only complete copy known is in the li-
brary of Sir Charles Isham of Lamport Hall,
Northampton. 17. 'The Passionate Shep-
heard, or the Shepheardes Love ; set downe
in Passions to his Shepherdesse Aglaia/ Lon-
don, 1604. Breton here writes under the
pseudonym of Bonerto. The only perfect
copy known belonged to Mr. Frederic Ouvry,
and was reprinted by him in 1877. 18*. 'The
Soules Immortall Crowne, consisting of
Seaven Glorious Graces/ London, 1605, de-
dicated to James I. A manuscript of the
work, signed by Breton, is in the British Mu-
seum (MS. Royal, 18 A, Ivii.) 19. ' A Trve
Description of Vnthankfulnesse, or an Enemie
to Ingratitude. Compiled by Nicholas Breton,
Breton
279
Breton
Gent./ London, 1602 ; dedicated to ' Mistris
Mary Gate,' daughter of Sir Henry Gate of
Seamer, Yorkshire. Acopyis in the Bodleian.
20. ' The Honovr of Valovr. By Nicholas Bre-
ton, Gent., 'London, 1605. A unique copy is in
the Huth Library ; it is dedicated to Charles
Blount, earl of Devon. 21. l An Invective
against Treason/ printed by Dr. Grosart from
the Koyal MS. (17 C, xxxiv.) in the British
Museum, with a dedication, signed ' Nich.
Breton/ to the Duke of Lennox. An edition
entitled 'The State of Treason with a Touch
of the late Treason/ was published in 1616,
but no copy is now known. The poem refers
to the Gunpowder Plot. 22. ' I would and
I would not/ London, 1614. The address to
the reader is signed ' B. N./ but the style
of the poem and the initials (probably re-
versed) give the poem a title to be connected
with Breton's name.
Breton was a regular contributor to the
poetical collections of his age, and his poeti-
cal fame induced an enterprising publisher,
Richard Jones, to put forth two miscellanies
under his name. In the Stationers' Re-
gister, under date 3 May 1591, ' Bryton's
Bowre of Delights' was entered to Jones,
and published in the same year as * contayn-
ing many most delectable and fine deuices
of rare epitaphes, pleasant poems, pastorals,
and sonets, by N. B., Gent.' Of this publica-
tion Mr. Christie-Miller owns a unique copy.
Breton says in an epistle (12 April 1592) pre-
fixed to his 'Pilgrimage to Paradise:' 'There
hath beene of late printed in London by one
Richarde Joanes, a printer, a booke of English
verse, entituled " Breton's Bower of Delights."
I protest it was done altogether without my
consent or knowledge, and many things of
other men mingled with a few of mine, for ex-
cept "Amoris Lachrimse," an epitaph vpon Sir
Phillip Sydney, and one or two other toies,
which I know not how he vnhappily came by,
I have no part of any of them.' George Ellis
printed in his ' Specimens of the Early English
Poets/ 3rd edition, 1803 (ii. 286-8), ' a sweet
contention between love, his mistress, and
beauty ' from a copy of ' The Bowre of De-
lights/dated 1597. A similar story may be told
of 'The Arbor of Amorous Deuices : Wherein
young Gentlemen may reade many pleasant
fancies and fine Deuices : And thereon me-
ditate diuers sweete Conceites to court the
loue of faire Ladies and Gentlewomen. By
N. B., Gent./ London, 1597 (cf. BEATJCLERC'S
Sale Catalogue, 1781; W. C. HAZLITT'S
Handbook}. Only one copy of this book is still
extant, and that has lost its title-page and is
otherwise defective ; it is in the Capell collec-
tion at Trinity College, Cambridge. There
is an entry on the Stationers' Register of
' The Arbour of Amorus Delightes, by N. B.,
Gent./ under date 7 Jan. 1593-4. This book
is only in part Breton's ; it contains poems
by other hands, collected together by the
printer, Richard Jones. Two pieces are from
Tottel's ' Miscellany/ a third is from Sidney's
' Arcadia.' The most beautiful poem in the col-
lection is the well-known * A Sweete Lullabie/
beginning, ' Come little babe, come silly soule/
and it has been assumed by many to be by
Breton, but ' Britton's Divinitie ' is Breton's
sole undoubted contribution to the volume.
In the ' Phoenix Nest/ published in 1593, five
poems are described as ' by N. B., Gent.' In
' England's Helicon/ published in 1600, eight
poems are signed l N. Breton/ among them
being the far-famed ' Phillida and Corydon '
(originally printed anonymously in 1591 in
' The . . . Entertainment gieven to the Queen
. . . by the Earle of Hertford '), and several of
Breton's most delicate pastorals. Some songs
set to music in Morley's 'New Book of Tabla-
ture/ 1596, and Dowland's ' Third Book of
Songs/ 1603 (see COLLIEE'S Lyrical Poems,
published by Percy Society), have on internal
grounds been ascribed to Breton. Sir Egerton
Brydges printed in his ' Censura Literaria' as
a poem of Breton's a few verses beginning
' Among the groves, the woods, the thickets/
described in John Hynd's ' Eliosto Libidinoso/
1606, as ' a fancie which that learned author,
N. B., hath dignified with respect.' Part of
the poem was printed anonymously from
Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6910, in 'Excerpta
Tudoriana.' To ' The Scvller/ 1612, by John
Taylor, the Water Poet, 'thy loving friend
Nicholas Breton' contributed a poem 'in
laudem authoris.' A seventeenth-century
manuscript collection of verse by various
authors of the sixteenth and the seventeenth
centuries (in the possession of Mr. F. W. Co-
sens) contains transcripts of many of Breton's
poems, some of which were printed in ' Eng-
land's Helicon/ others in 'The Arbor of
Amorous Devices/ 1597 ; and one, ' Amoris
Lachrimsefor the Death of Sir Philip Sidney/
in ' Britton's Bowre of Delights/ 1591 ; there
are also some thirty short pieces, fairly at-
tributable to Breton, which do not appear
to have been printed in the poet's lifetime ;
they were published for the first time by
Dr. Grosart. Among the Tanner MSS. at the
Bodleian are five short poems by Breton of no
particular literary interest.
II. Breton's PROSE works are : —
1 *. ' Auspicante Jehoua, Marie's Exercise/
London (by T. Este), 1597. There is a dedi-
cation, signed ' Nich. Breton/ addressed to
Mary, countess of Pembroke, and another
' to the Ladies and Gentlewomen Readers/
One copy is in the Cambridge University
Breton
280
Breton
Library. 2. * Wits Trenchmour, in a con-
ference betwixt a Scholler and an Angler.
Written by Nicli. Breton, Gentleman/ Lon-
don, 1597 (Trenchmour is the name of a
boisterous dance). A unique copy is in Mr.
Huth's library. The dedication is addressed
to ' William Harbert of the Red Castle in
Montgomery-shire.' Izaak Walton is usually
said, without much reason, to have been in-
debted to this work for the suggestion of
his ' Angler.' 3**. ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's
Will or Wil's Wit, Chuse you whether. Com-
piled by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Lon-
don (by Thomas Creede), 1599. The book is
entered on the Stationers' Register 7 Sept.
1580. The Rev. Richard Madox refers to the
book as its author's chief work in his ' Diary,'
under date 14 March 1582-3. There is a dedi-
cation * To Gentlemen Schollers and Students,
whatsoever,' and two copies of unsigned
verses, 'ad lectorem, de authore,' together
with some stanzas by W[illiam] S[mith].
The book contains : (1) ' A Pretie and Wittie
Discourse betwixt Wit and Will, in which
several songs appear.' (2) ' The Author's
Dreame of strange effects as followeth.'
(3) 'The Scholler and the Soldiour . . .
the one defending Learning, the other Mar-
tiall Discipline, in which the Soldier gets the
better of the argument.' (4) 'The Miseries
of Manillia, the most unfortunate Ladie that
ever lived,' a romance. (5) 'The Praise
of Vertuous Ladies, an invective written
against the discourteous discourses of certaine
malicious persons, written against women
whom Nature, Wit, and Wisedom (well con-
sidered) would us rather honour than disgrace.'
This piece was reprinted by Sir Egerton
Brydges in 1815. (6) ' A Dialogue between
Anger and Patience.' (7) 'A Phisitions
Letter,' with practical directions for healthy
living. (8) ' A Farewell.' The whole work
was republished in 1606*, and a very limited
reprint was issued by Mr. J. O. Halliwell-
PhiUipps in 1860. 4. ' The Strange Fvtvres
of Two Excellent Princes [Fantiro and
Penillo], in their Lives and Loves to their
equall Ladies in all the titles of true honour,'
1600, a story from the Italian. A unique copy
is in the Bodleian, dedicated to ' lohn Line-
wray, Esquire, clerk of the deliueries, and the
deliuerance of all her Maiestie's ordenance.'
5. 'Crossing of Proverbs, Crosse Answeres
and Crosse Humours, by N. B., Gent.,' Lon-
don, 1616, pts. i. and *ii. 6. ' The Figvre
of Foure' was first entered on the Sta-
tioners' Register 10 Oct. 1597, and again
19 Nov. 1607. Ames notes an edition of
1631. But all that seems to have survived
of this book is an edition of ' the second part,'
issued in 1636 (of which a unique copy is in
the Bodleian). The address to the reader is
signed ' N. B.' *A reprint of this part, dated
1654, consists of 104 fantastic paragraphs,
each describing four things of similar quality.
7**. ' Wonders Worth the Hearing, which
being read or heard in a Winter's evening
by a good fire, or a Summer's morning in the
greene fields, may serve both to purge me-
! lancholy from the minde & grosse humours
I from the body,' London, 1602. The dedica-
tion, signed 'Nich. Breton,' and dated 22 Dec.
1602, is addressed ' to my honest and loving
friend, Mr. lohn Cradocke, cutler, at his
house without Temple Barre.' The book con-
tains quaint descriptions of Elizabethan
manners. 8. 'A Poste with a Packet of
Mad Letters,' was published first in 1603
| (entered on Stationers' Register 18 May
1602), of which a copy is in the Advocates'
Library, Edinburgh. *An edition, ' the
fourth time enlarged,' appeared in 1609, and
it appeared again in a much enlarged shape
(two parts)* in 1637. Frequent editions
were issued down to 1685. It is dedicated to
' Maximillion Dallison, of Hawlin,' Kent. It
consists of letters from persons in a variety
of situations, several of which are signed
' N. B.,' and read like extracts from the author's
actual correspondence. One letter (Let. ii.
19) of this kind, ' To my dearest beloved friend
on earth, H. WT.,' tells the story of a life of
sorrows, which has been assumed to be auto-
biographical. 9. ' A Mad World, my Masters,
a merry dialogue betweene two travellers
[Dorindo and Lorenzo],' London, 1603 and
1635. The first edition is dedicated to John
Florio. Both editions are in the Bodleian.
Middleton's play with the same title was
published in 1608. 10*. 'A Dialogue full
of Pithe and Pleasure : between three Phy-
losophers : Antonio, Meondro, and Dinarco :
Vpon the Dignitie or Indignitie of Man.
Partly translated out of Italian and partly
set down by way of observation. By Nicholas
Breton, Gentleman,' London, 1603, dedicated
to ' lohn Linewray, Esquier, Marster Sur-
veior Generall of all her Maiesties Ordinance.'
11*. Grimello's Fortunes, with his Entertain-
ment in his Travaile,' London, 1604. Two
copies are in the Bodleian and one in the
Huth Library. The address ' to the reader '
is signed 'B. N.' 12*. ' An Olde Man's Lesson
and a Yovng Man's Love, by Nicholas Bre-
ton,'London, 1605. One copy is in the Huth
Library, dedicated to Sir John Linwraye,
knight . . . of his Maiesties Ordinance.' 13. 'I
pray you be not Angrie : A pleasant and
merry Dialogue betweene two Travellers as
they met on the Highway [touching their
crosses, and of the vertue of patience]. By
N. B.,' London, 1605 and (with a slightly
Breton
281
Brett
different title-page) 1624. In the Bodleian
Library copy of the first edition the signa-
ture of the address to the reader is ' Nicho-
las Breton.' 14*. 'A Murmurer,' written
' against murmurers and murmuring/ Lon-
don, 1607. The dedication, to ' the Lords of
his Maiesties most Honorable privie Coun-
sel,' is signed ' Nicholas Breton.' One copy
is at Bridgewater House. 15**. ' Divine
Considerations of the Soule ... By N. B.,
G.,' London, 1608. It is dedicated to ' Sir
Thomas Lake, one of the Clarkes of his
Maiesties Signet, health, happinesse, and
Heaven,' with the signature of ' Nich. Bre-
ton.' 16. ' Wits Private Wealth stored with
Choice of Commodities to content the Minde,'
1612* and 1639— a collection of proverbial
remarks — dedicated to ' lohn Crooke, son and
heire to Sir lohn Crooke, knight,' with the
signature of * N. Britton.' 17*. ' Characters
upon Essaies, Morall and Diuine,' London,
1615, dedicated by 'Nich. Breton' to Sir
Francis Bacon. 18. 'The Good and the
Badde, a Description of the Worthies and
Vnworthies of this Age,' London, *1616 and
1643, dedicated by 'Nicholas Breton' to
Sir Gilbert Houghton. 19**. ' Strange Newes
ovt of Divers Countries,' London, 1622,
with an address to the reader signed ' B. N.'
20*. ' Fantasticks, serving for a perpetuall
Prognostication,' London, 1626. Copies are
in Mr. Huth's and Dr. Grosart's libraries.
There is a dedication to ' Sir Marke Ive, of
Riuers Hall in Essex,' signed ' N. B.' Extracts
appear in J. O. Halliwell's * Books of Cha-
racters,' 1857. 21. 'The Court and Country,
or a briefe Discourse betweene the Courtier
and Countryman, of the Manner, Nature, and
Condition of their lives. Dialoguewise set
downe. . . . Written by N. B., Gent.,' Lon-
don, 1618. A unique copy belongs to Mr.
Christie-Miller of Britwell. ' Nich. Breton '
signs the dedication to ' Sir Stephen Poll of
Blaikmoore in Essex.' Mr. W. C. Hazlitt
reprinted this book in his ' Inedited Tracts '
(Roxburghe Club, 1868). 22. ' An Eulogistic
Character of Queen Elizabeth, dedicated by
the author, Nicholas Breton, to Robert Cecil,
earl of Salisbury,' is extant in Breton's hand-
writing, in the Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6207
ff. 14-22. It was printed by Dr. Grosart for
the first time.
The most serious mistake made by Breton's
bibliographers has been the ascription to |
him of ' Sir Philip Sydney's Ourania ... by
N. B.' 1606. The author of this work is Na-
thaniel Baxter [q. v.] In the British Museum
Catalogue ' Mary Magdalen's Lamentations
for the Losse of Her Maister Jesus, London,
1604, and ' The Passion of a Discontented
Mind,' London, 1601, 1602, 1621, are errone-
ously ascribed to Breton. Robert Southwell
was more probably the author of the latter.
A unique copy of the first edition is in the
Huth Library, and the second edition (in the
Bodleian) is reprinted in J. P. Collier's ' Il-
lustrations,' vol. i. The Rev. Thomas Corser
ascribes ' The Case is Altered. How ? Aske
Dalio and Millo,' London, 1604 and 1635, to
Breton ; Mr. J. P. Collier assigns it to Francis
Thynne, although internal evidence fails to
support this conclusion.
Breton's name was pronounced Britton.
[Dr. Grosart has collected most of Breton's
works in his edition, privately published, in the
Chertsey Worthies Library (1877). The poeti-
cal works numbered above 1, 7, 13, and 15 do
not appear there. The editions marked * and
** are in the British Museum, and the latter
are believed to be unique. See also Corser's Col-
lectanea ; Kitson's Anglo-Poetica ; Ellis's Speci-
mens of the Early EnglishPoets (1803) and Hun-
ters MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS.
24487, if. 307 et seq., which is especially valu-
able.] S. L. L.
BRETON, WILLIAM. [See BRITON.]
BRETT, ARTHUR (d. 1677 ?), poet, was,
Wood believes, ' descended of a genteel family.'
Having been a scholar of Westminster, he
was elected to a studentship at Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1653. He proceeded B.A. in
1656 and M.A. in 1659. He was one of the
' Terras filii ' in the act held in St. Mary's
Church, 1661, ' at which time he showed him-
self sufficiently ridiculous.' Having taken
orders, he became vicar of Market Lavington,
Wiltshire, but he seems after a while to have
given up the living. He came up to London,
and there fell into poverty, begging from
gentlemen in the streets, and especially from
Oxford men. He was somewhat crazed, ac-
cording to Wood, who met him by chance
in 1675, and was perhaps annoyed by his
importunity, for he writes with some bitter-
ness of him. Brett was ' a great pretender to
poetry.' He wrote : 1. ' A Poem on the Re-
storation of King Charles II,' 1660, included
in ' Britannia rediviva.' 2. ' Threnodia, on
the Death of Henry, Duke of Gloucester,'
1660. 3. ' Poem on the Death of the Prin-
cess of Orange,' 1660. 4. ' Patientia victrix,
or the Book of Job in Lyric Verse,' 1661 ;
and is also said to have written an essay on
poetry. He died in his mother's house in
the Strand ' about 1677.' Wood knows not
' where his lean and macerated carcase was
buried, unless in the yard of St. Clement's
church, without Temple Bar.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. col. 1144; Fasti, ii.
192, 220 (Bliss); Welch's Alumni Westmon.
(1852), 141.] W. H.
Brett
282
Brett
BRETT, HENRY (d. 1724), colonel, of
Sandywell Park, Gloucestershire, the asso-
ciate of Addison and Steele, was eldest son
of Henry Brett of Cowley, Gloucestershire,
the descendant of the old Warwickshire
family of Brett of Brett's Hall (see AT-
KYNS'S Gloucestershire, p. 400 ; DUGDALE'S
Warwickshire, ii. 1039). Colley Gibber, who
was intimate with him, says that young
Brett was sent to Oxford and entered at the
Temple, but was an idler about town in 1700,
when he married Ann, the divorced wife of
Charles Gerard, second earl of Macclesfield,
who succeeded to the title in 1693. She was
daughter of a Sir Richard Mason, knight,
of Sutton, Surrey, and married the Earl of
Macclesfield, then Lord Brandon, in 1683,
but separated from him soon after. She had
afterwards two illegitimate children, one of
whom, by Richard Savage, fourth and last
earl Rivers, was popularly identified with
the unfortunate poet, Richard Savage (see
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vi. 361 et seq.)
The countess was divorced in 1698, when
her fortune of 12,000/. (or, as some accounts
have it, 25,000/.) was returned to her, and
two years later she married Henry Brett. He
was a very handsome young fellow, and the
lady's sympathy is said to have been evoked
by an assault committed upon him by bailiffs
opposite her windows. After his marriage
Henry Brett was for a short time member for
the borough of Bishop's Castle, Salop. He
also obtained in 1705 the lieutenant-colonelcy
of a regiment of foot newly raised by Sir
Charles Hotham, but parted with it soon after.
Brett was a well-known member of the little
circle of which Addison was the head, and
which held its social gatherings at Will's
and afterwards at Button's. He is supposed
to be the Colonel Rambler of the 'Tatler*
(No. 7). He rebuilt Sandywell Park, which
he sold to Lord Conway, and at one time
had a share in the patent of Drury Lane
Theatre (CiBBEK, Apology, p. 212). He sur-
vived his friend Addison, and died, rather
suddenly, in 1724. His will, wherein he is
simply described as Henry Brett, and be-
queaths all his real and personal property to
his loving spouse Ann Brett, except his lottery
tickets, half the proceeds of which, in the event
of their drawing prizes, are to go to his sister
Miller, was dated 14 Sept. 1724, and proved
by his widow two days later. After her father's
death, his daughter, Anna Margharetta Brett,
who appears to have been the sole issue of
the marriage, and who is described as a dark,
Spanish-looking beauty, became the recog-
nised mistress — the first English one — of
King George I, then in his sixty-fifth year,
by whom she is believed to have had no
children. The young lady's ambition and
prospects of a coronet were disappointed
through the death of the king in 1727, and
she subsequently married Sir William Lemanr
second baronet, of Northaw or Northall, Hert-
fordshire, and died without issue in 1743,
Mrs. Brett lived to the age of eighty. She
died at her residence in Old Bond Street,
London, on 11 Oct. 1753. She is said to
have been a woman of literary tastes, and
Colley Cibber is stated to have esteemed her
judgment so highly as to have submitted to
her revision the manuscript of his best play,
the ' Careless Husband,' which was first put
on the boards in 1704.
Colonel Arthur Brett (whose daughter
married Thomas Carte, the historian) is
sometimes confounded with Henry Brett.
[Collins's Peerage (1812), ix. 400, 404; Col-
lins's Baronetage, iii. (ii.) 461, iv. 406; Walpole's
Letters, i. p. cv ; Apology for Life of Colley
Cibber (1740, 4to), pp. 212, 214; Gloucester-
shire Notes and Queries, clxxxvi. (March 1881),
dccxcvii. (July 1882), where some of the details
given are incorrect; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
vi. 361 et seq., 5th ser. xi. 295, xii. 196 ; Gent.
Mag. xxiii. 541.] H. M. C.
BRETT, GEORGE. [See KEYNES.]
BRETT, JOHN (d. 1785), captain in the
royal navy, was probably the son or near
kinsman of Captain Timothy Brett, with
whom he went to sea in the Ferret sloop
about the year 1722, with the rating of cap-
tain's servant. In May 1727 he followed
Timothy Brett to the Deal Castle, and in the
following November to the William and
Mary yacht. On 2 March 1733-4 he was
promoted to be lieutenant ; in 1740 he com-
manded the Grampus sloop in the Mediter-
ranean ; and on 25 March 1741 was posted
into the Roebuck of 40 guns by Vice-admiral
Haddock, whom he brought home a passenger,
invalided, in May 1742. In November 1742
he was appointed to the Anglesea, and in
April 1744 to the Sunderland of 60 guns.
He was still in the Sunderland and in com-
pany with the Captain, Hampton Court .and
Dreadnought, when, on 6 Jan. 1744-5, they
fell in with, and did not capture, the two
French ships, Neptune and Fleuron [see
GRIFFIN, THOMAS ; MOSTYN, SAVAGE]. For-
tunately for Captain Brett's reputation, the
Sunderland had her mainmast carried away at
an early period of the chase, and he thus es-
caped a share of the obloquy which attached
to the others. He was afterwards sent out
to join Commodore Warren at Cape Breton,
and took part in the operations which re-
sulted in the capture of Louisburg. In
1755 he commanded the Chichester in the
Brett
283
Brett
squadron sent under Rear-admiral Holburne
to reinforce Boscawen on the coast of North
America. On 19 May 1756 he was appointed
to the St. George, and on 1 June was ordered
to turn over to the Namur. Three days
afterwards a promotion of admirals came
out, in which Brett was included, with his
proper seniority, as rear-admiral of the white.
He refused to take up the commission, and
it was accordingly cancelled (Admiralty
Minutes, 4 and 15 June 1756). No reason
for this refusal appears on record, and the
correspondence that must have taken place
between Brett and the admiralty or Lord
Anson has not been preserved. It is quite
possible that there had been some question
as to whether his name should or should not
be included in the promotion, and that this
had come to Brett's knowledge; but the
story, as told by Oharnock, of his name
having been in the first instance omitted, is
contradicted by the official list.
From this time Brett lived in retire-
ment, occupying himself, to some extent,
in literary pursuits. In 1777-9 he published
1 ' Translations of Father Feyjoo's Discourses'
(4 vols. 8vo) ; and in 1780 i Essays or Dis-
courses selected from the Works of Feyjoo,
and translated from the Spanish' (2 vols.
8vo). A letter, dated Gosport, 3 July 1772
(Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 30871, f. 138), shows
that he corresponded with Wilkes on friendly
terms, and ranked himself with him as ' a
friend of liberty.' He speaks also of his
wife and children, of whom nothing further
seems to be known. He died in 1785.
[Official Documents in the Public Eecord
Office ; Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 67 ; Gent.
Mag. li. 34. Iv. 223.] J. K. L.
BRETT, JOHN WATKINS (1805-1863),
telegraphic engineer, was the son of a cabinet-
maker, William Brett of Bristol, and was
born in that city in 1805. Brett has been
styled, with apparent justice, the founder of
submarine telegraphy. The idea of trans-
mitting electricity through submerged cables
is said to have been originated by him in
conjunction with his younger brother. After
some years spent in perfecting his plans he
sought and obtained permission from Louis-
Philippe in 1847 to establish telegraphic
communication between France and England,
but the project did not gain the public at-
tention, being regarded as too hazardous for
general support. The attempt was, however,
made in 1850, and met with success, and the
construction of numerous other submarine
lines followed. Brett always expressed him-
self confident as to the ultimate union of
England and America by means of electri-
city, but he did not live to see it accom-
plished. He died on 3 Dec. 1863 at the age
of 58, and was buried in the family vault in
the churchyard of Westbury-on-Trim, near
Bristol. Brett published a work of 104 pages,
' On the Origin and Progress of the Oceanic
Telegraph, with a few brief facts and opinions
of the press ' (London, 8vo, 1858), and con-
tributed several papers on the same subject
to the Institute of Civil Engineers, of which
he was a member. A list of these contribu-
tions will be found in the index of the * Pro-
ceedings ' of that society.
[Notes and Queries. 3rd ser. viii. 203, &c. ;
Catalogue of the Konalds Library.] K. H.
BRETT, SIB PEIRCY (1709-1781), ad-
miral, was the son of Peircy Brett, a master
in the navy, and afterwards master attendant
of the dockyards at Sheerness and at Chat-
ham. After serving his time as volunteer
and midshipman, he was, on 6 Dec. 1734,
promoted to the rank of lieutenant and ap-
pointed to the Falkland with Captain the
Hon. Fitzroy Lee. In her he continued till
July 1738, when he was appointed to the
Adventure, and a few months later to the
Gloucester, one of the ships which sailed
under Commodore Anson for the Pacific in
September 1740. On 18 Feb. following Brett
was transferred to Anson's own ship, the
Centurion, as second-lieutenant, and in this
capacity he commanded the landing party
which sacked and burned the town of Paita
on 13 Nov. 1741. After the capture of the
great Acapulco ship, Brett became first-lieu-
tenant, by the promotion of Saumarez, and
was appointed by Anson to be captain of the
Centurion on 30 Sept. 1743, when he himself
left the ship on his visit to Canton. On the
arrival of the Centurion in England the ad-
miralty refused to confirm this promotion,
although they gave Brett a new commission
as captain dated the day the ship anchored
at Spithead, and a few months later, under
a new admiralty of which Anson was a
member, the original commission wras con-
firmed, 29 Dec. 1744 [see ANSON, GEORGE,
LORD].
In April 1745 Brett was appointed to
command the Lion, 60 guns, in the Chan-
nel ; and on 9 July, being then off" Ushant,
he fell in with the French ship Elisabeth ot
64 gun's, a king's ship, nominally in private
employ, and actually engaged in convoying
the small frigate on board which Prince
Charles Edward was taking a passage to
Scotland. Between the Lion and Elisabeth
a severe action ensued, which lasted from
5 p.m. till 9 p.m., by which time the Lion
was a wreck, with 45 killed and 107
Brett
284
Brett
wounded out of a complement of 400 ; and
the Elisabeth, taking advantage of her
enemy's condition, drew off, too much in-
jured to pursue the voyage. The drawn
battle was thus as fatal to the Stuart
cause as the capture of the Elisabeth would
have been ; for all the stores, arms, and
money for the intended campaign were on
board her, and the young prince landed in
Scotland a needy and impoverished adven-
turer.
Early in 1747 Brett was appointed to the
Yarmouth, 64 guns, which he commanded in
the action off Cape Finisterre on 3 May ; he
was shortly afterwards temporarily super-
seded by Captain Saunders, but was reap-
pointed in the autumn, and continued in the
same ship till the end of 1750, during the
latter part of which time she was guardship
at Chatham. In 1752 Brett was appointed
to the Royal Caroline yacht, and in the fol-
lowing January, having taken the king over
to Germany, received the honour of knight-
hood. In February 1754 he was one of a
commission appointed to examine into the
condition of the port of Harwich, which was
found to be silting up by the waste of the
cliff. He continued in command of the yacht
till the end of 1757, and in January 1758
was appointed to the Norfolk as commodore
in the Downs. During Anson's cruise off
Brest in the summer of 1758 he acted as first
captain of the Royal George, in the capacity
now known as captain of the fleet. He after-
wards returned to the Norfolk and the Downs,
and held that command till December 1761,
during which period, in the summer of 1759,
he was employed on a commission for ex-
amining the coasts of Essex, Kent, and Sussex,
with a view to their defence against any
possible landing of the enemy. His report
(15 June 1759) is curious and interesting as
showing the extraordinary ignorance of the
government as to the nature of the country
within a hundred miles of London. Early
in 1762 he \\as sent out to the Mediterranean
as second in command, and was soon after
promoted to be rear-admiral. He came home
the following year, after the peace, and did
not serve again at sea, though from 1766
to 1770 he was one of the lords commissioners
of the admiralty under Sir Edward Hawke.
He became a vice-admiral on 24 Oct. 1770,
admiral on 29 Jan. 1778, and died on 14 Oct.
1781. He was buried at Beckenham in Kent,
where there is a tablet to his memory in the
church.
He married in 1745 Henrietta, daughter
of Mr. Thomas Colby, clerk of the cheque at
Chatham, by whom he had two sons, who
died in infancy, and a daughter, who mar-
ried Sir George Bowyer. The Peircy Brett
whose name appears in later navy lists as a
captain of 1787 was a nephew, the son of
William Brett, also a captain in the navy,
who died in 1769. Lady Brett survived her
husband but a few years ; she died in August
1788, in the eighty-first year of her age, and
was buried in the same vault in the church
at Beckenham.
[Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 239 ; Gent. Mag.
li. 517, 623 ; Official Letters, &c., in the Public
Eecord Office.] J. K. L.
BRETT, RICHARD (1560 P-1637), a
learned divine, was descended from a family
which had been settled at Whitestanton,
Somersetshire, in the time of Henry I (CoL-
LINSON, Somersetshire, iii. 127). He was
entered a commoner of Hart Hall in Oxford
University in 1582, took one degree in arts,
and was then elected a fellow of Lincoln
College, where he set himself to perfect his
acquaintance with the classical and eastern
languages. According to Wood, ' he was a
person famous in his time for learning as
well as piety, skill'd and versed to a criti-
cism in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic,
Arabic, and Ethiopic tongues.' In 1597 he
was admitted bachelor of divinity, and he
proceeded in divinity in 1605. In February
1595 he was presented to the rectory of
Quainton, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
On account of his special knowledge of the
biblical languages he was appointed by
James I one of the translators of the Bible
into English. He published two translations
from Greek into Latin : l Vitse sanctorum
Evangelistarum Johannis et Lucae a Simeone
Metaphraste concinnatse,' Oxford, 1597, and
' Agatharchidis et Memnonis historicorum
qu£e supersunt omnia,' Oxford, 1597. He
was also the author of ' Iconum sacrarum
Decas in qua e subjectis typis compluscula
sanse doctrinae capita eruuntur,' 1603. He
died on 15 April 1637, aged 70, and was buried
in the chancel of his church at Quainton.
Over his grave a monument with his effigies
and a Latin and English epitaph was erected
by his widow. By his wife Alice, daughter
of Richard Brown, sometime mayor of Ox-
ford, he left four daughters.
[Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 611-2; Lips-
comb's Buckinghamshire, i. 422, 434, 436 ; Col-
linson's Somersetshire, iii. 127.] T. F. H.
BRETT, ROBERT (1808-1874), surgeon,
was born on 11 Sept. 1808, it is believed at
or near Luton, Bedfordshire. As soon as he
was old enough, he entered St. George's Hos-
pital, London, as a medical pupil, and passed
his examinations, both as M.R.C.S.E. and
Brett
285
Brett
L.S.A.L., in 1830. He then probably filled
some hospital posts, and most certainly
married ; and at this time he was so deeply
imbued with religious feeling that he wished
to take holy orders, and go abroad as a mis-
sionary. But he was dissuaded from such a !
step, and continued the practice of his pro-
fession. On the death of his wife, he went as
assistant to Mr. Samuel Reynolds, a surgeon
at Stoke Newington, whose sister he married,
and with whom he entered into a partnership
which lasted fourteen years. He continued
to practise at Stoke Newington until his
death, on 3 Feb. 1874.
He entered heart and soul into the tracta-
rian movement from its commencement, doing
all in his power as a layman to forward it ;
he was honoured with the friendship of most
of the leaders, especially Dr. Pusey, and his
whole life and means were spent in promoting
the interests of this section of the Church of
England. Even the motto on his carriage
was ( Pro Ecclesia Dei.' It was owing to his
calling the attention of Edward Coleridge, |
of Eton, to the deplorable condition of the
ruins of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, that a
scheme was set on foot which resulted,
through the munificence of Mr. Beresford
Hope, in the establishment of St. Augus-
tine's Missionary College. He parcelled out
the parish of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington,
and was the chief agent in the building of its
church, as he also was subsequently in the
erection of two churches at Haggerston and
St. Faith's, Stoke Newington. He did other
practical good work in founding the Guild of
St. Luke, which consists of a band of medical
men who co-operate with the clergy. He
was an active member of the first church
union that was started, and was at the time
of his death a vice-president of the English
Church Union.
Although, as may be imagined, his time
was well occupied, yet he found leisure to
write many devotional books (sixteen in
number), such as 'Devotions for the Sick
Room,' ( Companion for the Sick Room,'
' Thoughts during Sickness,' &c.
He was buried on 7 Feb. 1874 at Totten-
ham cemetery. A large number of clergy-
men, noblemen, physicians, and barristers
attended his funeral.
[Private information.]
J. A.
BRETT, THOMAS (1667-1743), non-
juring divine, was the son of Thomas Brett of
Spring Grove, Wye, Kent. His father de-
scended from a family long settled at Wye ;
his mother was Letitia, daughter of John
Boys of Betshanger, Sandwich, where Brett
was born. He was educated at the Wye gram-
mar school, under John Paris and Samuel
Pratt (afterwards dean of Rochester), and on
20 March 1684 admitted pensioner of Queens'
College, Cambridge. He was removed by
his father for extravagance, but permitted
to return. He then found that his books
had been ' embezzled by an idle scholar,' and
migrated to Corpus on 17 Jan. 1689. He
took the LL.B. degree on the St. Barna-
bas day following. He was ordained deacon
on 21 Dec. 1690. After holding a curacy at
Folkestone for a year he was ordained priest,
and chosen lecturer at Islington. The vicar,
Mr. Gery, encouraged him to exchange his
early whiggism for tory and high-church
principles. On the death of his father, his
mother persuaded him to return (May 1696)
to Spring Grove, where he undertook the
cure of Great Chart. Here he married
Bridget, daughter of Sir Nicholas Toke. In
1697 he became LL.D., and soon afterwards
exchanged Great Chart for Wye. He became
rector of Betshanger on the death of his
uncle, Thomas Boys ; and on 12 April 1705
Archbishop Tenison made him rector of
Ruckinge, having previously allowed him to
hold the small vicarage of Chislet ' in seques-
tration.' He had hitherto taken the oaths
without scruple ; but the attempts of his re-
lation, Chief-baron Gilbert, to bring him back
to whiggism had the reverse of the effect in-
tended ; and Sacheverell's trial induced him
to resolve never to take the oath again. He
published a sermon ' on the remission of sins/
in 1711, which gave offence by its high view
of sacerdotal absolution, and was attacked
by Dr. Robert Cannon [q. v.] in convocation
(22 Feb. 1712). The proposed censure was
dropped apparently by the action of Atterbury
as prolocutor (Letter about a Motion in Con-
vocation, fyc. 1712). In a later sermon 'On
the Honour of the Cnristian Priesthood ' he
disavowed a belief in auricular confession.
On the accession of George I, Brett declined
to take the oaths, resigned his living, and
was received into communion by the nonjur- /
ing bishop Hickes. He afterwards officiated- '
in his own house. He was presented at the
assizes for keeping a conventicle, and in 1718
and 1729 complaints were made against him
to Archbishop Wake for interfering with the
duties of the parish clergyman. He was,
however, let off with a reproof.
Brett was consecrated bishop by the non-
juring bishops Collier, Spinckes, and Howes,
in 1716. He took part in a negotiation
which they opened in 1716 with the Greek
archbishop of Thebais, then in London, and
which continued till 1725, when it was
allowed to drop. Brett's account, with copies
of a proposed * concordate,' and letters to the
Brett
286
Brettargh
Czar of Moscovy and his ministers, is given
by Lathbury (History of Nonjurors, 1845,
p. 309), from the manuscripts of Bishop
Jolly. Before a definitive reply had been re-
ceived from the Greek prelates, the church
which made the overture had split into two
in consequence of a controversy. Brett sup-
ported Collier in proposing to return to the use
of the first liturgy of Edward VI, as nearer
the use of the primitive church. He defended
his view in a postscript to his work on ' Tra-
dition.' He took part in various contro-
versies connected with the nonjuring question,
and joined in consecrating bishops with Col-
lier and the Scotch bishop, Campbell. In
1727 he consecrated Thomas Brett, junior.
He also contributed some notes to Zachary
Grey's edition of Hudibras ' (published 1744).
Brett was an amiable man, of pleasant con-
versation, and lived quietly in his own house,
where he died on 5 March 1743. He had
twelve children. His wife died on 7 May
1765 ; his son, Nicholas, chaplain to Sir
Kobert Cotton, on 20 Aug. 1776.
Brett published many books of which full
titles are given in Nichols's ' Anecdotes,' i.
411. They are as follows : 1. 'An Account
of Church Government,' 1707, answered
by Nokes in the 'Beautiful Pattern;' and
enlarged edition 1710, answered by John
Lewis, 1711, in ' Presbyters not always an
authoritative part of Provincial Synods ;' to
which Brett replied. 2. l Two Letters on the
Times wherein Marriage is said to be pro-
hibited,' 1708. 3. ' Letter to the Author of
" Lay Baptism Invited," ' &c. (condemning lay
baptism). This led to a controversy with
Joseph Bingham, who replied in * Scholasti-
cal History of Lay Baptism,' 1712. 4. Ser-
mons on f Remission of Sins,' 1711, reprinted
with five others in 1715. 5. 'Review of
Lutheran Principles,' 1714, answered by
John Lewis. 6. 'Vindication of Himself
from Calumnies' (charging him with po-
pery), 1715. 7. ' Independency of the Church
upon the State,' 1717. 8. ' The Divine Right
of Episcopacy,' 1718. 9. ' Tradition neces-
sary, &c.,' 1718, with answer to Toland's
* Nazarenus.' 10. ' The Necessity of discern-
ing Christ's Body in the Holy Communion,'
1720. 11. ' Collection of the Principal Li-
turgies used by the Christian Church, &c.,'
1720; this was in reference to the schism
of the nonjuring body. 12. 'Discourses
concerning the ever blessed Trinity,' 1720.
13. Contributions to the ' Bibliotheca Litera-
ria,' Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 8, upon ' University
Degrees,' ' English Translations of the Bible,'
and 'Arithmetical Figures.' 14. 'Instruc-
tion to a Person newly Confirmed,' 1725.
15. l Chronological Essay on the Sacred
History,' 1729. 16. 'General History of
the World,' 1732. 17. 'Answer to (Hoad-
ly's) "Plain Account of the Sacrament,'"
1735. 18. 'Remarks on Dr. Waterland's
"Review of the Doctrine of the Eucha-
rist," ' 1741. 19. ' Four Letters on Necessity
of Episcopal Communion,' 1743. 20. ' Life
of John Johnson,' prefixed to his posthumous
tracts in 1748. There are also several ser-
mons and tracts. There is a letter of his to
Dr. Warren, of Trinity Hall, in Peck's ' De-
siderata Curiosa ' (lib. vii. p. 13). Three
letters of his on the difference between An-
glican and Romish tenets were published
from the manuscripts of Thomas Bowdler in
1850; and a short essay on suffragan bishops
and rural deans was edited by J. Fendall
from the manuscript in 1858.
[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, i. 407-12;
Masters's Corpus Coll. Cambr. (1753), 245-8 ;
Appendix, p. 87 ; Lathbury's Nonjurors, passim.]
L. S.
BRETTARGH, KATHARINE (1579-
1601), puritan, was daughter of a Cheshire
squire, John Bruen of Bruen Stapleford, father
of John Bruen [q. v.] She was baptised on
13 Feb. 1579, and from an early age she was
distinguished by earnest religious feeling.
When she was about twenty she was married
to William Brettargh or Brettergh, of ' Brel-
lerghoult '—Brettargh Holt— near Liverpool,
who shared her puritan sentiments. The
couple were said to have had some persecu-
tion at the hands of their Roman catholic
neighbours. ' It is not unknowne to Lanca-
shire what horses and cattell of her husband's
were killed upon his grounds in the night
most barbarously at two seuerall times by
seminarie priests (no question) and recusants
that lurked thereabouts.' Her piety, how-
ever, was such as to impress them in spite of
her dislike of their creed. ' Once a tenant of
her husband's being behinde with his rent,
she desired him to beare yet with him a
quarter of a yeare, which he did ; and when
the man brought his money, with teares she
said to her husband, " I feare you doe not well
to take it of him, though it be your right, for
I doubt he is not well able to pay it, and then
you oppresse the poore." ' It is perhaps cha-
racteristic of the times that her biographer
insists upon the circumstance that ' she never
used to swear an oath great or small.' After
a little more than two years of married life
she was attacked by ' a hot burning ague,' of
which she died on Whit Sunday, 31 May
1601. She was encouraged by a visit from
her brother, John Bruen, and by the conso-
lations of William Harrison and other puri-
tans. Her biographers are indignant at the
Brettell
287
Brettingham
imputation that she died despairing. She
was buried at Childwall Church on Wednes-
day, 3 June, as appears from the title of the
little book which forms the chief authority |
as to her life : ' Death's Advantage little Re-
garded, or the Soule's Solace against Sorrow,
preached in two funerall sermons at Child-
wall, in Lancashire, at the buriall of Mistris
Katherine Brettergh, 3 June 1601. The one
by William Harrison, the other by William
Leygh, B.D., whereunto is annexed the chris- |
tian life and godly death of the said gentle- [
woman,' London, 1601. There is a portrait :
of her in Clarke's second part of the l Marrow
of Ecclesiastical History,' book ii., London,
1675, p. 52, from which it seems that her pu-
ritanism did not forbid a very elaborate ruff. !
The face is oval, the features refined, the hair
closely confined by a sort of skull-cap, over
which towers a sugarloaf hat.
[Ormerod's History of Cheshire, ed. Helsby,
ii. 317-23 ; Morton's Memorials of the Fathers;
and the two works cited above.] W. E. A. A.
BRETTELL, JACOB (1793-1862), uni-
tarian minister, was born at Sutton-in-Ash-
field, Nottinghamshire, on 16 April 1793.
His grandfather was an independent minis-
ter at Wolverhampton, and afterwards assis-
tant to James Wheatley at the Norwich Cal-
vinistic methodist tabernacle. His father,
Jacob Brettell, became a Calvinistic preacher
at the age of seventeen, and after serving va-
rious chapels became an independent minister
at Sutton-in-Ashfield in 1788. Here he re-
nounced Calvinism, and in 1791 opened a
separate meeting-house. In 1795 he became
assistant to Jeremiah Gill, minister of the
1 presbyterian or independent' congregation
at Gainsborough, and on Gill's death, 1796,
he became sole minister. He also kept a school
(see notice by a pupil, E. S. Peacock, in Notes
and Queries, 2nd series, xi. 378). He died
19 March 1810. His only son, Jacob, had
been placed at Manchester College, York,
in 1809. A public subscription, aided by
the vicar of Gainsborough, provided for his
continuance at York till 1814. He became
Unitarian minister at Cockey Moor (now
called Ainsworth), Lancashire, in July 1814,
and removed to Rotherham in September
1816. He resigned in June 1859 from failing
health. Brettell is described as a good scho-
lar and effective public speaker. He was a
strong liberal, and took an active part in the
anti-corn-law agitation, being an intimate
friend of Ebenezer Elliott (1781-1849), the
corn-law rhymester. His poetry shows taste
and feeling. His later years were tried by
adverse circumstances. He died 12 Jan. 1862.
He had married, on 29 Dec. 1815, Martha,
daughter of James Morris of Bolton, Lanca-
shire, and had four sons and two daughters.
His eldest son, JACOB CHARLES GATES BRET-
TELL, born 6 March 1817, was partly educated
for the Unitarian ministry at York, became a
Roman catholic, and went to America, where
he was successively classical tutor at New
York, minister of a German church, and
successful member of the American bar in
Virginia and Texas ; he died at Owensville,
Texas, 17 Jan. 1867. Brettell published:
1. ' Strictures on Parkhurst's Theory of the
Cherubim' (presumably his). 2. ''The Country
Minister, a Poem, in four cantos, with other
Poems,' 1821, 12mo (dedicated, 12 July 1821,
to Viscount Milton, afterwards fifth Earl
Fitzwilliam). 3. ' The Country Minister (Part
Second). A Poem, in three cantos, with other
Poems,' 1825, 12mo. 4. < The Country Mi-
nister ; a poem, in seven cantos : containing the
first and second parts of the Original Work :
with additional Poems and Notes/ 1827, 12mo
(called 2nd edit. ; Brettell's minor pieces are
chiefly translations). 5. ' Sketches in Verse,
from the Historical Books of the Old Testa-
ment,' 1628, 12mo (one of these, on Balak
and Balaam, was printed in 'Monthly Re-
pository,' 1826, pp. 360-7). 6. ' Staneage
Pole' (poem, dated Sheffield 24 Feb. 1834,
printed in f Christian Reformer,' 1834, pp.
182-4). 7. ' The First Unitarian,' 1848, 8vo
(controverting the opinion that ' Cain was the
first Unitarian ; ' Brettell thinks Cain was ' the
third Unitarian in strict chronological order ').
Some of his hymns are in Unitarian collections.
A harvest hymn, 1837, in which he calls the
Almighty ( bright Regent of the Skies,' is in
Martineau's collections of 1840 and 1874
(altered in this latter to ' 0 Lord of earth and
skies '). Besides these, he contributed some
hundreds of uncollected pieces, being hymns
and political and patriotic pieces, several of
considerable length, to the ' Christian Re-
former,' 'Sheffield Iris,' 'Wolverhampton
Herald,' and other periodicals.
[Monthly Repos. 1810, p. 598, 1818, p. 368;
Christian Reformer, 1862, p. 191; Rotherham
and Masbro' Advertiser, 16 March 1867; Browne's
History of Congregationalism in Norfolk and
Suffolk, 1877, pp. 189, 348 ; information from
Mr. Morris Brettell.] A. G-.
BRETTINGHAM, MATTHEW, the
elder (1699-1769), architect, was born at
Norwich. He was a pupil of the better
known William Kent, along with whom
he was engaged in the erection of Hoik-
ham, the Earl of Leicester's seat in Norfolk.
As a youth he travelled on the continent
of Europe, and in 1723, 1725, 1728, and
1738 published l Remarks on several Parts
Brettingham
288
Brettingham
of Europe, viz. France, the Low Countries,
Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tyrol, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Spain, collected upon the
spot since the year 1723,' in 4 vols. fol. The
works at Holkham were commenced in 1729
from the plans of Kent, upon whose death in
1748 they were carried on under the superin-
tendence of Brettingham till their comple-
tion in 1764. In 1761 he published ' Plans,
Elevations, and Sections of Holkham in Nor-
folk, the seat of the Earl of Leicester,' Lon-
don, atlas fol., of which another edition was
published a few years later by his nephew,
Robert Furze Brettingham [q. v.] It is cu-
rious that in neither of these publications is
the real authorship of the plans acknowledged,
although the fact that Kent designed them
is beyond dispute. It is impossible now to
ascertain the share of credit for the completed
work to which Brettingham is entitled. As
the construction of the house extended over so
long a period after Kent's death, Brettingham
no doubt modified the latter's original de-
signs ; but the drawings published by him do
not differ in any way from the prevailing
heaviness and regularity of the then fashion-
able 'Vitruvian' style of which Kent was
master, and suggest at best but successful
imitation on the part of his follower. Bret-
tingham's other known works were Norfolk
House (now 21 St. James's Square), London,
erected in 1742; Langley Park, Norfolk,
in 1740-4; the north and east fronts of
Charlton House, Wiltshire ; and a house
in Pall Mall, afterwards known as Cumber-
land House, and subsequently used as the
ordnance office, erected in 1760-7 for the
Duke of York, brother to George III. In
1748-50 he again visited Italy, and in the
first of these years travelled for some time in
company with the well-known architects,
Hamilton, ' Athenian Stuart,' and Nicholas
Revett. Brettingham does not appear to
have been influenced by the investigations
made by these architects into the architec-
ture of Greece. He always confined him-
self to the heavy Palladian style in which
he had been educated, and in which, while
exhibiting no great novelty of conception,
it must be admitted he displayed knowledge
and skill equal to those of any architect of
his time. He died at Norwich at the ad-
vanced age of seventy, and is buried in St.
Augustine's Church there.
BRETTIISTGHAM, MATTHEW, the younger
(1725-1803), architect, son of the preceding,
worked also in Palladian style (REDGRAVE).
[Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentle-
men in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland,
1st ser. vol. Hi. London, 1818-23 ; Stuart and
Eevett's Antiquities of Athens measured and
delineated, vol. iv., London, 1816 ; Vitruvius Bri-
tannicus, vol. iv., plates 64-9 incl. ; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual ; Gwilt's Encyc. of Architecture,
ed. Wyatt Papworth, London, 1867; Gould's
Biogr. Sketches, London, 1834.] G. W. B.
BRETTINGHAM, ROBERT FURZE
(1750-1806 ?), architect, nephew of Matthew
Brettingham the elder [q. v.], practised in
London with great success, and erected many
mansion houses throughout the country. Like
his uncle, and in common with all students
of architecture of his time, he spent a part of
his early life in Italy, from which he returned
in 1781. Architecture as then understood
consisted in correctly imitating so-called
classical models, and the skill of the archi-
tect was chiefly exercised in adapting the re-
quirements of his patron to the hard and fast
rules of his art. To gain familiarity with the
latter constituted his education, and Bret-
tingham's subsequent works, as well as the
drawings which he exhibited on his return at
the exhibitions of the then lately founded
Royal Academy, showed that he did not
neglect his opportunities in Italy. Among
them may be noted in 1783 a drawing of a
sepulchral chapel from the Villa Medici at
Rome, in 1790 the design for a bridge which
he had erected in the preceding year at Ben-
ham Place, in Berkshire, and the entrance
porch of the church at Saffron Walden re-
stored by him in 1792. In 1773 he published
another edition of his uncle's ' Plans, &c. of
Holkham,' also, like it, in atlas folio, ' to which
are added the ceilings and chimney-pieces,
and also a descriptive account of the statues,
pictures, and drawings, not in the former
edition.' Of the * Descriptive Account ' Bret-
tingham was the author; but, again, the plans
are ascribed to Matthew Brettingham, and
Kent is ignored as in the former edition. The
sudden death in 1790 of William Blackburn,
the prison architect, was the opportunity of
Brettingham's life, and he soon gained a
lucrative practice. Blackburn left many
designs incomplete, several of which Bret-
tingham subsequently carried into execution.
He erected gaols at Reading, Hertford, Poole,
Downpatrick, Northampton, and elsewhere.
In 1771 his name appears associated with
those of the foremost architects of the time
in the foundation of an * Architects' Club/ to
meet at the Thatched House Tavern to dinner
on the first Thursday in every month. Among
the original members of this club besides Bret-
tingham were Sir W. ChamberSjRobert Adam,
John Soane, James Wyatt, and S. P. Cocke-
rell, all of whom have made for themselves
names in their profession. About this time
Brettingham also held the post of resident
Breval
289
Breval
clerk in the board of works, which he resigned
in 1805. Among his chief works for private
patrons are a temple in the grounds at Saffron
Walden in Essex for Lord Braybrooke, and a
mausoleum in Scotland for the Fraser family ;
Winchester House, St. James' Square, erected
originally for the Duke of Leeds ; 9 Berkeley
Square, afterwards sold to the Marquis of
Buckingham; Buckingham House, 91 Pall
Mall, rebuilt in 1794 by Sir John Soane ;
Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square ; 80 Pic-
cadilly, for Sir Francis Burdett ; Charlton,
Wiltshire, for the Earl of Suffolk ; Walders-
ham,Kent, for the Earl of Guilford ; Felbrigg
Hall, Norfolk, for the Hon. W. Wyndham;
Longleat, Wiltshire ; and Roehampton, Sur-
rey, and Hillsborough House in Ireland, both
for the Marquis of Downshire. He is also sup-
posed by some to have designed Maidenhead
Bridge, on the Thames ; but this is believed
to be a mistake, the authorship of that design,
which was executed in 1772, being invariably
ascribed by the best authorities to Sir Robert
Taylor. Brettingham was held in much re-
gard by his professional brethren, and was
the esteemed master of many who have since
attained eminence in the architectural pro-
fession. The exact date of his death is not
known.
[Authorities given under MATTHEW BRETTING-
HAM ; publications of Architectural Society ; Ly-
sons's Magn. Brit. vol. i. ; Boydell's Thames.]
GK W. B.
BREVAL, JOHN DURANT (1680?-
1738), miscellaneous writer, was descended
from a French refugee protestant family, and
was the son of Francis Durant de Breval, pre-
bendary of Westminster, where he was pro-
bably born about 1680. Sir John Bramston,
in his ' Autobiography,' p. 157, describes the
elder Breval in 1672 as ' formerly a priest of
the Romish church, and of the companie of
those in Somerset House, but now a convert
to the protestant religion and a preacher at
the Savoy.' Bramston gives 1666 as the date
of his conversion. The younger Breval was
admitted a queen's scholar of Westminster
School 1693, was elected to Trinity College,
Cambridge, 1697, and was one of the Cam-
bridge poets who celebrated in that year the
return of William III after the peace of
Ryswick. Breval proceeded B. A. 1700, and
M.A. 1704. In 1702 he was made fellow
of Trinity (' of my own electing,' said Bent-
ley). In 1708 he was involved in a private
scandal, which led to his removal from the
fellowship. He engaged in an intrigue with
a married lady in Berkshire, and cudgelled
her husband, who illtreated his wife. The
husband brought an action against Breval,
VOL. VI.
who was held to bail for the assault, ' but,
conceiving that there was an informality in
the proceedings against him,' did not appear
at the assizes, and was outlawed. There-
upon Bentley took the matter up, and on
5 April 1708 expelled Breval from the college.
Bentley admitted that Breval was * a man of
good learning and excellent parts,' but said
his ' crime was so notorious as to admit of no,
evasion or palliation ' (State of Trinity Col-
lege, p. 29 et seq. 1710). Breval, however,
declared on oath that he was not guilty of
immoral conduct in the matter, and bitterly
resented the interposition of Bentley, who,
he declared, had a private grudge both against
his father and himself. His friends said ' that
the alleged offence rested on mere rumour and
suspicion,' and that the expelled fellow would
have good grounds for an action against the
college. Such an action, however, was never
brought, probably on account of Breval's
poverty. As Bentley wrote, ' his father was
just dead [Francis Breval d. February 1707]
in poor circumstances, and all his family were
beggars.' Breval, in want and with his cha-
racter ruined, enlisted in despair as a volun-
teer in our army in Flanders, where he soon
rose to be an ensign. Here what Nichols calls
' his exquisite pencil and genteel behaviour,'
as well as his skill in acquiring languages, at-
tracted the attention of Marlborough. The
general appointed him captain, and sent him
on diplomatic missions to various German
courts, which he accomplished very credit-
ably. The peace of Utrecht closed the war
| in 1713, and a few years after we find Breval
busily writing for the London booksellers,
chiefly under the name of Joseph Gay. He
then wrote ' The Petticoat,' a poem in two
j books (1716), of which the third edition was
| published under the name of f The Hoop
Petticoat' (1720): 'The Art of Dress/ a
poem (1717) ; * Calpe or Gibraltar,' a poem
(1717) ; ' A Compleat Key to the Nonjuror '
(1718), in which he accuses Colley Gibber
of stealing his characters, &c., from various
sources, but chiefly from Moliere's ' Tartuffe,'
for the revival of which Breval wrote a pro-
logue ; ' MacDermot, or the Irish Fortune
Hunter,' a poem (1719), a witty but extremely
gross piece ; and ' Ovid in Masquerade' (1719).
He also wrote a comedy, ' The Play is the
Plot ' (1718), which was acted, though not
very successfully, at Drury Lane. When
altered and reprinted afterwards as a farce,
called 'The Strollers' (second impression
1727), it had better fortune.
About 1720 Breval went abroad with
George, lord viscount Malpas, as travelling
tutor. It was probably during this journey
that he met with the romantic adventure that
U
Breval
290
Brevint
gave occasion for Pope's sneer about being
' followed by a nun ' (Dunciad, iv. 327). A
nun confined against her will, in a convent
at Milan, fell in love with and 'escaped
to him.' The lady afterwards went to Rome,
where, according to Horace Walpole, she
' pleaded her cause and was acquitted there,
and married Breval ; ' but she is not noticed
in the account which Breval published of his
travels, under the title of ' Remarks on several
Parts of Europe,7 two vols. (vol. i. 1723, vol.
ii. 1728, reprinted 1726; two additional in
1738), though we have a somewhat elaborate
description of Milan, and an account of
Milanese Lady of great Beauty, who be-
queathed her Skeleton to the Publick as a
memento mori.' The cause of Pope's quarrel
with Breval is to be sought elsewhere. The
well-known poet Gay, with the help of Pope
and Arbuthnot, produced the farce entitled
' Three Hours after Marriage/ which was de-
servedly damned. At this time (1717) Bre-
val, who was writing a good deal for Curll,
wrote for him, under the pseudonym of
1 Joseph Gay,' a farce called the ( Confede-
rates,' in which ' the late famous comedy ' and
its three authors were unsparingly ridiculed.
Pope is described in the prologue as one
On whom Dame Nature nothing good bestowed :
In Form a Monkey ; but for spite a Toad,
and he is represented (scene 1) as saying,
' And from My Self my own Thersites drew,'
and then Thersites is explained as ' A Cha-
racter in Homer, of an Ill-natur'd, Deform'd
Villain.' In the same year Breval published,
under similar auspices, Pope's * Miscellany.'
The second part consisted of five brief coarse
and worthless poems, in one of which espe-
cially, called the ' Court Ballad,' Pope is
mercilessly ridiculed. Revenge for these was
taken in the ' Dunciad,' and Breval's name
occurs twice in the second book (1728).
In the notes (1729)affixed to the first passage
Pope says that some account must be given
of Breval owing to his obscurity, and declares
that Curll put f Joseph Gay ' on such pamph-
lets that they might pass for Mr. Gay's (viz.
John Gay's). In 1742, when Breval had been
dead four years, the fourth book of the ' Dun-
ciad ' was published. In line 272 a ' lac'd
Governor from France ' is introduced with his
pupil, and their adventures abroad are nar-
rated at some length (273-336). Pope, though,
as he states, giving him no particular name,
chiefly had Breval in his mind when he wrote
the lines (HoKACE WALPOLE, Notes to Pope,
p. 101, contributed by Sir W. Fraser, 1876).
After the publication of his ' Travels ' Breval
was probably again engaged as travelling go-
vernor to young gentlemen of position. In the
account of Paris given in the second volume
of the second issue of his ' Remarks ' he says
that he has collected the information ' in ten
several tours thither ' (p. 262). In the latter
period of his life he wrote ' The Harlot's Pro-
gress,' an illustrated poem in six cantos, sug-
gested by Hogarth's well-known prints, and
said by Ambrose Philips, in a prefatory letter,
to be ' a true Key and lively Explanation
of the Painter's Hieroglyphicks ' (1732);
' The History of the most Illustrious House
of Nassau, with regard to that branch of it
more particularly that came into the succes-
sion of Orange' (1734) ; ' The Rape of Helen,
a mock opera' (acted at Co vent Garden),
(1737). Shortly after the publication of this
last piece Breval died at Paris, January 1738.
[Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852) ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. vols. i. and viii. (1812 and 1814) ;
Monk's Life of Bentley (1830) ; London Maga-
zine, vii. 49 ; some information as to the family
is given in a (not quite correct) manuscript note
on the title-page of one of the copies of the House
of Nassau in the British Museum, and also in the
manuscript letters of his father to Lord Hatton
and J. Ellis in the Addit. MS. (1854-75) (List
in Index, p. 460).] F. W-T.
BREVINT or BREVIN, DANIEL,
D.D. (1616-1695), dean of Lincoln, polemi-
cal and devotional writer, was born in the
parish of St. John's in the island of Jersey,
of which his father was the minister, and
baptised in the parish church 11 May 1616.
He proceeded to the protestant university of
Saumur on the Loire, and studied logic and
philosophy with great success, and took there
the degree of M.A. in 1624. In 1636 three
fellowships were founded by Charles I at Ox-
ford, at the colleges of Exeter, Pembroke, and
Jesus, at the instance of Archbishop Laud, for
scholars from Guernsey and Jersey (HEYLTN,
Life of Laud, p. 336 ; LAUD, Works, Anglo-
Cath. Lib., vol. v. part i. p. 140), and Brevint
was appointed in 1637 to that at Jesus, on the
recommendation of the ministers and chief
inhabitants of his native island (WiLKiNS,
Concilia, iv. 534). On becoming resident at
Oxford he requested the confirmation of his
foreign degree. This was opposed by Laud,
' things being at Saumur as they were re-
ported.' Writing to the vice-chancellor, on
19 May and 3 Nov. 1637, he expresses his
satisfaction at hearing that 'the Guernsey
[Jersey] man is so well a deserver in Jesus
College,' but wishes ' that he should be made
to know the difference of a master of art at
Oxford and Saumur/ and 'the ill conse-
quences ' which might follow if his degree
were confirmed, and begs the vice-chancellor
to l persuade the young man to stay, and then
give him his degree with as much honour as
Brevint
291
Brevint
he pleases ' (LAUD, Works, Anglo-Oath. Lib.
pp. 170, 186). Laud's objections, however,
were overruled, and Brevint was incorporated
M.A. on 12 Oct. 1638 (WooD, Fasti Oxon.
i. 503), the authorities of the university hav-
ing decided, upon due consideration, that
there was no statutable bar to exclude him
(LAT7D, Works, 210). On the visitation of
the university by the parliamentary commis-
sioners Brevint was deprived of his fellow-
ship, and retired to Jersey, whence, on the
reduction of the island by the parliamentary
forces, he took refuge in France, and offi-
ciated as minister of a protestant congre-
gation in Normandy. On Trinity Sunday,
22 June 1651, he was ordained deacon and
priest, ' in reguard of the necessitie of the
time/ writes Evelyn, by Dr. Thomas Sydserf,
bishop of Galloway, in Paris, in the private
chapel of Sir Richard Browne, in the Fau-
bourg St. Germain, at the same time as his
fellow-islander, Dr. John Durell, afterwards
dean of Windsor. Both were presented by
Oosin, then dean of Peterborough (EVELYN,
Diary, i. 244, ed. 1819 ; Baker MSS. xxxvi.
329; Smith MSS., Bodl. xxxiii. 7, p. 29).
Brevint secured the confidence of Cosin and
the other principal English churchmen, both
lay and clerical, then living in exile in Paris,
and became known to Charles II. At this
time Turenne was perhaps the most influen-
tial person in France, and Brevint received
the high honour of being appointed his chap-
lain. Turenne's wife was a zealous protestant,
and Brevint became her spiritual director,
and for her use, and that of the Duchesse de
Bouillon, he composed some of his devotional
tracts, especially his 'Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice.' He was employed by Madame
Turenne and the duchess in many of their
religious undertakings, and he took a leading
part in the vain endeavour to compromise
the differences between the church of Rome
and the protestant church (see Preface to
Saul and Samuel). Upon the Restoration
Brevint returned to this country. On Cosin's
elevation to the see of Durham he succeeded
him, on the nomination of the crown, in
his stall in that cathedral (17 Dec. 1660)
and in his rectory of Brancepeth, both of
which he held till his death. These prefer-
ments were in some measure due to Cosin's
influence with the king. He received the de-
gree of D.D, at Oxford on 27 Feb. 1662-3.
From a letter printed in the ' Granville Cor-
respondence ' (part ii. p. 92, Surtees Soc., vol.
xlvii.), drawn up to be laid before the dean
and chapter, it is evident that he earnestly
supported Granville in his endeavour to re-
store the weekly communion in the cathedral.
On the death of Dr. Michael Honywood, dean
of Lincoln, in 1681, Charles II signified his
desire to Archbishop Sancroft, through Sir
Leoline Jenkins, that Brevint should have
the vacant preferment ( Tanner MSS. xxxvi.
17). He was installed dean and prebendary
of Welton Paynshall on 7 Jan. 1681-2. As
he continued to hold his stall at Durham, his
name occurs pretty frequently in the Gran-
ville and Cosin Correspondences, which have
been published by the Surtees Society (vols.
xxxvii. xlvii. lii. lv.), but chiefly on matters
of chapter business or chapter news. His
tenure of the deanery of Lincoln was un-
eventful. He died in the deanery house, on
Sunday, 5 May 1695, in the seventy-ninth
year of his age, and was buried in the retro-
choir of his cathedral. His wife, Anne
Brevint, survived him thirteen years. She
died on 9 Nov. 1708, also in her seventy-ninth
year, and was buried in the same grave.
Brevint's writings are chiefly directed against
the church of Rome, which he attacked with
much virulence and no little coarseness. He
professes to speak from intimate personal
knowledge, having had ' such an access given
him into every corner of the church ' when
engaged on the design of reconciliation with
the protestants, that he had a perfect ac-
quaintance l with all that is within its en-
trails ' (Preface to Saul and Samuel). His
works manifest a thorough acquaintance with
the points at issue between the church of
England and that of Rome, and his language
is nervous and his arguments powerful ; but
he cannot be acquitted of gross irreverence,
both of words and conception, when dealing
with the eucharistic tenets of his opponents.
His ' Missale Romanum ' was printed at the
Sheldonian Theatre, and we can hardly be
surprised that his Romish antagonist, who,
under the initials R. F., published * Missale
Romanum vindicatum ' (London, 1674),
should express his surprise that l such an un-
seemly imp ' as Dr. Brevint's calumnious and
scandalous tract should have been ' hatched
under the roof of Sheldon's trophy and
triumph.' Brevint's published works were :
1. ' Missale Romanum ; or the Depth and
Mystery of the Roman Mass laid open and
explained, for the use both of Reformed and
Unreformed Christians,' Oxford, 1672, 8vo.
2. f Saul and Samuel at Endor : the new
Waies of Salvation and Service which usually
temt (sic) men to Rome and detain them
there, truly represented and refuted,' Oxford,
1674, 8vo. 3. 'The Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice ; by way of Discourse, Medita-
tion, and Prayer, upon the Nature, Parts,
and Blessing of the Holy Communion/ Ox-
ford, 1673, 12mo. The ' Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice' is a devotional work, originally
TJ 2
Brewer
292
Brewer
' one of many tracts made at Paris at the
instance' of his noble patronesses for their
private use, and intended for the reading of
such as may be ' desirous to contemplate and
embrace the Christian religion in its original
beauty, freed of the encumbrance of contro-
versy.' The view of the Eucharist put forth
in this beautiful little work is, in the main,
that expressed by the church of England in
her Catechism and Liturgy. This devotional
treatise was so highly esteemed by John and
Charles Wesley that they published an
abridgment of it for the use of communicants,
as an introduction to their collection of
Sacramental Hymns, pitched in a somewhat
higher key in point of eucharistic doctrine
than Brevint's works. Of this many suc-
cessive editions have been published.
In addition to these English works, Anthony
a Wood enumerates : 1. ' Ecclesise Primi-
tive Sacramentum et Sacrificium, a pontificiis
corruptelis et exinde natis controversiis libe-
rum ' — the Latin original of the last-named
work. 2. ' Eucharistise Christianas pree-
sentia realis, et Pontificia ficta, . . . hsec ex-
plosa, ilia suffulta et asserta.' 3. ' Pro
serenissima Principe Weimariensi [the Prin-
cess of Weimar] ad Theses Jenenses accurate
responsio.' 4. ' Ducentae plus minus preelec-
tiones in S. Matthsei xxv. capita,' &c. Bre-
vint is more deserving of admiration as a
devotional writer than as a controversialist.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 426-7 ; Kippis's
"Bibg. Brit. ; Laud's Chancellorship, Ang.-Cath. L.,
vol. v. ; Evelyn's Diary, i. 244 ; Walker's Suf-
ferings of the Clergy, p. 120 ; Hunt's Eeligious
Thought in England, iii. 402.] E. V.
BREWER, ANTONY ( fl. 1655), dramatic
writer, wrote ' The Love-sick King, an Eng-
lish Tragical History, with the Life and Death
of Cartesmunda,the Fair Nun of Winchester,
by Anth. Brewer,' 1655, 4to ; revived at the
King's Theatre in 1680, and reprinted in that
year under the title of ' The Perjured Nun,'
4to. Chetwood included the ( Love-sick
King' in his ' Select Collection of Old Plays,'
published at Dublin in 1750, but he made no
attempt to correct the text of the old edition,
which was printed with the grossest careless-
ness. The play was written in verse, but it
is printed almost throughout as prose. Yet
after all allowance has been made for textual
corruptions, it cannot be said that the ' Love-
sick King ' is a work of much ability ; and it
is rash to follow Kirkman, Baker, and Halli-
well in identifying Antony Brewer with the
' T. B.' whose name is on the title-page of
the ' Country Girl,' 1647, 4to, a well-written
comedy, which in parts (notably in the third
act) closely recalls the diction and versifica-
tion of Massinger. There is no known dra-
matist of the time to whom the initials T. B.
could belong. There was a versatile writer
named Thomas Brewer [q. v.], and the title-
pages to his tracts are usually signed with his
initials, not with the full name. His claim
to the ( Country Girl ' would be quite as
reasonable as Antony [Tony] Brewer's. In
1677 John Leanerd, whom Langbaine calls ' a
confident plagiarist,' reprinted the ' Country
Girl,' with a few slight alterations, as his own,
under the title of ' Country Innocence.' To
Antony Brewer was formerly ascribed ' Lin-
gua, or the Combat of the Five Senses for Su-
periority,' 1607, 4to, a well-known dramatic
piece (included in the various editions of
Dodsley), constructed partly in the style of
a morality and partly of a masque. The mis-
take arose thus. Kirkman, the bookseller
and publisher, in printing his catalogues of
plays, left blanks where the names of the
writers were unknown to him. Annexed to
the ' Love-sick King ' was the name Antony
Brewer ; then came the plays ' Landgartha/
' Love's Loadstone,' ' Lingua,' and ' Love's
Dominion.' Phillips, who was followed by
Winstanley, misunderstanding the use of
Kirkman's blanks, promptly assigned all
these pieces to Brewer. One other play,
< The Merry Devil of Edmonton,' 1608, 4to,
has been with similar carelessness pronounced
to be Antony Brewer's on the strength of an
entry in the Stationers' Registry which refers
to the prose tract of the ' Merry Devil ' [see
BREWER, THOMAS]. The play was entered
in the registers on 22 Oct. 1607 (ARBER'S
Transcripts, iii. 362).
[Langbaine's English Dramatic Poets ; Bio-
graphia Dramatica, ed. Stephen Jones ; Halli-
well's Dictionary of Old Plays.] A. H. B.
BREWER, GEORGE (b. 1766), miscel-
laneous writer, was a son of John Brewer,
well known as a connoisseur of art, and
was born in 1766. In his youth he served
as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymour,
Rowland Cotton, and others (Biog. Dram. i.
67), and visited America, India, China, and
North Europe. In 1791 he was made a lieu-
tenant in the Swedish navy. Afterwards
abandoning the sea, he read for law in Lon-
don, and established himself as an attorney.
He is believed to have written a novel, ' Tom
Weston/whenin the navy, but his first appeal
to the public of which there is evidence was
a comedy, ( How to be Happy,' acted at the
Haymarket in August 1794. After three
nights, ' owing to the shaft of malevolence/
this comedy was withdrawn, and it was never
printed. In 1795 Brewer wrote * The Motto,
or the History of Bill Woodcock,' 2 vols. ;
Brewer
293
Brewer
and he wrote ' Bannian Day,' a musical en-
tertainment in two acts, which was published
and performed at the Haymarket in the same
year for seven or eight nights, though but ' a
poor piece.' In 1799 the ' Man in the Moon,'
one act, attributed to Brewer, was announced
for the opening night of the season at the Hay-
market, but its production was evaded, and
it disappeared from the bills. The next year
(1800) Brewer published a pamphlet, ' The
Eights of the Poor,' &c., dedicating it to
'Men who have great power, by one with-
out any,' and this received copious notice in
the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixx. 1168 et
seq.) He was writing at this time also in
the ' European Magazine,' some of his contri-
butions being ' Siamese Tales ' and ' Tales
of the 12 Soubahs of Indostan ; ' and some
essays, announced as after the manner of
Goldsmith, which were collected and pub-
lished by subscription in 1806 as ' Hours of
Leisure.' In 1808 Brewer produced another
two- volume tale, ' The Witch of Havens-
worth ; ' and about the same time he published
' The Juvenile Lavater,' stories for the young
to illustrate Le Brun's ' Passions,' which bears
no date, but of which there were two or more
issues, with slightly varying title-pages. A
periodical, ' The Town,' attempted by Brewer
after this, and stated by the authors of the
' Biog. Dram.' in 1812 to be ' now publishing,'
would appear to have had but a short ex-
istence. The date of Brewer's death is not
known. In his allusions to himself he speaks
of having been 'misplaced or displaced in life,'
of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of
being luckless altogether.
Another work, ' The Law of Creditor and
Debtor,' is set down in ' Biographica Drama-
tica,' and in Allibone, as by Brewer ; and
Allibone gives in addition ' Maxims of Gal-
lantry,' 1793, and states 1791 as the date of
publication of ' Tom Weston,' but there is no
trace of either of these works in the British
Museum.
[Baker's Biog. Dram. i. 67, ii. 48, 311, iii. 13 ;
Introd. to Brewer's The Motto, pp. v-vii ; Introd.
to Brewer's Hours of Leisure, pp. xiv, xvi ;
Genest's Hist, of Engl. Stage, vii. 275 ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, p. 37.] J. H.
BREWER, JAMES NORRIS (/. 1799-
1829), topographer and novelist, was the
eldest son of a merchant of London. He
wrote many romances and topographical
compilations, the best of the latter being
his contributions to the series called the
* Beauties of England and Wales.' All the
former are now forgotten. The titles of his
works are as follows : 1. ' A Winter's Tale,
a romance,' 1799, 4 vols. 12mo ; 2nd edit.,
1811. 2. ' Some Thoughts on the Present
State of the English Peasantry,' 1807, 8vo.
3. ' Secrets made Public, a novel,' 4 vols.,
1808, 12mo. 4. 'The Witch of Ravens-
worth,' 2 vols., 1808, 12mo. 5. ' Mountville
Castle, a Village Story,' 3 vols., 1808, 12mo.
6. ' A Descriptive and Historical Account of
various Palaces and Public Buildings, Eng-
lish and Foreign ; with Biographical Notices
of their Founders or Builders, and other
eminent persons,' 1810, 4to. 7. ' An Old
Family Legend,' 4 vols., 1811, 12mo. 8. ' Sir
Ferdinand of England, a romance,' 4 vols.,
1812, 12mo. 9. 'Sir Gilbert Easterling, a
romance,' 4 vols. 12mo, 1813. 10. ' History
of Oxfordshire ' (' Beauties of England and
Wales'), 1813, 8vo. 11. 'Warwickshire,'
1814. 12. 'Middlesex,' 1816. 13. 'Intro-
duction to the Beauties of England and
Wales, comprising observations on the Bri-
tons, the Romans in Britain, the Anglo-
Saxons, the Anglo-Danes, and the Normans,'
1818, 8vo. 14. ' Histrionic Topography, or
the Birthplaces, Residences, and Funeral
Monuments of the most distinguished Ac-
tors,' 1818, 8vo. 15. ' The Picture of Eng-
land, or Historical and Descriptive Delinea-
tions of the most curious Works of Nature
and Art in each County,' 1820, 8vo. 16. ' The
Delineations of Gloucestershire,' 4to. 17.
'The Beauties of Ireland,' 1826,^2 vols. 8vo.
18. ' The Fitzwalters, Barons of Chesterton ;
or Ancient Times in England,' 1829, 4 vols.
12mo. Brewer was a contributor to the
'Universal,' ' Monthly,' and 'Gentleman's'
magazines.
[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816 ; Walt's
Bibl. Brit. ; Monthly Eeview, 2nd ser., Iviii. 217.]
C. W. S.
BREWER, JEHOIADA (1752 P-1817),
dissenting minister, was born at Newport in
Monmouthshire about 1752. Influenced by
a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection,
he took to preaching in the villages around
Bath, and afterwards preached with remark-
able popularity throughout Monmouthshire.
Intending to enter the national church, he
applied for ordination, but was refused by
the bishop. Brewer persisted in preaching,
whether ordained or not, and for some years
he settled at Rodborough in Gloucestershire.
He afterwards attracted a large congregation
at Sheffield, where he spent thirteen years,
and ultimately settled at Birmingham, where
his ministry at Livery Street was numerously
attended to the close of his life. He died
24 Aug. 1817. A spacious chapel was being
built for him at the time he died, and he
was buried in the grounds adjoining the un-
finished edifice. A specimen of Brewer's
Brewer
294
Brewer
preaching is printed as part of the service at
the ordination of Jonathan Evans at Foles-
hill in 1797, and Brewer's oration at the
burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was
printed with Dr. Rylands's sermon on the
same occasion in 1799. Brewer is now re-
membered only by a single hymn, printed
with the signature of ' Sylvestris ' in the
' Gospel Magazine/ 1776. A portrait of him
was inserted in the ' Christian's Magazine,'
1791. A different portrait of him appeared
in the ' Evangelical Magazine ' in 1799.
[Evangelical Magazine, October 1817 ; Bishop's
Christian Memorials of the Nineteenth Century,
1826 ; G-adsby's Hymn Writers, 1855.]
J. H. T.
BREWER, JOHN, D.D. (1744-1822),
an English Benedictine monk, who assumed
in religion the Christian name of Bede, was
born in 1744. In 1776 he was appointed to
the mission at Bath. He built a new chapel
in St. James's Parade in that city, and it was
to have been opened on 11 June 1780, but
the delegates from Lord George Gordon's
' No Popery ' association so inflamed the
fanaticism of the mob that on 9 June the
edifice was demolished, as well as the pres-
bytery in Bell-tree Lane. The registers,
diocesan archives, and Bishop Walmesley's
library and manuscripts perished in the
flames ; and Dr. Brewer had a narrow escape
from the fury of the rioters. The ringleader
was tried and executed, and Dr. Brewer re-
covered 3,7361. damages from the hundred
of Bath.
In 1781 the duties of president of his
brethren called Dr. Brewer away from Bath.
Subsequently Woolton, near Liverpool, be-
came his principal place of residence, and
there he died on 18 April 1822.
He brought out the second edition of the
Abb6 Luke Joseph Hooke's ' Religio Natu-
ralis et Revelata,' 3 vols., Paris, 1774, 8vo,
to which he added several dissertations.
[Oliver's Hist, of the Catholic Eeligion in
Cornwall, 56, 508 ; Biog. Univ. Suppl. Ixvii.
291.] T. C.
BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-
1879), historical writer, was the son of a
Norwich schoolmaster who bore the same
Christian names. His family originally be-
longed to Kent. His father was brought up
in the church of England, but became a bap-
tist. He was a good biblical scholar, and
devoted his leisure to the study of Hebrew.
He had a large family, but only four sons
grew up, of whom John Sherren, the eldest,
notwithstanding his father's nonconformist
leanings, was sent to Oxford, where, having
joined the church of England, he entered
Queen's College, and obtained a first class in
literis humanionbus in 1832. In his Oxford
years every one seems to have been struck
with the extraordinary range of his reading.
For a short time he remained at the university
as a private tutor, but he shut himself out
from a fellowship by an early marriage. In
1870 he was elected honorary fellow of Queen's
College. During this time (1836) he brought
out an edition of Aristotle's ' Ethics.' His
domestic life was soon clouded, first by a
great change of circumstances, his father-in-
law having lost a fortune ; afterwards by the
death and infirmity of some of his children.
He removed to London, where he took deacon's
orders in 1837, and was the same day ap-
pointed chaplain to the workhouse of the
united parishes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields and
St. George, Bloomsbury.
He had been strongly influenced by the
Oxford movement of those days, and retained
to the last, notwithstanding differences, a
very warm regard for its leader, Cardinal
Newman. He devoted himself to the duties
of his chaplaincy with a zeal which was
gratefully remembered by old persons forty
years after. One result of his experience was
a lecture on workhouse visiting, which is in-
cluded in a volume entitled ' Lectures to
Ladies on Practical Subjects,' published in
1855. He valued highly, but not fantasti-
cally, the artistic element in religious wor-
ship, and from the first taught the boys, and
even some of the older inmates, of the work-
house to sing the psalms to the Gregorian
chants. When the church adjoining the
workhouse in Endell Street was built, it was
proposed that the chaplaincy should be united
with the incumbency, and that Brewer should
be the first incumbent. He took great inte-
rest in the architecture, making models with
his own hand in cardboard and bark. But
a difference of opinion with the rector of St.
Giles prevented his appointment, and made
him resign the chaplaincy, after which, though
he assisted other clergymen at times, he for
many years held no cure.
Meanwhile, for a short time he found some
employment in the British Museum. Before
leaving Oxford, he had drawn up for the
Record Commission a catalogue of the manu-
scripts in some of the colleges there. In 1839
he was appointed lecturer in classical litera-
ture at King's College, London. His friend,
the Rev. F. D. Maurice, became professor of
English literature and modern history the year
after ; and from that time, notwithstanding
some differences in their views, he most cor-
dially co-operated with him in many things.
After the removal of Mr. Maurice from King's
Brewer
295
Brewer
College, Brewer, in 1855, was appointed pro-
fessor of the English language and literature
and lecturer in modern history. An ardent
lover of the classics, he was not less devoted
to English literature, the study of which he
invariably combined with that of modern his-
tory as the only mode of making either study
fruitful ; and his method of teaching was
highly calculated to awaken the best thinking
power in his hearers. His classes both at
King's College and afterwards in the Work-
ing Men's College, where he for some years as-
sisted Mr. Maurice, and ultimately succeeded
him as principal, were always numerously
attended by a highly interested audience.
He was also busy with his pen — at first
mainly as a journalist. From about the year
1854 he continued for six years to write in
the columns of the ' Morning Post/ the
* Morning Herald,' and the ' Standard,' of
which last paper he became the editor. He
resigned in consequence of a dispute with
the manager about the employment of a
Roman catholic contributor, whose claims
he supported. Thoroughly liberal-minded,
he appreciated every man's capacity, what-
ever his leanings might be, and strove to
give every one a fair field for his talents.
But he soon became absorbed in other work,
far less remunerative, though in his eyes of
very high importance ; and after quitting the
* Standard ' he wrote little in any newspaper
except a number of very strong letters in the
' Globe ' against the policy of disestablishing
the Irish Church. In 1856 he was com-
missioned by the master of the rolls, Sir John
Romilly, to prepare a calendar of the state
papers of Henry VIII — a work of peculiar
labour, involving concurrent investigations
at the Record Office and the British Museum,
as well as at Lambeth and other public
libraries ; and in this he continued to be en-
gaged till the day of his death. His advice
was for a long time continually sought by
Sir Thomas Hardy, the deputy-keeper of the
public records, on matters connected with
the literary work of the office. He was also
appointed by Lord Romilly reader at the
Rolls, and afterwards preacher there — a post
of greater name than emolument. Some years
later he was consulted by the delegates of
the Clarendon Press as to a projected series
of English classics, of which several volumes
have now been published. The plan of the
series was drawn up by Brewer, and it was
intended that he should write a general in-
troduction to it ; but he died before the scheme
was sufficiently advanced to enable him to
do so.
In 1877 the crown living of Toppesfield in
Essex was given to him by Mr. Disraeli, who
was then prime minister. He gave up his pro-
fessorship at King's College, but still remained
editor of the calendar of Henry VIII, though
he endeavoured to take his editorial work
more lightly, while he threw himself into his
parochial duties with the zeal and energy he
had displayed in everything else. For some
time his usually robust health had been
slightly impaired. In February 1879 he
caught cold after a long walk to visit a sick
parishioner. The illness soon affected his
heart, and in three days he died.
His principal works are those which 'he
produced for the Record Office, among which
the calendar of ' Letters and Papers of the
Reign of Henry VIII ' holds the first place.
The prefaces to the volumes of this calendar
have been collected and published in a sepa-
rate form with the title of 'the Reign of
Henry VIII,' 1884, under the editorship of
J. Gairdner. And besides some other calen-
dars and official reports, his ' Monumenta
Franciscana,'and his editions of certain works
of Roger Bacon and Giraldus Cambrensis, also
published for the master of the rolls, deserve
particular mention. Besides these he pub-
lished, through ordinary channels, Bishop
Goodman's account of the ' Court of King
James I.,' an admirable edition of Fuller's
* Church History,' another of Bacon's ' Novum
Organum,' ' An Elementary Atlas of History
and Geography,' and the ' Student's Hume/
revised edition 1878. He was also the author
of some treatises published by the Chris-
tian Knowledge Society on the 'Athanasian
Creed' and the ' Endowments and Establish-
ment of the Church of England.' Early in
his career he had also undertaken an edition
of Field's l Book of the Church/ of which,
however, only one volume was issued, in
1843. Dr. Wace edited in 1881 his ' English
Studies/ reprinted from the ' Quarterly Re-
view.'
[Memoir prefixed to Brewer's English Studies
by Dr. Wace, supplemented by personal know-
ledge and information derived from the family.]
J.GK
BREWER, SAMUEL (d. 1743 ?), bota-
nist, was a native of Trowbridge in Wiltshire,
where he possessed a small estate, and was en-
gaged in the woollen manufacture, but seems
bo have been unsuccessful in business. He
communicated some plants to Dillenius for the
third edition of Ray's ' Synopsis/ published
in 1724, and accompanied the editor in 1726
from Trowbridge to the Mendips, and thence
to Bristol, passing onward to North Wales
and Anglesey. Brewer remained in Bangor
for more than a twelvemonth, botanising
with Rev. W. Green and W. Jones, and
sending dried plants to Dillenius, particularly
Brewer
296
Brewer
mosses, thus clearing up many doubtful
points. In the autumn of 1727 he went
into Yorkshire, living at Bingley, and after-
wards at Bierley, near Dr. Richardson, who
befriended him. The loss of 20,000/. of
his own earnings, and of a large estate
left to him by his father, which was taken
by his elder brother, gave a morbid tone
to his letters. His son was sent to India
through the influence of Dr. James Sherard
of Eltham, but the father quarrelled with
the doctor in 1731 about some plants. His
daughter also seems to have acted ( unduti-
fully ' towards him. He had a small house
and garden at Bierley, and devoted himself
to the culture of plants ; afterwards he be-
came head-gardener to the Duke of Beaufort
at Badminton, and died at Bierley, at Mr.
John Pollard's house ; he was buried close to
the east wall of Cleckheaton chapel. Although
unfortunate in business, he was a good col-
lector of plants, insects, and birds ; the bota-
nical genus Breweria was founded by Robert
Brown in his honour, and a species of rock-
rose, a native of North Wales, discovered
by him, bears the name of ' Helianthemum
Breweri.' He is mentioned in the Richard-
son correspondence in 1742, but the dates of
his birth and death are uncertain.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790),
ii. 188-90; Richardson Correspondence, 252,
270, 273, 276-88, 298, 313, &c. ; Dillenius's
Hist. Muse. viii. ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. i.
288, &c. ; Sloane MS. 4039.] B. D. J.
BREWER, THOMAS (f. 1624), miscel-
laneous writer, of whose life no particulars
are known, was the author of some tracts in
prose and verse. The first is a prose tract
entitled ' The Life and Death of the Merry
Deuill of Edmonton. With the Pleasant
Pranks of Smug the Smith, Sir John and
mine Host of the George about the Stealing
of Venison. By T. B.,' London, 1631, 4to,
black letter ; reprinted in 1819. The author's
name, ' Tho. Brewer,' is inscribed on the last
leaf. This piece was written and probably
frinted at a much earlier date, for on 5 April
608 ' a booke called the lyfe and deathe of
the Merry Devill of Edmonton, &c., by T. B.,
was entered in the Stationers' Registers ( An-
BEK'S Transcripts, iii. 374). Mr. A. H. Huth
possesses a unique exemplar, printed in 1657,
with the name ' T. Brewer, Gent.,' on the
title-page. The popularity of the comedy oJ
the ' Merry Devil of Edmonton ' doubtless
suggested the title of this droll tract, which
tells us little about Peter Fabell, and deals
mainly with the adventures of Smug. In
1624 Brewer published a small collection o:
satirical verses, under the title of
A Knot of Fooles. But
Fooles or Knaves or both I care not,
Here they are ; come laugh and spare not,
4to, 14 leaves, 2nd ed. 1658. The stanzas to
;he reader are signed ' Tho. Brewer ; ' they are
followed by a dialogue between fools of va-
rious sorts. The body of the work consists
of satirical couplets, under separate titles,
on the vices of the day. ' Pride teaching
Humility,' the concluding piece, is in seven-
ine stanzas. Brewer's next production was
a series of poems descriptive of the plague,
entitled ' The Weeping Lady, or London like
Nlnivie in sack-cloth. Describing the Mappe
of her owne Miserie in this time of Her heavy
Visitation . . . Written by T. B.,' 1625, 4to,
14 leaves. The dedication to Walter Leigh,
esq., and the Epistle to the Reader are signed
' Tho. Brewer.' On the title-page is a wood-
cut (repeated on the verso of A 3) repre-
senting a preacher addressing a crowd from
St. Paul's Cross ; a scroll issuing from his
mouth bears the inscription, ' Lorde, haue
mercy on vs. Weepe, fast, and pray.' Each
page, both at top and bottom, has a mourning-
border of deep black. The most striking part
of the tract is a description of the flight of
citizens from the metropolis, and of the suf-
ferings which they underwent in their at-
tempts to reach a place of safety. Two other
tracts by Brewer relating to the plague were
published by H. Gosson in 1636 : (1) < Lord
have Mercy upon us. The World, a Sea, a
Pest House,' 4to, 12 leaves ; (2) ' A Dialogue
betwixt a Cittizen and a poore Countrey-man
and his Wife. London Trumpet sounding
into the country. When death drives the
grave thrives? A copy of the last-named tract
(or tracts?) was in Heber's library (Bibl.
Heber. pt. viii. No. 234). In 1637 Brewer con-
tributed to a collection of verse, entitled ' The
Phoenix of these late times, or the Life of Mr.
Henry Welby, Esq.,' 4to. Lemon ascribes
to Brewer a broadside by T. B. (preserved
in the library of the Society of Antiquaries),
entitled ' Mistress Turner's Repentance, who,
about the poysoning of the Ho. Knight Sir
Thomas Overbury, was executed the four-
teenth day of November last,' 1615. ' Lon-
don's Triumph,' 1656, by T. B., a descrip-
tive pamphlet of the lord mayor's show for
that year, is probably by Brewer. Brewer
has commendatory verses in Taylor's ' Works '
(1630), and in Heywood's ' Exemplary Lives
. . . of Nine the most worthy Women of
the World ' (1640).
[Corser's Collectanea ; Collier's Bibliographical
Catalogue ; Hazlitt's Handbook ; Arber's Tran-
scripts, iii. 165 ; Bibliotheca Heberiana, pt. viii.
No. 234 ; Catalogue of Huth Library ; Fairholt's
Lord Mayors' Pageants, ii. 282.] A. H. B.
Brewer
297
Brewer
BREWER, THOMAS (b. 1611), a cele-
brated performer on the viol, was born (pro-
bably in the parish of Christchurch, Newgate
Street) in 1611. His father, Thomas Brewer,
was a poulterer, and his mother's Christian
name was True. On 9 Dec. 1614 Brewer
was admitted to Christ's Hospital, although
he was only three years old. Here he re-
mained until 20 June 1626, when he left
school, and was apprenticed to one Thomas
Warner. He learnt the viol at Christ's
Hospital from the school music-master, but
although his compositions are met with in
most of the printed collections of Playford
and Hilton, published in the middle of the
seventeenth century, nothing is known as
to his biography. His printed works con-
sist chiefly of rounds, catches, and part-songs,
but in the Music School Collection at Oxford
are preserved three instrumental pieces, con-
sisting of airs, pavins, corrantos, &c., for
which kind of composition he seems to have
been noted. Two pieces by him are in Eliza-
beth Rogers's Virginal Book (Add. MS.
10337). In a collection of anecdotes (Harl.
MS. 6395), formed by one of the L'Estrange
family in the seventeenth century, the follow-
ing story is told on the authority of a Mr.
Jenkins: 'Thorn: Brewer, my Mus: seruant,
through his Pronenesse togood-Fellowshippe,
hauing attaind to a very Rich and Rubicund
Nose ; being reproued by a Friend for his too
frequent vse of strong Drinkes and Sacke ;
as very Pernicious to that Distemper and
Inflamation in his Nose. Nay — Faith, sayes
he, if it will not endure sack, it's no Nose
for me.' The date of Brewer's death is un-
known.
[Bodl. Lib. MSS. Wood, 19 D (4), No. 106;
Records of Christ's Hospital (communicated by
Mr. R. Little) ; Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed.
1853), ii. 569 ; Burney's Hist, of Music, iii. 478 ;
Catalogue of Music School Collection ; Harl.
MS. 6395 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 275 a.]
W. B. S.
BREWER, BRIWERE, or BRUER,
WILLIAM (d. 1226), baron and judge, the
son of Henry Brewer (DTJGDALE, Baronage),
was sheriff' of Devon during the latter part
of the reign of Henry II, and was a jus-
tice itinerant in 1187. He bought land at
Ilesham in Devon, and received from the
king the office of forester of the forest of
Bere in Hampshire. A story told by Roger
of Wendover (iv. 238), which represents
Richard as whispering to Geoffrey FitzPeter
and William Brewer his reverence for the
bishops who were consulting together before
him, tends to show, if indeed the king were
not merely acting, that he treated Brewer
as a familiar friend. When Richard left Eng-
land, in December 1189, he appointed Brewer
to be one of the four justices to whom he
committed the charge of the kingdom. Brewer
was at first a subordinate colleague of Hugh,
bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar. Before
long, however, Bishop Hugh was displaced by
the chancellor, William Longchamp, bishop
of Ely. When the king heard of the insolence
and unpopularity of the chancellor, he wrote
to Brewer and his companions, telling them
i that if he was unfaithful in his office they were
| to act as they thought best as to the grants of
escheats and castles, and wrote also to the
chancellor, bidding him act in conjunction
j with his colleagues. At a great council held
I at St. Paul's, on 8 Oct. 1191, the Archbishop
j of Rouen produced a letter from the king
I appointing him justiciar in place of Long-
| champ, and naming Brewer and others as
| his assistants. Brewer evidently was promi-
i nent in the proceedings taken against the
chancellor; for his name is on the list of
the bishops and barons whom the displaced
minister threatened with excommunication.
In 1193 he left England to assist the king,
then in captivity, at his interview with the
Emperor Henry VI. He arrived at Worms
on 29 July, the day on which the terms of
the king's release were finally arranged.
After this matter was settled, Richard sent
him, in company with the Bishop of Ely ' and
other wise men,' to arrange a peace with
Philip of France. The treaty was signed on
9 July at Nantes. On the king's return to
England in the spring of 1194, Brewer and
others who had been concerned in the pro-
ceedings against the chancellor were deprived
of the sheriffdoms they then held, but were
appointed to other counties, ' as if the king,
although he could not dispense with their
services, wished to show his disapproval of
their conduct in the matter ' (STTJBBS, Const.
Hist. i. 503). A serious dispute having
arisen between Geoffrey, archbishop of York,
and his chapter, the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, who was at that time the justiciar, sent
Brewer with other judges to York in July to
settle the quarrel. They summoned the arch-
bishop, and on his refusing to appear seized
his manors, and caused the canons whom he
had displaced to be again installed. Brewer
also appears as one of the justices who were
sent on the great visitation, or ' iter,' in the
following September. In 1196 he founded
the abbey of Torr in Devon, as a house of
Prsemonstratensian canons (DTJGDALE, Mon.
vi. 923). During the reign of Richard he be-
came lord of the manor of Sumburne, near
Southampton, and held the sheriffdoms of
Devonshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire,
Brewer
298
Brewer
Berkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire
(DTJGDALE, Bar.} He married Beatrice de
Valle. In 1201 Brewer founded the abbey
of Motisfont as a house of Augustinian ca-
nons. This foundation has been ascribed to
his son William {Ann. de Osen.}, but the
charters of the abbey prove that it was the
work of the father (Mon. vi. 480). On 15 Aug.
of the same year he was present as founder
at the foundation of the Cistercian abbey of
Dunkeswell in Devonshire. He is said also
to have founded the Benedictine nunnery of
Polslo in that county (Ann. de Margam ;
Mon. iv. 425, v. 678).
During the reign of John, Brewer held a
prominent place among the king's counsel-
lors. His name appears among the witnesses
of the disgraceful treaty made with Philip
at Thouars in 1206. When an attempt was
made to reconcile the king to Archbishop
Langton in 1209, he joined Geoffrey Fitz-
Peter and others in guaranteeing the arch-
bishop's safety during his visit to England,
and saw him safely out of the kingdom.
During the period of the interdict he strongly
upheld the king, and is mentioned by Wen-
dover (iii. 238) as one of John's evil advisers,
who cared for nothing else save to please their
master. The king's extortions from the clergy,
the monks, and especially the Cistercians,
were in obedience to Brewer's advice, and in
1210 he caused the king to forbid the Cister-
cian monks to attend the annual chapter of
their order — a sin which, according to Paris,
brought him and others concerned to a sor-
rowful end. He signed the treaty made by
John with the Count of Boulogne in May
1212. On 15 May 1213 he signed the charter
by which John surrendered the crown and
kingdom of England to Innocent III, and on
21 Nov. 1214 the charter granting freedom of
election to sees and abbeys, by which the king
hoped to win the English church to his side.
WThen the barons made a confederation against
the king at Brackley in 1215, and drew up
the list of their demands, Brewer refused to
join them. After their entry into London,
however, he and other ministers of the king
were compelled to act with the baronial
party, and his name appears among the signa-
tures subscribed to the great charter. His
heart, however, was by no means in the
work, and when war broke out he became
one of the leaders of the army left by John
to watch the baronial forces, cut off their
supplies, and ravage their lands. On the
death of John he assisted at the coronation
of Henry at Gloucester on 28 Oct. 1216.
He warmly espoused the cause of the young
king against the French, and joined with
other barons in pledging himself to ransom
all prisoners belonging to the king's party.
He was one of those who guaranteed the
observance of the treaty of Lambeth on
11 Sept. 1217, though he did not approve of
the moderate terms granted to Louis (Ann.
Wav.} The next year he was present with
the king and court at the dedication of the
cathedral church of Worcester, to which he
afterwards presented a chalice of gold of
four marks weight, ' not to be removed from
the church save for fire, hunger, or necessary
ransom ' (Ann. Wig.} With the restlessness
and plots of the foreign party Brewer had no
sympathy, and, indeed, seems to have acted
in full accord with the justiciar Hubert de
Burgh. In 1221 he sat as one of the barons
of the exchequer (Foss, Biog. Jurid.} He
was one of the favourite counsellors of
Henry III, and his influence with the king
was not for good. For example, when in
January 1223 Archbishop Langton and the
lords demanded that Henry, who was then
holding his Christmas festival at Oxford,
should confirm the great charter, Brewer
answered for the king, and said : * The liber-
ties you ask for ought not to be observed ;
for they were extorted by force.' Indignant
at this declaration, the archbishop rebuked
him. ' William,' he said, * if you loved the
king you would not disturb the peace of the
kingdom.' The king saw that the archbishop
was angry, and at once yielded to his demand
(RoG. WEND. iv. 84). Later in the same
year Honorius III associated Brewer with
the Bishop of Winchester and the justiciar
in a letter declaring Henry to be of full age.
He died in 1226, having assumed, probably
when actually dying, as was not infrequently
done, the habit of a monk at Dunkeswell,
and was buried there in the church he had
founded. During the reigns of John and
Henry III he acquired great possessions. By
John he was made guardian of Henry Percy
and of many other rich wards. He received
a large number of grants from the king, and
among them the manor of Bridgwater, with
an ample charter creating that place a free
borough with a market (DTJGDALE, Bar.}
In this town he founded the hospital of St.
John Baptist, for the maintenance of thirteen
sick poor, besides l religious ' and pilgrims
(Mon. vi. 662). In the same reign he also
acquired half the fee of the house of Brito :
this acquisition probably was made unjustly
('per potestatem domini Willielmi Bruyere
veterioris,' Inq. p. m. 49 Sen. Ill', Somerset
Archceol. Soc. Proc. xxi. ii. 33). It included
the honour of Odcomb, with other places in
Somersetshire and Devonshire. The memory
of this grant is preserved in the name of
He Brewers, a village near Langport, which
Brewster
299
Brewster
passed to him along with. Odcomb. One of
Brewer's sons, Richard, died before him.
He left one son, William, and five daughters,
who all married men of wealth and impor-
tance. The names of two brothers of Brewer
are preserved, John and Peter of Rievaulx.
Peter became a hermit at Motisfont ; for a
document of that house says that he was
called ' The Holy Man in the Wall/ and
that he did many miracles (Mon. vi. 481).
It should, however, be noted that the Peter
of Rievaulx who was treasurer in the reign
of Henry III was the nephew or son (MATT.
PARIS, iii. 220) of Peter des Roches, bishop
of Winchester, and so, if the Motisfont docu-
ment is of any value at all, was a different
man from the hermit there spoken of.
[Roger of Hoveden ; Roger of Wendover, Eng.
Hist. Soc; Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. Rolls
Ser. ; R. of Diceto, Twysden ; Benedictus Abbas,
Rolls Ser. ; Walter of Coventry, Rolls Ser. ; Royal
Letters, Henry III, Rolls Ser. ; Annales de Mar-
gam, Waverleia, Oseneia, Wigornia, in Annales
Monastici, Rolls Ser. ; Dugdale's Baronage ; Dug-
dale's Monasticon ; Stubbs's Constitutional His-
tory.] W. H.
BREWSTER, ABRAHAM (1796-1874),
lord chancellor of Ireland, son of William
Bagenal Brewster of Ballinulta, Wicklow,
by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Bates,
was born at Ballinulta in April 1796, received
his earlier education at Kilkenny College,
and, then proceeding to the university of Dub-
lin in 1812, took his B. A. degree in 1817, and
long after, in 1847, his M.A. degree. He was
called to the Irish bar in 1819, and, having
chosen Leinster for his circuit, soon acquired
the reputation of a sound lawyer and a
powerful speaker. Lord Plunket honoured
him with a silk gown on 13 July 1835.
Notwithstanding the opposition of Daniel
O'Connell, he was appointed legal adviser to
the lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 10 Oct.
1841, and was solicitor-general of Ireland
from 2 Feb. 1846 until 16 July. By the in-
fluence of his friend Sir James Graham, the
home secretary, he was attorney-general of
Ireland from 10 Jan. 1853 until the fall of
the Aberdeen ministry, 10 Feb. 1855.
Brewster was very active in almost all
branches of his profession after his resigna-
tion, and his reputation as an advocate may
be gathered from the pages of the ' Irish Law
and Equity Reports,' and in the later series
of the 'Irish Common Law Reports,' the
* Irish Chancery Reports,' and the ' Irish Ju-
rist,' in all of which his name very frequently
appears. Among the most important cases
in which he took part were the Mountgarrett
case in 1854, involving a peerage and an
estate of 10,000/. a year ; the Carden abduc-
tion case in July of the same year ; the Yel-
verton case, 1861 ; the Egmont will case,
1863; the Marquis of Donegal's ejectment
action ; and lastly, the great will cause of
Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, in which Brewster's
statement for the plaintiff is said to have
been one of his most successful efforts.
On Lord Derby becoming prime minister,
Brewster succeededFrancis Blackburne [q.v.]
as lord justice of appeal in Ireland in July
1866, and lord chancellor of Ireland in the
month of March following. As lord chan-
cellor he sat in his court for the last time
on 17 Dec. 1868, when Mr. Disraeli's govern-
ment resigned. He then retired from public
life. There are in print only three or four
judgments delivered by him, either in the ap-
pellate court or the court of chancery. As
far back as January 1853 he had been made
a privy councillor in Ireland. He died at
his residence, 26 Merrion Square South,
Dublin, on 26 July 1874, and was buried at
Tullow, co. Carlow, on 30 July. By his mar-
riage in 1819 with Mary Ann, daughter of
Robert Gray of Upton House, co. Carlow,
who died in Dublin on 24 Nov. 1862, he
had issue one son, Colonel William Bagenal
Brewster, and one daughter, Elizabeth Mary,
wife of Mr. Henry French, both of whom
died in the lifetime of their father.
[Burke'sLord Chancellors of Ireland (1879),
pp. 307-14; Illustrated London News (1874),
Ixv. 115, 427.] G. C. B.
BREWSTER, SIB DAVID (1781-1868),
natural philosopher, was born at Jedburgh
on 11 Dec. 1781. He was the third child
and second son of James Brewster, rector of
the grammar school of Jedburgh, his mother
being Margaret Key, who is said to have been
a very accomplished woman. She died at
the age of thirty-seven, when David was only
nine years old, but through his long life he
retained a most affectionate memory of his
mother. The motherless family fell to the
charge of Grisel, the only sister, who appears
to have discovered the genius of her second
brother, and, the paternal rule being marked
by much severity, the sister, who was but
three years older than David, did her utmost
by fond indulgence to spoil the boy.
It is recorded that David was never seen
to pore over his books, but he always knew
his lessons and often assisted his school-
fellows, keeping always a prominent place in
his classes. There were four brothers, James,
George, David, and Patrick [q. v.], who were
all remarkable for their intelligence.
Among the citizens of Jedburgh when
David Brewster was a boy were various men
Brewster
300
Brewster
of original character, scientific tendencies,
and inventive genius. Chief among these
was James Veitch, a self-taught man — as-
tronomer and mathematician. From this
man David 'Brewster received his first lessons
in science. Veitch gave the boy many sug-
gestive hints while he was engaged, when
but ten years of age, in the manufacture of
a telescope, which, in writing to a friend in
1800, he says had ' a greater resemblance to
coffins or waterspouts than anything else.'
In 1793, at the early age of twelve, David
went to the university of Edinburgh, where
he heard the lectures of Playfair, Robinson,
Dugald Stewart, and others. • .The young
scholar prepared for a position in the esta-
blished church of Scotland, of which his
father was a strenuous supporter. In 1802
Brewster, who had been for some time a
regular contributor to the ' Edinburgh Maga-
zine,' became its editor. In 1799 he en-
gaged in tuition, becoming a tutor in the
family of Captain Horsbrugh of Pirn in
Peeblesshire, which situation he held until
1804. He wrote some love poetry to ' Anna,'
a daughter of Captain Horsbrugh, who died
at an early age, which was published in the
' Edinburgh Magazine,' and also printed in
a separate form.
Having been licensed by the presbytery of
Edinburgh, Brewster preached his first ser- j
mon in March 1804 in the West Kirk, before
a large congregation, amongst whom were
numbers of his fellow-students and many
literary and scientific men. The Rev. Dr.
Paul says of this effort : ' He ascended the
pulpit, and went through the whole service,
for a beginner, evidently under excitement,
most admirably.' After this he preached
frequently in Edinburgh, Leith, and else-
where, and his ministrations were very suc-
cessful, but they became a source of pain
and discomfort to himself. He never preached
without severe nervousness, which sometimes
produced faintness. This weakness and the
constant fear of failure led Brewster even-
tually to decline a good presentation and to
abandon the clerical profession. In 1800 he
was made an honorary M. A. of Edinburgh.
In 1804 he entered the family of General
Diroon of Mount Annan in Dumfriesshire as
tutor. There he remained till 1807, continuing
his scientific studies and literary pursuits
with but little interruption, as we find from
his regular correspondence with Mr. Veitch.
In 1805, on the resignation of Professor
Playfair, Brewster was spoken of as a can-
didate for the chair of mathematics in the
university of Edinburgh, and he received
promises of support from Herschel and other
well-known men of science. Mr. (after-
wards Sir John) Leslie had the better claim
to the chair, and was elected ; but, owing to
some unguarded expression in his work on
the ' Nature and Propagation of Heat,' a cry
of ' heresy ' was raised. ' A Calm Observer '
published a pamphlet professing to adopt
' a mode of discussion remote from personal
invective.' This pamphlet, which created an
intense excitement, was by David Brewster.
In 1807 he became a candidate for the chair •
of mathematics in St. Andrews, but without
success. He was, however, made LL.D. of
that university, and shortly after an M.A.
of Cambridge ; he was also elected a non-
resident member of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. At this time he was induced
to undertake the editorship of the ' Edin-
burgh Encyclopaedia,' which occupied him for
twenty- two years. In 1809 he visited Lon-
don, and he left a diary minutely recording
his experiences. Under 31 July 1810 we
find ' Married, set off to the Trosachs,' the
lady being Juliet, the youngest daughter of
James Macpherson, M.P., of Belleville, better
known as ' Ossian Macpherson.'
In 1813 Brewster sent his first paper
to the Royal Society of London on ( Some
Properties of Light.' In the same year he
published a ' Treatise on New Philosophical
Instruments.' Failing health indicated the
necessity of repose from mental labour, and
a continental tour was ordered by his medi-
i cal advisers. In July 1814 he started for
Paris, where he made the acquaintance of
| Biot, La Place, Poisson, Berthollet, Arago,
, and many other of the French celebrities of
: science.
Brewster also visited Switzerland, esta-
blished friendships at Geneva with Pr6vost
and Pictet, and made many important obser-
vations on the rocks and glaciers of the Alps.
; In 1814 he returned to work, with unabated
ardour for experimental inquiry. This showed
! itself in a series of papers contributed to the
Royal Society, most of them on the 'Polari-
sation of Light,' which were continued through
several years. In addition he published many
other memoirs in the ' Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh.'
In 1815 Brewster became a fellow of the
Royal Society, and the Copley medal was
bestowed upon him. This was followed
three years later by the Rumford medal, and
subsequently by one of the Royal medals, in
each case for discoveries in relation to the
polarisation of light. In 1810 the French
Institute awarded him half of the prize of
three thousand francs given for the two most
important discoveries in physical science made
in Europe.
In this year Brewster invented the ka-
Brewster
301
Brewster
leidoscope, which he patented; but, from
some defect in the registration of the patent,
it was quickly pirated, and he never realised
anything by it. His ' Treatise on the Ka-
leidoscope ' was published in 1819.
The ' Edinburgh Magazine ' was published
from 1817 under the name of the ' Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal,' and Brewster edited
it in conjunction with Professor Jameson,
the mineralogist, and afterwards alone, the
name being again changed (1819) to the
'Edinburgh Journal of Science.' Not only
was the number of papers published by
Brewster at this period of his life remark-
able, but the investigations which were re-
quired, and the discoveries — especially in the
delicate subject of optics — which they re-
corded were in every way extraordinary. In
1813 he commenced to publish in the 'Philo-
sophical Transactions ' a communication ' On
some Properties of Light,' and in the two
succeeding years he furnished no less than
nine papers on analogous subjects. After this
the phenomena of double refraction engaged
his attention, and his discoveries occupied
several additional papers.
In 1820 Brewster became a member of the
Institute of Civil Engineers in London. In
1821 he was active in founding the Royal
Scottish Society of Arts, of which he was
named director ; and in 1822 he became a
member of the Royal Irish Academy of Arts
and Sciences. In this year he edited a trans-
lation of Legendre's 'Geometry,' and also
four volumes of Professor Robinson's ' Essays
on Mechanical Philosophy.' In 1823 he
edited Euler's 'Letters to a German Prin-
cess,' writing copious notes and a life of the
author. Between 1819 and 1829 he appears
to have relaxed a little, but he wrote ' On the
Periodical Colours produced by Grooved Sur-
faces ; ' he investigated ' Elliptic Polarisation
by Metals,' 'The Optical Nature of the
Crystalline Lens,' 'The Optical Conditions
of the Diamond,' and ' The Colours of Film
Plates.' Beyond these the only paper com-
municated to the Royal Society was one ' On
the Dark Lines of the Solar Spectrum,' in
which he was associated with Dr. John Hall
Gladstone. In 1825 Brewster was made a
corresponding member of the French Insti-
tute, and honours from all parts of the world
were crowded upon him. There was never
any long intermission in his researches. In
1827 he published his account of a new
system of illumination for lighthouses, which
led to a successful series of experiments under
his direction in 1833.
In 1831 the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science was organised, chiefly
by a few scientific men who assembled at the
archiepiscopal palace near York, Brewster
being among them. The first meeting was
held in York, when 325 members enrolled
their names. Brewster was especially active,
and he strove most zealously to advance
the long-neglected interests of science. In
this year William IV sent to Brewster the
Hanoverian order of the Guelph, and shortly
afterwards an offer of ordinary knighthood
followed, the fees, amounting to 1097., being
remitted.
Sir David Brewster's busy pen now pro-
duced his 'Treatise on Optics' (1831) in
Lardner's ' Cabinet Encyclopaedia,' a volume
of 526 pages, in which every phenomenon
connected with catoptrics or dioptrics known
up to the time of its publication was de-
scribed with remarkable clearness and pre-
cision. About the same time he wrote for
Murray's ' Family Library ' his ' Life of Sir
Isaac Newton,' and his ' Letters on Natural
Magic.' In 1855 he proved the correspond-
ence between Newton and Pascal produced
by M. Chasles to be a forgery. An accident
arising through an explosion nearly robbed
Brewster of his eyesight ; but his sight was
eventually restored.
In 1836 Brewster went to Bristol to attend
the sixth meeting of the British Association,
being the guest of Mr. Henry Fox Talbot at
Laycock Abbey. Mr. Talbot was engaged
on his earliest experiments on photography,
and his explanations of his immature pro-
cesses, and the inspection of even the imper-
fect pictures which he produced, were suffi-
cient to create in Brewster's mind a strong
desire to work on the chemistry of light. He
never found the time required for the practice
of the art, but he wrote on the subject, and
in 1865 received a medal from the Photo-
graphic Society of Paris.
Brewster was in receipt of an annual
grant from the government of 100/. In
1836 this was increased by an additional
grant of 200/. a year. In 1838 he received
from the crown the gift of the principalship
of the united college of St. Salvator and St.
Leonard in the university of St. Andrews.
This appointment relieved him from embar-
rassments, and he was glad to take possession
of his house at St. Andrews.
Brewster had published his 'Treatise on
Magnetism ' in the seventh edition of the ' En-
cyclopaedia Britannica.' His labours were,
however, interrupted by the illness of his wife.
Her failing health caused him to remove her
to Leamington, and leaving her in charge of
a medical friend, he, with his daughter, at-
tended the twelfth meeting of the British
Association at Manchester, where he made
the acquaintance of Dr. Dalton, which led
Brewster
302
Brewster
to his investigating the conditions of the
eye on which colour-blindness or Daltonism
depended. He published an article on the
subject in the ' North British Review.'
In 1843 the conflict which had prevailed
for ten years in the church of Scotland was
brought to a close by 474 ministers retiring
from the old church of Scotland, protesting
against the grievances of church patronage.
Brewster had taken part in every step of the
' long conflict,' as it was called ; he signed
the Act of Protest ; with his elder brother
he walked in the solemn procession which
left St. Andrews Church on 18 May, and he
attended every sitting of that first assembly
of the Free church of Scotland. The pro-
minent position taken by Brewster in this
movement caused in 1844 proceedings to be
commenced against him by the established
presbytery of St. Andrews, aided by the uni-
versity, to eject him from his chair. The
case, however, was quashed in the residuary
assembly because he had not signed the
formal deed of demission.
For Professor Napier's 'Edinburgh Review'
Brewster wrote twenty-eight articles. In
1844 the ' North British Review ' was started
under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Welsh.
Brewster became a regular and constant con-
tributor. Professor Fraser, who was editor
of the ' North British Review ' in 1850 and
the seven following years, says : ' He con-
tributed an article to each number during the
time I was editor, and in each instance, after
we had agreed together about the subject,
the manuscript made its appearance on the
appointed day with punctual regularity ; ' and
Professor Blackie, who edited the ' Review'
from 1860 to 1863, writes : < Sir David Brewster
was ever remarkable for the carefulness of
his work, the punctuality with which it was
delivered, never behind time, never needing
to write to the editor for more time or more
space — a model contributor in every way.'
On 27 Jan. 1850 Lady Brewster died and
was laid to rest beneath the shade of the
abbey ruins of Melrose. In April Brewster,
with his daughter, went abroad for change
of air and scene. He renewed his acquaint-
ance with Arago, which had begun in 1814 ;
he visited M. Gay-Lussac just before his
death, and met the Swiss philosopher, M.
de la Rive.
In 1851 he was president of the meeting of
the British Association at Edinburgh. In
his address he pleaded with much earnestness
' for summoning to the service of the state
all the theoretical and practical wisdom of
the country,' and for the extension of the
advantages of education. ' Knowledge is at
once the manna and the medicine of our
moral being.' The pen of Brewster was
singularly prolific. Between 1806 and 1868
he communicated no less than 315 papers
on scientific subjects — most of them bearing
upon optical investigations — to the transac-
tions of societies, and to purely scientific
journals. Beyond these he wrote seventy-
five articles for the ' North British Review,'
twenty-eight articles for the ' Edinburgh Re-
view,' and five for the ' Quarterly Review.'
The most lasting monument to his fame,
however, will certainly be his beautiful in-
vestigations into the phenomena of polarised
light. He shared also with Fresnel the merit
of elaborating the dioptric system for the im-
provement of our lighthouses; and he divided
with Wheatstone the merit of introducing
the stereoscope, the lenticular instrument
belonging especially to Brewster.
Besides the above he wrote in 1841 and
1846 < Martyrs to Science,' or lives of Galileo,
Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ; and in 1854 an
answer to Whewell's ' Plurality of Worlds '
entitled ' More Worlds than One, the Creed
of the Philosopher and the Hope of the
Christian.'
