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DICTIONARY 

OF 

NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 

FORREST GARNER 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


EDITED    BY 


LESLIE     STEPHEN 


VOL.  XX. 
FORREST GARNER 


MACMILLAN      AND      CO. 

LONDON  :  SMITH,  ELDER,  &  CO. 
1889 


DA 

12 


f 


LIST    OF    WEITEES 


IN  THE  TWENTIETH  VOLUME. 


J.  G.  A.  .  . 
A.  J.  A.  .  . 

T.  A.  A.  . 
H.  W.  B. 
G.  F.  E.  B 


J.  G-.  ALGER. 

SIB     ALEXANDER    J.    ARBUTHNOT, 

K.C.S.I. 
.  T.  A.  ARCHER. 
.  H.  W.  BALL. 
.  G.  F.  EUSSELL  BARKER. 
THE  EEV.  EONALD  BAYNE. 
THOMAS  BAYNE. 
.  WILLIAM  BAYNE. 

PROFESSOR  CECIL  BENDALL. 
.  G.  T.  BBTTANY. 
.  A.  C.  BICKLBY. 
.  THE  EEV.  B.  H.  BLACKER. 
.  THE  EEV.  PROFESSOR  BLAIKIE,  D.D 
.  G.  C.  BOASE. 
.  G.  S.  BOULGER. 
.  Miss  BRADLEY. 
.  Miss  E.  M.  BRADLEY. 
.  THE  EEV.  A.  E.  BUCKLAND. 
.  A.  H.  BULLEN. 
.  G.  W.  BURNETT. 
.  JAMES  BURNLEY. 
jk  B  .....  PROFESSOR  MONTAGU  BURROWS. 
E.  C-N.  .  .  .  EDWIN  CANNAN. 
H.  M.  C.  .  .  H.  MANNERS  CHICHESTER. 
E.  M.  C.  .  .  Miss  E.  M.  CLERKS. 
J.  C  .....  THE  EEV.  JAMES  COOPER. 
T.  C  .....  THOMPSON  COOPER,  F.S.A. 


T.  B 

W,  B-E.  . 

C  B 

G.  T.  B.  . 

A.  C.  B.  . 

B.  H.  B.  . 
W.  G.  B.  . 
G.  C.  B.  . 
G.  S.  B.  . 
E.  T.  B.  . 
E.  M.  B.  . 
A.  E.  B.  . 
A.  H.  B.  . 
G.  W.  B. 
J.  B-Y.  .  . 


C.  H.  C. .  .  C.  H.  COOTE. 
W.  P.  C. .  .  W.  P.  COURTNEY. 

C.  C CHARLES  CREIGHTON,  M.D. 

M.  C THE  EEV.  PROFESSOR  CREIGHTON. 

L.  C LIONEL  GUST. 

E.  K.  D. .  .  PROFESSOR  E.  K.  DOUGLAS. 

J.  W.  E. .  .  THE  EEV.  J.  W.  BBS-WORTH,  F.S.A. 

F.  E FRANCIS  ESPINASSE. 

L.  F Louis  FAGAN. 

C.  H.  F.  .  .  C.  H.  FIRTH. 

W.  F THE  EEV.  WILLIAM  FORSYTE. 

G.  K.  F. .  .  G.  K.  FORTESCUE. 

J.  G.  F.     .  .    J.  G.  FOTHERINGHAM. 

T.  F THE  EEV.  THOMAS  FOWLER,  President 

of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford. 

H.  F THE  EEV.  HENRY  FURNEAUX. 

J.  G JAMES  GAIRDNEB. 

E.  G EICHARD  GAHNETT,  LL.D. 

J.  T.  G.  .  .  J.  T.  GILBERT,  F.S.A. 
E.  C.  K.  G.  E.  C.  K.  GONNER. 

G.  G GORDON  GOODWIN. 

A.  G THE  EEV.  ALEXANDER  GORDON. 

E.  E.  G.  .  .  E.  E.  GRAVES. 

W.  A.  G.   .  W.  A.  GREENHILL,  M.D. 

J.  A.  H.  .  .  J.  A.  HAMILTON. 

T.  H THE  EEV.  THOMAS  HAMILTON,  D.D. 

R.  H EGBERT  HARRISON. 

W.  J.  H. .  .  PROFESSOR  W.  JEROME  HARRISUN. 


VI 


List  of  Writers. 


T.  F.  H.  . . 

R.  H-B.  .  . 
W.  H.   .  .  . 

B.  D.  J.  .  . 
R.  J.  J 

C.  K 

C.  L.  K.  .  . 

J.  K 

J.  K.  L.  .  . 
S.  L.  L.   .. 
H.  R.  L. .  . 
G.  P.  M. .  . 
J.  A.  F.  M. 

D.  S.  M. .  . 
C.  T.  M.  . 
L.  M.  M..  . 

C.  M 

N.  M 

J.  B.  M.  . . 

A.  N 

T.  0 

H.  P.  . 


T.  F.  HENDERSON. 

THE  REV.  RICHARD  HOOPER. 

THE  REV.  WILLIAM  HUNT. 

B.  D.  JACKSON. 

THE  REV.  R.  JEXKIN  JONES. 
CHARLES  KENT. 

C.  L.  KINOSFORD. 
JOSEPH  KNIGHT. 
PROFESSOR  J.  K.  LAUGHTON. 
8.  L.  LEE. 

THE  REV.  H.  R.  LUARD,  D.D. 
G.  P.  MACDONELL. 
J.  A.  FULLER  MAITLAND. 
PROFESSOR  D.  S.  MARGOLIOUTH. 
C.  TRICE  MARTIN,  F.S.A. 

MlSS  MlDDLETON. 

COSMO  MONKHOUSE. 
NORMAN  MOORE,  M.D. 
J.  BASS  MULLINGEB. 
ALBERT  NICHOLSON. 
THE  REV.  THOMAS  OLDEN. 
HENRY  PATON. 


J.  F.  P.   .  .  J.  F.  PAYNE,  M.D. 

G.  G.  P.  .  .  THE  REV.  CANON  PERRY. 

N.  P THE  REV.  NICHOLAS  POCOCK. 

S.  L.-P.  .  .  STANLEY  LANE-POOLK. 

E.  J.  R.  .  .  E.  J.  RAPSON. 

J.  M.  R. .  .  J.  M.  RIGG. 

C.  J.  R.  .  .  THE  REV.  C.  J.  ROBINSON. 

L.  C.  S.  . .  L.  C.  SANDERS. 

G.  B.  S.  .  .  G.  BARNETT  SMITH. 

L.  S LESLIE  STEPHEN. 

H.  M.  S. .  .  H.  MORSE  STEPHENS. 
C.  W.  S. . .  C.  W.  BUTTON. 

J.  T JAMES  TACT. 

H.  R.  T.  .  .  H.  R.  TEDDER. 

T.  F.  T.   .  .  PROFESSOR  T.  F.  Tour. 

E.  V THE  REV.  CANON  VENABLES. 

A.  V.  ....  ALSAGER  VIAN. 

T.  H.  W.  .  T.  HUMPHRY  WARD. 

M.  G.  W.  .  THE  REV.  M.  G.  WATKINS. 

F.  W-T.  .  .  FRANCIS  WATT. 

H.  T.  W.  .  H.  THUEMAN  WOOD. 

W.  W.  .  .  .  WARWICK  WROTH,  F.S.A. 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


Forrest 


Forrest 


FORREST,  ARTHUR  (d.  1770),  com- 
modore, served  as  lieutenant  in  the  expedition 
against  Carthagena  in  1741 ;  is  said  to  have 
specially  distinguished  himself  under  Bos- 
cawen  in  the  attack  on  the  Baradera  battery ; 
and  on  25  May  1741  was  promoted  by  Ver- 
non  to  the  command  of  the  Alderney  bomb. 
In  November  1742  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Hawk  sloop,  in  which,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Success,  he  was  employed  on  the  home  station 
and  in  convoy  service  to  America.  In  1745 
he  was  posted  to  the  command  of  the  Wager, 
in  which  he  took  out  a  large  convoy  to  New- 
foundland. In  November  he  was  at  Boston, 
where,  by  pressing  some  seamen  contrary  to 
colonial  custom,  he  got  into  a  troublesome 
dispute,  ending  in  a  serious  fray,  in  which 
two  men  were  killed.  The  boatswain  of  the 
Wager  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  murder, 
was  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  death ;  the 
sentence,  however,  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  carried  out.  Forrest  afterwards  went 
to  the  West  Indies,  where,  in  the  following 
year,  he  captured  a  Spanish  privateer  of 
much  superior  force.  In  1755  he  commanded 
the  Rye,  in  which  he  was  again  sent  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  in  1757  was  moved  into 
+he  Augusta  of  60  guns.  In  October  he 
was  detached,  with  two  other  ships — Dread- 
nought and  Edinburgh — under  his  command, 
to  cruise  off  Cape  Francois ;  and  on  the  21st 
fell  in  with  a  powerful  French  squadron  of 
four  ships  of  the  line  and  three  heavy  frigates 
accompanying  the  large  convoy  for  which  he 
was  on  the  look-out.  After  a  short  confer- 
ence with  his  colleagues — said  to  have  lasted 
just  half  a  minute — Forrest  determined  on 
attempting  to  carry  out  his  orders,  and  bore 
down  on  the  enemy.  It  was  gallantly  done, 
but  the  odds  against  him  were  too  great  to 
permit  him  to  achieve  any  success ;  and  after 
a  sharp  combat  for  upwards  of  two  hours,  the 
two  squadrons  parted,  each  disabled.  The 

VOL.   XX. 


French  returned  to  the  Cape,  where  they  re- 
fitted and  then  proceeded  on  their  voyage, 
while  Forrest  went  back  to  Jamaica.  On 
24  Dec., being  detached  singly  offPetit  Guave, 
he  cleverly  bagged  the  whole  of  a  fleet  of  eight 
merchant  ships,  capturing  in  the  night  the 
sloop  of  war  which  was  escorting  them,  and 
using  her  as  a  tender  against  her  own  con- 
voy. In  August  1759  he  took  the  Augusta 
to  England,  and  on  paying  her  off,  in  April 
1760,  commissioned  the  Centaur,  one  of  the 
ships  taken  by  Boscawen  off  Lagos  in  the 
preceding  year.  After  a  few  months  with 
the  grand  fleet  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  he  went 
out  to  Jamaica,  where,  by  the  death  of  Rear- 
admiral  Holmes  in  November  1761,  he  was 
left  senior  officer.  On  this  he  moved  into 
the  Cambridge,  hoisted  a  broad  pennant,  and 
took  on  himself  both  the  duties  and  privi- 
leges of  commander-in-chief,  till  Sir  James 
Douglas  [q.  v.],  coming  from  the  Leeward 
Islands  in  April  1762,  summarily  dispossessed 
him.  He  returned  to  England,  passenger  in 
a  merchant  ship,  when,  on  reporting  himself 
to  the  admiralty,  he  was  told  that  his  con- 
duct in  constituting  himself  commodore  was 
'  most  irregular  and  unjustifiable ; '  and  that 
the  officers  whom  he  had  promoted  would 
not  be  confirmed.  This  led  to  a  long  cor- 
respondence, in  which  the  admiralty  so  far 
yielded  as  to  order  him  to  be  reimbursed  for 
the  expenses  he  had  incurred,  though  with- 
out sanctioning  the  higher  rate  of  pay.  In 

1769,  however,  he  was  sent  out  to  the  same 
station  as  commander-in-chief,  with  his  broad 
pennant  in  the  Dunkirk.     He  enjoyed  the 
appointment  but  a  short  time,  dying  at  Ja- 
maica within  the  twelvemonth,  on  26  May 

1770.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Colonel 
Lynch  of  Jamaica,  by  whom  he  had  a  large 
family.     Mrs.  Forrest  survived  her  husband 
many  years,  and  died  in  1804  at  the  age  of 
eighty-two. 


Forrest 


Forrest 


[Naval  Chronicle,  xxv.  441  (with  a  portrait) ; 
Charnock's  Biog.  Navalis,  v.  380 ;  Beateon's  Nav. 
and  Mil.  Memoirs ;  official  letters  and  other  docu- 
ments in  the  Public  Kecord  Office.]  J.  K.  L. 

FOKREST,  EBENEZER  (/.  1774),  at- 
torney, resided  at  George  Street,  York  Build- 
ings, London,  and  was  intimate  with  Hogarth 
and  John  Rich,  proprietor  of  the  Lincoln's 
Inn  Theatre.  He  was  the  father  of  Theo- 
dosius  Forrest  [q.  v.]  His  opera  entitled 
'  Momus  turn'd  Fabulist,  or  Vulcan's  Wed- 
ding,' was  performed  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn 
Theatre  on  3  Dec.  1729  and  some  subsequent 
nights.  He  also  wrote '  An  Account  of  what 
seemed  most  remarkable  in  the  five  days' 
peregrination  of  the  five  following  persons, 
viz.  Messrs.  Tothall,  Scott,  Hogarth,  Thorn- 
hill,  and  F.  Begun  on  Saturday,  27  May 
1732,  and  finished  on  the  31st  of  the  same 
month,'  London,  1782  (illustrated  with  plates 
by  Hogarth) :  reprinted  with  W.  Gostling's 
Hudibrastic  version,  London,  1872,  4to. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1824,  i.  410,  581-2;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.]  J-  M.  E. 

FORREST  or  FORRES,  HENRY  (d. 
1533?),  Scottish,  martyr,  is  referred  to  by 
Knox  as  '  of  Linlithgow,'  and  Foxe  describes 
him  as  a  '  young  man  born  in  Linlithgow.' 
David  Laing,  in  his  edition  of  Knox's  '  Works,' 
conjectures  that  he  may  have  been  the  son 
of  'Thomas  Forrest  of  Linlithgow'  men- 
tioned in  the  treasurer's  accounts  as  receiving 
various  sums  for  the  '  bigging  of  the  dyke 
about  the  paliss  of  Linlithgow.'  He  also 
states  that  the  name '  Henricus  Forrus '  occurs 
in  the  list  of  students  who  became  bachelors 
of  arts  at  the  university  of  Glasgow  in  1518, 
but  supposes  with  more  likelihood  that  he 
was  identical  with  the  '  Henriccus  Forrest ' 
who  was  a  determinant  in  St.  Leonards  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews,  in  1526,  which  would 
account  for  his  special  interest  in  the  fate  of 
Patrick  Hamilton.  Forrest  was  a  friar  of 
the  order  of  Benedictines.  Knox  states  that 
Forrest  suffered  martyrdom  for  no  other  crime 
than  having  in  his  possession  a  New  Testa- 
ment in  English  ;  but  Foxe  gives  as  the  chief 
reason  that  he  had  '  affirmed  and  said  that 
Mr.  Patrick  Hamilton  died  a  martyr,  and 
that  his  articles  were  true.'  Before  being 
brought  to  trial  Forrest,  according  to  Knox, 
underwent  '  a  long  imprisonment  in  the  sea 
tower  of  St.  Andrews.'  Foxe  and  Spotiswood 
both  state  that  the  evidence  against  him  was 
insufficient  until  a  friar,  Walter  Laing,  was 
sent  on  purpose  to  confess  him,  when  he  un- 
suspiciously revealed  his  sentiments  in  regard 
to  Patrick  Hamilton.  According  to  Foxe 
he  was  first  degraded  before  the  '  clergy  in 
a  green  place,'  described,  with  apparently  a 


somewhat  mistaken  knowledge  of  localities, 
as  'being  between  the  castle  of  St.  Andrews 
and  another  place  called  Monimail.'  He  was 
then  condemned  as  a  heretic  and  burned  at 
the  north  church  stile  of  the  abbey  church  of 
St.  Andrews,  '  to  the  intent  that  all  the  people 
of  Anguishe '  (Angus  or  Forfar,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Firth  of  Tay)  '  might  see  the  fire, 
and  so  might  be  the  more  feared  from  falling 
into  the  like  doctrine.'  When  brought  to  the 
place  of  execution  he  is  said  to  have  exclaimed, 
'  Fie  on  falsehood !  fie  on  false  friars,  revealers 
of  confession ! '  Calderwood  supposes  the  mar- 
tyrdom to  have  occurred  in  1529  or  the  year 
following,  but  as  Foxe  places  it  within  five 
years  after  Hamilton's  martyrdom,  and  Knox 
refers  to  Forrest's  '  long  imprisonment,'  it  in 
all  probability  took  place  in  1532  or  1533. 

[Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments ;  Calderwood's 
History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  i.  96-7; 
Knox's  Works,  ed.  Laing,  i.  52-3,  516-18  ; 
Spotiswood's  History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
i.  129-30.]  T.  F.  H. 

FORREST,  JOHN  (1474  P-1538),  martyr. 
[See  FOBEST.] 

FORREST,     ROBERT    (1789  P-1852), 

sculptor,  was  born  in  1788  or  1789  at  Car- 
luke,  Lanarkshire.  He  was  an  entirely  self- 
taught  artist,  and  was  brought  up  as  a  stone- 
mason in  the  quarries  of  Clydesdale.  His  first 
public  work  was  the  statue  of  the  '  Wallace 
wight '  which  occupies  a  niche  in  the  steeple 
of  Lanark  parish  church,  and  was  erected  in 
1817.  He  was  subsequently  employed  to 
cut  the  colossal  figure  of  the  first  Viscount 
Melville  which  surmounts  the  pillar  in  the 
centre  of  St.  Andrew  Square,  Edinburgh, 
and  he  was  also  the  sculptor  of  the  statue  of 
John  Knox  in  the  necropolis  of  Glasgow. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  the  statue  of  Mr. 
Ferguson  of  Raith  at  Haddington ;  it  was 
erected  in  1843.  In  1832  Forrest  opened 
his  public  exhibition  of  statuary  on  the  Cal- 
ton  Hill  with  four  equestrian  statues,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Royal  Association  of 
Contributors  to  the  National  Monuments. 
In  progress  of  time  the  gallery  was  extended 
to  about  thirty  groups,  all  executed  by  For- 
rest. He  died  at  Edinburgh,  after  an  illness 
of  about  six  weeks'  duration,  29  Dec.  1852. 

[Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Builder,  1853, 
p.  32.]  L.  F. 

FORREST,  THEODOSIUS  (1728-1784), 
author  and  lawyer,  son  of  Ebenezer  Forrest 
[q.  v.l,  a  solicitor,  author  of  '  Momus  turn'd 
Fabulist,'  and  a  friend  of  Rich  and  Hogarth, 
was  born  in  London  in  1728.  He  studied  draw- 
ing under  Lambert,  one  of  the  first  landscape- 
painters  of  his  time,  and  until  a  year  or  two 


Forrest 


before  his  death  annually  (1762-81)  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  then 
entered  his  father's  business ;  and  became  a 
steady  solicitor,  retaining,  however,  his  artis- 
tic tastes.  He  had  a  passion  for  music,  and 
•could  catch  and  reproduce  an  air  with  sur- 
prising quickness.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Beefsteak  Club,  and  his  society  was  prized 
by  Garrick  and  Colman.  As  solicitor  to 
Covent  Garden  Theatre,  Forrest  was  thrown 
.into  close  relations  with  the  dramatic  pro- 
fession, and  he  composed  a  musical  entertain- 
ment. '  The  Weathercock,'  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  17  Oct.  1775,  said  by  Genest  to  be 
'  poor  stuff.'  As  a  writer  of  songs,  however, 
Forrest  was  more  successful.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  exceedingly  generous,  a  man  of 
strict  integrity,  a  good  judge  in  matters  of  art, 
and  an  agreeable  and  entertaining  companion. 
He  earned  considerable  reputation  for  the 
rendering  of  his  own  ballads.  Towards  the 
close  of  his  life  Forrest  was  afflicted  with  a 
painful  nervous  disorder,  attended  with  a 
black  jaundice.  He  was  thrown  into  a  con- 
dition of  deep  melancholy,  and  on  5  Nov. 
1784  killed  himself  at  his  chambers  in  George 
Street,  York  Buildings,  London.  Forrest  had 
a  plentiful  income,  and  was  very  charitable. 
A  portrait  of  Forrest,  with  Francis  Grose 
the  antiquary  [q.  v.]  and  Hone,  was  painted 
by  Dance  and  engraved  by  Bartolozzi. 

[Baker's  Biographia  Dramatica,  1812  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1784,  p.  877  (article  by  Thomas  Tyers), 
and  1824,  i.  582  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iii.  659  ; 
Genest's  Hist,  of  the  Stage,  v.  512  ;  Graves's 
Diet,  of  Artists.]  G.  B.  S. 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (d.  1540),  Scottish 
martyr.  [See  FOKKET.] 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (fl.  1580),  was 
author  of '  A  Perfite  Looking  Glasse  for  all 
Estates :  most  excellently  and  eloquently  set 
forth  by  the  famous  and  learned  Oratour 
Isocrates,  as  contained  in  three  Orations  of 
Morall  Instructions,  written  in  the  Greeke 
tongue,  of  late  yeeres:  Translated  into  Latine 
by  ...  Hieronimus  Wolfius.  And  nowe 
Englished  .  .  .  with  sundrie  examples  of 
pithy  sentences,  both  of  Princes  and  Philo- 
sophers, gathered  and  collected  out  of  divers 
writers,  Coted  in  the  margent,  approbating 
the  Author's  intent.  .  .  .  Imprinted  in  New- 
gate Market,  within  the  new  Rents,  at  the 
Signe  of  the  Lucrece,  1580.'  The  volume  is 
a  quarto  of  forty-six  leaves,  and  is  dedicated 
by  the  translator,  Tho.  Forrest,  to  Sir  Thomas 
Bromley.  There  are  also  prefixed  '  An 
Epistle  to  the  Reader;'  'The  Author's  En- 
chomion  upon  Sir  Thomas  Bromley ; '  '  J.  D. 
in  Commendation  of  the  Author ;  "In  Praise 


of  the  Author,  S.  Norreis;'  'The  Booke  to 
the  Reader.'  The  volume  is  probably  '  cer- 
ten  orations  of  Isocrates '  found  in  the  Sta- 
tioners' Register  under  date  4  Jan.  1580. 
Ritson  puts  Forrest  among  the  English 
poets  because  of  the  '  Enchomion '  above 
mentioned. 

[Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  p.  997; 
Kitson's  Bibl.  Poet.  p.  209 ;  Arber's  Stationers' 
Registers,  ii.  165;  Hunter's  Chorus  Vatum,  iii. 
296  (Addit.  MS.  Brit.  Mus.  24489).]  K.  B. 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (1729 P-1802 ?), 
navigator,  appears  to  have  served  for  some 
time  in  the  royal  navy,  and  to  have  been  a 
midshipman  in  1745.  It  was  probably  after 
the  peace  in  1748  that  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  East  India  Company,  and  different 
passages  in  his  own  writings  show  that  he 
was  employed  in  Indian  seas  from  1753 
almost  continuously,  though  he  implies  that 
during  part  of  the  seven  years'  war  he  was 
on  board  the  Elizabeth,  a  64-gun  ship,  in 
the  squadron  under  Admiral  Steevens.  His 
name,  however,  does  not  appear  in  the  Eliza- 
beth's pay-book.  In  1762  he  had  command 
of  a  company's  ship,  from  which  he  seems 
to  date  his  experience  when,  writing  in  1782, 
he  spoke  of  himself  as  having  above  twenty 
years'  practice  in  'the  country  trade;'  as 
having  made  fifteen  voyages  from  Hindostan 
to  the  East,  and  four  voyages  from  England 
to  India,  and  thus  being  permitted  to  claim 
some  knowledge  of  the  winds,  weather,  and 
sailing  routes  of  the  station,  adding,  however, 
that  of  the  Persian  and  Red  Sea  Gulfs  he 
knew  little,  never  having  been  there.  With 
this  accumulation  of  practical  learning  he 
published  at  Calcutta '  A  Treatise  on  the  Mon- 
soons in  East  India'  (sm.  4to,  1782),  a  2nd 
edition  of  which  was  published  in  London 
(12mo,  1783),  a  little  book  of  interesting  ex- 
periences and  exploded  theories.  In  1770  he 
was  engaged  in  forming  the  new  settlement 
at  Balambangan,  which  had  been  recom- 
mended by  Alexander  Dalrymple  [q.  v.],  and 
in  1774,  when  the  council,  in  accordance  with 
their  instructions,  and  with  a  view  to  deve- 
loping new  sources  of  trade,  were  desirous  of 
sending  an  exploring  party  in  the  direction 
of  New  Guinea,  Forrest  offered  his  services, 
which  were  readily  accepted.  He  sailed  on 
9  Dec.  in  the  Tartar,  a  native  boat  of  about 
ten  tons  burden,  with  two  English  officers 
and  a  crew  of  eighteen  Malays.  In  this,  ac- 
companied during  part  of  the  time  by  two 
small  boats,  he  pushed  his  explorations  as  far 
as  Geelvink  Bay  in  New  Guinea,  examin- 
ing the  Sulu  Archipelago,  the  south  coast 
of  Mindanao,  Mandiolo,  Batchian,  and  more 
especially  Waygiou,  which  he  first  laid  down 

B2 


Forrest 


Forrest 


on  the  chart  with  some  approach  to  accuracy, 
and  returned  to  Achin  in  March  1776.  The 
voyage  was  one  of  examination  and  inquiry 
rather  than  of  discovery,  and  the  additions 
made  to  geographical  knowledge  were  cor- 
rections of  detail  rather  than  startling  no- 
velties ;  but  the  tact  with  which  Forrest  had 
conducted  his  intercourse  with  the  natives, 
and  the  amount  of  work  done  in  a  crazy  boat 
of  ten  tons,  deservedly  won  him  credit  as  a 
navigator.  He  published  a  detailed  account 
of  the  voyage,  under  the  title,  'A  Voyage  to 
New  Guinea  and  the  Moluccas  from  Balam- 
bangan  .  .  .  during  the  years  1774-5-6 '(4to, 
1779),  with  a  portrait.  In  December  1782 
Forrest  was  employed  by  the  governor-ge- 
neral, Warren  Hastings,  to  gain  intelligence 
of  the  French  fleet,  which  had  left  the  coast 
of  India,  and  evaded  the  observation  of  Sir 
Edward  Hughes  [q.v.],  the  English  com- 
mander-in-chief.  It  was  believed  that  it  had 
gone  to  Mauritius.  Forrest  found  it  at  Achi  n, 
and  bringing  back  the  information  to  Vizaga- 
patam,  just  before  the  return  of  the  French, 
saved  many  country  vessels  from  falling  into 
their  hands.  In  the  following  June  he  sailed 
again  to  survey  the  Andaman  Islands,  but 
falling  to  leeward  of  them,  passed  through 
the  Preparis  Channel  to  the  Tenasserim  coast, 
which  he  examined  southwards  as  far  as 
Quedah ;  the  account  of  the  voyage,  under 
the  title,  'A  Journal  of  the  Esther  Brig,  Capt. 
Thomas  Forrest,  from  Bengal  to  Quedah,  in 
1783,'  was  afterwards  edited  by  Dalrymple, 
and  published  at  the  charge  of  the  East 
India  Company  (4to,  1789).  In  1790  he 
made  a  fuller  examination  of  the  same  coast 
and  of  the  islands  lying  off  it,  in,  as  he  dis- 
covered, a  long  row,  leaving  a  sheltered  pas- 
sage 125  miles  long  between  them  and  the 
main  land,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Forrest  Strait,  by  which  it  is  still  known. 
The  results  of  this  voyage  were  published  as 
'  A  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to  the  Mergui  Ar- 
chipelago' (4to,  1792),  with  which  were  in- 
cluded some  minor  essays  and  descriptive 
accounts,  as  well  as  a  reprint  of  the  '  Treatise 
on  the  Monsoons.'  This  volume  is  dedicated 
to  William  Aldersey,  president  of  the  board 
of  trade  in  Bengal,  by  his  '  most  affectionate 
cousin,'  with  which  solitary  exception  we 
have  no  information  as  to  his  family.  Forrest 
is  said  to  have  died  in  India  about  1802. 

[Forrest's  own  writings,  as  enumerated  above, 
seem  the  only  foundation  of  the  several  memoirs 
that  have  been  written,  the  best  of  which  is  that 
in  the  Biographic  Universelle  (Supplement). 
Some  letters  to  Warren  Hastings  in  1784-5  in 
Addit.  MSS.  29164  f.  171,  29166  f.  135,  29169 
f.  118,  show  that  before  1790  he  had  already 
examined  the  Mergui  Islands.]  J.  K.  L. 


FORREST,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1581), 
catholic  priest  and  poet,  is  stated  by  Wood 
to  have  been  a  relative  of  John  Forest  [q.v.], 
the  Franciscan  friar.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  he  was 
present  at  the  discussions  held  at  Oxford  in 
1530,  when  Henry  VIII  desired  to  procure 
the  judgment  of  the  university  in  the  matter 
of  the  divorce.  He  appears  to  have  attended 
the  funeral  of  Queen  Catherine  of  Arragon 
at  Peterborough  in  1536.  He  was  an  eye- 
witness of  the  erection  of  Wolsey's  college 
upon  the  site  of  the  priory  of  St.  Frideswide, 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  some  post  in  the  college  as  re- 
founded  by  the  King,  as  his  name  occurs 
among  the  pensioned  members  after  its  disso- 
lution as  the  recipient  of  an  annual  allowance 
of  6/.  in  1553  and  1556.  In  1548  he  had 
dedicated  his  version  of  the  treatise  'De  re- 
gimine  Principum'  to  the  Duke  of  Somerset, 
as  also  in  1551  his  paraphrase  of  some  of  the 
psalms.  This  continued  choice  of  patron, 
coupled  with  the  character  of  the  latter  work, 
affords  some  ground  for  Warton's  suspicion 
that  Forrest '  could  accommodate  his  faith  to 
the  reigning  powers.'  In  1553,  however,  he 
came  forward  with  warm  congratulations  on 
the  accession  of  Mary,  and,  being  in  priest's 
orders,  he  was  soon  afterwards  nominated 
one  of  the  queen's  chaplains.  Among  Browne 
Willis's  manuscript  collections  for  Bucking- 
hamshire, preserved  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
double  entries  are  found  of  the  presentation 
of  William  Forest  by  Anthony  Lamson  on 
1  July  1556  to  the  vicarage  of  Bledlow  in 
that  county  ;  but  in  Lipscomb's  'Bucking- 
hamshire' the  name  of  the  presentee  is  given 
as  William  Fortescue,  and  the  discrepancy 
has  not  yet  been  cleared  up.  In  1558  Forrest 
presented  to  Queen  Mary  his  poem  of  '  The 
Second  Gresyld.'  Of  his  career  after  the 
death  of  his  royal  mistress  nothing  certain 
is  known.  He  was  probably  protected  by 
Thomas  Howard,  duke  of  Norfolk,  to  whom 
he  dedicated  his  'History  of  Joseph'  shortly 
before  the  duke's  execution  in  1572.  Forrest 
remained  in  the  same  faith  to  the  last.  This 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  two  dates 
'27  Oct.  1572,  per  me  Guil.  Forrestum,'  and 
<  1581 '  occur  in  a  volume  (Harl.  MS.  1703) 
containing  a  poem  which  in  a  devout  tone 
treats  of  the  life  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception.  But,  although 
a  Roman  catholic,  he  was  not  papal,  and  in 
one  of  his  poems  he  speaks  strongly  of  the 
right  of  each  national  branch  of  the  church  to 
enjoy  self-government.  He  was  well  skilled 
in  music,  and  had  a  collection  of  the  choicest 
compositions  then  in  vogue.  These  manu- 
scripts came  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Heather, 


Forrest 


Forrester 


founder  of  the  musical  praxis  and  professorship 
at  Oxford,  and  are  preserved  in  the  archives 
belonging  to  that  institution.  Forrest  was 
on  terms  of  friendship  with  Alexander  Bar- 
clay [q.  v.],  the  translator  of  Brant's '  Ship  of 
Pools,  of  whom  he  gives  some  interesting 
particulars.  There  is  a  portrait  of  him  in  the 
Royal  MS.  17  D.  iii.  He  is  represented  as  a 
young  man  in  a  priest's  gown,  and  with  long 
flowing  hair  not  tonsured  (NICHOLS,  Literary 
Jlemains  of  Edward  VI,  i.  p.  cccxxxv). 

His  poetical  works  are:  1.  'The  History 
of  Joseph  the  Chaiste  composed  in  balladde 
royall  crudely ;  largely  derived  from  the 
Testaments  of  the  Twelve  Patriarchs.  In 
two  parts.'  Dedicated  to  Thomas  Howard, 
duke  of  Norfolk,  and  dated  as  having  been 
finished  11  April  1569,  but  said  by  the  au- 
thor to  have  been  originally  written  twenty- 
four  years  before.  The  first  part,  written  on 
vellum,  is  in  the  library  of  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  the  second  part  is  in  the 
Royal  Library,  British  Museum,  18  C.  xiii. 
A  copy  of  both  parts  in  one  folio  volume  of 
286  pages,  written  on  paper,  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Rev.  J.  E.  A.  Fenwick,  at  Thirle- 
stane  House,  Cheltenham,  being  in  the  col- 
lection of  Sir  Thomas  Phillipps,  which  that 
gentleman  inherited.  2.  '  A  Notable  Warke 
called  the  pleasant  Poesie  of  princelie  Prac- 
tise, composed  of  late  by  the  simple  and  un- 
learned sir  William  Forrest,  priest,  much 
part  collected  out  of  a  booke  entitled  the 
"  Governance  of  Noblemen,"  which  booke  the 
wyse  philosopher  Aristotle  wrote  to  his  dis- 
ciple Alexander  the  Great,'  Royal  MS.  in 
British  Museum,  17  D.  iii.  This  work,  written 
in  1548,  and  dedicated  to  the  Duke  of  Somer- 
set, was  intended,  when  sanctioned  by  him, 
for  the  use  of  Edward  VI.  A  long  extract 
from  it  is  printed  in  '  England  in  the  Reign 
of  Henry  VIII.  Starkey's  Life  and  Letters ' 
(Early  English  Text  Society),  1878,  pt.  i. 
p.  Ixxix  seq.  The  treatise  referred  to  in  the 
title,  'De  regimine  Principum,' was  written, 
not  by  Aristotle,  but  by  ^Cgidius  Romanus. 
3.  A  metrical  version  of  some  of  the  Psalms, 
written  in  1551,  and  also  dedicated  to  the 
Duke  of  Somerset.  In  the  Royal  Library, 
British  Museum,  17  A.  xxi.  4. '  A  New  Bal- 
lade of  the  Marigolde.  Imprinted  at  London 
in  Aldersgate  Street  by  Richard  Lant '  [1553]. 
Verses  on  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary.  A 
copy  of  the  original  broadside  is  in  the  library 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  (LEMON,  Cata- 
logue of  Broadsides,  p.  12).  The  ballad  was 
reprinted  bv  Park  in  the  second  edition  of 
the  <  Harleian  Miscellany '  (1813),  x.  253. 
5.  Pater  Noster  and  Te  Deum,  versified  as  a 
prayer  and  a  thanksgiving  for  Queen  Mary. 
In  the  first  edition  of  Foxe's '  Acts  and  Monu- 


ments '  (1563),  pp.  1139-40.  6.  '  A  true  and 
most  notable  History  of  a  right  noble  and 
famous  Lady,  produced  in  Spain,  entitled 
The  Second  Gresyld,  practised  not  long  out 
of  this  time,  in  much  part  Tragedious,  as 
delectable  both  to  Hearers  and  Readers,' 
folio.  In  the  manuscripts  of  Anthony  a 
"Wood  in  the  Bodleian  Library  No.  2,  being 
the  copy  presented  by  the  author  to  Queen 
Mary.  It  was  given  to  Wood  by  Ralph 
Sheldon  of  Weston  Park,  Warwickshire. 
The  work,  which  was  finished  25  June  1558, 
is  a  narrative  in  verse  of  the  divorce  of 
Queen  Catherine  of  Arragon.  Wood  extracted 
some  passages  for  his  English  'Annals  of  the 
University  of  Oxford.'  These  are  printed  in 
Gutch's  edition  of  the  'Annals'  (1796),  ii. 
47, 115.  The  whole  of  the  ninth  chapter  was 
contributed  by  Dr.  Bliss  in  1814  to  Sir  S.  E. 
Brydges's  '  British  Bibliographer,'  iv.  200. 
The  entire  poem  has  since  been  printed  by 
the  Roxburghe  Club,  with  the  title  of '  The 
History  of  Grisild  the  Second,' London,  1875, 
4to,  under  the  editorial  supervision  of  the 
Rev.  W.  D.  Macray,  rector  of  Ducklington, 
Oxfordshire,  who  remarks  that  Forrest's 
poems,  '  however  prosaic  under  the  form  of 
verse,  are  all  of  them  full  of  interest,  alike 
as  illustrations  of  the  history  and  manners 
of  his  times,  and  as  illustrations  of  language.' 
7.  'An  Oration  consolatorye  to  Queen  Marye.' 
At  the  end  of  the  preceding  work.  8.  Life 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  being  a  poem  in 
praise  of  her  and  in  honour  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception,  followed  by  miscellaneous, 
moral,  and  religious  verses,  dated  from  1572 
to  1581.  In  Harl.  MS.  1703.  This  appears 
to  be  the  volume  described  by  Wood  as  having 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Ayles- 
bury. 

[Memoir  by  Macray  ;  Wood's  Athense  Ox  on. 
(Bliss),  i.  297;  Warton's  English  Poetry  (1840), 
iii.  257  ;  Dodd's  Church  Hist.  i.  515  ;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  Brit.  p.  292  ;  Addit.  MS.  24490,  f.  192  b  ; 
Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments,  ed.  Townsend,  vii. 
124;  Kitson's  Bibl.  Poetica,  p.  209;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  Eliz.  1591-4,  p.  297.]  T.  C. 

FORRESTER,  ALFRED  HENRY,  ar- 
tist, best  known  under  the  name  of  ALFEED 
CROWQTJILL  (1804-1872),  younger  brother  of 
Charles  Robert  Forrester  [q.  v.],  was  born 
in  London  on  10  Sept.  1804,  and  educated 
at  a  private  school  in  Islington.  Although 
connected  with  his  brother  in  business  for 
many  years,  he  was  never  a  sworn  notary, 
and  in  1839  took  the  earliest  opportunity  of 
retiring  from  his  connection  with  the  city. 
In  1822  he  wrote  for  the  '  Hive  '  and  in  1823 
for  the  '  Mirror,'  which  was  then  under  the 
editorship  of  John  Timbs.  He  next  applied 


Forrester 


Forrester 


himself  to  the  study  of  drawing  and  model- 
ling, as  well  as  to  wood  and  steel  engraving. 
The  two  brothers  were  always  on  the  most 
intimate  and  friendly  terms,  and  the  elder's 
novel, '  Castle  Baynard,'  published  in  1824, 
bore  the  following  inscription,  '  To  Alfred, 
this  little  volume  is  dedicated  by  his  affec- 
tionate brother,  the  author.'  A.  H.  Forrester 
furnished  the  illustrations  to  his  brother's 
'  Absurdities '  in  1827,  and  to  his  contribu- 
tions to  Bentley's  '  Miscellany '  in  1840-1, 
when  the  pseudonym  of  Alfred  Crowquill 
was  conjointly  used  by  the  writer  and  the 
artist.  The  best  of  A.  H.  Forrester's  illustra- 
tive work,  mostly  designs  on  wood,  were  exe- 
cuted for  Bentley,  and  afterwards  reappeared 
in  the  '  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun.'  He  was 
also  the  writer  of  burlesques,  drew  panto- 
mimic extravaganzas  for  the  pictorial  papers, 
and  exhibited  pen-and-ink  sketches  in  the 
miniature  room  of  the  Roval  Academy  in 
184_5  and  1846.  About  1843  C.  R.  Forrester 
retired  from  literary  life,  and  from  that  time 
onward  the  other  brother  used  the  name  Al- 
fred Crowquill  as  sole  representative  of  the 
previous  partnership,  and  owing  to  his  more 
numerous  works  and  to  his  much  longer  life 
came  at  last  to  be  considered  as  the  only 
Alfred  Crowquill,  his  elder  brother  being 
almost  completely  forgotten.  For  a  time  he 
contributed  sketches  to  '  Punch,'  where  his 
work  will  be  found  in  vols.  ii.  iii.  and  iv., 
and  then  went  over  to  the  '  Illustrated  Lon- 
don News '  as  a  member  of  the  literary  and 
pictorial  staff.  As  a  writer  and  as  an  illus- 
trator of  his  own  writings  he  was  very  popu- 
lar ;  upwards  of  twenty  works  came  from 
his  pen,  many  of  them  being  children's  books. 
For  some  years  the  London  pantomimes  were 
indebted  to  him  for  designs,  devices,  and 
effects.  He  supplied  some  of  the  woodcuts 
to  Chambers's  '  Book  of  Days,'  he  was  one  of 
the  illustrators  of  Miss  Louisa  H.  Sheridan's 
'Comic  Offering,'  1831,  &c.,  and  he  was  the 
designer  in  1839  of  the  cover  for  'Hood's 
Own.'  In  1851  he  modelled  a  statuette  of 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  which  he  produced 
a  fortnight  before  the  duke's  death  and  pre- 
sented to  Queen  Victoria  and  the  allied  so- 
vereigns. At  the  time  when  he  originally 
started  as  an  artist  there  was  not  much  com- 
petition, and  he  consequently  found  constant 
work.  He  was  inferior  in  many  respects  to 
Kenny  Meadows,  although  a  useful  and  in- 
genious man,  and  many  of  his  works  have 
enjoyed  a  considerable  amount  of  popularity. 
He  died  at  3  Portland  Place  North,  Clap- 
ham  Road,  London,  26  May  1872,  and  was 
buried  in  Norwood  cemetery  on  31  May. 
The  works  mentioned  below  were  written  by 
Forrester  and  contain  illustrations  bv  him- 


self: 1.  A.  Crowquill's  'Guide  to  Watering- 
Places,'  1839.  2.  '  Sketches  of  Pumps, 
bandied  by  R.  Cruikshank,  with  some  Tem- 
perate Spouting  by  A.  Crowquill,'  1846.  3. '  A 
good  Natural  Hint  about  California,'  1849. 
4.  '  A  Missile  for  Papists,  a  few  Remarks  on 
the  Papacy,  by  the  Ghost  of  Harry  the  Eighth's 
Fool,'  1850.  5.  '  Gold,  a  Legendary  Rhyme,' 
1850.  6.  '  A  Bundle  of  Crowquills,  dropped 
by  A.  Crowquill  in  his  Eccentric  Flights  over 
the  Fields  of  Literature,'  1854.  7.  '  Fun,' 
1854.  8.  '  Picture  Fables,'  1854.  9.  '  Gruf- 
fel  Swillendrinken,  or  the  Reproof  of  the 
Brutes,'  1856.  10.  'The  Little  Pilgrim,' 
1856.  11.  '  Tales  of  Magic  and  Meaning,' 
1856.  12.  'Fairy  Tales,'  1857.  13.  '  A  New 
Story  Book,  comprising  the  Good  Boy  and 
Simon  and  his  Great  Acquaintance,'  1858. 
14.  'Honesty  and  Cunning/1859.  15.  'Kind- 
ness and  Cruelty,  or  the  Grateful  Ogre,'  1859. 
16.  'The  Red  Cap,'  1859.  17.  'The  Two 
Sparrows,'  1859.  18.  '  What  Uncle  told  us,' 
1861.  19.  '  Fairy  Footsteps,  or  Lessons  from 
Legends,'  1861  (with  Kenny -Meadows). 
20.  'Tales  for  Children,'  1863.  21.  'Sey- 
mour's Humorous  Sketches,  illustrated  in 
Prose  and  Verse,'  1866.  22.  '  The  Two  Pup- 
pies,' 1870.  23.  '  The  Boys  and  the  Giants,' 
1870.  24. 'The  Cunning  Fox,' 1870.  25.  'Dick 
Do-little,  the  Idle  Sparrow,'  1870.  26.  'The 
Pictorial  Grammar,'  1875. 

In  the  following  list  the  works  were  illus- 
trated by  A.  Crowquill,  sometimes  in  con- 
junction with  other  artists:  27.  'Ups  and 
Downs,'  1823.  28.  '  Der  Freischiitz  Tra- 
vestied,' 1824.  29.  'Paternal  Pride,' 1825. 
30.  '  Despondency  and  Jealousy,'  1825  (with 
G.  Cruikshank  and  others).  31.  '  Eccentric 
Tales,  by  Wr.  F.  von  Kosewitz '  (i.e.  C.  R. 
Forrester),  1827.  32.  '  Absurdities,  in  Prose 
and  Verse,'  by  C.  R.  Forrester,  1827. 

33.  '  Faust,    a    Serio-comic    Poem,'   1834. 

34.  '  Leaves  from  my  Memorandum  Book,' 
1834.     35.  'The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax,'  1838. 
30.  '  Comic  Latin  Grammar,'  1840  (with  J. 
Leech).     37.  '  The  Vauxhall  Papers,'  edited 
by  Alfred  Bunn,"  a  periodical,  1841,  1  vol. 

38.  '  The  Sea  Pie,'  a  periodical,  1842,  1  vol. 

39.  '  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun,'  by  C.  R.  For- 
rester ;  edited  and  illustrated  by  A.  Crow- 
quill, 1843,  2  vols.      40.  'Beauty  and  the 
Beast,'  by  Albert  R.  Smith,  1843.     41.  '  A 
Comic  Arithmetic,'  1844.      42.    'Woman's 
Love,'  by  G.  H.  Rodwell,  1846.     43.  '  The 
Wanderings  of  a  Pen  and  Pencil,'  by  F.  P. 
Palmer,  1840,  eight  numbers.    44.  '  The  Fx- 
citement,  a  Tale  of  our  Time,'  1 849.    45.  '  The 
Book   of  Ballads,'  by  Bon  Gaultier,  1849 
(with  Doyle  and  Leech).     46.  '  The  Sisters,' 
by  H.  Cockton,  1851.     47.  '  Little  Plays  for 
Little  Actors,'  by  Miss  J.   Corner,  1856. 


Forrester 


Forrester 


48.  'Aunt  Mayor's  Nursery  Tales,'  1856. 

49.  '  Merry  Pictures/  by  the  comic  hands  of 
H.  K.  Browne,  Crowquill,  and  others,  1857. 

50.  '  Fairy  Tales,'  by  Cuthbert  Bede,  1858. 

51.  'Paul  Prendergast'(i.e.  P.  Lee),  1859. 

52.  'The  Travels   of  Baron  Munchausen,' 

1859.  53.  '  The  Marvellous  Adventures  of 
Master  Tyll  Owlglass,'  by  T.  Eulenspiegel, 

1860.  54.  '  Strange  surprising  Adventures 
of  Gooroo  Simple,'  by  C.  J.  Beschius,  1861. 
55.  '  Pickwick  Abroad,'  by  G.  W.  McArthur 
Reynolds,  1864  (with  K.  Meadows  and  On- 
whyn).      56.  '  Little  Tiny's  Picture  Book,' 
1871.     57.  '  Nelson's  Picture  Books  for  the 
Nursery,'  1873,  &c.    58.  '  Illustrated  Musical 
Annual '   (with  H.  K.  Browne  and  K.  Mea- 
dows).     59.    '  Six  Plates   of   Pickwickian 
Sketches.'     60.  There  are  many  plates  by 
A.  Crowquill  in '  A  Collection  of  Caricatures,' 
1734-1844,  press  mark  Tab.  524  in  the  Bri- 
tish Museum. 

[Illustrated  Keview,  15  June  1872,  pp.  737- 
742,  with  portrait;  Men  of  the  Time,  1872,  p. 
376;  Bentley's  Miscellany,  1846,  xix.  87,  99, 
•with  portrait ;  Gent.  Mag.  May  1850,  p.  545 ; 
Everitt's  English  Caricaturists,  1886,  pp.  194, 
368-71,  410;  Allibone,  i.  455.]  G.  C.  B. 

FORRESTER,  CHARLES  ROBERT 
(1803-1850),  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of 
Robert  Forrester  of  5  North  Gate,  Royal  Ex- 
change, London,  public  notary,  was  born  in 
London  in  1803,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
a  notary,  having  his  place  of  business  at 
5  North  Piazza,  Royal  Exchange ;  he  after- 
wards removed  to  28  Royal  Exchange,  where 
he  remained  till  his  death.  His  profession  af- 
forded him  abundant  means,  and  he  employed 
his  money  and  his  leisure  in  the  pursuit  of 
literature.  Adopting  the  pseudonym  of '  Hal 
Willis,  student  at  law,'  he  brought  out  in 
1824  '  Castle  Baynard,  or  the  Days  of  John,' 
and  in  1827  a  second  novel  entitled  '  Sir  Ro- 
land, a  Romance  of  the  Twelfth  Century,' 
4  vols.  In  1826-7  he  contributed  to  '  The 
Stanley  Tales,  Original  and  Select,  chiefly  Col- 
lected by  Ambrose  Marten,'  5  vols.  '  Absur- 
dities in  Prose  and  Verse,  written  and  illus- 
trated by  Alfred  Crowquill,'  appeared  in  1827, 
the  illustrations  being  by  Alfred  Henry  For- 
rester [q.  v.],  so  that  in  this  instance,  as  well 
as  on  succeeding  occasions,  the  two  brothers 
were  conjointly  using  the  same  name.  C.  R. 
Forrester  also  wrote  for  '  The  Ladies'  Mu- 
seum,' his  first  article  in  it  being '  The  Ladye 
of  the  Sun,'  in  the  issue  for  April  1830,  pp. 
187-92.  '  The  Old  Man's  Plaint,  by  the  author 
of  "  Absurdities," '  in  Miss  L.  H.  Sheridan's 
'  Comic  Offering,'  1832,  p.  70,  was  his  first 
appearance  in  that  annual.  Under  the  editor- 
ship of  Theodore  Hook  he  was  on  the  staff 


of  the  '  New  Monthly  Magazine '  in  1837 
and  1838,  where  he  used  the  name  of  Alfred 
Crowquill,  and  inserted  his  first  contribu- 
tion, '  Achates  Digby/  in  xlix.  93-8.  At 
the  close  of  1839  he  became  connected  with 
'  Bentley's  Miscellany/  in  which  magazine  his 
writings  are  sometimes  signed  A.  Crowquill 
and  at  other  times  Hal  Willis,  the  former 
being  illustrated  by  his  brother.  '  Mr.  Cro- 
codile/ in  viii.  49-53  (1840),  was  the  first  of 
his  long  series  of  papers.  In  1843  a  selection 
of  his  articles  in  those  two  magazines  was 
brought  out  in  2  vols.  under  the  title  of 
'  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun.'  He  was  also  the 
author  of  'Eccentric  Tales,  by  W.  F.  von 
Kosewitz/  1827, '  The  Battle  of  the  Annuals, 
a  Fragment/  1835,  and  '  The  Lord  Mayor's 
Fool/ 1840,  the  last  two  of  which  were  anony- 
mous. He  no  doubt  wrote  other  works,  but 
his  name  is  not  found  in  the '  British  Museum 
Catalogue '  nor  in  any  of  the  ordinary  books 
on  English  bibliography.  He  was  a  good 
English  classic  and  well  acquainted  with  the 
Latin,  French,  German,  and  Dutch  languages. 
His  writings,  like  his  conversation,  have  a 
spontaneous  flow  of  wit.  He  died  from  heart 
disease,  at  his  residence,  Beaumont  Square, 
Mile  End,  London,  15  Jan.  1850,  and  left  a 
widow  and  four  children. 

[Gent.  Mag.  May  1850,  p.  545;  collected  in- 
formation.] G.  C.  B. 

FORRESTER,  DAVID  (1588-1633), 
Scotch  divine,  appears  to  have  been  descended 
from  a  Stirlingshire  family.  His  grandfather, 
William  Forrester,  was  a  burgess  of  Stirling, 
and  he  himself  possessed  the  lands  of  Blair- 
fachane  and  Wester  Mye  in  that  county. 
Born  in  1588,  he  studied  at  the  university  of 
St.  Andrews,  where  he  graduated  as  M.A. 
on  22  July  1608.  Alexander,  earl  of  Lin- 
lithgow,  presented  him  to  the  church  of 
Denny,  and  he  was  ordained  to  the  pastorate 
of  that  parish  on  3  April  1610.  Three  years 
afterwards  he  was  translated  to  North  Leith, 
his  induction  taking  place  on  16  Dec.  1613. 
He  strenuously  opposed  the  imposition  of 
the  five  articles  of  Perth,  and  so  rendered 
himself  obnoxious  to  King  James  VI  and 
some  of  the  bishops.  The  Archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews,  in  whose  diocese  he  served,  ob- 
tained an  order  from  court  to  have  Forrester 
cited  before  the  high  court  of  commission, 
and  deposed  if  he  refused  compliance ;  but  the 
Bishop  of  Glasgow,  on  whom  the  archbishop 
threw  the  execution  of  the  order,  declined 
the  business,  and  Forrester  gained  a  short 
respite.  Shortly  afterwards  a  conference  took 
place  between  the  bishops  and  a  number  of 
the  nonconforming  ministers,  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  which  the  case  of  Forrester  was 


Forrester 


8 


Forrester 


resumed.  The  archbishop  informed  him  that 
the  king  desired  to  know  if  he  would  conform, 
but  he  declined  to  give  a  promise.  Hereupon 
the  archbishop  told  him  he  had  a  charge  to 
depose  him.  But  Patrick  Forbes  [q.  v.], 
bisnop  of  Aberdeen,  interposed,  offering  to 
take  Forrester's  deposition  into  his  own  hands. 
'  For  this,'  said  he,  '  I  must  needs  say  that 
though  he  be  not  yet  fully  resolved,  yet  he 
is  somewhat  more  tractable  than  when  he 
came  to  us,  and  though  he  stand  on  his  own 
conscience,  as  every  good  Christian  should 
do,  yet  is  he  as  modest,  and  subject  to  hear 
reason,  as  the  youngest  scholar  in  Scot- 
land.' 

Forrester  was  thus  obliged  to  betake  him- 
self north  to  Aberdeen,  where  Bishop  Forbes 
placed  him  in  the  church  of  Rathven,  to 
which  he  was  admitted  on  20  April  1620. 
Here,  however,  he  signalised  himself  by  his 
energetic  measures  against  the  papists,  and 
James  VI  again  gave  orders  for  a  process 
being  laid  against  him.  Through  the  influ- 
ence of  his  wife's  cousin,  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander [q.  v.]  of  Menstrie,  afterwards  first  earl 
of  Stirling,  this  was  averted,  and  he  was  re- 
stored to  his  former  charge  as  '  minister  of 
the  word  of  God  at  the  north  side  of  the 
bridge  of  the  town  of  Leith,'  on  20  Sept. 
1627.  He  died  there  in  June  1633,  in  the 
forty-fifth  year  of  his  age  and  twenty-fourth 
of  his  ministry.  He  was  twice  married :  first, 
on  30  Jan.  1614,  to  Margaret  Paterson  of 
Stirling,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons,  Duncan, 
John,  and  George ;  secondly,  to  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Robert  Hamilton,  brother  of  the 
Laird  of  Preston.  Duncan,  Forrester's  eldest 
son,  was  one  of  the  regents  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  and  was  served  heir  to  his 
father  on  13  Nov.  1633. 

[Caldervrood's  Hist.  vii.  379,  380,  407,  627  ; 
Row's  Hist,  pp  323,  350;  Scott's  Fasti  Ecclesiae 
Scoticanae,  i.  93,  94,  iv.  698 ;  Abbreviate  of  the 
Retours  of  Stirling,  Nos.  125,  138,  145,  &c  ] 

H.P. 

FORRESTER,  JOSEPH  JAMES,  BARON 
DE  FORRESTER  in  Portugal  (1809-1861), 
merchant  and  wine  shipper,  born  at  Hull 
27  May  1809  of  Scotch  parentage,  went  to 
Oporto  in  1831  to  join  his  uncle,  James  For- 
rester, partner  in  the  house  of  Offley,  For- 
rester, &  Webber.  He  early  devoted  himself 
to  the  interests  of  his  adopted  country,  and 
a  laborious  survey  of  the  Douro,  with  a  view 
to  the  improvement  of  its  navigation,  was 
one  of  the  principal  occupations  of  the  first 
twelve  years  of  his  residence.  The  result  was 
the  publication  in  1848  of  a  remarkable  map 
of  the  river  from  Vilvestre  on  the  Spanish 
frontier  to  its  mouth  at  St.  Joao  da  Foz  on 


a  scale  of  4£  inches  to  the  Portuguese  league. 
Its  merit  was  universally  recognised,  com- 
mendatory resolutions  were  voted  by  the 
Municipal  Chamber  of  Oporto,  the  Agricul- 
tural Society  of  the  Douro,  and  other  public 
bodies,  while  its  adoption  as  a  national  work 
by  the  Portuguese  government  gave  it  the 
stamp  of  official  approbation.  It  was  supple- 
mented by  a  geological  survey  and  by  a 
separate  map  of  the  port  wine  districts,  re- 
printed in  England  in  1852  by  order  of  a 
select  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

In  1844  Forrester  published  anonymously 
a  pamphlet  on  the  wine  trade,  entitled  '  A 
Word  or  two  on  Port  Wine,'  of  which  eight 
editions  were  rapidly  exhausted.  This  was 
the  first  step  in  his  endeavours  to  obtain  a 
reform  of  the  abuses  practised  in  Portugal  in 
the  making  and  treatment  of  port  wine,  and 
the  remodelling  of  the  peculiar  legislation  by 
which  the  trade  was  regulated.  To  these 
abuses  and  to  the  restrictions  enforced  by  the 
Douro  Wine  Company  in  right  of  a  mono- 
poly created  in  1756  he  attributed  the  de- 
pression in  the  port  wine  trade.  The  taxation 
on  export  imposed  by  this  body  was  exceed- 
ingly heavy,  while  an  artificial  scarcity  was 
created  by  the  arbitrary  limitation  of  both 
the  quantity  and  quality  allowed  to  be  ex- 
ported. The  author  of  the  pamphlet  -was 
easily  identified  and  bitterly  attacked  by 
the  persons  interested.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  wine  country,  however,  supported  him 
warmly,  and  he  received  addresses  of  thanks 
from  102  parishes  of  the  Upper  Douro. 

The  prize  of  50/.  offered  by  Mr.  Oliveira, 
M.P.,in  1851  for  the  best  essay  on  Portugal 
and  its  commercial  capabilities  was  awarded 
to  Baron  de  Forrester  for  an  admirable  trea- 
tise, which  went  through  several  editions 
and  is  still  a  standard  work.  In  1852  he 
gave  valuable  evidence  before  the  select 
committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
the  wine  duties,  detailing  at  greater  length 
all  the  abuses  summarised  in  his  pamphlet. 
He  continued  to  write  on  this  and  other 
practical  subjects,  publishing  tracts  on  the 
vine  disease,  improved  manufacture  of  olive 
oil,  &c.,  and  was  awarded  by  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Universal  Exhibition  in  Paris 
in  1855  the  silver  medal  of  the  first  class 
and  five  diplomas  of  honourable  mention  for 
the  collection  of  publications  and  products 
he  there  exhibited. 

On  12  May  1861  the  boat  in  which  he  was 
descending  the  Douro  was  swamped  in  one 
of  the  rapids,  and  he  was  drowned.  The  body 
was  never  found.  The  ships  in  Lisbon  and 
Oporto  hoisted  their  colours  half-mast  high 
on  receipt  of  the  news,  and  all  public  build- 
ings showed  similar  signs  of  mourning.  In 


Forrester 


Forret 


the  wine  country  he  is  still  remembered  as 
the  '  protector  of  the  Douro.' 

An  interesting  sketch  of  his  home  in  Oporto 
is  contained  in  '  Les  Arts  en  Portugal,'  by 
Count  Raczynski,  who  records  a  visit  paid 
to  him  in  August  1844.  He  left  six  children, 
but  had  been  a  widower  for  many  years  be- 
fore his  death.  There  is  an  excellent  por- 
trait of  him,  a  large  print  in  lithography,  by 
Baugniet  of  London,  1848. 

He  was  created  Baron  de  Forrester  for  life 
by  the  crown  of  Portugal,  made  knight  com- 
mander of  the  orders  of  Christ  and  Isabella 
la  Catolica,  and  received  the  cross  of  cheva- 
lier of  various  orders  of  his  adopted  country. 
He  was  member  of  the  Royal  Academies  of 
Lisbon  and  Oporto,  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Sciences  of  Turin,  of  the  English  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Societies  of  London,  Paris,  and  Berlin,  and 
received  the  highest  gold  medals  reserved 
for  learned  foreigners  by  the  pope  and  by 
the  emperors  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  France. 
Charles  Albert,  king  of  Piedmont,  during 
his  residence  in  Oporto,  not  long  before  his 
death,  detached  from  his  own  breast  the  cross 
of  SS.  Maurice  and  Lazarus,  worn  by  him 
throughout  his  campaigns,  in  order  to  affix 
it  to  the  coat  of  Baron  de  Forrester. 

[Annual  Kegister,  1861,  ciii.  438;  Gent.  Mag. 
3rd  ser.  July  1861,  ii.  88  ;  private  information 
from  W.  Offley  Forrester,  esq.]  E.  M.  C. 

FORRESTER,  THOMAS  (1588  P-1642), 
satirist  and  divine,  graduated  A.M.  at  St.  An- 
drews University  22  July  1608.  On  10  March 
1623  the  Archbishop  of  Glasgow  recom- 
mended him  for  the  ministry  of  Ayr,  but  the 
session  reported  '  that  he  was  not  a  meet 
man.'  Thereupon  James  I  presented  him  to 
the  post  (10  April).  About  1632  he  gave 
201.  to  the  fund  for  building  the  library  at 
Glasgow  University.  He  succeeded  John 
Knox,  a  nephew  of  the  reformer,  as  minister 
of  Melrose  in  1627.  As  an  enthusiastic  epi- 
scopalian, he  took  delight  in  uttering  words 
and  performing  acts  fitted  to  shock  the  feel- 
ings of  presbyterians.  At  the  assembly  of 
1638  he  was  accused  of  popery,  Arminianism, 
&c.,  and  was  deposed  11  Dec.  1638.  He  took 
his  revenge  in  satire.  A  mock  litany  threw 
ridicule  on  the  leading  covenanters  and  the 
most  solemn  of  their  doings.  This  was  pub- 
lished as '  A  Satire  in  two  parts,  relating  to 
public  affairs,  1638-9,'  in  Maidment's  '  Book 
of  Scottish  Pasquils,'  1828.  An  epitaph  on 
Strafford,  attributed  to  Forrester,  is  printed 
in  Cleveland's  poems.  Forrester  died  in  1642, 
aged  54.  He  married  Margaret  Kennitie, 
who  died  19  Jan.  1665-6,  and  had  a  daugh- 
ter, Marjory,  who  married  a  tailor  of  Canon- 


gate,  Edinburgh,  named  James  Alison.  She 
obtained  a  pension  of  201.  from  Charles  II 
14  March  1678-9. 

[Scott's  Fasti,  pt.  ii.  p.  559  ;  Chambers's  Emi- 
nent Scotsmen ;  A  Book  of  Scottish  Pasquils, 
1828.]  W.  G.  B. 

FORRESTER,  THOMAS  (1635  P-1706), 
Scotch  theologian,  brother  of  David  Forres- 
ter, a  merchant  and  burgess  of  Stirling,  was 
born  at  Stirling  about  1635,  and  admitted 
minister  of  Alva  in  Stirling  under  the  bishop 
in  1664.  The  perusal  of  John  Brown's  (1610  ?- 
1679)  [q.  v.]  '  Apologetical  Relation'  led  him 
to  renounce  episcopacy,  and  he  became  a  field 
preacher.  He  was  imprisoned  in  Edinburgh, 
but  liberated  by  the  indemnity  of  March 
1674,  and  was  deposed  on  the  29th  of  the 
j  same  month.  He  was  proclaimed  a  fugitive 
5  May  1684,  and  settled  at  Killearn.  After 
the  revolution  he  became  in  succession  minis- 
ter of  Killearn  (1688)  and  of  St.  Andrews 
(May  1692).  He  refused  calls  to  Glasgow 
and  other  places,  and  was  appointed  princi- 
pal of  the  new  college  at  St.  Andrews  on 
26  Jan.  1698  (St.  Mary's),  in  which  office 
he  died  in  November  1706.  He  is  well 
known  as  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  pres- 
byterianism  of  his  day.  His  principal  work 
is  '  The  Hierarchical  Bishop's  Claim  to  a 
Divine  Right  tried  at  the  Scripture  Bar,' 
1699.  Here  he  controverts  Dr.  Scott,  in  the 
second  part  of  his  '  Christian  Life,'  Principal 
Monro's '  Inquiry,'  and  Mr.  Honey  man's'  Sur- 
vey of  Naphtali.'  Other  works  bore  the 
titles  of  '  Rectius  Instruendum,'  1684;  'A 
Vindication  and  Assertion  of  Calvin  and 
Beza's  Presbyterian  Judgment  and  Prin- 
ciples,'1692;  '  Causa  Episcopatus  Hierarchici 
Lucifuga,'  1706. 

[Scott's  Fasti,  ii.  356,  391,  691  ;  Wodrow's 
Hist. ;  Wodrow's  Analecta.]  W.  G.  B. 

FORRET,  THOMAS  (d.  1540),  vicar 
of  Dollar,  Clackmannanshire,  and  Scottish 
martyr,  was  descended  from  an  old  family 
which  possessed  the  estate  of  Forret  in  the 
parish  of  Logic,  Fifeshire,  from  the  reign  of 
William  the  Lion  till  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. The  name  is  sometimes  erroneously 
given  as  Forrest.  His  father  had  been  master 
stabler  to  James  IV.  The  catholic  priest,  Sir 
John  Forret,  for  permitting  whom  to  adminis- 
ter the  sacrament  of  baptism  at  Swinton  in 
1573  the  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  was  com- 
plained against  (CALDERWOOD,  History,  iii. 
272), was  probably  a  near  relative.  After  ob- 
taining a  good  preliminary  education,  Forret 
was,  through  the '  help  of  a  rich  lady/  sent  to 
study  at  Cologne.  On  his  return  he  became 
a  canon  regular  in  the  monastery  of  '  Sanct 


Forret 


10 


Forsett 


Colmes  Inche'  (Inchcolm  in  the  Firth  of 
Forth).  The  canons  having,  it  is  said,  begun 
to  manifest  their  discontent  at  their  daily 
allowance,  the  abbot,  in  order  to  divert  their 
attention  from  their  personal  grievances,  gave 
them  the  works  of  Augustine  to  study  in- 
stead of  the  book  of  their  foundation.  Its  pe- 
rusal effected  a  radical  change  in  the  thoughts 
of  many  of  the  recluses.     '  0  happy  and 
blessed,'  afterwards  said  Forret,  '  was  that 
book  by  which  I  came  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  truth!'     The  abbot  to  whom  he  made 
known  his  change  of  opinions  advised  him 
to  keep  his  mind  to  himself;  but  Forret  con- 
verted the  younger  canons,  although  'the 
old  bottels,'  he  said,  '  would  not  receive  the 
new  wine.'    Afterwards  he  became  vicar  of 
Dollar,  Clackmannanshire,  where  he  preached 
every  Sunday  to  his  parishioners  on  the  Epis- 
tles and  Gospels.     As  at  that  time  in  Scot- 
land no  one  except  a  black  friar  or  grey 
friar  was  in  the  habit  of  preaching,  the  friars, 
offended  at  the  innovation,  denounced  him  to 
the  Bishop  of  Dunkeld  as  a  heretic,  and  one 
that '  shewed  the  mysteries  of  the  Scriptures 
to  the  vulgar  people  in  English.'  The  bishop, 
who  had  no  interest  whatever  in  ecclesias- 
tical controversies,  remonstrated  with  Forret 
not  only  for  preaching  '  every  Sunday,'  but 
for  the  more  serious  offence  of  not  taking  the 
usual  due  from  the  parishioners  when  any 
one  died,  of  '  the  cow  and  the  uppermost 
cloth,'  remarking  that  the  people  would  ex- 
pect others  to  do  as  he  did.     He  advised 
Forret,  therefore,  if  he  was  determined  to 
preach,  to  preach  only  on  '  one  good  Epistle 
or  one  good  Gospell  that  setteth  forth  the 
libertie  of  the  holie  church.'    On  Forret  ex- 
plaining that  he  had  never  found  any  evil 
epistle  or  gospel  in  the  New  or  Old  Testa- 
ment, then  '  spake  my  lord  stoutlie  and  said, 
"  I  thank  God  that  I  never  knew  what  the 
Old  and  the  New  Testament  was."'     This 
innocent  instance  of  devout  gratitude  on  the 
part  of  the  bishop  gave  rise  to  a  proverb  in 
Scotland :  '  Ye  are  like  the  Bishop  of  Dun- 
keld that  knew  neither  the  new  law  nor 
the  old  law.'    Forret  systematically  warned 
his  parishioners  against  the  sellers  of  indul- 
gences.   He  also  took  care  specially  to  teach 
them  the  ten  commandments,  and  composed 
a  short  catechism  for  their  instruction  on 
points  of  prime  importance  in  Christian  be- 
lief.   He  was  in  the  habit  of  carrying  bread 
and  cheese  in  his  gown  sleeve  to  any  poor 
person  who  was  ill.     He  studied  from  six  in 
the  morning  till  twelve,  and  again  from  dinner 
till  supper ;  and,  in  order  the  better  to  hold 
his  own  against  disputants,  committed  three 
chapters  in  Latin  of  the  New  Testament  to 
memory  every  day,  making  his  servant,  An- 


drew Kirkie,  hear  him  repeat  them  at  night. 
Though  several  times  summoned  before  the 
Bishop  of  Dunkeld  to  answer  for  his  novel 
methods  of  discharging  the  duties  of  vicar, 
he  succeeded  always  in  giving  such  expla- 
nations as  to  escapelfurther  interference  until 
David  Beaton  succeeded  to  the  archbishopric 
of  St.  Andrews  in  1539.  In  February  1539- 
1540  he  and  four  others  were  summoned  be- 
fore Beaton,  the  bishop  of  Glasgow,  and  the 
Bishop  of  Dunblane  as  '  chief  heretics  and 
teachers  of  heresy,'  and  especially  for  being 
present  at  the  marriage  of  the  vicar  of  Tul- 
libodie,  and  for  eating  flesh  in  Lent  at  the 
marriage.  For  this  they  were  on  the  last 
day  of  February  burned  on  the  Castle  Hill 
of  Edinburgh. 

[Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments ;  Calderwood's 
History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  i.  124-8, 
containing  the  substance  of  the  account  in  John 
Davidson's  Catalogue  of  Scottish  Martyrs,  which 
has  been  lost;  Lindsay's  (of  Pitscottie)  Chro- 
nicles of  Scotland.]  T.  F.  H. 