In 1860 he was appointed vice-chancellor
of the university of Edinburgh, and in that
capacity presided at the installation of Lord
Brougham as chancellor. Brewster in this
year became an active member of the Na-
tional Association of Social Science, and
was afterwards chosen as vice-president. In
this year he was made M.D. of the university
of Berlin. He was at this time a frequent
visitor to London, taking the greatest in-
terest in the scientific societies of that city.
In 1864 he was appointed president of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the spring
of that year he was attacked, while re-
siding in Edinburgh, with one of his seizures
of prostrating illness, from which, although
he appeared to rally, he never entirely re-
covered.
The ' lighthouse controversy ' was to
Brewster, in his latter days, a source of an-
noyance. It was a great comfort to him
when the council of the Inventors' Insti-
tute in 1864, after examining the merits
of the investigations made by Fresnel and
others, reported that the introduction of the
holophotal system into British lighthouses
was due to the persevering efforts of Brew-
ster. In June of this year a neglected cold
fell heavily on Brewster's aged frame, and
rendered him so feeble that he could not
walk far, or labour in his library, without
Teat fatigue. This state continued until
867, when ' he was unable to play his quiet
game at croquet.' Believing himself to be
a dying man, he gave instruction to a young
Brewster
303
Brewster
scientific friend, Mr. Francis Deas, as to the
arrangement of his scientific instruments, and
two years later he confided to this gentleman
the completion of a paper ' On the Motion,
Equilibrium, and Forms of Liquid Films.'
On 10 Feb. 1868 an attack of pneumonia
and bronchitis exhibited symptoms which
convinced Sir James Simpson that he could
not live over the day. After a few hours
of extreme languor, knowing all his loving
watchers, with ' an ineffably happy, cheerful
look, which seemed to come from a very ful-
ness of content,' this bright intelligence
passed quietly away at Allerby, Montrose.
In 1857 Brewster married for the second
time Miss Jane Kirk Purnell of Scarborough,
by whom he had a daughter, born 27 Jan.
1861.
[Proceedings of the Royal Society, xvii. Ixix ;
Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers ;
The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by Mrs.
Gordon ; Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, iv.
1821-31 ; Edinburgh Royal Society's Transac-
tions, vii. 1815-49 ; Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 539.]
R. H-T.
BREWSTER, SIR FRANCIS (/.1674-
1702), writer on trade, was a citizen and
alderman of Dublin, and lord mayor of
that city in 1674. In February 1692-3 he
gave evidence before the House of Commons
on certain public abuses in Ireland, and in
1698 was appointed one of seven commis-
sioners to inquire into the forfeited estates
in Ireland. The commissioners disagreed
among themselves, and when the report was
delivered in the following year it was signed
by only four of the members of the commis-
sion ; the other three, the Earl of Drogheda,
Sir Richard Levinge, and Sir F. Brewster,
having refused to sign it because they
thought it false and ill-grounded in several
particulars. The dispute was brought before
parliament, and Sir R. Levinge was com-
mitted to the Tower for spreading scandalous
aspersions against some of his colleagues.
Brewster was the author of l Essays in
Trade and Navigation. In Five Parts,' Lond.
1695, 12mo. The first part only was pub-
lished; but in 1702 he issued 'New Essays
on Trade, wherein the present state of our
Trade, its great decay in the chief branches
of it, and the fatal consequences thereof
to the Nation (unless timely remedy'd), is
considered under the most important heads of
Trade and Navigation,' Lond. 12mo. The
following anonymous book is also ascribed to
him : ' A Discourse concerning Ireland and
the different Interests thereof ; in answer to
the Exon and Barnstaple Petitions ; shewing
that if a Law were enacted to prevent the
exportation of Woollen Manufactures from
Ireland to Foreign Parts, what the conse-
quences thereof would be both to England
and Ireland,' Lond. 1698, 4to.
[Ware's Ireland (Harris), 1764, ii. 262 ;
Burnet's State Tracts, 1706, ii. 709 seq. ; Tin-
dal's Continuation of Rapin's England, 1740, iii.
234, 398.] C. W. S.
BREWSTER, JOHN (1753-1842), au-
thor, the son of the Rev. Richard Brewster,
M.A., vicar of Heighington in the county
palatine of Durham, was born in 1753, and
received his education at the grammar school
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne under the Rev. Hugh
Moises, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. in 1775, and M.A. in 1778.
He was appointed curate of Stockton-on-Tees
in 1776, and lecturer there in 1777. In 1791
he was presented to the vicarage of Greatham,
which benefice he held until 1799, when he
became vicar of Stockton through the patron-
age of Bishop Barrington. The same prelate
afterwards successively preferred him to the
rectories of Redmarshall in 1805, Boldon in
1809, and Egglescliffe in 1814, in which
charges, according to the testimony of Surtees
(Hist, of Durham, iii. 139), he was ' long and
justly respected for the exemplary discharge
of his parochial duties.' He died at Eggles-
cliffe 28 Nov. 1842, aged 89.
His chief work was his l Parochial History
and Antiquities of Stockton-on-Tees,' pub-
lished in quarto at Stockton in 1 796. A second
and enlarged edition was printed in 1829,
octavo. His other works were : 2. ' Sermons
for Prisons,' &c., 1790, 8vo. 3. * On the Pre-
vention of Crimes and the Advantages of
Solitary Confinement,' 1790, 8vo. 4. 'Medi-
tations of a Recluse, chiefly on Religious
Subjects,' 1800, 12mo. 5. ' A Thanksgiving
Sermon for the Peace,' 1802. 6. ' A Secular
Essay, containing a View of Events connected
with the Ecclesiastical History of England
during the 18th Century/ 1802, 8vo. 7. ' The
Restoration of Family Worship recom-
mended, in Discourses selected, with altera-
tions, from Dr. Doddridge/ 1804, 8vo.
8. { Lectures on the Acts of the Apostles/
1806, 2 vols. 8vo. 9. < Of the Religious Im-
provement of Prisons, an Assize Sermon/
1808. 10. < Meditations for the Aged, adapted
to the Progress of Human Life/ 1810, 8vo ;
four editions. 11. 'Meditations for Penitents/
1813. 12. < Reflections adapted to the Holy
Seasons of the Christian and Ecclesiastical
Year/ 12mo. 13. 'Reflections upon the Or-
dination Service/ 12mo. 14. 'Contemplations
on the Last Discourses of our Blessed Saviour
with His Disciples as recorded in the Gospel
of St. John/ 1822, 8vo. 15. ' A Sketch of
the History of Churches in England, applied
Brewster
3°4
Brewster
to the purposes of the Society for Promoting
the Building and Enlargement of Churches
and Chapels/ 1818. 16. ' An Abridgment
of Cave's Primitive Christianity.' 17. ' Me-
moir of the Rev. Hugh Moises, A.M. ; ' pri-
vately printed in 1823, and reprinted in
Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature/ vol. v.
[G-ent. Mag., May 1843, p. 538; Adamson's
Newcastle School, 1846, p. 27; Nichols's Illus-
trations, v. 92 ; Nichols's Topographer and Ge-
nealogist, vol. ii. 1853 ; Allibone's Diet, of Lit. ;
Heavisides's Annals of Stockton, p. 14, who gives
two curious anecdotes of Brewster's simplicity in
being deceived by supposititious relics of anti-
quity.] C. W. S.
BREWSTER, PATRICK (1788-1859),
Scotch divine, born on 20 Dec. 1788, was
the youngest of the four sons of Mr. James
Brewster, and younger brother of Sir David
Brewster [q. v.] In accordance with the wishes
of his father, who had destined all his sons to
the ministry of the Scottish church, Patrick
devoted himself to theology, and received
license as a probationer from the presbytery
of Fordoun on 26 March 1817. In August
following he was presented by the Marquis of
Abercorn to the second charge of the Abbey
Church of Paisley, to which he was ordained
on 10 April 1818. He continued to occupy
this preferment for nearly forty-one years, and
died at his residence at Craigie Linn, near
Paisley, on 26 March 1859. Brewster was a
favourite of the working classes, and received
a public funeral (4 April 1859). In 1863 a
monument to his memory was erected by
public subscription in Paisley cemetery.
Asa preacher Brewster enjoyed an almost
unrivalled local fame. His political views
were extreme ; he was a ' moral-force chartist/
and took an active share in the plans for carry-
ing out the chartist programme. His whole
life was one continuous succession of exciting
disputes upon public questions, or with the
heritors, the parish authorities, or the presby-
tery. This polemical spirit may be traced in
the volume of his sermons entitled ' The Seven
Chartist and Military Discourses libelled by
the Marquis of Abercorn and other Heritors
of the Abbey Parish. To which are added
four other Discourses formerly published, with
one or two more as a Specimen of the Author's
mode of treating other Scripture Topics.
With an Appendix/ 8vo, Paisley, &c., 1843.
Brewster advocated the abolition of the slave
trade, the repeal of the corn laws, tempe-
rance, and a national system of education.
He published three single < Sermons/ 8vo, and
a vindication, in two parts, of the rights of the
poor of Scotland ' against the misrepresenta-
tions of the editor of the "Glasgow Post and
Reformer."' He was also a contributor to
the ' Edinburgh Cyclopsedia/ and furnished
a l Description of a Fossil Tree found in a
Quarry at Nitshill ' to the ninth volume of the
1 Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh.' He incurred some odium for not,
like his brothers, leaving the established
church of Scotland at the time of the disrup-
tion in 1843, when he was one of 'the Forty.'
[Glasgow Herald, 28 and 31 March and
5 April 1859 ; Christian News (Glasgow), 2 April
1859; Teviotdale Record, 2 April 1859; Ren-
frewshire Independent, 2 and 9 April 1859 ;
Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, 1868; Mrs.
Gordon's Home Life of Sir David 'Brewster, 1881 ;
Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881.] A. H. G.
BREWSTER, THOMAS, M.D. (b. 1705),
translator, was the son of Benjamin Brew-
ster of Eardisland, Herefordshire, and was
born on 18 Sept. 1705. He was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School, and thence
elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1724.
He graduated B.A. in 1727, M.A. in 1732,
B.M. and D.M. in 1738. He was also elected a
fellow of his college. While at Oxford he
published a translation of the ' Second Satire
of Persius/ in English verse by itself, to see,
as he says in the preface, how the public
would appreciate his work. This was in
1733. The third and fourth < Satires' were
published together in 1742, the fifth in the
same year, and the six satires in one volume
in 1784. Brewster, after leaving the uni-
versity, practised medicine at Bath.
[Robinson's Merchant Taylors' School Regis-
ter, ii. 56 ; Graduates of Oxford ; Prefaces to
different editions of the Satires ; Brit. Museum
Catalogue.] A. G-N.
BREWSTER, WILLIAM (1560P-1644),
one of the chief founders of the colony of
Plymouth, New England, was possibly a
native of Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Ac-
cording to the 'Memoir ' by Bradford, he was
at the time of his death in his eightieth
year, but Morton, secretary of the colony,
states that he was eighty-four at his death,
so that he was probably born in 1560. It
has been conjectured that his father was
either William Brewster, who was tenant at
Scrooby of Archbishop Sandys, or Henry
Brewster, vicar of Sutton-cum-Lound, or
James Brewster, who succeeded Henry. The
coat-of-arms preserved in the Brewster family
in America is identical with that of the an-
cient Suffolk branch. Bradford states that
Brewster, after obtaining some knowledge of
Latin and some insight into Greek, spent
a short time at the university of Cam-
bridge, but he mentions neither the school
where he made his preparatory studies, nor
Brewster
305
Brewster
the college which he entered at Cambridge.
On leaving the university, Brewster, probably
in 1584, entered the service of William Davi-
son [q. v.], ambassador, and afterwards secre-
tary of state of Queen Elizabeth, who, accord-
ing to Bradford, found him ' so discreet and
faithful, that he trusted him above all others
that were with him.' He accompanied Davi-
son in his embassy to the Low Countries in
1585, and remained in his service till his fall
in 1587. The information supplied by Brad-
ford regarding the immediately succeeding
period of his life is comprised in the general
statement that he ' retired to the country/
where he interested himself 'in promoting
and furthering religion ' by procuring good
preachers ' in all places thereabouts.' Pos-
sibly he owed the bent towards ecclesiastical
matters to his intimacy with two favourite
pupils of Hooker — George Cranmer, also
one of Davison's assistants, and Sir Edwyn
Sandys, afterwards governor of Virginia.
The part of the country to which Brewster
retired was identified by Joseph Hunter
(Collections concerning the Early History of
the Founders of New England} as Scrooby,
Nottinghamshire. Hunter has further mo-
dified the information of Bradford by dis-
covering, from an examination of the post-
office accounts, that from April 1594, or
earlier, to September 1607, Brewster filled
the office of l post,' that is, keeper of the
' post office,' at Scrooby, a station on the great
north road between Doncaster and Tuxford.
Such an office was then one of considerable im-
portance, and was not unfrequently held by
persons of good family. It implied the super-
intendence of the despatch of mails to the
various side stations, the supplying of relays
of horses, and the providing of entertainment
for travellers. While holding this office
Brewster occupied Scrooby Manor, a posses-
sion of the archbishop of York, where royal
personages had more than once resided, and
Cardinal Wolsey after his dismissal had
passed several weeks. His salary was 20d.
per diem until in July 1603 it was raised
to 2s. It was at Scrooby Manor that Brew-
ster ' on the Lord's day entertained with great
love ' the company of Brownists or Separa-
tists presided over by Clifton. Much of the
progress of the movement was owing to his
zeal and his influence, his social position
being undoubtedly higher than that of the
other members of the community. After
they 'had been about a year together,' the
threat of persecution made them resolve in
1607 to remove to Holland, but the skip-
per in whose sloop they embarked at Boston
having betrayed them, they were appre-
hended, and Brewster as one of the principal
VOL. VI.
leaders of the movement was imprisoned and
bound over to the court of assize. In the
summer of the following year they were more
successful, and, having set out, from Hull,
reached Amsterdam in safety. In 1609 they
removed to Leyden, where Brewster, ' having
spent most of his means,' employed himself
in ' instructing students at the university,
Danes and Germans, in the English lan-
guage.' He 'prepared rules or a grammar
after the Latin manner' for the use of his
scholars. By the help of some friends he also
set up a printing-press, and so ' had employ-
ment enough by reason of many books which
would not be allowed to be printed in Eng-
land ' (for list of principal works printed by
him see STEELE'S Life of Brewster, pp. 172-
174). In 1619 inquiry was instituted by the
authorities regarding his publications, but
he was then absent in London negotiating
about a grant of land in Virginia. Through
the assistance of his friend Sir Edwyn Sandys
a patent for a tract of land within that colony
was finally granted, and Brewster, with Brad-
ford [see BKADFOKD, WILLIAM, 1590-1657],
as the chief leaders of the enterprise, set sail
in September 1620 with the first company of
* pilgrims ' in the Mayflower. In the church
at Leyden he had acted as ruling elder, and
he discharged the same duties in the church
at New Plymouth. As no regular minister
was appointed until 1629, he up to this time
also acted as teacher and preacher, officiating
twice every Lord's day. During the early
difficulties of the colony he conducted him-
self with untiring cheerfulness. He was
charitable to others, and his own personal
habits were frugal. He drank nothing but
water until the last five or six years of his
life. Bradford gives the date of his death
as 18 April 1643, but Morton, secretary of
the colony, entered the date in the church
records as 'April 10th 1644, and various
other circumstances confirm this entry. He
had four sons and four daughters. He left a
library of 300 books valued at 43/., the cata-
logue of which is preserved in the records of
the colony, and an estate valued at 150/.
His sword is preserved in the cabinet of the
Massachusetts Historical Society.
[Bradford's Memoir of Elder Brewster, pub-
lished by Dr. Alex. Young in Chronicles of the
Pilgrims, 1841, and printed also in the collec-
tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
5th ser. iii. 408-14 ; Hunter's Collections con-
cerning the History of the Early Founders of
New Plymouth, 2nd ed. 1854 ; Steele's Life of
William Brewster, 1857; Savage's Genealogical
Dictionary of the First Settlers in New England,
i. 245-6 ; Belknap's American Biography, ii.
252-6.] T. F. H.
Brian
306
Brian
BRIAN (926-1014), king of Ireland,
known in Irish writings as Brian Boroimhe
(Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, Rolls Series,
p. 208), Boroma (' Tigernachi Annales ' in
Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488), most com-
monly in earlier books as Brian mac Cenne-
digh {Book of Leinster, facsimile, fol. 309 a;
TIGERNACH, ed. O'Conor, pp. 266, 268), and in
English writings as Bryan mac Kennedy and
Brian Boru, was a native of the northern part
of Munster, and was of the royal descent of
Thomond, of the family known as Dal Cais,
who claimed the right of alternate succession
to the kingship of Cashel, as the chief king-
ship of Munster is usually called by the Irish
writers. His father was Cenneide, son of
Lorcan, and Brian, who was born in 926,
was the youngest of three sons. The time of
Brian's youth was one of continued harrying
of Ireland by the Danes, whose hold on the sea-
ports of the country had been steadily increas-
ing since their first invasion in 795, and from
Limerick they made many plundering ex-
peditions into the country of the Dal Cais.
Brian's elder brother Mathgamhain became
head of the tribe, and under him Brian's life
as a warrior began ; but when Mathgamhain
made peace Brian continued the war by ex-
peditions from the mountains of Clare, but
was unable to make way against the Danes,
and at last, with only a few followers left,
had to take refuge with his brother. The war
soon began again, and Mathgamhain suc-
ceeded in seizing Cashel and the vacant
kingship of Munster. The Danes of Limerick
with many native Irish allies marched against
the king of Cashel and his brother, and were
defeated at Sulcoit in Tipperary. This battle,
fought about 968, was the first of Brian's
victories over the Danes, and was followed
by the sack of Danish Limerick. In 976 a
conspiracy of rival chiefs in Munster led to
the murder of Mathgamhain, and Brian be-
came chief of the Dal Cais with an abundant
inheritance of wars. Succession to the king-
ship of Cashel was alternate between the
Dal Cais and the Eoghanacht, that is between
the tribes north of the plain in the middle
of which the rock of Cashel rises and those
south of it. Maelmuadh, Mathgamhain's
murderer, was the next heir of the Eogha-
nacht, and became king after the murder.
Brian defeated and slew him in a pitched
battle at Belach Lechta, in the north of the
present county Cork, in 978, and thus him-
self became king of Cashel. He had, how-
ever, much hard fighting before he was able
to obtain hostages, in proof of submission,
from all the tribes of Munster. Constant
warfare made the Dal Cais more and more
formidable, and having obtained recognition
throughout Munster, Brian first led them
against Gillapatric, king of Ossory, and then
marching into Leinster was, in 984, acknow-
ledged as king by its chiefs. His successes
had evidently determined him to extend his
sway over as much of Ireland as he could.
Brian sailed up the Shannon from his
stronghold at Killaloe, and with varying suc-
cess ravaged Meath, Connaught, and Breifne,
and at length entered into an alliance with
Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill, chief king of
Ireland. The Leinstermen with the Danes
of Dublin rose against Brian in the year
1000, and, with the help of the king of Ire-
land, he defeated them with great slaughter
at Glenmama in Wicklow, and immediately
after marched into Dublin. Sitric the Danish
king submitted to Brian, who took a Danish
wife and gave an Irish one to Sitric. He
now thought himself powerful enough to
end his alliance with Maelsechlainn, and
sent a body of Danes into Meath towards
Tara. Tara had long been an uninhabited green
mound, as it is at this day, and its possession
was only important from the fact that it was
associated with the name of sovereignty and
with the actual possession of the rich pas-
tures by which it is surrounded. Mael-
sechlainn defeated the first force sent against
him, but Brian advanced at the head of an
army of Munstermen, Leinstermen, Ossory-
men, and Danes, and Maelsechlainn retired
to his stronghold of Dun na Sciath on Loch
Ennell, and sent for help to his natural
allies, Aedh, king of Ailech, and Eochaidh,
king of Uladh, and to Cathal, king of Con-
naught ; but all in vain, and he was obliged
to offer hostages to Brian. Thus, in the eyes
of the Irish, Brian became chief king of Ire-
land, and the Clonmacnois historian, Tiger-
nach, has at the end of the year 1001 the
entry ' Brian Borama regnat ' (Bodleian MS.
Rawlinson B 488, fol. 15 b, col. ii. line 31).
He next made war on the west, received sub-
mission from the Connaughtmen, and was thus
actual lord of Ireland from the Fews moun-
tains in Armagh southwards. The men of
western and central Ulster under the king of
Ailech, and those of Dalriada and Dalna-
raide under the king of Uladh, still resisted
him, but they were also at war with one
another, and in 1004 met in battle at Craebh
Tulcha and were both slain. Brian at once
marched through Meath to Armagh, where
he made an offering of gold upon the altar of
the great church and acknowledged the eccle-
siastical supremacy of Armagh in the only
charter of his, the original of which has
survived to our day. The charter is in the
handwriting of Maolsuthain, Brian's con-
fessor, and is on fol. 16 b of the * Book of
Brian
307
Brian
Armagh.' The book itself, written on vel- j
lum about 807 by Ferdomnach, contains the j
gospels, a life of St. Patrick, and other com-
positions, some in Latin and some in Irish, |
and in 1004 was already considered one of j
the chief treasures of Armagh. Its subse-
quent history has been carefully traced, and
it is now preserved in the library of Trinity
College, Dublin. On the back of the six-
teenth leaf of the ' Book of Armagh ' is part
of the life of St. Patrick with an account of
grants of land in Meath made to him and
to his disciples and their successors by
Fedelmid mac Loiguire, king of Ireland.
The writing is in two columns, and at the
foot of the second the original scribe had left
a blank, in which the charter of Brian was
appropriately written. Maolsuthain wrote in
Latin, translating his own name into Calvus
Perennis, and Cashel into Maceria. ' St. Pa-
trick,'says the charter, l when going to heaven,
ordained that the entire produce of his labour
as well as of baptism, and decisions as of alms,
was to be delivered to the apostolic city, which
in the Scotic tongue is called Arddmacha.
Thus I have found it in the records of the
Scots. This is my writing, namely Calvus
Perennis, in the presence of Brian, imperator
of the Scots, and what I have written he de-
creed for all the kings of Maceria.' This grant,
besides its intrinsic interest, is of importance
as confirming the accuracy of the early
chronicles which mention Brian's visit to
Armagh. He received hostages from all the
chief tribes of the north except the Cinel
Conaill, who remained unconquered in the
fastnesses of Kilmacrenan and the Rosses.
His next action was to make a circuit of
Ireland demanding hostages of all the terri-
tories through which he passed. This was
probably suggested by a similar act of Muir-
cheartach na gcochall gcroicionn, king of
Ailech, who in 941 marched from the north
through Munster taking hostages to secure
his own succession to the chief kingship of
Ireland.
The poem which Cormacan mac Maol-
brighde, Muircheartach's bard, composed in
honour of his exploit mentions (ed. O'Dono-
van, line 129) that the king of Ailech on his
expedition passed a night at Cenn Coradh,
Brian's home, and even if Brian did not wit-
ness the progress of the northern king, its
memory must have been fresh in Munster in
his youth. Cenn Coradh was near Killaloe,
within the limits of the present town, and
starting thence Brian marched up the right
bank of the Shannon and northwards as far
as the Curlew mountains, which he crossed
and descended to the plain of the river Sligech,
which falls into Sligo Bay, and then marched
by the sea to the river Drobhais, then as now
the boundary of Ulster. Brian forded it and
followed the ancient road into the north over
the ford of Easruadh, the present salmon leap
on the river between Loch Erne and Bally-
shannon. From this he marched to the gap
called Bearnas mor, probably keeping to the
coast. He passed unattacked through the
long and desolate defile, and beyond it emerged
into Tir Eoghain, which he crossed, and en-
tered Dalriada by the ford of the Ban at Fear-
tas Camsa, near the present Macosquin. He
passed on into Darnaraidhe and ended his
circuit at Belach Duin, a place in Meath
three miles north of Kells.
He was thus, by right of his sword and
admission of all her chiefs, Ardrigh na
Erenn, chief king of Ireland, and so remained
till his death. After so much war there was
an interval of peace. Brian is said by the
historians of his own part of the country to
have built the church of Killaloe and that of
Inis Cealtra, and the round tower of Tom-
graney; but the ruins on the island in Loch
Derg, and the ancient stone-roofed church of
Killaloe, are later than the buildings erected
by him. He himself lived in the Dun of Cenn
Coradh, probably in a house resembling the
dwellings of the peasantry of the present day,
with an earthen floor, thatched roof, and a
hearth big enough to boil a huge cauldron,
whence the king and his guests drew out
lumps of meat, which they washed down with
draughts of the beer which, tradition says,
they had learnt to brew from their Danish
friends, and of the more ancient liquor of the
country made from honey. Senachies, histo-
rians who knew how to turn history into
poetry, and who like poets often excelled in
fiction, were the men of letters of Brian's
court. They feasted with the king and his
warriors, and sang the glories of the Dal
Cais and the great deeds of Brian, son of
Cenneide, in strains some of which have
come down to our own times. It was per-
haps one of these who first gave Brian the
name by which in modern times he has be-
come the best known of all the kings of Ire-
land ; few Englishmen can, indeed, name any
other. Borama (Book ofLeinster, facs. 294 b)
na boromi (Leabhar na Huidri, facs. 118 b), a
word cognate with <popos (STOKES, Revue Cel-
tigue, May 1885, p. 370), is an Irish word for
a tribute, resembling the indemnity of mo-
dern warfare, as distinguished from cdin and
cis, or rightful dues and taxes payable ac-
cording to fixed usage. Thus, in the ' Annals
of Ulster ' under 998 A.D. : ' Indred loch necach
la haedh mac domhnaill co tuc boroma mor
as ' (Plundering of Loch Neagh by Aedh mac
Domhnaill, and he took a boroma thence) ;
x 2
Brian
3o8
Brian
and A.D. 1008 : ' Creach la Flaithbertach ua
Neill co firu Breagh co tuc boromamor ' (A
foray by Flaithbertach O'Neill on the men
of Bregia, and he took a great boroma). Eric
has part of the same meaning, and the state-
ment of the most famous borama begins :
Isi seo imorro inneraic, this is, moreover, the
eric (Book of Leinster, facs. 295 b, line 20).
This was an annual tribute which the Lein-
stermen had in early times been forced to
pay to the kings of Tara. It consisted, ac-
cording to the ' Book of Leinster/ of 1 5,000
cows, 15,000 pigs, 15,000 linen cloths, 15,000
silver chains, 15,000 wethers, 15,000 copper
cauldrons, 1 huge copper cauldron capable of
holding 12 pigs and 12 lambs, 30 white
cows with red ears, with calves of the same
colour and trappings, and its payment was
often refused and led to endless wars. It has
often been supposed that Brian received his
cognomen because he put an end to this
tribute by subduing the king of Tara ; but
there is no passage in early historians justi-
fying this statement. As Brian is called Bo-
roma by Tigernach O'Braoin, a writer who
lived in the middle of the eleventh century
(the existing fragmentary manuscript of his
history being of about the year 1150), it is
clear that the title was a real one, given him
during his life. But Brian was throughout
life a taker and not a refuser of tributes. No
one who has read the Irish chronicles could
think it likely that a hero of the Dal Cais
would care to be celebrated as a reliever of
the burdens of the Leinstermen, first his
enemies, and then his subjects. Brian was
called Boroimhe or Brian of the Tribute, be-
cause of the tribute which he had levied
throughout Ireland, and which brought plenty
to the Dal Cais, but was taken from the
Leinstermen, the Connaughtmen, the men
of Meath, and of Ulster, with as firm a hand
as ever the most famous borama was seized
from the descendants of Eochu mac Echach
by the kings of Tara.
In 1013 fighting began again between the
Danes of Dublin, who found allies in Ossory
and Leinster and Maelsechlainn. The king
of Meath was worsted and sent to ask help
from Brian, who ravaged Ossory and Leinster
and joined Maelsechlainn at Kilmainham near
Dublin, where some remains of an old earth-
work at Garden Hill have been conjectured
to mark their encampment. They besieged
the Danes from 9 Sept. till Christmas, but
then had to raise the siege. In the spring
Brian again marched against the Danes, who,
besides allies from Leinster, had obtained
help from Scandinavia. He wasted Leinster
and marched to the north side of Dublin.
On Good Friday, 23 April 1014, at Cluan-
tarbh, on the north side of Dublin Bay, a de-
cisive battle was fought, in which the Danes
were routed with great slaughter. Brian's
sons, Murchadh and Donchadh, and his grand-
j son led the Irish, and Brian himself, too old
: for active fighting, knelt in his tent, repeat-
ing psalms and prayers. Here he was slain
by Brodar, a Danish jarl.
The victory was the most important the
I Irish had ever won over the Danes, and the
Danes were never after powerful in Ireland
beyond the walls of their boroughs. The
battle was celebrated in poetic accounts full
of dramatic details, both by the Irish and the
Northmen, sometimes natural as in the saga
where a fugitive stops to fasten his shoe:
1 Why,' says a pursuing Irishman, ' do you
delay ? ' * 1 live,' answers the fugitive, l away
in Iceland, and it is too late to go home to-
night.' Or sometimes supernatural, as in
the Irish tale, where Aibhell of Craig Liath,
the bensidh of the Dal Cais, warns Brian the
night before the battle of his approaching
death. The Irish chronicler (Cogadh G. re
G.) describes the battle in alliterative prose,
sometimes breaking into verse, as does the
English chronicler in celebrating Brunanburh.
In the case of Cluan Tarbh, as probably in
that of Brunanburh, it was the nearness and
actual living fame of the event that made
the historian become a poet, and not dis-
tance of time that caused history to become
inextricably blended with romance. Brian
was carried to Armagh and there buried.
His tomb is forgotten, and his power died
with him. Two sons, Tadhg and Donnchadh,
survived him, while his son Murchadh and his
grandsonToirdelbhach were slain in the battle.
His clansmen returned to Cenn Coradh, and
Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill again reigned
as chief king of Ireland, and so continued till
his death. Brian had raised the power of the
Munstermen to a pitch it had never reached
before, and his fifty years of war wore out
the Danish strength ; but his efforts to ob-
tain supremacy in Ireland diminished the
force of hereditary right throughout the
country, and suggested to willing chiefs that
submission should only be yielded to him who
could exact it. The last chief king of Ireland
of the ancient line was the Maelsechlainn
whom Brian had for a time dispossessed, and
when he died in 1022 no king of Tara was
ever after able to enforce even the slight
general control exercised in former times, and
the king James, who united the rule of Eng-
land and Scotland, was the next real king of
the whole of Ireland. The fame of Brian
Boroimhe has been spread throughout Ireland
by Dr. Geoffrey Keating, whose interesting
' Forus feasa air Eirinn ' was the most popu-
Brian
309
Briant
lar of all Irish histories from its appearance
in the seventeenth century till the time
when Irish literature ceased to be read at
all in the country about the year of the j
famine. The book was written in Munster, j
and therefore praises the most famous of her
heroes. In later days still, from the time
of Daniel O'Connell downwards, the renown ;
of Brian has been spread more and more.
' For it was he that released the men of
Erin and its women from the bondage and
iniquity of the foreigners and the pirates. It i
was he that gained five-and-twenty battles
over the foreigners, and who killed and ba-
nished them as we have already said.' These
words of the old Munster chronicler, who
wrote all the praise he could of the popular
hero of the south, represent the spirit in which
Brian has been extolled in modern times. He
has been often praised in books and speeches
as an enlightened patriot, a compeer of King
Alfred and of Washington. In the chronicles
of his own times this is not his aspect ; he
there appears as a strong man and a hardy
warrior, skilful in battle and in plotting,
proud of his ancestors and of his tribe, and
determined that the Dal Cais should be the
greatest tribe in Ireland, the tribe with the
most cattle and the most tribute. Such was
Brian, son of Cenneide, for whom no fitter
title could be found than that of Boroimhe,
of the tribute, the main object of so many of
his battles.
[Original Charter in Book of Armagh, 16 b,
reproduced in facs. in National Manuscripts of
Ireland, vol. i. ; date of the charter 1004. Ti-
gernachi Annales ; Photograph of Bodleian MS.
Rawlinson B 488 ; and in O'Conor's Reruni Hi-
bernicarum Scriptores, vol. i. ; Tigernach wrote
before 1088, manuscript in Bodleian of about
1 1 50. Cogadh G-aedhil re G-allaibh, The War of
the Irish with the Danes, Rolls Series, and Book of
Leinster facsimile fol. 309. The Book of Leinster
is a twelfth-century manuscript ; only a fragment
of the work remains in it, the rest of the Eolls
text being from late manuscripts, the general
accuracy of which is confirmed by independent
evidence. Annala Rioghachta Eirionn, the gene-
ral summary of Irish chronicles, compiled by the
O'Clerys and their associates in the seventeenth
century, and commonly known as the Annals
of the Four Masters, printed in Dublin, ed.
O'Donovan, 1851, vol. ii. ; Reeves's Ancient
Churches of Armagh, 8vo, Lusk, 1860, and Me-
moir of the Book of Armagh, Lusk, 1861, and
Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore, Dub-
lin, 1854; O'Donovan's Circuit of Muirchertach
mac Neill, Irish Archaeological Society, 1841 ;
Hardiman's Irish Minstrelsy, London, 1831, ii.
360-71 ; Johnstone's Antiquitates Celto-Scan-
dicse, Hafn. 1783; Thormodus Torfseus, Historia
reruni Norvicarum, 1711, &c., Hafn. ; Dasent's
Burnt Njal, 1861.] N. M.
BRIANT. [See
BRIANT, ALEXANDER (1553-1581),
Jesuit, was born in Somersetshire in 1553,
and in 1574 became a member of Hart Hall,
Oxford. Having been converted to the ca-
tholic religion, he passed over to the English
college of Douay, which shortly afterwards
removed to Rheims ; was ordained priest in
1578, and was sent back to the English mis-
sion in 1579. He laboured in his native
county, where he reconciled the father of
Robert Parsons, the Jesuit, to the catholic
church. His career was very brief. He was
seized by a party of pursuivants who were
really in search of Father Parsons, on 28 April
1581, and carried off to the Cornpter prison in
London, whence he was transferred to the
Tower. Cardinal Allen says ' he was tor-
mented with needles thrust under his nails,
racked also otherwise in cruel sort, and speci-
ally by two whole days and nights with famine,
which they did attribute to obstinacy, but in-
deed (sustained in Christ's quarrel) it was
most honourable constancy ' (Modest Defence
of English Catholicks, 11). Briant was also
subjected to the horrible torture of the instru-
ment nicknamed ' the scavenger's daughter.'
Norton, the rack-master, who boasted that he
would stretch Briant a foot longer than God
had made him, was afterwards called to ac-
count by his employers for his excessive
cruelty. From his cell Briant addressed a
Letter to the Jesuit fathers in England begging
the favour of admission to the society, and his
request was acceded to. On 16 Nov. 1581 he
was tried in the queen's bench at Westmin-
ster, with six other priests, and condemned to
death for high treason under the 27th of
Elizabeth. He suffered at Tyburn with Father
Edmund Campion and the Rev. Ralph Sher-
win, on 1 Dec. 1581. He was a young man
of singular beauty, and behaved with great
intrepidity at the execution. ' His quarters
were hanged up for a time in public places '
(WooD, Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 480). There
is an engraved portrait of him. His letter to
the English Jesuits is printed in Foley's ' Re-
cords,' iv. 355-358.
[Aquepontanus, Concert. Eccl. Cathol. in
Anglia (1589-94), ii. 72, 74, iii. 407 ; Chal-
loner's Missionary Priests (1741), i. 63-69;
Oliver's Collections S. J. ; Foley's Records, iv.
343-67, vii. 84; Simpson's Life of Campion;
G-ranger's Bio?. Hist, of England (1824), i. 274 ;
Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 479 ; Dodd's
Church Hist. ii. 114; Bromley's Cat. of En-
graved Portraits, 34; Hist, del glorioso Martirio
di diciotto Sacerdoti (1585), 111; Diaries of
Douay College ; Letters and Memorials of Car-
dinal Allen, 95, 107; Howell's State Trials;
Bartoli, Dell' Istoria della Compagnia di Griesu,
Brice
310
Brice
L' Inghilterra, 151, 228-230 ; Tanner's Societas
Jesu usque ad sanguinis et vitse profusionem
militans, 14; Morus, Historia Missionis Angli-
canse Soc. Jesu, 104 et seq.~| T. C.
BRICE, ANDREW (1690-1773), printer,
son of Andrew Brice, shoemaker, was born
at Exeter in 1690, and was intended by his
friends to be trained up as a dissenting minis-
ter, but when he was seventeen years old
their want of resources forced him to think
of another pursuit. He became a printer, ap-
prenticing himself for five years to a tradesman
in his native city named Bliss. Long before
the term of service expired the apprentice
married, and as he found himself in a year
or two unable to support his family he en-
listed, with the object of cancelling his in-
dentures. His friends soon obtained his dis-
charge, and helped him to commence business
on his own account in 1714, though with
such slender materials that he had but one
size of type for all his work, including the
printing of a weekly newspaper. About 1722
the debtors in the city and county prisons
induced him to lay their grievances before
the public, with the result that he found
himself entangled in a lawsuit and cast in
damages which he could not discharge. For i
seven years he remained under restraint, I
and was consequently supplied with sum- j
cient leisure for the composition of an heroi-
comic poem in six cantos, entitled ' Freedom, !
a poem written in time of recess from the !
rapacious claws of bailiffs and devouring i
fangs of gaolers, by Andrew Brice, printer. !
To which is annexed the author's case,' !
1730, the profits arising from which, it is
pleasant to learn, were sufficient to secure
his release. Soon after he published a col-
lection of stories and poems with the title
of ' Agreeable Gallimaufry, or Matchless
Medley.' About 1740 Brice set up a print-
ing business at Truro in addition to that at
Exeter, but soon closed it. His disposition
was mirthful, and he' was a great patron of
the stage. In 1745, when the players were
being persecuted at Exeter, he published
a poem defending their conduct and attack-
ing the methodists, to which he gave the
name of 'The Play-house Church, or New
Actors of Devotion.' His dramatic tastes
and his charitable feelings constantly in-
volved him in pecuniary difficulties and
obliged him to prosecute his trade until he
was the oldest master printer in England.
By this time he was left without wife or
children, and he parted with his business for
a weekly annuity and retired to a country
house near Exeter. He died on 7 Nov. 1773,
and his body lay in state in an inn at Exeter,
every person who came to see it paying a
shilling to defray the cost of the funeral.
As Brice was the oldest freemason in Eng-
land, three hundred members of that body
followed him to the grave in Bartholomew
churchyard on 14 Nov. His books were
sold in the following year. There are two
portraits of him, one in quarto ; the other,
engraved by Woodman from a painting by
Jackson, an oval, was published in 1774.
Brice's weekly newspaper lasted from
about 1715 until his death. In the number
for 2 June 1727 appeared the first part of the
familiar dialect-dialogue of ' The Exmoor
Scolding,' and the second part was printed in
the issue for 25 Aug. 1727. This piece has often
been printed with the addition of ' An Exmoor
Courtship.' Brice was not its author, but he
finished the t Courtship ' and edited the first
and several other editions. Davidson, in his
| ' Bibliotheca Devoniensis,' assigns to him the
| authorship of ' A Humorous Ironical Tract '
called ' A Short Essay on the Scheme lately
set on foot for lighting and keeping clean
the Streets of the City of Exeter, demonstra-
ting its pernicious and fatal effects,' 1755.
In 1738 he wrote the * Mobiad, or Battle of
the Voice, an heroi-comic poem, being a de-
scription of an Exeter election/ but it was
not printed until 1770, when he styled himself
on the title-page 'Democritus Juvenal, Moral
Professor of Ridicule, and Plaguy Pleasant
Professor of Stingtickle College, vulgarly
Andrew Brice, Exon.' His great work, begun
in 1746 and finished in 1757, was the ' Grand
Gazetteer, or Topographic Dictionary,' pub-
lished in 1759. Its composition was a task of
great labour ; some parts, particularly the de-
scriptions of Exeter and Truro, are very racy.
Among the volumes issued from his press
were the ' History of Cornwall/ by Hals,
and Vo well's ' Account of the City of Exeter.'
[Western Antiquary, February 1885, p. 196,
and January 1886, p. 164; Gent. Mag. 1773, p.
582; Polwhele's Cornwall, v. 87-90; Gomme's
Gent. Mag. Library (Dialect), pp. 328-30 ; Uni-
versal Mag. Dec. 1781, pp. 281-3; Timperley's
Printing, p. 729 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 686,
718 ; Davidson's Bibl. Dev. pp. 26, 127-8 ; Bibl.
Cornub. i. 42, 204, 268.] W. P. C.
BRICE or BRYCE, EDWARD (1569 ?-
1636), first presbyterian minister in Ireland,
was born at Airth, Stirlingshire, about 1569.
He is called Bryce in the Scottish, Brice in
the Irish records. His descendants claim that
he was a younger son of Bruce, the laird of
Airth, but there is no confirmation of this
story in M. E. Gumming Bruce's elaborate
pedigree of the Bruces of Airth, in 'The
Bruces and the Cumyns/ 1870. He entered
the Edinburgh University about 1589, and
studied under Charles Ferme (or Fairholm).
Brice
311
Brice
Brice laureated 12 Aug. 1593 ; Reid says he
became a regent, but his name is not in the
Edinburgh list ; Hew Scott, probably fol-
lowing Reid, makes him regent of some
university, but leaves the place blank. On
30 Dec. 1595 he was admitted by the Stirling
presbytery to the parochial charge of Both-
kenner. He was translated to Drymen on
14 May 1602, and admitted on 30 Sept. by
the Dumbarton presbytery. At the synod
of Glasgow on 18 Aug. 1607 he bitterly op-
posed the appointment of the archbishop as
permanent moderator, in accordance with the
king's recommendation, adopted by the ge-
neral assembly at Linlithgow on 10 Dec. 1606.
Persecution, and, as it may appear, another
reason, drove him to Ulster. On 29 Dec.
1613 Archbishop Spottiswood and the pres-
bytery of Glasgow deposed him for adultery.
Robert Echlin, bishop of Down and Connor,
probably believed him innocent, for he
admitted him to the cure of Templecorran
(otherwise known as Ballycarry or Broad-
island), near the head of Lough Larne, co.
Antrim. The date given is 1613 ; it was
perhaps 1614, new style. Brice was at-
tracted to this locality by the circumstance
that William Edmunstone, laird of Duntreath,
Stirlingshire, who had joined in the planta-
tion of the Ards, co. Down, in 1606, was now
at Broadisland, having obtained a perpetual
lease of ( the lands of Braidenisland ' on
28 May 1609. The tradition is that Brice
preached alternately at Templecorran and
Ballykeel, Islandmagee. In September 1619
Echlin conferred on him the prebend of Kil-
root. The ' Ulster Visitation ' of 1622 says
that Brice ' serveth the cures of Templecorran
and Kilroot — church at Kilroot decayed —
that at Ballycarry has the walls newly erected,
but not roofed.' In 1629 Brice, who had
reached his sixtieth year, is described as t an
aged man, who comes not much abroad ; ' and
in 1630, though present on a communion
Sunday at Templepatrick, he was unable to
preach as appointed. Accordingly Henry
Calvert (or Colwort), an Englishman, was
' entertained by the godly and worthy Lady
Duntreath, of Broadisland, as an helper ' to
Brice. But the engagement was of no long
continuance, for in June 1630 Calvert be-
came minister of Muckamore (or Oldstone),
co. Antrim. Probably Brice's infirm state
of health saved him from being deposed,
with his neighbours of Larne and Temple-
patrick, in 1632, for non-subscription to the
canons. On Echlin's death, 17 July 1635,
Leslie was consecrated in his stead. He held
his primary visitation at Lisburn in July
1636, and required subscription from all the
clergy. Brice and Calvert were among the
five who refused compliance. A private con-
ference with the recreant five produced no
result, and though on 11 Aug. Leslie made
two concessions to the presbyterians, viz.
that in reading the common prayer they
might substitute for its renderings of scrip-
ture ' the best translation ye can find,' and
might omit the lessons from the Apocrypha,
and read from Chronicles, Solomon's Song,
and Revelation, the subscription was still
refused. Accordingly on 12 Aug. sentence
of perpetual silence within the diocese was
passed, Brice, probably as the oldest, being
sentenced first. Brice survived the silencing
sentence but a very short time. He does
not seem to have joined the Antrim ' meet-
ing ' or presbytery, and the presbyterians ap-
pointed no regular successor to him till 1646.
His tombstone at the ruined church of Bally-
carry says that he ' began preaching of the
gospel in this parish 1613, continuing with
quiet success while 1636, in which he dyed,
aged 67, and left two sons and two daughters.'
His eldest son, Robert, acquired a fortune at
Castlechester, then the point of departure for
the Scottish mail ; pennies are extant with
his name, dated Castlechester, 1671. For his
descendants, the Brices of Kilroot, see Reid,
and Burke's ' Landed Gentry,' 1863, p. 169.
Within this century his lineal descendant
resumed by royal license the name of Bruce.
[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ; Edin. Univ.
Calendar, 1862, p. 17 ; Grub's Eccl. Hist, of Scot-
land, 1861, ii. 290; Reid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in
Ireland (ed. Killen), 1867, i. 98, 115, 188, 196
seq., 521 seq. ; Ware's Works (ed. Harris), 1764,
i. 208 ; Adair's True Narrative (ed. Killen), 1866,
pp. 1, 20, 58 ; Porter, in Christian Unitarian,
1863, p. 16 seq. ; Bruce, in Christian Moderator,
1826, p. 312.] A. G.
BRICE, THOMAS (d. 1570), martyrolo-
gist, was engaged early in Queen Mary's
reign in bringing protestant books * from
Wesel into Kent and London. He was
watched and dogged [by the government],
but escaped several times' (STEYPE, Cran-
mer, 511). On 25 April 1560 he was or-
dained deacon, and on 4 June following
priest, by Edmund Grindal, then bishop of
London (STRYPE, Grindal, 58, 59). He was
the author of ' A Compendious Register in
Metre conteinyng the names and pacient
suffrynges of the membres of Jesus Christ,
afflicted, tormented, and cruelly burned here
in Englande since the death of our late
famous kyng of immortall memorie Edwarde
the sixte, to the entrance and beginnyngn of
the reigne of our soveraigne and derest Lady
Elizabeth of England, France, and Ireland,
quene defender of the Faithe, to whose high-
nes truly and properly apperteineth, next and
Bricie
312
Bridell
immediately vnder God, the supreme power
and authoritie of the Churches of Englande
and Ireland. So be it. Anno 1559.' The
dedication is addressed to the Marquis of
Northampton. The 'Register of Martyrs'
extends from 4 Feb. 1555 to 17 Nov. 1558,
and consists of seventy-seven six-line dog-
gerel stanzas. Foxe clearly found the ' Re-
gister ' of use to him in the compilation of
his * Acts and Monuments.' A fine religious
poem entitled ' The Wishes of the Wise/ in
twenty verses of four lines each, concludes
the work. The original edition was printed
by Richard Adams, and he was fined by the
Stationers' Company for producing it with-
out license. Another surreptitious edition
appears to have been issued about the same
time, but of that no copy has survived. A
second edition was 'newly imprinted at the
earnest request of divers godly and well-
disposed citizens ' in 1597. Several extracts
from the book appear in the Parker Society's
' Devotional Poetry of the Reign of Eliza-
beth' (161, 175), and the whole is reprinted
in Arber's ' Garner,' iv. 143 et seq. Two
other books are assigned to Brice in the Sta-
tioners' Registers, but nothing is now known
of either of them. The first is l The Courte
of Venus moralized,' which Hugh Singleton
received license to print about July 1567 ;
the second is ' Songs and Sonnettes,' licensed
to Henry Bynnemon in 1568. In 1570 John
Allde had license to print ' An Epitaphe on
Mr. Brice,' who may very probably be identi-
fied with the author of the ' Register.'
[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica (Chetham
Sof..) ; Arber's Transcripts of the Stationers' Re
gisters, i. 101, 343, 359.] S. L. L.
BRICIE, BRICIUS, or BRIXIUS
(d. 1222), bishop of Moray, was a cadet oi
the noble house of Douglas, his mother being
sister to Friskinus de Kerdal of Kerdal OK
the river Spey. He was the second prior of
Lesmahagow, and in 1203 was elevated to
the bishopric of Moray. His application to
Pope Innocent III caused the cathedral of
the see to be fixed at Spynie. He also
founded the College of Canons. He is saic
to have attended a council at Rome in 1215
He died in 1222 and was buried at Spynie
According to Dempster he was the author
of ' Super Sententias ' and of * Homiliee.'
[Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Gent. Scot. ii. 183 ;
Chronica de Mailros (Bannatyne Club), 1835;
Kegistrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Bannatyne
Club), 1837 ; Keith's Scottish Bishops.]
T. F. H.
BRICMORE, BRICHEMORE, or
BRYGEMOORE, H (14th cent,), sur-
named SOPHISTA, an obscure scholastic of the
fourteenth century, is stated to have lived
at Oxford, and to have written commentaries
on some of the works of Aristotle (LELAND,
Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis,
cap. ccclvi. p. 340). He is probably the same
person with BEICHEMON, of whom Leland
rives a very similar description (cap. dxiii.
p. 429) ; at least the identification has been
handed down from Bale, x. 89, and Pits, ap-
pend. 41, p. 828, to Tanner (Bibl Brit. p. 124).
That Bricmore had a certain celebrity in his
day is shown by the fact that some ' Notulse
secundum H. Brygemoore ' appear in a ma-
nuscript of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
ccxxx. f. 33 (CoxE, Catal. ii. 93 6) in con-
nection with extracts from Walter Burley
and others of the great schoolmen. The only
account of his life is contained in Dempster
(Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum, ii.
178, p. 100, Bologna 1627), who states that
Bricmore was one of a number of Scots sent
to the university of Oxford by decree of
the council of Vienne, and that he was a
canon of Holy Rood, Edinburgh. Dempster
adds that he died in England in 1382, but
gives as his authority for this the continuator
of John of Fordun, which appears, however,
to be a false reference, and the date is
scarcely compatible with the mention of
the council which was held seventy years
earlier.
[Authorities quoted in text.] K. L. P.
BRIDE, SAINT. [See BKIGIT.]
BRIDELL, FREDERICK LEE (1831-
1863), landscape painter, was born at South-
ampton 7 Nov. 1831, and was the son of a
builder in that town. It was intended that he
should follow his father's business, but his im-
pulse towards art was irresistible, and, with-
out having received any regular instruction, he
began to paint portraits at the age of fifteen.
His performances attracted the attention of
a picture cleaner and dealer visiting South-
ampton, who induced him to become his
apprentice for seven years. During this
period Bridell continued to study painting
by his own unaided efforts, and produced a
number of landscapes in the manner of the
old masters, which became the property of
his employer. In 1851, his first exhibited
picture, ' A Bit in Berkshire,' was hung at
the Royal Academy. In 1853 his engage-
ment was renewed for seven years on con-
dition of his being sent to the continent
to study, his time being jealously accounted
for, and his work remaining mortgaged to
his master. After a short stay at Paris he
established himself at Munich, where he con-
tracted friendships with Piloty and other
eminent painters. Here he perfected himself
Bridell
313
Bridecake
in the technique of his art, painted and ex-
hibited several pictures highly commended
by the German critics, and sent one, 'The
Wild Emperor Mountains,' to the Royal
Academy. In 1857 he returned to England,
and unsuccessfully sought release from his im-
prudent contract. His first important work,
' Sunset on the Atlantic,' was exhibited at
Liverpool in November of this year, and
excited great admiration from the effective
treatment of sea and sky. In 1858 he pro-
duced his ' Temple of Venus,' a gorgeous
ideal composition painted in emulation of
Turner ; and in the autumn of this year went
to Rome and painted his grand picture of the
Coliseum, a most impressive work. The
skeleton of the colossal edifice rears itself
gaunt and black against the prevailing moon-
light, and the barefooted Capuchins, who on
the same spot inspired Gibbon with the
thought of his ' Decline and Fall/ bearing
torches at the head of a dim funeral pro-
cession, steal along in the deep shadows. It
was intended to be the final member of
a series of poetical landscapes illustrating
the rise, greatness, and decline of imperial
Rome, which, with this exception, were
never painted. In February 1859 he married
Eliza, daughter of William Johnson Fox,
herself an artist of distinguished talent. His
health failing almost immediately afterwards,
he returned to England, freed himself from
his bondage by a heavy payment, partly in
money and partly in pictures, and in 1860
was again in Italy, where he made sketches
for numerous landscapes subsequently exe-
cuted, among which ' Under the Pine Trees
at Castle Fusano, ' On the Hills above Va-
renna,' ' The Chestnut Woods at Varenna,'
' Etruscan Tombs at Civita Castellana,' and
< The Villa d'Este, Tivoli,' deserve especial
mention. His principal patron at this time
was Mr. James Wolff" of Southampton, for
whom the ( Temple of Venus' had been painted,
and who acquired so many of his works as to
form a ' Bridell Gallery,' subsequently dis-
persed by auction, when it produced nearly
four thousand pounds. He also enjoyed the
patronage of Sir Theodore Martin, Mr. John
Platt, and other collectors of discrimination,
and seemed to have every prospect of a brilliant
career, when in August 1863 he succumbed
to consumption, originated by early priva-
tions and aggravated by his devotion to art.
Notwithstanding his youth and the obstacles
created by impaired health and unfavourable
circumstances, he had already proved himself
1 a great master of landscape and an honour
to the English school' (WORNTJM). His art
had gone counter to the tendencies of his day.
While his contemporaries, under pre-Raphael-
ite influences, inclined more and more to the
minute and realistic, Bridell, inspired by
Turner, was broad, ample, and imaginative.
His work was bold and rapid, full of rich
colour and refined feeling. He aimed es-
pecially at conveying the sentiment of a
landscape. Every picture was inspired by
some leading idea, which made itself felt in
the minutest detail. Sunrise and sunset, mist
and moonshine, combinations of light and
shade in general, were his favourite effects.
' In his painting of skies and clouds in par-
ticular,' says Sir Theodore Martin, * Mr.
Bridell seems to us to occupy a place among
British artists only second to Turner.' As a
man he was a type of the artistic tempera-
ment, bright and genial, impulsive and affec-
tionate, quick of apprehension, and fertile in
ideas, and, when not depressed by sickness or
excessive toil, full of energy and enthusiasm.
He had wonderfully overcome the disadvan-
tages of his early education, and his notes of
travel and art, though perfectly simple and
nowise intended for publicity, show that he
could write as well as paint.
[Wornum's Epochs of Painting, pp. 544, 545 ;
Bryan's Dictionary of Painters ; Sir Theodore
Martin in Art Journal for January, 1864 ; private
information.] E. GK
BRIDECAKE, RALPH (1613-1678),
bishop of Chichester, was of lowly parentage,
being, according to Wood, the son of Richard
Bridecake, or Briddock, of Cheetham Hill,
Manchester, by his wife, Cicely, daughter of
John Booth of Lancashire. He was born at
Cheetham Hill, and was baptised at the Man-
chester parish church on 31 Jan. 1612-13.
He was educated at the Manchester gram-
mar school, and admitted a student of Brase-
nose College, Oxford, 15 July 1630. He
graduated B.A. in 1634, and through the
favour of Dr. Pink, warden of New College,
Oxford, was appointed pro-chaplain of that
college. In 1636, by royal letters, he was
made M.A., having then the reputation of
being a good Greek scholar and a poet. He
addressed some verses to Thomas Randolph,
prefixed to his l Poems ; ' and he wrote two
elegies on the death of ' Master Ben Jonson.'
To eke out his income he took the curacy of
Wytham, near Oxford, and acted also as cor-
rector of the press in the university. In
this last capacity he had occasion to revise
a book by Dr. Thomas Jackson, president
of Corpus Christi College, who was so much
pleased with Bridecake's work, that he re-
warded him with the mastership of the Man-
chester free grammar school, which fell vacant
about the year 1638, and of which Jackson
was patron. Of this school Bridecake was
Bridecake
314
Bridge
afterwards, 20 Aug. 1663, elected a feoffee.
He lived at Manchester, and his house, mis-
printed * Dr. Pridcock's,' is on Ogilby's road-
map. He also became chaplain to the Earl
of Derby. He was present at the siege of
Lathom House, and proved himself a zealous
servant of the family. It is thought that
he had some share in the authorship of the
account of the siege which was first published
in 1823. Meanwhile he lost the mastership
of the school, and his monument says he was
despoiled of all his goods. When Lord
Derby and his family fell into trouble, he
did his best for them, and had for a time the
management of the estates. When the earl
was taken prisoner after the battle of Wor-
cester, his chaplain proceeded to London to
intercede for his life. The speaker, Lenthall,
to whom Bridecake applied, was unable to
interfere with the sentence, but he was so
much struck with the address and powers of
the applicant, that he offered to make him
his chaplain, which offer was accepted, as
also that of preacher of the rolls, which came
soon after. Lenthall underwent some ob-
loquy for thus preferring a ' malignant,' but
he remained true to his choice, and procured
him about the end of the year 1654 the
vicarage of Witney in Oxfordshire, to which
the revenues of the rectory of the same place
were subsequently annexed by Lenthall's
means. He was at Witney until August
1663, when he presented a successor. He
was likewise appointed to Long Molton, Nor-
folk. When Lenthall was on his death-bed
in 1662, he sent for Brideoake as a comforter.
Bridecake was also a friend of Humphrey
Chetham, the benefactor, and assisted him
in his concerns. At Witney, and at St. Bar-
tholomew's, London, to which rectory he was
instituted 8 Sept. 1660, on presentation of
the king, he performed his duties with great
zeal, ' outvying in labour and vigilancy ' his
brethren in the ministry. On 14 March 1659
he was appointed one of the commissioners
for the approbation and admission of presby-
terian ministers, and notwithstanding this
appointment he managed, ' having a good way
of thrusting and squeezing, and elbowing
himself into patronage,' to find favour with
the royal party after the Restoration. He
became chaplain to the king, was installed
canon of Windsor 28 July 1660, on the pre-
sentation of the king, created D.D. 2 Aug.
1660, and rector of the valuable living of
Standish, near Wigan. This last preferment
had been given him formerly by the Earl of
Derby, but he had been kept out of it by
the ' triers ' in the Commonwealth time.
In 1662 he offered his London benefice to
Richard Heyrick in exchange for the warden-
ship of the collegiate church at Manchester.
He preached at the latter church several
times, on one occasion arousing the indigna-
tion of the saintly Henry Newcome by some
expressions which he used. Evelyn heard
him preach a mean discourse. In September
1667 he was installed dean of Salisbury, and
9 March 1674-5, through the influence of
the Duchess of Portsmouth, t whose hands,'
Anthony Wood says, ' were always ready to
take bribes,' he was elected to the bishopric
of Chichester, with which see he was per-
mitted to hold in commendam his canonry of
Windsor, his deanery of Salisbury, and rec-
tory of Standish. He died suddenly when
on a visitation of his diocese, 5 Oct. 1678,
and was interred in Bray's Chapel, Windsor,
where his effigy in alabaster covers his grave.
Wood says that it was his ambition to ac-
quire wealth and to found a family. He
was a liberal subscriber to the repair of his
own and St. Paul's Cathedral. He married
Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Saltonstall
of Okenden, Essex, and left three sons. He
wrote several occasional pieces of poetry.
He contributed some Latin and English verses
to 'Musarum Oxoniensium Charisteria pro
regina Maria recens e nixus laboriosi dis-
crimine recepta ' (Oxon. 1638), and a Latin
commendatory preface to N. Mosley's ' A/X-I^O-
0-o</na* or Natural and Divine Contemplations
of the Soul of Man,' 1653.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed Bliss, iv. 859-861 ;
Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 292 ; Salmon's Lives
of Eng. Bishops, 1753; Walker's Sufferings
(1714), ii. 93, 203 ; Z. Grey's Exam, of Neal's
fourth vol. app. p. 125 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 252,
ii. 618, iii. 402, 405; Jones's Fasti Eccl. Sarisb.
p. 322 ; Turner's MS. Oxford Collections, i. 23 ;
Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1879, ii. 309, 318 ; Whatton's
Hist, of Manchester School, p. 88 ; Baines's Lane,
ii. 360 ; Worthington's Diary and Corresp. Chet-
ham Society, xxxvi. 139 ; Newcome's Diary,
Chetham Soc. xvii. 74, 188-9; Manchester Par.
Reg.] C. W. S.
BRIDFERTH. [See BTRHTFEETH.]
BRIDGE, BEWICK (1767-1833), mathe-
matician, was a native of Linton in Cam-
bridgeshire, and received his education at St.
Peter's College, Cambridge, of which society
he became a fellow. He graduated B.A. as
senior wrangler in 1790, M.A. in 1793, B.D.
in 1811. After holdingfor some years the pro-
fessorship of mathematics in the East India
Company's College at Haileybury, near Hert-
ford, he was, in 1816, presented by St. Peter's
College to the vicarage of Cherry hinton, near
Cambridge, where he died on 15 May 1833,
aged 66.
Bridge, who was a fellow of the Royal
Bridge
315
Bridge
Society, published : 1. < Lectures on the
Elements of Algebra/ London, 1810, 8vo.
2. ' Six Lectures on the Elements of Plane Tri-
gonometry/ London, 1810, 8vo. These were
included in a collection of his ' Mathematical
Lectures/ 2 vols. Broxbourne, 1810-11. 3. 'A
Treatise on Mechanics : intended as an Intro-
duction to the Study of Natural Philosophy/
2 vols. London, 1813-14. 4. 'An Elementary
Treatise on Algebra/ 3rd edit. London, 1815,
8vo, 12th edit. 1847. 5. 'A compendious
Treatise on the Elements of Plane Trigono-
metry ; with the method of constructing Tri-
gonometrical Tables/ 2nd edit. London, 1818,
8vo, 4th edit. 1832. 6. < A compendious Trea-
tise on the Theory and Solution of Cubic and
Biquadratic Equations, and of Equations oi
the higher orders/ London, 1821, 8vo. 7. ' A
brief Narrative of a Visit to the Valleys of
Piedmont, inhabited by the Vaudois, the de-
scendants of the Waldenses ; together with
some observations upon the fund now raising
in this country for their relief/ London,
1825, 8vo.
[Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii.) 88; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus. ; Biog. Diet, of Living Authors
(1816), 38.] T. C.
BRIDGE or BRIDGES, RICHARD (ft.
1750), was one of the best organ-builders of the
eighteenth century, but details as to his bio-
graphy are very deficient. His first recorded
organ is that of St. Bartholomew the Great,
which was built in 1729. In the following
year he built his best organ, that of Christ-
church, Spitalfields, which cost the very
small sum of 600/. In the same year he
built the organ at St. Paul's, Deptford, in
1733 that of St. George's-in-the-East, in 1741
that of St. Anne's, Limehouse, in 1753 that
of Enfield parish church, and in 1757 that of
St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. Bridge also built
an organ for Eltham parish church, and, toge-
ther with Jordan and Byfield, the organ at
St. Dionis Backchurch (between 1714 and
1732), the celebrated instrument at Yar-
mouth parish church, and an organ at St.
George's Chapel in the same town. In 1748
(according to the Morning Advertiser of
20 Feb.) he was living in Hand Court, Hoi-
born, but the date and place of his death,
which took place prior to 1776, are unknown.
[Hopkins and Kimbault's History of the Organ,
(1855), pt. i. p. 100.] W. B. S.
BRIDGE, WILLIAM (1600 ?- 1670),
puritan divine, was born in Cambridgeshire
about 1600. He entered Emmanuel College
at the age of sixteen, became M.A. in 1626,
and was many years a fellow of the college.
In 1631 he was appointed to the lectureship of
Colchester, where he continued but a short
time. In 1633 he held a Friday lecture at
St. George's Tombland, Norwich, for which
he was paid by the corporation. In 1636
he was the rector for St. Peter's Hungate,
Norwich, a living at that time worth no
more than 22/. per annum. Here he was
silenced by Bishop Wren. He continued,
however, in the city for some time after his
suspension until he was ' excommunicated '
and the writ * de capiendo ' came forth against
him. He took refuge in Holland and settled
at Rotterdam, succeeding as pastor the cele-
brated Hugh Peters, and he was thus
associated in the pastorate with Jeremiah
Burroughs. From a passage in the ' Apolo-
getical Narration' it may be inferred that
Bridge received much support from the ma-
gistrates of the city, and that many wealthy
persons joined the church, some of whom had
fled from the persecution of Bishop Wren.
While at Rotterdam he renounced the ordi-
nation which he had received when he entered
the church of England, and was again or-
dained, after the independent way, by Samuel
Ward, B.D., after which he similarly ordained
Ward.
He returned to England in 1642, frequently
preached before the Long parliament, and on
30 July 1651 the sum of 100/. per annum was
voted to him, to be paid out of the impropria-
tions. It would seem from two letters pre-
served in Peck's ' Desiderata Curiosa ' that he
was consulted by the parliament in reference
to a general augmentation of ministers' sala-
ries. Dr. Nathaniel Johnson, in his book en-
titled 'The King's Visitorial Power asserted/
gives a petition from the fellows of Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, signed, amongst others,
by Bridge, and says, ' He was a great preacher,
and one of the demagogues of this parlia-
ment.' He was in the assembly of divines at
Westminster, and was one of the writers of
the ' Apologetical Narration/ published in
1643. His name is also subscribed to the
' Reasons of the Dissenting Brethren against
certain Propositions concerning Presbyterial
Government/ which was published in 1648.
After a brief sojourn at Norwich, where he
preached a sermon to the volunteers, Bridge
at length settled at Great Yarmouth, where
he continued his labours till 1662. It is
very probable that at Yarmouth his congre-
gation, at least for some time, met in the
parish church, for in 1650 the north part of
the church was enclosed for a meeting-place
at an expense of 9007. When ejected he
went to reside at Clapham, near London, and
preached in, if not founded, the 'Indepen-
dent *Meeting ' there. He died at Clapham
on 12 March 1670, aged 70. From an epitaph
Bridgeman
316
Bridgeman
in Yarmouth church it appears that he was
twice married. The name of his first wife is
not known ; he afterwards married the widow
of John Arnold, merchant and bailiff of that
town.
Bridge's printed works are nearly all ser-
mons. His first publication is dated 1640,
and was printed at Rotterdam. In 1649 the |
works of Bridge were published in three j
volumes, quarto, printed by Peter Cole, Lon- j
don. Another collection was published under j
the title of 'Twenty-one Books of Mr. William
Bridge, collected into Two Volumes,' London, \
Peter Cole, 1657, 4to. Other publications
followed in 1665, 1668, and 1671, and after
his death eight sermons were published as
{ Remains,' 1673. In 1845 the whole works
of Bridge were printed in five volumes, oc-
tavo, from copies chiefly in the possession of
the Rev. Frederick Silver, of Jewry Street.
Fifty-nine separate titles are given in the table
of contents of the five volumes ; a complete list
is in Darling's ' Cyclopaedia.' A very antique-
looking portrait of the author, ' Obit 1670.
W. Sherwin sculp.,' accompanies the first
volume of 1845. It originally appeared in a
volume of Bridge's sermons. A different and
very pleasing portrait of Bridge may be seen
in Dr. Williams's library.
[Memorial of William Bridge, prefixed to his
collected Works, 1845 ; Palmer's Nonconf. Memo-
rial, Hi., 1803; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, 1732-5 ;
Darling's Cyclopedia, 1830.] J. H. T.
BRIDGEMAN, HENRY (1615-1682),
bishop of Sodor and Man, was born on 22 Oct.
1615 at Peterborough, where his father, John
Bridgeman [q. v.], was in residence as first
prebendary. He was baptised on 25 Oct. at
the consecration of the new font in the nave
of the cathedral. He was educated at Oriel
College, Oxford (admitted 1629, B.A. 20 Oct.
1632). He was elected fellow of Brasenose
6 Dec.1633, graduated M. A. 16 June 1635, and
resigned his fellowship in 1639. On 16 Dec.
1639 he was instituted to the rectory of Bar-
row, Cheshire, and on 9 Jan. 1640 to that of
Bangor-is-coed, Flintshire, resigned by his
father. Both these preferments were seques-
tered, Barrow in 1643, Bangor in 1646 ; the
former probably as a case of pluralism . Walker
assigns as the ground of sequestration that
' in the time of the rebellion he did his ma-
jesty faithful service.' This was in his ca-
pacity as army chaplain to James, seventh
Earl of Derby (executed 15 Oct. 1651). Loyal
in politics, in church matters the influence
of his mother, whom Halley calls a puritan,
seems not to have been without effect upon
him ; this perhaps explains a remark of Wood,
who speaks of him as ' a careless person.'
Before his sequestration he put Robert Fogg,
a nonconforming divine, as curate in charge of
Bangor, binding himself to pay him an allow-
ance. To this Robert Fogg the committee for
plundered ministers gave the living of Bangor
on 1 July 1646 ; on 22 July the committee gave
the fifths of the rectory to Bridgeman's wife,
Katherine. Bridgeman was made archdeacon
of Richmond on 20 May 1648. At the Re-
storation he regained the rectories of Barrow
and Bangor (his petition to the House of
Lords for the restitution is dated 23 June
1660), and resigned his archdeaconry on being
made dean of Chester on 13 July 1660. On
1 Aug. 1660 his university made him D D. ;
the chancellor's letters say that * he had done
good service to the king.' Further prefer-
ment came in the shape of the prebend of
Stillington at York (20 Sept.), and the sine-
cure of Llanrwst. Fogg still held the curacy
of Bangor, though offered SQL if he would
go, and was only removed by the Uniformity
Act of 1662. Within Bangor parish was
a much more distinguished nonconformist,
Philip Henry, who had been presbyterially
ordained on 16 Sept. 1657 as minister of the
old church (distinct from the chapel of ease)
at Worthenbury. On Bridgeman's return
Henry's position was entirely dependent upon
the reinstated rector's favour. Bridgeman at
first showed no disposition to interfere with
Henry, who, for his part, offered (7 May 1661)
to give up part of his income and accept a
position at Worthenbury under Richard Hil-
ton, his designated successor. But Roger
Puleston, son of his former patron, was bitter
against his nonconformist tutor. He made
a bargain with Bridgeman, in virtue of which
Bridgeman, on 24 Oct. 1661, publicly read
out Henry's discharge l before a rable.' Though
Henry was not properly an ' ejected minister,'
it must be owned that Bridgeman was led
into a harsh exercise of his legal rights.
Two months later we have a glimpse in
Henry's diary of Bridgeman at Chester
< busy in repairing the deanes house, as if hee
were to live in it for ever.' In 1671 he suc-
ceeded Isaac Barrow (translated to St. Asaph)
as bishop of Sodor and Man (consecrated
Sunday, 1 Oct.), with leave to retain his
deanery. He added to Bishop Barrow's edu-
cational foundation at Castletown in the Isle
of Man (founded 1668, and now represented
by King William's College, built 1830). He
also gave a communion cup and a paten (bear-
ing his arms) to St. German's Church, Peel.
He died 15 May 1682, and was buried in
Chester Cathedral. He was twice married,
first to Katherine, daughter of William Lever
of Kersal, near Manchester, by whom he had
three daughters, of whom Elizabeth married
Bridgeman
317
Bridgeman
Thomas Greenhalgh of Brundlesham, Lan-
cashire ; secondly to Margaret , by whom
he had a surviving daughter, Henrietta, mar-
ried to Rev. Samuel Aldersey, of Aldersey
and Spurstow, Cheshire, and a son named
William John Henry (born shortly before
the father's- death, and died in December fol-
lowing). Bridgeman's widow married John
Allen in 1687.
[Wood's Athense Ox on. (Bliss), iv. 863 ;Walker's
Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, pt. ii. pp. 85, 191,
212; Calamj's Continuation, 1727, p. 836 ; L<-e's
Diaries and Letters of P. Henry, 1882, pp. 18,
27 seq., 98 seq., 102, 313,394; Lewis's Topog.
Diet, of Eng. 1833, art. ' Man ;' Burke's Peerage,
1883, p. 157; extract from Cathedral Register,
Peterborough.] A. G\
BRIDGEMAN, JOHN (1577-1652),
bishop of Chester, was born at Exeter, ' not
far from the palace gate,' on 2 Nov. 1577.
His grandfather was Edward Bridgeman,
sheriff of the city and county of Exeter in
1578, who had, with other issue, two sons,
Michael, the eldest (who died without issue),
and Thomas, of Greenway, Devonshire. The
future bishop was the eldest son of Thomas.
He was educated at Cambridge, being ori-
ginally of Peterhouse (B.D. 1596) ; he was
elected a foundation fellow of Magdalene in
1599, and took his M.A. in 1600 (admitted
ad eundem at Oxford 4 July 1600), and pro-
ceeded D.D. in 1612. He was canon residen-
tiary of Exeter, and also held the first prebend
at Peterborough and (from 1615) the rich
rectory of Wigan, he being then one of
James I's chaplains. On the translation of
Thomas Morton to Coventry and Lichfield
(6 March 1619) George Massie was nominated
his successor at Chester, but his death inter-
vened. Bridgeman was elected bishop of
Chester 15 March 1619, and consecrated on
9 May. The revenues of the bishopric were
small, and in 1621 (apparently on resigning
his canonry) he was allowed to hold in com-
mendam, along with Wigan, the rectory of
Bangor-is-coed, Flintshire. This he resigned
(9 Jan. 1640) to his son Henry. In 1635
Bridgeman bought from Richard Egertonthe
manor of Malpas, Cheshire, with Wolvesacre,
Wigland, and Bryne-pits. As bishop of a
diocese abounding in nonconformists, Bridge-
man had no very easy or pleasant task when
called upon to assert the authority of the
church. His predecessor, Morton, who drafted
the king's declaration of 24 May 1618, known
as the ' Book of Sports,' was perhaps less in
sympathy with the puritans than Bridgeman ;
but he seldom proceeded beyond threats.
Bridgeman was complained of as negligent in
his duties as a represser of nonconformity, and
commissioners were sent by his metropolitan
to report upon the state of his diocese. Thus
stirred into activity he for a time performed
an unwelcome office with some vigour. Con-
trasting him with Morton, Halley says of
Bridgeman that he ' loved neither to threaten
nor to strike, but when he did strike he did
it as effectually as if he loved it/ A curious
story is told of his shutting up Knutsford
Chapel, on the ground that it had been pro-
faned by the casual introduction of a led bear.
This has been described as ' episcopal super-
stition,' but was probably only an excuse for
closing a place which was in nonconforming
hands. Thomas Pa get, minister of Blackley
Chapel, who had been treated by Morton with
nothing worse than hard words, was cited
before Bridgeman, and required to give rea-
sons for judging it unlawful to kneel at the
eucharist. In the course of the argument
Bridgeman 'gravely laid himself upon a bench
by a side of a table, leaning on his elbow/
to prove how unseemly would now be in
church the posture in use at the institu-
tion of the sacrament. Paget was ' punished
by suspension from his ministry [about 1620]
for two years/ Some years later a more con-
siderable man than Paget was suspended by
Bridgeman. John Angier, the young non-
conforming minister of Ringley Chapel, was
the bishop's neighbour while Bridgeman re-
sided at Great Lever, near Bolton, and was
frequently called in to pray with the bishop's-
ailing wife. The position was for Bridgeman
a somewhat equivocal one. ' My lord's grace
of Canterbury ' had already rebuked him for
permitting nonconformists at Ringley and
Dean ; Angier's nonconformity he could not
shake, so he told him he must suspend himr
but would wink at his getting another place
' anywhere at a little further distance ' [see
ANGIER, JOHN]. In 1631 he suspended Samuel
Eaton of "Wirral, who is regarded as the
founder of Congregationalism in Cheshire.
When the time came for the temporary over-
throw of episcopacy, Bridgeman disappeared
from public view, and seems to have lived
quietly in retirement. He died in 1652 at
Morton Hall, Shropshire, and was buried at
Kinnerley, near Oswestry. There is a stone
over his grave, and a mural monument to his
memory in Kinnerley Church, but neither
gives the date of death ; the register at Kin-
nerley only dates from 1677. He married,
on 29 April 1606, Elizabeth, daughter of
William Helyar (died 1645), archdeacon of
Barnstaple and canon of Exeter, and left five
sons : (1) Orlando [q. v.] ; (2) Dove, pre-
bendary of Chester, married Miss Bennett,
a Cheshire lady, and had one son, Charles,
archdeacon of Richmond, who died unmar-
Bridgeman
318
Bridgeman
ried in 1678 ; (3) Henry [q. v.] ; (4) James,
who was knighted, married Miss Allen, a
Cheshire lady, and had issue James (died un-
married), Frances (married William, third
Baron Howard of Escrick), Magdalen (mar-
ried W. Wynde), and Anne ; (5) Kichard
of Combes Hall, Suffolk, married Katharine
Watson, and had a son William, who be-
came secretary to the admiralty and clerk
of the privy council ; this William married
Diana Vernatti, and had issue Orlando (whose
only surviving son William died unmarried),
and Katharine (married Orlando Bridgeman,
fourth son of the second baronet, and died
without issue). Ormerod says that Bishop
Bridgeman * was the compiler of a valuable
work relating to the ecclesiastical history of
the diocese, now deposited in the episcopal
registry, and usually denominated Bishop
Bridgeman's Ledger.'
[Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, pt. ii.
pp. 10, 24 ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii.
293 seq. ; Ormerod's Cheshire, 1819, i. 79 ; Fisher's
Companion and Key to the Hist, of Eng. 1832,
pp. 728, 756 ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 80 ;
Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism and Noncon-
formity, 1869, i. 240, 260, 285, ii. 81, 148;
Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury,
Laud, 1875, xi. 39 ; Lee's Diaries and Letters
of P. Henry, 1882, pp. 194, 394; Burke's Peer-
age, 1883, p. 157 ; information from the master
of Magdalene, and from Kev. J. B. Meredith,
Kinnerley, West Felton.] A. G-.
BRIDGEMAN, SIB ORLANDO (1606?-
1674), lord keeper, was the eldest son of Dr.
John Bridgeman [q. v.], rector of the family
living of Wigan, and in 1619 bishop of Chester.
His mother was Elizabeth Helyar, daughter of
Dr. Helyar, canon of Exeter and archdeacon
of Barnstaple. After receiving a home train-
ing, Orlando Bridgeman went in July 1619
to Queens' College, Cambridge, where he took
his bachelor's degree in January 1624, and
was elected fellow of Magdalene (where his
father had previously been a fellow and
M.A.) on 7 July of the same year {Hist.
MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 483). In November
of that year he was admitted at the Inner
Temple, was called to the bar on 10 Feb.
1632, and was made a bencher shortly before
the Restoration. His legal reputation during
Charles I's reign stood very high. He was
chief justice of Chester 1638 ; attorney of the
court of wards and solicitor-general to the
Prince of Wales 1640. He had also the re-
version of the office of keeper of the writs and
rolls in the common pleas. This promotion
was no doubt favoured by his political views.
He was returned in 1640 to the Long parlia-
ment for Wigan, and was earnest in his sup-
port of the royal cause, and knighted in the
same year. He voted against Strafford's at-
tainder, and opposed the ordinance by which
the militia was taken out of the hands of the
king, and on the outbreak of the civil war as-
sisted his father in maintaining the royal cause
in Chester. He sat in the Oxford parliament
of 1644, and in January 1645-6 was one of the
king's commissioners at the Uxbridge nego-
tiations, where, though the son of a bishop, he
displayed such a tendency to compromise in
church matters, and so lawyer-like a desire
to meet political opponents halfway, that he
incurred the censure both of Charles and of
Hyde. As a prominent member of the
royalist party he was compelled, after the
death of Charles, to cease public advocacy at
the bar, but appears to have escaped fine or
other punishment, and on his submission to
Cromwell, who was extremely anxious to se-
cure the proper administration of the law,
was permitted to practise in a private man-
ner. He devoted himself to conveyancing,
to which the vast changes in property re-
sulting from the civil wars had given special
importance, and for which the conspicuous
moderation of his temper well fitted him,
and was in this matter regarded as the lead-
ing authority by both parties, his very ene-
mies not thinking their estates secure without
his advice. After his death his collections
were published under the title of 'Bridge-
man's Conveyancer,' of which five editions
were printed, the last and best in 1725. He
was not, however, allowed to live in London ;
for he received a license from the council of
state to remain at Beaconsfield with his family
on 10 Sept. 1650, and on 15 and 29 Oct. also
had special licenses to come to London and
reside there for about a month, while engaged
on special business.
In the political confusion which succeeded
the death of Cromwell Bridgeman took no
share. His legal reputation, however, and
his former active loyalty were sufficient to
put out of sight his late submission to
Cromwell. Within a week after the king's
return he was made successively serjeant-at-
law and chief baron of the exchequer, and
received a baronetcy, the first created after
the Restoration (PKINCE, Worthies of Devon),
in which he is described as of Great Lever,
Lancashire. His property in this county
appears to have been considerable, as Pepys
speaks of another seat, probably Ashton
Hall, ' antiently of the Levers, and then of
the Ashtons,' as being shortly afterwards in
his possession (PEPTS, Diary).
In October (9-19) 1660 Bridgeman pre-
sided as lord chief baron at the trial of the
regicides. He conducted these trials — at a
time when, if ever, political partisanship might
Bridgeman
3*9
Bridgeman
have been expected to run riot — with remark-
able moderation. He appears to have especially
distinguished himself by his effective reply to
Cook, one of the prisoners, who 'delivered
himself lawyer-like for two or three hours to
the judges '(Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 1816).
At the conclusion of this trial he was made lord
chief justice of the common pleas, the patent
being dated 22 Oct. 1660, though he is men-
tioned as chief justice as early as 29 May
(ib. 153). During the seven years that he
held this office he preserved a high and un-
diminished reputation. ' His moderation and
equity were such that he seemed to carry a
chancery in his breast ' (PRINCE, Worthies of
De von) . His love of legal exactitude was great
enough to become proverbial, and an illus-
tration of it is furnished by North, who states
that when it was proposed to move his court,
which was draughty, into a less exposed situ-
ation, Bridgeman refused to allow it, on the
ground that it was against Magna Charta,
which enacts that the common pleas shall be
held l in certo loco,' and that the distance of
an inch from that place would cause all pleas
to be ( coram non judice.' Reports of his judg-
ments were edited from the Hargraves MSS.
by S. Bannister in 1823. He was during
these years several times commissioned to exe-
cute the office of speaker in the lords during
the absence of the lord chancellor (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 7th Rep. 100 «, 142 b, 175 a). On
26 March 1664 he was appointed one of the
first visitors of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians, London (ib. 8th Rep. 234 6).
On the disgrace of Clarendon the great
seal was given to Bridgeman on 30 Aug.
1667, not as lord chancellor, but with the
inferior title of lord keeper. In May of the
same year he received a grant of the rever-
sion of the surveyorship of the customs (Cal.
of State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1666-7, p. 139).
Until 23 May 1668, when he was succeeded
in the chief justiceship by Sir John Vaughan,
he filled both offices. At this time he resided
at Essex House in the Strand ; but he had
also a seat at Teddington, Middlesex, where
he was dangerously ill in March 1667 (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. 485), and apparently
another residence at Bowood Park (Cal. of
State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1660-1). Accord-
ing to general testimony Bridgeman did not
retain in this new office his former high
reputation. Thus Burnet says that ' his study
and practice had lain so entirely in the com-
mon law that he never seemed to know what
equity was.' His love of moderation and
compromise had evidently grown upon him.
North describes him as ' timorous to an im-
potence, and that not mended by his great
age. He laboured very much to please
everybody, a temper of ill consequence to a
judge. It was observed of him that if a
case admitted of diverse doubts, which the
lawyers call points, he would never give all
on one side, but either party should have
something to go away with. And in his time
the court of chancery ran out of order into
delays and endless motions in causes, so
that it was like a fair field overgrown with
briars.' There was, too, another cause for
his failure : ' What was worst of all, his
family was very ill qualified for that place,
his lady being a most violent intriguess in
business, and his sons kept no good decorum
whilst they practised under him ; and he had
not the vigour of mind and strength to
coerce the cause of so much disorder in his
family ' (NoRTH, Life of Lord-keeper Guild-
ford, p. 180).
As lord keeper, Bridgeman was of course
the mouthpiece of Charles to the parlia-
ment, and delivered the king's speech on
10 Oct. 1667, 19 Oct. 1669, 14 Feb. and
24 Oct. 1670, and 22 April 1671 (Parl. Hist.
vol. iv.) Actually, however, he was, during
all the transactions connected with the treaty
of Dover in 1670, kept in ignorance of the
real intentions of Charles. As a staunch pro-
testant it was necessary to withhold from him
the clause by which Charles bound himself to
declare his conversion to Romanism in return
for a special subsidy from Louis XIV, and
he was therefore, with others, tricked by the
duplicate treaty which Buckingham, also too
protestant to be trusted, was allowed to ima-
gine that he had concluded (DALRYMPLE,
Memoirs). His general views, however, and
his personal integrity made him an obstacle
to the full carrying out of Charles's plans.
1 He boggled at divers things required of
him ; ' he refused to put the seal to the De-
claration of Indulgence, as judging it contrary
to the constitution ; he heartily disapproved
of the closing of the exchequer, refused to
stop the lawsuits against the bankers, which
resulted from this step, by injunction, al-
though Charles was known personally to wish
it ; and remonstrated against the commission
of martial law, although at that time there
was colour for it by a little army encamped on
Blackheath (NORTH, .Life of Guildford, 181).
'For the sake of his family, that gathered
like a snowball while he had the seal, he
would not have formalised with any toler-
able compliances ; but these impositions were
too rank for him to comport with ' (NoRTH,
Examen, p. 38). He appears also to have re-
fused to put the great seal to various grants
designed for the king's mistresses. It was
decided to remove him, and on 17 Nov. 1672
the seal was taken from him and given to
Bridges
320
Bridges
Shaftesbury, who was thought to be willing
to be more compliant. The warrant from
Charles to Henry Coventry to receive the
seal from Bridgeman is dated 16 Nov. (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 234 b}. He at once
went into retirement at Teddington, and
after an illness in the spring of 1673, from
which, however, he had completely recovered
in April, he died on 25 June 1674, and was
buried at Teddington. He was twice mar-
ried : first to Judith, daughter and heir of
John Kynaston of Morton, Shropshire ; se-
condly, in May 1670 (ib. 7th Rep. 488 £), to
Dorothy, daughter of Dr. Saunders, provost
of Oriel College, Oxford, widow of George
Craddock of Carswell Castle, Staffordshire.
By his first marriage he had one son, by his
second two sons and a daughter, the latter of
whom, in 1677, married Sir Thomas Middle-
ton of Chirk Castle, bringing with her 6,000/.,
left her by her father (ib. 470 a). The present
Earl of Bradford is the direct lineal descen-
dant of the lord keeper by his first wife.
[The principal modern authority for Bridge-
man's life is Foss's Lives of the Judges, to which
the writer of this article desires to own the
fullest obligation. This, however, deals purely
with his legal career. A good many notices of
him occur in the Records of the Hist. MSS. Com-
mission, and in the Calendar of State Papers, of
which the most important are referred to above.
North's Examen and Life of Lord-keeper G-uild-
ford, and the articles in the last edition of the
Biog. Brit., have also been consulted. Prince, in
his Worthies of Devon, has one or two interest-
ing facts.] 0. A.
BRIDGES. [See also BRYDGES.]
BRIDGES, CHARLES (1794-1869),
evangelical divine, was educated at Queens'
College, Cambridge, and proceeded B.A.
1818, M.A. 1831. He was ordained dea-
con in 1817, priest in 1818, and in 1823
was presented to the vicarage of Old New-
ton, near Stowmarket in Suffolk. In 1849
he was nominated vicar of Weymouth,
where he remained till failing health in-
duced him to retire to the rectory of Hin-
ton Martell in Dorsetshire, to which he was
presented by Lord Shaftesbury. Bridges
was a prominent member of the evangelical
party in the church, and author of many
popular devotional and theological treatises.
Among his works may be mentioned a
'Memoir of Miss M. J. Graham ' (1823), of
which several editions were published, a simi-
larly executed ' Memoir of Rev. J. T. Not-
tidge ' (1849), and a ' Life of Martin Boos,
Roman Catholic Priest in Bavaria ' (1855),
which forms the fifth volume of the ' Library
of Christian Biography,' edited by R. Bicker-
steth. Besides these devotional biographies,
he wrote 'An Exposition of Psalm cxix.'
(1827), which ran through several editions,
and was also translated into German ; ' An
Exposition of the Book of Proverbs ' (1846) ;
'Forty-eight Scriptural Studies' (5th ed.
1833) ; 'Fifty-four Scriptural Studies '(1837) ;
and several smaller devotional and practical
tracts. A book entitled ' The Christian
Ministry, with an Inquiry into the causes
of its Inefficiency, and with special reference
to the Ministry of the Establishment ' (1830)
reached many editions. He also published
several sermons, one of the latest of which,
against ' Vain Philosophy ' (1860), is a coun-
terblast to the teaching of broad-church di-
vines. A small selection from Bridges' cor-
respondence was published at Edinburgh in
the year after his death, under the title of
' Letters to a Friend.'
[Register and Mag. of Biography, i. 399 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] R. B.
BRIDGES, JOHN (d. 1618), bishop of
Oxford and controversialist, was educated at
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he pro-
ceeded B.A. in 1556, and M.A. in 1560. He
was elected fellow of Pembroke in 1556, and
obtained the degree of D.D. from Canterbury
in 1575. He spent some years in Italy in his
youth; translated, about 1558, three of
Machiavelli's discourses into English, which
were not published, and afterwards received
a benefice at Herne in Kent. He preached
a sermon at Paul's Cross in 1571, which was
printed, and published in 1572 a translation
from the Latin of Rudolph Walther's 175
' Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles.' In
the following year he replied to two catholic
treatises — Thomas Stapleton's ' Counterblast '
and Sanders's ' Visible Monarchie of the Ro-
maine Church ' — in a book entitled ' The Su-
premacie of Christian Princes over all Persons
throughout their Dominions.' Bridges was
appointed dean of Salisbury in 1577. In
1581 Bishop Aylmer directed him, with
other divines, to reply to Edmund Campion's
' Ten Reasons ' in favour of the church of
Rome. In 1582 he was a member of a com-
mission appointed to hold a conference with
some papist dialecticians. But his most im-
portant contribution to polemical literature
was 'A Defence of the Government esta-
blished in the Church of Englande for Eccle-
siasticall Matters ' (London, by John Winder,
1587). It is a quarto of 1412 pages, directed
against Calvinism. It undertakes especially
to answer two books — Thomas Cartwright's
' Discourse of Ecclesiastical Government,' or
a 'briefe and plaine declaration,' 1574 (a
translation from the Latin of Walter Travers),
Bridges
321
Bridges
and Theodore Beza's ' Judgment,' which had
been published in an English translation in
1580. Bridges's ponderous volume was im-
mediately answered in the three tracts, 'A
Defence of the Godlie Ministers against the
Slaunders of D. B.,' 1587 ; < A Defence of the
Ecclesiastical Discipline ordayned of God.
. . . Against a Replie of Maister Bridges,'
1588 ; ' A Dialogue, wherein is ... laide open
the Tyrannicall Dealing of L. Bishopps . . .
(according to D. B., his " Judgement "), . . .'
1588 (?). The chief interest attaching to
Bridges's book lies in the fact that it was the
immediate cause of the great Martin Mar-
Prelate controversy. About a year after the
publication of Bridges's ' Defence ' there was
issued the earliest of the Mar-Prelate tracts,
with the title of * Oh read ouer D. John Bridges,
for it is a worthy worke,' an introductory
epistle to a promised ' Epitome of the fyrste |
Booke of that right worshipfull volume,
written against the Puritanes in the defence of i
the noble cleargie by as worshipful a prieste,
lohn Bridges, presbyter, an elder, Doctor of
Diuillitie, and Deane of Sarum.' Scathing
criticisms are here made on Bridges's literary
incapacity : ' A man might almost run himselfe |
out of breath before he could come to a full
point in many places in your booke.' The
satirists state doubtfully that he was the
author of ' Gammer Gurton's Needle,' usu-
ally attributed to Bishop Still (see Brit. MILS.
MS. Addit. 24487, if. 33-7), and add that !
he had published ' a sheet in rime of all the
names attributed to the Lorde in the Bible.'
In February 1588-9 the promised epitome of
Bridges's first book duly appeared, as the se- |
cond Martin Mar-Prelate tract. Four bishops
who were specially attacked here replied in !
an 'Admonition,' drawn up by Thomas
Cooper, bishop of Winchester ; but Bridges
does not seem to have been connected with
the later development of the controversy.
Bridges took part in the Hampton Court con-
ference of 1603, and on 12 Feb. 1603-4 was
consecrated bishop of Oxford at Lambeth by
Whitgift. He attended the king on his visit
to Oxford in 1605, when he was created M. A.,
and took part in the funeral of Henry, prince
of Wales, in 1612. Bridges died at a great
age in 1618. Unlike his predecessors in
the see of Oxford, he lived in his diocese
— at March Baldon (MAKSHALL, Diocese of
Oxford, p. 121). His last published work
was ' Sacrosanctum Novum Testamentum
... in hexametros versus . . . translatum,'
1604.
A son, William, proceeded B.D. of New
College. Oxford, on 9 July 1612, and was
archdeacon of Oxford from 1614 till his
death in 1626 (WooD, Fasti, Bliss, i. 348).
VOL. VI.
[Strype's Annals, 8vo, n. ii. 710, in. i. 414,
ii. 96, 97, 151-2, iv. 432 ; Strype's Aylmer, 33;
Strype's Whitgift, i. 198, 549, ii. 518, iii. 219 ;
Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 314 ; Nichols's Progresses
of James I ; Dexter's Congregationalism, pp. 1 43
et seq. ; Arber's Martin Mar- Prelate Controversy ;
Tanner's Bibliotheca, p. 122 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. of
Printed Books before 1640.] S. L. L.
BRIDGES, JOHN (1666-1724), topo-
grapher, was born in 1666 at Barton Seagrave,
Northamptonshire, where his father then re-
sided. His grandfather was Colonel John
Bridges of Alcester, Warwickshire, whose
eldest son of the same name purchased the
manor of Barton Seagrave about 1665, and
employed himself for many years in the
careful improvement of the estate by plant-
ing it and introducing such discoveries in
agriculture as were then recent, particularly
the cultivation of sainfoin. His mother was
Elizabeth, sister of Sir William Trumball,
secretary of state. He was bred to the law,
became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, was ap-
pointed solicitor to the customs in 1695, a
commissioner in 1711, and cashier of excise
in 1715. He was also a governor of Bride-
well and Bethlehem Hospitals. In 1718 he
was elected a fellow of the Society of Anti-
quaries, and in the following year he began
the formation of his voluminous manuscript
collections for the history of his native
county. He personally made a circuit of
the county, and employed several persons to
make drawings, collect information, and tran-
scribe monuments and records. In this man-
ner he expended several thousand pounds.
It was his intention to make another per-
sonal survey of the county, but before he
could carry this design into effect he was
attacked by illness, and died at his chambers
in Lincoln's Inn on 16 March 1723-4.
Bridges's manuscripts fill thirty folio
volumes, besides five quarto volumes of de-
scriptions of churches collected for him and
four similar volumes in his own handwriting.
These are now to be found, paged and in-
dexed, in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
Left by Bridges as an heirloom to his family,
they were placed by his brother William,
secretary of the stamp office, in the hands
of Gibbons, a stationer and law-bookseller at
the Middle Temple Gate, who circulated pro-
posals for their publication by subscription,
and engaged Dr. Samuel Jebb, a learned phy-
sician of Stratford in Essex, to edit them.
Before many numbers had appeared Gibbons
became bankrupt, and the manuscripts re-
maining in the hands of the editor, who had
received no compensation for his labours,
were at length secured by Mr. William Cart-
wright, M.P., of Aynho, for his native county,
Bridges
322
Bridges
and a local committee was formed to accom-
plish the publication of the work. This was
entrusted to the Rev. Peter Whalley, a master
at Christ's Hospital. The first volume ap-
peared in 1762, and the first part of the
second in 1769; but delay arose in conse-
quence of the death of Sir Thomas Cave,
chairman of the committee, and the entire
work was not published till 1791, more than
seventy years after Bridges's first collection.
It bears this title : ' The History and Anti-
quities of Northamptonshire. Compiled from
the manuscript collections of the late learned
antiquary, John Bridges, Esq. By the Rev.
Peter Whalley, late fellow of St. John's Col-
lege, Oxford,' 2 vols., Oxford, 1791, folio.
Whalley's part in the work was very inade-
quately performed. He professed, indeed, to
have added little of his own, except what he
compiled from Wood and Dugdale ; and so
easy a matter as the continuation of the lists
of incumbents and lords of manors was left
unattempted. Archdeacon Nares wrote the
preface, and Samuel Ayscough compiled the
index. The value of these two folio volumes
is entirely due to Bridges, and if his papers
had been properly arranged he would, in
the estimation of his successor, Baker, have
equalled Dugdale. A magnificent copy of
the work is preserved among the select manu-
scripts in the British Museum (Addit. MSS.
32118-32122). It is illustrated with nume-
rous sketches, engravings, and additions in
print and manuscript. A printed title pasted
inside the cover states that 'this copy of
Bridges's " History and Antiquities of North-
amptonshire " was, at great expense and with
untiring perseverance, illustrated by Mr.
Thomas Dash of Kettering. It has received
numerous additions by his son William Dash,
who has had it rebound (1847) in its present
extended form of five volumes, and strictly
enjoins on the party receiving it that the
book be preserved in its entirety, and that
no part of it be ever broken up or dispersed.'
It was bequeathed by Mr. William Dash to
the British Museum, where it was deposited
m 1883.
- Bridges's collection of books and prints
was sold by auction soon after his death.
The catalogue of his library was long re-
tained as valuable by curious collectors. A
portrait of him, painted by Sir Godfrey
Kneller in 1706, was engraved by Vertue in
1726.
[Manuscript Memoir in Dash's copy of the
Hist, of Northamptonshire, and other manuscript
notes in the same -work ; Bridges's Northamp-
tonshire, pref., also ii. 221 ; Brydges's Censura
Lit. (1807), iii. 219, 331; Nichols's Illustr. of
Lit. iii. 521-36, vii. 407, 436; Nichols's Lit.
Anecd. i. 94, 161, ii. 61, 105-9, 700, 701, iii. 615,
vi. 49, 189, viii. 348, 349, 399, 566, 682-4, ix.
566; Noble's Biog. Hist, of England, ii. 182;
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 461, 5th ser. v.
86, 175 ; Quarterly Keview, ci. 3, 4.] T. C.
BRIDGES, NOAH (Jl. 1661), steno-
grapher and mathematician, was educated at
Balliol College, Oxford, and acted as clerk
of the parliament which sat in that city in
1643 and 1644. He was created B.C.L. on
17 June 1646, ' being at that time esteemed
a most faithful subject to his majesty.' He
was in attendance on King Charles I in most
of his restraints, particularly at Newcastle
and the Isle of Wight (State Papers, Dom.,
Charles II, vol. xx. art. 126). His majesty
granted him the office of clerk of the House
of Commons, but the appointment failed to
pass the great seal because of the surrender
of Oxford. It appears that the king also pro-
mised him the post of comptroller, teller, and
weigher of the Mint. After the Restoration
he vainly endeavoured to obtain the grant of
these offices with survivorship to his son
Japhet. For several years he kept a school
at Putney, where he was living in 1661.
He is the author of: 1. 'Vulgar Arith-
metique, explayning the Secrets of that Art,
after a more exact and easie way than ever,'
London, 1653, 12mo. A portrait of the
author is prefixed. 2. 'Stenographic and
Cryptographie : or the Arts of Short and
Secret Writing. The first laid down in a
method familiar to meane capacities ; the
second added to convince and cautionate the
credulous and the confident . . .' London,
1659, 16mo. This extremely scarce work is
dedicated to Sir Orlando Bridgeman. The
address to the reader is thus most curiously
dated : ' March f f the first of the four last
months of 13 yeares squandered in the Valley
of Fortune.' A second edition, which has es-
caped the notice of bibliographers, appeared
with this title: 'Stenography and Crypto-
graphy. The Arts of Short and Secret Writ-
ing. The second Edition enlarged, with a
familiar Method teaching how to cypher and
decypher all private Transactions. Wherein
are inserted the Keys by which the Lines of
Text-Writing affixed to those Cyphers are
folded and unfolded,' London, 1662. 3. ' Lux
Mercatoria, Arithmetick Natural and Deci-
mal . . .' London, 1661, 8vo. With a fine
portrait of the author, engraved by Faithorne.
This portrait was re-engraved as Milton, for
Duroveray's edition of ' Paradise Lost.'
[Wood's Fasti Oxon. (ed. Bliss), ii. 94 ; Gran-
ger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iv. 77, v.
297 ; Lewis's Historical Account of Stenography
(1816), 75 ; Anderson's Hist, of Shorthand, 107 ;
Eockwoll's Teaching, Practice, and Literature of
Bridges
323
Bridgetower
Shorthand, 70 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (ed. Bohn),
i. 270 ; Green's Cal. Com. State Papers (1652-3),
424 (1660-1). 347, 348,445, 416 (1661-2), 219;
Hist. MSS. Comrn. 6th Kep. 473 a ; Kennett's
Eegister and Chron. 542, 655.] T. C.
BRIDGES, THOMAS (fl. 1759-1775),
dramatist and parodist, was a native of Hull,
in which town his father was a physician of
some repute. He was a wine merchant, and
a partner in the firm of Sell, Bridges, &
Blunt, who failed in Hull as bankers in 1759.
In 1762 Bridges produced, under the pseu-
donym of Caustic Barebones, a travestie of
Homer, in 2 vols. 12mo, which for the epoch
is fairly spirited in versification, and obtained
some popularity, but is not much wittier nor
more decent than other works of its class.
This was reprinted 1764, and in an enlarged
form in 1767, 1770, and 1797. He also
wrote ' The Battle of the Genii,' 4to, 1765,
burlesquing, in a poem in three cantos, Mil-
ton's description in ' Paradise Lost ' of the
fight with the rebel angels ; and ' The Ad-
ventures of a Bank Note,' 1770, 2 vols.
8vo, a novel to which in 1771 two other
volumes were added. To the stage he con-
tributed * Dido,' a comic opera in two acts,
produced at the Haymarket 24 July 1771,
and printed in 8vo the same year ; and the
•' Dutchman,' a musical entertainment, played
for the fourth time at the Haymarket 8 Sept.
1775, and also printed the same year. Some
trace of humour is discoverable in the earlier
piece ; the latter is wholly flat. The < Battle
of the Genii' was for a time attributed to
Francis Grose, the antiquarian.
[Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Bio-
graphia Dramatica ; an Address given to the
Literary and Philosophical Society at Kingston-
upon-Hull, 5 Nov. 1830, by Charles Frost, F.S.A.,
Hull, 1831 ; Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual ;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Halkett and Laing's Dic-
tionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Lite-
rature.] J. K.
BRIDGET, SAINT. [See BKIGIT.]
BRIDGETOWER, GEORGE AUGUS-
TUS POLGREEN (1779-1840 ?), violinist,
was probably born at Biala in Poland in 1779.
His father was a mysterious individual, who
was known in London society as the ' Abys-
sinian Prince,' and according to some accounts
was half-witted. The mother was a Pole, but
nothing is known as to how the negro father
(for such he seems to have been) came to be
in Poland, and there is considerable doubt
as to whether the name he bore was not an
assumed one. Bridgetower and his father
were in London before the year 1790. His
principal master was Barthelemon, though
he is said also to have studied the violin
under Giornovichi and composition with Att-
wood. His first appearance took place at an
oratorio concert at Drury Lane Theatre on
19 Feb. 1790, when he played a concerto
between the parts of the ' Messiah,' attended
by his father l habited in the costume of his
country.' It has been surmised that this
performance attracted the attention of the
Prince of Wales, for on 2 June following,
Bridgetower and Franz Clement, a clever
Viennese violinist of about his own age, gave
a concert at Hanover Square under the
prince's patronage. At this concert the two
boys played a duet by Deveaux, and (with
Ware and F. Attwood) a quartet by Pleyel.
The celebrated Abt Vogler was among the
audience. In April 1791 Bridgetower played
at one of Salomon's concerts, and at the
j Handel commemoration at Westminster Ab-
I bey in the same year (May-June) he and
! Hummel, dressed in scarlet coats, sat on each
side of Joah Bates at the organ, pulling out
the stops. In 1792 he played at the oratorios
at the King's Theatre, under Linley's manage-
ment (24 Feb.-30 March), and on 28 May
i he played a concerto by Viotti at a concert
] given by Barthelemon. His name also occurs
amongst those of the performers at a concert
given by the Prince of Wales for the benefit
| of the distressed Spitalfields weavers in 1794.
Bridgetower was a member of the Prince of
Wales's private band at Brighton, but in 1 802
he obtained leave to visit his mother, who
lived with another son (a violoncellist) at
Dresden, and to go to the baths of Karlsbad
and Teplitz. At Dresden he gave concerts
on 24 July 1802 and 18 March 1803, which
were so successful that, having obtained an
extension of leave, he went to Vienna, where
he arrived in April 1803. Here he was re-
ceived with great cordiality, and was intro-
duced by Prince Lichnowsky to Beethoven,
who wrote for him the great Kreutzer Sonata.
This work was first performed at a concert
given by Bridgetower at the Augarten-Halle
on either 17 or 24 May 1803, Beethoven him-
self playing the pianoforte part. The sonata
was barely finished in time for the perform-
ance ; indeed, the pianoforte part of the first
movement was only sketched. Czerny said
that Bridgetower's playing on this occasion
was so extravagant that the audience laughed,
but this is probably an exaggeration. There
exists a copy of the sonata, formerly belong-
ing to Bridgetower, on which he has made a
memorandum of an alteration he introduced
in the violin part, which so pleased Beethoven
that he jumped up and embraced the vio-
linist, exclaiming, ' Noch einmal, mein lieber
Y 2
Bridgewater 324
Bridge water
Bursch ! ' In later years Bridgetower alleged
that the Kreutzer Sonata was originally dedi-
cated to him, but that before he left Vienna
he had a quarrel with Beethoven about some
love affair which caused the latter to alter
the inscription. After his visit to Vienna,
Bridgetower returned to England, and in
June 1811 took the degree of Mus. Bac. at
Cambridge, where his name was entered at
Trinity Hall. The graduates' list gives his
name as George Bridgtower, but a contem-
porary paragraph in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine ' leaves but little doubt that this was
the mulatto violinist. His exercise on this
occasion was an anthem, the words of which
were written by F. A. Rawdon ; it was per-
formed with full orchestra and chorus at
Great St. Mary's on 30 June 1811. In the
following year was published a small work
entitled * Diatonica Armonica for the Piano-
forte,' by ' Bridgtower, M.B.,' who was pro-
bably the subject of this article. After this,
Bridgetower seems totally to disappear ; he
is believed to have lived in England for
many years, and to have died there between
the years 1840 and 1850, but no proof of this
is forthcoming. It is also said that a mar-
ried daughter of his is still living in Italy.
He was an excellent musician, but his play-
ing was spoilt by too great a striving after
effect. In person he was remarkably hand-
some, but of a melancholy and discontented
disposition.
[Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 275 b ; Thayer's
Beethoven's Leben, ii. 227, 385 ; Gent. Mag. for
1811, ii. 37, 158; Pohl's Haydn in London,
pp. 18, 28, 38, 43, 128, 137, 199 ; Parke's Musi-
cal Memoirs, i. 129 ; Luard's Graduati Canta-
brigienses.] W. B. S.
BRIDGEWATER, EAKLS and DUKES
or. [See EGERTON.]
BRIDGEWA.TER, JOHN (1532?-
1596 ?), a catholic divine, the latinised form
of whose name is AQUEPONTANUS, was a na-
tive of Yorkshire, though ' descended from
those of his name in Somersetshire.' He re-
ceived his education at Hart Hall, Oxford,
whence he migrated to Brasenose College soon
after he had taken his degrees in arts, that of
master being completed in 1556. On 5 Feb.
1559-60 he was collated to the archdeaconry
of Rochester, and on 1 May 1562 he was ad-
mitted to the rectory of Wotton-Courtney,
in the diocese of Wells. As a member of con-
vocation he subscribed the articles of 1562,
and in the same year he voted against the six
articles altering certain rites and ceremonies
prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer.
On 14 April 1563 he was elected rector of
Lincoln College, Oxford, on the resignation
of Dr. Francis Babington. In the following
month he was admitted rector of Luccombe,
Somersetshire, and soon afterwards he was
appointed canon residentiary of Wells. He
was also domestic chaplain in London to
Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. On 16 April
1565 he was admitted rector of Porlock, So-
mersetshire ; on 28 Nov. 1570 he became
master of the hospital of St. Katharine, near
Bedminster; and on 29 March 1572 he was
admitted to the prebend of Bishop's Comp-
ton in the church of Wells.
In 1574 he resigned the rectorship of Lin-
coln College, probably to avoid expulsion, as
he was a catholic at heart and had given great
encouragement to the students under his go-
vernment to embrace the old form of religion.
Leaving Oxford the same year, he crossed over
to the English college of Douay. Wood as-
serts that he took with him some of the goods
belonging to the college, and also ' certain
young scholars.'
Bridgewater probably passed the remainder
of his life on the continent, at Rheims, Paris,
and other cities of Flanders, France, and Ger-
many. In 1594 he was residing at Treves.
Wood mentions a rumour that he joined the
Society of Jesus, and he is claimed as a mem-
[ ber of it by Father Nathaniel Southwell and
Brother Foley. There is no proof, however,
that he was a Jesuit. Indeed the evidence
seems clearly to point the other way, for it is
certain that he was one of the exiles in Flan-
ders who in 1596 refused to sign the address
| in favour of the English fathers of the Society
j of Jesus (Records of the English Catholics, i.
! 408).
He is the author of: 1. ' Confutatio
virulentse Disputationis Theologicse, in qua
Georgius Sohn, Professor Academise Heidel-
bergensis, conatus est docere Pontificem Ro-
manum esse Antichristum a Prophet is et Apo-
stolis prsedictum,' Treves, 1589, 4to. Sohn
published a reply at Wiirzburg in 1590, en-
titled ' Anti-Christus Romanus contra Joh.
Aquepontani cavillationes et sophismata.'
2. ' Concertatio Ecclesise Catholicae in Anglia
adversus Calvinopapistas et Puritanos sub
Elizabetha Regina quorundam hominum doc-
trina et sanctitate illustrium renovata et re-
cognita. Quse nunc de novo centum et eo
amplius Martyrum, sexcentorumque insig-
nium virorum rebus gestis variisque certa-
minibus, lapsorum Palinodiis, novis perse-
cutorum edictis, ac doctissimis Catholicorum
de Anglicano seu muliebri Pontificatu, ac
Romani Pontificis in Principes Christianos
auctoritate, disputationibus et defensionibus
aucta,' three parts, Treves, 1 589-94, 4to. The
original work was printed at Treves in 1583r
Bridgman
325
Briercliffe
8vo, its principal compiler being John Gibbons,
rector of the Jesuit college in that city, though
some of the lives of the martyrs were written
by John Fenn, a secular priest. Bridgewater
greatly enlarged the work, which is of great
biographical and historical value. An account
of its multifarious contents Avill be found in
the Chetham Society's l Remains,' xlviii. 47-
60.
[Douay Diaries, 99, 119, 128 bis, 129, 130,
146, 169, 408; Letters and Memorials of Card.
Allen, 77 ; Strype's Annals (folio), i. 327, 330,
338, iii. App. 259 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 510,
ii. 60 ; Wood's Athena Oxon. (Bliss), i. 625 ;
Wood's Colleges and Halls (Ghitch), 241 ; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. 124; Foley's Eecords S. J.. iv. 481,
482, 485, vii. 299 ; Pits, De Anglise Scriptoribus,
868; Southwell's Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu (1676),
402 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com-
pagnie de Je*us (1869), 253; Le Neve's Fasti
(Hardy), i. 229, ii. 581, iii. 577.] T. C.
BRIDGMAN, RICHARD WHALLEY
(1761 P-1820), writer on law, was born about
1761, and died at Bath 16 Nov. 1820, in his
fifty-ninth year. He was an attorney, and
acted as one of the clerks of the Grocers'
Company. He left the following works,
published between 1798 and 1813 : 1. 'The-
saurus Juridicus ; containing the Decisions
of the several Courts of Equity, &c., sys-
tematically digested from the Revolution
to 1798,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1799-1800. 2. < Re-
flections on the Study of the Law,' 1804, 8vo.
3. ' Dukes' Law of Charitable Uses,' &c.,
1805, 8vo. 4. < An Analytical Digested In-
dex of the Reported Cases in the several
Courts of Equity,' 1805, 2 vols. ; 2nd edi-
tion, 1813, 3 vols. ; 3rd edition, edited by
his son, R. O. Bridgman, 1822, 3 vols. 8vo.
5. ' Supplement to the Analytical Digested
Index,' &c., 1807, 8vo. 6. < A Short View of
Legal Bibliography, to which is added a Plan
for classifying a Public or Private Library,'
1807, 8vo. 7. < A Synthesis of the Law of
Nisi Prius,' 1809, 8vo. 8. < Judgment of the
Common Pleas in Benyon against Evelyn,'
1811, 8vo. 9. An annotated edition of Sir
F. Buller's * Introduction to the Law relative
to Trials at Nisi Prius,' 1817, 8vo.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Eeed's Catal. of Law
:Books, 1809; Gent. Mag. 1820, pt. ii. p. 477;
Notes and Queries, 6th ser. xi. 13 ; Brit. Mus.
€at.] C. W. S.
BRIDLINGTON, JOHN DE, SAINT.
{See JOHN.]
BRIDPORT, VISCOUNT. [See HOOD,
ALEXANDEK.]
BRIDPORT or BRIDLESFORD, GILES
OF (d. 1262), bishop of Salisbury, was a
native of the town from which he took his
name. As dean of Wells, an office to which
he was elected in 1253, he arbitrated in
a dispute between the abbot and monks of
Abingdon. In 1255 he was archdeacon of
Buckinghamshire. He was elected bishop of
Salisbury in 1256, and was, as bishop-elect,
sent that year on an embassy by Henry III
to Alexander IV with reference to the money
claimed by the pope for the gift of the Sicilian
crown. The object of this embassy is described
as ' against the clergy and people of England,'
who were taxed to satisfy the pope's demands
(Ann. Dunst. iii. 199). Bridport escaped,
.though not without danger, from the snares
of the French, and on his return to England
was employed to make an agreement with
the clergy as to the payment of the tenth re-
quired of them. He was consecrated 1 1 March
1257, and was allowed by the pope to retain
his former ecclesiastical revenues, along with
his bishopric. When he entered on his see
the cathedral was nearly finished, and he
covered the roof with lead. The church was
consecrated on 30 Sept. 1258 by Archbishop
Boniface, in the presence of the king and many
bishops, who were gathered by Bridport's
exertions (MATT. PARIS, v. 719). On 24 Aug.
1258 he was appointed one of the twenty-four
commissioners of the aid chosen in accordance
with the arrangements of the parliament of
Oxford, and on 21 Nov. 1261 was nominated
by the king as one of the arbitrators between
himself and the barons. In 1260 he founded
the college of Vaux or De Valle Scholarum
at Salisbury. This interesting foundation is
a strong proof of the bishop's munificence and
love of learning. In 1262 he attempted to
exercise visitatorial rights over his chapter,
but withdrew his claim. He died 13 Dec.
1262, and was buried on the south side of
the choir of his church.
[Matt Paris, Chron. Maj. v. ed. Luard, Rolls
Ser. ; Annales, Burton, Oseney, Wikes, ap. Ann.
Monast. Rolls Ser. ; Godwin, De Prsesulibus ; Le-
land's Itin. iii. 94 ; Cassan's Lives of the Bishops
of Salisbury ; Hutchins's Modern Wiltshire, vi.
734 ; Jones's Annals of the Church of Salisbury,
110; Tanner's NotitiaMonastica, 608.] W. H.
BRIERCLIFFE or BREARCLIFFE,
JOHN (1609 P-1682), antiquary, was an
apothecary in Halifax, where he was born, and
where, on 4 Dec. 1682, he died of a fever at the
age of 63. He made various collections relat-
ing to his native town and parish. His ' Sur-
veye of the Housings and Lands within the
Townshippe of Halifax,' 1648, was said to
have been in the library of Halifax church,
but according to Watson, who published his
1 History of Halifax ' in 1775, there had been
Brierley
3*6
Briggs
no such thing there for twenty years. "Wat-
son says he had in his possession ' Halifax
inquieryes for the findeinge out of severall
giftes given to pious uses,' written 22 Dec.
1651. Thoresby (Vic. Leod. p. 68) refers to
his catalogue of the vicars of Halifax, and
inscriptions under their arms painted on
tables in the library of that church.
[Watson's History of Halifax ( 1 775), pp. 454-5 ;
Gough's Topography, ii. 434.] T. F. H.
BRIERLEY, ROGER. [SeeBKERELEY.]
BRIGGS, HENRY (1561-1630), mathe-
matician, was born at Warley Wood, in the
parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, in February
1560-1, according to the entry in the Halifax
parish register. It has been stated, on the
authority of Blomefield's ' Topographical His-
tory of Norfolk,' that Briggs was ' descended
from the ancient family of that name at
Salle in Norfolk ; ' but the pedigrees given
by Blomefield have been described as un-
trustworthy (see discussion of pedigree in
Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 507). There
is evidence, however, that Richard Briggs,
the brother of Henry Briggs, became sub-
master and afterwards head-master of Nor-
folk school. He was a personal friend of Ben
Jonson ; ' an original letter of Ben Jonson,
written in the corner of Farnaby's edition
of Martial,' and addressed ' Amico summo
D. Rich. Briggesio,' is to be found in the
'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1786 (i. 378).
William Briggs [q.v.], as has been conjectured,
may have been the grandson of Richard.
Henry Briggs was sent from a grammar
school in the vicinity of Warley to St. John's
College, Cambridge, in 1577. He became
scholar in 1579, took the degree of B.A. in
1681, and that of M.A. in 1585. In 1588 he
was made fellow of his college, examiner and
lecturer in 1592, and soon after ' Reader of
the Physic Lecture founded by Dr. Linacre.'