FORSETT,  EDWARD  (d.  1630  ?),  poli- 
tical writer,  obtained  from  Elizabeth  in  1583 
a  twenty-one  years'  lease  of  the  manor  of 
Tyburn,  Middlesex,  at  the  annual  rent  of 
16/.  11s.  8d.     As  ajustice  of  peace  he  showed 
himself  very  active  in  the  examination  of 
those  concerned  in  the  Gunpowder  plot,  and 
he  occasionally  took  charge  of  the  Tower 
during  the  absence  of  the  lieutenant,  Sir 
William  Waad.     He  also  held  a  surveyor's 
place  in  the  office  of  works,  and  in  May  1609 
was  commissioned  to  repair  Oatlands  Park 
(Cal.   State  Papers,  Dom.    Ser.   Addenda, 
1580-1625,  p.  516).    On  8  June  1611  James  I 
granted  him  the  manor  of  Tyburn,  with  all 
its  appurtenances,  excepting  the  park,  for  the 
sum  of  829/.  3s.  4cZ.  (ib.  1611-18,  p.  40).     It 
continued  in  his  family  for  several  years,  and 
then  passed  into  that  of  Austen  by  the  inter- 
marriage of  Arabella  Forsett,  a  grand-daugh- 
ter, with  Thomas  Austen  (LTSOUS,  Environs, 
iii.  244-5).    Forsett  died  in  1629  or  1630, 
probably  at  his  chamber  in  Charing  Cross 
House.     His  will  (P.  C.  C.  46,   Scroope), 
dated  13  Oct.  1629,  was  proved  25  May  1630 
by  his  son,  Robert  Forsett,  and  his  daughter 
Frances  (d.  1668),  wife  of  Mr.  (afterwards 
Sir)   Matthew  Howland  of    Holborn  and 
Streatham,  Surrey,  one  of  the  king's  gentle- 
men pensioners.     Therein  he  describes  him- 
self as  '  of  Maribone  in  the  countie  of  Mid- 
dlesex esquier,'  and  desires  to  be  buried  in 
Marylebone  Church '  in  the  valt  there  which 
I  made  in  the  chauncell  for  the  buryinge  of 
myselfe,  my  wife,  and  other  such  as  I  may 
terme  or  reckon  to  be  mine.'    He  is  the  au- 
thor of  two  ably  written  pamphlets:  1.  'A 


Forshall 


Forster 


Comparative  Discovrse  of  the  Bodies  Natvral 
and  Politiqve.  Wherein  ...  is  set  forth  the 
true  forme  of  a  Commonweale,  with  the  dutie 
of  Subiects,  and  the  right  of  the  Soueraigne,' 
4to,  London,  1606.  At  page  51  he  makes 
interesting  allusion  to  the  Gunpowder  plot ; 
he  also  argues  strongly  for  union  with  Scot- 
land (p.  58).  2.  « A  Defence  of  the  Right  of 
Kings ;  wherein  the  power  of  the  papacie  ouer 
princes  is  refuted,  and  the  oath  of  allegeance 
iustified.  (An  examination  of  a  position  pub- 
lished by  P.  R.  [i.e.  Robert  Parsons]  in  the 
preface  of  his  treatise .  . .  concerning  the  law- 
fullnesse  of  the  Popes  power  ouer  princes),' 
4to,  London,  1624,  dedicated  to  James  I.  It 
had  been  written  ten  or  twelve  years  pre- 
viously, and  was  at  length  published  by  a 
friend  who  signs  himself  '  F.  B.'  Wood 
confounds  the  above  Edward  Forsett  with 
another  of  the  same  names,  whom  he  de- 
scribes as '  a  gentleman's  son  of  Lincolnshire, 
and  of  the  same  family  with  the  Forsets  of 
Billesby  in  that  county '  (Athencs  Oxon.  ed. 
Bliss,  ii.  5).  In  1590, '  or  thereabouts,  he  be- 
came a  commoner  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
aged  eighteen  ;  but  leaving  that  house  with- 
out the  honour  of  a  degree,  retired  at  length 
to  his  patrimony.'  An  Edward  Forsett '  of 
Billesby,  co.  Lincoln,  gent.,'  was  examined 
before  Popham  and  Coke  in  April  and  May 

1600,  when  he  was  charged  with  being  a 
papist  and  with  denying  the  queen's  title  to 
the  crown  (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1598- 

1601,  pp.  423-5,  430,  434). 

j'Lysons's  Environs,  iii.  219,  254;  Lysons's 
Middlesex  Parishes,  p.  2 ;  Neweourt's  Reper- 
torium,  i.  695  ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser. ; 
Overall's  Remembrancia,  pp.  555-6 ;  Chester's 
London  Marriage  Licenses  (Foster),  col.  501 ; 
Administration  Act  re  Ann  Forsett,  granted  May 
1 645  (P.  C.  C.) ;  Will  of  Robert  Forsett,  proved  by 
decree,  January  1 688  (P.  C.  C.  1 25,  Exton) ;  Admi- 
nistration Act  re  Edward  Forsett.  granted  April 
1674  (P.  C.  C.) ;  Will  of  Anne  Forsett,  proved 
May  1690  (P.  C.  C.  69,  Dyke);  Administration 
Act  re  Edward  Forsett,  granted  October  1693 
(P.  C.  C.)]  G.  G. 

FORSHALL,  JOSIAH  (1795-1863), 
librarian,  born  at  Witney  in  Oxfordshire  on 
29  March  1795,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Samuel  Forshall.  He  received  some  of  his 
education  at  the  grammar  schools  of  Exeter 
and  Chester,  and  in  1814  entered  Exeter 
College,  Oxford.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1818, 
taking  a  first  class  in  mathematics  and  a 
second  in  litt.  hum.  He  became  M.A.  in 
1821,  and  was  elected  fellow  and  tutor  of  his 
college.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant 
librarian  in  the  manuscript  department  of 
the  British  Museum  in  1824,  and  became 
keeper  of  that  department  in  1827.  In  1828 


he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  edited  the  catalogue  of  the  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum  (new  series) :  pt.  i.  the 
Arundel  MSS. ;  pt.  ii.  the  Burney  MSS.; 
pt.  iii.  index,  1834,  &c.  fol.,  and  also  the 
'  Catalogus  Codicum  Manuscriptorum  Ori- 
entalium  [in  the  Brit.  Mus.] :  Pars  Prima 
Codices  Syriacos  et  Carshunicos  amplectens,' 
1838,  &c.  fol.  He  also  edited  the  '  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Greek  Papyri '  in  the  Brit.  Mus., 
pt.  i.  1839,  8vo.  In  1828  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  museum,  and  in 
1837  resigned  his  keepership  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  exclusively  to  his  secretarial 
duties.  He  was  examined  before  the  select 
committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
museum  in  1835-6,  and  made  some  curious 
revelations  on  the  subject  of  patronage.  As 
secretary  he  had  much  influence  with  the 
trustees.  He  was  greatly  opposed  to  any 
attempts  to  '  popularise  '  the  museum.  In 
1850  he  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  '  Mis- 
representations of  H.M.  Commissioners  [who 
inquired  into  the  British  Museum  in  1848-9] 
exposed,'  and  about  that  time  retired  from 
the  museum  on  account  of  ill-health.  After 
his  resignation  Forshall  lived  in  retirement, 
spending  much  of  his  time,  till  his  death,  at 
the  Foundling  Hospital,  of  which  he  had 
been  appointed  chaplain  in  1829.  He  died 
at  his  house  in  Woburn  Place,  London,  on 
18  Dec.  1863,  after  undergoing  a  surgical 
operation.  Forshall  was  a  man  of  ability, 
and  of  a  kindly  disposition.  Besides  the 
catalogues  already  mentioned  he  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Sir  F.  Madden,  the  well- 
known  edition  of  '  The  Holy  Bible  ...  in 
the  earliest  English  Versions  made  by  John 
Wycliffe  and  his  followers,'  1850, 4  vols.  4to. 
To  this  work  he  had  given  up  much  time 
during  twenty-two  years.  He  also  published 
editions  of  the  Gospels  of  St.  Mark  (1862, 
8vo),  St.  Luke  (1860,  8vo),  and  St.  John 
(1859,  8vo),  arranged  in  parts  and  sections, 
and  some  sermons.  His  works  '  The  Lord's 
Prayer  with  various  readings  and  critical 
notes '  (1864),  8vo,  and  '  The  First  Twelve 
Chapters  of  ...  St.  Matthew'  in  the  re- 
ceived Greek  text,  with  various  readings 
and  notes,  1864,  8vo,  were  published  pos- 
thumously. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1864,  3rd  ser.  xvi.  128 ;  Statutes 
and  Rules  of  the  Brit.  Mus.  (1871);  CowtanV 
Memories  of  the  Brit.  Mus.  6,  66,  69,  365-76; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  W.  W. 

FORSTER,  BENJAMIN  (1736-1805), 
antiquary,  was  born  in  Walbrook,  London, 
7  Aug.  1736,  being  the  third  son  of  Thomas 
Forster,  a  descendant  of  the  Forsters  of 
Etherston  and  Bamborough,  and  his  wife 


Forster 


12 


Forster 


Dorothy,  granddaughter  of  Benjamin  Furly 
[q.v.],the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Locke. 
He  was  educated  at  Hertford  school  and  at 
Corpus  Christ  i  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  had  as  friends  and  fellow-students  the 
antiquarians  Richard  Gough  and  Michael 
Tyson.     He  graduated  as  B.A.  in  1757,  be- 
coming M.A.  and  fellow  of  his  college  in 
1760,  and  B.D.  1768.     Having  taken  orders, 
*  though  he  was  never  very  orthodox,'  he  be- 
came in  succession  curate  of  Wanstead  and 
of  Broomfield  and  Chignal  Smeely  in  Essex 
(1760),  Lady  Camden  lecturer  at  Wakefield 
(1766),  and  rector  of  Boconnoc,  Broadoak, 
and  Cherichayes  in  Cornwall  (1770).     He 
died  at  Boconnoc  parsonage  on  2  Dec.  1805, 
his  tomb  being,  by  his  orders,  merely  in- 
scribed '  Fui.'    He  was  somewhat  eccentric, 
surrounding  himself  with  multifarious   pet 
animals,  to  whom  he  was  much  attached; 
but  his  letters  show  him  to  have  been  a  man 
of  taste  and  learning,  and  a  skilful  antiquary.  , 
These  letters  are  preserved  in  Nichols's '  Lite-  ; 
rary  Anecdotes,'  ix.  648-50,  and  '  Literary  j 
Illustrations,'  v.    280-90,  while    many  of ; 
Gough's  letters  to  him  are  in  a  volume  pri- 
vately printed  at  Bruges  (1845-50)  by  his  j 
great-nephew,     Thomas     Ignatius     Maria  | 
Forster  [q.  v.],  entitled  '  Epistolarium  Fors-  I 
terianum.     Among  his  other  friends  were 
the  poets  Mason  and  Gray. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1849,  xxxii.  431 ;  Nichols's  Il- 
lustrations, viii.  554  ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibl.  , 
Cornub.]  G.  S.  B. 

FORSTER,  BENJAMIN  MEGGOT  ! 
(1764-1829),  man  of  science,  second  son  of 
Edward  Forster  the  elder  [q.  v.]  and  his  wife 
Susanna,  was  born  in  Walbrook,  London, 
16  Jan.  1764.  He  was  educated  with  his 
brothers  at  Walthamstow,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Edward  Forster  & 
Sons,  Russia  merchants,  but  attended  very 
little  to  business.  During  his  whole  life  he 
was  attached  to  the  study  of  science,  especi- 
ally botany  and  electricity.  He  executed 
many  fine  drawings  of  fungi,  communicated 
various  species  to  Sowerby,  and  in  1820  pub- 
lished, with  initials  only,  '  An  Introduction 
to  the  Knowledge  of  Fungusses,'  12mo,  pp. 
20,  with  two  plates.  He  contributed  numer- 
ous articles  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' 
under  various  signatures  and  on  various  sub- 
jects, and  is  credited  with  eight  scientific  con- 
tributions to  the  'Philosophical  Magazine '  in 
the  Royal  Society's  Catalogue.  They  deal 
with  fungi,  the  electric  column,  and  atmo- 
spheric phenomena.  He  invented  the  sliding 
portfolio,  the  atmospherical  electroscope,  and 
an  orrery  of  perpetual  motion,  the  last  being 
a  failure.  Ceaseless  in  his  exertions  in  the 


cause  of  humanity,  he  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  emancipation,  and  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  committee  of  1788  against 
the  slave  trade.  He  also  joined  the  societies 
for  the  suppression  of  climbing  chimney- 
sweepers, for  diffusing  knowledge  respecting 
capital  punishments,  for  affording  refuge  to 
the  destitute,  and  for  repressing  cruelty  to 
animals,  he  being  conscientiously  opposed  to 
field  sports.  He  also  framed  the  child-steal- 
ing act.  He  never  married,  living  with  his 
father  and  mother  till  their  death,  when  he 
took  a  cottage  called  Scotts,  at  Hale  End, 
Walthamstow,  where  he  died  8  March  1829. 

[Gent.  Mag.  (1829),  xcix.  279  ;  Nichols's  Il- 
lustrations, viii.  553 ;  Epistolarium  Forsteria- 
num,  vol.  ii.  pp.  xiii-xv.]  G.  S.  B. 

FORSTER,  ED  WARD,  the  elder  (1730- 
1812),  banker  and  antiquary,  the  son  of  Tho- 
mas and  brother  of  Benjamin  Forster  [q.  v.], 
was  born  11  Feb.  1730,  and  was  educated  at 
Felstead  school.  He  then  went  to  Holland 
to  his  relative  Benjamin  Furly,  from  whom 
he  received  the  original  letters  of  Locke,  after- 
wards published  by  his  grandson.  He  married 
Susanna  Furney,  a  member  of  an  old  Somerset 
family,  by  whom  he  left  three  sons,  Thomas 
Furly  [q.  v.],  Benjamin Meggot  [q.  v.],  and  Ed- 
ward (1765-1 849)  [q.  v.],  and  a  daughter  Su- 
sanna Dorothy  (1757-1822),  who  married  the 
Rev.  J.  Dixon,  rector  of  Bincombe,  Dorset- 
shire. In  1764  he  settled  at  Walthamstow, 
where  his  leisure  was  employed  in  riding  in 
search  of  scenery  and  antiquities,  in  sketch- 
ing, etching,  and  writing  of  occasional  verses. 
In  1774  he  published  the  speeches  made  by 
him  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
the  linen  and  Russia  trades,  his  only  other 
publication  being  '  Occasional  Amusements,' 
12mo,  1809,  pp.  87,  a  volume  of  verse.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Mercers'  Company,  a 
director  of  the  London  Docks,  governor  of 
the  Royal  Exchange,  and,  for  nearly  thirty 
years,  of  the  Russia  Company,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  gave  an  annual  ministerial  dinner. 
When  consulted  by  Pitt  as  to  a  forced  paper 
currency  he  was  offered  a  baronetcy.  He 
died  at  Hoe  Street,  Walthamstow,  20  April 
1812.  Though  neither  a  sportsman  nor  a 
practical  naturalist,  he  was  very  fond  of 
horses  and  dogs,  and  was  an  ardent  lover  of 
nature.  Addison,  Swift,  and  Rousseau  were 
his  favourite  authors,  and  Gray,  Gough,  and 
Tyson  were  among  his  personal  friends.  One 
of  his  letters  (Epistolarium  Forsterianum, 
i.  205-26)  contains  a  reference  to  Gray's 
'  Elegy'  as  early  as  1751.  Edward  Forster 
is  stated  (NICHOLS,  Anecdotes,  viii.  596)  to 
have  been  the  introducer  of  bearded  wheat 
from  Smyrna.  His  portrait  was  painted 


Forster  13 


Forster 


by  Shee  for  the  Mercers'  Company  in  1812, 
and  by  Hoppner  for  the  Royal  Exchange, 
the  latter  having  been  privately  engraved  in 
mezzotint. 

[Nichols's  Anecdotes,  vi.  331-3,  616,  viii.  1, 
596,  ix.  720;  Gent.  Mag.  1849,  xxxii.  431; 
Epistolarium  Forsterianum,  1845,  i.  205-26, 
Bruges,  privately  printed.]  G.  S.  B. 

FORSTER,  EDWARD  (1769-1828),  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born  at  Colchester,  Essex, 
on  11  June  1769,  was  the  only  son  of  Na- 
thaniel Forster,  D.D.  (1726P-1790)  [q.  v.], 
rector  of  All  Saints  in  that  town.  After  re- 
ceiving some  instruction  at  home,  he  was 
placed  at  Norwich  grammar  school,  then 
presided  over  by  his  father's  intimate  friend, 
Samuel  Parr.  On  5  May  1788  he  matricu- 
lated at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
divided  his  time  in  desultory  study  of  medicine 
and  law.  Towards  the  end  of  1790  he  married 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  Captain  Addison,  and 
youngest  daughter  of  Philip  Bedingfeld  of 
Ditchingham  Hall,  Norfolk  (BURKE,  Landed 
Gentry,  4th  edit.  p.  80).  In  order  to  renew 
his  acquaintanceship  with  Parr,  Forster  took 
a  house  at  Hatton,  Warwickshire,  where  he 
resided  for  some  time ;  but  his  wife,  by  whom 
he  had  no  children,  lived  only  four  years  after 
their  union.  He  ultimately  became  a  member 
of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
B.A.  on  21  Feb.  1792,  and  entered  himself  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  on  15  June  of  the  same  year 
(FOSTER,  Alumni  Oxon.  p.  478).  Deciding, 
however,  to  become  a  clergyman,  he  was  or- 
dained priest  by  Porteus,  bishop  of  London, 
in  1796.  He  proceeded  M.A.  on  16  Feb.  1797 
( Oxford  Graduates,  1851,  p.  237).  On  3  Aug. 
1799,  being  then  resident  at  Weston,  Oxford- 
shire, he  married  as  his  second  wife  Lavinia, 
only  daughter  of  Thomas  Banks,  R.A.  [q.  v.], 
the  sculptor  (  Gent.  Mag.  Ixix.  pt.  ii.  716).  He 
now  entered  into  an  engagement  with  a  book- 
seller, William  Miller  of  Old  Bond  Street, 
subsequently  of  Albemarle  Street,  to  issue 
tastefully  printed  editions  of  the  works  of 
standard  authors,  illustrated  by  the  best 
artists  of  the  day.  His  first  venture  was  an 
edition  of  Jarvis's  translation  of '  Don  Quix- 
ote,' 4  vols.  8vo,  1801,  '  with  a  new  transla- 
tion of  the  Spanish  poetry,  a  new  life  of  Cer- 
vantes, and  new  engravings.'  Having  been 
successful  in  this,  he  published  some  works 
of  less  importance,  while  he  was  preparing  for 
the  press  a  new  translation,  from  the  French 
of  Antoine  Galland,  of  the  '  Arabian  Nights,' 
5  vols.  4to,  London,  1802,  with  twenty-four 
engravings  from  pictures  by  R.  Smirke,  R.A. 
During  the  same  year  he  brought  out  in  quarto 
an  edition  of  '  Anacreon,'  for  which  Bulmer 
furnished  a  peculiarly  fine  Greek  type ;  the 


title-plates  and  vignettes  were  from  the  pencil 
of  Mrs.  Forster.  Various  editions  of  dramatic 
authors,  under  the  titles  of '  British  Drama/ 
'  New  British  Theatre,' '  English  Drama,'  some 
of  them  illustrated  with  engravings  from  de- 
signs by  the  first  artists,  successively  employed 
his  time. 

In  1803  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Somerville  Aston,  Gloucestershire,  by  an  old 
friend,  Lord  Somerville,  who  had  procured 
for  him  the  appointment  of  chaplain  to  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle  in  1796 ;  but  there  being 
no  parsonage-house  on  the  living  residence 
was  dispensed  with,  and  he  settled  in  London, 
where  his  pulpit  oratory  was  in  demand.  He 
was  from  1800  to  1814  successively  morning 
preacher  at  Berkeley  and  Grosvenor  chapels ; 
and  at  Park  Street  and  King  Street  chapels, 
in  which  he  divided  the  duty  alternately  with 
Sydney  Smith,  Stanier  Clarke,  T.  F.  Dibdin, 
and  other  admired  preachers.  In  1805  Forster 
entered  into  a  correspondence  with  Scott  on 
the  subject  of  a  projected  edition  of  Dryden, 
subsequently  abandoned.  Forster  had  at  a 
later  period  intended  publishing  an  '  Essay 
on  Punctuation,'  which  he  had  made  his  espe- 
cial study,  and  on  which  his  views  were  ap- 
proved by  Scott.  An  elegant  quarto  edition 
of  '  Rasselas,'  with  engravings  by  A.  Raim- 
bach,  from  pictures  painted  for  the  purpose 
by  Smirke,  was  issued  by  Forster  in  1805  ; 
it  was  followed  in  1809  by  a  small  privately 
printed  volume  of  verse,  entitled  '  Occasional 
Amusements,'  which  appeared  without  his 
name.  But  his  chief  publication  was  the 
splendid  work  in  folio  entitled  '  The  British 
Gallery  of  Engravings,'  consisting  of  highly 
finished  prints  in  the  line  manner  from  paint- 
ings by  the  old  masters  '  in  the  possession  of 
the  king  and  several  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men of  the  United  Kingdom.'  Descriptions 
in  English  and  French  accompany  each  en- 
graving. The  first  number  of  this  work  ap- 
peared in  1807,  and  in  1813  the  first  volume 
only  was  completed,  when,  the  expenses  con- 
siderably exceeding  the  profits,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  abandon  its  further  publication 
altogether.  After  the  peace  of  1815  Forster 
removed  with  his  family  to  Paris,  his  finances 
having  suffered  by  his  publications.  He  was 
then  engaged  in  publishing  a  '  Plautus,'  and 
three  volumes  were  already  completed,  when 
it  was  stopped  by  the  sudden  death  of  the 
printer.  About  a  year  after  he  had  settled 
in  Paris  Forster  began  to  preach  in  the  French 
protestant  church  of  the  Oratoire,  and  even- 
tually obtained  a  grant  from  the  consistory 
for  the  use  of  the  church  when  it  was  not  re- 
quired for  French  service.  Here  he  officiated 
until  the  autumn  of  1827,  when  ill-health 
compelled  him  to  resign.  In  1818  he  was 


Forster 


Forster 


appointed  to  the  post,  founded  at  his  sug- 
gestion, of  chaplain  to  the  British  embassy, 
which  he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death. 
In  1824  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater  made  him 
his  chaplain.  Forster  died  at  Paris  on  18  Feb. 
1828,  after  a  lingering  illness,  and  was  buried 
in  the  cemetery  of  Pere  la  Chaise  in  that  city. 
He  left  a  widow  and  three  daughters,  for  whose 
benefit  were  published  '  Sermons  preached  at 
the  Chapel  of  the  British  Embassy,  and  at 
the  Protestant  Church  of  the  Oratoire,  in 
Paris,  by  Edward  Forster,  with  a  short  Ac- 
count of  his  Life '  [edited  by  Lavinia  Forster], 
2  vols.  8vo,  Paris,  1828.  Forster  had  been 
elected  F.R.S.  on  10  Dec.  1801,  and  F.S.A. 
previously.  He  was  also  an  active  supporter 
of  the  Royal  Institution  from  its  commence- 
ment, was  appointed  honorary  librarian  by 
the  directors,  and  was  engaged  to  deliver  lec- 
tures there  during  three  following  seasons. 
[Gent.  Mag.  xcviii.pt.  i.  566.]  G.  G. 

FORSTER,  EDWARD,  the  younger 
(1765-1849),  botanist,  was  born  at  "Wood 
Street,  Walthamstow,  12  Oct.  1765,  being 
the  third  and  youngest  son  of  Edward  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  and  Susanna  Forster.  He  re- 
ceived his  commercial  education  in  Holland, 
and  entered  the  banking-house  of  Forster, 
Lubbocks,  Forster,  &  Clarke.  He  began  the 
study  of  botany  in  Epping  Forest  at  fifteen, 
and  in  conjunction  with  his  two  brothers  he 
afterwards  cultivated  in  his  father's  garden 
almost  all  the  herbaceous  plants  then  grown, 
and  contributed  the  county  lists  of  plants 
to  Gough's  edition  of  Camden  (1789).  In 
1796  he  married  Mary  Jane,  only  daughter  of 
Abraham  Greenwood,  who  died  in  1846  with- 
out surviving  issue.  Forster  was  one  of  the 
early  fellows  of  theLinnean  Society,  founded 
in  1788,  was  elected  treasurer  in  1816,  and 
vice-president  in  1828.  With  his  brothers 
he  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Re- 
fuge for  the  Destitute  in  Hackney  Road. 
He  died  of  cholera,  23  Feb.  1849,  two  days 
after  inspecting  the  refuge  on  the  occasion 
of  an  outbreak  of  that  disease.  He  was 
buried  in  the  family  vault  at  Walthamstow. 
He  was  exceedingly  temperate  and  methodi- 
cal, shy,  taciturn,  and  exclusive,  rising  early 
to  work  among  his  extensive  collections  of 
obscure  British  plants  before  banking  hours, 
and  devoting  his  evenings  to  reading  and  to 
his  large  herbarium,  collected  in  many  parts 
of  England.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Hale  End, 
Walthamstow,  but  at  the  time  of  his  death 
at  the  Ivy  House,  Woodford,  Essex.  In 
817  he  had  printed  a  catalogue  of  British 
birds  (Catalogue  avium  in  insulis  Britannicis 
habitantium  euro,  et  studio  Eduardi  Forsteri 
jun.,  London,  1817,  8vo,  pp.  48),  but  seems 


subsequently  to  have  devoted  his  attention 
to  plants  exclusively.  He  printed  various 
papers  on  critical  species  of  British  plants  in 
the  'Transactions'  of  the  Linnean  Society, 
the  '  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  His- 
tory,' and  the  '  Phytologist,'  and  collected 
material  towards  a  flora  of  Essex.  His  know- 
ledge of  British  plants  was  critically  exact, 
several  species  being  described  by  him  in  the 
'  Supplement  to  English  Botany '  (1834).  At 
his  death  his  library  and  herbarium  were  sold, 
the  latter  being  purchased  by  Robert  Brown 
and  presented  to  the  British  Museum.  There 
is  an  oil  painting  of  Forster  by  Eddis  at  the 
Linnean  Society,  and  a  lithograph  by  T.  H. 
Maguire,  published  in  the  year  of  his  death. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1849,  xxxii.  432 ;  Nichols's  Illus- 
trations, viii.  554;  Proc.Linn.  Soc.  ii.39;  Episto- 
larium  Forsterianum,  1850,  vol.  ii.  p.  xv,  Bruges, 
privately  printed;  Gibson's  Flora  of  Essex,  1862, 
p.  448.]  G.  S.  B. 

FORSTER,  GEORGE  (d.  1792),  traveller, 
a  civil  servant  of  the  East  India  Company 
on  the  Madras  establishment,  undertook  and 
safely  accomplished  in  1782  the  then  remark- 
able feat  of  travelling  from  Calcutta  overland 
into  Russia.  His  journey  took  him  through 
Cashmere,  Afghanistan,  Herat,  Khorassan, 
and  Mazanderan  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  which 
he  crossed.  While  in  England  he  prepared 
for  the  press  '  Sketches  of  the  Mythology  and 
Customs  of  the  Hindoos '  (8vo,  84  pp.,  1785), 
and  on  his  return  to  India  he  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  journey,  the  first  volume  of 
which  was  published  at  Calcutta  in  1790. 
In  1792  he  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  the 
Mahrattas,  and  died  at  Nagpore.  The  narra- 
tive of  his  journey  was  completed  from  his 
papers,  and  published  in  London  by  an  un- 
known editor  as '  A  Journey  from  Bengal  to 
England  through  the  Northern  part  of  India, 
Kashmire,  Afghanistan,  and  Persia,  and  into 
Russia  by  the  Caspian  Sea '  (2  vols.  4to,  1798). 
He  is  often  confused  with  Johann  Georg  Adam 
Forster  [q.  v.],  as,  for  example,  in  '  Monthly 
Review/December  1798  (xxvii.361n. ),  where, 
in  a  review  of  the  journey,  he  is  described  as 
the  son  of  Johann  Reinhold  Forster. 


[Authorities  in  text.] 


J.  K.  L. 


FORSTER,  HENRY  PITTS  (1766?- 
1815),  orientalist,  entered  the  Bengal  service 
of  the  East  India  Company  7  Aug.  1783  (we 
may  thus  place  his  birth  in  or  about  1766), 
became  collector  of  Tipperah  in  1793,  and 
registrar  of  Diwani  Adalat  of  the  twenty- 
four  Pargannas  in  1794.  To  Forster  belongs 
the  credit  of  publishing  the  first  English  work 
of  lexicography  for  the  Bengali  language. 
The  first  part  of  this  book,  the  '  English  and 


Forster 


Bengalee  Vocabulary,'  appeared  at  Calcutta 
in  1799.  It  is  evident,  from  the  lengthy 
preface  to  this  work,  that  it  was  undertaken 
on  political  and  practical,  as  well  as  on 
literary,  grounds.  Bengali  at  this  time  was, 
officially  at  least,  an  unrecognised  vernacu- 
lar, and  Forster  rightly  insists  on  the  ab- 
surdity and  inconvenience  of  continuing  to 
use  Persian  in  courts  of  law.  It  was  thus 
due  to  the  efforts  of  Forster,  seconded  among 
Europeans  by  Carey,  Marshman,  and  the  other 
Serampur  missionaries,  and  among  the  natives 
by  Ramamohan  Ray  and  his  friends,  that  Ben- 
gali not  only  has  become  the  official  language 
of  the  presidency,  but  now  ranks  as  the  most 
prolific  literary  language  of  India.  The  second 
volume  appeared  in  1802.  Mean  while  Forster 
was  also  directing  his  attention  to  Sanskrit. 
We  find  from  the  advertisement  of  the  'Ben- 
gali Vocabulary,'  appearing  in  the  '  Calcutta 
Gazette'  26  Aug.  1802,  that  he  had  then 
finished,  and  proposed  to  publish  by  subscrip- 
tion, an '  Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Sanskrit 
Grammar,'  and  as  a  sequel  the  text  and 
translation  of  a  native  grammar,  the  '  Mug- 
dhabodha'  of  Vopadeva.  The  latter  work 
seems  not  to  have  been  published ;  no  trace  of 
it,  at  all  events,  is  to  be  found  in  the  ordinary 
bibliographical  works  on  the  subject.  The 
essay  finally  appeared  in  1810,  and  from  its 
preface  we  learn  that  it  was  submitted  in 
manuscript  to  the  '  College  Council '  in  1804, 
at  which  time  '  none  of  the  elaborate  works 
on  Sanskrit  by  Mr.  Colebrooke,  Mr.  Carey, 
or  Mr.  Wilkins  had  made  their  appearance.' 
It  is  a  laborious  work,  not,  indeed,  calculated 
to  attract  students  to  the  pursuit  of  oriental 
learning,  but  abounding  in  tabular  and  statis- 
tical information,  founded  on  the  intricate  and 
often  merely  theoretical  lucubrations  of  the 
ancient  native  schools  of  grammar.  Inl803-4 
Forster  was  employed  at  the  Calcutta  Mint, 
of  which  he  rose  to  be  master.  In  1815  he 
was  '  nominated  to  sign  stamp  paper.'  He 
died  in  India  10  Sept.  of  the  same  year. 

[Dodwell  and  Miles's  Bengal  Civil  Servants ; 
Calcutta  Gazette,  as  above.]  C.  B. 

FORSTER,  JOHANN  GEORG  ADAM 

(1754-1794),  commonly  known  as  GEORGE, 
naturalist,  descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family 
which  left  England  on  the  death  of  Charles  I 
and  settled  in  Polish  Prussia,  eldest  son  of 
Johann  Reinhold  Forster,  also  known  as  a 
traveller,  naturalist,  and  writer,  and  a  minis- 
ter of  the  reformed  church,  was  born  in  his 
father's  parish  of  Nassenhuben,  near  Dan- 
zig, on  27  Nov.  1754.  Reinhold  Forster,  who 
had  become  a  minister  at  the  desire  of  his 
father,  was  by  inclination  a  student  and  a 
naturalist,  and  under  his  teaching  George's 


talents  were  early  developed  in  the  same 
direction.  In  1765  Reinhold  accepted  an  in- 
vitation to  Russia,  and  from  that  time,  throw- 
ing off  his  clerical  capacity,  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  scientific  and  literary  pursuits. 
George  was  placed  at  a  school  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, where  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Rus- 
sian, and  again  accompanied  his  father  when 
he  went  to  England  towards  the  end  of  1766. 
Here  Reinhold  was  for  some  years  teacher 
of  French,  German,  and  natural  history  in  a 
school  in  Warrington,  and  George,  pursuing 
his  general  studies,  was  also  acquiring  a  re- 
markable mastery  of  English.  In  1770  the 
family  removed  to  London,  on  a  proposal 
from  Alexander  Dalrymple  [q.  v.J  to  employ 
Reinhold  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  The  plan  fell  through,  and  for 
the  next  two  years  the  father  supported  his 
family  by  translating,  in  which  work  he 
was  assisted  by  George,  and  especially,  it  is 
said,  in  the  translation  into  English  of  Bou- 
gainville's voyage,  published  under  the  father's 
name  in  1772.  Reinhold  Forster  accompanied 
Cook  in  his  second  voyage  as  naturalist  [see 
COOK,  JAMES],  taking  George  with  him  as 
his  assistant.  On  their  return  in  1775  the 
two  in  concert  published '  Characteres  Gene- 
rum  Plantarum  quas  in  Itinere  ad  Insulas 
Maris  Australis  collegerunt,  descripserunt, 
delinearunt,  annis  MDCCLXXH-MDCCLXXV,  Jo- 
hannes Reinhold  Forster  et  Georgius  For- 
ster '  (fol.  1775).  A  second  edition,  really 
the  same  with  a  new  title-page,  was  issued 
in  1776.  The  publication  obtained  for  George 
his  election  as  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
an  honour  which  had  been  conferred  on 
the  father  before  the  voyage.  The  Forsters, 
however,  were  in  want  of  money ;  Reinhold 
was  always  in  difficulties,  and  of  the  4,000^. 
which  had  been  paid  him  for  the  services 
of  himself  and  son  during  the  three  years' 
voyage,  much  had  been  swallowed  up  in  ne- 
cessary expenses.  He  had  expected  to  have 
to  write  the  narrative  of  the  voyage,  and  to 
reap  a  large  profit ;  but  Cook  determined  to 
write  it  himself,  and  as  Reinhold  would  not 
submit  to  any  compromise  he  was  ordered  by 
the  admiralty  not  to  write  at  all.  He  complied 
with  the  letter  of  the  order,  but  set  George  to  do 
it  instead,  and  a  few  weeks  before  the  publica- 
tion of  Cook's  narrative  George  Forster's  was 
published  under  the  title,  '  A  Voyage  round 
the  World  in  his  Britannic  Majesty's  sloop 
Resolution,  commanded  by  Captain  James 
Cook,  during  the  years  1772-5 '  (2  vols.  4to, 
1777).  A  translation  into  German  was  pub- 
lished in  1779.  The  circumstances  of  this 
publication  naturally  drew  down  on  the  For- 
sters the  ill-will  of  the  admiralty  on  the  one 
hand  and  of  Cook's  friends  on  the  other ; 


Forster 


16 


Forster 


and  Wales,  the  astronomer  of  the  expedition 
published  as  a  pamphlet, '  Remarks  on  Mr. 
Forster's  Account  of  Captain  Cook's  last 
Voyage  .  .  .'  (8vo,  1778),  in  which  Forster 
and  his  father  and  his  book  were  criticised 
with  more  ill-nature  than  good  judgment. 
Forster  answered  in  much  better  taste  with 
a « Reply  to  Mr.  Wales's  Remarks '  (4to,  1778), 
and  a  few  months  later  published  '  A  Letter 
to  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Sand- 
wich, First  Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Ad- 
miralty '  (4to,  1778),  in  which  he  accused 
his  lordship  of  going  back  from  his  agree- 
ment, of  forfeiting  his  plighted  word,  and  of 
persecuting  his  father  in  order  to  gratify  the 
spite  and  malice  of  Miss  Ray  [see  MONTAGU, 
EDWARD,  fifth  EABL  OF  SANDWICH].    The 
statement,  however, was  unsupported  by  proof, 
and  Sandwich  was  too  well  accustomed  to 
such  charges  to  take  them  to  heart.     Rein- 
hold  Forster  had  meantime  been  imprisoned 
for  debt,  and  George,  who  in  October  1777 
had  gone  to  Paris  for  a  short  time,  apparently 
in  the  hope  of  getting  some  assistance,  now, 
in  October  1778,  crossed  over  to  Germany, 
where  he  found  influential  friends.  This  was 
the  end  of  his  connection  with  England.    He 
obtained  a  post  as  teacher  in  the  gymnasium 
of  Cassel,  and  was  afterwards  professor  of 
natural  history  in  the  university  of  Wilna, 
an  appointment  which  he  relinquished  on  the 
invitation  of  the  empress  of  Russia  to  take 
part  in  a  Russian  voyage  of  discovery.    The 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Turkey  put  an  end 
to  the  plan,  and  Forster  became  librarian  at 
Mainz,  where  he  continued  from  1788  to  1792. 
During  this  time,  in  1790,  he  accompanied 
Alexander  von  Humboldt  on  a  three  months' 
tour  down  the  Rhine,  and  through  Belgium 
and  Holland,  the  account  of  which  he  after- 
wards published  as  '  Ansichten  vom  Nieder- 
rhein  u.  s.  w.,'  perhaps  the  most  popular  of  his 
many  writings.   Forster  had  married  in  1783 
Therese,  the  daughter  of  Heyne,  the  cele- 
brated critic  and  philologist.    The  marriage 
seems  to  have  been  one  of  mutual  attach- 
ment ;  but  in  the  course  of  years  love  grew 
cold,  and  Therese,  who  is  described  as  having 
imbibed  the  communistic  views  of  the  mar- 
riage tie,  did  not  feel  herself  bound  to  a 
husband  for  whom  she  no  longer  felt  a  pas- 
sion.   Forster,  though  he  still  loved  her  ar- 
dently, seems  to  have  been  willing  to  take 
measures  for  a  divorce.     He  entered  with 
enthusiasm  into  the  schemes  for  a  democracy 
and  a  republic,  and  early  in  March  1793  was 
sent  by  the  citizens  of  Mainz  as  their  repre- 
sentative and  deputy  to  the  national  conven- 
tion of  Paris.     He  was  still  there  when,  on 
10  Jan.  1794,  he  died  of  a  scorbutic  fever. 
He  left  one  child,  a  daughter,  who  in  1843  | 


published  a  collected  edition  of  his  works  in 
nine  volumes.  These,  however,  are  but  a 
small  part  of  what  he  wrote,  for  his  transla- 
tions, on  which  he  laboured  almost  inces- 
santly, have  no  place  among  them,  except, 
indeed,  the  German  version  of  the  '  Voyage 
round  the  World.'  The  style  of  his  English 
writings,  which  have  been  already  named,  is 
uncommonly  pure  and  good,  and  Germans 
speak  most  highly  of  the  charm  and  polish 
of  his  writings  in  his  mother-tongue  (KNIGGE, 
Briefe  auf  einer  Reise  .  .  .  ffeschrieben,1793, 
p.  58).  He  is.  spoken,  of  as  a  man  capable  of 
inspiring  feelings  of  warm  affection,  and  loved 
by  all  who  knew  him  (Monthly  Review,  1794, 
xiii.  544).  But  his  life  was  a  continual  hard 
struggle  with  penury,  and  the  breakdown  of 
his  domestic  happiness  seems  to  have  unhinged 
his  mind  during  the  last  two  years  of  his  life. 
His  English  works  bear  on  the  title-page 
the  name  of  George  Forster,  as,  indeed,  do 
most  of  his  German  publications.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  he  is  frequently  confused  with 
his  namesake,  George  Forster  [q.  v.],  who  died 
in  1792,  the  confusion  being  sometimes  most 
insidious  and  puzzling ;  as,  for  instance,  in 
Chalmers's  '  Biographical  Dictionary,'  where 
he  is  said  to  have  been,  about  1790,  studying 
the  oriental  languages  with  a  view  to  travel- 
ling in  Thibet  and  India.  His  linguistic  at- 
tainments were  remarkable,  but  it  does  not 
appear  that  they  included  any  of  the  languages 
of  Asia. 

[Allgemeine  deutsche  Biographic,  art.  by 
Alfred  Dore.]  J.  K.  L. 

FORSTER,  JOHN  (1812-1876),  his- 
torian  and  biographer,  was  born  at  Newcastle 
on  2  April  1812.  He  was  the  eldest  of  the 
four  children  of  Robert  Forster  and  Mary 
his  wife,  daughter  of  the  keeper  of  a  dairy- 
farm  in  Gallowgate.  Robert  Forster  and 
his  elder  brother,  John,  were  grandsons  by 
a  younger  son  of  John  Forster,  landowner, 
of  Corsenside  in  Northumberland.  Having 
nothing  to  inherit  from  the  family  property, 
the  brothers  became  cattle-dealers  in  New- 
castle ;  and  Robert's  children  were  chiefly 
indebted  for  their  education  to  their  uncle 
John,  whose  especial  favourite  from  the  first 
was  his  nephew  and  namesake.  John  Forster 
was  placed  by  him  at  an  early  age  in  the 
grammar  school  of  Newcastle.  There  he 
became  the  favourite  pupil  of  the  head- 
master, the  Rev.  Edward  Moises.  Eventu- 
ally he  became  captain  of  the  school,  as 
Lord  Eldon  and  Lord  Collingwood  had  been 
before  him.  A  tale  written  by  him  when 
be  was  fresh  from  the  nursery  appeared  in 
print.  While  yet  a  mere  child  he  took  de- 
light in  going  to  the  theatre.  In  answer  to 


Forster 


Forster 


remonstrances  he  wrote  a  singularly  clever 
and  elaborate  paper,  in  June  1827,  entitled 
'A  Few  Thoughts  in  Vindication  of  the 
Stage.'  On  2  May  1828  a  play  of  his  in 
two  acts,  called  '  Charles  at  Tunbridge,  or 
the  Cavalier  of  Wildinghurst,'  was  performed 
at  the  Newcastle  Theatre,  written '  expressly,' 
as 'by  a  gentleman  of  Newcastle,' for  the  bene- 
fit of  Mr.  Thomas  Stuart.  Forster's  success 
at  school  induced  his  uncle  John  to  send  him 
to  Cambridge  in  October  1828,  but  within 
a  month  he  decided  to  move  on  to  London. 
By  his  uncle's  help  he  was  at  once  sent 
to  the  newly  founded  University  College, 
and  entered  as  a  law  student  at  the  Inner 
Temple  on  10  Nov.  1828.  His  instructor  in 
English  law  at  University  College  was  Pro- 
fessor Andrew  Amos  [q.  v.]  Among  his  fel- 
low-students and  fast  friends  for  life  were 
James  Emerson  Tennent  [q.  v.]  and  James 
Whiteside  [q.  v.]  In  the  January  number  of 
the  '  Newcastle  Magazine '  for  1829  a  paper 
of  Forster's  appeared  (his  earliest  contribu- 
tion to  the  periodicals)  entitled  '  Remarks 
on  two  of  the  Annuals.'  In  that  year  he 
first  made  the  acquaintance  of  Leigh  Hunt, 
of  whom  he  afterwards  wrote : '  He  influenced 
*11  my  modes  of  thought  at  the  outset  of  my 
life.'  As  early  as  March  1830  he  projected 
a  life  of  Cromwell.  He  was  already  studying 
in  the  chambers  of  Thomas  Chitty  [q.  v.]  In 
1832  Forster  became  the  dramatic  critic  on 
the  '  True  Sun.'  In  the  December  of  that 
year  Charles  Lamb  died  ;  in  1831  Lamb  had 
written  to  him :  '  If  you  have  lost  a  little 
portion  of  my  good  will,  it  is  that  you  do  not 
come  and  see  me  oftener.'  In  December  1832 
hoth  Lamb  and  Leigh  Hunt  were  contribut- 
ing to  a  series  of  weekly  essays  which  Moxon 
had  just  then  commenced  under  Forster's 
direction,  called  '  The  Reflector,'  of  which  a 
few  numbers  only  were  published.  In  1833 
Forster  was  writing  busily  on  the '  True  Sun,' 
the  '  Courier,'  the  '  Athenaeum,'  and  the '  Ex- 
aminer.' Albany  Fonblanque  [q.  v.],  who  had 
just  become  editor,  appointed  Forster  the  chief 
critic  on  the  '  Examiner,'  both  of  literature 
and  the  drama.  In  1834,  being  then  twenty- 
two  years  of  age,  he  moved  into  his  thence- 
forth well-known  chambers  at  58  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  In  1836  he  published  in '  Lardner's 
Cyclopaedia '  the  first  of  the  five  volumes  of 
his  '  Lives  of  the  Statesmen  of  the  Common- 
wealth,' including  those  of  Sir  John  Eliot 
and  Thomas  Wentworth,  earl  of  Strafford. 
Vol.  ii.,  containing  those  of  Pym  and  Hamp- 
<len,  appeared  in  1837 ;  vol.  iii.,  giving  those 
of  Vane  and  Marten,  in  1838 ;  vols.  iv.  and  v., 
completing  the  work  in  1839,  being  devoted 
to  the  life  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  While  en- 
gaged in  the  composition  of  this  work  he 

VOL.   XX. 


was  betrothed  to  the  then  popular  poetess, 
L.  E.  L[andon].  An  estrangement,  however, 
took  place  between  them,  and  in  1838  Miss 
Landon  married  George  Maclean.  Forster  for 
two  years,  1842  and  1843, edited  the  'Foreign 
Quarterly  Review,'  where  his  papers  on  the 
Greek  philosophers  bore  evidence  of  scholar- 
ship. On  27  Jan.  1843  he  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.  Besides  writing 
in  Douglas  Jerrold's  '  Shilling  Magazine '  '  A 
History  for  Young  England,'  Forster  in  1845 
contributed  to  the  '  Edinburgh  Review '  two 
masterly  articles  on  '  Charles  Churchill '  and 
'  Daniel  Defoe.'  His  intimate  personal  friends 
by  that  time  included  some  of  the  most  intel- 
lectually distinguished  of  his  contemporaries, 
and  on  20  Sept.  1845  Forster,  in  association 
with  several  of  these,  began  to  take  part  in 
a  series  of  amateur  theatricals,  which  for  ten 
years  enjoyed  a  certain  celebrity.  As  Ford 
in  the  '  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  as  Kitely 
in  '  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,'  as  Ernani 
in  Victor  Hugo's  drama  so  entitled,  he  took 
part  in  the  '  splendid  strolling '  which,  under 
the  lead  of  Dickens  and  Lytton,  was  in- 
tended to  promote,  among  other  objects,  the 
establishment  of  the  Guild  of  Literature  and 
Art.  On  9  Feb.  1846  Forster  was  installed 
editor  of  the  '  Daily  News,'  in  succession  to 
Dickens,  but  resigned  the  post  in  October. 
In  1847  he  assumed  the  editorship  of  the 
'  Examiner,'  succeeding  Albany  Fonblanque, 
and  held  the  post  for  nine  years.  He  was 
now  rewriting,  for  the  twelfth  time,  his  unpub- 
lished life  of  Goldsmith.  In  1848  it  appeared 
in  one  volume,  as '  The  Life  and  Adventures 
of  Oliver  Goldsmith.'  Daintily  illustrated  by 
his  friends  Maclise,  Stanfield,  Leech,  Doyle, 
and  Hamerton,  it  won  instant  popularity.  Six 
years  afterwards  Forster  expanded  the  work 
into  two  volumes,  with  the  enlarged  title  of 
the '  Life  and  Times '  of  Goldsmith.  In  this, 
as  in  more  than  one  later  instance,  he  marred 
the  original  outline  by  his  greater  elaboration, 
overcrowding  his  canvas  with  Goldsmith's 
contemporaries.  When  the  first  draft  of  the 
work  was  in  preparation,  Dickens  humor- 
ously said  of  him  that  '  nobody  could  bribe 
Forster '  unless  it  was  with  a  '  new  fact '  for 
his  life  of  Goldsmith.  He  contributed  to 
the  '  Quarterly  Review,'  in  September  1854, 
a  brilliant  paper  on  Samuel  Foote,  and  in 
March  1855  a  sympathetic  monograph  on 
Sir  Richard  Steele.  At  the  end  of  1855  he 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  commissioners 
of  lunacy,  with  an  income  of  800/.  a  year. 
He  withdrew  at  once  from  the  editorial  chair 
of  the  '  Examiner,'  for  which  he  never  after- 
wards wrote  a  line,  devoting  his  leisure  from 
that  time  forward  exclusively  to  literature. 
On  the  appearance  of  Guizot's '  History  of  the 


Forster 

English  Commonwealth,'  Forster,  in  January 
1856,  wrote  a  criticism  of  it  in  the  '  Edin- 
burgh Review,'  entitled  'The  Civil  Wars 
and  Oliver  Cromwell.'  On  24  Sept,  1856 
he  married  Eliza  Ann,  daughter  of  Captain 
Robert  Crosbie,  R.N.,  and  widow  of  Henry 
Colburn,  the  well-known  publisher.  He 
began  his  happy  home  life  at  46  Montagu 
Square,  where  he  remained  until  his  removal 
to  Palace  Gate  House,  which  in  1862  he  built 
for  himself  at  Kensington.  In  1858  he  col- 
lected his 'Historical  and  Biographical  Es- 
says '  in  two  volumes,  among  which  there  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time  his  two  important 
papers  headed  respectively  '  The  Debates  on 
the  Grand  Remonstrance '  and  '  The  Plan- 
tagenets  and  Tudors,  a  Sketch  of  Constitu- 
tional History.'  In  1860  he  published  his 
next  work, '  The  Arrest  of  the  Five  Members 
by  Charles  I,  a  chapter  of  History  Rewritten,' 
and  in  the  same  year  he  brought  out,  in  a 
greatly  enlarged  form,  '  The  Debates  on  the 
Grand  Remonstrance,  November  and  Decem- 
ber 1641,  with  an  Introductory  Essay  on  Eng- 
lish Freedom  under  Plantagenet  and  Tudor 
Sovereigns.'  In  November  1861  Forster  re- 
signed his  secretaryship  to  the  lunacy  com- 
mission on  his  appointment  as  a  commis- 
sioner of  lunacy,  with  a  salary  of  1,5001.  a 
year.  In  1864  he  expanded  his  '  Life  of  Sir 
John  Eliot '  into  two  large  volumes,  and  ap- 
parently intended  to  elaborate  in  the  same 
way  his  other  memoirs  of  the  statesmen  of 
the  Commonwealth.  The  deaths,  within  six 
years  of  each  other,  of  three  of  his  intimate 
friends  gave  him,  however,  other  occupation. 
Landor  dying  on  17  Sept.  1864,  Forster  saw 
through  the  press  a  complete  edition  of  his 
'Imaginary  Conversations,' and  in  1869 pub- 
lished his '  Life  of  Landor '  in  2  vols.  Upon 
the.  death  of  Alexander  Dyce  in  1869,  Forster 
corrected  and  published  his  friend's  third 
edition  of  Shakespeare,  and  prefixed  a  me- 
moir to  the  official  catalogue  of  the  library 
bequeathed  by  Dyce  to  the  nation.  Dickens's 
death,  on  9  June  1870,  led  to  his  last  finished 
biography.  His  '  Life  of  Dickens '  was  pub- 
lished, the  first  volume  in  1872,  the  second 
in  1873,  and  the  third  in  1874.  His  failing 
health  had  induced  him,  in  1872,  to  resign 
his  office  of  lunacy  commissioner.  He  sur- 
vived all  his  relations,  and  felt  deeply  each 
successive  death.  His  father  died  in  1836 ; 
his  younger  brother,  Christopher,  in  1844 ; 
his  mother,  who  is  described  as  '  a  gem  of  a 
•woman,'  in  1852 ;  his  sister  Jane  in  1853 ; 
and  his  sister  Elizabeth  in  1868.  Forster 
had  long  meditated  another  work,  for  which 
he  had  collected  abundant  materials.  This 
was  the  '  Life  of  Jonathan  Swift.'  The  pre- 
face to  it  was  dated  June  1875,  but  the  first 


8  Forster 

and  only  finished  volume  was  not  published 
until  the  beginning  of  1876.  The  hand  of 
death  was  already  upon  him  while  he  was 
correcting  the  last  sheets  of  vol.  i.  for  the 
press.  He  died  on  2  Feb.  1876,  almost  upon 
the  morrow  of  the  book's  publication.  He 
\vas  followed  to  his  grave  at  Kensal  Green, 
on  6  Feb.,  by  a  group  of  attached  friends, 
his  remains  being  buried  there  beside  those  of 
his  favourite  sister  Elizabeth. 

Those  who  knew  Forster  intimately  were 
alone  qualified  to  appreciate  at  their  true 
worth  his  many  noble  and  generous  pecu- 
liarities. Regarded  by  strangers,  his  loud 
voice,  his  decisive  manner,  his  features,  which 
in  any  serious  mood  were  rather  stern  and 
authoritative,  would  probably  have  appeared 
anything  but  prepossessing.  Beneath  his 
unflinching  firmness  and  honesty  of  purpose 
were,  however,  the  truest  gentleness  and  sym- 
pathy. Outsiders  might  think  him  obstinate 
and  overbearing,  but  in  reality  he  was  one  of 
the  tenderest  and  most  generous  of  men.  A. 
staunch  and  faithful  friend,  he  was  always 
actively  zealous  as  the  peacemaker.  While  he 
had  the  heartiest  enjoyment  of  society  he  had 
a  curious  impatience  of  little  troubles,  and 
yet  the  largest  indulgence  for  the  weakness 
of  others.  It  was  regarded  as  significant  that 
Dickens  allotted  to  him,  in  Lord  Lytton's 
comedy  of 'Not  so  bad  as  we  seem,' the  charac- 
ter of  Mr.  Hardman,  who,  with  a  severe  and 
peremptory  manner,  is  the  readiest  to  say  a 
kindly  word  for  the  small  poet  and  hack  pam- 
phleteer. By  his  will,  dated  26  Feb.  1874,  he 
bequeathed  to  the  nation  '  The  Forster  Col- 
lection,' now  at  South  Kensington.  The  li- 
brary of  eighteen  thousand  books  includes  the 
first  folio  of  Shakespeare,  the  first  edition  of 
'  Gulliver's  Travels,'  1726,  with  Swift's  cor- 
rections in  his  own  handwriting,  and  other 
interesting  books.  The  manuscripts  in  the 
collection  embrace  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
original  manuscripts  of  the  world-famous 
novels  of  Charles  Dickens.  These,  with  forty- 
eight  oil-paintings  and  an  immense  number 
of  the  choicest  drawings,  engravings,  and 
curiosities,  were  left  by  Forster  to  his  widow 
during  her  life,  and  afterwards,  for  the  use 
of  the  public,  to  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art  at  South  Kensington.  Mrs.  Forster 
at  once,  however,  surrendered  her  own  right, 
to  secure  without  delay  the  complete  fulfil- 
ment of  her  husband's  intention. 

[The  two  principal  sources  of  information  in 
regard  to  the  subject  of  this  memoir,  apart  from 
the  writer's  own  personal  knowledge,  are  Pro- 
fessor Henry  Morley's  Sketch  of  John  Forster, 
prefixed  to  the  Handbook  of  the  Forster  and 
Dyce  Collections,  pp.  1-21,  1877,  and  the  Rev. 
Whttwell  El  win's  Monograph  on  John  Forster, 


Forster  i 

prefixed  to  the  Catalogue  of  the  Forster  Library, 
pp.  i-xxii,  1888.  Reference  may  also  be  made 
to  the  Times  of  2  and  7  Feb.  1876  ;  Athenaeum, 
5  Feb.  1876  ;  Alderman  Harle's  sketch  of  John 
Forster  in  Newcastle  Daily  Chronicle  of  15  Feb. 
1876,  reprinted,  in  February  1888,  in  Monthly- 
Chronicle  of  North-Country  Lore  and  Legend,  ii. 
49-54;  Men  of  the  Time,  9th  edit.  p.  41 3;  Annual 
Register  for  1876,  p.  134.]  C.  K. 

FORSTER,  JOHN  COOPER  (1823- 
1886),  surgeon,  was  born  on  13  Nov.  1823  in 
Mount  Street,  Lambeth,  his  father  and  grand- 
father having  been  medical  practitioners 
there.  After  being  at  King's  College  School 
Forster  entered  at  Guy's  Hospital  in  1841, 
became  M.R.C.S.  in  1844,  M.B.  London  in 
1847,  gaining  a  gold  medal  in  surgery,  and 
F.R.C.S.  in  1849.  In  1850  he  was  appointed 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Guy's,  in  1855 
assistant  surgeon,  and  in  1870  full  surgeon. 
In  1880,  when  senior  surgeon,  he  resigned  his 
appointment,  at  the  same  time  that  Dr.  Ha- 
bershon  resigned  the  senior  physiciancy,  as  a 
mark  of  disapproval  of  the  conduct  of  the 
governors  and  treasurer  of  the  hospital  in  dis- 
regarding the  opinions  of  the  medical  staff  on 
questions  relating  to  the  nursing  staff.  After 
their  resignation  over  four  hundred  Guy's 
men  subscribed  to  a  testimonial  and  presen- 
tation of  silver  plate  to  both.  After  being 
long  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons  and  examiner  in  surgery  he  was  in 
1884-5  president  of  the  college,  and  did  much 
to  facilitate  the  starting  of  the  combined  ex- 
amination scheme  of  the  colleges  of  physicians 
and  surgeons.  On  the  termination  of  his  year 
of  office  he  retired  from  practice,  having  long 
ceased  to  extend  it  owing  to  his  large  private 
means.  After  a  stay  at  Cannes  and  Nice  in 
January  and  February  following  he  returned 
home  prostrated  by  the  cold  of  travelling,  and 
died  of  an  obscure  disease  on  2  March  1886 
(see  Mr.  Jonathan  Hutchinson's  remarks  on 
the  case,  British  Medical  Journal,  13  March 
1886). 

Forster  was  a  good  practical  surgeon, 
prompt  and  decisive  in  the  wards,  and  by  no 
means  lacking  in  boldness  as  an  operator.  He 
was  the  first  to  perform  gastrostomy  in  Eng- 
land in  1858,  and  went  to  Aberdeen  to  study 
Pirrie's  procedure  of  acupressure  in  1867,  and 
in  various  papers  in  the  Pathological  and 
Clinical  Society's  '  Transactions,'  and  by  his 
reports  of  surgical  cases  in  '  Guy's  Hospital 
Reports,'  showed  enlarged  views  and  keen 
observation.  His  clinical  lectures  were  terse, 
emphatic,  and  full  of  common  sense.  His 
only  published  volume  was  on '  The  Surgical 
Diseases  of  Children,'  1860.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  Forster  would  have  done  more  as 
a  surgeon  but  for  his  easy  circumstances.  He 


9  Forster 

was  a  good  practical  horticulturist,  a  very 
skilful  oarsman,  having  a  very  wide  and  com- 
plete knowledge  of  English  waterways,  and  a 
devoted  fly-fisher ;  he  was  also  noted  for  his 
cheery  and  well-planned  hospitality. 

[Guy's  Hospital  Reports,  vol.  xliv.  1887,  Me- 
morial Notice  by  W.  H.  A.  Jacobson.]  G.  T.  B. 

FORSTER,  NATHANIEL,  D.D.  (1718- 
1757),  classical  and  biblical  scholar,  was  born 
on  3  Feb.  1717-18  at  Stadscombe,  in  the 
parish  of  Plymstock,  Devonshire,  of  which 
his  father,  Robert  Forster,  was  then  minister. 
His  mother  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  John  Tindal,  vicar  of  Cornwood  in  the 
same  county.  She  was  sister  of  the  Rev. 
Nicholas  Tindal,  translator  of  Rapin's  '  His- 
tory of  England,'  and  niece  of  Dr.  Matthew 
Tindal,  author  of '  Christianity  as  Old  as  the 
Creation '  (see  Tindal  pedigree  in  NICHOLS, 
Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  303).  He  received  the  rudi- 
ments of  education  at  Plymouth,  where  his 
father  had  removed  on  being  appointed  lec- 
turer of  St.  Andrew's  Church.  After  a  course 
of  instruction  in  the  grammar  school  of  that 
town  under  the  Rev.  John  Bedford,  he  was 
removed  in  1731-2  to  Eton,  being  at  the 
same  time  entered  at  Pembroke  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  order  to  entitle  him  to  the  benefit  of 
an  exhibition  of  401.  a  year.  He  spent  about 
sixteen  months  at  Eton,  and  then  repaired  to 
his  college  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  Radcliff.  On  13  June  1733  he 
was  admitted  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1735, 
and  M.A.  10  Feb.  1738-9,  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  Corpus  in  1739,  and  graduated  B.D. 
in  1746  and  D.D.  in  1750  (FOSTER,  Alumni 
Oxon.  ii.  479). 

In  1749  he  was  presented  by  the  Lord- 
chancellor  Hardwicke,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Bishop  Seeker,  to  the  small  rectory  of 
Hethe,  Oxfordshire.  In  1750  he  became  do- 
mestic chaplain  to  Dr.  Butler,  on  that  prelate 
being  translated  from  Bristol  to  Durham. 
The  bishop  bequeathed  to  him  a  legacy  of 
2001.,  appointed  him  executor  of  his  will,  and 
died  in  his  arms  at  Bath  [see  BUTLER,  JOSE  PH]  . 
Forster,  overwhelmed  with  grief  at  the  loss  of 
his  friend,  returned  to  his  college  for  a  short 
time,  and  in  July  1752  was  appointed  one  of 
the  chaplains  to  Dr.  Herring,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  In  the  autumn  of  1754  the 
archbishop  gave  him  the  valuable  vicarage  of 
Rochdale,  Lancashire.  Although  a  scholar 
and  a  preacher  of  the  highest  order,  he 
was  little  understood  and  not  very  popular 
at  Rochdale,  where  he  did  not  long  reside. 
The  many  letters  addressed  to  him  by  Dr. 
Herring  show  that  the  primate's  regard  for 
him  was  most  cordial  and  sincere.  The  lord 

C2 


Forster 


20 


Forster 


chancellor  promoted  him  on  1  Feb.  1754-5 
to  a  prebendal  stall  in  the  church  of  Bristol 
(LE  NEVE,  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  i.  231). 

On  1  May  1755  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  (THOMSON,  List  of  the  Fel- 
lows, p.  xlviii),  and  on  12  May  1756  lie  was 
sworn  one  of  the  chaplains  to  George  II.  In 
the  summer  of  1757  he  was,  through  the 
interest  of  Lord  Royston,  appointed  by  Sir 
Thomas  Clarke  to  succeed  Dr.  Terrick  as 
preacher  at  the  Rolls  Chapel.  In  August  the 
same  year  he  married  Susan,  widow  of  John 
Balls  of  Norwich,  a  lady  possessed  of  con- 
siderable fortune.  Forster  took  a  house  in 
Craig's  Court,  Charing  Cross,  about  two 
months  before  his  death,  which  took  place  on 
20  Oct.  1757,  in  consequence  of  excessive 
study.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Martin's  Church, 
Westminster.  His  widow  (who  afterwards 
married  Philip  Bedingfeld,  esq.,  of  Ditching- 
ham,  Norfolk)  erected  a  monument  to  his 
memory  in  Bristol  Cathedral.  It  is  inscribed 
with  an  elegant  Latin  epitaph,  composed  by 
Dr.  Hayter,  then  bishop  of  Norwich. 

Forster,  who  was  an  accomplished  scholar, 
and  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Hebrew  languages,  published : 
1.  'Reflections  on  the  Natural  Foundation  of 
the  high  Antiquity  of  Government,  Arts,  and 
Sciences  in  Egypt,'  Oxford,  1743, 8vo.  2. '  Pla- 
tonis  Dialogi  quinque.  Recensuit,  notisque  il- 
lustravit  Nathan.  Forster,'  Oxford,  1745, 8vo, 
reprinted  1765.  3. '  Appendix  Liviana ;  conti- 
nens,  (I.)  Selectas  codicum  MSS.  et  editionum 
antiquarum  lectiones,  praecipuas  variorum 
Emendationes,  et  supplementa  lacunarum  in 
iisT.Livii, quisupersuntlibris.  (II.)LFreins- 
hemii  supplementorum  libros  X  in  locum 
decadis  secundse  Livianae  deperditae,'  Oxford, 
1746.  4. '  Popery  destructive  of  the  Evidence 
of  Christianity,'  a  sermon  on  Mark  vii.  13, 
preached  before  the  university  of  Oxford  on 
6  Nov.  1746,  Oxford,  8vo ;  reprinted  in  'The 
Churchman  Armed,'  vol.  ii.  (1814).  5.  'A 
Dissertation  upon  the  Account  supposed  to 
have  been  given  of  Jesus  Christ  by  Jose- 
phus.  Being  an  attempt  to  show  that  this 
celebrated  passage,  some  slight  corruptions 
only  excepted,  may  be  esteemed  genuine,' 
1749, 8vo.  6.  '  Biblia  Hebraica  sine  punc- 
tis,'  Oxford,  1750,  4to.  7.  'Remarks  on  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Stebbing's  "Dissertation  on  the 
Power  of  States  to  deny  Civil  Protection 
to  the  Marriages  of  Minors,"  &c.,'  London, 
1755. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  289  ;  Gent.  Mag. 
ttxxvi.  (i.)  537;  Darling's  Cyclopaedia  Biblio^ 
graphica,  p.  1166;  Cat  of  Oxford  Graduates 
1851,  p.  238;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit  ;  Lowndes's 
Bibliographer's  Manual  (Bohn),  p.  82 1 ;  Bodleian 
Cat-]  T.  C. 


FORSTER,  NATHANIEL,  D.D.  (1726?- 
1790),  writer  on  political  economy,  son  of 
the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Forster  of  Crewkerne,  So- 
merset, and  cousin  of  Nathaniel  Forster,  D.D., 
the  editor  of  Plato  [q.  v.],  was  born  in  1726  or 
1727.  He  matriculated  at  Oxford,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  Balliol  College,  12  Feb.  1741-2,  but  mi- 
grated to  Magdalen  College  (where  he  was 
elected  a  demy  in  1744),  and  graduated  B.A. 
in  1745,  and  M.A.  in  1748.  He  resigned  his 
demyship  in  1754  (BLOXAM,  Magdalen  College 
Register,  vi.  264).  Returning  to  Balliol  Col- 
lege on  being  elected  a  fellow  of  that  society, 
he  took  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.  by  cu- 
mulation in  1778.  He  became  rector  of  All 
Saints  Church,  Colchester,  and  chaplain  to 
the  Countess  Dowager  of  Northington.  When 
Dr.  Samuel  Parr  left  Stanmore  in  1777  to 
become  master  of  the  school  at  Colchester, 
he  was  received  by  Forster  with  open  arms, 
and  was  offered  by  him  the  curacies  of  Trinity 
Church  and  St.  Leonard's  in  addition  to  the 
school.  The  conversation  of  Forster  was  pecu- 
liarly interesting  to  Parr,  who  never  mentions 
him  in  his  correspondence  without  some  term 
of  admiration.  Forster  was  instituted  to  the 
rectorv  of  Tolleshunt  Knights,  Essex,  in  1 764. 
He  died  on  12  April  1790,aged  63.  He  left  an 
only  son,  Edward  (1769-1828)  [q.  v.] 

Besides  four  single  sermons,  which  are  cha- 
racterised by  Parr  as  very  excellent,  he  pub- 
lished the  following  political  treatises:  1.  'An 
Answer  to  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  The  Ques- 
tion Stated,  whether  the  Freeholders  of  Mid- 
dlesex forfeited  their  right  by  voting  for  Mr. 
Wilkes  at  the  last  Election." '  London,  1749, 
4to  (anon.)  2.  '  An  Enquiry  into  the  Causes 
of  the  present  High  Price  of  Provisions,' 
London,  1767,  8vo  (anon.)  M'Culloch  re- 
marks that  '  this  is  perhaps  the  ablest  of  the 
many  treatises  published  about  this  period  on 
the  rise  of  prices.  It  contains,  indeed,  not  a 
few  principles  and  conclusions  that  are  quite 
untenable ;  but  the  comprehensiveness  of  the 
author's  views  and  the  liberal  and  philoso- 
phical spirit  by  which  the  work  is  pervaded 
make  it  both  valuable  and  interesting'  (Lite- 
rature of  Political  Economy,  p.  193).  3.  '  A 
Letter  to  Junius,  by  the  author  of  the  Answer 
to  "The  Question  Stated,"'  London,  1769, 
4to.  4.  '  An  Answer  to  Sir  John  Dalrymple's 
pamphlet  on  the  Exportation  of  Wool,'  Col- 
chester, 1782,  8vo.  He  also  compiled  the 
'  General  Index  to  the  twelfth-seventeenth 
volumes  of  the  Journals  of  the  House  of 
Commons,'  printed  by  order  of  the  house, 
London,  1778,  fol. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  ii.  479 ;  Darling's  Cy- , 
clop.  Bibl.  i.  1167;  Gent.  Mag.  lx.376,  473,  1145; 
Cat.  of  Oxford  Graduates,  1851,  p.  238;  Parr's 
Works,  ed.  Johnstone,  i.  94.]  T.  C. 


Forster 


21 


Forster 


FORSTER,  RICHARD,  M.D.  (1546?- 
1616),  physician,  son  of  Laurence  Forster, 
was  born  at  Coventry  about  1546,  and  was 
educated  at  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford,  M.B.  and  M.D.,  both 
in  1573.  He  became  a  fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  London  about  1575,  but  his 
admission  is  not  mentioned  in  the  '  Annals.' 
In  1583  he  was  elected  one  of  the  censors,  in 
1600 treasurer,  andLumleian  lecturer  in  1602. 
He  was  president  of  the  college  from  1601  to 
1604,  and  was  again  elected  in  1615  and  held 
office  till  his  death  on  27  March  1616.  He 
had  considerable  medical  practice,  and  was 
also  esteemed  as  a  mathematician.  Camden, 
when  recording  his  death,  describes  him  as 
1  Medicines  doctor  et  nobilis  Mathematicus.' 
Clowes,  the  surgeon,  praises  him,  and  in  1591 
(Prooved  Practice,  p.  46)  speaks  of  him  as  'a 
worthie  reader  of  the  surgerie  lector  in  the 
Phisition's  college,'  showing  that  he  gave  lec- 
tures before  the  Lumleian  lectures  were  form- 
ally instituted  in  1602.  Forster  had  been  in- 
troduced to  Robert,  earl  of  Leicester,  by  Sir 
Henry  Sidney,  and  dedicated  to  the  earl  in 
1575  his  only  published  work,  a  thin  oblong 
quarto,  entitled  'Ephemerides  Meteorologicse 
Richardi  Fosteri  artium  ac  medicinae  doctoris 
ad  annum  1575  et  positum  finitoris  Londini 
emporii  totius  Anglise  nobilissimi  diligenter 
examinatae.'  Besides  the  prose  dedication, 
in  which  astronomy  is  said  to  be  the  hand- 
maid of  medicine,  twenty  lines  of  Latin  verse 
on  Leicester's  cognisance,  the  bear,  precede 
the  tables  of  which  the  book  is  made  up. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  i.  74 ;  Wood's  Fasti 
Oxon.  vol.  i. ;  Preface  to  Forster's  Ephemericles ; 
Clowes's  Surgical  Works.]  N.  M. 