When Gresham College was founded in Lon-
don, he became professor of geometry there.
After holding this professorship for twenty-
three years (from 1596 to 1619) Briggs ac-
cepted, at the request of Sir Henry Savile,
the professorship of astronomy at Oxford
which he had founded and had himself held
for some time. At his last lecture Savile
took leave of his audience with a very high
commendation of his successor. For a little
time Briggs continued to hold the professor-
ship at Gresham College, but resigned it in
1620 (25 July). Upon his appointment as
Savilian professor, he was admitted a fellow-
commoner of Merton College, and was in-
corporated M.A.
He had formed a friendship with James
Ussher, afterwards archbishop of Armagh,
in 1609. Two letters of Briggs to Ussher
are in ' Archbishop Ussher's Letters,' Nos. 4
and 16, London, 1686, folio. In the first
of them (dated August 1610) he describes
himself as being engaged on the subject
of eclipses : and in the second (10 March
1615) as being ' wholly employed about the
noble invention of logarithms, then lately
discovered.' On hearing of Napier's dis-
covery he had been struck with enthusiasm,
and in 1616 he went to Scotland to visit
Napier. An interesting account of the first
interview between Briggs and Napier is given
by WTilliam Lilly, the astrologer, in his
1 History of his Life and Times.' When the
two great mathematicians met, Lilly says.
' almost one quarter of an hour was spent,
each beholding other almost with admiration,
before one word was spoke. At last Mr. Briggs
began, "My Lord, I have undertaken this
journey purposely to. see your person, and to
know by what engine of wit or ingenuity
you came first to think of this most excellent
help unto astronomy, viz. the logarithms ;
but, my Lord, being by you found out, I
wonder nobody else found it out before, when
now known it is so easy." ' Lilly goes on to
say that Napier ' was a great lover of astro-
logy, but Briggs the most satirical man
against it that hath been known' (LiLLY,
History of his Life and Times, pp. 154-6).
On another occasion, being asked for his
opinion of judicial astrology, Briggs is said
to have described it as ' a system of ground-
less conceits.'
Briggs died at Merton College 26 Jan.
1630-1. A Greek epitaph was written on
him by Henry Jacob, one of the fellows of
Merton, which ends by saying that his soul
still astronomises and his body geometrises.
He was buried in the college chapel, under a
stone marked only by his name. From the
references to him by his contemporaries it is
evident that he was a man of amiable cha-
racter. Several panegyrics of him are col-
lected in the ' Biographia Britannica.'
In the various visits of Briggs to Napier
the improvements afterwards made in loga-
rithms by Briggs were agreed on between
them. The idea of tables of logarithms hav-
ing 10 for their base, as well as the actual
calculation of the first tables of this kind,
is due to Briggs. The discussions between
Briggs and Napier referred to the methods of
calculation that were to be adopted in carry-
ing out Briggs's suggestion for the better
adaptation of Napier's discovery to the con-
struction of tables.
The following is a list of the published
works of Briggs: 1. ' A Table to find the
Briggs 3
Height of the Pole, the Magnetical Declina-
tion being given.' This table was for an
instrument described by Dr. Gilbert, and
was published by Blundeville in his ' Theo-
riques of the Seven Planets/ London, 1602.
2. ( Tables for the Improvement of Naviga-
tion/ printed in the second edition of Edward
Wright's treatise entitled ' Certain Errors in
Navigation, detected and corrected/ London,
1610. 3. ' Logarithmorum Chilias Prima '
(London, 1617), printed 'for the sake of his
friends and hearers at Gresham College.'
4. ' A Description of an Instrumental Table
to find the Part Proportional, devised by Mr.
Edward Wright, subjoined to Napier's table
of logarithms, translated into English by
Mr. Wright, and after his death published
by Briggs with a preface of his own, Lon-
don, 1616 and 1618.' 5. ' Lucubrationes et
Annotationes in Opera posthuma J. Neperi/
Edin. 1619. 6. ' Euclidis Elementorum Sex
libri priores/ &c., London, 1620 (printed with-
out his name). 7. ' A Tract on the North-
west Passage to the South Sea through the
continent of Virginia/ with only his initials
prefixed, London, 1622. The reason of this
publication was probably that he was then
a member of a company trading to Virginia
(see WARD'S Gresham Professors^). 8. ' Ma-
thematica ab Antiquis minus cognita' (pub-
lished by Dr. George Hakewill). 9. ' Arith-
metica Logarithmica/ London, 1624. 10. t Tri-
gonometria Britannica/ London, 1633. These
last two are Briggs's greatest works. The
second was left unfinished by him, but
was completed and published by his friend
Henry Gellibrand, professor of astronomy at
Gresham College. They are both works of
enormous lubour. The first, for example,
1 contains the logarithms of 30,000 natural
numbers to fourteen places of figures, besides
the index' (see BUTTON'S Mathematical Die-
tionary).
Besides these, Briggs wrote the follow-
ing works, which have never been published:
1. ' Commentaries on the Geometry of Peter
Ramus.' 2. 'Duae Epistolae ad celeberrimum
virum Chr. Longomontanum.' One of these
is said to .contain some remarks about a
treatise of Longomontanus on squaring the
circle, and the other a defence of arith-
metical geometry. 3. ' Animadversiones
Geometricae.' 4. 'De eodem Argumento.'
5. 'A Treatise of Common Arithmetic.' 6. ' A
Letter to Mr. Clarke, of Gravesend, dated
from Gresham College, 25 Feb. 1606 ; with
which he sends him the description of a ruler,
called Bedwell's ruler, with directions how
to draw it.'
In the catalogue of the Ashmolean MSS.
there is a description of ' six mathematical
Briggs
and astronomical letters to Mr. Briggs ' from
Sir Christopher Heydon. They are said to
be ' chiefly on comets.' The second is dated
1 Nov. 1603 ; the fourth, 14 Dec. 1609 ; the
sixth, 21 April 1619.
[Wood's Athense (Bliss), ii. 491 ; Dr. Thomas
Smith's Vitse quorundam eruditissimorum et
illustrium Virorum (1707); Ward's Gresham
Professors ; Benjamin Martin's Biographia Philo-
sophica, 1764; Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Brodrick's
Memorials of Merton Coll. p. 74. For Briggs's
contributions to mathematics see Button's Ma-
thematical and Philosophical Dictionary, under
'Briggs,' ' Napier/ and ' Logarithms.'] T. W-B.
BRIGGS, HENRY PERRONET (1793-
1844), subject and portrait painter, was born
at Walworth in 1793 ; he was of a Norfolk
family and related to Opie the artist. While
still at school at Epping he sent two well-
executed engravings to the ' Gentleman's
Magazine/ and in 1811 entered as a student
at the Royal Academy, where he began to
exhibit in 1814. From that time onwards
until his death he was a constant exhibitor at
the annual exhibitions of the Academy, his
paintings being for the most part historical in
subject, though after his election as an aca-
demician in 1832 he devoted his attention
almost exclusively to portraiture. Two of his
historical pictures, first exhibited at the Aca-
demy in 1826 and 1827, are now in the Na-
tional Gallery : No. 375, the ' First Conference
between the Spaniards and Peruvians, 1531,'
and No. 376, ' Juliet and the Nurse.' His
large painting of ' George III presenting the
Sword to Lord Howe on board the Queen
Charlotte, 1794,' was purchased of him by
the British Institution, and presented to
Greenwich Hospital. Among the more suc-
cessful of the various Shakespearean scenes
delineated by him may be mentioned his
' Othello relating his adventures to Desde-
mona.' Of his numerous portraits, the best
perhaps was that of Lord Eldon. The pic-
tures painted by Briggs, though not with-
out merits of construction, cannot be said
to belong to the highest class of art, his
colouring and flesh-tints especially being
unpleasing. He died in London on 18 Jan.
1844.
[Athenfeum, 27 Jan. 1844 ; Art Union, March
1844 ; Catalogue of the National Gallery (British
and Modern Schools) ; Eedgrave'sDict. of Artists ;
Redgraves' Century of Painters, ii. pp. 78, 79.]
BRIGGS, JOHN, D.D. (1788-1861), ca-
tholic bishop, was born at Manchester on
20 May 1788. He was educated first at Sedge-
ley Park, and afterwards at St. Cuthbert's Col-
lege, Ushaw, which he entered 13 Oct. 1804.
Briggs
328
Briggs
There he began his theological studies, and
by 14 Dec. 1804 had received the tonsure and
the four minor orders. He was ordained sub-
deacon on 19 Dec. 1812, and deacon on 3 April
1813, being advanced to the priesthood on
9 July 1814. For several years he held his
place at St. Cuthbert's College as one of the
professors. In 1818 he was first sent on
the mission to Chester. There he remained
in charge for fourteen years until his nomina-
tion on 28 March 1832 as president of St.
Cuthbert's, when he returned to Ushaw. In
January 1833 he was raised to the episcopate
as coadjutor of Bishop Penswick, and was
consecrated on 29 Jan. 1833 as bishop of
Trachis in Thessalia. On the death of Bishop
Penswick, 28 Jan. 1836, Bishop Briggs suc-
ceeded him as vicar apostolic of the northern
district. On 30 July 1840 the four vicariates,
created in 1688 by Innocent XI, were newly
portioned out into eight by Gregory XVI,
Bishop Briggs's diocese being then restricted
to Yorkshire, and his title thenceforth being
vicar-apostolic of the Yorkshire district.
Ten years afterwards, when Pius IX called
the new catholic hierarchy into existence,
Bishop Briggs was translated on 29 Sept.
1850 to Beverley. Having held that see for
ten years, he at length, by reason of his in-
creasing infirmities, resigned it on 7 Nov.
1860, and two months later, on 4 Jan. 1861,
died in his seventy-third year at his house in
York. On 10 Jan. he was buried in the old
parochial church of St. Leonard at Hazle-
wood, Tadcaster, which among all the parish
churches of England has the exceptional
peculiarity of having remained uninterrup-
tedly a catholic church ever since its founda-
tion in 1286 by Sir William de Vavasour.
The bishop was a count of the holy Roman
empire, and a domestic prelate of his holiness,
as well as assistant at the pontifical throne.
He was remarkable for his lofty and com-
manding stature, and in his later years had
a peculiarly noble and patriarchal presence.
His chosen motto, which was justified by his
twenty-seven years of episcopal rule, was
pre-eminently characteristic, ' Non recuso
laborem.'
[Brady's Episcopal Succession, 280, 341, 396-
398 ; Annual Register for 1861, 407 ; Gent. Mag.
January 1861, 232; Hull Advertiser, 12 Jan.
1861, 4-5; Tablet, 12 Jan. 1861, 17, 21.]
O.K.
BRIGGS, JOHN (1785-1875), Indian
officer, entered the Madras infantry in 1801.
He took part in both the Mahratta wars of
the present century, serving in the campaign
which ended that eventful struggle as a poli-
tical officer under Sir John Malcolm, whom
he had previously accompanied on his mission
to Persia in 1810. He was one of Mount-
stuart Elphinstone's assistants in the Dekhan,
subsequently served in Khandesh, and suc-
ceeded Captain Grant Duff" as resident at
Sattara, after which, in 1831, he was ap-
pointed senior member of the board of com-
missioners for the government of Mysore
when the administration of that state was
assumed by the British government owing
to the misrule of the maharaja. His ap-
pointment to this office, which was made by
the governor-general, Lord William Ben-
tinck, was not agreeable to the government
of Madras, and after a somewhat stormy
tenure of office, which lasted barely a year,
Briggs resigned his post in September 1832,
and was transferred to the residency of
Nagpur, where he remained until 1835. In
that year he left India, and never returned.
In 1838 he attained the military rank of
major-general. After his return to England
he took a prominent part as a member of the
court of proprietors of the East India Com-
pany in the discussion of Indian affairs, and
was a vigorous opponent of Lord Dalhousie's
annexation policy. He was also an active
member of the Anti-Corn-law League. He
was a good Persian scholar, and translated
Ferishta's l Mohammadan Power in India/
and the ' Siyar-al-Mutakhirin,' which recorded
the decline of the Moghul power. He was
also the author of an essay on the land tax
of India, and in a series of ' Letters addressed
to a young person in India ' he discussed in
a light but instructive style various questions
bearing upon the conduct of young Indian
officers, civil and military, and especially
their treatment of the natives. Briggs was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society in recog-
nition of his proficiency in oriental literature.
He died at Burgess Hill, Sussex, on 27 April
1875, at the age of eighty-nine.
[Allen's Indian Mail, 1875; Letters addressed
to a Young Person in India, by Lieutenant-colonel
John Briggs, late Kesident at Sattara ; On the
Land Tax of India, &c., by Lieutenant-colonel
John Briggs, London, 1830 ; Memoir of General
John Briggs, by Major Evans Bell, London,
1885.] A. J. A.
BRIGGS, JOHN JOSEPH (1819-1876),
naturalist and topographer, was born in the
village of King's Newton, near Melbourne,
Derbyshire, 6 March 1819. His father, John
Briggs, who married his cousin, Mary Briggs,
was born and resided for eighty-eight years
on the same farm, at King's Newton, which
had been the freehold of his ancestors for three
centuries. John Joseph went, in 1828, to the
boarding school of Mr. Thomas Rossel Potter,
Briggs
329
Briggs
the well-known historian of ' Charnwood
Forest,' at Wymeswold, Leicestershire, and
in 1833 to the Rev. Solomon Saxon, of Darley
Dale. Early in life he was apprenticed to Mr.
Bemrose, the venerable head of the printing
firm of Bemrose £ Sons, Derby ; but ill-health
compelling him to relinquish an indoor oc-
cupation, he thenceforward devoted himself,
like his ancestors, to farming. He became
the faithful chronicler of the seasons, and re-
corded all the facts and occurrences coming
within his observation during at least thirty
years. He kept these notes carefully bound
in manuscript volumes, and shortly before his
death they were announced for publication,
but have not yet been given to the world.
Meanwhile he utilised his notes regularly in
the ' Field ' newspaper, in which as early as
1855 he had originated ' The Naturalists'
Column,' and entered into correspondence
with the leading naturalists of the time. His
papers also in the ' Zoologist,' ' Critic,' ' Reli-
quary,' ' Sun,' ' Derby Reporter,' and ' Leices-
tershire Guardian ' (edited by his old school-
master Mr. Potter), were full of picturesque
descriptions of nature and sketches of places
and objects in the midland counties of archaeo-
logical and antiquarian interest. He became
a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature,
and a member of the British Archaeological
Association. In 1869 he married Hannah
Soar of Chellaston. Shortly before his death
he had retired upon an ample competency,
but his health failed, and he died at the place
of his birth on 23 March 1876, leaving a
widow, a son, and three daughters.
His works consist of: 1. 'Melbourne,
a Sketch of its History and Antiquity,' 1839,
4to. 2. 'History of Melbourne, including Bio- |
graphical Notices,' &c., with plates and wood-
cuts, Derby, 1852, 8vo, pp. 206. 3. « The j
Trent and other Poems,' Derby, 1857, 8vo ; '
with additions, Derby, 1859, 8vo. 4. < The |
Peacock at Rowsley,' London, 1869, 8vo, a
gossiping book about fishing and country life,
descriptive of a well-known resort of anglers
at the junction of the Wye and Derwent.
•6. * Guide to Melbourne and King's Newton,'
Derby, 1870, 8vo. 0. 'History and Anti-
quities of Remington, Leicestershire,' twelve
copies, privately printed, with coloured litho-
graphs and woodcuts, London, 1873, large
4to. Besides these works and the unpub-
lished observations on natural history, Briggs
had been for many years collecting materials
for a book to be entitled ' The Worthies of
Derbyshire,' for which we believe he had
notes for at least 700 memoirs. This work,
however, has not been published.
[Briggs's Works ; Reliquary, 1876; personal
recollections.] J. W.-G.
BRIGGS, SIB JOHN THOMAS (1781-
1865), accountant-general of the navy, of an
old Norfolk family, a direct descendant of
Dr. William Briggs [q. v.],and, in a collateral
line, of Professor Henry Briggs [q. v.], was
born in London on 4 June 1781. He entered
early into the civil service of the admi-
ralty, and at the age of twenty-five was
appointed secretary to the ' commission for
revising and digesting the civil affairs of
the navy,' under the presidency of Lord
Barham, in which capacity he was the vir-
tual author of the voluminous reports is-
sued by the commission, 1806-9. When
the work of this commission was ended,
Briggs was appointed assistant-secretary of
the victualling board, a post which he
held till, in 1830, he was selected by Sir
James Graham, then first lord of the ad-
miralty, as his private secretary ; but was
shortly afterwards advanced to be commis-
sioner and accountant-general of the victual-
ling board. That board was abolished in
1832, and Briggs was appointed accountant-
general of the navy. He held this office for
the next twenty-two years, during which
term many and important improvements
were made in the system of accounts, in the
framing of the naval estimates, in the method
of paying the seamen, and, more especially,
in enabling them to remit part of their pay
to their wives and families. In 1851 Briggs
received the honour of knighthood in ac-
knowledgment of his long and efficient de-
partmental service, from which he retired in
1854. He died at Brighton on 3 Feb. 1865.
His wife, to whom he was married in 1807,
survived him several years, and died at the
age of ninety, on 24 Dec. 1873. His son, Sir
John Henry Briggs, chief clerk at the ad-
miralty, was knighted on his retirement in
1870, after a service of forty-two years.
[Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. xviii. 395 ; obituary
notice, Morning Post, 8 Feb. 1865, and of Lady
Briggs, ib., 3 Jan. 1874; leading art. in Daily
Telegraph, 6 Jan. 1874; information contributed
by Sir J. H. Briggs.] J. K. L.
BRIGGS, WILLIAM (1642-1704), phy-
sician and oculist, was born at Norwich, for
which city his father, Augustine Briggs, was
four times M.P. At thirteen he was entered /?!
at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, under Tenison, ^ (
became a fellow of his college in 1668, and
M.A. in 1670. After some years spent in
tuition and in studying medicine, he went to
France and attended the lectures of Vieussens
at Montpellier, under the patronage of Ralph
Montagu (afterwards Duke of Montagu),
then British ambassador to France. To him
Briggs dedicated his ' Ophthalmographia,' an
Brigham
330
Brigham
anatomical description of the eye, published
at Cambridge in 1676, on his return from
France. He proceeded M.D. at Cambridge
in 1677, and was elected a fellow of the
London College of Physicians in 1682. In
the latter year the first part of his ' Theory
of Vision ' was published by Hooke (Philo-
sophical Collections, No. 6, p. 167); the
second part was published in the ' Philo-
sophical Transactions ' in 1683. The l Theory
of Vision' was translated into Latin, and
published in 1685 by desire of Sir Isaac
Newton, who wrote a commendatory preface
to it, acknowledging the benefit he had de-
rived from Briggs's anatomical skill and
knowledge. A second edition of the ' Oph-
thalmographia ' was published in 1687. Se-
veral points in Briggs's account of the eye
are noteworthy, one being his recognition of
the retina as an expansion in which the fibres
of the optic nerve are spread out ; another,
his laying emphasis upon the hypothesis of
vibrations as an explanation of the pheno-
mena of nervous action. Briggs practised
with great success in London, especially in
diseases of the eye ; was physician to St.
Thomas's Hospital 1682-9, physician in ordi-
nary to William III from 1696, and censor
of the College of Physicians in 1685, 1686,
1692. In 1689, according to a curious me-
morial on one sheet preserved in the British
Museum, Dr. Briggs was at great expense
in vindicating the title of the crown to St.
Thomas's Hospital, but was himself dis-
missed from his post, owing, as he states, to
the machinations of a rival physician. From
the same sheet we learn that, although he
attended the royal household with great zeal
for five years, he could get no pay ; and not-
withstanding that in 1698 William III pro-
mised that he should be considered, this was
of no avail. In consequence of these circum-
stances, apparently early in Anne's reign, he
begs for consideration in regard to the hos-
pital appointment. He died 4 Sept. 1704, at
Town Mailing in Kent. His son, Henry
Briggs, chaplain to George II, and rector of
Holt in Norfolk, erected a cenotaph to his
father's memory in Holt church in 1737.
The inscription is quoted by Munk. His
portrait, by R. White, was engraved by
Faber.
[Bayle, Lond. 1735. iii. 592 ; Biog. Brit. 1747,
i. 982; Memorial of Dr. "W. Briggs relating to
St. Thomas's Hospital, n.d. (about 1702) ; Munk's
Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 424.] G. T. B.
BRIGHAM, NICHOLAS (d. 1558), is
mentioned by Bale (8criptore»t edit. 1557-9,
not in that of 1548) as a Latin scholar and
antiquarian, who gave up literature to prac-
tise in the law courts, and who flourished in
1550. To this Pits adds that he was no com-
mon poet and a good orator, and that in 1555
he built a tomb for the bones of Chaucer in
Westminster Abbey. Later writers have
taken this to be Nicholas Brigham, a ' teller r
of the exchequer, who died in 1558. Wood
(Athence Oxon. i. 309) conjectures that he
was born near Caversham, where his eldest
brother Thomas had lands of inheritance, and
died in 6 Edward VI, but was descended
from the Brighams of Brigham in Yorkshire.
Now one Anthony Brigham was made bailiff"
of the king's manor of Caversham in 1543
(Pat. 35 Hen. VIII, p. 14, m. 6), and in 1544
had a grant of lands called Canon End there
(Pat. 36 Hen. VIII, p. 2), but no Nicholas
appears in the pedigree of Brigham of Canon
End (Harl. MS. 1480, fol. 44, in which
Anthony Brigham is erroneously called cof-
ferer of the household), nor is either Anthony
or Nicholas named in that of Brigham of
Brigham (POULSON, Holderness, ii. 268).
Wood further supposes that he studied at
Hart Hall, Oxford, but whether or not he
took a degree does not appear. Brigham had
a grant on 29 June 1544 of the reversion,
after his father-in-law, Hie. Warner, of a
tellership in the exchequer (Pat. 36 Hen. VIII,
p. 19, m. 25), and on 23 May 1558, as a teller
of the exchequer, a grant of 507. a year for
life, which was confirmed on 14 Aug. follow-
ing to him and Margaret, his wife, in sur-
vivorship (Pat. 4 and 5 Ph. and M. p. 13,
m. 1, and 5 and 6 Ph. and M. p. 3, m. 30).
In the spring of 1558 the queen appointed
him receiver of the loan made her by the city
of London, and general receiver of all subsi-
dies, fifteenths, or other benevolences. Part
of Sir Henry Dudley's conspiracy, for which
many suffered death in 1556, was to seize
the money of the exchequer in custody of
Brigham. One of the conspirators, William
Hunnys, or Hinnes, or Ennys (by Froude,
Hist. vi. 441, called Heneage), of the royal
chapel, who ' kept Brigham's wife, and was
very familiar with him by that means,' was
to find a way to do this ; but Brigham's own
money, which he kept with the queen's, was
not to be taken, as he was ' a very plain man/
and they would have enough money without
his. On Brigham's death in 1558 his widow
forthwith married this Hunnys, who had es-
caped the fate of most of his fellow-conspira-
I tors ; and there is in Somerset House an entry
of a decree of 4 Nov. 1559 that a will made
in September, October, November, or Decem-
ber 1 558, leaving all his property to his wife,
which will was disputed by James Brigham,
nephew of Nicholas, is to be held valid, and
that William Hunnys, ' husband and execu-
Bright
331
Bright
tor of the last will and testament ' of Mar-
garet, late wife of Nicholas Brigham, is to
execute the trusts contained in it. From this
it appears that Brigham died in December
1558, and that Margaret did not long sur-
vive him — indeed, her will, dated 2 June
1559, was proved on 12 Oct. following. Brig-
ham had but one child, Rachael, who died on
21 June 1557, and was buried near Chaucer's
tomb in Westminster Abbey with this in-
scription— l Unica qusd fueram proles spesque
alma parent um Hoc Rachael Brigham condita
sum tumulo. Vixit annis quatuor, mensibus
tribus, diebus quatuor horis 15.' He wrote:
(1) ' DeVenationibus Rerum Memorabilium ;'
(2) ' Memoirs by way of a Diary; ' and (3) ' Mis-
cellaneous Poems,' but none of these seem
now to be extant. Perhaps his only produc-
tion now known is his epitaph on Chaucer.
Before his time a leaden plate hung in St. Ben-
net's Chapel, in Westminster Abbey, with
Chaucer's epitaph by Surigonius of Milan
(DAKT, i. p. 83) : ' Galfridus Chaucer vates et
fama Poesis Mat erne hac sacra sum tumulatus
humo.' Brigham in 1555 removed the poet's
bones to a marble tomb he had built in the
south transept, and on which there was a
portrait of Chaucer taken from Occleve's 'De
Regimine Principis,' with this epitaph : —
Qui fuit Anglorum vates ter maximus olim
Galfridus Chaucer conditur hoc tumulo :
Annum si quseras Domini, si tempora vitse,
Ecco notae subsunt quse tibi cuncta notant.
25 Octobris 1400.
-ZErumnarum requies mors.
After which comes —
N. Brigham hos fecit Musarum nomine sumptus.
and round the base,
Pi rogitas quis eram, forsan te fama docebit ;
Quod si fama negat, mundi quia gloria transit,
Haec monumenta lege.
[Bale's Scriptores, ed. 1557-9 ; Pits ; Weever's
Funeral Monuments, ed. 1631, p. 489; Tanner;
Wood's Athense Oxon. i. 309; Dodd's Hist, of
the Church, i. 369 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1547-80, pp. 77, 101, 102, and 1601-3, Add.
p. 538; Dart's Westminster Abhey, i. 83, ii.61 ;
Camden's Reges, Reginae, &c. (ed/1606), pp. 66,
67 ; Patent Rolls.] R. H. B.
BRIGHT, HENRY (1814-1873), water-
colour painter, was born at Saxmundham,
Suffolk, in 1814. His talent for drawing
was early exhibited, but little encouraged.
He was apprenticed by his father to a chemist
and druggist at Woodbridge. After serving
his time he went to Norwich, and became
dispenser to the Norwich Hospital. Whilst
yet at Woodbridge he seems to have given to
drawing whatever time he could get. The
removal to Norwich, throwing him as it did
into the company of the then famous artists-
of that city, was fortunate, as well for the
world as for him. The influence of such
painters as John Crome, Cotman, the elder
Ladbrook, Stark, and Vincent was soon suf-
ficient to make him abandon his bottles for
the brush. He gave up his place at the
hospital, and came to London to study.
Here his talents introduced him to Prout,
David Cox, J. D. Harding, and other well-
known London painters, and he soon became
a member of the Institute of Painters in
Water Colours, and later of the Graphic
Society. To the exhibitions of the former
society he contributed in 1841 and 1844.
He then seceded from it, and 'from that
time till 1850 was an exhibitor of land-
scapes in oil to the Royal Academy exhibi-
tions.' He spent more than twenty years
in London, and then, his health failing, he
retired to Ipswich, where he died on 21 Sept.
1873. During the time of his residence in
London he spent a part of each year in
travelling, when he painted scenery on the
Rhine, the coasts of France and Holland, the
Isle of Arran, and the Yorkshire Moors. OIL
one of the continental trips he met J. W. M.
Turner, and formed an acquaintance with
him which ripened into friendship. The first
painting in oil which he exhibited was hung
at the Academy in 1845. It was bought
by Clarkson Stanfield, II. A. The result of
this purchase was an enduring friendship
between the two painters. Prout and Hard-
ing were admirers of Bright's pictures and
sketches. The queen and the prince consort
were among his earliest patrons. In 1844 a
water-colour painting called ' Entrance to
an old Prussian Lawn — Winter — Evening
effect ' was bought by her majesty, who now
possesses several others of Bright's works.
As a teacher of his art Bright was for some
years very popular, and derived nearly 2,000/.
a year from this branch of his profession.
Bright's pictures are varied in subject, and
usually masterly in manipulation. His co-
louring is rich and deep. The largest and
finest of his pictures (Suffolk Chronicle,
27 Sept. 1873), amongst which is ' Orford
Castle,' are in the possession of Mr. Charles
T. Maud of Bath.
[Art Journal, October 1873; Suffolk Chro-
nicle, 27 Sept. 1873 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists
of the English School ; Athenaeum, 27 Sept.
1873.] E. R.
BRIGHT, HENRY ARTHUR (1830-
1884), merchant and author, was born at
Liverpool on 9 Feb. 1830, the eldest son of
Samuel Bright, J.P. (1799-1870 ; a younger
Bright
332
Bright
brother of Richard Bright, M.D., the patho-
logist), by Elizabeth Anne, eldest daughter
of Hugh Jones, a Liverpool banker. The
family pedigree goes back to Nathaniel Bright
of Worcester (1493-1564), whose grandson,
Henry (1562-1 626), was canon of Worcester,
and purchased the manor of Brockbury in
the parish of Colwall, Herefordshire, which
still remains in the family. Henry Arthur
Bright, who on his mother's side was related
to the late Lord Houghton, was educated
at Rugby, under Tait, and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he qualified for his degree,
but as a nonconformist was unable to make
the subscription then required as a condition
of graduation. When this restriction had
been removed, Bright and his relative James
Heywood were the first nonconformists to
take the Cambridge degrees of B.A. (1857) and
M.A. (1860). On leaving Cambridge Bright
became a partner with his father in the ship-
ping firm of Gibbs, Bright, & Co., by whose
enterprise regular communication was esta-
blished between this country and Australia.
Bright was chairman of the sailors' home in
Canning Street in 1867, and again in 1877 ; in
the latter year the dispensary in the Custom
House arcade was opened mainly through
his exertions, and in August 1878 a second
sailors' home, projected by him, was opened in
Luton Street. In 1865 he was placed on the
commission of peace for the borough, and
in 1870 for the county. He was a Unitarian
in religion, and from 1856 to 1860, by his
counsels and by his pen, very much guided
the policy of the ' Inquirer ' newspaper towards
conservative unitarianism. He wrote also in
the ' Christian Reformer,' and contributed
occasionally to the ' Christian Life,' esta-
blished in 1876. But his catholicity of spirit
may be seen in one of his most finished
public speeches, at the Liverpool celebration
of the Channing centennial (Centenary Com-
memoration, fyc., 1880, p. 176 seq.) In Liver-
pool he held a place unique in his time, but
akin to that filled by William Roscoe in a
previous generation, as a centre of literary
interests and literary friendships. He was
a member of the Roxburghe Club and of the
Philobiblon Society, as well as of the local
historical and literary societies. His personal
intercourse with literary men and women
was very extended and sympathetic, and was
sustained by a wide correspondence, in which
his own part was characterised by a singular
fertility and charm. In the world of letters
he will be best remembered by the frequent
allusions to him in the * Note-books ' and bio-
graphy of Hawthorne, whose acquaintance he
made at Concord in 1852. The friendship was
renewed and deepened in the following year,
when Hawthorne became consul at Liver-
pool. In 1854 they made a tour in Wales
together, and till Hawthorne's death the in-
timacy of their intercourse was not relaxed.
As a literary critic Bright possessed great
judgment and much felicity of expression.
He wrote for the ' Examiner,' and contributed
regularly to the 'Athenaeum' from 1871.
His great literary success was the ' Year in
a Lancashire Garden/ 1879, a delicious nar-
rative, in which the truth of nature and the
poetry of literature are happily blended. In
1882 his health, never robust, began seriously
to give way. He tried the effect of a sojourn
| in the south of France, and a winter at
] Bournemouth, but returned to Liverpool in
the spring of 1884, and died on 5 May at his
residence, Ashfield, Knotty Ash. In 1861 he
I had married Mary Elizabeth, eldest daughter
! of Samuel H. Thompson of Thingwall Hall,
and left three sons and two daughters. Of
I his publications the following are of most
' interest : 1. i A Historical Sketch of War-
rington Academy,' 1859, 8vo (reprinted from
the l Transactions of the Historic Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire,' vol. xi. ; chiefly
drawn up from original papers in his posses-
sion). 2. ' The Brights of Colwall,' 1872, 8vo
(reprinted from ' The Herald and Genealo-
gist,' vol. vii.) 3. ' Some Account of the
Glenriddell MSS. of Burns's Poems,' 1874, 4to
(these manuscripts had been deposited in the
Liverpool Athenaeum Library by the widow
of Wallace Currie, son of Burns's biographer ;
Bright first made them known, communicat-
ing the unpublished matter to the ' Athe-
nseum ' of 1 Aug. 1874). 4. ' Poems from Sir
Kenelm Digby's Papers,' 1877, 4to (edited for
the Roxburghe Club from papers long in the
possession of the Bright family). 5. 'A
Year in a Lancashire Garden,' 1879, 8vo (first
published, month by month, in the ' Gar-
dener's Chronicle ' for 1874; fifty copies were
privately printed in 1875 ; the published
volume has considerable additions ; there are
two editions, same year). 6. ' The English
Flower Garden,' 1881, 8vo (originally contri-
buted as an article to the ' Quarterly Review,
April 1880). 7. ' Unpublished Letters from
Samuel Taylor Coleridge to the Rev. John
Prior Estlin,' 1884, 4to (printed for the Philo-
biblon Society ; the letters belong to Cole-
ridge's Unitarian period, and include a pre-
viously unprinted poem). He contributed
also a hymn (' To the Father through the
Son') to * Hymns, Chants, and Anthems/
1858, edited by John Hamilton Thorn for
Renshaw Street Unitarian chapel ; and wrote
(before 1858) 'The Lay of the Unitarian
Church/ a spirited poem, originally contri-
buted to a magazine (; Sabbath Leisurfcf*
Bright
333
Bright
edited by J. R. Beard, D.D.), and issued
anonymously and without date as a tract
about 1870. To the same magazine he con-
tributed a prose tale, ' The Martyr of Antioch,'
illustrating the early history of Arianism ;
part of this was reprinted in the ' Christian
Freeman.'
[The Brights of Colwall, p. 11 ; Christian
Life, 10 and 17 May 1884, where are collected
the chief obituary notices from the London and
Liverpool papers; Athenaeum, 10 May 1884;
Times, 10 May 1884 ; Luard's Graduati Cantab.,
1873, p. 53 ; Passages from the English Note-
books of N. Hawthorne, 1870, i. 105, &c. ; N.
Hawthorne and his Wife, 1885, ii. 21-7, &c.
(contains nine letters from Bright) ; private infor-
mation.] A. Gr.
BRIGHT, SIB JOHN (1619-1688), par-
liamentarian, of Carbrook and Badsworth,
Yorkshire, born in 1619, took up arms for
the parliament at the outbreak of the civil
war. He raised several companies in the
neighbourhood of Sheffield, and received a
captain's commission from Lord Fairfax. He
was also named one of the sequestration
commissioners for the West Riding (1 April
1643). About the same date he became a
colonel of foot : ' He was but young when he
first had the command, but he grew very va-
liant and prudent, and had his officers and
soldiers under good conduct' (Memoirs of
Captain John Hodgson, p. 102). He accom-
panied Sir T. Fairfax in his expedition into
Cheshire, commanded a brigade at the battle
of Selby, and on the surrender of the castle
of Sheffield was appointed governor of that
place (August 1644), and a little later mili-
tary governor of York. In the second civil
war he served under Cromwell in Scotland,
and also took part in the siege of Pontefract.
On Cromwell's second expedition into Scot-
land, Bright threw up his commission when
the army arrived at Newcastle, in con-
sequence of the refusal of a fortnight's leave
(HODGSON, Memoirs). Nevertheless he con-
tinued to take an active part in public affairs.
In 1651 he was commissioned to raise a regi-
ment to oppose the march of Charles II into
England (Cal State Papers, Dom. Ser.),
and he undertook the same service in 1659,
on the rising headed by Sir George Booth
(Journals of the House of Commons). In
1654 and 1655 he was high sheriff of York-
shire, and he also acted as governor of York
and of Hull. ' He may be presumed to have
concurred in the measures for bringing about
the Restoration, for we find that as early as
July 1660 he was admitted into the order of
baronets, having been previously knighted '
(HTTNTER). He died on 13 Sept. 1688.
[Hunter's History of Hallamshire (ed. Gatty),
3rd ed., contains the pedigree of Bright's family,
and an account of his life ; The Memoirs of Captain
John Hodgson, who served under him, give some
of the details of his military services ; in the
Fairfax Correspondence (Memoirs of the Civil
Wars, i. 83-113), two of Bright's letters during-
the first civil war are printed, and the Baynes
correspondence in the British Museum contains
a large number of his letters relating to the
financial affairs of his regiment ; in the Thurloe
State Papers, vi. 784, is a letter from Bright to
Cromwell (February 1658) resigning the govern-
ment of Hull ; there is an account of his funeral
in Boothroyd's Pontefract, pp. 294-5.]
C.H. F.
BRIGHT, JOHN (1783-1870), physician,
was born in Derbyshire, and educated at
Wadham College, Oxford, where he gradu-
ated B.A. 1801, and M.D. 1808. He at first
practised in Birmingham, and was appointed
physician to the General Hospital in 1810,
but before long he removed to London. He
was elected fellow of the College of Phy-
sicians in 1809, was several times censor, and
was Harveian orator in 1830. From 1822 to
1843 he was physician to the Westminster
Hospital. In 1836 he was appointed lord
chancellor's adviser in lunacy, to which
office he almost entirely limited himself for
many years. He never practised extensively,
having an ample private fortune. ' He was/
says the ' Lancet,' ' a most accomplished
classical scholar, and may be said to have
represented that old school of physicians
whose veneration for Greek and Latin cer-
tainly exceeded their estimation of modern
pathological research, and who valued an
elegant and scholarly prescription before the
most searching post-mortem report.' He died
1 Feb. 1870, aged 87.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), iii. 79 ; Lancet,
obit, notice, 12 Feb. 1870.] G. T. B.
BRIGHT, MYNORS (1818-1883), de-
cipherer of Pepys, born in 1818, was the son
of John Bright (the subject of the previous
article), and of Eliza his wife ( College Books).
He was educated at Shrewsbury, and entered
Magdalene College,Cambridge, on 3 July 1835.
He was a senior optime in mathematics, and
took a second-class in classics. He proceeded
B.A. in 1840, and M.A. in 1843. He became
foundation-fellow, tutor, and eventually presi-
dent of Magdalene, and was chosen proctor in
1853. The Pepysian library being at Magda-
lene, Bright resolved to re-decipher the whole
of Pepys's ' Diary,' and to this end he learnt
the cipher from Shelton's ' Tachygraphy.' In
1873 he retired from Magdalene, and left Cam-
bridge for London. His ' Pepys ' was printed
Bright
334
Bright
between 1875 and 1879, and was published
simultaneously in 4to and 8vo, 6 vols. each.
The edition includes engravings of Faithorne's
' Map of London,' 1658, and Evelyn's ' Pos-
ture of the Dutch Fleet/ 1667. It corrects
numerous errors occurring in the original de-
cipherment, and inserts many passages hither-
to suppressed.
Bright became paralysed about 1880, and
died on 23 Feb. 1883, aged 65. He never
married. Part of his interest in his ' Pepys '
he bequeathed to Magdalene College. His
portrait was painted by F. Dickenson, and
presented by his friends to his college.
[Magdalene College Books ; Le Neve's Fasti
(Hardy), iii. 635 ; Academy, No. 565, p. 151 ;
Crockford's Clergy List, 1882 ; Athenseum, No.
2888, p. 280 ; Bright'* Pepys's Diary, Preface,
i. pp. vii, viii, ii. p. viii ; private information.]
J. H.
BRIGHT, RICHARD (1789-1858), phy-
sician, born at Queen Square, Bristol, on
28 Sept: 1789, was the third son of Richard
Bright, a merchant and banker of that city.
The father belonged to the family of the
Brights of Brockbury, Herefordshire, who
trace their descent from Henry Bright, D.D.
(d. 1626), master of the King's School at Wor-
cester in Queen Elizabeth's time. In 1808 he
matriculated at the university of Edinburgh in
the faculty of arts, attending the instructions
of Dugald Stewart, Playfair, and Leslie in
their respective subjects, and in the next
year entered the medical faculty, where his
teachers were Hope, Monro, and Duncan.
In the summer of 1810 he was invited to
join Sir George Stuart Mackenzie and Mr.
(afterwards Sir Henry) Holland on a visit
to Iceland, which occupied some months.
To the account of this voyage, written by Sir
George Mackenzie (' Travels in Iceland,' Edin-
burgh, 1811), Bright contributed chapters
on botany and zoology. He also brought
back with him a large collection of dried
plants; and though this journey must have
been a serious interruption to his professional
studies, doubtless it had its use in training
his great powers of exact observation.
On returning from Iceland, Bright pursued
his medical studies in London, living for two
years in the house of one of the resident
officers of Guy's Hospital. Here he attended
the medical lectures of Dr. W. Babington
and James Currie, and studied anatomy and
surgery in the united school of Guy's and
St. Thomas's, under Astley Cooper, the two
Clines, and Travers. It is supposed that
from Astley Cooper he imbibed a sense of the
value of morbid anatomy in the study of
disease ; and even at that time he executed
a drawing, since preserved, of the appearance
of the kidney in that malady, by the investi-
gation of which he afterwards made himself
famous. At the same time he became inte-
rested in the study of geology, probably
through the example of Dr. William Bab-
ington, and in 1811 he read a paper to the
Geological Society on the strata in the neigh-
bourhood of Bristol.
In 1812 Bright returned to Edinburgh,
where the celebrated Dr. Gregory was his
principal teacher in medicine, and where he
still pursued the study of geology and natural
history under Professor Jameson. He gra-
duated M.D. on 13 Sept. 1812, with a disser-
tation, ' De Erysipelate Contagioso.' It was
at that time his intention to graduate also at
Cambridge, and accordingly he entered at
Peterhouse, of which college his brother was
a fellow ; but after having kept two terms
he found residence in college incompatible
with his other pursuits, and left the univer-
sity. Bright then returned to London, and
became a pupil at the public dispensary under
Dr. Bateman. But his love of travel again
carried him away from London, and in 1814,
when the continent became open to English
travellers, he made a tour through Holland
and Belgium to Berlin, where he spent some
months, attending the hospital practice of
Horn and Hufeland, besides profiting by the
acquaintance of other eminent men of science.
From Berlin he passed to Vienna, where he
spent the winter of 1814-15.
What is known as the old Vienna School
of Medicine was then in high repute, and
Hildenbrand was the chief clinical profes-
sor ; but Bright was also much impressed
by the then celebrated John P. F. Frank.
The political interest of the congress then
sitting also engaged much of Bright's atten-
tion, and he refers to it in an account of his
travels which he afterwards published. In
the spring he extended his journey to Hun-
gary, but returned in the summer in time to
reach Brussels a fortnight after the battle of
Waterloo. Here the immense military hos-
pitals, crowded with sufferers after the great
battle, supplied matter of professional inte-
rest which naturally delayed his homeward
journey.
On 23 Dec. 1816 Bright was admitted a
licentiate of the College of Physicians. Soon
after he was made assistant physician to the
London Fever Hospital, and filled the same
office for a short time at the Public Dispen-
sary. In the fever hospital he contracted
a severe attack of fever which nearly cost
him his life. Whether in consequence of this
illness, or from other reasons, it is curious to
note that Bright was in 1818 again induced to
Bright
set out on continental travel, and spent the
greater part of a year in a tour through Ger-
many, Italy, and France. In the year 1820,
however, he finally settled down in London,
in Bloomsbury Square; and being in the
same year elected assistant-physician to Guy's
Hospital, he commenced that course of ar-
duous clinical study and indefatigable in-
dustry as a teacher which made his own
reputation, and contributed much to raise
that of the school in which he worked. In
1824 he was made full physician, and occu-
pied this post till 1843, when, on resigning,
he was made consulting physician.
Bright's energy and industry in his hos-
pital work were very remarkable. For some
years he is said to have spent six hours a day
in the wards or post-mortem room, and he
was an active lecturer in the medical school.
In 1822 he gave a course on botany in rela-
tion to materia medica, which was continued
for three years. In 1823 he began to give
clinical lectures ; in 1824 he took part in the
medical lectures with Dr. Cholmley, and
afterwards for many years shared the course
with Dr. Addison. The outcome of their
joint labours was the commencement of a
text-book, ' Elements of the Practice of Me-
dicine/ of which, however, only one volume
appeared in 1839, and this was understood
to be chiefly the composition of Addison.
In 1827 he published the first volume of
a collection of ' Reports of Medical Cases/
intended to show the importance of morbid
anatomy in the study of disease. In this he
gave the first account of those researches on
dropsy with which his name is inseparably
connected, though his first observation on
the subject was made, he says, in 1813.
While the symptom dropsy, or watery swell-
ing, had been known from the earliest period
of medicine, it had been, shortly before
Bright's time, shown by Blackall and Wells
that it was in many cases connected with a
special symptom, namely, that the urine was
coagulable by heat, from the presence in it
of albumen. But these two symptoms were
not traced to their source, or connected with
a diseased condition of any organ. Bright,
by his investigations of the state of the
body after death, ascertained that in all such
cases a peculiar condition of the kidneys was
present, and thus proved that the symptoms
spoken of were really those of a disease of
the kidneys. The explanation once given
seems as simple as ' putting two and two to-
gether ; ' but the importance of the discovery
is shown by the fact that no one before had
suspected the kidney to be the organ impli-
cated. It proved Bright not only to be an
acute observer, but to possess the much rarer
5 Bright
faculty of synthesis, which makes an ob-
server a discoverer. The truth and importance
of his researches were soon generally recog-
nised. In a short time Morbus Brightii, or
Bright's Disease, was a familiar appellation
over the whole of Europe, and will doubtless
! preserve the memory of Bright so long as the
' disease is known by a separate name. Next
to Laennec's discoveries in chest diseases, this
of Bright's is perhaps the most important
special discovery made in medicine in the first
half of the nineteenth century.
The volume of medical reports contained,
besides those on dropsy, other observations,
which would alone have made the book a
very valuable one. It was followed in 1831
by a second volume, in two parts, containing
reports on diseases of the brain and nervous
system, full of observation of the highest
value. Both volumes are illustrated with
admirable plates, and taken together form
one of the most important contributions to
morbid anatomy ever made in this country
by one person.
In 1836 appeared the first volume of the
well-known 'Guy's Hospital Reports/ to
which Bright was from the first a copious
contributor. The first and second papers in
the first volume, on the ' Treatment of Fever '
and on ' Diseased Arteries of the Brain ' re-
spectively, are by him, as are also six other
papers in the same volume, of which the
most important are ' Cases and Observations
illustrative of Renal Disease,' and * A Tabu-
lar View of the Morbid Appearances in One
Hundred Cases of Albuminous Urine.' The
two last mentioned extend and support his
great discovery by several additional deve-
j lopments, which subsequent research has
! done nothing but confirm. In the second
volume are two papers by Bright — one on
'Abdominal Tumours,' which was the first
| of an important series continued by two
I papers in the third volume of the ' Reports/
j one in the fourth, and one in the fifth. This
j same fifth volume also contains an important
! paper entitled ' Observations on Renal Dis-
! eases : Memoir the Second.' In the first
1 volume of the second series (1843) appears
an account of observations made under the
superintendence of Bright by Dr. Barlow
and Dr. Owen Rees on patients with albu-
minous urine ; but after this Bright's name
does not appear in the reports.
Bright's professional success, apart from his
hospital work, was steady, if not rapid. On
25 June 1832 he was promoted from being a
licentiate to the fellowship of the College of
Physicians, at that time a rare distinction.
He was Gulstonian lecturer in 1833, and
took as his subject 'The functions of the
Bright
336
Bright
abdominal viscera, with observations on the
diagnostic marks of the diseases to which the
viscera are subject.' In 1837 he was Lum-
leian lecturer, his subject being ' Disorders
of the brain.' He was censor in 1836 and
1839, and a member of the council 1838 and
1843. He was elected fellow of the Royal
Society in 1821, and received the Monthyon
medal from the Institute of France, In 1837,
on the accession of Queen Victoria, he was
appointed physician extraordinary to her ma-
jesty. In the earlier part of his career it is
said that his practice was not large ; but as
his reputation rose he took the leading position
as consulting physician in London, and was
probably consulted in a larger number of diffi-
cult cases than any of his contemporaries.
Bright was twice married ; first to the young-
est daughter of Dr. William Babington [q. v.]
The only son by this marriage took holy
orders, but died young. His second wife was
a daughter of Mr. Benjamin Follett, and sister
of Sir William Webb Follett. She survived
him, as did three sons and two daughters. His
eldest son is now (1886) master of University
College, Oxford ; his youngest a physician in
practice at Cannes. He died at his house, 11
Savile How, on 16 Dec. 1858, after a very short
illness, which, however, was shown by post-
mortem examination to have been the conse-
quence of long-standing disease of the heart.
He was buried atKensal Green cemetery, and
a mural monument was erected to his me-
mory in St. James's Church, Piccadilly. The
College of Physicians possesses his portrait
in oils, and also a marble bust ; another bust
is at Guy's Hospital, and his portrait is en-
graved in Pettigrew's ' Medical Portrait Gal-
lery.'
Bright was by general admission a man of
fine and attractive nature. From early man-
hood he was animated by a genuine love of
truth and unswerving sense of duty. He was
of an affectionate disposition and uniformly
cheerful. He was widely accomplished, a
good linguist (when this kind of knowledge
was less common than it is now), well versed
in more than one science, a creditable amateur
artist, and possessed of much taste in art ; well
cultivated on all sides by travel and society.
In his intellectual character the first feature
which strikes us is a certain simplicity. Be-
yond most observers he succeeded in viewing
objects without prejudice. Not putting for-
ward any theories himself, he was not biassed
by any of the prevailing systems of medicine.
Next, he had a remarkable tact, which ap-
peared to be exercised unconsciously, of pick-
ing out the important facts in any subject,
and, perhaps half unconsciously also, of com-
bining them together so as to explain each
other. He is said not to have perceived the
true value of his own observations, and this
is quite credible, but his genius guided him
to the right result. Moreover, his industry
was indefatigable. He amassed hundreds
and thousands of facts, and his minute accu-
racy of observation was never or rarely at
fault.
Bright was not generally regarded as a bril-
liant man ; he had little power of exposition,
and in his own school, while his fame was
rapidly spreading over the civilised world, he
was less popular and impressive as a teacher
than his brilliant colleague Thomas Addison
q. v.], though the latter was much less known
bo the outside public. ' Bright could not theo-
rise,' says Dr. Wilks, ' and fortunately gave us
no doctrines and no " views ; " but he could
see, and we are struck with astonishment at
his powers of observation. ... I might allude
to the fact that he was one of the first who
described acute yellow atrophy of the liver,
pigmentation of the brain in miasmatic me-
lanaemia, condensation of the lung in whoop-
ing-cough. He was also the first, I believe,
who noted the bruit in chorea, and he made
also many other original clinical observa-
tions ' ( WILKS, ' Historical Notes on Bright's
Disease,' &c., Guy's Hosp. Reports, xxii. 259).
These minor researches display the same
powers as his master work, and have been
thought to show even greater originality. It
is the importance of its subject and the power-
ful influence which it has had, and continues
to have, on the progress of medicine in all
countries, that give to this discovery its
classical position, and place Bright among
the half-dozen greatest names in the honour-
able roll of English physicians.
His writings were, besides those mentioned
above: 1. 'Travels from Vienna through
Lower Hungary, with some remarks on the
State of Vienna during the Congress in 1814/
4to, Edinburgh, 1818. 2. 'Address at the
Commencement of a Course of Lectures on
the Practice of Medicine,' 8vo, London, 1832.
3. ' Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours/
edited by G. H. Barlow, M.D. (from < Guy's
Hospital Reports'), New Syd. Soc., 8vo, Lon-
don, 1860. 4. ' Gulstonian Lectures on the
Functions of the Abdominal Viscera,' in ' Lon-
don Medical Gazette,' 1833. In the ' Medico-
Chirurgical Transactions : ' (1) ' Case of un-
usually Profuse Perspiration,' xiv. 433. 1828 ;
(2) ' Cases of Disease of the Pancreas and Duo-
denum,'xviii. 1,1833; (3) ' Cases illustrative
of Diagnosis when Adhesions have taken place
in the Peritoneum,' xix. 176, 1835 ; (4) < Cases
of Spasmodic Disease accompanying Affec-
tions of the Pericardium,' xxii. 1, 1839. In
1 Guy's Hospital Reports,' vol. i. : ' Case of
Bright
337
Bright
Tetanus successfully treated ; ' * Account of
a Remarkable Displacement of the Stomach ; '
' Observations on Jaundice ; ' ' Observations
on the Situation and Structure of Malignant
Diseases of the Liver.' Vol. ii. : ' Cases il-
lustrative of Diagnosis where Tumours are
situated at the Base of the Brain.' In * Trans-
actions of the Geological Society : ' ' On the
Strata in the Neighbourhood of Bristol,' 1811,
and ' On the Hills of Badaeson, Szigliget, &c.,
in Hungary/ 1818.
[Pettigrew's Medical Portrait Gallery, pt. viii.
1839 (the original source) ; Medical Times and
Gazette, 1858, ii. 632, 660; Lancet, 1858, ii.
665 ; Lasegue, in Archives Generates de Mede-
cine,' 1859, i. 257 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. Hi.
155 ; private information.] J. F. P.
BRIGHT, TIMOTHY, M.D. (1551P-1615),
the inventor of modern shorthand, was born
in or about 1551, probably in the neighbour-
hood of Sheffield. He matriculated as a sizar
at Trinity College, Cambridge, ' impubes, aet.
11,' on 21 May 1561, and graduated B.A.
in 1567-8. In 1572 he was at Paris, probably
pursuing his medical studies, when he nar-
rowly escaped the St. Bartholomew massacre
by taking refuge in the house of Sir Francis
Walsingham, together with many other Eng-
lishmen who were ( free from the papistical
superstition.' Bright refers to this memo-
rable occasion in several of his writings. In
dedicating to Sir Francis Walsingham his
'Abridgment of Fox' (1589) he mentions
among the favours he had received from him
' that especiall protection from the bloudy
massacre of Paris, nowe sixteene yeeres
passed ; yet (as euer it will bee) fresh with
mee in memory.' He adds that Walsingham' s
house was at that time ' a very sanctuarie, not
only for all of our nation, but euen to many
strangers, then in perill, and vertuously dis-
posed ; ' and he further says, ' As then you
were the very hande of God to preserue my
life, so haue you (ioyning constancie with
kindnes) beene a principal! means, whereby
the same hath beene since the better sus-
tained.' Again, in his dedication of his ( Ani-
madversions on Scribonius' to Sir Philip
Sidney (1584), Bright remarks that he had
only seen him once, 'idque ilia Gallicis
Ecclesiis funesta tempestate (cujus pars fui,
et animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit)
matutinibus Parisiensibus.'
He graduated M.B. at Cambridge in 1574,
received a license to practise medicine in the
following year, and was created M.D. in 1579.
For some years after this he appears to have
resided at Cambridge, but in 1584 he was liv-
ing at Ipswich. He was one of those who
were present on 1 Oct. 1585 when the statutes
VOL. VI.
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, were con-
firmed and signed by Sir Walter Mildmay,
and delivered to Dr. Laurence Chaderton, the
first master of the college (Documents relat-
ing to the Univ. and Colleges o/Camb. iii. 523).
The dedication to Peter Osborne of his
'Treatise on Melancholy' is dated from 'litle
S. Bartlemewes by Smithfield,' 23 May 1586.
He occupied the house then appropriated to
the physician to the hospital. He succeeded
Dr. Turner in that office about 1586, and
must have resigned in 1590, as his successor
was elected on 19 Sept. in that year (MS.
Journals of St. Bartholomew's Hospital).
His first medical work (dated 1584) seems
to have been written at Cambridge, and is in
two parts : ' Hygieina, on preserving health/
and ' Therapeutica, on restoring health.' The
worth of the book is fairly exhibited in the
part on poisons, where the flesh of the cha-
meleon, that of the newt, and that of the
crocodile are treated as three several varieties
of poison, each requiring a peculiar remedy.
Bright's preface implies that he lectured at
Cambridge, for he asserts that he had been
asked to publish the notes from which he
taught. He dedicates both parts to Cecil,
as chancellor of the university, and speaks as
if he knew him and his family. He praises
the learning of Lady Burghley, and says the
1 domus Caeciliana ' may be compared to a
university. ' Cecil himself has paid,' he says,
1 so much attention to medicine that in the
knowledge of the faculty he may almost be
compared to the professors of the art itself/
His 'Treatise of Melancholie' is as much
metaphysical as medical. One of the best
passages in it is a chapter in which he dis-
cusses the question ' how the soule by one
simple faculty performeth so many and di-
verse actions,' and illustrates his argument
by a description of the way in which the
complicated movements of a watch pro-
ceed from ' one right and straight motion '
(St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, xviii.
340).
Bright afterwards abandoned the medical
profession and took holy orders. His famous
treatise entitled ' Characterie ' he dedicated
in 1588 to Queen Elizabeth, who on 5 July
1591 presented him to the rectory of Methley
in Yorkshire, then void by the death of Otho
Hunt, and on 30 Dec. 1594 to the rectory of
Berwick-in-Elmet, in the same county. He
held both these livings till his death; the
latter seems to have been his usual place of
abode ; there, at least, he made his will, on
9 Aug. 1615, in which he leaves his body to
be buried where God pleases. It was proved
at York on 13 Nov. 1615. No memorial is to
be found of Bright in either of his churches.
Bright
338
Bright
He left a widow, whose name was Margaret,
and two sons, Timothy Bright, barrister-at-
law, of Melton-super-Montem in Yorkshire,
and Titus Bright, who graduated M.D. at
Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1611, and prac-
tised at Beverley. He had also a daughter
Elizabeth.
Subjoined is a list of his works: 1. 'An
Abridgment of John Foxe's " Booke of Acts
and Monumentes of the Church," ' London,
1581, 1589, 4to; dedicated to Sir Francis
Walsingham. 2. ' Hygieina, id est De Sanitate
tuenda, Medicinae pars prima,' London, 1581,
8vo; dedicated to Lord Burghley. 3. <The-
rapeutica ; hoc est de Sanitate restituenda,
Medicinae pars altera;' also with the title
* Medicinse Therapeuticae pars : De Dyscrasia
Corporis Humani,' London, 1583, 8vo; dedi-
cated to Lord Burghley. Both parts re-
printed at Frankfort, 1688-9, and at Mayence
1647. 4. 'In Physicam Gvlielmi Adolphi
Scribonii, post secundam editionem ab autore
denuo copiosissime adauctam, & in iii. Libros
distinctam, Animaduersiones,' Cambridge,
1584, 8vo ; Frankfort, 1593, 8vo ; dedication
to Sir Philip Sidney, dated from Ipswich.
6. ' A Treatise of Melancholic, Containing the
cavses thereof, & reasons of the strange effects
it worketh in our minds and bodies : with the
phisicke cure, and spirituall consolation for
such as haue thereto adioyned an afflicted con-
science,' London (Thomas Vautrollier), 1586,
8vo ; another edition, printed the same year
by John Windet. This is said to be the work
which suggested Burton's well-known ' Ana-
tomy of Melancholy.' 6. f Characterie. An
Arte of shorte, swifte, and secrete writing by
character. Inuented by Timothe Bright,
Doctor of Phisicke. Imprinted at London by
I. Windet, the Assigne of Tim. Bright, 1588.
Cum priuilegio Regiee maiestatis. Forbidding
all others to print the same,' 24mo. 7. l Ani-
madversiones de Traduce,' in Goclenius's
VvXo\oyia, Marpurg, 1590, 1594, 1597.
Bright will ever be held in remembrance as
the inventor of modern shorthand-writing.
The art of writing by signs originated among
the Greeks, who called it (rr]^€ioypa(f)La. Few
specimens of Greek shorthand are extant, and
little is known on the subject. From the Greeks
the knowledge of the art passed to the Romans,
among whom it was introduced by Cicero, who
devised many characters, which were termed
notcB Tironiance, from Cicero's freedman Tiro,
a great proficient in the art. In the darkness
which overwhelmed the world on the fall of
the Roman empire the knowledge of the notes
was utterly lost, and therefore Bright may be
justly regarded as an original inventor, inas-
much as the secret of the ancient shorthand
was not unravelled until the beginning of the
present century. Only one copy of Bright's
' Characterie' (1588) is known to be in exist-
ence. It formerly belonged to the Shakespear-
ean scholar, Francis Douce, and is now pre-
served in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It is
a small volume, in good preservation, but the
shorthand signs are all written in ink which
is rapidly fading. Transcripts of it in manu-
script are possessed by Mr. J. E. Bailey, F.S. A.,
Mr. Edward Pocknell, and Dr. Westby-
Gibson. In the dedication of this rare, and
now famous, book to Queen Elizabeth, the
author thus describes the nature and objects
of his invention : ' Cicero did account it
worthie his labour, and no less profitable to
the Roman common weale (Most gratious
Soueraigne) to inuent a speedie kinde of wryt-
ing by Character, as Plutarch reporteth in the
life of Cato the yonger. This invention was
increased afterwards by Seneca ; that the num-
ber of characters grue to 7000. Whether
through iniurie of time, or that men gaue it
over for tediousness of learning, nothing re-
maineth extant of Ciceros invention at this
day. Upon consideration of the great vse of
such a kinde of writing I haue inuented the-
like : of fewe Characters, short and easie, euery
Character answering a word : My Inuention
meere English, without precept or imitation
of any. The uses are diuers : Short that a
swifte hande may therewith write orations,
or publike actions of speach, vttered as be-
cometh the grauitie of such actions, verbatim.
Secrete as no kinde of wryting like. And
herein (besides other properties) excelling the
wryting by letters and Alphabet, in that, Na-
tions of strange languages, may hereby com-
municate their meaning together in writing,
though of sundrie tongues.' Queen Elizabeth,
by letters patent dated 26 July 1588, granted
to Bright for a period of fifteen years the ex-
clusive privilege of teaching and of printing
books, 'in or by Character not before thistyme
commonlye knowne and vsed by anye other
oure subiects' (Patent Roll, 30 Eliz. part 12).
An elaborate explanation of Bright's system
is given by Mr. Edward Pocknell in the
magazine ' Shorthand ' for May 1884. The
system has an alphabetical basis, but as the
signs for the letters are not sufficiently simple
to be capable of being readily joined to one
another, the method is only alphabetical as
regards the initial letter of each word, the re-
mainder of the ' character ' representing the
word being purely arbitrary. In fact, the
alphabet was too clumsy to be regularly ap-
plied to the whole of a word, as was done
only fourteen years later by John Willis,
whose scheme, explained in the ' Art of Steno-
graphie' (1602), is the foundation of all the
later systems of shorthand. Among the Lans-
Brightman
339
Brightman
downe MSS. (No. 51, art. 57) is a copy of the
book of Titus in < characterie,' written by
Bright himself in 1586. The signs in this speci-
men, which are written in vertical columns,
like Chinese, appear to differ in some respects
from the system published two years after-
wards. The Additional MS. 10037 con-
tains ' The Divine Prophecies of the ten
Sibills, upon the birthe of our Saviour Christ,'
in English verse, beautifully written on vel-
lum by Jane Seager, in an Italian hand, and
also in the shorthand invented by Bright, and
presented by her to Queen Elizabeth. It may
be added that t A Treatise upon Shorthand,
by Timothye Bright, Doctor of Physicke, to-
gether with a table of the characters,' was
sold at the sale of Dawson Turner's manu-
scripts in 1859. It had formerly belonged to
Sir Henry Spelman.
[Information from Dr. Norman Moore ; MS.
Addit. 5863, f. 36 b ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq.
(Herbert), 1061, 1074, 1224, 1226, 1227, 1334;
MS. Baker, xxxix. 23 ; Beloe's Anecd. of Lite-
rature, i. 223; Cooper's Parliamentary Short-
hand, 4 ; Cat. of Printed Books .and MSS. be-
queathed by F. Douce to .the Bodleian Library,
40 ; Dr. Westby-Gribson's MS. collections for a
History of Shorthand; Phonetic Journal, xlv.
21 ; Key. Joseph Hunter, in Wood's Athenae
Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 174 n. ; Hunter's Hallamshire
(1819), 60; Hunter's South Yorkshire, i. 365;
Lewis's Hist, of Shorthand, 37 ; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser. vii. 407, xi. 352, 2nd ser. ii.
393, 5th ser. iv. 429 ; Pits, De Angliae Scrip-
toribus, 912 ; Rees's Cyclopaedia ; Kockwell's
Teaching, Practice, and Lit. of Shorthand, 8, 70 ;
Shorthand (magazine), i. 80, 87, 88, ii. 50, 126-
136, 139, 161, 179 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 125 ;
Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis(1715), 235 ; Cat.
of the MS. Library of Dawson Turner, 4 ; Zeibig,
G-eschichte und Lit. der Greschwindschreibkunst,
80, 81, 195.] T. C.
BRIGHTMAN, THOMAS (1562-1607),
biblical commentator, was born at Notting-
ham, admitted a pensioner at Queens' Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1576, of which he became
fellow in 1584. He graduated B.A. in 1580-1,
M.A. in 1584, B.D. in 1591. In 1592, on the
recommendation of Dr. Whitaker, Sir John
Osborne gave him the rectory of Hawnes in
Bedfordshire, with the profits of the benefice
for the two preceding years. Brightman fre-
quently discussed in his college church cere-
monies with George Meriton, afterwards dean
of York. As a preacher he was celebrated,
though his disaffection to church establish-
ment was no secret. It is said that he sub-
scribed the ' Book of Discipline.' He persuaded
himself and others that a work he wrote on the
Apocalypse was written under divine inspira-
tion. In it he makes the church of England
the Laodicean church, and the angel that God
loved the church of Geneva and the kirk of
Scotland. The great object of this puritan's
system of prophecy in a commentary onDaniel,
as well as in his book on the Apocalypse, was
to prove that the pope is that anti-Christ whose
reign is limited to 1290 days or years, and who
is then foredoomed by God to utter destruc-
tion. His life, says Fuller, was most angelical,
by the confession of such as in judgment dis-
sented from him. His manner was always
to carry about a Greek testament, which he
read over every fortnight, reading the Gos-
pels and the Acts the first, the Epistles and
the Apocalypse the second week. He was
little of stature, and (though such are com-
monly choleric) yet never known to be moved
with anger. His desire was to die a sudden
death. Riding on a coach with Sir John
Osborne, and reading a book (for he would
lose no time) , he fainted, and, though instantly
taken out, died on the place on 24 Aug. 1607.
He was buried, according to the parish re-
gister, on the day of his death at Hawnes.
There is an inscription to him in the chancel.
He was a constant student, much troubled be-
fore his death with obstructions of the liver
and gall-duct, and is supposed by physicians to
have died of the latter. He was never married.
His funeral sermon was preached by Edward
Bulkley, D.D., sometime fellow of St. John's
College, Cambridge, and rector of Odell in
Bedfordshire. His works in their chrono-
logical order are : 1. l Apocalypsis Apoca-
lypseos, idest Apocalypsis D. Joannis analysi
et scholiis illustrata ; ubi ex Scriptura sens us,
rerumque praedictarum ex historiis eventus
discutiuntur. Huic Synopsis prsefigitur uni-
versalis, et Refutatio Rob. Bellarmini de anti-
christo libro tertio de Romano Pontifice ad
finem capitis decimi septimi inseritur,' Franc.
1609, 4to, Heidelb. 1612, 8vo. 2. ' Anti-
christum Pontificiorum monstrum fictitium
esse,' Ambergse, 1610, 8vo. 3. ' Scholia in Can-
ticum Canticorum. Explicatio summe con-
solatoria partis ultimae et difficillimse pro-
phetiee Danielis a vers. 36 cap. 11 ad finem
cap. 12, qua Judseorum, tribus ultimisipsorum
hostibus funditus eversis, restitutio, et ad
fidem in Christum vocatio, vivis coloribus
depingitur,' Basil, 1614. At Leyden, 1616,
and again at London, 1644, was printed a
translation of the ; Apocalypsis,' * with supply
of many things formerly left out.' At Lon-
don, 1635, 1644, 4to, a translation of his
< Explication of Daniel.' 4. ' The Art of Self
Denial, or a Christian's first lesson,' Lond.
1646.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Fuller's Church History,
x. 50 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Cooper's Athense Cantab,
ii. 458.] J. M.
Brightwell
340
Brigit
BRIGHTWELL, CECILIA LUCY
(1811-1875), etcher and authoress, was born
at Thorpe, near Norwich, on 27 Feb. 1811, the
eldest child of Thomas Brightwell (born^ at
Ipswich 18 March 1787, died at Norwich
17 Nov. 1868), by his first wife, Mary Snell
(born 1788, died 6 Nov. 1815), daughter of
William Wilkin Wilkin, of Cossey. or Cos-
tessey, near Norwich, and Cecilia Lucy (Ja-
comb), a lineal descendant of Thomas Jacomb,
D.D., ejected from St. Martin's, Ludgate. Si-
mon Wilkin, uncle of Miss Brightwell, edited
the works of Sir Thomas Browne. Her father,
a nonconformist solicitor, mayor of Norwich
in 1837, was a man of scientific tastes, a
good microscopist, and contributor to many
scientific journals. The Asplanchna Bright-
wellii, a rotiferous animalcule, was dis-
covered by him. He published 'Notes on
the Pentateuch/ 1840, 12mo, a compilation,
with original notes on natural history: and
printed 100 copies of ' Sketch of a Fauna
Infusoria for East Norfolk,' 1848 (unpub-
lished). In the preparation of the latter work
he was materially assisted by his daughter
(a pupil of John Sell Cotman), who drew
and lithographed the figures of the various
species noted. Miss Brightwell, who was
a good Italian scholar and a remarkably
able etcher, owed little to teachers, and fol-
lowed her own methods. She went little
into society. Her philanthropic spirit was
shown in her exertions and contribution of
ISO/, for the ' Bright well ' lifeboat put on
the Norfolk coast at Blakeney. Her writings
(many of them published by the Religious
Tract Society) were mainly biographical, and
written for the young. Of most importance
is her first work, the ' Life of Amelia Opie,'
1854 ; her father was Mrs. Opie's friend and
executor. For some years before her death
she was afflicted with cataract, from which
her father had also suffered. She died a1
Norwich on 17 April 1875, and was buriec
at the Rosary, beside her father. A loca"
print gives the following as a complete Iis1
of her unpublished etchings : After Rem-
brandt : the ' Mill ; ' the ' Long Landscape ;
a Dutch landscape ; ' Amsterdam ; ' another
landscape and two figure subjects (from ori-
ginal drawings and etchings in the British
Museum. A copy of her reproduction of the
'Long Landscape' is placed beside the origi-
nal in the British Museum, and has deceivec
good judges). After Diirer: ' Ecce Homo
(from etching) ; ' Ecce Homo ' (from wood-
cut). From painting by Richard Wilson
formerly in her father's possession. Twelve
figure subjects, including etchings from Raf-
faello and Fuseli. After Annibale Caracci :
' Holy Family ' (from etching). After Marc
Antonio Raimondi : ' Dancing Cupids' (from
etching). Two small sea subjects from Ruys-
dael and J. S. Cotman. From nature : 'Bar-
don Hall, Leicestershire ' (seat of descen-
dants of Dr. Jacomb) ; ' Bradgate Hall,
Leicestershire;' 'Flordon Common;' 'Vil-
lage Street, Flordon ; ' ' Graves of Ejected
Ministers at Oakington, Cambridgeshire ; '
two landscapes with cottages ; landscape in
:he Dutch manner ; etching and drawing of
cobbler at his bench. Among her published
etchings were: Two views of Mr. Page's
house, Ely, formerly residence of Oliver
Cromwell (etched in two sizes, but only the
larger were published) ; two views of Ran-
ings were : 1. ' Memorials of the Life of
Amelia Opie, selected and arranged from her
Letters and Diaries and other manuscripts/
Norwich and London, 1854, 8vo ; 2nd ed.
1855, 12mo (preface by Thomas Brightwell).
2. 'Palissy the Huguenot Potter, a Tale/
1858, 12mo; another edition, 1877, 12mo.
3. ' Life of Linnaeus,' 1858. 12mo. 4. 'Heroes
of the Laboratory and Workshop/ 1859,
12mo ; 2nd ed. 1860, 12mo. 5. 'Difficulties
overcome : Scenes in the Life of A. Wilson/
1860, 12mo. 6. 'Romance of Incidents in
the Lives of Naturalists/ 1861, 8vo. 7. 'Foot-
steps of the Reformers/ 1861, 8vo. 8. ' Bye-
paths of Biography/ 1863, 12mo. 9. 'Above
Rubies : Memorials of Christian Gentle-
women/ 1864, 12mo. 10. 'Early Lives and
Doings of Great Lawyers/ 1866, 12mo.
11. 'Annals of Curious and Romantic Lives/
1866, 12mo. 12. 'Annals of Industry and
Genius/ new edition, 1869, 8vo; another edi-
tion, 1871, 8vo. 13. 'Memorials of the Life
of Mr. Brightwell of Norwich/ 1869, 8vo
(printed for private circulation). 14. 'The
Romance of Modern Missions/ 1870, 8vo.
15. ' Georgie's Present, or Tales of Newfound-
land/ 1871, 12mo. 16. ' Memorial Chapters
in the Lives of Christian Gentlewomen/
1871, 12mo. 17. ' Nurse Grand's Reminis-
cences at Home and Abroad/ 1871, 8vo.
18. 'My Brother Harold, a Tale/ 1872, 8vo.
19. 'Lives of Labour : Eminent Naturalists/
1873, 12mo> 20. ' Men of Mark, a Book of
Short Biographies/ 1873, 8vo ; another
edition, 1879, 8vo. 21. 'So Great Love :
Sketches of Missionary Life and Labour/
1874, 8vo (her last publication).
[Memorials of Mr. Brightwell, 1869; Norwich
newspapers, April 1875 ; private information.]
A.GL
BRIGIT, SAINT, of Kildare (453-523), was
born at Fochart, now Faugher, two miles north
Brigit
341
Brigit
of Dundalk, a district which was formerly part
of Ulster. Her father, Dubhthach, was of the
race of Eochaidh Finnfuathairt, grandson of
Tuathal Teachtmhar, monarch of Erinn. Her
mother Brotsech, or Broiccseach, who be-
longed to the Dal. Conchobar of South Bregia,
was the bondmaid and concubine of Dubh-
thach. Dr. Lanigan will not hear of this,
but the whole early history of Brigit, as told
in the Irish life, rests on this fact. It may
be observed that in this (as in other cases)
there is a notable difference between the story
told by Colgan and Lanigan from the Latin
lives and the story given in the Irish life.
In the former Brigit is a highly educated
young lady of noble birth, whose acts are in
accordance with the ecclesiastical and social
usages of the seventeenth or eighteenth cen-
tury. In the latter we breathe the atmo-
sphere of an early age, where all is simple and
homely, and peculiar customs in church and
state meet us, nor did it appear to the writer
that the accident of Brigit's birth should
lessen our respect for her character and la-
bours. It was an age when slavery existed
in Ireland, and the relations between Dubh-
thach and his bondmaid excited the jealousy
of his wife, in consequence of which he had
eventually to sell her, retaining, however, a
right to her offspring. Bought by a wizard,
she was taken by him to Fochart, and there in
•due time Brigit was born A.B. 453. Here a
legend is related, which is of some interest.
The mother having gone out one day and left
the child covered up in the house, ' the neigh-
bours saw the house wherein was the girl all
ablaze, so that the flame reached from earth
to heaven ; but when they went to rescue the
girl the fire appeared not.' This is one of
those references to fire which occur so fre-
quently in connection with St. Brigit as to lead
to the conclusion that we have here ' incidents
which originally belonged to the myth or
ritual of some goddess of fire ' ( STOKES). A
similar conclusion has been drawn by Schro-
der from the legend of the demon smiths in
the ' Navigation of St. Brendan,' which ' rests,
he thinks, on the ground of a Celtic myth of
Fire-giants/ It is suggestive that a goddess
of the Irish pantheon who presided over
smiths was named Brigit, which is interpreted
in Cormac's ' Glossary ' breo-shaigit, l the fiery
arrow.' Giraldus Cambrensis tells us that at
Kildare St. Brigit had a perpetual ashless fire
watched by twenty nuns, of whom herself
was one, blown by fans or bellows only, and
surrounded by a hedge, within which no male
could enter.
As the child Brigit grew uj>, ' everything
her hand was set to used to increase and
reverence God ; she bettered the sheep ; she
tended the blind ; she fed the poor.' But when
she came to years of reflection she wished to
go home, and the wizard having communi-
cated with her father, he came for her and took
her home. There her first care was for her
foster mother, but she was not idle; she
tended the swine, herded the sheep, and cooked
the dinner, and it is characteristic that when
' a miserable greedy hound came into the
house ' she gave him a considerable part of
the repast. And now the thought of her
mother in bondage troubled her ; she asked
her father's leave to go to her, but ' he gave
it not,' so she went without it. ' Glad was
her mother when she arrived,' for she was
toil-worn and sickly. So Brigit took the
dairy in hand, and all prospered, and in the
end the wizard and his wife became Christians.
Her success in the conversion of the people,
then chiefly heathen, is referred to in Broc-
can's hymn, where she is said to be ' a mar-
vellous ladder for pagans to visit the kingdom
of Mary's Son.' On becoming a Christian the
wizard generously said to her : ' The butter
and the kine that thou hast milked I offer to
thee ; thou shalt not abide in bondage to me,
serve thou the Lord.' i Take thou the kine,'
she replied, f and give me my mother's free-
dom.' But he gave her both, and so she
dealt out the kine to the poor and needy, and
returned with her mother to Dubhthach's
house.
Some time after, Dubhthach and his con-
sort determined to sell her, as ' he liked not
his cattle and wealth to be dealt out to the
poor, and that is what Brigit used to do.'
Taking her in his chariot to the king of
Leinster, he offered to sell her to him. ' Why
sellest thou thine own daughter ? ' said the
king. ' She stayeth not,' replied Dubhthach,
1 from selling my wealth and giving it to the
poor.' The king said, ' Let the maiden come
into the fortress.' When she was before him
he said, ' Perhaps if I bought you you might
do the same with my property.' * The Son of
the Virgin knoweth,' she replied, ' if I had
thy might, with all Leinster, and with all
thy wealth, I would give them to the Lord
of the Elements.' The king then said ' her
father was not fit to bargain for her, for her
merit was higher before God than before
men.' And thus the maiden obtained her
freedom.
Dubhthach then tried to get her married,
but she refused all offers, and at last he had
to consent to her l dedicating herself to the
Lord.' Qn the occasion of her taking the veil
' the form of ordaining a bishop was read
over her by Bishop Mel.' What this means it
is not easy to say ; but it is probably intended
to convey that he invested her with a rank
Brigit
342
Brihtnoth
corresponding with that of bishop in point of
authority, for that it was only a nominal title
appears from her associating with herself, as
we shall see presently, a bishop who is de-
scribed as ' the anointed head and chief of all
bishops, and she the most blessed chief of all
virgins ' (ToDD, p. 12). Some time after, having
gone to King Dunlaing to make a request,
one of his slaves offers to become a Christian if
she will obtain his freedom. She therefore
asks the two favours, saying, ' If thou desirest
excellent children, and a kingdom for thy sons,
and heaven for thyself, give me the two boons
I ask.' The answer of the pagan king is quite
in character : ' The kingdom of heaven, as I
see it not, and as no one knows what thing
it is, I seek not ; and a kingdom for my sons
I seek not, for I shall not myself be extant,
and let each one serve his time. But give
me length of life and victory always over the
Hiii Neill.'
The great event of her life was the founda-
tion of Kildare (cill dara, ( the church of the
oak'). Cogitosus (830-835) has left us a
description of this church as it existed in his
time, from which it appears that it was di-
vided by a partition which separated the
sexes, her establishment comprising both men
and women. The tombs of Bishop Condlaed
and Brigit were placed, highly decorated
with pendent crowns of gold, silver, and gems,
one on the right hand, and the other on the
left of the high altar. The Irish bishops, it
should be mentioned, wore crowns after the
custom of the eastern church instead of mitres
( W ARREN) . After gathering her community
she found she required the services of a bishop,
and she accordingly chose (elegif) a holy man,
a solitary, named Condlaed, ' to govern the
church with her in episcopal dignity.' Cond-
laed was thus a monastic bishop under the
orders of the head of the establishment as in
the Columbian monasteries mentioned by
Bgeda (ToDD, p. 13).
The death of Brigit took place at Kildare
on 1 Feb. 523, which is her day in the calen-
dar, and she was undoubtedly buried in Kil-
dare, as already mentioned. On the other
hand, a tradition current for many centuries
has it that she was buried in Downpatrick
with St. Patrick and St. Columba. This is
now known to have been a fraud of John de
Courcey, lord of Down, got up by him in the
hope that the supposed possession of their
bodies would conciliate the Irish to his rule
(Annals of Four Masters^). The Irish life in
conclusion says that Brigit is ' the Mary of
the Gael/ or, as it is in Broccan's hymn,
' she was one mother of the king's son,' which
the gloss explain? 'she was one of the mothers
of Christ.' This strange manner of speaking
which Irish ecclesiastics made use of, not only
at home, but on the continent, to the astonish-
ment of their hearers, is explained in a poem
of Nicolas de Bibera (SCHRODER), by a refe-
rence to Matthew xii. 50 : ' Whosoever shall
do the will of my Father which is in heaven,
the same is my brother and sister and mother.'
Looking through the haze of miracles in which
her acts are enveloped, we discern a character
of great energy and courage, warmly affec-
tionate, generous, and unselfish, and wholly
absorbed by a desire to promote the glory
of God, and to relieve suffering in all its forms.
Such a personality could not but impress it-
self on the imagination of the Irish people, as
hers has done in a remarkable degree.
[Life of Brigit in Three Middle Irish Homilies,
Whitley Stokes (Calcutta) ; Eollandi Acta SS.
1 Feb. ; Todd's St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland,
pp. 10-26 ; Warren's Liturgy and Kitual of
the Celtic Church; O'Keilly's Irish Dictionary,
Supplement (voce ' Brigit ') ; Petrie's Essay on the
Round Towers of Ireland; Giraldi Cambren-
sis Topog. Hib. chaps. 34-36 ; O'Donovan's An-
nals of the Four Masters at A.D. 1293, iii. 456 ;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. vol. i.] T. 0.
BRIGSTOCKE, THOMAS (1809-1881),
portrait-painter, commenced his studies at
the age of sixteen at Sass's drawing-school,
and was subsequently a pupil of H. P. Briggs,
R.A., and J. P. Knight, R.A. He spent eight
years in Paris and Italy, and made some
copies from pictures by the old masters,
among them one of Raphael's ' Transfigura-
tion ' in the Vatican, which, on the recommen-
dation of W. Collins, R.A., was purchased
for Christ Church, Albany Street, Regent's
Park. In 1847 he went to Egypt, and painted
the portrait of Mehemet Ali. Between 1843
and 1865 Brigstocke exhibited sixteen works
at the Royal Academy, and two at the British
Institution. His portrait of General Sir
James Outram is now in the National Por-
trait Gallery ; that of General Sir William
Nott at the Oriental Club, Hanover Square;
and that of Cardinal Wiseman at St. Cuth-
bert's College, Ushaw. He painted an histo-
rical picture entitled ' The Prayer for Victory."
He died suddenly on 11 March 1881.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Eecent and Living Painters, London, 1866,
8vo ; Builder, 19 March 1881, p. 356.] L. F.
BRIHTNOTH (d. 991), ealdorman of the
East Saxons, married ^Ethelflsed, daughter of
the ealdorman ^Elfgar, and succeeded him in
his office, probably about 953. As Briht-
noth's sister ^Ethelflaed was the wife of
^thelstan, ealdorman of the East Anglians,
the friend of Dunstan, it is probable that he
Brihtnoth
343
Brihtwald
was the uncle of ^Ethelstan's son,^Ethelwine,
the leader of the monastic party (GREEN,
Conquest of England, 286, 352). He strongly
upheld the cause of the monks, and made
lavish grants to monastic foundations, espe-
cially to Ely and Ramsey. It is said that
when he went to fight his last battle he
asked Wulfsige, abbot of Ramsey, for food for
his army. Wulfsige replied that the ealdor-
man and six or seven of his personal follow-
ing could be maintained, but not the whole
host. < Tell the abbot,' Brihtnoth said, < that
as I cannot fight without my men, I will not
eat without them,' and he turned and marched
to Ely, where the abbot gladly entertained the
whole army. In return he gave the house wide
estates, and much gold and silver. The story
is told with some considerable differences both
in the Ely and the Ramsey history (GALE,
iii. Hist. Ram. 432, Eli. 492). It has been
wholly rejected by modern criticism (FREE-
MAN, Norman Conquest, i. 297, n. i). While
some details in both versions are doubtless
imaginary (the Ely history makes Brihtnoth
ealdorman of the Northumbrians, and the
Ramsey writer is regardless of geography),
there seems no reason for refusing to believe
that the tradition is based on fact. The Ely
historian, who tells it of an earlier battle,
which for lack of knowledge he also places
at Maldon, may be near the truth. When in
991 a fleet of Norwegian ships under Justin
and Guthmund, and possibly Olaf Trygg-
vason, plundered Ipswich, Brihtnoth, who
was then an old man, went out to meet the
invaders. He gave them battle near Maldon,
on the banks of the Blackwater, then called
the Panta. The fight is described in one of
the very few old English poems of any length
that have come down to us. In its present in-
complete state this poem consists of 690 lines
(THORPE'S Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, 131,
in translation CON YBE ARE'S Illustrations of
Anglo-Saxon Poetry, xc., in rhythm in FREE-
MAN'S Old English History}. Out of great-
ness of soul the ealdorman allowed a large
number of the enemy to cross the water with-
out opposition. A detailed description of the
battle founded on the lay is to be found in
Dr. Freeman's f Norman Conquest ' (i. 297-
303). Brihtnoth was wounded early in the
fight. He slew the man who wounded him
and another, then he laughed and ' thanked
God for the day's work that his Lord gave
him.' After a while he was wounded again,
and died commending his soul to God. The
English were defeated ; the personal follow-
ing of the ealdorman fell fighting over his
jbody. Brihtnoth's head was cut off and car-
ried away by the enemy ; his body was borne
to Ely and buried by the abbot, who supplied
the place of the head with a ball of wax. His
widow ^Ethelflsed gave many gifts to Ely,
and among them a tapestry in which she
wrought the deeds of her husband.
[Florence of Worcester, an. 991 ; Ely and Ram-
sey Histories (Gale), iii. 432, 493 ; Green's Con-
quest of England, 261,316, 352, 370; Freeman's
Norman Conquest, i. 289, 296-303.] W. H.
BRIHTRIC. [See BEORHTRIC.]
BRIHTWALD (660P-731), the eighth
archbishop of Canterbury, whose name is va-
riously spelt by different writers, was of noble
if not royal lineage (WILL. MALM. Gest. Keg.
i. 29), and was born about the middle of the
seventh century, but neither the place nor the
exact date of his birth is known. It is doubtful
whether he was educated at Glastonbury ; but
Bede says (v. 8) that, although not to be
compared with his predecessor Theodore, he
was thoroughly read in Scripture, and well in-
structed in ecclesiastical and monastic disci-
pline. Somewhere about 670 the palace of the
kings of Kent at Reculver was converted into
a monastery, of which Brihtwald was made
abbot. In a charter dated May 679 Alothari,
king of Kent,bestows lands in Thanet upon him
and his monastery (KEMBLE, Cod. Dipl. i. 16).
Two years after the death of Theodore, Briht-
wald was elected archbishop of Canterbury
1 July 692. Being probably unwilling to re-
ceive consecration at the hands of Wilfrith,
archbishop of York, who had been opposed to
Theodore [see WILFRITH], he crossed over to
Gaul, and was consecrated by the primate
Godwin, archbishop of Lyons, on 29 June
693 (BEDE, v. 8). Two letters of Pope Ser-
gius are quoted by William of Malmesbury
(Gest. Pont. ed. Hamilton, pp. 52-55), one
addressed to the kings ^Ethelred, Aldfrith,
and Ealdulph, exhorting them to receive
Brihtwald as ' primate of all Britain,' the
other to the English bishops, enjoining obe-
dience to him as such ; but the authenticity of
these letters is doubtful (HADDAN and STTTBBS,
iii. 65). In 696 he attended the council of
' the great men ' summoned by Wihtred, king
of Kent, at Berghamstede or Bersted, in which
laws were passed prescribing the penalties to
be exacted for various offences, ecclesiastical
and moral ; and somewhere between 696 and
716 some ordinances, seemingly drawn up by
him for securing the rights of the monasteries
in Kent, were confirmed by the king in a
council held at Beccanceld (probably Bap-
child). The document is commonly known
as the ' Privilege of Wihtred ' (ibid. 233-
240). In 702 he presided at the council of
Estrefeld or Onestrefeld (near Ripon ?), at-
tended by Aldfrith [q. v.], king of Northum-
Brihtwold
344
Brind
bria in which Wilfrith was condemned and [Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; Florence of Worcester ;
excommunicated; and in 705, Wilfrith having William of Malmesbury, Gest. Pontiff.]
visited Rome and obtained a papal mandate
for his restoration, Brihtwald held a council
near the river Nidd, in which, chiefly through
his skilful management, it was arranged that
Wilfrith should be permitted to re-enter the
Northumbrian kingdom, only resigning the
sity honours or obtaining a college fellow-
ship, he was known to possess ability ; and
soon after taking his degree he was appointed
college librarian (4 June 1845). He held
this office until a few weeks before his death,
when he returned to his father's house. Phy-
sical weakness prevented the sustained effort
BRIMLEY, GEORGE (1819-1857), es-
sayist, was born at Cambridge on 29 Dec.
1819, and from the age of eleven to that of
sixteen was educated at a school in Totte-
^ - 0 , w ridge, Hertfordshire. In October 1838 he was
see of York and becoming bishop of Hexham entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
(ibid. 264). He had already in the previous in ig41 he was elected a scholar. He was
year taken measures for the division of the reading with good hopes for classical honours,
diocese of Wessex, then vacant by the death of an(j was a private pupil of Dr. Vaughan ;
Hedda, bishop of Winchester, and in 705 he ]3Ut even at that early age he was suffering
consecrated Daniel to be bishop of that see, and from the disease to which he eventually suc-
Aldhelm first bishop of the new see of Sher- cumbed. Although the state of his health
borne (WiLL. MALM. Gest. Pont. 376). An i prevented him from competing for univer-
interesting letter of his has been preserved (Ep. •• 1
Boniface, 155) to Forthere, the successor of
Aldhelm, imploring him to induce Beorwald,
abbot of Glastonbury, to release a slave girl
for a ransom of three hundred shillings offered
by her brother. About the same time he re-
ceived Winfrith (Boniface) on a mission from
the West-Saxon clergy, perhaps concerning
the further subdivision of their diocese by the
foundation of a see for Sussex at Selsey, which
took place in 711. In 716, in a council at
Clovesho, he obtained a confirmation of Wiht-
red's privilege (HABDAN and STTJBBS, iii.
300, 301). Scanty as these records of Briht-
wald are, they seem to indicate that he ruled
the church during a difficult period with
energy and tact. The sympathies, however,
of Bede and William of Malmesbury were so
thoroughly on the side of Wilfrith of York
that they were unable to bestow hearty praise
on one who did not give him unqualified sup-
port. Brihtwald died in January 731, having
presided over the church of England for thirty-
seven years and a half, and was buried near
his predecessor Theodore inside the church of
St. Peter at Canterbury, the porch in which
the first six primates had been buried being
now quite full (BEDE, ii. 3).
[Authorities cited in the text.] W. K. W. S.
BRIHTWOLD (d. 1045), the eighth
bishop of Ramsbury, and the last before
the removal of the see to Old Sarum, had
been a monk at Glastonbury, and was made
bishop in 1005. There are no records of his
administration, although he presided over the
see for forty years. William of Malmesbury
(Gest. Pont. ii. § 83) relates a vision which
Brihtwold had at Glastonbury in the reign of
Canute, in which the succession of JEthelred's
son Edward (the Confessor) to the throne was
revealed to him. He was buried at Glaston-
bury, to which abbey, as also to that of Malmes-
bury, he had been a very liberal benefactor.
necessary for the production of any impor-
tant work ; but for the last six years of his
ife he contributed to the press. Most of
lis writings appeared in the ' Spectator ' or
Eraser's Magazine,' the only one to
which his name was attached being an es-
say on Tennyson's poems, contributed to
the Cambridge Essays of 1855. He died
29 May 1857. A selection of his essays was
made after his death and published with a
prefatory memoir by the late W. G. Clark,
then fellow and tutor of Trinity. This
olume contains notices of a large number
of the writers who were contemporary with
Brimley himself, and is of considerable value
as representing the contemporary judgment
by a man of cultivation and acuteness on
the writers of the middle of the nineteenth
century, most of whom are now being judged
by posterity. Sir Arthur Helps said of
him, 'He was certainly, as it appeared to
me, one of the finest critics of the present
day.'
[W. G. Clark's Memoir attached to the Es-
says (London and Cambridge, 1858); informa-
tion from the family.] E. S. S.
BRIND, RICHARD (d. 1718), or-
ganist, was educated as a chorister in St.
Paul's Cathedral, probably under Jeremiah
Clarke. On the death of the latter in 1707,
Brind succeeded him as organist of the cathe-
dral, a post he held until his death, which
took place in March 1717-18. He was buried
in the vaults of St. Paul's on 18 March. Ad-
ministration of his effects was granted to his
father, Richard Brind, on 7 April 1718. In
the grant he is described as being a bachelor.
Brindley
345
Brine
Brind seems to have been no very remark-
able performer, and his sole claim to be re-
membered is that he was the master of
Maurice Greene. His only recorded compo-
sitions are two thanksgiving anthems, which
were scarcely known when Hawkins wrote
his ' History of Music,' and have now entirely
disappeared. It was during Brind's tenure
of office at St. Paul's that Handel frequently
took his place at the cathedral organ.
[Hawkins's History of Music (ed. 1853), ii.
767 ; Probate Kegister, Somerset House ; Burial
Register of St. Gregory by St. Paul ; information
from the Revs. E. Hoskins and W. Sparrow
Simpson, and Mr. J. Challoner Smith.]
W. B. S.
BRINDLEY, JAMES (1716-1772), one
of the earliest English engineers, was the son
of a cottier, or small farmer, of Derbyshire.
Dr. Smiles, from whose biographical notice
much of the following account is taken, de-
scribes Brindley the elder as an idle, disso-
lute fellow, who neglected his children, and
passed his time at bull-baiting and such-like
amusements when he ought to have been at
work. Like many other remarkable men,
however, James Brindley had a wise and
careful mother. At the age of seventeen he
was apprenticed to one Abraham Bennett, a
millwright, or as he would now be termed
an engineer, of Sutton, near Macclesfield.
Strangely enough, he seems for some time
to have had the credit of being but a poor
workman, so much so that his master even
threatened to cancel his indentures and send
him back to the field-work for which alone
he was fitted. His talents were, however,
called out by some special jobs of repairing
machinery, and the occasion of the erection
of a paper-mill with certain novel arrange-
ments gave him an opportunity of exercising
the mechanical skill he was not suspected of
possessing, and led to his being placed in
charge of his master's shop. On Bennett's
death Brindley, whose apprenticeship had
previously been completed, wound up the
business and in 1742 moved from Maccles-
field to Leek. Here he obtained before long
a good business in repairing old machinery of
all kinds and setting up new. The Wedg-
woods, then small potters, employed him to
construct flint-mills for grinding the calcined
flint employed for glazing pottery, and, like
all the engineers of his time, he tried his
hand at the solution of the great problem of
clearing mines from water, a problem not to
be solved till the perfected steam-engine pro-
vided the power alone able to meet the diffi-
culty. His attempts (patented in 1758) to
improve Newcomen's steam-engine met with
but small success, but he introduced numerous
and important improvements in the various
sorts of machinery he had to repair or to con-
struct.
The great reputation of Brindley, how-
ever, was gained in civil, not in mechanical,
engineering. Having been called in by the
Duke of Bridgewater in 1759 to advise upon
the project for forming a canal by which the
produce of the Worsley coal-mines could be
cheaply transported to Manchester, he pro-
duced a plan of striking originality, including
the construction of an aqueduct by which the
canal was to be carried over the river Irwell.
This canal, suggested to the Duke of Bridge-
water by the Grand Canal of Languedoc, was
the first of any importance in England, and
formed the commencement of the system of
inland navigation in this country. Brind-
ley's next work was the Bridgewater Canal
connecting Manchester and Liverpool, and
this was soon followed by numerous others,
a full account of which will be found in
Dr. Smiles's biography, as well as in other
lives of Brindley to which reference is made
below. In all he seems to have laid out, or
superintended, the construction of over 365
miles of canals. The most important of these
was the Trent and Mersey canal, known as
the Grand Trunk. He remained to the last
illiterate, hardly able to write and quite
unable to spell. He did most of his work
in his head, without written calculations or
drawings, and when he had a puzzling bit of
work he would go to bed and think it out.
He had wonderful powers of observation,
and a sort of intuitive perception which
enabled him at once to grasp both the diffi-
culties and the possibilities of an engineering
project, before a survey was made or an esti-
mate prepared.
f Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, 1861-2,
. i.; J. Brindley and the Early Engineers, 1 864 ;
Memoir of Brindley by Samuel Hughes in
Weale's Quarterly Papers" on Engineering, 1844,
i. 50 : Kippis's Biog. Brit. art. ' Brindley.']
H. T. W
BRINE, JOHN (1703-1765), baptist mi-
nister, was born at Kettering in 1703. Ow-
ing to the poverty of his parents he had
scarcely any school education, and when a
mere lad was set to work in the staple manu-
factory of his native town. Early in life he
joined the baptists. While at Kettering he
married a daughter of the Rev. John Moore,
a baptist minister of Northampton, from whom
he inherited Hutter's Hebrew Bible, which
was to him at this time a treasure of no small
value. The lady died in 1745. After some
interval Brine married again.
Brine
346
Brinkelow
Brine joined the baptist ministry at Ket-
tering, and after preaching for some time re-
ceived a call to Coventry. There he remained
till about 1730, when he succeeded Mr. Mor-
ton as pastor of the baptist congregation at
Curriers' Hall, Cripplegate. He was for a
time one of the Wednesday evening lecturers
in Great Eastcheap. He also preached in his
turn at the ' Lord's Day Evening Lecture ' in
Devonshire Square. Brine resided for many
years in Bridgewater Square, but during his
last illness he took lodgings at Kingsland,
where he died, on 24 Feb. 1765, in the sixty-
third year of his age. He left positive orders
that no funeral sermon should be preached for
him. His intimate friend, Dr. Gill, however,
preached a sermon upon the occasion to his
own people, which was afterwards published,
but contains no express reference to Brine.
Brine was generally reputed a high Calvinist
and a supralapsarian. He was called by
many persons an antinomian, though his life
was exemplary. He was buried in Bunhill
Fields. His publications are numerous, and
now scarce. In 1792 a pamphlet was pub-
lished entitled ' The Moral Law the Rule of
Moral Conduct to Believers, considered and
enforced by arguments extracted from the
judicious Mr. Brine's " Certain Efficacy of
the Death of Christ." '
A complete catalogue of Brine's separate
publications is given by Walter Wilson. The
following are his chief works : 1. l The Chris-
tian Religion not destitute of Arguments, &c.
... in answer to " Christianity not founded
on Argument," ' 1743. 2. < The Certain Effi-
cacy of the Death of Christ asserted' (a book
at one time greatly in demand), 1743. 3. ' A
Vindication of Natural and Revealed Reli-
gion, in answer to Mr. James Foster,' 1746.
4. ' A Treatise on various subjects : contro-
versial tracts against Bragge, Johnson, Tin-
dal, Jackson, Eltringham, and. others' (in 2
vols.), 1750, 1756, 1766, which was extremely
popular. It was edited by James Upton in
1813, with some of Brine's sermons added,
and a life of the author prefixed (from Walter
Wilson). 5. ' Discourses at a Monthly Ex-
ercise of Prayer, at Wednesday and Lord's
Day Evening Lectures, and Miscellaneous
Discourses ' (2 vols.) ; and 6. ' Funeral and
Ordination Sermons and Choice Experience
of Mrs. Anne Brine, with Dr. Gill's Sermon at
her Funeral,' 1750. Collected together, his
pamphlets fill eight volumes octavo.
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, ii. 574 ; Gill's
Sermons and Tracts ; John Brown's Descriptive
List of Keligious Books ; Jones's Bunhill Memo-
rials ; Catalogue of the late Mr. Thomas Jepps,
of Paternoster Row, 1856 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
J. H. T.
BRINKELOW, HENRY (d. 1546), sati-
rist, son of Robert Brinkelow, a farmer of
Kintbury, Berkshire, began life as a Francis-
can, or Grey Friar, but left the order, mar-
ried, and became a citizen and mercer of
London. He adopted the opinions of the re-
forming party, and wrote satires on social
and religious subjects under the pseudonym
of Roderigo Mors. He says that he was
banished from England through the influ-
ence of the bishops. By his will, dated 1546,
the year of his death, and proved by his
widow Margery, he left 5/. 'to the godly
learned men who labour in the vineyard of
the Lord, and fight against Anti-Christ.'
This will shows that he was a man of sub-
stance. He left a son named John. His
works are : 1. * The Complaynt of Rode-
ryck Mors, sometyme a gray fryre, unto the
parlament house of Ingland his natural cun-
try. Mighell boys, Geneve in Savoye '
(1545 ?) ; another edition, ' M. boys, Geneve '
(1550) ; a third ' Per Franciscum de Turona'
(Turin). These are in the library of the Bri-
tish Museum. Another edition with slight
variations is in the Guildhall Library, London.
The ' Complaynt ' has been published by the
Early English Text Society under the edi-
torship of Mr. J. Meadows Cowper, 1874.
It deals with wrongs done the people by en-
closures, with the advance in rents, and with
legal oppression ; it recommends the confis-
cation of the property of bishops and deans,
of chantries and the like, and, after allow-
ing one-tenth to the crown, points out
various social objects to which the remain-
der should be devoted. The 23rd chapter,
headed 'A lamentacyon for that the body
and tayle of the pope is not banished with
his name,' was reprinted in 1641 as a separate
broadside with the title ' The true Coppy of
the Complaint of Roderyck Mors . . . unto
the Parliament House of England.' 2. 'The
Lamentacion of a Christian against the Citie
of London made by Roderigo Mors . . .
Prynted at Jericho in the land of Promes
by Thome Trauth ' (1542) ; another edition,
* Nurembergh, 1545 ; ' another, in the Lam-
beth Library (no place), 1548 ; also edited
for the Early English Text Society by Mr.
J. M. Cowper, along with the ' Complaynt.'
Besides these, Mr. Cowper attributes to
Brinkelow : 3. ' A Supplycacion to our moste
Soueraigne Lord Kynge Henry the Eyght,'
1544 ; and 4. ' A Supplycation of the Poore
Commons; ' large extracts from the 'Suppli-
cation of the Commons ' are given in Strype's
•' Memorials,' vol. i. Both these have been
edited by Mr. Cowper for the Early English
Text Society (1871) in one volume, with
Fish's ' Supplication for the Beggars ' edited
Brinkley
347
Brinkley
by Mr. Furnivall. Bale, who attributes the
* Complaynt ' and the ' Lamentacion,' but not
the two ' Supplications,' to Brinkelow, says
that he also wrote an ' Expostulation ad-
dressed to the Clergy,' which now appears to
be lost.
[All that is known of Brinkelow will be
found in J. M. Cowper's edition of the Complaynt
of Roderick More, Early English Text Soc.
No. 22, extra series, to which, and to the same
editor's work in the volume entitled A Supplica-
tion to the Beggars, No. 13, extra series, this
article is largely indebted ; Bale's Script. Brit.
Cat. ii. 105; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials,
i. i. 608.] W. H.
BRINKLEY, JOHN, D.D. (1763-1835),
bishop of Cloyne and first astronomer royal
for Ireland, was born at Woodbridge in
Suffolk, and owed to the influence and aid
of Mr. Tilney of Harleston, under whose
care he was educated, the means of sup-
porting himself at Cambridge. He graduated
at Caius College as senior wrangler and first
Smith's prizeman in 1788, became a fellow
of his college, proceeded M.A. in 1791, and
D.D. in 1806. He contributed to the ' Ladies'
Diary ' from 1780 or 1781 to 1785, and acted
as assistant at Greenwich while preparing
for his degree. To Maskelyne's recommenda-
tion he owed his appointment, in 1792, as
Andrews professor of astronomy in the uni-
versity of Dublin, with the title, added on
the death of Ussher, of * Astronomer Royal
for Ireland,' and the direction of the college
observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin. Its
sole equipment consisting at that time of a
transit instrument, he had leisure to improve
his knowledge of the higher mathematics, in
which, as well as in acquaintance with the
works of foreign analysts, he far excelled most
of his contemporaries. The fruits of his in-
quiries were imparted to the Royal Irish
Academy in a series of communications from
1797 to 1817, and to the Royal Society in
1807 in a paper entitled ' An Investigation
of the General Term of an Important Series
in the Inverse Method of Finite Differences '
(Phil. Trans, xcvii. 114), of which the object
was to surmount a difficulty remaining after
Lagrange's investigation in the ' Berlin Me-
moirs ' for 1772.
In the middle of 1808 a splendid altitude
and azimuth circle, eight feet in diameter,
ordered from Ramsden in 1788, and, after
many delays, completed by his successor
Berge, was set up at Dunsink, and Brinkley
lost no time in turning it vigorously to ac-
count for the purposes of practical astronomy.
His supposed discovery of an annual (double)
parallax for a Lyne of 2/A52 was laid before
the Royal Society in 1810 (Phil. Trans, c.
204), aud he announced in 1814 (Trans. R.
Irish Ac. xii. 33) similar and even larger
results for several other stars. Their validity
I was disputed by Pond, and careful observa-
tions, made with a view to test it during
several years, proved at Greenwich con-
sistently adverse, at Dublin strongly con-
firmatory (Phil. Trans, cviii. 275, cxi. 327).
In 1822 Brinkley described before the Royal
Irish Academy a delicate instrumental in-
vestigation of solar nutation, heretofore known
in theory only. If, he urged, his instrument
were competent to exhibit the minute varia-
tions in the places of the stars produced by
this cause, a fortiori it could be depended
upon for the larger amounts ascribed to
parallax (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xiv. 3, 1825).
The argument seemed at the time unanswer-
able, and was fortified by his seemingly suc-
cessful disengagement from the Greenwich
observations themselves of a parallax for
a Lyrse not differing sensibly from that in-
ferred at Dublin (Mem. JR. A. Soc. i. 329). The
controversy, which was conducted on both
sides with moderation and candour, ter-
minated in 1824 with Brinkley's reassertion
of his conclusion of fourteen years previously.
Yet he was undoubtedly mistaken, although
the source of his mistake remains obscure.
The inquiry, however, was eminently useful
in bringing about a closer scrutiny of instru-
mental defects and uranographical correc-
tions, and so clearing the ground for further
research. Brinkley's communications on the
subject were honoured in 1824 by the Royal
Society (of which body he had been elected
a fellow in 1803) with the Copley medal.
He presided over the Royal Irish Academy
from 1822 until his death, and acted as vice-
president of the Astronomical Society 1825-7,
and as its president for the biennial period
1831-3.
In 1814 he published a new theory of
astronomical refractions deduced from his
own observations, with tables to facilitate
their calculation ( Trans. JR. I. Ac. xii. 77) ;
the same volume contains his catalogue of
forty-seven fundamental stars. Fresh de-
terminations by him of the obliquity of the
ecliptic and of the precession of the equinoxes
appeared respectively in 1819 and 1828 (Phil.
Trans, cix. 241 ; Trans. R. I. Ac. xv. 39) ;
and his constants of aberration and lunar
nutation were adopted by Baily in the Astro-
nomical Society's Catalogue, the former de-
duced from 2,633, the latter from 1,618 com-
parisons of various stars. He observed the
great comet of 1819, and computed elements
for it, and for the comet observed by Captain
Hall at Valparaiso in 1821 (Quart. Jour, of
Science, ix. 164 ; Phil. Trans, cxii. 50).
Brinknell
348
Brinsley
His merits were recognised by ecclesiastical
promotion. In 1806 he was collated to the
prebend of Kilgoghlin and to the rectory of
Derrybrusk ; in 1808 he became archdeacon
of Clogher, and on 28 Sept. 1826 bishop of
Cloyne. The satisfaction of George IV with
his reception at Trinity College, Dublin, is
said to have been not unconnected with his
final elevation. Thenceforth his episcopal
duties engrossed all his attention, and the
scientific activity, by which he had raised
the little observatory at Dunsink to a position
of first-rate importance, was brought to a
close. After some years of failing health
he died at his brother's house in Leeson
Street, Dublin, on 14 Sept. 1835, aged 72,
and was buried in the chapel of Trinity
College. A marble tablet erected to his
memory in the cathedral of his diocese under-
states his age by three years. In character
he was benevolent and disinterested.
He wrote (besides thirty-five contributions
to learned collections, many of them sepa-
rately reprinted) ' Elements of Astronomy,'
still used as a text-book in Dublin University.
The work originated in his lectures to under-
graduates, 1799-1808, which, at the request
of the board, were published in the latter
year, and again, with three additional chap-
ters and an appendix, in 1813. Since then
it has run through numerous editions, and
obtained in 1871 renewed vitality in a care-
ful recast by Drs. Stubbs and Briinnow.
Brinkley's essay on the ' Mean Motion of the
Lunar Perigee/ read before the Royal Irish
Academy on 21 April 1817, obtained 'the
Conyngham medal. He was one of the first
to encourage the rising genius of Sir William
Hamilton, his successor in the Andrews chair
of astronomy, and several of his letters are
printed in the l Life of Hamilton ' by Graves
(1882), i. 239-40, 297, 324. He was a
botanist as well as an astronomer.
[Mem. K. A. Soc. ix. 281 ; G-ent. Mag. 1835,
ii. 547 ; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse ;
Keport Brit. Assoc. i. 140; Andre and Rayet's
L'Astronomie Pratique, ii. 29 ; R. Soc. Cat. of
Sc. Papers.] A. M. C.
BRINKNELL or BRYNKNELL,
THOMAS (d. 1539?), professor at Oxford,
was educated at Lincoln College, and was
appointed head-master of the school attached
to Magdalen College, where he 'exercised
an admirable way of teaching.' He after-
wards studied for a time at University Col-
lege, and became intimate with Wolsey
He proceeded B.D. in 1501, and D.D. on
13 March 1507-8, ' at which time,' says Wood
'the professor of div. or commissary did
liighly commend him for his learning.' On
7 Jan. 1510-11 he was collated to a prebend
n Lincoln Cathedral, and on the same date
was made master of the hospital of St. John
t Banbury. In 1521 he was nominated
professor of divinity on Cardinal Wolsey's
new foundation. He apparently died in 1539
LE NEVE, Fasti, ii. 183). He was the
author of a treatise against Luther, which
does not seem to have been printed. Accord-
ng to Wood it was ' a learned piece,' and
commended for a good book.' Wolsey
recommended Brinknell to Henry VIII as
one of those most fit persons in the university
;o encounter Mart. Luther.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 29 ; Fasti
TBliss), i. 6, 22 ; Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Boase), 55 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 126; Bloxam's Magdalen
College, iii. 70.] S. L. L.
BRINSLEY, JOHN (ft. 1663), the elder,
puritan divine and educational writer, was
educated at Christ's College,Cambridge, where
le graduated B. A. in 1584 and M. A. in 1588.
He became a ' minister of the Word,' and had
:he care of the public school at Ashby-de-la-
Zouch in Leicestershire. The famous astro-
er, William Lilly, was one of his pupils,
as he himself informs us in his curious auto-
biography. 'Upon Trinity Sunday 1613,'
lie says, ' my father had me to Ashby-de-la-
Zouch to be instructed by one Mr. John
Brinsley ; one in those times of great abilities
for instruction of youth in the Latin and
Greek tongues ; he was very severe in his life
and conversation, and did breed up many
scholars for the universities. In religion he
was a strict puritan, not conformable wholly
to the ceremonies of the church of England '
(Hist, of his Life and Times (1774), 5). Again
he says : ' In the eighteenth year of my age
[i.e. in 1619 or 1620] my master Brinsley was
enforced from keeping school, being perse-
cuted by the bishop's officers ; he came to
London, and then lectured in London, where
he afterwards died' (ib. 8). He married a
sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwich.
His works are : 1. ' Ludus Literarius : or, the
Grammar Schoole ; shewing how to proceede
from the first entrance into learning to the
highest perfection required in the Gram-
mar Schooles,' London, 1612 and 1627, 4to.
2. ' The true Watch and Rule of Life,'
7th ed. 2 parts, London, 1615, 8vo, 8th ed.
1619 ; third part out of Ezekiel ix., London,
1622, 4to ; fourth part, 'to the plain-hearted
seduced by popery,' London, 1624, 8vo.
3. 'Pueriles Confabulatiunculse : or Childrens
Dialogues, little conferences, or talkings
together, or Dialogues fit for children,'
London, 1617. 4. 'Cato (concerning the
precepts of common life) translated gram-
Brinsley
349
Brinsley
matically,' London, 1622, 8vo. 5. ' A Con-
solation for our Grammar Schooles; or a
faithfull incouragement for laying of a sure
foundation of all good learninge in our
Schooles,' London,! 622, 4to. 6. 'The Posing
of the Parts : or, a most plaine and easie way
of examining the accidence and grammar by
questions and answers,' London, 1630, 4to ;
10th ed. London, 1647, 4to. 7. ' The first
Booke of Tullies Offices, translated gramma-
tically : and also according to the propriety
of our English tongue/ London, 1631, 8vo.
8. ' Stanbrigii Embrion relimatum, seu Voca-
bularium metricum olim a Johanne Stanbrigio
digestum, nunc vero locupletatum, defseca-
tum, legitimo nee non rotundo plerumque
carmine exult ans, & in majorem Pueritise
balbutientis usum undequaque accommoda-
tum,' London, 1647, 4to. 9. ' Corderius Dia-
logues, translated grammatically,' London,
1653. In the dedication to William, lord
Cavendish, he speaks of his lordship's 'favour-
able approbation of my School-endeavours,
together with your honourable bountie, for
the incouraging of me, to the accomplishment
of my promise for my Grammatical! transla-
tions.' 10. 'Virgil's Eclogues, with his book
of the Ordering of Bees, translated gramma-
tically,' 1663, 4to.
[MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Notes
andQueries (2nd series), xii. 126, 180 (4th series),
iv. 411 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Brit.
Mus. Cat. ; Cat, Lib. Impress. Bibl. Bodl. (1843),
i. 331.] T. C.
BRINSLEY, JOHN (1600-1666), the
younger, puritan divine, was born&t Ashby-
de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, in 160^ being son
of John Brinsley the elder [q. v.], master of
the public school there, and his wife, who was
a sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop
of Norwich. Having received the rudiments
of education from his father, he was admitted
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at the age
of thirteen years and a half. He attended
his uncle, Dr. Hall, then dean of Worcester,
to the synod of Dort (1618-19), as his ama-
nuensis ; and on his return to Cambridge he
was elected to a scholarship in his college,
and took his degrees (B. A. 1619, M.A. 1623).
After being ordained he preached first at
Preston, near Chelmsford. In 1625 he was
appointed by the corporation of Great Yar-
mouth their minister; but the dean and
chapter of Norwich, claiming the right of
nomination, disputed the appointment, and
he was summoned before the high court of
commission at Lambeth, and was at mid-
summer 1627 dismissed from his ministerial
function in Yarmouth church, by a decree
in chancery, given upon a certificate made
by Archbishop Laud. He continued, how-
ever, to preach in the town, in what was
then the Dutch church, was subsequently the
theatre, and is now commonly called the
town house. The corporation meanwhile
persevered in their struggle with the bishop
and the court in his behalf, till in 1632 the
king in council forbade his officiating at
Yarmouth altogether, and even committed
to prison four individuals — among them the
well-known regicide, Miles Corbet, then
recorder of the town — for abetting him.
Brinsley after this exercised his pastoral
duties in the half hundred of Lothingland
in 1642, and, through the interest of Sir John
Wentworth of Somerleyton Hall, was ap-
pointed to the cure of the parish of Somer-
leyton. Two years subsequently he was
again chosen one of the town preachers at
Yarmouth, and it is said that he occupied
the chancel of the church with the presby-
terians, while Bridge with the congregation-
alists was in possession of the north aisle,
and the south aisle, with the nave, was left
to the regular minister. Service in all these
was performed simultaneously, the corpora-
tion having divided the building for the pur-
pose on the death of the king, at an expense
of900J.
At the Restoration he was ejected for re-
fusing the terms of conformity. He was in-
flexible on the points which divided so many
clergymen from the established church, and
it is stated that he refused considerable pre-
ferment which was offered to induce him to
remain in her communion. His death oc-
curred on 22 Jan. 1664-5, and he was buried
in St. Nicholas's Church, Yarmouth, with
several others of the family. He had a son
Robert who was educated at Emmanuel Col-
lege, Cambridge (M.A. 1660), but was ejected
from the university, and studied medicine at
Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D.
He afterwards practised his profession at
Yarmouth, where he was elected co-cham-
berlain with Robert Bernard in 1681, and in
1692 was appointed water bailiff*.
Brinsley published many treatises and ser-
mons, including : 1. ' The Healing of Israels
breaches,' London, 1642, 4to. 2. 'Church
Reformation tenderly handled in four
sermons,' London, 1643, 4to. 3. ' The doc-
trine and practice of Psedo-baptisme as-
serted and vindicated,' London, 1645, 4to.
4. ' Stand Still ; or, a Bridle for the Times,'
London, 1647 and 1652, 4to. 5. ' Two Trea-
tises : the One handling the Doctrine of
Christ's Mediatorship. The other of Mystical
Implantation,' 2 parts, London, 1651-2, 8vo.
6. ' The Mystical Brasen Serpent, with the
Magnetical Vertue thereof; or, Christ exalted
Brinton
350
Brinton
upon the Cross/ 2 parts, London, 1653, 8vo.
7. 'Two Treatises: I. The Saints Commu-
nion with Jesus Christ. II. Acquaintance
with God,' London, 1654, 12mo. 8. 'Two
Treatises: I. A Groan for Israel; or, the
Churches Salvation (temporall, spirituall),
the desire and joy of Saints ; II. Tlfptffrepeia.
The Spirituall Vertigo, or Turning Sickness
of Soul-Unsettlednesse in matters of Reli-
gious Concernment,' 2 parts, London, 1655,
8vo. 9. 'Gospel Marrow, the great God
giving himself for the sons of men ; or, the
Sacred Mystery of Redemption by Jesus
Christ, with two of the ends thereof, justifi-
cation and sanctification, doctrinally opened,
and practically applied,' 2 parts, London,
1659, 8vo.
[MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Ca-
lamy's Ejected Ministers (1713), ii. 477, 478,
aud Continuation (1727), ii. 617 ; Cat. Lib. Im-
press. Bibl. Bodl. (1843); Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Druery's Hist. Notices of Great Yarmouth, 65* ;
Lilly's Hist, of his Life (1774), 5-8; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Nichols's Leicestershire, i.
pt. ii. Append, p. 140 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd
series, xii. 126, 180, 4th series, iv. 411 ; Palmer's
Continuation of Manship's Hist, of G-reat Yar-
mouth, 158-161, 365; Palmer's Nonconf. Memo-
rial (1803), ii. 17; Swinden's Hist, of Great
Yarmouth, 837-849 ; Sylvester's Keliquise Bax-
terianse, 283 ; Dawson Turner's Sepulchral Ee-
miniscences of a Market Town, 11.] T. C.
BRINTON or BRUNTON, THOMAS
(d. 1389), bishop of Rochester, was a monk
of the Benedictine house at Norwich. He
is said to have studied both at Oxford and
Cambridge, and is variously described as
bachelor of theology and as ' doctor decre-
torum' of the former university. Having
taken up his residence in Rome, he was made
penitentiary of the holy see, and on 31 Jan.
1372-3 was appointed bishop of Rochester by
Gregory XI, in the room of John Hertley, prior
of Rochester, whose election was set aside by
the pope. Brinton appears to have been dis-
tinguished as a preacher, and a sermon of
his, delivered to the people of London on the
occasion of the coronation of Richard II, is
reported by Walsingham (Historia Angli-
cana, i. 338, 339, ed. Riley, who wrongly
attributes the discourse to Brinton's prede-
cessor, Thomas Trillek, ii. 5136). Subse-
quently he was made confessor to the king.
He was present at the council of Blackfriars
in May- July 1382, which condemned the
doctrines of Wycliffe (Fasciculi Zizaniorum,
pp. 286, 287, 498), and assented to that con-
demnation (ib. pp. 290, 291). He died in
1389 (his will is dated 30 Aug.), and was
buried in the parish church of Seale in Kent.
Weever (Ancient Funerall Monuments, p.
I 325) describes the bishop's tomb, from which
1 the name had already (1631) disappeared.
, On the authority of Bale (Script. Brit.
Cat. xii. 12), who however confessed him-
self ignorant even of the century in which
j Brinton lived, the bibliographers attribute to
i him a collection of ' Sermones coram Ponti-
fice ' and ' Sermones alii solennes.'
[Godwin, De Prsesulibus (1743), p. 533 ; Tan-
ner's Bibl. Brit. p. 126; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 564,
' ed. Hardy. Of the alternative forms of the name
given by Tanner, Briton looks like an error, and
! Brampton may easily have arisen from careless
transcription of the form Brunton given by Wal-
! singham (I.e., ii. 180).] E. L. P.
BRINTON, WILLIAM, M.D. (1823-
1867), physician, was born at Kidderminster,
where his father was a carpet manufacturer,
20 Nov. 1823. After education at private
schools and as apprentice to a Kidderminster
surgeon he matriculated at the London Uni-
i versity in 1843, and began medical studies at
King's College, London. He won several
prizes, and graduated M.B. in the London
University in 1847, M.D. in 1848. In 1849
he became a member of the College of Phy-
sicians, and in 1854 a fellow. In 1848 he
sent to the Royal Society a paper, ' Contri-
butions to the Physiology of the Alimentary
Canal,' and after holding some minor ap-
pointments at his own medical school he
was elected lecturer on forensic medicine
at St. Thomas's Hospital. He published
an able series of ' clinical remarks ' in the
' Lancet,' and the reputation which* these
brought him led to his early acquisition of
a considerable practice. He became physi-
cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in addi-
tion to his other lectureship was made lec-
turer on physiology there. He married in
1854 and lived in Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square, and his practice steadily increased.
Intestinal obstruction and diseases of the
alimentary canal in general were subjects to
which he had paid special attention, and on
which he was often consulted. His Croo-
nian lectures at the College of Physicians
in 1859 were on intestinal obstruction. In
1857 he published the ' Pathology, Symptoms,
and Treatment of Ulcer of the Stomach,'
the first complete treatise on that subject
which had appeared in England, and in 1859
he brought out ' Lectures on the Diseases of
the Stomach,' of which a second edition
was published in 1864. This book contains
a clear account of the existing knowledge
of the subject, with many well-arranged
notes of cases and a few observations new
to medicine, for example the description
(p. 87, ed. 1864) of the condition of stomach
sometimes discovered after death in cases of
Briot
351
Briot
scarlet fever. In the last chapter Brinton
demonstrates the absence of pathological
ground for the affection so often named in
general literature, as well as in medical
books, under the term gout in the stomach.
Brinton was a man of untiring industry,
and published many papers in the medical
periodicals of his time. He translated Va-
lentin's 'Text Book of Physiology' from
the German in 1853 ; wrote a short treatise
* On the Medical Selection of Lives for Assur-
rance ' in 1856, and in 1861 ' On Food and
its Digestion, being an Introduction to Diete-
tics,' besides six articles in ' Todd's Cyclo-
paedia of Anatomy and Physiology,' and
some papers read before the Royal Society.
He was elected F.R.S. in 1864. His vaca-
tions were often spent in the Tyrol, where
he was an active member of the Alpine
Club. Two papers by him appear in ' Peaks,
Passes, and Glaciers ' (series ii. vol. i.) In
1863 Brinton had symptoms of renal disease,
and, after manly struggles to continue his
labours in spite of the malady, he died on
17 Jan. 1867. After his death a treatise on
' Intestinal Obstruction,' based on his Croo-
nian lectures, was edited by his friend Dr.
Buzzard. Brinton was a physician of high
personal character and great powers of work.
His book on ulcer of the stomach deserves a
place among the best English medical mono-
graphs, and in all his books the assertions
rest on a solid basis of observation. He left
six children, and one of his sons graduated in
medicine at Cambridge A memoir of Brinton
by Dr. Thomas Buzzard appeared in the 'Lan-
cet ' for 26 Jan. 1867, and has been reprinted.
[Buzzard's Memoir (1867) ; Brinton's works.]
N. M.
BRIOT, NICHOLAS (1579-1646), medal-
list and coin-engraver, was born in 1579, at
Damblein in Bassigny, duchy of Bar. From
1605 to 1625 he held the appointment of
engraver-general of the coins of France, and
having become acquainted in Germany with
the improved mechanical processes for the
production of coins, especially with the ' ba-
lance' (balancier), he determined to introduce
them with further improvements of his own
into his native country. From 1616 till 1625
he continued to persevere in his endeavour
to get his processes officially adopted. In 1615
he had written a treatise entitled ' liaisons,
moyens, et propositions pour faire toutes les
monnaies du royaume, a 1'avenir, uniformes,
et faire cesser toutes fabrications, &c.' His
proposals, however, encountered the greatest
opposition, especially from the 'Cour des
monnaies/ the members of which resisted
the introduction of machinery, and upheld
their own less rapid and more clumsy method
of striking coins with the hammer. The pat-
tern-pieces made by Briot for the French
coinage are very rare, particularly the franc
and demi-franc of 1616 and 1617, with the
legend 'Espreuve faicte par 1'expres com-
mandement du roy Louis XIII.' Finding
that his long-continued efforts were fruitless,
and pressed hard by his creditors, Briot fled
to England in 1625, and offered his services
and improved machinery to Charles I, by
whom he was well received. On 16 Dec.
1628, the king granted him ' the privilege
to be a free denizen, and also full power and
authority to frame and engrave the first de-
signs and effigies of the king's image in such
size and forms as are to serve in all sorts of
coins of gold and silver ' (RYMER, Fcedera,
xix. 40). In January 1633 he was ap-
pointed chief engraver to the English mint,
and in 1635 master of the Scottish mint.
For the English coinage Briot made the
crown, half-crown, and other denominations ;
his specimens, which are very neatly exe-
cuted and well formed, being signed with
the letter B, or with B and a small flower
or an anchor. He also executed various pat-
tern-pieces for the coinage, and made during
the earlier part of the reign of Charles I a
considerable number of dies and moulds for
medals, the most important of which were
for the coronation medal of Charles (1626),
the 'Dominion of the Sea' medal (1630),
and the Scottish coronation medal (1633).
His medals bear the signature 'N, B.,'
' Briot,' or ' N. Briot.' After the outbreak
of the civil war very little is known of
Briot's life ; but the common statement that
he returned to France and died there about
1650 is certainly incorrect, as an official docu-
ment of the time of Charles II (Calendar of
State Papers, Domestic, May 1662, p. 394)
proves that he died in England in the year
1646. From 1642 till the time of his death
he seems to have remained in the service of
the English king, and to have followed him
in his capacity of engraver to York and to
Oxford. At the Restoration, the name of his
widow, Esther Briot, was one of those which
were ordered to be placed on the list for re-
lieving the servants of Charles I, the sum of
3,0001. having been due to her husband at
the time of his death.
[Dauban's Nicholas Briot, Paris, 1857 (Eevue
Numismatique, 1857, N". S. ii.); Hoffmann's Les
monnaies royales de France, 1878 ; Annuaire de
laSoc. Fran9aise de Numismatique, 1867, p. 152;
Grueber's Guide to the English Medals exhibited
in Brit. Mus. ; Hawkins's Medallic Illustrations,
ed. Franks and Grueber ; Hawkins's Silver Coins
of England, ed. Kenyon; Cochran-Patrick's
Brisbane
352
Brisbane
Becords of the Coinage of Scotland ; Henfrey's
Numismata Cromwelliana, pp. 5, 224.] W. W.
BRISBANE, SIB CHARLES (1769?-
1829), rear-admiral, fourth son of Admiral
John Brisbane, who died 1807, was in 1779
entered on board the Alcide, commanded by
his father, was present at the defeat of the
Spanish fleet off" Cape St. Vincent, and the
relief of Gibraltar in January 1780, and after-
wards in the West Indies. In the end of
1781 he was placed on board the Hercules
with Captain Savage, and was present in the
action of Dominica, 12 April 1782, where he
was badly wounded by a splinter. He con-
tinued serving during the peace, and after the
Spanish armament in 1790 was promoted to
the rank of lieutenant 22 Nov. In 1793 he
was in the Meleager frigate, in which he went
out to the Mediterranean, and was actively
employed on shore at Toulon, and afterwards
in Corsica, both at San Fiorenzo and at the
siege of Bastia, under the immediate orders of
Captain Horatio Nelson, and like him sus-
tained the loss of an eye from a severe wound
in the head inflicted by the small fragments
of an iron shot. He afterwards served for
a short time in the Britannia, bearing the
flag of Lord Hood, by whom he was spe-
cially promoted to the command of the
Tarleton sloop 1 July 1794, and served in
her during the remainder of that and the
following year in the squadron acting in
the Gulf of Genoa, under the immediate
orders of Nelson (Nelson Despatches, ii. 59 n,
105). In the autumn of 1795 he was sent
from Gibraltar to convoy two troopships to
Barbadoes. On his way thither he fell in
with a Dutch squadron, which he kept com-
pany with, sending the transports on by them-
selves, till, finding that the Dutch were bound
to the Cape of Good Hope, he made all haste
to carry the intelligence to Sir George El-
phinstone, the commander-in-chief on that
station. His acting in this way, on his own
responsibility, contrary to the orders under
which he had sailed, had the good fortune to
be approved of; and after the capture of the
Dutch ships in Saldanha Bay, 18 Aug. 1796,
he was promoted by Sir George to the com-
mand of one of them ; but he had previously,
22 July, been promoted by Sir John Jervis,
the commander-in-chief in the Mediterra-
nean, under whose orders he had sailed, and
he also received the thanks of the admiralty.
He continued on the Cape station in com-
mand of the Oiseau frigate, and was in her
at St. Helena when a dangerous mutiny broke
out on board. This was happily quelled by
his firm and decisive measures, and he was
shortly afterwards recalled to the Cape to
take command of the Tremendous, Rear-
admiral Pringle's flagship, on board which
also the mutinous spirit had threatened
extreme danger. In the course of 1798 he
returned to England with Pringle in the
Crescent frigate, and in 1801 was appointed
to the Doris frigate, one of the squadron off"
Brest, under Admiral Cornwallis. During
the short peace he commanded the Trent
frigate and the Sanspareil in the West In-
dies. He was afterwards moved into the
Goliath, in which on his way home he was
nearly lost in a hurricane. In 1805 Bris-
bane was appointed to the Arethusa frigate,
which he took to the West Indies. Early
in 1806 he had the misfortune to run the
ship ashore amongst the Colorados rocks,
near the north-west end of Cuba, and she was
got off only by throwing all her guns over-
board. In this defenceless condition she fell
in with a Spanish line-of-battle ship off Ha-
vana ; but fortunately the Spaniard, ignorant
of the Arethusa's weakness, did not consider
himself a match for even a 38-gun frigate,
and ran in under the guns of the Moro Castle.
Having refitted at Jamaica, the Arethusa was
in August again off Havana, and on the 23rd,
in company with the Anson of 44 guns, cap-
tured the Spanish frigate Pomona, anchored
within pistol-shot of a battery mounting eleven
36-pounders, and supported by ten gunboats.
The gunboats were all destroyed and the bat-
tery blown up, apparently by some accident
to the furnaces for heating shot, by which
the Arethusa had been set on fire, but with-
out any serious consequences ( JAMES, Naval
History (1860), iv. 169), though she had
two men killed, and thirty-two, including
Captain Brisbane, wounded. On 1 Jan.
1807 Brisbane, still in the Arethusa, with
three other frigates, having been sent off Cu-
racao, reduced all the forts and captured the
island without serious difficulty or loss. The
fortifications, both by position and armament,
were exceedingly strong, but the Dutch were
unprepared for a vigorous assault, and were,
it was surmised, still sleeping off the effects
of a new year's eve carousal, when, at earliest
dawn, the English squadron sailed into the
harbour. For his success on this occasion
Brisbane was knighted, and he, as well
as the other three captains, received a gold
medal (ibid. iv. 275). He continued in com-
mand of the Arethusa till near the end of
1808, when he was transferred to the Blake,
of 74 guns, but was almost immediately after-
wards appointed governor of the island of St.
Vincent, which office he held, without any
further service at sea, till his death in De-
cember 1829. On 2 Jan. 1815 he had been
nominated a K.C.B., and attained his flag
Brisbane
353
Brisbane
rank on 12 Aug. 1819. He married Sarah,
daughter of Sir James Patey, knight, of Read-
ing, and left several children.
[Kalfe's Nav. Biog. iv. 84; Marshall's Eoy.
Nav. Biog. ii. (vol. i. pt. ii.) 730 ; Gent. Mag.
(1830), c. i. 642.1 J. K. L.
BRISBANE, SIB JAMES (1774-1826),
commodore, fifth son of Admiral John Bris-
bane, and brother of Rear-admiral Sir Charles
Brisbane [q. v.], entered the navy in 1787 on
board the Culloden. After serving in various
ships he was transferred to the Queen Char-
lotte, bearing the flag of Lord Howe, to whom
he acted as signal-midshipman in the battle of
1 June. He was made lieutenant on 23 Sept.
1794, and served at the reduction of the Cape
of Good Hope. He was afterwards moved into
the Monarch, Sir George Elphinstone's flag-
ship, and was present in her at the capture of
the Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay 18 Aug.
1796. Sir George promoted Brisbane into one
of the prizes, and soon afterwards moved him
into the Daphne frigate, in command of which
he returned to England. The promotion, how-
ever, was not confirmed till 27 May 1797. In
1801 Brisbane was appointed to the command
of the Cruiser sloop, attached to the Baltic
fleet under Sir Hyde Parker. He was more
particularly attached to the division under
Lord Nelson, and on the nights of 30 and
31 March had especial charge of the work of
sounding and buoying the channels approach-
ing Copenhagen (Nelson Despatches, iv. 302-
303). In acknowledgment of his services on
this occasion he was promoted to post rank
on 2 April 1801, and in the latter part of the
year commanded the Saturn as flag-captain to
Rear-admiral Totty until the admiral's death,
when the ship was paid off". From 1803-5
he had command of the sea fencibles of Kent,
and in 1807 of the Alcmene frigate on the
coast of Ireland and in the Channel. In 1808
he was appointed to the Belle Poule, a 38-gun
frigate, and was ordered by Lord Colling-
wood to take command of the squadron block-
ading Corfu. Whilst so employed he captured
on 15 Feb. 1809 the French frigate Var, which
had endeavoured to break the blockade. He
was afterwards engaged in the reduction of the
Ionian islands and the establishment of the
septinsular republic. He continued in the
Adriatic till the summer of 1 8 1 1 , during which
time he captured or destroyed several of the
enemy's small cruisers, and was repeatedly en-
gaged with their batteries on different parts of
the coast. In September 1812 Brisbane was
appointed to the Pembroke in the Channel
fleet, and the following summer was again sent
to the Mediterranean, where he was actively
employed. In 1815 he again served in the
VOL. VI.
Mediterranean, and in 1816 in the expedition
against Algiers. After the bombardment on
27 Aug. he was sent home with despatches,
and on 2 Oct. received the honour of knight-
hood. He had already been made a C.B. in
June 1815. In 1825 he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief in the East Indies, where he
arrived in time to direct the concluding ope-
rations of the first Burmese war, for his ser-
vices in which he was officially thanked by the
governor-general in council. His health, how-
ever, had suffered severely, and was never re-
established. He lingered for some months,
and died at Penang on 19 Dec. 1826. He
married in 1800 the only daughter of Mr. John
Ventham, by whom he had one son and two
daughters.
[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 400 ;
James's Naval History (1860), vi. 337.]
J. K. L.
BRISBANE, JOHN (d. 1776 ?), physi-
cian, a native of Scotland, graduated M.D. at
Edinburgh in 1750, and was admitted licen-
tiate of the College of Physicians in 1766. He
held the post of physician to the Middlesex
Hospital from 1758 till 1773, when he was
superseded for being absent without leave.
His name disappears from the college list in
1776. He was the author of ' Select Cases
in the Practice of Medicine,' 8vo, 1762, and
1 Anatomy of Painting, with an Introduction
giving a short View of Picturesque Anatomy/
fol. 1769. This work contains the six Tables
of Albinus, the Anatomy of Celsus, with
notes, and the Physiology of Cicero.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 274; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual (Bohn), i. 272.]
BRISBANE, SIB THOMAS MAKDOU-
GALL- (1773-1860), general, colonial go-
vernor, and astronomer, was the eldest son
of Thomas Brisbane of that ilk, and was born
at Brisbane House, Largs in Ayrshire, on
23 July 1773. His father had served at Cul-
loden, and died in 1812, aged 92. His mother
was Eleanor, daughter of Sir W. Bruce of
Stenhouse. After spending some time at
Edinburgh University, where he showed his
taste for mathematics and astronomy, he was
sent to an academy in Kensington, was ga-
zetted an ensign in the 38th regiment in 1789,
and joined it in Ireland in 1790, where he
struck up an acquaintance with Arthur Wel-
lesley, then aide-de-camp to the lord-lieu-
tenant, which lasted all their lives. He was
promoted lieutenant in 1792, and captain, at
the age of twenty, in 1793, into the 53rd 'regi-
ment, with which he served through the cam-
paign of 1793-5 in Flanders under the Duke
of York. He was wounded in the attack
A A
Brisbane
354
Brisbane
on the camp of Famars, on 18 May 1793,
and yet was present at the capture of Valen-
ciennes, the battles before Dunkirk, at Nieuw-
poort, and Nimeguen, and was often engaged
in the disastrous winter retreat to Bremen
He was promoted major in the 53rd on 5 Aug
1795, and in October of the same year accom
panied his regiment to the West Indies in
Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition. He was-
present at the capture of the Morne Chalo
and the Morne Fortunee in St. Lucia, at St
Vincent, Trinidad, Porto Rico, and San Do-
mingo, and returned home for his health in
1798. Nevertheless he had to return to Ja-
maica in 1800, when he was gazetted lieu-
tenant-colonel in the 69th regiment, but hac
to come home again in 1803. In 1805 the
69th was ordered to India, but Colonel Bris-
bane's health was not strong enough for a
further residence in a hot country, and he
reluctantly went on half-pay, and devoted
himself to astronomy in the new observatory
which he built at Brisbane.
He still hoped for active service, and, on
his promotion as colonel in 1810, accepted
the post of assistant adjutant-general. In
1812 his old friend Arthur Wellesley, then
the Marquis of Wellington, asked for his
services, and he was made brigadier-general,
and ordered to the Peninsula. He joined the
army in the winter of 1812, and was posted
to the command of the 1st brigade of the 3rd
or fighting division, commanded by Picton.
With Picton's division he was present at the
battles of Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle,
the Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse, and was
mentioned in despatches for his services
at the last of these battles, where he was
wounded. He had so thoroughly established
Ids reputation in the south of France, that the
Duke of Wellington recommended him for a
command in America, and Major-general
Brisbane, as he had become in 1813, accom-
panied his Peninsular veterans to Canada, and
commanded them at the battle of Plattsburg.
This command lost him the opportunity of
being present at Waterloo, but he commanded
a brigade in the army of occupation in France,
and for some time the second division there.
His services were also rewarded by his being
made a K.C.B. with the other Peninsular
generals in 1814, on the extension of the
order of the Bath. On the withdrawal of the
army of occupation he returned to Scotland.
In 1821 he was appointed governor of New
South Wales, and his short government there
marks an era of importance in the history
of Australia, for it was during his term of
office that emigration commenced. The first
free emigrants were Michael Henderson and
William Howe, who had gone out in 1818,
! during the government of General Macquarie.
j That governor, whom Brisbane succeeded
i on 1 Dec. 1821, had administered his go-
j vernment with larger views than the four
naval captains who had preceded him, and
who had been little more than superin-
tendents of the convict establishment, but
he held that Australia was intended for the
1 emancipists,' or ticket-of-leave men, and
rather discouraged immigration. Brisbane,
on the contrary, unwisely threw all power
into the hands of the immigrants, many of
whom were mere adventurers. He found a
colony of 23,000 inhabitants, and left 36,000,
many of them free immigrants, with capital
and a disposition to work. He introduced
the cultivation of the vine, the sugar-cane,
and the tobacco plant, and encouraged horse-
breeding, and he took a particular interest in
exploring the island. Under his auspices
Mr. Oxley explored the coast to the north-
ward of Sydney for a new penal settlement,
and discovered the river to which he gave the
name of Brisbane, and on which now stands
the city of Brisbane, the capital of Queens-
land. But Brisbane was, according to Dr.
Lang, i a man of the best intentions, but dis-
inclined to business, and deficient in energy '
(LANG, History of New South Wales, 1st
ed. i. 149), and he allowed the most terrible
confusion to grow up in the finances of
the colony. The colonial revenue consisted
chiefly of the subsidy of 200,000/. a year paid
by the government for the support of the con-
victs, and the corn for the colony had to be
imported from India. This gave plenty of
room for gambling, and by injudicious inter-
ference with the currency the finances got
into such confusion, that speculators made
large fortunes, and the government was often
on the point of bankruptcy. The eman-
cipists declared that all this gambling had
been caused by the governor's favouritism ;
and though there is no ground for imputing
wilful complicity to him, there is no doubt
•hat the adventurers about him made use of
their influence for their own advantage. The
home government was at last obliged to take
notice of these complaints, and on 1 Dec.
1825, after exactly four years in the colony,
ae left for England, after weakly accepting
a public dinner from the leading emancipists.
3n reaching England he was made colonel
of the 34th regiment in 1826, and retired to
Scotland, where he occupied himself with
lis observatory and his astronomical inves-
igations.
H. M. S.
Brisbane's innate scientific tastes had re-
eived their confirmed bent towards astro-
Brisbane
355
Brisbane
nomy from a narrow escape of shipwreck, I
owing to an error in taking the longitude
during his voyage to the West Indies in j
1795. He thereupon procured books and j
instruments, and made himself so rapidly j
and completely master of nautical astronomy,
that on his return to Europe he was able to
work the ship's way, and in sailing from Port
Jackson to Cape Horn in 1825 predicted
within a few minutes the time of making
land, after a run of 8,000 miles. His obser-
vatory at Brisbane was the only one then in
Scotland, except that on Garnet Hill at
Glasgow. In equipment it was by far fore-
most, possessing a 4^-foot transit and altitude-
and-azimuth instrument, both by Troughton,
besides a mural circle and equatorial. With
these Brisbane worked personally, and became
skilled in their use.
During his Peninsular campaigns he took
regular observations with a pocket-sextant,
and, as the Duke of Wellington said, ' kept
the time of the army.' While sheathing his
sword on the evening of the battle of Vittoria
lie exclaimed, looking round from a lofty emi-
nence, ' Ah, what a glorious place for an ob-
servatory ! ' In 1816 he was unanimously
elected a corresponding member of the Paris
Institute, in acknowledgment of his having
ordered off a detachment of the allies reported
as threatening its premises ; and in 1818 the
Duke of Wellington caused some tables, com-
Euted by him for determining apparent time
pom the altitudes of the heavenly bodies, to be
printed at the headquarters, and by the press of
the army — probably a unique example of mili-
tary publication. His first communication
to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which had
admitted him a member in 1811, was on the
same subject. It was entitled ' A Method
of determining the Time with Accuracy from
a Series of Altitudes of the Sun taken on the
same side of the Meridian ' ( Trans. R. Soc.
Edin. viii. 497) ; and was succeeded in 1819
and 1820 by memoirs 'On the Repeating
Circle,' and on a ' Method of determining the
Latitude by a Sextant or Circle, with sim-
plicity and accuracy, from Circum-meridian
observations taken at Noon ' (ib. ix. 97, 227).
On his appointment as governor of New
South Wales in 1821, he immediately pro-
cured a valuable outfit of astronomical in-
struments by Troughton and Reichenbach,
and engaged two skilled observers in Messrs.
Riimker and Dunlop for the service of the
first efficient Australian observatory. The
site chosen was at Paramatta, fifteen miles
from Sydney, and the building was com-
pleted (at his sole cost) and opened for re-
gular work 2 May 1822. Before eight months
had elapsed most of Lacaille's 10,000 stars had
been, for the first time, reviewed (chiefly by
Riimker) ; Encke's comet had been recap-
tured by Dunlop 2 June 1822, on its first
predicted return, a signal service to come-
tary astronomy ; besides careful observa-
tions by Brisbane himself of the winter sol-
stice of 1822, and the transit of Mercury,
3 Nov. 1822 (Trans. R. Soc. Edin. x. 112).
A considerable instalment of results was
printed at the expense of the colonial de-
partment, and formed part iii. of the ' Phi-
losophical Transactions' for 1829, but the
great mass was digested into a star-cata-
logue by Mr. William Richardson, of the
Greenwich observatory, and printed in 1835,
by command of the lords of the admiralty,
with the title ' A Catalogue of 7,385 Stars,
chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, prepared
from Observations made 1822-6 at the Obser-
vatory at Paramatta.' The value of this col-
lection, known as the ( Brisbane Catalogue/
was unfortunately impaired by instrumental
defects. For these services Brisbane re-
ceived the gold medal of the Astronomical
Society, in delivering which, 8 Feb. 1828,
Sir John Herschel dwelt eloquently upon
his 'noble and disinterested example,' and
termed him * the founder of Australian sci-
ence ' (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. iii. 399). His
observations with an invariable pendulum in
New South Wales were discussed by Captain
Kater in the l Philosophical Transactions '
for 1823. The Paramatta observatory was,
soon after Brisbane's departure from the
colony in 1825, transferred to the govern-
ment; it was demolished in 1855, and an
obelisk erected in 1880 to mark the site of
the transit instrument.
After leaving New South Wales Brisbane
devoted himself to scientific and philanthro-
pic retirement, first at his seat of Makers-
toun, near Kelso, and latterly at Brisbane
House. Severe domestic afflictions visited
him. By his marriage in 1819 with Anna
Maria, heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall,
whose name he took in addition to his own
in 1826, he had two sons and two daughters ;
all at various ages died before him. Never-
theless, he did not yield to despondency.
Shortly after his return to Scotland he built
and equipped at large cost (for the equatorial
alone he paid Troughton upwards of 600 /.)
an observatory at Makerstoun — the third of
his foundation — and took a personal share in
the observations made there down to about
1847 (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. v. 349 ; Monthly
Notices, vii. 156, 167). To his initiative it
was due that Scotland shared in the world-
wide effort for the elucidation of the pro-
blems of terrestrial magnetism set an foot
by Humboldt in 1837. He founded at
A A 2
Bristol
356
Bristow
Makerstoun in 1841 the first magnetic ob-
servatory north of the Tweed ; and his dis-
cernment in entrusting its direction to John
Allan Broun, and generous co-operation with
his extended views, raised the establishment
to a position of primary importance. The
results, published at his and the Edinburgh
Royal Society's joint expense (Trans. R. Soc.
Edin. xvii.-xix. with suppl. to xxii.), formed
the most valuable fruits of his enlightened
patronage of science, and were rewarded with
the Keith medal in 1848. This was the latest
of his public honours. His membership of
the Royal Society of London dated from
1810. He early entered the Astronomical
Society, and was chosen one of its vice-pre-
sidents in 1827; honorary degrees were con-
ferred on him at Edinburgh, Oxford, and
Cambridge in 1824, 1832, and 1833 respec-
tively ; he was an honorary member of the
Royal Irish Academy, and acted as president
of the British Association at its Edinburgh
meeting in 1834. In 1833 he succeeded Sir
Walter Scott as president of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, an office which he
retained till his death. He entrusted the
society with the endowment of a medal,
known as the 'Brisbane Biennial,' for the
encouragement of scientific study, and he
endowed another medal, to be awarded by
the Scottish Society of Arts. He was created
a baronet in 1836, and made G.C.B. in 1837.
He became lieutenant-general in 1829, and
general in 1841. His zeal for education took
effect in his endowment of the Brisbane Aca-
demy at Largs. Everywhere his professions
ripened into acts worthy of his character as
a Christian and a gentleman. His death oc-
curred 27 Jan. 1860, in the same room where
he had been born eighty-seven years pre-
viously.
A. M. C.
[Bryson's Memoir in Trans. R. Soc. Edin. xxii.
589; Proc. R. Soc. xi. iii.; Monthly Notices, xxi.
98 ; Eraser's Genealogical Table of Sir T. M. Bris-
bane, Edinburgh, 1840 ; R. Soc. Cat. Sc. Papers,
vol. i. ; Gent. Mag. 1860, pt. i. 298 ; Royal Mili-
tary Calendar; Lang's Hist, of New South Wales;
Braim's Hist, of New South Wales to 1846.]
BRISTOL, EAKLS OP. [See DIGBY.]
BRISTOL, EAKL OF. [See HEEVET.]
BRISTOL, RALPH DE (d. 1232), bishop
of Cashel, is mentioned by William of Mal-
mesbury as having granted fourteen days
of indulgence to the abbey of Glastonbury.
He became the first treasurer of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, Dublin, in 1219, and was conse-
crated bishop of Cashel in 1223. He died
about the beginning of 1232. He is said to
have written the life of his patron, Lawrence
O'Toole, archbishop of Dublin ; but accord-
ing to Baronius he supplied only the mate-
rials for the work, which was written by a
monk of Auge.
[Ware's Works (ed. Harris), ii. 319 ; Cotton's
Fasti Hibern. ii. 121, 189, 227.]
BRISTOW, RICHARD, D.D. (1538-
1581), catholic divine, was born in 1538 at
Worcester. t Fortunes mediocritas vera no-
bilitate virtutis emersit ' (WOKTHINGTON,
Vita Bristol, 1). Having been instructed in
grammar learning by Roger Goulburne, M.A.,
he matriculated in the university of Oxford,
perhaps as a member of Exeter College. He
took the degree of B.A. on 17 April 1559,
and that of M.A., as a member of Christ
Church, on 25 June 1562, being 'now in
great renown for his oratory ' ( WOOD, Fasti,
ed. Bliss, i. 161). At this period Bristow and
Edmund Campion were 'the two brightest
men of the university,' and upon this account
were chosen to entertain Queen Elizabeth
with a public disputation on the occasion of
her visit to Oxford. This they did with great
applause on 3 Sept. 1566 (WooD, Annals,
ed. Gutch, ii. 159). About this time Bristow
devoted himself to the study of divinity, and
became so noted for his learning that Sir
William Petre appointed him to one of his
fellowships in Exeter College, to which he was
admitted on 2 July 1567 (BoASE, Register of
Exeter Coll. 45). It is related that in a set
disputation in the divinity school he put Lau-
rence Humphrey, the regius professor, ' to a
non-plus.'
At length, being convinced that he had
erred in his religious opinions, he left the
college in 1569 and proceeded to Louvain,
where several learned catholics were residing.
There he became acquainted with Dr. William
Allen, who at once recognised his rare abilities
and appointed him the first moderator or pre-
fect of studies in his newly founded seminary
at Douay. Bristow was always regarded by
Allen as his ' right hand.' He was ordained
at the Easter ordination held at Brussels in
March 1572-3, being the first member of
Douay College who entered the priesthood.
Just before this (20 Jan. 1572-3) he had gra-
duated as a licentiate of divinity in the uni-
versity of Douay, and he was created a doctor
in that faculty on 2 Aug. 1575. Meanwhile
his mother and his whole family had gone
over from England to Douay, viz. five children
with a nephew and a niece; and also his
uterine brother, Louis Vaughan, a layman,
who being a good economist was employed
for many years as house steward of the col-
lege. When Allen removed the seminary to
Bristow
357
Bristowe
Rheims (1578), he placed it under the care
of Bristow, whose laborious life was passed
in reading, teaching, and publishing books of
controversy. ' He did great things for God's
church,' says Pits, ' and he would have done
still greater if bad health had not prevented
him.' On 13 May 1581 he went to Spa on
account of declining health. He returned
on 26 July without having derived benefit
from drinking the waters, and he was ad-
vised to try his native air. Accordingly, on
23 Sept. he set out for England, and soon
after reaching the residence of Mr. Richard
Bellamy, a catholic gentleman, at Harrow-
on-the-Hill, Middlesex, he died there of con-
sumption on 14 Oct. 1581 (Diaries of the
English College, Douay, 183). His death was
regarded as a severe loss to the catholic
cause, for according to the character given of
him in the college archives he might rival
Allen in prudence, Campion in eloquence,
Wright in theology, and Martin in languages
(DoDD, Church Hist. ii. 60).
His works are: 1. < A Brief e Treatise of
diuerse plaine and sure wayes to finde out
the truthe in this doubtful and dangerous
time of Heresie : conteyning sundry worthy
Motiues vnto the Catholike faith, or con-
siderations to moue a man to beleue the
Catholikes and not the Heretikes,' Antwerp,
1574, 1599, 12mo. A third edition, entitled
4 Motives inducing to the Catholike Faith,'
was published [at Douay?] in 1641, 12mo.
The ' Motives ' elicited a reply from William
Fulke, D.D., entitled ' A Retentive to stay
good Christians in the true Faith & Religion,
against the Motiues of Rich. Bristow,' 1580.
2. ( Tabula in Summam Theologicam S.Thomse
Aquinatis,' 1579. 3. ' A Reply to Will. Fulke,
in Defense of M. D. Aliens Scroll of Articles,
and Book of Purgatorie,' Louvain, 1580, 4to.
Dr. Fulke soon brought out ' A reioynder to
Bristows Replie in defence of Aliens Scrole
of Articles and Booke of Purgatorie,' 1581.
4. ' Demaundes to be proponed of Catholikes
to the Heretics,' 8vo. Several times printed
without place or date. This was answered
in a book entitled ' To the Seminary Priests
late come over, some like Gentlemen,' £c.,
London, 1592, 4to. 5. A Defence of the Bull
of Pope Pius V. 6. Annotations on the
Rheims translation of the New Testament,
manuscript. 7. ' Carmina Diversa,' manu-
script. 8. 'Richardi Bristol Vigorniensis,
•eximii svo tempore Sacrse Theologise Doctoris
& Professoris, Motiva omnibus Catholicae
Doctrinae orthodoxis cultoribus pernecessaria;
vt quae singulas omnium aetatum ac prae-
sentis maxime temporis hpereses funditus ex-
tirpet: Romanae autem Ecclesioe auctorita-
tem fidemq. firmissimis argumentis stabiliat,'
2 vols. Atrebati (Arras), 1608, 4to. The
second volume is entitled ' Antihseretica Mo-
tiva, cvnctis vnivs verge atqve solivs salvtaris
Christiano-Catholicse Ecclesiae Fidei & Reli-
gionis Orthodoxis cultoribus longe conduci-
bilissima.' This book was translated into
English by Thomas Worthington, who has
prefixed a life of the author and also a com-
pendium of the biography in Latin verse. It
is a much larger treatise than the original
English ' Motives.' 9. ' Veritates aureee S.R.
ecclesise autoritatibus vet, patrum, &c.,' 1616,
4to. A posthumous work.
Besides writing the above works, lie, in
conjunction with Dr. William (afterwards
cardinal) Allen, revised Gregory Martin's
English translation of the Holy Scriptures,
commonly known as the ' Douay Bible.'
[Life by Worthington, prefixed to the Motiva;
Diaries of the English Coll. Douay, pp. xxix,
xxxii, xxxvi, Ixxiii, 141, 183, 270, 273, 274, and
index ; Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 482, and Fasti, i.
156, 161 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 59; Pits, De
Angliae Scriptoribus, 779 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.
127; R. Simpson's Life of CUmpion, 11, 46, 93,
94, 204, 379 ; Fuller's Worthies (1662), Worces-
tershire, 176; Boase's Register of Exeter Coll.
45, 185, 208; J. Chambers's Biog. Illustr. of
Worcestershire, 80 ; Morris's Troubles of our
Catholic Forefathers, 2nd ser. 57, 3rd ser. 110;
Jessopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House,
p. xv ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1059,
1071, 1148, 1635; Cat. Lib. Impress. Bibl.
Bodl. i. 333; Cotton's Rh ernes and Doway, 13;
Fulke's Defence of the Translation of the Scrip-
tures, ed. Harrshorne (Parker Soc.), pp. viii, ix,
15, 68, 76, 95 n.] T. C.
• BRISTOWE, EDMUND (1787-1876),
painter, the son of an heraldic painter, was
born at Windsor 1 April 1787, and passed his
life at Windsor and Eton. At an early age he
was patronised by the Princess Elizabeth, the
Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV),
and others. He made sketches of well-known
characters in Eton and Windsor, painted
still life, interiors, and domestic and sport-
ing subjects. He had great sympathy with
animals, some power of rendering their cha-
racteristic movements and expressions, and
is said to have given suggestions to Landseer.
In 1809 he exhibited at the Royal Academy
' Smith shoeing a Horse,' and was an occa-
sional exhibitor there and at the rooms of
the British Institution, and at those of the
Society of British Artists, until the year 1838,
when he exhibited the l Donkey Race ' at
Suffolk Street.
Bristowe was a man of independent ec-
centric views, would not work to order, and
sometimes refused to sell even his finished
Brit
358
Brito
productions. He is said to have excelled in
the delineation of monkeys, cats, and horses.
His works, feeble in technique and little
known, are scattered about in private gal-
leries, some being in the royal collection at
Windsor. Among them may be mentioned
1 Monkey Pugilists,' ' Cat's Paw,' ' Law and
Justice,' ' Incredulity,' ' The Rehearsal,' ' Pros
and Cons of Life.' Engravings of a few of
his wrorks have appeared in the ' Sporting
Magazine ' and elsewhere.
He produced little during the fifteen years
immediately preceding his death, which took
plate at Eton, 12 Feb. 1876.
[Cat. Koy. Acad. ; Cat. Brit. Inst. ; Cat. Soc.
Brit. Artists ; Windsor Gazette, 19 Feb. 1876;
"Windsor Express, 19 Feb. 1876; Redgrave's Diet.
of Artists (1878).] W. H-H.
BRIT, BRYTTE, or BRITHUS,
WALTER (ft. 1390), was a fellow of Mer-
ton College, Oxford, and the reputed author of
several works on astronomy and mathematics,
as well as of a treatise on surgery. He has also
been described as a follower of Wyclifte, and
as author of a book, 'De auferendis clero
possessionibus ' (see BALE, Script. Brit. Cat.
vi. 94, p. 503 ; J. SIMLER'S epitome of C.
GESNER'S Bibliotheca, 248 b, Zurich, 1574,
folio ; WOOD, Antiquities of Oxford, i. 475).
If this description be correct, Brit is no doubt
identical with the Walter Brute, a layman
of the diocese of Hereford, whose trial before
Bishop John Trevenant of Hereford in 1391
is related at great length by Foxe (Acts
and Monuments, i. 620-54, 8th ed. 1641).
Foxe prints the articles of heresy with which
Brute was charged, the speech in which
he defended himself, and his ultimate sub-
mission of his opinions to the determina-
tion of the church. Thirty-seven articles
were then drawn up and sent to the univer-
sity of Cambridge to be confuted. Brute,
however, appears to have escaped further mo-
lestation. With respect to Brit's scientific
writings considerable confusion prevails, and
it seems probable that not one of the extant
works ascribed to him is really his. The
work most frequently cited is the ' Theorica
Planetarum' (LELAND, Comm. de Script.
Brit. p. 397), which bears his name in two
manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Digby,
xv. ff. 58 6-92, and Wood, 8 d, f. 93) ;
but it is claimed for Simon of Bredon, also
fellow of Merton, in the verses subjoined to
another copy in the same collection (Digby,
xlviii. f. 112 £), which, to judge from their
contents, have a distinctly stronger presump-
tion in favour of their accuracy. The work
in question, which begins with the words
' Circulus ecentricus, circulus egresse cuspidis,
et circulus egredientis centri idem sunt,' is
further to be distinguished from another
I treatise with the same title, of which the
opening words are ' Circulus ecentricus, vel
egresse cuspidis, vel egredientis centri, dicitur,'
! and of which the authorship is shown by the
| notices collected by Baldassare Boncompagno
j (Delia Vita e delle Opere di Gherardo Cre-
monese e di Gherardo di Sabbionetta, pp. 76-
100, Rome, 1851, 4to) to be really due to
the younger Gerard of Cremona (Gerardus
de Sabloneto) in the thirteenth century. The
latter has been repeatedly confounded with
the ' Theorica ' indifferently assigned by the
bibliographers to Brit and Bredon. Another
! treatise mentioned by Bale as the composi-
' tion of Brit is the ' Theoremata Planetarum,'
which Tanner cites as that existing in the
Digby MS. cxc. f. 190 b (now f. 169 A) ; but
this manuscript dates from about the year
1300, and the wTork is by John Halifax
(J. de Sacro Bosco). Finally, the ' Cirurgia
Walteri Brit ' named in the ancient table of
contents in another Digby MS. (xcviii. f. 1 6)
has nothing corresponding to it in the volume
itself but a set of English medical receipts
whose author is not stated (f. 257).
[Authorities cited in text, and Leland's Col-
lectanea, v. 55 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 127.]
E. L. P.
BRITHWALD. [See BRIHTWALD.]
BRITHWOLD. [See BRIHTWOLD.]
BRITO or LE BRETON, RANULPH
(d. 1246), canon of St. Paul's, is first men-
tioned in the year 1221 as a chaplain of
Hubert de Burgh. During the administra-
tion of his patron he stood high in the favour
of Henry III, and became the king's treasurer.
On the fall of Hubert in 1232 many of the
officers who had been appointed through his
influence were removed, and their places
given to countrymen of the new minister,
Peter des Roches, the Poitevin bishop of
Winchester. Among those displaced was
Ranulph Brito, who wras accused of having
misapplied the revenues which passed through
his hands, and was subjected to a fine of 1,000/.
He was also sentenced to banishment, but this
penalty was afterwards remitted. Whether
the charges brought against him were well
founded or not, it is significant that his suc-
cessor, Peter de Rievaulx (De Rivallis), is
described by Matthew Paris as the ' nephew
or son ' of the bishop of Winchester.
In 1239 a certain William, who lay under
sentence of death for various crimes, en-
deavoured to save his own life by bringing
accusations of treason against several persons
of eminent position. Ranulph Brito, who»
Briton
359
Brittain
was then canon of St. Paul's, was one o
those denounced ; and at the king's instanc
he was arrested by the mayor of London an<
committed to the Tower. The dean an<
chapter of St. Paul's, in the absence of thi
bishop of London, immediately pronouncec
a general excommunication against all who
had any share in this outrage upon a member
of their body, and placed the cathedral under
an interdict. The bishop of London supportec
the action of the chapter, and, findingthe king
unmoved by his remonstrances, threatened to
extend the interdict to the whole of the city
The legate, the archbishop of Canterbury, and
several other prelates added entreaties and
menaces, and the king was- obliged to yield.
He at first struggled to obtain from the chapter
an undertaking that the prisoner, if released,
should be ready to appear when called upon
to answer the charge made against him ; but
they refused to entertain the demand, and
Ranulph was set unconditionally at liberty.
Shortly afterwards the informer confessed
the falsity of the accusations which he had
made, and was brought to the scaffold. Al-
though admitting Ranulph's innocence of
the crime of treason, Matthew Paris intimates
that he had amassed a large fortune by various
acts of extortion, the canons of Missenden
being particularly mentioned as having suf-
fered from his rapacity. He died suddenly in
1246, having been seized with apoplexy while
watching a game of dice.
The name of Ranulph Brito has been er-
roneously inserted by Dugdale and others in
the list of chancellors. This mistake arose
from the word consiliarius, used by Matthew
Paris, having been printed in Wats's edition
as cancellarius.
[Matt. Paris's Chron. Maj. (ed. Luard), iii. 220,
543-545, iv. 588; Eot. Glaus, i. 547; Foss's
Lives of the Judges, ii. 262.] H. B.
BRITON or BRETON, WILLIAM
(d. 1356), theologian, is described as a Fran-
ciscan by all the literary biographers (LELAND,
Comm. de Script. Brit. p. 356, &c.) ; accord-
ing, however, to H. O. Coxe (Catal. Codd.
MSS. in Coll. Aulisque Oxon. i. 4), he was a
Cistercian. No fact is known of his life, but
Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. v. 89), who claims
him, apparently by a guess, for a Welshman,
places his death in 1356 at Grimsby. Briton's
works, enumerated by Bale, are principally
concerned with dialectics. His fame, how-
ever, rests upon his ' Vocabularium Bibliee,'
a treatise explanatory of obscure words in the
Scriptures. The prologue and some other
parts are in Latin verse. These, with addi-
tional specimens, have been printed by A. M.
Bandini in his * Catal. Codd. Latin. Biblioth.
Medic. Laurent.' iv. 213 et seqq., Florence,
1777. Extracts are given by Ducange, 'Glos-
sar. Med. et Infim. Latin.' praef., cap. xlix.
[Authorities cited above, and Fabricius, Bi-
blioth. Lat. Med. et Inf. JEt. i. 261, ed. Florence,
1858.] K. L. P.
BRITTAIN, THOMAS (1806-1884), na-
turalist, was born at Sheffield on 2 Jan.
1806. He was educated at a private school.
He was engaged during the greater part of
his life as a professional accountant, but be-
came interested in natural science, and was
very skilful in the preparation of diagrams
and in the mounting of objects for the mi-
croscope. He settled in Manchester about
1842, and continued to live there during the
remainder of his life. In some contributions
to Axon's ' Field Naturalist ' (Manchester,
1882, p. 148), he has told the story of his
scientific studies from the time of his first
microscope, which was obtained in 1834. In
December 1858 he was one of the promoters
of a Manchester Microscopical Society, which
ultimately became a section of the Man-
chester Literary and Philosophical Society.
When a second Manchester Microscopical
Society — a more popular association — was
established in 1879, he repeatedly held the
office of vice-president, and was afterwards
Resident. On his retirement, from failing
lealthand advanced years, he was presented
ftdth an address at the Manchester Athenaeum,
t Oct. 1883. Brittain was connected with
ther scientific societies in Manchester and
Condon. He was a clear and animated
peaker, and for many years lectured on
rarious subjects of natural science to a great
lumber of the mechanics' and similar insti-
utions. He made frequent contributions to
he ' Manchester City News,' * Unitarian
lerald,' and other papers on matters of sci-
ntific interest. He was also connected with
he unsuccessful attempt to establish a Man-
hester aquarium, and had a short experience,
rom 1858 to 1860, of municipal work. He
ied at Manchester on 23 Jan. 1884. His
vritings are : 1. ' Half a Dozen Songs by
frittanicus,' Manchester, 1846, privately
Tinted. 2. 'A General Description of the
lanchester Aquarium,' 1874, a pamphlet
•uide. 3. l Micro-Fungi, when and where
o find them,' Manchester, 1882. This, in
pite of some obvious defects, has been of
onsiderable use to local students. It is
arranged in the order of the months, and
Lrst appeared in the ' Northern Micro-
copist.' 4. ' Whist : how to play and how
o win, being the result of sixty years' play/
Manchester, 1882. Brittain did not make
my claim to be a discoverer, but he was a
Britton
360
Britton
pleasant exponent of science, and did much
to popularise the taste for natural history in
his adopted home.
[Manchester G-uardian, 24 Jan. 1884; Uni-
tarian Herald, 1 Feb. 1884 ; information from
friends and personal knowledge.] W. E. A. A.
BRITTON, JOHN. [See BRETON.]
BRITTON, JOHN (1771-1857), anti-
quary, topographer, and miscellaneous writer,
was born on 7 July 1771 at Kington St.
Michael, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, where
his father was a small farmer, maltster, baker,
and village shopkeeper. After a desultory
education, in the course of which he acquired
a love of reading, he went at sixteen to Lon-
don, where he was apprenticed by an uncle
to a tavern-keeper on Clerkenwell Green.
Here he bottled wines in a cellar, snatching an
occasional hour for the perusal of a few books.
Here, too, he made the acquaintance of Ed-
ward William Brayley [q. v.], who joined him
in writing and issuing a popular ballad. He
was next employed as a cellarman at the Lon-
don Tavern, and in Smithfield, and as a clerk
in an attorney's office. Amid these employ-
ments, and the compilation of street song-
books, he was led by the success of Sheridan's
i Pizarro ' to produce in 1799 his first book,
' The Adventures of Pizarro, preceded by a
sketch of the voyage and discoveries of Colum-
bus and Pizarro, with biographical sketches of
Sheridan and Kotzebue.' The publisher of a
dramatic miscellany to which he contributed
had long before received subscriptions for a
topographical work, ' The Beauties of Wilt-
shire.' He asked Britton to undertake its pre-
paration, and, with the promise of Brayley's
assistance, Britton consented. Two volumes
appeared in 1801, and were successful. The
third and concluding volume, to which Brit-
ton prefixed an interesting autobiographical
preface, did not appear until 1825. Mean-
while, a publishing firm which had shared in
the production of the ' Beauties of Wiltshire'
engaged Britton and Brayley to co-operate
in a larger enterprise, the first instalment of
which appeared also in 1801 with the title
'The Beauties of England and Wales, or
original delineations, topographical, histori-
cal, and descriptive, of each county. By Ed-
ward Brayley and John Britton.' The names
of the two ' editors,' as they at first styled
themselves, alternately took precedence of
each other on the title-pages up to the seventh
volume, after which each was assigned to its
respective author. In the earlier volumes the
letterpress seems to have been mainly Bray-
ley's, while the general editing, including the
direction of artists and engravers, was Brit-
ton's. With the completion of the first five
volumes in 1803-4, subscribers were informed
that the l authors ' had travelled over an
extent of 3,500 miles to inspect the localities
described. There had been scarcely any work
of the kind so comprehensive in its plan since
the appearance of the ' Magna Britannia '
(1720-31). Vol. vii., containing Lancashire,
Leicestershire, and Lincolnshire, was wholly
Britton's composition, but difficulties with
the proprietors suspended his editorship.
Subsequently he contributed Norfolk and
Northamptonshire to vol. xi. (1810), and
Wiltshire to vol. xv. (1814). Britton esti-
mated the sum expended on the work during
his connection with it as joint-editor at
50,000^. Partly while he was occupied with
it^he contributed to Rees's ' Cyclopaedia ' the
articles on British topography. That on
Avebury he afterwards expanded for the
' Penny Cyclopaedia,' for which he wrote the
account of Stonehenge. He also contributed
the articles on British topography and an-
tiquities to Arthur Aikin's ' Annual Review.'
The proprietors of the l Beauties ' wished
to restrict the illustrations of antiquities.
Britton therefore produced separately the
1 Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain
represented and illustrated in a series of views,
elevations, plans, sections, and details of va-
rious ancient English edifices, with historical
and descriptive accounts of each/ 4 vols.
1805-14, and to these was added in 1818-26 .
a supplementary volume — the best of the
series — ' Chronological History and Graphic
Illustrations of Christian Architecture in
England, embracing a critical enquiry into the
rise, progress, and perfection of this species
of architecture.' The letterpress was meagre,
but the artistic excellence of the illustrations
procured success for what Southey (Quarterly
Review for September 1826) pronounced to be
the ' most beautiful work of the kind that had
ever till then appeared.' Eight thousand
pounds was expended on the work, in which
Britton held a third share. His next important
undertaking was the ' Cathedral Antiquities of
England, or an historical, architectural, and
graphic illustration of the English Cathedral
Churches,' 14 vols. 1814-35. The title of the
first volume is l The History and Antiquities
of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, illus-
trated by a series of engravings of views, ele-
vations, and plans of that edifice ; also etchings
of the ancient monuments and sculpture, in-
cluding Biographical Anecdotes of the Bishops
and of other eminent persons connected with
the Church.' No complete publication of the
kind had appeared since Browne Willis's ' Sur-
vey of the Cathedrals ' in 1742, and more than
20,000^ was expended on the production of
Britton
361
Britton
Britton's work. But, in spite of its excellence,
it was so little a financial success, that its
publication had to be cut short, leaving un-
touched the cathedrals of Carlisle, Chester,
Chichester, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, and Ro-
chester. At the end of vol. iv., while thanking
the public for its purchase of 800 copies,
Britton complains with natural warmth of
the scant encouragement or information re-
ceived from cathedral authorities. To No. 53
(August 1835) he prefixed a sketch of the
history of the work, with a continuation to
that date of his literary autobiography since
1825, the period which it had reached in vol.
iii. of the * Beauties of Wiltshire.' During the
progress of the work he produced, with the co-
operation of Pugin, the ' Specimens of Gothic
Architecture' (1823-5), and the 'Architec-
tural Antiquities of Norway ' (1825). In
1825-8 appeared his ' Public Buildings of
London,' engraved and described, and in
1832-8 his useful ' Dictionary of the Archi-
tecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages.'
He co-operated with Bray ley in the produc-
tion of the valuable ' History and Descrip-
tion of the Ancient Palace and Houses of
Parliament at Westminster ' (1834-6), and
contributed the letterpress to the 'Archi-
tectural Description of Windsor' (1842).
On 7 July 1845 Britton was entertained
at dinner at Richmond by a number of ad- j
mirers. After the formation of a Britton j
Club in the December of the same year, a sum
of nearly 1,000/. was raised by a subscription,
Britton having previously intimated his in- j
tention to devote any money so raised to the
publication of an autobiography. He ac-
cepted an annual pension on the civil list I
procured for him by Mr. Disraeli when chan- •
cellor of the exchequer. In 1850 appeared
* The Autobiography of John Britton. In
three parts.' Part i. scarcely brought down i
his autobiography further than 1825, but it
was written very much more fully than the ;
previous fragments. Part ii. (and last) is a
* descriptive account ' of his literary produc- !
tions of every kind, drawn up by Mr. T. E. i
Jones, who had for fifteen years been his !
amanuensis and secretary. Britton died in j
London on 1 Jan. 1857. "There is a succinct i
but adequate account of Britton's services to j
archaeological art in Mr. Digby Wyatt's obitu-
ary ' notice ' of him read before the Royal In- i
stitute of British Architects on 12 Jan. 1857, j
and published in the volume of its ' Papers ' i
for 1856-7.
Britton was for many years an active mem-
ber of the Royal Literary Fund, and his pro- I
tests against the provisions of the Copyright j
Acts compelling the transmission of eleven |
copies of every work, however costly, pub- !
lished in the United Kingdom to certain
public and other libraries, contributed to the
reduction of that number to six. He was
instrumental in founding the Wiltshire Topo-
graphical Society. Having corresponded on
the subject in 1831 with the first Lord Lans-
downe, he proposed in 1837 the formation of
a society to be called ' The Guardian of Na-
tional Antiquities,' and in 1840 he published
a 'Letter to Joseph Hume on the subject
of making some government provision for
preserving the ancient monuments of Great
Britain.' Britton himself successfully pro-
moted the reparation of Waltham Cross and
of the parish church of Stratford-upon-Avon.
Several of Britton's minor publications not
previously noticed deserve mention. In 1816
he issued an engraved view of Shakespeare's
bust in the church of Stratford with ' Re-
marks,' in which he disputed the genuineness
of the accepted portraits, and contended for
the superior value of the bust as a likeness.
His ' Remarks on the Life and Writings of
Shakespeare' in the Whittingham edition
of 1814 were expanded in successive edi-
tions, with a useful list appended of essays
and dissertations on Shakespeare's dramatic
writings. Britton's ' Memoir of Aubrey/
1845 (for the Wiltshire Topographical So-
ciety), is one of the best biographies of the
Wiltshire antiquary that have appeared, and
contains interesting extracts from Aubrey's
unpublished correspondence. For the same
society Britton edited all that is valuable in
Aubrey's (until then unpublished) ' Natural
History of Wiltshire,' 1843. In 1830 he
published an annotated edition of Anstey's
'New Bath Guide,' and in 1848 'The Author-
ship of the Letters of Junius elucidated, in-
cluding a biographical memoir of Colonel
Barr6,' to whom he attributed them (see
Quarterly Review for December 1851). Be-
sides being one of the most continuously
productive writers and editors of his time,
Britton for many years performed the duties
of surveyor and clerk to a local board of
commissioners.
[Britton's writings, especially his Autobio-
graphy; Gent. Mag. February 1857; Builder,
10 Jan. 1857 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. E.
BRITTON, THOMAS (1654 P-1714), the
celebrated ' musical small-coal man,' was
born at either Higham Ferrers or Welling-
borough, Northamptonshire, about the mid-
dle of the seventeenth century. He came
up to London at an early age and apprenticed
himself to a vendor of small coal in St.
John Street, Clerkenwell, for seven years.
At the end of this time his master gave him
a small sum not to set up a rival establish-
Britton
362
Britton
ment. Britton accordingly returned to his
native place, but his money being soon spent
he came back to London and hired a stable
near his old quarters, where he started in
business for himself. He was settled in this
manner in the year 1677, at which time it
is recorded that he paid 47. a year rent.
His house was at the north-east corner of
Jerusalem Passage, on the site now occupied
by the Bull's Head Inn. Britton divided
the stable into two stories, the lower of
which he used as his coal shop, while the
upper formed a long low room to which
access was gained by a ladder-like staircase
from the outside. ( His Hut wherein he
dwells,' says Britton's neighbour, Edward
Ward, l which has long been honoured with
such good Company, looks without Side as
if some of his Ancestors had happened to
be Executors to old snorling Diogenes, and
that they had carefully transplanted the
Athenian-Tub into Clerkenwell ; for his
House is not much higher than a Canary
Pipe, and the Window of his State Room
but very little bigger than the Bunghole of
a Cask.' In these unpromising quarters he
established, in 1678, his celebrated musical
club, the idea of which was originated, or
at least fostered, by Roger L'Estrange, him-
self a good performer on the bass viol. Here
on every Thursday for nearly forty years
were held those remarkable concerts of vocal
and instrumental music which are so curious
a feature in the social life of the time. The
admission was at first without payment, but
(according to Walpole) after a time a yearly
subscription of 10*. was charged, and coffee
was supplied at \d. a dish. This statement
is, however, rendered doubtful by the follow-
ing entry from Thoresby's ' Diary : ' ' 5 June
1712. In our way home called at Mr.
Britton's, the noted small-coal man, where
we heard a noble concert of music, vocal and
instrumental, the best in town, which for
many years past he has had weekly for his
own entertainment, and of the gentry, &c.,
gratis, to which most foreigners of distinc-
tion, for the fancy of it, occasionally resort.'
The greatest performers of the day, both pro-
fessional and amateur, might be heard here.
Handel played the organ (which had only five
stops), Pepusch presided at the harpsichord,
*a Rucker's virginal, thought the best in
Europe,' Banister played first violin, and
John Hughes, Abel Whichello, J. Woolaston,
and many other amateurs took part in the
performances, while leaders of fashion like
the Duchess of Queensberry were amongst
the audience. At one time Britton took a
more commodious room in the next house
for his concerts, but this was not a success ;
so he returned to his old quarters, where, as
Ward expresses it with more force than
elegance, ' any Body that is willing to take
a hearty Sweat, may have the Pleasure of
hearing many notable Performances in the
charming Science of Musick.' But Britton' s-
tastes were not confined to music alone.
From a neighbour of his, Dr. Garencier,
physician to the French embassy, he ac-
quired a love of chemistry, and constructed
for himself at a very small cost what Hearne
calls ' an amazing elaboratory.' It is said
that a Welsh gentleman was so delighted
with this structure that he commissioned
Britton to make him a similar one in Wales
for a handsome fee. It was probably his love
of chemistry which caused Britton to turn
his attention to the occult sciences, of works
relating to which he formed a large and
valuable collection. His knowledge of biblio-
graphy brought him into connection with
Harley, earl of Oxford, the Duke of Devon-
shire, and the Earls of Pembroke, Winchil-
sea, and Sunderland. These noblemen used
every Saturday throughout the winter to
form book-hunting expeditions in the city.
Their meeting-place was at Christopher Bate-
man's in Paternoster Row, where they were
often joined by Britton, who would appear
in his blue smock and with the coal-sack
which he had been carrying about the streets
all the day ; for in spite of his literary and
artistic tastes he continued until his death
to sell coal in the streets of London. The
collection known as the ' Somers Tracts ' is
said to have been formed by him and sold to
Lord Somers for over 500Z. His death was
no less singular than his life. A Mr. Robe,
a Middlesex magistrate who frequented Brit-
ton's concerts, one Thursday brought with
him (unknown to the small-coal man) a fa-
mous ventriloquist named Honeyman. This
man, who was a blacksmith living in Bear
Street, Leicester Square, was known as ' the
talking smith,' and many stories are related
of his wonderful powers. Britton was known
! to be superstitious, and by way of playing
: upon his fears Honeyman announced in an
I assumed voice that unless he immediately
fell upon his knees and repeated the Lord's
; prayer he would die within a few hours.
' The terrified small-coal man immediately
| did as he was told, but the fright was too-
much for him, and he actually died, aged
I upwards of sixty, within a few days. His-
I funeral, which took place on 1 Oct. 1714r
; attracted a large concourse of people. He
j was buried in a vault at St. James's, Clerken-
| well, but no monument marks the exact
spot. Britton left but little property to his
j widow, save his collections of books and
Briwer
363
Broadbent
musical instruments. The latter, together
with his music, were sold by auction at his
friend Ward's on 6, 7, and 8 Dec. 1714, and
fetched about 180Z. The catalogue is still
extant, and has been reprinted in Hawkins's
* History of Music.' His books, which
numbered about fourteen hundred volumes,
were sold later. Britton's intimacy with so
many persons of high rank gave rise to all
sorts of rumours as to his being a Jesuit, a
magician, and such like, though in reality
' he was an extraordinary and a very valuable
man, much admired both by the gentry, even
of those of the best quality, and by all
others of the more inferior rank that had
any manner of regard for probity, ingenuity,
diligence, and humility.' In person he was
short, stout, and of 'an honest, ingenuous
countenance.' He was twice painted by
Woolaston : (1) in his smock with his coal-
measure in his hand, and (2) in the act of
tuning a harpsichord. The former is in the
National Portrait Gallery, and was engraved
by J. Simon in mezzotint. Under the print
are some eulogistic verses by Britton's friend,
the poet Hughes, beginning
Tho' mean thy rank, yet in thy humble cell.
From this portrait is derived the engraving
by Haddocks in Caulfield's 'Remarkable
Persons ' (i. 77). The second picture seems
to have disappeared, but it is known by a
mezzotint engraving by Thomas Johnson,
under which are verses attributed to Prior,
the first line of which runs
Tho' doom'd to small-coal, yet to Arts ally'd.
The head from this portrait was copied by
C. Grignion for Hawkins's ' History.' There
is a small full-length of Britton, with his
coal-sack over his shoulder, in the ' London
Magazine ' for February 1777.
[Pohl's Mozart in London, p. 47 ; Bingley's
Musical Biography, p. 375 ; Thoresby's Diary,
5 June 1712 (ii. Ill); Noble's Continuation of
Granger, ii. 345 ; Reliquiae Hearnianae (ed. Bliss),
p. 339 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 277 ; Pinks's
History of Clerkenwell (ed. Wood), pp. 11, 94,
196, 277-9; Ward's Compleat and Humorous
Account of all the remarkable Clubs in the
Cities of London and Westminster, &c., p. 299;
Gent. Mag. 1773, p. 437; Notes and Queries'
2nd series, xi. 445, 3rd series, vii. 421 ; Burney's
Hist, of Music, iii. 470; Hawkins's Hist, of
Music (ed. 1853), p. 788 ; Catalogue of the
National Portrait Gallery; Registers of St.
James's, Clerkenwell.] W. B. S.
BRIWER, WILLIAM. [See BEEWEB.]
BRIXIUS. [See BBICIB.]
BROADBENT, WILLIAM (1755-1827),
Unitarian minister, the son of William and
Elizabeth Broadbent, was born 28 Aug. 1755.
He was educated for the ministry at Da-
ventry academy (August 1777-June 1782),
first under Thomas Robins, who resigned the
divinity chair in June 1781 from loss of voice,
and afterwards under Thomas Belsham [q.v.]
Broadbent became classical tutor to the aca-
demy in August 1782, and in January 1784
he exchanged this appointment for that of
tutor in mathematics, natural philosophy, and
logic. Belsham resigned the divinity chair
in June 1789, having become a Unitarian, and
the academy was removed in November to
Northampton. Broadbent continued to act
as tutor till the end of 1791, when he became
minister atWarrington (he took out his license
on 18 Jan. 1792), and removed to Cockey
Moor. At this time his views were of the
average Daventry type. But at Warrington
he re-examined his theological convictions,
i and becoming a Unitarian of the Belsham
school, he succeeded in carrying nearly all his
congregation with him. Broadbent from his
eighteenth year kept up a close friendship with
Belsham ; in Williams's chaotic ' Memoirs '
of Belsham (1833, 8vo) are some fragments
of their correspondence. Biblical exegesis
was Broadbent's favourite study, and textual
interpretation played a prominent part in
his preaching. He resigned his Warrington
charge in the spring of 1822, induced by
broken health and the depressing effects of
the loss of his son. He died at Latchford,
near Warrington, on 1 Dec. 1827, and was
buried in the Warrington chapel on 6 Dec.
THOMAS BIGGIN BEOADBENT (1793-1817),
only child of William Broadbent, born at
Warrington on 17 March 1793, entered Glas-
gow College in November 1809. After gra-
duating in April 1813 he became classical tu-
tor in the Unitarian academy at Hackney, an
office he filled till 1816, preaching latterly at
Prince's Street Chapel, Westminster, during
a vacancy. His pulpit powers were remark-
able. Resigning his London work, he returned
to Warrington to pursue his ministerial train-
ing as his father's assistant. He died of apo-
plexy on 9 Nov. 1817. He prepared for the
press, in 1816, portions (1 and 2 Cor., 1 Tim.,
and Titus) of Belsham's 'Epistles of Paul the
Apostle,' published 1822, 4 vols. 8vo. He
also edited the fourth edition, 1817, 8vo, of
the ' Improved Version ' of the New Testa-
ment, originally published 1808, 8vo, under
Belsham's superintendence. Two of his
sermons, published posthumously in 1817,
reached a second edition.
[Monthly Eepos. 1810, p. 362, 1817, p. 690
(memoir by H. G. [Holbrook Gaskell?]), 1818,
Broadfoot
364
Broadwood
p 1 sq (portrait of T. B. Broadbent from minia-
ture by Partridge), 1822, pp. 198, 285, 289, 1828,
p.69;Villiams'8Mem.ofBe]Bh&m,1833fp.610;
information from Eev. E. Pilcher.] A. Gr.
BROADFOOT, GEORGE (1807-1845),
major, the eldest of three brothers who all
fell in the service of their country, entered
the Indian army as an ensign in the 34th regi-
ment of Madras native infantry, in January
1826. The greater part of his earlier service
was passed with his regiment. Returning to
England on furlough in 1836, he held the
appointment of orderly officer at Addiscombe
for thirteen months. In May 1841 he was
.sent to Cabul in command of the escort which
accompanied the families of the Afghan
-chiefs, Shah Sujah and Zeman Shah to that
place. On reaching Cabul, a portion of the
escort was formed into a company of sappers
and miners, which, under the command of
Broadfoot, marched with Sir Robert Sale's
force from Cabul to Jellalabad in October
1841, Broadfoot being specially mentioned in
the despatches for his gallantry in the actions
with the Afghans between Cabul and Gan-
damak. At Jellalabad Broadfoot became gar-
rison engineer, and by his skill and vigour
.speedily restored the defences of the town,
which had been found in a ruinous condi-
tion. During the siege of Jellalabad by the
Afghans, Broadfoot was the life and soul of
the garrison, and aided by his friend Have-
lock, then a captain of foot [see HAVELOCK,
SIB HENKY], was instrumental in prevent-
ing a capitulation, which at one time had
been resolved on by Sir Robert Sale and a
majority of the principal officers of the force.
In one of the sorties made by the beleaguered
garrison Broadfoot was severely wounded.
He subsequently accompanied General Pol-
lock's army of retribution to Cabul, again
distinguishing himself in the actions which
were fought at Mammu Khel, Jagdallak, and
Tezin. At the close of the war he was
created a companion of the Bath, and was
appointed commissioner of Moulmein, from
which office he was transferred to that of
agent to the governor-general on the Sikh
frontier.
While filling the latter post Broadfoot was
present at the sanguinary engagements of
Mudki and Ferozshah, in the last of which
(21 Dec. 1845) he was mortally wounded.
His death and his services were thus de-
scribed in Sir Henry Hardinge's report on
the battle : ' It is now with great pain that
I have to record the irreparable loss I have
•sustained, and more especially the East
India Company's service, in the death of
Major Broadfoot of the Madras army, my
political agent. He was thrown from his
horse by a shot, and I failed in prevailing
upon him to leave the field. He remounted,
and shortly afterwards received a mortal
wound. He was brave as he was able in
every branch of the political and military
service.'
[Annual Register, 1845 ; Kaye's History of
the War in Afghanistan, vols. ii. and iii. 3rd ed.
1874 ; India Office records.] A. J. A.
BROADWOOD, JOHN (1732-1812),
pianoforte manufacturer, was born at Cock-
burnspath, Dunbar, N.B., in 1732. He
came of an old family of Northumbrian
yeomen, who. in the sixteenth century owned
land near Hexham, but in the eighteenth
century moved into Scotland. Broadwood's
grandfather was John Broadwood of Old-
hamstock, East Lothian, who married (1679)
one Katherine Boan. His youngest son,
James, married Margaret Pewes, and their
eldest son was the celebrated pianoforte
maker. Broadwood is said to have walked
from Scotland to London to seek his fortune
as a cabinet-maker. He found employment
and ultimately entered into partnership with
Burkhardt Tschudi, a Swiss harpsichord
maker, who came to England in 1718, and
in 1732 had taken the house in Great Pulteney
Street, which is still the place of business of
his descendants. In 1769 Tschudi retired (re-
serving to himself certain royalties and the
right of tuning harpsichords at the oratorios)
in favour of Broadwood, who had married
his daughter Barbara, though for some time
longer the style of the firm remained Tschudi
& Broadwood. After the death of Tschudi
(in 1773) his son entered for a short time
into partnership with Broadwood, but in
1783 the business was in the sole hands of
the latter, and remained so until 1795, when
Broadwood's eldest son, James Tschudi
Broadwood, was taken into partnership with
his father. The latter died in 1812 and was
buried in the burial-ground of the metho-
dist chapel in Tottenham-Court Road.
Without entering into technical details
it is impossible to describe the changes and
improvements introduced in the construction
of pianofortes by Broadwood and his partners.
The history of the firm during this period is
practically the history of the pianoforte,
and the instruments manufactured in Great
Pulteney Street acquired a European reputa-
tion by means of their admirable qualities.
Broadwood's first patent, dated 17 July 1783,
is for a ' new constructed pianoforte, which
is far superior to any instrument of the kind
heretofore constructed,' but it is known that
prior to this he was engaged in assisting
Brocas
365
Brocas1
Americus Backers in perfecting the so-called
English or direct lever action, which was
patented by Backers's apprentice after his
master's death in 1777. Personally Broad-
wood was an amiable and cultivated man,
and his society was sought after by many of
the most influential personages of the day.
He was a clear-headed man of business, and
very independent and energetic. There is a
portrait of him painted at the age of eighty
by John Harrison, which was engraved by
W. Say and published on 1 Aug. 1812.
[Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 278 a, &c. ;
Specifications of Patents relating to Music and
Musical Instruments ; information from Miss
Broadwood and Mr. A. J. Hipkins ; International
Inventions Exhibition Catalogues, &c.]
W. B. S.
BROCAS, SisBERNARD (1330 P-1395),
third son of Sir John de Brocas, knight, of
Clewer and Windsor, who was master of the
horse to King Edward III, was born about
1330. The family came from Gascony, where
they had fought and suffered for the English
cause against the French for several genera-
tions before John de Brocas became an officer
of the household of Edward II, and settled in
England. Brocas was one of the favourite
knights of the Black Prince, with whom he
was certainly present at the battle of Poitiers,
almost certainly at Crecy and Najara. After
the peace of Bretigny, he and other members
of his family were employed in the settlement
of Aquitaine, where he held the office of
constable, and on the death of the prince he
was specially invited to his funeral. He was
also a friend of William of Wykeham, whose
first acquaintance with his family seems to
have been connected with the building of
Windsor Castle, in the earlier operations of
which Sir John had been employed. Of the
three knights present by invitation at Wyke-
ham's enthronement at Winchester, Brocas
was one. In the year 1377, Wykeham's first
act, after emerging from the difficulties in
which he had been placed by his political
struggle with John of Gaunt, was to make
Brocas ' chief surveyor and sovereign warden
of our parks . . . throughout our bishopric.'
Soon after this he became the chief trustee
of the Brocas estates.
Immediately after the death of Edward III,
Brocas was appointed captain of Calais, an
appointment which he held only for a short
time, but he was now constantly employed
in various diplomatic and military services.
He also sat for Hampshire in ten parliaments,
closely connected, as it would seem, with
Wykeham in his political line of conduct —
from 1367 to 1395. On or soon after Richard's
marriage with Anne of Bohemia, he became
the queen's chamberlain, and he is said to
have also been chamberlain to the Comte de
Hainault.
Brocas was thrice married : (1) About 1354,
to Agnes, daughter and heiress of Sir Mauger
Vavasour of Denton, Yorkshire, from whom
he was divorced. (2) In 1361, to Mary des
Roches, daughter and heiress of Sir John des
Roches, and collaterally descended from Peter
de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester. This lady
was the widow of Sir John de Borhunte,
knight. With her Brocas received several
estates, amongst others Roche Court, near
Fareham, Hampshire, which has continued
ever since in possession of his lineal de-
scendants and representatives. Through this
second marriage Sir Bernard became master
of the royal buckhounds, an hereditary office
retained by his descendants for three centu-
ries. (3) To Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh
Tyrrell, in 1382, soon after which he parted
with some of his estates to the priory of
Southwick, and others to the parish church
of Clewer, where he founded the Brocas
chantry.
Before his second marriage Brocas came,
through the agency of his uncle, Bernard
Brocas, rector of Guildford, into possession
of the estate which formed his chief property,
Beaurepaire, near Basingstoke. Here he built
a house, which has long ago been pulled
down. Brasses and monuments of the
Brocas family are still to be seen in the
neighbouring churches of Sherborne St.
John and Bramley. Brocas died in 1395, and
was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel in West-
minster Abbey. That his handsome monu-
ment stands so close to the royal tombs is a
mark of the estimation in which he was held
by his master. The inscription on the tomb
runs thus : ' Hie jacet Bernardus Brocas
miles T. T. quondam camerarius Anne Re-
gine Anglie cujus anime propitietur Deus.'
The recumbent figure is apparently of a much
later date, but certainly antecedent to the
time of Addison, who, in the ' Spectator,'
describes the verger of the abbey as pointing
out to Sir Roger de Coverley 'the old lord
who cut off" the King of Morocco's head,' a
story which deeply impressed Sir Roger.
The remark was occasioned by the crest,
which represents what is heraldically called
' a Moor's head orientally crowned.' This
crest is found on the seals of Sir Bernard
Brocas, along with the lion rampant of the
Brocas arms, as early as 1361. He was the
first to use it, and it has been borne by his
descendants ever since, but its origin is not
known. It was, of course, granted by Ed-
ward III, and probably represented some
Brochmael
366
Brock
feat of war or chivalry. It may be remarked
that the features of the ' Moor ' are repre-
sented in all the seals as of the distinct, and
even exaggerated, negro type.
The son of Brocas by his second wife,
of the same name as himself, who also held
office at Kichard's court, was executed in
1400 by Henry IV for his share in the con-
spiracy formed in favour of his dethroned
master. Shakespeare mentions him in his
' Richard II ' as one of the conspirators —
My lord, I have from Oxford sent to London
The heads of Brocas and Sir Bennet Seely,
Two of the dangerous consorted traitors
That sought at Oxford thy dire overthrow.
In some of these details the poet was misled
by his authorities. The ' Brocas ' at Eton
and ' Brocas Street ' in Windsor take their
name from this family, to whom considerable
portions of Eton and Windsor once belonged.
[Family papers ; Gascon Rolls ; Eecord Office
papers ; The Family of Brocas, of Beaurepaire
and Roche Court. Hereditary Masters of the
Royal Buckhounds, with some hints towards a
history of the English Government of Aquitaine,
by Montagu Burrows, Capt.R.N., F.S.A., Chichele
Professor of Modern History.] M. B.
BROCHMAEL, YSGYTHRAWG (fi.
584), king of Powis, is mentioned inLlywarch
Hen's elegy (trip. 37), a poem which Dr. Guest
(Origines Celticce, ii. 289) has referred to the
overthrow of Uriconium and the desolation
of the Severn Valley by Ceawlin, king of the
West Saxons in 584. The country of Kyn-
dylan, the chief whose death Lly warch Hen
bewails, is there called the land of Brochmael,
and it is probable, therefore, that Brochmael
was lord of that part of Britain, and that it
was under his command that the Welsh
(Britons) checked Ceawlin's career of con-
quest at Fethan-leag or Faddiley. When in
613 (Annales Cambrics; A.-S. Chron. 607)
^Ethelfrith of Northumbria overthrew the
Welsh at the battle of Chester, Baeda says
that the monks of Bangor who had come to
pray for the success of their countrymen were
under the care of Brochmael, who stayed with
them while the battle was fought, and who
left them and fled when the victorious ^Ethel-
frith attacked them. In this battle Selim,
the son of Cynan, was slain, and as Cynan
is said to have been the son of Brochmael, it
is evident that he must have been an old man
at the time, and 'therefore may very well
have been king of Powis when Ceawlin
[q. v.] attacked Uriconium' (GUEST).
[G-uest's Origines Celtic®, ii. 299, 308, 326 ;
Annales Cambrise an. 613, Rolls Ser. ; Baeda,
Hist. Eccl. ii. 2 (Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Anglo-Saxon
Chron. an. 584, 607, Rolls Ser.] W. H.
BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE (1762-
1842), bailiff of Guernsey from 1821 to 1842,
belonged to an English family established in
Guernsey as early as the sixteenth century.
His father, John Brock of St. Peter's, who
had been a midshipman in the royal navy, mar-
ried Elizabeth de Lisle, daughter of the then
lieutenant-bailiff of the island, and by her
had fourteen children, ten of whom attained
maturity. John Brock died in 1777, at the
age of 48. Daniel de Lisle, his third son,
was born in Guernsey on 10 Dec. 1762.
After such schooling as the island afforded
in those days, he was placed at Alderney
under the tuition of M. Vallat, a Swiss pas-
tor, afterwards rector of St. Peter-in-the-
Wood, Guernsey, and subsequently at a
school at Richmond, Surrey. He was, how-
ever, taken away at the age of fourteen to ac-
company his father, who was in failing health,
to France, where the latter died at Dinan.
He spent about twelve months in visiting the
Mediterranean, Switzerland, and France, in
1785-6, and twelve years later, in 1798, was
elected a jurat of the royal court of Guern-
sey, from which time his name is intimately
associated with the history of his native
place. On four separate occasions, between
1804 and 1810, he was deputed by the states
and royal court of Guernsey to represent them
in London, in respect of certain measures
affecting the trade and ancient privileges of
the island. In 1821 he was appointed bailiff,
or chief magistrate, of the island, and soon
after was again despatched to London, to
protest, which he did with success, against
the extension to Guernsey of the new law
prohibiting the import of corn until the price
should reach 80s. a quarter. In 1832, when
the right of the inhabitants to be tried in
their own courts was menaced by a proposed
extension of the power of writs of habeas
corpus to the island, Brock and Mr. Charles
de Jersey, king's procureur, were sent to Lon-
don to oppose the measure, and did so with
success. Three years later Brock was once
more despatched to London at the head of a
deputation to protest against the proposed de-
privation of the Channel Islands of their right
of exporting corn into England free of duty.
Owing to the remonstrance of the deputation,
a select committee of the House of Commons
was appointed to inquire into the subject,
and the bill was subsequently withdrawn.
On this occasion the states of Jersey pre-
sented Brock with a service of plate valued
at 100/., and his portrait was placed in the
royal court-house of Guernsey. Brock was
married and had two children : a son, who
became a captain in the 20th foot, and a
daughter. He died in Guernsey on 24 Sept.
Brock
367
Brock
1842. A public funeral was accorded to his
remains, in recognition of his long and valued
services to his native island.
[Tupper's Life of Sir Isaac Brock (2nd ed.
London, 1847), appendix B ; Jacob's Annals of
the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Paris, 1830), part i.]
H. M. C.
BROCK, SIR ISAAC (1769-1812), major-
general, commanding in Upper Canada in
1812, was the eighth son of John Brock of
Guernsey [see BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE],
and was born in Guernsey 6 Oct. 1769.
He is described by his nephew and biogra-
pher, F. B. Tupper, as having been, like his
brothers, a tall, robust, precocious boy, the
best boxer, and strongest, boldest swimmer
among his companions, but noted withal
for his gentleness of disposition. He was
sent to school at Southampton at the age
of ten, and was afterwards under the tui-
tion of a French pastor at Rotterdam. On
2 March 1785, when a little over fifteen,
he entered the army by purchase, as an en-
sign in the 8th (King's), in which regiment
his elder brother, John Brock (who was killed
in a duel at Cape Town when a captain and
brevet lieutenant-colonel in the 81st foot in
1801), had just purchased a company, after
ten years' service in the corps in America and
elsewhere. Isaac Brock purchased a lieute-
nancy in the 8th (King's) in 1790, and shortly
after, having raised men for an independent
company, was gazetted captain and placed on
half pay. Paying the difference, he exchanged
into the 49th foot in 1791, and served with
that regiment in Jamaica andBarbadoes until
1793, when he returned on sick leave, and
was employed on the recruiting service until
the regiment returned home. He purchased
a majority in the 49th in 1795, and a lieu-
tenant-colonelcy on 25 Oct. 1797, becoming
soon afterwards senior lieutenant-colonel with
less than thirteen years' total service, which,
as Brock had no Horse Guards interest, was
regarded at the time as a case of exceptionally
rapid promotion. The regiment had returned
home in very bad order, symptoms of which
were manifest when it was stationed near
the Thames during the mutiny at the Nore,
but it soon improved under its new com-
mander so as to elicit the warm approba-
tion of the Duke of York. Under Brock's
command the regiment served with General
Moore's division in the expedition to North
Holland in 1799, where it was greatly dis-
tinguished at the battle of Egmont-op-Zee,
and likewise on board the fleet under Sir
Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson at the battle
of Copenhagen and in the operations in
the Baltic in 1801, a narrative of which, by
Brigadier-general W. Stewart, commanding
the line troops embarked, is given in 'Nelson
i Desp.' iv. 299. Brock embarked with the
I regiment for Canada in 1802, and in the fol-
lowing year, single-handed, suppressed a
dangerous conspiracy which had been insti-
| gated by deserters in a detachment at Fort
George, and the ringleaders of which were
executed at Quebec on 2 March 1804. He
returned home on leave in 1805, but, war with
the United States appearing imminent, he
rejoined at his own request early in 1806.
After commanding for some time at Quebec,
he was sent in 1810 to Upper Canada, to
assume command of the troops there, with
which he subsequently combined the duties
of civil administrator as provisional lieu-
tenant-governor of the province. Here his
energetic example, the confidence reposed in
him by the inhabitants, and the ascendency
he possessed 'over the Indian tribes, at that
time under the leadership of the famous
Shawnee warrior Tecumseh, proved of the
highest value. Very full details of his civil
and military services at this period will be
found in 'Life and Correspondence of Sir
Isaac Brock ' (London and Guernsey, 8vo),
written by his nephew Ferd. Brock Tupper,
the first edition of which appeared in 1845,
and a second, much enlarged from family
manuscript sources, in 1847. Previous to a
declaration of hostilities an army of 2,000
American militia, with twenty-five guns, had
been despatched from Ohio into Michigan,
under the veteran general Hull, who was in-
vested with discretionary powers as to the
invasion of Canada. Hull issued a bombastic
proclamation, and on 12 July 1812 crossed
the narrow channel between Huron and Erie
and entered Upper Canada. Subsequently
he withdrew again to his own shore and shut
himself up in Detroit, whither Brock, who
had only 1,450 men to defend a thousand
miles of frontier, followed him with his avail-
able forces, consisting of 350 regulars, 600
Indian militia, and 400 untrained volunteers,
to which Hull's forces surrendered on 16 Aug.
1812. For the judgment, skill, and courage
displayed by him at this juncture, Brock, who
had attained the rank of major-general on
4 June 1811, was made an extra knight of
the Bath on 10 Oct. 1812. Meanwhile a
second American army of 6,000 men, under
Major-general Van Rennselaer, had been con-
centrated on the Niagara frontier. During
an attack by part of this force on the village
of Queenstown, held by the flank companies
49th and the York volunteer militia, on the
morning of 13 Oct. 1812, Sir Isaac Brock re-
ceived his death-wound. He had dismounted
to head the 49th, when he was shot through
Brock
368
Brock
the body and fell beside the road leading from
Queenstown to the heights, expiring soon
after. His last words, it is said, were, ' Never
mind me — push on the York volunteers.' A
second action took place at Queenstown the
same day, after Major-general Roger Sheaffe
had come up with the 41st foot and other
reinforcements, when the American brigadier
Wadsworth with 950 men laid down their
arms. After lying in state at Government
House, Brock's remains were interred in one
of the bastions of Fort George beside those
of Lieutenant-colonel McDonell, Canadian
militia, a young man of twenty-five, attorney-
general of the Upper Province, who had ac-
companied Brock in the capacity of militia
aide-de-camp and had been mortally wounded
the same day. Brock was in his forty-fourth
year, and unmarried. He was six feet two
inches in height, very erect and athletic,
but latterly very stout. He had a pleasant
manner and a frank open countenance, be-
speaking the modest kindly disposition of
one who had never been heard to utter an
ill-natured remark, and in whom dislike of
ostentation was as characteristic as quickness
of decision and firmness in peril. After his
death the officers of the 49th placed a hand-
some sum in the hands of the regimental
agent for the purpose of procuring a portrait
of the general for the mess, but on reference
to the family it was found that no good like-
ness was extant. It may be added that the
whole of the regimental records of the 49th
were destroyed, after Brock's death, at the
evacuation of Fort George in 1813. The
House of Commons voted 1,575/. for a public
monument, which was erected by Westma-
cott, and placed in the south transept of
St. Paul's. Pensions of 200/. each were
awarded to the four surviving brothers of
the general, together with a grant of land
in Upper Canada. On 13 Oct. 1824, the
twelfth anniversary of his fall, the remains of
Brock and his brave companion McDonell
were carried in state from Fort George to
a vault beneath a monument on Queens-
town heights, erected at a cost of 3,0001.
currency, voted by the Provincial Legislature.
This monument, an Etruscan column, with
winding stair within, standing on a rustic
pediment, was blown up by an Irish American
on Good Friday, 1840. The ruin was seen
and described by Charles Dickens (American
Notes, ii. 187-8). On 30 July 1841 a mass
meeting was held in the open air beside the
ruin, the lieutenant-governor of Upper Ca-
nada, Sir George Arthur, presiding, which
was attended by over eight thousand persons,
besides representatives of the Indian tribes
of the six nations, at which it was enthu-
siastically resolved to restore the monument
forthwith at public cost. A sum of 5,000/.
currency was voted for the purpose by the
province, and the work at once commenced.
Copies on vellum of the correspondence, ad-
dresses, &c., relating to the restoration are
in the British Museum Library. The monu-
ment thus restored is in the shape of a tall
column standing on the original site on the
heights above Queenstown, and surmounted
by a statue of the general. It is enclosed
within forty acres of ornamental grounds,
with entrance gates bearing the Brock arms.
Below, in the village of Queenstown (or
Queenston, as it is now written), is a memo-
rial church with a stained window, placed
there by the York rifles, the corps to which
Brock's last order was given. Brockville
and other names in Canadian topography
also perpetuate the memory of the ' Hero of
Upper Canada.'
[Ann. Army Lists; Bulletins of Campaigns,
1793-1815; Nelson Desp. iv. 299 et seq. ; W.
James's Military Occurrences in Canada (Lon-
don, 8vo, 1818); Quart. Eev. liv. (July 1822)
405 et seq. ; Nile's Weekly Eegister, 1812 ; Col-
burn's United Serv. Mag. March 1846; Gent.
Mag. Ixxxii. (ii.) 389, 490, 574, 576, 655, 670;
F. B. Tupper's Life and Correspondence of Sir
I. Brock (London and Guernsey, 8vo, 2nd ed.
1847); Picturesque Canada, No. 13 (London,
1881).] H. M. C.
BROCK, WILLIAM, D.D. (1807-1875),
dissenting divine, was born at Honiton on
14 Feb. 1807. His father, a man of earnest
and religious spirit, whose efforts among
the poor were at one time wrongly suspected
of insidious political design, married in 1806
Ann Alsop, a descendant of Vincent Alsop
[q. v.], ejected for nonconformity in 1662.
William, their eldest child, was educated
first at Culmstock and afterwards at the
grammar school of Honiton. At the age
of eight we find him writing to a friend
to procure him copies of f Caesar ' and of
1 Virgil.' His life at school was one of con-
siderable hardship, inequality of rank sub-
jecting him to the persecution of his school-
fellows.
Leaving Honiton, he was placed for some
time under the charge of the Rev. Charles
Sharp at Bradninch ; in 1820, being then
thirteen years of age, was apprenticed to a
watchmaker at Sidmouth ; on the conclusion
of his period of ' stern servitude ' was re-
moved to Hertford ; afterwards joined a
baptist church at Highgate ; studied subse-
quently for four sessions at Stepney College ;
and settled at Norwich in 1833. In the follow-
ing year he married Mary Bliss of Shortwood,
Gloucestershire. During his stay at Norwich
Brock
369
Brockedon
Brock published, through the Religious Tract
Society, a work entitled ' Fraternal Appeals
to Young Men.' In 1834 Brock threw him-
self with great energy into the final struggle
connected with the abolition of West Indian
slavery ; spoke in every town in Norfolk and
most of those in Suffolk ; drew up papers in
support of his views, and contributed articles
to the public journals. It is stated that
Brock was the first publicly to attack the
inveterate custom of political bribery in
Norwich.
In 1846, chiefly on account of failing
health, Brock made a tour through France
and Italy. In 1847 he suffered from defective
sight, for the treatment of which he tempo-
rarily removed to London. At the election
for Norwich in 1847 he opposed his intimate
friend Sir Morton Peto, and supported Mr.
Serjeant Parry, the candidate who favoured
the separation of church and state. In con-
sequence of enfeebled health Brock was ulti-
mately advised to remove to London, where
he became pastor of Bloomsbury Chapel on
5 Dec. 1848. Brock soon set on foot a philan-
thropic enterprise for the reclamation of the
poor in the squalid and crowded district of
St. Giles.
At Exeter Hall Brock lectured on behalf
of the Young Men's Christian Association on
' Mercantile Morality.' He was personally ac-
quainted with Sir Henry Havelock; and after
the death of Havelock, in 1857, he published
a memoir, which had an immense circulation,
forty-five thousand copies being speedily dis-
posed of in England. In 1859 the work of
preaching in theatres on Sundays was in-
stituted in London, and Brock delivered
the first sermon in the Britannia Theatre,
Hoxton.
In 1866 Brock made a tour in the United
States. On his return he entered into the
ritualistic controversy, and published two
discourses under the title of ( Ritualism Mis-
chievous in its Design.' He further drew up
a series of resolutions, in a similar sense, in
behalf of the ' general body of protestant
dissenting ministers of the three denomina-
tions in and about London.' He helped at
this time to form the London Association of
Baptist Churches, and was elected its first
president. In the course of twelve years
the association included 140 churches, with
nearly 34,000 members in communion. In
1869 Brock was elected to the presidency
of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and
Ireland. In September 1872 he resigned the
post of minister at Bloomsbury Chapel. A
few days before preaching his farewell sermon
he lost his wife. After three years spent in
comparative retirement he died on 13 Nov.
VOL. VI.
1875. In 1860 the senate of Harvard College
conferred upon him the honorary degree of
doctor of divinity.
In addition to the publications named in
this article, Brock was the author (inter
alia) of ' Sacramental Religion,' published
in 1850 ; ' Sermons on the Sabbath,' 1853 ;
'The Gospel for the People,' 1859; 'The
Wrong and Right of Christian Baptism,'
1864 ; ' The Christian's Duty in the forth-
coming General Election,' 1868 ; and ' Mid-
summer Morning Sermons,' 1872.
[Birrell's Life of William Brock, D.D., 1878;
M'Cree's William Brock, D.D., first Pastor of
Bloomsbury Chapel, 1876 ; A Biographical Sketch
of Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B. (1858), and other
works by Brock ; Annual Kegister for 1875.1
G. B. S.
BROCK, WILLIAM JOHN (1817 P-
1863), religious writer, born about 1817,
married about 1845, in 1847 brought out a
small volume of poems, ' Wayside Verses,'
dating the preface London, 22 Sept.; and
obtaining after this the degree of B.A., he
took orders, and entered the church as curate
of St. George's, Barnsley, Yorkshire ( Twenty-
seven Sermons, 2nd ed. p. 314). In 1855 he
published at Barnsley, and by subscription,
' Twenty-seven Sermons,' in one volume, a
publication which was quickly out of print
(preface to 2nd ed.) ; and leaving Barnsley
in 1858 to become incumbent of Hayfield,
Derbyshire, Brock brought out a second edition
of this book, dating it Hayfield Parsonage,
22 Sept. 1858, and adding to it the farewell
sermon he had preached on leaving Barnsley.
He died at Hayfield on 27 April 1863, and
was buried there. After his death were pub-
lished ' The Rough Wind stayed,' a volume
of ' The Library of Excellent Literature,' 1867,
and ' The Bright Light in the Clouds/ 1870.
[Brock's Wayside Verses, pp. 50, 76, 131; pri-
vate information.] J. H.
BROCKEDON, WILLIAM (1787-
1854), painter, author, and inventor, was
born at Totnes on 13 Oct. 1787. His
father, who was a watchmaker, was a native
of Kingsbridge, where and in the adjoining
parish of Dodbrook his family had been
occupants or owners of garden mills since
the reign of Henry IV. This son, who was
an only child, was educated at a private
school in Totnes, but he learned little in it.
His father was quite capable of supplying
the deficiencies of school teaching as then
understood, and under his instructions his
son acquired a taste for scientific and me-
chanical pursuits. So great was his pro-
ficiency in mechanics that he was able to
conduct the business during the illness of
B B
Brockedon
370
Brockedon
nearly twelve months which ended in his
father's death in September 1802.
Brockedon was proud to acknowledge his
obligations to his father, whose 'natural
talents,' as he wrote to a friend in 1832,
he had < never seen surpassed,' adding that
' whatever turn my own character may have
taken, if the world thinks kindly of it, it
grew under his instruction and advice, and
the impressions made upon me before I was
fifteen.'
After his father's death, Brockedon spent
six months in London in the house of a
watch manufacturer, to perfect himself in
what he expected to have been his pursuit
in life. On his return to Totnes he continued
to carry on the business for his mother for
five years. In a letter written to his friend,
Octavian Blewitt, in November 1832, he
says : 1 1 recollect with much pleasure the
hand I had in making the present parish
clock in the church at Totnes. An order
was given to my father to make a new church
clock a short time before the accident by
lightning which, in February 1799, struck
the tower, threw down the south-east pin-
nacle, and did so much damage to the church
as to require nearly three years to repair it.
This accident prevented the clock being put
up until the summer of 1802, during my
father's last illness. ... I remember when
the clock was making that I was set to do
some of the work, though only about thirteen
years of age, particularly cutting the fly-
pinion out of the solid steel.'
During the five years in which he carried
on the watchmaking business for his mother
he devoted his spare time to drawing, for
which from childhood he had as great a taste
as he had for mechanics. Archdeacon (then
the Rev. R. H.) Froude, rector of Darting-
ton (father of Mr. J. A. Froude), encouraged
him to pursue painting as a profession. The
archdeacon liberally aided Brockedon's jour-
ney to London and his establishment there
during his studies at the Royal Academy.
Brockedon found another generous patron in
Mr. A. H. Holdsworth, M.P. for Dartmouth,
and governor of Dartmouth Castle.
This was in February 1809. From that
time his career must be considered under
three heads : 1, as a painter ; 2, as an author ;
3, as an inventor.
1. For six years he pursued his studies in
London as a painter with little interruption
till 1815. In that year, immediately after
the battle of Waterloo, he went to Belgium
and France, and had the benefit and gratifi-
cation of seeing the gallery of the Louvre
before its dispersion. From 1812 to 1837
he was a regular contributor to the exhibi-
tions of the Royal Academy and the British
Institution. In these twenty-five years he
exhibited sixty-five works, historical, land-
scape, and portraits — thirty-six at the Aca-
demy and twenty-nine at the British In-
stitution (GEAVES, Diet, of Artists}. The
works he exhibited in 1812 were portraits of
Governor Holdsworth, M.P., and of Samuel
Prout, who was, like himself, a Devonshire
artist. He next exhibited ' a more ambitious
work, of which artists of name spoke with
approbation,' a portrait of ' Miss S. Booth as
Juliet' (CUNNINGHAM, 'Town and Table
Talk,' Illustr. News, 1854), pictures on scrip-
tural and other subjects, portraits of Sir Alex-
ander Burns, Sir George Back, now in the
library of the Royal Geographical Society,
and some interesting landscapes of Alpine
and Italian scenery. He also painted the
1 Acquittal of Susannah,' presented by him
to his native county and now in the Crown
Court of the Castle of Exeter; 'Christ
raising the Widow's Son at Nam/ which
he presented to Dartmouth church as a mark
of respect to Governor Holdsworth, and
which obtained for him the prize of one hun-
dred guineas from the directors of the Bri-
tish Institution ; and, about the same time,
' Christ's Agony in the Garden,' which he pre-
sented toDartington church, a picture, he says
in a letter to Blewitt, ' associated with my
grateful recollections of Mr. Froude's friend-
ship ; and I mention it, trifling as it is, as
one public testimonial of my desire to ac-
knowledge his exceeding kindness to me/
Another large picture, representing the ' De-
livery of the Tables of the Law to Moses on
Mount Sinai,' was presented by him to
Christ's Hospital in 1835, and placed by
order of the governors in their great hall.
Another picture, painted at Rome in 1821,
the ' Vision of the Chariots to the Prophet
Zechariah,' excited so much interest that, by
permission of the pope (Pius VII), it was
exhibited in the Pantheon. At the same
time Brockedon was elected a member of
the Academies of Rome and Florence. In
compliance with a law of the Florentine
Academy he presented it with his portrait
painted by his own hand. Brockedon's por-
trait is now a conspicuous object in the
Uffizi of the Florence Gallery near those of
Reynolds and Northcote.
2. Brockedon was meanwhile earning for
himself a reputation as an author. In 1824
he made an excursion to the Alps for the
purpose of investigating the route of Hanni-
bal, and the idea of publishing ' Illustrations
of the Passes ' occurred to him. During the
summers of 1825, 1826, 1828, and 1829, he
was led in the course of his journeys to cross
Brockedon
371
Brockedon
veller,' and he subsequently wrote the Savo
and Alpine parts of Murray's 'Handboo
the Alps fifty-eight times, and to pass into
and out of Italy by more than forty different
routes. The result was the publication, in
1827, of the first part of his 'Illustrations
of the Passes of the Alps by which Italy
communicates with France, Switzerland, and
Germany.' The work, containing 109 en-
gravings, was issued in twelve parts, from
1827 to 1829, forming when complete two
royal quarto volumes, and was gratefully
dedicated to his earliest patron, Archdeacon
Froude. The drawings, which were entirely
by Brockedon's own hand, were done in sepia,
and were sold in 1837 to the fifth Lord Ver-
non for 500 guineas.
In 1833 he published in one volume his
' Journals of Excursions in the Alps, the
Pennine, Graian, Cottian, Rhetian, Lepon-
tine, and Bernese.' He also edited Finden's
' Illustrations to the Life and Works of Lord
Byron.' In 1835 he edited for the Findens
the ( Illustrated Road Book from London to
Naples,' with thirty illustrations by himself
and his friends Prout and Stanfield. In
1836 he wrote for * Blackwood's Magazine '
' Extracts from the Journal of an Alpine Tra-
the Savoy
k
for Switzerland.' His next work, published
in folio in 1842-4, was 'Italy, Classical,
Historical, and Picturesque, illustrated and
described,' with sixty engravings from draw-
ings by himself, Eastlake, Prout, Roberts,
Stanfield, Harding, and other friends. In
1855, in conjunction with Dr. Croly, he wrote
part of the letterpress of David Roberts's
' Views in the Holy Land, Syria, &c.,' Croly
writing the historical, and Brockedon the
descriptive portions.
3. During all these years Brockedon's love
of art and literature was divided with his
love of mechanical and scientific pursuits.
As far back as 1819 his taste for mechanics
led him to turn attention to the mode of
wire-drawing then in use. Brockedon in-
vented a mode of drawing the wire through
holes pierced in sapphires, rubies, and other
gems. He patented this invention, and vi-
sited Paris in connection with it ; but, from
the facility of violation, it was not a source
of profit, though now the mode universally
adopted. In 1831 he invented and patented,
in conjunction with the late Mr. Mordan, a
pen of a novel form called the t oblique,' from
the slit being in the usual direction of the
writing. He next turned his attention to
the preparation of a substitute for corks and
bungs by coating felt with vulcanised india-
rubber. He took out a patent for this inven-
tion in 1838, and in 1840 and 1842 enlarged
its scope by other patents for retaining fluids
in bottles, and for the manufacture of fibrous
materials for the cores of stoppers. This in-
vention led to his forming business relations
with Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co. of
Manchester. About the year 1841 he sub-
mitted to them his patents for a substitute
for corks, through which he was interested
in their business till 1845, when he became a
partner, and retained that position till his
death. In 1843 he patented an invention for
the manufacture of wadding for firearms;
another for condensing the carbonates of soda,
potass, &c., into the solid form of pills and
lozenges ; and for preparing or treating plum-
bago by reducing common black lead to
powder, and then compressing it in vacuo, so
as to produce artificial plumbago for lead
pencils purer than any that could then be
obtained, in consequence of the exhaustion
of the mines in Cumberland, and especially
valuable to artists because free from (dia-
mond) grit. The invention was first worked
for him by Messrs. Mordan & Co., but at his
death in 1854 the plant and machinery were
sold by auction, and bought by one of the
merchants connected with the lead industry
at Keswick. In 1844, 1846, and 1851, he
patented inventions for various applications
of vulcanised india-rubber. In 1830 Brocke-
don took an active part in the formation of the
Royal Geographical Society, and was elected
a member of its first council. He was after-
wards the founder of the Graphic, an art
society. On 12 June 1830 he was elected a
member of the Athenaeum. It had been re-
solved to commemorate the opening of the new
club house in Pall Mall by adding 200 mem-
bers to the list, 100 being elected by the com-
mittee, and 100 by the club. Brockedon was
one of the hundred elected by the committee.
On 18 Dec. 1834 he was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. In February 1837 he lost
his mother, for whose happiness he made the
most loving provision from the moment when
his improved prospects enabled him to do so.
He married in 1821 Miss Elizabeth Gra-
ham, who died in childbirth on 23 July 1829,
in her fortieth year, leaving two children,
Philip North, born at Florence on 27 April
1822, and Mary, married to Mr. Joseph H.
Baxendale, the head of the firm of Pickford
& Co. The son, who was educated as a civil
engineer, became the favourite and confi-
dential pupil of Mr. Brunei, and gave the
brightest promise of future eminence in his
profession, but was carried off by consump-
tion at the early age of twenty-eight, on
13 Nov. 1849. On 8 May 1839 Brockedon
married, as his second wife, the widow of
Captain Farwell of Totnes, who survived
him, and by whom he had no issue.
B B 2
For several years he had I time were dispersed by auction at Sotheby's
£* ^r frSi g^ISoni andi±S ^^^^y^^
1854 a succession of f rTOm^c™^ inlSlShepublished'HintsonthePropriety
severity ended manat^of^und^ rf ^j^. a Typographical Society in
^ -^ -^_ I Newcastle '(8vo, pp. 8), which led to the foun-
artists
SsssaMffl I t«SSr^SS3
Essay on the means of distinguishing An-
from Counterfeit Coins and Medals,'
iTwould have been difficult to find any one I translated and edited bv J. T. B., 1819.
by
Selecta Numismata Aurea Imperatorum
who was more beloved by a large circle of , ^. — _ --_ *
friends at home and abroad, or who was Romanorum e Museo J. T. B 1822 Also
Tore resetted by his professional contempo- reprints of tracts on Henry III, on Robert,
S^iSmy of whom had reason to cherish earl of Salisbury, and of three accounts of the
his memory with affection as that of a man siege
ever ready to show kindness to others, and I
never likely to forget it when shown to
himself.
[MS. Letters, Brockedon and A. H. Holds-
worth, M.P., to OctavianBlewitt, 1832-7, quoted
by W. Pengelly, F.K.S., in Trans. Devon Assoc.
of Literature, Science, and Art, 1831, p. 25;
Blewitt's Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive
and Historical Sketch of the District comprised
between the Dart and the Teign, Lond. 1832,
p. 271 ; Cunningham's Town and Table Talk in
Illustr. Lond. News, 2 Sept. 1854; Bryan's
Diet, of Painters and Engravers, edited by
K. E. Graves ; Algernon Graves's Diet, of Artists
who have exhibited in the principal London
an 'Enquiry into
the Question whether the Freeholders of the
Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Inventions, &c., 1854.] 0. B-T.
BROCKETT, JOHN TROTTER (1788-
are entitled to vote for Members of Parlia-
ment for the County of Northumberland,'
and in 1825 the first edition of his ' Glossary
of North Country Words in Use ' (Newcastle-
on-Tyne, 8vo). The manuscript collections
for this valuable work were not originally
intended for publication, and they passed
into the library of Mr. John George Lambton,
afterwards Lord Durham, but that gentle-
man surrendered them for the public service.
A second edition, to a large extent rewritten,
was published in 1829 ; and a third was
in preparation at the time of the author's
death, and was published,
ship of W. E. Brockett,
J3jn,u^jjvjiii"j., jujcxm X.CVU.LJ..CI.IX ^JL/OO- I 8vo). He also contributed papers to the
Ns 1842), antiquary, was born at Witton Gil- first three volumes of 'Archeeologia ^Eliana.'
bert, co. Durham. In his early youth his In 1882 a * Glossographia Anglicana,' from
parents removed to Gateshead, and he was a manuscript left by Brockett, was privately
educated under the care of the Rev. "William printed by the society, called * The sette
Turner of Newcastle. The law having been of odd volumes,' with a biographical sketch
selected as his profession, he was, after the of the author by Frederick B. Coomer of
usual course of study, admitted an attorney, Newcastle, who names one or two tracts
and practised for many years at Newcastle, by Brockett not noted above, and memoirs
where he was esteemed an able and eloquent by him of Thomas and John Bewick, pre-
advocate in the mayor's and sheriff's courts, fixed to the 1820 edition of Bewick's ( Select
and a sound lawyer in the branches of his pro- Fables.'
fession which deal with tenures and convey- Brockett was a member of the Society of
| Antiquaries, a secretary of the Newcastle
ancmg.
He was a man of refined tastes, and a
close student of numismatics and of English
Literary and Philosophical Society, and one
of the council of the Society of Antiquaries
antiquities and philology. He made con- of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He died at Albion
siderable collections of books and coins and Place, Newcastle, on 12 Oct. 1842, aged 54.
Brockie
373
Brocklesby
[Gent. Mag. 1842, part ii. p. 664; English
Dialect Society's Bibliographical List ; Martin's
Cat. of Privately Printed Books, 1835, 430-
440 ; T. F. Dibdin's Bibliog. Tour, i. 390.]
C. W. S.
BROCKIE, MARIANUS, D.D. (1687-
1755), Benedictine monk, was born at Edin-
burgh on 2 Dec. 1687, and joined the Scotch
Benedictines at Ratisbon in 1708. He was
doctor and professor of philosophy and divi-
nity, and for a considerable time superior of
the Scotch monastery at Erfurt. In 1727 he
was sent on the catholic mission to his native
country, where he remained till 1739. After
returning to Ratisbon, he was for many years
prior of St. James's, during which time he
wrote his ' Monasticon Scoticon.' He died,
leaving it unfinished, on 2 Dec. 1755. It was
completed by Maurice Grant, but the monas-
tery was not able to publish it. The manu-
script, bound in seven ponderous volumes, is
preserved at St. Mary's College, Blairs. It
was lent to Dr. James F. S. Gordon for con-
sultation and use in his ' Monasticum,' printed
at Glasgow in 1867. Brockie wrote ' Obser-
vationes critico-historicse ' on the ' Regulae ac
Statuta recentiorum Ordinum et Congrega-
tionum ' which constitute the 3rd, 4th, 5th,
and 6th volumes of Holstenius's ' Codex
Regularum Monasticarum et Canonicarum/
printed at Augsburg in 1759.
[Gordon's Eoman Catholic Mission in Scot-
land, 526 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit, Mus. ;
Fernschild's Dissertatio de Origine Animse Ra-
tionalis in Homine, 1718.] T. C.
BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1636-
714), non-abjuring clergyman, was born at
Tealby, near Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, in
1636. His father was George Brocklesby,
gentleman. He was educated at the neigh-
bouring grammar school of Caistor, and as a
sizar at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
He graduated B.A. in 1657 and M.A. in 1660.
Some time between 1662 and 1674 he was
instituted to the rectory of Folkingham, Lin-
colnshire. In the appendix to Kettlewell's
Life, 1718, p. xxj, he is recorded as ' Mr.
Brokesby, Rector of Folkinton.' No sym-
pathy with the Jacobite party is to be inferred
from his declining to abjure. Brocklesby re-
tired to Stamford, and employed his leisure
in composing an opus magnum, entitled i An
Explication of the Gospel Theism and the
Divinity of the Christian Religion. Contain-
ing the True Account of the System of the
Universe, and of the Christian Trinity. . . .
By Richard Brocklesby, a Christian Trini-
tarian/ 1706, fol., pp. 1065. The preface
truly says it is ' a book of many and great
singularities;' it is crammed with reading
from sages, fathers, schoolmen, travellers,
and poets ; it bristles with odd terminology
of the writer's special coinage. Brocklesby
denies the eternal generation of the Son, and
even his pre-existence ; yet asserts his con-
substantiality as God-man begotten of God,
'an humane-divine person' (see especially
bk. vi., 'The Idea of the Lord the Son').
He places the abode of Christ in heaven,
from his coming of age to his public mission
(p. 1019 sq.), though he calls the kindred
notion of Socinus l wild and pedantic.' The
only Socinian writers whom he directly
quotes are Enyedi, Krell, and the English
' Unitarian Tracts.' Nor does he know Ser-
vetus (p. 158) at first hand. Acontius
(pp. 819, 821) he greatly values. Spinoza
(p. 785) he cites with modified approval.
John Maxwell, prebendary of Connor, issued
in 1727, 4to, an English version ('A Treatise
of the Laws of Nature ') of Bishop Richard
Cumberland's ( De Legibus Naturae/ 1672, 4to.
Out of Brocklesby's book, as he owns on his
title-page, Maxwell carved two introductory
essays and a supplementary dissertation. He
simplifies Brocklesby's style, omits his theo-
logy, and adds some new matter from other
sources. Brocklesby died at Stamford in
1714 (probably in February), and was buried
at Folkingham. His will (dated 3 Aug.
1713, codicils 30 Jan. and 7 Feb. 1714,
proved 13 Aug. 1714) was to have been
included in the second volume of Pecks
' Desiderata Curiosa/ 1735, but was left over
to a third volume, which never appeared.
Out of considerable landed property in Lin-
colnshire and Huntingdonshire, a house at
Stamford, &c., Brocklesby founded schools
at Folkingham and Kirkby-on-Bain, Lincoln-
shire, and Pidley, Huntingdonshire, to teach
poor children their catechism and to read
the Bible. The charitable bequests are very
numerous, and some rather singular. A
complicated scheme for the distribution of
bibles in five counties was to come into effect
* if the propagation of the gospel in the
Eastern parts totally faifeth, or doth not con-
siderably succeed and prosper.' A sum of
150/. is left towards rebuilding the parish
church of Wilsthorpe,Lincolnshire ; 1501, each
for the benefit of the communities of French
and Dutch refugees ; and 10/. each to eight
presbyterian ministers. A bequest of 10/. to
the celebrated Whiston was revoked by the
first codicil. Brocklesby left two libraries.
That at Stamford was sold by auction ; the
catalogue, Stamford, 1714, 4to, contains the
titles of many rare volumes of the Socinian
school. His library in London was left to
be disposed of at the discretion of John
Brocklesby
374
Brocklesby
Heptinstall, his printer, and William Turner,
schoolmaster of Stamford.
[Books of Sidney Sussex Coll., per R. Phelps,
D.D., master; Calamy's Continuation, 1727,
p. 602 ; Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial, 1802,
ii. 429; Emlyn's Works, 1746, i. vi; information
from the Bishop of Nottingham, Kev. G. Carter,
Folkingham,Rev.W. C. Houghton.Walcot; certi-
fied copy of Brocklesby's will, in the prerogative
court of Canterbury ; catalogue of Brocklesby's
library at Stamford, 1714; Cole's MS. Athense
Cantab. B. p. 176 ; Charity Commissioners' Re-
ports, xxiv. 27 (26 June 1830), vol. xxxii. pt. 4,
pp. 309, 619 (30 June 1837); authorities cited
above.] A. G.
BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1722-
1797), physician, was born at Minehead in
Somersetshire, and was the only son of Richard
Brocklesby of Cork. His mother was Mary
Alloway of Minehead, and both families be-
longed to the Society of Friends. On 29 March
1734 Brocklesby entered the school of Abra-
ham Shackleton, at Ballitore, co. Kildare, so
that he was one of the senior boys when Burke
went there in May 1741. They were con-
temporaries at school for less than a year, but
this early acquaintance was continued when
both came to live in London, and they were
friendfl throughout life. After some studies
at Edinburgh, in 1742 Brocklesby went to
Leyden and graduated M.D. there on 28 June
1745. His graduation thesis on this occasion
(Dissertatio Medico, inauguralis de Saliva
sana et morbosa, 4to, Leyden, 1745) seems to
have been suggested by a case which he had
seen at Edinburgh, in which the administra-
tion of five grains of mercury was followed
by the secretion of one hundred pounds of
saliva. He describes clearly the expectoration
of pneumonia and that of hydrophobia, and
throughout the essay shows extensive reading
and a power of lively expression. He attacks
Pitcairn and the iatromechanicians in general,
and speaks with gratitude of his own teacher
Gaubius. During the next twelve months
Brocklesby settled in London, and in 1751
became a licentiate of the College of Phy-
sicians. In 1754 he received a degree from
the university of Dublin, and was incorporated
M.D. at Cambridge in the same year. His
election as a fellow of the College of Physicians
followed in 1756 (MuNK, Coll. of Phys. ii.
202). In 1758 he was appointed physician to
the army, and served in Germany. In 1763
he settled in Norfolk Street, Strand, where
he soon obtained a large practice. He en-
joyed the friendship of Burke and of Johnson,
and showed that he deserved to be loved by
both. In a kind letter to Burke on 2 July
1788 (Burke Correspondence, 1844, iii. 78),
Brocklesby makes him a present of 1,000/.,
and says that he would be happy to repeat
the gift 'every year until your merit is
rewarded as it ought to be at court.' Brock-
lesby attended Dr. Johnson on many occa-
sions, and in his last illness (BoswELL, John-
son, ii. 481). Boswell describes a dinner at
Brocklesby's (ii. 489), at which Johnson was
present with Valiancy, the antiquarian, Mur-
phy, and Mr. Devaynes, the king's apothecary,
on 15 May 1784. In June 1784, when John-
son's going to Italy was discussed, Boswell
(ii. 527) records another instance of Brock-
lesby's generosity : ' As an instance of extraor-
dinary liberality of friendship, he told us that
Dr. Brocklesby had upon this occasion offered
him a hundred a year for his life. A grateful
tear started into his eye as he spoke this in a
faltering tone.' Many instances of this phy-
sician's kindness to less distinguished persons
are recorded (Burke Correspondence, 21 July
1777 ; MTJNK, Coll of Phys. ii. 203). The
early distinction of Dr. Thomas Young was
largely due to the kindness with which Brock-
lesby, who was his great-uncle, encouraged his
studies (Memoir of Thomas Young, London,
1831), and Young dedicated his inaugural dis-
sertation for M.D. to him. Brocklesby's first
publication after he settled in London was
' An Essay concerning the Mortality among
Horned Cattle,' 8vo, 1746. The chief new
suggestion contained in it is that the infected
bodies should be properly buried in deep
graves. In 1749 he published ' Reflections
on Antient and Modern Music, with the ap-
plication to the cure of diseases, to which is
subjoined an essay to solve the question Avhere-
in consisted the difference of antient music
from that of modern times.' The author's
name does not appear upon the title-page.