FORSTER,  SIR  ROBERT  (1589-1663), 
lord  chief  justice.  [See  FOSTER.] 

FORSTER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1695-1712), 
limner,  is  known  from  a  number  of  small  por- 
traits, drawn  with  exquisite  care  and  feeling, 
in  pencil  on  vellum.  The  majority  of  these 
were  no  doubt  intended  for  engraving  as 
frontispieces  to  books,  and  the  following  were 
so  engraved  by  Michael  Vander  Gucht  and 
others :  J.  Savage,  Sir  Thomas  Littleton,  the 
speaker,  William  Lloyd,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
Dr.  Humphry  Hody,  Rev.  John  Newte,  and 
others.  Unlike  David  Loggan  [q.  v.],  Robert 
"White  [q.  v.],  and  John  Faber,  sen.  [q.  v.], 
who  drew  portraits  '  ad  vivum '  in  the  same 
style,  Forster  does  not  appear  to  have  been  an 
engraver  himself.  A  number  of  his  drawings 
were  exhibited  at  the  special  Exhibition  of 
Portrait  Miniatures  at  the  South  Kensington 
Museum  in  1865;  they  included  Robert,  lord 
Lucas,  Archbishop  Ussher,  Sir  Thomas  Pope 


Blount,  bart.,  LadyBlount,  John,  lord  Somers, 
and  Admiral  Sir  George  Rooke.  A  drawing  of 
Margaret  Harcourt  is  in  the  print  room  at 
the  British  Museum.  His  portraits  are  highly 
valued. 

[Kedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Cat.  of  Special 
Exhibition  of  Miniatures,  South  Kensington 
Museum,  1865;  Bromley's  Cat.  of  Engraved 
British  Portraits.]  L.  C. 

FORSTER,  THOMAS  (1675 P-1738), 
the  Pretender's  general,  was  a  high-church 
tory  squire  of  Ederstone  or  Etherston,  North- 
umberland, who  at  the  outbreak  of  the  re- 
bellion in  Scotland  in  1715  represented  his 
county  in  parliament  (first  elected  27  May 
1708,  expelled  10  Jan.  1715-16).  He  was  a 
man  of  influence,  and  was  mentioned  as  one 
of  the  disaffected  to  parliament  in  1715, 
when  an  order  for  his  arrest  was  issued  with 
the  consent  of  the  house.  Timely  notice  was 
given  him,  and  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  servants 
and  a  few  friends  he  at  once  joined  some  of 
the  north-country  gentry.  They  failed  in  an 
attempt  to  seize  Newcastle,  and  after  pro- 
claiming James  III  at  various  places  in 
Northumberland  and  Durham,  and  avoiding 
an  encounter  with  General  Carpenter,  they 
succeeded  in  joining  the  south-country  Scots 
on  19  Oct.  at  Rothbury,  and  the  following 
day  a  body  of  highlanders  under  Mackintosh 
at  Kelso.  On  account  of  his  social  position, 
and  to  propitiate  the  protest  ants,  the  Pre- 
tender appointed  Forster  to  the  command  of 
this  little  army.  He  had  no  experience  or 
capacity.  When  once  face  to  face  with  the 
king's  forces  at  Preston  he  seems  to  have  lost 
heart.  He  at  once  surrendered  at  discretion, 
in  spite  of  the  entreaties  of  his  officers.  He 
was  among  the  prisoners  of  the  better  class 
who  were  sent  to  be  tried  in  London,  and  was 
led  with  a  halter  on  his  horse's  head.  At 
Barnet  he  and  others  were  pinioned,  to  add 
to  their  abject  appearance  rather  than  for  se- 
curity, and  from  Highgate  they  were  escorted 
into  the  city  by  a  strong  detachment  of  the 
guards,  horse  and  foot,  amidst  the  enthusi- 
astic cheers  of  a  vast  concourse  of  people. 
He  was  lying  in  Newgate  10  April  1716, 
three  days  before  his  intended  trial.  His 
servant  had,  by  a  cunning  device,  got  the 
head-keeper's  servant  locked  in  the  cellar,  and 
Forster,  who  had  induced  Pitts  the  governor 
and  another  friend  to  have  wine  with  him, 
left  the  room.  A  few  minutes  later  Pitts 
tried  to  follow,  and  found  that  he  was  locked 
in.  Forster  and  his  servant  had  been  pro- 
vided with  keys,  by  which  they  not  only  se- 
cured their  liberty,  but  delayed  pursuit ;  and 
notwithstanding  the  offer  of  l.OOO/.  reward, 
they  made  good  their  escape  by  a  small 


Forster 


22 


Forster 


vessel  from  Rocliford  in  Essex,  and  landed  in 
France.  lie  is  said  to  have  spent  some  time 
in  Rome.  He  died,  however,  at  Boulogne, 
France, '  of  an  asthma,'  on  3  Nov.  1738  (  Gent. 
Mag.  1738,  p.  604).  There  is  a  small  en- 
graved portrait  of  Forster  hy  Wedgwood 
after  a  miniature  by  Rosalba. 

[R.  Patten's  Hist.  Rebellion  in  1715,  3rd  ed. 
1745  ;  A  Full  and  Authentick  Narrative  of  the 
Intended  and  Horrid  Conspiracy,  &c.,  1715; 
Penrice's  Account  of  Charles  Ratcliffe,  1747; 
Hibbert-Ware's  Lancashire  during  Rebellion  of 
1715  (Chetham  Soc.),  1845;  Commons'  Journals, 
xviii.  325,  336,  449;  Hist.  MSS.  Cornm.  llth 
Rep.  App.  pt.  iv.  pp.  168-71;  Evans's  Cat.  of 
Portraits,  i.  127-]  A.  N. 

FORSTER,  THOMAS  FURLY  (1761- 
1825),  botanist,  was  born  in  Bond  Street,  Wai- 
brook,  5  Sept.  .1761,  being  the  eldest  son  of 
Edward  Forster  the  elder  [q.  v.l  and  Susanna 
his  wife.  His  father  retired  to  Walthamstow 
in  1764,  and,  being  a  great  admirer  of  Rous- 
seau, brought  up  his  son  on  his  principles. 
From  his  uncle  Benjamin  [q.  v.]  Forster  early 
acquired  a  taste  for  antiquities,  coins,  prints, 
and  plants.  He  was  introduced  to  the  Linnean 
system  of  classification,  to  which  he  always 
remained  a  firm  adherent,  by  the  Rev.  John 
Dixon,  and  was  further  .encouraged  in  his 
studies  by  Joseph  Cockfield  of  Upton,  Michael 
Tyson,  Sir  John  Cullum,  and  Richard  Warner, 
author  of  the '  PlantseWoodfordienses  '(1771). 
Between  1775  and  1782  he  made  many  draw- 
ings of  plants,  studying  exotic  species  in  the 
garden  of  Mr.  Thomas  Sikes  at  Tryon's  Place, 
Hackney.  In  1784  was  printed  a  list  of  ad- 
ditions to  Warner's '  Plantse  Woodfordienses,' 
attributed  by  Dryander  to  Thomas  Forster. 
In  1788  Forster  married  Susanna,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Williams  of  West  Ham,  and  niece 
of  Mr.  Sikes.  He  was  one  of  the  first  fellows 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  founded  in  that  year, 
and  he  visited  Tunbridge  Wells  in  that  and 
almost  every  succeeding  year  of  his  life.  In 
conjunction  with  his  brothers  he  drew  up  the 
county  lists  of  plants  in  Gough's  'Camden' 
(1789),  and  communicated  various  plants  to 
the  '  Botanical  Magazine '  and  to  '  English 
Botany.'  From  1796  to  1823  he  mainly  re- 
sided at  Clapton,  and,  as  he  had  grown  hardy 
plants  in  his  home  at  Walthamstow,  then  de- 
voted himself  to  greenhouse  exotics,  giving 
much  assistance  to  the  Messrs.  Loddiges  in 
establishing  their  nursery  at  Hackney.  A 
list  of  the  rare  plants  of  Tunbridge  Wells, 
pp.  14,  12mo,  belonging  probably  to  1800,  is 
attributed  to  him  by  Dryander;  and  in  1816 
he  published  a  'Flora  Tonbrigensis,'  pp.  216, 
8vo,  dedicated  to  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  which 
was  reissued  by  his  son  in  1842.  His  fond- 
ness for  animals  made  him  refuse  to  prepare 


an  account  of  the  fauna.  In  1823  he  moved 
to  Walthamstow  on  the  death  of  his  mother, 
and  died  there  28  Oct.  1825,  leaving  two  sons 
and  three  daughters.  He  contributed  two 
papers  to  the  Linnean  Society's  '  Transac- 
tions,' and  left  an  extensive  hortus  siccus  of 
algae,  as  well  as  of  flowering  plants,  together 
with  collections  of  fossils,  music,  &c.,  and 
more  than  a  thousand  drawings  of  churches 
and  other  ancient  buildings,  executed  by  him- 
self. His  natural  history  journals  of  weather 
prognostics,  &c.,  were  published  by  his  son 
in  1827  as  '  The  Pocket  Encyclopaedia  of 
Natural  Phenomena,' pp.  xlviii  and440,12mo. 
He  was  a  member  of  many  scientific  and  phi- 
lanthropic societies,  and  among  his  friends 
were  Porson  and  Gough,  as  well  as  the  bo- 
tanists, Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  Sir  Joseph  Banks, 
Dryander,  Dickson,  Robert  Brown,  and 
Afzelius  of  TJpsala. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1849,  xxxii.  431  ;  Nichols's 
Illustrations  of  Literary  History,  viii.  553 ;  Flora 
Tonbrigensis,  2nd  ed.  1842 ;  Epistolarium  Fors- 
terianum,  i.  33-41.]  G.  S.  B. 

FORSTER,  THOMAS  IGNATIUS 
MARIA,  M.D.  (1789-1860),  naturalist  and 
astronomer,  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Furly  For- 
ster [q.v.],  was  born  in  London  on  9  Nov.  1789. 
He  was  brought  up  mainly  at  Walthamstow, 
and,  both  his  father  and  grandfather  being 
followers  of  Rousseau,  his  literary  education 
was  neglected.  During  his  life,  however,  he 
acquired  familiarity  with  the  Latin,  Greek, 
French,  German,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Welsh 
languages,  while  from  his  uncle  Benjamin 
Meggot  [q.  v.]  he  obtained  his  first  notions 
of  astronomy,  mechanics,  and  aerostatics.  In 
1805  he  compiled  a  'Journal  of  the  Weather' 
and  a  '  Liber  Rerum  Naturalium,'  and  in  the 
following  year,  being  attracted  by  the  writings 
of  Gall,  he  began  to  study  that  branch  of  psy- 
chology to  which  he  afterwards  gave  the  name 
of '  phrenology.'  In  1808,  under  the  signature 
'  Philochelidon,'  he  published  '  Observations 
on  the  Brumal  Retreat  of  the  Swallow,'  of 
which  the  sixth  edition  appeared,  with  a  cata- 
logue of  British  birds  annexed,  in  1817.  In 
1809  he  took  up  for  a  time  the  study  of  the 
violin,  to  which  he  returned  forty  years  later ; 
and  in  1810,  having  been  ill,  his  attention 
was  first  directed  to  the  influence  of  air 
upon  health,  upon  which  subject  he  wrote 
in  the  '  Philosophical  Magazine.'  The  great 
comet  of  1811  directed  his  attention  to  astro- 
nomy; and  in  1812,  having  been,  from  his 
study  of  Pythagorean  and  Hindu  philosophy 
and  an  inherited  dislike  of  cruelty  to  ani- 
mals, for  some  years  a  vegetarian,  he  pub- 
lished '  Reflections  on  Spirituous  Liquors,' 
denying  man  to  be  by  birth  a  carnivor.  This 


Forster 


Forster 


work  made  him  acquainted  with  Abernethy. 
In  the  same  year  appeared  his  '  Researches 
about  Atmospheric  Phenomena/  of  which  a 
third  edition  was  published  in  1823 ;  and, 
having  been  already  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  his  father  permitted  him  to 
enter  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  to 
study  law.  This  study,  however,  he  soon  aban- 
doned, graduating  as  M.B.  in  1819.  In  1815 
he  issued  an  annotated  edition  of  the  '  Dio- 
semeia '  of  Aratus,  which  he  partially  sup- 


settling  at  Bruges ;  but  he  reissued  his  father's 
'  Flora  Tonbrigensis,'  with  a  memoir  of  the 
author,  at  Tunbridge  "Wells  in  1842,  and  his 
works  were  issued  at  Frankfort,  Aix,  or  Brus- 
sels as  often  as  at  Bruges.  Many  of  his  later 
writings  are  poetical,  and  he  composed  various 
pieces  for  the  violin,  having  formed  a  valuable 
collection  of  specimens  of  that  instrument. 
In  1836  he  was  engaged  in  a  controversy  with 
Arago  as  to  the  influence  of  comets,  and  he 
also  had  some  difficulty  in  demonstrating 


pressed,  and  a  volume  of  songs  in  German,  j  the  orthodoxy  of  his  Pythagorean  doctrine 
'Lieder  der  Deutschen.'     Making  the  per-    of  '  Sati,'  or  universal  immortality,  including 
sonal  acquaintance  of  Spurzheim,  he  studied    il"i  ~*  ~ 
with  him  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the 
brain,  and  accompanied  him  to  Edinburgh, 
where  he  communicated  a  paper  on  the  com- 
parative anatomy  of  the  brain  to  the  Wer- 
nerian  Society.     On  his  return  to  London 
he  published  a  sketch  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim's 


system,  which,  like  many  of  his  writings,  ap- 
peared in  the  '  Pamphleteer,'  together  with 
an  essay  on  the  application  of  the  organology 
of  the  brain  to  education.     He  became  a  fre- 
quenter of  Sir  Joseph  Banks's  Sunday  gather- 
ings in  Soho  Square.    He  declined  the  fellow- 
ship of  the  Royal  Society  from  dislike  of  some 
of  itsrules.  In  1817  he  married  Julia,  daughter 
of  Colonel  Beaufoy,F.R.S.,  and  settled  at  Spa 
Lodge,  Tunbridge  Wells,  where  in  the  same 
year  he  wrote  his '  Observations  on  the .  .  .  In- 
fluence of  . . .  the  Atmosphere  on  . .  .  Diseases, 
particularly  Insanity.'   In  the  following  year 
Ids  only  daughter,  Selena,  was  born,  and  he 
moved  to  Hartwell  in  Sussex.    This  year  he 
published  an  edition  of  Catullus,  and  on  3  July 
1819  he  discovered  a  comet.     The  next  three 
years  he  spent  mainly  abroad,  and  in  1824 
issued  his  '  Perennial  Calendar,'  containing 
numerous  essays  by  himself,  though  variously 
signed,  during  the  preparation  of  which  work 
he  seems  to  have  been  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism.   Having  become  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  he,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Sir  Richard  Phillips,  founded  a 
short-lived  Meteorological  Society.  After  his 
father's  death  he  took   (1827)  a  house  at 
Boreham,  near  Chelmsford,  so  as  to  be  near 
New  Hall  Convent,  where  his  daughter  was 
at  school,  and  while  there  published  various 
essays  on  the  atmospheric  origin  of  diseases 
and  especially  of  cholera,  in  connection  with 
•which  subject  he  made  a  balloon  ascent  in 
April  1831,  with  Green,  ascending  six  thou- 
sand feet.   In  1830  he  published  the  original 
letters  of  Locke,  Shaftesbury,  and  Algernon 
Sydney,  which  he  had  inherited  from  his  an- 
cestor Benjamin  Furly,  with  a  metaphysical 
preface,  partly  inspired  by  his  recent  acquaint- 
ance with  Lady  Mary  Shepherd.   After  1833 
he  appears  to  have  lived  mainly  abroad,  finally 


that  of  animals.  In  conjunction  with  his 
friend  Gompertz  he  founded  the  Animals' 
Friend  Society.  The  autobiographical '  Re- 
cueil  de  ma  Yie '  (Frankfort-on-Main,  1835), 
and  still  more  the  two  volumes,  '  Epistola- 
rium  Forsterianum,'  which  he  printed  pri- 
vately at  Bruges  in  1845  and  1850,  contain 
much  information  about  himself  and  other 
members  of  his  family.  Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned  and  those  enumerated 
below,  he  contributed  largely  to  the '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,'  and  is  credited  with  thirty- 
five  scientific  papers  in  the  Royal  Society's 
'  Catalogue,'  several  dealing  with  colours, 
their  names,  and  classification.  He  died  at 
Brussels  on  2  Feb.  1860,  though  Hoefer  had 
killed  him  (Biographic  Universelle,vol.  xviii.) 
ten  years  previously.  Among  his  personal 
friends  this  remarkable  man  numbered,  be- 
sides those  already  mentioned,  Gray,  Porson, 
Shelley,  Peacock,  Herschel,  and  Whewell. 

He  published:  1.  ' Observations  sur  la 
variete  dans  le  pouvoir  dispersif  de  1' Atmos- 
phere/ in  'Phil.  Mag.,'  1824.  2.  'On  the 
Colours  of  the  Stars  '  (#.)  3.  '  Pocket  En- 
cyclopaedia of  Natural  Phenomena,'  1826. 
4. '  Memoir  of  George  Canning,'  1827.  5. '  The 
Circle  of  the  Seasons,'  1828.  6.  '  Medicina 
Simplex,' 1829.  7.  '  Beobachtungen  iiber  den 
Einfluss  des  Luftdruckes  auf  das  Gehor/ 
1835.  8.  '  Onthophilos/  1836.  9.  '  Florile- 
gium,  Poeticse  Aspirationes,  or  Cambridge 
Nugae/  1836.  10.  '  Observations  sur  1'influ- 
ence  des  Cometes/  1836.  11.  'Philozoia/ 
1839.  12.  '  Elogio  e  Vita  di  Boecce,'  1839. 
13.  '  Pan,  a  Pastoral,'  1840.  14.  'Essay  on 
Abnormal  Affections  of  the  Organs  of  Sense,' 
1842.  15.  'Philosophia  Musarum,'  1842. 
16.  '  Discours  preliminaire  a  1'etude  de  1'His- 
toire  Naturelle,'  1843.  17.  'Harmonia  Mu- 
sarum,' 1843.  18.  '  Sati,'  1843.  19.  ' 'H  rS>v 
TraiSwi/  0700777,'  1844.  20.  'Piper's  Wallet/ 
1845.  21.  '  Annales  d'un  Physicien  Voya- 
geur/  1848.  22.  '  L'Age  d'Or/  1848. 

[Hoefer,  xviii.  cols.  206-8;  Annual  Keg.  cii. 
440  ;  Eoy.  Soe.  Cat.  ii.  670-1 ;  GilloVsBibl.Dict. 
of  Engl.  Catholics;  Eecueildema  Vie,  1835;  Epi- 
stolarium  Forsterianum,  1845-50.]  G.  S.  B. 


Forster 


Forster 


FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1632),  ma- 
thematician, was  a  pupil  of  William  Ough- 
tred [q.  v.],  and  afterwards  taught  mathe- 
matics 'at  the  Red  bull  over  against  St. 
Clements  churchyard  with  out  Temple  bar.' 
While  staying  with  Oughtred  at  Albury, 
Surrey,  during  the  long  vacation  of  1630,  the 
latter  showed  him  a  horizontal  instrument 
for  delineating  dials  upon  any  kind  of  plane, 
and  for  working  most  questions  which  could 
be  performed  by  the  globe.    This  invention 
Oughtred  had  contrived  for  his  private  use 
thirty  years  before.    Forster  persuaded  him 
to  make  it  public,  and  was  ultimately  allowed 
to  translate  and  publish  his  master's  treatise 
on  the  subject  as  '  The  Circles  of  Proportion 
and  the  Horizontal!  Instrvment.     Both  in- 
vented, and  the  vses  of  both  written  in  Latine 
by  Mr.  William]  O[ughtred].     Translated 
into  Englisli  and  set  forth  for  the  publique 
benefit  by  William  Forster,'  4to,  London, 
1632  (another  edition,  1639),  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Kenelm  Digby.      A  revised 
edition  of  this  book  was  published  by  Arthur 
Haughton,  another  disciple  of  Oughtred,  8vo, 
Oxford,  1660.    Forster  had  his  name  affixed 
to  an  '  Arithmetick,  explaining  the  grounds 
and  principles  of  that  Art,  both  in  whole 
numbers  and  fractions,'  12mo,  London,  1673 
(new  edition,  by  Henry  Coley,  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1686).    The  former  edition  is  adorned 
by  a  supposed  portrait  of  Forster,  which  is 
really  that  of  John  Weever,  the  antiquary. 

[Ward's  Lives  of  the  Gresham  Professors,  i. 
88  ;  Chalmers's  Biographical  Dictionary,  xxiii. 
428 ;  Granger's  Biographical  History  of  England 
(2nd  edit),  ii.  328.]  G.  G. 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (1739-1808),  the 
founder  of  a  family  of  eminent  musical  in- 
strument makers  and  publishers,  known  in 
the  trade  as  '  Old  Forster,'  was  the  son  of  a 
maker  of  spinning-wheels  and  repairer  and 
maker  of  violins  in  Cumberland.  William 
made  his  way  southwards  as  a  cattle-drover, 
and  reached  London  in  1759.  At  home  he 
had  been  carefully  taught  music  and  the 
making  of  instruments,  and  the  violins  with 
•which  he  supplied  the  shops  were  accepted 
and  sold  without  difficulty.  His  talent  ob- 
tained him  permanent  employment  from  Beck, 
a  music- seller  of  Tower  Hill,  until  Forster 
started  a  business  of  his  own  in  Duke's  Court, 
St.  Martin's  Lane,  whence  he  removed  about 
1785  to  No.  348  Strand.  The  tone  of  his 
violins  is  penetrating;  great  attention  was 
paid  to  their  varnish  and  finish,  and  even  now 
the  earlier  '  Forsters,'  especially  the  violon- 
cellos and  double  basses,  are  considered  oJ 
some  value.  As  a  publisher  Forster  became 
honourably  known  through  his  connection 


with  Haydn.  Orchestral  and  chamber  music 
was  not  at  that  time  popular  in  England, 
and  the  enterprise  which  introduced  more 
than  one  hundred  of  Haydn's  important 
works  to  this  country  deserved  the  success, 
it  ultimately  gained.  Among  letters  pub- 
lished in  'The  History  of  the  Violin'  are- 
several  of  interest  from  Haydn,  referring 
to  the  purchase  of  his  compositions  by  the 
Forsters  between  1781  and  1788.  WILLIAM 
FOESTER  (1764-1824),  son  of  the  above  Wil- 
liam Forster,  made  instruments  of  a  fair 
quality.  Music-seller  to  the  Prince  of  Wales 
and  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  'Royal'  Forster,  although  his 
father  had  enjoyed  similar  court,  favours. 
WILLIAM  FORSTER  (1788-1824),  eldest  son 
of  the  second  William  Forster,  made  no  more 
than  twelve  or  fifteen  violins,  &c.,  but  occu- 
pied himself  as  violoncellist  in  theatre  or- 
chestras. SIMON  ANDREW  FORSTER  (1801- 
1870),  the  fourth  son  of  the  second  William 
Forster,  carried  out  the  instructions  of  his 
father  and  his  brother  in  Frith  Street,  and 
later  in  Macclesfield  Street,  Soho.  He  was 
part  author  of  the  '  History  of  the  Violin  r 
(1864),  from  which  some  of  the  details  in  this 
article  have  been  taken. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Music,  i.  555 ;  Brown's  Biog. 
Diet.  p.  252  ;  Sandys  and  Forster's  Hist,  of  the 
Violin,  1864,  p.  290,  &c.]  L.  M.  M. 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (1784-1854), 
minister  of  theSociety  of  Friends,  was  born  at 
Tottenham,  near  London,  23  March  1784.  His 
father,  who  was  a  land  agent  and  surveyor, 
and  his  mother  were  pious  members  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  and  they  took  much  pains  in 
bringing  up  their  children.  From  his  earliest 
years  William,  their  second  son,  manifested  a 
profoundly  spiritual  disposition,  and  in  after 
years  would  say  that '  in  looking  back  on  his 
earliest  religious  experience  he  could  not  re- 
member a  time  when  he  was  not  sensible  of 
the  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  his  heart.' 
After  his  education  was  completed  he  de- 
clined to  follow  his  father's  profession,  and, 
having  taken  part  in  quaker  meetings  for  two 
years,  was  recognised  as  a  minister  in  1805, 
in  his  twenty-second  year.  For  several  years 
he  was  an  itinerant  minister,  and  visited  many 
parts  of  England  and  Scotland.  For  a  time 
he  settled  at  Tottenham.  In  October  1816 
he  married,  at  Shaftesbury,  Anna  Buxton,  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Buxton  of  Earlham,  Norfolk, 
and  sister  of  Elizabeth  Fry  [q.  v.]  and  Joseph 
John  Gurney  [q.  v.]  Anna  Buxton,  whose 
family  were  residing  at  Weymouth,  was  a 
handsome  girl  of  fascinating  manners.  She 
had  attracted  the  interest  of  George  III,  to 
whom  Weymouth  was  a  favourite  resort,  and 


Forster 


Forster 


was  on  intimate  terms  with  the  royal  family. 
Shortly  before  her  marriage  she  had  come 
under  deep  religious  impressions.  Forster 
had  been  a  helper  of  Mrs.  Fry  in  her  philan- 
thropical  efforts. 

After  his  marriage  Forster  resided  at  Brad- 
pole,  Dorsetshire,  where  their  only  son,  Wil- 
liam Edward  Forster  [q.  v.],  was  born  in 
1818.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Norwich. 
In  1820  Forster  was  induced  to  undertake  a 
mission  to  the  United  States  on  behalf  of  the 
society  there.  This  visit  was  unexpectedly 
protracted  to  five  years.  A  tendency  had 
appeared  towards  unitarianism,  which  ulti- 
mately caused  a  great  separation  in  the  body, 
much  to  Forster's  distress.  Though  unable  to 
avert  the  separation,  his  friends  believed  that 
he  did  good  service  in  preventing  the  spread  of 
Unitarian  views.  His  eminently  calm  and 
peaceful  tone  suited  him  for  conciliatory  work. 
In  the  course  of  his  life  he  paid  two  other 
visits  to  America.  One  was  occasioned  by 
a  threatened  secession  among  the  Friends  in 
the  state  of  Indiana,  arising  from  a  difference 
of  view  on  the  slavery  question.  The  efforts 
of  the  deputation  of  which  Forster  was  a 
member  (in  1845)  were  highly  successful,  and 
furnished  an  illustration  of  the  right  method 
of  dealing  with  brethren  in  reference  to  such 
differences.  On  another  occasion  Forster 
undertook  a  mission  to  Normandy  for  the 
purpose  of  fostering  religious  earnestness.  A 
longer  series  of  visits  to  the  continent  was  paid 
in  1849-52,  at  the  instance  of  the  society, 
whose  deputies  sought  interviews  with  all 
persons  of  influence  to  whom  they  could  find 
access,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  anti- 
slavery  movement.  Still  another  continental 
visit  was  paid  by  him  to  the  Vaudois  churches 
in  Piedmont.  The  reception  he  met  with  from 
the  Vaudois  pastors  was  most  satisfactory. 
Dr.  Lantaret,  as  moderator  of  the  'Table,' 
assured  them  that  the  sight  of  such  an  aged, 
venerable  ambassador  of  Christ  among  them 
brought  to  their  minds  the  passage  '  How 
beautiful  upon  the  mountains.' 

Before  the  last  two  of  these  continental 
missions  Forster  had  performed  an  important 
service  in  Ireland.  With  the  Society  of 
Friends  generally  he  was  deeply  concerned  for 
the  famine  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  potato 
crop  in  1846.  Before  any  general  committee 
of  relief  was  formed  he  conferred  with  his 
friends  on  the  subject,  and  at  their  request 
he  set  out  on  a  journey  to  the  distressed  dis- 
tricts. In  this  journey  he  was  accompanied 
by  his  son.  He  spent  the  time  from  30  Nov. 
1846  to  14  April  1847  investigating  the  con- 
dition of  the  people. 

These  public  labours  were  added  to  those 
of  the  ministry  which  he  continued  to  carry 


on.  His  health  failed  in  his  later  years. 
Nevertheless  he  was  induced,  at  the  request 
of  his  brethren  and  at  the  impulse  of  his 
own  heart,  to  engage  in  an  additional  enter- 
prise. This  was  to  present  an  anti-slavery 
address  to  the  president  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  the  governors  of  the  states  and  other 
persons  of  influence  to  whom  they  might  find 
access.  He  left  home  in  considerable  bodily 
weakness  in  1853.  On  1  Oct.  he  and  his 
fellow-deputies  had  an  interview  with  Presi- 
dent Pierce.  He  gave  them  little  encourage- 
ment to  believe  that  slavery  would  soon  come 
to  an  end.  The  prosecution  of  their  mission 
among  other  men  of  mark  occupied  the  rest 
of  the  year.  In  January  1854  he  was  seized 
with  severe  illness  while  stay  ing  with  Samuel 
Low  near  the  Holston  River,  East  Tennessee, 
North  America,  and  after  a  few  weeks  of 
suffering  he  died  on  the  morning  of  the  27th, 
aged  70.  He  was  buried  in  the  Friends'  bury- 
ing-ground  at  Friendsville.  One  is  reminded 
of  Howard  dying  at  his  post  in  the  far  east, 
as  Forster  now  did  in  the  west.  His  son  said 
with  much  truth:  'It  is  impossible  not  to  feel 
that  he  was  allowed  to  fall  a  martyr  to  his 
devotion  to  that  great  and  holy  cause  of  the 
abolition  of  negro  slavery,  in  the  earnest  and 
untiring  advocacy  of  which  so  large  a  portion 
of  his  life  had  from  time  to  time  been  spent.' 
All  through  his  life  Forster  bore  a  most 
consistent  and  devoted  testimony  to  his  creed. 
His  ministry  was  emphatically  evangelical. 
The  news  of  his  death  caused  an  extraordinary 
sensation  both  in  America  and  Great  Britain. 
Warm  testimonies  to  his  worth  appeared  in 
the  newspapers,  and  tokens  of  love  and  esteem 
were  issued  both  by  his  own  monthly  and 
quarterly  meetings  and  by  the  monthly  meet- 
ing of  the  Friends  in  Tennessee.  He  pub- 
lished '  A  Christian  Exhortation  to  Sailors,' 
1813,  often  reprinted,  and  translated  into 
French ;  '  Recent  Intelligence  from  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,'  1831 ;  '  A  Salutation  of  Chris- 
tian Love,'  issued  by  Forster's  brother  Josiah 
in  1860.  Joseph  Crosfield,  James  H.  Tuke, 
and  William  Dillwyn  published  accounts  of 
Forster's  visit  to  Ireland  in  1846. 

[Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Forster,  ed. 
Benjamin  Seebohm,  2  vols.  1865  ;  Brief  Memoir 
by  Robert  Charleton,  1867 ;  Smith's  Friends' 
Books.]  W.  G.  B. 

FORSTER,      WILLIAM     EDWARD 

(1818-1886),  statesman,  born  at  Bradpole, 
Dorsetshire,  on  11  July  1818,  was  the  only  son 
of  William  Forster  (1784-1854)  [q.v.]  and  of 
Anna,  sister  of  the  first  Sir  Thomas  Fowell 
Buxton  [q.  v.]  He  was  thus  not  a  Yorkshire- 
man  by  descent,  though  often  taken  for  a  typi- 
cal Yorkshireman.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 


Forster 


Forster 


discipline  of  the  quaker  body,  and  being  the 
only  child  of  parents  who  had  passed  their 
first  youth,  he  early  showed  signs  of  a  serious 
habit  of  mind.  '  The  simplicity  of  the  quaker 
style  of  living,'  says  his  biographer,  'was  at  all 
times  characteristic  of  the  ways  of  the  little 
household,'  and  the  boy  acquired  a  '  certain 
quaint  formalism  of  manner  and  speech,'  and 
talked  politics  with  his  parents  before  he  had 
learnt  to  play  with  children  of  his  own  age. 
His  father's  long  absences  on  missionary  ex- 
peditions threw  him  very  much  into  the 
society  of  his  mother,  whose  '  bright  and  vi- 
vacious temperament'  acted  as  some  correc- 
tive to  the  severity  of  a  quaker  education. 
In  August  1831  he  was  sent  to  school  at 
Fishponds  House,  Bristol,  and  after  a  year  to 
Mr.  Binns's  school,  at  Grove  House,  Tot- 
tenham, both  kept  by  Friends.  Here  he  re- 
mained until  the  close  of  1835,  receiving 
what  must  be  considered  a  very  fair  educa- 
tion, and  not  only  studying  English  and  other 
history  independently,  but  '  setting  himself 
for  his  leisure  time  in  the  evening,  two  even- 
ings for  themes,  two  for  mathematics,  one  for 
Latin  verse,  and  one  for  Greek  Testament 
and  sundries'  (letter  to  his  father  dated  8th 
month,  31  day,  1834).  Other  letters  written 
about  the  same  time  show  his  interest  in  poli- 
tical movements,  especially  those  with  which 
his  uncle  Buxton  was  associated. 

While  capable  of  quick  and  firm  resolution 
in  matters  of  religious  duty,  the  elder  William 
Forster  was  curiously  unsettled  about  his  son's 
career.  He  was  oppressed  by  '  a  leaden- 
weighted  lethargy.'  Aloreover,  when  the  de- 
cision had  been  given  in  favour  of  a  business 
career,  as  that  which  would  most  certainly 
tend  to  worldly  prosperity,  he  discouraged  by 
every  means  in  his  power  his  son's  attempts  to 
change  this  for  an  opening  offered  into  public 
life.  Finally,  through  his  Norfolk  connections, 
a  place  was  found  for  Forster  in  the  manu- 
factory of  Mr.  Robberds  at  Norwich,  where 
handloom  camlets  were  made  for  export  to 
China.  Here  he  remained  for  two  years,  and 
in  July  1838  he  left  Norwich  for  Darlington 
to  learn  other  branches  of  the  wool  business 
with  the  Peases  of  that  town.  He  worked  for 
twelve  hours  a  day  in  the  woollen  mill,  and 
for  several  hours  in  the  evening  he  studied 
mathematics  and  politics.  At  the  same  time 
he  began  to  take  some  part  in  public  life. 
His  uncle  offered  to  take  him  as  private 
secretary,  and  after  his  father  had  put  a  veto 
on  this  plan,  he  himself  offered  to  join  the 
Niger  expedition.  But  neither  project  came 
to  anything,  and  in  1841  he  entered  the 
woollen  business  at  Bradford.  In  1842  he 
became  the  partner  of  Mr.  William  Fison, 
woollen  manufacturer,  and  this  partnership 


continued  to  the  end  of  Forster's  life.  They 
began  on  borrowed  capital,  and  had  to  meet, 
during  many  years,  innumerable  difficulties, 
but  in  due  time  took  a  place  among  the  most 
prosperous  houses  of  the  district.  Forster 
joined  various  committees,  took  a  share  in  the 
battle  of  free  trade,  and  formed  a  number  of 
acquaintances  of  all  sorts,  not  excluding  such 
extreme  men  as  Robert  Owen,  the  socialist, 
and  Thomas  Cooper,  the  chartist.  He  also 
became  acquainted  with  Frederick  Denison 
Maurice,  John  Sterling,  and,  above  all,  with 
the  Carlyles,  with  whom  for  several  years  he 
kept  up  an  intimate  acquaintance. 

Forster  paid  two  visits  to  the  famine- 
stricken  districts  of  Connemara  in  1846  and 

1847.  He,  with  his  father,  was  distributor 
of  the  relief  fund  collected  by  the  Friends, 
and  of  the  second  of  these  visits  he  wrote  an 
account,  which  was  printed  at  the  time.    His 
descriptions,  besides  being  vivid  and  truthful 
pictures  of  terrible  scenes,  show  that  extra- 
ordinary kindliness  which  in  him   always 
underlay  the  somewhat  rough  exterior.     He 
was  much  occupied  by  the  revolutions  of 

1848,  especially  that   in  France,  with  its 
echoes  among  the  chartists  of  this  country. 
A  strong  liberal,  he  was  for  meeting  the 
chartists  halfway,  and  his  efforts  in  Brad- 
ford are  believed  to  have  had  no  little  effect 
in  preventing  the  extreme  men  among  the 
chartists  of  that  town  from  resorting  to  vio- 
lence.   He  even  attended  a  great  meeting  of 
chartists  at  Bradford,  and,  in  his  own  words, 
'roared  from  the  top  of  a  wagon  to  six  or 
eight  thousand  people  for  nearly  three  quar- 
ters of  an  hour,  and  pushed  a  strong  moral 
force  resolution  down  their  throats,  at  the 
cost  of  much  physical  force  exertion'  on  his 
own  part.    In  May  1848  he  visited  Paris.    In 
the  autumn  of  the  same  year  he  made  a  great 
impression  in  Bradford  by  a  course  of  lectures 
on  '  Pauperism  and  its  proposed  Remedies.' 
Next   year  his  quakerism  was  roused  by 
Macaulay's  attacks  on  the  character  of  Wil- 
liam Penn,  and  he  published  a  new  edition 
of  Clarkson's  '  Life  of  Penn,'  prefacing  it  by 
a  long  and  able  defence  against  the  historian's 
charges.   In  the  next  year  (1850)  he  left  the 
Society  of  Friends,  on  his  marriage  with  Jane 
Martha,  eldest  daughter  of  Dr.  Arnold.     For 
eighteen  months  they  lived  at  Rawdon,  and 
after  that  time  moved  to  Burley-in-Wharfe- 

|  dale,  where  he  and  his  partner  had  bought 

!  an  old  cotton  mill,  which  they  intended  to 

convert  into  a  worsted  manufactory.     Here, 

I  overlooking  the  beautiful  river,  he  built  a 

house,  Wharfeside,  which  he  always  regarded 

as  his  home  till  the  end  of  his  life.    In  the  ten 

following  years  Forster  frequently  appeared 

on  platforms  at  Leeds  and  Bradford,  discuss- 


Forster 


Forster 


ing  the  interests  of  the  working  classes, 
parliamentary  reform,  or  American  slavery. 
After  the  dissolution  in  1859  he  was  invited 
by  the  liberals  of  Leeds  to  come  forward  with 
Mr.  Baines.  Forster,  though  afterwards  re- 
garded as  par  excellence  the  conservative  type 
of  liberal,  was  chosen  as  the  candidate  of  the 
advanced  party.  The  numbers  at  the  poll 
were:  Baines, 2,343;  Beecroft (conservative), 
2,303 ;  Forster,  2,280.  A  little  later  a  va- 
cancy occurred  in  the  representation  of  Brad- 
ford, and,  in  spite  of  the  distrust  of  moderate 
liberals  and  the  leading  dissenters,  he  was 
chosen  by  a  large  majority  of  liberal  electors 
as  their  candidate,  and  was  returned  with- 
out opposition  (Monday,  11  Feb.  1861).  He 
continued  to  represent  Bradford  until  the 
end  of  his  life.  He  was  returned  without 
opposition  at  the  general  election  of  1865. 
In  1868  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  poll,  after 
a  contest  in  which  all  the  three  candidates, 
himself,  Mr.  Ripley,  and  Edward  Miall,  were 
liberals.  In  1874  he  was  again  returned  at 
the  head  of  the  poll,  although  the  dissenters, 
who  felt  bitterly  towards  him  on  account  of 
the  Education  Act,  strongly  opposed  him. 
Again  in  1880  he  was  returned,  also  at  the 
head  of  the  poll,  and  finally,  in  the  election 
of  November  1885,  he  was  returned  for  the 
central  division  of  Bradford  by  a  majority  of 
over  fifteen  hundred. 

Forster  at  once  made  his  mark  in  the  house, 
and  quickly  came  to  be  recognised  as  one  of 
the  chief  representatives  of  the  advanced 
liberal  party.  He  took  every  opportunity  of 
speaking  upon  reform,  which  was  then  ex- 
citing little  interest,  and  made  effective  utter- 
ances upon  the  American  civil  war.  During 
its  course  he  may  be  said  to  have  been  se- 
cond only  to  Bright  and  Cobden  in  opposing 
all  attempts  to  recognise  the  south  or  to  put 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  union.  Espe- 
cially did  he  in  1863  denounce  the  impru- 
dence of  permitting  Alabamas  to  be  built  in 
English  dockyards ;  but  at  the  same  time 
he  was  ready  enough  to  defend  England 
against  such  attacks  as  the  celebrated  one 
delivered  by  Mr.  Charles  Sumner.  When  in 
1865  Lord  Palmerston  died,  the  government 
was  reconstructed  under  Lord  Russell,  and 
Forster  was  invited  to  take  office  as  under- 
secretary for  the  colonies.  He  was  at  the 
colonial  office  eight  months  under  Mr.  Card- 
well,  and  among  the  difficult  problems  in  the 
solution  of  which  he  had  to  take  part  was 
the  Jamaica  question.  Two  days  after  his 
entry  into  the  colonial  office  (27  Nov.)  he 
noted  in  his  diary,  '  Very  bad  news  from 
Jamaica  of  slaughter  by  the  troops,  and  under 
martial  law.'  Had  he  been  out  of  office  he 
would  have  been  one  of  the  most  active  mem- 


bers of  Mr.  Mill's  and  Mr.  Charles  Buxton's 
Jamaica  committee ;  but  he  probably  did  still 
more  effective  work  by  urging  the  despatch 
of  a  commission  of  inquiry  to  the  island, 
and  by  influencing  the  action  of  the  govern- 
ment. To  the  varied  experience  gained  during 
these  eight  months  Forster  used  to  attribute 
much  of  his  deep  and  lifelong  interest  in  all 
colonial  questions.  In  the  session  of  1866  he 
took  an  effective  part  in  the  great  debates  on 
reform.  He  had  made  it  a  condition  of  his 
entry  into  the  government  that  the  question 
should  be  dealt  with  immediately.  His  speech 
in  the  great  eight  nights'  debate  on  the  second 
reading  of  the  bill  was  of  great  weight,  for 
the  house  recognised  in  him  a  man  who  had 
lived  in  the  midst  of  a  great  working  popula- 
tion, and  who  was  entitled  from  his  own  ex- 
perience to  give  utterance  to  the  wishes  of 
the  north  of  England.  In  the  session  of  1867 
he  contributed  not  a  little  to  the  liberalising 
of  Mr.  Disraeli's  Reform  Bill,  and  he  rejoiced 
as  much  as  any  one  when  that  measure  passed 
into  law  as  an  act  for  conferring  household 
suffrage  in  the  boroughs. 

In  1867  he  made  his  first  visit  to  the  East ; 
he  saw  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Athens,  and 
Corfu,  and  formed  opinions  to  which  he  gave 
utterance  when  the  Eastern  question  once 
more  became  acute.  After  the  general  elec- 
tion of  November  1868  Mr.  Gladstone  became 
prime  minister,  and  Forster  was  appointed 
a  privy  councillor  and  vice-president  of  the 
council.  This  imposed  upon  him  the  main 
responsibility  for  carrying  the  measure  for 
establishing  a  national  system  of  education, 
which  formed  a  principal  part  of  the  govern- 
ment programme.  Before  parliament  met  he 
successfully  defended  his  seat  against  a  peti- 
tion, to  the  great  satisfaction  of  his  consti- 
tuents. In  the  session  of  1869  he  took  no 
great  part  in  the  debates  on  the  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  church,  but  he  gave  much 
time  and  attention  to  the  successful  conduct 
of  the  Endowed  Schools  Bill  through  the 
House  of  Commons.  This  was  a  bill  which 
raised  no  great  parliamentary  issues,  but  its 
importance  may  be  shown  from  the  fact  that 
it  dealt  with  three  thousand  schools  with  a 
gross  income  of  592,000/.  He  had  also  to 
conduct  the  preparation  of  measures  against 
the  cattle  plague.  He  was  meanwhile  care- 
fully considering  the  measure  for  providing 
a  national  system  of  elementary  education. 
Various  bodies  throughout  the  country  con- 
centrated themselves  .into  two,  the  National 
Education  Union  and  the  League,  which  met 
at  Birmingham.  The  Union  ostensibly  ad- 
vocated the  spread  of  the  voluntary  school 
system,  and  the  League  the  provision  of 
schools  at  the  cost  and  under  the  control  of 


Forster 


Forster 


the  public  authorities.  In  reality,  however, 
the  desire  of  the  Union  was  to  guard  the 
interests  of  certain  dominant  religious  bodies, 
especially  that  of  the  church  of  England, 
and  the  desire  of  the  League  was  to  secure 
a  fair  field  for  the  dissenters.  Forster  en- 
deavoured to  steer  an  even  course  between 
these  two  opposing  theories,  adopting  a  plan 
which  he  traced  originally  to  Mr.  Lowe. 
Places  where  additional  school  accommoda- 
tion was  required  were  to  be  discovered  and 
the  accommodation  supplied  through  the 
agency  of  a  newly  constituted  public  au- 
thority. 

In  the  third  week  of  February  1870  Forster 
introduced  his  Elementary  Education  Bill. 
His  speech,  long  and  full  of  detail,  was  at 
the  same  time  very  careful  in  form,  well  ar- 
ranged, abounding  in  evidence  of  a  thorough 
study    of   the    question,   conciliatory,  and 
warmed  by  enthusiasm  for  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation.   He  pointed  out  the  great  deficiencies 
of  the  existing  schools,  and  declined  to  adopt 
either  the  continental  method  of  state  educa- 
tion or  the  opposite  policy  of  increasing  the 
bonus  upon  voluntary  schools.   He  therefore 
proposed  to  create  an  entirely  new  local  au- 
thority called  the  School  Board.    The  board 
•was  to  have  the  power  of  providing  necessary 
school  accommodation,  and  of  directing  its 
own  schools,  subject  to  the  ultimate  control 
of  the  education  department.   At  first  Forster 
proposed  that  school  boards  should  be  chosen 
by  popular  election  in  London,  and  elsewhere 
by  town  councils  and  vestries,  but  he  soon 
adopted  direct  popular  election  in  all  cases. 
Thus  far  all  parties  were  ready  to  accept 
Forster's  proposals ;  but  the  jealousy  between 
the  church  and  dissenters  soon  produced  dis- 
cord. The  Birmingham  League  settled  down 
upon  the  religious  shortcomings  of  the  mea- 
sure, and  around  these  there  speedily  arose  a 
controversy  which,  by  the  time  of  the  debate 
on  the  second  reading,  14  March,  had  assumec 
the  most  threateningproportions.   An  amend- 
ment was  moved  to  the  second  reading  by 
Mr.  George  Dixon,  liberal  member  for  Bir- 
mingham and  chairman  of  the  Education 
League,  to  the  effect '  that  no  measure  fo 
the  education  of  the  people  could  afford  i 
permanent  satisfactory  settlement  which  lef 
the  important  question  of  religious  instruc 
tion  to  be  determined  by  the  local  author! 
ties.'    In  the  end  the  amendment  was  with 
drawn,  and  three  months  later  the  governmen 
accepted  the  amendment  of  Mr.  Cowper 
Temple,  the  effect  of  which  would  be '  to  ex 
elude  from  all  rate-aided  schools  every  cate 
chism  and  formulary  distinctive  of  denomi 
national  creed,  and  to  sever  altogether  th 
connection  between  the  local  school  board 


nd  the  denominational  schools,  leaving  the 
atter  to  look  wholly  to  the  central  grant  for 
elp.'  As  a  consequence  of  this,  the  share 
f  the  total  cost  of  education  payable  by  the 
entral  department — the  grant  as  distinct 
rom  the  education  rate — which  had  been 
riginally  fixed  at  one  third,  was  raised  to 
ne  half,  and  on  this  basis  the  question  was 
ettled.  The  bill  passed  without  much  further 
ifficulty,  although  not  without  having  to 
indergo  much  invective  both  from  extreme 
hurchmen  and  from  the  nonconformists  and 
heir  allies.  The  principle  of  compulsion  was 
not  as  yet  admitted.  Forster  struggled  hard 
n  1873  to  carry  a  compulsory  act,  sufficient 
chool  accommodation  having  in  his  opinion 
)een  provided  for  an  effectual  application  of 
the  principle ;  but  though  he  at  first  won  the 
struggle  within  the  cabinet,  the  compulsory 
:lauses  of  the  amending  bill  had  afterwards 
o  be  withdrawn.  For  some  years  after  1870 
a  fierce  controversy  raged  round  the  twenty- 
ifth  clause,  which  enabled  the  local  authori- 
;ies  to  pay  the  fees  of  needy  children  at 
denominational  schools.  This  clause  was 
;hought  by  the  nonconformists  to  give  an 
unfair  advantage  to  the  church  schools  in 
places  where  board  schools  did  not  exist,  and 
especially  in  the  rural  districts.  It  was  se- 
riously maintained  that  Forster,  instead  of 
Pounding  a  national  system  of  education,  had 
really  hindered  its  establishment. 

Forster,  while  president  of  the  council,  had 
the  conduct  of  the  Ballot  Bill,  which  passed 
the  House  of  Commons  in  1871,  was  lost  inc 
the  House  of  Lords,  and  finally  carried  in  the 
session  of  1872.  In  1872  Forster  took  the 
keenest  interest  in  the  Geneva  arbitration,  as 
tending  to  remove  the  estrangement  between 
this  country  and  the  United  States. 

After  the  dissolution  of  1874,  and  the 
accession  of  Mr.  Disraeli  to  power,  Forster 
carried  out  his  long-cherished  wish  of  visit- 
ing the  United  States,  and  immediately  on 
his  return  he  was  proposed  as  the  successor 
to  Mr.  Gladstone,  who  had  resigned  the 
leadership  of  the  liberal  party.  The  proposal 
shows  how  little  he  had  been  injured  by  the 
denunciation  of  his  educational  policy.  It  is 
a  curious  fact  that  at  the  preliminary  meet- 
ing of  the  prominent  liberal  members  all  the 
aristocratic  whigs  present  voted  for  Forster, 
and  all  the  radical  manufacturers  and  men  of 
business  voted  for  Lord  Hartington.  Forster, 
in  a  letter  which  was  universally  thought  to 
have  done  him  great  honour,  withdrew  in 
Lord  Hartington's  favour.  On  5  Nov.  1875 
he  delivered  an  address  on  '  Our  Colonial 
Empire '  at  the  Philosophical  Institution  at 
Edinburgh,  which  is  interesting  as  contain- 
ing the  views  which  afterwards  took  shape 


Forster 


Forster 


in  the  programme  of  the  Imperial  Federation 
League ;  and  about  the  same  time  he  was 
elected  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  University. 

During  the  bitter  party  disputes  which 
marked  the  years  1876-8,  between  the  out- 
break of  the  revolt  in  Herzegovina  and  the 
signature  of  the  Berlin  treaty,  Forster  held  a 
somewhat  middle  position,  and  was  blamed 
by  both  extremes.  In  the  autumn  of  1876 
he  paid  a  visit  to  Servia  and  Turkey,  and  on 
his  return  he  made  an  important  speech  to 
his  constituents.  While  denouncing  Turkish 
maladministration,  he  insisted  upon  the  ob- 
jections to  English  interference.  His  positive 
proposal  was  that  the  concert  of  Europe  should 
be  used  to  obtain  from  the  sultan  a  consti- 
tution similar  to  that  of  Crete  for  the  Chris- 
tian provinces  of  Turkey.  Then  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war  broke  out,  and  from  that  time 
to  the  conclusion  of  the  Berlin  treaty  Forster's 
unceasing  efforts  were  devoted  to  keeping 
England  from  any  part  in  such  a  war. 

At  this  time  the  extreme  liberals  were 
beginning  to  organise  the  so-called  Caucus. 
The  old  dispute  between  Forster  and  Bir- 
mingham broke  out  again.  He  declined  to 
submit  his  political  destiny  to  the  judgment 
of  a  committee  of  the  party  in  Bradford,  and 
declared  that  he  should  offer  himself  to  the 
constituency  at  the  next  election  whether  the 
association  chose  him  or  not.  After  some 
display  of  feeling  the  association  accepted 
him.  On  the  formation  of  Mr.  Gladstone's 
ministry  in  1880  he  would  have  preferred  to 
be  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  but,  in 
the  extremely  threatening  state  of  the  Irish 
question,  felt  bound  to  consent  to  the  prime 
minister's  request  that  he  should  become 
chief  secretary,  with  Lord  Cowper  as  lord- 
lieutenant.  The  winter  had  been  marked 
by  something  approaching  to  a  famine  in  the 
west  of  Ireland,  and  the  Land  League  agita- 
tion, headed  by  Mr.  Parnell,  had  grown  to 
formidable  dimensions.  The  question  imme- 
diately arose  whether  the  government  should 
attempt  to  prolong  the  existing  Coercion 
Act,  which  was  to  expire  in  a  very  few 
weeks.  The  cabinet,  however,  determined 
to  attempt  the  government  of  the  country 
under  the  ordinary  law.  In  June  Forster 
persuaded  Mr.  Gladstone  to  allow  the  intro- 
duction of  a  temporary  bill  providing  com- 
pensation for  evicted  tenants,  and  to  appoint 
a  strong  commission  to  inquire  into  the  work- 
ing of  the  Land  Act  of  1870.  The  new  bill, 
known  as  the  Compensation  for  Disturbance 
Bill,  was  carried  in  the  House  of  Commons 
in  spite  of  the  vigorous  opposition  of  the  con- 
servatives, but  on  2  Aug.  1880  it  was  rejected 
in  theHouse  of  Lords  by  an  immense  majority. 
Forster  was  indignant  and  dismayed  by  this, 


as  he  thought,  desperate  act  of  the  landlord 
party,  which  immensely  increased  the  diffi- 
culty of  his  task  in  governing  Ireland.  The 
Irish  party  instantly  proceeded  to  identify 
the  lords  who  had  rejected  the  Compensa- 
tion for  Disturbance  Bill  with  the  govern- 
ment which  had  brought  it  in,  and  to  stir  up 
popular  feeling  throughout  Ireland  against 
the  whole  English  connection.  The  autumn 
and  winter  were  marked  by  one  continuous 
struggle  between  Forster  and  the  Land 
League  on  the  one  hand,  and  Forster  and 
the  more  '  advanced '  section  of  his  colleagues 
in  the  government  on  the  other.  The  ma- 
chinery of  the  ordinary  law  was  strained  to 
the  uttermost,  and  to  no  purpose,  as  was 
shown  by  a  number  of  abortive  trials  of  per- 
sons believed  to  be  guilty  of  outrages,  and, 
above  all,  by  the  equally  abortive  state  trial 
in  Dublin,  in  which  fourteen  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  league,  Mr.  Parnell,  Mr.  Dillon, 
Mr.  P.  J.  Sheridan,  and  others,  were  prose- 
cuted for  conspiracy  to  prevent  the  payment 
of  rent  and  other  illegal  acts.  Forster  wished 
to  summon  parliament  in  the  autumn,  but  this 
was  refused,  and  only  when  it  met  on  7  Jan. 
1881  was  it  announced  that  the  government 
had  decided  to  ask  for  fresh  powers.  Long 
and  angry  debates  followed,  and,  after  un- 
precedented scenes,  caused  by  the  obstructive 
action  of  the  Irish  members,  the  bill  was 
passed.  Forster  said  in  introducing  it :  '  I 
never  expected  it,  and  if  I  had  thought  that 
this  duty  would  have  devolved  on  me,  I  cer- 
tainly should  not  have  been  Irish  secretary. 
Indeed,  I  think  I  may  go  further,  and  say 
that  if  I  had  foreseen  that  this  would  have 
been  the  result  of  twenty  years  of  parlia- 
mentary life,  I  think  I  should  have  left  par- 
liamentary life  alone.  But  I  never  was  more 
clear  in  my  life  as  to  the  necessity  of  a  duty.' 
The  essence  of  the  bill  was  the  clause  which 
enabled  the  Irish  government  to  imprison 
men  without  trial  '  on  reasonable  suspicion ' 
of  crime,  outrage,  or  conspiracy.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  clause  within  a  short  time 
some  nine  hundred  men  were  imprisoned, 
most  of  them  of  the  class  whom  Forster  had 
described  as  '  village  ruffians,'  who  were 
really  well  known  to  be  guilty  of  crime  or 
planning  crime,  but  whom  no  jury  of  their 
neighbours  dared  to  convict.  With  them 
were  imprisoned  a  certain  number  of  men  of 
a  superior  class,  who  were  believed,  on  evi- 
dence sufficient  to  convince  the  government, 
to  be  guilty  of  incitement  to  murder  and  of 
organising  intimidation.  In  Ireland  Forster 
had  to  face  the  performance  of  what  he  be- 
lieved to  be  a  duty,  but  of  the  most  distressing 
kind.  He  had  to  hurry  backwards  and  for- 
wards between  London  and  Dublin,  and 


Forster 


3° 


Forster 


•within  a  few  hours  of  giving  his  instructions 
in  Dublin  Castle  to  face  the  fire  of  hostile 
'  questions'  in  the  House  of  Commons.  His 
health  suffered  under  the  strain.  Moreover 
he  had  to  follow  and  take  part  in  the  intricate 
debates  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  Land  Bill  of  1881, 
and  especially  to  -watch  the  interests  of  the 
labourers.  AVhen  parliament  rose  there  was 
no  rest  for  him,  for  the  headquarters  of  the 
agitation  -were  transferred  from  Westminster 
to  the  rural  districts  of  Ireland,  and  incen- 
diary speeches  followed  by  outrages  came  in 
constant  succession.  On  13  Oct.  1881,  at  the 
Guildhall,  Mr.  Gladstone  announced  the  ar- 
rest of  Mr.  Parnell,  and  this  was  followed 
by  the  suppression  of  the  Land  League  as 
an  illegal  and  treasonable  association.  Mean- 
time plots  began  to  be  formed  against  Forster's 
life,  and  during  the  winter  of  1881-2  several 
attempts  were  made  upon  him,  his  escape 
under  the  circumstances,  subsequently  made 
public,  appearing  little  less  than  miraculous. 
In  March  1882  he  took  the  bold  step  of  per- 
sonally visiting  some  of  the  worst  districts, 
and  at  Tullamore  he  addressed  a  crowd  from 
a  window  of  the  hotel,  impressing  even  the 
hostile  peasantry  who  heard  him  with  ad- 
miration for  his  pluck  and  character.  Two 
months  later  he  and  Lord  Cowper  had  re- 
signed, the  occasion  being  his  refusal  to  coun- 
tenance the  celebrated  Kilmainham  'treaty' 
by  which  Mr.  Parnell  and  his  colleagues  were 
to  be  released  from  prison  after  they  had  pri- 
vately and,  as  Forster  thought,  far  too  vaguely 
promised  to  support  the  government.  On 
Thursday,  4  May,  Forster  made  a  memorable 
speech  in  the  House  of  Commons,  explaining 
the  reasons  of  his  resignation.  Stated  shortly 
they  were  to  the  effect  that  one  of  the  following 
three  conditions  was,  in  his  view,  indispens- 
able to  the  release  of  the  prisoners :  '  A  public 
promise  on  their  part,  Ireland  quiet,  or  the 
acquisition  of  fresh  powers  by  the  govern- 
ment.' As  none  of  these  three  conditions  was, 
in  his  opinion,  satisfied,  Forster  resigned  with 
Lord  Cowper,  and  their  places  were  taken  by 
Lord  Spencer  as  lord-lieutenant,  and  Lord 
Frederick  Cavendish  as  chief  secretary.  On 
the  following  Saturday  (6  May  1882)  Lord 
Frederick  Cavendish  and  Mr.  Burke  were 
murdered  in  Phoenix  Park.  Forster  at  once 
offered  to  take  up  his  old  post,  and  'temporarily 
to  fill  the  vacancy  which  had  been  caused  by 
the  loss  of  Mr.  Burke,  the  man  who,  next  to 
himself,  was  the  most  intimately  acquainted 
•with  the  existing  condition  of  things  in  Ire- 
land.' The  offer  was  not  accepted,  and  he 
did  not  again  return  to  Ireland.  It  was  not 
till  the  following  winter,  when  the  informer, 
James  Carey  [q.v.]  gave  evidence  at  the 
trial  of  the  Phrenix  Park  assassins,  that  the 


country  learned  how  imminent  had  been  the 
personal  danger  to  which  for  many  months 
Forster  had  been  exposed.  But  he  himself 
knew  it  well,  though  he  never  allowed  him- 
self to  be  influenced  by  it. 

Forster  took  comparatively  little  part  in 
Irish  debates  during  the  remaining  years  of 
his  life,  but  one  notable  exception  to  this 
was  during  the  debate  on  the  address  at 
the  beginning  of  1883,  when  he  charged  Mr. 
Parnell  and  other  members  of  parliament 
connected  with  the  league  with  conniving 
at  crime.  Meantime  he  devoted  his  public 
efforts  to  the  furthering  of  other  causes,  espe- 
cially to  the  interests  of  the  colonies  and  to 
the  settlement  of  Egyptian  difficulties.  He 
was  the  chairman  of  the  newly  formed  Im- 
perial Federation  League,  which  hoped  to 
carry  out  his  old  idea  of  bringing  the  colonies 
into  closer  and  more  formal  connection  with 
the  mother-country.  He  followed  with  pro- 
found interest  the  course  of  events  in  South 
Africa,  and  strongly  supported  such  measures 
as  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Mackenzie  as  resi- 
dent in  Bechuanaland  and  the  despatch  of 
Sir  Charles  Warren's  expedition.  He  was  a 
severe  and  unsparing  critic  of  the  blunders 
of  the  government  in  relation  to  Egypt  up 
to  the  time  of  the  fall  of  Khartoum,  declar- 
ing that  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  ought 
not  to  have  been  fought  unless  we  were 
prepared  to  accept  its  logical  consequences. 
|  Only  once,  however,  did  he  actually  vote 
j  against  the  government,  on  27  Feb.  1885  in 
!  the  debate  on  Sir  Stafford  Northcote's  mo- 
j  tion  censuring  the  government  for  the  death 
of  General  Gordon,  when  the  ministry  was 
only  saved  by  fourteen  votes.  He  cordially 
supported  the  County  Franchise  Bill,  and  was 
present  at  the  great  open-air  meeting  at  Leeds 
on  6  Oct.  1884,  called  to  condemn  the  action 
of  the  House  of  Lords  in  rejecting  the  bill. 
During  the  last  half  of  the  session  of  1885  a 
very  arduous  piece  of  work  was  imposed  upon 
him  when  he  was  asked  to  be  chairman  of  the 
small  committee  that  had  to  decide  the  fate 
of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal  Bill.  This 
was  the  determining  cause  of  his  last  illness. 
The  session  over,  feeling  weary  and  ill,  he 
went  to  Baden-Baden,  but  even  there  he 
could  not  rest,  and  some  imprudent  over- 
exertion  brought  on  the  illness  from  which, 
on  5  April  1886,  at  80  Eccleston  Square, 
London,  he  died.  His  death  was  greatly 
mourned,  and  even  at  a  time  of  bitter  poli- 
tical antagonism,  when  old  ties  were  being 
broken  in  all  directions,  and  when  many  of 
those  who  had  once  worked  with  him  re- 
garded him  as  their  most  formidable  political 
opponent,  it  was  admitted  on  all  sides  that 
a  man  of  lofty  character  had  passed  away. 


Fors}7th 


Forsyth 


The  funeral  service  was  read  over  his  remains 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  body  was 
then  transported  to  Burley-in-Wharfedale, 
and  buried  there. 

[Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Edward  For- 
ster,  by  T.  Wemyss  Reid,  1888  ;  personal  recol- 
lections; Hansard's  Debates ;  obituary  notice  in 
the  Times,  6  April  1886.]  T.  H.  W. 

FORSYTH,  ALEXANDER  JOHN, 
LL.D.  (1769-1843),  inventor,  son  of  James 
Forsyth,  minister  of  Belhelvie  in  Aberdeen- 
shire,  by  Isabella,  youngest  daughter  of  Wal- 
ter Syme,  minister  of  Tullynessle,  was  born 
on  28  Dec.  1769  in  his  father's  manse.  He 
graduated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  in 
1786,  and  in  1791  was  licensed  as  a  preacher. 
His  father  died  suddenly  (1  Dec.  1790)  at  the 
presbytery  meeting  which  granted  the  son's 
license,  and  John  Alexander  was  chosen  his 
successor.  He  devoted  to  chemistry  and  me- 
chanics the  time  which  he  could  spare  from 
his  duties  as  minister.  One  of  his  favourite 
amusements  was  to  make  knives  from  iron- 
stone. He  was  fond  of  wild-fowl  shooting, 
and  as  the  birds  often  escaped  by  diving  at 
the  flash  of  his  flint-locked  fowling-piece,  he 
constructed  a  hood  over  the  lock  of  his  gun, 
with  a  sight  along  the  barrel.  He  took  an 
interest  in  inventions,  especially  those  con- 
nected with  steam  and  electricity.  His  want 
of  thorough  training  was  shown  in  some 
crude  notions  about  galvanism  and  magne- 
tism, which  he  believed  to  be  capable  of  gene- 
rating a  new  sense.  His  ingenuity  found  a 
more  appropriate  sphere  in  developing  fire- 
arms. The  French  were  unsuccessfully  at- 
tempting to  substitute  chloride  of  potash  for 
nitrate  in  gunpowder ;  Forsyth  began  experi- 
ments on  the  known  detonating  compounds. 
He  hit  upon  various  methods  of  obtaining 
increased  inflammability  and  strength,  but 
the  mixtures  were  too  dangerous  for  use. 
His  next  attempt  was  to  improve  the  inflam- 
mability of  the  priming  in  flint-locks,  and  he 
found  that  the  least  spark  of  a  flint  ignited 
detonating  mercury  or  powder  made  in  chlo- 
ride of  potash.  But  it  frequently  happened 
that  the  inflammation  from  the  pan  was  not 
carried  through  the  touchhole  to  the  charge 
of  gunpowder  in  the  barrel,  and  that,  even 
when  gunpowder  was  mixed  in  the  pan  with 
detonating  powder,  this  compound  was  in- 
flamed without  acting  on  the  gunpowder. 
He  at  last  hit  upon  the  employment  of  a 
cylindrical  piece  of  iron  with  a  touchhole 
just  able  to  admit  a  cambric  needle  struck 
by  a  small  hammer,  and  a  pan  to  hold  deto- 
nating powder  on  the  outer  end  of  the  touch- 
hole.  The  loose  gunpowder  placed  in  the 
tube  was  not  regularly  ignited,  but  this  dif- 


|  ficulty  was  surmounted  by  wadding.  He 
|  then  constructed  a  suitable  lock,  and  during 
i  the  season  of  1805  shot  with  a  fowling-piece 
|  made  on  his  plan.  In  the  spring  of  1806  he 
took  it  to  London  and  showed  it  to  some 
|  sporting  friends.  Lord  Moira,  then  master- 
general  of  ordnance,  saw  the  gun  and  in- 
vited Forsyth  to  make  some  experiments  at 
the  Tower.  Here  he  remained  for  some 
time,  Moira  providing  for  the  discharge  of 
j  his  pastoral  duties  meanwhile,  and  after 
;  patient  effort  a  lock  that  answered  all  re- 
quirements was  produced.  He  had  to  under- 
take the  dangerous  task  of  preparing  the 
detonating  powder  for  himself,  the  workmen 
being  ignorant  and  unwilling.  The  new 
principle  was  then  applied  to  a  carbine,  and 
to  a  3-pounder,  which  were  approved  by 
the  master-general  of  ordnance.  Forsyth 
then  returned  home,  Moira  proposing  that  he 
should  receive  as  remuneration  an  amount 
equivalent  to  the  saving  of  gunpowder  ef- 
fected. When  Lord  Chatham  soon  afterwards 
succeeded  Lord  Moira  as  master-general  of 
ordnance,  he  intimated  to  Forsyth  that  '  his 
services  were  no  longer  required,'  and  asked 
him  to  send  in  an  account  of  expenses  in- 
curred. The  board  of  ordnance  ordered  him 
to  deliver  up  all  possessions  of  the  depart- 
ment then  in  his  use  and  to  remove  from 
the  Tower  the  '  rubbish '  he  had  left.  The 
'  rubbish '  consisted  of  ingenious  applications 
of  the  percussion  principle  afterwards  gene- 
rally adopted.  Forsyth  lived  on  quietly  and 
cheerfully,  apportioning  his  time,  as  before, 
among  his  various  pursuits.  After  many 
years,  some  of  his  friends,  learning  that  the 
government  were  actually  introducing  the 
percussion  lock  into  the  army,  persuaded  him 
to  draw  up  a  statement  of  claim  for  recom- 
pense. Lord  Brougham,  to  whom  he  was  re- 
lated, took  up  the  case,  and  a  small  pension 
was  ultimately  awarded  him.  On  the  morn- 
ing that  the  first  instalment  of  the  long-de- 
layed pension  arrived  (11  June  1843),  Forsyth 
was  found  dead  in  his  study  chair.  Napoleon 
offered  the  inventor  20,000^.  to  divulge  the  se- 
cret of  his  discovery,  but  the  offer  was  patrio- 
tically declined.  Forsyth  was  unmarried. 
Glasgow  University  created  him  LL.D. 

[Dr.  Forsyth's  Statement,  hitherto  unpub- 
lished ;  Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccles.  Scoticanae,  pt. 
vi.  pp.  495-6  ;  local  newspapers.]  J.  B-T. 

FORSYTH,  JAMES  (1838-1871),  In- 
dian traveller,  was  born  in  1838.  After  re- 
ceiving a  university  education  in  England, 
and  taking  his  degree  of  M.A.,  he  entered  the 
civil  service,  and  went  out  to  India  as  assis- 
tant conservator  and  acting  conservator  of 
forests.  In  a  short  time  he  was  appointed 


Forsyth 


Forsyth 


settlement  officer  and  deputy-commissioner 
of  Nimar,  and  served  with  distinction  un- 
der Sir  Richard  Temple,  chief  commissioner 
of  the  Central  Provinces.  Forsyth  acquired 
wide  reputation  as  a  hunter.  He  was  a  true 
sportsman,  and  spoke  severely  of  '  poaching 
proclivities '  and  '  unsportsmanlike  conduct.' 
In  1862  he  published  a  comprehensive  trea- 
tise on  the  '  Sporting  Rifle  and  its  Projec- 
tiles.' Forsyth,  who  was  attached  to  the 
Bengal  staff  corps,  made  a  complete  tour  of 
the  Central  Provinces  of  India  in  1862-4, 
penetrating  to  Ar  mar-Kant  ak,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Nerbudda,  the  Mahanuddy, 
and  the  Sone.  He  thence  proceeded  across  the 
rich  plain  of  Chutteesgurh  to  the  sal  forests 
in  the  far  east.  In  1870  he  prepared  an  ac- 
count of  his  explorations,  with  which  he  pro- 
ceeded to  England  towards  the  close  of  that 
year.  Arrangements  were  made  for  the  pub- 
lication of  the  work,  but  the  author  died 
while  the  sheets  were  passing  through  the 
press.  The  work  appeared  posthumously 
(November  1871),  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Highlands  of  Central  India ;  Notes  on  their 
Forests  and  Wild  Tribes,  Natural  History, 
and  Sports.'  This  narrative  contained  much 
valuable  information  respecting  the  wild 
hill  tribes,  some  graphic  descriptions  of 
scenery,  an  interesting  account  of  the  forests 
and  the  system  of  conservancy,  and  full  de- 
tails of  the  sporting  capabilities  of  the  Cen- 
tral Provinces.  It  was  a  complete  guide  and 
exposition  of  the  central  highlands  of  India. 
Forsyth  died  in  London  1  May  1871. 