The essay contains much learning and many
interesting remarks. It was probably sug-
gested by a story the author had heard in
Edinburgh of a gentleman who had been en-
gaged for the Pretender in 1715, had been
himself wounded, and had lost two sons in the
battle of Dunblane. He fell into a nervous
fever from melancholy, and no treatment did
him good till his physician caused a harper to
play to him day after day, when he revived,
and at last regained his health. Brocklesby
seriously recommends the more regular use of
music as a means of treatment. In 1760 he
delivered the Harveian oration at the College
of Physicians, and it was printed in quarto.
Its most memorable passage is a fine pane-
gyric upon the Dr. Hodges the account of
whose death in poverty after he had stayed
in attendance on the sick throughout the
plague brought tears to the eyes of Dr. John-
son. In 1764 Brocklesby published his most
important work, ' (Economical and Medical
Brocklesby
375
Broderip
Observations, in two parts, from the year 1758
to the year 1763 inclusive, tending to the im-
provement of military hospitals and to the
cure of camp diseases incident to soldiers,' 8vo,
London. This was the first book in which
sound principles of hygiene were laid down
for the army. There were then but few bar-
racks, and those few were ill built. Brock-
lesby shows that the soldiers must have plenty
of air in their rooms if they are to remain
healthy. Proper regulations are drawn up
for field hospitals, and the necessity for giving
the doctor absolute command in the hospital
is pointed out. The observations on camp dis-
eases are clear and original, and the remarks
on treatment singularly wise. There is an
interleaved copy of the book, with a few al-
terations and additions in the author's hand,
in the library of the College of Physicians.
To the same library Brocklesby gave a splen-
did copy, in twenty-five volumes folio, of
Graevius and Gronovius's ' Thesaurus,' which
contains an inscription in his handwriting.
Brocklesby became F.RS., and published some
papers in the ' Philosophical Transactions.' He
published also an account of a curious case of
irregular pulse in 1767, and some experiments
on seltzer water in 1768, both of which are to
be found in the ' Medical Observations and
Inquiries by a Society of Physicians in Lon-
don,' 1767 and 1771. His compositions are
all clear, and show that he possessed well-di-
gested learning and good powers of observa-
tion. His conversation was abundant and
full of all kinds of knowledge, but some-
times flowed too fast. Burke once speaks
of ' Brocklesby's wild talk,' and Johnson once
caught him up for giving too hasty an opinion
as to the sanity of a reputed lunatic, and on
another occasion corrected his quotation of
some lines of Juvenal. But Brocklesby was
often happy in his quotations, especially from
Shakespeare, as Boswell's reports of his conver-
sations with Johnson amply show (BOSWELL,
Johnson, ii. 571). In Rees's ' Cyclopaedia '
(under the name) there is an account of a
curious duel between Brocklesby and Dr.
(afterwards Sir) John Elliot [q.v.] After
a short period of failing health Brocklesby
died suddenly on 11 Dec. in the same year
as Burke. He was buried in the church of St.
Clement Danes, and bequeathed his house and
its furniture, pictures and books, with 10,000£,
to Dr. Thomas Young. His portrait was
painted by Copley, and has been engraved.
[Leadbeater Papers, London, 1862, vol. i. ;
Boswell's Johnson, 1791, vol. ii. ; Memoir of
Thomas Young, London, 1831; Peacock's Life
of Young, 1855; Burke's Correspondence (ed.
Fitzwilliam) ; Hunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, vol.
ii. ; Brocklesby's several works.] N. M.
BROCKY;, CHARLES (1807-1855), por-
trait and subject painter, was born at Temes-
war, in the Banat, Hungary. When between
six and seven years of age he lost his mother.
Her sister had married the manager of a com-
pany of strolling players, and Brocky's father,
who had originally been a peasant, followed
the theatrical party in the capacity of hair-
dresser. He had many difficulties and hard-
ships to contend against in his youth, but
succeeded in obtaining some instruction in
art at a free drawing-school at Vienna, and
afterwards studied in the Louvre at Paris.
He settled in London about 1837-8, and en-
joyed some practice as a miniature-painter.
Among his sitters was the queen. Brocky
exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1839
to 1854 both portraits and subject pieces,
among the latter an oil picture entitled ' The
Nymph,' and four representations of the
Seasons. The British Museum possesses four
heads drawn by him in red chalk, executed
in a masterly style, and four others are at
the South Kensington Museum. When at
Vienna he painted a St. John the Baptist,
an altar-piece, a full-length portrait of the
Emperor of Austria, a St. Cecilia, and a
St. John the Evangelist. Brocky died in
London on 8 July 1855, and was buried in
Kensal Green cemetery.
[Wilkinson's Sketch of the Life of Charles
Brocky, the Artist, 1870, 8vo.] L. F.
BRODERIC, ALAN, LORD MIDLETON.
[See BRODRICK.]
BRODERIP, FRANCES FREELING
was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in
1830. She was named after her father's
friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to
the general post office. On 10 Sept. 1849
she was married to the Rev. John Somerville
Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cos-
sington Manor, who died in 1847, by his wife
Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill.
He was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814,
educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Ox-
ford, where he took his B.A. 1837, M.A. 1839,
became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire,
1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April
1866. In 1857 Mrs. Broderip commenced
her literary career by the publication of
1 Wayside Fancies,' which was followed in
1860 by < Funny Fables for Little Folks,' the
first of a series of her works to which the
illustrations were supplied by her brother,
Tom Hood. Her other books appeared in
the following order : 1. 'Chrysal, or a Story
with an End,' 1861. 2. ' Fairyland, or Re-
Broderip
376
Broderip
creations for the Rising Generation. By T.
and J. Hood, and their Son and Daughter
1861. 3. ' Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales,
1862 4. 'My Grandmother's Budget of
Stories,' 1863. 5. 'Merry Songs for Little
Voices. By F. F. Broderip and T. Hood/
1865. 6. * Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the
Counterpane,' 1865. 7. ' Mamma's Morning
Gossips/ 1866. 8. 'Wild Roses: Simple
Stories of Country Life/ 1867. 9. ' The Daisy
and her Friends: Tales and Stories for
Children/ 1869. 10. ' Tales of the Toys told
by Themselves/ 1869. 11. ' Excursions into
Puzzledom. By T. Hood the Younger, and
F. F. Broderip/ 1879. In 1860 she edited,
with the assistance of her brother, 'Me-
morials of Thomas Hood/ 2 vols., and in
1869 selected and published the ' Early Poems
and Sketches ' of her father. She also, in
conjunction with her brother, published in a
collected form 'The Works of T. Hood/
1869-73, 10 vols. She died at Clevedon on
3 Nov. 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and
was buried in St. Mary's churchyard, Wal-
ton by Clevedon, on 9 Nov., leaving issue
four daughters.
[Gent. Mag. (1866), i. 769 ; Academy (1878),
xiv.450.] G. C. B.
BRODERIP, JOHN (<Z. 1771 ?), organist,
was probably a son of William Broderip,
organist of Wells Cathedral [q. v.], who died
in 1726. The first mention of him in the
chapter records of Wells is on 2 Dec. 1740,
when he was admitted a vicar choral of the
cathedral for a year on probation. On
1 April 1741 it was ordered by an act of the
dean and chapter that Broderip, who had
supplied the place of organist from the death
of Mr. Evans, should be paid the usual salary
allowed on that account in proportion to the
time. On the same day he was admitted
into the place of organist of the cathedral.
On 30 Sept. of the same year Broderip was
fully appointed organist at a salary of 20/.,
and master of the choristers at 71. a year ;
on 3 Dec. following he was perpetuated as a
vicar choral, and on 20 Nov. 1769 was ap-
pointed sub-treasurer, on the decease of
Thomas Parfitt. He was present for the last
time at the quarterly meeting of the dean
and chapter and the vicars choral on 1 Oct.
1770, between which date and 26 April 1771
he died. Between 1766 and 1771 Broderip
published a collection of ' Psalms, Hymns,
and Spiritual Songs/ dedicated to the dean
of Wells, Lord Francis Seymour. After his
death some more settings of the Psalms by
him were incorporated in a publication by
Robert Broderip of Bristol, who is the sub-
ject of the succeeding article. In the latter
years of his life Broderip was organist of
Shepton Mallett, Somersetshire.
[Chapter records of Wells Cathedral, com-
municated by Mr. "W. Fielder ; Broderip's Psalms,
&c.] W. B. S.
BRODERIP, ROBERT (d. 1808), organist
and composer, lived at Bristol during the lat-
ter part of the eighteenth century. He was a
relation of John Broderip [c[. v.], organist of
Wells Cathedral, probably either a brother or
son, and also of the Broderip (d. 1807) who
earned on business as a bookseller and pub-
lisher at 13 Haymarket, and who was one
of the founders of the firm of Longmans.
Next to nothing is known of Broderip's bio-
graphy. He lived at Bristol all his life, and
wrote a considerable quantity of music. His
most important compositions are an occa-
sional ode on the king's recovery, a concerto
for pianoforte (or harpsichord) and strings,
eight voluntaries for the organ, a volume of
instructions for the pianoforte or harpsi-
chord, a collection of psalms (partly by John
Broderip), collections of duets, glees, &c., and
many songs. He died in Church Lane, Bris-
tol, on 14 May 1808. His eldest son, a lieu-
tenant on the Achates, died of yellow fever
in the West Indies in 1811, aged 19.
[Gent. Mag. 1807, i. 190, 1808, i. 559, 1811,
i. 679 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. B. S.
BRODERIP, WILLIAM (1683-1726),
organist, as to whose parentage and educa-
tion nothing is known, was appointed a vicar
choral of Wells Cathedral on 1 April 1701.
On 1 Oct. 1706 he was appointed sub-trea-
surer, and on 1 April 1708 a cathedral stall
was assigned to him. On 2 Jan. 1712 he
succeeded John George as organist of the
cathedral, at an annual salary of 20/. He
retained this post until his death, which
took place 31 Jan. 1726. Broderip was
buried in the nave of the cathedral ; accord-
ing to the inscription on his gravestone, he
left a widow and nine children. Some of
the latter probably followed their father's
profession, as besides Robert [q. v.l and John
Broderip [q. v.] there were two other organ-
ists of the name in the west of England
towards the latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury, viz. : Edmund Broderip, who was or-
ganist of St. James's, Bristol, between 1742
and 1771, and another organist of the same
name (whose Christian name is not known)
who lived at Leominster about 1770. It is
most likely that some of these were the sons
of William Broderip. The Tudway Collec-
tion contains an anthem, ' God is our hope
and strength/ with instrumental accompani-
ments, which was written by Broderip in
Broderip
377
Brodie
1713 to celebrate the peace of Utrecht, but
this is almost his sole composition extant.
[Chapter records of Wells Cathedral, commu-
nicated by Mr. W. Fielder ; Harl. MS. 7338, &c. ;
subscription lists to John Broderip's Psalms,
Hayes's Cantatas, Chilcot's Six Concertos, and
Clark's Eight Songs.] W. B. S.
BRODERIP, WILLIAM JOHN (1789-
1859), lawyer and naturalist, the eldest son
of William Broderip, surgeon, Bristol, was
born at Bristol on 21 Nov. 1789, and, after
being educated at the Rev. Samuel Seyer's
school in his native city, matriculated at
Oriel College, Oxford, and graduated B.A.
in 1812. Whilst at college he found time to
attend the anatomical lectures of Sir Chris-
topher Pegge, and the chemical and minera-
logical lectures of Dr. John Kidd. After
completing his university education, he en-
tered the Inner Temple, and commenced
studying in the chambers of the well-known
Godfrey Sykes, where he had as contempo-
raries Sir John Patteson and Sir John Taylor
Coleridge. He was called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn on 12 May 1817, when he
joined the western circuit, and shortly after,
in conjunction with Peregrine Bingham,
began reporting in the court of common
pleas. These reports were published in three
volumes in 1820-22. In 1822 he accepted
from Lord Sidmouth the appointment of
magistrate at the Thames police court. He
held this office until 1846, when he was
transferred to the Westminster court, where
he remained for ten years. He was compelled
to resign from deafness, having obtained a
high reputation for his good sense and huma-
nity. In 1824 he edited the fourth edition
of R. Callis upon the Statute of Sewers.
This work, which combined antiquarian with
strict legal learning, was one exactly suited
to the taste and talent of the editor. He was
elected bencher of Gray's Inn 30 Jan. 1850,
and treasurer 29 Jan. 1851, and to him was
confided the especial charge of the library of
that institution.
Broderip throughout his life was an en-
thusiastic collector of natural objects. His
conchological cabinet was unrivalled, and
many foreign professors inspected the trea-
sures which were accumulated in his chambers
in Gray's Inn. This collection was ultimately
purchased by the British Museum. He was
elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in
1824, of the Geological Society in 1825, and
of the Royal Society on 14 Feb. 1828. In
co-operation with Sir Stamford Raffles he
aided, in 1826, in the formation of the Zoo-
logical Society, of which he was one of the
original fellows. He was secretary of the
Geological Society for some time, and per-
formed the arduous duties of that office with
Roderick Murchison until 1830. To the
' Transactions ' of this society he contributed
numerous papers, but the chief part of his
original writings on malacology are to be
found in the ' Proceedings and Transactions
of the Zoological Society.' Few naturalists
have more graphically described the habits
of animals. Broderip's ' Account of the
Manners of a Tame Beaver,' published in
the ' Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoo-
logical Society,' affords a favourable example
of his tact as an observer and power as a
writer. His contributions to the 'New
Monthly Magazine ' and to ' Fraser's Maga-
zine ' were collected in the volumes entitled
' Zoological Recreations,' 1847, and ' Leaves
from the Note-book of a Naturalist/ 1852.
He wrote the zoological articles in the
' Penny Cyclopaedia,' viz. from Ast to the end,
including the whole of the articles relating
to mammals, birds, reptiles, Crustacea, mol-
lusca, conchifera, cirrigrada, pulmagrada, &c. ;
Buffon, Brisson, &c., and zoology. His last
publication, 'On the Shark,' appeared in
' Fraser's Magazine/ March 1859. He died
in his chambers, 2 Raymond Buildings, Gray's
Inn, London, from an attack of serous apo-
plexy, on 27 Feb. 1859.
His writings not previously mentioned
were : 1. ' Guide to the Gardens of the Zoo-
logical Society. By Nicholas A. Vigors and
W. J. Broderip/ 1829. 2. ' Hints for col-
lecting Animals and their Products/ 1832.
3. 'Memoir of the Dodo. By R. Owen,
F.R.S., with an Historical Introduction by
W. J. Broderip/ 1861, besides very numerous
articles in magazines, newspapers, and re-
views.
[Law Magazine and Law Review (1860), viii.
174-8 ; Proceedings of Linnean Society of Lon-
don, 1859, pp.xx-xxv ; Illustrated London News,
(1846) ix. 317, (1856) xxviii. 253, portrait; Ber-
ger's W. J . Broderip, ancien magistral , naturaliste,
litterateur, Paris, 1856.] G-. C. B.
BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1617-1680),
of Brodie, lord of session, was descended
from an old family, which in 1311 received
the lands of Brodie in Elginshire from
Alexander III. He was the eldest son of
David Brodie of Brodie, by Grizzel, daughter
of Thomas Dunbar, and niece by the mother's
side of the Admirable Crichton, and was born
on 25 July 1617. In 1628 he was sent to
England, where he remained till 1632. In
the latter year he was enrolled a student in
King's College, Aberdeen, but he did not take
a degree. On 19 May 1636 he was served heir
of his father by a dispensation of the lords of
Brodie
378
Brodie
council, and on 28 Oct. of the same year he
married the relict of John Urquhart of Craigs-
ton, by whom he had a son and daughter.
He was a strong presbyterian, and, in Decem-
ber 1640, headed a party which demolished
two oil paintings of the Crucifixion and the
Day of Judgment in the cathedral of Elgin,
and also mutilated the finely carved interior
of the building as unsuitable for a place of
worship (SPALDING, Memorials of the Troubles
in Scotland}. This extreme puritanical zeal
exposed him to the revenge of Montrose,
who, in February 1645, burned and devas-
tated his property, and, according to Shaw
(History of the Province of Moray}, carried
off the family papers of the house of Brodie.
Brodie in 1643 was chosen to represent the
county of Elgin in parliament, and frequently
served on parliamentary committees. He was
also elected a representative to the general
assembly of the church of Scotland. On
6 March 1649 he was appointed a commis-
sioner to meet Charles II at the Hague, and
after his return he was on 22 June nominated
a lord of session. He took the oaths in pre-
sence of the parliament on 23 July, and took
his seat on the bench on 1 Nov. In February
1650 he was sent as commissioner of the
general assembly to Breda, to induce the king
to sign the national covenant. He was also
a member of the various committees of es-
tates during the attempt of Charles to wrest
from Cromwell his dominion. In June 1653
he was cited by Cromwell to London to ar-
range for a union between the two kingdoms,
but did not obey the summons, and 'resolved,'
as he expressed it, ' in the strength of the
Lord to eschew and avoid employment under
Cromwell.' He retired to his estate until
Cromwell's death, when, on 3 Dec. 1658, he
again took his seat on the bench. At the
Restoration he was superseded, and was also
subjected to a fine of 4,000/. Scots. In 1661
he paid a lengthened visit to London. He
died on 17 April 1680.
[The Diary of Alex. Brodie, from 25 April
1652 to 1 Feb. 1654, was published in 1740 by
an unknown editor. The complete Diary, from
1650 to 17 April 1680, with a continuation by
his son, James Brodie (1637-1708), to February
185, was published by the Spalding Club in
1863, with an introduction by David Laing.
The part published in 1740 is chiefly concerned
with his religious experiences, and is not an ade-
quate sample of the Diary as a whole, which
conveys much important information regarding
political events, and a specially interesting ac-
count of his visit to London, and of the persons
with whom he there came into contact. See also
Shaw s History of the Province of Moray
SeT £Lo^the Brodie family> by wmia^
Brodie (1862).] T F H
BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1830-1867),
sculptor, younger son of John Brodie, mariner,
was born in 1830 at Aberdeen, where he served
his apprenticeship as a brass-finisher in the
foundry of Messrs. Blaikie Brothers. Like
his elder brother, William Brodie [q. v.], he
early manifested a taste for modelling figures.
About 1856 he attended the school of the
Royal Scottish Academy. He visited Eng-
land, and after about a year's absence resumed
his residence at Aberdeen, where he received
many commissions. His talents were shown by
his ' Motherless Lassie,' his ' Highland Mary,'
his ' Cupid and Mask,' and a small statue
of l Grief strewing Flowers ' upon a grave
in front of the West Church in the city bury-
ing-ground. Encouraged by Sheriff Watson,
Brodie undertook bust-portraiture and me-
dallions, in both of which he was eminently
successful. Embarrassed by the amount of
work entrusted to him, his mind lost its
balance, and he died 30 May 1867 by his own
hand.
Brodie's best known productions are his
large statue of the late Duke of Richmond,
erected in the public square of Huntly, and the
statue of the queen in marble which stands
at the corner of Nicholas Street, Aberdeen.
[Aberdeen Free Press, Dundee Advertiser, and
Scotsman, 31 May 1867; Art Journal and Gent.
Mag. July 1867.] A. H. G-.
BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS,
the elder (1783-1862), sergeant-surgeon to
the queen, was born at Winterslow in Wilt-
shire, in 1783. He was fourth child of Peter
Bellinger Brodie, rector of the parish, who had
been educated at Charterhouse and Worcester
College, Oxford. His mother was daughter
of Mr. Benjamin Collins, a banker at Salis-
bury. From his father, who was well versed
in general literature, and a good Greek and
Latin scholar, Brodie received his early edu-
cation. In 1797, when the country was
alarmed by the prospect of a French inva-
sion, Brodie and two brothers raised a com-
pany of volunteers. At the age of eighteen
he went up to London, to enter upon the
medical profession. There he devoted himself
at once to the study of anatomy, attending
first the lectures of Abernethy, and in 1801
and 1802 those of Wilson at the Hunterian
school in Great Windmill Street, working
hard in the dissecting-room. He learned
pharmacy in the shop of Mr. Clifton of
Leicester Square, one of the licentiates of
the Apothecaries' Company. At this time
Brodie formed a friendship with William
Lawrence, the celebrated surgeon, which
was continued through life, and he was
joint secretary with Sir Henry Ellis of an
Brodie
379
Brodie
' Academical Society,' to which many emi-
nent writers belonged. The society had been
removed from Oxford to London, and was
dissolved early in the present century.
In the spring of 1803 Brodie entered at
St. George's Hospital as a pupil under Sir
Everard Home, and was appointed house-
surgeon in 1805, and afterwards demonstrator
to the anatomical school. When his term
of office had expired, he assisted Home in
his private operations, and in his researches
on comparative anatomy. He diligently pur-
sued for some years the study of anatomy,
demonstrating in the Windmill Street school,
and lecturing conjointly with Wilson until
the year 1812. He was elected assistant-
surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1808,
an appointment which he held for fourteen
years, and in the next year entered upon pri-
vate practice, taking a house in Sackville
Street for the purpose. In 1808 he was
elected a member of the Society for the
Promotion of Medical and Chirurgical Know-
ledge, a society limited to twelve members,
founded by Dr. John Hunter and Dr. Fordyce
in 1793, and dissolved in 1818. At this period
he contributed his first paper — the results of
original physiological inquiries — to the 'Phi-
losophical Transactions,' and was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1810. During
the winter of 1810-11 he communicated to the
society two papers, one * On the Influence of
the Brain on the Action of the Heart and the
Generation of Animal Heat ; ' the other ' On
the Effects produced by certain Vegetable
Poisons (Alcohol, Tobacco,Woorara, &c.),'the
first of which formed the Croonian lecture. So
favourable was the impression he produced
that the council awarded him the Copley
medal in 181 1 , when he was twenty-eight years
of age. His unremitting devotion to the work
of his profession, without holiday for the pe-
riod of ten years, now told seriously upon his
health, but change of air and rest enabled
him to resume his duties. His interest when
lie was house-surgeon having been excited
by a case of spontaneous dislocation of the
hip, he was led to study other cases of disease
of the joints, and in 1813 he contributed a
paper to the ' Medico-Chirurgical Transac-
tions,' which formed the basis of his treatise
on ' Diseases of the Joints,' published in 1818.
This work went through five editions, and
translations of it appeared in other countries.
He again delivered the Croonian lecture at the
Royal Society on the action of the muscles in
general and of the heart in particular, and at
this time performed the experiment of passing
a ligature round the choledoch duct, the re-
sults of which were given in Brande's ' Jour-
nal.' In a paper on ' Varicose Veins of the
Leg,' published in the seventh volume of the
1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' he de-
scribed the first subcutaneous operation on
record.
He married in 1816 the daughter of Ser-
jeant Sellon, a lawyer of repute, and as prac-
tice steadily increased he removed in 1819 to
Savile Row. In the same year he was ap-
pointed professor of comparative anatomy and
physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons,
and delivered four courses of lectures. While
he held this office he was summoned to attend
George IV, and assisted at an operation for
the removal of a tumour of the scalp from
which the king suffered. He was elected
surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1822, and
his time was now busily employed with his
hospital duties and lectures and an increasing
and lucrative practice. In his attendance
upon the king during the illness which ter-
minated fatally he used to be at Windsor at
six o'clock in the morning, stay ing to converse
with the king, with whom Brodie was a fa-
vourite. When William IV succeeded to the
j throne, Brodie was promptly made sergeant-
| surgeon (1832), and two years afterwards
: a baronet. His lectures on diseases of the
urinary organs were published in 1832, and
those illustrative of local nervous affections
I in 1837. The numerous papers which he
wrote from time to time will be found in his
• < Collected Works.' In 1837 he travelled
; abroad in France for the first time.
In 1854 he published anonymously ' Psy-
chological Inquiries,' essays in conversational
form, intended to illustrate the mutual rela-
tions of the physical organisation and the
mental faculties. In 1862 a second series fol-
lowed, to which he put his name. He was
elected president of the Royal Society in 1858, .
and this office he resigned in 1861, when he
found that failing eyesight interfered with
the discharge of the duties. He was president
of the Royal College of Surgeons (1844),
1 having been for many years examiner and
member of the council, and having introduced
important improvements into the system of
examinations. He was also president of the
Royal Medical and Chirurgical, and of other
learned societies. The estimation in which
he was universally held is shown by his
connection with the Institute of France, the
Academy of Medicine of Paris, the Royal
Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, and the
National Institution of Washington, and the
university of Oxford conferred upon him the
degree of D.C.L. He died at Broome Park,
Surrey, in the eightieth year of his age, from
a painful disease of the shoulder, 21 Oct. 1862.
His wife had died two years previously. As
a surgeon Brodie was a successful operator,
Brodie
38o
Brodie
distinguished for coolness and knowledge, a
steady hand, and a quick eye ; but the pre-
vention of disease was in his opinion higher
than operative surgery, and his strength was
diagnosis. An accurate observer, his memory
was very retentive, and he was never at a loss
for some previous case which threw light upon
the knotty points in a consultation. Unflinch-
ing against quackery, he was instrumental in
bringing St. John Long to justice, and his
precise evidence in the witness-box was effec-
tive against the poisoner Palmer. His life
was spent in active work, and he devoted it
to the arrest of disease.
[Autobiography in Collected Works, ed. Haw-
kins, 1865; Biography by H. W. Acland; Lan-
cet, 1862 ; British Medical Journal, 1862.]
K. E. T.
BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS,
the younger (1817-1880), chemist, was the
eldest son of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie
[see BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS, 1783-
1862]. He was born in Sackville Street,
Piccadilly, London, in 1817. Brodie was
educated at Harrow and at Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1838.
He always manifested a strong love for
scientific inquiry, and especially devoted his
attention to chemistry. In 1843 his first
original paper appeared in the ' Proceedings
of the Ashmolean Society,' which was on the
* Synthesis of the Chemical Elements/ based
on an examination which involved a long-
continued and delicate investigation. In 1852
he had completed this inquiry, and published
the results in a communication to the same
society. In 1848 Brodie's * Investigations of
the Chemical Nature of Wax ' appeared in
the ' Philosophical Transactions.' In this
. year he married the daughter of the late
John Vincent Thompson, serjeant-at-law.
From this period to 1855 Brodie was ac-
tively engaged in chemical inquiries, many
them of a difficult character. In the ' Phi-
losophical Transactions ' for 1850 will be
found an elaborate memoir ' On the Conditions
of Certain Elements at the Moment of Chemi-
cal Change,' which is an example of well-de-
vised experimental research and of very close
observation. The ' Chemical Society's Journal
for 1851 contains a paper by him, entitled
' Observations on the Constitution of the Al-
cohol Radical and on the Formation of Ethyl.
In the ' Royal Institution Proceedings ' fo:
the same year appeared a paper by him ' On
the Allotropic Changes of certain Elements,
and two others, requiring equally delicate an(
searching investigations, and involving phi
losophical deductions of a high class. Brodie
having established his character as a high
class inquirer into some abstruse branches o
hemistry, was in 1865 appointed professor of
hemistry in the university of Oxford, and he
ras president of the Chemical Society in the
ears 1859 and 1860.
In addition to inquiries of considerable in-
erest on the elements, sulphur, iodine, and
)hosphorus, which were communicated to
earned societies between 1851 and 1855,
Brodie was engaged on an investigation into
he allotropic states of carbon, especially of
>rdinary charcoal, and graphite or plumbago.
?his led to the discovery of an important pro-
ess for the purification of graphite, which
vas of considerable technical value. He pub-
lished the results of this inquiry in the <An-
nales de Chimie ' for 1855 as a * Note sur
un nouveau proced<3 pour la purification et la
de"sagr6gation du Graphite.' This was fol-
owed in 1859 by a memoir t On the Atomic
Weight of Graphite' in the ' Philosophical
Transactions.' The conclusions to which
Brodie arrived were that carbon in the form
f graphite functions is a distinct element,
br which he proposed the term graphon ;
;hat it forms a marked system of combina-
:ions, into which it enters with a determi-
nate atomic weight (33). Previously to this,
Brodie had been elected a fellow of the Royal
Society.
His next inquiries of interest were con-
nected with the peroxide of barium and its
influence on the reduction of metallic oxides
— on the formation of the peroxides of the
radicals of the organic acids — and on the
oxidation and deoxidation effected by the
peroxide of hydrogen. These investigations
may be regarded as having brought Brodie's
chemical researches to a termination. We
find no record of any work of interest be-
tween 1862 and 1880, when he died. In 1862
he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and
in 1872 he was created hon. D.C.L. at Ox-
ford. His most important discovery was cer-
tainly that of graphitic acid, and the modified
form of carbon which he detected in graphite
and its acid. In relation to his special investi-
gations Brodie published seventeen papers,
all of them marked by the thoroughness and
refinement of the modes of research adopted.
[Royal Society's Proceedings ; Philosophical
Transactions ; Royal Society Catalogue of Scien-
tific Papers; Journal of the Chemical Society;
Annales de Chimie.] R. H-T.
BRODIE, DAVID (1709 P-1787), captain
in the royal navy, one of a collateral branch
of the Brodies of Brodie, after serving for many
years, both in the navy and mercantile marine,
was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on
5 Oct. 1736. In 1739 he served under Vernon
at Porto Bello, and in 1741 at Cartagena. On
3 May 1743 he was made commander, ap-
Brodie
381
Brodie
pointed to the Merlin sloop in the West In-
dies, and for about four years was repeatedly
engaged with French and Spanish cruisers and
privateers, several of which he captured and
brought in. In one of these encounters he lost
his right arm. Early in 1747 Rear-admiral
Knowles appointed him acting captain of the
Canterbury ; but he was not confirmed in that
rank till 9 March 1747-8, when, after the cap-
ture of Port Louis, he was appointed to the
Strafford. In this ship he was present at the
unsuccessful attempt on Santiago, and had a
distinguished share in the battle oft Havana
on 1 Oct. 1748, when the one prize of victory,
the Conquistador, struck to the Strafford.
In the courts-martial which followed [see
KNOWLES, SIR CHARLES] Brodie's evidence
told strongly against the admiral's accusers ;
he maintained that the admiral had done his
duty throughout. In 1750 Brodie was com-
pelled to memorialise the admiralty, repre-
senting himself as incapacitated from further
service, and praying for some mark of the
royal favour. In 1753 he presented another
and stronger memorial to the same effect, con-
sequent on which a pension was granted to
him. Nevertheless in 1762, on the declaration
of war with Spain, he applied to the admiralty
for a command. His application was not ac-
cepted, and accordingly when, in 1778, his
seniority seemed to entitle him to flag rank,
he was passed over as not having served
' during the last war.' This was then the
standing rule, and was in no way exceptional
to Brodie, although in his case, as in many
others, it fell harshly on old officers of good
service. On 5 March 1787 Brodie's claims
were brought up in the House of Commons,
and he was represented as a much-injured
man, deprived of the promotion to which he
was justly entitled. The house negatived
the motion made in Brodie's favour. The case,
however, led to a modification of the rule, and
from that time captains who were not eligible
for promotion when their turn arrived were
distinctly placed on a superannuated list.
Brodie died in 1787, and was buried in the
Abbey Church at Bath.
[Naval Chronicle, iii. 81.] J. K. L.
BRODIE, GEORGE (1786 P-1867), his-
torian, was born about 1786 in East Lothian,
where his father was a farmer on a large scale,
and a contributor to the improvement of
Scottish husbandry. Educated at the high
school and university of Edinburgh, he be-
came in 1811 a member of the Faculty of
Advocates. He seems to have done little at
the bar. He was an ardent whig, and his
political creed partly inspired the one work
by which he is known, his ' History of the
British Empire from the accession of Charles
the First to the Restoration, with an intro-
duction tracing the progress of society and
of the Constitution from the feudal times to
.he opening of the history, and including a
particular examination of Mr. Hume's state-
ments relative to the character of the Eng-
lish government.' The ' statements ' which
Brodie undertook to refute were chiefly those
in which Hume found precedents for the
claims of the Stuarts in the action of the Tu-
dor sovereigns. Brodie's history was by far
the most elaborate assault on the Stuarts and
their apologists, especially Hume and Cla-
rendon, and the most thoroughgoing vindi-
cation of the puritans, that had then ap-
peared. It was not of high historical value.
It was reviewed in the i Edinburgh Review '
for March 1824, probably by John Allen of
Holland House celebrity (see Lord Jeffrey's
letter to him in LORD COCKBTTRN'S Life of
Jeffrey, 2nd ed. 1852, ii. 217). While gene-
rally laudatory, the reviewer censured Bro-
die's indiscriminating partisanship. Guizot
has expressed his surprise that so passion-
ate a partisan should have written with so
little animation (Preface to the Histoire de
la Revolution tiAngleterre, 4th ed. 1860, i.
15).
In the Scotch agitation for the first Reform
Bill, Brodie presided at a very numerous
gathering of the working-men of Edinburgh
held on Arthur's Seat in November 1831
against the rejection of the bill by the peers.
In 1836 he was appointed historiographer of
Scotland, with a salary of ISO/, a year. In
1866 appeared a second edition of his History,
with the original title slightly expanded into
'A Constitutional History of the British Em-
pire,' &c. Besides the History, Brodie pub-
lished an edition of Stair's ' Institutes of the
Law of Scotland, with commentaries and a
supplement as to mercantile law.' Lord Cock-
burn says of it and him (Journal, 1874, ii.
113) : ' His edition of Stair is a deep and
difficult legal book. His style is bad, and
his method not good.' Brodie was also au-
thor of a pamphlet entitled l Strictures on
the Appellate Jurisdiction of the House of
Lords,' 1856. He died in London on 22 Jan.
1867.
[Brodie's writings ; obituary notice in Scots-
man, 31 Jan. 1867 ; Gent. Mag., March 1867.]
F. E.
BRODIE, PETER BELLINGER (1778-
1854), conveyancer, was born at Winterslow,
Wiltshire, on 20 Aug. 1778, being the eldest
son of the Rev. Peter Bellinger Brodie, rec-
tor of Winterslow 1742-1804, who died
19 March 1804, by his marriage in 1775 with
Brodie
382
Brodie
Sarah third daughter of Benjamin Collins
of Milford, Salisbury, who died 7 Jan. 1847.
He early chose law as a profession, but in
consequence of an asthmatic complaint from
which he suffered, he devoted himself to
conveyancing, and became a pupil of the
well-known Charles Butler. He was ulti-
mately called to the bar at the Inner Temple
on 5 May 1815. He soon obtained a consider-
able share of business, and it increased so as
to place him in a few years amongst the most
eminent conveyancers of the time. One of
the drafts by which he was earliest known
was that of theRock Life Assurance Company,
1806, which has ever since been considered
the best model for similar instruments, and
only departed from where some variation is
rendered necessary, as in the charter of King's
College, London, which he also drew in 1829.
With the history of law amendment Brodie's
name is intimately connected. He was one
of the real property commissioners in 1828,
and took a very leading part in their im-
portant labours. Their first report, which
was made in May 1829, examined, amongst
others, the important subjects of fines and
recoveries. This part of the report was
drawn up by Brodie, as was also the portion
of the second report, June 1830, relating to
the probate of wills, and the very able and
learned part of the third report, May 1832,
relating to copyhold and ancient demesne.
The fourth report was made in April 1833,
and no part of this was prepared by him.
Soon after the presentation of the first re-
port it was determined to bring in bills
founded upon its recommendations, and
Brodie prepared the most important of these,
that for abolishing fines and recoveries,
which was brought in at the end of the ses-
sion 1830, and became law in 1838. Lord St.
Leonards, in his work on the ' Real Property
Statutes,' declares this act to be ' a masterly
performance, reflecting great credit on the
learned conveyancer by whom it was framed.'
The preparation of his part of the reports, and
especially of the bills, for a time almost de-
prived Brodie of his private business ; but he
recovered his practice by degrees, so as ulti-
mately to have it fully restored. He was the
author of a work entitled ' A Treatise on a
Tax on Successions to Real as well as Personal
Property, and the Removal of the House-tax,
as Substitutes for the Income-tax, and on
Burdens on Land and Restrictions on Com-
merce and Loans of Money,' 1850. He died
at 49 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 8 Sept.
1854. He was twice married: first, on
16 March 1810, to Elizabeth Mary, daughter
of Sutton Thomas Wood of Oxford— she
died on 9 May 1825 ; secondly, on 1 June
1826, to Susan Mary, daughter of John Mor-
gan. She died in London on 4 Dec. 1870.
The elder Sir B. 0. Brodie was his brother.
[Law Rev. 1855, xxi. 348-54.] G-. C. B.
BRODIE, WILLIAM (d. 1788), dea-
con of the Incorporation of the Edinburgh
Wrights and Masons, and burglar, was
the only son of Convener Francis Brodie,
who carried on an extensive business as
wright and cabinet-maker in the Lawnmar-
ket, Edinburgh, and was for many years a
member of the town council. On his father's
death Brodie succeeded to the business,
and in the following year was elected one
of the ordinary deacon councillors of the
city. At an early age he acquired a taste
for gambling, and almost nightly frequented
a disreputable gambling-house in the Flesh-
market Close. In 1786 he became acquainted
with three men of the lowest character,
George Smith, Andrew Ainslie, and John
Brown. With Brodie for their leader, these
men formed themselves into a gang of burg-
lars, and at the latter end of 1787 a number
of robberies were committed by them in and
around Edinburgh. No clue could be dis-
covered to the perpetrators. On 5 March
1788 the gang broke into the excise office in
Chessel's Court, Canongate. This under-
taking had been wholly suggested and most
carefully planned by Brodie. Though dis-
turbed in their operations, they managed to
get off with their booty undiscovered. Brown,
however, who was under sentence of trans-
portation for a crime committed in England,
turned king's evidence. Brodie fled, and for
a long time evaded pursuit. Through the
means of some letters which he had in-
cautiously written, he was at length traced
to Amsterdam, where he was apprehended
on the eve of his departure for America. He
and Smith were tried at the high court of
justiciary on 27 Aug. 1788, before the lord
justice clerk and Lords Hailes, Eskgrove,
Stonefield, and Swinton, and on the follow-
ing morning the jury returned a verdict of
guilty against both of them. In accordance
with the sentence, they were hanged at
the west end of the Luckenbooths on 1 Oct.
1788. Notwithstanding his profligate habits
Brodie contrived almost to the last to pre-
serve a fair character among his fellow-
citizens. It is also a curious fact that he sat
in- the same court as a juryman in a criminal
case only a few months previously to his own
appearance there in the dock. A play written
by Messrs. R. L. Stevenson and W. E. Henley,
and founded upon the incidents of his life,
was produced at the Prince's Theatre, Lon-
don, on 2 July 1884, under the name of
Brodie
383
Brodrick
' Deacon Brodie, or the Double Life.' Two
etchings of him by Kay will be found in
the first volume of ' Original Etchings,' Nos.
105 and 106.
[Kay's Original Portraits and Caricature
Etchings (1877), i. 96, 119, HI, 256-66, 399,
ii. 8, 120-1, 286; Creech's Trial of Brodie and
Smith (2nd edit. 1788); Scots Mag. (1788), 1.
358-9, 365-72, 429-37, 514-16; Gent. Mag.
(1788), Iviii. pt. ii. 648, 829, 925.1
G. F. E. B.
BRODIE, WILLIAM(1815-1881), sculp-
tor, eldest son of John Brodie, a shipmaster of
Banff, was born at that place on 22 Jan. 1815.
About 1821 the Brodie family removed to
Aberdeen, where William was apprenticed to
a plumber. He devoted his evenings, however,
to scientific studies at the Mechanics' Institu-
tion, and developed a singular dexterity in
making instruments for his own experiments.
He amused himself in casting leaden figures of
notable personages. He also seems to have
painted in oil, and after his marriage in 1841
is said to have produced a considerable num-
ber of portraits. His peculiar talent for model-
ling medallion likenesses on a small scale at-
tracted much attention, and especially that of
Sheriff Watson and Mr. John Hill Burton, by
the latter of whom he was encouraged to mi-
grate to Edinburgh in 1847. There he studied
for four years in the Trustees' School of De-
sign; essayed modelling on a larger scale,
and executed a bust of Lord Jeffrey, one of
his earliest patrons. About this time Brodie
spent some months at Rome, where he mo-
delled a figure of Corinna, the lyric muse,
exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy, of
which he was elected an associate in 1857,
a full member in 1859, and secretary in 1876.
He is believed to have executed more portrait
busts than any other artist. His ideal works
included the ' Blind Girl/ ' Hecamede,' < Re-
becca,' ' Ruth,' ' The Maid of Lorn,' ' Amy
Robsart,' ( Sunshine,' ' Storm,' and ' Memory.'
Brodie executed four busts of the queen, one
of which is in Balmoral Castle, the colossal
statue of the prince consort at Perth, and one
of the representative groups in bronze for the
Scottish memorial to the prince in Edinburgh.
Amongst other works are the bronze statue
of Dr. Graham, master of the mint at Glas-
gow, and of Sir James Young Simpson at
Edinburgh, and the marble statue of Sir David
Brewster in the quadrangle of the university
building, Edinburgh, and of Lord Cockburn
in the Parliament House of the same city. He
executed portrait busts of most of the cele-
brities of his day. Not long before his death
Brodie received a commission for a statue of
the Hon. George Brown, a prominent Cana-
dian politician, for the city of Toronto. After
two years of decline Brodie died on 30 Oct.
1881 at Douglas Lodge in Edinburgh.
[Aberdeen Journal, 31 Oct. and 1 and 7 Nov.
1881 ; Scotsman and Edinburgh Courant, 31 Oct.
and 5 Nov. 1881 ; Times, 1 Nov. 1881 ; Athe-
naeum, 5 Nov. 1881 ; Art Journal, December
1881 ; Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881.1
A. H. G.
BRODRICK, ALAN, LORD MIDLETON
(1660 P-1728), Irish statesman and lord chan-
cellor of Ireland, came of a family which for
several generations had been settled in Surrey.
He was the second son of St. John Brodrick
by Alice, daughter of Sir Randal Clayton of
Thelwall, Cheshire, and was born about 1660.
The family of Brodrick had greatly profited by
the forfeitures in Ireland. Alan, eldest brother
of St. John, was on 19 March 1660 appointed
one of the commissioners for settling the affairs
of Ireland, and shortly afterwards received a
grant of 10,759 acres. St. John, who had
taken an active part in the civil wars begin-
ning in 1641, received in 1653 a large grant
of lands in the barony of Barrymore, Cork,
which was supplemented, under the Act of
Settlement in 1670, by an additional grant of
lands in the baronies of Barrymore, Fermoy,
and Orrery, the whole being erected into the
manor of Midleton. The wealth, ability, and
political activity of the Brodricks gave them
an influence in Ireland almost equal to that of
the Boyles. Brodrick adopted the profession
of law. Having taken an active part in behalf
of William of Orange, he was, along with his
brother, attainted by the Irish parliament of
James II, a circumstance which probably as-
sisted his early promotion under William.
On 19 Feb. 1690-1 he was made king's ser-
jeant, and on 6 June 1695 he was appointed
solicitor-general for Ireland, an office in which
he was continued after the accession of Queen
Anne. He entered the Irish House of Com-
mons in 1692 as member for the city of Cork,
and on 24 Sept. 1703 he was chosen speaker.
On account of his liberal views in regard to
1 Toleration,' and of his opposition to the
Sacramental Test Act, he lost the favour of
the government, and when the house refused
to pass some bills promoted by the lord-lieu-
tenant he was removed from the office of so-
licitor-general. When, however, the appoint-
ment of Earl Pembroke to the viceroyalty
was determined on, he was, 12 June 1707, ap-
pointed attorney-general for Ireland. As Lord
Pembroke deemed it impossible to obtain the
repeal of the Test Act in the Irish parliament,
Brodrick went to England to persuade the
government to propose its repeal in the Eng-
lish parliament, but without success. In May
Brodrick
384
Brodrick
1710 he was called to the upper house as chief
justice of the queen's bench, but his attach-
ment to the principles of the revolution caused
his dismissal in 1711. In 1713 he re-entered
the Irish parliament as member for the city
of Cork, and notwithstanding the opposition
of the government he was chosen speaker by
a majority of four votes. Having been the
principal adviser in the measures taken by the
Irish House of Commons to secure the protes-
tant succession, he was appointed by George I,
1 Oct. 1714, lord chancellor of Ireland, and
on 13 April 1715 was raised to the peerage as
Baron Brodrick of Midleton. On 5 Aug. 1717
he was advanced to the dignity of Viscount
Midleton. In the same year that he was
made lord chancellor he entered the British
parliament as member for Midhurst, Sussex,
which he continued to represent till his death.
Although he attached himself to the party of
Sunderland, he strenuously opposed the Peer-
age Bill, resisting with equal firmness the so-
licitations and menaces of Sunderland, and
turning a deaf ear even to the urgent requests
of the sovereign. Although possibly charge-
able with opiniativeness, his sterling honesty,
bold independence, and sincere patriotism,
entitle him to the highest praise. On the
death of Sunderland he attached himself
to Carteret in opposition to Townshend and
Walpole, against the latter of whom he ulti-
mately cherished a violent antipathy. By his
conduct in the famous case, Sherlock v. An-
nesley, Midleton incurred the serious dis-
pleasure of the Irish lords, and as by his op-
position to Wood's coinage patent he had
rendered himself specially obnoxious to the
Duke of Grafton, the lord-lieutenant, Grafton
connived at a resolution of the lords l that
through the absence of the lord high chan-
cellor there has been a failure of justice in
this kingdom by the great delay in the high
court of chancery and in the exchequer cham-
ber.' The resolution was, however, robbed
of its sting by a counter resolution in the
House of Commons, and Walpole, to win if
possible tlje all-essential support of Midleton
for the patent, appointed Carteret lord-lieu-
tenant. Carteret, dreading dismissal from
office, exerted all his personal influence on
Midleton, but in vain. The result was a per-
sonal breach between them, and Midleton, dis-
gusted with his cold reception at the castle,
resigned office 25 May 1725. Notwithstand-
ing his strenuous opposition to the patent,
Midleton not only refused to accept the dedi-
cation to him of Swift's < Drapier's Letters,'
but supported the prosecution of their author,
on the ground that they tended to ' create
jealousies between the king and the people of
*- •—* ' He died at his country seat, Bally-
anan, Cork, in 1728. He was thrice married :
first to Catherine, second daughter of Red-
mond Barry of Rathcormack, by whom he
had one son and one daughter ; secondly, to
Alice, daughter of Sir Peter Courthorpe of
the Little Island, Cork, by whom he had two
sons and a daughter ; and thirdly, to Anne,
daughter of Sir John Trevor, master of the
rolls, by whom he had no issue.
[Pedigree in Miscellanea Genealogica et He-
raldica, ii. 359-60 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland,
v. 164-70; Le Neve's Knights, 102; Coxe's Life
of Sir Robert Walpole, i. 215-30, and ii. 170-219,
containing letters, correspondence, and papers
on the Peerage Bill and on Wood's Coinage Pa-
tent ; Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, ii.
33-4 ; O'Flanagan's Lives of the Lord Chancel-
lors of Ireland, ii. 1-38.] T. F. H.
BRODRICK, THOMAS (d. 1769), vice-
admiral, entered the navy about 1723. In 1739
he was a lieutenant of the Burford, Vernon's
flagship at Porto Bello, and commanded the
landing party which stormed the Castillo de
Fierro. In recompense for his brilliant con-
duct Vernon promoted him to the command
of the Cumberland fireship, in which he in
1741 took part in the expedition to Cartagena.
On 25 March he was posted into the Shore-
ham frigate, and continued actively employed
during the rest of that campaign, and after-
wards in the expedition to Cuba [see VERNON,
EDWARD]. After other service he returned to
England in 1743, and early in the following
year was appointed to the Exeter of 60 guns.
In March of the following year he was ap-
pointed to the Dreadnought, which was sent
out to the Leeward Islands, and continued
there till after the peace in 1748. In May
1756 Brodrick was sent out to the Mediter-
ranean in command of reinforcements for Ad-
miral Byng, whom he joined at Gibraltar just
before the admiral was ordered home under
arrest. He had meantime been advanced to
be rear-admiral, in which rank he served under
Sir Edward Hawke till towards the close of
the year, when the fleet returned home. In
January 1757 he was a member of the court-
martial on Admiral Byng [see BYNG, HON.
JOHN] ; and was afterwards, with his flag in
the Namur, third in command in the expedi-
tion against Rochfort [see HAWZE, LORD
EDWARD].
Early in 1758 Brodrick was appointed as
second in command in the Mediterranean, with
his flag on board the Prince George of 90 guns.
On 13 April, being then off Ushant, the
Prince George caught fire, and out of a com-
plement of nearly 800, some 250 only were
saved ; the admiral himself was picked up,
stark naked, by a merchant-ship's boat, after
he had been swimming for about an hour.
Broghill
385
Broke
Brodrick and the survivors of his ship's com-
pany were taken by the Glasgow frigate to
Gibraltar, where he hoisted his flag in the St.
George. In the following February he was
promoted to be vice-admiral, and was shortly
afterwards superseded by Admiral Boscawen,
under whom he commanded during the block-
ade of Toulon, and in the action of 18-19 Aug.,
culminating in the burning or capture of the
French ships in Lagos Bay [see BOSCAWEN,
EDWARD] . When Boscawen returned to Eng-
land, Brodrick blockaded the French ships
at Cadiz so closely, that even the friendly
Spaniards could not resist making them the
subject of insolent ridicule. They are said to
have stuck up a notice in some such terms as
'For sale, eight French men-of-war. For
particulars apply to Vice-admiral Brodrick.'
The French ships did not stir out till the
passage was cleared for them by a gale of
wind, which compelled the blockading squa-
dron to put into Gibraltar. Brodrick then
returned to England. He had no further
employment, and died 1 Jan. 1769 of cancer
in the face.
[Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 69 ; Beatson's
Naval and Mil. Mem. (under date) ; official
documents in the Public Kecord Office.]
J. K. L.
BROGHILL, BARON. [See BOYLE,
ROGER.]
BROGRAVE, SIR JOHN (d. 1613),
lawyer, was the son of Richard Brograve by
his wife, daughter of Sares. He was
rbably educated at Cambridge. In 1576
was autumn reader at Gray's Inn. He was
elected one of the treasurers of that society
in February 1579-80, and again in February
1583-4. In 1580 he was appointed her ma-
jesty's attorney for the duchy of Lancaster,
and he continued to hold that office under
King James I, who conferred upon him the
honour of knighthood. He was nominated
one of the counsel to the university of Cam-
bridge in 1581. He resided at Braughing
in Hertfordshire, of which county he was
custos rotulorum for thirty years. He died
on 11 Sept. 1613, and was buried at Braughing.
By his marriage with Margaret, daughter of
Simeon Steward of Lakenheath, Suffolk (she
died 5 July, 1593), he had issue three sons
and two daughters.
He is the author of f The Reading of Mr.
John Brograve of Grayes Inne, made in
Summer 1576, upon part of the Statute of
27 H. 8. C. 10, of Vses, concerning Jointures,
beginning at the twelfth Branch thereof.'
Printed in 'Three Learned Readings made
upon three very usefull Statutes, by Sir James
VOL. VI.
Dyer, Brograve and Tristram Risdon,' London,
1648, 4to. (Cf. MS. Harl. 829, art. 3.)
[Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, iii. 154, 157-
159 ; Chauncy's Hertfordshire, 226-8 ; Dug-
dale's Orig. Jurid. (1680), 294, 298, 307 ;
ooper's Annals of Cambridge, ii. 610 ; Baga de
Secretis, pouch 48 ; Addit. MS. 5821, f. 271 ;
Lansd. MS. 92, art. 52, 1119; Wood's Athense
Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 609, iii. 174; Burke's Extinct
and Dormant Baronetcies (1841), 84.] T. C.
BROKE. [See also BROOK and BROOKE.]
BROKE or BROOKE, ARTHUR
(d. 1563), translator, was the author of ( The
Tragical! Historye of Romeus and lulieit
written first in Italian by Bandell, and nowe
in English by Ar. Br. In aedibus Richard
Tottelli.' The colophon runs : ' Imprinted at
London in Flete Strete within Temble barre
at the signe of the hand and starre of
Richard Tottill, the XIX. day of Nouember
An. do. 1562.' The book was entered in
the Stationers' Register late in 1562 as ' The
Tragicall History of the Romeus and Juliett
with sonettes.' The volume is mainly of in-
terest as the source whence Shakespeare drew
the plot of his tragedy of ' Romeo and Juliet/
It is written throughout in rhymed verse
of alternate lines of twelve and fourteen
syllables. Broke did not (as the title-page
states) translate directly from the Italian of
Bandello, but from the ' Histoires Tragiques
extraictes des (Euvres de Bandel' (Paris,
1559), by Pierre Boaistuan surnamed Launay
and Fran£ois de Belle-Forest. Broke does
not adhere very closely to his French original :
he developes the character of the Nurse and
alters the concluding scene in many impor-
tant points, in all of which he is followed by
Shakespeare. In the address to the reader
Broke shows himself a staunch protestant, and
deplores the introduction into the story of
'dronken gossyppes and superstitious friers
(the naturally fitte instrumentes of un-
chastitie).' He also notices that the tale
had already been acted on the stage with
great applause. The popularity of Broke's
undertaking is proved not only by Shake-
speare's literal adoption of its story, but by
two imitations of it, issued almost imme-
diately after its first publication (Bernard
Garter's ' Tragical History of two English
Lovers,' 1565, and William Painter's 'Ro-
meus and Giuletta ' in the ' Palace of Pleasure/
1566).
Only three copies of the first edition of
Broke's translation are now known to be
extant : one in the Malone collection at the
Bodleian, a second in Mr. Huth's library,
and the third — an imperfect copy — among
CapelTs books at Trinity College, Cambridge.
C C
Broke
386
Broke
According to the Stationers' Register, Tottell
obtained a license to reprint the work in 1582,
but no edition of that date has been met
with. Ralph Robinson reissued the original
edition in 1587, and added to the title the
words : ' Contayning in it a rare example of
true constancie, with the subtill counsells
and practises of an old fryer and their ill
event.' Modern reprints are numerous.
Malone issued it (without the prefatory
notices) in his ' Supplement to Shakespeare,'
1780, and struck off twelve separate copies
for private distribution. It reappeared in
the Shakespeare variorum edition of 1821 ;
in J. P. Collier's < School of Shakespeare,'
1843 ; in W. C. Hazlitt's ' School of Shake-
speare,' 1874; and in the New Shakspere
Society's 'Originals and Analogues,' pt. i.
(1875), edited by P. A. Daniel.
Broke died in the year following the pro-
duction of his chief work. In 1563 was
published ' An Agreement of sundry places
of Scripture seeming in shew to larre, seruing
in stead of commentaryes, not only for these
but others lyke. Translated out of French
and nowe fyrst publyshed by Arthure Broke.'
The printer, Lucas Harrison, states in his
address to the reader at the beginning of the
book that Broke was out of the country while
it was passing through the press ; but on the
last page some verses headed ' Thomas Broke
the younger to the reader ' state that Broke
had recently perished at sea. Among George
Turberville's ' Epitaphes and other Poems '
(1567) is one ' On the death of Maister
Arthur Brooke, drownde in passing to New
Haven.' Turberville writes- very pathetically
of Broke's sudden death, and praises very
highly his tale of
Julyet and her mate •
For there he shewde his cunning passing well,
When he the tale to English did translate.
Turberville describes Broke as a young man,
and notes that he was crossing the seas to
serve abroad in the English army.
[Introduction to Broke's Komeo and Juliett in
J. P. Collier's School of Shakespeare (1843) ;
Broke's Agreement (1563) ; Turberville's Epi-
taphes (1567); Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BROKE, SIB PHILIP BOWES VERE
(1776-1841), rear-admiral, of an old Suffolk
family, was born at Broke Hall, near Ips-
wich, on 9 Sept. 1776. He early manifested
an inclination for the sea, and at the age of
twelve was entered at the Royal Naval Aca-
demy in Portsmouth Dockyard, from which,
in June 1792, he was appointed to the Bull-
dog sloop under the command of Captain
George Hope, whom, in August 1793, he fol-
lowed to the Eclair, then in the Mediterra-
nean, and afterwards employed during the
occupation of Toulon and the siege of Bastia.
In May 1794 he was discharged into the
Romulus, and was present when Lord Hood
chased the French fleet into Golfe Jouan
11 June 1794, and in the action off Toulon
13-14 March 1795. In June he was ap-
pointed to the Britannia, flagship of the
commander-in-chief, was in her in the en-
gagement off Toulon on 13 July 1795, and on
the 18th was appointed third lieutenant of
the Southampton frigate under the command
of Captain Macnamara. During the next
eighteen months the Southampton was ac-
tively employed on the coast of Italy, often
with the squadron under Commodore Nelson,
and was with the fleet in the action off Cape
St. Vincent 14 Feb. 1797. In the following
June she was sent home and paid off. Broke
was almost immediately appointed to the
Amelia frigate in the Channel fleet, and in
her was present at the defeat and capture of
the French squadron on the north coast of
Ireland 12 Oct. 1798. On 2 Jan. 1799 he was
made commander and appointed to the Falcon
brig, from which a few months later he was
transferred to the Shark sloop, attached to
the North Sea fleet, under Lord Duncan, and
employed for the most part in convoy service.
On 14 Feb. 1801 he was advanced to the rank
of captain, after which he remained unem-
ployed for four years. His father died shortly
after his promotion, and on 25 Nov. 1802 he
married Sarah Louisa, daughter of Sir Wil-
liam Middleton, bart. When the war again
broke out, he immediately applied for a ship,
but without success, till in April 1805 he was
appointed to the Druid frigate, which he com-
manded in the Channel and on the coast of
Ireland for the next sixteen months. On
31 Aug. 1806 he was appointed to the Shannon,
a fine 38-gun frigate, carrying 18-pounders
on her main deck, 32-pounder carronades on
quarter-deck and forecastle. During the sum-
mer of 1807 the Shannon was employed on the
coast of Spitsbergen, protecting the whalers,
and in December was with the squadron at
the reduction of Madeira. During the greater
part of 1808 she was cruising in the Bay of Bis-
cay, and on the night of 10-11 Nov., attracted
by the sound of the firing, arrived on the
scene of action in time to witness the capture
of the French ThStis by the Amethyst, Cap-
tain Michael Seymour — a capture which this
unfortunate arrival of the Shannon, as well
as of the line-of-battle ship Triumph, deprived
of some of its brilliance. The Shannon after-
wards towed the prize to Plymouth, but
Broke, as a recognition that the capture was
due to the Amethyst alone, obtained the con-
Broke
387
Broke
currence of the Shannon's officers and ship':
company to forego their claim to share in the
prize. As the Triumph's claim, however, war
maintained, the generous offer of the Shan
nons was declined. The next two years were
passed in similar service, cruising from Ply-
mouth, off Brest, and in the Bay of Biscay
it was not till June 1811 that she was orderec
to refit for foreign service. In the beginning
of August she sailed for Halifax, where she
arrived 24 Sept. The relations between Eng-
land and the States were even then severely
strained, and on 18 June 1812 war was de-
clared.
For the next year the Shannon was en-
gaged in cruising, without any opportunity
of important service. Broke was keenly sen-
sible of the urgent necessity of keeping the
ship at all times in perfect fighting trim, a
necessity which the successes of the previous
twenty years had tempted some of his con-
temporaries to ignore. At very considerable
pecuniary loss both to himself and to the
ship's company, he carried out a resolution
to make no prizes which would entail send-
ing away prize crews, and so weakening his
force, and most of the ships captured were
therefore burned. But, more than this, he
bestowed extraordinary pains on training his
men, especially in the exercise of the great
guns. While the custom of our service at
that time was never to cast the guns loose
except for action. Broke instituted a course
of systematic training, and every day in the
week, except Saturday, the men, either by
watches or all together, were exercised at
quarters and in firing at a mark, so that in
course of time they attained a degree of ex-
pertness such as had never before been ap-
proached. To this end everything was made
subservient ; concentrating marks were made
on the decks, and at Broke's own cost sights
were fitted to the guns ; but all vain show
was neglected, and the Shannon, though
clean and healthy, was perhaps a little looked
down on by some of her more showy com-
panions. Her excellence in gunnery, how-
ever, .began to be talked about ; and, much
to Broke's annoyance, many ships arriving
on the station fresh from England brought
out orders to exchange a certain number of
men with the Shannon, so that they too
might receive the benefit of the new system.
In May 1813 the Shannon was cruising off
Boston, keeping watch on the American
frigate Chesapeake, which had been newly
recommissioned by Captain James Lawrence,
lately in command of the Hornet when she
sank the Peacock. On 1 June, finding his
store of water running low, Broke adopted
the singular plan of writing formally to Law-
rence, requesting him to give him a meeting.
He stated in exact detail the Shannon's force,
and pledged himself to such measures as
would insure the absence of all other Eng-
lish ships, adding, ' or I would sail with
you, under a flag of truce, to any place you
think safest from our cruisers, hauling it
down when fair to begin hostilities.' This
letter, however, was never delivered ; for be-
fore the vessel by which it was sent reached
the harbour the Chesapeake was under way
and standing out under a cloud of canvas.
Expectation in Boston was at an intense
height, and crowds of pleasure-boats and
other small craft accompanied the ship in
order to witness her triumph over the enemy.
As she came on she shortened sail, sent down
her upper ? yards, and so, with a flag at each
masthead, rapidly drew near. Broke mean-
while called his men aft on the quarter-deck,
and, after the manner of the heroes of old,
addressed them in a short and telling speech,
commenting on the successes which the
Americans with a great superiority of force
had obtained, and concluding, ' Don't cheer,
go quietly to your quarters. I feel sure you
will all do your duty ; remember you have
the blood of hundreds of your countrymen to
avenge.' 'Mayn't we have three ensigns, sir,
like she has?' asked a seaman. 'No/ an-
swered Broke ; ' we've always been an un-
assuming ship.' As the Chesapeake came
down nearly before the wind, the Shannon,
which had been waiting for her, filled and
gathered steerage way ; the Chesapeake
rounded to on her weather-quarter at a dis-
tance of about fifty yards, and, as she ranged
alongside, received the Shannon's broadside
fired with the utmost coolness and deli-
beration, each gun as it bore. The effect
was terrible ; more than one hundred men
were laid low, Lawrence himself mortally
wounded. The return fire of the Chesapeake
was wild in comparison, although, at the very
short range, it was sufficiently deadly. But
the Shannon's men were well disciplined and
trained ; those of the Chesapeake were newly
raised, strangers to each other and to their
officers. A panic spread amongst them, and
after sustaining another broadside as deli-
)erate as the first and as effective, the Che-
apeake, having her tiller ropes shot away,
drifted foul of the Shannon. Broke, calling
>ut ' Follow me who can ! ' sprang on board,
bllowed by some fifty or sixty of his men.
The struggle was very short. The Americans,
>ewildered and panic-stricken, were beaten
>elow without much difficulty. Broke was
ndeed most seriously wounded on the head
>y a blow from the butt-end of a musket ;
>ut within fifteen minutes from the time
c c 2
Broke
388
Broke
of the first gun being fired by the Shannon
the American colours on board the Chesapeake
were hauled down, and the English colours
hoisted in their stead.
The apparently easy capture of the Chesa-
peake, a ship of the same nominal force but
larger, with more men and a heavier arma-
ment than the Shannon, created a remarkable
sensation both in America and in England.
The true significance of the action has been
pointed out by a French writer of our own
time. ' Captain Broke/ he says, 'had com-
manded the Shannon for nearly seven years ;
Captain Lawrence had commanded the Che-
sapeake for but a few days. The Shannon
had cruised for eighteen months on the coast
of America ; the Chesapeake was newly out
of harbour. The Shannon had a crew long
accustomed to habits of strict obedience ;
the Chesapeake was manned by men who
had just been engaged in mutiny. The Ame-
ricans were wrong to accuse fortune on this
occasion. Fortune was not fickle, she was
merely logical. The Shannon captured the
Chesapeake on 1 June 1813 ; but on 14 Sept.
1806, when he took command of his frigate,
Captain Broke had begun to prepare the
glorious termination to this bloody affair'
(DE LA GKAVIEKE, Guerres Maritimes, ii.
272). This it is which constitutes Broke's
true title to distinction ; for the easy capture
of the Chesapeake, which rendered him fa-
mous, was due to his care, forethought, and
skill, much more than to that exuberant cou-
rage which caught the popular fancy, and
which has handed down his name in the
song familiar to every schoolboy as 'brave
Broke.'
Honours and congratulations were showered
upon him. He was made a baronet 25 Sept.
1813, and K.C.B. 3 Jan. 1815 ; but, with the
exception of taking the Shannon home in the
autumn of 1813, his brilliant exploit was the
end of his active service. The terrible wound
on the head had left him subject to nervous
pains, which were much aggravated by a se-
vere fall from his horse on 8 Aug. 1820, and
although not exactly a valetudinarian, his
health was far from robust, and his sufferings
were at times intense. He became in course
of seniority a rear-admiral on 22 July 1830,
and died in London, whither he had gone for
medical advice, on 2 Jan. 1841. His remains
were carried to Broke Hall, and were interred
in the parish church of Nacton. He had a
numerous family, many members of which
died young. The eldest son, who succeeded
to the baronetcy, died unmarried in 1855;
the fourth son, the present baronet (who has
taken from his mother's family the name of
Middleton), has no children, and at his death
the title will become extinct. Two daughters
of a still younger son are the sole representa-
tives in the second generation of the captor
of the Chesapeake ; the younger of these is
married to Sir Lambton Loraine, bart., cap-
tain R.N. ; the other to the Hon. James St.
Vincent Saumarez, eldest son of Lord de
Saumarez, and grandson of the first lord,
Nelson's companion in arms. Both have
issue.
[Brighton's Memoir of Admiral Sir P. B. V.
Broke, Bart., K.C.B., compiled 'chiefly from
Journals and Letters in the possession of Rear-
admiral Sir George Broke -Middleton, C.B. ; '
notes contributed by Sir George Broke-Middleton ;
Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812.]; J. K. L.
BROKE or BROOKE, SIB RICHARD
(d. 1529), chief baron of the exchequer, was
fourth son of Thomas Broke of Leighton in
Cheshire, and his wife, daughter and heiress of
John Parker of Copnall. His ancestors had
been Brokes of Leighton since the twelfth
century, and came of a common stock with
the Brookes of Norton. On 11 July 1510
(Pat. 2 Hen. VIII, p. 2, m. 2, and &#.) he
obtained a royal exemption from becoming
serjeant-at-law, an honour then conferred
only on barristers of at least sixteen yearsr
practice at the bar. Perhaps he was deterred,
as others had been (DTJGDALE, Orig. p. 110),
by the great expenses attending the promo-
tion ; but he did not long avail himself of his
privilege, he being one of the nine Serjeants
appointed in the following November. He
was double reader in his inn, the Middle
Temple, in the autumn of 1510, and must
have passed his first readership before 1502,
at which date Dugdale's list of readers com-
mences. In the spring of 1511 (2 Hen. VIII),
from under-sheriffhe became recorder of Lon-
don, an office he filled till 1520. Foss says
he represented the city of London in the par-
liaments of 1511 and 1515, the returns of
members to which parliaments are stated to
be ' not found ' in the House of Lords' Report.
In the parliament of 1523 he was one of the
triers of petitions. In June 1519 he appears
as a junior justice of assize for the Norfolk
circuit. He became a judge of the common
pleas and knight in 1520 (fines levied Easter,
12 Hen. VIII), and chief baron of the ex-
chequer on 24 Jan. 1526 (Com. de Term. Hill.,
17 Hen. VIII, Rot. 1), and continued in both
offices till his death in May or June 1529.
As serjeant, and afterwards as judge, his
name appears in many commissions for the
home and Norfolk circuits. His will, dated
6 May 1529, was proved on 2 July 1529 by
his widow, daughter of Ledes, by whom
he left three sons, Robert (afterwards of Nac-
Broke
389
Broke
ton), William, and John, and four daughters,
Bridget, Cicely, Elizabeth (married
Fouleshurst), and Margaret. Bridget had
married George Fastolfe of Nacton, who
died without issue in 1527, leaving his ma-
nors of Nacton, Cowhall, and Shullondhall,
Suffolk, to her, with remainder to her father
and his heirs, who thus became Brokes of
Nacton. Sir Richard left property in Nor-
folk, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. A direct
descendant, Robert Broke of Nacton, was
created baronet in 1661, and died without
male issue in 1693, when the estates passed
to his nephew Robert, grandfather of Admiral
Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke [q. v.]
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
Jurid. p. 215, and Chronica Series, pp. 79, 80;
Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 241 ; Harl. MS. 1560,
3176; Gal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, vols. i.-iv. ;
Noorthouck's London, p. 893 Add. ; Stow's Sur-
vey ; Broke's will in Somerset House.]
K. H. B.
BROKE or BROOKE, SIB ROBERT
(d. 1558), speaker of the House of Commons
and chief justice of the common pleas, was
the son of Thomas Broke of Claverley, Shrop-
shire, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh
Grosvenor of Farmcote Hall in the same
county. He was admitted B.A. at Oxford
8 July 1521 (Oaf. Univ. Reg. ed. Boase, i.
111). He afterwards studied at the Middle
Temple, where in 1542 he was elected autumn
reader, and in Lent 1551 double reader. He
held successively the offices of common ser-
j eant and recorder of London (being appointed
to the latter office in 1545), and represented
the city in several parliaments. On 17 Oct.
1552 he was made a serjeant-at-law. On
2 April 1554, while still recorder, he was
chosen speaker of the House of Commons. The
second parliament of Queen Mary, over which
he was elected to preside, was declared in the
opening speech of the chancellor (Bishop
Gardiner) to be called ' for the corroboration
of true religion, and touching the queen's
highness's most noble marriage.' Broke was
1 a zealous catholic,' and his conduct as
speaker gave great satisfaction to the queen.
He was appointed chief justice of the com-
mon pleas on 8 Oct. 1554 (Wood erroneously
gives the date as 1553), and on 27 Jan.
following was knighted by King Philip. On
26 Feb. 1556-7 he sat in the court which
was appointed to try Charles, lord Stourton,
for the murder of the Hartgills, and it is
mentioned in Machyn's ' Diary ' that, the pri-
soner having obstinately refused to plead, the
lord chief justice at last rose and threatened
him with the punishment of being pressed
to death, upon which he pleaded guilty.
Broke died on 6 Sept. 1558 while on a visit
to his friends, at Claverley, his native place,
and is buried in the chancel of the parish
church there. In the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine ' (xcii. pt. ii. 490) is a description of his
monument at Claverley, with a copy of the
inscription, which states that he was twice
married, and had seventeen children. Ac-
cording to Wood he left to his descendants
' a fair estate at Madeley in Shropshire, and
one or two places in Suffolk.' The mention
of Suffolk, however, is probably a mistake ;
Wood was apparently thinking of the Broke
family of Nacton, who derived their descent
from Sir Richard Broke [q. v.] The same
writer informs us that Sir Robert Broke, by
his will proved 12 Oct. 1558, made several
bequests to the church and poor of Putney.
Broke was held in great respect as a
learned and upright judge, and also ob-
tained a high reputation as a legal writer.
The following is a list of his works, none of
which seem to have been published during the
author's lifetime : 1. ' La Graunde Abridge-
ment,' 1568. This is an abstract of the
year-books down to the writer's own time,
and is principally based on the work by Fitz-
herbert bearing the same title. Broke's
treatise, however, is considered superior in
lucidity of arrangement to that of Fitzher-
bert, and contains also some valuable original
matter. Sir E. Coke and other eminent legal
authorities have praised it highly. Further
editions were published in 1570, 1573, 1576,
and 1586. A selection from the ' Abridge-
ment,' comprising the more recent cases
which Broke had added to Fitzherbert's col-
lection, was published in 1578, under the
title of ' Ascuns novell Cases de les Ans et
Temps le Roy Henry VIII, Edward VI, et la
Roygne Mary, escrie ex la Graunde Abridge-
ment.' This volume was reprinted in 1587,
1604, and 1625. It was translated into
English by J. March ({ Some New Cases of
the Years and Times of King Henry VIII,
Edward VI, and Queen Mary,' 1651), and an
edition of this translation, together with the
original Norman-French, was published in
1873. 2. 'A Reading on the Statute of
Limitations,' 1647. 3. 'A Reading upon
the Statute of Magna Charta, cap. 16,' 1641.
This work is erroneously attributed by Wood
to another Robert Brooke, who died in 1597,
although the title-page gives to the author
the designations of serjeant-at-law and re-
corder of London, which clearly identify him
with the subject of this article.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 267 ; Ma-
chyn's Diary, 27, 126 ; Journals of the House of
Commons, i. 33 ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 216, 217 ;
Harl. MS. 6064, 80 b ; Foss's Lives of the Judges,
v. 360 ; Gent. Mag. xcii. pt. ii. 490.] H. B.
Broke
390
Broke
BROKE or BROOK, THOMAS (/.
1550), translator, was an alderman of Calais,
the chief clerk of the exchequer and cus-
tomer there at the time when the preaching
of William Smith at Our Lady's Church in
that town led many persons, and Broke
among them, to adopt l reformed ' opinions.
Broke was a member of parliament, sitting
probably for Calais, and in July 1539 spoke
strongly against the Six Articles Bill, though
Cromwell sent to warn him to forbear doing
so as he loved his life. Part of his speech
is preserved by Foxe (Acts and Monuments,
v. 503). He was roughly answered by Sir
William Kingston, comptroller of the king's
household, who was reproved by the speaker
for his attempt to interfere with the freedom
of debate. The next month, at the trial of
Hare, a soldier of Calais, for heresy, Broke
interfered on the prisoner's behalf, and was
rebuked by the dean of arches. Half an
hour later he found himself accused of the
same crime on the information of the council
of Calais, and on 10 Aug. was committed to
the Fleet along with John Butler, a priest
of the same town, who was also a ' sacra-
mentary.' As, however, the Calais witnesses
could prove nothing against him, he was re-
leased. In 1540, 32 Henry VIII, the king
demised two chapels in the parish of Monk-
ton, in the liberty of the Cinque Ports, to a
Thomas Broke for 42/. 7s. lid. (HASTED,
Kent, iv. 340 n.) As Broke the translator
was paymaster of Dover in 1549 (see below),
it is at least possible that he was the lessee.
Another attempt was made against Broke in
the spring of 1540. His servant was im-
prisoned by the council of Calais and strictly
examined as to his master's conduct, and
'the second Monday after Easter' Broke
was committed to the mayor's gaol, ' whither
no man of his calling was ever committed
unless sentence of death had first been pro-
nounced upon him ; ' for otherwise he should
have been imprisoned in a brother alderman's
house. All his goods were seized, and his
wife and children thrust into a mean part of
his house by Sir Edward Kingston. Indig-
nant at such treatment, Mistress Broke an-
swered a threat of Kingston's with ' Well,
sir, well, the king's slaughter-house had
wrong when you were made a gentleman'
(FoxE, v. 576). She wrote to complain to
Cromwell and to other friends, and, finding
that her letters were seized by the council,
sent a secret messenger to England to carry
the news of the sufferings of her husband and
of those imprisoned with him. On receiving
her message, Cromwell ordered that the pri-
soners should be sent over for trial, and on
Mayday they were led through the streets
of Calais, Broke being in irons as the ' chief
captain ' of the rest. Broke was committed
to the Fleet, and lay there for about two
years. At the end of that time he and his
twelve companions were released ' in very poor
estate.' In 1550 the name of Thomas Broke
occurs among the chief sectaries of Kent.
Although from the character of his literary
work it is impossible to suppose that Broke
the translator could have been one of the
' Anabaptists and Pelagians ' spoken of by
Strype(j¥emon«/s,ii. i.369), yet if, as seems
likely, he was dissatisfied with the new
Book of Common Prayer, he may have be-
longed to a separate congregation, and so
have been described as sharing the opinions
of the majority of the sectaries of the dis-
trict. His works are : 1. ' Certeyn Medita-
cions and Things to be had in Remembraunce
... by euery Christian before he receiue
the Sacrament of the Body and Bloude of
Christ, compiled by T. Broke,' 1548. 2. ' Of
the Life and Conuersacion of a Christen
Man . . . wrytten in the Latin tonge by
Maister John Caluyne. . . . Translated into
English by Thomas Broke, Esquire, Pay-
master of Douer/ 1549. In the prologue of
this translation the identity of Broke with
the alderman of Calais is made clear. ' I
have (good reader),' he writes, < translated a
good part more of the institution of a Christen
man, wrytten by this noble clerke which I
cannot nowe put in printe, partly through
mine owne busynes as well at Douer as at
Calleis.' 3. The preface to « Geneua. The
Forme of Common Praiers used in the
Churches of Geneua . . . made by Master
John Caluyne. . . . Certayne Graces be added
in the ende to the prayse of God, to be sayde
before or after meals,' 1550. An imperfect
copy of this rare 12mo, printed by E. Whit-
church, is described in Herbert's ' Ames '
(p. 547). To the beautiful copy in the Gren-
ville Library in the British Museum is ap-
pended a note in Grenville's handwriting, in
which he calls attention to its perfect con-
dition, and declares his belief that it is the
only copy extant. In his preface Broke says
that the graces are his, and that perhaps
some will find them over-long ; the first is a
paraphrase of the Ten Commandments. He
| also makes another mention of his further
translation from Calvin's ' Institution ' which
he had ready and was about to put forth. If
this was ever printed, it appears to have left
no sign of its existence. E. Whitchurch had
printed the English Liturgy the year before,
and this translation of the Genevan form
seems to indicate a desire that changes should
be made in it so as to bring it nearer to the
practices of the Calvinistic congregations
Brokesby
391
Brokesby
abroad. 4. ' A Reply to a Libell cast abroad
in defence of D. Ed. Boner, by T. Brooke,' no
date.
[Foxe's Acts and Monuments (ed. 1846), v.
498-520 ; Chronicle of Calais, 47, Camden Soc. ;
Cranmer's Letters, 392, Parker Soc. ; Strype's
Ecclesiastical Memorials (8vo ed.), n. i. 369-70;
Hasted's History of Kent, iv. 340 ; Broke's ' Of
the Lyfe and Conuersation,' and ' The Forme of
Common Praiers,' -with Grenville's note as above,
in the Brit. Mus. ; Herbert's Ames's Typogr. An-
tiq. 547, 619, 620, 678 ; Maitland's Early English
Books in the Lambeth Library, 14 ; Maunsell's
Catalogue of English Printed Books (1595), 24 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 129.] W. H.
BROKESBY or BROOKESBUY,
FRANCIS (1637-1714), nonjuror, the son
of Obadiah Brokesby, a gentleman of inde-
pendent fortune, of Stoke Golding, Leices-
tershire, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of
James Pratt, Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, was born on 29 Sept. 1637. His
uncle Nathaniel was a schoolmaster. As all
the nine children of his grandfather Francis
received scriptural names, it is probable that
he came of a puritan stock. He became a
member and afterwards a fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge, taking the degree of
B.D. in 1666. A religious poem of some
beauty composed by him on the occasion of
his taking his degree illustrates the fervent
piety of his character. This poem is pre-
served in Nichols's l History and Antiquities
of Hinckley,' 737. He probably took orders
early, for on the presentation of his college
he succeeded John Warren, the ejected rector
of Broad-oak, Essex. He lived on friendly
terms with his predecessor, who used to
come and hear him preach (PALMEE, Noncon-
formists' Memorial, ii. 202). In 1670 he left
Broad-oak, and became rector of Rowley in
the East Riding of Yorkshire. Soon after he
entered on this new cure he married Isabella,
daughter of a Mr. Wood of Kingston-upon-
Hull. From about this time onwards he
used to write in his pocket-books short
Latin memoranda on the incidents of his
daily life. Several specimens of these me-
moranda have been preserved (NICHOLS,
Hinckley, 736-40). Though they give some
idea of his peculiar piety, they are for the
most part concerned with domestic mat-
ters. During his incumbency at Rowley he
appears to have been involved in several dis-
putes and lawsuits about tithes. He refers
to these disputes in his memoranda of 1678
and 1680; on 31 July 1683 he enters a
thanksgiving for the successful issue of a
suit, and in the same year registers a vow
that if he gains a cause then pending he will
devote half the tithe so recovered to the
relief of the poor. When the revolution of
1688 set William and Mary on the throne,
Brokesby refused to take the oath to the
new sovereigns. He was accordingly de-
prived of his living in 1690. He went
up to London in July, and appears to have
been received by Lady Fairborn at her house
in Pall Mall ' over against the Pastures.'
Meanwhile his wife, by that time the mother
of six children, did what she could to wind
up affairs. Writing to her sister on 8 Aug.,
she says, ( We are now cutting down our corn,
for we cannot sell it.' After his deprivation
Brokesby lived for some years in his native
village, and there his wife died and was
buried on 26 Feb. 1699.
Brokesby's private property seems to have
been small. His high character and his re-
putation as a scholar gained him many
friends among the men of his own party.
Chief among these was Francis Cherry of
Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, to whose liberal
kindness Thomas Hearne and many other
nonjurors were indebted. After his wife's
death Brokesby appears to have resided con-
stantly at Shottesbrooke, and early in 1706
succeeded Mr. Gilbert of St. John's College,
Oxford, as chaplain to the little society of
nonjurors established there (HEAENE, Collec-
tions, i. 211). He travelled about a good deal,
and generally paid a yearly round of visits
in the north of England, probably to the men
of his own party, occasionally also going up
to Oxford and London. At Shottesbrooke
he enjoyed the society of Robert Nelson, to
whom he rendered valuable assistance in the
compilation of his book on the l Festivals and
Fasts of the Church.' There, too, he formed
a strong friendship with Henry Dodwell,
sometime Camden professor of history at Ox-
ford. In common with some other moderate
nonjurors, Brokesby refused to take the oath
simply because his conscience forbade him
to do so, and not as a matter of politics. If
James were dead, he declared that he would
have no objection to swear allegiance to
William and Mary, because they would be
in possession, while the claim of the Prince
of Wales would be 'dubious ' (NiCHOLS,740).
The death of James, however, was followed
by the oath of abjuration, and neither
Brokesby nor his friends were prepared to
declare that the kingship of William of
Orange was founded on right. At the same
time, while he warmly upheld the cause of
the deprived bishops, ecclesiastical division
was grievous to him, and he fully shared in
the opinion expressed in Dodwell's work, * The
Case in View,' that on the death or resig-
nation of these bishops their party might
return to the national communion. The
Brokesby
392
Brome
case contemplated by Dodwell became a fact
when the death of Bishop Lloyd on 1 Jan.
1710 was followed by the resignation ot
Bishop Ken, and accordingly Brokesby, Dod-
well and Nelson returned to the communion
of the established church, and attended ser-
vice at Shottesbrooke Church on 28 leb.
(MARSHALL, Defence of our Constitution,
app. iv. and vi.) A letter from S. Parker of
Oxford, dated 12 Nov. (Gent. Mag 1799
vol. Ixix. pt. i.), appears to have called forth
a reply dated 18 Nov., in which Brokesby
shows that ' the new bishops ' were merely suf-
fragans, that no synodical denunciation had
invested them with independent authority
after the deaths of the deprived diocesans,
that the ' deprived fathers ' had no power to
invest them with such authority, and that
therefore they were not diocesan bishops
(MARSHALL, app. xi.) Brokesby, then, had
no part in what may be described as the
schism of the nonjurors. He lost his friend
Dodwell in 1711, and the next year he de-
scribes himself in his will, dated 15 Sept.
1712, as sojourning at Hinckley. He was
then in good health. The death of Francis
Cherry in 1713 caused him deep grief. He
died at Hinckley, and was buried at Stoke
on 24 Oct. 1714. Of his six children his
elder son Francis died in early life, and his
younger son, who became a merchant, also
died before him. His four daughters sur-
vived him; the second, Dorothy, married
Samuel Parr, vicar of Hinckley, and was
thus the grandmother of Dr. Samuel Parr,
the famous Greek scholar. Brokesby was
the author of : 1. ' Some Proposals towards
promoting the Propagation of the Gospel in
our American Plantations,' 1708, 8vo. 2. A
tract entitled ' Of Education with respect to
Grammar Schools and the Universities, to
which is annexed a Letter of Advice to a
Young Gentleman. By F. B., B.D.,' 1701,
12mo. 3. ' A Letter containing an Account
of some Observations relating to the Anti-
quities and Natural History of England,'
16 May 1711, in Hearne's < Leland's Itine-
rary,' vi. preface, and 89-107, ed. 1744. 4. 'An
History of the Government of the Primitive
Church for the first three centuries and the
beginning of the fourth . . . wherein also the
Suggestions of David Blondel . . . are con-
sidered,' 1712, 8vo. 5. ' The Divine Right of
Church Government by Bishops asserted,'
1714, 8vo. 6. < The Life of Mr. Henry Dod-
well, with an Account of his Work . . . ,'
2 vols. 1715, 8vo. In this work, which was
published after the author's death, he speaks
(p. 311) of the help Dodwell had given him
in preparing his book on church government.
7. Various Letters.
[J. Nichols's History and Antiquities of Hinck-
ley, being part of the History of Leicestershire,
iv. 715-19, 725, 737-42, also less fully in BiM.
Top. Brit. vii. 173; Brokesby's History of the
Government of the Church, and Life of Dodwell,
see preface ; Marshall's Defence of our Constitu-
tion in Church and State . . . with an Appendix
containing . . . Divers Letters of ... the
Eev. Mr. Brookesby, 1717; Calamy's Noncon-
formists' Memorial (Palmer), ii. 202 ; Hearne's
Collections, i. 211, and an abstract of a letter of
F. B. on the Paderborn or Venice edition of the
first part of 33rd book of Livy, Oxford Hist.
Soc. ; J. G-. Nichols's Literary Illustrations, iv.
117; Gent. Mag. Ixix. pt. i. 458; Lathbury's
History of the Nonjurors, 199-217.] "W. H.
BROME, ADAM DE (d. 1332), founder
of Oriel College, Oxford, of whose early life
nothing is known, was rector of Hanworth
in Middlesex in 1315, chancellor of Durham
in 1316, archdeacon of Stow in 1319, and in
the same year was made vicar of St. Mary in
Oxford. He was also a clerk in chancery and
almoner of Edward II. In 1324 he received
the royal license to purchase a messuage and
found a college in Oxford to the honour of
the Virgin Mary. He obtained several bene-
factions from Edward II for his new founda-
tion, which was to consist of a provost and
ten fellows or scholars, who were to devote
themselves to the study of divinity, logic,
or law. He was appointed the first provost
by the king in 1325, and drafted his statutes
in the following year. The statutes bear a
close resemblance to those which Walter
de Merton had framed for Merton College.
Brome died in June 1332, and was buried in
St. Mary's Church, Oxford.
[Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), 122,
&c. ; Statutes of Oriel College, in Statutes of
Colleges of Oxford (1853), vol. i.] M. C.
BROME, ALEXANDER (1620-1666),
poet, born in 1620, was an attorney in the
lord mayor's court, according to Langbaine,
and in the court of king's bench, according
to Richard Smith's ' Obituary,' published
by the Camden Society. During the civil
wars he distinguished himself by his attach-
ment to the royalist cause, and was the author
of many songs and epigrams in ridicule of the
Rump. In 1653 he edited, in an 8vo volume,
1 Five NewPlayes' by Richard Brome [q.v.]
(to whom he was not related), and in 1659 five
more 'New Playes,' 1 vol. 8vo. He pub-
lished, in 1654, a comedy of his own, en-
titled ' The Cunning Lovers.' His ' Songs and
Poems' were collected in 1661, 8vo, with
commendatory verses by Izaak Walton and
others, and a dedication to Sir J. Robinson,
lieutenant of the Tower. The second edition,
' corrected and enlarged,' appeared in 1664.
Brome
393
Brome
To this edition are prefixed a prose commen-
datory letter signed * R. B.' (probably the
initials of Richard Brathwaite), additional
verses by Charles Strynings and Valentine
Oldys, and a prose letter signed ' T. H.'
Among the new poems in this edition are an
epistle ' To his friend Thomas Stanley, Esq.,
on his Odes,' and ' Cromwell's Panegyrick.'
A third edition, with a few additional poems
and with elegies by Charles Cotton and
Richard Newcourt, appeared in 1668, 8vo.
Brome was a spirited song-writer, and his
bacchanalian lyrics have always the true
ring. Phillips, in his ' Theatrum Poetarum,'
says that he 'was of so jovial a strain that
among the sons of Mirth and Bacchus, to
whom his sack-inspired songs have been so
often sung to the spritely violin, his name
cannot choose but be immortal ; and in this
respect he may well be styled the English
Anacreon.' His satirical pieces are sprightly
without being offensively gross. Brome was
a contributor to, and editor of, a variorum
translation of Horace, published in 1666.
He had formed the intention of translating
Lucretius, as we learn from an epigram of
Sir Aston Cokaine (Poems, p. 204) ; but he
did not carry out his project. Commenda-
tory poems by Brome are prefixed to the first
folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's
works (1647), and to the second edition of
Walton's ' Angler,' 1655. He died on 30 June
1666. An Alexander Brome, who died before
25 Sept. 1666, was a member of the New
River Company. There are songs of Brome's
in ' Wit's Interpreter,' ' Wit restored,' 'Wit
and Drollery,' ' Westminster Drollery,' ' The
Rump,' and other collections. The ' Covent
Garden Drollery,' 1671, edited by A. B., has
been wrongly attributed to Brome.
[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, iii. 114-
119; Langbaine's Dramatic Poets -with Oldys's
MS. annotations ; Phillips's Theatrum Poetarum,
1675.] A. H. B.
BROME, JAMES (d. 1719), author of
two books of travels, was ordained rector of
Cheriton, Kent, on 9 June 1676, and became
vicar of the adjoining parish of Newington
in 1677. He was also chaplain to the
Cinque Ports. In 1694 there appeared ' His-
torical Account of Mr. R. Rogers's three
years' Travels over England and Wales,'
and in 1700 Brome published under his own
name ' Travels over England, Scotland, and
Wales.' He stated in the preface that it had
only lately come to his notice that his own
'Travels' had stolen, in an imperfect and
erroneous form, into the world as the travels
of Mr. Rogers, and that he had been forced to
publish an authentic version in self-defence.
A second edition appeared in 1707. Another
book of travels by Brome appeared in 1712,
under the title ' Travels through Portugal,
Spain, and Italy.' He also published in
1693 William Somner's 'Treatise of the
Roman Ports and Forts in Kent,' and he is
the author of several single sermons pub-
lished. He died in 1719.
[Hasted's Kent, iii. 392, 399 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 3rd series,
iii. 49.] T. F. H.
BROME, RICHARD (d. 1652 ?), drama-
tist, is thought to have died in 1652 (when his
last play was published with a dedication from
his own hand), and was certainly dead in 1653
| (see Alexander Brome ' To the Readers,'
Works, i. 2). Nothing, or next to nothing, is
known as to the date of his birth. In the pro-
logue to the ' Court Beggar/ acted 1632, he
speaks of himself as ' the poet full of age and
cares.' His surname, which is punned on by
Cokaine (' Wee'l change our faded Broom to
deathless Baies '), and daringly associated by
Alexander Brome [q. v.] with Plantagenet
(' 'Twas Roy all once, but now 'twill be Di-
vine '), furnishes no clue as to his origin. He
was no relation either of the dramatist, Alex-
ander Brome who brought out several of his
plays (' though not related to thy parts or per-
son'), or of the ' stationer,' Henry Brome, who
published others of Richard's dramas. A cer-
tain ' St. Br.,' however, is found addressing
some verses ' to his ingenious brother, Mr.
Richard Brome, upon this witty issue of his
brain, " The Northern Lasse." ' Probably his
birth was as humble as was his condition of
life. Alexander Brome, in the lines prefixed
by him to the ' Five New Playes ' of Richard,
which he published in 1659, asserts of him
that ' poor he came into th' world and poor
went out.' But the surest testimony to his
lowliness of origin lies in the fact that in his
earlier days he was servant to Ben Jonson.
(See Jonson's lines ' To my faithful servant
and (by his continued virtue) my loving
friend, the author of this work [' The North-
ern Lass'], Master Richard Brome, 1632,'
beginning —
I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome ;
and reprinted in Jonson's ' Underwoods.')
Brome must have been in Jonson's service as
early as 1614, for he is mentioned by name
as the poet's ' man ' in the induction to f Bar-
tholomew Fair ' (acted 31 Oct. 1614). At
what time between this and 1632 the rela-
tion of master and servant was exchanged
for that of mutual friendly attachment is
unknown. But this latter bond seems to have
remained unbroken till Jonson's death. Gifford
has shown that something like an attempt to
Brome
394
Brome
create an hostility on Jonson's part towards
his disciple was made by Randolph and
others. After the failure of Jonson's ' New
Inn/ 1629, the angry poet shook the dust of
the stage off his heels in an angry ' Ode [to
Himself].' To this several of the younger j
poets replied from various points of view,
among them Randolph in a parody full of '
homage, which contains these lines —
And let these things in plush,
Till they be taught to blush,
Like what they will, and more contented be
With what Brome swept from thee.
And, in a 12mo edition of Jonson's minor
poems, published about three years after his
death, the ' Ode [to Himself^] ' was reprinted
with certain new readings foisted in ; among
the rest, in the lines
There, sweepings do as well
As the best-ordered meal,
the alteration ' Bronte's sweepings ' was in-
troduced. Gifford states that very shortly
after the condemnation of the 'New Inn'
Brome had brought out a successful piece,
now lost; and it is certain that not long
afterwards he produced the very successful
' Northern Lass,' which, as has been seen,
Jonson hailed with unstinted praise (see
JONSON'S Works, ,ed. Gifford, v. 449). Brome's
earliest dramatic attempt, or one of his
earliest, was a comedy called ' A Fault in
Friendship,' written by him in conjunction
with Jonson's eldest son, Benjamin, and acted
at the Curtain Theatre in 1623 (HALLIWELL,
95).
His connection with Jonson made Brome
what he was. Frequent allusion to it is made
by other writers (see Shirley's and John Hall's
lines on the ' Jovial Crew,' and ' C. G.'s ' on
the ' Antipodes '), and Brome himself refers
to it with pride (see prologue to the ' City
Wit '), and speaks with reverence of Jonson
himself (see, besides the lines in memory of
Fletcher, those to the Earl of Newcastle on
his play called ' The Variety,' prefixed to the
' Weeding of the Covent Garden '). But, if
we may judge chiefly from the commenda-
tory verses accompanying several of his plays,
Brome was likewise on good terms with other
more or less eminent dramatists. Among the
verses prefixed to the works of Beaumont
and Fletcher is a lengthy copy by Brome, in
which he describes himself as having- known
Fletcher
in his strength ; even then, when he
That was the master of his art and me,
Most knowing Jonson (proud to call him son),
declared himself surpassed by the younger
writer (DYCE, Beaumont and Fletcher, 8vo,
i. Ixiii-lxv). Thomas Dekker, notwith-
standing his quarrel with Jonson, addresses
verses ' to my sonne Broom and his Lasse ; '
John Ford, on the occasion of the same play,
writes as ' the author's very friend ; ' Shirley
praises the ' Jovial Crew,' characteristically
insisting that something besides university
learning goes to the making of a good
play. Of the younger dramatic writers Sir
Aston Cokaine (see his prceludium to Mr.
Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes,' 1653),
John Tatham (verses on the ' Jovial Crew '),
Robert Chamberlain (on the * Antipodes '),
and T[homas] S[hadwell] (To Alexander
Brome on Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes/
1659) do honour to him or to his memory.
Nor, to judge from the dedications of his
plays, was he without patrons ; to the cele-
brated Earl (afterwards Duke) of Newcastle,
whom he complimented on his play called
' The Variety/ he dedicated the ' Sparagus
Garden;' to the Earl of Hertford (after-
wards Duke of Somerset, who succeeded New-
castle as governor to the Prince of Wales)
the l Antipodes ; ' and other plays to the
learned Thomas Stanley and a gentleman of
the name of Richard Holford. Evidently,
however, he courted the applause of the
general public rather than the favour of par-
ticular individuals, and had too genuine a
dislike of dilettantism in play-writing to be
a hanger-on upon great people who dabbled
in the art like Newcastle or loved a book
above all exercises like Hertford. Among
the theatres for which he wrote were the
Globe and Blackfriars (the king's company),
and the Cockpit in Drury Lane and Salisbury
Court in Fleet Street (the queen's players).
For William Beeston, who, about the time
of the production of Brome's ' Antipodes ' at
Salisbury Court, began to play with a com-
pany of boys at the Cockpit, Brome seems to
have had a special regard (see the envoi at
the end of the l Antipodes/ and the curious
passage in the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar/
which we cannot, with Mr. J. A. Symonds,
interpret as referring to Jonson ; cf. COLLIER,
Annals of the Stage, new edition, ii. 16 seq..
and iii. 138-9).
Of Richard Brome's personal character we
learn hardly more than what is implied in
Jonson's praise. Alexander Brome, in his
' Verses to the Stationer' on the ' Five New
Playes ' (1653), informs us that Richard was
a devout believer. This will not be thought
unreconcilable with his hatred of Scotch
presbyterians (see the ' Court Beggar ') and
of puritans in general (see ' Covent Garden
weeded'). He appears to have acquired
a certain amount of learning, for he makes
some show of classical knowledge (see the
Brome
395
Brome
' Court Beggar '), and perhaps knew a little
German. In the ' Novella ' a leading inci-
dent is borrowed from an Italian novelist,
or his French translator (see Collier's note
to J. Killigrew's 'Parson's Wedding' in
DODSLEY'S Old English Plays, ed. W. C.
Hazlitt, xiv. 480). But, at least after his
great master had ' made him free o' the
trade/ his powers seem to have been com-
pletely absorbed by his profession as a play-
wright. As to this profession or craft he
had, as Jonson wrote,
learn'd it well and for it serv'd his time,
A prentiship, which few do now adayes ;
he was content to be called a playmaker,
instead of author or poet (see prologue to
the ' Damoiselle ') ; on the other hand he
had a genuine, unsophisticated love of a
good play and a good player (see a capital
passage in the 'Antipodes/ i. 5), and was
so ready to encourage anything making for
theatrical success, that he could not even
bring himself to disapprove of effective * gag '
(see ib.ii.I). Delighting in his line of work,
but neither able, nor as a rule willing, to go
beyond it, Brome exhibits a characteristic
mixture of self-consciousness and modesty
(see the prologues to the ' Northern Lass '
and the ' Queen's Exchange '). He lays claim
to ' venting none but his own ' (epilogue to
the ' Court Beggar ') ; he merely pretends
to mirth and sense, and aims only to gain
laughter ; so that those who look for more
must go among the classicising l poet-bounces '
(prologue to the ' Novella ') : what he has to
show is a slight piece of mirth ; ( yet such
were writ by our great masters of the stage
and wit/ before 'the new strayne of wit'
and gaudy decorations came into fashion
(prologue to the ' Court Beggar '). ' Opinion '
is a thing which he cannot court (prologue
to the ' Antipodes ') ; yet at another time
he is ready to take the judgment of the
public (epilogue to the ' English Moor '), and
can appeal to his 'wonted modesty' (pro-
logue to the ' Sparagus Garden '). All this
need not be taken very literally, more espe-
cially in one whose ideas were not always
quite large enough for the spacious phrases
of Ben Jonson. But (and this is the inte-
resting feature in Brome) he was really a
conscientious workman who achieved such
success as fell to his lot by genuine devotion
to his task. Most certainly he was not a
poet, though on one occasion he bursts forth
into a praise of poetry which has unmistak-
able fire and distantly recalls a famous pas-
sage in Spenser (' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 5).
Nor can he even be called an original writer.
To Jonson he owes his general conception of
comedy, his notion of ' humorous ' characters
(such as Sir Arthur Mendicant in the ' Court
Beggar/ ' Master Widgine, a Cockney Gen-
tleman/ in the ' Northern Lass/ the pedant
Sarpego and the female characters in the
1 City Wit/ Crossewill in ' Covent Garden
weeded/ Garrula and Geron with his ' whi-
lome ' citations in the ' Love-sick Court '),
and his profuse display of out-of-the-way
learning or knowledge (see the vagabond's
argot in the ' Jovial Crew/ the military
terms in ' Covent Garden weeded/ v. 3, and
the enumeration of dances in the 'New
Academy/ iii. 2). He naturally here and
there refers to favourite Jonson ian characters
(to Justice Adam Overdo in ' Covent Garden
weeded/ i. 1, and to ' Subtle and his lungs'
in the ' Sparagus Garden/ ii. 2). It would
be unfair to say that he owes anything of
much importance to any other writer, unless
it be to Massinger, who may have influenced
his graver efforts (e.g. in the ' Love-sick
Court ' and the ' Queen and Concubine ').
With Thomas Heywood he was associated
in the authorship of the ' Late Lancashire
Witches/ printed 1634, and written in con-
nection with a trial for witchcraft held in
1633 in the forest of Pendle in Lancashire,
already notorious for witchcraft (see the play
in HEYWOOD'S Dramatic Works (1874), vol.
iv. ; and cf. WARD'S English Dramatic Lite-
rature,].!. 121-3), and perhaps of other dramas.
He twice alludes to Eobert Greene, but not
as a dramatist. Among the plays of Shake-
speare (who is mentioned with others by
name in the ' Antipodes/ i. 5), ' A Winter's
Tale ' and ' Henry VIII,' perhaps also ' King
Lear/ contributed hints for the ' Queen and
Concubine ; ' and ' King Lear ' and ' Mac-
beth ' for the ' Queen's Exchange.' The ' Two
Noble Kinsmen ' cannot have been out of
Brome's mind when he wrote the ' Love-
sick Court/ which has a romantic, monar-
chical flavour and contains some curious
allusions to the politics of the period pre-
ceding the civil war ; while the ' Beggar's
Bush ' of Fletcher is most likely to have sug-
gested the notion of the ' Jovial Crew, or
the Merry Beggars.' (To the 'Knight of
the Burning Pestle' Brome refers in the
' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 2.) He is at times an
effective constructor of plots, but this he
owed to long experience and to excessive
pains (see the ' Love-sick Court/ the ' New
Academy/ and more especially the 'Queen
and Concubine' and the 'Queen's Ex-
change ').
Of his plays some may be described as
comedies of actual life, moulded in the main
on the example of Jonson ; others as roman-
tic comedies, in which the interest chiefly
Brome
396
Brome
depends on the incidents of the action. The
two species are, however, anything but strictly
kept asunder, just as the rough verse in
which the latter kind is chiefly written is
intermingled in the comedies of life with
prose in varying proportions, or altogether
dropped. Of these comedies of actual life
the best example is perhaps the l Jovial
Crew' (of which a good criticism will be
found in an article on Brome's plays by Mr.
J. A. Symonds in the 'Academy/ 21 March
1874). This clever picture of a queer section
of society, with a breath of country air (not
maybe of the very purest sort) blowing
through it, was the latest of Brome's dramas,
having ' the luck to tumble last of all in the
epidemicall ruin of the scene ' (see Dedica-
tion). It has also had the luck to enjoy a
long life on the stage, having been revived
after the Restoration (see PEPYS'S Diary, s.d.
27 Aug. 1661) and again in 1731 as an ' opera'
(probably in consequence of the popularity
enjoyed by the 'Beggar's Opera,' produced
1728), and performed as late as 1791 (Gu-
NEST). The most successful, however, of
Brome's plays seems to have been the ' North-
ern Lass,' which was one of his earliest pro-
ductions, and had before its publication been
' often acted, with good applause, at the Globe
and Blackfriars.' It contains a pathetic cha-
racter (^Constance) whose northern dialect
seems, in the opinion of the public, to have
imparted to her love-lorn insanity an original
flavour which it is difficult to discover either
in the character or in the scheme of the ac-
tion. It seems to have been revived after
the Restoration (see GENEST, i. 422). A play
of more real cleverness and more essentially
in the Jonsonian manner (it was very pro-
bably suggested by Jonson's masque, the
' World in the Moon/ 1620) was the 'Anti-
podes.' The ' play within the play/ on which
the main interest of this piece turns, is an
amusing extravaganza exhibiting the world
upside down ; and the comedy derives an
exceptional literary interest from the re-
marks on the theatre occurring in it. The
' Sparagus Garden/ produced in 1635, seems
likewise to have been exceptionally popular
(if we are to suppose it to be referred to as
' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean ' in the epi-
logue to the ' Court Beggar/ but Halliwell
(249) seems to think this a separate play) ;
here it need only be mentioned as an example
of the consistent and unredeemed grossness
of Brome's 'mirth/ and (inasmuch as the
play has an air of truthfulness about it) as
one among many indications of the fact
that in point of morals there was not much
to choose between the London world of
Charles II's reign and that of his father's.
Finally, the 'Weeding of Co vent Garden,
or the Middlesex Justice of Peace/ a picture
of manners on the 'Bartholomew Fair' model,
is worth noticing as a direct attempt at pro-
moting a definite social reform, which ap-
pears to have been remarkably successful
(see 'An other Prologue/ prefixed to the play).
Among the romantic comedies the ' Love-
sick Court ' and the ' Queen and Concu-
bine' are most worthy of mention; in the
last-named Jeffrey is a good fool. In the
following list of Brome's plays dates are
given as far as ascertainable, but no at-
tempt is made to establish a chronological
sequence: 1. ' A Mad Couple well matched ;'
comedy in prose. Perhaps the same as
'A Mad Couple well met/ mentioned in
a list of plays belonging to the Cockpit
company in 1639 (HALLIWELL). Accord-
ing to Genest (i. 207) this comedy was
reproduced in 1677, as 'revised' by Mrs.
Aphra Behn. (See also PEPYS'S Diary, s. d.
20 Sept. and 28 Dec. 1667.) 2. 'The No-
vella ; ' romantic comedy in verse. Acted
at Blackfriars, 1632. 3. ' The Court Beggar; '
comedy in verse and prose. Acted at the
Cockpit, 1632. If the epilogue following
this was the original epilogue, this play
was written after the ' Antipodes ' and the
'Sparagus Garden.' 4. 'The City Wit, or
the Woman wears the Breeches ; ' comedy,
mainly in prose. 5. ' The Damoiselle, or the
New Ordinary ; ' comedy, mainly in verse.
Halliwell thinks this was one of the author's
earliest productions. The above were pub-
lished in one 8vo volume, by the care of
Alexander Brome, in 1653, under the title
of ' Five New Playes by Richard Brome.'
6. 'The English Moor, or the Mock Mar-
riage ; ' comedy, mainly in verse ; ' often
acted with general applause by his majesty's
servants.' According to Halliwell, a manu-
script copy of this play is in the library of
Lichfield Cathedral. 7. ' The Love-sick Court,
or the Ambitious Politique ; ' romantic comedy
in verse. 8. 'The Weeding of the Covent
Garden, or the Middlesex Justice of Peace ; '
' a facetious comedy/ mainly in prose. 9. ' The
New Academy, or the New Exchange ; ' co-
medy, mainly in verse. 10. ' The Queen and
Concubine ; ' romantic comedy, mainly in
verse. The above were likewise published
in one 8vo volume, by the care of Alexander
Brome, in 1659, under the same title as the
1653 volume. 11. 'The Northern Lass;'
comedy, mostly in prose. First printed, 4to,
1632 ; reprinted, 4to, 1684, with a new pro-
logue by J. Haynes, and an epilogue ; and
again, 4to, 1706, new songs being added, of
which the music was composed by Daniel
Purcell (HALLIWELL). 12. 'The Sparagus
Brome
397
Bromfield
Garden ; ' comedy, mainly in prose. Acted,
1635, by the Company of Revels at Salisbury
Court; first printed, 4to, 1640. 13. 'The
Antipodes ; ' comedy in verse. Acted, 1638,
by the queen's majesty's servants at Salis-
bury Court ; first printed, 4to, 1640. It was
revived in 1661 (PEPYS). 14. 'A Jovial
Crew, or the Merry Beggars ; ' comedy, mainly
in prose, with verse. Acted, 1641, at the
Cockpit ; first printed, 4to, 1652, with a dedi-
cation to Thomas Stanley from the author ;
reprinted, 1684, 1686. It will be found in
vol. x. of the 2nd edition (1780) of Dodsley's
1 Old Plays/ Of the ' comic opera ' an edition
of 1760 is extant, and there are doubtless
others. 15. ' The Queen's Exchange ; ' romantic
comedy, mainly in verse, with numerous
rhymes. Acted at Blackfriars ; first printed,
4to, 1657; afterwards printed, 4to, 1661,
under the title of 'The Royal Exchange.'
Of all these fifteen plays a reprint in 3 vols.
8vo was published in 1873, which piously j
preserves, together with the old spelling, all '
the misprints and the monstrous arrange- j
ment of the ' verse.' Prefixed to vol. i. is a j
portrait authenticated by Alexander Brome, !
and canopied by the laureate's wreath, which
the modest playwright expressly depreca-
ted (see the prologue to the ( Damoiselle'). i
16 (?). ' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean,' if a '
distinct comedy or farce, was produced be-
fore the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar ' was '
written (v. ante). The three following plays
were entered in Richard Brome's name on ;
the books of the Stationers' Company at the
dates appended (seeHALLiWELL) : 17. 'Chris-
tianetta,' 4 Aug. 1640; probably not printed.
18. ' The Jewish Gentleman,' 4 Aug. 1640 ;
not printed. 19. 'The Love-sick Maid, or
the Honour of Young Ladies,' 9 Sept. 1653.
Acted at court, 1629 ; not printed. 20 (?). 'Wit
in a Madness.' This play was entered on the
Stationers' books 19 March 1639,together with
the ' Sparagus Garden ' and the ' Antipodes,'
and was probably by the same author (HAL-
LIWELL) ; not printed (?). As already seen,
Brome wrote together with Benjamin Jonson
the younger a comedy called : 21. ' A Fault
in Friendship/ mentioned by Sir Henry Her-
bert, s. d. 2 Oct. 1623 (HALLIWELL). With
Thomas Heywood he wrote : 22. ' The Lan-
cashire Witches ' (v. ante, and compare as to
the date of the production of this play Col-
lier's note to Field's 'A Woman is a Weather-
cock ' (v. 2) in ' Five Old Playes,' 1833. 23.' The
Life and Death of Sir Martin Skink, with
the Wars of the Low Countries ; ' entered
on the Stationers' books 8 April 1654, but
not printed. 24. ' The Apprentice's Prize ; '
entered 8 April 1654, but not printed (HAL-
LIWELL).
Besides his plays and the very commonplace
lyrics contained in them, Brome wrote a song
(printed with ' Covent Garden weeded ') ; a
very long-drawn epigram or piece of occa-
sional verse upon Suckling's 'Aglaura,' printed
in folio (ib.) ; some complimentary lines to
the Earl of Newcastle (ib.} ; and some lines
in memory of Fletcher, already mentioned
(published in the folio of Beaumont and
Fletcher, 1647).
[Halliwell's Dictionary of Old English Plays
(1860) ; Biographia Dramatica (1812), i. 68-9 ;
Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays, 2nd edition
(1780), x. 321-3 ; Genest's Account of the Eng-
lish Stage (1832), x. 34-47; Ward's History of
English Dramatic Literature (1875), ii. 337-42 ;
the 1873 reprint of Brome's Dramatic "Works in
3 vols. has been occasionally cited above as
Works.] A. W. W.
BROME, THOMAS (d. 1380), Carmelite
divine, was brought up in the monastery of
his order in London, whence he proceeded to
Oxford and attained the degree of master,
and also, as it seems, of doctor in divinity.
There he seems to have distinguished himself
as a preacher. Returning to London, he was
made prior of his house, and at a general
chapter of the order, held at Cambridge in
1362, was appointed its provincial in Eng-
land. This office he resigned in 1379, and
died in his monastery a year later. Bale
(Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 61, p. 486) enumerates
his works as follows : ' Lectura Theologise ; '
' Encomium Scripturae Sacrae ; ' an exposition
' in Paulum ad Romanes ' (also on the preface
by St. Jerome to that epistle) ; ' Sermones de
Tempore ;' ' Quaestiones variae.' Another work
mentioned by Tanner (Bill. Brit. p. 130), and
entitled ' Lectiones pro inceptione sua Oxonii
MCCCLVIII.' (perhaps identical with the ' En-
comium ' above referred to), is of value as
giving the date of Brome's procession to the
degree, apparently, of D.D. None of these
productions are now known to exist. Brome
is probably the Thomas Brunaeus described
by Tanner (Bibl. Brit. 132) as a native of
Dunbar.
[Leland's Comm. de Script. Brit. cap. dcxviii.
p. 375 ; C. de Villiers's Bibliotheca Carmelitana,
ii. 807 seq., Orleans, 1752, folio.] E. L. P.
BROMFIELD, EDMUND DE (d. 1393),
bishop of Llandaff, was a monk of the Bene-
dictine monastery of Bury St. Edmunds.
Gaining the reputation of being the most
learned member of this community, he at
the same time aroused the jealousy of the
other monks, who, calling him factious and
a disturber of the peace, determined to get
rid of him by some means. This was done
by getting Bromfield to proceed to Rome as
Bromfield
398
Bromfield
public procurator not only for the establish-
ment at Bury St. Edmunds, but for the
whole Benedictine order, a promise being at
the same time extorted from him that he
would seek no preferment in his own com-
munity. His reputation for learning fol-
lowed him to Rome, where he was appointed
to lecture on divinity. On the death of the
abbot of Bury St. Edmunds he sought and
obtained the appointment from the pope in
spite of his oath. The monks, however, with
the sanction of King Richard II, chose John
Timworth for abbot, and on Bromfield's ar-
rival in England to claim his appointment
he was seized and imprisoned on a charge
of violating the statute of Provisors, a pre-
cursor of the statute of Prsemunire. The
pope did not interfere, but after an imprison-
ment of nearly ten years Bromfield was re-
leased, and, with the king's concurrence,
appointed bishop of Llandaff in 1389 on the
translation of William Bottesham to Roches-
ter. In the royal brief confirming to him
the temporalities of the see Bromfield is de-
signated abbot of the Benedictine monastery
of Silva Major in the diocese of Bordeaux,
and ' Scholarum Palatii Apostolici in sacra
theologia magister.' Bromfield died in 1393,
and was buried in Llandaff Cathedral. He
is said to have been the author of several
works, but not even the titles of any of them
are now extant.
[Godwin, De Prsesulibus ( 1743), p. 608; Willis's
Survey of Cathedral Church of Llandaff, p. 55 ;
Ziegelbauer's Historia rei lit. Ord. S. Benedict!,
pt. ii. p. 89 ; Pits's Kel. Hist, de rebus Anglicis,
p. 834 ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britan-
nicis, p. 378.] A. M.
BROMFIELD, WILLIAM (1712-1792),
surgeon, was born in London in 1712, and,
after some years' instruction under a sur-
geon, commenced at an early period to prac-
tise on his own account. In 1741 he began
a course of lectures on anatomy and surgery
which attracted a large attendance of pu-
pils. Some' years afterwards he formed, along
with Mr. Martin Madan, the plan of the
Lock Hospital for the treatment of venereal
disease, to which he was appointed surgeon.
For a theatrical performance in aid of its
funds he altered an old comedy, the ' City
Match/ written in 1639 by Jaspar Maine,
which in 1755 was acted at Drury Lane.
He was also elected one of the surgeons of
St. George's Hospital. In 1761 he was
appointed one of the suite to attend the
Princess of Mecklenburg on her journey to
England to be wedded to George III, and
after the marriage he was appointed surgeon
to her majesty's household. Besides contri-
buting some papers to the ( Transactions of
the Royal Society,' he was the author of:
1. 'An Account of English Nightshades,'
1757. 2. l Narrative of a Physical Transac-
tion with Mr. Aylet, surgeon at Windsor,'
1759. 3. ' Thoughts concerning the present
peculiar Method of treating persons inocu-
lated for the Small-pox,' 1767. 4. < Chirur-
gical Cases and Observations,' 2 vols., 1773.
In his later years he retired from his profes-
sion, and resided in a house which he had
built for himself in Chelsea Park. He died
on 24 Nov. 1792.
[Kees's Encyclopaedia, vol. v. ; Brit. Mus.
Catalogue.]
BROMFIELD, WILLIAM ARNOLD
(1801-1851), botanist, was born at Boldre,
in the New Forest, Hampshire, in 1801, his
father, the Rev. John Arnold Bromfield, dying
in the same year. He received his early train-
ing under Dr. Knox of Tunbridge, Dr. Nicho-
las of Baling, and Rev. Mr. Phipps, a War-
wickshire clergyman. He entered Glasgow
University in 1821, and two years later he
took his degree in medicine. During his
university career he first showed a liking
for botany, and made an excursion into the
Scottish highlands in quest of plants.
He left Scotland in 1826, and, being inde-
pendent of professional earnings, travelled
through Germany, Italy, and France, return-
ing to England in 1830. His mother died
shortly afterwards, and he lived with his
sister at Hastings and at Southampton, and
finally settled at Ryde in 1836. He published
in the ' Phytologist ' some observations on
Hampshire plants, and then began to amass
materials for a Flora of the Isle of Wight,
which he did not consider complete even after
fourteen years of assiduous labour. In 1842 he
spent some weeks in Ireland, and in January
1844 he started for a six months' tour to the
West India Islands, spending most of the
time in Trinidad and Jamaica. Two years
later he visited North America, publishing
some remarks in Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.'
In September 1850 he embarked for the
East, and spent some time in Egypt, pene-
trating as far as Khartoum, which he de-
scribed in a letter as a ' region of dust, dirt,
and barbarism.' Here he lost two of his
companions, victims to the climate, and he re-
turned to Cairo in the following June, after
an absence of seven months. Continuing his
journey, he passed by Jaffa, and stated his
intention of leaving Constantinople for South-
ampton in September, but his last letter was
dated ' Bairout, 22 Sept.,' when he was ex-
C'ng a friend to join him on a trip to
bee and Damascus. At the latter place
Bromhall
399
Bromley
he was attacked by malignant typhus, and
died on 9 Oct., four days after his arrival.
His collections were sent to Kew, some of
the contents being shared amongst his scien-
tific friends. The Flora of the Isle of Wight
was printed by Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr.
Bell Salter in 1856, under the title of 'Flora
Vectensis,' in 8vo, with a topographical map
and portrait of the author. His manuscript
Flora of Hampshire was never published.
His herbarium is now at Kyde in the Isle of
Wight, but his manuscripts are in the library
of the Royal Kew Gardens. He left behind
him the memory of a most amiable man and
zealous naturalist.
[Hooker's Kew Gard. Misc. (1851) iii. 373-
382 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 182-3 ; Royal Soc. Cat.
Sci. Papers, i. 644 ; Townsend's Fl. of Hampshire,
xvi. xvii.] B. D. J.
BROMHALL, ANDREW (Jl. 1659), di-
vine, was one of the ' triers ' for the county
of Dorset commissioned in 1653-4 to eject
immoral and inefficient ministers. He had
been previously presented by the parliament
to the substantial rectory of Maiden-Newton,
Dorsetshire, then vacant by the sequestration
of Matthew Osborn, M. A. (HuTCHiNS, Dorset,
ii. 253), or Edward Osbourn, A.M. (WALZEK,
Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 322). Hutchins
records that ' Bromhall died before the Resto-
ration.' Calamy is apparently in error in
stating that Bromhall was ejected from
Maiden-Newton in 1662, and was afterwards
resident in London. He contributed Sermon
xxvii. (probably preached before the Restora-
tion) to the first volume (1661) of ' The Morn-
ing Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the-
Fields, and in Southwark : being Divers
Sermons preached A.D. MDCLIX-MDCLXXXIX
by several Ministers of the Gospel in or near
London,' 6 vols. 8vo, London, fifth edition,
1844.
[Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy; Cala-
my's Nonconformist's Memorial (1802), ii. 102 ;
Hutchins's Dorsetshire (1803), vol. ii. ; Neal's
History of the Puritans.] A. H. G-.
BROMLEY, HENRY. [See WILSON,
AiSTTHONT.]
BROMLEY, JAMES (1800-1838), mez-
zotint-engraver, was the third son of William
Bromley, A.R.A. [q. v.], the line-engraver.
Little is known respecting his life. Among
his best plates may be enumerated portraits
of the Duchess of Kent, after Hayter ; John,
earl Russell, after Hayter ; and the Earl of
Carlisle, when Lord Morpeth, after Carrick ;
'Falstaff,' after Liversege; 'La Zingarella,'
after Oakley, &c. He exhibited twelve of his
works at the Suffolk Street Gallery between
1829 and 1833. He died on 12 Dec. 1838.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BROMLEY, JOHN (d. 1717), translator,
was a native of Shropshire, and received an
academical education. Probably he was the
John Bromley of Christ Church, Oxford,
who graduated B.A. in 1685 and M.A. in
1688. In the beginning of James II's reign
he was curate of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields,
London, but soon afterwards he joined the
Roman catholic church and obtained em-
ployment as a corrector of the press in the
king's printing-house. On being deprived
of this means of subsistence he established
a boarding-school in London which was at-
tended by the sons of many persons of rank.
'He was well skilled in the classics,' says
Dodd, 'and, as I am informed, Mr. Pope,
the celebrated poet, was one of his pupils.'
Afterwards Bromley was appointed tutor to
some young gentlemen, and travelled with
them abroad. His death occurred, at Madeley
in Shropshire, 10 Jan. 1716-17. He published
'The Catechism for the Curats, composed
by the Decree of the Council of Trent, faith-
fully translated into English,' Lond. 1687,
8vo, and probably he was also the translator
of ' The Canons and Decrees of the Council
of Trent,' Lond. 1687, 4to.
[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 459 ; Cat. of Oxford
Graduates (1851), 87; Jones's Popery Tracts
(Chetham Soc.), 117; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Car-
ruthers's Life of Pope (1857), 21 n; Chalmers's
Biog. Diet. xxv. 164.] T. C.
BROMLEY, SIB RICHARD MADOX
(1813-1866), civil servant, traced his descent
to Sir Thomas Bromley (1530-1587) [q. v.],
lord chancellor of England in the reign of
Elizabeth. He was the second son of Samuel
Bromley, surgeon of the royal navy, and
Mary, daughter of Tristram Maries Madox
of Greenwich, and was born on 11 June 1813.
He was educated at Lewisham grammar
school, and in 1829 entered the admiralty
department of the civil service. In 1846
he was appointed to visit the dockyards on
a confidential mission, shortly after which
he was named accountant to the Burgoyne
commission on the Irish famine. Here the
prompt and correct system which he intro-
duced into the accounts had the effect of
bringing more than half a million sterling
back to the exchequer, and attracted the
special attention of the House of Commons.
The success with which he had discharged
his duties led to his being in 1848 appointed
secretary to the commission for auditing the
public accounts, into which he introduced
Bromley
400
Bromley
improvements which in a great degree re-
modelled the working of the department.
From this period he was frequently employed
on special commissions of inquiry into public
departments, including that appointed in
1849 for a revision of the dockyards, and
that of 1853 on the contract packet system.
In recognition of his services he was in 1854
nominated a civil commander of the Bath.
On the outbreak of hostilities with Russia
he was appointed accountant-general of the
navy, the affairs of which he administered
with marked ability and success. In 1858
he was created knight commander of the
Bath. On retirement from his office through
ill-health he was on 31 March 1863 appointed
a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. He
died on 30 Nov. 1866.
[Gent. Mag. 4th ser. i. 277-8.] T. F. H.
BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (d. 1555 ?),
judge, was of an old Staffordshire family,
and a second cousin of Sir Thomas Bromley
(1530-1587) [q. v.] His father was Roger,
son of Roger Bromley of Mitley, Shropshire,
and his mother was Jane, daughter of Mr.
Thomas Jennings. He was entered at the
Inner Temple, was reader there in the autumn
of 1532, and again in the autumn of 1539,
and was nominated in Lent term 1540,
but did not serve. He was made serjeant-
at-law in 1540, and king's serjeant on 2 July
of the same year, and on 4 Nov. 1544 he
succeeded Sir John Spelman as a judge of
the king's bench. He was held in favour by
Henry VIII, who made him one of the execu-
tors of his will, and bequeathed him a legacy
of 300/. Hence he was one of the council of
regency to Edward VI ; but, although he suc-
ceeded in avoiding political entanglements
for some time, at the close of the reign he be-
came implicated in Northumberland's scheme
for the succession of Lady Jane Grey. The
duke summoned to court Montagu, chief
justice of the common pleas, Bromley, Sir
John Baker, and the attorney- and solicitor-
general, and informed them of the king's
desire to settle the crown on Lady Jane.
They replied that it would be illegal, and
prayed an adjournment, and next day ex-
pressed an opinion that all parties to such a
settlement would be guilty of high treason.
Northumberland's violence then became so.
great that both Bromley and Montagu were
in bodily fear ; and two days later, when a
similar scene took place, and the king or-
dered them on their allegiance to despatch
the matter, they consented to settle the deed,
receiving an express commission under the
great seal to do so and a general pardon.
Bromley, however, adroitly avoided witness-
ing the deed, and consequently, when Mary
sent the lord chief justice to gaol, she made
Bromley chief justice of the common pleas,
in the room of Sir Roger Cholmley, on 4 Oct.
1553. Burnet says of him that he was ' a
papist at heart.' He did not hold this office
long. On 17 April 1554 Sir Nicholas Throg-
morton and others were indicted for a plot
and treason at Baynard's Castle on 23 Nov.
1553, and for a rising and march towards
London with Sir Henry Isley and two
thousand men. Bromley presided at the
trial, and allowed the prisoner such unusual
freedom of speech as to provoke complaints
from the queen's attorney, and threats of re-
tiring from the prosecution. Yet Bromley
was not throughout impartial, but even re-
fused the prisoner leave to call a witness,
though he was in court, and denied him in-
spection of a statute on which he relied.
His summing up was so defective, ' for want
of memory or goodwill,' that the prisoner
supplied its defects, as if he had been an un-
interested spectator. Yet the prisoner was
acquitted : so much to Mary's annoyance that
the jury were punished for their verdict. Sir
William Portman succeeded Bromley as chief
justice on 11 June 1555 ; but the exact date
of his death is not known. He left an only
daughter, Margaret, who married Sir Richard
Newport, ancestor of the earls of Bradford.
He is buried at Wroxeter.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
Jurid. 164 ; Testam. Vetust. 43 ; Holinshed, iv.
31-55 ; Collins's Peerage, vii. 250, ix. 409 ;
Green's Calendar of State Papers, 17 April
1554.] J. A. H.
BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1587),
lord chancellor, descended from an ancient
family established since the time of King
John at Bromleghe, Staffordshire. A mem-
ber of this family, Roger, settled at Mitley,
Shropshire, and had two sons, William and
Roger. Thomas Bromley was the grandson
of the former, who lived at Hodnet, Shrop-
shire, his father's name being George, and
his grandmother being Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir Thomas Lacon of Willey in the same
county. The family had a considerable legal
turn, George Bromley being a reader at the
Inner Temple during the reigns of Henry VII
and Henry VIII, and his brother, Sir George
Bromley, chief justice of Chester under Eliza-
beth and father to Sir Edward Bromley, who
was a judge under James I. Thomas Bromley
was born in 1530. He was educated at Ox-
ford, where he took his B.C.L. degree 21 May
1560, entered the Inner Temple, and became
reader in the autumn of 1566. He was
studious and regular in his conduct, and
probably owed something to family influence
Bromley
401
Bromley
and to the patronage of Lord-keeper Bacon.
On 8 June 1566 he was elected recorder of
London, and continued in that office until, in
1569 (14 March), he became solicitor-general.
His first considerable case was in 1571, when
he was of counsel for the crown on the trial
of the Duke of Norfolk for high treason, on
which occasion he had the conduct of that
part of the case which rested on Rodolph's
message. The other counsel for the crown
were Gerrard, attorney-general, Barham,
queen's Serjeant, and Wilbraham, attorney-
general of the court of wards. The Earl of
Shrewsbury presided, with twenty-six peers
as triers and all the common-law judges as
assessors. Bromley's speech came third, and
certainly the mode in which the evidence
was handled and the prosecution conducted
throughout reflects little credit on the fairness
of those who represented the crown. Yet
Bromley has the reputation of having been an
honourable man in his profession, and Lloyd
says of him that he was scrupulous in under-
taking a case unless satisfied of its justice,
' not admitting all causes promiscuously, . . .
but never failing in any cause. For five years
he was the only person that people would
employ' (State Worthies, 610). The duke
was found guilty by a unanimous vote of
the court ; but so much dissatisfaction did
the trial create that the execution was de-
ferred for several months. Mary Queen of
Scots, however, was much disheartened at
the result, and hopes were entertained of
favourable negotiations with her. Bromley
was accordingly sent, fruitlessly, as it proved,
to endeavour to induce her to abandon her title
to the Scotch crown, and to transfer to her
son all her rights to the thrones of England
and Scotland. In 1574 he was treasurer of
the Inner Temple. He was retained by Lord
Hunsdon and patronised by Lord Burghley.
For some years it was he, rather than Ger-
rard, the attorney-general, who was consulted
on matters of state, and at last, in 1579, he
received his reward. On the death of Lord-
keeper Bacon there was for some time great
doubt as to the appointment of a successor.
Between Hilary and Easter terms, 20 Feb.-
20 April, there was an interregnum of two
months, during which the great seal was in
no lawyer's custody, and on the seven occa-
sions within that period on which it was
used the queen issued express orders for its
use each time. At last legal business was so
much impeded, through the impossibility of
obtaining injunctions, that Westminster Hall
demanded an appointment. The queen's posi-
tjion was difficult. She was resolute not to
appoint an ecclesiastic ; it would be a scandal
to make a mere politician lord chancellor,
YOL. VI.
and Gerrard, long as he had been attorney-
general, was, though learned, awkward and
unpopular. Bromley was a politician and a
man of the world, and at this juncture, by
dint of intrigue, succeeded in obtaining pro-
motion over his superior in the profession
and in learning. Gerrard was afterwards
consoled with the mastership of the rolls in
1581 (30 May), and on 26 April 1579 Brom-
ley received the great seal. From his speech
to the queen made on this occasion, and
reported in the ' Egerton Papers ' (Camden
Soc.), p. 82, it would appear that he was at
first lord keeper and afterwards became lord
chancellor. But this is erroneous ; he had
the title of lord chancellor from the first.
In this new position he discharged his duties
to the satisfaction of the profession. Though
his own practice had been chiefly in the
queen's bench, his duties as solicitor-gene-
ral frequently took him into chancery, and
hence, though not a great founder of equity,
he proved a good equity judge, and there
were no complaints of his decisions; and
having the good sense to pay great respect
to the then very able common-law judges,
and to consult them on new points, he was
able to avoid conflicts between law and
equity. Thus, in Shelley's case, the queen,
hearing of the long argument in the queen's
bench, * of her gracious disposition,' and to
end the litigation, directed Bromley, 'who
was of great and profound knowledge and
judgment in the law,' to assemble all the
judges, and in Easter term 23 Eliz. they met
at his house, York House, afterwards Ser-
jeants' Inn, to hear the case (1 Coke, 93 £),
and his judgment has ever since remained a
leading authority in real property law. Cam-
den calls him f vir jurisprudentia insignis,' and
Fuller says: 'Although it was difficult to
come after Sir Nicholas Bacon and not to come
after him, yet such was Bromley's learning and
integrity that the court was not sensible of any
considerable alteration.' Knyvett's case is one
which shows his fair administration of law.
Knyvett, a groom of the privy chamber, had
slain a man, and, the jury on the inquiry
having found that it was done se defendendo,
applied to Bromley for a special commission
to clear him by privy session in the vacation.
Bromley refused. Knyvett complained to
the queen, who expressed her displeasure
through Sir Christopher Hatton ; whereon
the chancellor, in a written statement, so
completely justified himself that she after-
wards expressed commendation of his con-
duct. Upon the project of the Alencon mar-
riage, ' Bromley, who with Bacon's office had
inherited his freedom of speech ' (FKOUDE, xi.
159), offered a strong opposition, and pointed
D D
Bromley
402
Bromley
out to the queen that if she married a catholic
parliament would expect her to settle the
succession to the throne, and this argument
seems to have prevailed with her. In 1580
he was engaged by the queen's orders in an
inquiry as to the removal of one William
Crowther from the keepership of Newgate ;
and several letters of his are extant on the sub-
ject. When Drake returned from his second
Voyage in 1581, Bromley was one of those
whose favour he hastened to secure with a
present of wrought-gold plate, part of his
Spanish spoil, of the value of eight hundred
dollars. Bromley took his seat in the House
of Lords on 16 Jan. 1582. The first busi-
ness before the house being a petition of the
commons for advice in choosing a speaker,
the chancellor, the choice having fallen on
Popham, the new solicitor-general, admo-
nished him by the queen's orders l that the
House of Commons should not deal or in-
termeddle with any matters touching her
majesty's person or estate, or with church
government.' To this admonition the com-
mons paid no attention, and accordingly, as
soon as a subsidy had been voted, the session
was closed, the chancellor excluding from
the queen's thanks t such members of the
commons as had dealt more rashly in some
matters than was fit for them to do.' Shortly
afterwards this parliament was dissolved,
having lasted eleven years. Bromley con-
tinued in favour, and on 26 Nov. of the
same year was consulted by the queen upon
the proposals made by the French ambassa-
dor. On 21 June 1585 the Earl of North-
umberland, then a prisoner in the Tower,
was found dead in his cell. Three days
afterwards a full meeting of peers was held
in the Star-chamber, and the chancellor
briefly announced that the earl had been en-
gaged in traitorous designs, and had laid vio-
lent hands on himself. A new parliament
assembled on 23 Nov. 1585, and was opened
being a queen, and not amenable to an]
foreign jurisdiction.' There was then a conj
ference between the queen and the chancelloij
'
but at first her firmness baffled him.
never submit myself,' she said, ' to the late la^
mentioned in the commission.' She yielde^
to his urgency at length, and the trial prd
ceeded. On 14 Oct. a sitting was held is,
the presence chamber, the lord chancello}
as president, sitting on the right of a vacan;
throne, and the commissioners on benches at
the sides. Mary's defence was so vigorous
that Burghley, in alarm, set aside Bromley)
and Gawdy, the queen's Serjeant, who was'
chief prosecutor, and himself replied. V
the end of the second day the court was a
journed to 25 Oct., at the Star-chambt
Westminster, when, the chancellor presu
ing, the whole court — except Lord Zouc>
who acquitted her on the charge of assassinat
tion — found Mary guilty. On the 29th parr,
liament met, and the chancellor announce*!
that they were called together to advise thj
queen on this verdict. The commons did no,
long deliberate. On 5 Nov., after electing <
speaker, they agreed with the lords upon ai<.
address to the queen, to be presented by thej
lord chancellor, praying for Mary's execu-j
tion. For some time Elizabeth hesitated]
but on 1 Feb. 1587 she was induced to sign
the warrant. Bromley at once affixed th^
great seal to it, and informed Burghley that
it was now perfected. The privy council
was hastily summoned, and decided to exe-
cute the warrant, the queen having done al
that was required of her by law. Bromley
as head of the law, took on himself the chie
burden of the responsibility; but probabl
he expected to shelter himself behind th
authority of Burghley. It is certain that h
was very anxious during the trial, and wa
a party to the execution of the warrant onl;
with great apprehension. The strain prove
too much for his strength. Parliament me
with a speech from Bromley, announcing on 15 Feb., but adjourned, owing to th
that it was summoned to consider a bill for
the trial of Mary Queen of Scots. The bill
soon passed. Bromley was at this time ac-
tive in the prosecution of Babington. After
his conviction and execution a court was
constituted for Mary's trial. It consisted
of forty-five peers, privy councillors, and
judges, and the chancellor presided over it.
It sat at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton-
shire, where Mary was imprisoned. Bromley
arrived on 11 Oct. 1586, having dissolved
parliament on 14 Sept. at Westminster as a
commissioner, with the Archbishop of Can-
terbury and others. The court sat, and
Mary at once placed a difficulty in the wav
^J* A 1 A i /» • Tiy-i*^
chancellor's illness ; and, as it continued, Si
Edmund Coke, chief justice of the commoi
pleas, dissolved parliament on 23 March
acting for the chancellor by commission froi
the queen. Bromley never rallied. He dice
on 12 April, at three A.M., in his fifty-eigh^
year, and was buried with great pomp i,
Westminster Abbey, where a splendid torn)
was erected by his eldest son. His seal
were offered to, but refused by, Archbisho
Whitgift. As an equity judge Bromley wa
regretted till the end of the reign. In spit
of the temper of the age, he was free from
religious bigotry, and, as a letter of hi
(1 July 1582) to the Bishop of Chester
of the prosecution by refusing to plead, ' she | pleading for Lady Egerton of Ridley, shows
Bromley
403
Bromley
as endeavoured to soften the law as to the
execution of heretics. A considerable col-
Lction of his letters is preserved among the
Tehives of the city of London. It appears
lorn them that previously to 1580 he occu-
lted a house near the Old Bailey. In 1580
oid 1583 he had a house next Charing
woss, and at the same time a country re-
pdence in Essex. He married Elizabeth,
' laughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue, K.B., and
•'y her had four sons and four daughters,
dtis eldest son was Sir Henry Bromley of
dolt Castle, Worcestershire, from whose
lescendants the property passed to John
aV >mley of Horseheath Hall, Cambridge-
asfre, the ancestor of the now extinct barons
ce Montfort of Horseheath. One of Brom-
w/'s daughters, Elizabeth, was first wife to
t)r Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrook Castle,
comtingdonshire, uncle and godfather to the
Jrotector; another, Anne, married Richard
1 or bet, son of Reynold Corbet, justice of the
s.'mmon pleas; Muriel married John Lyttel-
t»n of Frankley, ancestor of the present
' arons Lyttelton, who was implicated in
V ord Essex's plot ; and the fourth, Joan,
laarried Sir Edward Greville of Milcote.
two books were dedicated to him : * The
^able to the Year-Books of Edward V,'
tublished 1579 and 1597, and a sermon
1 reached at St. James's, on 25 April 1580,
fy Bartholemew Chamberlaine, D.D., of
ktoliwell, Huntingdonshire, published in
t584.
*' [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's
\ord Chancellors, ii. 116-35 ; Campbell's Lives
t? Chief Justices, i. 144, 178, 191, 206, 212;
t'ollins's Peerage, ii. 515, iv. 337, vii. 247, viii.
s39 ; Collins's English Baronetage, i. 61, 320, ii.
i4; Boase's Eegister Univ. of Oxford; Chante-
tauze's Marie Stuart, ch. 9 ; Hosack's Mary Queen
]f Scots, ii. 113 ; Eemembrancia (City of Lon-
]on), 118,266, 275, 281, 370, 439, 450 ; Patents
jSliz. Or. Jur. § 3; Close Eolls, 21 & 29 Eliz. ;
(Jary's Keports, 108 ; Camden's Annals, 440, 456 ;
Jtrype's Eccl. Annals, ii. 40, 51 ; Ho well's State
'Prials, 957, 1161 ; 1 Parl. Hist. 821, 853 ; Stat.
Jt7 Eliz. ch. i. ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. 1 1 ;
Deck's Desiderata, i. 122 ; Nash's Worcester-
Jlnre, i. 594; Dugdale's Orig. 163, 165, 170;
-l jyd's State Worthies, 610; Bacon's Apo-
nK;hegms, 70 ; Nicolas's Sir C. Hatton, 258, 263 ;
noller's Worthies, ii. 259 ; Simancas MSS., Ber-
skrdino, 16 Oct. 1579 ; Froude's Hist. xi. 159,
us3 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss) i. 584, 599 ;
ug>mon's Cal. State Papers, passim.] J. A. H.
ol BROMLEY, VALENTINE WALTER
dl848-1877), painter, great-grandson of Wil-
t:'iam Bromley (1769-1842) [q. v.], was born
aa London on 14 Feb. 1848. From his child-
tiood he manifested a remarkable faculty for
art, both as an original designer and as a de-
picter of nature. He was especially remark-
able for invention and swiftness of execution.
He contributed largely to the ( Illustrated
London News/ and illustrated the American
travels of Lord Dunraven, whom he accom-
panied in his tour. He was an associate of
the Institute of Painters in Water Colours,
and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy
at the time of his death. He died very un-
expectedly of congestion of the lungs, on
30 April 1877, just as he had undertaken an
important series of illustrations of Shake-
speare and the Bible. He was a thorough
artist, as full of animation and energy as of
talent, and greatly beloved for his affectionate
temper and warmth of heart. He had been
married only a few months to a lady artist
of considerable mark, Ida, daughter of Mr.
John Forbes-Robertson. His picture of
'Troilus and Cressida' is engraved in the
' Art Journal' for 1873.
[Art Journal, xxxix. 205 ; Athenaeum, 5 May
1877.] E. G-.
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1664-1732),
secretary of state, was descended from an
old Staffordshire family, which traced its
descent from Sir Walter Bromley, a knight
in the reign of King John. He was the
eldest son of Sir William Bromley, knight,
and was born in 1663-4, at Baginton, War-
wickshire, which had been purchased by his
grandfather (DTJGDALB, Antiquities of War-
wickshire, i. 232). In Easter term 1679 he
entered, as a gentleman commoner, Christ
Church College, Oxford, and on 5 July 1681
proceeded B.A. Shortly after leaving the
university he spent several years in travelling
on the continent, and in 1692 he published
an account of his experiences under the title
1 Remarks in the Grande Tour lately per-
formed by a Person of Quality.' This was
followed in 1702 by ' Several Years through
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia,
Sweden, Denmark, and the United Provinces,
performed by a Gentleman.' Having in
1689 been chosen knight for Warwickshire
in the parliament that met at Westmin-
ster, he was one of the ninety-two members
who declined to recognise William III. In
March 1701-2 he was returned for the uni-
versity of Oxford, which he continued to
represent during the remainder of his life.
By the university he was, in August 1702,
created D.C.L. In 1701 he was appointed
by the commons a member of the committee
of public accounts, and in 1702 he was
chosen chairman of the committee of elec-
tions. He was an ardent supporter of the
high-church party, and in 1702, 1703, and
D D 2
Bromley
404
Bromley
1704 made strenuous endeavours to pass the
bill against occasional conformity— a practice
denounced by him as a 'scandalous hypocrisy.
For his untiring zeal on behalf of the bill he
received the special thanks of the university
of Oxford. He early acquired a high reputa-
tion as an able and effective debater, and irom
his high character, ' grave deportment, and
mastery of the forms of the house, was sup-
posed to have pre-eminent claims for the
office of speaker, which became vacant in
1705. His candidature would undoubtedly
have been successful had not his enemies hit
upon the expedient of republishing his l Re-
marks in the Grande Tour,' several passages
in which had previously caused some com-
ment as indicating a bias towards Jacobitism,
and a probable leaning to Roman Catholicism.
The device, according to Oldmixon, was the
invention of Robert Harley, afterwards Earl
of Oxford, who, 'having one of those copies
by him, reprinted it on that occasion ; and to
all that came to his house about that time he
said: " Have you not seen Mr. B.'s travels ?"
Being answered in the negative, he went into
a back parlour, where this impression of it
lay, fetched it out, and gave every one a
copy ; till that matter was made up and the
election secured' (History of England^ 345).
Among the more objectionable portions of
the book was an account of his admission
to kiss the pope's slipper, ' who,' the writer
adds, ' though he knew me to be a protes-
tant, gave me his blessing and said nothing
about religion,' and a reference to William
and Mary merely as Prince and Princess of
Orange. To give point to the joke of repub-
lication, a 'table of principal matters ' was
added, in which a ludicrous travestie was
given of certain of the contents. The issue
purports to be the second edition, although a
second edition had already appeared in 1693.
The publication of the volume caused feel-
ing to run very high, and, as Evelyn relates,
' there had never been so great an assembly
on the first day of a sitting, being more than
450., The votes of the old as well as the
new members fell to those called low church-
men, contrary to all expectation' (Diary,
31 Oct. 1705). The result was that John
Smith, M.P. for Andover, was chosen over
Bromley by a majority of forty-three votes
After the tory reaction following the trial o:
Dr. Sacheverell, Bromley was, on 25 Nov
1710, chosen speaker without opposition. This
office he exchanged in August 1713 for thai
of secretary of state. The death of Queen
Anne caused the fall of the tory government
and he never again held office, though he
maintained an influential position in the
tory party. He died 13 Feb. 1731-2, and
_
was buried at Baginton. His portrait is in
the university gallery at Oxford.
Amid the keen and unscrupulous party
strifes of this period of English history, and
the peculiar temptations which beset poli-
ticians, Bromley succeeded in retaining a
high reputation both for political prudence
and for honesty. His undoubted sincerity ren-
dered him, however, an extremely keen parti-
san. He displayed special bitterness in his
attacks on Marlborough, and his comparison
of the duchess to Alice Perrers, the mistress
>f Edward III, was a scandalous violation of
he decencies of political warfare.
[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. 664-5 ; Raw-
insonMSS. 4to, 4, 164; Dugdale's Antiquities
rf Warwickshire, i. 232-3; Oldmixon's History
3f England; Burnet's Own Times; Evelyn's
Diary ; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs ;
Jent. Mag. liv. 589-90 ; Manning's Lives of the
Speakers, 416-23; Colville's Worthies of War-
wickshire, 59-63.] T. F. H.
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1699 P-1737),
politician, was second son of "William Brom-
Ley (1664-1732) [q. v.] He was elected upon
the foundation at Westminster in 1714, at
the age of 15. He was a member of Oriel
College, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on
19 May 1732. He was elected member for
the borough of Warwick in 1727. On
13 March 1734 he was put forward by the
party opposed to Walpole to move the re-
peal of the Septennial Act. Parliament was
soon afterwards dissolved, and Bromley lost
his seat for Warwick. He was elected in
February 1737, on the death of George Clarke,
to represent the university of Oxford, which
his father had represented from 1702 till 1732.
He died the following month, 12 March
1737. His wife, by whom he left no issue,,
was a Miss Frogmorton. His portrait is in
the Bodleian Gallery.
[Welch's Queen's Scholars, pp. 265, 544;.
Gent. Mag. vii. 189 ; Parl. Hist. ix. 396 ; Wood's
History and Antiquities (Gutch), ii. 977 ; Official1
Lists of Members of Parliament.]
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1769-1842),
line-engraver, was born at Carisbrooke in
the Isle of Wight. He was apprenticed
to an engraver named Wooding, in Lon-
don, and among his early productions were
some of the plates to Macklin's Bible, the
'Death of Nelson,' after A. W. Devis, and'
the ' Attack on Valenciennes,' after P. J. de
Loutherbourg. Later works were two por-
traits of the Duke of Wellington, after S
Thomas Lawrence ; and Rubens's ' Woman
taken in Adultery.' Bromley was elected an
associate engraver of the Royal Academy in
1819, and in the same year also a member oi
Brompton
405
Bromyarde
— jthe academy of St. Luke, Rome. He was
ier (employed for many years by the trustees of
aa^the British Museum in engraving the Elgin
oujnarbles, from drawings executed by G. J.
nclJorbould. Between 1786 and 1842 he ex-
rmibited fifty plates at the Royal Academy.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878.] L. F.
> BROMPTON, JOHN C#. 1436), supposed
-•.hronicler, was elected abbot of Jorvaux in
'436. The authorship of the compilation
rinted in Twysden's ' Decem Scriptores ' (col.
25-1284, Lond. 1652), with the title < Chro-
icon Johannis Brompton, Abbatis Jorvalen-
s, ab anno quo S. Augustinus venit in An-
iam usque mortem Regis Ricardi Primi,' is
icertain. It has been ascribed to Bromp-
n on the strength of an inscription at the
id of the C. C. C. Cambridge MS., which
obably means nothing more than that
•ompton had that manuscript transcribed
me him. Sir T. D. Hardy has pointed out
at the compilation must have been made
;er the middle of the fourteenth century, as
(contains many extracts from Higden, who
sreferred to, ( and that there is reason to
tlieve that it was based on a previous com-
pation, made probably by a person con-
ncted with the diocese of Norwich.' The
?rk is wholly uncritical, and, having been
p-lely accepted as authoritative by writers
>f mst times, has been the means of import-
nj many fables into our history.
Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue of Materials
el ting to the History of Great Britain, ii. 539-
i4:; Dugdale's Monastiaon, v. 567.] W. H.
3ROMPTON, RICHARD (d. 1782), por-
rat-painter, studied under Benjamin Wil-
01, and afterwards under Raphael Mengs
,t Rome ; here he became acquainted with
h* Earl of Northampton, whom he accom-
taiied to Venice. During his stay in that
itf he painted the portraits of the Duke
.f York and other English gentlemen, in a
ojiversation piece, which was exhibited at
Spring Gardens in 1763. In that yearBromp-
ci settled in London, residing in George
•erect, Hanover Square. In 1772 he painted
he Prince of Wales, full length, in the
obes of the Garter, and his brother, Prince
Frederick, in the robes of the Bath. His best
known portrait is that of William Pitt, first
rl of Chatham, in which the great states-
an is represented half-length, in peer's robes,
•iding with his right hand raised to his
reast and his left arm extended. The ori-
inal was presented in 1772 by the earl him-
•;lf to Philip, second earl of Stanhope, and
s jnow at Chevening. It was engraved in
line by J. K. Sherwin in 1784, and in mezzo-
tint by E. Fisher. There is a replica in the
National Portrait Gallery, London. Bromp-
ton's extravagant habits led him into difficul-
ties, and caused his confinement in the king's
bench prison for debt ; but being appointed
portrait-painter to the Empress of Russia, he
was released and went to St. Petersburg,
where he died in 1782. In the gallery of
Greenwich Hospital is a half-length portrait
by him of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, K.B.
Brompton was an exhibitor at the Society of
Arts and Royal Academy between the years
1767 and 1780.
.[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.]
L. F.
BROMSGROVE, RICHARD (d. 1435),
was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of
Evesham, who doubtless derived his name
(which is sometimes given under the form of
Bremesgrave) from Bromsgrove in Worces-
tershire as his birthplace. He was elected
abbot of Evesham when infirmarer of the
abbey, on 6 Dec. 1418, and was consecrated
in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of
Bangor, who in the year previous had been
chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May
1435, after holding the abbacy for seventeen
years, and was buried before the high altar
in St. Mary's chapel in the abbey church.
The register of his acts during his abbacy is
preserved in Cotton MS. Titus C. ix. (ff. 1-38).
It contains articles for the reformation of
monasteries which were proposed by Henry V
in 1421, with modifications suggested by
various abbots. It appears from this register
(f. 32) that he wrote a tract, <De fraterna
correctione canonice exercenda.' A tran-
script of the register exists amongst the col-
lections of James West in Lansdowne MS.
227, British Museum.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Nash's "Worcestershire,
i. 400, where, however, there are errors in dates;
Chronicon Abb. de Evesham (Rolls Series),
xxxvii. 338.] W. D. M.
BROMYARDE, JOHN DE (JL 1390),
so named from the place of his birth, Brom-
yard in Herefordshire, was a friar of the
Dominican order. He was educated at Ox-
ford, where he distinguished himself in juris-
prudence as well as in theology, and he sub-
sequently lectured on theology at Cambridge.
He was a keen opponent of the doctrines of
Wycliffe, which he denounced in preaching
and lecturing, and also by writing ; and he
is said by some writers to have taken part in
the fourth council of London which assem-
bled under William de Courtenay, archbishop
of Canterbury, in the year 1352, for the pur-
pose of condemning Wycliffe; but Brom-
Bronte
406
Bronte
yarde's name does not appear in contempo-
rary lists of persons present at the council.
Bromyarde is the author of a work entitled
' Summa Prsedicantium,' printed at Nurem-
berg by A. Koberger in 1485, and reprinted
several times, the last edition having ap-
peared at Venice in 1586. It is also probable
that he was the author of 'Opus trivium
perutilium materiarum praedicabilium ordine
alphabetic© e divina canonica civilique legi-
bus eleganter contextum per ven. F. Phi-
lippum de Bronnerde, ord. prsed.,' printed
without date or place, but probably from the
press of Fust and SchcefFer at Mayence, about
1475. This book was reprinted at Paris in
1500, with the author's name given as
Joannes Bromyard.
[Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis,
p. 356 ; Quetif sScriptores OrdinisPrsedicatorum ;
Pits's Relat. Hist, de rebus Anglicis ; Fabricius's
Bibliotheca Latina.] A. M.
BRONTE, CHARLOTTE (1816-1855),
afterwards NICHOLLS, novelist,was the daugh-
ter of Patrick Bronte (1777-1861), and sister
of PATRICK BRANWELL BRONTE (1817-1848),
EMILY JANE BRONTE (1818-1848), and ANNE
BRONTE (1820-1849). Patrick Bronte, born
on 17 March 1777 at Ahaderg, co. Down,
was one of the ten children of Hugh Prunty
or Bronte. He changed his paternal name
to Bronte shortly before leaving Ireland. At
the age of 16 he had tried to make his own
living by opening a school at Drumgooland
in the same county. The liberality of Mr.
Tighe, vicar of Drumgooland, enabled him
to go to Cambridge, with a view to taking
orders. He entered St. John's College in
October 1802, and graduated as B.A. in 1806.
He was ordained to a curacy in Essex, and
in 1811 to the curacy of Hartshead in York-
shire. His improved means enabled him to
allow 20J. a year to his mother during her life
(LEYLAND, Bronte Family, 9). At Hartshead
he met Maria, third daughter of Thomas
Branwell of Penzance, then on a visit to her
uncle, the Rev. J. Fennel, head-master of a
Wesleyan academy near Bradford, and after-
wards a clergyman of the church of England.
They were married on 29 Dec. 1812 by the Rev.
. W. Morgan, who was at the same time mar-
ried by Bronte to Fennel's daughter (Gent.
Mag. 1813, p. 179). Bronte published two
simple-minded volumes of verse, ' Cottage
Poems ' (Halifax, 1811) and the 'Rural Min-
strel' (Halifax, 1813), and a tract called
' The Cottage in a Wood, or the Art of be-
coming Rich and Happy ' — a new version of
the Pamela Story (reprinted in 1859 from
the 2nd edition of 1818). In 1818 he also
published the « Maid of Killarney.' These,
and some letters upon catholic emancip
tion, which appeared in the * Leeds Intell '
gencer ' for January 1829, were his only pul'^
lications. After five years at Hartshead"
Bronte became perpetual curate of Thornton^
His eldest child, Maria, was born at Harts*'.
head. The parish register of Thornton shows^
that his second daughter, Elizabeth, was bap-r •
tised there on 26 Aug. 1815 ; Charlotte (bornt
21 April) on 29 June 1816 ; Patrick Branf-
well on 23 July 1817 ; Emily Jane on 20 Aug'.
1818; and Anne on 25 March 1820. Oi?i
25 Feb. 1820 the Brontes had moved t<f>
Haworth, nine miles from Bradford, of whicr i
Bronte had accepted the perpetual curacy),
worth about 200Z. a year and a house. Mrsj ,
Bronte had an annuity of 50£. a year. A
previous incumbent of Haworth had beeili
the famous William Grimshaw, one of We& •
ley's first followers. Haworth was a country
village, but great part of the population was j
employed in the woollen manufacture, thei t
rapidly extending in the rural districts of
Yorkshire. Dissent was strong in Haworth ,
and methodism had flourished there sinqe
the time of Grimshaw. Bronte, a stronjg
churchman and a man of imperious and pas-
sionate character, extorted the respect of ja
i sturdy and independent population. He |is
j partly represented by Mr. Helston in ' Shitr-
ley/ though a Mr. Roberson, vicar of Hec/k-
I mondwike, and a personal friend of Brontel's,
• supplied some characteristic traits (Mijis.
i GASKELL, Life of Charlotte Bronte (2jnd
edition), i. 120, ii. 121 ; REID, p. 21). His
behaviour is described by his daughter's qio-
grapher as marked by strange eccentricity.
He enforced strict discipline ; the children
were fed on potatoes without meat to make
them hardy. He burnt their boots when he
thought them too smart, and for the same
reason destroyed a silk gown of his wife's.
He generally restrained open expression of
his anger, but would relieve his feelings by
firing pistols out of his back-door or destr<py-
ing articles of furniture. He became un-
popular by supporting the authorities against
the Luddites, but afterwards showed equal
vigour in supporting men on strike against
the injustice of the millowners. He was
unsocial in his habits, loved solitary rambles
over the moors, and, in consequence of some
weakness of digestion, dined alone even be-
fore his wife's death and to the end of his own
life (GASKELL, i. 49-53 ; REID, pp. 20-23,
195, 198). Bronte himself complained of
some of these statements as false, and 'Mr.
Leyland (i. 41-56) accounts for the shooting-
and the silk-gown stories by misunderstand-
ings and village gossip. Mrs. Bronte 4ied
of cancer on 15 Sept. 1821, and a year later
^f-
:mg auu
r-others.
Bronte 407
Bronte
his
"m
her elder sister, Miss Branwell, undertook to
manage Bronte's household. She disliked the
rough climate and surroundings of Haworth,
and in later years seldom left her bedroom j
3ven for meals. She seems to have been a i
,tom old maid, with whom the children were j
ilways reserved. From the time of their
mother's illness they were left very much to
ihemselves. They showed extraordinary pre-
cocity of talent ; they had few friends, saw
little of their father or neighbours, and used
«:o walk out alone upon the moors. The
jldest, Maria, would shut herself up with a
newspaper and study parliamentary debates
in the intervals of her care of the younger
children. Her father said that he could
converse with her on any topics of the day,
though she died at the age of eleven ; and
the whole family, cut off from childish com-
panionship, learnt to take a keen interest in
the topics discussed by their elders. A
school for clergymen's daughters had been
founded in 1823 at Cowan's Bridge, between
Leeds and Kendal, chiefly through the exer-
tions of the Rev. William Carus Wilson.
Parents were to pay only 14/. a year, the
necessary balance being provided by subscrip-
tion. It was opened with only sixteen pupils,
and fifty-three had been admitted when Char-
lotte left the school (SHEPHEAKD, Vindica-
tion}. Bronte sent Maria and Elizabeth to
this school in July 1824 ; Charlotte and Emily
followed in September.
The school arrangements were at first defec-
tive ; frugality led to roughness, and the food
was badly cooked. A low fever broke out in
the spring of 1825. The Brontes escaped ; but
Maria and Elizabeth soon afterwards became
seriously ill, and were taken home only to
die, Maria on 6 May 1825 in her twelfth year,
and Elizabeth on 15 June in her eleventh
year. The vivid picture of this part of her
life in the opening scenes of 'Jane Eyre'
(where ' Helen Burns ' stands for Maria
Bronte) represents the impression made
upon Charlotte Bronte. She did not antici-
pate the obvious identification, and there-
fore did not hold herself bound to strict
accuracy. That the account would be exag-
gerated if taken as an historical document
may be fairly inferred from a ' Vindication
of the Clergy Daughters' School,' published
by the Rev. H. Shepheard in 1859. Some
mismanagement at starting was not surpris-
ing ; reforms were speedily introduced ; and
fellow-pupils of the Brontes speak warmly
of Mr. Wilson and even of Miss Scatcherd's
representative, as well as of the school. The
diet and lodging could hardly have been
rougher than that of Haworth ; but the
deaths of Maria and Elizabeth succeeding
some severe
the sensitive imagination of their sister.
Charlotte and Emily returned to the school
after the summer holidays, but were re-
moved on account of their health before the
winter.
The family were now gathered at Haworth.
Miss Branwell gave the girls lessons in her
bedroom, while Charlotte acted as the child-
ish guardian of her younger sisters. Bran-
well was chiefly taught by his father, making
friends for himself in the village. There
was a grammar school at Haworth, where
the children may have had some lessons.
An elderly woman called * Tabby ' began at
this time a service of thirty years with the
Brontes, and looked after the children. They
were, however, thrown much upon their own
resources, and amused themselves by writing.
Charlotte made a ' catalogue of her books '
written between April 1829 and August 1830.
They filled twenty-two volumes of from sixty
to a hundred pages of minute handwriting, a
facsimile from which is given in Mrs. Gaskell's
biography. They consist of stories and child-
ish < magazines.' The extracts given by Mrs.
Gaskell show remarkable indications of ima-
ginative power, while it also appears that
the children had imbibed from their father
strong tory prejudices and a devoted admi-
ration for the Duke of Wellington. A poem
of Charlotte's, written before 1833, given by
Mrs. Gaskell, shows especial promise. The
education was of course unsystematic. When
Charlotte was again sent to school in January
1831, she was remarkably forward in some
respects and equally backward in others.
The school was kept by Miss Wooler, at
Roehead, between Leeds and Huddersfield.
The number of pupils varied from seven to
ten, and Charlotte became strongly attached to
her teachers and to some of her schoolfellows.
One of the latter, Miss Ellen Nussey (' E.' in
Mrs. Gaskell's biography), was a lifelong
friend and correspondent. Two sisters, Mary
and Martha Taylor, who lived at Gomersal,
are the Rose and Jessie Yorke of ' Shirley,'
where the whole Taylor family is vividly por-
trayed. Miss Nussey was the original of Caro-
line Helston in the same novel. Stories told
by Miss Wooler of the days of the Luddites
suggested other incidents, while a Mr. Cart-
wright, owner of a neighbouring factory, is
represented by Robert Moore.
In 1832 Charlotte left Roehead, keeping
up a correspondence with Miss Nussey. She
read the standard books, of which her father
had a respectable collection, and her remarks
are such as might be expected from a clever
girl in a secluded parsonage. The question/
of providing for the family was beginning
Bronf
408
Bronte
. jp-rrr.... _. j; — Tlwell, a lad of great
promise, had contracted some dangerous inti-
macies, and was known in the public-house
parlour. He read 'Bell's Life,' took an
interest in prize-fighting, and was anxious to
see life in London. He had also read the
classics, was fond of music, and could play
the organ ; while he was good-looking,
though rather undersized, and had great
powers of conversation. It is said that before
going to London he could astonish bagmen
at the ' Black Bull ' by describing the topo-
graphy of the metropolis. The whole family
had certain artistic tastes, and Charlotte took
infinite pains in minutely copying engrav-
ings until the practice injured her sight.
Their father had procured them some drawing
lessons from a Mr. W. Robinson of Leeds.
Branwell had made acquaintance with some
local artists and journalists, and contributed
to the poets' corner of local journals. A
special friend was Joseph Bentley Leyland,
a rising sculptor, born at Halifax. Leyland
went to London (December 1833) to study,
and afterwards settled there as a sculptor.
Branwell, stimulated by his example, made
a short visit to London, went to the sights,
saw Tom Spring at the Castle Tavern, Hoi-
born, and soon returned, either from his own
want of perseverance or because his father
could not support him. This was apparently
in the later months of 1835.
On 6 July 1835 Charlotte says that she
is to be a governess in order to enable her
father to pay for Branwell's education at
the Royal Academy (GASKELL, i. 147). On
29 July Charlotte went as teacher to Miss
"Wooler's school, taking Emily with her as
pupil. After three months' stay, Emily
became 'literally ill from home-sickness,'
and returned to Haworth. It was about this
time that an incident, the marriage of a girl
to a man who, as it turned out, was already
married to a wife of deranged intellect, sug-
gested the plot of ' Jane Eyre ' (GASKELL, i.
151). Charlotte appears to have been happy
at Miss Wooler's, though with occasional
fits of depression caused by weak nerves.
Her conscientious labour was too much for
her strength. Miss Wooler moved her school
to Dewsbury Moor, in a lower situation,
where Charlotte's health suffered still more.
Anne was also at the school, and apparently
suffered from the change. In 1836 Emily
again tried teaching, and passed six months
at a school in Halifax, but soon found the
burden of her duties and the absence from
Haworth intolerable. Charlotte andAnne con-
tinued at Miss Wooler's till Christmas 1837,
when symptoms of incipient consumption
in Anne alarmed Charlotte, and caused the
two girls to return. Charlotte had a tern
porary misunderstanding with Miss Woolei
for supposed indifference to Anne's health; and-
though this was soon removed, and Charlotte}"
was induced to return to her post in the spring^'
of 1838, she found her health finally unequaV
to the task, and came back to Haworth. M1
For some time desultory attempts to find?-
employment were the chief incidents ofijt
the sisters' lives. It had come to be agreedU-
that Emily was to remain at home ; Anne?''
found a situation as governess in the springrr, i
of 1839, and spent the rest of her life in vaf<»
rious places, where the frequent dependence #i
upon coarse employers seems to have been they! ,
source of much misery ; Charlotte was a go- si .
verness for a short time in 1839, and againiA
from March to December 1841, finding kindly £n
and considerate employers on the second oc- ^ •
casion. She declined two offers of marriage, $
one in March 1839 to the prototype of St. « i
John in 'Jane Eyre,' and one in the same H
autumn from an Irish clergyman. Soon after- f
wards she wrote and sent to Wordsworth a /->
fragment of a story mentioned in the preface e
to the * Professor ' as one in which she had If
got over her taste for the high-flown style. -
She had already sent some poems to Southey \
on 29 Dec. 1836, who replied, pointing out i
the objections to a literary career, in a letter ^
of which she acknowledged the kindness and
wisdom (GASKELL, i. 162, 169-175 ; SOUTHEY,
Life and Correspondence, vi. 327-30). Bran-
well had written soon afterwards to Words-
worth (19 Jan. 1837), but apparently no an-
swer was made. Southey's letter had led to
Charlotte's abandonment of literature for the
time, and it seems from her reply to Words-
worth (GASKELL, i. 211) that his letter, though
' kind and candid,' was equally damping. Mar-
riage and literature being renounced,she began
to think of starting a school. The sisters
thought that with the help of a loan from Miss
Branwell's savings they might adapt the par-
sonage to the purpose. In 1841 Miss Wooler
proposed to give up her school to the Brontes.
The offer was eagerly accepted, but it seemed
desirable that they should qualify themselves
by acquiring some knowledge of foreign lan-
guages on the continent. After some in-
quiries they decided upon entering a school
of eighty or a hundred pupils, kept by M. and
Mme. Heger in the Rue d'Isabelle, Brussels.
Charlotte and Emily went thither in February
1842, their father going with them, and staying
one night at the Chapter coffee-house, Pater-
noster Row, and one night at Brussels. M.
Heger was a man of ability and strong re-
ligious principles, choleric but benevolent,
and an active member of the Society of St.
Vincent de Paul. He was professor of rhe-
Bronte
409
Bronte
toric and prefet des Etudes at the Athenee,
ultimately resigning his position because he
was not allowed to introduce religious in-
struction. He soon perceived the talents of
his new pupils, and, dispensing with the
drudgery of grammar, set them to study pieces
of classical French literature, and to prac-
tise original composition in French. Some
of Charlotte's exercises, printed by Mrs. Gas-
kell, show that she soon obtained remarkable
command of the language. Although the
sisters profited by this instruction, the general
tone of the school was uncongenial; they dis-
liked the Belgians, and the experience only
intensified their protestantism and patriotic
prejudices. Mary and Martha Taylor, their
old friends, were resident in Brussels at this
time ; but the death of Martha Taylor, the
original of Jessie Yorke, in the autumn of
1842, was a severe blow. News of the last
illness and death of their aunt, Miss Bran well,
reached them soon after. They started im-
mediately for Haworth, and passed the rest
of the year at home. The aunt's will, made
in 1833, left her money to four nieces, the three
Br/ontes and Anne Kingston. The statement
thjat she disinherited Branwell on account of
his ill-conduct is erroneous (LETLANB, ii. 31).
MJ. Heger wrote a letter to their father, ex-
pressing a high opinion of their talents, and
Ipeaking of the possibility of his offering them
imposition. Charlotte had already begun to
hve lessons, and it was decided that she
Bould return as a teacher, for a salary of 400
pines, out of which she was to pay for German
iissons. She went in January 1843, and
piJLyed till the end of the year. She felt the
(ijieliness of her position, especially when left
S/ herself during the vacation, and a coolness
•W'ose between her and Madame H6ger, due
/partly at least to their religious differences. It
•jis probable that she suffered at this time from
isome unfortunate attachment. Her father's
failing eyesight gave an additional reason
<jfor her presence at home, and she finally
i-eached Haworth 2 Jan. 1844, with a certi-
(ficate of her powers of teaching French, signed
'by M. Heger, and with the seal of the Athenee
gRoyal. Her experiences at Brussels were
sj-ised in the ' Professor,' and with surprising
dpower in ' Villette/ which is to so great an
7extent a literal reproduction of her own
/personal history that some of the persons
described complained of minor inaccuracies
/ as though it had been avowedly a matter-of-
fact narrative.
The plan of setting up a school was again
discussed by the sisters. They could not leave
their father, but with the sum left by Miss
Branwell they intended to fit the parsonage
for receiving pupils. No pupils, however,
would come to the remote village, and troubles
were accumulating. Branwell s early promise
was vanishing. After his visit to London he
made some efforts to gain a living by painting
portraits. He passed two or three years in
desultory efforts, but his want of any serious
training was fatal. A portrait of his sisters,
described by Mrs. Gaskell, shows that he had
some power of seizing a likeness, but was
otherwise a mere dauber. He took lodgings
at Bradford, joined the meetings of ' the ar-
tistic and literary celebrities of the neigh-
bourhood ' at the George Hotel (LEYLAND, i.
203), and rambled about the country. He
was a member of the masonic * Lodge of the
Three Graces ' at Haworth, of which John
Brown, the sexton, was ' worshipful master.'
He learnt to take opium, and occasionally
drank to excess. On 1 Jan. 1840 he became
tutor in the family of Mr. Postlethwaite of
Broughton-in-Furness, and soon afterwards
wrote a letter to his friend the sexton (ib.
i. 255-9), which proves sufficiently that he
was deeply tainted with vicious habits. He
next got a place as clerk on the Leeds and
Manchester railroad, being employed at Sow-
erby Bridge from October 1840, and a few
months later at Luddenden Foot. At the
beginning of 1842 he was dismissed for cul-
pable negligence in his accounts and the de-
falcations of a subordinate. After the Christ-
mas holidays in that year he became tutor in
a family where Anne was already a governess.
Here he appears to have fallen in love with
the wife of his employer, seventeen years his
senior, and to have misinterpreted her kind-
ness into a return of his affection. When his
behaviour became openly offensive, she spoke
to her husband, and Branwell was summarily
dismissed in July 1845. He bragged to all his
friends of his supposed conquest in the fashion
of a village Don Juan, and chose to say that
the lady acted under compulsion, and was
ready to marry him upon her husband's death.
Meanwhile he stayed with his father, still
writing occasional scraps, and making appli-
cations for employment. He became reckless,
took opium, and had attacks of delirium
tremens. Emily Bronte appears to have tole-
rated him, Anne suffered cruelly, and Char-
lotte was indignant and disgusted. She speaks
of his 'frantic folly,' says (3 March 1846)
that it is ' scarcely possible to stay in the room
where he is,' and regards the case as ' hope-
less.' If he got a sovereign he spent it at the
public-house. In 1846 his late employer died,
and Branwell hoped, if, as is charitably sug-
gested, he was under an hallucination, that the
widow would marry him. He told his story
to every one who would listen, adding that
he would mention it to no other human being.
410
Bronte
After this he rapidly deteriorated, developed
symptoms of consumption, and died 26 Sept.
1848. In his last moments he started con-
vulsively to his feet and fell dead. This in-
cident apparently gave rise to Mrs. Gaskell's
statement that he carried out a previous reso-
lution that he would die standing, in order
to prove the strength of his will.
These facts must be mentioned, because
they explain one cause of the sisters' de-
pression, and because they have unfprtu- j
nately been misstated. Biographers believed j
in Branwell's story of the vileness of his em- j
ployer's wife, and though when first pub- j
lished it was met with an indignant denial j
and instantly suppressed, it has since been
reported as authentic. It rests solely upon
the testimony of the pothouse brags of a
degraded creature. All the statements which
can now be checked are false. The husband's
will did not, as Branwell asserted, make the
lady's fortune conditional on her not seeing
him. On the contrary, it shows complete con-
fidence in her. Branwell did not die with his
pocket ' full of her letters/ She never wrote
to him, and the letters were from another
person (LEYLAND, ii. 142, 284). The whole
may be dismissed as a shameful lie, possibly
based in part on real delusion. A claim has
been set up for Branwell to a partial author-
ship of 'Wuthering Heights.' He wrote,
even to the last, some poems (many published
by Mr. Leyland) which, though often feeble,
show distinct marks of the family talent.
He had finished by September 1845 one
volume of a three-volume novel. He told
Mr. Grundy, apparently in 1846, that he had
written a great part of ' Wuthering Heights/
and, as Mr. Grundy adds, l what his sister
said bore out the assertion.' Two of his
friends also stated (LEYLAND, ii. 186-8) that
Branwell had read to them part of a novel,
which, from recollection, they identified with
' Wuthering Heights.' On the other hand,
Charlotte Bronte, who was in daily communi-
cation with her sisters at every step, obviously
had no doubt that it was written by her
sister Emily. Her testimony is conclusive.
She could not have been deceived, nor is it
possible to suppose that Emily would have
carried out such a deception. The sisters
still consulted Branwell on their work, and
Emily was least repelled by him. That he
may have given her some suggestions is pro-
bable enough ; nor is it improbable that the
reprobate who was slandering his employer's
wife was making a false claim to part of his
sister's novel. Stories of this kind are com-
mon enough in literary history — l Garth did
not write his own " Dispensary " '—and this
claim of Branwell's may be dismissed with
others of the same class. The internal evi-
dence cannot be discussed ; though it may be
said that Emily's poems show far higher pro-
mise than anything of Branwell's, and so far
strengthen her claim to a story of astonish-
ing power. Branwell's habits at this time
were as unfavourable to good work as con-
ducive to the disappearance of any fragments
he may have written. When Charlotte left
Brussels, her father's eyesight was failing.
The weak health of Tabby increased the
labour of housekeeping. On 25 Aug. 1846
Mr. Bronte underwent a successful opera-
tion for cataract. The sisters now turned
their thoughts to literature. Charlotte tells
M. H6ger in 1845 that she had been approtved
by Southey and (Hartley) Coleridge (GJAS-
ZELL, i. 321). The latter was knowni to
some of Bran well's friends, and it is saidtihat
he and Wordsworth gave some encourage-
ment to Branwell. In the autumn of 1845
Charlotte had accidentally found some poems
of Emily's. Anne then confessed to having
also written verse ; and the three put to-
gether a small volume, which was published
at their expense in May 1846 by Messrs.
Aylott & Jones. It attracted little notice,
though reviewed in the ( Athenseum ' (4 Judy
1846). The sisters adopted the pseudonynas
Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, correspondin g
to their initials. They next offered the}
novels, the 'Professor,' ' Wuthering Heightr
' Agnes Grey,' to various publishers. A ?
fusal of the l Professor ' reached Chariot
on the day of her father's operation, and
the same day she began f Jane Eyre.' In t
spring of 1847, Emily's and Anne's ston
were accepted by J. Cautley Newby. Beft
they had appeared Charlotte received a lett
from Messrs. Smith & Elder containing
refusal of the ' Professor,' but ' so delicate)
reasonable, and courteous as to be more cheer-
ing than some acceptances.' It encouraged
her to offer them ' Jane Eyre,' already nearly
finished. The reader, the late Mr. W. S.
Williams, recognised its great power. It
was immediately accepted and published in,
August 1847. ' Jane Eyre ' achieved at once £J
surprising success. Charlotte had overcome; -
the tendency to fine writing of her fir&r
story, and the reaction into dryness of the
' Professor.' She had learnt to combine ex-
traordinary power of expressing passion with
an equally surprising power of giving reality
to her pictures which transfigures the com-
monest scenes and events in the light of
genius. ' Jane Eyre,' which owed little to
contemporary critics, was warmly praised
in the * Examiner,' and by G. H. Lewes in
' Eraser's Magazine ' for December ; but the
rush for copies, ' which began early in De-
Bronte
412
Bronte
us,
greatest artistic weakness. ' Villette ' was
finished, after many interruptions caused by
ill-health and depression, at the end of 1852,
and published in the following spring. Her
extreme sensibility was shown by a desire
to publish it anonymously, but its success
was equal at the time to that of its pre-
decessors.
Miss Bronte had now become famous, and
the life at Haworth was interrupted by
occasional visits to the friends who had
gathered round her, in spite of the extreme
shyness of a sensitive nature reared in such
peculiar seclusion. Her visit to Mr. Smith
in London in the end of 1849 was followed
by others in June 1850, in June 1851, and in
January 1853. In 1849 she met Thackeray,
the contemporary whom she most admired,
though she was a little puzzled to know
whether he was ' in jest or earnest ' in conver-
sation, and complained of what she thought
his perversity in satire. She mentions (GAS-
KBLL, ii. 162) how she told him of his faults in
1850, and how his excuses were often worse
than his crimes. Miss Bronte's sense of
humour was feeble. In 1851 she attended
one of his lectures, and the author of ' Jane
Eyre' found herself the centre of observa-
tion to a London audience, and was intro-
duced to Mr. Monckton Milnes (afterwards
Lord Houghton). A description of Thacke-
ray's sensitiveness to the opinions of his
hearers is adapted to the case of M. Paul
Emanuel in ' Villette.' Thackeray's im-
pressions of Miss Bronte are given in a short
introduction to a fragment called t Emma,'
published in the ' Cornhill ' for April 1860
(i. 485). She made the acquaintance of
Sir James Kay-Shuttle worth in 1850, and
while staying with him near Bowness the
same August met her future biographer, Mrs.
Gaskell, with whom she formed a warm friend-
ship. An admiring criticism of f Wuthering
Heights' by Sydney Dobell in the ' Palla-
dium' in September 1850 led to another
warm friendship with the author. She met
G. H. Lewes, whose early admiration of
'Jane Eyre' had pleased her, though she
accepted with some difficulty his advice to
study Miss Austen. He hurt her by a review
of 'Shirley' in the 'Edinburgh' for June
1850, where she was annoyed by the stress
laid upon her sex. ' I can be on my guard
against my enemies,' she wrote pithily, ' but
God preserve me from my friends ! ' Lewes
appeared to her to be over-confident and
dogmatic, but she respected him enough to
say that he was guilty rather of 'rough
play than of foul play. Though she made
it a duty to read all critiques, she was sensi-
tive under reproof, and especially to any
charge against her delicacy. A reviewer of h
' Vanity Fair ' and ' Jane Eyre ' in the ' Quar-3S
terly ' for December 1848 had brought against n
her the charge of coarseness. She aske^s
Miss Martineau, whose acquaintance she he ^e
made in 1850, to tell her faithfully of an^al
such fault in future novels. Miss Martineau w
promised and kept her word by condemning a
' Villette ' upon that and other grounds in c
the ' Daily News.' Miss Bronte had stayed <
in Miss Martineau's house, and, though re- ]
pelled by some of her hostess's religious k
opinions, had refused to give up the friend-
ship upon that account. This criticism of ,
Villette' induced Miss Bronte to signify '
that their intercourse must cease (RsiD, p.
159). Miss Martineau afterwards wrote in
the ' Daily News ' a generous notice of Miss
Bronte on her death. ,
A third offer of marriage had been made ,
to Miss Bronte in the spring of 1851 by ,
a man of business in good position, and ,
was apparently favoured by her father. In
July 1846 she had denied a report of an
engagement to her father's curate, Mr. A. B.
Nicholls (GASKELL, i. 351 ; REID, i. 72). He
is alluded to in ' Shirley ' as the ' true Chris-
tian gentleman ' who had succeeded the three
curates. In December 1852 Mr. Nicholls pro-
posed marriage, and Miss Bronte, though
returning his affection, refused him next day
at her father's dictation. Mr. Nicholls re-
signed his curacy and left Haworth. The
father's unreasonable indignation gradually
calmed as he saw that his daughter's health £
was suffering. In March 1854 Miss Bronte
wrote with his consent to invite Mr. Nicholls
to return. She had arranged that the mar- •
riage should not disturb her father's seclu-1
sion, and should be a gain instead of a loss
of money. It took place accordingly on
19 June 1854, and while health lasted was
productive of unmixed happiness. After a
visit with her husband to his Irish relations ^
she returned to Haworth, where in the next
winter her health became precarious. She
sank gradually, and died on 31 March 1855.
The father survived her for six years, re-
taining his interest in public affairs and
che'rishing all memorials of his daughters.
Mr. Nicholls continued to live with him, and
a letter from Mr. Raymond, editor of the
' New York Times ' (partly reprinted in Reid,
p. 194), describes an interview with the two.
Patrick Bronte died on 7 June 1861.
The works published by the three sisters
are as follows : 1. ' Poems by Currer, Ellis,
and Acton Bell,' 1846. 2. « Jane Eyre,' 1847.
3. ' Wuthering Heights ' and ' Agnes Grey '
(3 vols., of which ' Agnes Grey ' is the
last), 1847. 4. 'The Tenant of Wildfell
Bronte
411
Bronte
cember ' (GASKELL, li. 20), indicated a hold
upon public interest which needed no critical
sanction. The second edition, dedicated
Thackeray, appeared in January 1848.
•Vuthering Heights ' and 'Agnes Grey ' were
3ublished in December, with comparatively
little success. By the next June Anne's
« Tenant of Wildfell Hall ' was offered to
the same publisher. Hitherto the secret of
the authorship of ' Jane Eyre' had been re-
vealed by Charlotte to no one but her father,
and to him only after its assured success
(GASKELL, ii. 36). It had been conjectured
by some readers that the three Bells were in
reality one. A foolish and impossible story
attributed ' Jane Eyre ' to an imaginary go-
verness of Thackeray's, represented by Becky
Sharp, who was supposed to have retorted
by describing Thackeray as Kochester (Quar-
terly Review, December 1848).
On 28 April and 3 May 1848, Charlotte
wrote to Miss Nussey, denying the rumour
of its true origin with much vehemence,
though with a self-betraying effort to avoid
direct falsehood. She had, it seems, promised
secrecy to her sisters. Meanwhile, the pub-
lisher of Emily's and Anne's novels had pro-
mised early sheets of the < Tenant of Wildfell
Hall ' to an American house, stating his be-
lief that it was by the author of ' Jane Eyre.'
A difficulty arose with Messrs. Smith &
Elder, who had promised the next work of
the same author to another American firm.
They wrote to Miss Bronte, and she, with
Anne, immediately went to London in July
to clear up the point decisively (REID, p. 89).
The sisters went to the Chapter coffee-house
and immediately called at Messrs. Smith &
Elder's. They refused an invitation to stay
at Mr. Smith's house, and, after going to the
opera and seeing a few London sights, re-
turned to Haworth, and to severe domestic
trials.
Branwell died in September. Emily's
health then showed symptoms of collapse.
She would not complain, nor endure ques-
tioning. Only when actually dying (19 Dec.
1848) she said that she would see a doctor.
Shirley Keeldar was Emily's portrait of her
sister as she might have been under happier
circumstances. The story of the courage
with which Shirley burns out the scar of a
mad dog's bite was true of Emily. The dog
' Tartar ' was Emily's mastiff (Keeper). She
once gave him a severe thrashing for a do-
mestic offence, though she had been told that
if touched by a stick he would certainly
throttle her. The dog, it is added, loved her
ever afterwards, followed her to her grave,
became decrepit, and died in December 1851
(GASKELL, ii. 239). Emily has been regarded
by some critics as the ablest of the sisters.
' Wuthering Heights ' and some of the poems
give a promise more appreciable by critics
than by general readers. The novel missed
popularity by the general painfulness of the
situation, by clumsiness of construction, and
by the absence of the astonishing power of]
realisation manifest in ' Jane Eyre.' In 1
point of style it is superior, but it is the 1
nightmare of a recluse, not a direct represen-
tation of facts seen by genius. Though en-
thusiastically admired by good judges, it will
hardly be widely appreciated. After Emily's
death Anne rapidly sickened. Consumption
soon declared itself. On 24 May she left Ha-
worth for Scarborough, and died there, after
patient endurance of her sufferings, on 28 May
1849. A touching poem, 'I hoped that with
the brave and strong,' was her last composi-
tion.
For the next few years Charlotte lived
alone with her father. She suffered fre-
quently from nervous depression. House-
hold cares troubled her. The old servant
Tabby had broken her leg in 1837, when the
younger Brontes insisted upon keeping her
in the house, though she might have lived
in tolerable ease with a sister. In the
autumn of 1849 Tabby, now at the age of
eighty, had a fit; a younger servant who
helped was seriously ill, and Miss Bronte
had to do all the housework besides nursing
the patients (GASKELL, ii. 122). She still per-
severed in literary composition, and ' Shirley,'
the least melancholy of her stories, was pub-
lished on 26 Oct. 1849. A Haworth man
living at Liverpool easily divined the author-
ship, and the secret, already transparent,
was openly abandoned. On a visit to Mr.
George Smith, of Smith & Elder's, in the
antumn of the same year, she was intro-
duced to Thackeray and in various literary
circles. It is curious that she denied ex-
plicitly that the characters in ' Shirley ' were
' literal portraits ' (GASKELL, ii. 129). Yet
it is admitted that an original stood for
almost every person, if not for every person,
introduced. Besides Shirley herself, who
was meant for Emily, Mr. Helstone, who
partly represented the elder Bronte, Caroline,
who represented Miss Nussey, Mrs. Pryor
and Mr. Hall had certainly originals; the
whole family of Yorkes were ' almost da-
guerreotypes' (GASKELL, i. 115), and one of
the sons himself confirmed their accuracy ;
while the * three curates 'not only recognised
their own likenesses, but called each other
by the names given in the novel. In her last
finished story, 'Villette,' the same method
is applied to her life at Brussels. A too
close reproduction of realities is in fact her
Brook
413
Brook
Hall,' by Acton Bell, 1848. 5. 'Shirley,'
1849. 6. A new edition of ' Wuthering
Heights 'and 'Agnes Grey,' with 'Selections
cfrom the literary remains of Ellis and Acton
€Bell,' a biographical notice of Ellis and
»iA.cton Bell by Currer Bell, and prefaces to
;< Wuthering Heights ' and the ' Selections '
if of poetry). 7. 'Villette/1853. 8. 'Emma'
fragment) in the ' Cornhill Magazine ' for
pril 1860. All these are comprised, to-
gether with Mrs. Gaskell's 'Life,' in the
collective edition in 7 vols. published in
1872 ; as is also Patrick Bronte's ' Cottage
Poems.' Illustrations of the places described
are also given.
[Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Bronte, 1857
(suppressions and additions in later editions) ;
Charlotte Bronte, a monograph, by T. "Wemyss
Reid, 1877, containing letters to Miss Nussey,
some of which had appeared in ' Hours at Home '
(New York) for June 1870 ; Emily Bronte, by
A. Mary F. Robinson (' Eminent Women ' ser.),
with information from Miss Nussey and others ;
Grundy's Pictures of the Past, pp. 73-93, 1879 ;
Mirror, 28 Dec. 1872 (article by ' January Searle,'
G-. F. Phillips), a few notices of Branwell Bronte ;
biographical notices by Charlotte Bronte, as
above ; Miss Martineau's Biographical Sketches
(from the Daily News); The Bronte Family,
with special reference to Patrick Branwell
Bronte, by Francis A. Leyland, 1886.] L. S.
BROOK. [See also BKOKE and BROOKE.]
BROOK, ABRAHAM (fl. 1789), physi-
cist, was a bookseller of Norwich. He pub-
ished at Norwich in 1789 a quarto volume
!(of ' Miscellaneous Experiments and Remarks
ion Electricity, the Air Pump, and the Ba-
rometer, with a description of an Electrometer
' , lipf a new construction.' The work was trans-
[lated into German and published at Leipzig
in 1790. A paper by him, ' Of a new Elec-
trometer,' appeared in the ' Philosophical
Transactions ' (abridg. xv. 308), 1782. Tes-
timony to Brook's scientific ability will be
found in the same volume (p. 702) in an
article by Wm. Morgan on electrical experi-
ments : ' I cannot conclude this paper,' he
i says, ' without acknowledging my obligations
to the ingenious Mr. Brook of Norwich, who,
1 i by communicating to me his method of boil-
• ing mercury, has been the chief cause of my
success in these experiments.'
[Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. v. 355 ; Watt's
Bibl. Brit. i. 154 ; Phil. Trans, abr. xv. 308, 702.1
R. H.
BROOK, SIB BASIL (1576-1646?),
royalist, eldest son of John Brook of Made-
ley, Shropshire, and Anne, eldest daughter
of Francis Shirley of Staunton Harold, was
born in 1576, and was knighted at Highgate
19 n order
savs,
ans
on 1 May 1604. In 1615 he fes °£e of ***
farmers of the ironworks in \the .Forest of
Dean, and shortly afterwards n,aentlon occurs
of his manufacturing steel undF a Patent to
Elliot and Meysey. This steefc-1* aPpears,
was worthless ; and on 2 July 1\ ,
was made directing proceedings \P? J?e
for revoking the patent. In 16ir ' , .
liam Bishop, bishop of ChalcedP11' d*ed m
Sir Basil Brook's house at Bish^P® C irt>
near London. Anthony a W
'Where that place is, except in
of St. Sepulchre, I am yet to see
is described as ' a person of grea
among the English catholics in the
King James I and King Charles
some interest with those princes.'
he was very active in supporting thf ,
of the regular clergy against episcof -
vernment in England. He was treas^ure^
the contributions made by the English ca? °~
lies towards defraying the king's charged °. ^e
war against Scotland. On 27 Jan. 1640y . e
House of Commons made an order requ^irm£
Brook and other royalists forthwith to at^
the house. He, however, prudently withdf e^
from London, but he was apprehended a
York a year later (January 1641-2). f™
order was made by the house in August 16 *
for removing him from the custody of tre
Serjeant to the king's bench.
Being subsequently implicated in anallegei
plot to make divisions between the parliameir
and the city, and to prevent the advance of th^
Scots army into England, he was committed,
close prisoner to the Tower by the House of
Commons on 6 Jan. 1643-4. On 6 May 1645
an order was made by the house that Brook
should be removed to the king's bench, there
to remain a prisoner to the parliament until
the first debts by action charged upon him
should be satisfied. He was apparently
living in July 1646, for in certain articles
of peace then framed he is named as one of/
the papists who, having been in arms against '
the parliament, were to be proceeded with
and their estates disposed of as both houses
should determine, and were to be incapable of
the royal pardon without the consent of both
houses.
Brook married Etheldreda, daughter of Sir
Edmund Brudenell, knight. Sir Roger Twys-
den mentions him as ' a very good, trewe, and
worthy person ' (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
iv. 103), and Dodd says he was ' handsome
and comely.'
He published, with a dedication to Queen
Henrietta Maria, ' Entertainments for Lent,
written in French by the Rev. F. N. Causin,
S. J., and translated into English by Sir B. B.'
Lond. 1672, 12mo j Liverpool, 1755, 8vo.
Brook
414
Brook
•co
, 3rd ser. iv. 81, 136;
[Notes and^g papergj. Panzani's Memoirs,
Calendars of . of printed Books in Brit. Mus. ;
178, 179 ; Catt to divide and destroy the Par-
A cunning Ple city of London, 1643.1 T. C.
liament and t
BENJAMIN (1776-1848), non-
e and historian, was born in
Thong, near Huddersfield.
.. he was admitted to membership
ajoutlependent cllurch at Holmfield,
"^ ^"pastoral care of the Rev. Robert
nf In 1797 he entered Rotherham
jallond.g a student for tne ministlT. jn
le£e became the first pastor of the con-
.enal church at Tutbury, StaiFordshire.
p pursued his studies, with great re-
3re.~into puritan and nonconformist his-
c >d biography, and published the works
tory ai3n ^ historical repute chiefly rests.
S51 w ing his ministerial duties in 1830, from
,. .,s.1^ health, he went to reside at Birming-
"Htill continuing his favourite studies,
im'.ublishing some of their fruits. He was
mber of the educational board of Spring-
* College, opened August 1838. At the
. e of his death he was collecting materials
,. a history of puritans who emigrated to
™Tw England. He died at the Lozells, near
prmingham, on 5 Jan. 1848, in his 73rd
mr. He is said to have been one of the last
^rho retained among the congregationalists
ae old ministerial costume of shorts and
ylack silk stockings. He published : 1. < Ap-
peal to^Facts to justify Dissenters in their
Separation from the Established Church,'
2nd ed. 1806, 8vo (3rd ed. 1815, 8vo, with
title ' Dissent from the Church of England
justified by an Appeal to Facts '). 2. ' The
Lives of the Puritans . . . from the Refor-
mation under Q. Elizabeth to the Act of
Uniformity, in 1662,' 1813, 3 vols. 8vo (a
most careful and valuable collection, from
original sources). 3. < The Reviewer re-
\ viewed,' 1815, 8vo (in answer to an article
in the ' Christian Observer ' on the ' Lives ').
| 4. ' The History of Religious Liberty from the
first Propagation of Christianity in Britain
to the death of George III,' 1820, 2 vols. 8vo.
5. 'Memoir of the Life and Writings of
Thomas Cartwright,B.D. . . . including the
principal ecclesiastical movements in the
reign of Q. Elizabeth,' 1845, 8vo (this is in-
ferior to his ' Lives ; ' Brook was better in
biography than in general history).
[Congregational Year-Book, 1848, p. 214;
Bennett's Hist, of Dissenters, 1839, p. 161 • pri-
vate information.] A/GK
BROOK, CHARLES (1814-1872), phi-
lanthropist, was born 18 Nov. 1814, in Upper-
liead Row, Huddersfield. His father, James
Brook, was member of the large banking an
cotton-spinning firm of Jonas Brook Brothers
at Meltham. Charles Brook lived with hi
father, who in 1831 had moved to Thorntoi
Lodge ; and by 1840 he became partner in th
firm. He made many improvements in th
machinery, and showed remarkable busines
talents. He strenuously refused to let hi
goods measure a less number of yards thai
was indicated by his labels, and he was ben
on promoting the welfare of the two thousan<
hands in his employ. He knew them nearl}
all by sight, went to see them when ill, am
taught their children in the Sunday school
which he superintended for years (Hudders
field Examiner, vol. xx. No. 1471). He laic
out a park-like retreat, which he himsel
planned, for his workpeople at Meltham, and
built them a handsome dining-hall and con-»
cert-room, with a spacious swimming-bath *
underneath. His best-known gift is the Conva-
lescent Home at Huddersfield, in the grounds
of which again he was his own landscape
gardener, the whole costing 40,OOOJ. He was
constantly erecting or enlarging churches,
schools, infirmaries, cottages, curates' houses,
&c., in Huddersfield, Meltham, and the dis-
trict; and on purchasing Enderby Hall,
Leicestershire, in 1865, with large estates
adjoining, costing 150,000^., he rebuilt En- .
derby church and the stocking-weavers' un- 1
sanitary cottages. He died at Enderby Hall,
of pleurisy and bronchitis, 10 July 1872, aged
nearly 58. A portrait of him, by Samuel
Howell, is in the Huddersfield Convalescent-
Home.
In 1860 Brook married Miss Hirst, a!
daughter of John Sunderland Hirst of Hud-|
dersfield. In politics he was a conservative.^
Mrs. Brook survived him; but he left nof
family.
[Huddersfield Weekly News, vol. v. Nos. 248,
249; Huddersfield Examiner, vol.xx. Nos. 1471,
1477 ; Huddersfield Daily Chronicle, Nos. 1538,
1539, 1542; Times, 12 July 1872, p. 12, col. 1.]
J. H.
BROOK, DAVID (d. 1558), judge, was of
a west-country family living at Glastonbury,
Somersetshire. His father, John Brook, was
also a lawyer and of the degree of serjeant-at-
Law ; he died on Christmas day 1525, and was
buried in the church of St. Mary Redcliffe,
Bristol, having been principal seneschal of
the neighbouring monastery. David was
appointed reader at the Inner Temple in the
autumn of 1534, and again in Lent term
1540, when he was also treasurer, and in
1641 he became one of the governors. He
continued to rise steadily in his profes-
sion, and on 3 Feb. 1547, the first week of
Brookbank
415
Brookbank
Edward VI's reign, lie received the coif, the
degree of serjeant-at-law having been be-
stowed on him as one of the last acts of
Henry VIII. On 25 Nov. 1551 he was ap-
Eointed king's Serjeant, and when, two years
iter (1 Sept. 1553), Sir Henry Bradshaw
was removed, he succeeded him as lord chief
baron of the exchequer. On 2 Oct., the day
after Queen Mary's coronation, Brook and
others, according to Machyn, 'were dobyd
knightes of the carpet.'
Notices of his judgments continue to occur
in Dyer's reports until Hilary term 1557-8,
and he died apparently in the course of that
term. In March he was succeeded by Sir
Clement Heigham. His character is highly
praised by Lloyd. He seems to have been a
man of strong common sense, and is said to
have been especially fond of the maxim,
* Never do anything by another that you can
do by yourself.' He was twice married : first
to Katherine, daughter of John, lord Chan-
dos ; secondly, to Margaret, daughter of Mr.
Richard Butler of London, who had already
survived two husbands, Mr. Andrew Fraun-
ces and Alderman Robert Chertsey, and,
surviving Brook, married Sir Edward North,
first earl of Guil^ord, and was buried in
the chancel of the church of St. Lawrence
Jewry, London. By neither wife had he any
issue.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges : Fuller's "Worthies,
ii. 283 ; Collins's Historic Peerage, iv. 458 ;
Machyn's Diary, 335 n.] J. A. H.
BROOKBANK, BROOKSBANK, or
.pOKESBANKE, JOSEPH (b. 1612),
ister and schoolmaster, was the son of
orge Brookbank of Halifax, and was born
j 1612, for at Michaelmas term 1632, when
he entered as a batler at Brasenose College,
Oxford, he was aged twenty. He graduated
B. A. and took orders. In the Bodleian is the
printed petition to the king, in September
1647, from John Brookbank and thirty-three
other ministers, expelled from Ireland by the
rebels. This John is probably identical with
tjie subject of this article, who is called John
d>n the title-pages of his ' Vitis Salutaris '
(1650) and'Compleat School-Master' (1660).
In 1650 Brookbank describes himself as ' at
present preacher of the word' at West Wy-
combe (he spells it Wickham), Buckingham-
shire. It is probable that he was settled at
Wycombe at the date (1648) of his sermon on
be ' Saints' Imperfection,' and possible that
',e was placed there in the room of Peel, si-
3nced either at High or West Wycombe on
6 Jan. 1640 (' absolutely the first man of all
he clergy whom the party began to fall upon,'
VALKEE). Brookbank in 1651 was 'pres-
byter and schoolmaster in Vine Court, in High
Holborn,' where his books were to be bought.
At this date he speaks of Sir Edward Richards,
knt., and his wife as having been ' pleased to
intertain me, when the whole world (as far
as I was at that time discoverable thereunto)
had thrown me off.' In 1654 he was ' minister
and schoolmaster in Jerusalem Court, in
Fleet Street.' By 1657 he had lost both em-
ployments, and on 4 July 1660 (while living
in George Alley, Shoe Lane) he expressed his
gratitude to Sir Jeremiah Whitchcot, bart.,
' in that, had your good will prevailed without
interruption, I had now enjoyed a competent
subsistance.' It is possible that he was the
I. B. who, early in 1668, published ' A Tast
of Catechetical-Preaching-Exercise for the
instruction of families, &c.' The writer speaks
of himself as being in his ' decaying age,' and
proposes a plan of religious services for the
young. His name appears as Brookbank in
his earliest publication ; afterwards as Brooks-
bank, Brooksbanke, Brookesbanke, and on one
of his title-pages as Broksbank. He latinises
it into Riparius. His Christian name is some-
times printed Jo., and this is expanded into
John by mistake. The explanation which he
gives of his distance from the press may
account for some of the variations in his
title-pages. His catechism gives the im-
pression that he was an evangelical church-
man ; his educational works are careful and
clever.
He published: 1. 'Joh. Amos Comenii
Vestibulum Novissimum Linguae Latinae,
&c. Joh. Amos Comenius His Last Porch
of the Latin Tongue, &c.,' 1647, 16mo (the
Latin of Comenius is given on alternate
pages with an English version from the
Dutch of Henry Schoof compared with the
original). 2. ' The Saints' Imperfection, &c.,'
1646 (but corrected by Thompson to 19 Dec.
1648), 16mo (sermon on Heb. v. 12 ; the
title-page is otherwise faulty ; it was reissued
with new title-page in 1656). 3. 'Vitis
Salutaris : Or, the Vine of Catechetical Di-
vinitie, and Saving Truth, &c.,' 1650, 16mo
(a catechism dedicated to parishioners of
West Wycombe ; a reissue in 1656 has a new
title-page, and omits the dedication). 4. 'An
English Monosyllabary,' 1651, 16mo (a singu-
lar little book, dedicated to Susan, wife of
Edward Trussell, and her sister Philadelphia,
daughters of Sir Edward Richards ; contain-
ing in rhythmical form ' all the words of one
syllabi, in our English tongue drawne out
into a legibl sens;' at the end are a few
prayers in monosyllables). 5. ' Plain, Brief,
and Pertinent Rules for the Judicious and
Artificial Syllabification of all English Words,
•fee.,' 1654, 16mo (the account of the author's
Brooke
416
Brooke
plan for the management of a school is
curious). 6. 'Two Books more exact and
judicious for the Entring of Children to Spell
and Read English than were ever yet extant,
viz. An English Syllabary, and An English
Monosyllabary, &c.,' 1654, 16mo (the second
book is simply No. 4, not reprinted ; there is
a reissue with new title-page as ' The Corn-
pleat School-Master, '1660). 7. 'Orthographia,
hoc est, Grammatices Nostrse Regiae Latinae
Pars prima . . . Cui adjungitur Grammatices
ejusdem . . . Synopsis/ 1657, 16mo. 8. ' A
Breviate of our Kings whole Latin Gram-
mar, vulgarly called fillies,' n.d. (dedication
dated 4 July 1660). 9. 'The Well-tun'd
Organ ; or an exercitation wherein this
question is discuss'd, whether or no instru-
mental and organick musick be lawful in
holy publick assemblies,' 1660, 4to (Bodleian
catalogue). 10. ' Rebels Tried and Cast, in
three Sermons, on Rom. xiii. 2, &c.,' 1661,
12mo (WooD). Besides these Brookbank
mentions that he had published an Abecedary
(before 1651), and in 1650 he had projected a
volume, containing the substance of a course
of sermons at Wycombe, to be called ( Nilus
Salutaris.'
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 541;
Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 326;
•works cited above.] A. G-.
BROOKE.
BROOK.]
[See also BROKE and
BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR (1772-1843),
lieutenant-general, was the third son of Fran-
cis Brooke of Colebrooke, co. Fermanagh, and
the younger brother of Sir Henry Brooke,
who, after representing Fermanagh for many
years in the House of Commons, was created
a baronet in 1822. He entered the army as
an ensign in the 44th regiment in 1792, at
the very commencement of the great war,
and never left that regiment until the conclu-
sion of the general peace in 1815. He was
promoted lieutenant in 1793, and served with
the 44th in Lord Moira's division in Flanders
in 1794 and 1795. He was promoted captain
in 1795, and served with Sir Ralph Aber-
cromby's army in the reduction of the West
Indies, where his regiment remained till
1798. He was then present through the
Egyptian campaign of 1801, and purchased
his majority in 1802. He purchased his
lieutenant-colonelcy in 1804, and commanded
the 44th in garrison in Malta from 1804 to
1812. In 1813 he was promoted colonel, and
accompanied Lord William Bentinck to the
east coast of Spain. Brooke, as senior colonel,
at once took the command of the brigade to
which his regiment was assigned, and dis-
tinguished himself in every action against
Suchet, and particularly at the combat of
Ordal. At the conclusion of the war with
Napoleon, Brooke was gazetted a C.B., and
ordered to march his own and certain other
regiments from Lord William Bentinck's
army across the south of France to Bor-
deaux, in order to embark at that port for
an expedition against the United States of
America. The whole force embarked consisted
of three brigades, commanded by Colonels
Brooke, Thornton, and Patterson, and the
expedition was under the general command
of Major-general Ross [q. v.] In the daring';
action at Bladensberg victory was secured
by the flank movement of Brooke's brigade,
which consisted of the 4th regiment, com-
manded by his brother, Francis Brooke, and
his own, the 44th. After burning the Capi-
tol and public buildings of Washington, the
expedition re-embarked at St. Benedict and
sailed down to the mouth of the Patapsco,
where it was arranged that the troops were
to land and advance on Baltimore, while the
ships' boats were to force their way up the
river to co-operate. In the first skirmish
that took place after landing, and before the
advance commenced, General Ross was killed.
' By the fall of our gallant leader,' says the
historian of the expedition, Hhe command
now devolved on Colonel Brooke, of the
44th, an officer of decided personal courage,,
but perhaps better calculated to lead a bat4
talion than to guide an army ' (GLEIG, p. 96).
Brooke determined to carry out his prede-
cessor's plan, and though it was reported that
Baltimore was defended by 20,000 men, he
pushed steadily on, and defeated a powerful}
force of militia on 12 Sept. Baltimore was4
then at his mercy ; but on finding that the1'
sailors could not come up to his assistance^
he quietly retired after bivouacking on the}
scene of his victory. The fleet sailed south-'
ward, and was joined at sea by the 95th Gor
don Highlanders, and by Major-general S'
John Keane, who superseded Brooke,
delivering to him a most eulogistic despatc
from the commander-in-chief. At the clo^
of the war Brooke returned to England, am
was rewarded by being made governor o
Yarmouth. He was also promoted major-
'eneral in 1817. He never again saw service, I
>ut was made colonel of the 86th regiment,
gazetted a K.C.B. in 1833, and promoted lieu J 4
tenant-general in 1837. He died on 26 July 1
1843 at his residence, George Street, Portman /
Square. I
[Grleig's Campaigns of the British Army at
Washington and New Orleans ; Royal Military
Calendar; Gent. Mag. 1 843, pt.ii. 434-5; Record
of 44th Keg.] H. M. S.
Brooke
417
Brooke
BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR DE CAPELL
(1791-1858), of Oakley Hall, Northampton-
shire, author of several works of travel, was
descended from a family originally settled in
Cheshire, and was born in Bolton Street, May-
fair, 22 Oct. 1791. He was the eldest son of
•Sir Richard de Capell Brooke and Mary, only
child and heiress of Major-general Richard
Worge. Sir Richard, who was the first baronet,
had assumed the name Brooke in accordance
with his uncle's will, and adopted the name De
Capell in lieu of Supple by royal license. The
son was educated at Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, where he graduated B. A. 20 May 1813,
and M. A. 5 June 1816. On 27 Nov. 1829 he
succeeded his father in the title and estates.
He entered the army, and in 1846 obtained
the rank of major. Much of his early life was
spent in foreign travel, especially in the north
of Europe. In 1823 he published ' Travels
through Sweden, Norway, and Finmark to
the North Pole in the Summer of 1820,' which
was followed in 1827 by ' A Winter in Lap-
land and Sweden, with various observations
relating to Finmark and its inhabitants made
during a residence at Hammerfest, near the
North Cape.' These volumes contained much
which at the time had the interest of no-
velty, and a companion volume to the last work
was published also in 1827, consisting of a
number of splendid illustrative plates from
sketches by the author, and entitled ( Winter
Sketches in Lapland, or Illustrations of a
Journey from Alten, on the shores of the Polar
Sea, in 69° 55' N. L., through Norwegian, Rus-
sian, and Swedish Lapland to Tornea, at the
entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, intended
to exhibit a complete view of the mode of
travelling with reindeer, the most striking in-
cidents that occurred during the journey, and
the general character of the scenery of Lap-
land and Sweden.' In 1837 he published, in
two volumes, ' Sketches in Spain and Mo-
rocco.' He was an original member of the
Travellers' Club, and feeling strongly that
latterly many of the newly elected members
•did not sufficiently represent the spirit of
foreign travel, he, in 1821, originated the Ra-
leigh Club, of which he was for many years
president, and which became merged in the
Royal Geographical Society. He was deputy-
lieutenant of Northamptonshire, and in 1843
was chosen sheriff of the county. He was
a member both of the Royal Society and of
the Royal Geographical Society. Of a re-
served and retiring disposition, he was un-
iitted for the strife of politics, but in his later
years he took an active interest in the cause
•of temperance and in various benevolent and
religious objects. He died at Oakley Hall
•6 Dec. 1858. He married in 1851 the relict
VOL. VI.
of J. J. Eyre of Endcliffe, near Sheffield, but
left no heir, and was succeeded in the title
and estates by his brother.
[Debrett's Baronetage ; Journal Koyal G-eogr.
Society, xxiv. p. cxxviii ; G-ent. Mag. 3rd ser. vi.
105; Funeral Sermon, by Rev. T. Lord, 1859;
Oxford Graduates.] T. F. H.
^BROOKE, CHARLES (1777 - 1852),
Jesuit, born at Exeter, 8 Aug. 1777, received
his education at the English academy at
Liege and at Stonyhurst, where he entered
the Society of Jesus, of which he became a
professed father (1818). He was provincial
of his order from 1826 to 1832, and subse-
quently was made superior of the seminary
at Stonyhurst College. After filling the
office of rector of the Lancashire district, he
was sent with broken health to Exeter, in
1845, to gather materials for a continuation
of the history of the English province from
the year 1635, to which period Father Henry
More's ( Historia Missionis Anglicanae Socie-
tatis Jesu ' extends. The documents and in-
formation he collected were afterwards of
much service in the compilation of Brother
Henry Foley's valuable l Records of the
English Province of the Society of Jesus,'
8 vols. Lond. 1870-83. Father Brooke died
at Exeter on 6 Oct. 1852.
[Oliver's Collections S.J. 60 ; Foley's Records,
vii. 88; Tablet, 16 Oct. 1852.] T. C.
BROOKE, CHARLES (1804-1879), sur-
geon and inventor, son of the well-known
mineralogist, Henry James Brooke [q. v.], was
born 30 June 1804. His early education was
carried on at Chiswick, under Dr. Turner.
After this he was entered at Rugby in 1819 ;
thence he went to St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he remained five years. He
was twenty-third wrangler and B.A. 1827,
B.M. 1828, and M. A. in 1853. During a part
of this period he studied medicine, and his
professional education was completed at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital. He passed the Col-
lege of Surgeons 3 Sept. 1834, and became a
fellow of that institution 26 Aug. 1844. He
lectured for one or two sessions on surgery at
Dermott's School, and afterwards held posi-
tions on the surgical staff of the Metropolitan
Free Hospital and the Westminster Hospital,
which latter appointment he resigned in 1869.
He is known as the inventor of the ' bead
suture,' which was a great step in advance
in the scientific treatment of deep wounds.
On 4 March 1847 he was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. He belonged to the Meteo-
rological and Royal Microscopical Societies,
and occupied the president's chair in each
of these bodies. He also at various times
E E
Brooke
418
Brooke
served on the management of the Royal In-
stitution and on the council of the Eoyal
Botanical Society. In addition to these he
was connected with many philanthropic and
religious societies, and was a very active
member of the Victoria Institute and Chris-
tian Medical Association. His public papers
and lectures generally pertained to the de-
partment of physics, mathematical and ex-
perimental, and his more special work was
the inventing or perfecting of apparatus.
His papers date back to 1835, when he wrote
upon the ' Motion of Sound in Space ; ' but
the work upon which his reputation mainly
rests was published between 1846 and 1852.
This was the invention of those self-record-
ing instruments which have been adopted at
the Royal Observatories of Greenwich, Paris,
and other meteorological stations. They
consisted of barometers, thermometers, psy-
chrometers, and magnetometers, which re-
gistered their variations by means of photo-
graphy. His method obtained the premium
offered by the government, as well as a council
medal from the jurors of the Great Exhibition.
The account of the perfecting of these appa-
ratus will be found detailed in the British
Association Reports from 1846 to 1849, and
in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1847,
1850, and 1852.
Brooke also studied the theory of the
microscope, and was the author of some in-
ventions which facilitated the shifting of
lenses, and improved the illumination of the
bodies observed. He applied his improved
methods to the investigation of some of the
best known test-objects of the microscope.
His name is, however, most popularly known
by means of the ' Elements of Natural Phi-
losophy,' originally compiled by Dr. Golding
Bird in 1839, who alone brought out the
second and third editions. After his death
in 1854, Brooke edited ' a fourth edition, re-
vised and greatly enlarged,' followed by a
fifth in 1860. In 1867 he entirely rewrote the
work for the sixth edition. He died at Wey-
mouth, 17 May 1879, and his widow died at
3 Gordon Square, London, 12 Feb. 1885,
aged 86.
His other publications were: 'The Evi-
dence afforded by the Order and Adaptations
in Nature to the Existence of a God. A
Christian Evidence lecture,' 1872, which was
three times printed, and ' A Synopsis of the
Principal Formulae and Results of Pure
Mathematics,' 1829.
[Proceedings of Royal Society of London,
1880, xxx. pp. i_ii; Catalogue of Scientific
Papers compiled by Royal Society, i. 653, vii.
273 ; Medical Times and Gazette, 1879, i. 606.1
G. C. B.
BROOKE, CHARLOTTE (d. 1793), au-
! thoress, was one of the youngest of the nu-
! merous offspring of Henry Brooke, the author
i of the ' Fool of Quality ' [q. v.], and desig-
j nated herself ' the child of his old age.' She-
was educated entirely by him, and applied
1 assiduously to literature, art, and music, in
| all of which she acquired high proficiency.
j During her father's life her time was mainly
! devoted to him. Among the subjects of her
i study was the Irish language, and the first
i of her productions which appeared in print
I was an anonymous translation of a poem as-
I cribed to Carolan, in ' Historical Memoirs of
Irish Bards,' published in 1786. Soon after
the death of her father Miss Brooke was
nearly reduced to indigence through the loss
of money invested in the manufactory for
cotton established by her cousin, Captain Ro-
bert Brooke [q. v.] An unsuccessful effort
was made by some members of the then newly
established Royal Irish Academy at Dublin
to obtain a position for her. Her letters to
Bishop Percy on this are in Nichols's l Illus-
trations' (viii. 247-52). Miss Brooke, in
1789, published at Dublin, by subscription,
a quarto volume entitled ' Reliques of Irish
Poetry ; consisting of heroic poems, odes, ele-
gies, and songs, translated into English verse,
with notes explanatory and historical, and the
originals in the Irish character.' In this she
included ' Thoughts on Irish Song/ and an
original composition, styled ' An Irish Tale/
In the publication of this work Miss Brooke
was assisted by William Hayley and others ;
but at the time little accurate knowledge ex-
isted of the remains of the more ancient Celtic
literature of Ireland. In 1791 Miss Brooke
published the ' School for Christians,' con-
sisting of dialogues for the use of children.
In the following year she published an edition
of some of her father's works, under the cir-
cumstances mentioned in the notice of him.
Through the subscriptions for that publica-
tion and for her * Reliques of Irish Poetry/
in which many persons of importance inte-
rested themselves, Miss Brooke was enabled
to retrieve to a small extent the loss of pro-
perty which she had sustained. A tragedy
which she composed, under the title of ' Be-
lisarius,' was submitted to Kemble, and said
to have been approved by him, but was even-
tually reported to have been lost through
carelessness. In her latter years Miss Brooke
resided at Longford, where she died of ma-
lignant fever on 29 March 1793. The pub-
lication of a life of Miss Brooke was projected
by Joseph C. Walker, who, however, died
without having made progress with the work.
Some of the papers connected with Miss
Brooke came into the possession of Aaron
Brooke
419
Brooke
Crossley Seymour, who, in 1816, printed a
memoir of her life and writings, mainly em-
phasising her religious and charitable tem-
per. The ' Eeliques of Irish Poetry ' by Miss
Brooke were republished in octavo at Dublin
in 1818.
[Archives of Koyal Irish Academy, Dublin;
Letter from Mr. [Robert] Brooke, 1786 ; An-
thologia Hibernica, 1793-4; Brookiana, 1804;
D'Olier's Memoirs of H. Brooke, 1816.]
J. T. G.
BROOKE, CHRISTOPHER (d. 1628),
poet, was the son of Robert Brooke, a rich
merchant and alderman of York, who was
twice lord mayor of that city. Wood states
(Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 402) that he was educated
at one of the universities. It seems probable
that, like his brother Samuel [q. v. J, he was a
member of Trinity College, Cambridge. He
subsequently studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and
was ' chamber-fellow ' there to John Donne,
afterwards dean of St. Paul's. About 1609
he witnessed Donne's secret marriage with
the daughter of Sir George More, lieutenant
of the Tower ; the ceremony was performed
by his brother Samuel, and the father of the
bricle, who opposed the match, contrived to
commit Donne and his two friends to prison
immediately afterwards. Donne was first
released, and secured the freedom of the
Brookes after several weeks' imprisonment.
Christopher made his way at Lincoln's Inn ;
he became a bencher and summer reader
(1614), and was a benefactor of the chapel.
While at the Inns of Court he became ac-
quainted with many literary men, among
whom were JohnSelden, Ben Jonson, Michael
Drayton, and John Davies of Hereford. Wil-
liam Browne lived on terms of the greatest
intimacy with him, and to Dr. Donne he
left by will his portrait of Elizabeth, coun-
tess of Southampton. Brooke married Mary
Jacob on 18 Dec. 1619 at the church of
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields by Charing Cross.
He lived in a house of his own in Drury
Lane, London, and inherited from his father
houses at York, and other property there
and in Essex. He was buried at St. An-
drew's, Holborn, 7 Feb. 1627-8. His wife, by
whom he had an only son John, died before
him.
Brooke's works are : 1. An elegy on the death
of Prince Henry, published with another
elegy by William Browne in a volume en-
titled 'Two Elegies consecrated to the never-
dying Memorie of the most worthily admyred,
most hartily loved and generally bewailed
?rince, Henry, Prince of Wales,' London,
613. 2. An eclogue appended to William
Browne's ' Shepheard's Pipe,' London, 1614.
3. 'The Ghost of Richard the Third. Ex-
pressing himselfe in these three parts : 1, His
Character; 2, His Legend; 3, His Trage-
die,' London, 1614. The unique copy in
the Bodleian Library was reprinted by Mr.
J. P. Collier for the Shakespeare Society in
1844, and by Dr. Grosart in 1872. It is
dedicated to Sir John Crompton and his
wife Frances. Mr. Rodd, the bookseller, first
attributed this work to Brooke at the be-
ginning of this century. The only direct clue
lies in ' C. B./ the signature of the dedication.
George Chapman, William Browne, *Fr.
Dyune Int. Temp.,' George Wither, Robert
Daborne, and Ben Jonson contribute com-
mendatory verses. Brooke was well ac-
quainted with Shakespeare's « Richard III,'
and gives it unstinted praise (cf. Shakespeare's
Centurie of Prayse, New Shakspere Society,
p. 109) ; but his own piece is of small lite-
rary value ; the verse is, with very rare excep-
tions, bombastic and harsh. 4. ' Epithalamium
— a nuptiall song applied to the ceremonies
of marriage,' which appears at the close of
' England's Helicon,' 1614. A manuscript
copy of this piece is in the Bodleian. 5. ' A
Funerall Poem consecrated to the Memorie
of that ever honoured President of Soldyer-
ship, Sr Arthure Chichester . . . written
by Christopher Brooke, gent.,' in 1624. This
poem, to which Wither contributes com-
mendatory verses, was printed for the first
time by Dr. Grosart in 1872. The manu-
script had been in the possession of Bindley,
Heber, and Corser. Corser printed selec-
tions in his ' Collectanea,' and Haslewood de-
scribed it in the ' British Bibliographer,' ii.
235. Brooke also contributed verses to Mi-
chael Drayton's ' Legend of the Great Crom-
well,' 1607 ; to Coriat's ' Odcombian Ban-
quet/ 1611 ; to Lichfield's < First Set of
Madrigals/ 1614 (two pieces, one to the Lady
Cheyney and another to the author) ; and to
Browne's ' Britannia's Pastorals/ 1625. He
also wrote (20 Dec. 1597) inscriptions for
the tombs of Elizabeth, wife of Charles Crofb
(STOW, Survey, ed. Strype), and of the wife
of Thomas Crompton.
William Browne had a high opinion of
his friend Brooke's poetic capacity. He
eulogises him in * Britannia's Pastorals/ book
ii. song 2. In the fifth eclogue of the ' Shep-
heard's Pipe/ 1615, which is inscribed to
Brooke, Browne urges him to attempt more
ambitious poetry than the pastorals which he
had already completed.
[Christopher Brooke's Poems, reprinted in Dr.
Grosart's Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies
Library, 1872; Corser's Collectanea Anglo-
Poetica, pt. iii. pp. 123-8; "Wood's Fasti, ed.
Bliss, i. 401.] S. L. L.
E E 2
Brooke
420
Brooke
BROOKE, LADY ELIZABETH (1601-
1683), religious writer, was born at Wigsale,
Surrey, in January 1601. Her father was
Thomas Colepeper ; her mother was a daugh-
ter of Sir Stephen Slaney ( PARKHTJRST,
Faithful and Diligent Christian, p. 41) ; her
only brother was John, afterwards created
Lord Colepeper of Thoresway (ib. 42). Both
parents died in Elizabeth's early youth, and
she was brought up by Lady Slaney, her ma-
ternal grandmother (ib. 43). In 1620 she
married Sir Robert Brooke, knight, of the
Cobham family, by whom she had seven
children, two of whom died in infancy. For
two years the young couple resided in Lon-
don as boarders with Elizabeth's aunt, Lady
Weld (ib. 45). In 1622 they moved to
Langley, Hertfordshire, where Sir Robert
bought a seat ; and in 1630, on the Brooke
estates falling to him, they went to the
family mansion, Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, Suf-
folk. Lady Brooke was an indefatigable
reader of the Scriptures, of ' commentaries,'
and of the ancient philosophers (in English
translations) ; she took notes of all sermons
she heard; she would question her family
and servants about them; she engaged a
divine to visit the hall once a fortnight as
catechist, by whom she was herself cate-
chised ; and in 1631 she began a large vo-
lume (ib. 81) of 'Collections, Observations,
Experiences, Rules,' together with ' What a
Christian must believe and practise.' On
10 July 1646 her husband died (ib. 43), and
for two years she absented herself from Cock-
field Hall. She afterwards lost two daugh-
ters and a son ; was harassed by lawsuits
(though all these were eventually decided
in her favour) ; and in 1669 her only sur-
viving son, Sir Robert, was drowned in France,
leaving her with only one child, Mary, her
eldest daughter. She recovered from her
griefs sufficiently to resume her charities,
but became deaf in 1675, and after a long
decay died on 22 July 1683. Nathaniel Park-
hurst, her chaplain, and the vicar of the
church, preached her 'Funeral Sermon,' and
published it (with a portrait) in the follow-
ing year, together with an account of her life
and death. The book was dedicated to Miss
Mary Brooke, the sole surviving member of
the family. Parkhurst printed with the ser-
mon some of Lady Brooke's ' Observations '
and ' Rules for Practice.' A selection from
the writings of Lady Brooke was published
as late as 1828 in the ' Lady's Monitor,' pp.
61-79.
[Parkhurst's Faithful and Diligent Christian,
&c., 1684 ; Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Per-
sons, art. ' Lady Brooke ' and appendix, p. 17;
Lady's Monitor, 1828.] J. H.
BROOKE, MRS. FRANCES (1724-1789),
authoress, was born in 1724, being one of the
children of the Rev. William Moore by his
second wife, a Miss Seeker (Gent. Mag. lix.
part ii. 823, where Edward Moore, her brother,
born 1714, is by error set down to be her
father). John Buncombe, in the ' Feminiad '
(1754), speaks of Frances Moore as a poetic
maid, celebrated in a sonnet by Edwards in
his ' Canons of Criticism,' and herself writing
odes and beautifying the banks of the Thames
by her presence at Sunbury, Chertsey, and
thereabouts. In 1755 she appeared as an
essayist under the pseudonym of Mary Sin-
gleton in a weekly periodical of her own,
called 'The Old Maid' (price 2d., of 6 pp.
folio). She appealed to correspondents for
assistance in conducting her paper (after the
'Spectator' model), and in spite of her being
attacked by 'an obscure paper, "The Con-
noisseur," with extreme brutality' (No. II.
p. 10), she managed to maintain her publica-
tion for thirty-seven weeks. The whole issue
was reprinted in a 12mo volume nine years
after in 1764. Her marriage took place about
1756, the year of the publication of 'Vir-
ginia,' a tragedy, on the title-page of which
the authoress appears as Mrs. Brooke. The
volume includes other poems, and' Mrs. Brooke
submits a proposal on a fly-leaf for a trans-
lation of ' II Pastor Fido ' (which came to no-
thing) ; and she recounts (Preface,vviii) how
' Virginia ' had been offered by her to Garrick,
who declined to look at it till Mr. Crisp's
tragedy of the same name had been published,
and ultimately rejected it (NICHOLS, Lit.
Anecd. ii. 347 ; Biog. Dram. iii. 383). Her
husband was the Rev. John Brooke, D.D.,
rector of Colney, Norfolk (Biog. Dram. i.
71-2), chaplain to the garrison of Quebec,
attached to Norwich Cathedral as daily
reader there, and, according to Blomefield
(Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv.), holding much
other preferment in the same county. Soon
after their marriage Dr. and Mrs. Brooke
left England for Quebec on his garrison du-
ties. The ' European Magazine ' (xv. 99 et
seq.), repeating 'a newspaper anecdote,' re-
lates that, at a farewell party she gave before
taking ship for her voyage, Dr. Johnson had
her called to him in a separate room that he
might kiss her, which he ' did not chuse to do
before so much company.'
In 1763 she published a novel anonymously,
'The History of Lady Julia Mandeville,' con-
taining much description of Canadian scenery,
which went rapidly through four editions,
with a fifth in 1769, a sixth in 1773, and a
special Dublin edition in 1775. In 1764 she
published a translation of Madame Ricco-
boni's 'Lady Juliet Catesby,' still anony-
Brooke
421
Brooke
mously ; and this work soon reached a sixth
edition. A year or two after she published
the ' Memoirs of the Marquis de St. Forlaix,'
4 vols. 12mo, translated into French in 1770
(Nouvelle Biographic Generale, vii. 498),
which is mentioned by Mrs. Barbauld (Bri-
tish Novelists], and is advertised in the 1780
edition of ' Lady Catesby.' In 1769 she pub-
lished 'Emily Montague,' in 4 vols., with
her name affixed, dedicated to Guy Carleton,
governor of Quebec. In 1771 she issued,
in 4 vols., a translation of the Abb6 Milot's
French ' History of England,' with expla-
natory notes of her own ; in 1777 she pub-
lished the ' Excursion,' a novel, 2 vols., in
which Garrick is attacked (book v. pp. 20-
36). Mrs. Brooke had meanwhile formed a
friendship with Mrs. Yates, the actress, and
having a share, it was thought, with that
lady in the Opera House, produced in 1781
a tragedy, ' The Siege of Sinope,' at Covent
Garden Theatre, in which Mrs. Yates acted,
and which ran ten nights (Biog. Dram. iii.
273). In 1783 Mrs. Brooke made her chief
success by 'Rosina,' a musical entertainment
in two acts, with Shield's setting, the opening
number of which, a trio, 'When the rosy
morn appearing,' has not yet disappeared
from concert programmes. Mr. and Mrs.
Bannister took the chief parts in ' Rosina,'
which, Mrs. Brooke said (Preface), was based
on the story of Ruth, aided by that of Lavinia
and Palemon in Thomson's. ' Seasons,' but
which, Genest says (Hist, of the Stage, vi.
266), was taken,' with alterations, from a
French opera, * The Reapers,' published some
thirteen years previously. The run of l Rosina '
was extraordinary. There were two editions
called for in its first year, 1783 (it was sold
for 6d., being used probably as ' a book of
the words'); by 1786 there were eleven edi-
tions ; others followed in 1788 and 1796 (after
Mrs. Brooke's death) ; and the work was re-
produced in numberless forms, notably in the
'Modern British Drama,' 1811, the 'British
Drama illustrated,' 1864, and in vol. xii. of
Dicks's ' British Drama,' 1872. In 1788 Mrs.
Brooke, again with Shield's music, produced
'Marian' at Covent Garden Theatre, Mrs.
Billington taking the heroine (Biog. Dram.
vol. iii.) ; it was acted with success ($.), and
kept the stage till 1800, when Incledon was
the tenor, but it never attained the popu-
larity of ' Rosina.' Mrs. Brooke's last pro-
ductions were ' an affectionate eulogium on
Mrs. Yates' (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 347) ap-
pearing in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' Ivii.
585 ; and a two-volume tale called by the ' Nou-
velle Biog. G6n.' (vii. 498) ' Louisa et Maria,
ou les Illusions de la Jeunesse,' and said to
have been translated into French in 1820.
Mrs. Brooke died at Sleaford, Lincoln-
shire, in 1789, on 23 Jan., according to the
' Gentleman's Magazine ' (lix. 90), or on 26 Jan.
according to the ' European Magazine ' (su-
pra) and the 'Biog. Dram.' (i. 71, 72). She
was buried at Sleaford, but there does not
appear to have been an epitaph to her
(NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. 1815, ix. 497). The
following entry is in the parish register :
' Mrs. Frances Brooke, a most ingenious au-
thoriss, set. 65 ' (private letter from incum-
bent, 1884). Dr. Brooke died a few days
before his wife, 21 Jan. 1789. A son, the
Rev. John Moore Brooke, M.A., fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, obtained the
living of Helperingham, Lincolnshire, in
1784 (Gent. Mag. vol. liv. part ii.)
[Eeed's Biog. Dram. ; Genest's History of the
Stage ; Gent. Mag. ; European Mag. ; Nichols's
Literary Anecdotes, ii. 346 ; Blomefield's Hist, of
Norfolk, vol. iv. under ' Brooks, John ; ' Preface to
Mrs. Brooke's novels, in Mrs. Barbauld's British
Novelists, where she is said (p. ii) to have been
' about the first who wrote in a polished style.']
BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, LORD.
[See GEEVILLB.]
BROOKE, GEORGE (1568-1603), con-
spirator, the fourth and youngest son of
William Brooke, lord Cobham, by Frances,
daughter of Sir John Newton, was born at
Cobham, Kent, 17 April 1568. He matricu-
lated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1580,
and took his M.A. degree in 1586. He ob-
tained a prebend in the church of York, and
was later promised the mastership of the
hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, by
Queen Elizabeth. The queen, however, died
before the vacancy was filled up, and James
gave it instead to an agent of his own, James
Hudson. This caused Brooke to become dis-
affected. He and Sir Griffin Markham per-
suaded themselves that if they could get
possession of the royal person they would
have it in their power to remove the present
members of the council, compel the king to
tolerate the Roman catholics, and secure for
themselves the chief employments of the
state. As part of their arrangements Brooke
was to have been lord treasurer. From this
scheme sprang the ' Bye ' plot, also known
as the ' treason of the priests.' To Brooke's
connection with the Bye may be ultimately
traced the discovery of a second plot, known
as the ' Main,' in which Sir Walter Raleigh
and Lord Cobham [see BROOKE, HENRY,
d. 1619] were implicated. Brooke being1
the brother of Cobham, Cecil suspected that
Cobham and Raleigh might be concerned
in the first treason, and by acting at once
Brooke
422
Brooke
vigorously he discovered the second plot.
Brooke was arrested and sent to the Tower
July 1603; he was arraigned on the 15th.
He pleaded not guilty, though his confes-
sions had gradually laid bare the whole de-
tails of the plots. Brooke appears to have
hoped to the last to obtain a pardon by means
of Cecil, who had married his sister. Mrs.
Thompson, in the appendix to her < Life of
Raleigh,' gives a letter from Brooke to Cecil,
in which the former inquires l what he might
expect after so many promises received, and
so much conformity and accepted service per-
formed by him to Cecil.' What these services
were is entirely uncertain, but Tytler has
endeavoured to build out of this a theory
that Cecil himself employed Brooke to ar-
range the plot, and draw the minister's poli-
tical opponents into the net, in order that
he might be rid of them. This is to the last
degree improbable, because Raleigh and Cob-
ham were not concerned in the Bye plot, and
were not executed. Brooke, in fact, alone
of the lay conspirators suffered on the scaf-
fold in the castle yard at Winchester 5 Dec.
1603. He married Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas, lord Borough, and by her had a son,
William, and two daughters. Although his
children were restored in blood, his son was
not allowed to succeed to the title. Brooke
was the author of two poems, which are pre-
served in the Ashmole MSS.
[Dodd's Church History of England, ed. Tier-
ney, vol. iv. ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 359 ;
Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 192; Ty tier's Life of
Kaleigh, Appendix F ; Mrs. Thompson's Life of
Ealeigh ; Gardiner's History of England, vol. i.]
B. C. S.
BROOKE, GUSTAVUS VAUGHAN
(1818-1866), actor, is said in a biographical
sketch, presumably dictated by himself, to
have been born on 25 April 1818, at Hard-
wick Place, Dublin, and to have received his
education at a school conducted by a brother
of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen
years of age he applied to Calcraft, the
manager of the Theatre Royal, Dublin, for
an engagement. The manager, embarrassed
by a sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean,
allowed the youth to appear on Easter Tues-
day 1833 as William Tell. An engagement
followed, in course of which Brooke played
"Virginius, Douglas, Rolla, and other charac-
ters of the class. He then travelled in the
country, and was received with favour in
Limerick, Londonderry, Glasgow,Edinburgh,
and other places. His first appearance in
London took place at the Victoria as Vir-
ginius, and attracted little attention. In
1840 he accepted from Macready an engage-
ment to appear at Drury Lane, but was dis-
satisfied with his part, and threw up the
engagement. On 3 Jan. 1848 what was
practically his debut took place as Othello
at the Olympic. A failure at one time
seemed imminent, but in the stronger scenes
Brooke triumphed, and the performance ex-
cited much interest. During this engagement
Brooke appeared as Sir Giles Overreach,
Richard III, Shylock, Virginius, Hamlet,
Brutus, and in one original part, the hero
of the 'Lords of Ellingham,' a play by
his manager, Mr. Spicer. Refusing liberal
offers from Webster for the Haymarket,
Brooke returned into the country, but re-
appeared in London at the Marylebone Thea-
tre, and subsequently under Farren at the
Olympic. He then went to America, and
played as Othello with unqualified success
on 15 Dec. 1851 at the Broadway Theatre,
New York. After visiting Philadelphia,
Boston, Washington, and Baltimore, he took
the Astor Place Opera House, New York,
which he opened in May 1852. The experi-
ment was disastrous, and was abandoned
after a few weeks. A fresh tour through
the United States followed. On 5 Sept. 1853
Brooke reappeared at Drury Lane, then under
the management of E. T. Smith. A visit to
Australia followed, and was at the outset
eminently successful. Brooke once more, in
partnership with Coppin, went into manage-
ment, taking the Theatre Royal, Melbourne.
Ruin again came upon him, and he returned
to London practically penniless. Upon his
reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello he
failed to hit the taste of the town. At the
beginning of 1866 he started again for Aus-
tralia. The London, the vessel in which,
with his sister, he started, foundered at sea
on 10 Jan. 1866, and Brooke, whose conduct
throughout the shipwreck has been described
by the few survivors as manly and even
heroic, perished. He married in his later
years Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no
conspicuous merit. Brooke had a fine pre-
sence and a noble voice, both of which he
turned at first to good account. To the in-
fluence of these, rather than to the display
of any eminent intellectual gifts, his success
was attributable. His first appearance as
Othello elicited, however, from men of judg-
ment more favourable criticism than has
often been passed upon any actor of secon-
dary mark. When last he appeared in Lon-
don, his tragic acting was little more than
rant. Habits of dissipation interfered with
his success. He is said, when fortunate, to
have paid in full the claims upon him con-
tracted previous to his insolvency, for which
he was not legally liable.
Brooke
423
Brooke
[Tallis's Dramatic Magazine, 1851 ; Vanden
fooff's Dramatic Reminiscences, London, 1860,
Longman's Magazine, March 1885 ; Era news-
paper, 21 Jan. 1866.] J. K.