[Athenaeum,  25  Nov.  1871 ;  Forsyth's  Works.] 

G.  B.  S. 

FORSYTH,  JOSEPH  (1763-1815),  wri- 
ter on  Italy,  born  at  Elgin,  Scotland,  on 
18  Feb.  1763,  was  the  son,  by  his  second 
marriage,  of  Alexander  Forsyth,  merchant  in 
Elgin,  a  man  of  intelligence  and  piety,  and 
a  friend  of  Isaac  Watts.  His  mother,  Ann 
Harrold,  was  the  daughter  of  a  farmer  who 
fought  for  Prince  Charles  at  Culloden,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  died  on  board  ship  while 
"being  carried  for  trial  to  England.  From 
the  grammar  school  of  his  native  town  For- 
syth passed  at  the  age  of  twelve  to  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  where  he  graduated  M. A. 
In  1779.  His  parents  intended  him  for  the 
church,  but  his  diffidence  induced  him  to  de- 
cline. He  went  to  London  and  became  as- 
sistant to  the  master  of  an  academy  at  New- 
ington  Butts  ;  was  soon  able  to  purchase 
the  establishment,  and  carried  it  on  success- 
fully for  thirteen  years.  Then,  his  health 
failing,  he  gave  up  the  school  and  returned 
to  Elgin.  He  had  now  the  leisure  and  the 
means  to  give  effect  to  what  had  been  the 


great  desire  of  his  life,  a  visit  to  Italy.  The 
peace  of  Amiens  was  known  in  Elgin  on 
7  Oct.  1801.  On  the  12th  Forsyth  was  already 
on  his  way  south,  and  on  Christmas  day  he 
arrived  at  Nice.  The  next  eighteen  months 
he  spent  in  the  more  famous  cities  of  Italy, 
where  he  had  access  to  the  literary  circles, 
and  saw  everything  with  the  eyes  of  a  man 
well  read  in  the  poets  and  historians  of  the 
country,  both  ancient  and  modern,  a  con- 
noisseur in  architecture  and  a  keen  observer 
of  thought  and  life.  He  was  at  Turin  on  his 
way  home  when  the  war  was  renewed,  and 
on  25  May  1803  he  was  seized  by  the  police 
and  carried  prisoner  to  Nismes.  The  restraint 
there  was  not  severe,  but  Forsyth  was  caught 
in  an  attempt  to  escape,  and  was  thereupon 
marched  in  midwinter  six  hundred  miles  to 
Fort  de  Bitche,  where  his  confinement  was  at 
first  intolerably  strict.  It  was,  however,  gradu- 
ally relaxed ;  after  two  years  he  was  removed 
to  Verdun,  where  he  remained  five  years. 
Through  the  influence  of  a  lady  in  the  suite 
of  the  king  of  Holland  he  was  in  1811  per- 
mitted to  reside  in  Paris ;  but  four  months  after 
the  English  in  the  capital  were  ordered  back 
to  their  places  of  detention,  and  the  utmost 
relaxation  Forsyth's  literary  friends  could 
obtain  for  him  was  the  permission  to  go  to 
Valenciennes  instead  of  to  Verdun.  Forsyth 
had  solaced  his  captivity  by  further  study  of 
Italian  literature  and  art.  Napoleon  at  that 
time  affected  the  part  of  a  patron  of  both  ; 
and  Forsyth  was  induced  by  the  hope  of  ob- 
taining his  release  to  appear  in  the  character 
of  an  author.  His  '  Remarks  on  Antiqui- 
ties, Arts,  and  Letters,  during  an  Excursion 
in  Italy  in  the  years  1802  and  1803,'  were 
published  in  London  in  1813,  and  copies 
were  forwarded  to  Paris  with  many  solicita- 
tions in  his  favour ;  but  the  effort  failed,  and 
it  was  not  till  the  allies  entered  Paris  in 
March  1814  that  he  regained  his  liberty. 
After  a  year  in  London  he  returned  to  Elgin, 
intending  to  settle  there ;  but  his  constitu- 
tion, never  robust,  had  been  undermined  by 
his  thirteen  years  of  exile.  He  died  on  20  S  3pt. 
1815,  and  was  buried  in  his  parents'  tomb  in 
the  Elgin  Cathedral  churchyard,  where  his 
epitaph  may  still  be  read.  A  second  edition 
of  his  '  Italy '  appeared  in  1816,  with  a  me- 
moir of  the  author  by  his  brother  Isaac,  who 
survived  till  1859,  and  it  has  gone  through 
several  later  editions,  one  (1820)  issued  at 
Geneva.  Forsyth  himself  says  in  his  '  ad- 
vertisement '  that  when  he  went  to  Italy  he 
had  no  intention  of  writing  a  book.  He  wrote 
nothing  else,  and  his  brother  informs  us  that 
he  never  to  his  dying  day  ceased  to  regret 
the  publication ;  but  the  work,  notwithstand- 
ing its  limits,  has  proved  of  permanent  value, 


Forsyth 


33 


Forsyth 


and  both  for  style  and  matter  it  is  still  one 
of  the  best  books  on  Italy  in  our  language. 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  second  edition  of  Re- 
marks ;  Young's  Annals  of  Elgin ;  local  infor- 
mation.] J.  C. 

FORSYTH,  ROBERT  (1706-1846),  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  son  of  Robert  Forsyth  and 
Marion  Pairman  of  Biggar,  Lanarkshire,  was 
born  in  1766.  His  parents  were  poor,  but 
gave  him  a  good  education,  with  a  view  to 
'  making  him  a  minister.'  When  only  four- 
teen he  entered  G  lasgo w  College.  He  says  of 
himself  that  he  '  had  slow  talents,  but  great 
fits  of  application.'  After  the  usual  course  of 
study  he  obtained  license  as  a  probationer 
of  the  church  of  Scotland.  As  he  spoke 
without  notes  ('the  paper'),  and  was  some- 
what vehement  and  rhetorical  in  his  style, 
he  gained  considerable  popularity.  But 
having  no  influence  he  grew  tired  of  waiting 
for  a  parish.  He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  the  law,  but  the  fact  that  he  was  a  licen- 
tiate of  the  church  was  held  as  an  objection 
to  his  being  admitted  to  the  bar.  Refused 
by  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  he  petitioned 
the  court  of  session  for  redress.  The  court 
ruled  that  he  must  resign  his  office  of  licen- 
tiate. This  he  did.  Still  the  faculty  resisted. 
There  were  vexatious  delays,  but  at  last,  in 
consequence  of  a  judgment  of  Lord-president 
Campbell,  the  faculty  gave  way,  and  in  1792 
Forsyth  was  admitted  an  advocate.  Dis- 
appointment again  awaited  him.  He  had 
fraternised  with  the  '  friends  of  the  people,' 
and  was  looked  on  with  suspicion  as  a  '  re- 
volutionist,' and  this  marred  his  prospects. 
He  turned  to  literature,  and  managed  to 
make  a  living  by  writing  for  the  booksellers. 
He  contributed  to  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica '  '  Agriculture,'  'Asia,'  '  Britain,'  and 
other  articles  ( 1 802-3) .  He  al  so  tried  poetry, 
politics,  and  philosophy,  but  with  little  suc- 
cess. Eventually  he  obtained  a  fair  practice 
at  the  bar,  where  he  was  noted  for  his  dogged 
industry,  blunt  honesty,  and  pawky  humour. 
His  chief  works  are '  Principles  and  Practice 
of  Agriculture'  (2  vols.  1804),  'The  Princi- 
ples of  Moral  Science '  (vol.  i.  1805),  '  Poli- 
tical Fragments'  (1830),  'Observations  on 
the  Book  of  Genesis '  (1846).  But  the  work 
by  which  he  is  best  known  is  '  The  Beauties 
of  Scotland'  (5  vols.  1805-8),  which  is  still 
held  in  some  repute,  not  only  for  its  valu- 
able information,  but  for  the  many  engrav- 
ings which  it  contains  of  towns  and  places 
of  interest.  Forsyth,  who  had  always  ad- 
hered loyally  to  his  church,  published  in  1843, 
when  seventy-six  years  old, 'Remarks  on  the 
Church  of  Scotland,'  &c.  This  brought  him 
under  the  lash  of  Hugh  Miller,  then  editor 

VOL.   XX. 


of  the  '  Witness,'  who  not  only  reviewed  the 
pamphlet  (14  Jan.  1843)  with  merciless  se- 
verity, but  also  recalled  some  of  Forsyth's 
speculations  in  philosophy,  which  he  covered 
with  ridicule  and  scorn.  It  is  curious  that 
in  two  of  these  speculations  he  seems  to 
have  had  an  inkling  of  opinions  largely  cur- 
rent in  the  present  time.  '  Whatever  has 
no  tendency  to  improvement  will  gradually 
pass  away  and  disappear  for  ever.'  This 
hints  at  the  '  survival  of  the  fittest.'  '  Let 
it  never  be  forgotten  then  for  whom  immor- 
tality is  reserved.  It  is  appointed  as  the 
portion  of  those  who  are  worthy  of  it,  and 
they  shall  enjoy  it  as  a  natural  consequence 
of  their  worth.'  This  seems  the  doctrine 
of  '  conditional  immortality '  now  held  by 
many  Christians.  Hugh  Miller  says  ironi- 
cally of  these  views :  '  It  was  reserved  for 
this  man  of  high  philosophic  intellect  to 
discover,  early  in  the  present  century,  that, 
though  there  are  some  souls  that  live  for 
ever,  the  great  bulk  of  souls  are  as  mortal  as 
the  bodies  to  which  they  are  united,  and 
perish  immediately  after,  like  the  souls  of 
brutes.'  He  died  in  1846. 

[Autobiographical  Sketch,  1846.]       W.  F. 

FORSYTH,  SIB  THOMAS  DOUGLAS 

(1827-1886),  Anglo-Indian,  born  at  Birken- 
head  on  7  Oct.  1827,  was  the  tenth  child  of 
Thomas  Forsyth,  a  Liverpool  merchant.  He 
was  educated  at  Sherborne  and  Rugby,  and 
under  private  tuition  until  he  entered  the 
East  India  Company's  College  at  Haileybury, 
where  he  remained  until  December  1847. 
After  a  distinguished  course  he  embarked  for 
India  in  January  1848,  and  arrived  at  Cal- 
cutta in  the  following  March.  Here  he  gained 
honours  in  Persian,  Hindustani,  and  Hindi 
at  the  company's  college,  and  in  September  of 
the  same  year  was  appointed  to  a  post  under 
Edward  Thornton  at  Saharunpore.  On  the 
annexation  of  the  Punjaub  after  the  second 
Sikh  war  in  March  1849,  he  was  appointed 
to  take  part  in  the  administration  of  the  new 
province,  and  was  sent  by  Sir  Henry  Law- 
rence, together  with  Colonel  Marsden,  as 
deputy-commissioner  over  him,  to  Pakput- 
tun.  He  was  shortly  afterwards  appointed 
by  Lord  Dalhousie  to  the  post  of  assistant- 
commissioner  at  Simla.  While  holding  this 
post  he  married  in  1850  Alice  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Plumer,  esq.,  of  Canons  Park, 
Edgware.  He  was  next  stationed  at  Kangra, 
where  he  remained  till  1854,  when  an  attack  of 
brain  fever  obliged  him  to  return  for  a  time 
to  England.  On  going  back  to  India  he  spent 
a  short  time  as  deputy-commissioner,  first 
at  Gurdaspur  and  subsequently  at  Rawal 
Pindee,  whence  he  was  transferred  in  1855 

D 


Forsyth 


34 


Forsyth 


to  Umballa.  He  was  here  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  mutiny  of  1857,  and  did  good  service 
by  his  vigilance  in  detecting  the  first  signs 
of  disaffection,  and  his  promptitude  in  re- 
porting them.  After  the  capture  of  Delhi 
he  was  one  of  the  special  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  hunt  up  the  rebels,  and  in  this 
capacity  was  principally  engaged  in  exa- 
mining the  papers  of  the  nana  of  Cawnpore. 
He  arrived  at  Lucknow  in  time  to  see  the 
city  evacuated  by  the  rebels,  and  after  this 
event  acted  as  secretary  successively  to 
Outram,  Montgomery,  and  Wingfield,  until> 
in  1860,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  to 
the  Punjaub.  For  his  services  during  the 
mutiny  he  received  the  order  of  companion 
of  the  Bath.  In  1867  he  visited  Leh,  the 
capital  of  Ladakh,  with  the  object  of  obtain- 
ing from  the  Cashmere  officials  a  removal  of 
the  restrictions  which  prevented  the  trade 
between  Eastern  Turkestan  and  the  Pun- 
jaub. On  his  return  he  instituted  an  annual 
fair  at  Palumpore,  in  the  Kangra  valley,  to 
which  he  invited  traders  from  Turkestan. 
The  experiences  which  he  gained  in  this  way 
encouraged  him  in  the  idea  of  promoting 
amicable  relations  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  Central  Asiatics  and  Russians. 
Lord  Mayo  approved  and  authorised  him  to 
proceed  to  England,  and  thence,  if  possible, 
to  St.  Petersburg,  with  the  object  of  arranging 
with  the  Russian  government  a  definition 
of  the  territories  of  the  amir  of  Cabul.  In 
this  mission  he  succeeded  in  proving  that 
the  disputed  districts  belonged  to  the  amir, 
and  obtained  from  the  Russian  government 
an  acknowledgment  to  that  effect.  Forsyth 
returned  to  India  in  1869.  At  this  time 
the  amir  of  Yarkand  and  Kashgar,  being 
desirous  of  establishing  relations  between 
his  country  and  India,  had  sent  an  envoy  to 
the  viceroy  with  the  request  that  a  British 
officer  might  be  deputed  to  visit  him.  For- 
syth was  accordingly  instructed  to  return 
with  the  envoy,  without  political  capacity, 
for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  information 
about  the  people  and  country.  The  journey 
from  Lahore  to  Yarkand  and  back,  a  distance 
of  two  thousand  miles,  was  accomplished  in 
six  months,  but  the  expedition  failed  to  pro- 
duce all  the  results  expected  from  it,  owing 
to  the  absence  of  the  amir  from  his  capital 
on  its  arrival. 

In  1872  a  serious  outbreak  of  the  Kooka 
sect,  the  leader  of  which  was  a  religious  en- 
thusiast named  Ram  Singh,  occurred  at  Ma- 
lair  Kotla.  Troops  were  at  once  ordered  to 
the  disaffected  districts,  and  Forsyth  was 
entrusted  with  the  duty  of  suppressing  the 
insurrection.  His  powers  on  this  occasion 
seem  not  to  have  been  sufficiently  defined, 


and  Cowan,  the  then  commissioner  of  Loo- 
diana,  had  anticipated  his  arrival  by  executing 
many  of  the  rebels,  a  course  of  action  which, 
though  contrary  to  instructions,  Forsyth  felt 
himself  bound  to  support.  When  the  in- 
surrection was  put  down,  an  inquiry  in- 
stituted into  the  conduct  of  Forsyth  and 
Cowan  resulted  in  the  removal  of  both  from 
their  appointments.  Forsyth  appealed  against 
this  decision  to  Lord  Northbrook,  who  had 
recently  come  out  as  viceroy,  and,  though 
no  reversal  of  the  verdict  was  possible,  he 
was  compensated  by  being  appointed  in  1873 
envoy  on  a  mission  to  Kashgar.  The  object 
of  this  mission  was  to  conclude  a  commer- 
cial treaty  with  the  amir,  and  it  resulted  in 
the  removal  of  all  hindrances  to  trade  between 
the  two  countries,  and  gave  reason  for  the 
hope  that,  in  spite  of  physical  difficulties, 
such  a  trade  would  eventually  be  of  con- 
siderable importance.  On  his  return  Forsyth 
received  the  order  of  knight  commander  of 
the  Star  of  India. 

In  1875  Forsyth  was  sent  as  envoy  to  the 
king  of  Burma  to  obtain  a  settlement  of  the 
question  which  had  arisen  between  the  British 
and  Burmese  governments  as  to  the  relation 
of  the  Karenee  States,  a  question  which  was 
settled  by  an  agreement,  proposed  by  the 
king  of  Burma,  that  these  states  should  be 
acknowledged  as  independent. 

Forsyth  left  India  on  furlough  in  1876. 
In  the  following  year  he  resigned,  and  occu- 
pied himself  during  the  remaining  years  of 
his  life  in  the  direction  of  Indian  railway 
companies.  In  1879  he  formed  a  company 
for  the  purpose  of  connecting  Marmagao,  in 
Portuguese  India,  with  the  Southern  Mah- 
ratta  and  Deccan  countries ;  and  in  1883  he 
was  deputed  by  the  board  of  directors  to 
visit  India  and  report  upon  the  progress  of 
the  works.  He  died  on  17  Dec.  1886  at 
Eastbourne. 

[Autobiography  and  Eeminiscences  of  Sir 
Douglas  Forsyth,  edited  by  his  daughter,  Ethel 
Forsyth,  London,  1887.]  E.  J.  K. 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1722-1800), 
merchant,  was  born  in  1722  at  Cromarty, 
where  his  father,  a  native  of  Morayshire, 
had  settled  as  a  shopkeeper.  He  made  good 
progress  at  the  town  school,  then  taught  by 
David  Macculloch,  not  only  in  the  ordinary 
branches,  but  in  the  classics.  Forsyth  spent 
some  time  in  a  London  counting-house,  but, 
his  father  dying  suddenly,  he  was  called 
home,  and  had  to  take  the  place  of  head  of 
the  family  at  the  early  age  of  seventeen. 
Cromarty  was  then  in  a  low  state.  The 
herring  had  deserted  the  coast,  and  there 
was  no  trade.  Forsyth,  however,  saw  that 


Forsyth 

the  old  town  had  some  special  advantages. 
There  was  a  fine  harbour,  and  ready  access 
to  the  surrounding  districts,  not  only  by  the 
roads,  but  by  the  firths  of  Dornoch,  Ding- 
wall,  and  Inverness.  He  therefore  formed 
the  bold  and  original  idea  of  making  it  a 
depot  of  supplies  for  all  the  country  round, 
and  this  plan  he  carried  out  with  energy 
and  success  for  many  years.  He  brought 
flax  and  other  commodities  from  Holland. 
He  traded  with  Leith  and  London,  and  was 
the  first  to  introduce  coal  (about  1770),  called 
by  the  country  people  'black  stones.'  On 
the  suggestion  of  his  old  schoolfellow,  Dr. 
Hossack  of  Greenwich,  he  started  the  manu- 
facture of  kelp.  He  also  employed  many  of 
the  people  in  their  own  homes  in  spinning 
and  weaving  in  connection  with  the  British 
Linen  Company,  of  which  he  was  the  first 
agent  in  the  north,  and  encouraged  fishing 
and  farming  industries.  For  more  than 
thirty  years  he  was  the  only  magistrate  in 
the  place,  and  such  was  the  confidence  in 
his  judgment  and  integrity  that  during  all 
that  time  no  appeal  was  taken  against  any 
of  his  decisions.  The  general  respect  of  the 
neighbourhood  was  shown  by  his  popular 
title  as  '  the  maister.'  Forsyth  not  only 
did  much  to  revive  the  old  glory  of  the 
town,  but  helped  many  young  men  to  make 
their  way  in  the  world ;  one  of  these  was 
the  well-known  Charles  Grant,  chairman  of 
the  East  India  Company,  and  M.P.  for  In- 
verness. Forsyth  died  at  Cromarty  30  Jan. 
1800.  He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Mar- 
garet Russell,  who  died  within  a  year  in  child- 
bed, and  next,  after  eleven  years,  to  Elizabeth 
Grant,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Patrick  Grant 
of  Nigg,  Ross-shire.  He  had  nine  children, 
three  only  surviving  him.  He  and  his  family 
were  large  benefactors  to  Cromarty.  Hugh 
Miller,  himself  a  native  of  Cromarty,  says: 
f  He  was  one  of  nature's  noblemen ;  and  the 
sincere  homage  of  the  better  feelings  is  an 
honour  reserved  exclusively  to  the  order  to 
which  he  belonged.'  He  also  says  of  the 
inscription  on  his  gravestone  in  Cromarty 
churchyard,  that  its  '  rare  merit  is  to  be  at 
once  highly  eulogistic  and  strictly  true.' 

[Memoir  by  Hugh  Miller,  1839.]        W.  F. 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1737-1804), 
gardener,  was  born  at  Old  Meldrum,  Aber- 
deenshire,  in  1737.  In  1763  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, and  was  employed  in  the  Apothecaries' 
Garden  at  Chelsea  under  Philip  Miller,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1771.  Thirteen  years  later 
lie  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  royal 
gardens  of  St.  James  and  Kensington.  Soon 
after  coming  to  London  he  gave  much  atten- 
tion to  the  growth  of  trees,  and  brought  out  a 


35 


Forsyth 


plaister,  the  application  of  which  he  asserted 
would  cause  new  growth  in  place  of  previ- 
ously diseased  or  perished  wood.  For  this 
he  was  accorded  a  vote  of  thanks  in  both 
houses  of  parliament  and  a  pecuniary  reward ; 
but  the  efficacy  of  the  plaister  was  disputed 
by  Thomas  Andrew  Knight  and  others,  its 
composition  differing  but  slightly  from  simi- 
lar preparations  commonly  in  use  in  nurseries 
and  plantations.  Several  letters  on  this  topic 
will  be  found  in  the  volumes  of  the  '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  '  cited  below. 

In  1791  he  published  his  '  Observations  on 
the  Diseases,  Defects,  and  Injuries  of  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,'  and  in  1802  his  '  Treatise 
on  the  Culture  and  Management  of  Fruit 
Trees,'  which  reached  a  seventh  edition  in 
1824.  He  also  contributed  a  paper  on  gather- 
ing apples  and  pears  to  Hunter's  '  Georgical 
Essays,'  and  a  '  Botanical  Nomenclature '  in 
1794,  8vo.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Linnean 
and  Antiquaries  Societies.  He  died  25  July 

1804,  at  his  official  residence,  Kensington. 
The  plant  named  Forsythia  after  Forsyth  in 
Thomas  Walter's  '  Flora  Caroliniana,'  1788, 
p.  153,  is  now  designated  Decumaria  (cf. 
BEXTHAM  and  HOOKER,  Genera  Plantarum, 
i.  642). 

[Gent.  Mag.  1804,  vol.  Ixxiv.  pt.  ii.  p.  787, 

1805,  vol. Ixv. pt. i.  pp.431  (typ.  err.  341),  432; 
Nouv.  Biog.  Gen.  xviii.  210  ;  Field's  Mem.  Bot. 
Gard.  Chelsea,  58-90  (not  continuous) ;  John- 
son's Hist.  Eng.  Gard.  250.]  B.  D.  J. 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1818-1879), 
Scottish  poet  and  journalist,  son  of  Morris 
Forsyth  and  Jane  Brands,  was  born  at  Turriff, 
Aberdeenshire,  24  Oct.  1818.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Fordyce  Academy  and  the  uni- 
versities of  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh.  For 
some  years  he  studied  medicine,  becoming 
assistant  to  a  country  doctor,  and  twice 
acting  as  surgeon  to  a  Greenland  whaler,  but 
he  never  took  a  medical  degree,  and  ulti- 
mately abandoned  medicine  forliterature.  His 
first  engagement  was  as  sub-editor  of  the '  In- 
verness Courier '  (1842)  under  Dr.  Robert  Car- 
ruthers  [q.  v.],  and  while  with  him  he  largely 
assisted  in  the  preparation  of '  Chambers's  En- 
cyclopaedia of  English  Literature,'  a  work  of 
high  value.  In  1843  he  became  sub-editor  of 
the '  Aberdeen  Herald,'  then  conducted  by  Mr. 
Adam,  and  he  contributed  in  prose  and  verse 
for  several  years.  In  1848  he  joined  the  staff 
of  the  '  Aberdeen  Journal,'  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  influential  of  Scottish  newspapers, 
and  eventually  was  appointed  editor,  an  office 
which  he  held  with  much  honour  for  about 
thirty  years.  Forsyth  was  in  politics  a  liberal- 
conservative.  He  gave  his  ardent  support  to 
all  measures  tending  to  the  elevation  of  the 

D2 


Forsyth 


Fortescue 


people.  He  was  much  trusted  by  his  political 
friends,  but  he  always  asserted  a  certain  in- 
dependence in  his  action.  During  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  he  stood  almost  alone  among 
Scottish  journalists  in  advocating  the  cause 
of  the  north.  In  the  famous  controversy  of 
Kingsley  v.  Newman  he  wrote  with  much 
force  in  support  of  the  former,  and  received 
from  him  a  special  letter  of  thanks.  In 
church  questions  his  articles  were  held  in 
high  repute,  and  Bishop  Wordsworth  of  St. 
Andrews  and  Alexander  Ewing[q.  v.], bishop 
of  Argyle,  corresponded  with  him  privately. 
Forsyth  also  wrote  two  pamphlets  on  Scot- 
tish church  questions,  entitled '  A  Letter  on 
Lay  Patronage  in  the  Church  of  Scotland ' 
(1867)  and  'The  Day  of  Open  Questions' 
(1868).  In  the  first  of  these  he  indicated  the 
lines  on  which  a  true  reform  of  the  church 
might  be  carried  out,  and  may  be  said  to 
have  paved  the  way  for  the  legislation  which 
followed  soon  after  in  the  Act  for  the  Aboli- 
tion of  Church  Patronage  (1874). 

Forsyth  rendered  valuable  services  to 
Aberdeen.  The  establishment  of  the  As- 
sociation for  Improving  the  Condition  of 
the  Poor  was  mainly  due  to  him,  and  he  not 
only  laboured  hard  as  an  active  member  of 
the  managing  committee,  but  for  six  years 
gratuitously  discharged  the  duties  of  secre- 
tary. Much  of  the  results  of  his  obser- 
vation and  experience  may  be  found  in  a 
paper  read  by  him  to  the  Social  Science  Con- 
gress in  1877,  on  '  The  Province  and  "Work 
of  Voluntary  Charitable  Agencies  in  the  Man- 
agement of  the  Poor.'  Forsyth  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  first  Aberdeen  school  board, 
and  did  much  good  work  of  a  general  kind, 
besides  serving  as  convener  of  a  committee 
that  had  to  deal  with  certain  delicate  and 
difficult  questions  affecting  the  grammar 
school  and  town  council.  From  the  first 
Forsyth  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  volun- 
teer movement,  and  was  chosen  captain  of 
the  citizens'  battery.  This  appointment  he 
held  for  eighteen  years,  retiring  with  the 
rank  of  major.  Some  of  his  martial  songs 
obtained  a  wide  popularity.  He  also  took 
much  interest  in  everything  connected  with 
the  service,  and  made  some  valuable  sugges- 
tions to  the  war  office  as  to  practical  gun- 
nery and  the  use  of  armed  railway  carriages 
in  warfare,  a  device  which  was  turned  to 
good  account  in  the  operations  in  Egypt. 
Forsyth's  principal  literary  works  were  '  The 
Martyrdom  of  Kelavane'  (1861)  and  'Idylls 
and  Lyrics'  (1872).  The  latter  volume  con- 
tains a  thoughtful  poem  entitled  '  The  Old 
Kirk  Bell,'  and  several  other  pieces  published 
for  the  first  time,  but  it  is  mainly  made  up  of 
reprints  from  magazines.  The  most  finished 


of  these  is '  The  River,' which  came  out  in  the 
'  Cornhill  Magazine '  in  Thackeray's  time.  The 
most  moving  is  that  entitled  '  The  Piobrach 
o'  Kinreen,'  the  old  piper's  lament  for  the 
clearance  of  Glentannar,  which  first  appeared 
in  'Punch.'  During  the  last  ten  years  of  his 
life  Forsyth  suffered  from  an  affection  of  the 
tongue,  which  ultimately  took  the  form  of  ma- 
lignant cancer.  After  a  long  illness,  borne- 
with  characteristic  quietness  and  fortitude,  h& 
died  on  21  June  1879.  Forsyth  was  married 
in  1854  to  Miss  Eliza  Fyfe,  who  survived 
him.  Since  his  death  certain '  Selections 'from 
his  unpublished  writings,  with  a  '  Memoir/ 
have  been  edited  by  his  friend  Mr.  Alexander 
Walker,  Aberdeen.  This  volume  is  chiefly 
remarkable  as  reproducing  '  The  Midnicht 
Meetin','  a  vigorous  satire  on  the  promoters 
of  the  union  of  the  Aberdeen  and  Marischal 
colleges,  originally  printed  for  private  cir^ 
culation.  The  book  shows  Forsyth's  love- 
of  animals  and  his  devoted  attachment  to- 
Aberdeen,  where,  at  Bonnymuir,  Maryville, 
Friendville,  Gordondale,  and  Richmondhillr 
his  successive  homes,  he  had  spent  more- 
than  thirty  years  of  his  life.  He  was  buried 
in  the  beautiful  cemetery  of  Allenvale  on 
the  Dee. 

[Memoir  by  Alex.  Walker,  1882.]       W.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  ADRIAN  (1476  P- 

1539),  knight  of  St.  John,  was  the  second1 
son  of  Sir  John  Fortescue  of  Punsborner 
Hertfordshire,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Richard, 
younger  brother  of  Sir  John,  the  famous  chief 
justice  [q.  v.]  His  mother  was  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Geoffrey  Boleyn,  and  was  great-aunt 
to  Queen  Anne  Boleyn.  Sir  Adrian  served 
in  1513  in  the  campaign  against  the  French 
which  ended  in  the  battle  of  the  Spurs.  He 
attended  on  Queen  Catherine  at  the  Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold  in  1520  (RTMER,  Fcedera, 
xiii.  712),  served  in  the  short  and  uneventful 
French  war  of  1522,  and  was  knighted  ia 
February  1528  (METCA.LFE,  Book  of  Knights r 
p.  40).  His  connection  with  Anne  Boleyn 
probably  brought  him  for  a  time  into  con- 
siderable favour  at  the  court  of  Henry  VIII. 
His  name  appears  in  the  list  of  those  wh* 
received  grants  of  lands  from  Wolsey's  pos- 
sessions after  the  cardinal's  fall  in  July  1530. 
He  was  present  at  all  the  festivities  which 
took  place  on  the  king's  second  marriage,  and1 
received  the  exceptional  honour  of  being- 
informed  by  a  special  messenger  of  the  birth 
of  the  Princess  Elizabeth. 

In  1532,  two  years  before  the  dissolution 
of  the  order,  he  was  admitted  as  a  knight  of 
St.  John,  though,  as  he  was  a  married  man, 
he  could  only  have  held  the  more  or  less 
honorary  rank  of  a '  knight  of  devotion  '  (M?. 


Fortescue 


37 


Winthrop,  in  Notes  and  Queries,  27  Aug. 
1853).  Nor  does  it  appear  from  his  diaries 
and  note-books,  published  in  Lord  Clermont's 
'  History,'  that  he  ever  resided  in  any  of  the 
houses,  or  took  any  active  part  in  the  business 
of  the  order.  In  February  1 539  Fortescue  was 
arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower  {Calendars, 
Henry  VIII,  viii.  91).  In  May  of  the  same 
year  he  was  included  in  the  act  of  attainder 
which  condemned  the  Marchioness  of  Exeter, 
the  Countess  of  Salisbury,  Cardinal  Pole, 
Sir  Thomas  Pole,  Sir  Thomas  Dingley,  and 
others.  The  story  of  this  memorable  act  of 
attainder  remains  to  a  great  extent  a  mys- 
tery. No  historian  has  been  able  to  explain 
its  apparent  want  of  motive,  or  the  hurried 
manner  in  which  it  was  pressed  through  both 
houses.  The  clause  of  the  act  relating  to 
Fortescue  states  that  he  had  'not  onelie 
most  trayterouslie  refused  his  duety  of  alle- 

fiance  which  he  ought  to  beare  unto  your 
ighnesse,  but  also  hathe  comytted  diverse 
and  sundrie  detestable  and  abhomynable 
treasons,  and  to  put  sedition  in  your  realme ' 
(Roll  of  Parl.  Henry  VIII,  147,  m.  15).  It 
is  difficult  to  conjecture  what  were  the 
*  sundry  treasons.'  His  crime  may  have  con- 
sisted of  his  near  relationship  to  Queen  Anne 
Boleyn ;  or  he  may  have  been  on  too  intimate 
terms  with  the  Countess  of  Salisbury,  whose 
granddaughter  his  son  Sir  Anthony  [q.  v.] 
married  eighteen  years  later;  and  his  con- 
nection with  the  Poles  may  have  led  to  his 
inclusion  in  an  act  aimed  to  a  great  extent 
against  that  family ;  or  his  execution  may 
have  been  due  to  the  marriage  of  his  daugh- 
ter Frances  to  the  tenth  Earl  of  Kildare,  be- 
headed for  high  treason  in  February  1537. 
This  is,  however,  the  less  likely  to  have  been 
the  case,  since  Lady  Kildare  had  returned  to 
her  father's  roof  before  her  husband  broke  into 
open  rebellion  (MA.KQTJTS  OF  KILDARE,  Earls 
of  Kildare,  i.  170). 

The  exact  date  of  Fortescue's  execution  is 
uncertain.  The '  English  Martyrology '  gives 
it  as  8  July  1539;  Dodd  (Church  History, 
p.  200),  Stow  (Chronicle,  ed.  1615,  p.  576), 
and  a  manuscript  list  of  persons  executed  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII  (Brit.  Mus.  Addit. 
MS. 27402, fol.  47),concur  in  naming  10  July, 
while  the  '  Chronicle  of  the  Grey  Friars ' 
(p.  43)  reads  :  '  The  ninth  day  of  July  was 
be-heddyd  at  Toure-Hyll  Master  Foskeu  and 
Master  Dyngle,  knyghttes.'  His  fellow-suf- 
ferer was  Sir  Thomas  Dingley,  knight  of  St. 
John,  who  was  condemned  by  the  same  act 
of  attainder,  on  the  more  definite  charge  of 
travelling  to  foreign  courts  in  the  interests 
of  the  king's  enemies. 

Fortescue  has  long  been  regarded  by  the 
order  to  which  he  belonged  as  a  martyr, 


and  according  to  Mr.  Winthrop  (Notes  and 
Queries,  viii.  191)  his  death  was  commemo- 
rated on  8  July.  The  first  step  towards  his 
canonisation  has  been  recently  taken  by  his 
inclusion  in  the  list  of  261  persons  executed 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII,  Elizabeth, 
and  James  I,  on  whom  the  title  of  venerable 
has  been  bestowed  by  the  pope.  He  was  twice 
married :  first  to  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  "Wil- 
liam Stonor,  who  died  in  1518 ;  and  secondly 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Rede,  who 
survived  her  husband,  and  afterwards  mar- 
ried Sir  Thomas  Parry,  comptroller  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  household.  By  his  first  wife 
Fortescue  had  two  daughters,  Margaret,  mar- 
ried to  Thomas,  first  lord  Wentworth,  and 
Frances,  married  to  Thomas,  tenth  earl  of 
Kildare ;  by  his  second  wife  he  had  three  sons, 
Sir  John,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  [q.  v.], 
Thomas,  and  Sir  Anthony  [q.  v.J,  and  two 
daughters,  Elizabeth,  married  to  Sir  Thomas 
Bromley  [q.  v.],  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
and  Mary.  There  are  three  known  pictures 
of  Fortescue — two  in  the  church  of  St.  John 
at  Valetta,  and  a  third,  which  is  probably  a 
portrait,  in  the  Collegio  di  San  Paolo  at 
Rabato,  Malta.  There  is  an  engraving  of 
the  last  of  these  in  Lord  Clermont's '  History.' 

[Lord  Clermont's  History  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue, 1880  ;  two  articles  by  the  Rev.  J.  Morris 
in  the  Month,  June  and  July  1887.]  G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (b. 
1535  ?),  conspirator,  third  and  youngest  son 
of  Sir  Adrian  Fortescue  [q.  v.],  was  educated 
at  Winchester.  Unlike  his  elder  brother  Sir 
John,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  [q.  v.], 
Sir  Anthony  adhered  to  the  Roman  catholic 
church.  During  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  he 
married  Katharine  Pole,  granddaughter  of 
Margaret,  countess  of  Salisbury,  and  received 
the  appointment  of  comptroller  of  the  house- 
hold of  his  wife's  uncle,  Cardinal  Pole.  After 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  Sir  Anthony  and 
his  brothers-in-law  Arthur  and  Edward  Pole 
plotted  against  the  new  sovereign. 

In  November  1558  Fortescue  was  taken 
into  custody  along  with  several  persons  whom 
he  was  accused  of  causing  to  cast  the  horo- 
scope of  Elizabeth  and  to  calculate  the  length 
of  her  life  and  the  chances  of  the  duration  of 
her  government ;  he  was,  however,  released 
on  bail  on  25  Nov.,  and  no  further  action  seems 
to  have  been  taken  in  the  matter  (SiRYPE, 
Annals,  ed.  1825,  vol.  i.  pt.  i.  pp.  9-10).  Three 
years  later,  in  October  1561,  Arthur  and  Ed- 
ward Pole  and  Fortescue  were  arrested  as 
they  were  on  the  point  of  sailing  to  Flanders ; 
they  were  kept  in  prison  until  February  of 
the  next  year,  when  they  were  tried  upon  a 
charge  of  high  treason  at  Westminster  Hall. 


Fortescue 


Fortescue 


There  is  unfortunately  no  complete  record  of 


Wright' ... 

their  design  seems  to  have  been  singularly 
wild  and  foolish.  They  proposed  as  soon  as 
they  arrived  in  Flanders  to  proclaim  Arthur 
Pole,  the  elder  of  the  brothers,  Duke  of  Cla- 
rence ;  to  persuade  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to 
marry  Edmund  Pole  the  younger  brother, 
Arthur  being  already  married  to  a  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland ;  to  obtain 
from  the  Due  de  Guise  a  force  of  five  or  six 
thousand  men,  with  whom  they  hoped  to  re- 
turn to  Wales,  proclaim  Queen  Mary,  over- 
throw the  existing  government,  and  restore 
the  ancient  religion. 

Before  setting  out  on  this  remarkable  ex- 
pedition they  had  consulted  two  conjurers, 
by  name  John  Prestall  and  Edward  Cosyn, 
who,  with  two  servants  of  Lord  Hastings 
and  a  person  named  Barwick,  were  arrested 
and  included  in  the  indictment.  These  con- 
jurers had  succeeded  in  raising  a  '  wicked 
spryte'  who  prophesied  that  all  would  go 
well  with  their  designs,  and  that  Queen  Eliza- 
beth would  die  a  natural  death  before  the 
next  summer.  A  more  serious  clause  of  the 
accusation  charged  Fortescue  with  obtaining 
countenance  and  help  from  the  French  and 
Spanish  ambassadors.  All  the  accused  were 
convicted  and  condemned  to  death,  but  their 
lives  were  spared  by  the  queen,  and  their 
sentences  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  the 
Tower.  There,  between  1565  and  1578,  both 
the  Poles  died,  while  Fortescue,  at  what 
date  is  unknown,  was  released  or  allowed 
to  escape.  He  probably  owed  his  freedom  to 
the  influence  of  his  brother  Sir  John,  who 
was  highly  esteemed  by  Elizabeth.  Of  the 
remainder  of  his  career  nothing  is  known  ;  he 
is  spoken  of  as  living,  probably  abroad,  in  his 
brother  Thomas  Fortescue's  will,  dated  Mav 
1608. 

Sir  Anthony  left  three  sons,  Anthony, 
John,  and  George ;  his  grandson  Anthony, 
son  of  his  eldest  son,  was  appointed  by  Charles, 
duke  of  Lorraine,  his  resident  at  the  English 
court,  and  was  expelled  from  the  countrv  by  a 
resolution  of  the  House  of  Commons,  16  Oct. 
1644  (Commons'  Journals,  iii.  667). 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of 
Fortescue.]  G_  j£  j? 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  EDMUND  (1610- 
1647),  royalist  commander,  was  born  in  1610 
at  his  father's  seat  of  Fallapit,  South  Devon. 
In  1642  he  was  appointed  high  sheriff  of  the 
county  of  Devon.  It  was  an  object  of  con- 
siderable importance  to  the  king  to  secure 
as  sheriffs  trustworthy  men  of  local  influ- 


ence, and  the  selection  of  so  young  a  man 
as  Fortescue,  whose  father  was  still  living, 
implies  that  he  had  already  secured  himself 
a  reputation  for  courage  or  ability. 

In  the  beginning  of  December  1642  For- 
tescue summoned  the  posse  comitatus  of  the 
county  to  meet  him  at  Modbury,  in  order 
to  join  Sir  Ralph  Hopton,  who  was  then 
marching  from  Cornwall  to  besiege  Plymouth. 
About  two  thousand  men  answered  the  sum- 
mons and  assembled  on  6  Dec.,  intending  on 
the  next  day  to  join  the  main  army,  whose 
headquarters  were  at  Plympton,  only  three 
miles  distant.  During  the  night  Colonel 
Ruthven,  commanding  the  parliamentary 
forces  at  Plymouth,  organised  a  sortie  from 
that  town  of  some  five  hundred  dragoons,  who, 
avoiding  the  village  of  Plympton,  fell  upon 
Fortescue's  train-bands  at  Modbury.  These 
raw  recruits  dispersed  at  the  first  alarm,  and 
the  troopers  at  once  occupied  the  village. 
They  then  proceeded  to  Modbury  Castle,  a 
seat  of  the  Champernoune  family,  fired  the 
house,  broke  in  and  took  prisoners  Fortescue 
himself  and  his  brother  Peter,  Sir  Edward 
Seymour  and  his  eldest  son,  M.P.  for  Devon- 
shire, Arthur  Basset,  '  a  notable  malignant/ 
and  a  number  of  other  gentlemen.  The  vic- 
torious cavalry  then  marched  to  Dartmouth, 
whence  they  despatched  their  prisoners  by  sea 
to  London  (Remarkable  Passages  newly  re- 
ceived of  the  great  Overthrow  of  Sir  Ralph 
Hopton,  at  Mudburie.  With  the  taking  of 
the  High  Sheriffe,  &c.  1642).  On  his  arrival 
in  London,  Fortescue  was  sent  to  Windsor 
Castle :  an  inscription  on  the  wall  of  a  small 
chamber,  close  to  the  Round  Tower,  consist- 
ing of  his  name  with  a  rude  cut  of  his  coat 
of  arms  and  the  words  '  Pour  le  Roy  C./ 
serves  to  identify  the  room  in  which  he 
was  imprisoned.  He  was  afterwards  trans- 
ferred to  Winchester  House,  and  before  the 
end  of  1643  was  exchanged  or  released.  On 
9  Dec.  1643  Fortescue  received  a  commis- 
sion from  Prince  Maurice  to  repair  '  the 
Old  Bull-worke  near  Salcombe,  now  utterly 
ruined  and  decayed,'  and  to  hold  it  for  the 
king.  The  fort  of  Salcombe  or  Fort  Charles, 
as  it  was  renamed  by  Fortescue,  stands  on  a 
rock  at  the  entrance  of  Salcombe  harbour 
near  Kingsbridge,  approachable  from  the  land 
at  low  tide,  but  completely  surrounded  by  the 
sea  at  high  water.  An  interesting  manuscript 
account  of  the  details  of  the  rebuilding,  forti- 
fying, and  victualling  the  place  is  printed  in 
Lord  Clermont's '  History.'  The  inventories 
of  provisions  given  in  this  account  show  that 
nothing  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  gar- 
rison during  a  prolonged  siege  was  neglected : 
more  than  thirty  hogsheads  of  meat,  ten  hogs- 
heads of  punch,  ten  tuns  of  cider,  two  thou- 


Fortescue 


39 


Fortescue 


sand  'poor jacks,'  six  thousand  dried  whiting, 
and  six  hundredweight  of  tobacco,  are  among 
the  items  of  the  provisions  supplied,  while 
such  entries  as  '  twenty  pots  with  sweet- 
meats, and  a  good  box  of  all  sorts  of  especi- 
ally good  dry  preserves/  one  butt  of  sack,  and 
'two  cases  of  bottles  filled  with  rare  and 
good  strong  waters,'  show  that  Fortescue  did 
not  forget  to  provide  for  the  table  of  the 
officers'  mess.  The  garrison  consisted  of  eleven 
officers,  Sir  Charles  Luckner  being  second  in 
command,  and  two  of  Fortescue's  brothers 
serving  under  him,  a  chaplain,  a  surgeon, 
two  laundresses,  and  forty-three  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  men.  Of  these  one  was 
killed  during  the  siege,  three  were  wounded, 
and  two  deserted.  The  fort  was  occupied  in 
November  or  December  1644,  and  in  January 
1645-6  a  force  was  sent  from  Plymouth  who 
erected  a  battery  of  three  guns  in  a  command- 
ing position  on  the  mainland,  exactly  oppo- 
site and  slightly  above  the  small  promontory 
on  which  the  fort  is  situated.  The  siege  lasted 
until  May  1646,  when  Fortescue  capitulated 
to  Colonel  Ralph  Weldon,  then  in  command 
of  Plymouth.  He  obtained  very  favourable 
terms  for  the  garrison,  the  articles  of  sur- 
render stipulating  that  the  whole  force  should 
be  allowed  to  march  out  with  all  the  honours 
of  war  and  proceed  in  safety  to  their  own 
homes ;  Fortescue  himself  and  the  other 
officers  obtaining  permission  to  remain  at 
home  unmolested  for  three  months,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  they  were  free  either  to 
make  their  peace  with  the  parliament  or  to 
go  abroad  from  any  port  they  should  select 
(Articles  agreed  one  betweene  Sir  Edmond 
Fortescue,  Governor  off  Fort  Charles  and 
Major  Pearce,  &c.  7  May  1646).  Fortescue 
carried  away  with  him  the  key  of  Fort  Charles, 
which  still  remains  in  the  possession  of  his 
descendant.  Unwilling  or  unable  to  come 
to  terms  with  the  parliament,  Fortescue 
made  his  way  to  Delft,  where  he  lived  during 
the  brief  remainder  of  his  life. 

In  the  '  Propositions  of  the  Lords  and 
Commons  for  a  peace  sent  to  His  Majesty  at 
Newcastle '  in  July  1646,  he  is  included  in  a 
list  of  persons  who  are  to  be  removed  from 
'  his  majesty's  councils  and  to  be  restrained 
from  coming  within  the  verge  of  the  court, 
bearing  any  public  office  or  having  any  em- 
ployment concerning  the  state '  (RTTSHWORTH, 
Collections,  pt.  iv.  vol.  i.  p.  309).  Fortescue 
died  in  January  or  February  1647,  at  the 
early  age  of  thirty-seven,  and  was  buried  in 
the  'New  Church'  of  Delft.  He  married 
Jane  Southcott  of  Mohun's  Ottery,  and  had 
a  son  Edmund,  created  a  baronet  in  1664, 
and  three  daughters.  There  is  a  portrait  of 
Fortescue  at  Fallapit  House,  and  a  Dutch  en- 


graving, a  facsimile  of  which  is  given  by  Lord 
Clermont. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue ;  Kingsbridge  and  Salcombe  historically 
and  topographically  described.]  G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  FAITHFUL  (1581 P- 
1666),  royalist  commander,  was  second  son 
of  William  Fortescue  of  Buckland  Filleigh, 
Devon,  and  the  descendant  in  the  fifth  gene- 
ration of  Sir  John  Fortescue,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice [q.  v.] 

In  1598  Fortescue's  maternal  uncle,  Sir 
Arthur  (afterwards  Lord)  Chichester  [q.  v.], 
went  to  Ireland  in  command  of  a  regiment 
of  infantry,  and  took  with  him  Faithful  For- 
tescue. In  a  brief  memoir  of  his  uncle,  com- 
piled after  his  death,  printed  by  Lord  Cler- 
mont, Fortescue  says :  '  With  the  first  Lord 
Chichester  I  had,  from  coming  young  from 
school,  my  education,  and  by  him  the  foun- 
dation of  my  advancement  and  fortune  I 
acquired  in  Ireland.'  In  1604  Sir  Arthur 
Chichester  was  appointed  lord  deputy,  an 
office  which  he  held  until  1616.  During 
these  memorable  years  the  settlement  of 
Ulster  was  carried  through,  and  Fortescue 
acquired  his  share  both  of  offices  and  of  lands 
in  the  north  of  Ireland.  In  1606  he  received 
a  patent  for  life  of  the  post  of  constable  of 
Carrickfergus,  otherwise  known  as  Knock- 
fergus  Castle,  one  of  the  most  important  forti- 
fied places  in  the  north  of  Ireland  (M'SsjM- 
MIN,  History  of  Carrickfergus,  p.  56). 

A  few  years  later  he  obtained  a  grant  from 
the  crown  erecting  into  the  manor  of  Fortes- 
cue  an  extensive  range  of  territory  in  Antrim, 
which  had  formerly  belonged  to  an  Irish 
chieftain  named  Rory  Oige  MacQuillane. 
A  part  of  this  land  he  sold  in  1624 ;  the  re- 
mainder, together  with  the  property  of  Dro- 
miskin  in  Louth,  still  remains  in  possession 
of  his  descendants.  In  the  parliament  of 
1613  every  effort  was  made  to  swamp  the 
native  Irish  vote  by  means  of  creating  a 
number  of  borough  and  county  franchises 
among  the  new  English  and  Scotch  settle- 
ments in  Ulster.  Fortescue  was  elected  to 
this  parliament  as  member  for  Charlemont 
in  the  county  of  Armagh ;  in  the  subsequent 
parliaments  of  1634  and  1639  he  sat  as  mem- 
ber for  the  county  of  Armagh,  while  his 
eldest  son  succeeded  him  as  representative 
of  Charlemont. 

In  1624  he  obtained  the  command  of  a 
company  in  the  force  raised  in  England  to 
serve  in  the  Netherlands  under  Count  Mans- 
feld,  but  through  the  interest  of  Lord  Chi- 
chester he  was  permitted  to  exchange  into 
a  regiment  then  being  enlisted  in  Cumber- 
and  and  other  northern  counties  of  England 


Fortescue 


Fortescue 


for  service  in  Ireland  (Calendar  of  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1623-5,  pp.  334,  371,  375, 
380,  501). 

Lord  Wentworth,  appointed  lord  deputy 
in  July  1633,  some  months  before  his  arrival 
in  Ireland,  commissioned  Fortescue  to  raise 
for  him  a  troop  of  horse,  of  which  he  was  to 
have  the  command.  The  commission  brought 
with  it  nothing  but  heavy  expenditure  and 
a  long  series  of  personal  differences  with  Lord 
Stratford,  of  which  Fortescue  gives  a  pathetic 
account  in  a  '  Relation  of  Passages  of  the 
Earle  of  Stratford '  (LORD  CLERMONT,  His- 
tory, pp.  179-82).  His  troubles  began  as 
soon  as  Lord  Wentworth  landed  in  Ireland, 
when  he  immediately  dismissed,  without  any 
pay,  forty  of  the  newly  enrolled  troopers,  to 
make  room  for  the  gentlemen  and  servants 
he  had  brought  with  him ;  difficulties  about 
payments  followed,  then  refusals  to  promote 
Fortescue  and  his  sons,  then  scandals  about 
his  lordship's  visits  to  a  '  noble  lady,'  then  a 
personal  quarrel  in  which  Fortescue  '  could 
not  hold  from  passionately  speaking'  his 
mind ;  the  whole  ending  in  a  letter  from  Lord 
Strafford,  after  he  had  left  Ireland  and  was 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  ordering  his  steward 
to  discharge  Fortescue  from  the  command  of 
his  troop,  as  if,  Fortescue  says, '  I  had  beene 
his  mercinary  servant  or  scullion  of  his  kitchin 
(and  not  the  king's  officer),  to  bee  throwne 
owt  by  the  tounge  of  his  steward.' 

In  1640  or  1641  Fortescue  petitioned  the 
House  of  Commons  for  promotion  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  on  the  Irish  esta- 
blishment. On  27  Jan.  1641-2  this  petition 
came  before  the  house ;  on  that  day  a  report 
was  received  from  Pym,  on  behalf  of  the 
committee  for  Irish  affairs,  to  the  effect  that 
the  king  had  commanded  the  lord-lieutenant, 
the  Earl  of  Leicester,  to  recommend  seven 
officers  to  the  house  for  commands  in  Ireland. 
The  committee  '  earnestly  recommended  ' 
Fortescue,  the  house  '  being  very  well  satis- 
fied that  he  is  a  man  of  honour  and  expe- 
rience and  worthy  of  such  an  employment ' 
(House  of  Commons'  Journals,  ii.  398,  407). 

Fortescue  received  the  appointment  of 
governor  of  Drogheda  during  the  summer  of 
1641.  In  October  of  that  year  the  rebellion 
in  Ulster  broke  out.  The  insurgents  were 
able,  without  resistance,  to  seize  at  once 
upon  Newry,  Carrick,  Charlemont,  and  other 
places,  and  threatened  Drogheda,  the  only 
fortified  town  between  them  and  Dublin. 
The  place  was  entirely  ungarrisoned,  and  the 
only  troops  Fortescue  was  able  to  obtain 
consisted  of  sixty-six  horse  and  three  com- 
panies of  foot,  raised  hurriedly  by  his  brother- 
in-law,  Viscount  Moore.  Finding  this  small 
body  of  men  totally  inadequate  to  the  defence 


of  the  place,  and  receiving  no  reply  to  his 
appeals  to  the  lords  justices,  Fortescue  threw 
up  his  commission  and  passed  to  England 
to  endeavour  to  raise  troops  to  serve  against 
the  rebels.  Dean  Bernard,  who  was  in  Dro- 
gheda during  the  siege  which  followed,  says 
of  Fortescue  on  this  occasion  that,  '  though 
willing  to  hazard  his  life  for  us,  yet  he  was 
loath  to  lose  his  reputation  also.'  Although 
he  abandoned  his  post,  Fortescue  left  behind 
him  his  eldest  son,  Chichester,  who  was  in 
command  ol  a  company  in  Lord  Moore's 
regiment,  and  who  died  during  the  siege,  and 
his  second  son,  John,  who  was  slain  by  the 
rebels.  Shortly  after  his  departure  Sir  Henry 
Tichbourne  was  appointed  by  the  lords  jus- 
tices governor  of  the  place,  and  brought  to 
its  relief  a  force  of  a  thousand  foot  and  a 
hundred  horse  (BERNARD,  Whole  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Siege  of  Drogheda ;  D' ALTON,  Hist, 
of  Drogheda,  vol.  ii.) 

The  commissioners  of  parliament  appointed 
to  raise  a  force  for  the  suppression  of  the  Irish 
rebellion  selected  Fortescue  in  June  1642  for 
the  command  of  the  third  troop  of  horse  to 
serve  under  Lord  Wharton,  lord-general  of 
Ireland.  In  addition  to  this  body  of  cavalry, 
Fortescue  also  raised  for  service  in  Ireland 
a  company  of  infantry,  which  was  attached 
to  the  Earl  of  Peterborough's  regiment,  and 
was  compelled  to  serve  with  the  parliamen- 
tary army  in  England  during  the  civil  war 
(List  of  the  Field  Officers  chosen  for  the  Irish 
Expedition,  &c.,  pp.  18,  28). 

While  waiting  at  Bristol  to  cross  to  Ire- 
land, Fortescue's  troop  was  placed  under  the 
command  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  marched 
to  the  midlands  to  take  part  in  the  campaign 
on  the  side  of  the  parliament.  There  can 
be  no  question  that  this  action  on  the  part 
of  the  parliamentary  leaders  constituted  a 
distinct  breach  of  faith.  Charles  issued  a 
protest  against  the  proceedings  of  the  parlia- 
ment on  this  occasion,  in  which  he  says '  that 
many  soldiers  raised  under  pretence  of  being 
sent  to  Ireland  were,  contrary  to  their  ex- 
pectation and  engagement,  forced  to  serve 
under  the  Earl  of  Essex,'  and  names  especially 
Fortescue  and  his  troop  of  horse  (CLAREN- 
DON, History,  Oxford  ed.,  1704,  ii.  120-1). 
On  the  eve  of  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  Fortes- 
cue,  who  was  acting  as  major  in  Lord  Whar- 
ton's  regiment  of  horse,  is  said  to  have  en- 
tered into  negotiations  with  Prince  Rupert, 
and  to  have  promised  to  desert  the  army  with 
which  he  had  been  against  his  will  compelled 
to  serve  on  the  first  opportunity  (MAY,  Hist, 
of  the  Parliament,  Oxford  ed.,  1854,  p.  256). 

On  the  next  day,  when  Prince  Rupert 
charged  the  left  wing  of  the  parliamentary 
army,  Fortescue  with  his  troop  drew  off  from 


Fortescue 


Fortescue 


the  rest  of  Lord  Wharton's  regiment  and 
rode  over  to  the  royal  horse.  His  action  had 
no  small  effect  upon  the  fate  of  the  battle. 
Unfortunately  many  of  Fortescue's  troopers 
forgot  in  their  haste  to  throw  away  the 
orange  scarfs  worn  as  the  Earl-  of  'Essex's 
colours,  and  not  less  than  eighteen  out  of 
the  sixty  men  of  the  troop  (Army  Lists  of 
Cavaliers,  &c.,  pp.  44-53)  were  slain  or 
wounded  by  the  cavalry  whom  they  had  joined 
(CLARENDON,  ii.  36-8;  GARDINER,  Hist,  of  the 
Civil  War,  i.  52,  53). 

Soon  after  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  Fortes- 
cue  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
10th  regiment  of  the  royal  infantry,  and 
served  with  the  army  whose  headquarters 
were  at  Oxford  during  the  remainder  of  the 
civil  war  (PEACOCK,  Army  Lists,  p.  18  ;  Harl. 
MS.  986,  fol.  88).  In  1647  he  accompanied 
the  Marquis  of  Ormonde  during  his  Irish 
campaign,  and  remained  with  him  until  the 
retreat  of  the  royal  army  from  Dublin  to 
Drogheda,  when  he  made  his  way  to  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  thence  crossed  to  Wales. 
At  Beaumaris  he  was  arrested  and  impri- 
soned by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
first  at  Denbigh  Castle,  and  afterwards  at 
Carnarvon  Castle  (Commons'1  Journals,  v. 
280,  657).  No  order  for  his  release  is  to  be 
found  in  the  '  Commons'  Journals,'  but  his 
imprisonment  cannot  have  been  of  long  dura- 
tion, since  he  was  able  to  join  Charles  II  at 
Stirling  in  the  spring  of  1651  (NicoLL,  Diary, 
Bannatyne  Club,  p.  52),  and  took  part  in  the 
campaign  which  ended  in  the  decisive  battle 
of  Worcester.  After  this  action  Fortescue 
retired  to  the  continent,  where  he  remained, 
at  first  in  France,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Netherlands,  until  the  Restoration.  By  royal 
warrant  of  21  Aug.  1660  he  was  restored  to 
the  post  of  constable  of  Carrickfergus  Castle, 
an  office  which  he  was  permitted  to  transfer 
a  few  months  later  to  his  eldest  surviving 
son,  Sir  Thomas  (Carte  MSS.  xli.  29,  xlii. 
219),  and  was  created  a  gentleman  of  the 
privy  chamber.  This  office  attached  him  to 
the  court,  and  he  remained  chiefly  in  London 
until  he  was  driven  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  by 
the  outbreak  of  the  plague  in  1665.  He  died 
in  the  manor-house  of  Bowcombe,  near  Caris- 
brooke,  in  May  1666,  being  more  than  eighty- 
five  years  of  age,  and  was  buried  at  Caris- 
brooke.  Fortescue  was  twice  married,  first 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  the  first  Viscount 
Moore,  by  whom  he  had  a  numerous  family, 
and  secondly  to  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Sir  M. 
Whitechurch,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 
His  two  elder  sons  died  during  the  siege  of 
Drogheda ;  his  third  son,  Sir  Thomas,  who 
held  a  commission  in  the  royal  army  during 
the  civil  war,  succeeded  his  father  in  his  es- 


tates, and  was  the  ancestor  of  the  late  Lord 
Clermont,  and  of  his  brother,  Lord  Carling- 
ford. 

[Lord  Clennont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue.] G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  GEORGE  (1578P-1659), 
essayist  and  poet,  born  in  London  in  or  about 
1578,  was  the  only  son  of  John  Fortescue,  by 
Ellen,  daughter  of  Ralph  Henslow  of  Barrald, 
Kent.  His  father  was  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Anthony  Fortescue  [q.  v.]  (third  son  of  Sir 
Adrian  [q.  v.]),  by  Katharine,  daughter  of 
Sir  Geoffrey  Pole.  His  father  resided  for  many 
years  in  London,  but  in  his  old  age  he  retired 
to  St.  Omer  to  avoid  persecution  as  a  catholic. 
George  probably  received  part  of  his  educa- 
tion in  the  English  College  of  Douay,  was  in 
October  1609  admitted  as  a  boarder  in  the 
English  College  at  Rome,  and  was  recalled 
by  his  parents  to  Flanders  30  April  1614. 
He  was  in  London  secretary  to  his  cousin  An- 
thony Fortescue1,  the  resident  for  the  Duke  of 
Lorraine  at  the  time  of  his  dismissal  by  the 
houses  of  parliament  in  1647.  He  was  ar- 
rested, and,  after  an  imprisonment  of  sixteen 
weeks,  was  ordered  to  quit  the  kingdom  with 
his  principal.  His  reputation  for  learning 
was  so  great  that  Edmund  Bolton  [q.  v.J 
placed  his  name  in  the  original  list  of  the 
members  of  the  projected  royal  academy,  or 
senate  of  honour.  He  died  in  1659,  his  will 
being  dated  on  17  July  in  that  year. 

His  principal  work  is  entitled '  Ferise  Aca- 
demicse,  auctore  Georgio  de  Forti  Scuto 
Nobili  Anglo,'  Douay,  1630,  12mo,  pp.  347. 
A  full  description  of  this  curious  volume  of 
Latin  essays  was  contributed  by  the  Rev. 
John  Mitford  to  the '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' 
in  1847  (new  ser.  xxviii.  382).  Lord  Cler- 
mont states  that  Fortescue  was  also  the 
author  of  the  scarce  anonymous  poem  entitled 
'  The  Sovles  Pilgrimage  to  heavenly  Hieru- 
salem.  In  three  severall  Dayes  Journeyes  : 
by  three  severall  Wayes  :  purgative,  illumi- 
native, unitive.  Expressed  in  the  Life  and 
Death  of  Saint  Mary  Magdalen,'  1650,  4to 
(Bibl.  Anglo-Poetica,  p.  669 ;  LOWNDES,  Sibl. 
Man.  ed.  Bohn,  p.  2456).  Fortescue  wrote 
commendatory  verses  prefixed  to  (a)  the 
Poems  of  Sir  John  Beaumont,  his  brother-in- 
law  ;  (b)  Sir  Thomas  Hawkins's  translation 
of  the  '  Odes  of  Horace,'  1625  ;  (c)  Rivers's 
'  Devout  Rhapsodies,'  1628 ;  (d)  '  The  Tongues 
Virtuis.'  Several  of  his  Latin  letters  to 
eminent  men,  with  their  replies,  are  preserved 
in  manuscript  by  the  Roman  catholic  dean 
and  chapter  of  the  midland  district.  Among 
his  correspondents  were  Galileo  Galilei,  Car- 
dinal Francesco  Barberini,  nephew  of  Ur- 
ban VIII,  Famiano  Strada,  the  historian  of 


Fortescue 


Fortescue 


the  Spanish  wars  in  Flanders,  Thomas  Far- 
naby  [q.  v.],  the  critic  and  grammarian,  and 
Gregono  Panzani,  who  was  sent  byUrbanVIII 
on  a  mission  to  the  English  catholics. 

[Addit.  MS.  24489,  f.  15 ;  Archaeologia,  xxxii. 
144;  Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Fortescue 
Family,  2nd  edit.  pp.  436-44  ;  Foley's  Records, 
v.  961,  vi.  255  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  iii. 
174;  Nichols's  Leicestershire,  vol.  iii.  pt.  ii. 
p.  656  ;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bonn),  p.  822 ; 
Duthillceul,  Bibliographie  Douaisienne  (1842), 
p.  382.]  T.  C. 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  HENRY  (JL  1426), 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas  in 
Ireland,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  For- 
tescue, governor  of  Meaux,  and  brother  to 
Sir  John,  lord  chief  justice  of  England  [q.  v.] 
It  is  probable  that  he  was  a  student  01  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  and  almost  certain  that  he  was 
elected  member  of  parliament  for  Devon  on 
11  Nov.  1421  (Return  of  Members  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  1878,  pt,  i.  p.  299).  His 
appointment  as  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas  in  Ireland  is  dated  25  June  1426,  and 
lor  a  short  period  his  name  occurs  several 
times  in  the '  Calendar  of  the  Irish  Chancery 
Rolls.'  From  these  entries,  which  contain 
all  that  is  known  of  his  career,  it  appears 
that  a  salary  was  assigned  to  him  of  forty 
pounds  per  annum,  which  was  soon  after- 
wards altered  to  forty  pence  per  diem,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  custody  of  certain  manors.  For- 
tescue held  his  appointment  only  for  seventeen 
months,  and  was  '  relieved '  from  it  by  the 
king's  writ  on  8  Nov.  1427.  Almost  imme- 
diately afterwards  he  was  commissioned  by 
the  Irish  parliament  to  accompany  Sir  James 
Alleyn  on  a  mission  to  England,  to  lay  be- 
fore the  king  the  grievances  of  his  Irish  sub- 
jects. Again,  in  1428,  he  was  sent  with  Sir 
Thomas  Strange  by  the  lords  and  commons 
assembled  in  Dublin,  with  the  concurrence 
of  Sir  John  Sutton,  the  lord-lieutenant,  with 
a  number  of  articles  of  complaint  to  be  laid 
again  before  the  king.  One  of  the  grievances 
which  he  was  instructed  to  represent  related 
to  the  insults  and  assaults  made  upon  him- 
self and  Sir  James  Alleyn  during  their  for- 
mer mission,  from  which  it  may  be  concluded 
that  their  first  visit  to  the  court  had  not  met 
with  much  success.  The  other  griefs  for 
which  the  parliament  prayed  redress  related 
to  the  frequent  changes  of  governors  and 
justices,  to  the  debts  left  behind  them  by 
each  successive  lord-lieutenant,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  Irish  law  students  from  the  English 
inns  of  court,  and  to  the  treatment  of  Irish- 
men travelling  in  England.  There  is  no  fur- 
ther mention  of  Fortescue  in  the  'Patent 
Rolls,'  nor  is  anything  known  as  to  his  after 
life,  beyond  the  record  of  an  action  brought 


against  him  to  recover  certain  lands  in  Ne- 
thercombe,  Devonshire.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, each  time  to  an  heiress,  the  first  being 
Joan,  daughter  of  Edmund  Boyun  and  heiress 
of  the  estate  of  Wood,  South  Devonshire ; 
and  the  second  the  daughter  and  heiress  of 
Nicholas  de  Fallapit.  He  left  sons  by  each 
wife,  who  each  inherited  their  respective 
mothers'  properties,  and  founded  two  branches 
of  the  Devonshire  family  of  Fortescue. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue; Rotulorum  Patentium  et  Clausorum 
Cancellarise  Hib.  Calendarium,  pp.  241,  243, 
244  b,  246,  248,  248  b,  249.]  G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  JAMES,  D.D.  (1716- 
1777),  poetical  writer,  born  in  1716,  was  son 
of  George  Fortescue,  '  gentleman,'  of  Milton 
Abbot,  Devonshire.  He  matriculated  at  Ox- 
ford as  a  member  of  Exeter  College,  9  Feb. 
1732-3,  proceeded  B.A.  in  1736,  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  his  college,  and  commenced  M.  A. 
in  1739.  He  was  chaplain  at  Merton  Col- 
lege in  1738,  1743,  and  1746.  In  1748  he 
was  senior  proctor  of  the  university.  He 
graduated  B.D.  in  1749,  and  was  created  D.D. 
on  20  Jan.  1750-1.  Being  appointed  in  1764 
to  the  rectory  of  Wootton,  Northamptonshire, 
a  benefice  in  the  gift  of  Exeter  College,  he 
resigned  his  fellowship  in  the  following  year. 
He  held  the  rectory  till  his  death  in  1777. 

He  published  the  following  works  in  verse : 
1.  '  A  View  of  Life  in  its  several  Passions, 
with  a  preliminary  Discourse  on  Moral  Writ- 
ing,' London,  1749,  8vo.  2.  '  Science,'  an 
epistle,  Oxford,  1750,  8vo.  3.  'Science,'  a 
poem,  Oxford,  1751,  8vo.  4.  '  Essays,  Moral 
and  Miscellaneous,'  including  the  preceding 
works,  and  some  other  poetical  pieces,  pt.  i. 
second  edit.,  London,  1752,  8vo ;  pt.  ii.  Ox- 
ford, 1754,  8vo.  An  extended  edition  of  the 
'  Essays,'  including  '  Pomery-Hill,'  appeared 
in  2  vols.  1759.  5. '  An  Essay  on  Sacred  Har- 
mony,' London,  1753,  8vo.  6.  '  Essay  the 
Second :  on  Sacred  Harmony,'  London,  1754, 
8vo.  7.  '  Pomery-Hill,  a  Poem,  with  other 
Poems,  English  and  Latin,'  London,  1754, 
8vo  (anon.) 

[Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  v.  354,  by  C.  H. 
Cooper ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  ii.  480 ;  Lord 
Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Fortescue  Family,  2nd 
edit.  p.  151 ;  Gough's  Brit.  Topography,  i.  321; 
Cat.  of  Gough's  Collection  in  the  Bodleian,  p. 
106;  Davidson's  Bibl.  Devoniensis,  Suppl.  p.  25  ; 
Monthly  Review,  xxi.  291 ;  Gent.  Mag.  xlvii.  507 ; 
List  of  Oxford  Graduates ;  Wood's  Colleges  and 
Halls  (Gutch),  Suppl.  p.  170 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.] 