BROOKE, HENRY, eighth LORD COB-
HAM (d. 1619), conspirator, was the son of
William, seventh Lord Cobham, by Frances
•daughter of Sir John Newton. His father^
•descended through the female line from the
ancient lords of Cobham, was a favourite of
•Queen Elizabeth, and held the offices of lord
warden of the Cinque Ports, constable of the
Tower, and lord chamberlain of the queen's
household. He was also lord-lieutenant of
the county of Kent and knight of the Garter.
He twice entertained Elizabeth at Cobham
Hall on her progress through Kent (17 July
1559 and 4 Sept. 1573), and was employed in
diplomatic missions abroad in 1559 and (with
Sir Francis Walsingham in the Netherlands)
in 1579. In 1572 he was temporarily confined
in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned
in the plot to marry Mary Stuart to the Duke
of Norfolk. He was buried at Cobham on
•6 April 1597. One of his daughters (Eliza-
beth) married Sir Robert Cecil (LODGE, Il-
lustrations, iii. 87 n). Henry succeeded his
father in the barony, and secured much
of his influence. He was the intimate friend
and political ally of his brother-in-law Sir
Robert Cecil, and therefore the enemy of
Essex. Early in 1597 he defeated Essex
in a contest for the post of warden of the
Cinque Ports, vacant by his father's death.
He was made a knight of the Garter in
1599, and entertained the queen at his Lon-
don house in 1600. One of the objects of
Essex's plot of February 1600-1 was the re-
moval of Lord Cobham from court, and when
arrested Essex made serious charges against
Cobham's political honesty, but he finally ac-
knowledged them to be untrue. The death
of Queen Elizabeth saw the end of Cobham's
prosperity. In July 1603, while Cecil and
the council were engaged in tracking out
Watson's well-known plot in behalf of the
catholics, suspicion fell on Cobham, whose
brother, George Brooke [q. v.], was one of
Watson's chief assistants. SirW alter Raleigh,
who was known to have been long on terms of
.great intimacy with Cobham, was entrusted
with the task of obtaining information against
him, and vague evidence was forthcoming to
show that Cobham had been in negotiation
with Aremberg, the ambassador of the Spanish
archduke, to place Arabella Stuart on the
throne, and to kill ' the king and his cubs.'
The alleged plot is usually known as Cob-
ham's or the Main Plot, while Watson's
conspiracy goes by the name of the Bye
Plot. Cobham was arrested early in July,
but the evidence that affected him appeared
to the government to implicate Raleigh, who
followed Cobham to the Tower within a
few days. Cobham thereupon declared in a
series of confessions that Raleigh had insti-
gated him to communicate with Aremberg,
and that pensions had been promised both of
them by Spain. At Raleigh's trial, held at
Winchester (17 Nov. 1603), these depositions
formed the basis of the accusation. Raleigh
begged to be confronted by Cobham in person,
but the request was refused, and finally the
prosecution produced a very recent letter from
Cobham, in which he stated that since he
had been in prison Raleigh had entreated him
by letter to clear him of the charge ; but all
that he could do as an honest man was to
inform their lordships anew that Raleigh
was the original cause of his ruin. On the
other hand, Raleigh produced a note just
received by him from Cobham, in which the
writer asserted his friend's complete inno-
cence. But the judges were convinced of
Raleigh's guilt, although Cobham's evidence,
even if admitted to be trustworthy, failed to
support any distinct charge of treason. On
18 Nov. Cobham himself was tried and con-
victed ; his defence was, as might be expected,
cowardly and undignified. A warrant was
issued for his execution at Winchester on
10 Dec. (Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc. 382),
and he, together with Lord Grey and Sir
3-riffin Markham, was led to the scaffold,
'obham behaved boldly on this occasion, but
reiterated his assertion of Raleigh's guilt.
James I had, however, no intention of having
;he full penalty inflicted, and Cobham was
;aken back to the Tower alive. There, like
Raleigh, he remained till 1617, when he was
allowed to pay a visit to Bath, on the ground
of failing health. He was to return to the
Tower in the autumn, and while on his
way thither he was seized with paralysis at
3diham. He lingered in a semi-conscious
tate for more than a year, and'died on 24 Jan.
1618-19. The story runs that he died in the
utmost destitution, but it appears that the
dng allowed him 100/. a year, and 8/. a week
or diet, and that these payments were regu-
arly made up to the date of his death. He
;ertainly lay unburied for some time ; but
;hat was probably because the crown refused
jO pay his funeral expenses, which his rela-
:ives were anxious that it should incur.
Osborne states in his ' Traditionall Memo-
rialls' (Court of James I, 1811, i. 156), on
;he authority of William, earl of Pembroke,
;hat Cobham ' died in a roome, ascended by
a ladder, at a poore woman's house in the
Minories, formerly his landeresse, rather of
hunger than any more naturall disease.' Sir
Anthony Weldon, who describes Cobham
as a fool, tells the same story m his Court
of King James,' 1651.
Cobham married after 1597 the widow of
Henry, twelfth earl of Kildare, and daughter ,
of the Earl of Nottingham. She abandoned
her second husband after his disgrace, and,
although very rich, 'would not,' says Wel-
don, ' give him the crumbs that fell from her
table ' She acted for a few years as gover-
ness to the Princess Elizabeth. The crown
apparently allowed her to occupy Cobham
of the archbishop, and one of his pupils, says
that Brooke was 'an accurate and accom-
plished scholar, though lenient as a discipli-
narian.' Another of his works, ' The Quack
Doctor,' published in 1745, is described as
1 very poor doggerel, with ironical laudatory
notes, probably written by Robert Thyer
or the Rev. John Clayton. A Latin tract,
1 Medicus Circumforaneus,' is perhaps a trans-
lation of the preceding. In 1730 he received
~ " " "ollee-e living of Tort worth in
n
but not allowed to assume his uncle's title. ,
Charles I, however, in 1645, conferred the I
barony on a royalist supporter, Sir John
3 grandson of George, sixth Lord Cob-
sermons 1746, and a sennon 1747. His best
known book is < A Practical Essay concerning
lord.' Sir John died without issue in 1651.
[Gardiner's Hist, of England, i. 116-39, iii.
154-5 ; Winwood's Letters, i. 17, ii. 8, 11 ; Letters
of Sir R. Cecil (Camd. Soc.) ; Stow's Annals, sub
1603; Hasted's Kent, i. 493; Nichols's Progresses
of Queen Elizabeth, i. 354, iii. 413; Nichols's
Progresses of James I, vol. i. passim, iii. 769-70 ;
Spedding's Bacon, ii. and iii. ; Dugdale's Baron-
age, ii. 202 ; State Trials, ii. 1-70 ; Cal. State
Papers, 1600-19.1 S. L. L.
BROOKE, HENRY (1694-1757), school-
master and divine, was a son of William
Brooke, merchant, and his wife Elizabeth
Holbrook, who were married at Manchester
Church in 1678-9. He was educated at
Manchester grammar school, and gained an
exhibition 1715-18. He proceeded to Oriel
College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A.
on 30 April 1720. He was D.C.L. in 1727.
Brooke, then a fellow of Oriel, was made
headmaster of Manchester grammar school
in September 1727. He obtained a manda-
mus from the crown to elect him a fellow
of the collegiate church, and was elected in
1728, in spite of tory opposition. He appears
to have been on good terms with John By-
rom, a tory Jacobite, but he was unsuccessful
as a master, and the feoffees of the school
reduced his salary from 200/. to 107. In
order to put himself into better relations, he
published * The Usefulness and Necessity of
studying the Classicks, a speech spoken at
the breaking-up of the Free Grammar School
in Manchester, Thursday, 13 Dec. 1744. By
Hen. Brooke, A.M., High Master of the said
School. Manchester, printed by R. Whit-
worth, Bookseller, MDCCLXIV.' (a misprint
for 1744). This tract, now exceedingly rare,
is reprinted by Whatton. Howley, the father
three editions in the year 1741. The third
edition contains some additional matter. He
was married, and had one daughter. Brooke
eft his library for the use of his successors
at Tortworth. A portrait of him, as late as
1830, was t at Mr. Hulton's, of Blackley.'
[Smith's Manchester Grammar School Re-
gister, vol. i. ; Whatton's History of Manchester
Srrammar School ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Rudder's
Hist, of Gloucestershire, p. 776 ; Byrom's Re-
mains (Chetham Society) ; Raines's Lancashire
MSS. vol. xl. (in Chetham's Library, Man-
chester).] W. E. A. A.
BROOKE, HENRY (1703 P-1783), au-
thor, was son of the Rev. William Brooke, a
protestant clergyman, by his wife, whose
name was Digby. William Brooke, who ap-
pears to have been related to the family of Sir
Basil Brooke, an ' undertaker ' in the planta-
tion of Ulster, possessed lands at Rantavan
in Cavan, and was rector of Killinkere and
Mullagh in that county. He married Let-
tice, second daughter of Simon Digby, bishop
of Elphin. Henry Brooke, the elder of two-
sons, was born about 1703, and is said to have
been educated by Swift's friend, Sheridan.
The register of Trinity College, Dublin, shows
that he was entered 7 Feb. 1720, 'in his
seventeenth year,' from the school of Dr.
Jones. He afterwards entered the Temple,
London. On his return to Ireland Brooke
married a youthful cousin, Catherine Meares
of Meares Court, Westmeath, whose guar-
dianship had been entrusted to him. In
1735 he published at London a poem en-
titled 'Universal Beauty,' which is stated
to have been revised and approved of by
Pope. This production was supposed to have
furnished the foundation for the 'Botanic
Garden ' by Darwin. Swift is said to have
entertained a favourable opinion of Brooke's
talents, but to have counselled him against
devoting himself solely to literature. InLon-
Brooke
425
Brooke
don Brooke was treated with much considera-
tion by Lord Lyttelton, and by Pope, near to
whose house at Twickenham he took a tempo-
rary residence. A translation by Brooke of
the first and second books of Tasso's ' Jerusalem
Delivered ' was issued in 1738. This version
was much commended by Hoole, who subse-
quently translated the entire poem. Brooke
received many attentions from Frederick,
prince of Wales, to whom he was intro-
duced by Pitt, and with whose political ad-
herents he became identified, in opposition
to George II. In 1739 Brooke produced a
tragedy founded on a portion .of the history
of Sweden, and entitled ' Gustavus Vasa, the
Deliverer of his Country.' The play was,
after five weeks' rehearsal, announced for
performance at Drury Lane. Many hundred
tickets had been disposed of, when the per-
formance was unexpectedly prohibited by
the lord chamberlain. This was ascribed to
Sir Robert Walpole, who, it was supposed,
was intended to be represented in the cha-
racter of Trollis, vicegerent of Christiern,
king of Denmark and Norway. Nearly one
thousand persons subscribed for the publica-
tion of ' Gustavus Vasa,' and Brooke, in his
prefatory dedication of it to them, stated
that patriotism was the single moral which
he had in view throughout his play. Under
the name of ' The Patriot,' the tragedy was
produced with success at Dublin, where some
of the sentiments expressed in it relative to
Sweden were construed as applicable to Ire-
land. In connection with the prohibition of
the performance at London, Samuel Johnson
wrote a satire entitled ' A Complete Vindi-
cation of the Licensers of the Stage.' Brooke
left London and returned to Ireland owing
to the importunities of his wife, who ap-
prehended disastrous results from his impru-
dent zeal in the cause of the Prince of Wales.
To Ogle's modernised version of Chaucer,
Brooke in 1741 contributed * Constantia, or
the Man of Law's Tale.' His ' Betrayer of his
Country ' was successfully acted at Dublin in
the same year. Garrick, during his visit to
Dublin, recited at the theatre a prologue and
epilogue composed for him by Brooke. In
1743 Brooke issued at Dublin a prospectus
of a work he described as follows : ' Ogygian
Tales ; or a curious collection of Irish Fables,
Allegories, and Histories, from the relations
of Fintane the aged, for the entertainment
of Cathal Grove Darg, during that Prince's
abode in the island of 0 Brazil.' Brooke pro-
posed in 1744 to print a history of Ireland
from the earliest times, 'interspersed and il-
lustrated with traditionary digressions and
the private and affecting histories of the
most celebrated of the natives.' The publi-
cation was to be comprised in four octavo-
volumes, each to contain about two hundred
pages. To his prospectus he appended a
preface addressed ' to the most noble and
illustrious descendants of the Milesian line/
These projected publications were abandoned
in consequence of misunderstandings as to
the ownership of the materials of which
Brooke had intended to avail himself. To
his studies in this direction may be ascribed
the fragment which he named ' Conrade/
the scene of which was laid at Emania, the
fortress of ancient kings of Ulster. The style
of this production closely resembled that
adopted by Macpherson in his ' Ossian/
Brooke contributed some of the best pieces
in the 'Fables for the Female Sex' pub-
lished in 1744 by Edward Moore, author of
the ' Gamester.' During the Jacobite move-
ment in 1745 Brooke issued the ' Farmer's
Letters to the Protestants of Ireland.' These
letters were written in the character of a pro-
testant farmer in Ireland, with the avowed
object of rousing his co-religionists there to
make preparations against the Jacobite in-
vasion. The peaceable demeanour of the
Irish catholics at the time was compared
by Brooke to the attitude of the crocodile,
which ' seems to sleep when the prey ap-
proaches.' The post of barrackmaster, worth
about 400/. annually, was conferred at this
time on Brooke by Lord Chesterfield, in con-
sideration, it was supposed, of these writings,
which were highly commended in verse by
Garrick. In 1745 ' The Earl of Westmore-
land,' a tragedy by Brooke, was produced at
Dublin, and in 1748 his operatic satire styled
'Jack the Giant-Queller ' was performed there.
The dramatis personse consisted of the giants
of Wealth, Power, Violence, and Wrong, and
' the family of the Goods,' comprising John,
Dorothy, Grace, and the Princess Justice.
The repetition of the performance was pro-
hibited by the government on the ground of
political allusions which it was alleged to
contain. The songs in it were printed in
separate form and had a large circulation. In
relation to 'Jack the Giant-Queller,' Brooke
composed a piece in scriptural style under
the title of ' The Last Speech of John Good,
vulgarly called Jack the Giant-Queller, who
was condemned on the first of April 1745, and
executed on the third of May following/
The < Earl of Essex,' a tragedy by Brooke,
was in 1749 produced at Dublin, and subse-
quently at London. The tragedy originally
contained the passage,
Who rule o'er freemen should themselves be free,
which elicited Johnson's parody,
Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat.
Brooke
426
Brooke
In 1754 Brooke, in a publication entitled j
< The Spirit of Party/ wrote once more j
against the Irish catholics, and was in return j
severely criticised by Charles O'Conor in a |
pamphlet styled ' The Cottager.' To aid the j
project of obtaining parliamentary grants for ,
promoting inland navigation, Brooke in 1759 \
published a work entitled < The Interests of [
Ireland.' This he dedicated to James, vis-
count Charlernont, whom he panegyrised also
in a poem entitled ' The Temple of Hymen.'
In 1760 Brooke became secretary to an as-
sociation of peers and others at Dublin for
registering proposals of national utility, with
a view to having them presented to parlia-
ment. At this period he entered into nego-
tiations with some of the influential Roman
catholics in Ireland, and was employed by
them to write publicly in advocacy of their
claims for a relaxation of the penal laws.
Under this arrangement, and with the ma-
terials supplied by them to him, Brooke pro-
duced a volume published in 1761 at Dublin,
with the following title : ' The Tryal of the
Cause of the .Roman Catholics ; on a special
Commission directed to Lord Chief Justice
Reason, Lord Chief Baron Interest, and Mr.
Justice Clemency. Wednesday, August 5th,
1761. Mr. Clodworthy Common-sense, Fore-
man of the Jury; Mr. Serjeant Statute, Coun-
cil for the Crown ; Constantine Candour, Esq.,
Council for the Accused.' It advocated an
alleviation of the penal laws. Brooke, in con-
nection with this subject, published ' A pro-
posal for the restoration of public wealth and
credit by means of a loan from the Roman
catholics of Ireland, in consideration of en-
larging their privileges.' He also wrote a
treatise on the constitutional rights and in-
terests of the people of Ireland, and again
contemplated the production of a history of
that country. Brooke appears to have been
the first conductor of the ' Freeman's Jour-
nal/ established at Dublin in 1763. Per-
petually ' duped in friendship as well as in
charity,' Brooke was necessitated to mort-
gage his property in Cavan, and became a
resident in Kildare, where he rented a house
and demesne. In 1766 he commenced the
publication of his remarkable novel entitled
'The Fool of Quality; or, the History of
Henry, Earl of Moreland.' The first volume
was dedicated * to the right respectable my
ancient and well-beloved patron, the public/
with a reply to the question, < Why don't you
dedicate to Mr. Pitt ? ' The « Fool of Quality'
extended to five volumes, and passed through
several editions. The main story and its
many episodes are distinguished by simpli-
city of style, close observation of human na-
ture, high sense of humour, and a profoundly
religious and philanthropic temper. The idea
of the * Fool of Quality ' was said to have
been derived by Brooke from a narrative
orally communicated to him by his uncle, Ro-
bert Brooke, in the course of a journey on
horseback from Kildare to Dublin. In 1772
Brooke published a poem entitled l Redemp-
tion.' His last work was ' Juliet Grenville ;
or, the History of the Human Heart/ a novel
in three volumes, issued in 1774. Garrick,
who entertained a high esteem for Brooke,
pressed him earnestly to write for the stage,
ind offered to enter into articles with him
for 1*. a line for all he should write during
life, provided that he wrote for him alone.
This proposal, however, we are told, was re-
ected by Brooke with some degree of haugh-
iness, for which Garrick never forgave him.
From Kildare Brooke removed to a residence
.n Cavan, near his former habitation, and, as
expressed in his own words, continued there
dreaming life away.' A visitor to Brooke
in 1775 described him as ' dressed in a long
blue cloak, with a wig that fell down his
shoulders. He was a little man, neat as
wax-work, with an oval face, ruddy com-
plexion, and large eyes full of fire.' Brooke
sank into a state of mental depression on the
deaths of his wife and of his children, of
whom the sole survivor (out of a family of
twenty-two) was his daughter Charlotte
~. v.], who devoted herself entirely to him.
Disease and grief rendered him at times inca-
pable of mental or physical exertion. With a
view to his pecuniary advantage, some friends
undertook, with his assent, to publish a col-
lection of his poetical and dramatic works.
Four volumes of these were issued at Lon-
don in 1778, but in them, through mismanage-
ment, some of the pieces were printed from
unrevised copies, others were omitted, and
productions of which Brooke was not the
author were included in the collection. John
Wesley, who had some relations with Brooke's
friends, published in 1780 an abridged edi-
tion of the ' Fool of Quality.' In his pre-
fatory observations Wesley recommended
the work as the most excellent, in its kind,
of any that he had seen either in English or
in any other language. Charlotte, Brooke's
daughter, considered that the failure of her
father's mental powers was apparent in the
latter portions of the ' Fool of Quality,' and
that three volumes would amply contain all
that ought to remain in the five. As to his
other and last work, ' Juliet Grenville/ ' it
is,' she wrote, ' I fear, scarcely worthy of re-
vision, and should be finally consigned to
oblivion.' Brooke died in a state of mental
debility at Dublin on 10 Oct. 1783. Several
portraits of Brooke have been engraved. The
Brooke
427
Brooke
earliest of these appears to be that executed
at Dublin in 1756 by Miller, from a painting
by Lewis. In the plate, which is inscribed
* The Farmer/ Brooke is represented as seated,
with a pen in his hand. This portrait was re-
produced in 1884, on a reduced scale, among
the illustrations to the work by J. C. Smith
on British mezzotinto portraits. A revised
edition of Brooke's works was projected by
his daughter Charlotte, with the co-opera-
tion of friends, but while it was in progress
the defective collection already noticed was,
without her knowledge, reprinted by a Lon-
don bookseller. She, however, succeeded in
purchasing the copies, and, with such emen-
dations and revisions as she could effect,
they were issued by her in four volumes in
1792 as a new edition. To the first volume
was prefixed a panegyrical but unsatisfactory
notice of Brooke, the writer of which was
described by his daughter as an ' old contem-
porary and relation.' He, however, avowed
that he knew little with certainty concerning
Brooke's career and the many busy and in-
teresting scenes through which he had passed.
On this subject Miss Brooke stated that, in
her attempts to procure materials for a me-
moir of her father, she had encountered
great difficulties, and as he had outlived
most of his contemporaries, she, his last
surviving child, remembered nothing of them
before the period of his retirement from the
outer world. Some papers connected with
Brooke, including a letter from Pope to him,
were collected by 0. H. Wilson of the Middle
Temple, London, who in 1804 issued a com-
pilation in two small volumes entitled
4 Brookiana.' The ' Fool of Quality ' was re-
published in two volumes in 1859 by the
Rev. Charles Kingsley, who expressed an
opinion that, notwithstanding the defects of
the work, readers would learn from it more of
that which is pure, sacred, and eternal, than
from any book published since Spenser's
* Faerie Queene/
[Dublin journals, 1744; unpublished letters
of Henry Brooke; letters by Benjamin Victor,
1776; Anthologia Hibernica, 1794; Memoirs of
€. O'Conor (1797) ; Manuscripts of C. O'Conor ;
D'Olier's Memoirs of Henry Brooke, 1816 ; Sey-
mour's Memoirs of Miss Brooke, 1816 ; Private
Correspondence of David Garrick, 1831 ; Hist,
of Dublin, 1856 ; Keports of Hist. MSS. Com-
mission, 1884 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 215-6 ;
Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 131.] J. T. G.
BROOKE, HENRY(1738-1806),painter,
was born in Dublin in 1738. He chiefly prac-
tised historical painting, and, upon coming to
London in 1761, gained both fame and for-
tune by the exhibition of his pictures. Seven
years later, in 1767, he had married and
settled in his native city, where he lost the
whole of his savings in some foolish specu-
lation. Thenceforward his art was princi-
pally displayed in the decoration of Roman
catholic chapels, but in 1776 he sent a my-
thological painting to the Society of Artists.
Brooke died in Dublin in 1806.
[Eedgrave's Dictionary of Artists (1878),
p. 57; A. Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-80,
p. 31.] G. G.
BROOKE, HENRY JAMES (1771-
1857), crystallographer, son of a broadcloth
manufacturer, born at Exeter on 25 May
1771, studied for the bar, but went into
business in the Spanish wool trade, South
American mining companies, and the London
Life Assurance Association successively. He
devoted his leisure hours to mineralogy, geo-
logy, and botany. His large collections of
shells and of minerals were presented to the
university of Cambridge, while a portion of
his valuable collection of engravings was
given by him to the British Museum. He
was elected F.G.S. in 1815, F.L.S. in 1818,
and F.R.S in 1819. He discovered thirteen
new mineral species. He died on 26 June
1857. He published a ' Familiar Introduc-
tion to Crystallography,' London, 1823 ; and
contributed the important articles on t Crys-
tallography ' and ' Mineralogy ' in the ' En-
cyclopaedia Metropolitan*,' in which he first
introduced six primary crystalline systems.
[Proc. Eoy. Soc. ix. 41 ; Q. Journ. Geol. Soc.
14, xliv.] H. F. M.
BRpOKE, HUMPHREY (1617-1693),
physician, was born in London in 1617. He
was educated in Merchant Taylors' School,
and entered St. John's College, Oxford, of
which he became a fellow. He proceeded
M.B. 1646, M.D. 1659, was elected fellow of
the London College of Physicians 1674, and
was subsequently several times censor. He
died very rich at his house in Leadenhall
Street, 9 Dec. 1693.
Brooke was the author of * A Conservatory
of Health, comprised in a Plain and Practical
Discourse upon the Six Particulars neces-
sary for Man's Life,' London, 1650, and also
a book of paternal advice, addressed to his
children, under the title of 'The Durable
Legacy,' London, 1681, of which only fifty
copies were printed. It contains 250 pages
of practical, moral, and religious directions,
couched in a sincere and simple Christian
style, with neither sectarianism nor bigotry.
[Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 514, ii. 91, 221 ;
Munk's College of Physicians (1878), i. 368;
Durable Legacy, in British Museum.]
G. T. B.
Brooke
428
Brooke
BROOKE, SIB JAMES (1803-1868),
raja of Sarawak, second son of Thomas
Brooke, of the Bengal civil service, was born
at Benares, and was educated at the grammar
school at Norwich, under Mr. Edward Valpy,
a brother of the famous Dr. Valpy of Read-
ing. During Brooke's school days Dr. Samuel
Parr, who at one time had been the head-
master, was a frequent visitor at the school.
' Old Crome ' was the drawing master, while
Sir Archdale Wilson, the captor of Delhi
in 1857, and George Borrow were among
Brooke's schoolfellows. He was a boy of
marked generosity, truthfulness, and daring.
On one occasion he saved the life of a school-
fellow who had fallen into the river Wen-
He ended his school life somewhat
sum.
abruptly by running away, and at the age of
sixteen was appointed a cadet of infantry
in Bengal. After serving for three years
with a native infantry regiment, he was ap-
pointed to the commissariat ; and on the j
outbreak of the first war with Burma, he |
formed and drilled a body of native volun- I
teer cavalry, which he commanded in an ac-
tion at Rangpur in Assam, receiving on that
occasion a wound in the lungs, which led to
his being invalided home with a wound pen-
sion of 70/. a year. After an absence of
upwards of four years he returned to India ;
but being unable, owing to an unusually
long voyage, to reach Bengal within the pre-
scribed period of five years, he resigned the
East India Company's service in 1830, re-
turning to England in the ship in which he
had gone out, and visiting, in the course of
his voyage, the Straits settlements of Penang,
Malacca, and Singapore, China, and Sumatra.
During this voyage he seems to have formed
the projects which determined his subsequent
career. Returning to Bath, where his family
resided, in the latter part of 1831, he re-
mained in England until 1834, when he pur-
chased a small brig, and made a voyage to
China. In the following year his father died,
and Brooke, having inherited a fortune of
30,000/., purchased a schooner of 142 tons, in
which, after a trip to the Mediterranean, he
sailed on 16 Dec. 1838 for Borneo.
Brooke's motives in undertaking this voy-
age appear to have been partly love of ad-
venture, and largely the desire to introduce
commerce, as well as British ascendency, into
Borneo. A memorandum which he wrote
upon the subject before starting upon the
expedition will be found in a compilation of
his private letters, edited by a friend. After
a short halt at Singapore, Brooke proceeded
in his yacht to Sarawak, on the north-west
coast of Borneo, landing at Kuching, the chief
town, on 15 Aug. 1839. Sarawak— a tract
of country measuring at that time about sixty
miles in length by fifty in breadth, but since
considerably enlarged by territorial additions
made during the lifetime of Brooke — was
then subject to the Malay sultan of Brunei,
the nominal ruler of the whole of the island,
except a part in the south, which had come
into the possession of the Dutch. At the
time of Brooke's arrival a rebellion was in
progress, induced by the tyranny of the offi-
cials of the sultan, who had recently deputed
his uncle, Muda Hassim, to assume the govern-
ment and to restore order. Brooke was cour-
teously received by Muda Hassim. His first
visit was short ; but he seems to have then laid
the foundations of the influence which he
subsequently acquired over the inhabitants,
including the Malay governor, Muda Hassim.
On this occasion he surveyed 150 miles of
coast, visited many of the rivers, and esta-
blished a friendly intercourse with the Malay
tribes on the coast, spending ten days among
a tribe of Dayaks, the aboriginal inhabitants
of the island. In the latter part of the same
year he visited the island of Celebes. He
there astonished the inhabitants, the Bujis —
a race much addicted to field sports— by his
horsemanship and skill in shooting.
Revisiting Sarawak in the autumn of 1840,
Brooke took an active part in the suppression
of the rebellion, which was still going on,
impressing the natives by his gallantry and
readiness of resource, and so entirely gain-
ing the confidence of Muda Hassim that the
latter voluntarily offered him the government
of the country, which he assumed on 24 Sept.
1841. In July of the following year he re-
paired to Brunei, and obtained from the sul-
tan the confirmation of his appointment as
raja of Sarawak, in which office he was
formally installed at Kuching on 18 Aug.
1842. Sir Spenser St. John's < Life of Brooke'"
gives a graphic account of the installation,
which very nearly became a scene of blood-
shed, owing to the excitement of some of
the followers of the late raja, and their ani-
mosity towards a chief named Makota, whose
tyranny had done much to bring about the
rebellion, and who had obstructed Brooke in
his efforts to reduce the country to order,
and to improve the administration (SPENSER
ST. JOHN, Life of Sir James Brooke. 1879,
p. 70).
Brooke's administrative reforms were very
simple, but thoroughly well suited to the
people. One of the causes of the rebellion
had been a system of forced trade, under
which the inhabitants were compelled to buy
at a fixed, and often an exorbitant, price,
commodities sold to them by the chiefs. In
default of payment their sons and daughters,
Brooke
429
Brooke
and often their parents as well, were carried
off as slaves. Brooke substituted for the
forced trade a simple system of taxation in
kind, and did what he could to abolish in-
terference with the personal liberty of the
people. He administered justice himself,
with the aid of some of the chief persons of
the country ; his court, which was a long
room in his own house, being essentially an
open one, while he was accessible to any one
who wished to see him at nearly all hours of
the day. By the Dayaks he was speedily re-
garded with sentiments of reverence and
affection. Their favourite saying was : ' The
son of Europe is the friend of the Dayak.'
In the earlier years of his residence at Sara-
wak Brooke was almost alone. His followers
were a coloured interpreter from Malacca,
useful, but not very trustworthy ; a servant
who could neither read nor write ; a ship-
wrecked Irishman, brave, but not otherwise
useful ; and a doctor who never learnt the
language of the country.
The suppression of piracy in the Malayan
Archipelago does not appear to have been
among Brooke's first objects, but it formed
one of the main achievements of his useful
life. In Borneo piracy had been the common
pursuit of the tribes along the coast from
time immemorial. It was resorted to in
Borneo, not only for purposes of plunder, but
for the possession of human heads, for which
there was a passion among the Dayaks and
among many of the tribes in the archipelago.
Brooke had become aware of the practice at
an early period of his residence in Sarawak,
and had done what he could to impress the
chief people of the country with its enormity ;
but it was not until 1843 that he was in a
position to take an active part in its sup-
pression. Early in that year he made the ac-
quaintance, at Singapore, of Captain the Hon.
Henry Keppel (now (1886) Admiral the Hon.
Sir Henry Keppel, G.C.B.), then commanding
H.M.S. Dido, with whom he speedily con-
tracted a mutual and lasting friendship. Re-
turning to Sarawak in the Dido, in company
with Keppel, he joined in an expedition
against the most formidable of the piratical
hordes, the Malays and Dayaks of the Seribas
river, taking with him as a contingent a
number of war-boats manned by natives of
Sarawak. The expedition was extremely
successful. The pirates were attacked in their
strongholds on the banks of the river by the
boats of the Dido and the Sarawak war-boats,
and compelled to undertake to abandon piracy.
In the following year he was again associated
with Keppel in an attack upon the pirates of
the Sakarran river, which, though inflicting
heavy loss upon the pirates, was attended
with severe fighting and some loss to the
assailants. Captain Sir Edward Belcher,
Captain Rodney Mundy, Captain Grey, and
Captain Farquhar were all at different times
employed in conjunction with Brooke in
operations against the pirates. The last ot
these operations, which took place in 1849,
and dealt a crushing blow to piracy in that
part of the Bornean seas, was made the
i ground of a series of charges of cruel and
illegal conduct, preferred against Brooke in
the House of Commons by Mr. Hume, and
supported by Mr. Cobden, and in some de-
gree by Mr. Gladstone, who, while eulogising
Brooke's character, voted for an inquiry into
the charges, on the ground that the work of
destruction had been promiscuous, and to
some extent illegal. The motion for inquiry
was discountenanced by the government of
the day, that of Lord John Russell, and was
rejected by a large majority of the house,
Lord Palmerston declaring that Brooke 're-
tired from the investigation with untarnished
character and unblemished honour.' The
attacks, however, being continued, the go-
vernment of Lord Aberdeen subsequently
granted a commission of inquiry, which sat
at Singapore, but failed to establish any of
the charges of inhumanity or illegality which
had been made against Brooke.
In 1847 Brooke revisited England, where
he met with a most gratifying reception. He
was invited by the queen to Windsor, and
was treated with great consideration by the
leading statesmen of the day, as well as by
various public bodies. London conferred
upon him the freedom of the city, and Oxford
the honorary degree of D.C.L. In connection
with his visit to Windsor, it is related that
the queen, having inquired how he found it
so easy to manage so many thousands of wild
Borneans, Brooke replied : ' I find it easier to
govern thirty thousand Malays and Dayaks
than to manage a dozen of your majesty's
subjects.' On his return to Borneo he was
appointed British commissioner and consul-
j general in that island, as well as governor of
Labuan, which the sultan of Brunei had
ceded to the British crown. He was also
created a K.C.B.
The commission of inquiry not only caused
Brooke very great annoyance, but for a time
introduced some embarrassment into his rela-
tions with the natives under his rule, who
not unnaturally conceived the impression
that he had forfeited the favour of his own
government. The incident is also generally
regarded as having, in combination with other
circumstances, had some connection with a
very serious outbreak on the part of the
Chinese immigrants into Sarawak, in which
Brooke
430
Brooke
Brooke narrowly escaped being murdered.
This outbreak occurred in 1857, when the
Chinese, having formed a plot to kill Brooke
and the other Englishmen serving under him,
attacked the government house and other
English residences, and murdered several of
the English. Brooke escaped in the darkness
by jumping into the river, diving under the
bow of a Chinese barge, and swimming to the
BROOKE, JOHN (d. 1582), translator,
son of John Brooke, was a native of Ash-
next-Sandwich and owner of Brooke House
in that village. Though appointed scholar
of Trinity College, Cambridge, by the founda-
tion charter of 1546, he did not proceed B.A.
until 1553-4. He married Magdalen Stod-
dard of Mottingham. He died in 1582, leaving
no children, and was buried in Ash church.
other side. After having occupied the capital | His works are : 1. 'The Staffe of Christian
for a few days, and destroyed a good deal of j Faith. . . . Translated out of French into
property, including the raja's house and his ! English by John Brooke, of Ashe-next-
valuable library, the Chinese retired, followed j Sandwiche,' 1577. 2. 'John Gardener, his
by a large body of Malays and Dayaks, who ; confession of the Christian Faith. Translated
stood by their raja, and, intercepting the out of French by John Brooke,' 1578, 1583.
Chinese in their retreat, destroyed a consi- 3. 'A Christian Discourse . . . presented to
derable number of them. The attitude of the Prince of Conde. Translated by J. B./
the Malays and Dayaks on this occasion fur- j 1578. 4. ' The Christian Disputations, by
nished a signal proof of the affection and
confidence with which Brooke had inspired
the great majority of his native subjects.
Brooke finally left Sarawak in 1863.
Shortly after his return to England a wish
long cherished by him, that the British go-
vernment should recognise his territory as an
independent state, was gratified, and a consul
was appointed to represent British interests.
He died at Burrator in Devonshire in 1868,
at the age of sixty-five, after a series of para-
Master Peter Viret, dedicated to Edmund,
Abp. of Canterbury. Translated out of
French . . . by J. B. of Ashe/ 1579. 5. < Of
Two Wonderful Popish Monsters, to wyt,
Of a Popish Asse which was found in Rome
in the riuer Tyber (1496), and of a Moonkish
Calfe, calued at Friberge in Misne (1528).
. . . Witnessed and declared, the one by P.
Melancthon, the other by M. Luther. Trans-
lated out of French ... by John Brooke
of Assh. . . . With two cuts of the Mon-
lytic attacks, brought on doubtless by the sters/ 1579. 6. < A Faithful and Familiar
fatigues and exposure of a laborious and ad- Exposition upon the Prayer of our Lorde.
venturous life, spent, the greater part of it, ... Written in French dialogue wise, by
Brooke, and under whose firm but benevo-
lent government, based upon the principles
introduced by his illustrious relative, Sara-
wak, now comprising a territory of 28,000
square miles and a population of a quarter of
a million, is a flourishing settlement. Trade
has expanded, agriculture is advancing, piracy
and head-hunting have been rooted out, edu-
cation is in demand, and, as a result of the
efforts of Christian missionaries, Sarawak
now numbers nearly three thousand native
Christians. When this state of things is
compared with that which existed on the
north coast of Borneo less than half a century
ago, it will readily be admitted that among
the benefactors of humanity a high place
must be accorded to Sir James Brooke.
[Gertrude L. Jacob's Raja of Sarawak, 1876 ;
,,,»,,,,, C!* T«'U«'« T '1* _^» Ci" T ••-* -m
Queene's Maiesties Excheker,' 1582.
[Hasted's Kent, iii. 691 n. ; Planches Corner
of Kent, 136 ; Ames's Typog. Antiq. (Herbert)
662, 867, 1010, 1011, 1060 ; Maunsell's First
Part of the Catalogue (1595), 24; Cooper's
Athense Cantab, i. 459 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.
131.] W. H.
BROOKE, JOHN CHARLES (1748-
1 794) , Somerset herald, second son of William
Brooke, M.D., and Alice, eldest daughter and
coheiress of William Mawhood of Donc'aster,
was born at Fieldhead, in the parish of Silk-
stone, near Sheffield, in 1748. He was sent
to the metropolis to be apprenticed to a
chemist in Holborn, but he had already ac-
quired a taste for genealogical research, and
having drawn up a pedigree of the Howard
family which attracted the favourable notice
Spenser St. John's Life of Sir James Brooke' ' Ia?mii5r wnicn attracted the favourable no1
1879 ; Private Letters of Sir James Brooke i of the Duke of Norfolk, he thus obtained an
(edit. John C.Templer), 1853 ; Captain Mundy's ! entrance into the College of Arms. He was
Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, | appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in 1773,
1848; Ann. Reg. 1851, pp. 135, 136 ; Quarterly i and was promoted to the office of Somerset
Review, vols.lxxxiii., cxi.; S. P. G. Report, 1884; herald in 1777. Two years previouslv in
Hamette McDougall's Sketches of our Life at 1775, he had been elected a fellow of the
Sarawak, London.] A. J. A. Society of Antiquaries. Brooke was secretary
Brooke
431
Brooke
to the earl marshal, and, also through the j
patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, a lieutenant i
in the militia of the West Riding of York-
shire. With Benjamin Pingo, York herald,
and fourteen other persons, he was crushed
to death on 3 Feb. 1794, in attempting to get
into the pit of the Haymarket Theatre. His
body was interred in the church of St. Benet,
Paul's Wharf, where a monumental tablet was
erected to his memory, with an epitaph com-
posed by Edmund Lodge, afterwards Cla-
renceux king-at-arms.
Brooke made voluminous manuscript col-
lections, chiefly relating to Yorkshire. His
father had inherited the manuscripts of his
great-uncle, the Rev. John Brooke, rector of
High Hoyland in Yorkshire, which had been
formed as a foundation for the topography of
that county. These came into the hands of John
Charles Brooke, who greatly enlarged them
by means of his own researches, and by copy-
ing the manuscripts of Jenyngs andTilleyson.
A catalogue of these collections will be found
in Gough's l British Topography,' ii. 397, 401,
402. Brooke's contributions to the ' Archseo-
logia' are enumerated in Nichols's 'Illustra-
tions of Literature,' vi. 355. He was a con-
tributor also to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,'
and the principal authors of his day in genea-
logy and topography acknowledge their obli-
gations to him. Besides a history of Yorkshire,
he contemplated a new edition of Sandford's
1 Genealogical History of the Kings of Eng-
land/ a baronage after Dugdale's method,
and a history of all tenants in capite to ac-
company Domesday. He bequeathed his ma-
nuscripts to the College of Arms, but a small
collection of Yorkshire pedigrees by him is
preserved in the British Museum (Addit. MS.
21184). Many of his letters on antiquarian
subjects are printed in Nichols's 'Illustra-
tions of Literature.'
A portrait of Brooke, engraved by T. Milton
from a painting by T. Maynard, forms the
frontispiece to Noble's ' History of the Col-
lege of Arms.'
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 681, 684, iii. 263,
vi. 142, 254, 303 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi.
354-429 ; Noble's College of Arms, 428-434,
440; Addit, MS. 5726 E, art. 3, 5864, f. 116;
Notes and Queries (2nd series), iv. 130, 160, 318 ;
Gent. Mag. Ixiv. 187, 275, Ixvii. 5 ; Annual
Eeg. 1794, chronicle 5.] T. C.
BROOKE, RALPH (1553-1625), herald,
describes himself (MS. penes Coll. Arm.) as
the son of Geoffrey Brooke (by his wife, Jane
Hyde) and grandson of William Brooke of
Lancashire, who was a cadet of the family of
Brooke seated at Norton in Cheshire. But
the entry of his admission into Merchant
Taylors' School, on 3 July 1564, simply re-
cords the fact that his father was Geoffrey,
and a shoemaker (Registers of M.T.S. i. 6).
In 1576 he was made free of the Painter
Stainers' Company, and four years afterwards
was appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in the
College of Arms. In March 1593 he became
York herald, but attained to no higher rank.
That he was an accurate and painstaking
genealogist there can be no doubt ; it seems
equally clear that he was of a grasping and
jealous nature, and much disliked by his
fellow-officers in the Heralds' College. In
1597 Camden, who was not a professional
herald, was made Clarenceux king-at-arms
in recognition of his great learning. Brooke
took umbrage at his intrusion into the col-
lege, and published, without date or printer's
name, what he termed ' A Discoverie of cer-
taine Errours published in print in the much-
commended Britannia 1594, very prejudicial!
to the Discentes and Successions of the aun-
cient Nobilitie of this Realme.' To this
Camden replied ; and Vincent, who had the
college with him, sided with Camden and
exposed certain mistakes into which Brooke
himself had fallen. The controversy was long
and acrimonious, the only good result being
that, through the researches of Brooke, Cam-
den, and Vincent, the genealogies of the no-
bility were closely investigated, and the first
attempt at a printed peerage was made.
Brooke died 15 Oct. 1625, aged 73, and was
buried in the church of Reculver, Kent. His
quaint monument, whereon he is depicted in
his tabard dress, has been often engraved,
but it has unhappily disappeared from the
newly built church. In addition to the
work already mentioned, Brooke wrote ' A
Second Discovery of Errors,' which was
published from the manuscript by Anstis
in 1723 ; and two editions (1619 and 1622)
of *A Catalogue and Succession of the
Kings, Princes, Dukes, Marquisses, Earles,
and Viscounts of the Realme of England since
the Norman Conquest to this present yeare
1619. Together with their Armes, Wives and
Children, the times of their deaths and burials,
with any other memorable actions, collected
by Raphe Brooke, Esquire, Yorke Herauld,
Discouering and Reforming many errors com-
mitted by men of other Professions and lately
published in Print to the great wronging of
the Nobility and prejudice of his Majestie's
Officers and Armes, who are onely appointed
and sworne to deale faithfully in these
causes,' printed by Jaggard.
[Dallaway's Heraldry, 1793, pp. 226-239 ;
Noble's College of Arms ; Nichols's Herald and
Genealogist, ii. ; for a full account of Brooke's quar-
rel with Vincent and Camden see Sir H. Nicolas's
Life of Augustine Vincent (1827).] C. J. E.
Brooke
432
Brooke
BROOKE, RICHARD (1791-1861), anti-
quary, was a native of Liverpool, where he
was born in 1791. His father, also named
Richard, was a Cheshire man, who settled in
Liverpool early in life, and died there on
15 June 1852, at the age of 91. Richard
Brooke the younger practised as a solicitor in
Liverpool, and devoted his leisure time to
investigations into the history and antiquities
of his county, and into certain branches of
natural history. One of the favourite occu-
pations of his life was to visit and explore
the several fields of battle in England, espe-
cially those which were the scenes of conflict
between the rival houses of York and Lan-
caster. The great object he had in view was
to compare the statements of the historians
with such relics as had survived, and with
the traditions of the neighbourhoods where
the respective battles had been fought. He
was led to this line of research at a compara-
tively early age during visits to his brother,
Mr. Peter Brooke, who resided near Stoke
Field. In 1825 he published ' Observations
illustrative of the Accounts given by the
Ancient Historical Writers of the Battle of
Stoke Field, between King Henry the Seventh
and John De la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, in
1487, the last that was fought in the Civil
Wars of York and Lancaster ; to which are
added some interesting particulars of the
Illustrious Houses of Plantagenet and Ne-
ville ' (Liverpool, 1825, roy. 8vo). In later
years he carried on his researches, and com-
municated the result to the Society of An-
tiquaries, of which he was a member, and
to the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical
Society, in papers which were subsequently
published in a volume in 1857, entitled
* Visits to Fields of Battle in England in the
Fifteenth Century. To which are added
some Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers upon
Archaeological Subjects ' (8vo). The battle-
fields described are Shrewsbury, Blore Heath,
Northampton, Wakefield, Mortimer's Cross,
Towton, Tewkesbury, Bosworth, Stoke, Eve-
sham, and Barnet. The additional papers are :
1. 'On the Use of Firearms by the Eng-
lish in the 15th Century.' 2. ' The Family
of Wyche, or De la Wyche, in Cheshire.'
3. 'Wilmslow Church in Cheshire.' 4. 'Hand-
ford Hall and Cheadle Church in Cheshire.'
5. « The Office of Keeper of the Royal Mena-
gerie in the Reign of Edward IV.' 6. < The
Period of the Extinction of Wolves in Eng--
land.'
He was a member of the council of the
Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society,
and read many papers at the meetings of the
society. The following, in addition to some
of those named above, are printed in its
1 Proceedings : ' 1. ' Upon the extraordinary
and abrupt Changes of Fortune of Jasper, earl
of Pembroke,' vol. x. 2. ' Life of Richard
Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and
Salisbury, called the King Maker,' xii.
3. ' Life and Character of Margaret of Anjou/
xiii. 4. ' Visit to Fotheringay Church and
Castle,' xiii. 5. ' Migration of the Swallow,'
xiii. 6. { On the Elephants used in War by
the Carthaginians,' xiv. 7. ' On the Com-
mon or Fallow Deer of Great Britain,' xiv.
In the ' Transactions of the Historic Society
of Lancashire and Cheshire' he published
' Observations on the Inscription of the Com-
mon Seal of Liverpool ' (i. 76), besides the
three Cheshire papers reprinted in the volume
of ' visits.' In 1853 he published ' Liverpool
as it was during the Last Quarter of the
Eighteenth Century, 1775 to 1800 ' (Liver-
pool, roy. 8vo, pp. 558). In this he has
gathered a body of interesting facts relating
to the history of the great port during that
period, much of the information being de-
rived from his father. He died at Liver-
pool on 14 June 1861, in the seventieth year
of his age.
[Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,
1862, 2nd ser. ii. 105 ; prefaces to Brooke's
works.] C. W. S.
BROOKE, ROBERT (d. 1802?), of
Prosperous, county Kildare, governor of St.
Helena from 1787 to 1801, was youngest
son of Robert Brooke, and grandson of the
Rev. William Brooke of Rantavan House,
county Cavan (BuRKE's Landed Gentry, see
Brooke of Drumvana). He entered the ser-
vice of the East India Company on 14 Aug.
1764 as ensign on the Bengal establishment,
became lieutenant on 25 Aug. 1765, and
substantive captain on 10 Dec. 1767. He
signalised himself on several occasions in the
operations against Cossim Ali and Soojah
Dowlah under Lord Clive, during which
time he served with the 8th sepoys. De-
tached to Madras with two companies of
Bengal sepoy grenadiers, he served through
the campaigns of 1768-9 against Hyder Ali,
with General Joseph Smith, and was sub-
sequently chief engineer of Colonel Wood's
force. On one occasion he was sent as envoy
to Hyder Ali. Returning to Bengal he was
given command of two battalions lent as
guards to the Mogul. While so employed
he put down a formidable revolt in the pro-
vince of Corah, for which service he was re-
warded with the collectorship of the province,
together with a commission of 2£ per cent,
on its revenues while in command of the
troops on the frontier. He raised the Bengal
native light infantry, and commanded that
battalion in two campaigns against the hill-
Brooke
433
Brooke
robbers about Rajmahal, in which he distin-
guished himself by his lenity and humanity
no less than by the success of his operations.
He also rendered good service against the
Mahrattas and in the Rohilla war. His ser-
vices were acknowledged by the court of
directors on 19 April 1771, and again on
30 March 1774, in terms almost unprece-
dented in the case of an officer of junior rank.
He returned home on furlough in 1774, and
invested the fortune he had realised by his
collectorship at Corah in an attempt to de-
velope the cotton manufacture in Ireland,
with which object he erected the industrial
village of Prosperous, in the barony of Clane,
county Kildare. About the same time he
married Mrs. Wynne, nee Mapletoft, who
bore him several children. The enterprise
at Prosperous met with patronage and sup-
port in distinguished quarters, and in 1776
Brooke received the thanks of parliament
for his patriotic endeavours. The manufac-
turing processes — cotton-printing excepted
— are stated to have been carried to some
perfection, but in a commercial sense the
undertaking proved a failure, and after many
vicissitudes the works, counting some 1,400
looms, in 1787 had to be given up for the
benefit of the creditors. They were even-
tually burned by the rebels in 1798. His
own fortune and that of his wife having
thus been sacrificed, and an elder brother, who
was partner in the enterprise, and others
having become involved in the ruin, Brooke
applied to the court of directors to reinstate
him in his former rank, for, having over-
stayed his leave, he had been struck off the
rolls from 14 April 1775. The directors
declined to accede to the request, but im-
mediately afterwards appointed him to the
governorship of the island of St. Helena,
in succession to Governor Corneille. There
he displayed much energy. He improved
the buildings, strengthened the defences, and
established a code of signals. The island be-
came a depot for the company's European
troops, and during his governorship over
12,000 recruits were drilled in its valleys.
His spirited measures for seizing the Cape
of Good Hope with a small naval squad-
ron carrying a landing-force of 600 light in-
fantry, blue-jackets, marines, and seamen-
volunteers, though anticipated by the expe-
dition from home under General Craig and
Admiral Keith, won for him the special
thanks of the home government. The court
of directors recognised his exertions by the
gift of a diamond-hilted sword, presented to
him in 1799 at St. Helena, at the head of a
garrison parade, Brooke then holding local
rank as colonel. A serious illness compelled
VOL. VI.
him to embark for England on 10 March
1801, and he died soon after.
Particulars and certificates of his public
services in India and in Ireland will be found
in the * British Museum Collection of Poli-
tical Tracts/ under the heading : ' Brooke,
Robt. — A Letter from Mr. Brooke to an
Honourable Member of the House of Com-
mons (Dublin, 1787).' A notice of his
governorship appears in the ' History of
St. Helena,' compiled by Thomas Digby
Brooke, who was for many years colonial
secretary on the island, and was a nephew of
Governor Brooke, being a son of the elder
brother who was partner in the concern at
Prosperous. A few unpublished letters to
Warren Hastings in 1773, and from the
Marquis Wellesley, are among ' Add. MSS.,'
British Museum.
[Burke's Landed Gentry ; Political Tracts,
1787-8; Dodswell and Miles's Lists of Bengal
Army; Warburton's Hist, of Dublin, ii. 971;
Brooke's Hist, of St. Helena (2nd ed. 1823) ;
Add. MSS. 29133, 13710, and 13787.]
H. M. C.
BROOKE, LOKD. [See GKEVILLB.]
BROOKE, SAMUEL (d. 1632), master
of Trinity College,Cambridge, and archdeacon
of Coventry, was the son of Robert Brooke,
a rich citizen of York, and was brother of
Christopher Brooke, the poet [q. v.] In 1596
he was admitted to Trinity College, Cam-
bridge ; he proceeded M.A. 1604, B.D. 1607,
and D.D. 1615. Shortly afterwards he was
sent to prison, by the agency of Sir George
More, for secretly celebrating the marriage
of Dr. John Donne with More's daughter,
but was soon afterwards released. He was
promoted to the office of chaplain to Henry,
prince of Whales, who recommended him
(26 Sept. 1612) for the divinity chair at
Gresham College. He was afterwards chap-
lain to both James I and Charles I. He was
elected proctor at Cambridge in 1613, and in
1614 he wrote three Latin plays, which were
performed before James I on his visit to the
university in that year. The names of the
plays appear to have been ' Scyros,' l Adelphe,'
and 'Melanthe,' and the ' Adelphe' was de-
scribed as so witty ' ut vel ipsi Catoni risum
excuteret.' On 13 June 1618 he became
rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, London,
and 10 July 1621 was incorporated D.D. at
Oxford. He was elected master of Trinity
College, Cambridge, 5 Sept. 1629, and on
17 Nov. resigned his Gresham professorship.
Prynne, in his ' Canterburie's Doome ' p. 157,
abuses Brooke as a disciple of Laud, and
states that in 1630 Brooke was engaged in
'An Arminian Treatise of Predestination.'
Brooke
434
Brookes
Laud encouraged him to complete this book,
but afterwards declined to sanction its pub-
lication on account of its excessive violence.
On 13 May 1631 Brooke was admitted arch-
deacon of Coventry, and died 16 Sept. 16327
He was buried without monument or epitaph
in Trinity College Chapel. None of Brooke's
works appear to have been printed. Besides
the treatise already mentioned, he wrote a
tract on the Thirty-nine Articles, and a dis-
course, dedicated to the Earl of Pembroke,
entitled ' De Auxilio Divinse Gratise Exer-
citatio theologica, nimirum: An possibile
sit duos eandem habere Gratiee Mensuram,
et tamen unus convert atur et credat ; alter
non : e Johan. xi. 45, 46.' The manuscript
of this discourse is in Trinity College Lib-
rary.
[Ward's Lives of the Professors of Grresham Col-
lege, p. 53 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss) i. 401-2 ;
Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 284; Welch's
Alumni Westmonast. 19-20 ; Cole's MS. Athense
Cantab. ; Laud's Works, vi. 292.1 S. L. L.
BROOKE, WILLIAM HENRY (d.
^ 1860), satirical draughtsman and portrait-
painter, was a nephew of Henry Brooke
(1703 P-1783) [q. v.], the author of < A Fool
of Quality.' He was placed when young in a
banker's office. Preferring the studio to the
desk, he became the pupil of Samuel Drum-
mond, A.R.A. He made rapid progress, and '
soon established himself as a portrait-painter
in the Adelphi. In 1810 he first exhibited in
the Academy. His early works, according to
Redgrave, were mere sketches ; their subjects :
' Anacreon/ ' Murder of Thomas a Becket,' and
' Musidora.' Between 1813 and 1823 he did not
exhibit. In the latter year he sent three pic-
tures, a portrait, and two Irish landscapes
with figures. In 1826 he exhibited < Chas-
tity.' This was the last work which he sent
to the Academy. In 1812 he undertook to
make drawings for the ' Satirist,' a monthly
publication which changed hands several
times in its short career, and collapsed finally
in 1814. There is little of style or of wit to
redeem the pure vulgarity of Brooke's work
as a satirist. He contributed to this paper
till September 1813, and was then succeeded
by George Cruikshank. His drawings for
this periodical seem to have brought him
some notice, and he illustrated a good many
popular books of the day. Among these
may be mentioned Moore's ' Irish Melodies,'
1822 ; Major's edition of Izaak Walton, to
which he supplied some vignettes ; Keight-
ley's ' Greek and Roman Mythology,' 1831 ;
'Persian and Turkish Tales;' 'Gulliver's
Travels;' Nathaniel Cotton's 'Visions in
Verse;' and ' Fables for the Female Sex,' by
E. Moore and his uncle, H. Brooke. The last
three are undated and published by Walker.
None of Brooke's embellishments appear to
have had much merit. His best designs,
however, are said to have been well drawn.
He shows a certain feeling for grace in his de-
lineation of women, though little knowledge.
He died at Chichester 12 Jan. 1860.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English
School ; British Museum Catalogues.] E. R.
BROOKE, ZA CHARY (1716-1788), di-
vine, the son of Zachary Brooke, of Sidney
Sussex CoUege, Cambridge (B.A. 1693-4, and
M. A. 1697), at one time vicar of Hawkston-
cum-Newton, near Cambridge, was born in
1716 at Hamerton, Huntingdonshire. He was
educated at Stamford school, was admitted
sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 28 June
1734, was afterwards elected a fellow, pro-
ceeded B.A. in 1737, M.A. in 1741, B.D. in
1748, andD.D. in 1753. He was elected to the
Margaret professorship of divinity at Cam-
bridge in 1765, and was at the same time a
candidate for the mastership of St. John's
College ; was chaplain to the king from 1758,
and was vicar of Ickleton, Cambridgeshire,
and rector of Forncett St. Mary and St. Peter,
Suffolk. He died at Forncett on 7 Aug. 1 788.
He married the daughter of W. Hanchet.
He attacked Dr. Middleton's ' Free Inquiry '
in his ' Defensio miraculorum quse in ecclesia
Christiana facta esse perhibentur post tem-
pora Apostolorum,' Cambridge, 1748, which
appeared in English in 1750. This work
called forth several ' Letters ' in reply. Brooke
was also the author of a collection of ser-
mons, issued in 1763.
[Baker's St. John's College (ed. Mayor), 1029,
1030, 1042; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 563-4, viii.
379; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. iv. 371; Brit. Mus.
Cat.] S. L. L.
BROOKES, JOSHUA (1754-1821), ec-
centric divine, was born at Cheadle-Hulme,
near Stockport, and baptised on 19 May
I 1754. His father, a shoemaker, who removed
| soon after his son's birth to Manchester, was
' a cripple of violent temper, known by the
name of ' Pontius Pilate.' He had, however,
a genuine affection for his boy, who was
; educated at the Manchester grammar school,
I where he attracted the notice of the Rev.
Thomas Ay nscough, M.A., who obtained the
aid which, with a school exhibition, enabled
him to proceed to Brasenose College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. on 17 June 1778
and M.A. on 21 June 1781. In the following
year he became curate of Chorlton Chapel,
and in December 1790 was appointed chaplain
of the collegiate church of Manchester, a posi-
'died 1 6 Se£t. 1631 '
St. John) was made
proved 20 Sept.'
* After
insert 4 His will (99
16 Sept. 1631 and
Brookes
435
Brookes
tion which he retained until his death on
11 Nov. 1821. He acted for a time as assis-
tant master at the grammar school, but was
exceedingly unpopular with the boys, who
at times ejected him from the schoolroom,
struggling and shrieking out at the loudest
pitch of an unmelodious voice his uncompli-
mentary opinions of them as 'blockheads.'
He was an excellent scholar, and one of his
pupils, Dr. Joseph Allen, bishop of Ely, ,
frankly acknowledged, ' If it had not been for
Joshua Brookes, I should never have been a
fellow of Trinity ' — which proved the step-
ping-stone to the episcopal bench. Brookes
was a book collector ; but although he brought
together a large library, he was entirely de-
ficient in the finer instincts of the biblio-
maniac, and nothing could be more tasteless
than his fashion of illustrating his books i
with tawdry and worthless engravings. His
memory was prodigious. In his common talk
he spoke the broad dialect of the county, and
his uncouthness brought him frequently into
disputes with the townspeople. He would in-
terrupt the service of the church to administer
a rebuke or to box the ears of some unruly boy.
A caricature appeared in which he is repre-
sented as reading the burial service at a grave
and saying, ' And I heard a voice from heaven
saying — knock that black imp off the wall ! '
The artist was prosecuted and fined. Brookes's
peculiarities brought him into frequent con-
flict with his fellow-clergymen. As chaplain
of the Manchester collegiate church he bap-
tised, married, and buried more persons than
any clergyman in the kingdom. He is de-
scribed in Parkinson's ' Old Church Clock '
as the ' Rev. Joseph Rivers,' and he appears
under his own name in the ' Manchester Man '
of Mrs. G. Linnaeus Banks. In ' Blackwood's
Magazine ' for March 1821 appeared a < Brief
Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet,' and that
Brookes read it is evident from his annotated
copy, which is now in the Manchester Free
Library. The article was incorrectly attri-
buted to Mr. James Crossley, but is properly
assigned to Mr. Charles Wheeler.
In appearance he was diminutive and
corpulent ; he had bushy, meeting brows
(Parr styled him 'the gentleman with the
straw-coloured eyebrows '), a shrill voice, and
rapid utterance. He was careless and shabby
in his dress, except on Sundays, when he was
scrupulously clean and neat. His portrait,
from a drawing taken by Minasi a few weeks
before his death, has been engraved. His
general appearance gained him the nickname
of the ' Knave of Clubs,' though he was usually
styled ' St. Crispin.'
[Free Thoughts on many Subjects, by a Man-
chester Man (the Kev. Eobert Lamb), 'London,
1866, p. 122 ; Parkinson's Old Church Clock,
5th edition, with biographical sketch by John
Evans, Manchester, 1880; Churton's Life of
Nowell, pp. 200, 225 ; Booker's Hist, of Chorlton
Chapel (Chetham Society) ; an article by John
Harland in Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 568 ;
Smith's Manchester Grammar School Register
(Chetham Society), i. 109; Songs of the Wilsons,
edited by Harland, Manchester, 1865 ; Bamford's
Early Days, p. 292 ; Banks's Manchester Man,
1876, vol. iii. Appendix; Harland's Collectanea
(Chetham Society).] W. E. A. A.
BROOKES, JOSHUA (1761-1833), ana-
tomist, was born on 24 Nov. 1761, and studied
anatomy and surgery in London under Wil-
liam Hunter, Hewson, Andrew Marshall,
and Sheldon, afterwards attending the prac-
tice of Portal and other eminent surgeons at
the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Returning to London
he commenced to teach anatomy and form a
museum. He was an accurate anatomist
and excellent dissector, and prepared very
many of the specimens in his museum. He
invented a very useful method of preserving
subjects for his lectures and class dissections,
so as to preserve a healthy colour and arrest
decomposition. For this he was elected
F.R.S. His success as a teacher was so great
that in the course of forty years more than
five thousand pupils passed under his tuition
in anatomy and physiology. He was very
devoted to the formation of his museum,
which from first to last cost him 30,000/.,
and was second only to that of John Hunter.
It included a vast collection of specimens
illustrating human and comparative anatomy,
morbid and normal. His brother kept the cele-
brated menagerie in Exeter Change, and thus
Brookes easily obtained specimens. In 1826,
owing to ill-health brought on by constant
presence in the atmosphere of the dissecting-
room, he was compelled to leave off teaching ;
and at a dinner presided over by Dr. Pet-
tigrew he received from the hands of the
Duke of Sussex a marble bust of himself, sub-
scribed for by his pupils. After vainly en-
deavouring to dispose of his museum entire,
he was compelled to sell it piecemeal. The
final sale took place on 1 March 1830 and
twenty-two following days; but very little
was realised for Brookes's support in his old
age. He died 10 Jan. 1833, in Great Portland
Street, London.
His published writings include ' Lectures
on the Anatomy of the Ostrich ' (' Lancet,'
vol. xii.) ; ' Brookesian Museum,' 1827 ; ' Cata-
logue of Zootomical Collection,' 1828 ; 'Ad-
dress to the Zoological Club of the Linnean
Society,' 1828 ; ' Thoughts on Cholera,' 1831,
proposing most useful hygienic precautions,
especially as to the cleansing of the slums ;
p p 2
Brookes
436
Brooking
and a description of a new genus of Rodentia
(Trans. Linn. Soc., 1829).
[Museum Brookesianum, Descriptive and His-
torical Catalogue, 1830 ; Lancet, 19 Jan., 31 Aug.,
and 14 Dec. 1833; Memorials of J. F. South,
1884, pp. 103-6.]
BROOKES, RICHARD (/. 1750), phy-
sician and author, has left but slight memo-
rials of his life, except numerous compilations
and translations on medicine, surgery, natural
history, and geography, most of which went
through several editions. He was at one time
a rural practitioner in Surrey (Dedication of
Art of Angling). At some time previous to
1762 he had travelled both in America and
Africa (Preface to Natural History}. He
was an industrious compiler, especially from
continental writers, and his ' General Gazet-
teer ' supplied a manifest want. It has gone
through a great number of editions, the prin-
cipal recent editor being A. G. Findlay.
The following are Brookes's chief writings :
1. ' History of the most remarkable Pesti-
lential Distempers/ 1721. 2. 'The Art of
Angling, Rock and Sea Fishing, with the
Natural History of River, Pond, and Sea
Fish,' 1740. 3. 'The General Practice of
Physic,' 1751. 4. ' An Introduction to Physic
and Surgery/ 2 vols. 1754. 5. ' The General
Gazetteer/ 'London, 1762. 6. 'A System of
Natural History/ 6 vols. 1763. His prin-
cipal translations are ' The Natural History
of Chocolate/ from the French of Quelus,
2nd ed. 1730, and Duhalde's 'History of
China/ 4 vols. 1736.
[Brookes's works as above.] Gr. T. B.
BROOKFIELD, WILLIAM HENRY
(1809-1874), divine, was the son of Charles
Brookfield, a solicitor at Sheffield, where
he was born on 31 Aug. 1809. In 1827 he
was articled to a solicitor at Leeds, but
left this position to enter Trinity College,
Cambridge, in October 1829 (B.A. 1833,
and M.A. 1836). In 1834 he became tutor
to George William (afterwards fourth Lord)
Lyttelton (1817-1876). In December 1834
he was ordained to the curacy of Maltby in
Lincolnshire. He was afterwards curate at
Southampton, in 1840 of St. James's, Picca-
dilly, and in 1841 of St. Luke's, Berwick
Street. In 1841 he married Jane Octavia,
the youngest daughter of Sir Charles Elton
of Clevedon. The wife of Hallam the his-
torian was Sir C. Elton's sister. In 1848
Brookfield was appointed inspector of schools
by Lord Lansdowne. He held the post for
seventeen years, during part of which time
he was morning preacher at Berkeley Chapel,
Mayfair. On resigning his inspectorship he
became rector of Somerby-cum-Humby, near
Grantham. He was also reader at the Rolls
Chapel, and continued to reside chiefly in
London. In I860 he was appointed honorary
chaplain to the queen, and became afterwards
chaplain-in-ordinary. He died on 12 July
1874
Brookfield was an impressive preacher,
and attracted many cultivated hearers. His
sermons, which show no special theological
bias, have considerable literary merit. He
| had an original vein of humour, which made
I even his reports as a school inspector un-
usually amusing. He had extraordinary
powers of elocution and mimicry. As a
reader he was unsurpassable, and his college
friends describe his powers of amusing anec-
dote as astonishing. Dr. Thompson says that
he has seen a whole audience at one of these
displays stretched upon their backs by inex-
tinguishable laughter. He had the melan-
choly temperament often associated with
humour, and suffered from ill-health, which
in 1851 necessitated a voyage to Madeira.
He was known to all the most eminent men
of letters of his time, some of whom, especially
Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam, had
been his college friends. He was described
by his friend Thackeray as ' Frank White-
stock ' in the ' Curate's Walk/ and Lord
Tennyson contributes a sonnet to his memory
in the ' Memoir.' In the same memoir, written
by his old pupil and friend Lord Lyttelton,
will be found letters from Carlyle, Sir Henry
Taylor, Mr. Kinglake, James Spedding, Dr..
Thompson (master of Trinity College), Mrs.
Ritchie, and others.
[Sermons with Memoir, by Lord Lyttelton,.
1874.]
BROOKING, CHARLES (1723-1759),
marine painter, was 'bred in some depart-
ment in the dockyard at Deptford, but prac-
tised as a ship painter, in which he certainly
excelled all his countrymen.' This is the
account given by Edwards of a painter of
whom now there is little to be known. He-
was a friend of Dominic Serres. An anec-
dote told by that artist to Edwards shows
that Brooking, like many painters then and
now, was in the hands of dealers. They
would not allow him to sign his works, and
through that prohibition it happened that he
found a private patron only when patronage
could do him no good. 'He painted sea-
views and sea-fights, which showed an ex-
tensive knowledge of naval tactics; his
colour was bright and clear, his water pel-
lucid, his manner broad and spirited.' By his
death, according to the opinion of his time,
a painter was lost who promised to stand in
the highest rank. In the Foundling Hospital
Brooks
437
Brooks
a fine picture of his is preserved. Godfrey,
Ravenet, Canot, and Boydell have engraved
his works. He owed his death to his doctor,
and was slain, in his thirty-sixth year, by
'injudicious medical advice, given to remove
a perpetual headache.' He left his family
destitute.
[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Works of
Edward Dayes; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists of
Eng. School; Bryan's Diet, of Painters, ed.
Graves.] E. E.
BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM
SHIRLEY (1816-1874), editor of ' Punch,'
was the son of William Brooks, architect,
who died on 11 Dec. 1867, aged 80, by his
wife Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Wil-
liam Sabine of Islington. He was born at
52 Doughty Street, London, 29 April 1816,
and after his earlier education was articled,
on 24 April 1832, to his uncle, Mr. Charles
Sabine of Oswestry, for the term of five
years, and passed the Incorporated Law
Society's examination in November 1838,
but there is no record of his ever having
become a solicitor; for the natural bent of
his genius impelled him, like Dickens and
Disraeli, to lighter studies, and he forsook
law for literature.
During five sessions he occupied a seat in
the reporters' gallery of the House of Com-
mons, as the writer of the parliamentary
summary in the 'Morning Chronicle.' In
1853 he was sent by that journal as special
commissioner to inquire into the questions
connected with the subject of labour and
the poor in Russia, Syria, and Egypt. His
pleasant letters from these countries were
afterwards collected and published in the
sixth volume of the f Travellers' Library,'
under the title of the ' Russians of the South.'
In early times, 1842, he signed his articles
which were appearing in ' Ainsworth's Maga-
zine ' Charles W. Brooks. His second lite-
rary signature was C. Shirley Brooks, and
finally he became Shirley Brooks. His full
Christian names were Charles William Shir-
ley, the latter being an old name in the
family. His first magazine papers, among
which were 'A Lounge in the (Eil de
Bceuf,' 'An Excursion of some English
Actors to China,' ' Cousin Emily,' and ' The
Shrift on the Rail,' brought him into com-
munication with Harrison Ainsworth, Laman
Blanchard, and other well-known men, and
he soon became the centre of a strong muster
of literary friends, who found pleasure in his
wit and social qualities. As a dramatist
he frequently achieved considerable success,
without, however, once making any ambi-
tious effort — such, for example, as producing
a five-act comedy. His original drama, ' The
Creole, or Love's Fetters,' was produced at the
Lyceum 8 April 1847 with marked applause.
A lighter piece, entitled ' Anything for a
Change,' was brought out at the same house
7 June 1848. Two years afterwards, 5 Aug.
1850, his two-act drama, the ' Daughter of the
Stars,' was acted at the New Strand Theatre.
The exhibition of 1851 gave occasion for his
writing l The Exposition : a Scandinavian
Sketch, containing as much irrelevant matter
as possible in one act,' which was produced
at the Strand on 28 April in that year.
In association with John Oxenford, he sup-
plied to the Olympic, 26 Dec. 1861, an extra-
vaganza, which had the sensational heading
1 Timour the Tartar, or the Iron Master of
Samarkand,' the explanatory letterpress sig-
nificantly stating that a trifling lapse be-
tween the year 1361 and the year 1861 occa-
sionally occurs. Amongst his other dramatic
pieces may be mentioned the ' Guardian
Angel,' a farce, the ' Lowther Arcade,'
' Honours and Tricks,' and ' Our New Go-
verness/
Brooks was in his earlier days a contribu-
tor to many of the best periodicals. He was
a leader writer on the ( Illustrated London
News,' to which journal at a later period he
furnished a weekly article under the name
of ' Nothing in the Papers.' He conducted
the 'Literary Gazette' 1858-9, and edited
' Home News ' after the death of Robert Bell
in 1867. To a volume edited by Albert Smith
in 1849, called ' Gavarni in London,' he fur-
nished three sketches— ' The Opera,' 'The
Coulisse,' and ' The Foreign Gentleman; ' and
in companionship with Angus B. Reach he
published ' A Story with a Vengeance ' in
1852. At thirty-eight years of age he began to
assert his claim to consideration as a popular
novelist by writing ' Aspen Court : a Story
of our own Time.' Conscious, as he must
have been, of his first success of a substan-
tial kind as an imaginative writer, he never-
theless allowed five years to elapse before he
made his second venture as a novelist. He
did so then as the author of a new serial
fiction, the ' Gordian Knot,' in January 1858 ;
but this work, although illustrated by J.
Tenniel, and consisting of twelve numbers
only, remained unfinished for upwards of
two years.
The most important and interesting event
in Shirley Brooks's life was his connection
with ' Punch,' which took place in 1851. He
made use of the name ' Epicurus Rotundus '
as the signature to his articles. From this
period to his decease he was a contributor
to the columns of that periodical, and in 1870
he succeeded Mark Lemon as editor. One of
Brooks
438
Brooks
his best known series of articles was ' The
Essence of Parliament/ a style of writing for
which he was peculiarly fitted by his previous
training in connection with the 'Morning
Chronicle.'
On 14 March 1872 Brooks was elected a
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He was
always a hard and industrious worker, and
the four years during which he acted as editor
of * Punch ' formed no exception to the rule.
Death found him in the midst of his books
and papers working cheerfully amongst his
family. Two articles, 'Election Epigrams'
and 'The Situation/ were written on his
death-bed, and before they were published he
was dead.
He died at 6 Kent Terrace, Regent's Park,
London, on 23 Feb. 1874, and was buried in
Norwood Green cemetery on 28 Feb.
He married Emily Margaret, daughter of
Dr. William Walkinshaw of Naparima,
Trinidad. She was granted a civil list pension
of 100/. on 19 June 1876, and died on 14 May
1880.
The works by Brooks not already men-
tioned are: 1. 'Amusing Poetry/ 1857.
2. ' The Silver Cord, a Story/ 1861, 3 vols.
3. ' Follies of the Year/ by J. Leech, with
notes by S. Brooks, 1866. 4. 'Sooner or
Later/ with illustrations by G. Du Maurier,
1866-68, 3 vols. 5. 'The Naggletons and
Miss Violet, and her Offer/ 1875. 6. 'Wit
and Humour, Poems from " Punch," ' edited
ly his son, Reginald Shirley Brooks, 1875.
[Illustrated Review (1872), iii. 545-50, with
portrait ; Cartoon Portraits of Men of the Day,
1873, pp. 128-33, with portrait; Gent. Mag.
(1874), xii. 561-9, by Blanchard Jerrold ; Il-
lustrated London News (1874), Ixiv. 223, 225,
with portrait; Graphic (1874), ix. 218, 229,
with portrait; Yates's Recollections (1884), i.
158, ii. 143-9.] G. C. B.
BROOKS, FERDINAND. [See GKEEN,
HUGH.]
BROOKS, GABRIEL (1704-1741), calli-
grapher, born in 1704, was apprenticed to
Dennis Sjnith, a writing-master ' in Castle
Street in the Park, Southwark/ and kept a
day school in Burr Street, Wapping, until
his death in 1741. Dennis Smith's widow
married a supposed relation of his, William
Brooks, who in 1717, when only twenty-one
years old, published a work entitled 'A De-
lightful Recreation.' Very little remains of
Brooks's skill in penmanship — only a few
plates scattered through that rare folio work
on calligraphy entitled 'The Universal Pen-
man, or the Art of Writing made useful
written with the assistance of several of
the most eminent Masters, and Engraved by
George Bickham/ London, 1741. These
elegantly executed plates (nine in all) con-
sist of No. 29, ' Idleness ; ' 33, ' Discretion ; '
38, ' Modesty : ' 66, 'Musick ; ' No. 2 after 66,
' To the Author of the Tragedy of Cato ; '
68, 'Painting; ' No. 1 after 68, ' On Sculp-
ture ' (signed A.D. 1737) ; one unnumbered,
' Liberty ; ' and one on ' Credit ' in the second
part of the work relating to merchandise and
trade.
[Massey's Origin of Letters ; Moore's Inven-
tion of Writing; Bickham's Universal Penman.]
J. W.-G.
BROOKS, JAMES (1512-1560), bishop
of Gloucester, born in Hampshire in May 1512,
was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, in 1528, and a fellow in
January 1531-2, being then B.A. After
graduating M.A. he studied divinity and
was created D.D. in 1546. In the following
year he became master of Balliol College.
He was chaplain and almoner to Bishop
Gardiner (STRYPE, Cranmer, 310, 374, fol.),
and after Queen Mary's accession he was
elected bishop of Gloucester, in succession
to John Hooper, at whose trial he assisted
(STEYPE, Eccl Memorials, iii. 180, fol.) He
was consecrated in St. Saviour's Church,
Southwark, on 1 April, and received resti-
tution of the temporalities on 8 May 1554
(LsNEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 437). In 1555
he was delegated by the pope to examine
and try Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer ; and
in 1557-8 Cardinal Pole appointed him his
commissioner to visit the university of Ox-
ford (STEYPE, Eccl. Memorials, iii. 391, fol.)
On Queen Elizabeth's accession he was de-
prived of his see for refusing to take the oath
of supremacy, and was committed to prison,
where he died in the beginning of February
1 559-60 (DoDD, Church Hut. i. 499). He was
buried in Gloucester Cathedral, but no monu-
ment was erected to his memory. Wood de-
scribes him as ' a person very learned in the
time he lived, an eloquent preacher, and a
zealous maintainer of the Roman catholic re-
ligion' (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 315), but
Bishop Jewel says he was ' a beast of most
impure life, and yet more impure conscience '
(Letter to Peter Martyr, 20 March 1559-60).
His works are: 1. 'A Sermon, very
notable, fruictefull, and godlie, made at
Panics Crosse, the xii. daie of Nouembre in
the first yere of Quene Marie/ Lond. 1553,
8vo, ' newly imprinted and somewhat aug-
mented/ 1554. His text was Matt. ix. 18,
' Lord, my daughter is even now deceased/
These words he applied to the kingdom and
church of England, upon their late defection
from the pope, but the protestants censured
Brooks
439
Brooks
the sermon, saying that he had made himself
to be Jairus, England his daughter, and the
queen Christ (STKYPE, EccL Memorials, iii.
74, fol.) 2. Oration in St. Mary's Church,
Oxford, on 12 March 1555, addressed to Arch-
bishop Cranmer. 3. Oration at the close of
Archbishop Cranmer's examination. These
two orations are printed in Foxe's 'Acts and
Monuments.'
[Ames's Ty pogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 829 ; Cotton.
MS. Vespasian, A, xxv. 13 ; Cranmer's "Works
(Cox), ii. 212, 214, 225, 383, 446, 447, 454, 455,
456, 541 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 498 ; Foxe's
Acts and Monuments; Godwin, De Prsesulibus
(Richardson), 552 ; Jewell's Works (Ayre), iv.
1199, 1201; Lansd. MS. 980, f. 250; Latimer's
Works (Corrie), ii. 283 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy),
i. 437, iii. 540 ; Machyn's Diary, 58 ; Philpot's
Examinations and Writings (Eden), p. xxviii ;
Kidley's Works (Christmas), pp. xii, 255, 283,
427; Rudder's Gloucestershire, 156; Rymer's
Foedera (1713), xv. 389, 489; Strype's Works (see
general index) ; Wood's Annals (Gutch), ii. 130-
131; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 3 1 4, ii . 79 1 ;
Zurich Letters, i. 12.] T. C.
BROOKS, JOHN (ft. 1755), engraver, was
a native of Ireland, and his first known work
was executed in line-engraving at Dublin in
1730. The skill and industry of Brooks in his
early years appeared in a copy which he made
in pen and ink from a plate of Richard III
by Hogarth, who is said to have mistaken
it for his own engraving. The earliest en-
rved portrait of Mrs. Woffington is that
Brooks, and bears the date of June 1740.
Between 1741 and 1746 Brooks produced at
Dublin several mezzotinto portraits and en-
gravings. About 1747 he settled in Lon-
don, and engaged in the management of a
manufactory at Battersea for the enamelling
of china in colours by a process which he
had devised. The articles produced were or-
namented with subjects chiefly from Homer
and Ovid, and were greatly admired for the
beauty of the designs and the elegance and
novelty of the style in which they were exe-
cuted. The manufactory was for a time suc-
cessful, but led eventually to the bankruptcy
of its chief proprietor, Stephen Theodore
Janssen, lord mayor of London for 1754-5.
Brooks continued in London as an engraver
and enameller of china. He is said to have
spent much of his later years in dissipation,
and there are no records of his works during
that period, or of the date of his death. Some
of the pupils of Brooks highly distinguished
themselves as engravers in mezzotinto.
Among them was James MacArdell, one of
the most eminent masters of that art. A
catalogue of the works of Brooks was for
the first time published some years since by
the writer of the present notice, and to it
some additions were made in 1878 in the
work by J. C. Smith on British mezzotinto
portraits.
[Dublin Journal, 1742-6; Anthologia Hiber-
nica, 1793 ; Hist, of Dublin, 1856.] J. T. G.
BROOKS, THOMAS (1608-1680), puri-
tan divine, was probably of a pious puritan
family settled in some rural district. He
matriculated as pensioner of Emmanuel on
7 July 1625. He was doubtless licensed or
ordained as a preacher of the gospel about
1640. In 1648 he was preacher at St. Thomas
Apostle. At an earlier date Brooks appears
to have been chaplain to Rainsborough, the
admiral of the parliamentary fleet ; he was
afterwards chaplain to the admiral's own
son, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough, whose
funeral sermon he preached in November
1648. In the same year (26 Dec.) he preached
a sermon before the House of Commons, and
a second sermon to the Commons on 8 Oct.
1650. In 1652-3 he was transferred to St.
Margaret's, Fish-street Hill. There he met
with some opposition, which occasioned his
tract, * Cases considered and resolved ; . . .
or Pills to purge Malignaiits,' 1653, and in
the same year he published his ' Precious
Remedies.' In 1662 he was one of the ejected.
After preaching his farewell sermon (an
analysis of which is in Palmer's ' Memorial ')
in 1662, he continued his ministry in a build-
ing in Moorfields. In the plague year he was
at his post, and published his ' Heavenly Cor-
dial ' for such as had escaped. The extreme
rarity of this little volume is said to be owing
to the great fire of London, which destroyed
the entire stock of so many books. His
thoughts on this ( fiery dispensation ' are re-
corded in his * London's Lamentations/ pub-
lished in 1670. Baxter mentions Brooks
respectfully as one of the independent minis-
ters who held their meetings more publicly
after the fire of London than before. About
1676 his first wife died, and he published an
account of her l experiences,' with a funeral
sermon preached by a friend. Shortly after-
wards he married a young woman named
Cartwright. His will is dated 20 March 1680.
He died on 27 Sept., aged 72. A copy of his
funeral sermon, by John Reeve, dated 1680,
is in Dr. Williams's library.
More than fifty editions of several of his
books have been published. The Religious
Tract Society long continued to reprint some
of Brooks's writings ; the greater part of his
smaller pieces were also constantly kept in
stock by the Book Society. Dr. Grosart's
notes on the early editions contain much in-
formation. The first editions are as follows :
Brookshaw
440
Broom
- 1. ' The Glorious Day of the Saints/ a funeral
sermon for Colonel Rainsborough, 1648
- 2. ' God's Delight in the Upright/ a sermon
to the House of Commons, 1648-9. 3. 'The
/ Hypocrite detected/ thanksgiving sermon
for victory at Dunbar, 1650. 4. 'A Be-
liever's Last Day his Best Day/ a funeral
sermon for Martha Randall, 1651-2. 5. 'Pre-
cious Remedies against Satan's Devices/
1652. 6. 'Cases considered and resolved/
1652-3. 7. 'Heaven on Earth' (on assur-
ance), 1654. 8. 'Unsearchable Riches oi
Christ/ 1655. 9. ' Apples of Gold/ funeral
J sermon for Jo. Wood, 1657. 10. ' String of
v Pearls/ funeral sermon for Mary Blake, 1657.
11. 'The Silent Soul, or Mute Christian
under the Smarting Rod/ 1659. 12. ' An
Arke for all God's Noahs/ 1662. 13. ' The
Crown and Glory of Christianity/ 1662.
14. 'The Privie Key of Heaven/ 1665.
15. 'A Heavenly Cordial/ for the plague,
1665. 16. 'A Cabinet of Choice Jewels/
1669. 17. 'London's Lamentations' (on the
great fire), 1670. 18. ' A Golden Key ' and
' Paradise opened/ 1675. Besides these
Brooks wrote epistles prefixed to Susannah
Bell's ' Legacy of a Dying Mother/ 1673 ; to
Dr. Everard's 'Gospel Treasury/ 1652; to
the works of Dr. Thomas Taylor, 1653 ; and
to John Durant's ' Altum Silentium/ 1659 ;
also the ' Experiences of Mrs. Martha Brooks/
wife to Thomas Brooks, appended to her
funeral sermon by J. C. (Dr. John Collinges,
of Norwich?), 1676. To this Brooks added
notes. Some select works of Brooks were
published under the editorship of the Rev.
Charles Bradley in 1824 ; the ' Unsearchable
Riches ' was included in Ward's Standard
Library. The best of his sayings have been
printed in ' Smooth Stones taken from An-
cient Brooks/ by the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon.
The complete works of Thomas Brooks,
edited with a memoir by the Rev. A. B.
Grosart, were printed at Edinburgh in 1866
in six volumes octavo. In his ' Descriptive
List ' John Brown reserves a select place for
Brooks's works, as among the best of the
nonconformists' writings. His works abound
in classical quotations in Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin. It is said there was a printed
catalogue of Brooks's library issued for the
sale, but no copy of it can be traced.
[Calamy's Nonconformists' Memorial, vol. i.,
1802; Eeeves's Funeral Sermon for Thomas
Brooks, 1680; Descriptive List of Religious Books,
by John Brown of Whitburn, 1827; G-rosart's
Memoir and Notes in Brooks's Collected Works,
J. H. T.
BROOKSHAW, RICHARD (/. 1804),
mezzotint engraver, was for some years chiefly
employed at low remuneration in engrav-
ing reduced copies from popular prints by
MacArdell, Watson, and others ; then going
to Paris he established himself in the ' Rue
de Tournon, vis-a-vis 1'Hotel de Nivernois,
chez le Bourrelier/ and in 1773 published a
pair of portraits of the dauphin, afterwards
Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. These
proved so popular that Brookshaw made at
least five repetitions of them of different sizes.
His talents were highly appreciated in France,
and during his residence there he produced
some excellent plates, which are now scarce.
Whether he returned, at any time, to England
is not known, neither is the place or date
of his death ; the latest record of him are
some plates in the ' Pomona Britannica/ pub-
lished in 1804. His best works published in
France were the above-mentioned portraits,
and those of the Duke of Orleans, the Coun-
tess d'Artois, and the Countess de Provence.
Among those engraved in England are ' Christ
on the Cross/ after A. van Dyck (1771) ;
'Thunderstorm at Sea/ after H. Kobell
(1770) ; ' The Jovial Gamesters/ after A. van
Ostade ; portraits of Miss Greenfield (1767)
and Miss Emma Crewe and her sister, after
Sir Joshua Reynolds.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878.] L. F.
BROOM, HERBERT (1815-1882), writer
on law, born at Kidderminster in 1815, was
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated as a wrangler in 1837.
He proceeded LL.D. in 1864. He was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple in Michaelmas
term 1840, and practised on the home circuit.
For a considerable period he occupied the
post of reader of common law at the Inner
Temple. He died at the Priory, Orpington,
Kent, on 2 May 1882. He was the author
of several works on different branches of law,
among which ' Legal Maxims/ first published
in 1845, obtained a wide circulation as an
established text-book for students. A fifth
edition appeared in 1870. Of his other works
the principal are : 1. 'Practical Rules for de-
termining Parties to Actions/ 1843. 2. 'Prac-
tice of Superior Courts/ 1850. 3. ' Practice
of County Courts/ 1852. 4. 'Commentaries
on the Common Law/ 1856. 5. ' Constitu-
tional Law viewed in relation to Common
Law and exemplified by Cases/ 1st edition
1866 ; 2nd edition 1885. 6. ' Commentaries
on the Laws of England ' (with E. Hadley),
1869. 7. 'Philosophy of Law; Notes of
Lectures/ 1876-8. He was also the author
of two novels, ' The Missing Will/ 1877, and
The Unjust Steward/ 1879.
[Law Journal, xvii. 260 ; Solicitors' Journal,
xxvi. 453.] T. F. H.
Broome
441
Broome
BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745),
the son of a poor farmer, was born at Has-
lington in Cheshire, where he was bap-
tised on 3 May 1689. He was educated at
Eton, and is said to have been captain of
the school for a whole year, vainly waiting
for a scholarship to take him to King's Col-
lege, Cambridge. At last, in 1708, he was
admitted a subsizar of St. John's College,
being sent by the kindness of friends. At
college he obtained a small exhibition.
Among his Cambridge contemporaries he
associated with Cornelius Ford and with
the Hon. Charles Cornwallis, both of them
valuable friends whom he retained through
life. The former has related that Broome
was very shy and clumsy as an undergra-
duate, but that he versified so readily that
he became known in college as ' the Poet.'
At the age of twenty-three Broome ap-
peared before the world as a writer. He
contributed some very poor verses, modelled
on Pope's pieces, to 'Lintot's Miscellany'
in 1712, and in the same year was published
the prose translation of the ' Iliad ' by Ozell,
Oldisworth, and Broome. It was as an ex-
cellent Greek scholar, as a translator of
Homer, and as a great admirer of Pope, that
he was introduced to the latter in 1714, at
the house of Sir John Cotton, at Madingley,
near Cambridge. Pope at once perceived
that Broome was a man calculated to be of
service to him in his Homeric undertaking,
and on returning to London he began that
correspondence with him which lasted with-
out intermission for fourteen years, and with
intervals for more than twenty. Broome
would be entirely forgotten were it not for
his connection with Pope's 'Homer.' The
first labour which Pope set him was to read
and condense the notes of Eustathius, an
archbishop of Thessalonica, who had anno-
tated Homer in the eleventh century. The
crabbed Greek of this commentator baffled
Pope, who was far inferior to Broome as
a scholar. In November 1714 Pope set
Broome on this work, which proved ex-
ceedingly tedious, but was admirably car-
ried out by him. There had been no terms
agreed upon for these notes, and when
Pope approached the subject of payment,
Broome, who was pleased to put the poet
urider an obligation, refused to be paid. He
was, in fact, well-to-do, having had the ex-
cellent living of Sturston in Suffolk given to
him by his friend Cornwallis. He married
Mrs. Elizabeth Clarke, a wealthy widow, on
22 July 1726, and for the rest of his life he
enjoyed something like opulence. He had
now become acquainted with Elijah Fenton,
a man somewhat older than himself, of simi-
lar tastes and perhaps equal talents, in-
fatuated like himself with admiration for
Pope. According to one story, Broome and
Fenton had been encouraged by the success
| of Pope's * Iliad ' to begin a verse-translation
I of the ' Odyssey ; ' but it seems more pro-
| bable that the latter scheme was started by
[ Pope. At all events, there is no doubt that in
1722 Pope proposed to the two friends to join
him in this work as journeymen labourers.
; The history of this famous co-operation, the
close of which was marked by Broome's
poetical epistle to Pope appended in 1726 to
the final note in the ' Odyssey,' is to be found
i at length in the correspondence of Pope.
Broome was embittered by the scandalous
reports which were published on the subject,
'! and was easily persuaded that the 5707.
I which he had himself received for his share
j of the work was an insufficient sum.
In the meantime Broome had been active
j as a writer. In 1723 he published a ' Coro-
: nation Sermon,' and a prologue to Fenton's
tragedy of ' Mariamne,' and in 1726 he col-
lected his ( Poems on Several Occasions '
(March 1727), a second edition of which ap-
peared in 1739. For the copyright of this
| volume Lintot was persuaded by Pope to
, give Broome 351. Broome was unfortunate
in his children. His eldest daughter, Anne
(b. 1 Oct. 1718), died in October 1723, and
he dedicated to her memory the ode entitled
1 Melancholy,' certain lines of which seem to
have been noticed by Gray. His other
daughter died at the age of two years in
March 1725. Broome was left childless and
in deep dejection, but on 16 March 1726 he
was cheered by the birth of a son, Charles
John, who survived him.
In 1728 Broome's anger against Pope became
so much embittered that he almost ceased to
write to him. He ceased at the same time
to make any effort in literature, for, as he
said in 1735, when he again made advances
to Pope, ' you were my poetical sun, and
since your influence has been intercepted by
the interposition of some dark body, I have
never thought the soil worth cultivating,
but resigned it up to sterility.' To this he
was doubtless further impelled by the death
of his most intimate literary friends, Fenton
in 1730 and Ford in 1731, both of whom had
been his frequent guests in the remote par-
sonage of Sturston. In April 1728 he had
been made LL.D., on occasion of the king's
visit to Cambridge, and in September of the
same year he was presented to the living of
Pulham in Norfolk, which he held with
Sturston. He afterwards received from his
loyal patron, now become the first earl Corn-
wallis, two Suffolk livings, the rectory of
Oakley Magna and the vicarage of Eye,
whereupon he resigned Sturston and Pulham.
He was also chaplain to Lord Cornwallis,
who attempted, but without success, to ob-
tain him promotion in the church.
Pope had been annoyed by popular exag-
geration of the part Broome had enjoyed m
the preparation of the « Odyssey.' Henley
had given expression to this scandal in a
stinging couplet :
Pope came off clean with Homer ; but they say
Broome went before, and kindly swept the way.
Pope thought that Broome should have posi-
tively denied this vague indictment of Pope s
originality, and when he was silent he re-
venged himself meanly by a line in the
' Dunciad : '
Hibernian politics, 0 Swift, thy doom,
And Pope's, translating four whole years with
Broome.
After several editions of the ' Dunciad ' had
appeared, Broome, in September 1735, broke
his long silence by writing an obsequious
letter to Pope, not mentioning the imperti-
nent line, but intended to suggest that by-
gones should be bygones. Pope altered the
line to
thy fate,
And Pope's, ten years to comment and translate.
Pope, however, found Broome exacting and
tiresome, and allowed the correspondence to
lapse once more. Broome only appeared in
public on one more occasion, with an ' Assize
Sermon ' in 1737. In his later years he
amused himself by translating Anacreon for
the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' He died at
Bath on 16 Nov. 1745, and was buried in
the abbey church. He was exactly a year
younger than Pope, and he outlived him
about the same length of time. His only
son, Charles John Broome, died at Cam-
bridge, as an undergraduate, in December
1747, and, in accordance with the poet's will,
his property reverted to Lord Cornwallis.
Broome was a smooth versifier, without a
spark of originality. His style was founded
upon Pope's so closely that some of what he
thought were his original pieces are mere
centos of Pope. He was therefore able, like
Fenton, but even to a greater extent, to re-
produce the style of Pope with marvellous
exactitude in translating the * Odyssey.' Of
that work the eighth, eleventh, twelfth, six-
teenth, eighteenth, and twenty-third books,
as well as all the notes, are Broorne's. His
early rudeness of manner gave way to a style
_r_ i . i. _i • _ -A it' i . .
not one has remained in the memory of the
most industrious reader, and he owes the
survival of his name entirely to his collabo-
ration with Pope.
[Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of Broome in
his Lives of the Poets. A short life was pub-
lished by T. W. Barlow. In Elwin and Court-
hope's Pope's Correspondence will be found a
minute account of Broome's relations with the
poet, and the text of the letters which passed
between them.] E. Gr.
BROOMFIELD, MATTHEW (fl. 1550),
was a Welsh poet. His poems are preserved
in manuscript in the collections of the Cymm-
rodorion Society and of the Welsh School,
both in the British Museum.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. : Williams's Dictionary of
Eminent Welshmen ; Dept. of MSS., British Mu-
seum.] A. M.
BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824),
enthusiast, was born on 25 Dec. 1757 at
Placentia, Newfoundland. His father was
a gunner. He had several brothers and a
sister still living in Newfoundland in 1826.
At the time of his public appearance he had,
according to his own statement, no relatives
in England. He came to England when
young, and was partly educated at Wool-
wich. At the age of fourteen he entered the
royal navy as midshipman on board the Ocean ;
as master's mate he served under Admiral
Keppel in the engagement off Ushant. Next
year he was' transferred to the Union, and
in 1781 to the St. Albans, a 64-gun ship,
despatched in June 1781 to the West Indies,
where he was in the engagement between
Admiral Rodney and Comte de Grasse. He
became lieutenant with seniority of 3 Jan.
1783, and was discharged to half-pay (54/.
a year) from the St. Albans on 28 July 1783
at Portsmouth. After leaving the service
he visited France, Spain, and Italy. On
6 June 1786 he married, at Wrenbury, near
Nantwich, Elizabeth Hassall. He soon
ceased 'to live with her. The story current
among the representatives of his friend Fin-
layson is that he joined his ship on his way
from church after the ceremony, and, return-
ing a few years later, found his faithless wife
already the mother of children. In September
1787 Brothers came to London. Here he lived
very quietly on a vegetarian diet, and wor-
shipped at Long Acre chapel or at a baptist
chapel in the Adelphi. He continued to draw
his half-pay till 1789. An objection to the
oath required as a qualification for receiving
pay led him to address, on 9 Sept. 1790, a
of almost obsequious suavity, and his letters, ! letter to Philip Stephens (afterwards Sir P.
though ingenious and graceful, do not give ' Stephens) of the admiralty, which appeared at
an impression of sincerity. Of his own poems I the time in the ' Public Advertiser.' Brothers
Brothers
443
Brothers
argued so forcibly against the word ' volun-
tarily' occurring in a compulsory oath, that
Pitt had it removed from the form. But
the entire exemption from the oath, sought
by Brothers, was not granted. In January
1791 he lived in the open country for eight
days. On Thursday, 25 Aug. 1791, his land-
lady, Mrs. S. Green of Dartmouth Street,
Westminster, came before the governors of
the poor for the parishes of St. Margaret
and St. John the Evangelist, and said her
lodger would not take the oath and draw his
pay, and hence owed her about 33/. Brothers
was examined before the board on 1 Sept.,
and stated that two years before he had re-
signed his majesty's service on the ground
that a military life is totally repugnant to
Christianity. He was taken into the work-
house, and an arrangement made by which,
without his making oath, his pay was re-
ceived by the governors as his agents. The
idea that he was charged with a commission
from the Almighty grew upon him. About
the end of February 1792 he left the house
and took a lodging in Soho. On 12 May
1792 he wrote to the king, the ministry, and
the speaker, saying that God commanded
him to go to the House of Commons on the
17th and inform the members that the time
was come for the fulfilment of Dan. vii. He
followed this up in July by letters to the
king, queen, and ministry, containing pro-
phecies with some hits and some misses ; his
best guesses at this time being his predic-
tions of the violent deaths of the king of
Sweden and Louis XVI. He got into fresh
difficulties through not drawing his pay. He
was eight days in a spcnging-house, and eight
weeks in Newgate, from failure to meet his
note of hand for 70/. to his Soho landlady.
At length he signed a power of attorney for
his pay, striking out the words ' our sove-
reign lord ' the king, as blasphemous. Get-
ting free at the latter end of November 1792,
he made up his mind to resist his call. He
tells how he started at eight o'clock from
Hyde Park Corner, carrying a rod cut from
a wild-rose bush by divine command some
months before, and meaning to walk to
Bristol, ' and from thence leave England for
ever ; with a firm resolution also never to
harve anything to do with prophesying.' He
walked some sixteen miles on the Bristol
lioad, and then flung away his rod, wishing
never to behold it again. When he had got
about ten miles further, he felt himself sud-
denly turned round and bidden to return and
wait the Almighty's time. On his way back
he was forcibly led to the rejected rod, ' and
made take it up.' In 1793 he described him-
self as ' nephew of the Almighty,' a relation-
ship which seems obscure ; but Halhed sub-
sequently explained it as meaning a descent
from one of the brethren or sisters of our
Lord. Towards the end of 1794 he began to
print his interpretations of prophecy, his first
production being ' A Revealed Knowledge of
! the Prophecies and Times,' in two successive
' books. His mind was exercised upon the
i problem of the fate of the Jews of the dis-
j persion, whom he believed to be largely hid-
i den among the various nations of Europe.
Brothers believed himself to be a descendant
of David ; on 19 Nov. 1795 he was to be ' re-
vealed ' as prince of the Hebrews and ruler
of the world ; in 1798 the rebuilding of Jeru-
salem was to begin. On Wednesday, 4 March
1795, Brothers was arrested at 57 Padding-
ton Street, by two king's messengers, with a
warrant, dated 2 March, from the Duke of
Portland, for treasonable practices. He was
examined next day before the privy council.
He testifies to the courtesy of his examiners,
but bitterly complains that after three weeks'
confinement he was ' surreptitiously con-
demned ' on 27 March, without hearing evi-
dence in his favour, as a criminal lunatic.
Gillray brought out a remarkable caricature
on the very day of his examination (5 March),
identifying Brothers with the whig party ;
and another on 4 June, not so well known.
The press teemed with the l testimonies ' of
disciples. In the House of Commons Natha-
niel Brassey Halhed, M.P. for Lymington,
an oriental traveller and scholar, moved on
Tuesday, 31 March, that Brothers' l Revealed
Knowledge ' be laid before the house. Bro-
thers had claimed that immediately on his
being ' revealed in London to the Hebrews
as their prince,' King George must deliver up
his crown to him. No one seconded the mo-
tion. Halhed, on Tuesday, 21 April, moved
that a copy of the warrant for apprehending
Brothers be laid before the house. This
likewise was not seconded; but on 4 May
Brothers was removed from confinement as
a criminal lunatic, and placed, by order from
Lord-chancellor Loughborough, in a private
asylum under Dr. Simmons at Fisher House,
Islington. Here he employed himself in
writing prophetic pamphlets. Among his
disciples, Brothers set most store by the tes-
timonies of John Wright and William Bryan,
a Bristol druggist, at one time a quaker;
but he had gained over Halhed (whom he
offered to make ' governor of India or presi-
dent of the board of controul ') as early as
the beginning of January 1795. William
Sharp, the engraver, was so fully persuaded
of the claims of Brothers that in 1795 he
engraved two plates of his portrait; each
plate bears an inscription : ' Fully believing
Brothers
444
Brothers
this to be the Man whom God has appointed,
I engrave his likeness. William Sharp.'
Sharp came afterwards to discredit Bryan as
a deceiver, and eventually attached himself
to Joanna Southcott. The flush of admiring
pamphlets naturally ceased when 1795 came
to an end. Even Halhed seems to have de-
serted his protege. But Brothers continued
to write at intervals. Apart from his leading
craze there is not much interest in his writ-
ings. It may be noted as an odd coinci-
dence that he follows Servetus in applying
to himself Dan. xii. 1. His doctrine of the
inner light is essentially that of the early
quakers. In the spring of 1797 Frances
Cott, daughter of an Essex clergyman, was
placed in the Islington asylum. She was
not there long, but long enough for poor
Brothers to fall in love with her. A fort-
night after her removal it was revealed to
him that this young lady was his destined
queen. Unfortunately, within a year she
married some one else. Brothers owed his
release from the asylum to the persistent
exertions of the most faithful of all his dis-
ciples, John Finlayson [q. v.J, who at Bro-
thers's suggestion spelled his name Finleyson,
a Scotch writer, originally of Cupar-Fife, and j
afterwards of Edinburgh. In the summer of j
1797 the report of Brothers's grievances acted
on him as a divine summons to give up what •
he calls ' an extensive and lucrative practice j
of the law at one of the bars of the Scotch |
courts.' Early in the following year he
repaired to London. Here he contrived to
enter into ' a secret correspondence ' with
Brothers, whose writings in confinement he
saw through the press ; and when Hanchett,
a draughtsman, declined to prepare Brothers's
plans for the New Jerusalem, Finlayson,
' though totally unacquainted with the art,' j
executed the work, and got the plans en- j
graved ' at an expense of upwards of 1,200/.'
When Pitt died (23 Jan. 1806) Finlayson
thought the moment opportune for the re-
lease of Brothers. He besieged the autho-
rities, and waiting upon Grenville, the new
prime minister, he got the warrant for high
treason withdrawn. A petition for his libe-
ration, backed by seven affidavits of his sanity,
was heard before Lord-chancellor Erskine
on 14 April 1806. Erskine ordered his im- !
mediate release, but would not supersede the ;
verdict of lunacy, begging Finlayson, l as I
his countryman,' not to press him on that
point, as there were ' still some scruples in
a high quarter ' (the king). As Brothers,
with the verdict unremoved, could not draw
his half-pay, Erskine promised him (so Fin-
layson says) 300/. a year for life from the
government. But, owing to the change of
administration early in the following year,
Brothers got no part of this allowance, though
his pay was applied to his wife's maintenance
( on the express and written grounds that
government provided for him.' Brothers lived
for some time in the house of a well-to-do
friend, one Busby, and from 1815 Finlayson
took him into his own family. In his later
years Brothers occupied himself with astro-
nomical dreams. Bartholomew Prescot, a
Liverpool star-gazer, who had published in
1803 ' A Defence of the Divine System of
the World/ on geocentric principles, entered
into a correspondence with Brothers in 1806,
and was received into favour. Prescot pub-
lished the ' Inverted Scheme of Copernicus,
book i.,' 1822, and followed it up by the
' System of the Universe,' 1823. When this
latter reached Brothers's hands in June 1823,
the Almighty told him it ' would not do.'
On Sunday, 25 Jan. 1824, Finlayson read to
Brothers from the Sunday paper a favourable
review of Prescot's work. Brothers bade
Finlayson write against Prescot, and de-
scribed himself as * seized with the cholera
morbus and hectic fever.' That night, about
ten o'clock, he died in Finlayson's house,
Upper Baker Street, Marylebone. One wno
saw him ' a few days before his death ' de-
scribes him as ' very pale, very thin — a mere
skeleton, very weak, could hardly walk,' and
adds that he ' died of a consumption.' He
was interred at St. John's Wood, in a grave
at the opposite side of the cemetery to that
of Joanna Southcott. He died intestate,
leaving a widow and married daughter. Ad-
ministration was granted to his widow in
February 1824; but Finlayson, by a chancery
order, prevented her from getting the pro-
perty (450/., in 3 per cent. Consols). After
his death Finlayson pestered the government
with a claim for Brothers's maintenance, which
(with interest and law expenses) amounted to
5,710/., was subsequently run up by Finlay-
son to 20,000/., and is now estimated by his
descendants at 80,000^. On 4 March 1830
Finlayson got 270/., the unappropriated
balance of Brothers's pay. The believers in
Brothers are not yet extinct, and those who
adopt the Anglo-Israel theory regard him as
the earliest writer on their side. Besides the
prints of Gillray and Sharp, there is a carica-
ture of Brothers, bearing no resemblance to
him, by Thomas Landseer, dated 1 Jan. 1831,
in < Ten Etchings illustrative of the Devil's
Walk,' 1831, fol. Also a fair likeness by
Cruikshank, accompanied by a clever de-
scription, in Bowman Tiller's 'Frank Heart-
well ' (see GEORGE CRTJIKSHANK'S Omnibus,
ed. by Laman Blanchard, 1842, 8vo, plate 6,
and pp. 144-7).
Brothers
445
Brotherton
Brothers printed: 1. ' Letter to Philip
Stephens, Esq.' (see above ; reprinted sepa-
rately, with the answer and other matter,
1795, 8vo, and in Halhed's ' Calculation of
the Millennium '). 2. ' A Revealed Know-
ledge of the Prophecies and Times. Book
the First. Wrote under the direction of the
Lord God, and published by His sacred com-
mand . . . / 1794, 8vo. 3. Ditto Book the
Second, containing 'the sudden and per-
petual Fall of the Turkish, German, and
Russian Empires/ &c., 1794, 8vo (to these
two books Brothers and his disciples con-
stantly refer as ' God's two witnesses ; ' two
editions of each were published in 1794 ;
they were reprinted at the end of February
1795, with additions; also Dublin, 1795;
and a French translation, 'Propheties de
Jacques (sic} Brothers, ou la Connaissance
Revelee/ &c., Paris, An iv. [1796], 8vo, two
parts). 4. < Letter to Halhed ' (dated 28 Jan.
1795, and prefixed to Halhed's ' Testimony/
1795, 8vo). 5. 'Wrote in Confinement. An
Exposition of the Trinity. With a farther
elucidation of the twelfth chapter of Daniel :
one Letter to the King ; and two to Mr.
Pitt/ &c., 1795, 8vo (a second edition, with
supplement, was published on 18 April 1796,
8vo). 6. ' Notes on the Etymology of a few
Antique Words/ 1796, 8vo. 7. ' A Letter
to Miss Cott, the recorded daughter of King
David. . . . With an Address to the Mem-
bers of his Britannic Majesty's Council, and
through them to all Governments and People
on Earth/ 1798, 8vo (two editions, same
year). 8. l A Description of the New Jeru-
salem, with the Garden of Eden in the centre
. . . .' 1801, 8vo (2nd edition, 1802, 8vo).
9. 'A Letter to Samuel Foart Simmons, M.D./
4to (dated 28 Jan. 1802). 10. < A Letter to
His Majesty, and one to Her Majesty/ and
other pieces, 1802, 8vo (all in verse except
one). 11. * Wisdom and Duty, written in
support of all Governments/ 1805, 8vo
(written on 1 Jan. 1801). 12. 'A Letter to
the Subscribers for engraving the Plans of
Jerusalem/ &c., 1805, 8vo. 13. 'The Ruins
of Balbec and Palmyra, from the plates of
Robert Wood, Esq., &c., proved to be the
palaces of Solomon/ 1815, 8vo. 14. ' A cor-
rect Account of the Invasion and Conquest
of this Island by the Saxons, &c., necessary
to be known by the English nation, the de-
scendants of the greater part of the Ten
Tribes/ &c., 1822, 8vo. 15. (posthumous)
' The New Covenant between God and his
People/ &c., 1830, large 4to (coloured prints ;
edited by Finlayson).
Besides anonymous testimonies, tracts were
written in favour of Brothers by William
Bryan, G. Coggan, J. Crease, Sarah Flaxmer,
Mrs. S. Green, N. B. Halhed, H. F. Offley,
W. Sales, H. Spencer, T. Taylor, C. F.
Treibner, G. Turner, W. Wetherell, and J.
Wright. Bryan's ' Testimony of the Spirit '
contains a narrative of Brothers's life, and of
his journey to Avignon in 1788. A catch-
penny imitation of the genuine testimonies
is ' Additional Testimony, &c., by Earl
of .'
On the other side appeared, besides anony-
mous pamphlets, tracts by 'George Home,
D.D./ probably a pseudonym, W. Hunting-
don, D. Levi, and 'M. Gomez Pereira/ pro-
bably a pseudonym. Nearly all the publica-
tions on both sides appeared in 1795. For
Finlayson's publications see FINLATSON,
JOHN.
[Riebau's manuscript memoir of Brothers, 1795
(in possession of Eev. W. Begley ; Riebau was
Brothers's publisher) ; Moser's Anecdotes of R.
Brothers in 1791-2, 1795; Gillray's Caricatures;
Halhed's Speeches ; Brothers's Revealed Know-
ledge and Exposition ; Finlayson's Last Trumpet;
Monthly Review, 1795 ; most of the tracts de-
scribed above, in a private collection ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Watt's Bibl.
Brit. 1824, vol. iii. (art. ' Brothers, R.') ; Chr.
Reformer, 1826, pp. 380, 439; Evans's Sketch
(ed. Bransby), 1841, p. 287; Annual Register,
1824 (art. 'Sharp, W.') ; Chambers's Encyclop.,
1861, ii. 276; Knight's Biography (English
Cyclop.), i. 938, v. 461 ; British Israel and
Judah's Prophetic Messenger, 1883, iv. 171 sq. ;
Tcherpakoff's Les Fous Litt£raires, Moscow,
1883; admiralty books in the Record Office;
information from the lords commissioners of the
admiralty; also from H. Hodson Rugg, M.D.
(Finlayson's son-in-law) ; respecting Brothers's
marriage, parish register, Wrenbury, per Rev.
T. W. Norwood; tombstone at St. John's Wood.]
A. G.
BROTHERTON, EDWARD (1814-
1866), Swedenborgian, was born at Man-
chester in 1814, and in early life was engaged
in the silk trade, but, foreseeing that the com-
mercial treaty with France was likely to
bring to an end the prosperity of his business,
he retired with a competence. After a year
of continental travel he devoted himself to the
work of popular education. The letters of
' E. B.' in the Manchester newspapers excited
great attention, and led to the formation of
the Education Aid Society, which gave aid
to all parents too poor to pay for the educa-
tion of their children. The experiment upon
the voluntary system tended to prove the ne-
cessity of compulsion. This demonstration,
which Mr. H. A. Bruce, afterwards Lord
Aberdare, called the thunderclap from Man-
chester, paved the way for the Education Act
of 1870. Brotherton's zeal in the cause was
unbounded ; he had patience, a winning grace
Brotherton
446
Brotherton
of manner, and a candour only top rare in
controversy. In the course of his visitations
among the poor he caught a fever, of which
he died, after a few days' illness, at Corn-
brook, Manchester, 23 March 1866, and was
buried at the Wesleyan cemetery, Cheetham
Hill. There is a portrait of him in the Man-
chester town hall. Besides many contribu-
tions to periodicals he wrote : 1. ' Mormon-
ism ; its Rise and Progress, and the Prophet
Joseph Smith,' Manchester, 1846. Brotherton
had taken part in 1840 in exposing a Mormon
elder, James Malone, who claimed to possess
the miraculous ' gift of tongues.' "2. ' Spiri-
tualism, Swedenborg, and the New Church,'
London, 1860. This pamphlet has reference
to the claims of the Rev. Thomas Lake Harris
to a seership similar to that of Swedenborg
— claims which were vehemently denied by
many members of the ' New Church signified
by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation,' as
the Swedenborgian congregations are officially
styled. Brotherton prints a letter from Dr.
J. J. Garth Wilkinson as to identity of the
phenomena of respiration in Swedenborg and
Harris. From this tract it will be seen that
Brotherton was a disciple of Swedenborg,
with a tendency to belief in spiritualistic
phenomena. 3. ' The Present State of Popu-
lar Education in Manchester and Salford, the
substance of seven letters reprinted from the
41 Manchester Guardian," by E. B.,' Man-
chester, 1864. He was the editor and chief
writer of the first volume of a monthly pe-
riodical, 'The Dawn' (Manchester, 1861-2).
He wrote frequently as ' Libra ' and as ' Pil-
grim' in Swedenborgian periodicals. His
chief contributions were the ' Outlines of my
Mental History,' which appeared in the ' In-
tellectual Repository ' for 1849.
[Manchester Guardian, March 1866 ; The Re-
cipient, April 1860 ; private information.]
W. E. A. A.
BROTHERTON, JOSEPH (1783-1857),
?arliamentary reformer, was born 22 May
783 at Whittington, Chesterfield. His
father. John Brotherton, who had been a
schoolmaster and an exciseman, moved to
Manchester in 1789, and soon afterwards set
up a cotton mill. About 1802 Joseph became
his father's partner, and in 1819 retired from
business with a competency. In 1805 he
joined the Bible Christian church, and in
1806 married his cousin, Martha Harvey. As
Bible Christians they were vegetarians and
total abstainers. Mrs. Brotherton published
anonymously ' Vegetable Cookery ' in num-
bers, first collected into book form in 1821.
About 1818 Brotherton became pastor of his
church. He was a vigorous local politician,
and subscribed to the suiferers at the Peterloo
massacre. He became member for Salford
on the passing of the Reform Bill, and was
re-elected till his death, his expenses being
paid by his constituents. He continued to
act as pastor during the parliamentary re-
cesses. He was a free-trader and reformer.
His good temper secured him general re-
spect ; and he was chairman of the private
bills committee. He became famous for the
persistence with which he moved the ad-
journment of the house at midnight, in spite
of much ridicule and frequent disturbance.
In February 1842, in answer to an attack
by Mr. W. B. Ferrand, who had spoken of
his ' enormous fortune ' amassed by the factory
system, he replied that his l riches consisted
not so much in the largeness of his means
as in the fewness of his wants,' a phrase in-
scribed (with verbal alteration) upon his
| statue in the Peel Park, Salford. The speech
| in which the phrase occurs was printed sepa-
| rately, and many thousands were distributed.
I He wrote the essays on abstinence from in-
i toxicating liquors and animal food which
l appeared in i Letters on Religious Subjects,
printed at Salford about 1819, and imnie-
j diately reprinted at Philadelphia. The first
of these is regarded, in its separate form, as
the earliest tract in advocacy of ' teetotalism.'
He died suddenly in an omnibus on 7 Jan.
1857. A public subscription was applied to
form a fund for purchasing books for local
institutions, the monument in the Salford
cemetery, and a statue by Matthew Noble
in Peel Park, which was inaugurated on
6 Aug. 1858. Brotherton had helped to
found the library attached to the Peel Park
Museum. A portrait by Westcott is in the
Peel Park Museum ; one by W. Bradley in
the Salford town hall ; and a third is in the
Manchester town hall. His widow died
25 Jan. 1861, aged 79.
[Book-Lore, August 1885 (by the writer of
this article) ; Manchester papers, 1857 ; Memoir
of Rev. W. Metcalfe (Philadelphia, 1866);
Prince's Poetical Works (1880), ii. 363 ; Barn-
ford's Homely Rhymes, 1864, p. 126 ; Law Times,
13 June 1871; Edwards's Free Libraries; in-
formation from Miss Helen Brotherton.]
W. E. A. A.
BROTHERTON, SIB THOMAS WIL-
LIAM (1785-1868), general, entered the 2nd
or Coldstream guards as ensign in 1800, was
promoted lieutenant and captain in 1801,
and transferred to the 3rd or Scots fusilier
guards in 1803. With the guards he served
under Abercromby in Egypt in 1801, and in
Hanover under Lord Cathcart in 1805. On
4 June 1807 he exchanged into the 14th light
B rough
447
Brough
dragoons. With it he served almost con-
tinuously in the Peninsula from 1808 to 1814.
He was in Sir John Moore's retreat to Co-
runna ; he was present at Talavera. at the
actions on theCoa, at Busaco, Fuentes d'Onor,
Salamanca, where he was wounded, Vittoria,
the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, and the Nive,
where he was severely wounded and taken
prisoner. Wellington speaks of Brotherton's
employment in the Estrella (Despatches, iv.
614), of his valuable reports (v. 79), his con-
duct at the Coa (v. 293), and the duke
managed his exchange after the battle of
the Nive (vii. 237). lie was made major by
brevet on Wellington's special recommenda-
tion on 28 Nov. 1811, promoted major in his
regiment 26 May 1812, lieutenant-colonel by
brevet and C.B. in 1814. In 1817 he became
lieutenant-colonel of the 16th lancers, and
held his command for fourteen years; in
1830 he was made aide-de-camp to the king
and colonel, in 1841 major-general, in 1844
inspector-general of cavalry, in 1849 colonel
of the 15th hussars, in 1850 lieutenant-gene-
ral, and in 1855 K.C.B. In 1859 he became
colonel of the 1st dragoon guards, in 1860
a general, and in 1861 G.O.B. In 1865, at
the age of eighty, he was married to his
second wife, the daughter of the Rev. Wal-
ter Hare, and died on 20 Jan. 1868, at the
age of eighty-three, at his son's house near
Esher.
[Eoyal Military Calendar; Wellington Des-
patches ; Gent. Mag. March 1868.] H. M. S.
BROUGH, ROBERT BARNABAS
(1828-1860), writer, was born in London
10 April 1828. He was educated at a pri-
vate school at Newport, Monmouthshire, in
which town his father commenced business
as a brewer and failed, it is said, through
political causes. Brough began active life
in Manchester as a clerk. He was fond of
art, drew pretty well, and is said to have
practised as a portrait-painter. Subsequently j
he removed to Liverpool, where, while still
under age, he started a weekly satirical
journal entitled 'The Liverpool Lion.' A
burlesque on the subject of the ' Tem-
pest,' written in conjunction with William
Brough [q. v.], who had joined him in Liver-
pool, and entitled 'The Enchanted Isle,'
produced at the Amphitheatre in that city,
was the first dramatic essay of the brothers.
It was seen and approved by Benjamin Web-
ster, who, on 20 Nov. 1848, transferred it
to the Adelphi. This led to the establish-
ment of the brothers Brough in London,
where they became constant and well-known
contributors to the press. Before leaving
Liverpool they had married sisters. Eliza-
beth Romer, the wife of Robert Brough, was
at one time a member of the Haymarket
company. Alone or in conjunction with his
brother, Robert wrote a series of burlesques,
which were played at the Adelphi, Lyceum,
Olympic, and other theatres, together with
some adaptations from the French. His
labours in other branches of literature were
incessant. In the first volume of the ' Wel-
come Guest,' which he edited, appeared his
novel ' Miss Brown,' and many short stories,
poems, and essays. ' Marston Lynch,' re-
printed 1860, with a memoir by Mr. G. A.
Sala, saw the light in the ' Train,' 1856-7, to
which also he contributed translations of the
poems of Victor Hugo. He wrote in such
comic papers as the ' Man in the Moon ' and
' Diogenes,' was for a short time editor of the
'Atlas,' and was the Brussels correspondent of
the ' Sunday Times.' His republished works
are : ' Cracker Bon - Bons for Christmas
Parties,' 1851, ' Life of Sir John Falstaff/
with illustrations by George Cruikshank,
1858, ' Shadow and Substance,' 1859, ' Songs
of the Governing Classes,' 1859, ' Miss Brown/
1860, ' Marston Lynch, his Life and Times,'
1860, 'Ulf the Minstrel,' 1860, 'Which is
Which ? ' (a romance) , 1 860. He also trans-
lated ' La Famille Alain ' of Alphonse Karr.
His best known burlesques written in con-
junction with his brother are : ' Camaralza-
man and Badoura,' ' The Sphinx,' and ' Ivan-
hoe,' and of those he wrote alone ' Medea/ to
which the performance of Robson gave much
celebrity, ' Masaniello/ and 'The Siege of
Troy.' He died at Manchester in the house
of his brother-in-law, Mr. William Chilton,
26 June 1860, on his way to North Wales,
whither he had been ordered for his health.
He left a widow and three children, two of
whom are living and are known on the stage.
Three of his brothers, William Brough [q.v.],
John Cargill Brough, a writer, and Mr. Lionel
Brough, the comedian, are well known.
Brough's verses are of their epoch. They,
have neatness of execution and happiness of
fancy, but are without the kind of finish sought
in modern days. His burlesques were among
the* best of a not very important class, and
his essays are bright and humorous. The
' Songs of the Governing Classes ' consist of
satirical poems written from a radical point
of view. Some of his works are rare and
are priced very high in booksellers' cata-
logues. In the world of journalism Brough
was popular, and references to him are abun-
dant in Mr. Yates's ' Recollections and Ex-
periences ' and in ' Reminiscences of an old
Bohemian.' A benefit performance for his
widow and children was given in July 1860
by five companies for which he had written
B rough
448
Brougham
burlesques. His health was bad, and his early
death had long been anticipated.
[Memoir by G. A. Sala in the Welcome Guest,
ii. 1 1, 348-50 ; Era Almanack ; The Train ; works
mentioned ; private information.] J. K.
BROUGH, WILLIAM (d. 1671), dean
of Gloucester, was educated at Christ's Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.D.
1627, and D.D. 5 Feb. 1635-6. He was pre-
sented to the rectory of St. Michael, Cornhill,
about 1630, was an ardent supporter of Laud
and his Arminian views, was made chaplain
to the king, and was installed canon of Wind-
sor, 1 Feb. 1637-8. At the beginning of the
civil wars he was removed from his bene-
fice by the parliamentary commission, ' was
also plundered, and his wife and children
turned out of doors ' (WALKER). His wife
is said to have died of grief soon afterwards,
and Brough joined the king at Oxford. On
16 Aug. 1643 he was nominated dean of
Gloucester, but was not installed till 20 Nov.
1644. He returned to Oxford in 1645, and
on 26 Aug. of that year was created D.D. by
the king's order. Little is heard of him from
this date till the Restoration. He then was
reappointed to the deanery, and died 5 July
1671. He was buried in St. George's Chapel,
Windsor. He was the author of ' The Holy
Feasts and Fasts of the Church, with Medi-
tations and Prayers proper for Sacraments
and other occasions leading to Christian life
and death,' London 1657 ; and of ' Sacred
Principles, Services, and Soliloquies; or a
Manual of Devotion,' 1659, 1671.
[Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 85 ; Walker's Suf-
ferings, ii. 33 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 444, iii. 401.]
S. L. L.
BROUGH, WILLIAM (1826-1870),
writer, elder brother of Robert Barnabas
Brough [q. v.], was born in London on
28 April 1826. He was educated at New-
port, Monmouthshire, and apprenticed to a
printer at Brecon. To the ' Liverpool Lion,'
the venture of his brother Robert, whom he
joined in Liverpool, William Brough contri-
buted his first literary effort, a series of
papers called 'Hints upon Heraldry.' He
married Miss Ann Romer, known as a singer,
who died a year after her marriage, leaving
him one child. He subsequently remarried,
and died on 13 March 1870, leaving a widow
and six children. Like his brother, whose
reputation has overshadowed his own, Brough
wrote in many periodical publications. His
dramatic works, chiefly burlesques, were seen
at many of the London theatres. He also
wrote the first of the quasi-dramatic enter-
tainments given by Mr. and Mrs. German
Reed.
[Era Almanack ; private information.]
J.K
BROUGHAM, HENRY (1665-1698),
divine, was one of the twelve children of
Henry Brougham of Scales Hall, Cumber-
land, sheriff for the county in the 6th of
William III, by his marriage with ' fair Miss
Slee, daughter of Mr. Slee of Carlisle, a jovial
gentleman,' who was a merchant in that city.
In Midsummer term, 1681, when sixteen
years old, Henry Brougham ' became a poor
serving-child of Queen's College,' Oxford.
He proceeded B.A. in 1685, M.A. in 1689,
being afterwards tabarder and fellow. On
29 Sept. 1691 he was collated, and on 30 Sept.
was installed prebend of Asgarby in the
church of Lincoln. He was, with William
Offley, domestic chaplain to Thomas Barlow,
the bishop. On Barlow's death in the same
year he bequeathed his Greek, Latin, and
English Bibles, and his own original manu-
scripts, to Brougham and Offley. A condi-
tion of the gift was that Brougham and Offley
were not to make public any of his writings
after his decease ; and in 1692, on Sir Peter
Pett publishing what he called the bishop's
' Genuine Remains,' the two legatees ' delay'd
no time ' in issuing a vindication, calling Sir
Peter Pett and the vicar of Buckden (where
the bishop had died) 'confederate pedlars.'
The title of this vindication of their master
was 'Reflections to (sic) a late Book entituled
The Genuine Remains of Dr. Tho. Barlow,
late Bishop of Lincoln, Falsely pretended to
be published from his lordship's Original
Papers.' It was written by Henry Brougham,
and was published in 1694, with a list of
Socinian writers (Latin), declared to be the
bishop's real list, annexed.
From 1693 to 1695 Brougham acted as pro-
proctor for the university ; and on 29 March
1698, aged 33, he died at Oxford, and was
buried in Queen's College chapel.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 341, 539,
540 ; Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 300-2 ; Nicol-
son and Burn's Cumberland and Westmoreland, i.
395-6 ; Cat. Grad. Oxon, p. 89 ; Reflections, &c.
pp. 7, 10 ; Offley's Epistle Dedicatory to same,
not paged ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 103.]
J. H.
BROUGHAM, HENRY PETER, BARON
BROUGHAM AND VATJX (1778-1868), lord
chancellor, eldest son of Henry Brougham
and Eleanor, daughter of Mrs. Syme, widow
of James Syme, a minister of Alloa, and
sister of Dr. W. Robertson, the historian,
was born in a house at the corner of the
West Bow and the Cowgate, Edinburgh,
Brougham
449
Brougham
on 19 Sept. 1778. Although in after life
he claimed to be descended from the De
Burghams, the ancient lords of Brougham
Castle, and from the barons of Vaulx, his
pedigree cannot be traced with certainty be-
yond Henry Brougham described in 1665 as
of Scales Hall, Cumberland, gentleman,
whose eldest son John in 1726 purchased a
portion of the manor of Brougham, West-
moreland. This estate descended to the
purchaser's great-nephew Henry, the father
of the chancellor (NICHOLSON and BURN,
History of Cumberland and Westmorland, i.
395 ; LOUD CAMPBELL, Lives of the Chancel-
lors, viii. 214-18). When barely seven years
old Brougham was sent to the high school at
Edinburgh ; he rose to the head of the school
and left in August 1791. The next year he
spent with his parents under the care of a
tutor at Brougham Hall, and in October
1792 entered the university of Edinburgh.
He delighted in the study of mathematics
and physics, and at the age of eighteen sent
a paper to the Royal Society on ' Experi-
ments and Observations on ... Light,'
which was read and printed in the society's
* Transactions.' This was followed by another
on the same subject, and in 1798 by one on
* Porisms \PhilosophicalTransactions, Ixxxvi.
227 ; Ixxxvii. 352 ; Ixxxviii. 378). He also
distinguished himself in the debating socie-
ties of the university. After finishing the four
years' course of humanity and philosophy in
1795, he began to read law. As a student
he often indulged in riotous sports, and took
part in twisting off knockers as eagerly as
in philosophical discussions(ior^ B ro ugham's
Life and Times, i. 87). He spent his vaca-
tions in making walking tours, and in Sep-
tember 1799 visited Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway (ib. 547). Having passed advocate
on 1 June 1800, he went the southern cir-
cuit, and for the sake of practice acted as
counsel for the poor prisoners. During the
circuit he behaved in a boisterous and eccen-
tric fashion, and unmercifully tormented old
Lord Eskgrove, the judge of assize. He
disliked the profession of law. With an
extraordinarily wide range of knowledge,
with an excellent memory, a ready wit, and
unbounded self-confidence, he aimed at out-
shining others in everything. In 1802 he
joined the small company engaged in setting
on foot the ' Edinburgh Review.' He had
already attained a high place in the literary
society of Edinburgh, and it was expected he
would shortly { push his way into public
life ' (CoCKBURN, Life of Jeffrey, i. 138).
The first number of the ' Review ' was pub-
lished the following October, and Brougham
contributed three of its twenty-nine articles.
VOL. VI.
' In 1803 he brought out his ' Colonial Policy
j of European Nations,' a work which did not
| meet with any great success. On 14 Oct.
: of that year he was admitted a member of
j Lincoln's Inn, though he continued to reside
i in Edinburgh for about two years longer.
I He took a warm interest in the movement
for the abolition of slavery, and in 1804 went
to Holland to gain information on the sub-
ject, extending his tour to Italy and other
parts of the continent. In this year too he
organised a volunteer corps at "Edinburgh,
but the government slighted its offer of ser-
vice, and the corps was dissolved. His early
articles in the ' Review' were generally
scientific ; he now wrote much on political
and economical subjects with the avowed
intention of adopting a political career (Me-
moirs of F. Homer, i. 274, 279).
In 1805 Brougham settled in London.
There he read English law and supported
himself mainly by writing for the ' Edin-
burgh Review.' His versatility and his
power of despatch were extraordinary. He
never considered any subject out of his line.
In the first twenty numbers of the ' Review '
he had as many as eighty articles. Eager
to write everything himself, he was so
jealous of new contributors that the editor,
Jeffrey, took care not to let him know of
any addition to the staff (NAPIER, Corre-
spondence, 3). His reviews were slashing,
but his work was often superficial and his cri-
ticisms were sometimes scandalously unjust.
His contemptuous notice of the experiments
by which Dr. Young arrived at the theory
of undulation is a famous instance of his
unfairness (Edin. Rev. ii. 450, 457, ix. 97 ;
DR. YOUNG, Works, i. 195-215; PEACOCK,
Life of Dr. Young, 174 ; CAMPBELL, Life,
viii. 247). Brougham was soon introduced
to Lord Holland, and became a frequent
visitor at Holland House. The service he
was able to render the whigs with his pen,
his witty conversation, and his agreeable
manners secured him a good position in so-
ciety. In 1806 he was appointed secretary
to Lords Rosslyn and St. Vincent on their
mission to the court of Lisbon, and although
on his return at the end of the year he found
himself considerably out of pocket, his able
conduct in Portugal increased his reputa-
tion. He was further brought into notice
by his sympathy with the anti-slavery agi-
tation, which secured him the good opinion
of Wilberforce and the party he led. When
in March 1807 the Grenville ministry was
forced to resign, the whig press was in
Brougham's hands, and in the course of ten
days, with some slight help from Lord Hol-
land and one or two others, he produced ' a
G Q
Brougham
45°
Brougham
prodigious number' of articles, pamphlets,
and handbills, appealing chiefly to the dis-
senters to uphold the whigs in the impending
election (LoKD HOLLAND, Memoirs of the
mg Party, ii. 229). On the defeat of the ,
whigs Brougham turned to legal study and
became the pupil of Mr. (afterwards chief
justice) Tindal. In July 1808 he applied for a
special call to the bar to enable him to go
the ensuing circuit, and the benchers were
willing to grant his petition. In order, how-
ever, to avenge their party, the attorney-
general and solicitor-general came down and
procured its rejection. On the following
2:4 Nov. he was called in the ordinary course
and joined the northern circuit. Although
his study of civil law in Scotland had to
some extent ' legalised his mind,' he was not
and never became master of the subtleties of
English law, and he had little success in the
courts until he had made his mark in poli-
tics (CAMPBELL, Life, 233, 254). His first
triumph as a barrister was political rather
than legal. As counsel for the Liverpool
merchants who petitioned against the orders
in council he was heard before both houses
of parliament on many successive days, and
though the petition was dismissed his powers
as an advocate were universally acknow-
ledged, and the case may be said to have
made his fortune.
Through the influence of Lord Holland,
the Duke of Bedford offered Brougham a
seat for Camelford, and he was returned to
parliament on 5 Feb. 1810. His first speech,
delivered on 5 March, in support of the vote
of censure on the Earl of Chatham, was not
a success, though he was not dissatisfied
with it (Parl. Debates, 16, 7** ; Life and
Times, i. 500 ; CAMPBELL, Life, 262). Dur-
ing the course of the session he spoke re-
peatedly, almost usurping Ponsonby's place
as leader of the opposition in the commons ;
nor was he thought to be taking too much
upon himself when only four months after
he entered the house he moved an address
to the crown on the subject of slavery
(Quarterly Review, cxxvi. 42). His reputa-
tion as an advocate was increased by his
triumphant defence of J. and J. L. Hunt on
22 Jan. 1811. The defendants were indicted
for libel for publishing an article in the
'Examiner' on military flogging, and the
case was especially suited to Brougham's
peculiar power (Speeches, i. 15). Three
weeks later he failed to procure the acquit-
tal of the proprietor of a country newspaper
who was indicted on a similar charge at
Lincoln, and on 8 Dec. 1812 unsuccessfully
defended the Hunts when indicted for a
libel on the prince regent. These and other
like cases in which Brougham was retained
for the defence were of great public import-
ance, and his success was declared 'more
rapid than that of any barrister since Erskine '
(Memoirs of F.Horner, ii. 123). Following
the line he had already adopted as an advo-
cate, Brougham on 3 March 1812 moved for
a select committee with reference to the
orders in council, and carried on his attack
with such vigour that on 16 June Castle-
reagh announced that the orders would at
once be withdrawn. This victory gained
him immense popularity, especially with the
commercial interest, which had suffered
severely from the orders (BENTHAM, Works y
x. 471). In the arrangements made by
Lords Grey and Grenville in view of their
possible return to office he was to have been
president of the board of trade. As Camel-
ford had passed into other hands, he was,
at the dissolution on 29 Sept., forced to seek
for a seat elsewhere, and the good service he
had done to commerce led to an invitation
to stand for Liverpool. He was, however,
forced to retire from the poll on 16 Oct., and,
after making an unsuccessful effort to secure
a seat for the Inverkeithing burghs, found
himself shut out from the house. He was
very sore at this exclusion, he declared that
he 'was thrown overboard to lighten the
ship,' and he wrote bitterly of Lady Hol-
land (Life and Times, ii. 92, 101). It would
of course have been easy enough for the whigs
to find him a seat, and his exclusion was
caused partly by jealousy and partly by dis-
trust. This distrust was not without foun-
dation, for his letters to Lord Grey at this
period show want of ballast and political
insight. At last Lord Darlington offered
him a seat for Winchelsea, and he returned
to the house on 21 July 1815. Although
not acknowledged as the leader he soon
became the most prominent member of the
opposition in the commons. He attacked
the Holy Alliance ; in March 1816 he suc-
ceeded in defeating Vansittart's income-tax
bill ; and on 9 April, in moving for a com-
mittee, made a powerful speech on the cha-
racter and causes of the agricultural dis-
tress— one cause of the distress, he declared,
was that the area of cultivation had been
extended unduly. In a speech on the de-
pression in trade delivered on 23 March 1817
he severely blamed the foreign policy of the
ministry, and pointed out the evils of restric-
tion and prohibition. He made another at-
tack on the ministry on 11 June in the form
of a motion for an address to the prince
regent on the state of the nation, which was
defeated by only thirty-seven votes, a defeat
which was reckoned a triumph (Life and
Brougham
451
Brougham
Times, ii. 312). He constantly advocated
retrenchment and a sound commercial policy,
and he vigorously opposed the repressive
measures known as the Six Acts At the
same time he looked on the radicals with
dislike, and in a letter to Lord Grey of |
1 Nov. 1819 urged that the whigs should j
declare their separation from them (Life and
Times, ii. 351). He did good service both
in drawing attention to the importance of
popular education and in devising means for
its attainment. Having obtained the re-
appointment of the education committee in
1818, he instituted an inquiry into charity
abuses, which he extended to the universities
and to Eton and Winchester. Some scanda-
lous revelations were made, and the governing
bodies bitterly resented the inquisition. In
1819 Brougham was kept from the house for
some weeks by a dangerous illness. On his
return on 23 June Peel made an attack on
the conduct of the committee, which he
met with a full defence (Speeches, iii. 180).
In June 1820 he brought in two bills pro-
viding for the compulsory building, the go-
vernment, and the maintenance of parochial
schools. His proposals were disliked by the
dissenters and fell through. After the death
of his father in 1810, Brougham when not in
London made his home at Brougham Hall.
In 1821 he married Mary Anne, daughter of
Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding.
By her he had two daughters ; the elder died
in infancy, the younger in 1839.
From 1811 and perhaps from an earlier
date Brougham was constantly consulted
by the Princess of Wales. His statement
that he was also the constant adviser of the
Princess Charlotte is certainly exaggerated
(Life and Times, ii. 145). He seems, how-
ever, to have given her some prudent ad-
vice in 1813 (ib. 174), and to have been con-
sulted by her, through Lady Charlotte Lind-
say, respecting her marriage in 1814. When
the princess escaped from Warwick House
to her mother's residence in Connaught Place
on the evening of 11 July, the Princess of
Wales sent for Brougham, who helped to
persuade her to return (Autobiography of
Miss Knight, i. 307, 309). The dramatic
story he tells of his leading the young prin-
cess to a window and showing her the crowds
gathering for a Westminster election (JEdin.
Rev. April 1838, Ivii. 34; Life and Times, ii.
230) has been denied and ridiculed by an-
other Edinburgh reviewer, on the ground
that ' on the day in question there was
neither a Westminster election nor nomi-
nation ' (Edin. Rev. April 1869, cxxix. 583).
The story may or may not be true, but that
on that day Sir Francis Burdett nominated
>
Lord Cochrane as member for Westminster
before ' a very numerous meeting in Palace
Yard' is beyond question (Times, 12 July
1814), and the circumstances of Cochrane's
candidature are sufficient to account for the
popular excitement to which Brougham
refers.
He strongly advised the Princess of Wales
not to go abroad. In July 1819 he proposed
acting on her behalf, though in this case
without authority from her, that she should
reside permanently abroad, should consent to
a separation, and not use her husband's title
on condition that her allowance (35,000^.),
then dependent on the king's life, should be
secured to her (YoNGE, Life of Lord Liver-
pool, ii. 16). When the princess became
queen, she appointed Brougham her attorney-
general, and he was accordingly called within
the bar on 22 April 1820. A few days
before he received a proposal from Lord
Liverpool offering the queen 50,000/. a year
on the same conditions that Brougham had
named the year before. This proposal he
did not make known to the queen, who was
then at Geneva. On 4 June he and Lord
Hutchinson, who acted for the king, met
her at St. Omer, being sent to propose terms
of separation and to warn her against com-
ing to England. It was then too late, and the
queen crossed to Dover the next day. Even
when at St. Omer, Brougham forbore to in-
form her of the proposal made by the minister
the preceding April, nor did Lord Liverpool
become aware that his proposal had been
withheld from her until 10 June (ib. 53-
62). Had Brougham delivered the message
with which he was entrusted, the whole
scandal of the queen's trial would probably
have been avoided. In that case, however,
he would have lost the opportunity of play-
ing the most conspicuous part in a famous
scene. He never gave any satisfactory ex-
planation of his conduct. Brougham was
called before the lords in the matter of the
bill of degradation and divorce on 21 Aug.
when he exposed the untrustworthiness of
Majocchi, the principal witness for the
crown. His speech for the defence took up
3 and 4 Oct. ; the peroration, so he told
Macaulay, he had written over seven times.
The result of the trial brought him an ex-
traordinary amount of popularity, and the
' Brougham's Head ' became a common tavern
sign. On 3 and 4 July 1821 he unsuccess-
fully argued the queen's right to coronation
before the privy council, and tried in vain
to prevent her from attempting to force her
way into the abbey. He attended her fune-
ral in August. The next month he obtained
the conviction of one Blacow, a clergyman,
GG2
Brougham
452
Brougham
for libelling her, and in January 1822 de-
livered his speech on the Durham clergy, the
finest specimen of his powers of sarcasm and
invective, in defence of a printer accused of
libelling them in some reflections on their
conduct on the queen's death. Brougham
had now lost his official rank, and owing to
the king's personal spite against him he was
debarred from receiving a patent of prece-
dence. This persecution did him no harm,
for in one year he made 7,000/. in a stuff
gown.
When in 1822 the death of Lord London-
derry made it seem possible that the whigs
might come into office. Lord Grey proposed
that, should the administration be changed,
Brougham should be ' really and effectively
if not nominally ' leader of the house and a
member of the government (Life and Times,
ii. 453). This and other negotiations were
brought to an end when the king accepted
Canning as foreign secretary. With Canning
Brougham was far more at one as regards
foreign affairs than he had been with Castle-
reagh. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1823 he
made a violent attack upon him for refusing
to press the catholic claims. Canning de-
clared he spoke falsely, and a motion was
made that both the disputants should be
committed to the custody of the serjeant-at-
arms. The dispute, however, was at last
composed (Parl. Deb. new series, viii. 1089-
1102). On 3 Feb. 1824 Brougham made a
remarkable speech urging the government
to resist the dictation of the Holy Alliance
in Europe, dwelling on the iniquity of the
French invasion of Spain and the tyranny of
the Austrians in Italy. This speech, which
excelled all his former political efforts in
bitterness of sarcasm and severity of attack,
was received with immense applause (ib. x.
53-70; STAPLETON'S Life of Canning, i. 296).
On the news of the condemnation and death
of the missionary Smith, he proposed a vote
of censure on the government of Demerara,
and his speech of 10 June forms an epoch
in the history of the abolition of slavery
{Speeches, ii. 42-128). In the course of this
session he was violently assaulted in the
lobby of the house by a lunatic named
Gourley. Having been elected lord rector
of Glasgow University in 1825, Brougham
on his way thither visited Edinburgh on
6 April. A banquet was given in his honour,
at which he made several violent and ex-
travagant speeches (Speeches . . . on 5 April
1825; NAPIER, Correspondence, 42). When
in 1827 Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool,
Brougham, feeling himself generally in accord
with the new minister's principles, left the
opposition benches and on 1 May took his
place on the ministerial side of the house.
He brought over with him a body of mode-
rate whigs, who thus for a time separated
themselves from Grey. Canning had no
wish to be overridden, and offered Brougham
the post of lord chief baron, which would
have removed him from the house. Brougham,
however, objected to being i shelved,' and re-
fused the oner. He now at last obtained a
patent of precedence, and on going circuit
was greeted with much rejoicing by his
brother barristers, among whom he was
popular. His reappearance in t silk ' brought
him a large number of cases. This influx,
however, did not last long. He was ' defi-
cient in nisi prius tact,' was apt to treat
juries with impatience, and seemed to think
more of displaying his own powers than of
getting verdicts for his clients. During the
short time that he continued at the bar his
practice declined (CAMPBELL ; Law Magazine,
new series, 1. 177).
As early as 8 May 1816 Brougham first
attempted an improvement in the law ; in
bringing forward a bill for securing the liberty
of the press, he proposed an amendment of
the law of libel. On 7 Feb. 1828 he brought
forward a great scheme of law reform. In a
speech of six hours' length he dealt exhaus-
tively with the anomalies and defects in the
law of real property and in proceedings at
common law. His extraordinary effort bore
ample fruit, for it caused a vast improvement
in our system of common law procedure, and
overthrew the cumbrous and antiquated ma-
chinery of fines and recoveries. The accession
of the Duke of Wellington to office in the
January of this year sent Brougham back to
the opposition ; for while, in common with
his party, he cordially upheld the duke and
Peel in carrying the Catholic Emancipation
Bill of 1829, he was not prepared to accord
them his general support. As Lord Cleve-
land (Darlington) went over to the tories,
Brougham felt bound in 1830 to vacate his
seat for Winchelsea, and accordingly ac-
cepted the offer of the Duke of Devonshire
to return him for Knaresborough. At the
same time he by 110 means relished sitting
for a close constituency : it consorted ill
with his desire to be known as a popular
politician, and it kept him back from taking
part in the movement for parliamentary
reform. While sitting for Winchelsea, he
had made unsuccessful attempts in 1818,
1820, and 1826 to gain a seat for Westmore-
land. Now, however, a speech he made on
13 July, on bringing forward a motion against
slavery, gained him an invitation to stand
for Yorkshire. He was triumphantly elected,
and in the parliament of 1830 took his seat
Brougham
453
Brougham
for the county instead of for Knaresborough,
where he was also returned. In the course
of the election he pledged himself to reform
( Quarterly Review, April 1831, xlv. 281). He
prepared a scheme of reform which gave the
franchise to all householders, leaseholders,
and copyholders, and took one member from
each of the rotten boroughs (ROEBUCK, Whig
Ministry of 1830, i. 420), and on 16 Nov.
gave notice that he would lay it before the
house. On that day Lord Grey received the
king's command to form a ministry. The
whig leaders would have been glad to leave
Brougham out of the cabinet. On the 17th
he was invited to become attorney-general.
He indignantly declined, and the next night
announced, with an implied threat, his in-
tention of proceeding with his motion. This
made him to some extent master of the situa-
tion. He wished for the rolls, for he did not
want to leave the commons. The king, how-
ever, would not hear of this, for he knew that
Brougham's presence would render Lord Al-
thorp's leadership impotent (CROKEK, ii. 80).
He was therefore offered the chancellorship.
He received the great seal on 22 Nov., was
elevated to the peerage with the title of
Baron Brougham and Vaux on 23rd, and on
25th was sworn as chancellor.
He worked with extraordinary energy in
his new office. He had often, and especially
in 1825, reproached Lord Eldon for the delays
in his court, and he was determined to bring j
in a wholly new system. At the rising of
the court for the long vacation he was able
to announce that he had not left a single j
appeal unheard. While he did much, and cer-
tainly far more than any other chancellor had
done, to expedite proceedings in chancery, he
gave some offence by boasting publicly and re-
peatedly of achievements that he had not per-
formed, and that were indeed beyond mortal
power. Moreover, both now and at other
times, he was singularly negligent of profes-
sional courtesy (CAMPBELL). Pursuing the
work of law reform, he was the means of
effecting considerable improvements in the
court of chancery, the abolition of the court
of delegates, the substitution for it of the
judicial committee of the privy council, and
the institution of the central criminal court.
The foundation of these two courts alone
would entitle him to be remembered as a
great legal reformer. He brought in a bank-
ruptcy bill, which eventually became the
basis of a statute ; and though his Local
Courts Bill of 1830 fell through, it prepared
the way for the present system of county
courts. Since 1820 the subject of education
had occupied much of his attention. In con-
junction with Dr. Birkbeck, he helped to set
on foot various mechanics' institutes. In
1825 he published his ' Observations on the
Education of the People,' which before the
end of the year reached its twentieth edition.
In this pamphlet (Speeches, iii. 103) he pro-
posed a plan for the publication of cheap and
! useful works, which he carried out by the
I formation of the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge. The first committee of this
society was formed in April 1825. After some
delays it recommenced its work November
1826, and published its introductory volume,
written by Brougham, in March 1827 (JEdin.
Rev. June 1827, xlvi. 225). The l Observa-
tions ' also contain a reference to the need of
scientific education for the upper classes (151).
Brougham sought to supply this need by the
foundation of the London University, a work
which he brought to a successful conclusion
in 1828. He took the leading part in the de-
bates on education in 1833, and on 14 March
announced that he saw reason for abandon-
ing the plan of a compulsory rate he had
hitherto advocated. On 23 March 1835 he
moved that parliament should vote grants
for education, and that a board of commis-
sioners should be appointed to control the
application of the money granted, and on
1 Dec. 1837 brought forward two bills further
developing the system of national education.
In April 1831 the defeat of the ministry ne-
cessitated a dissolution, and political circum-
stances made it equally necessary that the
dissolution should be immediate, and that the
prorogation should be pronounced by the king
in person. The extraordinary account that
Brougham has given through Roebuck (Hist,
of the Whig Ministry, ii. 148-52) of his saving
the country by taking on himself to order the
attendance of the troops and the like, and of
his almost compelling the king to go down to
the house, and the whole story of what passed
in the interview he and Grey had with the
king on 22 April, are apocryphal. In the
exciting scene in the House of Lords which
followed the announcement of the king's ar-
rival, the chancellor's self-importance caused
him to lose his head (Grey Correspondence,
i. 234-6; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. ii. 135-7).
On 7 Oct. Brougham made a speech on the
second reading of the Reform Bill that has
been held to be his masterpiece : it is full of
sarcasm on the tory lords. As in most of
his great speeches, the peroration is studied
and unnatural. Brougham ended with a
prayer ; he fell on his knees, and remained
kneeling. He had kept up his energy with
draughts of mulled port, and his friends, who
thought that he was unable to rise, picked him
up and set him on the woolsack (Speeches, iii.
559; CAMPBELL, Life, 398). In the crisis
Brougham
454
Brougham
which followed the victory of the opposition
on 17 May 1832, Brougham represents him-
self as playing the most important part. This
is by no means borne out by other evidence.
Lord Grey was not a man to allow the chan-
cellor to take his place, and William IV cer-
tainly never forgot what was due to him as
his first minister (ROEBUCK, History, ii. 331 ;
Life and Times, iii. 192-201, with which
compare Grey Correspondence, i. 422-44 ;
Edin. Rev. cxxv. 546).
In June 1834 Lord Grey retired from office.
His retirement is said by Brougham to have
been caused by the indiscretion of Littleton,
the Irish secretary. It was at least as much
Brougham's own work. Without Grey's
knowledge he persuaded Lord Wellesley, the
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to withdraw from
his recommendation that certain clauses of
the Coercion Bill should be retained. This
underhand proceeding led to complications
both with O'Connell and between the whig
leaders in the two houses. Brougham had
not the honesty to acknowledge what he had
done when he might have cleared Littleton
from O'Connell's charges, and he has dis-
guised the truth in his autobiography. Grey
felt he had been ill used. Brougham knew
that he wished to resign office, and seems to
have schemed to separate him from his fol-
lowers, in order that he himself and the party
generally might retain office — for himself he
probably hoped for the treasury, after Grey
had gone out (Letter of Henry, Earl Grey,
July 1871, Edin. Rev. cxxxiv. 291-302; Parl.
Deb. xxiv. 1019, 1308, xxv. 119; Lord Ha-
merton (Littleton}, Memoir of 1834, p. 85,
and passim). Brougham continued chancellor
when Lord Melbourne took office. Up to
this time his popularity and his success were
unabated. It was during his chancellorship
that he used to drive about in a little carriage
specially built for him by Robinson, the
coachmaker, which excited much wonder by
its unusual shape, ' an old little sort of garden
chair,' Moore the poet called it (Diary,
vi. 196) ; it was the ancestor of all broughams.
For years the ' Times' had nattered him out-
rageously, and he was accused of using the
'Edinburgh Review' as a means of puffing
himself and his projects (NAPIER, 110. The
extraordinary tyranny Brougham exercised
over the management of the 'Edinburgh Re-
view' is constantly illustrated by incidental
passages in the correspondence of Macvey
Napier, the editor ; it was grievously, though
for the most part vainly, complained of, and
was bitterly resented by Macaulay). Now,
however, the ' Times ' changed its tone, and
attacked him. In August he made a tour
in Scotland. He displeased the king by
taking the great seal across the border, and
made matters worse by indulging in extrava-
gances that excited the disgust of all sensible
persons ( Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 133 ;
CAMPBELL). The ministers were dismissed
on 11 Nov. That evening Melbourne, under a
promise of secrecy, told Brougham the result
of his interview with the king. Brougham
at once sent the news to the ' Times,' and his
brief communication, ending with the words,
' The queen has done it all,' appeared in the
issue of the next morning. The king declared
that he had been 'insulted and betrayed'
(ToRRENS, Memoirs of Melbourne, ii. 43,44).
Although Brougham knew that Scarlett was
to succeed Lyndhurst as chief baron of the
exchequer, he offered to take the judgeship
without any pay beyond his ex-chancellor's
pension. This offer brought him into con-
tempt, and he retreated to the continent
(ib. 51 ; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 157,
158). He visited Cannes, then a mere village,
and on 3 Jan. 1835 bought land there to build
a house (H. RETOURNAY).
Although Melbourne returned to office in
April 1835, he, and indeed the proposed minis-
ters generally, were determined not to have
Brougham among them again after the follies
of which he had been guilty, and in order to
conciliate him the great seal was put in com-
mission. He gave the government an inde-
pendent support, and was especially useful in
enabling them to carry the Municipal Reform
Bill. His activity in parliament was extra-
ordinary. In the course of this session he
delivered 221 speeches that are reported in
' Hansard ' (Parl. Deb. xxx. Index quoted by
CAMPBELL). The appointment of Pepys (Lord
Cottenham) as chancellor early in 1836
wounded him deeply. He considered, pro-
bably not without reason, that Melbourne
had deceived him (ToRREisrs, ii. 174 ; NAPIER,
251, 316). His health was shaken by his
vexation, and he spent a year in retirement
at Brougham Hall. During the early years
of Queen Victoria's reign, Brougham, though
sitting on the ministerial side of the house,
often opposed the government. Adopting
a radical tone, he stigmatised his former col-
leagues as courtiers, and on 11 Dec. 1837,
when criticising the allowance to the Duchess
of Kent, engaged in a sharp altercation with
Melbourne (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. i. 33).
During the next year he did much literary
work, editing the four volumes of his
' Speeches ' and writing books, reviews, and
other articles. At the same time he continued
to make his presence felt in parliament. On
20 Feb., in a speech of great eloquence, he
moved resolutions recommending the imme-
diate abolition of slavery. Of his work during
Brougham
455
Brougham
this session Macaulay, an old enemy of his,
wrote : ' A mere tongue, without a party and
without a character, in an unfriendly audience
and with an unfriendly press, never did half as
much before' (NAPIEK, 270). In the debate
of 21 May 1839 on the bedchamber question
he made a violent attack on the whigs and
spoke somewhat disrespectfully of the queen
as ' an inexperienced person.' After the re-
establishment of the Melbourne ministry he
virtually led the opposition in the lords, and
on 6 Aug. succeeded in carrying five resolu-
tions censuring the government policy in
Ireland. On 21 Oct., while he was at
Brougham Hall, it was reported and gene-
rally believed in London that he had met his
death by a carriage accident. All the news-
papers of the 22nd except the ' Times ' con-
tained obituary notices of his career, one or
two of them of an uncomplimentary cha-
racter. It soon became known that the
report was false, and Brougham was ac-
cused, not without reason, of having set it
abroad himself. It was true that he and
two friends were thrown from a carriage on
the 19th, but none of the three was in-
jured (CAMPBELL, 505-11 ; NAPIER, 312, 313).
The loss of his only surviving daughter on
30 Nov. of this year caused him deep grief.
He named the house he built for himself at
•Cannes the Chateau Eleanor Louise, in me-
mory of her. From 1840 onwards he spent
some months in each year at Cannes. His
habit was to go to Brougham Hall as soon
as parliament was prorogued, and at the ap-
proach of winter to visit Paris, where he took
the opportunity of attending the meetings of
the Institute — he had been elected an asso-
ciate by the Academy of Moral and Political
Science in 1833 — and thence to proceed to
Cannes, where he stayed until the next ses-
sion recalled him to London.
Although on the defeat of Melbourne's
ministry Brougham changed his seat to the
opposition side of the house, he nevertheless
gave Peel's government considerable support,
and when the Ashburton treaty, concerning
the -Maine boundary, was attacked by his
former colleagues, he brought forward a mo-
tion on 7 April 1843 expressing approval of
it and thanking Lord Ashburton for his ser-
"vices. He was in favour of free trade, though
at the same time he disliked the Anti-Corn-
law League, for he looked with suspicion on
all movements outside parliament. Although
he tried to avert the disruption of the Scotch
kirk, he has been accused of, in the end, sacri-
ficing the cause to the interests of the tory
.government by yielding to Lord Aberdeen
(CocKBUKN, Journal, ii. 44). In this year
a member of the family of Bird, the former
owners of Brougham Hall, set up a claim
to the estate. The case, which was one of
trespass, was heard at Appleby assizes on
11 Sept., and the verdict ousted Bird's claim.
Brougham was never happier than when
acting as judge ; he sat constantly in the su-
preme court of appeal, and in the judicial
committee of the privy council, the court he
had himself founded, and over which he de-
sired to hold permanent sway. In the hope
of acquiring the judicial headship of this court
he constantly, and especially in the spring of
1844, endeavoured to obtain the appointment
of a vice-president, who should be a judge
(Gremlle Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 225). He
continued to press the subject of law reform
as president of the Law Amendment Associa-
tion and director of its organ, the ' Law Re-
view,' as well as in parliament. On 19 May
1845 he made a long speech on this subject,
rehearsing, as his custom was, all he had
effected during the seventeen years that had
passed since his motion of 1828, urging the
establishment of ( courts of conciliation,' a
scheme he had propounded in his bill of
1830, and of other local courts, and recom-
mending that additional facilities should be
provided for the sale and transfer of land by
the use of a formula of conveyance and by a
system of registration ; and as regards crimi-
nal law, that more frequent commissions of
oyer and terminer should be held. He ended
by laying nine bills on the table (Parl. Deb»
3rd ser. Ixxx. 493-516). Old as he now was,
and notwithstanding the position he had
achieved and the good work he had done, his
constant thirst for admiration led him 'to
desire to flourish away among silly and dis-
solute people of fashion.' Ever anxious to
impress others with a sense of his superior
ability, ' he had no idea how to converse or live
at ease' (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 235).
When the French provisional government
of 1848 summoned the National Assembly,
Brougham was seized with a desire to be re-
turned as a deputy, and applied to the minister
of justice for a certificate of naturalisation.
After some difficulty he was made to under-
stand that if he became a French citizen he
would lose his English citizenship, and with
it his rank, offices, and emoluments, and he ac-
cordingly withdrew his request. On 11 April,
while this matter was still pending, he made a
long speech in the house on foreign affairs, at-
tacking Charles Albert, the king of Sardinia,
for having promised to help the Milanese,
and the pope for his concessions to the liberals,
and severely blaming the conduct of the
French provisional government. He found,
however, that his extraordinary proposal had
not escaped notice, and Lord Lansdowne
Brougham
456
Brougham
answered him with a sarcastic remark (Parl.
Deb. xcviii. 138). On the accession of the
whigs to office under Lord John Russell, |
Brougham remained on the opposition side of j
the house, and in the session of 1849 strenu-
ously opposed the repeal of the navigation |
acts. On 20 July he again reviewed the
state of affairs on the continent, and, no
longer moved with the sentiments he had
expressed in 1824, blamed the government
for sympathising with Victor Emmanuel, I
spoke strongly against the revolutionary party I
in Italy, defended the action of the French,
and complained of prejudice against Austria •
and of unfair dealings with the King of Italy '
(Parl. Deb. cvii. 616).
Although Brougham gradually withdrew
from politics,he continued active in the cause of
law reform, urging his schemes in parliament,
in the ' Law Review,' and through the Law
Amendment Society. He took a large share
in hearing appeals, and Lord-chancellor Truro
left the administration of the appellate juris-
diction of the lords in his hands. This caused
considerable dissatisfaction, and on 5 Aug.
1850 Brougham complained of the comments
of the ' Daily News ' as a breach of privilege
and a libel on himself. The experiment of
reinforcing the law lords by creating a peer
for life brought him in haste from Cannes in
1856, and he greatly contributed to the defeat
of Lord Wensleydale's claim. He took the
opportunity of moving for returns to state
his opinion on the movement for further par-
liamentary reform on 3 Aug. 1857. In 1850
he again turned to scientific studies. He
read a paper on experiments in light before
the French Institute, and in later years con-
tributed various other papers on kindred sub-
jects (Comptes Rendus^Qs. 30, 34, 36,44,46).
He was also constantly busy writing, arrang-
ing, and editing literary work of various
kinds. The wide and indefinite area which
the Social Science Association proposed to
occupy greatly pleased him. The committee
held their first formal meeting at his house
in Graft on Street on 29 July 1857 ; he was
chosen president for the year, and on 12 Oct.
delivered' the inaugural address at the first
congress at Birmingham. For some years
the meetings of the association were held to
be events of no small importance, and the
prominent part Brougham took in the pro-
ceedings brought him great fame. He was
again chosen president in 1860, and held the
office during the five succeeding years. He
was entertained at a public banquet at Edin-
burgh in October 1859, and two days after-
wards was elected chancellor of the university.
He delivered his installation address on
18 May 1860. In that year he received a
second patent of peerage with remainder to-
his younger brother William and his heirs
male, an honour conferred on him in recogni-
tion of his eminent services in the cause of
education and in the suppression of slavery.
Lady Brougham died at Brighton on 12 Jan.
1865. Brougham attended the meeting of
the Social Science Association held at Man-
chester in 1866. The next year his mental
powers, which had been gradually failing,
gave way altogether. He died quietly at
his chateau at Cannes on 7 May 1868. He
was an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and a
fellow of the Royal Society. In spite of a
gaunt ungainly figure and an ungraceful
habit of action he was a remarkably success-
ful speaker. His memory was excellent, and
his self-possession not easily disturbed. His
words came readily, he had great powers of
sarcasm, and an unfailing store of humour.
Eloquent, however, as many of his speeches
are, his perorations often bear the marks of
over-careful preparation. Although his health
was never strong, his power of application
was extraordinary, and even when he ap-
peared to be utterly worn out he was always,
able to call up a fresh supply of energy to
meet any new demand upon him. His style
of writing was slovenly, and, setting aside
his speeches, nothing that he wrote can now
be read with much pleasure except his private
letters and some of his ' Sketches of Statesmen.'
His attainments were manifold, and he wrote
and spoke as a teacher on almost every sub-
ject under the sun. His mind ranged over
so wide an area that he never acquired a
thorough knowledge of any particular division
of learning. It has been said of him that if
he had known a little law he would have
known a little of everything. Nevertheless
he has left his abiding mark in the improve-
ment of our legal system, and his work in the
judicial committee of the privy council was-
of considerable importance both in upholding
liberal principles in ecclesiastical matters,
and in creating a body of precedents which
have served as a kind of foundation of Indian
law (Encyclop. Brit., art ' Brougham'). In
almost all public questions — his speeches on
foreign politics in 1848 and 1849 excepted —
he upheld the cause of humanity and freedom ;
yet he had little moral influence ; such weight
as he had was simply due to his intellectual
powers. Genial in society, with great power
of enjoyment, a keen perception of what was
ludicrous, and a ready wit, he was at the same
time an unamiable man, a bitter enemy, and
a jealous colleague. His temper was irritable,
he was easily excited, and from whatever cause
his excitement arose it led him to speak and
act unadvisedly. Brougham was buried in
Brougham
457
Brougham
the cemetery of Cannes. His residence ther
and the interest he took in the welfare of the
place raised it from a mere fishing village to
its present position. The inhabitants were not
ungrateful. The hundredth anniversary of
his birth was kept with many marks of re-
spect, and the foundation of a statue to him
was laid on 19 Dec. 1878 (RETOTJRNAY).
Lord Brougham's brother WILLIAM (born
26 Sept. 1795) succeeded to the title as
second baron. He was educated at Jesus
College, Cambridge (B.A. 1819), was M.P.
for Southwark 1831-5, and a master in chan-
cery 1835-40. He died 3 Jan. 1886, and was
succeeded by his eldest son, Henry Charles
(Times, ,5 Jan. 1886).
A bibliographical list, describing 133 of
Brougham's literary productions, has been
drawn up by Mr. Ralph Thomas, and will be
found at the end of the eleventh volume of the
second collected edition of his works. Only
his larger and more important books will
therefore be mentioned here. His critical, >
historical, and miscellaneous works were pub- ;
lished under his own direction in a collected
edition, 11 vols. 8vo, 1855-61, a second edi- !
tion 1872-3. His chief productions, many of
which are included in the collected editions,
are: 1. ' An Enquiry into the Colonial Pol icy
of European Powers,' 2 vols. 1803. 2. « Prac- j
tical Observations on the Education of the '
People,' edits. 1-20, 1825, at Boston, U.S., !
1826, ' Praktische Bemerkungen,' Berlin,
1827. 3. 'A Discourse on Natural Theo-
logy, with an edition of Paley's work, 1835, !
1845. 4. ' Select Cases decided bv Lord •
Brougham in the Court of Chancery/ edited j
by C. P. Cooper, 1835. 5. ' Speeches upon |
Questions relating to Public Rights,' 4 vols.
1838, 1845, with introductions which, though
written in the third person, are really
Brougham's own work (COCKBUEN, Diary, i.
190). 6. < Historical Sketches of Statesmen . . .
in the time of George III,' 1839, second series
1839, third series 1843, in 6 vols. 12mo, 1845,
' Esquisses Historiques . . . traduites . . .
par U. Legeay,' Lyon, 1847. 7. ' IIEPI TOY
2TE*ANOY,' ' Demosthenes upon the Crown,
translated,' with notes, 1840, a most unfor-
tunate production, was made the subject of a
severe review in the ' Times,' 21 and 28 March,
and 3 and 4 April, which was reprinted in a
separate form, and on which see * Gent. Mag.,
March 1841, p. 265. 8. < Political Philosophy,'
and other essays published by the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 2 vols.
1842, 3 vols. no date ; to the ill-success of this
publication Lord Campbell ascribes the break-
up of the society ; for a contradiction of this
statement see ' Notes and Queries,' 4th series,
ix. 489. 9. ' Albert Lunel ; or, the Chateau of
I Languedoc,' 3 vols. 12mo. 1844, described by
^ Brougham as a philosophical romance, written
j '* as a kind of monument to her I had lost '
(liis daughter, who is made the heroine) ;
it was not published, and, after a few copies
had -been distributed, was suppressed by the
1 authoV ; it is not included in the i bibliogra-
phical N^ist,' but the authorship is now certain
(BKOUG^AM, Letters to Forsyth, 69-71, 73,
80 ; Notes, and Queries, 4th series, vii. 277),
it was reprinted and published, 3 vols. 8vo,
1872. 10. \Lives of Men of Letters and
Science . . . \ in the time of George III,'
1845, second seVjes 1846 ; some of these lives
are translated inW) French. 11. ' History of
1 England and Frasnce under the House of
Lancaster,' 1852 atoon., 1861 with name.
| 12. ' Contributions to Vie Edinburgh Review/
3 vols. 1856, contains nterely a selection from
Brougham's numerous articles. 13. ' Lord
' Brougham and Law Refo\m,' acts and bills
introduced by him since 189.1, edited by Sir
J. E. Eardley Wilmot, 1860>x contains forty
statutes carried and fifty bills Introduced, on
which, however, see Campbelrfe l Life,' 587.
14. ' Tracts, Mathematical and Physical,' col-
lected edition 1860. 15. ' Life and Times of
Henry, Lord Brougham/ written bj^ himself,
3 vols. posthumous, 1871.
[References to special passages in mostW the
authorities here named are given in theNtext.
Broughan/s Life and Times of Henry,
Brougham, 3 vols., must be read with cautiofc
and its statements compared with other authori-l
ties ; it is chiefly valuable for the letters it con-
tains ; for notices of some curious misstatements
in these volumes, besides those mentioned in the
above article, see the Times for 12 Jan. 1871, and
.Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 277 ; Brougham's
Speeches, 4 vols. ; Brougham's Letters to W.
Forsyth, privately printed; Lord Campbell's Life
of Brougham, in Lives of the Chancellors, viii.
213-596, is to be read with due allowance for
its spiteful tone — compare Lord St. Leonards on
Some Misrepresentations in Lord Campbell's
Lives ; F. A. M. Mignet has an able summary of
Brougham's Life and Work in his Nouveaux
Eloges Historiques, 1877, 165-237 ; Nicholson
and Burn's History of Cumberland and Westmor-
land, i. 395 ; Hutchinson's History of Westmor-
land, i. 301 ; Memoirs and Correspondence of
Francis Horner, ed. L. Homer, 2 vols. 2nd edit. ;
Selections from the Correspondence of Macvey
Napier ; Lord Cockburn's Life of Lord Jeffrey,
2 vols. ; Cockburn's Journal, 2 vols. ; G. Pea-
cock's Life of Dr. Young, p. 174; Lord Holland's
Memoirs of the Whig Party, 2 vols. ; Return of
Members of Parliament ; Parliamentary Debates,
xvi.-3rd ser. cxlvii. passim; Jeremy Bentham's
works contain a few notices, especially in the
correspondence, x. and xi. ; Sir G. C. Lewis's
Administrations of Great Britain 1783-1830,
pp. 344, 351 ; Autobiography of Miss E. Cornelia
Brougham
45'
Brougham
Knight, 2 vols. ; C. D. Yonge's Life and Idmir ~n Connection with Mark Lemon, 'The Demon
trationof Kobert, second Lord Liverpool, 3 vols " '
Report of the Speeches at the Edinburgh dinn '
6 ^ April 1825; A. G. Stapleton's
of Cannmg, i. 296, 377-383, iii. 348
History of the Whig Ministry of 1830
was largely inspired by Brougham, and
and other reasons must not be impl
Papers of J. Wilson Croker, ed.
. , e.
Correspondence of Earl Grey and Vllham
ed. Henry Earl Grey, 2 vols. ; Lord ,£amerton's
Correspondence relatir-gt°Ju"eand
July 1834; the Greville Memom' ed' ?• Reeve'
1st and 2nd ser. ; W. M. TorrenSv'Memoir of Lord
Melbourne, 2 vols. ; Edinburgh Review, xlvi. 225,
xlvii. 35, xlviii. 34, cxxv 546 cxxix. 583, cxxxiv.
291 ; Quarterly Review, s'-^- 281» cxxvi- 91 :
Gift.'
Leaving England he arrived in America
in October 1842, and opened at the Park
Theatre, New York, as O'Callaghan in the
farce ' His Last Legs.' A little later he was
in the employment of W. E. Burton in New
York, and wrote for him 'Bunsby's Wedding/
1 The Confidence Man/ ' Don Caesar de
Bassoon/ ' Vanity Fair/ and other pieces.
Still later he managed Niblo's Garden, pro-
| ducing there his fairy tale called ' Home/
' and the play of ' Ambrose Germain.' He
opened a new theatre in Broadway, near the
south-west corner of Broome Street, called
Brougham's Lyceum, 15 Oct. 1850, and while
Times, 11 May 1868; La^ Magazine and Law : there he wrote ' The World's Fair/ < Faustus/
Review, August 1868, ne-* series,!. 177 ; Horace
Retournay's Lord Bro/%nam et le centenaire.
Of the many squi bs y^ritten on Brougham the
most famous is T./L. Peacock's description of
him in Crotchet (V^stle, where he figures as ' the
learned friend.'] 7 W. H.
BROUGET AM, JOHN (1814-1880), actor
and dramatist, was born in Dublin on 9 May
1814, and, softer having for some time attended
Trinity OAbllege, began life as a student of
surgeryyeland for several months walked the
r / • Street Hospital ; but an uncle from
whoM6 \ ijg ha(j prospects falling into adversity,
"f 7*> ^as thrown upon his own resources, and
thfLGreUpOn went to London. A chance en-
^Wounter with an old acquaintance led to his
^ engagement at the Tottenham Street Theatre
(a house long afterwards known as the Prince
of Wales's), and there, in July 1830, acting
six characters in the old play of ' Tom and
Jerry/ he made his first appearance on the
public stage. In 1831 he was a member of
the company o'rganised by Madame Vestris
for the Olympic Theatre. His first play was
written at this time, and was a burlesque,
prepared for William Evans Burton, who was
then acting at the Pavilion Theatre. When
Madame Vestris removed from the Olympic
to Covent Garden, Brougham followed her
thither, and there remained as long as she
and Charles Mathews were at the head of
the theatre, and it was while there that he
wrote * London Assurance' in conjunction
•with Dion Boucicault. There has been much
discussion about the authorship of this popu-
lar piece. Brougham stated in 1868 that he
brought an action against Boucicault, whose
legal adviser suggested the payment of half
the purchase-money in preference to proceed-
ing with the case. In 1 840 he became manager
of the Lyceum Theatre, which he conducted
during summer seasons, and for which he
wrote « Life in the Clouds/ ' Love's Livery/
4 Enthusiasm/ < Tom Thumb the Second/ and,
The Spirit of Air/ a dramatisation of l David
Copperfield/ and a new version of 'The
Actress of Padua.' The Lyceum was at first
a success, but the demolition of the building
next to it made it appear to be unsafe, and the
business gradually declined, leaving him bur-
dened with debts, all of which, however, he
subsequently paid. His next speculation was
at the Bowery Theatre, of which he became
lessee on 7 July 1856, and produced ' King
John ' with superb scenery and a fine com-
pany, but this not proving to be to the taste
of his audiences, he wrote and brought out
a series of sensational dramas, among which
were ' The Pirates of the Mississippi/ * Tom
and Jerry in America/ and ' The Miller of
New Jersey.' In September 1860 he returned
to London, where he remained five years.
While playing at the Lyceum he adapted
from the French, for Charles A. Fechter,
< The Duke's Motto ' and ' Bel Demonic/ and
wrote for Miss Louisa Herbert dramatic ver-
sions of ' Lady Audley's Secret ' and ' Only
a Clod.' He also wrote the words of three
operas, ' Blanche de Nevers/ f The Demon
Lovers/ and ' The Bride of Venice.' His re-
appearance in America took place on 10 Oct.
1865 at the Winter Garden Theatre, and he
never afterwards left America. He opened
Brougham's Theatre on 25 Jan. 1869, with a
comedy by himself, called ' Better Late than
Never/ but this theatre was taken out of his
hands by James Fisk, junior, under circum-
stances which caused much sympathy on his
behalf. On 4 April a banquet in his honour
was given at the Astor House, and on 18 May
he received a farewell benefit. The attempt
to establish Brougham's Theatre was his final
eifort in management. After that time he
was connected with various stock companies,
but chiefly with Daly's Theatre and with
Wallack's. In 1852 he edited a bright comic
paper in New York, called ' The Lantern/
and he published two collections of his mis-
Brougham
459
B rough ton
cellaneous writings, entitled l A Basket of
Chips ' and l The Bunsby Papers.' On 17 Jan.
1878 he received a testimonial benefit at the
Academy of Music, at which the sum of
10,278 dollars was received, and this fund,
.after the payment of incidental expenses, was
settled on him in an annuity which expired
at his death. His last work was a drama,
entitled ' Home Rule,' and his last appear-
ance on the stage was made as Felix O'Reilly
the detective in Boucicault's play of ' Rescued/
At Booth's Theatre, New York, on 25 Oct.
1879. His rank among actors it is difficult
to assign. He excelled in humour rather
than in pathos or sentiment, and was at his
best in the expression of comically eccentric
characters. Among the parts that will live
in memory as associated with his name are :
.Stout in l Money,' Dennis Brulgruddery
in 'John Bull,' Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Micaw-
ber, Captain Cuttle, Bagstock, O'Grady in
' Arrah-na-Pogue,' Dazzle in * London As-
surance,' and O'Callaghan in * His Last
Legs.' He was the author of over seventy-
five dramatic pieces, many of which will long
«ndure in literature to testify to the solidity
and sparkle of his intellectual powers. He
died at 60 East Ninth Street, New York,
on 7 June 1880, and was buried in Greenwood
•cemetery on 9 June. He is said to have been
the original of Harry Lorrequer in Charles
Jjever's novel which bears that name.
He married first, in 1838, Miss Emma
Williams, an actress who had played at the
St. James's Theatre, London, in 1836, and
afterwards at Covent Garden, where she was
the original representative of the Empress
in 'Love.' In 1845 she left America for
England, and remained away for seven years.
On her return she appeared at the Broadway
Theatre on 16 Feb. 1852, and played a short
•engagement ; again, in 1859, she went to
America, being then known as Mrs. Brougham
Robertson. She died in New York on
30 June 1865. John Brougham married
secondly, in 1844, Annette Hawley, daughter
of Captain Nelson, R.N., and widow of Mr.
Hodges. She had been on the London stage
in 1830, and made her American debut at
New Orleans as the Fairy Queen in ' Cin-
derella' in 1833. At one time she had the
•direction of the Richmond Theatre, which
then went by the name of Miss Nelson's
'Theatre, and she was afterwards at Wallack's
National, where she appeared as Telemachus.
Her death took place at New York on 3 May
1870, the twenty-sixth anniversary of her
wedding-day.
[Life, Stories, and Poems of John Brougham,
•edited by William Winter, Boston, United States
of America (1881), with portrait ; Appleton's
Annual Cyclopaedia, 1880, p. 66; Ireland's
Records of the New York Stage (1866-67), ii.
178, 210, 384, 594, 655.] G. C. B.
BROUGHTON, ARTHUR (d. 1803?),
botanist, took the degree of doctor in me-
dicine at Edinburgh in 1779, then published
a volume of brief diagnoses of British plants
anonymously, and subsequently settled in
Jamaica, where he died in 1803, judging from
certain notes in Wiles's edition of the ' Hor-
tus Eastensis.' His name is preserved in the
genus of orchids named Broughtonia by Ro-
bert Brown.
The following is a list of his works :
1. l Diss. Med. de Vermibus Intestinorum,'
Edinburgh, 1779, 8vo. 2. * Enchiridion Bo-
tanicum,' London, 1782, 8vo. 3. ' Hortus
Eastensis; or a catalogue of Exotic Plants in
the garden of Hinton East, Esq., in the
mountains of Liguanea, at the time of his
decease,' Kingston, 1792, 4to ; new edition
by J. Wiles, Jamaica, 1806, 4to. 4. ' Cata-
logue of the more valuable and rare Plants
in the public botanic garden in the mountains
of Liguanea, &c.' (St. Jago de la Vega),
1794, 4to.
[The works cited.] B. D. J.
BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612),
divine and rabbinical scholar, was born in
1549 at Owlbury, a mansion in the parish of
Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. In the immedi-
ate vicinity are two farmlands, called Upper
and Lower Broughton. His ancestry was old
and of large estate (the family bore owls as
their coat of arms) ; he had a brother a judge.
He calls himself a Cambrian, and it is probable
that he had a good deal of Welsh blood in
his veins. His preparation for the university
he got from Bernard Gilpin, at Houghton-
le-Spring. Gilpin's biographers say that he
picked up Broughton while the lad was mak-
ing his way on foot to Oxford, trained him, and
sent him to Cambridge. They accuse Brough-
ton of base ingratitude in endeavouring, at
a subsequent period, to supplant Gilpin in his
living. Although this story must be received
with caution, the later relations between
Broughton and his earliest benefactor were
probably somewhat strained. Gilpin's will
(he died on 4 March 1584) shows that Brough-
ton had borrowed some of his books, and
adds : ( I trust he will withhold none of them.'
Broughton was entered at Magdalene College,
Cambridge, in 1569. The foundation of his
Hebrew learning was laid, in his first year
at Cambridge, by his attendance on the lec-
tures of the French scholar, Antoine Ro-
dolphe Chevallier [q. v.], of whom he gives
a particular account, without mentioning
his name. He graduated B.A. in 1570, and
Broughton
460
Broughton
became fellow of St. John's and afterwards
of Christ's. He had no lack of patronage at
the university ; Sir Walter Mildmay made
him an allowance for a private lectureship in
Greek, and the Earl of Huntingdon still
more liberally supplied him with means for
study. He was elected one of the taxers of
the university, and obtained a prebend and
a readership in divinity at Durham. On the
ground of his holding a prebend, he was de-
prived of his fellowship in 1579, but was re-
instated in 1581, at the instance of Lord
Burghley, the chancellor, who, moved by the
representations of the Bishop of Durham
(Richard Barnes) and the Earls of Hunting-
don and Essex, overcame the opposition of
Hatcher, the vice-chancellor, and Hawford,
master of Christ's. He resigned the office of
taxer, and does not seem to have returned
to the university. He came to London,
where he spent from twelve to sixteen hours
a day in study, and distinguished himself as
a preacher of puritan sentiments in theology.
He is said to have predicted, in one of his
sermons (1588), the scattering of the armada.
He found friends among the citizens, especi-
ally in the family of the Cottons, with whom
he lived, and whom he taught to be enthu-
siastic Hebrew scholars. In 1588 appeared
his first work, ' A Concent of Scripture,' de-
dicated to the queen. John Speed, the his-
torian, saw the book through the press. In
this * little book of great pains,' as Broughton
himself calls it, he attempts to settle the
scripture chronology, and to correct profane
writers by it. The work is interesting, writ-
ten in a lively style, full of learning and in-
genuity, but removing all difficulties with a
quaint oracular dogmatism, which entertains
rather than convinces. He holds the abso-
lute incorruptness of the text of both testa-
ments, including the Hebrew points. Indeed,
he goes so far in a later work as to maintain,
respecting the Kthibh and the q'ri, that ' both
of them are of God, and of equal authority.'
The * Concent ' was attacked in their public
prelections by John Rainolds at Oxford,
and Edward Lively at Cambridge. Brough-
ton appealed to the queen (to whom he pre-
sented a special copy of the book on 17 Nov.
1589). to Whitgift, and to Aylmer, bishop of
London, asking to have the points in dispute
between Rainolds and himself determined by
the authority of the archbishops and the two
universities. He began weekly lectures in
his own defence to an audience of between
80 and 100 scholars, using the ' Concent ' as
a text-book. The privy council allowed him
to deliver his lectures (as Chevallier had
done before) at the east end of St. Paul's,
until some of the bishops complained of his
audiences as ' dangerous conventicles.' He
then removed his lecture to a room in Cheap-
side, and thence to Mark Lane, and else-
where. It is said that he was in fear of the
high commission, and therefore anxious to-
leave the country. It is probable that he
left for Germany at the end of 1589 or be-
ginning of 1590, taking with him a pupil,
Alexander Top, a young country gentleman.
Broughton on his travels was a valiant dis-
putant against popery (even at the table of
his fast friend, the Archbishop of Maintz),,
and engaged in religious discussion with
several Jews. At Frankfort, early in 1590,
he disputed in the synagogue with Rabbi
Elias. He was at Worms in 1590, and re-
turned next year to England. His letter
of 27 March 1590 (probably 1591) to Lord
Burghley asks permission to go abroad,
with a special view to make use of King
Casimir's library. But he remained in Lon-
don, where he met Rainolds, and agreed
with him to refer their differing views
about the harmony of scripture chronology
to the arbitration of Whitgift and Aylmer.
Broughton's letter to these prelates is dated
4 Nov. 1591. Nothing came of the reference,
and though Whitgift acknowledged the in-
dustry and dexterity which Broughton had
displayed in the ' Concent,' the archbishop
was his enemy with Elizabeth. In 1592 we
find Broughton again in Germany, and, ac-
j cording to Lightfoot, he probably remained
| abroad till the death of Elizabeth. But
| Brook prints (from Baker's copy, Harl. MS.
: 7031, p. 94) a letter from Broughton to Lord
j Burghley, dated < London, May 16, 1595,' in
j which he applies for the archbishopric of
, Tomon (Tuam), ' worth not above 200/.,' and
asks for a meeting to be arranged between him
j and Rainolds. On the continent he made the
: acquaintance of many learned men, including-
Scaliger, who calls him ' furiosus et maledi-
! cus.' It is said that he was tempted with
| the offer of a cardinal's hat ; catholic scholars
treated him with more respect than foreign
j protestants. He wrote against Beza in his
fiercest Greek. Puritanical as he was in his
| theology, he held the episcopal polity to be
apostolic. His dispute with Rabbi Elias
brought him, in 1596, a letter from Rabbi
Abraham Reuben, written at Constanti-
nople. This was addressed to him in Lon-
don, but in a cursive Hebrew character,
which puzzled < divers scholars,' till Top
managed to make out whom it was intended
for, and sent it off to Germany. Broughton
was sanguine as to the good effects of his
discussions with Jews in their mother tongue,,
and often speaks of his disputations with one
Rabbi David Farrar. While at Middleburg-
Broughton
46i
Broughton
ne printed ' An Epistle to the learned No-
"bilitie of England, touching translating the
Bible from the Original/ 1597, 4to. The
project of assisting in a better version of the
Bible was one which he had long cherished, j
and he had already addressed the queen ;
on the subject. His plan, as given in a j
letter dated 21 June 1593 (though addressed j
to ' Sir William Cecil,' who became Lord |
Burghley in 1571), was to do the work in i
conjunction with five other scholars. Only j
necessary changes were to be made, but the J
principle of harmonising the scripture was to I
prevail, and there were to be short notes.
Though his scheme was backed up by ' sundry
lords, and amongst them some bishops,' his
application for the means of carrying it out
was unsuccessful. In a letter to Burghley, of
11 June 1597, he blames Whitgift for hinder-
ing his proposed new translation. In 1599 he
printed his ' Explication ' of the article respect-
ing Christ's descent into hell. It was a topic he
had touched upon before, maintaining with his
usual vigour (against the Augustinian view,
espoused by most Anglican divines) that hades
never meant the place of torment, but the
state of departed souls. A philology more
ingenious than accurate enabled him to pa-
rallel ' hell ' with sheolj as f that which haleth
all hence.' With this discussion, which he
first brought prominently forward among
English scholars, his name is chiefly asso-
ciated at the present day. He returned to
England, to the surprise of his friends, at a
moment when London was afflicted with the
plague, of which he showed no fear. In 1603
he preached before Prince Henry, at Oatlands,
on the Lord's Prayer. He soon returned
to Middleburg, and became preacher there
to the English congregation. Brook prints
(here corrected from Harl. MS. 787, pp. 94,
96) the following tart petition, addressed,
without effect, to James I : ' Most gracious
soveraigne, your majesty's most humble sub-
ject, Hugh Broughton, having suffered many
years danger for publishing of your right and
Gods truth, by your unlearned bishops that
spent two impressions of libells to disgrace
the Scottish mist : which libells now the sta-
cioners deny that ever they sold. He requesteth
your majesty's favour for a pension fitt for his
age, studye, and trauells past, bearing allwayes
a most dutifull heart unto your majesty. From
Middleburgh, Aug.- 1604. Your majesty's
most humble subject, H. Broughton.'' This
was written in the month following the king's
letter (22 July) appointing fifty-four learned
men for the revision of the translation of the
Bible. Broughton's old adversary, Rainolds,
had been more successful than he in pressing
upon the authorities the need of a revision,
and when the translators were appointed,
Broughton, to his intense chagrin, was not in-
cluded among them. Lightfoot considers his
exclusion unjust. Subsequently he criticised
the new translation unsparingly, after his
manner ; his corrections would have carried
more weight if they had not been generally
accepted as the outpourings of a disappointed
man. Of his own versions of the prophets
it must be said that, while marked by all his
peculiarities, they have a majesty of expres-
sion which entitles them to be better known
than they are. His bitter pamphlet against
Bancroft certainly did not improve his chances
of obtaining due recognition of his merits
as a scholar. Ben Jonson satirised him
in ' Volpone ' (1605), and especially in the
'Alchemist' (1610). He continued to write
and publish assiduously. His translation of
Job (1610) he dedicated to the king. But
he now fell into a consumption, and he made
his last voyage to England, arriving at Graves-
end in November 1611. He told his friends
he had come to die, and wished to die in
Shropshire, where, it appears, his pupil, now
Sir Rowland Cotton, had a seat. His strength,
however, was not equal to the journey. He
wintered in London, and in the spring re-
moved to Tottenham. Here he lingered till
autumn, in the house of Benet, a Cheapside
linendraper. His death occurred on 4 Aug.
1612. He was buried in London, at St. An-
tholin's, on 7 Aug., James Speght preaching
his funeral sermon. He had married a niece
of his pupil, Alexander Top, named Lingen,
a lady of good estate. Broughton's portrait
is engraved by Van Hove. He is described as
graceful and comely, and of a ' sweet, affable,
and loving carriage ' among his friends ; at
table he was bright and genial. His pupils
almost adored him. His reputation for ar-
rogance is not undeserved. He was sharp,
but not scurrilous ; had he stood with a
party, his language would have seemed tem-
perate enough according to the fashion of
his day, but he always fought for his own
hand. Thomas Morton, afterwards bishop
of Durham, who was with him in Germany,
took him in the right way : f I pray you,
whatsoever dolts and dullards I am to be
called, call me so before we begin, that your
discourse and mine attention be not inter-
rupted thereby.' Broughton accepted the
exhortation with perfect good-humour. He
was easily provoked, and lamented on his
death-bed his infirmities of temper. Some
incidents in his life may give the impres-
sion that he was of a grasping nature. He
expected his friends to do a great deal for
him, and made warm and public acknow-
ledgment of their willing kindness. It must
Broughton
462
Broughton
be remembered that his pursuits and his pub-
lications involved considerable outlay. There
is no evidence that he enriched himself ; in
1590 he 'took a little soil' near Tuam, or
somewhere else in Ireland ; possibly this was
his wife's property. Lightfoot allows that
his style is ' curt and something harsh and
obscure,' yet maintains that his writings ' do
carry in them a kind of holy and happy fasci-
nation.'
Lightfoot collected his works under the
strange title, ' The Works of the Great Al-
bionean Divine, renowned in many Nations
for Eare Skill in Salems and Athens Tongues,
and Familiar Acquaintance with all Rabbi-
nical Learning, Mr. Hugh Broughton,' 1662,
fol. The volume is arranged in four sections
or ' tomes ; ' prefixed is his life : Speght's
funeral sermon is given in the fourth tome ;
appended is an elegy by W. Primrose, of
which the finest passage, descriptive of the
many languages known to Broughton, is
borrowed (and not improved) from some
noble lines in the comedy of ' Lingua,' printed
in 1607, and very doubtfully assigned to
Anthony Brewer [q. v.]. A few tracts are
omitted from the collection. According to
Bohn's ' Lowndes,' i. 285, the ' Concent ' con-
tains ' specimens, by W. Rogers, of the earliest
copperplate-engraving in England.' Brough-
ton's ' Sinai-Sight/ 1592, was wholly ' en-
graven in brass,' at an expense of about 100
marks. The genealogical tables, prefixed to
old bibles, and assigned to Speed, were really
(according to Lightfoot) Broughton's work,
but ' the bishops would not endure to have
Mr. Broughton's name ' to them ; his owl
may, however, be seem upon them. Of
Broughton's manuscripts the British Museum
possesses a quarto volume (Sloane MS. 3088),
containing thirty-five pieces, many referring
to the new translation of the Bible ; and his
' Harmonic of the Bible,' a chronological work
(Harl. MS. 1525). Neither of these volumes
is in autograph, with the exception of a small
part of the ' Harmonie.' See also the ' Cat.
of Lansdowne MSS.,' 1807, pp. 220, 331, 332.
[Life, by Lightfoot, prefixed to Works, 1662
(abridged in Clark's Lives, 1683, p. 1 seq., por-
trait); Bayle, art. 'Broughton, Hugues; ' Gilpin's
Life of B. Gilpin, 1751, pp. 251, 271 ; Biog.
Brit. (Kippis), ii. 604 seq. ; Brook's Lives of the
Puritans, 1813, ii. 215 seq.; Wood's Athense
Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 308 seq. ; Hunt's Keligious
Thought in England, 1870, i. 126 seq. ; Notes
and Queries, 5th series, iv. 48 ; Cole's MS.
Athense Cantab. ; Baker MSS. iv. 93, 94.1
A. Gr.
BROUGHTON, JOHN (1705-1789),
pugilist, was born in 1705, but there is no
record of his birthplace, although it may be
assumed to have been London. As a boy he
was apprenticed to a Thames waterman,,
and, when at work on his own account, he
generally plied at Hungerford Stairs.
He is usually considered as the father of
British pugilism, combats, previous to his
appearance, having been chiefly decided either
by backsword or quarterstaff on a raised
stage. Accident settled his future career.
Having had a difference with a brother
waterman, they fought it out ; and he showed
so much aptitude for the profession which he
afterwards adopted, that he gave up his boat
and turned public bruiser, for which his
height (5 ft. 11 in.) and weight (about 14
stone) peculiarly fitted him.
He attached himself to George Taylor's
booth in Tottenham Court Road, and re-
mained there till 1742, patronised by the
Mite of society, and even royalty itself in
the person of the Duke of Cumberland, who
procured him a place, which he held until
his death, among the yeomen of the guard.
But the duke ultimately deserted him.
Broughton fought Slack on 11 April 1750,
and the duke backed his protege the champion,
it is said, for 10,000/. Broughton lost the
fight, having been blinded by his adversary,
and the duke never forgave him for being the
cause of his loss of money. After this battle
Broughton's career as a pugilist was ended.
In 1742 he quarrelled with Taylor, and
built a theatre for boxing, &c., for himself
in Han way Street, Oxford Street. There he
performed until his retirement, when he went
to live at Wai cot Place, Lambeth. He resided
there until his death, on 8 Jan. 1789. He
amassed considerable property, some 7,000/.,
and dying intestate, it went to his niece.
i He was buried on 21 Jan. 1789 in Lambeth
j Church, his pall-bearers being, by his own re-
quest, Humphries, Mendoza, Big Ben, Ward,
I Ryan, and Johnston, all noted pugilists. His
epitaph was as follows : —
Hie jacet
lohannes Broughton,
Pugil sevi sui prsestantissimus.
Obiit
Die Octavo lanuarii,
Anno Salutis 1789,
^Etatis suse 85.
[Capt. Godfrey's Treatise upon the Useful
Science of Self-Defence, 1747; Pugilistica;
Boxiana; Fistiana ; Morning Post, January
1789.] J. A.
BROUGHTON, JOHN CAIN HOB-
HOUSE, LOED. [See HOBHOTJSB.]
BROUGHTON, RICHARD (d. 1634),
catholic historian, was born at Great Stuke-
ley, Huntingdonshire, towards the close of
Broughton
463
Broughton
Queen Mary's reign. In his preface to the
'Monasticon Britannicum' he claims descent
from the ancient family of Broughton of
Broughton Towers in Lancashire.
After studying for a time at Oxford, where
however he was not entered as a student,
Broughton proceeded to the English col-
lege at Eheims. Here he devoted himself
chiefly to the study of Hebrew and English
antiquities, and theology. On 24 Feb. 1592
he was admitted into deacon's orders, and
was ordained priest on 4 May 1593, the same
year in which the English college quitted
Rheims and returned to their old home at
Douay after an absence of fifteen years.
Soon after this he was sent to England for
the purpose of making converts to the Roman
catholic church, and of furthering the poli-
tical schemes of the Jesuits. John Pits, a
contemporary of his, speaks of him as being
'most diligent in gathering fruit into the
granary of Christ/ and the same writer, al-
luding to his literary acquirements, says that
he was ' no less familiar with literature than
learned in Greek and Hebrew.' Dodd, writ-
ing of him a century later, says ' he was
in great esteem among his brethren, an as-
sistant to the archpriest, a canon of the
chapter, and vicar-general to Dr. Smith,
bishop of Calcedon.' At one time he was
secretary to the Duchess of Buckingham,
and it is to her and her mot her, the Countess
of Rutland, that his ' Ecclesiasticall His-
toric' is dedicated. In 1626 we find him
' sojourner ' at Oxford. He died on 15 Feb.
1634, and was buried by the side of his
father and mother at Great Stukeley, as
we learn from his epitaph : ' Quo cum matre,
patre sub saxo conditur uno.'
As a writer he was dull, painstaking,
laborious, inaccurate, and credulous to a
degree rare even for the age in which he
lived. Among his principal works are :
1. ' A New Manual of Old Catholic Medita-
tions,' 1617. 2. 'The Judgment of the
Apostles,' Douay, 1632, dedicated to Queen
Marie, wife of Charles I. These two works
are published under the initials ' R. B.' The
letter elicited an indignant pamphlet from
one ' P. H.,' entitled ' A Detection or Dis-
covery of a Notable Fraud committed by
R. B., a Seminarie Priest,' in which Brough-
ton's manner of treating Nos. 23 and 36 of
the Thirty-nine Articles is strongly assailed.
3. ' The Ecclesiastical Historie of Great Brit-
tame,' Douay, 1633. 4. < A True Memorial
of the Ancient, most Holy, and Religious
State of Great Britaine,' 1650. In a later
edition (1654), the title runs ' Monasticon
Britannicum, or a Historical Narration ol
the first Founding and Flourishing State o:
the Antient Monasteries, Religious Rules,
and Orders of Great Brittaine.' 5. 'An
Apologetic Epistle in answer to a Book that
undertakes to prove that Catholics cannot
be good Subjects.' 6. ' A Continuation of
;he Catholic Apology taken from Christian
Authors.'
[Records of the English Catholics under
he Penal Laws, chiefly from the Archives of
he See of "Westminster, 1878; Wood's Fasti
Bliss), i. 428 ; Wood's History and Antiquities
•f the University of Oxford ; Dodd's Church
History ; Fuller's Worthies ; Pits, De Kebus An-
jlicis, 1619 ; Histoire du College de Douay,
1672 ; Foley's Eecords, vi. 181.] K Gr. *
BROUGHTON, SAMUEL DANIEL
1787-1837), army surgeon, was son of the
Elev. Thomas Broughton, M.A., who became
rector of St. Peter's, Bristol, in 1781. He
was born in Bristol in July 1787, and was
educated at the grammar school there, under
:he care of the Rev. S. Seyer, author of
Memorials of Bristol.' After studying at
St. George's Hospital he became assistant-
surgeon of the Dorsetshire militia, and in Oc-
tober 1812 was appointed assistant-surgeon of
the 2nd life guards, of which Mr. J. Carrick
Moore, elder brother of the late General Sir
John Moore, was then surgeon. Immediately
afterwards Broughton was appointed addi-
tional surgeon with temporary rank, and
placed in medical charge of the service
squadrons of the regiment ordered abroad,
with which he was present in the Peninsula
and south of France to the end of the war.
His campaigning experiences from Lisbon to
Boulogne he related in a volume of ' Letters
from Portugal, Spain, and France in 1812,
1813, and 1814 ' (London, 8vo, 1815). He
was also with his regiment at the battle
of Waterloo. In July 1821 he succeeded
to the surgeoncy of the regiment on the
resignation of Mr. Moore, who had just
been granted a pension of 1,000/. a year in
recognition of the distinguished services of
his late brother. Residing constantly in
London with his regiment, Broughton de-
voted himself with great assiduity to pro-
fessional and scientific studies. A list of
original papers, chiefly relating to physio-
logical research, contributed by him to various
scientific journals, will be found in the Royal
Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers,'
1800-63, vol. i. In conjunction with Mr.
Wilcox, barrister-at-law, he produced and
delivered some valuable lectures on forensic
medicine and toxicology. He was elected
a fellow of the Royal Society and of the
Geological Society. In 1836 Broughton re-
ceived an injury in the leg, caused by a fall,
which resulted in disease of the ankle-joint,
Broughton
464
Broughton
and eventually rendered amputation neces-
sary. The operation was performed by the
eminent surgeon Listen, but terminated -fa-
tally on the tenth day. The circumstances
are related in fuller detail in ' Gent, Mag.'
N.S. viii. 432. Broughton's death occurred
at Regent's Park barracks on 20 Aug. 1837.
He was interred at Kensal Green cemetery.
[Gent. Mag. new ser. viii. 432 ; Kose's New
Biog. Diet. vol. v. (many of the details given ap-
pear to be incorrect) ; Army Lists ; E. Soc. Cat.
Scientific Papers, 1800-63, vol. i. ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Index Brit. Assoc. Reports.] H. M. C.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1704-1774),
divine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer,
"born in London on 5 July 1704, was the son
of the rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He
was educated at Eton, and, being superan-
nuated on that foundation, went about 1772
to Cambridge, where ' for the sake of a
scholarship he entered himself of Gonville
and Cains College.' In 1727, after taking
B.A., he was admitted to deacon's orders,
and in 1728 he was ordained priest, and pro-
ceeded to the M.A. He served for several
years as curate of Offley, Hertfordshire, and
in 1739 became rector of Stepington, Hunt-
ingdonshire ; the patron, the Duke of Bedford,
also appointing him one of his chaplains. As
reader to the Temple, to which he was chosen
soon afterwards, he won the favour of the
master, Bishop Sherlock, who in 1744 pre-
sented him to the vicarage of Bedminster,
near Bristol, with the chapels of St. Mary
Redcliffe, St. Thomas, and Abbot's Leigh an-
nexed. To the same influence he owed a
prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and on re-
ceiving this he removed from London to
Bristol, where he died on 21 Dec. 1774. He
was an industrious writer in many kinds of
composition. He published (1742) an ' His-
torical Dictionary of all Religions from the
Creation of the World to the Present Times,'
a huge work in two volumes folio ; he trans-
lated Voltaire's e Temple of Taste,' and part of
Bayle's ' Dictionary ; ' vindicated orthodox
Christianity against Tindal ; converted a Ro-
man catholic book (' Dorrel on the Epistles
and Gospels ') to protestant uses ; edited Dry-
den ; wrote in defence of the immortality of
the soul ; and contributed the lives marked
' T ' in the original edition of the ' Biographia
Britannic*.' Hawkins, in his l Life of John-
son,' credits Broughton with being the real
translator of Jarvis's ' Don Quixote.' ' The
fact is that Jarvis laboured at it many years,
but could make but little progress, for being
a painter by profession, he had not been ac-
customed to write, and had no style. Mr.
Tonson, the bookseller, seeing this, suggested
the thought of employing Mr. Broughton . . .
who sat himself down to study the Spanish
language, and in a few months acquired, as
was pretended, sufficient knowledge thereof
to give to the world a translation of "Don
Quixote " in the true spirit of the original,
and to which is prefixed the name of Jarvis.'
Broughton was a lover of music, and ac-
quainted with Handel, whom he furnished
with words for some of his compositions, in-
cluding the drama of ' Hercules,' first given
at the Haymarket in 1745. In private life
he was of a mild and amiable disposition, but
in controversy, though not discourteous ac-
cording to the standard of his time, he was
very economical in his concessions to his op-
ponents, and he has been characterised in
some respects as a weak and credulous
writer.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. pref. ix-x ; G-rove's
Diet, of Music, i. 730 ; Hawkins's Life of Dr.
Johnson, 1787, p. 216; Lowudes's British Li-
brarian, 1839-42, p. 1250.] J. M. S.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1712-1777),
divine, the son of Thomas Broughton, who
is said to have been at one time commis-
sioner of excise at Edinburgh, was born at
Oxford. When he matriculated at University
College, Oxford, on 13 Dec. 1731, his father was
described as of ' Carfax in Oxford.' He was
elected Petreian fellow at Exeter College
30 June 1733, and became full fellow on
14 July 1734, taking his degree of B.A. on
22 March 1737. Soon after becoming an under-
graduate he joined the little band of young
men who were known as ' Methodists,' and
remained a sympathiser with the Wesleys for
several years, until differences of opinion on
the Moravian doctrines led to their separation.
Broughton's first clerical duty was at Cow-
ley, near Uxbridge, and he was curate at the
Tower of London in 1736. Through White-
field's influence he obtained the lectureship
at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Within, but as
some of the parishioners objected to White-
field's preaching from its pulpit he withdrew
from the post. He visited the prisoners in
Newgate and was indefatigable in doing
good. In 1741 he was appointed lecturer at
Allhallows, Lombard Street, and two years
later was elected secretary to the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, a position
which he retained until his death. His only
other preferment was the living of Wotton
in Surrey, which he held from 1752 to 1777.
He died at the society's house in Hatton
Garden, London, 21 Dec. 1777. He held his
fellowship at Exeter College until July 1741.
In 1742 he married Miss Capel, by whom he
had fifteen children, five of them dying young.
Broughton
465
Broughton
A portrait of Broughton hangs in the board-
room of the S. P. C. K. Two very outspoken
sermons of his attained great popularity :
•' The Christian Soldier, or the Duties of a
Religious Life recommended to the Army,'
which was preached in 1737, printed in 1738,
and reached its twelfth edition in 1818, a
Welsh translation having appeared in 1797 ;
and ' A Serious and Affectionate Warning to
Servants,' occasioned by the brutal murder of
a mistress by her male servant aged only 19,
and issued in 1746, ninth edition 1818.
[Tyerman's Oxford Methodists, 334-60; Man-
ning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 158 ; Boase's Exeter
College, 98.] W. P. C.
BROUGHTON", THOMAS DUER
(1778-1835), writer on India, was son of the
Rev. Thomas Broughton, rector of St. Peter's,
Bristol. He was educated at Eton, and went
to India in 1795 as a cadet on the Bengal es-
tablishment. He was actively engaged at the
siege of Seringapatam in 1799, and was after-
wards appointed commandant of the cadet
corps, and in 1802 military resident with the
Mahrattas. For a short time previous to
the restoration of Java to the Dutch he held
the command of that island. He became a
lieutenant on the Madras establishment in
1797, and, passing through the intermediate
grades, became colonel in 1829. His death
took place in Dorset Square, London, on
16 Nov. 1835. He published: 1. 'Edward
and Laura/ a novel, freely translated from
the French. 2. ' Letters written in a Mah-
ratta Camp during the year 1809, descriptive
of the character, manners, domestic habits,
and religious ceremonies of the Mahrattas,'
London, 1813, 4to. 3. f Selections from the
Popular Poetry of the Hindoos,' London,
1814, 8vo.
[Gent. Ma?. KS. v. 203 ; Cat, of 'Printed
Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C.
BROUGHTON, WILLIAM GRANT,
D.D. (1788-1853), metropolitan of Austral-
asia, was the eldest son of Grant Broughton,
by His wife Phoebe Ann, daughter of John
Rumball of Barnet, Hertfordshire. He was
born in Bridge Street, Westminster, on 22 May
1788, and educated at Barnet grammar school,
but was removed in January 1797 to the
King's School, Canterbury, where in the
following December he was admitted to a
King's scholarship. From 1807 to 1812 he
was clerk in the East India House. At last
being able to follow the bent of his own in-
clinations, he became a resident member of
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in October 1814,
was sixth wrangler and B. A. in January 1818,
proceeded M.A. in 1823, and B.D. and D.D.
VOL. VI.
per saltum in 1836. He was ordained dea-
con in 1818 and admitted to priest's orders
during the same year. The curacy to which
he was ordained was that of Hartley Wespall,
Hampshire, where he remained from 1818 to
1827. While here he published in 1823 ' An
Examination of the Hypothesis advanced in a
Recent Publication entitled " Palaeoromaica,"
by J. Black, that the text of the Elzevir
Greek Testament is not a Translation from
the Latin.' This work was dedicated by
Broughton to his diocesan, Bishop Tomline,
who in 1827 removed him to the curacy of
Farnham. The vicinity of his first curacy
to Strathfieldsaye led to his introduction to
the Duke of Wellington, by whom he was
appointed to the chaplaincy of the Tower of
London on 6 Oct. 1828.
Subsequently, on 7 Dec. 1828, at the ex-
press desire of his grace, he was induced to
accept the arduous office of archdeacon of
New South Wales. He arrived in Sydney
on 13 Sept. 1829. His jurisdiction extended
over the whole of Australia, Van Diemen's
Land, and the adjoining islands. He visited
all the settlements in these latitudes con-
nected with his archdeaconry, and endea-
voured to excite the settlers and the govern-
ment to the erection of churches and schools ;
but by 1834 he had come to the conclusion
that the only way to succeed was to appeal to
the mother country for the urgently needed
assistance. In answer to his application to the
Societies for Promoting Christian Knowledge
and for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, and to private individuals, a
sum of about 13,000/. was placed at his dis-
posal, and the number of clergy was forth-
with doubled. Arrangements were also made
for establishing a bishopric, and on 14 Feb.
1836 Archdeacon Broughton was consecrated
bishop of Australia in the chapel of Lam-
beth Palace. On his return to Australia on
2 June he found himself involved in contro-
versy respecting the education of the people,
and his efforts were to a great extent suc-
cessful in insuring a church education for the
children belonging to the church establish-
ment. It was not long before he visited, for
the purposes of confirmation and ordination,
New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, Nor-
folk Island, and Port Phillip (since known
as Victoria), as well as the settlements in
New South Wales. Interesting accounts of
his missionary tours are to be found in the
second and third volumes of ( The Church in
the Colonies' published by the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge. On 16 March
1837 the corner-stone of St. Andrew's Cathe-
dral, Sydney, was laid by Sir Richard Bourke,
K.C.B., the governor. The subdivision of the
H H
Broughton
466
Broughton
immense diocese of Australia took place in
1847. At the same time Sydney was made
a metropolitical see, and the Bishop of Aus-
tralia thenceforth bore the title of Bishop of
Sydney and Metropolitan of Australasia. On
9 March 1843 the Rev. John Bede Folding
arrived in Sydney bearing an appointment
from the pope with the title of Archbishop
of Sydney. Broughton thought it his duty
to make a public and solemn protest against
the assumption of this title. Desiring once
more to confer with the church at home on the
state of the churches in the colonies, he, after
a most tryingvoyage in a fever ship, arrived in
England on 20 Nov. 1852. The fatigues and
anxieties of that voyage, however, weakened
his constitution, and he succumbed to an at-
tack of bronchitis while staying at 11 Chester
Street, Bel grave Square, London, the resi-
dence of Lady Gipps, the relict of his old
friend and schoolfellow and a late governor
of New South Wales, on 20 Feb. 1853, and
was buried in the south aisle of Canterbury
Cathedral on 26 Feb. He had married in
the same cathedral, on 13 July 1818, Sarah,
eldest daughter of the Rev. John Francis,
rector of St. Mildred's, Canterbury ; she died
at Sydney on 16 Sept. 1849. Broughton
was warmly attached to the principles of
the English reformation and to the doctrines
contained in the liturgy and articles of the
church of England. A residence of twenty-
five years in the Antipodes had withdrawn
him from observation at home; but from
time to time came tidings of his noble labours
and exemplary fulfilment of the lofty func-
tions of a Christian bishop. Some of his
publications were : 1. ' A Letter to a Friend
touching the question, who was the Author of
"EiKobi/ 600-1X1*77," ascribing it to J. Gauden,
Bishop of Worcester,' 1826. 2. 'Additional
Reasons in Confirmation of the Opinion that
Dr. Gauden was the Author/ 1829. 3. 'A
Letter to H. Osborn on the Propriety and Ne-
cessity of Collecting at the Offertory,' 1848.
4. 'A Letter to N. Wiseman by the Bishop of
Sydney, together with the Bishop's Protest,
25 March 1843, against the assumptions of
the Church of Rome,' 1852. Other works com-
prised printed charges, sermons, and speeches.
[Sermons by the Right Rev. W. G. Broughton,
ed. with a Prefatory Memoir by Benjamin Har-
rison (1857), pp. ix-xliv ; Gent. Mag. xxxix.
431-6 (1853) ; Beaton's Australian Dictionary
of Dates (1879), p. 26, and part ii. p. 66.1
G. C. B.
BROUGHTON, WILLIAM ROBERT
(1762-1821), captain in the royal navy, after
serving as a midshipman on the coast of North
America and in the East Indies, and as lieu-
tenant in the Burford, in the several engage-
ments between Hughes and Suffren, was in
1790 appointed to command the Chathambrig,
to accompany Vancouver in his voyage of dis-
covery. He was for some time employed on
the survey of the Columbia river and the
coasts adjacent. In 1793, he travelled to-
Vera Cruz, overland from San Bias, on his-
way to England with despatches. On his
arrival in this country he was made com-
mander, 3 Oct., of the Providence, a small
vessel of 400 tons burden, and was again sent
out to the north-west coast of North Ame-
rica. On arriving on the station he found
Vancouver gone ; and crossing over to the
other side, he commenced, and during the next
four years carried out, a close survey of the
coast of Asia, from lat. 52° N. to 35° N., in
encouragement of which important work he-
was advanced to post rank on 28 Jan. 1797.
On 16 May 1797 the Providence struck on a
coral reef near the coast of Formosa, and was
totally lost. The men, however, were all
saved and taken to Macao in the tender, in
which Broughton afterwards continued the
survey till May 1798, when he was dis-
charged at Trincomalee for a passage to Eng-
land, where he arrived in the following Febru-
ary. The history of this voyage and the-
geographical results he published in 1804,
under the title, which is itself a summary
of the work of the expedition, 'Voyage
of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, in
which the coast of Asia from the latitude of
35° N. to the latitude of 52° N., the island
of Insu (commonly known under the name
of the land of Jesso), the north, south, and
east coasts of Japan, the Lieuxchieux and
the adjacent isles, as well as the coast of
Corea, have been examined and surveyed,,
performed in H.M. sloop Providence and her
tender in the years 1795-6-7-8.' The origi-
nal journals from which this work was ela-
borated, as well as that of the journey from
San Bias to Vera Cruz, are now in the library
of the Royal United Service Institution, and
contain many interesting personal notices.
After holding some other commands Brough-
ton, in 1809, commanded the Illustrious in
the expedition under Lord Gambier, and at
the court-martial gave evidence which, so far
as it went, implied a general agreement with
the charges made by Lord Cochrane [see COCH-
RANE, THOMAS, EARL OP DTTNDONALD]. In
1810, still in the Illustrious, he went out to
the East Indies, and was present at the re-
duction of the Mauritius in December [see
BERTIE, ALBEM ARLE] . In the following spring
he had charge of the expedition against
Java, which assembled at Malacca and sailed
thence on 11 June. The passage was long
Broun
467
Broun
and tedious, and Broughton, in the opinion
of many, was unduly cautious (Lord Minto in
India: Life and Letters of Gilbert Elliot,
first Earl of Minto, 1807-14, edited by his
.grandniece, the Countess of Minto, 280). It
was the beginning of August before the troops
were landed in the neighbourhood of Batavia.
On 9 Aug. the squadron was joined by Rear-
admiral the Hon. Robert Stopford, who had
come on to take the command. Broughton
was annoyed, and applied for a court-martial
on the rear-admiral ' for behaving in a cruel,
oppressive, and fraudulent manner, unbe-
coming the character of an officer, in depriving
me of the command of the squadron.' On the
other hand, Lord Minto wrote in his private
letters : ' The little commodore's brief hour of
authority came to an end, to the great relief
of all in the fleet and army ' (ibid. 282). Pos-
sibly this opinion reached the admiralty ; at
any rate, they did not think fit to grant
Broughton's request, and in fact approved of
the course taken by Stopford. In 1812 Brough-
ton returned to England. He was made a O.B.
at the peace, and during his later years re-
sided at Florence, where he died suddenly on
12 March 1821. He married his cousin Je-
mima, youngest daughter of Rev. Sir Thomas
Delves Broughton, bart., of Doddington Hall,
Cheshire, by whom he had three daughters,
and one son, William, afterwards a captain
in the navy.
[Official letters in the Public Record Office ;
Gent. Mag. (1821) xci. i. 376, 648.] J. K. L.
BROUN. [See BROWN and BROWNE.]
BROUN, JOHN" ALLAN (1817-1879),
magnetician and meteorologist, was born on
.21 Sept. 1817 at Dumfries, where his father
kept a preparatory school for the navy. He
•entered the university of Edinburgh on his
father's death (about 1837). There his turn
for physical science attracted the friendship of
Professor J. D. Forbes. Through his recom-
mendation he was appointed in April 1842
vdirector of the magnetic observatory founded
by Sir Thomas Brisbane at Makerstoun, and,
after a short preparatory course of training at
Greenwich, entered upon his task with an en-
thusiasm which quickly widened its scope, and
.gave to the establishment a high rank among
those engaged in simultaneous observations
on the plan advocated by Humboldt. Through-
out the years 1844-5 observations with all
the magnetic and meteorological instruments
were made hourly (except on Sundays) ; and
though the term originally fixed for the ex-
tended activity of the observatory expired in
1846, a limited series of observations was
continued for three years longer under Broun's
direction, and after his departure until 1855.
The preparation of the results for the press
cost him much ungrateful toil in developing
and testing new methods of correction, which
have been generally adopted, and entitle him
to a place among the founders of the new ob-
servational science of terrestrial magnetism.
The data thus laboriously provided, which
were of permanent and standard value, ap-
peared under his editorship as volumes xvii. to
xix. of the ' Transactions of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh ' (1845-50), with an appendix,
edited by Professor Balfour Stewart (supple-
ment to vol. xxii. 1860).
Broun left Makerstoun in the autumn of
1849, and spent the winter in Edinburgh
engaged in completing the reduction of his
observations with the aid of his friend and
assistant, Mr. John Welsh, afterwards di-
rector of the Kew Observatory. In 1850 he
went to Paris, where he married Isaline Val-
louy, daughter of a clergyman of Huguenot ex-
traction in the Canton du Vaud, by whom he
had three sons and two daughters. In the fol-
io wing year he was nominated, at the instance
of Colonel Sykes, director of the Trevandrum
Magnetic Observatory, founded by the Rajah
of Travancore in 1841, and entered upon his
arduous duties there in January 1852. Nor
did he limit himself to those officially com-
mitted to him, but aimed at promoting the
general welfare of the province. He esta-
blished a museum, issued an amended almanac,
attempted a reform of weights and measures,
planned and superintended the construction
of public gardens, a road to the mountains,
and a sanatorium. Renewing in 1855 an ex-
periment partially carried out on the Cheviot
hills in the summer of 1847 (Report Brit.
Assoc. 1847, ii. 19 ; 1850, ii. 7), he built an ob-
servatory on the Agustia Malley, the highest
peak of the Travancore Ghats, 6,200 feet above
the sea. The difficulties in the way were very
great, owing to the wild nature of the country,
the presence of wild beasts, the superstitious
fears and bodily sufferings of the natives ; and
Broun himself caught a chill from the sud-
den transition of temperature, inducing a
permanent deafness, for which he vainly
sought medical assistance in Europe in 1860.
On his return after two years he found the
Agustia observatory in ruins, and rebuilt it
in 1863 for the purpose of making a final set
of observations with new instruments. The
results went to show that both magnetic and
barometrical oscillations remain unchanged
in character at a height of 6,200 feet, but be-
come during the daytime reduced in amount
by one half (Proc. R. Soc. xi. 298).
In April 1865 Broun left India definitively,
and during a residence of some years, first at
Broun
468
Broun
Lausanne, then at Stuttgart, devoted his en-
tire energies to preparing for publication
the copious materials at his disposal. His
sole recreation was an hour's music with his
family in the evenings ; for he played the
violin well, and wTas an ardent admirer of
Beethoven. His insufficient private resources
were meantime supplemented by a small
pension from the Eajah of Travancore, in
whose service he had been a loser in point of
interest upon sums advanced for scientific
purposes. In 1873 he came to live in Lon-
don, where in the year following he issued a
quarto volume entitled ' Observations of Mag-
netic Declination made at Trevandrum and
Agustia Malley in the Observatories of his
Highness the Maharajah of Travancore in the
years 1852 to 1869.' It contains an exhaus-
tive and highly valuable discussion of the
various modes of solar and lunar action on
magnetic declination, of wrhich element alone
upwards of 300,000 reduced observations
were available from the thirteen years of his
administration. The publication, however,
went no further, and Broun had the mortifi-
cation of seeing his life's work left incom-
plete, and the fruits of his anxious toils
lying, for the most part, useless. He had
never been a prosperous, and he was hence-
forth a disappointed man. A devoted adhe-
rent of the Free church of Scotland, his
scruples about subscription had debarred him
from professional employment in his native
country, and his deafness hindered his pro-
motion in the branch he had made peculiarly
his own. He did not, however, sink into in-
action. Aided by a grant from the Eoyal
Society, he undertook to complete the reduc-
tion of the magnetic observations made at
the various colonial stations. The task was
one of vast and undefined extent, and his
sense of responsibility for quarterly payments
added anxiety to his labour. His health
began to give way, and in 1878 he had a
nervous attack, from which he never satis-
factorily recovered. A trip to Switzerland
produced a partial rally, but on 22 Nov. 1879
he died suddenly, at the age of sixty-two.
His character was a peculiarly estimable
one. He united amiability and social charm
with rigid integrity and a sensitiveness of
conscience ill fitted to advance his material
interests. His scientific merits did not re-
ceive the cordial recognition they deserved.
He took a prominent part in ascertaining the
laws of terrestrial magnetism. The discovery
is entirely due to him that the earth loses or
gains magnetic intensity as a whole — in other
words, that the changes in the daily mean
horizontal force are nearly the same all
over tlte globe. This conclusion, arrived at
through a laborious investigation, was first
published in a letter to Sir David Brew-
ster, written from Trevandrum on 21 Dec.
1857 (Phil. Mag. xvi. 81, August 1858). In
the same communication the existence of a
magnetic period of twTenty-six days, attri-
buted to the sun's rotation, was announced,
and the evidence on both points was detailed
in a paper read before the Eoyal Society of
Edinburgh on 4 Feb. 1861 ( Trans. R. Soc. Ed.
xxii. pt. iii. 511). Independently of, though
subsequently to Kreil, Broun deduced from
the Makerstoun observations the fact of a
lunar-diurnal influence on the declination-
needle (Report Brit. Assoc. 1846, ii. 32), a
prolonged study of which showred him that it
varied in character with the position of the
sun (Proc. R. Soc. x. 484, xvi. 59), and in.
amount inversely as the cube of the distance
of the moon (Trans. R. Soc. Ed. xxvi. 750).
He early defined the annual period of mag-
netic intensity as consisting of a maximum
near each solstice, with minima at the equi-
noxes (Report Brit. Assoc. 1845, ii. 15) ; gave
the first complete account of the daily varia-
tions of the needle at the magnetic equator
(ib. 1860, ii. 21), and reached, in the course
of these discussions, the remarkable conclu-
sion that great magnetic disturbances pro-
ceed from particular solar meridians.
His researches contributed largely to esta-
blish meteorology on a scientific basis. He
discovered the 26-day period of atmospheric
pressure, showed the wide range of simul-
taneous barometrical fluctuations, initiated
the systematic study of variously elevated
cloud-strata, and indicated the connection be-
tween atmospheric movements and isobaric
lines (Proc. R. Soc. xxv. 515). But he lacked
the power of placing his ideas in a striking-
light, and the independence of his character
did not permit him to purchase applause for
himself by flattering the opinions of others.
The Eoyal Society admitted him as a member
in 1853, and awarded him a royal medal in
1878. His communications to the Eoyal So-
ciety of Edinburgh wrere honoured with the
Keith prize in 1861.
The Eoyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scien-
tific Papers ' enumerates (vols. i. and vii.)
fifty-one of his productions, besides which he
contributed to the ' Philosophical Transac-
tions ' a paper ' On the Variations of the
Daily Mean Horizontal Force of the Earth's-
Magnetism produced by the Sun's Eotation,
and the Moon's Synodical and Tropical Eevo-
lutions' (clxvi. 387, 1876) ; to the 'Trans-
actions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh *
an elaborate treatise 'On the Decennial
Period in the Eange and Disturbance of the
Diurnal Oscillations of the Magnetic Needle,
Broun
469
Brouncker
and in the Sunspot Area,' assigning as the
length of that period 1045 years (xxvii. 563,
1876), with a ' Note on the Bifilar Magneto-
meter' (xxviiii. 41). He wrote frequently
in ' Nature.' His ' Reports ' on the Makers-
toun and Travancore observatories were pub-
lished respectively at Edinburgh in 1850, and
at Trevandrum in 1857. He exhibited at
the Loan Exhibition of Scientific Instru-
ments in 1876 a ' gravimeter' of his own in-
vention, described by Major J. Herschel in
' Proceedings of the Royal Society,' xxxii.
507.
[Nature, xxi. 112 (Balfour Stewart); Proc.
E. Soc. xxviii. 65, xxx. iii.] A. M. C.
BROUN, SIE RICHARD (1801-1858),
miscellaneous writer, was the eldest son of
Sir James Broun of Coalston Park, Loch-
maben, Dumfriesshire, who resumed the ba-
ronetcy in 1826 (BTTRKE'S Peerage, Baronet-
age, &c., title 'Broun.' Doubts have been
thrown on the correctness of parts of this pedi-
gree, see British American Association and
Nova Scotia Baronets, Edinburgh, 1846, and
Notes and Queries, various notes under title
{ Broun ' in 3rd and 5th series). He was
born at Lochmaben 22 April 1801, and suc-
ceeded to the title on the death of his father
30 Nov. 1844. Before 1834 he was resident
in London, and there, till his death at Sphinx
Lodge, Chelsea, 10 Dec. 1858, he was busily
engaged in the projection of a number of
schemes, most of them of a somewhat fan-
tastic nature, and in the compilation of vari-
ous pamphlets, articles, and letters regarding
them. He describes himself in 1856 as ' The
Honourable Sir Richard Broun, Knight, and
(eighth baronet) of Scotland and Nova Scotia,
feudal baron of Colstoun, Haddingtonshire,
and chief of his race in North Britain ; author
of various works on heraldry, agriculture, co-
lonisation, sanitation, &c.' His chief schemes
were a plan for a l line of direct elemental in-
tercourse between Europe and Asia by route
of the British North American possessions,
and the systematic colonisation of the vacant
crown territories over which it will pass'
(1833) ; a plan for an ' Anglo-Canadian Com-
pany, which should outrival in the west the
East India Company '. (British and American
Intercourse, London,! 852) ; attempts to revive
certain supposed privileges of the baronets, in
connection with which he was from 1835
honorary secretary of the Committee of the
Baronetage for Privileges, and wrote the fol-
lowing works : ' Dignity, Precedence, &c., of
the Honourable the Baronettesses of the
Realm ' (1839) ; and < The Baronetage ' for
1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844. He was also
engaged in an effort to revive the ' illustrious
and sovereign order of Knights Hospitallers
of St. John of Jerusalem and of the Vene-
rable Langue of England,' and he held various
offices in the reconstituted ' langue ' (synop-
tical sketch of the order, London, 1856). He
rendered, however, real service by his projec-
tion in 1849 of ' The London Necropolis and
National Mausoleum at Woking.' In con-
nection with this scheme and with the gene-
ral question of extramural interments he wrote
' Extramural Burial,' 1850 ; ' Extramural Se-
pulture,' 1850 ; l Extramural Sepulture, Syn-
opsis of the London Necropolis,' 1851 ; 'Ex-
tramural Interment and the Metropolitan
Sanitary Association,' 1852 ; ( Metropolitan
Interments,' 1852; ' Metropolitan Extramural
Interments, Memorial to the Lord Mayor,'
&c., 1852 ; ' Statement as to Progress of Ne-
cropolis Undertaking,' 1853 ; various Letters
on the Necropolis Undertaking, 1853-5.
[British American Association ; Scots Maga-
zine for 1801, Ixiii. 300 (Edinburgh, 1801);
Dumfries and Galloway Courier, 21 Dec. 1858
(Dumfries, 1858) ; Foster's Peerage and Baro-
netage, p. 682, and the authorities there cited.]
F. W-T.
BROUNCKER or BROUNKER, WIL-
LIAM, second VISCOUNT BKOTJNCKEK, of
Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage (1620 ?—
1684), first president of the Royal Society,
was bom about 1620. His father, Sir Wil-
liam Brouncker (born in 1585), was commis-
sary-general of the musters in the expedition
against the Scots in 1639 ; was afterwards
one of the privy chamber to Charles I, and
vice-chamberlain to Prince Charles ; was
created doctor of civil law at Oxford on
1 Nov. 1642 ; was made Viscount Brouncker,
of Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage, 12 Sept.
1645 ; died at Wadham College, Oxford, in
November 1642, and was buried on 20 Nov.
in Christ Church Cathedral. Pepys says that
he gave 1,200/. to be made an Irish lord, and
swore the same day that he had not 12<#.
left to pay for his dinner. Brouncker's
mother was Winifred, daughter of William
Leigh of Newenham, Warwickshire, who
died on 20 July 1649, and was buried by her
husband. An elaborate monument was after-
wards erected above their grave. Brouncker's
grandfather was Sir Henry Brouncker, presi-
dent of Munster, who died on 3 June 1607,
and was buried at St. Mary's, Cork, having
married Anne, daughter of Parker, lord
Morley. The family is traced back to a
Henry Brouncker, at one time M.P. for De-
vizes, and the purchaser of the estate of
Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1544. A younger
branch changed the family name to Branc-
ker [see BKANCKER, THOMAS]. The original
Brouncker
470
Brouncker
branch is also kno wii as Bronkard, Bro unkard,
and Brunkard.
Young Brouncker studied mathematics in j
his youth at Oxford, and became proficient '•
in many languages. On 23 Feb. 1646-7 he |
was created doctor of medicine at Oxford, j
In April 1660 he subscribed the declaration [
acknowledging General Monk the restorer of
the laws and privileges of the nation.
Brouncker chiefly employed himself during :
the Commonwealth in literary work. In j
1653 he published, under the pseudonym of j
* A Person of Honour/ a translation of Des-
cartes's ' Musical Compendium,' with criti- j
cisms of his own (cf. PEPYS'S Diary, 25 Dec. •
1668). He prepared a new division of the |
' diapason by sixteen mean proportionals into
seventeen equal semitones, the method of
which is exhibited by him in an algebraical
process, and also in logarithms ' (HAWKINS, |
History of Music, iv. 181). Descartes de- j
clined to accept this scheme. In 1657 and
1658 Brouncker was corresponding on ma-
thematical topics with Dr. John Wallis, who
printed the letters in 1658 in ' Commercium
Epistolicum.' Brouncker made two mathe-
matical discoveries of importance. He was j
the first to introduce continued fractions,
and to give a series for the quadrature of a
portion of the equilateral hyperbola.
After the Restoration Brouncker took part
in the meetings of scientific students in
London out of which sprang the Royal So- ;
ciety. The association was incorporated
under royal charter, first on 15 July 1662, I
and again on 15 April 1663. From the date
of the society's first incorporation till 30 Nov. j
1677, when he resigned, and was succeeded
by Sir Joseph Williamson, Brouncker held
the office of president, to which he was \
elected annually. John Evelyn, the diarist, i
was his intimate friend, and the two often !
discussed scientific questions with Charles II. j
In August 1662 Brouncker built a yacht for
the king, 'which Mr. Pitt,' says Pepys, 'cries
up mightily ' (Diary, 14 Aug. and 3 Sept.
1662). He was president of Gresham Col-
lege from 1664 to 1667. Brouncker, Boyle,
and Sir R. Murray, Evelyn writes, ' were the
persons to whom the world stands obliged
lor the promoting of that generous and real
knowledge which gave the ferment that has
ever since obtained and surmounted all those
many discouragements which it at first en-
countered ' (Evelyn to Mr. Wotton, 30 March
1696, in Diary, edited by Bray and Wheatley,
iii. 481).
Brouncker was appointed chancellor of
Queen Catherine on 18 April 1662, and was
commissioner for executing the office of lord
high admiral from 12 Nov. 1664 (LTJTTEELL,
Relation, and Savile Correspondence, Camd.
Soc. p. 256). Pepys has much to say of him
iu this office, and appears to have lived on
terms of great intimacy with him. In 1681
Brouncker became, after much litigation with
Sir Robert Atkyns, master of St. Catherine's
Hospital, near the Tower of London. He
died at his house, in St. James's Street,
Westminster, on 5 April 1684, and was
buried nine days later in the chapel of St.
Catherine's Hospital.
Brouncker was the author of the following
scientific papers : l Experiments of the Recoil-
ing of Forces ' (SPEATT, History of the Royal
Society, 233 et seq.); 'An Algebraical Paper
upon the Squaring of the Hyperbola,' and
' On the Proportion of a Curved Line of a
Paraboloid to a Straight Line, and of the
Finding a Straight Line equal to that of a
Cycloid ' (Philosophical Transactions, iii. 645,
viii. 649).
A series of letters from Brouncker to
Archbishop Ussher are printed at the close
of Parr's ' Life of Ussher.' Sir Peter Lely
painted Brouncker's portrait, which is still in
the possession of the Royal Society.
Brouncker was succeeded in the peerage
by his brother HENEY, cofferer to Charles II,
and gentleman of the bedchamber to the Duke
of York, who was created doctor of medicine
at Oxford on 23 June 1646, took part in the
siege of Colchester in 1648, was one of the
commissioners of trade and plantations in
1671, and died on 4 Jan. 1687-8. He lived
at Sheen Abbey, and was buried at Richmond,
Surrey. Evelyn says of him that he ' was ever
noted for a hard, covetous, vicious man ; but
for his worldly craft and skill in gaming few
exceeded him.' Pepys's friend, Captain Cocke,
described him as ' one of the shrewdest fel-
lows for parts in England, and a dangerous
man ' (Diary, 17 Feb. 1667-8). It is certain
that he pandered to all the Duke of York's
vices. He presumed so much on his intimacy
with the duke that in August 1667 he was
dismissed the court, to the delight (according
to Pepys) of all honest men. The Comte de
Grammont describes him in his ' Memoires '
(chap, xii.) as 'le premier joueur d'6checs du
royaume.' He married Rebecca Rodway,
widow of Thomas Jermyn, brother to the
Earl of St. Albans. With his death the title
became extinct.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Wood's Fasti Oxon.
(Bliss) ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 344 ;
Pepys's Diary, passim ; Kennett's Register ;
Birch's Hist. Royal Society; Burke's Extinct
Peerage ; Weld's Hist. Eoyal Society ; Button's
Mathematical Dictionary ; Evelyn's Diary ;
Luttrell's Relation of State Papers, s. v. ' Brun-
kard.'] S. L. L.
Browell
471
Browell
BROWELL, WILLIAM (1759-1831),
captain in the royal navy, son of William
Browell, formerly midshipman of the Cen-
tiirion under Commodore Anson, entered the
navy in 1771 on board the Merlin sloop, and,
after serving on various ships, was moved
shortly before the engagement off Ushant into
the Victory. On 10 Nov. 1778 he was made
lieutenant, and was with Captain Macbride
in the Artois at the hard-fought battle on
the Doggerbank, 5 Aug. 1781. In the ar-
mament of 1790 he was for a short time in
the Canada, and, on that ship being paid off,
was appointed to the Alcide, and in the
spring of 1793 to the Leviathan. In the
Leviathan he was present at the opera-
tions against Toulon under Lord Hood. On
25 May 1794 he was officially discharged
from the Leviathan on promotion ; but as
the ship was then with the fleet under Lord
Howe, and in daily expectation of a battle,
it would appear probable that he continued
in her as a volunteer, and was present in
the action of 1 June. On 29 Nov. he was
posted into the Princess Augusta yacht.
In June 1795 Lord Hugh Seymour, now a
rear-admiral, hoisted his flag in the Sans-
pareil, and selected Browell as his flag-cap-
tain. He thus had a distinguished share
in the battle off Lorient on 23 June 1795,
and continued in the Sanspareil during the
next two years, including the critical time of
the mutiny at Spithead. The squadron under
Lord Hugh's immediate command was, how-
ever, cruising when the mutiny broke out,
and did not come into port until the ships at
Spithead had returned to their obedience.
In June the Sanspareil was one of a squa-
dron under Sir Roger Curtis, sent for a few
weeks into the North Sea. On its return
to Spithead, and while the ship was re-
fitting, Captain Browell, being on shore at
Gosport, was severely crushed by a bale of
wool falling from a height. The injury to
his back was such that for some time his
life was despaired of; and though, after a
long illness, he partially recovered, he was
never again fit for active service. In 1805
he was appointed one of the captains of
Greenwich Hospital, and in 1809 was ad-
vanced to be lieutenant-governor, a position
which he held till his death, 22 July 1831.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.), 92 ;
Annual Biography and Obituary (1832), xvi.
106 ; official documents in the Public Record
Office.] J. K. L.
END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.
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