T.  C. 

FORTESCUE,  SIB  JOHN  (1394?- 
1476?),  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  and 
legal  writer,  was  the  second  of  the  three 
sons  of  Sir  John  Fortescue,  whom  Henry  V 


Fortescue 


43 


Fortescue 


made  governor  of  Meaux,  the  eldest  being 
Sir  Henry  Fortescue  [q.  v.],  sometime  chief 
j  ustice  of  the  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  and  the 
third  Sir  Richard  Fortescue,  who  Avas  killed 
at  the  battle  of  St.  Albans  in  1455  (see  the 
family  pedigree  in  CLERMONT'S  supplement 
to  Family  History).  The  date  of  his  birth 
cannot  be  precisely  stated,  but  it  was  cer- 
tainly before  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  He  is  said  to  have  been  educated 
at  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  he  was  a  '  guber- 
nator '  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1425,  1426,  and 
1429  (DUGDALE,  Orig.  Jud.  p.  257:  in  the 
first  two  years  he  is  called '  Fortescue  junior '). 
and  in  1429  or  1430  he  received  the  degree 
of  serjeant-at-law.  No  one,  he  says  in  the 
'  De  Laudibus,'  chap.  1.,  had  received  this 
degree  who  had  not  spent  at  least  sixteen 
years  in  the  general  study  of  the  law,  which 
enables  one  to  form  a  guess  as  to  the  date  of 
his  birth  (but  cf.  De  Natura  Legis  Natures, 
ii.  10,  and  PLTJMMER,  p.  40).  Thenceforth 
his  name  appears  with  increasing  frequency 
in  the  year-books.  About  1436  he  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  John  Jamyss  of  Philips 
Norton  in  Somersetshire.  In  an  exchequer 
record  of  20  Hen.  VI  he  is  mentioned  as  a 
justice  of  assize  (Kal.  Exch.  iii.  381).  In 

1442  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  was  soon  afterwards  knighted. 
Frequent  references  to  him  occur  in  the  privy 
council  records  for  the  following  years.     In 

1443  he    sat  on   a  commission   of  inquiry 
into  certain  disturbances  in  Norwich  caused 
by  ecclesiastical  exactions,  and  received  the 
thanks  of  the  council  for  '  his  grete  laboures' 
in  the  matter  ;  and  later  in  the  year  he  was 
member  of  another  commission  to  inquire 
into  similar  disturbances  in  Yorkshire.   From 
1445  to  1455  he  was  appointed  by  each  par- 
liament one  of  the  triers  of  petitions.     In  a 
grant  of  1447  admitting  Fortescue  and  his 
wife  to  the  fraternity  of  the  convent  of 
Christchurch,  Canterbury,  we  find  him  thus 
described  in  the  reasons  for  his  admission  : 
'  Vir  equidem  Justus,  quern  omnes  diserti  jus- 
tum  discernunt,  obsequuntur,  venerantur,  et 
diligunt,  cum  et  omnibus  velit  prodesse  sed 
obesse  nulli,  nemini  nocens  sed  nocentes  pro- 
hibens '  (PLTJMMER,  p.  48),  and  this  agrees 
with  the  character  which  tradition  has  given 
to  him.     A  few  years  afterwards,  however, 
he  appears  as  an  object  of  popular  displeasure. 
In  Cade's  proclamation  (1450),  in  which  an 
inquiry  by  some  true  justice  is  demanded,  it 
is  said :  '  Item,  to  syt  upon  this  enqwerye 
we  refuse  no  juge  except  iij  chefe  juges,  the 
which  ben  fals  to  beleve '  ( Three  Fifteenth 
Century  Chronicles,  Camd.   Soc.  p.  98,  see 
also  p.  102 ;  and  WRIGHT,  Political  Poems 
and  Songs,  ii.  Iviin.) :  and  Sir  John  Fastolfs 


servant  writing  in  1451  says : '  The  Chief  Yis- 
tice  hath  waited  to  ben  assauted  all  this 
sevenyght  nyghtly  in  hes  hous,  but  nothing 
come  as  yett,  the  more  pite'  (GAIRDNER, 
Paston  Letters,  i.  185).  Probably  the  only 
reason  for  his  unpopularity  was  that  he  was 
known  to  belong  to  the  court  party  ;  for  as 
judge  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that 
he  was  distinguished  for  his  impartiality. 
Among  the  cases  with  which  he  had  to  deal 
as  chief  justice  may  be  mentioned  that  of 
Thomas  Kerver,  a  prisoner  in  Wallingford 
Castle,  whom  he  refused  to  release  on  the 
simple  command  of  the  king  (CLERMONT, 
Life,  p.  10) ;  and  Thorpe's  case  (31  Hen.  VI), 
in  which  he  and  Prisot,  chief  judge  of  the 
common  pleas,  expressed  the  opinion  of  all 
the  judges  that  they  ought  not  to  answer 
the  question  put  to  them  by  the  lords  whether 
the  speaker,  who  had  been  arrested  during 
the  recess,  should  be  set  at  liberty,  '  for  it 
hath  not  been  used  aforetime,  that  the  judges 
should  in  any  wise  determine  the  privilege 
of  this  high  court  of  parliament '  (13  Rep. 
p.  64;  HATSELL,  i.  29;  STTJBBS,  Const.  Hist. 
iii.  491).  The  cases  in  the  year-books  (21 
Hen.  VI-38  Hen.  VI)  in  which  Fortescue 
took  part  as  chief  justice  are  reprinted,  with 
a  translation,  in  the  appendix  to  Lord  Cler- 
mont's  edition  of  his  works.  After  the 
battle  of  Northampton  in  1460  the  fortunes' 
of  Fortescue  followed  those  of  the  house  of 
Lancaster,  to  which  he  remained  faithful  as 
long  as  any  hope  remained.  Whether  he 
was  among  the  judges  who  declined  to  advise 
on  the  Duke  of  York's  claim  to  the  crown  or 
had  accompanied  the  queen  to  Wales  does 
not  appear.  But  he  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Towton  in  1461  (Collections  of  a  London 
Citizen,  Camd.  Soc.  p.  217,  where  he  is  called 
'  the  Lord  Foschewe '),  and  was  included  in  the 
act  of  attainder  passed  against  those  who  had 
taken  part  against  the  new  king,  Edward  IV. 
At  the  time  of  his  attainder  he  was  a  man. 
of  considerable  landed  property,  acquired 
through  his  wife  and  by  his  own  purchases 
(see  PLUMMER,  pp.  42-4).  He  spent  the  next 
two  years  in  Scotland  with  the  deposed  fa- 
mily, and  wrote  several  treatises  in  favour 
of  the  title  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  in- 
cluding the  '  De  Natura  Legis  Naturae.'  The 
question  has  been  discussed  whether  For- 
tescue was  ever  Henry  VI's  chancellor,  as 
he  describes  himself  in  the  '  De  Laudibus  ;  * 
the  better  opinion  is  that  he  was  only  chan- 
cellor '  in  partibus '  (CAMPBELL,  Lord  Chan- 
cellors, i.  367;  Foss,  iv.  312;  PLTTMMER, 
p.  57  ;  CLERMONT,  pp.  15-17).  In  1463  he 
followed  Queen  Margaret  to  Flanders,  and 
remained  abroad,  living  in  poverty,  with  her 
and  the  Prince  of  Wales  till  1471,  first  at 


Fortescue 


44 


Fortescue 


Bruges  and  afterwards  at  St.  Mighel  in  Bar- 
rois.  The  '  De  Laudibus,'  written  towards 
the  end  of  her  exile,  suggests  that  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  education  of  the  prince ;  while 
he  seems  to  have  spared  no  effort  to  pro- 
cure assistance  from  Louis  XI  <  and  others 
in  order  to  bring  about  a  restoration.  After 
the  Earl  of  Warwick's  defection  from  Ed- 
ward IV,  Fortescue  was  particularly  active. 
He  took  great  pains  in  forwarding  the  mar- 
riage between  Prince  Edward  and  Warwick's 
daughter,  and  would  seem  to  have  been  in 
frequent  communication  with  the  French 
king  (his  papers  to  Louis  XI  are  not  pre- 
served :  Lord  Clermont  prints  a  memorandum 
of  them,  dated  1470,  which  is  in  the  Siblio- 
theque  Nationale :  p.  34  of  Life).  By  War- 
wick's aid  the  Lancastrian  restoration  was 
accomplished  in  the  autumn  of  1470 ;  but  it 
was  not  until  April  1471  that  the  queen, 
Prince  Edward,  and  Fortescue  landed  in 
England,  and  then  only  to  find  that  on  the 
day  of  their  landing  King  Henry  had  been 
defeated  at  Barnet.  Fortescue  joined  the 
Lancastrian  army,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  at  which  Prince 
Edward  was  killed.  Frankly  acknowledging 
that  nothing  remained  for  which  to  struggle, 
he  recognised  King  Edward,  received  his 
pardon  (1471),  and  was  admitted  to  the 
council  (  Works,  p.  533).  It  was  evidently 
made  a  condition  of  his  restoration  to  his 
estates  that  he  should  formally  retract  and 
refute  his  own  arguments  in  favour  of  the 
Lancastrian,  which  he  did  in  his '  Declaracion 
upon  certayn  wrytinges  sent  oute  of  Scotte- 
land.'  Thereupon  he  petitioned  for  a  re- 
versal of  his  attainder,  alleging  among  other 
things  that  he  had  so  clearly  disproved  all 
the  arguments  that  had  been  made  against 
King  Edward's  right  and  title  'that  nowe 
there  remayneth  no  colour  or  matere  of  ar- 
gument to  the  hurt  or  infamye  of  the  same 
right  or  title,  by  reason  of  any  such  writyng; ' 
and  his  prayer  was  granted  by  parliament 
(1473:  CLERMOITT,  Life,  pp.  41-3).  He 
himself  feared  that  his  change  of  front  would 
lay  him  open  to  the  charge  of  doubleness. 
But  whether  it  was  a  purely  conscientious 
change  of  opinion  or  not  (see  Coke's  vindi- 
cation, pref.  to  10th  Rep.),  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  Fortescue  had  given  the  best 
proof  of  his  honesty  by  the  extraordinary 
sacrifices  which  he  had  made  for  the  lost 
cause.  On  the  reversal  of  his  attainder,  he 
went  to  live  at  Ebrington,  where  he  died, 
and  m  the  parish  church  of  which  he  was 
buried.  The  date  of  his  death  is  unknown, 
the  last  mention  of  him  being  in  1476  (Kal. 
Exch.  lii.  8).  « According  to  local  tradition,' 
says  Lord  Clermont,  '  which  the  present  oc- 


cupant of  the  manorhouse  repeated  to  me, 
he  lived  to  be  ninety  years  old  (Life,  p.  44). 
He  left  one  son,  Martin,  who  died  in  1471, 
and  two  daughters.  The  present  Earl  For- 
tescue is  descended  from  Martin's  elder  son, 
Lord  Clermont  from  the  younger. 

Fortescue's  fame  has  rested  almost  entirely 
on  the  dialogue  '  De  Laudibus.'  Coke,  speak- 
ing with  the  exaggeration  which  he  used  in 
referring  to  Fortescue's  contemporary,  Little- 
ton, described  it  as  worthy,  'si  vel  gravi- 
tatem  vel  excellentiam  spectemus,'  of  being 
written  in  letters  of  gold  (Pref.  to  8th  Rep.), 
and  Sir  W.  Jones,  following  him,  called  it 
'  aureolum  hunc  dialogum '  (AMOS,  p.  x). 
In  the  history  of  law  it  is  still  a  work  of 
importance.  The  editor  of  his  less  known 
treatise,  '  On  the  Governance  of  England,' 
however,  has  good  reason  for  his  opinion  that 
the  historical  interest  of  the  latter  is  far 
higher.  It  is  less  loaded  with  barren  specu- 
lations, and  it  shows  a  real  insight  into  the 
failure  of  the  Lancastrian  experiment  of 
government;  while  it  is  invaluable  as  the 
earliest  of  English  constitutional  treatises 
(on  Fortescue's  constitutional  theories,  see 
STTTBBS,  iii.  240).  Except  for  the  minute 
student  his  other  writings  have  no  interest. 

The  following  are  Fortescue's  works : 
1.  Tracts  on  the  title  to  the  crown.  For 
Henry  VI,  (1)  'De  Titulo  Edwardi  Comitis 
Marchise'  (in  Clermont,  with  translation 
by  Stubbs,  pp.  63*-90«) ;  (2)  '  Of  the  Title 
of  the  House  of  York '  (a  fragment,  Cler- 
mont, pp.  499-502 ;  Plummer  prints  what 
was  probably  the  beginning  of  the  tract 
'  Governance,'  p.  355)  ;  (3)  '  Defensio  juris 
Domus  Lancastriae'  (Clermont,  with  trans- 
lation, pp.  505-16);  (4)  a  short  argument 
on  the  illegitimacy  of  Philippa,  daughter  of 
Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence  (Clermont,  pp. 
517-18;  more  fully  in  Plummer,  p.  353). 
For  Edward  IV,  '  The  Declaracion  made  by 
John  Fortescu,  knyght,  upon  certayn  wry- 
tinges  sent  oute  of  Scotteland  agenst  the 
Kinges  Title  to  the  Roialme  of  England ' 
(Clermont,  pp.  523-41 ;  in  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  Fortescue  and  '  a  lernid 
man  in  the  lawe  of  this  lande,'  written  1471- 
1473).  2.  '  De  Natura  Legis  Naturae,  et  de 
ejus  censura  in  successione  regnorum  su- 
prema.'  The  treatise  written  in  support  of 
the  claim  of  the  house  of  Lancaster  consists 
of  an  argument  on  this  abstract  case :  '  A 
king,  acknowledging  no  superior  in  things 
temporal,  has  a  daughter  and  a  brother.  The 
daughter  bears  a  son  ;  the  king  dies  without 
sons.  The  question  is,  whether  the  king- 
dom of  the  king  so  deceased  descends  to  the 
daughter,  the  daughter's  son,  or  the  brother 
of  the  king.'  The  first  part  is  devoted  to  a 


Fortescue 


45 


Fortescue 


consideration  of  the  law  of  nature,  by  which 
the  question  is  to  be  decided ;  in  the  second 
part,  Justice,  sitting  as  judge,  hears  the  ar- 
guments of  the  rival  claimants,  the  daughter, 
the  grandson,  and  the  brother,  and  decides 
in  favour  of  the  last.     The  treatise  was  one 
of  Fortescue's '  writings  sent  out  of  Scotland,' 
and  therefore  written  between   1461    and 
1463.     First  printed  by  Lord  Olermont,  with 
translation  and  notes  by  Mr.  Chichester  For- 
tescue (Lord  Carlingford).     3.  'De  Laudibus 
Legum  Anglise.'  Written  for  the  instruction 
of  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  while  he  was 
in  exile  in  Berry,  with  his  mother,  Queen 
Margaret :   date  about  1470,     It  is  in  the 
form  of  a  conversation  between  Fortescue 
and  the  prince,  who  is  encouraged  to  acquaint 
himself  with  the  laws  of  England.     First 
printed  in  1537.     Subsequent  editions :  (a) 
containing  translation  by  Robert  Mulcaster, 
1573, 1575, 1578, 1599, 1609, 1616  (with  pre- 
face and  notes  by  Selden,  but  without  his 
name,  and  containing  also  the  '  Summae '  of 
Hengham),  1660   (reprint   of  1616),   1672 
(with  Selden's  name,  said  to  be  a  faulty  edi- 
tion) ;    (b)  translation  by  Francis  Gregor, 
1737,   1741,   1775,   1825    (with    notes    by 
A.   Amos),   1869   (Lord  Clermont).     Also 
'Fortescutus  illustratus;  or  a  commentary 
on  that   nervous  treatise,   "  De    Laudibus 
Legum  Angliee," '  &c.,  by  Edward  Water- 
house,  1663.     The  work  still  waits  a  compe- 
tent and  careful  editor.     It  is  said  to  have 
suffered  from  interpolations ;  in  particular, 
chapter  xlix.,  on  the  inns  of  court,  &c.,  has 
been  questioned  (see  PULLING,  Order  of  the 
Coif,  pp.  153-4).     4.  A  treatise  on  the  mon- 
archy of  England,  variously  entitled  '  The 
Difference  between  an  Absolute  and  Limited 
Monarchy,' '  On  the  Governance  of  the  King- 
dom of  England,'  'De  Dominio  Regali  et 
Politico,'  probably  written  after  Fortescue's 
return  to  England  in  1471  (see  PLUMMBR, 
pp.  94-6).     Having  repeated  the  distinction 
which  he  draws  in  the  '  De  Natura '  and  the 
'  De  Laudibus '  between  '  dominum  regale,'  or 
absolute  monarchy,  and '  dominum  politicum 
et  regale,'  or  constitutional  monarchy,  he 
discusses  the  means  of  strengthening  the 
monarchy  in  England,  taking  many  illus- 
trations, by  way  of  contrast,  from  his  expe- 
rience in  France ;  the  increase  of  the  king's 
revenues,  for  '  ther  may  no  realme  prospere, 
or  be  worshipful  and  noble,  under  a  poer 
kyng ; '  the  perils  that  arise  when  subjects 
grow  over-mighty;  that  the  safeguard  against 
rebellion  is  the  wellbeing  of  the  commons  ; 
a  scheme  for  the  reconstitution  of  the  king's 
council ;  and  the  bestowal  by  the  king  of 
offices  and  rewards.     The  treatise  is  referred 
to  in  Selden's  preface  to  the  '  De  Laudibus ; ' 


it  was  first  published  in  1714  by  Lord  For- 
tescue of  Credan  (another  edition  in  1719), 
and  the  same  text  was  printed  in  Lord  Cler- 
mont's  collection.  In  1885  a  revised  text 
was  published  by  Mr.  Charles  Plummer  with 
an  historical  and  biographical  introduction 
and  elaborate  notes.  Mr.  Plummer's  work 
is  a  mine  of  information  concerning  not  only 
Fortescue  himself,  but  also  the  history  of 
his  time,  and  every  historical  and  constitu- 
tional question  suggested  by  his  treatise. 
5.  '  A  Dialogue  between  Understanding  and 
Faith,'  wherein  Faith  seeks  to  resolve  the 
doubts  raised  by  Understanding  as  to  the 
Divine  justice  which  permits  the  affliction  of 
righteous  men  (first  printed  in  Lord  Cler- 
mont's  collection,  date  unknown). 

Lord  Clermont  prints  several  other  short 
pieces,  including  one  on  '  The  Comodytes  of 
England '  and  a  rhymed  '  legal  advice  to 
purchasers  of  land,'  but  the  evidence  of  For- 
tescue's authorship  is  not  strong  (see  PLUM- 
MER, pp.  80-1). 

[Plummer's  Introduction  to  The  G-overnance 
of  England;  Life  of  Fortescue  in  Lord  Cler- 
mont's  edition  of  Fortescue's  works ;  Foss's 
Judges,  vol.  iv. ;  Biog.  Brit. ;  Gairdner's  Paston 
Letters.]  G-.  P.  M. 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  JOHN  (1531 P-1607), 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  was  the  eldest 
of  the  three  sons  of  Sir  Adrian  [q.  v.],  by  his 
second  wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  W.  Rede. 
He  was  eight  years  old  at  the  date  of  his 
father's  execution,  and  was  brought  up  under 
his  mother's  care.  He  is  said  by  Lodge 
(Peerage  of  Ireland,  1789,  iii.  346)  to  have- 
been  educated  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  en- 
tered at  one  of  the  inns  of  court,  but  there 
is  no  further  evidence  of  his  having  been  at 
either.  In  1551  an  act  of  parliament  was 
passed  for  his '  restitution  in  blood '  (Statutes- 
at  Large,  v.  p.  xiv),  which  removed  the  effect 
of  his  father  s  attainder  and  gave  him  posses- 
sion of  his  property  at  Shirburn  in  Oxford- 
shire. On  the  accession  of  Mary,  his  mother, 
who  had  married  Sir  Thomas  Parry,  comp- 
troller of  the  royal  household,  was  taken  into 
the  queen's  service,  and  received  various  grants 
of  lands  in  Gloucestershire,  which  were,  after 
her  death,  inherited  by  her  eldest  son.  About 
the  same  time  Fortescue  was  appointed  to 
superintend  the  studies  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
(CAMDETT,  Annales,  1625,  ii.  27),  while  his 
youngest  brother,  Anthony,  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  comptroller  of  the  household  of 
Cardinal  Pole,  whose  niece,  Katherine  Pole, 
he  had  recently  married.  Fortescue  owed 
his  place  no  doubt  in  part  to  the  reputation 
which  he  enjoyed  throughout  his  life  as  a 
Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  but  perhaps  still 


Fortescue 

more  to  the  fact  that  he  was  second  cousin 
once  removed  to  Elizabeth,  through  the  mar- 
riage of  his  grandfather,  Sir  John  Fortescue 
of  Punsborne,  to  Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  Geof- 
frey Boleyn  and  great-aunt  of  Anne  Boleyn. 
The  same  marriage  brought  Fortescue  into 
kinship  one  degree  more  distant  with  Robert 
Devereux,  earl  of  Essex,  who  in  his  letters  in- 
variably addresses  him  as  his  '  loving  cosen.' 
In  one  of  these  letters  (Add.  MSS.  Brit.  Mus. 
4119),  undated,  but  no  doubt  written  in  1596, 
the  Earl  of  Essex  asks  Fortescue's  interest  on 
behalf  of  the  appointment  of  Francis  Bacon 
to  the  mastership  of  the  rolls. 

On  the  accession  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  For- 
tescue was  appointed  keeper  of  the  great 
wardrobe  (Patent  Rolls,  1  Eliz.  pt,  vii.  m.  10). 
The  great  or  standing  wardrobe  was  situated 
in  Blackfriars,  near  Carter  Lane.  It  con- 
tained, in  addition  to  a  collection  of  armour 
and  royal  costumes,  a  large  number  of  state 
documents  and  papers,  as  well  as  a  house  in 
which  Fortescue,  when  in  London,  resided 
during  the  whole  reign  of  Elizabeth  (Siow, 
Survey,  vol.  i.  bk.  iii.  p.  224).  Here,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  ordinary  guests,  he  had,  like 
other  statesmen  of  the  period,  to  act  on  occa- 
sion as  host  or  gaoler  to  state  prisoners,  a 
duty  which  he  seems  to  have  found  pecu- 
liarly burdensome,  as  he  complains  several 
times  in  his  letters  to  Burghley  of  the  unfit- 
ness  of  his  house  for  such  a  purpose.  Fortescue 
entered  parliament  for  the  first  time  in  1572, 
when  he  was  returned  for  the  borough  of 
Wallingford.  He  sat  in  every  subsequent 
parliament  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  as 
member  first  for  the  borough  and  afterwards 
for  the  county  of  Buckingham,  until  the  par- 
liament of  1601,  when  he  was  returned  for 
Middlesex  (Return  of  Members  of  Parlia- 
ment, pt.  i.)  His  name  hardly  occurs  as  a 
speaker  in  D'Ewes's  'Journal'  until  1589, 
after  which  date  he  seems  to  have  spoken 
frequently  in  the  House  of  Commons,  chiefly, 
however,  in  his  capacity  of  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  in  proposing  subsidies,  suggesting 
means  of  taxation,  or  expressing  the  wishes 
or  commands  of  the  queen.  In  the  midst 
of  graver  matters  he  appears  once  as  an  ad- 
vocate of  parliamentary  propriety,  when,  on 
27  Oct.  1597,  three  days  after  the  meeting 
of  parliament,  he  '  moved  and  admonished 
that  hereafter  no  member  of  the  house  should 
come  into  the  house  with  their  spurs  on,  for 
offending  of  others '  (D'EwES,  Journal,  ed. 
1693,  p.  550).  On  the  death  of  Sir  Walter 
Mildmay  in  1589,  Fortescue  succeeded  him  in 
the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and 
under-treasurer,  and  was  sworn  a  member 
of  the  privy  council  (CAMDEN,  Annales,  ii. 
27).  The  office  of  chancellor  of  the  ex- 


s  Fortescue 

chequer  was  an  exceedingly  lucrative  one. 
A  curious  account  of  his  sources  of  official 
income  exists  in  a  paper  drawn  up  after  his 
death,  endorsed '  Sir  John  Fortescue's  meanes 
of  gaine,  by  Sir  Richard  Thekstin,  told  me, 
26  Nov.  1608'  (Add.  MS.  Brit.  Mus.  12497, 
f.  143).  It  appears  from  this  paper  that 
Fortescue  received  from  the  queen  a  num- 
ber of  grants  of  land  in  several  counties, 
leases  in  reversion  of  great  value,  and  sine- 
cure places,  and  from  Burghley '  many  advan- 
tageous imployments  in  the  custom-house,' 
and  other  means  of  enriching  himself.  After 
afew  years  of  office  he  grew  to  be  a  remarkably 
wealthy  man,  bought  large  estates  in  Buck- 
inghamshire and  Oxfordshire,  maintained  a 
retinue  of  sixty  or  seventy  servants,  and  lived 
in  much  state.  He  built  on  his  estate  of  Sal- 
den  a  house  of  great  size  and  beauty  at  an 
expense  of  some  33,000/.,  equal  to  not  less 
than  120,000/.  at  the  present  day.  He  also 
bought  or  hired  the  manorhouse  of  Hendon, 
where  he  principally  resided  during  the  sit- 
ting of  parliament,  and  he  possessed  a  house 
in  Westminster  in  addition  to  his  official  re- 
sidence in  Blackfriars.  In  November  1601 
he  was  appointed  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  so  that  he  held  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  queen's  lifetime  three  offices 
of  importance  at  the  same  time.  He  also 
served  upon  a  number  of  commissions,  no- 
tably upon  all  those  which  concerned  Jesuits 
or  seminary  priests,  and  sat  as  a  member  of 
the  Star-chamber,  and  as  an  ecclesiastical 
commissioner  (RTMER,  vol.  vii.)  After  the 
death  of  Elizabeth,  Osborne(  Works,  ed.  1701, 
p.  379)  relates  that  Fortescue,  with  Lord 
Cobham,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  privy  council,  made  some  efforts 
to  impose  conditions  upon  James  VI,  appa- 
rently with  a  view  to  prevent  his  appoint- 
ing an  unlimited  number  of  Scotchmen  to 
office  in  England.  The  story  is  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  confirmed  by  Bishop  Goodman, 
who  says :  '  I  have  heard  it  by  credible  per- 
sons that  Sir  John  Fortescue  did  then  very 
moderately  and  mildly  ask  whether  any  con- 
ditions should  be  proposed  to  the  king '  (  Court 
of  King  James,  1839,  p.  14).  According  to 
Osborne,  Lord  Cobham  and  the  others  were 
'  all  frowned  upon  after  by  the  king,'  but  in 
Fortescue's  case  no  very  serious  results  fol- 
lowed. He  was,  it  is  true,  deprived  of  the 
most  important  of  his  offices,  the  chancellor- 
ship of  the  exchequer,  which  was  bestowed 
upon  Sir  George  Home,  created  Earl  of  Dun- 
bar  ;  but  he  received  on  20  May  1603  a  new 
patent  for  life  of  the  chancellorship  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  was  continued  in 
his  office  of  master  of  the  great  wardrobe  by 
patent  of  24  May  1603  (RTMER,  vol.  vii. 


Fortescue 


47 


Fortescue 


pt.  ii.  p.  65 ;  NAPIER,  Swyncombe,  p.  401). 
In  the  same  year  he  twice  entertained  King 
Jaines ;  in  May  at  Hendon,  and  in  June, 
with  Queen  Anne  and  Prince  Henry,  at  Sal- 
den  (NICHOLS,  Progresses  of  James  I,  i.  165 ; 
NAPIER,  p.  402). 

The  election  for  Buckinghamshire  in  Janu- 
ary 1604  gave  rise  to  a  serious  constitutional 
struggle  between  the  crown  and  the  House 
of  Commons.  Fortescue  was  defeated  in  his 
candidature  by  Sir  Francis  Goodwin.  When 
the  writs  were  ret  urned,  the  court  of  chancery 
at  once  declared  that  the  election  was  void, 
on  the  ground  that  a  judgment  of  outlawry 
had  been  passed  against  Goodwin,  and  on  a 
second  election  Fortescue  was  returned,  and 
took  his  seat  in  the  parliament  which  met 
19  March  1604.  The  question  of  this  elec- 
tion was  raised  immediately  after  the  meet- 
ing of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  after 
hearing  Sir  F.  Goodwin  the  house  decided 
in  his  favour.  The  lords  then  demanded 
a  conference  with  the  commons  on  the  sub- 
je*,  declaring  that  they  did  so  by  the  king's 
orders.  The  commons  thereupon  sent  a  de- 
putation to  wait  upon  the  king,  who  as- 
serted the  right  of  the  court  of  chancery  to 
decide  upon  disputed  returns ;  the  commons, 
on  the  other  hand,  maintained  their  exclu- 
sive right  to  judge  of  the  election  of  their 
own  members,  and  after  several  interviews 
with  the  king,  and  a  conference  with  the 
judges,  James  suggested  a  compromise,  which 
was  accepted  by  the  House  of  Commons,  that 
both  Goodwin  and  Fortescue  should  be  set 
aside  and  a  new  writ  issued  (Commons'  Jour- 
nal, i.  149-69).  In  February  of  the  next 
year,  1605-6,  Fortescue  was  returned  for  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  for  which  he  sat  for  the 
brief  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  in  his 
seventy-fifth  year,  on  23  Dec.  1607,  and  was 
buried  in  Mursley  Church,  Oxfordshire. 

Few  men  have  more  narrowly  missed  such 
fame  as  history  can  bestow  than  Fortescue. 
He  held  a  considerable  place  in  the  govern- 
ment during  one  of  the  most  eventful  periods 
of  English  history.  Although  the  greater 
part  of  his  correspondence,  preserved  in  the 
Record  Office  and  at  Hatfield,  deals  with 
official  matters,  there  are  a  sufficient  number 
of  private  letters  to  show  that  he  counted 
among  his  friends  such  men  as  Burghley, 
Francis  and  Anthony  Bacon,  Raleigh  and 
Essex,  and  that  his  assistance  and  good  offices 
with  the  queen  were  constantly  asked  by  per- 
sons of  note  and  importance  in  the  state. 
That  he  enjoyed  in  a  high  degree  the  confi- 
dence of  Elizabeth  is  clearly  evident  from 
these  letters,  which  serve  to  confirm  the 
words  which  Lloyd  attributes  to  her :  '  Two 
men,  Queen  Elizabeth  would  say,  outdid  her 


expectation,  Fortescue  for  integrity,  and  Wal- 
singham  for  subtlety  and  officious  services ' 
(State  Worthies,  ed.  1670,  p.  556).  He  had 
a  considerable  reputation  for  scholarship  ; 
Camden  calls  him  '  an  excellent  man  and  a 
good  Grecian'  (Annales,  ii.27);  while  Lloyd 
speaks  of  him  as  '  a  great  master  of  Greek 
and  Latin.'  Among  his  friends  was  Sir 
Thomas  Bodley,  to  whose  newly  founded  li- 
brary at  Oxford  he  presented  a  number  of 
books  and  several  manuscripts. 

Fortescue  was  twice  married:  first,  to 
Cecily,  daughter  of  Sir  Edmund  Ashfield; 
and  secondly,  to  Alice,  daughter  of  Christo- 
pher Smyth.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  two 
sons,  Sir  Francis,  K.B.,  and  Sir  William,  and 
one  daughter.  The  eldest  son  of  Sir  Francis 
was  created  a  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1636. 
The  direct  male  line  of  the  house  ceased  with 
the  death  of  Sir  John,  the  third  baronet,  in 
1717.  The  only  portrait  of  Fortescue  known 
to  exist  was,  after  long  search,  discovered  by 
the  late  Lord  Clermont.  A  copy  of  this  picture 
was  presented  by  him  to  the  Bodleian  Library, 
and  two  engravings  of  it  are  given  in  his 
family  history. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue; Napier's  Hist.  Notices  of  the  parishes  of 
Swyncombe  and  Ewelme.]  G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  LORD  (1670-1746).  [See 
ALAND.] 

FORTESCUE,  SiRNICHOLAS,  theelder 
(1575  P-1633),  chamberlain  of  the  exchequer, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  William  Fortescue  of 
Cookhill,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Nicholas  For- 
tescue, groom  porter  to  Henry  VIII,  to  whom 
the  Cistercian  nunnery  of  Cookhill,  on  the 
borders  of  Worcestershire  and  Warwickshire, 
was  granted  in  1542.  Fortescue,  who  was 
throughout  his  life  a  zealous  Roman  catholic, 
for  several  years  harboured  at  Cookhill  the 
Benedictine  monk,  David  Baker  [q.  v.]  In 
1605,  after  the  Gunpowder  plot  and  the  rising 
of  the  Roman  catholics  of  Warwickshire, 
Fortescue  underwent  several  examinations, 
and  fell  under  some  suspicion  on  account  of 
a  large  quantity  of  armour  found  in  his  house. 
His  name  appears  twice  in  the  '  Calendar  of 
j  State  Papers '  in  connection  with  the  plot. 
j  A  letter  from  Chief-justice  Anderson  and 
I  Sheriff"  Warburton  to  the  privy  council  states 
that  Fortescue  of  Warwickshire,  though  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  them,  had  not  come 
forward  to  be  examined.  A  declaration  by 
himself  says  that  the  armour  in  question  has 
been  in  his  house  for  five  years,  and  adds  that 
he  has  not  seen  Winter,  the  conspirator,  for 
eight  years,  and  was  not  summoned  to  join 
the  rising  in  Warwickshire  (Cal.  State  Pa- 
pers, 1603-10,  pp.  253,  304).  He  succeeded 


Fortescue 


48 


Fortescue 


in  clearing  himself  from  these  suspicions  and 
lived  at  Cookhill  unmolested  until  about 
1610,  when  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner 
of  James's  household  and  of  the  navy ;  he  was 
knighted  in  1618,  and  in  the  same  year,  on 
the  death  of  Sir  John  Points,  he  obtained  the 
lucrative  and  honourable  post  of  chamberlain 
of  the  exchequer,  which  he  held  until  May 
1625,  when  he  resigned  it  (Askmole  MS. 
1144,  ix.;  Cal.  State  Papers,  1625-6,  p.  109). 
During  1622  and  1623  his  name  appears  as 
serving  on  royal  commissions,  to  inquire  into 
the  state  of  the  plantations  of  Virginia  and  of 
Ireland,  into  the  depredations  committed  by 
pirates  on  the  high  seas,  and  on  royal  grants  of 
lands  (RTMEK,  Foedera,  vol.  vii.  pt.  iii.  p.  247, 
pt.  iv.  pp.  46,  63). 

Fortescue  died  at  his  house  in  Fetter  Lane 
on  2  Nov.  1633,  and  was  buried  in  the  pri- 
vate chapel  of  Cookhill,  where  his  tomb  may 
still  be  seen.  lie  married  Prudence,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Wheteley  of  Holkham,  Nor- 
folk, by  whom  he  had  five  sons,  William, 
Francis,  Edmund,  Nicholas,  John,  and  two 
daughters. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue.] G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,    SIR   NICHOLAS,    the 

younger  (1605  P-1644),  knight  of  St.  John, 
was  the  fourth  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Fortescue, 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer  [q.  v.]  His 
father  was  throughout  his  life  a  member  of 
the  Roman  catholic  church,  and  his  sons 
were  brought  up  in  that  religion.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  the  memory  of  Sir  Adrian  For- 
tescue [q.  v.],  who  had  late  in  his  life  become  a 
member  of  the  order  of  St.  John,  was  cherished 
among  his  kinsmen,  who  adhered  to  the  faith 
for  the  sake  of  which  they  believed  him  to 
have  died  a  martyr,  and  it  may  be  assumed 
that  this  feeling  inspired  Nicholas  with  the 
ambition  to  resuscitate  the  order,  which  had 
completely  died  out  in  England.  In  1637  he 
went  to  Malta,  furnished,  if  we  are  to  believe 
Pozzo,  the  historian  of  the  order,  with  a  di- 
rect commission  from  Queen  Henrietta  Maria, 
who, '  in  her  zeal  for  the  restoration  of  the 
true  religion '  in  her  adopted  country,  desired 
to  revive  the  English  langue  of  the  order. 
Fortescue  was  received  as  a  knight  of  Malta 
in  1638,  and  his  project  was  favourably  re- 
ported upon  to  the  grand  master,  the  pope, 
and  Cardinal  Barbarino,  protector  of  the  or- 
der, by  a  commission  appointed  to  investigate 
the  matter.  The  chief  difficulty,  which  proved 
insuperable,  was  to  procure  the  sum  of  twelve 
thousand  scudi,  to  be  expended  in  buildings, 
fees,  and  other  expenses  necessary  to  the  re- 
foundation of  the  order  in  England.  The 
negotiations  extended  over  some  years,  during 


which  time  Fortescue  travelled  to  and  from 
England  several  times.  During  one  of  his 
journeys  he  was  a  guest  at  the  English  College 
at  Rome,  where,  as  the  strangers'  book  of 
the  college  shows,  he  dined  with  John  Milton, 
like  himself  travelling  abroad.  In  1642  the 
scheme  was  finally  abandoned,  owing,  says 
Pozzo,  to  the  '  impious  turbulence  of  the  Eng- 
lish people,  which  overthrew  alike  the  cause 
of  holy  religion  and  of  its  royal  patroness.' 
Sir  Nicholas,  with  his  brothers  William  and 
Edmund,  joined  the  royal  army.  According 
to  the  '  Loyal  Martyrology  (sect.  38,  p.  68) 
he  was  slain  in  a  skirmish  in  Lancashire  while 
advancing  with  Prince  Rupert's  army  to  the 
relief  of  York ;  but  it  is  more  probable  that 
he  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor, 
since  he  was  buried  at  Skipton  on  5  July 
1644. 

The  following  character  of  Sir  Nicholas  is 
given  in  Lloyd's  '  Memoirs : '  '  Sir  Nicholas 
Fortescue,  a  knight  of  Malta,  slain  in  Lan- 
cashire, whose  worth  is  the  more  to  be  re- 
garded by  others,  the  less  he  took  notice  of 
himself;  a  person  of  so  dextrous  an  address 
that  when  he  came  into  notice  he  came  into 
favour ;  when  he  entered  the  court  he  had 
the  chamber,  yea  the  closet  of  a  prince ;  a 
gentleman  that  did  much  in  his  person,  and, 
as  he  would  say,  let  reputation  do  the  rest ; 
he  and  Sir  Edmund  Fortescue  were  always 
observed  so  wary  as  to  have  all  their  enemies 
before  them  and  leave  none  behind  them' 
(LLOYD,  Memoirs,  p.  669).  The  allusion  to 
Sir  Edmund  may  refer  to  Sir  Edmund  For- 
tescue of  Fallapit  [q.  v.] ;  but  it  seems  more 
probable  that  it  relates  to  Edmund,  brother 
of  Sir  Nicholas,  who  held  a  post  at  court  as- 
sewer  to  the  queen. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue ;  Pozzo's  Hist,  della  Eel.  Milit.  di  S.  Gio- 
vanni Geros.  torn,  ii.l  G.  K.  F. 

FORTESCUE,  THOMAS  (1784-1872), 
Anglo-Indian  civilian,  son  of  Gerald  For- 
tescue, by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  Tew, 
was  born  in  1784,  acted  as  secretary  to  his- 
cousin,  Henry  Wellesley  (afterwards  Lord 
Cowley),  lieutenant-governor  of  the  recently 
ceded  province  of  Oude,  1801-3,  and  on  the 
capture  of  Delhi,  October  1803,  was  appointed 
civil  commissioner  there.  He  married  on 
19  March  1859  Louisa  Margaret,  second 
daughter  of  Thomas  Russell,  esq.,  and  died 
on  7  Sept.  1872.  Part  of  his  official  corre- 
spondence is  preserved  at  the  British  Museum 
in  Addit.  MSS.  13560, 13562,  13563, 13565, 
13568,  13570,  13572, 13574. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Hist,  of  the  Family  of  For- 
tescue, p.  206.]  J.  M.  B. 


Fortescue 


49 


Fortescue 


FORTESCUE,  WILLIAM  (1687-1749), 
master  of  the  rolls  and  friend  of  Pope  and  Gay, 
the  only  son  of  Henry  Fortescue  of  Buckland 
Filleigh  in  Devonshire  (1659-1691),  who  mar- 
ried Agnes,  daughter  of  Nicholas  Dennis  of 
Barnstaple,  was  born  at  Buckland,  and  Avas 
baptised  there  on  26  June  1687.  His  mother, 
after  his  father's  death,  married  Dr.  Gilbert 
Budgell,  who,  by  his  first  wife,  was  father  of 
the  ill-fated  Eustace  Budgell  [q.  v.],  and  by 
this  connection  Fortescue  became  acquainted 
with  a  third  well-known  man  of  letters.  He 
did  not  proceed  to  the  university,  but  dwelt  as 
n  country  squire  on  the  estate  which  he  had 
inherited  when  but  four  years  old.  His  for- 
tune was  enhanced  by  his  marriage  at  East 
Allington,  Devonshire,  on  7  July  1709,  to  his 
distant  kinswoman,  Mary,  eldest  daughter 
and  coheiress  of  Edward  Fortescue  of  Crust 
and  Fallapit.  Much  to  his  grief  she  died  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one  on  1  Aug.  1710,  and 
-was  buried  at  East  Allington  on  4  Aug., 
leaving  him  with  an  only  child,  Mary,  who 
•was  born  at  Buckland  Filleigh  on  16  July  in 
that  year.  Fortescue  thereupon  determined 
upon  adopting  a  more  active  life,  and  chose 
the  law  as  his  profession.  His  name  was 
•entered  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  September 
1710,  but  he  removed  to  the  Inner  Temple 
in  November  1714,  and  was  called  by  it  in 
.July  1715.  Gay  had '  contracted  an  intimate 
friendship '  with  him  when  they  were  school- 
boys together  at  Barnstaple  grammar  school, 
which  lasted  during  their  lives,  and  the  two 
i'amilies  were  nearly  related  by  marriage.  It 
Tvas  no  doubt  through  Gay's  agency  that 
Fortescue  was  admitted  soon  after  his  settle- 
ment in  London  to  the  acquaintance  of  Pope. 
When  Sir  Robert  Walpole  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1715  he  se- 
lected Fortescue  as  his  private  secretary. 
Horace  Walpole,  in  his  'Letters'  (Cunning- 
ham's ed.  i.  246),  mentions  his  presence  at 
*  a  family  dinner '  at  the  official  residence  of 
the  master  of  the  rolls  many  years  later,  and 
•explains  the  term  by  a  note  that  Fortescue 
•was  '  a  relation  of  Margaret  Lady  Walpole.' 
The  connection  was  remote,  and,  as  Lady 
Walpole  was  not  married  until  1724.  the  choice 
of  the  private  secretary  must  have  been  due 
to  other  causes,  and  may  be  assigned  to  his 
influence  in  the  west  of  England,  where 
pocket  boroughs  abounded.  At  the  general 
election  in  1727  he  was  returned  for  the 
borough  of  Newport  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  a 
constituency  which  he  continued  to  represent 
until  1736,  and  rendered,  unlike  most  of 
Pope's  friends,  a  warm  support  to  the  ministry 
of  Walpole.  At  the  bar  Fortescue's  progress 
was  steady,  as  befitted  a  sound,  but  not  a 
brilliant  lawyer.  In  1730  he  was  appointed 

VOL.    XX. 


king's  counsel  and  attorney-general  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales ;  on  9  Feb.  1736  he  was 
raised  to  the  judicial  bench  as  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  and  on  7  July  1738  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  court  of  common  pleas.  His 
final  advancement  was  to  the  mastership  of 
the  rolls  (5  Nov.  1741),  when  he  was  called 
to  the  privy  council  (19  Nov.),  and  he  sat  in 
that  court  until  his  death.  He  died  on  Sa- 
turday morning,  16  Dec.  1749,  about  one 
o'clock,  and  was  buried  in  the  Rolls  Chapel, 
'  on  one  side  of  and  close  to  the  communion- 
table on  the  north  side,'  on  26  Dec.,  in  a 
grave  '  sufficient  only  to  hold  his  coffin,  a 
very  wide  one,'  and  on  the  adjoining  wall  is 
an  inscription  to  his  memory.  His  sister, 
Grace  Fortescue, '  an  exceeding  good  woman,' 
died  in  1743,  and  the  master  of  the  rolls  was 
'  very  much  afflicted  at  her  loss.'  His  only 
daughter  married  about  1733  John  Spooner 
of  Beachworth,  and  died  on  24  July  1752, 
having  had  issue  one  daughter,  Mary,  who 
died  an  infant. 

Jervas  wrote  of  Fortescue  as  '  ridens  For- 
tescuvius,'  and  a  letter  from  him  to  Mrs. 
Howard,  afterwards  Lady  Suffolk,  in  the 
'  Suffolk  Letters,'  i.  202-4,  bears  witness  to 
his  position  among  her  friends.  Gay,  in  the 
second  book  of  the  '  Trivia,'  appeals  to  him 
as  '  sincere,  experienced  friend,'  with  whom 
he  desires  to  stray '  the  long  Strand  together,' 
for  '  with  thee  conversing  I  forget  the  way.' 
It  is,  however,  as  a  friend  of  Pope  that  Fortes- 
cue  lives  in  mem  ory.  He  was  cons  ulted  by  the 
poet  on  all  pecuniary  matters,  and  on  all  the 
business  in  which  Martha  Blount  [q.  v.]  was 
concerned,  and,  as  Pope  acknowledges, '  with- 
out a  fee.'  The  first  of  Pope's  satires  ('  The 
First  Satire  of  the  Second  Book  of  Horace 
Imitated ')  is  addressed  to  Fortescue ;  it  was 
originally  published  in  1733  in  folio,  under 
the  title  of  '  Dialogue  between  Alexander 
Pope  of  Twickenham  in  com.  Midd.  on  the 
one  part,  and  the  learned  counsel  on  the 
other.'  He  was  the  legal  adviser  of  the 
Scriblerus  Club,  and  when  Pope  joined  with 
Swift  in  publishing  three  volumes  of  '  Mis- 
cellanies'  (1727),  which  contained  the  hu- 
morous report  of  '  Stradling  versus  Stiles,'  on 
the  question  whether  '  Sir  John  Swale  of 
Swale  Hall  in  Swaledale,  fast  by  the  river 
Swale,  knight,'  in  bequeathing  all  his  black 
and  white  horses,  when  he  possessed  six 
black,  six  white,  and  six  pied,  meant  to  in- 
clude the  pied  horses  in  the  bequest,  the 
legal  terms  were  supplied  by  Fortescue.  The 
letters  which  Pope  addressed  to  him  were 
originally  published  as  regards  one  part  in 
Polwhele's  '  Devonshire,'  i.  320-5,  and  as  re- 
gards the  other  part  in  Rebecca  Warner's 
'  Collection  of  Original  Letters '  (1817).  Both 


Forth 


5° 


Fortune 


sets  were  afterwards  incorporated  m  Ros- 
coe's  edition  of  Pope,  ix.  359,  &c.,  and 
in  Elwin  and  Courthope's  edition  (Letters, 
iv.),  ix.  96-146.  They  are  the  simple  and 
unaffected  effusions  of  the  poet's  friendship. 
In  most  editions  of  Pope's  works  appears  a 
letter  purporting  to  be  sent  by  Gay  to  For- 
tescue (9  Aug.  1718)  on  the  death  of  the  two 
lovers  by  lightning  at  Stanton  Harcourt,  but 
it  was  in  reality  written  to  Miss  Blount  by 
Pope.  Through  the  latter's  advice  the  woods 
at  Buckland  were  much  improved  by  their 
owner.  A  letter  from  Fortescue  to  Lord 
Macclesfield  belonged  to  Lord  Ashburnham 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  8th  Rep.  App.  pt.  iii.  12). 
His  portrait  was  painted  by  Hudson,  and 
engraved  by  Faber  in  1741. 

[Lord  Clermont's  Fortescue  Family,  pedigree 
at  p.  148  and  pp.  152-67  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1749,  p. 
572;  Roscoe's  Pope,  vi.  95,  vii.  215-21  ;  Foss's 
Judges;  Gay's  Chair,  1820,  p.  16;  Edinb.  Rev. 
1877,  cxlv.  317-19;  Johnson's  Poets  (Cunning- 
ham), iii.  51 ;  Nichols's  Illustrations  of  Lit.  iv. 
394;  Carruthers's Pope,  1858,  ii.  339-41 ;  "Worthy's 
Devon  Parishes,  i.  252-3 ;  J.  Chaloner  Smith's 
Portraits,  i.  351.]  W.  P.  C. 

FORTH,  EARL  OF.  [See  RUTHVEN, 
PATRICK,  1572-1651.] 

FORTREY,  SAMUEL  (1622-1681),  au- 
thor of  'England's  Interest  and  Improve- 
ment, consisting  in  the  increase  of  the  Store 
and  Trade  of  this  Kingdom,' Cambridge,  1663, 
is  described  on  the  title-page  of  that  work  as 
'  one  of  the  gentlemen  of  his  majesties  most 
honourable  privy  chamber.'  In  all  probability 
he  may  be  identified  with  Samuel  Fortrey 
of  Richmond  and  Byall  Fen,  Isle  of  Ely, 
clerk  of  the  deliveries  of  the  ordnance  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  and  one  of  the  bailiffs  in 
the  corporation  of  the  Great  Level.  This 
Samuel  Fortrey,  born  11  June  1622,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Samuel  Forterie,  a  merchant 
of  Walbrooke  Ward,  London,  who  was  the 
grandson  of  John  de  la  Forterye,  a  refugee 
from  Lille,  and  owned  a  house  at  Kew, 
which  was  eventually  bought  by  Queen 
Charlotte.  Fortrey  married,  on  23  Feb.  1647, 
Theodora  Josceline,  the  child  for  whom  Eliza- 
beth Josceline  wrote  '  The  Mother's  Legacie 
to  her  Unborn  Childe.'  He  died  in  Febru- 
ary 1681.  His  third  son,  James,  was  groom 
of  the  bedchamber  to  James  II,  and  married 
Lady  Bellasyse.  '  England's  Interest  and 
Improvement,'  though  it  was  reprinted  in 
1673,  1713,  and  1744,  and  again  in  Whit- 
worth's '  Early  English  Tracts  on  Commerce' 
in  1856,  is  a  weak  and  rambling  tract,  writ- 
ten apparently  without  any  very  definite  aim. 
Its  most  specific  advice  is  that  immigration 
and  enclosure  should  be  encouraged,  and  that 


the  king  should  set  a  good  example  by  pre- 
ferring fabrics  of  home  manufacture.  It  was 
for  many  years  frequently  referred  to  by 
financial  writers  in  consequence  of  a  very 
circumstantial  statement  contained  in  it  to 
the  effect  that  the  value  of  the  English  im- 
ports from  France  was  2,600,000£,  and  the 
value  of  the  exports  to  France  1,000,000/., 
'  by  which  it  appears  that  our  trade  with 
France  is  at  least  sixteen  hundred  thousand 
pounds  a  year  clear  lost  to  this  kingdom.' 

[Extracts  from  Sir  Henry  St.  George's  Visita- 
tion of  Cambridgeshire  in  the  Genealogist,  iii. 
298 ;  extracts  from  the  same  visitation  in  Nichols's 
Leicestershire,  ii.  *446 ;  Visitation  of  London  by 
Sir  Henry  St.  George  in  1634  (Harleian  Soc.  xv. 
284);  genealogical  table  in  Brit.  Mus.  Addit. 
MS.  5520,  f.  125;  Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey, 
i.  447 ;  Brit.  Mus.  and  Bodleian  Library  Cata- 
logues of  Printed  Books.]  E.  C-N. 

FORTUNE,  ROBERT  (1813-1880),  tra- 
veller and  botanist,  was  born  at  Kelloe  in 
the  parish  of  Edrom,  Berwickshire,  16  Sept. 
1813.  After  education  in  the  parish  school 
and  apprenticeship  in  local  gardens,  he  en- 
tered the  Edinburgh  Botanical  Garden,  and 
became  subsequently  superintendent  of  the 
indoor-plant  department  in  the  Royal  Hor- 
ticultural Society's  garden  at  Chiswick.  In 
1842  he  was  sent  as  collector  to  the  so- 
ciety to  China.  He  visited  Java  on  his  way 
out  in  1843  and  Manilla  in  1845,  returning 
to  England  in  1846  after  many  adventures 
from  shipwreck,  pirates,  hostile  natives,  and 
fever.  He  entered  the  city  of  Loo-chow,  then 
closed  to  Europeans,  disguised  as  a  China- 
man. Among  the  many  beautiful  and  inte- 
resting plants  which  he  then  sent  home  were 
the  double  yellow  rose  and  the  fan-palm 
(Ckamcerops  Fortunei)  that  bear  his  name, 
the  Japanese  anemone,  many  varieties  of  the 
tree-peonies,  long  cultivated  in  North  China, 
thekumquat (Citrus  japonica),  Weigela  rosea, 
and  Dicentra  spectabilis,  besides  various  aza- 
leas and  chrysanthemums.  He  was  appointed 
curator  of  the  Chelsea  Botanical  Garden,  but 
had  to  resign  in  1848  on  his  return  to  China 
to  collect  plants  and  seeds  of  the  tea-shrub 
on  behalf  of  the  East  India  Company.  In 
1847  he  published  *  Three  Years'  Wanderings 
in  the  Northern  Provinces  of  China,  including 
a  Visit  to  the  Tea,  Silk,  and  Cotton  Coun- 
tries, with  an  Account  of  the  Agriculture  and 
Horticulture  of  the  Chinese.'  In  1851  he 
successfully  introduced  two  thousand  plants 
and  seventeen  thousand  sprouting  seeds  of 
the  tea  into  the  north-west  provinces  of  India, 
as  described  in  his  'Report  upon  the  Tea 
Plantations  in  the  North-west  Provinces/ 
London,  1851,  8vo  ;  'A  Journey  to  the  Tea 
Countries  of  China,'  London,  1852,  8vo ;  and 


Fosbroke 


Foss 


'  Two  Visits  to  the  Tea  Countries  of  China 
and  the  British  Plantations  in  the  Hima- 
layas,' London,  1853,  2  vols.  8vo.  In  1853 
he  visited  Formosa  and  described  the  manu- 
facture of  rice-paper  carried  on  there,  and 
about  the  same  time  paid  several  visits  to 
Japan,  whence  he  introduced  the  variegated 
China-rose  {Kerria  japonica),  Aucuba  japo- 
nica,  Lilium  auratum,  and  the  golden  larch 
(Larix  Kcempferi),  with  many  other  species 
now  widely  known  in  our  gardens.  In  1857 
he  published  '  A  Residence  among  the  Chi- 
nese,' describing  the  culture  of  the  silkworm, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  commissioned  to 
collect  tea-shrubs  and  other  plants  in  China 
and  Japan  on  behalf  of  the  United  States 
government.  The  story  of  this  journey  was 
told  in  his  last  work,  '  Yeddo  and  Peking,' 
London,  1863,  8vo,  written  after  his  retire- 
ment, when  he  engaged  for  a  time  in  farming 
in  Scotland.  He  died  at  Gilston  Road,  South 
Kensington,  13  April  1880. 

[Gardener's  Chronicle,  1880,  i.  487;  Garden, 
1880,  xvii.  356  ;  Cottage  Gardener,  xix.  192.] 

G.  S.  B. 

FOSBROKE,  THOMAS  DUDLEY 
(1770-1842),  antiquary,  born  27  May  1770, 
was  the  only  son  of  William  Fosbroke  by 
his  second  wife,  Hesther,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Lashbroke  of  Southwark,  and  was  a  descend- 
ant of  a  family  first  settled  at  Forsbrook  in 
Staffordshire  (for  the  family  history  see 
FOSBROKE,  Brit.  Monachism,  3rd  ed.  pp.  14- 
23).  When  nine  years  old  he  was  sent  to 
St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  in  1785  was 
elected  to  a  Teasdale  scholarship  at  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford.  He  graduated  B.A. 
1789,  M.A.  1792  (Catal.  Oxf.  Graduates). 
He  was  ordained  in  1792,  and  was  curate  of 
Horsley  in  Gloucestershire  from  1792  to 
1810.  From  1810  to  1830  he  was  curate  of 
Walford,  near  Ross,  Herefordshire,  and  from 
1830  till  his  death  was  vicar  of  the  parish. 
He  died  at  Walford  vicarage  on  1  Jan.  1842. 
He  married,  in  1796,  Miss  Howell  of  Horsley, 
and  had  four  sons  and  six  daughters.  His 
wife  and  seven  of  his  children  (see  Gent. 
Mag.  1842,  new  ser.  xvii.  216)  survived 
him.  There  is  a  portrait  of  him  prefixed  to 
his  '  British  Monachism  '  (3rd  edit.) 

Fosbroke  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  in  1799,  and  from  about 
that  time  devoted  himself  to  archaeology  and 
Anglo-Saxon  literature,  studying  eight  or 
nine  hours  a  day.  His '  British  Monachism ' 
was  published  in  1802  (London,  2  vols.  8vo), 
and  was  well  received  (also  1817, 4to ;  1843, 
8vo).  His  other  chief  work,  the  '  Encyclo- 
paedia of  Antiquities,'  a  treatise  on  the  ele- 
ments of  classical  and  mediaeval  archaeology, 


was  published  in  1825  (London,  2  vols.  4to  ; 
also  London,  1840,  1  vol.  8vo).  He  con- 
tributed many  reviews  to  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  and  among  his  other  publications 
are :  1.  '  Abstracts  of  Records  and  MSS. 
respecting  the  County  of  Gloucester,'  Glou- 
cester, 1807, 2  vols.  4to.  2.  'Key  to  the  Tes- 
tament ;  or  Whitby's  Commentary  abridged,' 
1815,  8vo.  3.  '  History  of  the  City  of  Glou- 
cester,' London,  1819,  fol.  4.  'Berkeley 
Manuscripts  '  (pedigrees  of  the  Berkeleys ; 
history  of  parish  of  Berkeley,  &c.),  London, 
1821,  4to.  5.  '  Companion  to  the  Wye  Tour : 
Ariconensia '  (on  Ross  and  Archenfield), 
Ross,  1821,  12mo.  He  also  made  additions 
toGilpin's  '  Wye  Tour'  (see  Brit.  Mm.  Cat.) 
6.  '  The  Tourist's  Grammar '  (on  scenery, 
antiquities,  &c.),  London,  1826, 12mo.  7. '  Ac- 
count of  Cheltenham,'  Cheltenham,  1826, 
12mo.  8.  '  Foreign  Topography '  (an  account 
of  ancient  remains  in  Africa,  Asia,  and 
Europe),  London,  1828,  4to.  9.  '  A  Treatise 
on  the  Arts,  Manufactures,  Manners,  and 
Institutions  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans '  (in 
Lardner's '  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia '),  1833,  8vo. 

[Gent.   Mag.   1842,  new  ser.   xvii.    214-16  ; 
Fosbroke's  Works ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]     W.  W. 

FOSS,EDWARD(1787-1870),biographer, 
eldest  son  of  Edward  Smith  Foss,  solicitor,  of 
36  Essex  Street,  Strand,  London,  by  Anne, 
his  wife,  daughter  of  Dr.  William  Rose  of 
Chiswick,  was  born  in  Gough  Square,  Fleet 
Street,  16  Oct.  1787.  He  was  educated  un- 
der Dr.  Charles  Burney  [q.  v.],  his  mother's 
brother-in-law,  at  Greenwich,  and  remained 
there  until  he  was  articled  in  1804  to  his 
father,  whose  partner  he  became  in  1811. 
In  1822  he  became  a  member  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  but  never  proceeded  further  towards 
a  call  to  the  bar.  Upon  his  father's  death,  in 
1830,  he  removed  to  Essex  Street,  and  carried 
on  the  practice  alone  until  1840,  when  he 
retired.  During  his  professional  career  he 
had,  owing  to  his  literary  tastes  and  connec- 
tions, been  specially  concerned  with  ques- 
tions relating  to  publishers  and  literary  men. 
In  1827-8  he  served  the  office  of  under- 
sheriff  of  London.  He  was  connected  with 
the  Law  Life  Assurance  Society  from  its 
foundation  in  1823,  first  as  auditor  and  after- 
wards as  director,  and  was  active  in  founding 
the  Incorporated  Law  Society,  of  which  he 
was  president  in  1842  and  1843.  In  1844  he 
removed  from  Streatham  to  Canterbury, 
where  he  proved  himself  a  useful  chairman 
of  the  magistrates'  bench,  in  1859  to  Dover, 
and  in  1865  to  Addiscombe.  From  an  early 
age  he  had  made  various  essays  in  writing. 
He  contributed,  while  still  a  very  young 
man,  to  the  'Monthly  Review,'  'Aikin's 

E2 


Foss 


Foster 


Athenaeum,'  the  'London  Magazine,'  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  and  the  '  Morning 
Chronicle.'  In  1817  he  published  'The 
Beauties  of  Massinger,'  and  in  1820  an  abridg- 
ment of  Blackstone's '  Commentaries,'  begun 
by  John  Giffard  and  published  under  his 
name,  which  has  since  been  translated  into 
German.  On  retiring  from  professional  prac- 
tice he  devoted  himself  to  collecting  materials 
for  the  history  of  the  legal  profession,  which 
he  lent  to  Lord  Campbell  for  his  '  Lives  of 
the  Chancellors.'  He  published  in  1843 
'  The  Grandeur  of  the  Law,' and  in  1848  the 
first  two  volumes  of  the  '  Judges  of  Eng- 
land '  appeared.  The  work  was  at  first  un- 
successful, owing  to  the  obscurity  and  un- 
popularity of  the  subject — judges  of  the 
Norman  period  ;  but  as  it  progressed  it  rose 
in  favour,  until  it  is  now  established  as  the 
standard  authority  in  its  particular  field.  In 
recognition  of  his  labours  Lord  Langdale, 
to  whom  the  first  two  volumes  were  dedi- 
cated, procured  for  him  a  grant  of  the  entire 
series  of  publications  of  the  Record  Commis- 
sion. The  third  and  fourth  volumes  appeared 
in  1851,  fifth  and  sixth  in  1857,  and  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth  in  1864.  In  1865  he  pub- 
lished '  Tabulae  Curiales,'  and  the  printing  of 
his '  Biographia  Juridica ' — an  abbreviation  of 
his  '  Judges  of  England ' — was  far  advanced 
when  he  died  of  an  apoplexy,  27  July  1870. 
He  also  contributed  to  the  '  Standard.'  He 
was  an  original  member  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute,  and  contributed  a  paper  on  West- 
minster Hall  to  its  publication, '  Old  London,' 
1867.  He  contributed  to  '  Archaeologia  ' 
papers  '  On  the  Lord  Chancellors  under  King 
John,'  '  On  the  Relationship  of  Bishop  Fitz- 
James  and  Lord  Chief  Justice  Fitzjames,' '  On 
the  Lineage  of  Sir  Thomas  More,'  and  '  On 
the  Office  and  Title  of  Cursitor  Baron  of  the 
Exchequer.'  For  the  Kent  Archaeological 
Association,  which  he  helped  to  found,  he 
wrote  a  paper  '  On  the  Collar  of  S.S.'  (Ar- 
chaol.  Cantiana,  vol.  i.  1858),  and  a  pri- 
vately printed  volume  of  poems, '  A  Century 
of  Inventions,'  appeared  in  1863.  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
in  1822,  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Camden  Society  from  1850  to  1853,  and  from 
1865  to  1870,  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Literature  from  1837,  and  on  the  council 
of  the  Royal  Literary  Fund,  and  until  1839 
secretary  to  the  Society  of  Guardians  of  Trade. 
He  was  a  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant 
for  Kent.  He  married  in  1814  Catherine, 
eldest  daughter  of  Peter  Martineau,  by  whom 
he  had  one  son,  who  died  in  infancy,  and  in 
1844  Maria  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Hut-chins,  by  whom  he  had  six  sons 
(of  whom  the  eldest,  Edward,  a  barrister, 


assisted  in  the  preparation  of  the  '  Biographia 
Juridica ')  and  three  daughters. 

[Memoir  by  J.  C.  Robertson,  prefixed  to  Bio- 
graphia Juridica ;  Law  Times,  24  Sept.  1870 ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  vi.  126.]  J.  A.  H. 

FOSTER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  JOHX  (1780- 
1 848),  diplomatist,  second  son  of  John  Thomas 
Foster,  M.P.  for  Ennis  in  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons  (nephew  of  Anthony  Foster,  lord 
chief  baron  of  Ireland,  and  first  cousin  of  John 
Foster,  lord  Oriel  [q.  v.]),  by  Lady  Elizabeth 
Hervey,  daughter  of  Frederick  Augustus,  earl 
of  Bristol  and  bishop  of  Derry,  was  born  on 
1  Dec.  1780,  and  through  the  influence  of 
his  mother,  who  had  remarried  William,  fifth 
duke  of  Devonshire,  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  the  legation  of  the  Right  Hon.  Hugh 
Elliot  [q.  v.]  at  Naples.  In  August  1811  he 
was  nominated  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  United  States  of  America.  His  manners 
were  not  conciliatory,  and  he  did  nothing  to 
stave  off"  the  war  which  broke  out  in  1812. 
In  that  year  he  returned  to  England,  and  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Cockermouth,  and  in  Mav 
1814  he  was  nominated  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary at  Copenhagen.  He  remained  in  Den- 
mark for  ten  years,  during  which  nothing 
of  importance  happened,  and  in  1815  he 
married  Albinia  Jane,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
George  Vere  Hobart,  who  received  a  patent 
of  precedency  as  an  earl's  daughter  when  her 
brother  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Bucking- 
hamshire in  1832.  In  1822  Foster  was  sworn 
of  the  privy  council,  and  in  1824  he  was 
transferred  to  the  court  of  Turin,  and  was 
knighted  and  made  a  G.C.H.  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  was  further  created  a  baronet 
'  of  Glyde  Court,  county  Louth,'  on  30  Sept. 
1831,  and  he  remained  at  Turin  for  no  less 
than  sixteen  years,  until  1840,  during  which 
period  no  event  happened  to  bring  his  name 
into  notice.  In  that  year  he  retired  from 
the  diplomatic  service.  On  1  Aug.  1848  he 
committed  suicide  by  cutting  his  throat, 
in  a  fit  of  temporary  insanity,  at  Branksea 
Castle,  near  Poole,  Dorsetshire. 

[Foster's  Baronetage ;  Gent.  Mag.  September 
1848.]  H.  M.  S. 

FOSTER,  HENRY  (1796-1831),  naviga- 
tor, born  in  August  1796,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Henry  Foster,  incumbent  of  Wood  Plump- 
ton,  near  Preston,  Lancashire,  and  was  edu- 
cated under  Mr.  Saul  at  Green  Row,  Cum- 
berland. It  was  his  father's  wish  that  he 
should  take  orders,  but  in  1812  he  entered  the 
navy  as  a  volunteer  under  Captain  Morton 
in  the  York,  and  was  appointed  sub-lieu- 
tenant 13  June  1815.  In  1815  he  served  in 
the  Vengeur  with  Captain  Alexander,  and  in 


Foster 


53 


Foster 


1817  in  the  Eridanus  with  Captain  King  in 
the  North  Sea  and  Channel  fleets.     In  1817 
he  joined  Captain  Hickey  in  the  Blossom 
with  whom  he  served  until  1819.   When  the 
Blossom  visited  the  Columbia  River  with 
the  commissioners  to  establish  the  boundary 
line  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  he  surveyed  the  river's  mouth.  When 
in  the  Creole  with  Commodore  Bowles  in 
1819  he  made  a  useful  survey  of  the  north 
shore  of  the  river  La  Plata.     In  1820  he  ac- 
companied Captain  Basil  Hall  in  the  Con- 
way  in  his  voyage  to  South  America,  and 
assisted  him  greatly  in  his  pendulum  and 
other  observations.     His  next  appointment, 
in  1823,  was  to  the  Griper,  Captain  Claver- 
ing,  on  her  voyage  with  Captain  Sabine  to 
the  coasts  of  Greenland  and  Norway,  and  on 
the  return  of  this  ship  in  1824  he  received 
full  lieutenant's  rank,  being  also  elected  F.R.S. 
on  6  May.     As  astronomer  to  the  expedition 
Foster  sailed  with  Sir  Edward  Parry  on  his 
third  voyage  of  north-western  discovery,  M  ay 
1824  to  October  1825,  and  again  accompanied 
him,  April-September  1827,  in  his  attempt 
to  reach  the  north  pole.     At  Port  Bowen 
and  other  stations  within  the  Arctic  circle 
he  made,  with  the  assistance  of  Parry  and 
others,  an  extensive  series  of  observations 
upon  the  diurnal  variation,  diurnal  intensity 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  upon  other  sub- 
jects connected  with  terrestrial  magnetism 
and  astronomical  refractions,  which  formed 
an  entire  fourth  part  of  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions '  for  1826,  and  was  printed  at 
the  expense  of  the  board  of  longitude.     For 
these  papers  he  received  the  Copley  medal  of 
the  Royal  Society,  30  Nov.  1827,  and  in  half 
an  hour  afterwards  the  rank  of  commander. 
Another  valuable  paper  contributed  by  him 
to  the  same  serial  was '  A  Comparison  of  the 
Changes  of  Magnetic  Intensity  throughout 
the   Day  in  the    Dipping  and   Horizontal 
Needles  atTreurenburgh  Bay  in  Spitzbergen' 
(Phil.   Trans,  cxviii.  303-11).     On  12  Dec. 
1827  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Chanticleer,  a  sloop  sent  out  by  the  govern- 
ment to  the  South  Seas  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  Royal  Society,  in  order  to  determine  the 
specific  ellipticity  of  the  earth  by  a  series  of 
pendulum  experiments  at  various  places,  and 
to  make  observations  on  magnetism,  meteo- 
rology, and  the  direction  of  the  principal 
ocean  currents.     Foster  sailed  from  Spithead 
27  April  1828.     He  commenced  the  pendu- 
lum experiments  on  Rat  Island,  Montevideo. 
He  rounded  Cape  Horn  on  27  Dec.,  and  on 
5  Jan.  1829  observed  Smith's  Island,  one  of 
the  New  South  Shetland  group.     Two  days 
later  he  touched  at  Trinity  Island,  which  he 
christened '  Clarence  Land/  and  of  which  he 


took  possession  in  the  name  of  Great  Britain, 
not  being  aware  of  its  previous  discovery  in 
1599  by  Dirck  Gherritz,  and  of  its  position 
in  most  of  the  old  charts  by  the  name  of 
'  Gherritz  Land.'     From  9  Jan.  to  4  March 
he  remained  at  an  island  on  these  coasts,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of '  Deception  Island,' 
busied  with  astronomical  and  geodesic  obser- 
vations, then  returned  to  Cape  Horn  25  March, 
and  anchored  in  St.  Martin's  Cove.    Here  he 
was  joined  on  ]  7  April  by  Captain  King  in 
the  Adventure,  employed  on  a  survey  of  the 
islands  adjacent.      Leaving  Cape  Horn  on 
24  May  I  oster  bore  away  for  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  which  he  reached  by  16  July, 
and  where  he  stayed  until  13  Dec.    He  then 
visited  St.  Helena,  and  afterwards  various 
South  American  ports,  arriving  at  Porto  Bello 
on  22  Dec.  1830.  Here  he  wished  to  measure 
the  difference  of  longitude  across  the  isthmus 
of  Panama  by  means  of  rockets.  After  various 
preparations  and  onefailure,  he  left  for  Panama 
on  28  Jan.  1831,  to  make  the  final  experi- 
ment. It  proved  successful,  and  the  meridian 
distance  between  Panama  and  Chagres  having 
been  thus  measured,  Foster,  in  high  spirits, 
embarked  in  a  canoe  at  Cruces  on  5  Feb.  to 
return  down  the  river  Chagres.  In  the  even- 
ing he  was  sitting  upon  the  awning  when  it 
gave  way,  and  he  fell  into  the  river  and  was 
drowned.     His  remains  were  recovered  on 
8  Feb.  and  buried  on  the  river  bank,  nearly 
halfway  between  Palamatio  Viejo  and  Pa- 
lamatio  Nueva.     A  monument   marks  the 
spot.     A  simple  tablet  was  also   raised  to 
his  memory  by  the  officers  of  the  Chanti- 
cleer in  the  port  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Chagres ; 
another  monument  to  him  is  in  the  north 
aisle  of  Wood  Plumpton  Church.     'There 
were  few  officers  in  the  service  whose  minds 
could  have  been  more  highly  cultivated  than 
Foster's,'  writes  one  of  his  comrades  in  the 
Arctic  expedition  ( United  Service  Journal, 
1835,  pt.  ii.  pp.  83-4).     Foster's  notebook, 
containing  all  his  observations  since  leaving 
Porto  Bello,  was  stolen  from  his  body  by  the 
canoe-men,  but  he  left  an  immense  mass  of 
observations  of  various  kinds,  which  the  ad- 
miralty confided  partly  to  the  Royal  Society 
and  partly  to  the  Astronomical  Society.     A 
report  on  the  pendulum  experiments  of  Fos- 
:er  was  drawn  up  by  Francis  Baily,  the  pre- 
sident of  the  Astronomical  Society,  and  in- 
serted in  vol.  vii.  of  their  '  Memoirs  ; '  it  was 
also  printed  by  the  admiralty.    The  prepara- 
tion of  the  report  on  his  chronometrical  ob- 
servations was  entrusted  to  Dr.  J.  L.  Tiarks, 
F.R.S.     These,  with  other  valuable  papers, 
form  the  appendix  to  the  'Narrative  of  a 
Voyage  to  the  Southern  Atlantic  Ocean,  in 
he  years  1828,  29,  30,  performed  in  H.M. 


Foster 


54 


Foster 


Sloop  Chanticleer,  under  the  command  of  the 
late  Captain  Henry  Foster,  F.R.S.,  &c.  By 
order  of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Admiralty.  From  the  Private  Journal  of 
W.  H.  B.  Webster,  surgeon  of  the  Sloop,' 
2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1834.  A  French  trans- 
lation by  A.  de  Lacaze  appeared  in  1849. 

[Webster's  Narrative,  i.  preface,  ii.  190-208  ; 
United  Service  Journal,  1831,  pt.  ii.  pp.  286, 
489-96;  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  ci.  pt.  i.  p.  643,  pt.  ii. 
pp.  64-5,  vol.  cii.  pt.  i.  pp.  87-8  ;  Navy  Lists.] 

G.  G. 

FOSTER,  JAMES  (1697-1753),  divine, 
was  born  at  Exeter  on  16  Sept.  1697.  His 
father,  a  fuller  at  Exeter,  had  become  a  dis- 
senter, although  he  was  the  son  of  a  clergy- 
man of  Kettenng,  Northamptonshire.  Foster 
was  educated  at  the  free  school  of  Exeter, 
and  afterwards  at  an  academy  in  that  town 
kept  by  Joseph  Hallet,  sen.  He  began  to 
preach  in  1718.  At  this  time  the  dissenters 
in  the  west  were  inclining  to  Arianism.  The 
proposal  that  they  should  make  a  declaration 
of  orthodoxy  led  to  the  Salters'  Hall  confe- 
rence, and  to  the  expulsion  of  James  Peirce 
and  Joseph  Hallet,  jun.,  both  friends  of  Fos- 
ter's, from  their  congregations  at  Exeter. 
Foster  took  the  side  of  the  non-subscribers. 
His  opinions  gave  offence  to  the  majority  of 
the  dissenters  in  Exeter,  and  he  accepted  an 
invitation  from  a  congregation  at  Milborne 
Port  in  Somersetshire.  Milborne  Port  was 
also  too  orthodox  for  him,  and  he  left  it  to 
live  in  the  house  of  Nicholas  Billingsley  (son 
of  Nicholas  Billingsley  [q.  v.])  at  Ashwick, 
under  the  Mendip  Hills.  An  inscription,  after- 
wards placed  in  a  summer-house  where  he 
wrote  and  studied,  is  given  in  Collinson's '  His- 
tory of  Somersetshire'  (ii.  449).  He  preached 
to  two  small  congregations  at  Colesford  and 
"Wokey,  near  Wells,  his  salary  from  both 
amounting  to  only  15/.  a  year.  He  next 
moved  to  Trowbridge,  Wiltshire,  where  he 
boarded  with  a  glover,  and  had  a  congrega- 
tion of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  persons.  In 
1720  he  published  a  sermon,  'The  Resurrec- 
tion of  Christ  proved,'  preached  at  Trow- 
bridge ;  and  afterwards  in  the  same  year  an 
'  Essay  on  Fundamentals,'  arguing  that  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity  should  not  be  regarded 
as  essential.  An  appendix  seems  to  imply 
that  his  own  views  were  Arian.  He  was 
converted  by  the  writings  of  John  Gale  [q.  v.] 
against  infant  baptism.  He  was  baptised  by 
Gale  in  London.  Although  his  congregation 
did  not  object,  they  were  only  able  to  give 
him  so  small  a  salary  that  he  thought  of  en- 
tering his  landlord's  trade  as  a  glover.  A 
Mr.  Robert  Houlton,  however,  took  him  as  a 
domestic  chaplain.  In  1724  he  was  chosen 


as  the  colleague  of  Joseph  Burroughs  [q.  v.] 
at  the  chapel  in  the  Barbican,  a  position  pre- 
viously occupied  by  Gale.  In  1728  he  was 
also  appointed  to  give  the  Sunday  evening 
lecture  at  the  Old  Jewry.  Foster  became 
known  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and  took  part 
in  many  controversies.  In  1731  he  wrote 
one  of  the  best-known  replies  to  Tindal's 
'  Christianity  as  Old  as  the  Creation '  (the 
'  Usefulness,  Truth,  and  Excellency  of  the 
Christian  Religion  defended  against  ...'), 
and  Tindal  is  said  to  have  spoken  with  great 
regard  (CALEB  FLEMING)  of  an  answer  which, 
in  fact,  implies  a  very  close  approximation 
of  opinion.  In  1735  he  had  a  controversy 
with  Henry  Stebbing  [q.  v.]  upon  heresy,  in 
which  his  main  point  was  the  innocency  of 
intellectual  error.  Foster  made  replies  to 
two  '  Letters '  by  Stebbing,  and  to  a  '  True 
State  of  the  Controversy,'  in  which  Stebbing 
answered  the  second  letter;  and  Stebbing 
again  answered  the  last  reply  (1735-6-7). 
In  1744  he  became  pastor  of  the  independent 
church  at  Pinners'  Hall.  In  1746  he  visited 
Lord  Kilmarnock  in  the  Tower,  administered 
the  sacrament  to  him,  and  was  present  at  his 
execution  (18  Aug.)  He  published  an  account 
of  Kilmarnock's  behaviour  (partly  printed  in 
HOWELL,  State  Trials,  xviii.  503-14),  which 
was  attacked  in  various  pamphlets.  It  was 
insinuated  that  the  dissenters  were  willing  to 
accept  the  Pretender  in  order  to  get  rid  of 
the  Test  Act,  as  some  had  been  willing  to 
submit  to  James  II.  The  attack  was  appa- 
rently very  unfair.  Foster  seems  to  have 
shown  good  feeling,  and  it  is  said  that  his 
health  declined  from  this  time  on  account  of 
the  shock  to  his  nerves  (FLEMING  and  HAW- 
KINS, Anecdotes,  p.  164). 

Foster  published  four  volumes  of  sermons 
(1744,  &c.),  besides  separate  sermons.  The 
first  volume  produced  '  A  Vindication  of 
some  Truths  of  Natural  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion, in  answer  to  the  false  teaching  of  James 
Foster,'  by  J.  Brine  (1746).  His  great  repu- 
tation is  indicated  by  Pope's  familiar  lines 
(Epilogue  to  the  Satires,  i.  132-3)  : 

Let  modest  Foster,  if  he  will,  excel 
Ten  Metropolitans  in  preaching  well ; 

though  Johnson  explained  the  remark  to 
Beauclerk  by  saying,  '  Sir,  he  [Pope]  hoped 
that  it  would  vex  somebody '  (Langton's 
'  Collectanea,'  in  BOSWELL).  Hawkins,  in  his 
'  History  of  Music,'  said  that  it  had  become 
a  proverbial  phrase  that  '  those  who  had  not 
heard  Farinelli  sing  and  Foster  preach  were 
not  qualified  to  appear  in  genteel  company.' 
A  contemporary  eulogist  gives  the  less  con- 
clusive proof  that  the  sermons  were  attended 
by  numbers  of  the  fair  sex.  His  published 


Foster 


55 


Foster 


sermons  went  through  five  editions.  Two 
volumes  of '  Discourses  on  all  the  Principal 
Branches  of  Natural  Religion  and  Social 
Virtue,'  published  in  1749  and  1752,  had 
two  thousand  subscribers.  Foster's  health 
was  declining.  He  had  a  paralytic  stroke  in 
April  1750,  and  a  second  in  July  1753.  He 
died  on  5  Nov.  1753. 

Foster  received  the  D.D.  degree  by  diploma 
from  the  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  De- 
cember 1748.  He  had  a  tine  voice  and  grace- 
ful action.  He  was  a  man  of  generous  cha- 
racter, so  liberal  that  he  would  have  died 
without  a  penny  but  for  the  subscription  to 
his  '  Discourses.'  He  is  said  to  have  declined 
many  offers  of  preferment  in  the  Irish  church 
from  Bishop  Rundle.  As  a  thinker  Foster 
represents  the  drift  of  the  dissenters  of  his 
time  towards  rationalism.  Though  he  argued 
against  Tindal  and  supported  the  historical 
evidences  of  Christianity,  he  substantially 
agrees  in  philosophy  with  the  deists.  In  his 
sermons  (volume  of  1733,  i.  175)  occurs  a 
characteristic  phrase  quoted  by  Bolingbroke 
and  Savage  (Gent.  Mag.  v.  213):  'Where 
mystery  begins,  religion  ends.'  He  was  sharply 
attacked  by  John  Brine  [q.  v.]  in  a  '  Vindi- 
cation of  some  Truths  of  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion  .  .  .  ,'  1746,  for  his  free- 
thinking  tendencies.  The  eloquence  of  his 
preaching  is  not  very  perceptible  in  his  pub- 
lished works,  but  he  shows  some  ability  and 
much  good  feeling. 

Miss  Hawkins  says  (Anecdotes,  p.  164)  that 
the  portrait  by  Wilkes,  supposed  to  represent 
Foster,  was  really  taken  by  mistake  from  a 
Mr.  Morris,  who  was  preaching  for  him. 

[Funeral  Sermon  by  Caleb  Fleming,  5  Nov. 
1753  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1753,  p.  569;  Murch's  Pres- 
byterian Churches  of  the  West  of  England, 
pp.  158,  159  ;  Ivimey's  English  Baptists,  iii.  215, 
399-404  ;  Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches,  ii.  270- 
285;  Hawkins's  Hist,  of  Music,  1776,  v.  321; 
Life  by  Jared  Sparks  in  Collection  of  Essays, 
&c.,  v.  171-85  (followed  by  selections  from  wri- 
tings) ;  Protestant  Dissenters'  Mag.  iii.  309.] 

JJ.  S. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  (1731-1774),  upper 
master  of  Eton  School,  born  at  Windsor, 
Berkshire,  in  1731,  was  the  son  of  a  tradesman 
and  alderman  of  that  borough.  At  an  early 
age  he  entered  Eton  School  under  the  care  of 
the  Rev.  Septimius  Plumptre,  then  one  of  the 
assistant-masters.  From  Eton,  where  he  ex- 
hibited remarkable  attainments  as  a  classical 
scholar,  he  proceeded  in  1748  to  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
In  1750  he  was  elected  to  one  of  the  Craven 
university  scholarships.  The  following  year 
he  contributed  to  the  Cambridge  '  Luctus  ' 


on  the  death  of  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales, 
an  excellent  copy  of  Latin  hexameters.  Two 
more  of  his  college  exercises  were  printed,as 
'  Oratio  habita  Cantabrigise  in  Collegio  Re- 
gali  IV.  non.  Februarias  die  fundatoris  me- 
moriae sacro.  Accedit  etiam,  ab  eodem  scrip- 
turn,  Carmen  Comitiale,'  4to,  Cambridge, 

1752.  He  took  the  degrees  in  arts,  B.A.  in 

1753,  M.A.  in  1756,  and  was  created  D.D. 
per  literas  regias  in   1766.      In   1754   he 
gained  one  of  the  members'  prize  disserta- 
tions for  middle  bachelors.     It  was  entitled 
'  Enarratio  et  Comparatio  Doctrinarum  mo- 
ralium  Epicuri  et  Stoicorum  Dissertatio,'  4to, 
London,  1758.     Shortly  afterwards  he  re- 
turned to  Eton  as  an  assistant-master,  at  the 
personal  request  of  Dr.  Edward  Barnard, 
then  the  head-master.     On  Barnard  being 
elected  provost,  21  Oct.  1765,  he  made  inte- 
rest for  Foster  to  succeed  him  in  the  master- 
ship, and  carried  his  point.     Foster  was  not 
successful  in  his  administration  of  the  school, 
'  his  government  was  defective,  his  authority 
insufficient.'     In  March  1772  he  accepted  a 
canonry  at  Windsor  (Ls  NEVE,  Fasti,  ed. 
Hardy,  iii.  410),  and  in  July  of  the  following 
year  resigned  the  mastership  of  Eton.     In 
the  hope  of  recruiting  his  health,  which  had 
been  sadly  shattered  by  his  efforts  to  cope 
with  the  difficulties  of  his  headship,  he  visited 
the  '  German  Spa,'  but  died  there  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1774  (Gent.  Mag.  xliv.  390).     His 
remains  were  afterwards  removed  to  Windsor, 
and  deposited  near  those  of  his  father,  in  the 
parish  churchyard,  with  a  Latin  inscription 
written    by  himself,   which    is    accurately 
printed  in  Lysons's '  Magna  Britannia/  vol.  i. 
pt.  ii.  p.  472  (Berkshire).     His  will,  the  codi- 
cil of  which  is  dated  6  June  1774,  was  proved 
at  London  on  the  following  30  Aug.  (regis- 
tered in  P.  C.  C.  301,  Bargrave).     By  his 
wife  Mary  (?  Prior),  who  survived  him,  he 
left  a  daughter,  Mary.    Foster  also  published 
'  An  Essay  on  the  different  Nature  of  Accent 
and  Quantity,  with  their  use  and  application 
in  the  pronunciation  of  the  English,  Latin, 
and  Greek  languages :  containing  an  account 
.  .  .  of  the  ancient  tones,  and  a  defence  of 
the    present    system    of    Greek    accentual 
marks,  against  the  objections  of  J.  Vossius, 
Henninius,   Sarpedonius,   Dr.    G[ally],  and 
others.     (Marci  Musuri  Cretensis  ad   Leo- 
nem   X.   Carmen  .  .  .  Recensuit  et  Latine 
.  .  .  vertit  Johannes  Foster.'     Gr.  and  Lat.) 
2  pts.  8vo,  Eton,  1762.     The  second  edition 
(8vo,  Eton,  1763)  contains  '  some  additions 
from  the  papers  of  Dr.  Taylor  and  Mr.  Mark- 
land  ;  with  a  reply  to  Dr.  G[ally]'s  second 
Dissertation   in   answer  to  the  Essay.'     A 
third  edition,  '  containing  Dr.  G[allyj's  two 
Dissertations  against  pronouncing  the  Greek 


Foster 


Foster 


language  according  to  accents,'  was  issued  at 
London  in  1820.    * 

[Harwood's  Alumni  Eton.  pp.  336-7;  Gent. 
Mag.  vol.  liii.  pt.  ii.  pp.  1005-6,  vol.  liv.  pfc.  i. 
pp.  180-2,  vol.  Ix.  pt.  ii.  p.  875  ;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Anecd.  ii.,  iii.  24-5,  i*.  342-3,  viii.  424,  ix.  639; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  G. 

FOSTER,  JOHN,  LORD  ORIEL  (1740- 
1828),  last  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons,  eldest  son  of  Anthony  Foster  of 
Collon,  Louth,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  Ireland,  by  his  first  wife,  Eliza- 
beth, younger  daughter  of  William  Burgh 
of  Dublin,  was  born  in  September  1740,  the 
date  of  his  baptism  being  28  Sept.,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1761 
he  was  returned  to  the  Irish  parliament  for 
the  borough  of  Dunleer,  and  in  Michaelmas 
term  1766  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar.  In 
1769,  being  returned  for  the  county  of  Louth 
as  well  as  for  the  boroughs  of  Navan  and 
Dunleer,  Foster  elected  to  sit  for  the  county, 
which  thenceforth  he  continued  to  represent 
until  his  elevation  to  the  peerage  in  1821. 
In  parliament  he  devoted  his  attention  more 
particularly  to  the  financial  and  commercial 
affairs  of  the  country.  He  became  the  chair- 
man of  the  committee  of  supply  and  of  the 
committee  of  ways  and  means,  and  was  ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  Irish  privy  council. 
In  a  letter  to  Lord  Sidney,  dated  20  Feb. 
1784,  Lord  Northampton,  the  retiring  lord- 
lieutenant,  while  recommending  Foster  for 
the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
stated  that  'Mr.  Foster  has  for  several  ses- 
sions of  parliament  conducted  the  business 
of  government  in  matters  of  finance  with  dis- 
tinguished ability ;  his  knowledge  in  that 
branch  and  in  commercial  subjects  is  univer- 
sally admitted ;  he  is  a  strong  friend  to  his 
majesty's  government,  and  his  character  is 
highly  respectable '  (GRATTAN,  Life,  iii.  187). 
Shortly  afterwards  William  Gerard  Hamilton 
resigned,  and  Foster  was  appointed  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  on  23  April  1784. 
In  this  year  his  memorable  corn  law,  '  grant- 
ing large  bounties  on  the  exportation  of  corn 
and  imposing  heavy  duties  on  its  importa- 
tion,' was  passed.  '  This  law  is  one  of  the 
capital  facts  in  Irish  history.  In  a  few  years 
it  changed  the  face  of  the  land  and  made 
Ireland  to  a  great  extent  an  arable  instead 
of  a  pasture  country'  (LECKY,  History  of 
England,  vi.  354).  Foster  did  not,  however, 
long  retain  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, for  on  15  Aug.  1785  he  was  unani- 
mously elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  the  place  of  Edward  Sexten  Pery 
(Journals  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons 
vol.  xi.  pt.  i.  pp.  478-9),  and  on  6  Sept.  in 


he  following  year  was  sworn  a  member  of 
the  English  privy  council.     On  2  July  1790 
le  was  again  chosen  speaker,  though  not 
without  opposition,  William  Brabazon  Pon- 
sonby  being  proposed  by  Conolly,  but  Foster 
was  elected  by  145  votes  to  105  (ib.  xiv.  9). 
On  27  Feb.  1793  Foster,  in  committee  on  the 
Roman  Catholic  Bill,  warmly  opposed  the 
measure,  being  of  opinion  that '  the  overthrow 
of  the  protestant  establishment,  the  dethrone- 
ment of  the  House  of  Hanover,  and  a  total 
separation  from  Great  Britain '  would  be  the 
inevitable  consequences  of  passing  the  bill. 
He  was  for  the  third  time  elected  speaker  on 
9  Jan.  1798  (ib.vol.  xvii.  pt.  i.  p.  191).  Hitherto 
Foster  had  invariably  supported  the  English 
government  in  their  measures,  but  no  sooner 
were  the  intentions  of  the  ministry  known 
on  the  question  of  the  union  than  he  imme- 
diately put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  anti- 
unionists.     On  11  April  1799  Foster,  during- 
committee  on  the  Regency  Bill,  delivered  a 
very  able  speech  against  the  union,  lasting" 
three  hours.      He  replied   to   the   answers 
which  Pitt  had  made  to  his  own  speeches 
on  the  commercial    propositions    in   1785, 
and,  going  minutely  into  the  history  of  the 
trade  and  commerce  of  Ireland,  showed  the 
rapid  progress  which  the  country  had  made 
since  1782.     He  maintained  the  finality  of 
the  settlement  of  1782,  and  declared  that 
though  he  looked  upon  Pitt  as  the  greatest 
finance  minister  that  ever  lived,  '  in  this  fatal 
project  of  a  union  I  do  not  scruple  to  say 
he  is  the  worst  minister  Ireland  ever  met.' 
When  Burrowes  proposed  that  the  principal 
Roman  catholics  should  meet  the  leaders  of 
the  parliamentary  opposition  in  order  that 
they  might  act  in  concert  against  the  union, 
Foster,  unable  to  sink  his  religious  prejudices, 
refused  to  join  them,  and  the  negotiations- 
had  to  be  broken  off.     When  too  late  he 
seems  to  have  changed  his  mind  on  the  point, 
and  to  have   said,  in  a  conversation  with 
Plunket,  'if  the  crisis  demanded  it,  he  would 
even  go  the  length  of  calling  in  the  aid  of 
the  catholics '  (GRATTAN,  v.  69).     On  17  Feb. 
1800,  while  the  house  was  in  committee  on 
the  lord-lieutenant's  message  respecting  the 
union,  Foster  once  more  spoke  strongly  against 
the  proposal,  and  on  19  March  following  he 
again  opposed  the  bill,  declaring  that  the 
'  noble  lord's  union  will  not  amend  anything- 
but  will  make  everything  worse.'    On  7  June 
he  had  the  mortification  of  putting  the  final 
question  from  the  chair  on  the  third  reading 
of  the  bill  and  of  declaring  that  the  ayes  had1 
it.  The  house  met  for  the  last  time  on  2  Aug. 
1800.     Foster  refused  to  surrender  the  mace, 
declaring  that  '  until  the  body  that  entrusted 
it  to  his  keeping  demanded  it,  he  would  pre- 


Foster 


57 


Foster 


serve  it  for  them.'  It  is  preserved  by  his 
descendants,  together  with  the  speaker's 
chair,  at  Antrim  Castle.  Foster  was  one  of 
the  few  anti-unionists  who  obtained  seats  in 
the  united  parliament.  He  appears  to  have 
taken  part  in  the  debates  of  the  house  for 
the  first  time  on  16  March  1802  (Parl.  Hist. 
xxxvi.  362-3).  On  7  May  following  he  sup- 
ported Nicholls's  motion  for  an  address,  thank- 
ing the  king  for  the  removal  of  Pitt,  and 
broadly  asserted  that  the  union  had  been  car- 
ried by  corrupt  means  (ib.  p.  652).  Foster, 
however,  subsequently  became  reconciled  to 
Pitt,  and  in  July  1804  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  Irish  exchequer  in  the  place  of 
Isaac  Corry.  Though  not  officially  appointed, 
Foster  had  brought  in  the  Irish  budget  in 
the  preceding  month,  and  had  acted  on  se- 
veral other  occasions  in  the  house  as  if  he 
had  been  formally  installed  in  office.  A  de- 
bate was  raised  by  Francis  upon  the  infor- 
mality of  these  proceedings  (Parl.  Debates, 
ii.  1001-10),  and  Foster,  having  subsequently 
vacated  his  seat  for  the  county  of  Louth  on 
his  appointment,  was  duly  re-elected  in  the 
month  of  August.  On  14  May  1805  he  made 
a  vigorous  speech  against  Fox's  motion  for  a 
committee  on  the  Roman  catholic  petition 
(ib.  iv.  999-1006).  In  consequence  of  some 
differences  of  opinion  which  had  arisen  among 
the  ministry  during  this  session  on  his  Irish 
financial  measures,  Foster  proffered  his  resig- 
nation, but  Pitt  refused  to  accept  it.  Upon  the 
formation  of  the  ministry  of  All  the  Talents 
in  1806,  Foster  was  succeeded  by  Sir  John 
Newport,  but  on  30  April  1807  he  was  re- 
appointed  to  his  old  office,  which  he  con- 
tinued thenceforth  to  hold  until  1811,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  William  Wellesley  Pole, 
afterwards  Lord  Maryborough.  It  is  asserted 
by  the  author  of  Grattan's '  Life '  (v.  422) 
that  in  the  debate  on  the  Irish  Tobacco  Du- 
ties Bill  in  May  1811,  Foster,  roused  by  an 
assertion  of  Bankes  that  Ireland  was  becom- 
ing a  burden  to  England,  exclaimed  with 
great  indignation,  '  Take  back  your  union ! 
take  back  your  union ! '  The  debate  is,  how- 
ever, differently  reported  in  'Hansard'  (Parl. 
Debates,  xx.  311).  After  his  retirement  from 
office  Foster  rarely  spoke  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  on  17  July  1821  he  was  created 
a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  the  title 
of  Baron  Oriel  of  Ferrard  in  the  county  of 
Louth.  He  does  not  seem  to  have  taken 
any  part  in  the  debates  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
He  died  at  his  seat  at  Collon  in  the  county 
of  Louth  on  23  Aug.  1828,  in  his  eighty- 
eighth  year. 

Foster  married,  on  14  Dec.  1764,  Margaret, 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Burgh  of  Bert 
in  the  county  of  Kildare.  She  was  created 


Baroness  Oriel  of  Collon;  county  Louth,  in 
the  peerage  of  Ireland,  on  3  June  1790,  and 
Viscountess  Ferrard,  in  the  same  peerage, 
on  7  Nov.  1797,  with  remainder  to  her  male- 
issue,  and  died  on  20  Jan.  1824.  Their 
younger  son,  Thomas  Henry  Foster,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  two  Irish  titles  on  the  death  of 
his  mother  and  to  the  English  barony  of  Oriel 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  assumed,  by  royal 
license,  dated  8  Jan.  1817,  the  surname  and 
arms  of  Skeffington  only,  having  previously 
married  Lady  Harriet  Skeffington,  in  her  own 
right  Viscountess  Massereene  and  Baroness- 
Loughneagh.  The  present  Viscount  Masse- 
reeue  and  Ferrard  is  the  great-grandson  of  the 
last  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons. 
Though  not  an  eloquent  speaker  Foster  had 
a  clear  and  forcible  delivery.  His  four 
speeches  in  the  Irish  House  of  Commons  pre- 
viously referred  to  were  all  published,  and 
had  a  wide  circulation.  '  Memory '  Wood- 
fall  described  him  as  '  one  of  the  readiest  and 
most  clear-headed  men  of  business '  he  had 
ever  met  with  (Correspondence  of  William, 
Lord  Auckland,  1861,  i.  80),  while  his  unim- 
peachable character  and  wide  financial  know- 
ledge were  everywhere  recognised.  Foster 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
but  was  never  called  to  the  English  bar.  He 
was  elected  a  bencher  of  the  King's  Inns, 
Dublin,  on  22  May  1784,  and  twice  served 
as  a  lord  justice  in  the  absence  of  the  lord- 
lieutenant,  viz.  in  1787  and  1789.  A  mezzo- 
tint engraving,  by  C.  H.  Hodges,  of  a  por- 
trait of  Foster,  by  C.  G.  Stuart,  was  pub- 
lished in  1792. 

[Plowden's  Historical  Eeview  of  the  State  of 
Ireland,  1803  ;  Plowden's  History  of  Ireland, 
1801-10  (1811);  Memoirs  of  Henry  Grattan, 
1839-46,  vols.  iii.  iv.  v. ;  Lecky's  History  of 
England,  vi.  353-8,  360,  373-4,  444 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1828,  vol.  xcviii.  pt.  ii.  pp.  271-2,  290;  Ann. 
Reg.  1828,  App.  to  Chron.  pp.  255-7;  Biog. 
Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816,  p.  119;  Foster's 
Peerage,  1883,  pp.  474-5;  Haydn's  Book  of  Dig- 
nities, 1851,  pp.  135-6,  444,  451-2;  Notes  and 
Queries,  6th  ser.  v.  86,  132,  7th  ser.  iv.  169,  278, 
356,  455 ;  Official  Eeturn  of  Lists  of  Members  of 
Parliament,  pt.  ii.  pp.  214,  228,  240,  256,  271, 
283,  298,  666,  670,  671,  675,  680,  684,  689; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  F.  E.  B. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  (1770-1843),  essayist, 
eldest  son  of  John  Foster,  a  small  farmer  and 
weaver,  living  at  Wadsworth  Lane  in  the 
parish  of  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  who  found  time 
for  a  good  deal  of  theological  read  ing  and  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  baptist  congregation  in 
his  neighbourhood,  was  born  17  Sept.  1770, 
and  at  a  very  early  age  displayed  what  he 
afterwards  called  '  an  awkward  but  entire 
individuality.'  At  twelve  he  had  the  sedate- 


Foster 


Foster 


ness  of  an  old  man.  Nervous,  gloomy,  and 
sensitive,  his  intensest  pleasures  were  reading 
and  the  study  of  nature.  He  received  but 
little  schooling,  being  set,  when  a  mere  child, 
to  assist  his  parents  in  spinning  and  weaving 
wool.  He  had  far  greater  delight  in  shutting 
himself  up  alone  in  the  barn  with  '  Young's 
Night  Thoughts.'  At  seventeen  he  became  a 
member  of  the  baptist  congregation  at  Heb- 
den  Bridge,  and  soon  after  was  'set  apart'  as 
minister  by  a  special  religious  service,  and 
went  to  reside  at  Brearley  Hall  with  John 
Fawcett,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  who  at  that  time  di- 
rected the  studies  of  a  few  baptist  students. 
After  three  years  here  he  entered  the  Baptist 
College,  Bristol,  in  September  1791,  remain- 
ing there  till  May  1792,  and  then  entering 
on  the  regular  work  of  a  preacher.  He  first 
took  charge  of  a  small  baptist  society  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  for  three  months  in  1792.  In 
the  beginning  of  1793  he  went  to  Dublin  to 
minister  at  a  meeting-house  in  Swift's  Alley. 
'The  congregation/  he  tells  us,  'was  very 
small  when  I  commenced,  and  almost  nothing 
when  I  voluntarily  closed.'  This  was  the 
usual  history,  to  the  end  of  his  life,  of  all  con- 
gregations of  which  he  had  the  care.  After 
living  little  more  than  a  year  in  Ireland,  he 
went  home,  but  returned  to  Dublin  in  1795 
to  take  charge  of  a  classical  and  mathematical 
school,  which  after  eight  or  nine  months  he 
gave  up  as  a  failure.  His  intimacy  with  some 
of  the  violent  Dublin  democrats  exposed  him 
to  the  imminent  danger  of  imprisonment. 
In  February  1796  he  returned  once  more  to 
Wadsworth  Lane,  and  remained  there  until 
early  in  1797  he  became  minister  of  a  general  j 
baptist  congregation  at  Chichester.  About  I 
midsummer  1799  he  removed  to  the  house 
of  an  early  friend,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hughes, 
at  Battersea,  where  he  spent  several  months 
in  preaching,  and  teaching  twenty  black  boys 
whom  Zachary  Macaulay  was  training  for  mis- 
sion work.  In  1800  he  took  charge  of  a  small 
congregation  at  Downend,  near  Bristol,  and 
in  February  1804  of  one  at  Sheppard's  Bar- 
ton, Frome.  During  his  residence  here  his 
'  Essays '  were  published  in  1805.  They  ori- 
ginated in  conversations  with  Miss  Maria 
Snooke,  whom  he  had  first  met  at  Battersea, 
and  who  afterwards  became  his  wife,  and  were 
addressed  to  her.  An  introductory  letter, 
dated '  Near  Bristol,  30  Aug.  1804,'  mentions, 
among  his  reasons  for  writing  them,  the  relief 
of '  the  coldness  and  languor  incident  to  soli- 
tary speculations,'  and  the  desire  to  save  his 
mind  from  aimless  wandering.  The  book  con- 
tained four  essays, viz.  'On  a  Man's  Writing 
Memoirs  of  Himself,'  '  On  Decision  of  Cha- 
racter,' '  On  the  Application  of  the  Epithet 
Romantic,'  and  '  On  Some  of  the  Causes  by 


which  Evangelical  Religion  has  been  ren- 
dered less  acceptable  to  Persons  of  Culti- 
vated Taste.'  In  about  four  months  a  second 
edition  was  called  for,  and  a  third  was  pub- 
lished in  1806.  In  the  summer  of  that  year 
he  resigned  the  charge  of  the  Sheppard's  Bar- 
ton congregation,  an  affection  of  the  thyroid 
gland  rendering  preaching  painful,  and  gave 
himself  up  entirely  to  literature.  He  now 
became  a  regular  contributor  to  the  '  Eclectic 
Review,'  his  first  article,  a  review  of  Carr's 
'  Stranger  in  Ireland,'  appearing  in  November 
1806,  and  he  continued  to  write  for  it  till 
1839,  his  last  paper  being  published  in  July 
of  that  year.  Altogether  he  contributed  to 
it  184  articles,  a  number  of  which  have  been 
republished  in  his  '  Contributions,  Biogra- 
phical, Literary,  and  Philosophical,  to  the 
"  Eclectic  Review " '  (2  vols.  8vo,  London, 
1844).  In  May  1808  he  married  Miss  Snooke, 
and  went  to  reside  at  Bourton,  a  village  in 
Gloucestershire.  He  has  left  a  vivid  descrip- 
tion of  •'  the  long  garret '  in  his  house  here, 
'  crowded  and  loaded  with  papers  and  books,' 
with  a  gangway  between  them  in  which 
he  walked  while  composing.  About  a  year 
after  his  marriage  his  throat  so  far  recovered 
as  to  allow  him  to  resume  occasional  preach- 
ing, and  towards  the  end  of  1817  he  again 
took  charge  of  the  congregation  at  Downend. 
In  1821  he  gave  it  up  and  went  to  live  at 
Stapleton,  Gloucestershire.  In  1818,  while 
at  Downend,  he  had  published  his '  Discourse 
on  Missions.'  In  1822  he  began  to  lecture  fort- 
nightly in  Broadmead  Chapel,  Bristol, '  to  a 
congregation  quite  miscellaneous,  and,  in  the 
most  perfect  sense  of  the  word,  voluntary ' 
(letter,  3  July  1822).  At  the  end  of  two  years 
bad  health  forced  him  to  make  the  lectures 
monthly,  and  in  1825,  on  Robert  Hall's  com- 
mencing his  ministry  in  Bristol,  he  felt  him- 
self eclipsed,  and  ceased  them  altogether. 
Two  volumes  of  these  lectures  were  pub- 
lished. Meanwhile,  in  1820,  he  had  published 
his  essay  '  On  the  Evils  of  Popular  Igno- 
rance,' the  germ  of  which  was  a  sermon 
preached  on  behalf  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
School  Society  in  1818.  It  speedily  went 
into  a  second  edition,  being  revised  with 
merciless  particularity.  In  1825  he  com- 
pleted his  introductory  essay  to  Doddridge's 
'  Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion'  for  the  series 
of  '  Select  Christian  Authors  '  published  by 
William  Collins  of  Glasgow. 

His  only  son  died,  after  a  lingering  illness, 
in  1826.  His  wife  fell  into  consumption, 
and  after  years  of  declining  health  died  in 
1832.  Then  he  became  involved  in  a  contro- 
versy between  the  Serampore  missionaries, 
Carey,  Marshman,  and  Ward,  and  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 


Foster 


59 


Foster 


strongly  siding  with  the  missionaries.  In 
consequence  of  these  distractions  he  gave 
nothing  to  the  press  for  about  nine  years, 
with  the  exception  of  '  Introductory  Obser- 
vations to  Dr.  Marshman's  Statement'  (Lon- 
don, 1828),  a  ninth  edition  of  the  '  Essays,' 
a  paper  entitled  '  Observations  on  Mr.  Hall 
as  a  Preacher,'  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  Hall's 
'  Works '  (London,  1832),  two  letters  on  '  The 
Church  and  the  Voluntary  Principle,'  which 
appeared  in  the  '  Morning  Chronicle '  in 
1834,  and  five  letters  on  '  The  Ballot,'  which 
were  published  in  the  same  journal  in  1835.  A 
number  of  letters  to  friends  and  half  a  dozen 
more  articles  for  the  '  Eclectic '  sum  up  all 
that  he  wrote  from  this  time  till  his  death. 
In  1836  his  usually  fine  health  began  to  give 
way.  For  fifty  years  he  had  not  lain  a  day 
in  bed.  Now  his  lungs  became  diseased.  On 
24  Sept.  1843  he  took  to  his  room,  and  on 
Sunday  morning,  15  Oct.,  he  was  found  dead 
in  bed.  He  was  buried  in  the  burial-ground 
attached  to  the  Downend  baptist  chapel. 

Foster  held  not  a  few  peculiar  opinions. 
He  believed  that '  churches  are  useless  and 
mischievous  institutions,  and  the  sooner  they 
are  dissolved  the  better,'  his  wish  being  that 
'religion  might  be  set  free  as  a  grand  spiritual 
and  moral  element,  no  longer  clogged,  per- 
verted, and  prostituted  by  corporation  forms 
and  principles'  (letter,  10  Sept.  1828).  Ordi- 
nation he  regarded  as  a  lingering  supersti- 
tion. Though  a  baptist  minister,  he  never 
once  administered  baptism,  and  was  believed 
to  entertain  doubts  regarding  its  perpetuity. 
Politically,  he  was  a  republican  in  early  life, 
but  though  he  '  never  ceased  to  regard  royalty 
and  all  its  gaudy  paraphernalia  as  a  sad  satire 
on  human  nature '  (letter,  22  Feb.  1842), 
his  attachment  to  republicanism  became  less 
ardent  in  his  later  years. 

[Foster's  Life  and  Correspondence,  edited  by 
J.  E.  Kyland,  1846,  London,  2  vols.  8vo.] 

T.  H. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  (1787  P-1846),  architect, 
son  of  a  builder  and  surveyor  to  the  corpora- 
tion of  Liverpool,  was  born  at  Liverpool  about 
1787.  He  received  his  early  professional 
training  in  the  office  of  his  father,  which  was 
followed  by  some  years'  study  in  the  office  of 
the  eminent  London  architect,  Wyatt.  He 
assisted  Charles  Robert  Cockerel!  [q.  v.]  in 
his  investigations  into  the  remains  of  ancient 
architecture  in  Greece,  and  while  in  that 
country  discovered  the  sculptures  of  the  pedi- 
ment of  the  temple  of  Athene  at  ^Egina. 
In  1814  he  returned  to  Liverpool,  and  for  a 
short  time  carried  on  along  with  his  brother 
their  father's  private  practice  in  that  city. 
He  was  soon,  however,  called  to  his  father's 


post  of  architect  and  surveyor  to  the  corpo- 
ration, which  he  held  until  the  passing  of  the 
Municipal  Reform  Act  in  1832,  when  he  re- 
tired into  private  life,  and  died  on  21  Aug. 
1846.  He  was  the  designer  of  many  of  the 
handsomest  public  buildings  of  his  native  city, 
particularly  the  custom  house,  which  has  been 
extolled,  perhaps  extravagantly,  by  the  Ger- 
man traveller  Kohl  as  '  unquestionably  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  pieces  of  architecture  of 
our  age ; '  the  school  for  the  blind,  the  railway 
station  in  Lime  Street,  the  St.  John's  market, 
and  the  churches  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  Luke. 
[Imperial  Diet,  of  Biography.]  G.  W.  B. 

FOSTER,  JOHN  LESLIE  (d.  1842), 
Irish  judge,  was  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Foster,  bishop  of  Clogher,  who  died  in  1797, 
by  Catherine,  daughter  of  Henry  Leslie, 
D.D.,  and  grandson  of  Anthony  Foster,  lord 
chief  baron  of  Ireland.  He  was  admitted  to 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1  March  1797,  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  1800,  LL.B.  in  1805,  and 
LL.D.  in  1810  (Cat.  of  Graduates  in  Univ.  of 
Dublin,  1591-1868,  p.  205).  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  Ireland  in  Michaelmas  term  1803, 
but  was  for  some  time  a  member  of  Lincoln's 
Inn.  In  1804  he  published  an  'Essay  on 
the  Principles  of  Commercial  Exchanges,  par- 
ticularly between  England  and  Ireland,'  8vo, 
London.  He  was  afterwards  appointed  a  com- 
missioner for  improving  the  bogs  of  Ireland. 
In  1806  he  unsuccessfully  contested  Dublin 
University  as  a  tory  against  the  Hon.  George 
Knox,  LL.D.,  also  a  tory,  but  was  returned 
the  following  year,  and  retained  his  seat  until 
the  general  election  of  1812.  In  March  1816 
he  again  entered  parliament  as  member  for 
Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  was  chosen  advo- 
cate-general in  Ireland  in  June  of  that  year, 
and  counsel  to  the  commissioners  of  revenue 
in  Ireland  in  April  1818.  At  the  general 
election  of  1818  he  was  returned  for  both 
Armagh  and  Lisburn,  when  he  elected  to 
serve  for  Armagh,  and  continued  member 
until  1820.  He  was  returned  for  the  county 
of  Louth  at  a  by-election  on  21  Feb.  1824, 
and  again  at  the  general  election  in  1826 
(Lists  of  Members  of  Parliament,  Official 
Keturn,  pt.  ii.  255,  264,  282,  298, 314).  His 
two  speeches  in  the  House  of  Commons  of 
24  April  1812  and  9  May  1817,  on  Grattan's 
motion  respecting  the  penal  laws  against  the 
Roman  catholics  of  Ireland,  were  published 
separately.  On  4  Feb.  1819  he  was  elected 
F.R.S.,  being  then  member  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  and  vice-president  of  the  Dublin 
Society  for  the  Improvement  of  Useful  Arts. 
He  was  also  king's  counsel,  and  commissioner 
of  the  board  of  education  in  Ireland,  and  of 
the  Irish  fisheries.  In  1825  he  gave  evidence 


Foster  6 

before  the  select  committee  of  the  House  of 
Lords  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  state  of 
Ireland.  He  was  appointed  a  baron  of  the 
court  of  exchequer  in  Ireland  by  patent  dated 
13  July  1830  (Gent.  Mag.  vol.  c.  pt.  ii.  p.  76), 
and  was  transferred  to  the  court  of  common 
pleas  a  few  months  before  his  death,  which 
took  place  at  Cavan  10  July  1842,  when  on 
circuit  (ib.  new  ser.  xviii.  424).  He  married, 
19  Aug.  1814,  Letitia,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  Right  Hon.  James  Fitzgerald  [q.  v.]  (ib. 
vol.  Ixxxiv.  pt.  ii.  p.  288),  and  by  that  lady, 
who  survived  him,  he  left  issue. 

[Biog.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816,  pp. 
119-20;  Smith's  Parliaments  of  England,  iii. 
186,  187,  211 ;  Hansard's  Parliamentary  Debates, 
xxii.  col.  910,  xxxvi.  col.  304;  Smyth's  Chronicle 
of  Law  Officers  of  Ireland ;  Lists  of  Koyal  So- 
ciety.] G.  G. 

FOSTER,  SIR  MICHAEL  (1689-1763), 
judge,  son  of  Michael  Foster,  an  attorney,  was 
born  at  Marlborough,  Wiltshire,  on  16  Dec. 
1689,  and,  after  attending  the  free  school  of 
his  native  town,  matriculated  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,7  May  1705.  He  does  not  appear 
to  have  taken  any  degree.  He  was  admitted  a 
student  of  the  Middle  Temple  on  23  May  1707, 
andwascalledtothebarinMayl713.  Meeting 
with  little  success  in  London,  he  retired  to 
Marlborough,  whence  he  afterwards  removed 
to  Bristol,  where  as  a  local  counsel  he  gained 
a  great  reputation.  In  August  1735  he  was 
chosen  recorder  of  Bristol,  and  in  Easter  term 
1736  became  a  serjeant-at-law.  He  held  the 
post  of  recorder  for  many  years,  and  upon  his 
resignation  in  1764  was  succeeded  by  Daines 
Barrington  [q.  v.]  During  Foster's  tenure  of 
office  several  important  cases  came  before  him. 
In  the  case  of  Captain  Samuel  Goodere  [q.  v.] 
who  was  tried  for  the  murder  of  his  brother, 
Sir  John  Dinely  Goodere,  in  1741  (HowELL, 
State  Trials,  1813,  xvii.  1003-80),  the  right 
of  the  city  of  Bristol  to  try  capital  offences 
committed  within  its  jurisdiction  was  fully 
established.  When  Alexander  Broadfoot  was 
indicted  for  the  murder  of  Cornelius  Calahan, 
a  sailor  in  the  king's  service,  who  boarded 
the  merchantman  to  which  Broadfoot  be- 
longed, and  was  killed  in  an  attempt  to  press 
the  prisoner  for  the  navy  (ib.  xviii.  1323-62), 
Foster  delivered  an  elaborate  judgment  in 
support  of  the  legality  of  impressment, being 
convinced  that '  the  right  of  impressing  ma- 
riners for  the  publick  service  is  a  prerogative 
inherent  in  the  crown,  grounded  upon  com- 
mon law,' and  recognised  by  many  acts  of 
parliament '  (Life,  pp.  10-12).  He,  however, 
directed  the  jury  to  find  Broadfoot  guilty  of 
manslaughter  only,  as  Calahan  had  acted 
without  legal  warrant.  Upon  the  recom- 


>  Foster 

mendation  of  Lord-chancellor  Hardwicker 
Foster  was  appointed  a  puisne  judge  of  the 
king's  bench  in  succession  to  Sir  William 
Chappie.  He  was  knighted  on  21  April,  and 
took  his  seat  in  court  for  the  first  time  on 
1  May  1745  (1  BARROW'S  Reports,  1812,  i.  1). 
During  the  eighteen  years  he  sat  in  the  king's 
bench  he  maintained  a  high  character  for  his 
learning  as  well  as  for  his  integrity  and  in- 
dependence of  judgment.  Lord-chief-justice 
De  Grey,  in  Brass  Crosby's  case,  declared 
that  Foster  might  'be  truly  called  the  Magna 
Charta  of  liberty  of  persons  as  well  as  for- 
tunes '  (HowELL,  State  Trials,  xix.  1 152), 
while  Sir  William  Blackstone  pronounced 
him  to  be  '  a  very  great  master  of  the  crown 
law '  (Commentaries,  1770,  bk.  iv.  ch.  i.) 
Thurlow,  in  a  letter  dated  11  April  1758, 
alluded  in  high  terms  to  Foster's  indepen- 
dent conduct  in  the  trial  of  an  indictment  for 
a  nuisance  in  obstructing  a  common  footway 
through  Richmond  Park,  of  which  Princess 
Amelia  was  then  the  ranger  (Life,  pp.  85-8), 
and  Churchill  in  the '  Rosciad'  (9th  edit.  p.  13) 
sums  up  his  character  in  one  word — 

Each  judge  was  true  and  steady  to  his  trust, 
As  Mansfield  wise,  and  as  old  Foster  just. 

Foster  died  on  7  Nov.  1763,  in  the  seventy- 
fourth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the 
parish  church  of  Stanton  Drew  in  Somerset- 
shire, where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory.  In  1725  he  married  Martha,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  James  Lyde  of  Stanton- 
wick,  Somersetshire.  She  died  on  15  May 
1758.  There  were  no  children  of  the  mar- 
riage. An  engraving  by  James  Basire,  from 
an  original  picture  of  Foster,  then  in  the 
possession  of  Mrs.  Dodson,  forms  the  fronti- 
spiece to  his  '  Life.' 

He  was  the  author  of  the  following  works : 
1.  '  A  Letter  of  Advice  to  Protestant  Dis- 
senters,' 1720.  2.  '  An  Examination  of  the 
Scheme  of  Church  Power  laid  down  in  the 
Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastic!  Anglicani,'  &c., 
anon.,  London,  1735,  8vo ;  the  second  edi- 
tion, corrected,  London,  1735, 8vo  ;  the  third 
edition,  corrected,  London,  1736,  8vo ;  the 
fifth  edition,  corrected,  Dublin,  1763, 8vo.  A 
reprint  of  the  third  edition  was  published  in 
No.  vii.  of  '  Tracts  for  the  People,  designed 
to  vindicate  Religious  and  Christian  Liberty,' 
London,  1840, 8vo.  3. « The  Case  of  the  King 
against  Alexander  Broadfoot  .  .  .  30th  of 
August,  1743,'  Oxford,  1758, 4to.  4.  '  A  Re- 
port of  some  Proceedings  on  the  Commission 
of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  Gaol  Delivery  for 
the  Trial  of  the  Rebels  in  the  year  1746  in 
the  County  of  Surry,  and  of  other  Crown 
Cases.  To  which  are  added  Discourses  upon 
a  few  Branches  of  the  Crown  Law,'  Oxford, 


Foster 


61 


Foster 


1762,  fol. ;  a  pirated  edition,  Dublin,  1767, 
8vo  ;  the  second  edition,  corrected,  with  ad- 
ditional notes  and  references  by  his  nephew, 
Michael  Dodson,  esq.,  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
London,  1776,  8vo ;  the  third  edition,  with 
an  appendix,  containing  new  cases,  with  ad- 
ditional notes  and  references  by  his  nephew, 
Michael  Dodson,  esq.,  barrister-at-law,  Lon- 
don, 1792,  8vo. 

[Dodson's  Life  of  Sir  Michael  Foster,  1811  ; 
Foss's  Judges  of  England,  1864,  viii.  285-7; 
Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.  xiv.  508-10;  The  Georgian 
Era,  1833,  ii.  535;  Townsend's  Catalogue  of 
Knights,  1833,  p.  28;  Barrett's  Bristol,  p.  116; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.;  British  Museum  Cata- 
logue.] G.  F.  E.  B. 

FOSTER,  PETER  LE  NEVE  (1809- 
1879),  secretary  to  the  Society  of  Arts,  born 
17  Aug.  1809,  was  the  son  of  Peter  le  Neve 
Foster  of  Lenwade,  Norfolk.  He  was  edu- 
cated under  Dr.  Valpy  at  Norwich  grammar 
school,  whence  he  went  to  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, graduating  in  the  mathematical  tripos 
in  1830.  He  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
his  college  as  thirty-eighth  wrangler.  In  1836 
he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  for  fifteen  or  six- 
teen years  he  practised  as  a  conveyancer.  In 
1853  an  association  of  some  years  with  the 
Society  of  Arts  led  to  his  being  appointed 
secretary  to  the  society  on  the  retirement  of 
George  Grove,  and  this  post  he  held  till  his 
death.  In  association  with  Sir  Henry  Cole 
[q.  v.],  Sir  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke  [q.  v.], 
and  others,  he  had  much  to  do  with  the 
organisation  of  the  first  Great  Exhibition 
of  1851  and  its  successor  in  1862,  though 
his  share  of  the  work  was  not  recognised 
by  any  of  the  honours  or  rewards  which  fell 
to  the  lot  of  many  of  his  companions.  He 
was  also  connected  in  various  capacities  with 
several  of  the  earlier  foreign  exhibitions.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  practise,  as  a  scien- 
tific amateur,  the  art  of  photography,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Photographic 
Society.  He  served  for  thirteen  years  as  secre- 
tary of  the  mechanical  science  section  of  the 
British  Association,  and  was  for  a  still  longer 
time  a  regular  attendant  at  its  meetings. 
He  was  a  constnnt  contributor  to  several  of 
the  scientific  and  technical  journals.  In  the 
journal  of  his  own  society  he  wrote  a  good 
deal,  generally  anonymously.  He  read  two 
papers  before  the  Society  of  Arts,  one  on 
'  Aluminium'  (in  1859),  and  the  other  on  the 
'  Electric  Loom '  (in  1860).  As  secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Arts,  he  took  part  in  many 
public  movements  originated  by  the  society, 
but  being  a  man  of  simple  tastes,  and  singu- 
larly devoid  of  personal  ambition,  he  was 
never  anxious  to  obtain  recognition  for  his 


labours  or  to  dispute  with  others  the  credit 
which  was  often  justly  his  due.  He  died  at 
Wandsworth,  Surrey,  21  Feb.  1879. 

[Personal  knowledge ;  fuller  notices  (by  the 
present  writer)  will  be  found  in  Journ.  Soc.  Arts, 
1879,  xxvii.  316;  and  Nature,  xix.  385.  Also 
see  Athenaeum,  1879,  i.  282  ;  Engineering,  xxix. 
178;  Engineer,  xlvii.  160,  &c.]  H.  T.  W. 

FOSTER,  SIE  ROBERT  (1589-1663), 
lord  chief  justice,  youngest  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Foster,  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas  in  the 
time  of  James  I,  was  born  in  1589,  admitted 
a  member  of  the  Inner  Temple  1604,  and 
called  to  the  bar  in  January  1610.  He  was 
reader  in  the  autumn  of  1631,  and  with  ten 
others  received  the  degree  of  serjeant  on 
30  May  1636.  On  27  Jan.  1640  he  succeeded 
Sir  George  Vernon  as  a  justice  of  the  common 
pleas  and  was  knighted.  He  was  an  ardent 
royalist,  is  supposed  to  have  defended  ship- 
money  and  billeting  of  troops,  and  joined  the 
king  at  Oxford  on  his  retreat  thither,  but  he 
was  one  of  those  judges  for  whose  continu- 
ance in  office  the  House  of  Commons  peti- 
tioned in  1643  (CLARENDON,  Rebellion,  ed. 
1826,  iii.  407).  At  Oxford  he  attempted 
without  success  to  hold  a  court  of  common 
pleas.  On  31  Jan.  1643  he  received  the  degree 
of  D.C.L.  He  was  one  of  the  judges  who  tried 
and  condemned  Captain  Turpin  in  1644,  and 
although  the  House  of  Commons  ordered  Ser- 
jeant Glanville,  his  colleague  in  that  case,  to 
be  impeached  for  high  treason,  Foster  was 
only  removed,  and  with  the  four  other  judges 
of  the  common  pleas  disabled  from  his  office 
'  as  if  dead,'  for  adherence  to  the  king.  He 
compounded  for  his  estates  by  paying  a  large 
fine.  After  the  king's  death  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment, and,  being  a  deep  black-letter  lawyer, 
practised  in  the  Temple  as  a  chamber  counsel 
and  conveyancer.  He  had  received  on  14  Oct. 
1656  a  license  from  the  Protector  and  council 
to  come  to  London  on  private  business  and  stay 
there,  notwithstanding  the  late  proclamation. 
At  the  Restoration  he  was  at  once  restored  to 
the  bench,  31  May  1660,  and,  having  shown 
zeal  on  the  trials  of  the  regicides,  was  pre- 
sently (21  Oct.  1660)  appointed  to  the  chief- 
justiceship  of  the  king's  bench,  which  had 
remained  vacant  for  want  of  a  suitable  person 
to  fill  it.  He  dealt  sternly  with  political 
prisoners.  Many  Fifth-monarchy  men  and 
the  quakers,  Crook,  Grey,  Bolton,  and  Tonge, 
accused  of  a  plot  against  the  king's  life,  were 
tried  by  him,  and  in  the  case  of  Sir  Harry 
Vane  he  not  only  browbeat  the  prisoner  on 
the  trial,  but  induced  the  king  to  sanction  the 
execution  against  his  inclination  and  word 
and  the  petition  of  both  houses  of  parliament. 
On  1  July  1663  he  tried  Sir  Charles  Sedley 


Foster 


Foster 


for  indecent  behaviour,  and  'rebuked  him 
severely.'  He  died  on  circuit,  4  Oct.  1663, 
and  was  buried  under  a  tomb  bearing  a  bust 
of  him  in  robes,  at  Egham,  Surrey.  He  left 
a  son  Thomas,  afterwards  a  knight,  to  whom 
his  house,  Great  Foster  House,  Egham, 
descended. 

[Foss's  Judges  of  England ;  Campbell's  Chief  | 
Justices  of  England;  Wood's  Athenae,  ii.  44; 
Kymer,  xx.  20,  380;  Whiteloeke's  Memorials, 
pp.  96, 181 ;  Pepys's  Diary;  1  Siderfin's  Reports, 
p.  153;  State  Trials,  ii.  119-274;  Wotton's 
Baronetage,  ii.  310;  Green's  Domestic  Calendar, 
1649-63;  Echard,  p.  812  a;  Peck's  Desiderata 
Curiosa,  ii.  543 ;  Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey, 
p.  245.]  J.  A.  H. 

FOSTER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1652),  mathe- 
matician, a  native  of  Northamptonshire,  was 
admitted  a  sizar  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 23  April  1616,  as  a  member  of  which 
he  proceeded  B.A.  in  1619,  and  M.A.  in  1623. 
Upon  the  death  of  Henry  Gellibrand,  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Gresham  College,  he 
was  elected  to  the  post  2  March  1636,  but 
resigned  on  the  following  25  Nov.,  being  suc- 
ceeded by  Mungo  Murray.  In  1641,  Murray 
having  vacated  the  professorship  by  his 
marriage,  Foster  was  re-elected  on  26  May. 
During  the  civil  war  and  Commonwealth 
he  was  one  of  the  society  of  gentlemen 
who  met  in  London  for  cultivating  the 
'new  philosophy,'  from  which  eventually 
arose  the  Royal  Society.  In  1646  Wallis 
received  from  Foster  a  theorem  '  De  trian- 
gulo  sphserico,'  which  he  afterwards  pub- 
lished in  his  '  Mechanica,'  fol.  edit.  cap.  v. 
prop.  24,  p.  869.  Foster  died  at  Gresham 
College  in  May  (not  in  July,  as  Ward  has  it) 
1652,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Peter  the  Poor  in  Broad  Street.  From  his 
will  (P.  C.  C.  Ill,  Bowyer),  dated  7,  and 
proved  18,  May  1652,  he  seems  to  have  been 
a  zealous  nonconformist.  Dr.  John  Twysden 
gives  him  the  character  of '  a  learned,  indus- 
trious, and  most  skilful  mathematician '  (Pre- 
face to  FOSTER'S  Miscellanies), '  the  truth  of 
which,'  adds  John  Ward, '  he  has  abundantly 
shewn  by  bis  works.  Nor  did  he  only  excell 
in  his  own  faculty,  but  was  likewise  well 
versed  in  the  antient  languages ;  as  appears 
by  his  revising  and  correcting  the  "  Lem- 
mata "  of  Archimedes,  which  had  been  trans- 
lated into  Latin  from  an  Arabic  manuscript, 
but  not  published,  by  Mr.  John  Greaves' 
(SMITH,  Vita  J.  Gravii,  p.  28).  He  made 
several  curious  observations  of  eclipses,  both 
of  the  sun  and  moon,  as  well  at  Gresham  Col- 
lege as  in  other  distant  places  (Miscellanies}. 
And  he  was  particularly  famous  for  inventing 
and  improving  many  planetary  instruments 
(SHERBURN,  Appendix  to  Manilius,  p.  97). 


He  published  little  himself,  but  many  trea- 
tises written  by  him  were  printed  after  his 
death  (WARD,  "Lives  of  Gresham  Professors, 

1.  86),  though  John  Twysden  and  Edmund 
Wingate,  his  editors,  state  his  long  infirmities 
caused  them  to  be  left  very  imperfect  (Pre- 
face to  FOSTER'S  Four  Treatises  of  Dialling}, 
and  Twysden  complains  that  some  people  had 
taken  advantage  of  his  liberality  by  publish- 
ing his  works  as  their  own  (Preface  to  FOS- 
TER'S Miscellanies).     In  the  following  list  of 
his  works  the  first  two  only  were  published 
by  himself:  1.  'The  Use  of  the  Quadrant/ 
4to,  London,  1624.     An  octavo  edition  was 
published  soon  after  the  author's  death  in 
1652  by  A.  Thompson,  who  says  in  his  pre- 
face that  the  additional  lines  were  invented, 
and  the  uses  written,  for  an  '  appendix '  to 
Gunter's  '  Quadrant ; '  only  some  few  copies 
were  printed  alone  for  the  satisfaction  of 
Foster's  friends.  Other  editions  appear  among 
Gunter's  '  Works,'  4to,  1653, 1662,  and  1673. 

2.  '  The  Art  of  Dialling ;  by  a  new,  easie, 
and  most  speedy  way,'  4to,  London,  1638. 
An  edition  published  in  1675, 4to,  has  several 
additions  and  variations  taken  from  the  au- 
thor's own  manuscript ;  as  also  a  '  Supple- 
ment '  by  the  editor,  William  Leybourn.  John 
Collins  also  published  in  1659  '  Geometrical! 
Dyalling,  being  a  full  explication  of  divers 
difficulties  in  the  works  of  learned  Mr.  Samuel 
Foster,' 4to.     3.  '  Posthuma  Forsteri,  the  de- 
scription of  a  ruler,  upon  which  is  inscribed 
divers  scales  and  the  uses  thereof.   Invented 
and  written  by  Mr.  Samuel  Forster '  [edited 
by  Edmund  Wingate],  4to,  London,  1652. 
4.  ' Ellipticalor  AzimuthalHorologiography, 
comprehending  severall  wayes  of  describing 
dials  upon  all  kindes  of  superficies,  either 
plain  or  curved ;  and  unto  upright  stiles  in 
whatsoever  position  they  shall  be  placed. 
Invented  and  demonstrated  by  Samuel  Fos- 
ter '  [edited  by  John  Twysden  and  Edmund 
Wingate],  4  pts.  4to,  London,  1654.  5.  '  Mis- 
cellanea:   siue  lucubrationes  mathematics. 
Miscellanies :  or  Mathematical  lucubrations 
of  Mr.  Samuel  Foster,  published,  and  many 
of  them  translated  into  English,  by  ...  John 
Twysden.  .  .  .  Whereunto  he  hath  annexed 
some  things  of  his   own.     (Epitome  Aris- 
tarchi  Samii  de  magnitudinibus  et  distantiis 
.  .  .  solis,  lunae,  et  terrae.     Lemmata  Archi- 
medis  ...  e  ...  codice   MS.  Arabico  a  Jo- 
hanne  Gravio  traducta.     A  short  treatise  of 
fortifications,  by  J.  T.  [i.e.  J.  Twysden?]. 
Extract  of  a  letter  [on  dialling]  by  Im.  Hal- 
ton.     ^Equations   arising  from   a   quantity 
divided  into  two  unequal  parts  :  and  the  se- 
cond book   of  Euclides   Elements,  demon- 
strated by  species  by  John  Leeke).'  Latin  and 
English,  19  pts.  fol.  London,  1659.     6.  '  The 


Foster  < 

Sector  altered,  and  other  scales  added,  with 
the  description  and  use  thereof,'  an  improve- 
ment of  Gunter's  sector,  and  printed  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  editions  of  his  '  AVorks,'  4to, 
1662  and  1673,  by  AVilliam  Leybourn,  who 
in  the  latter  edition  corrected  some  mistakes 
which  had  appeared  in  the  former  from  Fos- 
ter's own  manuscript.  7.  '  The  Description 
and  Use  of  the  Nocturnal ;  with  the  Addition 
of  a  Ruler,  shewing  the  Measures  of  Inches 
and  other  Parts  of  most  Countries,  compared 
with  our  English  ones,'4to  [London?  1685?]. 
Foster  left  numerous  manuscript  treatises  in 
addition  to  those  printed  by  his  friends.  Of 
these  two  were  in  the  possession  of  William 
Jones,  F.R.S.,  in  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury :  1.  '  The  Uses  of  a  General  Quadrant,' 
fol.  2.  '  Select  Uses  of  the  Quadrant,'  8vo, 
dated  1649. 

[Ward's  Lives  of  the  Gresham  Professors,  with 
manuscript  notes  by  the  author,  in  Brit.  Mus. 
i.  85-7  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.,  under  '  Forster '  and 
'  Foster; '  Wood's Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  405- 
406,  iii.  327.]  G.  G. 

'  FOSTER,  THOMAS  (1798-1826),  pain- 
ter, a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to  England  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  or  sixteen,  and  in  1818 
became  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Somerset  House.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
Right  Hon.  John  Wilson  Croker  [q.  v.],  and 
painted  numerous  portraits  of  his  family.  In 
1819  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
'  Portraits  of  Miss  and  Master  Croker  and  a 
favourite  dog.'  In  1820  he  exhibited  a  por- 
trait of  the  French  general  Dumouriez  in  his 
eighty-second  year.  Foster  was  a  frequent 
visitor  at  the  studio  of  J.  Nollekens,  R.A. 
[q.  v.],  the  sculptor,  where  he  used  to  model 
from  antique  heads,  and  was  also  on  intimate 
terms  with  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  several 
of  whose  portraits  he  copied  for  Croker. 
He  painted  portraits  of  H.  R.  Bishop  [q.  v.], 
the  musician,  which  was  engraved,  and  of 
Colonel  Phillips  (who  was  with  Captain  Cook 
at  the  time  of  his  death),  and  showed  rapid 
advancement  in  the  art.  In  1822  he  exhibited 
'  Mazeppa,'  a  picture  which  showed  consider- 
able genius ;  in  1823, '  Domestic  Quarrels ;'  and 
in  1825  'Paul  and  Virginia  previous  to  their 
separation,'  all  of  which,  besides  portraits,  he 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy.  Foster 
was  considered  by  his  friends  to  be  a  rising 
painter;  he  was  good-looking,  well  connected, 
and  popular  in  society,  which  occupied  a 
good  deal  of  his  time.  Croker  gave  him  a 
commission  to  paint  the  scene  at  Carlton 
House  when  Louis  XVIII  received  the  order 
of  the  Garter,  and  for  this  ambitious  subject 
he  made  numerous  studies.  In  March  1826 
he  died  by  his  own  hand  at  an  hotel  in  Pic- 


3  Foster 

cadilly,  leaving  a  letter  stating  that  his  friends 
had  deserted  him,  and  that  he  was  tired  of 
life.  It  is  uncertain  whether  this  act  was 
prompted  by  the  want  of  interest  he  felt  in 
the  subject  of  his  picture,  or  by  a  hopeless  at- 
tachment to  a  young  lady  whose  portrait  he 
was  painting.  He  was  in  his  twenty-ninth 
year.  Foster  painted  numerous  portraits  of 
himself,  and  sat  to  Northcote  for  one  of  the 
murderers  in  his  '  Burial  of  the  Princes  in 
the  Tower.'  According  to  Northcote,  Foster 
was  good-looking,  good-natured,  and  a  wit, 
all  qualities  which  would  have  prevented  him 
from  becoming  a  great  artist. 

[Kedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Arnold's  Library 
of  the  Fine  Arts,  ii.  207;  Hazlitt's  Conversations 
of  James  Northcote ;  Koyal  Academy  Catalogues.! 

L.  C. 

FOSTER,  THOMAS  CAMPBELL  (1813- 
1882),  legal  writer,  son  of  John  Foster  of 
Leeds,  born  in  1813,  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
the  Middle  Temple  in  1846,  and  went  the 
northern  and  afterwards  the  north-eastern 
circuit.  He  stood  as  a  liberal-conservative  for 
Sheffield  in  1867,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  revising  barrister  for 
the  West  Riding  boroughs.  He  resigned  this 
appointment  in  1875,upon  being  made  queen's 
counsel  and  bencher  of  his  inn.  He  was  made 
recorder  of  Warwick  in  1874.  He  was  lead- 
ing counsel  for  the  crown  at  the  trial  of  the 
murderer  Charles  Peace  at  Leeds.  Foster  was 
in  bad  health  for  a  considerable  time  before 
his  death,  which  took  place  at  Orsett  Ter- 
race, Hyde  Park,  1  July  1882.  Foster  wrote : 
1.  '  Plain  Instructions  for  the  Attainment  of 
an  Improved,  Complete,  and  Practical  Sys- 
tem of  Shorthand,'  1838.  2.  'Letters  on  the 
Condition  of  the  People  of  Ireland.  Re- 
printed, with  additions,  from  the  "  Times," ' 
1846.  3.  'A  Review  of  the  Law  relating  to 
Marriages  within  the  Prohibited  Degrees  of 
Affinity,  and  of  the  Canons  and  Social  Con- 
siderations by  which  that  Law  is  supposed 
to  be  Justified,'  1847.  4.  'A  Treatise  on  the 
Writ  of  Scire  Facias,'  1851.  5.  '  Reports 
of  Cases  decided  at  Nisi  Prius  and  at  the 
Crown  Side  on  Circuit,  and  Select  Decisions 
at  Chambers '  (with  N.  F.  Finlason),  1858- 
1867. 

[Times,  3  July  1882,  p.  6;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

F.  W-T. 

FOSTER,  AV ALTER  (fi.  1652),  mathe- 
matician, elder  brother  of  Samuel  Foster 
[q.  v.],  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
He  took  the  two  degrees  in  arts,  B.A.  in 
1617,  M.A.  in  1621,  and  commenced  B.D. 
in  1628.  Dr.  Samuel  Ward,  in  a  letter 


Foster 


64 


Fothergill 


to  Archbishop  Ussher,  dated  from  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  25  May  1630, 
says  that  Foster  had  taken  some  pains  upon 
the  Latin  copy  of  Ignatius's  '  Epistles '  in 
Caius  College  Library,  and  adds  that  as  he 
was  <  shortly  to  depart  from  the  coUedg  by 
his  time  there  allotted,  finding  in  himself 
some  impediment  in  his  utterance,  he  could 
wish  to  be  employed  by  your  lordship  in  such 
like  business.  He  is  a  good  scholar,  and  an 
honest  man '  (UssHER,  Letters,  p.  437).  De- 
spite the  impediment  in  his  speech  he  was 
afterwards  rector  of  Allerton  in  Somerset- 
shire. Twysden  commends  him  for  his  skill 
in  mathematics,  and  says  that  he  communi- 
cated to  him  his  brother's  papers,  which  are 
published  in  his  '  Miscellanies '  (Preface  to 
the  same).  There  is  a  tetrastich  of  his  writ- 
ing among  the  '  Epigrammata  in  Radulphi 
Wintertoni  Metaphrasin '  published  at  the 
end  of '  Hippocratis  Aphorismi  soluti  et  me- 
trici,'  8vo,  Cambridge,  1633.  In  1652  he 
was  living  at  Sherborne,  Dorsetshire,  and  in 
the  May  of  that  year  his  brother  bequeathed 
him  'fourescore  pounds  and  his  library  in 
Gresham  Colledge.' 

[Ward's  Lives  of  the  Gresham  Professors,  i. 
87-8.]  G-  G- 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM  (1591-1643),  di- 
vine, son  of  William  Foster  of  London,  bar- 
ber-surgeon, was  born  in  November  1591 
(School  Register).  He  entered  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  in  July  1607  ($.),  and  two 
years  later  (8  Dec.  1609)  was  admitted  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  whence  he  gra- 
duated.  Having  taken  holy  orders  he  be-  i 
came  chaplain  (1628)  to  the  Earl  of  Carnar-  j 
von,  and  soon  afterwards  rector  of  Hedgerley,  ' 
Buckinghamshire.  In  1629  he  published  a 
little  treatise  against  the  use  of  weapon-salve.  ! 
The  book  is  entitled  '  Hoplo-Crisma  Spongus,  ' 
or  a  Sponge  to  wipe  away  the  Weapon-Salve, 
wherein  is  proved  that  the  Cure  taken  up 
among  us  by  applying  the  Salve  to  the  Weapon 
is  magical  and  unlawful,' 4to,  1629  and  1641. 
It  attracted  some  attention  through  the 
answer  made  to  it  on  behalf  of  the  Rosicru- 
cians  by  Dr.  Robert  Fludd  [q.  v.]  in  1631. 
Francis  Osborne  also  attacked  it  in  an  essay 
'  On  such  as  condemn  all  they  understand  not 
a  reason  for'  (1659).  Wood  says  that  Foster 
was  helped  in  his  work  (which  displays  con- 
siderable learning)  by  Dr.  John  Roberts,  a 
Jesuit,  who, '  because  some  Protestants  prac- 
tised this  and  characterical  cures  (which, 
notwithstanding,  are  more  frequent  among 
Roman  Catholics),  he  therefore  called  them 
llagi,  Calvinists,  Characterists,  &c.'  Sir 
Kenelm  Digby  [q.  v.]  claimed  to  be  the  first 
to  introduce  the '  weapon-salve '  into  England. 


Foster  was  killed  in  1643  (LiPSCOMB),  but 
under  what  circumstances  we  know  not. 

[Robinson's  Reg.  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  573 ;  Lipscomb's 
Buckinghamshire,  iv.  508.]  C.  J.  R. 

FOTHERBY,  MARTIN  (1549  P-1619), 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  son  of  Maurice  Fotherby, 
a  resident  at  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  was  born 
about  1549.  He  entered  at  Cambridge,  and 
eventually  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity.  He 
became  prebendary  and  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury in  1596,  and  in  1615  was  presented 
to  the  deanery.  He  had  married  some  years 
before  his  first  promotion;  for  on  9  Sept.  1609 
Lady  Cooke  wrote  to  Lord  Salisbury  asking 
him  to  promote  the  marriage  of  her  eldest 
daughter  with  the  archdeacon's  eldest  son,  to 
which  Fotherby  objected,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  after  the  marriage  had  taken  place, 
begged  for  a  knighthood  at  the  creation  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  for  her  son-in-law,  because 
her  daughter's  worth  and  birth  had  been 
much  disgraced  by  the  match.  Three  years 
afterwards,  being  chaplain  to  James  I,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  bishopric  of  Salisbury. 
He  was  consecrated  by  Abbot,  assisted  by  the 
bishops  of  London,  Coventry,  and  Lincoln, 
19  April  1618,  and  protested  at  his  consecra- 
tion that  he  had  given  nothing  for  his  pro- 
motion. He  died  29  March  1619,  aged  70,  and 
was  buried  in  Allhallows  Church,  Lombard 
Street.  In  the  epitaph  on  his  tomb  he  is  de- 
scribed in  very  high-flown  terms  of  praise.  He 
left  an  imperfect  work  against  atheism,  which 
was  published  after  his  death  in  1622  in  folio, 
under  the  title '  Atheomastix  :  clearing  foure 
Truthes  against  Atheists  and  Infidels.  Four 
sermons  were  published  together  in  1608  in 
quarto,  having  been  written  in  1604.  Copies 
of  both  these  works  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

[Wood's  Athense  (Bliss),  ii.  859  ;  Godwin,  De 
Prsesulibus  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  ;  Stubbs's  Re- 
gistrum ;  Domestic  State  Papers.]  N.  P. 

FOTHERGILL,  ANTHONY  (1685?- 
1761),  theological  writer,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  Thomas  Fothergill  of  Brownber,  Ra  ven- 
stonedale,  Westmoreland.  Like  his  fore- 
fathers and  descendants  for  many  generations 
he  owned  Brownber,  and  lived  and  died  there. 
Though  he  is  said  to  have  had  no  'liberal 
education,'  he  published  several  theological 
works,  the  largest  of  which  is  entitled 
'  Wicked  Christians  Practical  Atheists  ;  or 
Free  Thoughts  of  a  Plain  Man  on  the  Doc- 
trines and  Duties  of  Religion  in  general,  and 
of  Christianity  in  particular  ;  compared  and 
contrasted  with  the  Faith  and  Practice  of 
Protestants  of  every  Denomination  so  far  as 
either  have  come  under  the  observation  or 


Fothergill 


Fothergill 


to  the  knowledge  of  the  Author:  By  Anthony 
Fothergill,  a  husbandman  in  the  county  of 
Westmoreland/  8vo,  1754.  The  description 
'  husbandman '  is  no  doubt  an  attempt  at  a 
translation  of  the  Lake  country  'statesman.' 
This  work  was  followed  by  two  pamphlets : 
'  A  Modest  Inquiry  how  far  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  of  the  Church  of  England  and  the 
Creed  ascribed  to  St.  Athanasius  are  con- 
sistent with  and  supported  by  one  another  ; 
and  how  far  they  are  also  consistent  with 
the  Declarations  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the 
Doctrines  of  His  Apostles,'  1755  ;  and  '  The 
Fall  of  Man:  an  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  of 
that  Event  and  how  far  the  Posterity  of  Adam 
are  involved  in  the  guilt  of  his  Transgression, 
addressed  to  all,  but  particularly  preachers 
who  embrace  the  doctrine  of  original  sin,' 
1756.  It  is  stated  that  he  also  wrote  some 
things  in  verse,  and  contributed  to  the 
'  Monthly  Review.'  He  seems  to  have  acted 
as  the  parish  lawyer.  The  parishioners  put 
up  in  Ravenstonedale  church  a  brass  plate  to 
his  memory,  bearing  an  inscription,  which 
concludes  :  '  his  integrity  of  heart,  social  dis- 
position, and  uncommon  abilities  gained  him 
general  esteem.  He  departed  this  (his  che- 
quered) life,  June  13,  1761,  aged  75.' 

[Newspaper  cutting  signed  '  J.  W.  F.'  in  the 
possession  of  Miss  Carter  Squire ;  Gent.  Mag.  vol. 
lxxii.pt.  ii.  p.  1186 ;  Nicolson  and  Burn's  Hist,  and 
Antiq.  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  i.  518, 
528;  Monthly  Review,  xiii.  57  (July  1755),  xiv.  8 
(January  1756),  xv.  677,  678  (App.  to  1756) ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat,  of  Printed  Books.]  E.  C-N. 

FOTHERGILL,    ANTHONY    (1732?- 

1813),  physician,  was  born  in  1732,  or,  ac- 
cording to  other  accounts,  1735,  at  Sedbergh, 
Yorkshire.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated 
M.D.  October  1763  with  a  dissertation  '  De 
Febre  Intermittent  e,'  and  afterwards  con- 
tinued his  studies  at  Leyden  and  Paris.  By 
the  advice  of  the  eminent  Dr.  John  Fother- 
gill [q.v.]  (who  was  an  intimate  friend, but  not 
a  relative  of  Anthony),  he  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Northampton,  where,  after  some  pre- 
liminary difficulties,  he  was  successful  in 
practice,  and  was  in  1774  appointed  physician 
to  the  Northampton  Infirmary.  He  was  ad- 
mitted licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
30  Sept.  1779,  and  F.R.S.  in  1778.  On  the 
death  of  John  Fothergill,  in  1780,  Anthony 
removed  to  London,  and  established  himself 
in  the  house  in  Harpur  Street,  Red  Lion 
Square,  formerly  occupied  by  his  namesake, 
in  the  hope  of  succeeding  to  his  profes- 
sional business.  But  in  this  he  was  disap- 
pointed, and  not  prospering  in  London  he 
removed  in  1784  to  Bath,  where  he  acquired 

VOL.   XX. 


a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1803  he 
retired  from  active  life,  and  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  lived  for  some  years,  and 
where  he  apparently  intended  to  pass  the  rest 
of  his  days,  but  was  recalled  to  England  by 
the  prospect  of  war  in  1812,  and  died  in 
London  11  May  1813.  By  his  will  he  left  a 
considerable  part  of  his  large  fortune  to 
charitable  institutions  in  London,  Bath,  and 
Philadelphia,  and  appropriated  1,000^.  to 
publishing  his  works.  The  editing  and  selec- 
t  ion  he  desired  to  be  undertaken  by  his  friend 
Dr.  Lettsom,  to  whom  he  bequeathed  other 
legacies.  But  Dr.  Lettsom  died  two  years 
afterwards,  having,  it  is  said,  through  legal 
delays,  not  benefited  by  the  legacies  left  to 
him.  In  consequence,  no  selection  from  the 
manuscripts,  which  were  contained  in  twelve 
thick  folio  volumes,  was  ever  made  for  publi- 
cation. 

Fothergill  seems  to  have  been  a  skilful 
doctor,  who  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  con- 
fidence of  the  public.  He  was  also  possessed 
of  scientific  attainments,  especially  in  che- 
mistry, which  he  made  use  of  in  analysing 
mineral  waters.  But  he  was  best  known  for 
his  researches  and  publications  on  the  methods 
of  restoring  persons  apparently  dead  from 
drowning  or  similar  casualties.  For  his  essay 
on  this  subject  he  received,  in  1794,  a  gold 
medal  from  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  an 
institution  which  he  actively  supported.  His 
other  medical  books  have  mostly  some  refer- 
ence to  health  or  diet,  and  he  published  a  num- 
ber of  memoirs  in  medical  transactions,  chiefly 
records  of  remarkable  cases.  Though  all  were 
sound  and  creditable,  none  of  his  publications 
can  be  said  to  rise  above  mediocrity.  He 
was  highly  respected  for  his  integrity  and  his 
philanthropic  efforts.  He  wrote  (all  in  8vo) : 
1.  '  Hints  for  Restoring  Animation,  and  for 
Preserving  Mankind  against  Noxious  Va- 
pours,'Lond.  1783  (MtJNK),  3rd  edit.  2.  'Ex- 
perimental Enquiry  into  Nature  of  the  Chel- 
tenham Water,'  Bath,  1785,  1788,  &c. 
3.  '  Cautions  to  the  Heads  of  Families  con- 
cerning the  Poison  of  Lead  and  Copper,' 
Lond.  and  Bath,  1790.  4.  '  A  New  Enquiry 
into  the  Suspension  of  Vital  Action  in  Cases 
of  Drowning  and  Suffocation,'  Lond.  1795, 
Bath,  1795,  &c.  (prize  essay).  5.  '  Essay 
on  the  Abuse  of  Spirituous  Liquors,'  Bath, 
1796.  6.  '  A  Preservative  Plan,  or  Hints  for 
Preservation  of  Persons  Exposed  to  Acci- 
dents which  Suspend  Vital  Action,'  Lond. 
1798.  7.  '  On  the  Nature  of  the  Disease 
produced  by  Bite  of  a  Mad  Dog,'  Bath,  1799. 
8.  '  On  Preservation  of  Shipwrecked  Mari- 
ners,' in  answer  to  prize  questions  of  Royal 
Humane  Society,  Lond.  1799.  Some  of 
these  books  are  virtually  repetitions  of  earlier 


Fothergill 


66 


Fothergill 


ones ;  4  and  6  were  translated  into  German. 
In  'Philosophical  Transactions'  he  wrote 
'  On  a  Cure  of  St.  Vitus's  Dance  by  Electri- 
city '  (vol.  Ixix.),  and  one  other  paper.  He 
contributed  seven  papers  to '  Memoirs  of  Me- 
dical Society  of  London,'  of  which  may  be 
mentioned '  On  the  Epidemic  Catarrh,  or  In- 
fluenza, at  Northampton  in  1775 '  (vol.  iii.)  ; 
'  On  Arteriotomy  in  Epilepsy '  (vol.  v.),  &c. 
Also  memoirs  in  '  Medical  Observations  and 
Enquiries '  (vol.  iii.  1767),  and  in  '  Medical 
Commentaries'  (vol.  ii.)  In  'Gentleman's 
Magazine '  (vol.  Ixxxi.  pt.  i.  p.  367)  he  pub- 
lished a  poem  on  the '  Triumvirate  of  Worthies, 
Howard,  Hawes,  and  Berchtold.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  213,  from  materials 
furnished  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Lettsom  (the  original 
authority) ;  Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  1878,  ii.  322 ; 
"Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.;  Georgian 
Era,  ii.  App.]  J.  F.  P. 

FOTHERGILL,  GEORGE,  D.D.  (1705- 
1760),  principal  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, eldest  son  of  Henry  Fothergill  of  Lock- 
holme  in  Ravenstonedale,  Westmoreland, 
and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Fawcett 
of  Rottenmoor,  Warcop,  was  born  at  Lock- 
holme  on  20  Dec.  1705.  After  attending  the 
free  school  in  Ravenstonedale,  which  had 
been  founded  in  1668  by  Thomas  Fothergill, 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  he 
was  sent  to  Kendal  school.  On  16  June 
1722  he  entered  Queen's  College  as  batteler. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1726,  M.A.  in 
1730,  B.D.  in  1744,  and  D.D.  in  1749.  He 
became  chaplain  of  Queen's  in  1730,  and  was 
elected  to  the  fellowship  which  should  next 
fall  vacant  in  1734.  In  1751  the  fellows  of 
Queen's  appointed  him  principal  of  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall  and  vicar  of  Bramley.  When  Dr. 
Joseph  Smith,  provost  of  Queen's,  died  on 
23  Nov.  1756,  the  fourteen  votes  of  the  fel- 
lows were  equally  divided  between  Fother- 
gill and  Dr.  Joseph  Browne.  As  the  votes 
remained  equal  for  ten  days,  it  was  put  to 
the  question  whether  either  candidate  had 
a  majority  of  seniors  on  his  side,  and  as  the 
number  of  seniors  had  apparently  never  been 
authoritatively  determined,  '  the  electors 
unanimously  agreed  upon  six  as  the  properest 
number  of  seniors,  and  it  appearing  that  this 
number  was  equally  divided  between  the  two 
candidates,  and  Dr.  Browne  being  the  senior 
candidate,  he  was  (as  the  statute  directs) 
declared  duly  elected  provost,  to  which  the 
electors  unanimously  agreed.'  Fothergill  died 
5  Oct.  1760,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Edmund 
Hall. 

_  He  published  at  Oxford  during  his  life- 
time the  following  sermons,  some  of  which 
reached  second  and  third  editions :  1.  '  Im- 


portance of  Religion  to  Civil  Societies' 
(preached  at  the  assizes),  1735.  2.  '  Danger 
of  Excesses  in  the  Pursuit  of  Liberty'  (before 
the  university,  31  Jan.),  1737.  3.  '  Unsuc- 
cessfulness  of  Repeated  Fasts '  (before  the 
university),  1745.  4.  '  Duty  of  giving  thanks 
for  National  Deliverances,'  1747.  5.  '  Rea- 
sons and  Necessity  of  Public  Worship '  (at  the 
assizes),  1753.  6.  '  Proper  Improvement  of 
Divine  Judgments '  (after  the  Lisbon  earth- 
quake), 1756.  7.  '  Condition  of  Man's  Life 
a  constant  Call  to  Industry '  (before  the  uni- 
versity), 1757.  8.  '  Violence  of  Man  sub- 
servient to  the  Goodness  of  God'  (before  the 
university  on  occasion  of  the  war  against 
France),  1758.  9. '  Duty,  Objects,  and  Offices 
of  the  Love  of  our  Country'  (before  the  House 
of  Commons  on  Restoration-day),  1758. 
After  his  death  his  brother,  Thomas  Fother- 
gill, provost  of  Queen's  from  1767  to  1796, 
published  a  volume  entitled  '  Sermons  on 
several  Subjects  and  Occasions  by  George 
Fothergill,  D.D.,'  Oxford,  1761.  In  1765  this 
volume  reappeared,  with  the  same  title,  as 
'  vol.  ii.  2nd  ed.,'  the  nine  sermons  mentioned 
above  being  collected  together  and  printed 
as  vol.  i. 

[A  New  and  Gen.  Biog.  Diet.  1784  ;  Queen's 
College  MS.  Entrance  Book  and  Registers ;  manu- 
scripts in  the  possession  of  Miss  Carter  Squire ; 
Oxford  Cat.  of  Grad. ;  Oxford  Honours  Register ; 
Bodleian  Library  Cat.  of  Printed  Books.] 

E.C-V, 

FOTHERGILL,  JOHN,  M.D.  (1712- 
1780),  physician,  born  on  8  March  1712  at 
Carr  End,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire,  was  the 
second  son  of  John  Fothergill,  a  quaker.  His 
school  education  was  chiefly  at  the  Sedbergh 
grammar  school,  and  in  his  sixteenth  year  he 
was  apprenticed  to  Benjamin  Bartlett,  an 
apothecary  at  Bradford,  Yorkshire.  Subse- 
quently he  became  a  medical  student  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  where  his  abilities 
attracted  the  special  notice  of  Alexander 
Monro,  primus,  the  eminent  professor  of  ana- 
tomy, who  afterwards  employed  Fothergill  in 
revising  his  work  on  osteology.  After  gra- 
duating on  14  Aug.  1736,  with  a  dissertation 
'De  Emeticorum  usu,'  he  came  to  London, 
and  attended  for  two  years  the  medical  prac- 
tice of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward Willmott.  After  a  short  tour  on  the 
continent  he  commenced  practice  as  a  phy- 
sician in  the  city  of  London  in  1740,  and  was 
admitted  licentiate  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians on  1  Oct.  1744,  being  the  first  gra- 
duate of  Edinburgh  thus  admitted.  He  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  college  in  Edinburgh  on 
6  Aug.  1754,  in  1763  F.R.S.,  and  in  1776 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Medicine  at 
Paris. 


Fothergill 


Fothergill's  success  in  his  profession  was 
rapid  and  assured,  especially  after  the  pub- 
lication of  his  '  Account  of  the  Sore  Throat/ 
-which  greatly  advanced  his  reputation,  and 
before  many  years  he  had  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  lucrative  practices  in  the  city.  But 
outside  professional  pursuits  he  took  a  keen 
and  persistent  interest  in  science  and  philan- 
thropy, and  holding  no  public  appointments 
was  able  to  give  to  these  objects  all  his  spare 
time.  His  chief  scientific  interest  was  in 
botany,  especially  in  the  collection  and  cul- 
tivation of  rare  plants.  For  this  purpose  he 
acquired  an  estate  at  Upton,  near  Stratford, 
where  he  laid  out  and  kept  up  a  magnificent 
botanical  garden.  In  the  words  of  an  un- 
questionable authority,  Sir  Joseph  Banks, '  at 
an  expense  seldom  undertaken  by  an  indi- 
vidual, Dr.  Fothergill  procured  from  all  parts 
of  the  world  a  great  number  of  the  rarest 
plants,  and  protected  them  in  the  amplest 
buildings  which  this  or  any  other  country  has 
seen.'  He  liberally  paid  those  who  brought 
plants  which  might  be  ornamental  or  useful  to 
this  country  or  her  colonies.  In  richness  his 
collection  was,  in  Banks's  opinion,  equalled 
only  by  that  in  the  royal  gardens  at  Kew, 
while  no  other  garden  in  Europe,  even  royal, 
had  nearly  so  many  scarce  and  valuable  plants. 
To  preserve  a  permanent  record  of  these  ra- 
rities, Fothergill  kept  several  artists  at  work 
making  figures  of  the  new  species.  A  list  of 
the  plants  growing  under  glass  was  afterwards 
published  by  Dr.  Lettsom,  with  the  title  '  Hor- 
tus  Uptonensis '  (  Works,  vol.  iii.)  But  Fother- 
gill's zeal  was  not  merely  the  acquisitiveness 
of  the  collector.  He  was  among  the  first  to 
see  the  advantage  of  exchanging  the  vegetable 
products  of  different  countries,  and  spent  much 
energy  and  moneyin  attempting  to  naturalise 
such  plants  as  coffee,  tea,  and  bamboo  in  Ame- 
rica. His  collections  of  shells  and  insects 
were  also  large  and  valuable ;  they  mostly 
passed  into  the  museum  of  Dr.  William  Hun- 
ter. A  series  of  twelve  hundred  natural  history 
drawings,  done  by  the  best  artists,  was  bought 
after  his  death  for  a  large  sum  by  the  empress 
of  Russia. 

Fothergill's  philanthropic  efforts  were  partly 
connected  with  the  public  benevolence  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  foundation  of  the  school  for  quaker 
children  at  Ackworth,  to  which  he  liberally 
contributed ;  he  was  interested  in  the  funds 
raised  for  the  relief  of  Spanish  prisoners,  and 
in  numerous  plans  for  improving  the  health, 
cleanliness,  and  prosperity  of  the  working 
classes.  But  his  private  benevolence  was  also 
unceasing,  and  in  some  instances,  such  as  that 
of  Dr.Knight,  librarian  to  the  British  Museum, 
whom  he  cleared  from  some  embarrassments 


'  Fothergill 

by  a  present  of  a  thousand  guineas,  it  was 
munificent.  He  assisted  the  production  of 
important  scientific  works,  such  as  those  of 
Drury  and  Edwards,  and  he  incurred  the 
whole  expense  of  printing  a  new  translation 
of  the  Bible  by  Anthony  Purver,  a  quaker. 
Fothergill  took  no  part  in  current  politics ; 
but  when  troubles  began  to  arise  between 
England  and  the  North  American  colonies, 
he  made  patriotic  efforts  to  produce  a  better 
state  of  feeling.  Having  family  connections 
with  America  and  numerous  correspondents 
there,  he  was  better  able  than  most  persons 
to  foresee  the  disastrous  consequences  of  a 
mistaken  policy,  and  in  1765  he  wrote  a  pam- 
phlet entitled  '  Considerations  relative  to  the 
North  American  Colonies,'  in  which  he  ad- 
vocated the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  Even 
as  late  as  1774  he  co-operated  with  Benjamin 
Franklin  in  drawing  up  a  scheme  of  recon- 
ciliation, designed  to  be  submitted  to  impor- 
tant persons  on  both  sides,  but  perhaps  never 
seriously  considered  by  those  in  power. 

The  only  weakness  which  was  recognised 
in  Fothergill's  character,  a  certain  obstinacy, 
may  be  credited  with  having  led  to  his  pain- 
ful quarrel  with  Dr.  Leeds.  Fothergill  was 
thought  to  have  spoken  ill  of  Leeds,  who  was 
also  a  quaker,  and  the  matter  being  referred 
to  arbitration,  heavy  damages  were  awarded 
to  the  latter.  Fothergill  refused  to  pay,  and 
appealed  to  the  court  of  king's  bench.  The 
court  supported  him,  and  the  decision  of  a 
meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends  was  given 
in  his  favour  (An  Appeal  to  the  People  called 
Quakers  on  the  Difference  between  S.  Fother- 
gill and  S.  Leeds,  London,  1773).  Fothergill's 
abstemious  and  regular  habits  assured  him 
many  years  of  good  health.  But  in  1778  he 
began  to  suffer  from  a  urinary  disorder,  which 
terminated  his  life  on  26  Dec.  1780,  and  he 
was  buried  in  the  Friends'  cemetery  at  Winch- 
more  Hill  5  Dec.  1781.  He  was  not  married. 
His  portrait  by  Hogarth  is  at  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  a  head  byR.  Livesey,  engraved 
by  Bartolozzi,  appears  in  the '  Works.'  A  bust 
and  a  medallion  modelled  by  Flaxman  were 
reproduced  in  Wedgwood  ware.  A  life-sized 
bust  was  also  taken  of  him  in  earlier  life. 

Fothergill's  writings  consisted  chiefly  of 
memoirs  in  the  transactions  of  societies  and 
a  few  separate  tracts.  They  were  all  col- 
lected and  reprinted  in  his  '  Works,'  edited 
by  J.  C.  Lettsom,  three  vols.  4to  and  8vo, 
1783-4 ;  also  translated  into  German  (Alten- 
burg,  1785,  two  vols.)  The  most  important 
is  the  '  Account  of  the  Sore  Throat  attended 
with  Ulcers '  (first  edit.  1748,  sixth  edit.  1777), 
which  was  translated  into  several  European 
languages.  It  describes  an  epidemic  of 
malignant  sore  throat  or  diphtheria  which 


Fothergill 


68 


Fothergill 


occurred  in  London,  1747-8,  and  gives  an  his- 
torical account  of  the  same  disease  in  other 
countries.  It  was  the  first  clear  recognition 
of  the  disease  in  this  country,  and  is  a  model 
of  clinical  description,  though  the  writer  did 
not,  and  perhaps  could  not,  distinguish  the 
disease  from  malignant  cases  of  scarlatina. 
By  advocating  a  supporting  instead  of  a  de- 
pletory treatment,  he  achieved  great  success 
and  increase  of  reputation.  The  '  Philoso- 
phical Transactions'  contain  six  papers  by 
Fothergill,  of  which  one  in  1744.  '  On  the 
Origin  of  Amber,'  was  the  first.  He  also  con- 
tributed to  the '  Medical  Observations  and  In- 
quiries by  a  Society  of  Physicians  in  London' 
twenty-two  papers,and  four  more  were  printed 
after  his  death.  The  most  notable  is  that 
'  Of  a  Painful  Affection  of  the  Face,'  1773,  in 
which  he  describes  the  affection  now  known 
as  facial  neuralgia,  or '  tic-douloureux.'  The 
paper  'On  the  Sick  Headache'  (vol.  vi.) 
should  also  be  mentioned,  and  that  in  the 
same  volume  '  On  the  Epidemic  Disease  of 
1775'  (influenza),  which  is  enriched  by  the 
reports  of  numerous  correspondents.  Fother- 
gill also  wrote  '  Essays  on  the  Weather  and 
Diseases  of  London '  in  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  1751-4.  In  observations  of  this 
kind  he  was  following  the  precedent  of  Sy den- 
ham,  to  whom,  for  his  powers  of  observation 
and  practical  sagacity,  Fothergill  may  well  be 
compared.  A  spurious  compilation,  '  Rules 
for  the  Preservation  of  Health,'  was  to  Fo- 
thergill's  great  annoyance  published  during 
his  lifetime,  with  his  name  generally  misspelt 
on  the  title-page,  and  reached  a  fourteenth 
edition.  His  works  procured  him  a  wide- 
spread reputation  on  the  continent  and  in 
America,  as  well  as  at  home,  and  he  will 
always  remain  an  important  representative 
of  the  naturalistic  and  anti-scholastic  ten- 
dencies of  English  medicine  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  His  character 
might  be  summed  up  in  Franklin's  words,  '  I 
can  hardly  conceive  that  a  better  man  has 
ever  existed.' 

[J.  C.  Lettsom's  Memoirs  of  John  Fothergill, 
M.D.,  4th  edit.,  London,  1786,  8vo;  also  in  the 
Works ;  William  Hird's  An  Affectionate  Tribute 
to  the  Memory  of  Dr.  Fothergill,  4to,  1781  ;  G. 
Thompson's  Memoirs  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Fother- 
gill, 8vo,  1782;  Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  1878,  ii 
154;  Hist,  of  Coll.  Phys.  Edinb.,  1882 ;  Lives  of 
Bnt.  Phys.,  1830 ;  Sketch  of  Life  by  Dr.  J.  Hack 
Tuke,  1879.]  J  j.  F.  P. 

FOTHERGILL,  JOHN  MILNER,  M.D. 

(1841-1888),  medical  writer,  son  of  a  surgeon, 
was  born  at  Morland,  Westmoreland,  on 
11  April  1841,  studied  at  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  and  there  graduated  M.D.  1865. 
He  afterwards  studied  at  Vienna  and  Berlin, 


and  began  professional  work  as  a  general 
practitioner  at  Morland,  whence  he  soon 
after  moved  to  Leeds,  and  in  1872  came  to 
London,  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  and  endeavoured  to 
get  into  practice  as  a  physician.  He  ob- 
tained appointments  at  two  small  hospi- 
tals, the  City  of  London  Hospital  for  Dis- 
eases of  the  Chest  and  the  West  London 
Hospital ;  but  when  asked  some  years  later 
how  he  throve,  replied,  '  The  private  patient 
seems  to  me  to  be  an  extinct  animal.'  He 
worked,  however,  with  untiring  energy,  and 
wrote  '  The  Heart  and  its  Diseases,'  '  The 
Practitioner's  Handbook  of  Treatment,'  'The 
Physical  Factor  in  Diagnosis,'  'Vaso  renal 
Change  versus  Bright's  Disease.'  In  his  writ- 
ings his  expressions  about  those  with  whom 
he  did  not  agree  are  violent,  and  he  often 
makes  positive  general  assertions  without 
sufficient  grounds  for  them ;  but  he  some- 
times admitted  his  errors,  and  struggled  hard 
with  numerous  difficulties  in  life.  He  was 
a  man  of  enormous  weight,  with  a  large  head 
and  very  thick  neck,  and  so  continued  till  he 
died  of  diabetes,  from  which  and  from  gout  he 
had  long  suffered.  He  resided  in  Henrietta 
Street,  Cavendish  Square,  London,  and  there 
died  on  28  June  1888.  A  distinguished  lec- 
turer on  materia  medica  has  expressed  the 
opinion  that  the  most  valuable  of  Fothergill's 
writings  are  'An  Essay  on  the  Action  of 
Digitalis,'  written  in  his  early  life,  and  '  The 
Antagonism  of  Therapeutic  Agents,  and  what 
it  teaches,'  published  in  1878. 

[Lancet,  14  July  1888;  Works;  information 
from  Dr.  Lauder  Brunton.]  N.  M. 

FOTHERGILL,  SAMUEL  (1715-1772), 
quaker,  second  son  of  John  and  Margaret 
Fothergill,  well-to-do  quakers  of  considerable 
means  at  Carr  End,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire, 
was  born  in  November  1715.  When  three  years 
old  his  mother  died.  He  was  educated  at  a 
school  at  Briggflats,  near  Sedbergh,  and  after- 
wards at  a  school  at  Sutton  in  Cheshire,  kept 
by  his  uncle,  Thomas  Hough.  When  seven- 
teen he  was  apprenticed  to  a  quaker  shop- 
keeper at  Stockport.  He  was  clever,  bright, 
and  popular.  For  some  time  he  led  a  dissi- 
pated life,  but  became  steady  before  he  was 
of  age.  As  soon  as  his  apprenticeship  was 
over  he  went  to  live  at  Sutton  with  his 
uncle,  and  united  himself  with  the  Society 
of  Friends.  For  some  years  he  seems  to 
have  passed  through  much  mental  trouble, 
and  it  was  not  till  1736  that  he  was  accepted 
as  a  quaker  minister.  No  certificate  to  travel 
appears  to  have  been  issued  to  him  till  1739_ 
Some  seven  months  previously  he  married 
Susanna  Croudson  of  Warrington,  also  a 


Foulis 


69 


Foulis 


quaker  minister.  In  this  year  he  pastorally 
visited  the  Friends  in  Wales  and  the  west  of 
England,  and  in  the  following  year  those  in 
Yorkshire  and  Durham.  Early  in  1744  he 
visited  Ireland.  His  letters  to  his  wife  show 
that  quakerism  there  was  declining,  and  that 
he  made  great  efforts  to  revive  it.  In  1745 
his  ministerial  journeys  were  much  inter- 
rupted by  the  rebellion,  and  from  that  time 
till  1750,  when  he  was  present  at  the  yearly 
meeting  of  the  Irish  quakers,  he  chiefly 
laboured  near  his  residence.  In  1754  he 
obtained  a  certificate  enabling  him  to  pursue 
his  work  abroad,  and  immediately  visited 
North  America,  where  he  remained  till  1756, 
visiting  nearly  all  the  quakers'  meetings  in 
the  northern  and  many  in  the  southern 
colonies.  He  rode  180  miles  to  visit  one 
isolated  family,  and,  from  poverty,  had  occa- 
sionally to  go  without  food  himself  to  pro- 
vide for  his  horse.  He  laboured  to  reconcile 
the  colonists  and  the  Indians.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  organised  a  subscription 
for  the  relief  of  the  poverty  occasioned  by 
the  scarcity  of  employment  round  Warring- 
ton  during  the  winter  of  1756,  and  resumed 
his  ministerial  work  until  his  incessant  la- 
bours caused  a  severe  illness.  He  never  com- 
pletely recovered,  and  was  afterwards  mainly 
occupied  in  attending  to  his  business  as  a  tea 
merchant  and  American  merchant,  and  in 
some  literary  work  which  he  never  com- 
pleted. In  1760  he  was  appointed  one  of  a 
committee  to  visit  all  the  quarterly  and  other 
meetings  in  the  kingdom,  and  in  1762  he 
visited  most  of  the  quaker'  meetings  in 
Ireland.  A  similar  service  in  Scotland  two 
years  later  led  largely  to  the  revival  of 
quakerism  in  that  country.  From  this  time 
till  his  death  he  was  unable  to  take  any 
active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  Society  of 
Triends,  and  his  later  years  were  passed  in 
great  suffering.  He  died  at  Warrington  in 
June  1772,  and  was  buried  in  the  Friends' 
burial-ground  at  Penketh,  Lancashire. 

Fothergill  was  well  read  in  books,  and  a 
keen  student  of  men  and  manners ;  he  is 
•described  as  having  been  dignified,  courteous, 
.grave,  and  yet  affable.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  tracts  or  brief  addresses,  but  the 
number  of  times  they  have  been  reprinted 
proves  them  to  have  been  highly  valued  by 
the  quakers. 

[Jepson's  Just  Character  of  the  late  S.  Fother- 
gill, 1774;  Letchworth's  Brief  Account  of  the 
late  Samuel  Fothergill,  1774;  Crosfield's  Me- 
moirs of  the  Life,  &c.,  of  S.  Fothergill,  1843.] 

A.  C.  B. 

FOULIS,  ANDREW  (1712-1775).  [See 
under  FOULIS,  ROBERT.] 


FOULIS,  SIB  DAVID  (d.  1642),  politi- 
cian, was  third  son  of  James  Foulis,  by  Agnes 
Heriot  of  Lumphoy,  and  great-grandson  of 
Sir  James  Foulis  of  Colinton  (d.  1549)  [q.  v.] 
From  1594  onwards  he  was  actively  engaged 
in  politics,  and  many  of  his  letters  are  calen- 
dared in  Thorpe's '  Scottish  State  Papers.'  He 
came  to  England  with  James  I  in  1603;  was 
knighted  13  May  of  that  year ;  was  created 
honorary  M.A.  at  Oxford  30  Aug.  1605  (Oaf. 
Univ.  Reg.  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.  p.  237,  Oxf.  Hist. 
Soc.) ;  was  naturalised  by  act  of  parliament 
in  April  1606;  obtained  with  Lord  Sheffield 
and  others  in  1607  a  patent  for  making  alum 
inYorkshire(CAKTWKiGHT,  Chapters  in  York- 
shire History,  p.  195) ;  purchased  the  manor 
of  Ingleby,  Yorkshire,  from  Ralph,  lord  Eure, 
in  1609 ;  and  was  made  a  baronet  of  England 
6  Feb.  1619-20.   He  acted  as  cofferer  to  both 
Prince  Henry  and  Prince  Charles.  Sir  David, 
high  in  thefavourof  JamesI,  was  the  recipient 
in  1614  of  the  famous  letter  of  advice  to  the 
king  sent  from  Italy  by  Sir  Robert  Dudley, 
titular  duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]     In 
1629  Foulis  gave  evidence  respecting  the  docu- 
ment, after  it  had  been  discovered  in  the  library 
of  Sir  Robert  Bruce  Cotton  [q.  v.]  As  member 
of  the  council  of  the  north  he  chafed  against 
Wentworth's  despotic  exercise  of  the  presi- 
dent's authority,  and  in  July  1632  not  only 
denied  that  the  council  existed  by  parlia- 
mentary authority,  but  charged  Wentworth 
with  malversation  of  the  public  funds.  Went- 
worth indignantly  repudiated  the  accusation, 
and  Foulis  appealed  in  vain  to   Charles  I 
for  protection  from  Wentworth's  vengeance 
while  offering  to  bring  the  gentry  of  Yorkshire 
to  a  better  temper.     He  was  dismissed  from 
the  council,  was  summoned  before  the  Star- 
chamber,  was  ordered  to  pay  5,000/.  to  the 
crown  and  3,000/.  to  Wrentworth,  and  was 
sent  to  the  Fleet  in  default  (1633).     There 
he  remained  till  the  Long  parliament  released 
him,  16  March  1640-1  (Lords'  Journals,  iv. 
1 55  a ;  GAEDINEK,  History, \n.  139-40, 232-7). 
Foulis  appeared  as  a  witness  against  Strafford 
at  the  trial  in  1641  (RUSHWOETH,    Trial, 
pp.  149-54).     He  died  at  Ingleby  in  1642. 
By  his  wife  Cordelia,  daughter  of  William 
Fleetwood  of  Great  Missenden,  Buckingham- 
shire— she  died  in  August  1631  and  was  buried 
at  Ingleby — he  was  father  of  five  sons  and 
two  daughters.     Foulis  was  the  author  of  'A 
Declaration  of  the  Diet  and  Particular  Fare  of 
King  Charles  I  when  Duke  of  York,'  printed 
in  1802  by  Mr.  Edmund  Turnor  in  'Archseo- 
logia,'  xv.  1-12  (NICHOLS,  Illustrations,  vi. 
596). 

The  eldest  son  and  second  baronet,  Sir 
Henry,  was  fined  5001.  by  the  Star-chamber 
when  his  father  was  punished  in  1633  ;  was 


Foulis 


Foulis 


lieutenant-general  of  horse  under  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax  in  1643;  married  Mary,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  T.  Layton,  knight,  of  Sexhowe,  and 
•was  father  of  Henry  Foulis  [q.  v.]  A  second 
son,  Robert,  was  a  colonel  in  the  parliamentary 
army.  The  baronetcy  became  extinct  on  the 
death  of  the  eighth  baronet,  the  Rev.  Sir  Henry 
Foulis,  on  7  Oct.  1876. 

[Ord's  Hist,  of  Cleveland,  pp.  432-3;  Thorpe's 
Cal.  Scottish  State  Papers,  vol.  ii.  passim;  Com- 
mons' Journals,  i.  298-301 ;  Lords'  Journals,  ii. 
399  a  et  seq.,  iv.  1296,  I486, 155a,  186  a,  2.37  a, 
'272  a;  Nichols's  Progresses  of  James  I ;  Foster's 
Baronetage  ;  Rushworth's  Collections,  iii.  App. 
p.  65;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1631-3,  p.  xxiv  ; 
Strafford  Papers,  i.  56,  145.]  S.  L.  L. 

FOULIS,  HENRY  (1638-1669),  author,' 
•was  second  son  of  Sir  Henry  Foulis,  second 
baronet,  of  Ingleby,  Yorkshire,  and  was  grand- 
son of  Sir  David  Foulis  [q.  v.]  Born  at  Ingleby 
in  1638,  he  was  educated  by  a  presbyterian 
master  at  York,became  a  commoner  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  6  June  1654,  proceeded  B.A. 
3  Feb.  1656,  and  M.A.  on  25  June  1659,  was 
incorporated  B.A.  of  Cambridge  in  1658,  and 
on  31  Jan.  1659-60  was  elected  fellow  of  Lin- 
coln College.  He  studied  divinity;  took  the 
degree  of  B.D.  on  7  Nov.  1667,  and  became 
sub-rector  of  his  college.  He  was  warmly 
attached  to  the  church  of  England,  and  at- 
tacked with  equal  venom  the  presbyterians 
and  papists.  His  death,  '  occasioned,'  says 
Wood, '  by  a  generous  and  good-natured  in- 
temperance,' took  place  on  24  Dec.  1669,  and 
he  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  St.  Michael's 
Church,  Oxford.  His  works  are:  1.  'The 
History  of  the  Wicked  Plots  and  Conspiracies 
of  our  pretended  Saints,  the  Presbyterians,' 
fol.  London,  1662 ;  Oxford,  1674.  2.  « The 
History  of  the  Romish  Treasons  and  Usur- 
pations, with  an  Account  of  many  gross  Cor- 
ruptions and  Impostures  of  the  Church  of 
Rome,'  fol.  London,  1671, 1681.  The  former 
work,  dedicated  to  his  elder  brother,  Sir  David 
(1633-1694),  and  his  brother's  wife,  Cathe- 
rine (d.  1717),  proved  so  acceptable  to  the 
royalists,  with  many  of  whose  views  Foulis 
had  little  sympathy,  that  it  was  '  chained  to 
desks  in  public  places  and  in  some  churches 
to  be  read  by  the  vulgar.'  The  delay  in  the 
publication  of  the  second  book,  which  ap- 
peared after  the  author's  death,  was  caused 
by  '  a  knavish  bookseller.'  Notes  for  other 
works  were  burnt  by  Foulis  on  his  deathbed. 
An  account,  drawn  up  by  Foulis,  of  all  the 
sermons  preached  before  parliament  between 
1640  and  1648  is  among  the  Ashmolean  MSS. 
in  the  Bodleian  Library.  Anthony  a  Wood 
was  an  intimate  friend,  and  made  a  catalogue 
of  Foulis's  library. 


[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  881-2; 
Wood's  Fasti,  ii.  192,  219,  299;  Ord's  Hist,  of 
Cleveland,  p.  432;  Wood's  Autobiography,  ed. 
Bliss,  pp.  140,  168.]  S.  L.  L. 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1549),  judge, 
was  son  and  heir  of  James  de  Foulis,  skin- 
ner, of  Edinburgh,  by  his  wife  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Henderson  of  Fordell, 
Fifeshire,  advocate  to  James  IV.  In  1519  he 
acquired  from  the  Master  of  Glencairn  the 
lands  of  Colinton,  from  which  his  family  after- 
wards took  its  description.  He  was  chosen 
a  lord  of  session  12  Nov.  1526,  being  then, 
member  of  parliament  for  Edinburgh,  and 
when  the  College  of  Senators  was  instituted 
was  admitted  a  member  of  it  27  May  1532, 
having  since  1527  been  king's  advocate  con- 
jointly with  but  subordinate  to  Sir  Adam 
Otterburn.  In  1529  he  had  been  private 
secretary  to  James  V.  From  the  first  he  was 
clerk  register  of  the  college,  and  as  such  was 
present  in  parliament  in  most  years  from  1535 
to  1546.  As  such  officer  he  was  charged  by 
license  of  parliament  to  cause  the  acts  of  the 
parliament  to  be  printed  by  any  person  he 
should  choose.  From  1532  to  1546  he  was 
a  commissioner  for  holding  parliament,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  secret  council  in  1542. 
In  1543  he  was  a  commissioner  to  negotiate 
a  marriage  between  Mary  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward. He  was  knighted  in  1539,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Thomas  Marjoribanks  of  Ratho, 
8  Feb.  1548,  and  died  before  4  Feb.  1549. 
By  his  wife,  Catherine  Brown,  he  was  father 
of  Henry  Foulis,  depute-marishal,  whose  son 
James  was  grandfather  of  Sir  James  Foulis, 
lord  Colinton  [q.  v.] 

[Acts  Scots  Parl. ;  Acts  of  Sederunt ;  Brun- 
ton  and  Haig's  Senators ;  Omond's  Lord  Advo- 
cates, i.  12;  Nisbet's  Heraldry,  Append.  28; 
Douglas's  Baronage;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustr.  iv. 
238 ;  Burke's  Baronetage.]  J.  A.  H. 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES,  LORD  COLINTOJT 
(d.  1688),  judge,  was  only  son  of  Alexander 
Foulis,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert 
Hepburn,  esq.,  of  Ford,  and  widow  of  Sir 
John  Stuart,  sheriff  of  Bute.  His  father  was 
created  a  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  7  June  1634. 
James  was  knighted  by  Charles  I  14  Nov. 
1641,  and  represented  Edinburgh  in  parlia- 
ment in  1645-8  and  in  1651.  He  was  a 
commissioner  to  enforce  the  acts  against  run- 
aways and  deficients  in  1644,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  of  estates  in  1646-7. 
He  warmly  adopted  the  royalist  cause,  was 
taken  prisoner  at  Alyth  by  a  detachment  of 
Monck's  force,  then  besieging  Dundee,  28  Sept. 
1651,  and  long  imprisoned  for  his  royalist 
opinions.  After  the  Restoration  he  became 
an  ordinary  lord  of  session  (14  Feb.),  and  a 


Foulis 


Foulis 


commissioner  of  excise  in  1661.  He  was 
commissioner  to  parliament  for  Edinburgh- 
shire  from  1661  to  1681,  and  a  lord  of  the 
articles  in  each  parliament  from  the  Restora- 
tion. When  the  court  of  justiciary  was  con- 
stituted in  February  1671  he  became  a  lord 
commissioner,  and  took  his  seat  in  parlia- 
ment and  the  oaths  in  1672,  having  the  title 
of  Lord  Colintou.  He  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council  in  1674,  and  was  a  commissioner  for 
the  plantation  of  kirks  in  1678.  On  12  Dec. 
1681,  upon  the  trial  of  Argyll,  he  voted,  old 
cavalier  though  he  was,  against  the  relevancy 
of  the  indictment,  and  it  was  only  carried  by 
Lord  Nairn's  casting  vote.  On  22  Feb.  1684 
he  was  appointed  lord  justice  clerk  in  succes- 
sion to  Sir  Richard  Maitland,  and  died  at  Edin-  1 
burgh  19  Jan.  1688.  He  was  twice  married,  : 
secondly  to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  George  • 
Erskine  of  Innertail,  and  had  a  son  James 
(1645  P-1711)  [q.  v.],  who  succeeded  to  the 
title,  and  was  a  member  of  parliament,  and  a 
daughter,  who  married  James  Livingstone. 

[Acts  Scots  Parl. ;  Douglas's  Peerage  of  Scot- 
laud;  Brunton  and  Haig's  Senators;  Burke's 
Baronetage.]  J.  A.  H. 

FOULIS,  JAMES,  LORD  REIDFUKD 
(1645  P-1711),  Scotch  judge,  eldest  son  of  Sir 
James  Foulis,  lord  Colinton  [q.  v.],  whom  he 
succeeded  as  third  baronet  in  1688,  was  born 
about  1645.  His  father '  bestowed  liberally ' 
upon  his  education.  He  studied  at  Leyden 
(PEACOCK,  Index  to  Leyden  Students,  p.  37), 
and  was  admitted  advocate  8  June  1669.  He 
was  appointed  lord  of  session  November  1674, 
when  he  took  the  courtesy  title  of  Lord 
Reidfurd.  His  father  then  sat  on  the  bench 
as  Lord  Colinton.  Foulis  was  elected  com- 
missioner for  Edinburghshire  on  20  Jan.  1685, 
was  a  supporter  of  the  extreme  measures  of 
the  government,  but  continued  to  sit  after 
the  revolution,  '  until  his  seat  was  declared 
vacant,  25  April  1693,  because  he  had  not 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  signed  the 
assurance'  (FOSTER,  Parliamentary  Returns). 
After  the  death  of  William  III  he  was  made 
colonel  of  the  Midlothian  militia,  and  sworn 
of  the  privy  council  (1703).  He  opposed  the 
union.  Foulis  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  John  Boyd,  dean  of  guild,  Edinburgh, 
by  whom  he  had  several  children.  On  his 
death,  in  1711,  he  was  succeeded  in  the 
baronetcy  by  his  eldest  son  James,  with 
whom  he  is  sometimes  confounded — e.g.  by 
Anderson.  Foulis  was  engaged  in  a  somewhat 
complicated  lawsuit  with  Dame  Margaret 
Erskine,  Lady  Castlehaven,  his  stepmother,  as 
to  her  interest  in  his  father's  estates.  The  chief 
papers  were  published,  with  notes  by  him,  or 
compiled  under  his  direction,  and  exhibit 


some  details  as  to  Scotch  aristocratic  life  and 
customs  of  the  period  ('  An  Exact  and  Faith- 
ful relation  of  the  Process  pursued  by  Dame 
Margaret  Areskine,  Lady  Castlehaven,  against 
Sir  J  ames  Foulis,  now  of  Collingtoun,'  Edin- 
burgh, 1690).  Among  the  Lauderdale  MSS. 
are  various  official  reports  and  addresses  to 
Charles  II  and  the  Duke  of  Lauderdale,  to 
which  the  signature  of  Foulis  is  appended. 

[Brunton  and  Haig's  Senators  of  the  College 
of  Justice,  p.  404  ;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation, 
ii.  256 ;  Foster's  Collectanea  Genealogica — Mem- 
bers of  Parliament,  Scotland,  p.  143 ;  Add.  MSS. 
23137  f.  97,  23138  ff.  5,  7,  43,  23244  ff.  37,  39.1 

F.  W-T. 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES  (1714-1791),  fifth 
baronet  of  Colinton,  eldest  son  of  Henry 
Foulis,  third  son  of  the  third  baronet,  was 
born  in  1714.  He  succeeded  his  uncle,  the 
fourth  baronet,  in  July  1742.  In  his  youth 
he  was  an  officer  in  the  army,  but  he  retired 
from  the  service  early,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  pursuits  of  a  country  gentleman  and 
to  literature.  He  dedicated  much  of  his 
leisure  to  recondite  researches,  and  in  1781 
contributed  to  the '  Transactions  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Society  of  Scotland '  a  dissertation 
on  the  origin  of  the  Scots,  in  which  his 
proofs  and  conjectures  were  founded  upon 
an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  ancient 
Celtic  language.  He  also  left  among  his 
papers  for  posthumous  publication  memo- 
randa of  a  series  of  investigations  into  the 
origin  of  the  ancient  names  of  places  in  Scot- 
land. Foulis  died  at  Colinton,  near  Edinburgh, 
3  Jan.  1791. 

[Anderson's  Scottish  Nation;  Gent.  Mag.  1791.] 

G.  B.  S. 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES  (1770-1842),  of 
Woodhall,  seventh  baronet  of  Colinton,  born 
9  Sept.  1770,  was  the  great-grandson  of  Wil- 
liam Foulis  of  Woodhall,  second  son  of  Sir 
John  Foulis,  first  baronet  of  Ravelston,  by 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  Archibald  Prim- 
rose of  Carrington.  Foulis  had  a  fine  taste 
for  the  arts,  and  was  both  a  painter  and  a 
sculptor.  In  the  council-room  of  Gillespie's 
Hospital,  Edinburgh,  is  a  striking  portrait 
of  the  founder  by  Sir  James.  He  married 
in  1810  Agnes,  daughter  of  John  Grier  of 
Edinburgh,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and 
two  daughters.  Foulis  died  in  April  1842, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  elder  son,  Sir 
William  Listen  Foulis,  who  became  eighth 
baronet,  and  the  representative  of  the  three 
houses  of  Colinton,  Woodhall,  and  Ravel- 
ston. He  married  first  a  daughter  of  Captain 
Ramage  Liston,  R.N.,  and  grandniece  and 
heiress  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Liston, 
G.C.B.,  ambassador  to  Turkey.  By  this  lady 


Foulis 


Foulis 


he  had  two  sons  and  one  daughter.  He  mar- 
ried, secondly,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Robert 
Cadell.  The  eighth  baronet  died  in  1858, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  elder  son,  Sir  James, 
born  in  1847. 

[Anderson's  Scottish  Nation ;  Gent.  Mag.  1842.] 

G.  B.  S. 

FOULIS,  ROBERT  (1707-1776),  printer, 
the  eldest  son  of  Andrew  Faulls,  maltman, 
of  Glasgow,  and  of  Marion  Patterson,  was 
born  in  Glasgow,  20  April  1707.  Besides 
Andrew  the  elder  [see  end  of  this  article], 
there  were  two  younger  sons,  James,  a  clergy- 
man, and  John,  a  barber,  who  all  owed  their 
early  education  to  their  mother.  Robert 
changed  his  name  from  Faulls  to  Foulis  (pro- 
nounced Fowls),  the  surname  of  an  old  and 
distinguished  county  family.  Robert  was  first 
apprenticed  to  a  barber,  and  while  practising 
on  his  own  account  attended  the  lectures  of 
Francis  Hutcheson  [q.  v.],  who  urged  him  to 
become  a  printer  and  bookseller.  In  1738  he 
and  his  brother  Andrew  visited  Oxford,  and 
returned  to  Glasgow  after  a  few  months'  ab- 
sence in  England  and  on  the  continent.  They 
went  to  France  in  1739,  and  were  introduced 
through  the  Chevalier  Ramsay  into  the  public 
libraries.  They  collected  specimens  of  the 
best  editions  of  the  classics  and  rare  books, 
for  which  they  found  a  ready  sale  in  London. 
In  1741  Robert  began  bookselling  in  Glas- 
gow. For  a  short  time  Robert  Urie  printed 
books  for  him.  He  then  set  up  a  press,  and 
in  the  same  year  produced  two  editions  of 
'  The  Temper,  Character,  and  Duty  of  a 
Minister  of  the  Gospel,'  of  Dr.  William 
Leechman,  a  Cicero,  a  Phsedrus,  and  a  couple 
of  other  works. 

Foulis  was  appointed  printer  to  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  31  March  1743,  and  in 
that  year  produced  the  first  Greek  book 

5 rinted  in  the  city,  'Demetrius  Phalerus 
e  Elocutione,  Gr.  et  Lat.,'  sin.  8vo.  Special 
type  after  a  Stephens  model  was  cast  for 
him.  His  press-correctors  were  George  Ross, 
professor  of  humanity  in  the  university,  and 
James  Moor,  whose  sister  he  married,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek.  Dr.  Alexander  Wilson,  who 
had  established  a  typefoundry  at  Camlachie, 
near  Glasgow,  was  of  great  help  to  him.  He 
made  another  journey  to  France  in  order  to 
show  his  examples  of  typography,  and  to 
collect  manuscripts  and  good  editions  of  the 
classics.  In  1744  the  well-known  'immacu- 
late '  Horace,  sm.  8vo  (with  six  errors),  ap- 
peared. The  proof-sheets  of  this  book  were 
hung  up  in  college  and  a  reward  ofiered  for 
each  inaccuracy  discovered.  Three  editions 
of  Horace  of  no  value  subsequently  came  from 
the_Foulis  press.  About  this  time  was  issued 


'  A  Catalogue  of  Books,  lately  imported 
from  France,  containing  the  scarcest  and 
most  elegant  editions  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  Classics.'  By  1746  there  had  been 
produced  twenty-three  classical  editions,  and 
in  1747  the  fine  Greek  « Iliad,'  2  vols.  4to, 
'  very  beautiful . . .  and  more  correct  than  the 
small  one  in  12mo  printed  at  the  same  place 
after  Dr.  Clarke's  edition '  (HAKWOOD,  View  of 
the  Editions  of  the  Classics,  1 782,  p.  4) .  Among 
the  publications  of  1748  were  '  The  Philoso- 
phical Principles,'  2  vols.  4to,  of  the  Cheva- 
lier Ramsay,  an  edition  of  '  Hardyknute,' 
and  specimens  of  Scottish  verse,  many  of 
which  subsequently  came  from  the  Foulis 
press.  The  following  year  was  marked  by  the 
Cicero,  20  vols.  sm.  8vo.  after  Olivet's  text,  in 
a  type  preferred  by  Renouard  to  that  of  the 
Elzevir  edition  (Catalogue  de  la  Bibliotheque 
d'un  Amateur,  1819,  ii.  75),  and  a  Lucretius  in 
sm.  8vo,  which  is  still  sought  after.  Foulis 
also  circulated  proposals  for  printing  by  sub- 
scription the  works  of  Plato  in  Greek,  which 
produced  a  promise  from  John  Wilkes  to  ob- 
tain a  hundred  subscribers  to  the  undertaking 
(see  an  interesting  letter,  ap.  DTJXCAX,  No- 
tices and  Documents,  pp.  54-5).  In  1750 
upwards  of  thirty  works,  many  in  polite 
literature,  were  printed,  the  largest  num- 
ber the  Glasgow  press  had  yet  given  forth 
in  a  single  year.  In  an  undated  letter  (ib. 
p.  18)  Foulis  states  that  in  1751  he  made 
a  fourth  journey,  lasting  near  two  years, 
abroad  with  a  brother.  During  his  absence 
the  printing  office  under  the  direction  of  his 
partner  Andrew  issued  twenty-nine  works 
in  1752  and  eighteen  in  1753.  In  1752  was 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  series  of 
single  plays  of  Shakespeare. 

Having  sent  home  his  brother  (not  An- 
drew) with  a  painter,  an  engraver,  and  a 
copperplate  printer,  Foulis  returned  to  Scot- 
land in  1753,  and  soon  afterwards  instituted 
his  academy  for  painting,  engraving,  mould- 
ing, modelling,  and  drawing.     The  idea  had 
been  suggested  on  the  first  visit  to  Paris 
(1738)  by  observations  of  the  '  influence  of 
invention  in  drawing  and  modelling  on  many 
manufactures.'    The  use  of  several  rooms  for 
|  the  students  and  of  a  large  apartment  (af- 
1  terwards  the  Faculty  Hall)  for  an  exhibition 
was  granted  by  the  university.    He  received 
!  practical  help  from  three  Glasgow  merchants, 
j  Mr.  Campbell  of  Clathic,  Mr.  Glasford  of 
Dougalston,  and  Mr.  Archibald  Ingram,  who 
afterwards  became  partners  in  the  under- 
taking ;  while  Charles  Townshend,  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland,  and  others  threw  cold 
water  upon  it. 

A  literary  society,  to  which  Adam  Smith, 
Dr.  Robert  Simson,  Dr.  Reid,  Dr.  Black,  and 


Foulis 


73 


Foulis 


others  belonged,  was  founded  in  Glasgow  Col- 
lege 10  Jan.  1752,  and  Foulis  was  admitted  the 
next  year.  It  was  the  duty  of  each  member 
in  turn  to  read  a  paper,  and  he  delivered 
fifteen  discourses,  chiefly  on  philosophical 
subjects  (see  list  in  DUNCAN,  op.  cit.  pp.  134- 
135).  He  is  said  to  have  anticipated  some 
of  Beccaria's  views. 

In  1755  the  Select  Society  of  Edinburgh 
ofl'ered  a  silver  medal  for  the  best  printed  and 
most  correct  book  of  at  least  ten  sheets  (Scots 
Mag.  1755,  pp.  126-30),  which  was  awarded 
the  following  year  to  the  Foulises  for  their 
sm.  folio  Callimachus,  1755  (ib.  1756,  p.  195). 
This  is  one  of  their  masterpieces,  and  is  much 
sought  after ;  it  contains  some  rather  com- 
monplace plates,  designed  by  pupils  of  the 
academy.  The  Horace  (3rd  edition,  1756) 
also  received  a  medal.  An  edition  of  the 
'Nubes'  of  Aristophanes  in  Greek  (1755) 
and  a  translation  of  Hierocles  (1756)  are 
prized  by  collectors.  The  '  Anacreon,'  8vo 
(1757),  and  Virgil,  8vo  (1758),  are  com- 
mended by  Harwood  for  their  beauty  and 
correctness.  Medals  were  bestowed  by  the 
Select  Society  for  the '  Iliad  '(1756)andforthe 
'  Odyssey'  (1758),  the  famous  Greek  Homer 
in  four  stately  folio  volumes,  which  for  accu- 
racy and  splendour  is  the  finest  monument  of 
the  Foulis  press.  Flaxman's  designs  were 
executed  for  this  book.  '  As  the  eye  is  the 
organ  of  fancy,'  says  Gibbon, '  I  read  Homer 
with  more  pleasure  in  the  Glasgow  folio ; 
through  that  fine  medium  the  poet's  sense  ap- 
pears more  beautiful  and  transparent '  (Mis- 
cellaneous Works,  1814,  v.  583).  In  Har- 
wood's  opinion  a  Thucydides  of  1759  is  '  by 
far  the  most  correct  of  all  the  Greek  classics 
published  at  Glasgow '  (  View,  p.  29). 

During  this  time  Foulis  had  struggled  with 
great  difficulty  in  his  academy.  Proper 
teachers  were  scarce,  and  the  public  seemed 
unwilling  to  patronise  native  artists.  Some 
promising  students  were  sent  abroad  to  study  ' 
at  the  expense  of  the  academy.  One  of  these 
was  William  Cochrane,  another  was  Archi- 
bald Maclauchlane,  who  married  a  daughter 
of  Foulis.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
David  Allan  and  James  Tassie  were  also 
pupils.  Foulis  advertised  proposals  (Scots 
Mag.  1759,  p.  47)  for  gentlemen  to  subscribe 
to  the  academy  with  the  right  of  choosing 
prints,  designs,  paintings,  models,  or  casts  to 
the  value  of  their  subscriptions.  The  objects 
were  shown  at  Edinburgh  in  the  shop  of  Ro- 
bert Fleming,  as  well  as  at  the  gallery  in  Glas- 
gow. An  Herodotus  (1761,9  vols.  sm.  8vo) 
'  is  beautifully  printed  and  reflects  distin- 
guished honour  on  the  university  of  Glasgow,' 
says  Harwood  (  View,  p.  23).  On  the  occa- 
sion of  the  coronation  of  George  III  the  inner 


court  of  the  college  was  decorated  with  paint- 
ings from  the  academy,  shown  in  a  print  after 
a  picture  by  D.  Allan  (reproduced  in  MA.C- 
GEORGE'S  '  Old  Glasgow,'  1880,  pp.  134-5). 
The  academy  pictures  were  exhibited  on  the 
king's  birthday  in  subsequent  years  down  to 
abo  ut  1 7 75.  In  January  1 763  Foulis  states  that 
'  the  academy  is  now  coming  into  a  state  of 
tolerable  maturity. . . .  Modelling,  engraving, 
original  history-painting,  and  portrait-paint- 
ing '  were  '  all  in  a  reputable  degree  of  per- 
fection '  (Letter  ap.  DUNCAN,  p.  86).  About 
this  time  there  was  printed  '  for  the  use  of 
subscribers '  a  folio  priced  list  showing  the 
great  variety  of  the  productions,  '  Catalogue 
of  Pictures,  Drawings,  Prints,  Statues,  and 
Busts  in  Plaister  of  Paris,  done  at  the  Aca- 
demy,' including  '  a  Collection  of  Prints,  the 
plates  of  which  are  the  property  of  R.  and  A. 
Foulis.'  It  is  reprinted  by  Duncan  (op.  cit. 
pp.  91-115). 

Towards  the  end  of  1767  Foulis  obtained 
permission  from  Gray,  through  Dr.  Beattie, 
to  publish  an  edition  of  his  poems,  which 
were  then  being  issued  in  London  by  James 
Dodsley.  In  a  letter  to  Beattie  (1  Feb.  1768) 
Gray  says :  '  I  rejoice  to  be  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Foulis,  who  has  the  laudable  ambition 
of  surpassing  his  predecessors,  the  Etiennes 
and  the  Elzevirs,  as  well  in  literature  as  in 
the  proper  art  of  his  profession '(  Works,1836, 
iv.  102).  The  book  accordingly  appeared  in 
the  middle  of  1768,  a  handsome  quarto,  whose 
special  features  are  explained  by  Beattie  in 
a  letter  to  Arbuthnot  (Letters,  1820,  i.  47- 
49).  Beattie  also  had  a  share  in  the  literary 
direction  of  the  folio  '  Paradise  Lost '  (1770), 
which  he  calls  '  wonderfully  fine '  (Letter  to 
Foulis,  20  June  1770,  ap.  DUNCAN,  pp.  35- 
36). 

Archibald  Ingram,  one  of  the  partners  in 
the  academy,  died  23  July  1770.  Theacademy 
was  dissolved.  Never  pecuniarily  successful, 
it  was  now  eclipsed  by  the  new  RoyalAcademy 
in  London.  The  printing  office  was  continued, 
but  with  lessened  activity.  A  series  of  plates 
after  the  cartoons  of  Raphael,  issued  in  1773, 
may  be  considered  to  belong  rather  to  the 
work  of  the  academy  than  to  the  press.  They 
printed  down  to  the  death  of  Andrew  in 
1775.  This  blow  quite  crushed  Robert,  for 
the  two  brothers  were  deeply  attached.  The 
increased  commercial  responsibility  was  too 
much  for  him,  and  he  decided  to  send  the 
pictures,  which  had  been  used  as  models  in 
the  academy,  to  London,  where  he  arrived  in 
April  1776  with  Robert  Dewar  from  the 
printing  office,  who  married  his  daughter. 
The  season  was  late,  and  the  sale  proceeded 
against  the  advice  of  Christie,  the  auctioneer. 
The  collection  is  described  in  '  A  Catalogue 


Foulis 


74 


of  Pictures,  composed  and  painted  chiefly  by 
the  most  admired  masters,  in  which  many  of 
the  most  capital  are  illustrated  by  descrip- 
tions and  critical  remarks  by  Robert  Foulis,' 
London,  1776,  3  vols.  12mo.  The  net  result 
of  the  three  nights'  sale  was  very  disappoint- 
ing, for  which  some  cause  may  be  discovered 
in  the  absence  of  any  evidence  of  genuineness 
in  the  printed  descriptions.  Foulis  was 
deeply  mortified,  and  on  his  way  home  died 
suddenly  at  Edinburgh  2  June  1776,  aged  69. 

'  A  Catalogue  of  Books,  being  the  entire 
stock  in  quires  of  the  late  Messrs.  R.  and  A. 
Foulis,'  announces  the  sale  by  auction  at 
Glasgow  1  Oct.  1777.  Their  affairs  were 
finally  wound  up  in  1781  by  Robert  Chap- 
man, printer,  and  James  Duncan,  bookseller. 
The  debts  amounted  to  over  6,500/. ;  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  stock  was  purchased  by 
James  Spottiswood  of  Edinburgh.  The 
printing  house  in  Shuttle  Street  was  adver- 
tised for  sale  31  Oct.  1782. 

In  the  course  of  thirty-six  years  Robert 
and  Andrew  Foulis  produced  over  554  works, 
the  number  (known  to  be  incomplete)  in  the 
list  given  by  Duncan  (Notices  and  Documents, 
pp.  49-78,  147-9);  461,  being  one  of  the 
most  extensive  collections  extant,  are  in  the 
Mitchell  Library,  Glasgow.  Most  of  the  books 
are  reprints  of  standard  authors ;  few  are  ori- 
ginal. When  published  their  chief  merits  were 
careful  editing,  convenient  size,  good  paper, 
artistic  appearance,  and  cheapness.  They  are 
now  much  sought  after  as  admirable  specimens 
of  typography,  and  are  noticeable  for  their  se- 
verely plain  elegance.  '  Nothing  has  ever 
been  done  [in  Glasgow]  to  rival  the  results 
attained  by  the  Foulis  press,'  says  Professor 
Ferguson.  'The  works  produced  by  it  are 
quite  entitled  to  rank  with  the  Aldines,  El- 
zevirs, Bodonis,  Baskervilles,  which  are  all 
justly  renowned  for  the  varied  excellencies 
they  possess,  but  no  provincial,  and  certainly 
no  metropolitan,  press  in  this  country  has 
ever  surpassed  that  of  the  two  brothers  '  (  The 
Library,  March  1889,  p.  95). 

There  is  a  medallion  portrait  of  Foulis  by 
Tassie,  of  which  an  engraving  is  given  by 
Duncan  (op.  cit.)  and  by  Dibdin  (Sibl.  Tour, 
ii.  765).  A  print  of  an  engraving  of  the 
academy  in  the  fore-hall,  Glasgow  College, 
after  a  drawing  by  D.  Allan,  is  in  Mac- 
George's  <  Old  Glasgow '  (p.  302). 

Robert  was  of  short  stature,  robust,  well- 
proportioned,  amiable,  and  sociable.  During 
the  winter  the  brothers  sold  books  by  auc- 
tion. Andrew  usually  acted  as  auctioneer, 
for  Robert  was  not  a  businesslike  salesman. 
On  one  occasion  he  refused  to  sell  '  Tom 
Jones,'  as  '  improper  for  the  perusal  of  young 
persons.'  He  was  twice  married :  first,  in 


September  1742,  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  Moor ;  she  died  in  1750,  having  had 
five  daughters.  His  second  wife  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  William  Boutcher,  seedsman,  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  she  also  died  before  her  husband,  who 
survived  several  of  his  daughters.  His  son, 
ANDREW  the  younger,  carried  on  the  printing 
in  the  same  style,  and  many  of  his  books 
are  not  inferior  to  those  of  the  older  firm, 
whose  name  he  used.  A  Virgil,  2  vols.  folio 
(1778),  a  '  Cicero  de  Officiis,'  12mo  (1784), 
and  a  Virgil,  12mo  (1784),  deserve  mention. 
He  died  in  1829  in  great  poverty.  Alexander 
Tilloch  entered  into  partnership  with  Foulis 
in  1782,  in  order  to  cany  on  his  reinvention 
of  stereotyping. 

ANDKEW  FOULIS  the  elder  (1712-1775), 
born  at  Glasgow  23  Nov.  1712,  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  the  church,  and  received 
a  more  regular  education  than  his  elder 
brother  Robert.  For  some  time  he  taught 
Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  philosophy  in 
Glasgow.  From  1738  to  his  last  moments 
the  life  of  Andrew  cannot  be  dissociated  from 
that  of  his  partner  Robert.  Of  the  two 
brothers  Andrew  was  more  strictly  the  man 
of  business;  after  the  foundation  of  the 
academy  the  responsibility  of  the  printing, 
bookselling,  and  binding  departments  fell 
mainly  on  him.  Between  1764  and  1770  he 
read  eleven  papers  (see  list  in  DUNCAN,  p. 
135)  before  the  Literary  Society  of  Glasgow, 
to  which  he  was  elected  in  1756.  He  died 
suddenly  of  apoplexy  18  Sept.  1775,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three  (Scots  Mag.  1775,  p.  526). 

[Information  obligingly  contributed  by  Dr. 
David  Murray  from  his  forthcoming  work,  An 
Account  of  the  Foulis  Academy  and  of  the  Pro- 
gress of  Literature,  Art,  and  Science  in  Glasgow. 
Many  facts  are  given  in  Notices  and  Documents 
illustrative  of  the  Literary  History  of  Glasgow 
(by  William  James  Duncan),  Maitland  Club, 
1831,  4to,  reprinted  with  additions,  Glasgow, 
1886  ;  see  also  an  interesting  article  by  Professor 
John  Ferguson  on  the  Brothers  Foulis  and  early 
Glasgow  Printers  in  The  Library,  March  1889  ; 
T.  Mason's  Public  and  Private  Libraries  of  Glas- 
gow, 1885;  T.  B.  Eeed's  Old  English  Letter 
Foundries,  1887  ;  J.  Strang's  Glasgow  and  its 
Clubs,  2nd  ed.  1857  ;  Dibdin's  Bibl.  Tour  in 
Northern  Counties  and  Scotland,  1838,  vol.  ii. ; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iii.  217,  691,  viii.  475,  569, 
and  Illustrations,  ii.  167.]  H.  K.  T. 

FOULKES,  PETER,  D.D.  (1676-1747), 
scholar  and  divine,  was  the  third  son  of 
Robert  Foulkes  of  Llechryd,  Denbighshire, 
deputy  baron  of  the  court  of  exchequer  of 
Chester,  by  Jane  Ameredith  of  Landulph, 
Cornwall.  He  was  admitted  king's  scholar 
at  Westminster  in  1690,  and  was  elected 
thence  to  a  Westminster  studentship  at  Christ 


Foulkes 


75 


Fountaine 


Church  in  1694.  While  an  undergraduate  he 
published,  in  conjunction  with  John  Freind 
and  under  Aldrich's  auspices,  an  edition  of 
'  JSschines  against  Ctesiphon  and  Demo- 
sthenes on  the  Crown,'  with  a  Latin  transla- 
tion (Oxford,  1696).  He  took  the  degrees  of 
B.A.  in  1698,  M.A.  in  1701.  He  was  chosen 
censor  at  Christ  Church  in  1703,  in  prefer- 
ence to  Edmund  Smith,  the  poet,  and  was 
junior  proctor  for  1705.  His  cousin,  Dr.  "Wil- 
liam Jane,  regius  professor  of  divinity,  who 
died  in  1707,  left  him  residuary  legatee  and 
devisee  of  his  property,  which  included  land  in 
Liskeard  and  Bodmin,  and  was  supposed  to  be 
worth  ten  or  twelve  thousand  pounds ;  conse- 
quently he  was  a  grand  compounder  for  the  de- 
grees of  B.D.  and  D.D.  in  1710.  He  was  ap- 
pointed canon  of  Exeter  in  1704,  and  became 
sub-dean  in  1723,  chancellor  in  May  1724,  and 
precentor  in  1731.  Of  Christ  Church  he  was 
made  canon  in  November  1724,  and  was  sub- 
dean  from  1725  to  1733.  He  was  instituted 
rector  of  Cheriton  Bishop,Devonshire,  in  1714, 
and  vicar  of  Thorverton  in  1710.  Andrew 
Davy  of  Medland,  Cheriton  Bishop,  who  died 
in  1722,  left  him  the  manor  of  Medland  and 
other  lands  in  trust  for  his  second  son,  Wil- 
liam Foulkes.  He  married  first  in  1707  Eliza- 
beth Bidgood  of  Rockbeare,  Devonshire,  who 
died  in  1737 ;  and  secondly,  on  26  Dec.  1738, 
Anne,  widow  of  William  Hoi  well,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Offspring  Blackall,  bishop  of  Exeter. 
He  died  30  April  1747,  and  was  buried  in 
Exeter  Cathedral. 

Besides  the  work  already  mentioned  he 
published  a  Latin  poem  in '  Pietas  Universi- 
tatisOxoniensisinobitum  augustissimse  et  de- 
sideratissimte  Reginse  Marise,'  Oxford,  1695 ; 
another  on  the  east  window  in  Christ  Church 
in  '  Musarum  Anglicanarum  Analecta,'  Ox- 
ford, 1699,  ii.  180;  another  (No.  15)  in '  Pietas 
Universitatis  Oxoniensis  in  obitum  serenis- 
simi  Regis  Georgii  I  et  gratulatio  in  augus- 
tissimi  Regis  Georgii  II  inaugurationem,' 
Oxford,  1727 ;  '  A  Sermon  preached  in  the 
Cathedral  Church  of  Exeter,  Jan.  30,  1723, 
being  the  day  of  the  martyrdom  of  King 
Charles  I,'  Exeter,  1723. 

[Manuscript  records  and  genealogical  table  in 
the  possession  of  Mrs.  Peter  Davy  Foulkes; 
Chester  Eecog.  Koll,  16  Car.  ii.  No.  326;  Be- 
gister  of  St.  Mary's,  Chester ;  List  of  Queen's 
Scholars  of  Westminster ;  Polwhele's  Devonshire, 
vol.  ii.  Dioc.  of  Exeter,  p.  41  and  p.  62  ;  Hearne's 
Collections,  ed.  Doble,  i.  68, 334, 338, 339 ;  Wood's 
Hist,  and  Antiq.  iii.  515;  Gent.  Mag.  ix.  46; 
Dr.  Jane's  -will;  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets, 
'  Edmund  Smith ;'  Cat.  of  Oxford  Grad. ;  Oxford 
Honours  Eegister ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Angl. 
(Hardy);  Christ  Church  MS.  Eegisters;  Diocesan 
Eeg.  Exon. ;  Provincial  Eegister  of  Canterbury; 
Bodl.  Libr.  Cat.  of  Printed  Books.]  E.  C-N. 


FOULKES,  ROBERT  (d.  1679),  mur- 
derer, '  became,'  says  Wood,  '  a  servitor  of 
Christ  Church  College,  Oxford,  in  Michael- 
mas term  1651,  where  he  continued  more 
than  four  years,  under  the  tuition  and  go- 
vernment of  presbyterians  and  independents. 
Afterwards  entering  into  the  sacred  function 
he  became  a  preacher,  and  at  length  vicar  of 
Stanton  Lacy  in  his  own  county  of  Shrop- 
shire, and  took  to  him  a  wife  '  (Athence  Oxon. 
ed.  Bliss,  iii.  1195).  He  seduced  a  young 
lady  who  resided  with  him,  took  a  lodging 
for  her  in  York  Buildings  in  the  Strand,  and 
there  made  away  with  the  child  that  was 
born.  The  next  morning  he  went  down  into 
Shropshire.  His  companion  eventually  made 
a  full  confession.  Foulkes  was  tried  and 
convicted  at  the  Old  Bailey  sessions,  16  Jan. 
1678-9.  After  receiving  sentence  he  mani- 
fested great  penitence,  and  was  visited  by 
several  eminent,  divines,  among  whom  was 
Burnet.  William  Lloyd,  dean  of  Bangor, 
who  came  to  him  the  very  evening  after  his 
condemnation,  managed  to  obtain  for  him, 
through  Compton,  bishop  of  London,  a  few 
days'  reprieve,  which  he  employed  in  writing 
forty  pages  of  cant,  entitled  '  An  Alarme  for 
Sinners :  containing  the  Confession,  Prayers, 
Letters,  and  Last  Words  of  Robert  Foulkes, 
.  .  .  with  an  Account  of  his  Life.  Published 
from  the  Original,  Written  with  his  own 
hand,  .  .  .  and  sent  by  him  at  his  Death 
to  Doctor  Lloyd,'  4to,  London,  1679.  He 
speaks  of  his  unfortunate  companion  with 
ill-concealed  malignity.  On  the  morning  of 
31  Jan.  1678-9  he  was  executed  at  Tyburn, 
'  not  with  other  common  felons,  but  by  him- 
self/ and  was  buried  by  night  at  St.  Giles- 
in-the-Fields. 

[A  True  and  Perfect  Eelation  of  the  Tryal,&c. 
of  Mr.  Eobert  Foulks,  1679.]  G.  G. 

FOUNTAINE,  SIR  ANDREW  (1676- 

1753),  virtuoso,  born  in  1676,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Andrew  Fountaine,  M.P..  of  Narford, 
Norfolk,  by  his  wife  Sarah,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Chicheley,  master  of  the  ordnance, 
and  belonged  to  an  old  Norfolk  family  (see 
BURKE,  Landed  Gentry,  1886,  i.  673;  BLOME- 
FIELD,  Norfolk,  vi.  233  f.)  He  was  educated 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  under  Dr.  Aldrich, 
proceeding  B.A.  1696  and  M.A.  1700,  and 
studied  Anglo-Saxon  under  Dr.  Hickes,  in 
whose  'Thesaurus'  he  published  'Numismata 
Anglo-Saxonica  et  Anglo-Danica  illustrata/ 
Oxford,  1705,  folio.  Fountaine  was  knighted 
by  William  III  at  Hampton  Court  on  30  Dec. 
1699,  and  succeeded  to  the  estate  at  Narford 
on  his  father's  death,  7  Feb.  1706.  In  1701 
he  went  with  Lord  Macclesfield  on  a  mission 
to  the  elector  of  Hanover.  He  then  passed 


Fountaine 


76 


Fountaine 


through  Munich,  and  travelled  in  Italy,  buy- 
ing antiquities  and  curiosities.  In  1714  he 
stayed  for  a  long  time  in  Paris,  and  again 
visited  Italy,  staying  nearly  three  years  at 
Rome  and  Florence.  In  1725  he  was  made 
vice-chamberlain  to  Princess  Caroline,  and  he 
held  the  same  office  when  she  became  queen. 
He  was  also  tutor  to  Prince  William,  and 
was  installed  for  him  (as  proxy)  knight  of 
the  Bath,  and  had  on  that  occasion  a  patent 
granted  him  (14  Jan.  1725)  for  adding  sup- 
porters to  his  arms.  On  14  July  1727  he 
succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  as  warden  of  the 
mint  (RuDiiro,  Annals,  i.  29),  and  held  the 
office  until  his  death,  which  took  place  on 
4  Sept.  1753  at  Narford,  where  from  1732  he 
had  chiefly  lived  surrounded  by  his  collec- 
tions. He  was  buried  at  Narford. 

Fountaine  was  not  married.  His  sister, 
Elizabeth,  became  the  wife  of  Colonel  Edward 
Clent.  Their  grandson,  Mr.  Brigg  Price  of 
Narford,  assumed  the  name  of  Fountaine 
and  has  descendants.  There  are  two  busts 
of  Fountaine,  by  Roubiliac  and  Hoare  of 
Bath,  in  Wilton  House  (MiCHAELis,  Ancient 
Marbles,  p.  46),  and  at  least  three  portraits 
(one  a  miniature)  are,  or  were,  preserved  at 
Narford.  A  well-known  portrait  at  Holland 
House,  assumed  to  represent  Addison,  has 
been  identified  as  a  portrait  of  Fountaine  [see 
under  ADDISON,  JOSEPH]  .  There  is  a  portrait- 
medal  of  Fountaine,  made  in  1744  by  J.  A. 
Dassier,  in  the  British  Museum  (HAWKINS, 
Medallic  Illustrations,  ii.  590),  and  a  rarer 
portrait-medal  (specimen  in  Brit.  Mus.) 
made  at  Florence  in  1715  by  Antonio  Selvi. 
On  the  reverse  is  Pallas  standing  amidst 
ruins,  works  of  art,  coins,  &c.  (ib.  ii.  433 :  cf. 
p.  434). 

Fountaine  was  distinguished  as  a  connois- 
seur, and  his  advice  was  much  sought  by 
English  collectors  of  classical  antiquities.  He 
formed  collections  of  china,  pictures,  coins, 
books,  and  other  objects.  When  laying  out 
money  on  his  seat  at  Narford  he  sold  his  coins 
to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke,  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, and  the  Venetian  ambassador,  Cornaro. 
He  lost  many  of  his  miniatures,  &c.,  in  a  fire 
*t  White's  Chocolate-house,  in  St.  James's 
Street,  London,  where  he  had  hired  two 
rooms  for  his  collections  before  removing 
them  to  Narford.  The  remarkably  fine  Foun- 
taine collection  of  Palissy  ware,  Limoges 
enamels,  Henri  Deux  ware,  and  majolica — 
sold  at  Christie's  for  a  large  sum  16-19  June 
1884 — owed  its  origin  to  Fountaine.  His 
descendant,  Mr.  Andrew  Fountaine  (d.  1873), 
had,  however,  added  many  choice  specimens, 
especially  of  majolica  (see  the  Fountaine  Sale 
Catalogue  ;  and  the  Academy,  1884,  pp.  446, 
464).  Fountaine  incurred  the  displeasure  of 


Pope,  who  unfairly  attacks  him  as  the  anti- 
quary Annius  (according  to  the  seemingly 
correct  identification  of  Wart  on)  inthe '  Dun- 
ciad '  (iv.  1.  347  ff. ;  see  ELWIN  and  COURT- 
HOPE,  Pope,  iv.  361 ;  A.  W.  WARD,  Pope, 
Globe  ed.  1876,  p.  415)  :— 

But  Annius,  crafty  Seer,  -with  ebon  wand, 
And  well-dissembled  em'rald  on  his  hand, 
False  as  his  Gems,  and  cancer'd  as  his  Coins, 
Came,  cramm'd  with  capon,  from  where  Pollio 
dines. 

The  '  ebon  wand '  is  his  vice-chamberlain's 
black  rod.  The  '  emerald ' — a  genuine  stone 
— was  said  some  time  ago  to  be  in  existence 
at  Narford  (for  other  references  in  Pope  and 
Young  to  Fountaine  as  a  virtuoso,  see  ELWIN 
and  COURTHOPE,  Pope,  iii.  171-2). 

Fountaine  was  a  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Leibnitz,  who  says  in  a  letter  that  his  wit 
and  good  looks  made  much  noise  at  court 
when  he  was  abroad.  He  became  intimate 
at  Florence  with  Cosmo  III,  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany,  and  their  correspondence  has  been 
preserved.  When  in  Ireland  in  1707  with 
Pembroke,  the  lord-lieutenant,  Fountaine  be- 
came acquainted  with  Swift  (cf.  H.  CRAIK, 
Life  of  Swift,  pp.  136,  143).  Swift  and 
Fountaine  were  very  intimate  when  in  Lon- 
don from  1710  to  1712.  Swift  speaks,  in  his 
'  Journal  to  Stella,'  of  '  sauntering  at  china- 
shops  and  booksellers'  with  Fountaine,  of 
playing  ombre  and  '  punning  scurvily '  with 
him.  They  often  visited  the  Vanhomrighs' 
house  together  at  this  time.  When  Foun- 
taine was  seriously  ill  in  December  1710, 
Swift  visited  him  and  foretold  his  recovery, 
though  the  doctors  had  given  him  up.  Foun- 
taine seems  to  have  corrected  the  original 
designs  for  Swift's  « Tale  of  a  Tub.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  18,  ii.  4,  250,  258, 
581,  v.  263-4  (memoir),  330,  697,  viii.  511,  ix. 
415,  416,  419,  603  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustr.  i.  804, 
819,  iv.  441,  vi.  612  ;  Sale  Catalogue  of  the  Foun- 
taine Collection  (with  memoir),  1884 ;  Joseph  Ad- 
dison and  Sir  Andrew  Fountaine,  London,  1858; 
Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  v.  389 ;  Burke's 
Hist,  of  the  Commoners,  1837,  i-  225,  and  his 
Landed  Gentry,  editions  of  1868  and  1886,  s.  v. 
'Fountaine;'  Swift's  Journal  to  Stella  for  the 
years  1710-12;  Gent.  Mag.  1753,  xxiii.  445; 
Michaelis's  Ancient  Marbles  in  Great  Britain 
pp.  46, 57,  522  ;  Burke's  Visitations  of  Seats  and 
Arms,  2nd  ser.i.  194 ;  Hawkins's  Medallic  Illus- 
trations, ed.  Franks  and  Grueber;  authorities 
cited  above.]  W.  W. 

FOUNTAINE,  JOHN  (1GOO-1671), 
judge,  son  of  Arthur  Fountaine  of  Dalling, 
Norfolk, by  Anne,  daughter  of  JohnStanhow, 
was  admitted  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn  on 
30  Oct.  1622,  and  called  to  the  bar  on  21  June 


Fountaine 


77 


Fountaine 


1629.  Wood  is  certainly  wrong  in  identifying 
him  with  the  John  Fountaine  who  graduated 
B.  A.  at  Oxford  in  1634,  and  proceeded  M.  A.  in 
1637,  who  is  much  more  likely  to  be  the  John 
Fountaine,  M.  A.,  who  was  rector  of  Woolston 
in  Buckinghamshire  in  1649  (BLOMEFIELD, 
Norfolk,  iii.  522  ;  WOOD,  Fasti  Oxon.  i.  473; 
LIPSCOMB,  Buckinghamshire,  iv.  425).  Foun- 
taine distinguished  himself  in  1642  by  refusing 
to  pay  the  war  tax  levied  by  the  parliament, 
and  accordingly,  pursuant  to  a  resolution  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  he  was  '  secured  and 
disarmed,'  and  on  12  Oct.  lodged  in  the  Gate- 
house. The  death  of  his  wife,  which  occurred 
about  the  same  time,  procured  him  four  days' 
liberty.  He  was  also  on  his  own  petition 
granted  liberty  (2  Nov.)  to  attend  service  in 
St.  Margaret's  Church,  from  which  it  is  pro- 
bable that  he  was  a  member  of  parliament. 
His  name,  however,  is  given  neither  by 
Browne  Willis  nor  in  the  official  list.  He 
was  still  at  the  Gatehouse  on  20  Dec.  1642, 
when  his  petition  to  be  allowed  bail  was  re- 
fused. He  emerges  into  history  again  at  Ox- 
ford in  1645,  Here  he  was  associated  with  Sir 
John  Stawel  in  a  scheme  for  uniting  the  free- 
holders of  the  western  counties  on  the  side 
of  the  king.  The  Prince  of  Wales  was  ap- 
pointed general  of  the  association,  and  went 
to  Bristol  to  take  command  of  the  forces 
which  the  association  were  to  raise.  The 
scheme,  however,  came  to  nothing.  Foun- 
taine seems  shortly  afterwards  to  have  per- 
ceived that  the  royalist  cause  was  lost.  On 
11  April  1646  Colonel  Rainsford,  in  command 
at  Woodstock,  reported  to  the  parliament  that 
'  Mr.  Fountaine,  the  lawyer,  was  come  in  to 
him,'  and  was  then  at  Aylesbury.  The  letter 
was  read  to  the  house  on  25  April,  and  the 
house  then  resolved  that  Fountaine  should 
be  sent  prisoner  to  Bristol.  While  at  Ayles- 
bury Fountaine  had  written  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Turner  a  letter  on  the  situation.  It  is  a  docu- 
ment of  considerable  interest,  being  marked 
by  much  sagacity.  He  begins  by  pointing 
out  that  the  moderates  were  then  in  the  as- 
cendant while  the  king's  cause  was  desperate, 
and  ad  vises  the  acceptance  of 'such  conditions 
of  peace  as  may  be  had ; '  he  then  proceeds  to 
argue  at  some  length  that  episcopacy  is  not 
jure  divino,  and  that  the  alienation  of  church 
lands  by  parliament  is  legally  within  the 
powers  of  parliament.  The  letter  elicited  a 
reply  by  Dr.  Richard  Stewart,  entitled  '  An 
Answer  to  a  Letter  written  at  Oxford  [sic], 
and  superscribed  to  Dr.  Samuel  Turner  con- 
cerning the  church  and  the  revenue  thereof ' 
(for  both  letter  and  answer  see  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat., '  Turner,  Samuel ').  On  17  Jan.  1651-2  he 
was  elected,  though  not  without  opposition, 
into  the  parliamentary  committee  for  '  con- 


sidering of  the  inconveniencies  '  of  the  law 
and  how  to  remove  them.  On  17  March  fol- 
lowing he  was  formally  pardoned  his  delin- 
quency and  restored  to  full  status  as  a  citizen 
(  WHITELOCKB,  Mem.  63,  202, 520 ;  Commons' 
Journal,  ii.  804,  832,  896,  iv.  523,  vii.  74, 
268;  CLARENDON,  Rebellion,  v.  85-7,  141). 
He  paid  a  composition  of  480/.  for  his  estates 
(DKING,  Catalogue).  He  was  placed  on  a 
commission  appointed  by  the  council  of  state 
on  29  April  1653  to  investigate  the  condition 
of  the  prison  of  the  upper  bench,  and  suggest 
regulations  for  its  better  management,  and  on 
a  similar  commission  of  13  June  following  to 
'  consider  about  the  inspecting  and  impnmng 
of  the  public  offices.'  On  27  Nov.  1658  he 
was  called  to  the  degree  of  serjeant-at-law, 
and  on  3  June  1659  he  was  made  joint  com- 
missioner with  Bradshaw  and  Tyrell  of  the 
'  broad  seal '  for  the  term  of  five  months.  On 
1  Nov.  following  the  lord  president,  Bradshaw, 
delivered  the  seal  to  Whitelocke  by  order  of 
the  committee  of  public  safety.  It  was,  how- 
ever, again  put  in  commission,  Fountaine 
being  one  of  the  commissioners  on  17  Jan. 
1659-60,  and  so  continued  until  the  Resto- 
ration. On  that  event  Fountaine  was  con- 
firmed in  his  statusof  serjeant-at-law  (27  June 
1660),  but  he  never  again  held  judicial  office 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1652-3,  pp.  300, 
405 ;  ib.  1653-4,  p.  61 ;  NOBLE,  Cromwell,  i. 
438  ;  WHITELOCKE,  Mem.  pp.  680,  686,  693 ; 
LUDLOW,  Mem.  p.  282  ;  SIDEEFIN,  Rep.  i.  3). 
Fountaine  survived  until  1671,  when  he  died 
on  14  June,  after  a  year's  illness.  His  cham- 
bers are  said  to  have  been  at  Boswell  Court, 
Carey  Street.  He  was  buried  in  the  parish 
church  of  Salle,  Norfolk,  the  original  seat  of 
his  family.  Fountaine  is  called  a  turncoat  by 
Anthony  a  Wood,  and  Foss  follows  suit ;  per- 
haps, however,  it  would  be  nearer  the  truth 
to  describe  him  as  a  moderate  and  practical 
royalist.  Burnet  states  that  he  was  in  favour 
of  Cromwell's  assuming  the  royal  dignity  on 
the  ground  that  '  no  government  could  be 
settled  legally  but  by  a  king'  (Own  Time, 
fol.  i.  68).  After  the  death  of  his  first  wife 
Fountaine  married  Theodosia,  daughter  of 
Sir  Edward  Harrington  of  Ridlington,  Nor- 
folk, by  whom  he  had  issue  John  Fountayne 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  Melton,  Yorkshire  (d. 
1680),  and  Thomas  Fountayne,  who  succeeded 
his  brother  at  Melton,  and  died  in  1709.  John 
Fountayne,  the  elder  son,  had  two  daughters, 
of  whom  the  second,  Theodosia,  married  Ro- 
bert Monckton,  and  was  the  mother  of  the 
first  Viscount  Galway.  The  grandson  of  the- 
younger  son,  Thomas,  was  the  Rev.  John 
Fountayne,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  dean  of  York.  The 
family  is  now  represented  in  the  direct 
line  by  Andrew  Montagu  of  Melton  Park, 


Fountainhall 


Fourdrinier 


Yorkshire,  and    Papplewick,   Nottingham- 
shire. 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges  ;  Hunter's  South 
Yorkshire,  i.  367  ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry.] 

J.  M.  E. 

FOUNTAINHALL,  LORD  (1646-1722). 
[See  LA.UDER,  SIR  JOHN.] 

FOUNTAYNE,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1714- 
1802),  dean  of  York,  horn  in  1714,  second  son 
of  John  Fountayne  of  Melton  in  South  York- 
shire, by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Francis  Carew 
of  Beddington,  Surrey,  was  great-grandson  of 
John  Fountaine,  the  judge  [q.  v.]  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  at  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1735,  proceeded  M.  A.  in  1739,  being 
installed  prebendary  of  Salisbury  on  16  April 
of  the  same  year.  He  was  appointed  by  patent 
of  3  Jan.  1740-1  to  a  canonry  of  Windsor, 
which  he  resigned  in  1748,  having  the  previous 
year  been  appointed  dean  of  York.  He  took 
the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1751.  On  the  death 
of  his  elder  brother  in  1739  he  succeeded  to 
the  manor  of  Melton.  He  closed  a  long  and 
uneventful  life  at  the  deanery  on  14  Feb. 
1802.  Fountayne  married  first,  in  1744,  Ann, 
daughter  of  William  Bromley,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons ;  secondly,  Frances  Maria, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Whichcote  of  Harpswell, 
Lincolnshire ;  and  thirdly,  in  1754,  Ann,  only 
daughter  of  Charles  Montagu  of  Papplewick, 
Nottinghamshire.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  no 
issue  ;  by  his  second,  who  died  on  22  Aug. 
1750,  he  had  one  daughter  only,  viz.  Frances 
Maria,  who'married,  on  27  Feb.  1773,  William 
Tatton  of  Withenshaw,  Cheshire,  who  took 
the  name  of  Egerton  ;  by  his  third  wife  he 
had  two  sons,  both  of  whom  died  unmarried, 
and  three  daughters,  of  whom  the  eldest  and 
youngest  died  unmarried,  and  the  second 
married  Richard  Wilson,  second  son  of  Dr. 
Christopher  Wilson,  bishop  of  Bristol.  Foun- 
tayne published :  1.  A  sermon  on  the  Lis- 
bon earthquake  in  1755.  2.  A  fast  sermon 
in  1756. 

[Hunter's  South  Yorkshire,  i.  367  ;  Le  Neve's 
Fasti  Eecl.  Angl.  ii.  670,  iii.  408  ;  Grad.  Cant. ; 
Gent.  Mag.  1802,  pt.  i.  p.  190;  Britton's  York 
Cathedral,  p.  86 ;  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  ed. 
Helsby,  iii.  610.]  J.  M.  E. 

FOURDRINIER,  HENRY  (1766-1854), 
inventor,  was  born  on  11  Feb.  1766,  in  Lom- 
bard Street,  London.  His  father  was  a  paper- 
maker  and  wholesale  stationer,  and  was  in 
all  probability  grandson  of  Paul  Fourdrinier 
fsee  under  FOURDRINIER,  PETER].  Henry 
Fourdrinier  succeeded  his  father  as  a  paper 
manufacturer.  In  conj  unction  with  his  brother 
Sealy  he  devoted  himself  for  many  years  to 
the  invention  and  improvement  of  paper-  , 


making  machinery.  Their  first  patent  was 
taken  out  in  1801.  In  1807  they  perfected 
their  machine  for  making  continuous  paper. 
This  machine  imitated  with  some  improve- 
ments the  processes  used  in  paper  by  hand. 
Its  chief  advantages  were  that  it  produced 
paper  of  any  size,  and  with  greatly  increased 
rapidity.  The  experiments  were  very  costly, 
and  much  litigation  was  required  to  protect 
the  patent.  When  the  invention  was  com- 
pleted they  had  expended  60,000/.,  and  be- 
came bankrupt.  Parliament  extended  the 
Fourdriniers'  letters  patent  for  fourteen  years, 
and  the  new  system  of  paper-making  was 
widely  adopted,  but  the  brothers  were  greatly 
hampered  by  the  defective  state  of  the  law  of 
patents.  In  1814  the  Emperor  Alexander, 
while  visiting  England,  was  interested  in 
Fourdriniers'  machine.  An  agreement  was 
made  that  the  Fourdriniers  should  receive 
700/.  annually  for  the  use  of  two  machines 
for  ten  years.  The  machines  were  erected 
at  Peterhoff  under  the  superintendence  of 
Henry  Fourdrinier's  son,  but  no  portion  of 
the  stipulated  yearly  sum  was  ever  paid. 
Henry  Fourdrinier  repeatedly  asserted  his 
claim,  and  at  the  age  of  seventy-two,  at- 
tended by  his  daughter,  made  a  journey  to 
St.  Petersburg,  and  placed  his  petition  per- 
sonally in  the  hands  of  the  Emperor  Nicho- 
las. No  result  followed.  Meanwhile  the 
Fourdriniers  had  petitioned  parliament  for 
compensation  for  the  losses  sustained  by  them. 
On  25  April  1839  a  motion  was  brought  for- 
ward in  the  House  of  Commons,  when  the 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  promised  to  go 
into  the  merits  of  the  case.  On  8  May  1840 
7,000/.  was  voted  to  the  Fourdriniers.  Many 
persons  thought  this  inadequate,  and  a  few 
years  later  a  subscription,  raised  by  firms  in 
the  paper  trade,  enabled  annuities  to  be  pur- 
chased for  Henry  Fourdrinier,  the  then  sur- 
viving patentee,  and  his  two  daughters,  in- 
suring a  comfortable  income  during  their 
respective  lives.  Henry  Fourdrinier  died 
on  3  Sept.  1854,  in  his  eighty-ninth  year,  at 
Mavesyn  Ridware,  near  Rugeley,  where  he 
spent  the  last  years  of  his  life  in  humble  but 
cheerful  retirement. 

His  brother,  SEALY  FOURDRIXIER,  partici- 
pated in  the  parliamentary  compensation, 
but  died  in  1847  before  the  subscription  had 
been  applied. 

[Hansard,  vols.  xlvii.  liii.,  3rd  ser. ;  Illus- 
trated London  News,  9  Sept.  1854;  British  and 
Colonial  Printer  and  Stationer,  September  1888.] 

J.  B-Y. 

FOURDRINIER,  PETER  (fl.  1720- 
1750),  engraver,  a  member  of  a  French  re- 
fugee family  which  fled  from  Caen  to  Hoi- 


Fournier 


79 


Fowke 


land,  was  a  pupil  of  Bernard  Picart  at  Am- 
sterdam for  six  years,  and  came  to  England 
in  1720.  He  was  employed  in  engraving 
portraits  and  book  illustrations  ;  among  the 
former  were  the  portraits  of  Cardinal  Wolsey 
and  Bishop  Tonstall  in  Fiddes's  '  Life  of 
Wolsey,'  John  Radcliffe,  M.D.,  after  Kneller, 
William  Pattison,  poet,  after  J.  Saunders, 
William  Conolly,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  Ireland,  after  Jervas,  Jonathan 
Swift,  after  Jervas,  Dr.  John  Freind,  after 
M.  Dahl,  and  Thomas  Wright,  after  G.  Allen. 
He  was  more  frequently  employed  on  archi- 
tectural works,  to  which  his  mechanical  style 
of  engraving  was  well  suited.  He  engraved 
plates  for  Cashel's  '  Villas  of  the  Ancients/ 
Ware's  '  Views  and  Elevations  of  Houghton 
House,  Norfolk,'  Sir  W.  Chambers's  '  Civil 
Architecture,'  Wood's  '  Ruins  of  Palmyra,' 
and  others  from  the  designs  of  Inigo  Jones, 
W.  Kent,  and  other  architects.  He  also  en- 
graved '  The  Four  Ages  of  Man/  after  Lan- 
cret,  one  of  Lempriere's  views  of  Belem,  near 
Lisbon,  before  the  earthquake,  and  the  illus- 
trations to  Spenser's '  Calendarium  Pastorale ' 
(London,  1732, 8vo).  He  is  perhaps  identical 
with  Pierre  Fourdrinier,  who  married  at  Am- 
sterdam in  1689Marthe  Theroude,  and  came 
to  England.  Other  authorities  mention  a 
PAUL  FOTJKDRINIER  as  engraver  of  some  of 
the  works  mentioned,  and  he  has  been  iden- 
tified with  Paul  Fourdrinier  who  was  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  and  died 
in  January  or  February  1758,  leaving  by  his 
wife  Susanna  Grolleau  a  son  Henry,  whose 
daughter  Jemima  was  tho  mother  of  Cardinal 
John  Henry  Newman.  The  engravings  are 
in  all  cases  signed  '  P.  Fourdrinier/  but  the 
title-page  of  Chambers's '  Civil  Architecture' 
says  that  the  plates  were  engraved  by  '  Old 
Rooker,  Old  Fourdrinier,  and  others/  which 
points  to  there  having  probably  been  two  en- 
gravers of  the  name. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Vertue's  MSS. 
(Addit.  MS.  Brit.  Mus.  23079) ;  Dodd's  manu- 
script History  of  English  Engravers ;  Bromley's 
Engraved  British  Portraits;  Lowndes's  Bibl. 
Man. ;  information  from  H.  Wagner,  F.S.A.] 

L.  C. 

FOURNIER,  DANIEL  (d.  1766  ?),  en- 
graver and  draughtsman,  was  probably  a 
member  of  a  French  refugee  family,  and  ori- 
ginally educated  as  a  chaser.  He  also  prac- 
tised the  varying  professions  of  'a-la-mocle 
beef-seller,  shoemaker,  and  engraver/  accord- 
ing to  the  inscription  on  a  small  portrait  of 
him  etched  by  himself.  He  likewise  dealt 
in  butter  and  eggs,  modelled  in  wax,  and 
taught  drawing.  In  1761,  at  about  the  age 
of  fifty,  he  wrote  and  published  '  A  Treatise 
of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Perspective, 


wherein  the  Principles  of  that  most  Useful 
Art  are  Laid  Down  by  Dr.  Brook  Taylor,  are 
fully  and  clearly  Explained  by  Means  of 
Moveable  Schemes  properly  Adapted  for  the 
Purpose/  &c.  It  is  said  that  at  the  time  he 
was  writing  it  he  used  to  draw  the  diagrams 
on  the  alehouse  tables  with  chalk,  and  was 
known  by  the  name  of  the  '  Mad  Geometer.' 
He  was  a  good  etcher,  and  etched  a  survey 
of  the  Leeward  Islands.  He  also  engraved 
in  mezzotint  a  portrait  of  Cuthbert  Mayne, 
a  priest  executed  for  heresy  in  1579.  In  ad- 
dition to  these  accomplishments  he  is  said 
to  have  made  a  fiddle,  and  taught  himself  to 
play  upon  it.  He  died  in  Wild  Court,  Wild 
Street,  about  1766. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Dodd's  manu- 
script History  of  English  Engravers ;  Grose's 
Olio  ;  Chaloner  Smith's  British  Mezzotinto  Por- 
traits.] L.  C. 

FOWKE,  FRANCIS  (1823-1865),  cap- 
tain royal  engineers,  architect  and  engineer 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  South 
Kensington,  was  born  at  Belfast  in  July  1823 ; 
was  educated  at  Dungannon  College,  and  at 
a  military  tutor's  at  Woolwich ;  entered  the 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  in  1839, 
and  passed  out  sixth  in  a  batch  of  sixteen  in 
1841.  His  proficiency  in  drawing  secured 
his  appointment  to  the  royal  engineers,  in 
which  he  was  commissioned  as  second  lieute- 
nant 18  June  1842.  He  married,  22  May 
1845,  Charlotte  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
R.  Rede  Rede  of  Ashmans,  Suffolk  (Gent. 
Mag.  new  ser.  xxiii.  538).  He  became  first 
lieutenant  1  April  1846,  and  second  captain 
17  Feb.  1854.  After  serving  some  years  at 
Bermuda,  Fowke  was  employed  at  Devon- 
port,  where  he  prepared  the  working  draw- 
ings for  the  new  Raglan  barracks,  and  is 
credited  with  originating  the  many  sanitary 
improvements  introduced  there.  About  the 
period  of  the  Russian  war  he  brought  under 
notice  of  the  government  numerous  sugges- 
tions regarding  the  use  of  elongated  projec- 
tiles for  rifled  ordnance,  and  later,  a  design 
for  a  collapsing  canvas  pontoon  described  in 
'  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Royal  Engi- 
neers/ new  ser.  vii.  81,  and  '  Journal  United 
Service  Institution/  iv.  (1860),  none  of  which 
led  to  any  results.  In  1854  he  was  sent  to 
Paris  in  charge  of  the  machinery  for  the 
Paris  Exhibition,  and  when  the  late  Colonel 
H.  Cunliffe  Owen,  royal  engineers,  was  or- 
dered to  the  Crimea,  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  the  British  commission  in  that  officer's 
place.  He  carried  out  a  series  of  valuable 
experiments  on  the  strength  of  colonial  woods, 
the  results  of  which  were  published  in  the 
'  Parliamentary  Reports  of  the  Paris  Exhibi- 


Fowke 


Fowke 


tion.'  and  afterwards  as  a  separate  pamphlet, 
and  are  said,  in  Jamaica  alone,  to  have  raised 
the  annual  exports  of  lancewood  spars  four- 
fold, and  of  mahogany  over  eightfold  (Proc. 
Inst.  Civil  Engineers,  xxx.  469).  He  prepared 
the  reports  on '  Construction ' and '  Naval  Con- 
struction '  in  the  exhibition  reports.  He  was 
made  a  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
but  was  debarred  by  the  rules  of  the  British 
service  from  wearing  the  decoration,  it  not 
having  been  given  for  service  in  the  field.  A 
paper  by  him  on  '  Coast  Defence  Batteries ' 
appeared  in  the  '  Papers,  Corps  of  Royal  En- 
gineers/ vol.  v.  (1856). 

Fowke  remained  in  Paris  until  1857,  and 
on  his  return  was  made  an  inspector  of  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  On  the  re- 
moval of  the  department  from  Marlborough 
House  to  South  Kensington,  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  adaptation  of  the  iron  buildings  ori- 
ginally erected  by  Sir  William  Cubitt,  and 
popularly  known  as  the  '  Brompton  Boilers,' 
and  a  nest  of  old  residences  adjoining,  work 
which  he  executed  with  economy  and  des- 
patch. In  the  midst  of  it  he  was  called  upon  to 
build  a  picture-gallery  for  the  Sheepshanks 
gift  of  pictures,  one  of  the  conditions  of  the  be- 
quest being  that  a  suitable  apartment  should 
be  provided  by  the  nation  within  twelve 
months.  In  this  work  Fowke  was  associated 
with  Mr.  Redgrave,  R.A.,  who  had  discovered 
a  formula  for  a  top-light  gallery.  The  object 
sought — that  the  pictures  should  be  seen 
without  glare  or  reflection — was  in  most  re- 
spects satisfactorily  accomplished,  and  Fowke 
further  devised  arrangements  for  lighting 
them  by  gas,  together  with  an  ingenious  con- 
trivance, now  in  use,  for  lighting  many  hun- 
dred gas-burners  at  once.  Before  the  work 
was  finished  the  Yernon  and  Turner  galleries 
were  required,  which  Fowke  erected  with 
fireproof  floors  at  very  small  cost,  not  ex- 
ceeding, it  is  said,  fourpence  per  cubic  foot. 
In  1858  Fowke  was  again  sent  to  Paris.  The 
international  technical  commission  on  the  im- 
provement of  the  Danube  navigation  which 
was  then  sitting  there  had  come  to  a  dead- 
lock ;  the  whole  of  the  papers  had  been  sub- 
mitted by  the  British  officers  present  to  Sir 
John  Fox  Burgoyne  [q.  v.],  then  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications,  and  Fowke  was  sent 
to  Paris  as  the  exponent  of  Burgoyne's  views 
(see  WROTTESLET,  Life  of  Fields-Marshal  Sir 
John  Fox  Burgoyne,  ii.  366-9).  From  Sir 
Henry  Cole's  account  it  would  seem  that 
Fowke  made  an  independent  report  to  Lord 
Cowley,  the  British  ambassador,  which  was 
privately  printed  (memoir  in  Professional 
Papers  Royal  Engineers'). 

As  architect  and  engineer  of  the  Science 
and  Art  Department,  Fowke  designed  the 


new  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  Edin- 
burgh, and  the  improvements  and  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Dublin  National  Gallery.  He 
designed  and  erected  the  Officers'  Library, 
Aldershot,  which  was  executed  at  the  pri- 
vate cost  of  the  prince  consort,  and  erected 
the  drill  shed  for  the  1st  Middlesex  volun- 
teer engineers  (the  first  engineer  volunteer 
:  corps  formed),  which  Sir  Joseph  Paxton  pro- 
nounced to  be  the  cheapest  structure  he  had 
ever  seen.  He  planned  the  buildings  for  the 
International  Exhibition  of  1862,  in  which 
the  main  feature  was  originally  a  noble  hall, 
which  was  omitted  altogether  owing  to  want 
of  funds.  The  lighting,  ventilation,  and  gene- 
ral arrangement  of  the  buildings  were  allowed 
to  be  a  success :  for  their  artistic  shortcom- 
ings Fowke  was  not  responsible.  Two  years 
later,  in  an  open  competition  of  designs  for 
permanent  buildings  to  be  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  1862  exhibition,  the  judges,  Lord 
Elcho  (now  Earl  Wemyss),  Messrs.  Tite, 
M.P.,  Pennethorne,  and  D.  Roberts,  R.A., 
unanimously  awarded  him  the  first  prize.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  erection  of  the  present 
South  Kensington  Museum  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  Fowke,  who  had  been  in  delicate 
health,  died  from  rupture  of  a  blood-vessel 
at  his  official  residence,  South  Kensington,. 
4  Dec.  1865,  and  was  buried  at  Brompton 
cemetery.  A  bust  of  him,  by  Woolner,  has 
been  placed  in  the  South  Kensington  Mu- 
seum. 

Besides  the  reports  and  papers  above  named, 
Fowke  was  author  of  '  A  Description  of  the 
Buildings  at  South  Kensington  for  the  Re- 
ception of  the  Sheepshanks  Pictures,'  Lon- 
don, 1858,  8vo,  and  '  Some  Account  of  the 
Buildings  designed  for  the  International  Ex- 
hibition of  1862,'  London,  1861,  8vo.  He 
likewise  contributed  to  the  '  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine '  a  paper  entitled  the  '  National  Gallery 
Difficulty  Solved,'  which  appeared  in  March 
1860,  and  another  on  '  London,  the  Strong- 
hold of  England,'  which  appeared  in  July 
1860,  both  of  which,  especially  the  latter,  at- 
tracted much  attention  at  the  time.  Fowke 
!  was  the  inventor  of  a  military  fire-engine, 
!  made  to  limber  up  like  a  field  gun,  which  is 
!  now  in  use  in  the  service,  and  an  improved 
•  photographic  camera,  which  he  patented,  to- 
gether with  one  or  two  other  minor  inven- 
tions. He  was  a  man  of  pliant  and  original 
mind,  quick  at  viewing  things  in  novel  and 
unconventional  lights,  and  it  is  claimed  for 
him,  by  his  friend  Sir  Henry  Cole  [q.  v.], 
that  he  was  on  the  point  of  solving  the  pro- 
blem of  the  decorative  use  of  iron  for  struc- 
tural purposes. 

[Memoir  by  Sir  H.  Cole  in  Papers  on  Pro- 
fessional Subjects,  Corps  of  Eoyal  Engineers, 


Fowke 


8 1 


Fowke 


xv.  9 ;  Proceedings  Inst.  Civil  Engineers  (Lon- 
don), xxx.  468-70;  Athenaeum,  1865,  ii.  808.] 

H.  M.  C. 

FOWKE,  JOHN  (d.  1662),  lord  mayor, 
third  son  of  William  Fowke  of  Tewkesbury, 
Gloucestershire,  by  his  wife,  Alice  Carr  of 
Newcastle-under-Lyme,  Staffordshire  (  Visi- 
tation of  London,  1633-5,  Harl.  Soc.  i.  288 ; 
STOW,  Survey,  ed.  Strype,  bk.  v.  p.  145),  came 
to  London,  and  eventually  rose  to  be  one 
of  its  leading  merchants.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Haberdashers'  Company,  and  an 
alderman  (ORRIDGE,  Citizens  of  London  and 
their  Rulers,  p.  236).  In  1627  Fowke,  in 
obedience  to  the  vote  and  declaration  of  the 
commons  against  paying  tonnage  and  pound- 
age, persistently  refused  to  pay,  although  '  a 
man  of  great  trading  at  that  time.'  Accord- 
ingly he  had  '  currans,  muscadels,  grograms, 
mohairs,  raw-silk,  and  other  goods,  seized  to 
his  prejudice  of  5,827/.'  In  August  1627  and 
January  1628,  for  attempting  to  obtain  legal 
redress,  he  was  imprisoned  and  lost  more 
merchandise.  In  the  following  February  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  Star-chamber  for '  pre- 
tended riot  and  seditious  words '  used  by 
him  to  the  officers  sent  to  execute  the  reple- 
vin. About  the  same  time  Charles  openly 
expressed  his  displeasure  against  him  at  the 
council  table,  and  shortly  afterwards  named 
him  in  a  declaration  printed  and  published 
in  March  1628.  In  October  1629,  on  Fowke 
again  refusing  to  pay  the  impost,  an  infor- 
mation was  laid  against  him  at  the  council, 
and  '  great  endeavours  used  to  take  away  his 
life  and  estate  upon  false  pretences  of  clip- 
ping of  money  and  piracies.'  After  witnesses 
had  been  examined  he  was  committed  to  the 
Fleet, '  without  any  cause  expressed,'  and  his 
ship  and  cargo,  with  a  prize  of  sugar,  seized. 
All  his  endeavours  to  regain  his  liberty  proved 
ineffectual,  and,  after  spending  a  large  sum 
on  law  costs,  he  was  forced  '  to  give  40,000/. 
bail  in  the  admiralty  about  the  said  prize.' 
In  June  1641  he  petitioned  the  commons  for 
relief,  as  he  had  previously  done  in  1628, 
setting  forth  that  he  had  then  lost  20,000/. 
The  house,  by  an  order  of  30  June  1645,  no- 
minated a  committee  to  consider  how  he 
might  have  reparation  out  of  delinquent's 
estates  (Command  Journals,  vols.  iv.  vi.  vii.) 
Fowke  served  the  office  of  sheriff  in  1643. 
He  had  naturally  become  a  bitter  opponent 
of  the  court  party.  Charles,  in  his  answer 
to  the  city  petition  of  4  Jan.  1642-3,  speaks 
of  Fowke  as  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  parlia- 
mentary party  in  the  city,  and  a  person  '  no- 
toriously guilty  of  schism  and  high  treason ' 
(cf.  also  the  King's  Letter  and  Declaration 
to  the  City,  17  Jan.  1642-3,  and  the  Speech 
of  Pym,  13  Jan.  1642-3,  in  reply  to  Charles's 

VOL.   IX. 


Answer  to  the  City  Petition).  In  the  ordi- 
nance of  29  March  1642-3  for  assessing  such 
as  had  not  contributed  according  to  the  pro- 
positions of  the  parliament  for  raising  money, 
Fowke  was  one  of  the  persons  empowered  to 
nominate  collectors  in  each  ward.  Having 
afterwards  been  appointed  a  commissioner  of 
the  customs,  and  refusing  to  deliver  up  an 
account  upon  oath  of  what  money  he  had 
received,  he  was  fined  for  this  contempt  1001. 
by  the  committee  of  accompts,  18  April  1645, 
and  in  the  end  sent  to  the  Fleet.  There- 
upon a  deputation  from  the  common  council, 
headed  by  his  friend  William  Gibbs,  gold- 
smith, then  sheriff,  petitioned  the  commons 
on  23  July  for  his  release  on  bail,  praying 
besides  that  the  house  would  appoint  a  com- 
mittee to  hear  his  cause ;  '  he  being  com- 
mitted not  upon  the  matter  of  his  accompt, 
but  upon  the  manner  of  his  accompting.' 
After  a  '  serious  and  long  '  debate  on  4  Aug. 
it  was  resolved  that  Fowke  ought  to  '  ac- 
compt jointly  with  the  rest  of  the  late  com- 
missioners and  collectors  of  the  customs  ; ' 
it  was  further  ordered  that  he  'do  accompt 
for  the  three  hundred  pounds  and  such  other 
monies  and  goods  for  which  he  is  accompt- 
able '  {Commons'  Journals,  vol.  iv.)  Despite 
these  irregularities  he  appears  to  have  re- 
tained his  commissionership,  for  so  late  as 
July  1658  he  was  reported  to  have  in  his 
keeping  1,500/.  of  public  money,  which  he 
refused  to  deliver  up  (cf.  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1658-9,  pp.  58,  102).  He  was  in  fact 
treated  by  all  factions,  until  the  Restoration, 
with  the  greatest  deference.  By  virtue  of 
two  decrees  made  by  Lord-keeper  Coventry, 
on  21  Nov.  1631  and  9  June  1635,  the  East 
India  Company  had  detained  Fowke's  '  ad- 
ventures in  their  hands,  by  him  alleged  to 
be  sixteen  hundred  pounds  in  their  second 
joint  stock,  and  twenty-one  hundred  pounds 
more  in  three  of  their  voyages.'  Fowke 
therefore  petitioned  the  lords,  8  July  1646, 
to  have  these  decrees  reversed.  On  6  May 
1647  judgment  wras  given  in  his  favour.  He 
obtained  full  restitution,  with  interest,  and 
100/.  costs  (Lords'  Journals,  vols.  viii.  ix.) 
At  a  meeting  of  the  common  council  for 
nominating  a  new  committee  for  the  militia 
of  London,  27  April  1647,  Fowke's  name  was 
ordered  to  be  omitted  from  the  list  to  be  pre- 
sented to  parliament.  However,  on  the  fol- 
lowing 12  June,  upon  a  rumour  of  the  army's 
near  approach  to  London,  he  was  asked  to 
head  a  deputation  to  parliament  to  desire  its 
approbation  of  the  city's  answer  to  Fairfax, 
and  early  next  morning  he  set  out  along  with 
his  fellow-commissioners  to  carry  it  to  the 
general  at  St.  Albans.  He  was  restored  to 
the  militia  committee  by  an  ordinance  of 


Fowke  * 

both  houses  dated  23  July  and  2  Sept.  1647. 
On  12  July  1648  Fowke  presented  to  both 
houses  a  '  petition  for  peace  in  the  name  of 
divers  well-affected  magistrates,  ministers, 
and  other  inhabitants  in  the  city  of  London, 
and  parts  adjacent,'  and  delivered  himself  of 
a  short  speech.  The  petition,  which  with  the 
speech  was  published,  expressed  a  hope  that 
the  parliament  might  take  a  course  to  secure 
peace.  When,  a  few  weeks  later,  the  army 
returned  to  London,  '  some  false  brothers  in 
the  city,'  says  Lord  Holies,  '  as  Alderman 
Foulks  and  Alderman  Gibbs,  bewitcht  the 
city  and  lull'd  it  into  a  security '  (Memoirs, 
1699,  pp.  110,  160).  At  the  sale  of  bishops' 
lands  Fowke  acquired,  28  Sept.  1648,  the 
Gloucestershire  manors  of  Maysmore,  Preston, 
Longford,  and  Ashleworth,  the  property  of  the 
sees  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  for  3,819£.  14s. 
(Collectanea  Topographica  ct  Genealogica,  i. 
124).  He  was  named  one  of  the  king's  judges, 
but  refused  to  attend.  On  27  Feb.  1651  a 
parliamentary  committee  reported  that  com- 
pensation to  the  extent  of  27,615/.  ought  to  be 
awarded  him  (Commons'  Journals,  vii.  99- 
100).  The  matter  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  the  council  of  state,  9  Sept.  1652 
(ib.  vii.  177),  who  suggested,  25  Oct.,  that 
state  lands  inWaltham  Forest,  Essex,  worth 
500J.  a  year  should  be  settled  on  him  and  his 
heirs  for  ever, '  according  to  his  own  propo- 
sitions given  into  council'  (  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1651-2,  p.  455).  This  proposal,  al- 
though backed  up  by  innumerable  petitions 
from  Fowke,  did  not  receive  the  assent  of 
the  council  until  9  May  1654  (ib.  1654,  p. 
162).  Elated  by  his  success,  Fowke  now 
besought  them  to  take  his  '  sufferings '  into 
consideration.  Finally,  it  was  enacted,  4  Aug. 
1654,  that  5,000/.  be  assigned  him  from  the 
fines  set  by  the  Act  of  Grace  for  Scotland, 
'  and  if  any  part  remained  unpaid,  it  should 
be  provided  for  some  other  way'  (ib.  1654, 
p.  287).  During  1652-3  Fowke  served  the 
office  of  lord  mayor.  In  January  1653  he 
was  acting  as  a  commissioner  for  the  sale  of 
the  king's  goods  (Cal.  of  Clarendon  State 
Papers,  ii.  171).  Along  with  four  other 
commissioners  he  was  appointed,  10  March 
1653-4,  to  consider  '  how  the  business  of  the 
forests  might  be  best  improved  for  the  benefit 
of  the  state,'  and  to  draw  up  a  report  thereon 
(Cal.State Papers, Dom.  1654,pp.l9,97).  He 
was  one  of  the  committee  chosen  by  the  city  to 
confer  with  Fleetwood,  9  Dec.  1659  (Mercu- 
rius  Politicus,  8-15  Dec.  1659,  p.  945).  Three 
weeks  later  he  laid  before  the  court  of  common 
council  a  report  which  was  printed  on  the '  im- 
minent and  extraordinary  danger  of  the  City.' 
When  the  city  corporation  agreed  to  send  their 
thanks  to  Monck  for  his  services,  Fowke  was 


*  Fowke 

one  of  the  three  commissioners  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  19  Jan.  1659-60  (ib.  19-26  Jan. 
1660,  p.  1043).  On  30  Jan.  he  reported  to 
the  lord  mayor,  in  the  name  -of  the  other 
commissioners,  the  effect  of  their  journey 
(ib.  26  Jan.  to  2  Feb.  1650,  p.  1068).  In 
March  he  appears  as  a  commissioner  for  the 
City  of  London  militia  (ib.  8-15  March  1660, 
p.  1170).  When  the  Restoration  seemed  in- 
evitable, Fowke  hastened  to  clear  himself  of 
all  complicity  in  the  king's  death  by  issuing 
an  advertisement  (ib.  22-9  March  1660,  p. 
1199),  denying  that  he  was  'one  of  those 
persons  that  did  actually  sit  as  judges  upon 
the  tryal,'  to  which  he  appended  a  certificate 
to  the  like  effect  from  Henry  Scobell,  clerk 
of  the  parliament,  dated  28  March  1660.  For 
a  while  he  appears  to  have  lived  in  retirement 
at  his  country  seat  at  Clayberry,  situated  in 
the  north-east  side  of  Barking,  near  Woodford 
Bridge,  Essex.  He  was,  however,  elected  M.P. 
for  the  city  of  London  on  19  March  1660-1, 
when  he  headed  the  poll  (Lists  of  Members 
of  Parliament,  Official  Return,  pt.  i.  p.  525), 
and  was  chosen  in  the  same  year  president  of 
Christ's  Hospital  (TKOLLOPE,  Hist,  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  p.  310),  to  which  and  to  Bethlehem 
Hospital  he  proved  a  liberal  benefactor.  He 
bequeathed  to  the  former  institution  certain 
estates  in  Essex  for  the  maintenance  of  eight 
boys,  of  whom  two  were  to  be  of  the  parish 
of  Barking  and  two  of  Woodford  (Lyso^s, 
Environs,  iv.  104,  286 ;  TROLLOPE,  p.  117, 
note).  Under  this  bequest  Clayberry  was 
sold  by  his  trustees  in  1693  (LTSONS,  iv.  85). 
Fowke's  portrait,  dated  1691,  is  at  Christ's 
Hospital  (TROLLOPE,  p.  344).  He  died  of 
apoplexy  on  22  April  1662  (SMYTH,  Obituary, 
Caniden  Soc.,  p.  55).  By  his  wife  Catherine, 
daughter  of  Richard  Briggs  of  London,  he 
had  two  sons,  John  and  Bartholomew,  and  a 
daughter,  Elizabeth. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  683 ; 
Noble's  Lives  of  the  English  Eegicides,  i.  237- 
242 ;  Eushworth's  Historical  Collections,  pt.  iv. 
vol.  i.  pp.  472,  558,  634,  pt.  iv.  vol.  ii.  p.  797.] 

G.  G. 

FOWKE,  PHINEAS,  M.D.  (1638-1710), 
physician,  son  of  Walter  Fowke,  M.D.,  was 
born  at  Bishop  Burton,  Yorkshire,  and  there 
baptised  on  7  Jan.  1639.  His  mother  was 
sister  of  Sir  John  Micklethwaite  [q.  v.], 
physician  to  Charles  II  and  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital.  He  was  admitted  at  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  21  April  1654,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  1658,  and  on  26  March  in  the 
same  year  was  admitted  a  fellow  of  the  col- 
lege. His  family  connections  directed  him 
to  the  profession  of  medicine,  and  he  gra- 
duated M.D.  at  Cambridge  1668.  He  prac- 


Fowler 


tised  in  London,  residing  in  Little  Britain, 
end  was  admitted  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  12  Nov.  1680.  In  1684  he  mar- 
ried Sarah,  daughter  of  Sir  Vincent  Corbet, 
foart.,  at  Shrewsbury.  She  died  6  Dec.  1686. 
He  retired  to  his  paternal  estate  in  Shrop- 
shire, and  there  died  at  Little  Worley  Hall 
21  Jan.  1710.  He  was  buried  in  the  neigh- 
bouring church  of  Brewood,  and  his  death  is 
recorded  on  his  wife's  monument  in  St.  Chad's 
•Church,  Shrewsbury.  He  was  learned  in 
theology  as  well  as  in  medicine,  and  was  an 
admirer  of  Dr.  Seth  Ward,  bishop  of  Sarum, 
•whose  views  on  passive  obedience  he  warmly 
supported.  In  some  manuscript  notes  on  a 
sermon  of  Ward's,  on  the  text  'And  they  that 
resist  shall  receive  to  themselves  damnation,' 
Fowke  expresses  his  contempt  of  the  conduct 
of  the  university  of  Oxford  in  1688,  saying, 
•'  These  great  pretenders  to  loyalty  invited  ye 
Prince  of  Orange.  They  had  no  patience 
when  King  James  bore  upon  their  privi- 
ledges  in  Oxford,  but  exclamed  bitterly 
against  ye  king  and  joyned  with  the  wiggs 
and  dissenters  to  bring  in  ye  Prince  of  Orange.' 
Among  the  Sloane  manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum  there  is  a  private  letter  of  Fowkes. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  i.  417;  Original  Lists 
Ooll.  of  Phys.  of  London; 'Seven  Sermons,  by  Seth 
Ward,  Bishop  of  Sarum,  1674,  annotated  in 
manuscript  by  Ph.  Fowke,  M.D.,  C.E.C.S.] 

N.  M. 

FOWLER,  ABRAHAM  (fl,  1577),  poet, 
was  a  queen's  scholar  at  Westminster,  whence 
te  was  elected  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in 
1568.  His  name  does  not  appear  on  the  uni- 
versity register.  He  contributed  a  poem  in  al- 
ternate rhymes  to' A  Philosophicall  discussion 
entituled  The  Anatomie  of  the  Minde  newlie 
made  and  set  forth  by  T[homas]  R[ogers],' 
London,  1576.  Rogers  [q.  v.]  was  a  student 
of  Christ  Church.  Fowler's  verse  is  followed 
by  a  poem  by  Camden. 

[Welch's  Alumni  Westmonast.  p.  47  ;  "Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  163 ;  Brydges's  Censura 
Literaria,  vi.  33.]  S.  L.  L. 

FOWLER,    CHRISTOPHER    (1610?- 

•1678),  ejected  minister,  son  of  John  Fowler, 
was  born  at  Marlborough,  Wiltshire,  about 
1610.  He  entered  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, as  a  servitor  in  1627,  and  graduated 
B.A.  on  9  Feb.  1632.  Removing  to  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall,  he  graduated  M.A.  on  29  Oct. 
1634.  To  John  Prideaux,  regius  professor  of 
divinity,  he  owed  his  strong  attachment  to  the 
Calvinistic  theology.  He  took  holy  orders, 
and  was  a  puritan  preacher  in  and  about  Ox- 
•ford  till  he  obtained  a  settlement  at  West 
•Woodhay,  Berkshire,  before  1641.  On  the 


surrender  of  Reading  (26  April  1643),  Thomas 
Bunbury,  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  joined  the  king 
at  Oxford;  his  living  was  sequestered  and 
given  to  Fowler.  He  took  the  covenant  (1643), 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  for  the 
presbyterian  cause.  Thinking  himself  unsafe 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  royalist  troops 
at  the  manor-house  of  Donnington,  Berkshire, 
garrisoned  for  the  king  at  the  time  of  the 
second  battle  of  Newbury  (27  Oct.  1644), 
Fowler  went  up  to  London.  Here  his  fanatical 
preaching  attracted  a  crowd  of  hearers.  Wood 
suggests  that  he  was  at  this  time  preacher  at 
St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury ;  it  seems,  however, 
that  he  obtained  an  appointment  at  Albourn, 
Sussex  (Funeral  Sermon)  ;  the  engagement 
at  St.  Margaret's  belongs  to  a  later  date;  his 
name  first  occurs  in  the  registers  in  1652.  In 
1649  Fowler  refused  to  take  the '  engagement ' 
to  be  faithful  to  the  Commonwealth  without 
king  or  House  of  Lords.  Notwithstanding 
this  disqualification,  he  was  subsequently 
made  fellow  of  Eton  College. 

Fowler  was  an  assistant  to  the  commis- 
sioners for  Berkshire,  appointed  under  the  or- 
dinance of  28  Aug.  1654,  for  ejecting  scanda- 
lous ministers.  In  this  capacity  he  was  mixed 
up  with  the  proceedings  against  a  noted 
mystic  and  astrologer,  John  Pordage  [q.  v.], 
formerly  of  St.  Lawrence's,  Reading,  whom 
the  commissioners  ejected  (by  order  8  Dec. 
1654,  to  take  effect  2  Feb.  1655)  from  the 
rectory  of  Bradfield,  Berkshire.  Fowler  wrote 
an  account  and  defence  of  this  business,  in 
which  he  and  John  Tickel,  presbyterian 
minister  at  Abingdon,  Berkshire,  had  taken 
a  leading  part.  Somewhat  later  he  entered 
the  lists  against  the  quakers.  In  conjunction 
with  Simon  Ford  [q.  v.],  vicar  of  St.  Law- 
rence's, Reading,  he  published  (1656)  an 
answer  to  the  '  quaking  doctrines '  of  Thomas 
Speed  of  Bristol,  and  he  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy (1659)  with  Edward  Burrough  [q.  v.] 

On  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  Fowler 
lost  his  fellowship  at  Eton,  but  retained  the 
Reading  vicarage  till  he  was  ejected  by  the 
Uniformity  Act  of  1662.  He  then  moved  to 
London,  had  his  abode  successively  at  Ken- 
nington  and  Southwark,  and  exercised  his 
ministry  in  private.  He  had  a  turn  for  the 
explication  of  prophecy,  wherein  he  displayed 
'  a  singular  gift  in  chronology.'  According  to 
Wood,  he  was  'esteemed  a  little  better  than 
crazed  or  distracted  for  some  time  before  his 
death.'  It  is  possible  that  his  powers  failed, 
but  of  his  general  ability  a  high  estimate  is 
given  by  William  Cooper  [q.  v.],  no  mean 
judge.  A  warrant  was  out  for  his  apprehen- 
sion as  a  conventicle  preacher  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  He  died  in  Southwark  on  [15  ?] 
January  1678,  and  was  buried  within  the 

G2 


Fowler  I 

precincts  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Dowgate 
Hill.    Cooper  preached  his  funeral  sermon. 

Hepublished:  1.  'DaemoniumMeridianum,' 
&c.,  1655,  4to  (an  account  of  the  proceedings 
against  Pordage,  who  had  already  published 
his  own  account,  1654,  4to  ;  with  appendix 
in  reply  to  Pordage's '  Innocency  Appearing,' 
1655,  fol.)  2.  'Dsemonium  Meridianum. 
The  Second  Part,'&c.,  1656,  4to  (in  reply  to 
Pordage's  '  Truth  Appearing,'  1655,  4to,  and 
a  tract  entitled '  The  Case  of  Reading,'  1656, 
4to ;  appendices  on  infant  baptism  in  answer 
to  John  Pendarves,  and  on  the  Reading 
case  addressed  to  the  municipal  authorities). 
3.  'A  Sober  Answer  to  an  angry  Epistle  .  .  . 
by  Thomas  Speed,'  &c.,  1656,  4to  (by  Fowler 
and  Ford ;  Speed  replied  to  these  and  another 
adversary  in  '  The  Guilty-Covered  Clergy- 
man,' &c.,  1657,  4to).  4.  '  A  True  Charge 
in  Ten  Particulars  against  the  people  called 
Quakers '  [1659]  (does  not  seem  to  have  been 
separately  printed ;  it  is  handled  in  '  A  Dis- 
covery,' &c.,  1659, 4to,  by  Edward  Burrough, 
and  is  reprinted  in  Burrough's '  Works,'  1672, 
fol.  5.  'Sermon  on  John  xix.  42,'  1666, 4to 
(this  is  mentioned  by  Wood,  but  not  seen  by 
him ;  the  date  seems  to  show  that  Fowler  was 
one  of  those  nonconformists  who  resumed  their 
ministry  after  the  great  fire  in  defiance  of  the 
law,  and  it  may  give  some  colour  to  the  con- 
jecture that  he  founded  the  presbyterian  con- 
gregation which  met  in  a  wooden  structure  at 
Unicorn  Yard,  Tooley  Street).  Also  a  sermon 
in  the  'Morning  Exercise  at  Cripplegate,' 
1674-6,  4to,  and  another  in  the  '  Morning 
Exercise  against  Popery  preached  in  South- 
wark,'  1675,  4to. 

[Funeral  Sermon  by  Cooper,  1677  (i.e.  1678) ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  1691  i.  870, 1692  ii.  449 
sq.,  728;  Calamy's  Account,  1713,  p.  97  sq.  ;  Pal- 
mer's Nonconf.  Memorial,  1802,  i.  294  sq.  (mis- 
prints the  date  of  death,  1676,  an  error  -which 
has  been  folio-wed  by  later  -writers) ;  Chalmers's 
Gen.  Biog.  Diet.  1814,  xv.  14  sq. ;  Wilson's  Diss. 
Churches,  1814,  iv.  228;  Smith's  Biblioth.  Anti- 
Quak.,  1873,  p.  189  sq.;  Fowler's  Daemonium  ] 

A.  G. 

FOWLER,EDWARD,  D.D.(1632-1714), 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  was  born  in  1632  at 
Westerleigh,  Gloucestershire.  His  father, 
Richard  Fowler,  whom  Calamy  describes  as 
a  man  of  great  ability,  was  ejected  as  a  non- 
conformist in  1662  from  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  Westerleigh.  At  the  same  time  the 
bishop's  elder  brother,  Stephen  Fowler,  B.  A., 
was  ejected  from  a  fellowship  at  St.  John's, 
Cambridge,  and  from  the  rectory  of  Crick, 
Northamptonshire.  He  became  presbyterian 
minister  at  Newbury,  Berkshire,  in  1684,  and 
died  soon  after.  Edward  Fowler  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  school  in  Gloucester 


i  Fowler 

under  William  Russell,  who  had  married  his 
sister.  At  the  beginning  of  1650  he  waa 
admitted  a  clerk  of  Corpus  Christ!  College, 
Oxford,  and  became  a  chaplain  on  14  Dec. 
1653,  having  a  gift  of  extemporary  prayer. 
He  graduated  B.A.  on  23  Dec.  1653.  After 
this  he  became  a  member  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  graduated  M.A.  about  1655. 
Returning  to  Oxford,  he  was  incorporated 
M.A.  on  5  July  1656. 

Fowler's  first  post  on  leaving  the  university 
was  that  of  presbyterian  chaplain  to  Amabella, 
dowager  countess  of  Kent.  Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  patroness  he  obtained  in  1656 
the  rectory  of  Norhill,  Bedfordshire,  a  dona* 
tive  in  the  gift  of  the  Grocers'  Company.  On 
the  passing  of  the  Uniformity  Act  (1662),  he 
was  inclined  to  cast  in  his  lot  with  his  father 
and  brother ;  he  appears  to  have  been  non- 
resident till  after  1664,  though  this  was 
contrary  to  the  terms  of  the  donative ;  sub- 
sequently he  conformed,  and  retained  his 
rectory.  He  did  not  forfeit  the  respect  of 
nonconformists ;  Calamy  speaks  of  him  as 
'a  very  worthy  man.'  His  theology  wa% 
of  the  Baxterian  type,  a  mean  between  Cal- 
vinism and  Arminianism.  He  accepted  the 
articles  in  Ussher's  sense,  as  'instruments 
of  peace,'  and  deplored  the  combative  zeal 
alike  of  the  high  churchman  and  the  puritan. 
In  1670  he  presented  his  views,  without 
giving  his  name,  in  a '  Free  Discourse,'  an 
animated,  if  somewhat  rambling  dialogue 
between  Philalethes  and  Theophilus.  This 
piece  is  avowedly  a  defence  of  thelatitudina1- 
rian  divines,  though  Fowler  never  belonged 
to  the  inner  circle  of  the  Cambridge  men  of 
that  school.  It  was  followed  next  year  by 
his  'Design  of  Christianity,'  dedicated  to 
Sheldon,  in  which  the  authorship  of  the 
'  Free  Discourse '  is  admitted,  and  stress  is> 
laid  on  the  moral  purpose  of  Revelation. 
Baxter  criticised  the  argument  ('  How  fay- 
Holiness  is  the  Design  of  Christianity,'  1671, 
4to)  ;  while  Bunyan  vehemently  assailed  the 
author  from  Bedford  gaol  ('  Defence  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Justification  by  Faith,'1672, 4to)(. 
An  undignified  retort  ('  Dirt  Wip'd  Off'')  is 
with  too  much  reason  connected  with  Fow- 
ler, nor  is  the  matter  mended  by  the  sugges- 
tion that  for  some  of  his  vocabulary  of  abuse- 
he  may  have  been  indebted  to  his  curate. 
Bunyan  described  the  '  Design '  as  a  mixture- 
of  '  popery,  socinianism,  and  quakerism  ;  r 
on  the  other  hand  Joseph  Smith  includes  the- 
book  in  his  'Bibliotheca  Anti-Quakeriana,' 
though  he  admits  that  the  reference  to  Friend* 
is  '  very  slight.' 

Fowler's  '  Discourse  '  and  '  Design '  com- 
mended him  to  Sheldon,  who  brought  him  to 
London  as  rector  of  Allhallows,  Bread  Street. 


Fowler  < 

He  was  collated  to  the  living  on  25  Aug. 
1673 ;  whether  he  then  resigned  Norhill  is 
not  certain.  As  a  London  preacher  he  became 
intimate  with  Thomas  Firmin  [q.v.],  who  sub- 
sequently circulated  among  his  workers  large 
editions  of  a  '  Scripture  Catechism/  which 
is  believed  to  have  been  drawn  up  by  Fowler. 
He  was  installed  in  the  fourth  prebend  in 
Gloucester  Cathedral  on  29  Feb.  1676.  In 
1680  he  published  his  '  Libertas  Evangelica/ 
a  sequel  to  his  '  Design.'  Next  year,  resign- 
ing other  cure  of  souls,  he  was  instituted 
(31  March)  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Giles,  Crip- 
plegate.  On  10  June  1681  he  accumulated 
the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.  at  Oxford.  Two 
years  later  he  began  to  write  against  popery 
(already  attacked  with  some  vigour  in  his 
*  Design '),  pursuing  the  topic  with  so  much 
eagerness  as  to  give  offence  in  high  quarters 
under  James  II.  At  the  instance  of  some 
parishioners,  who  considered  him  '  guilty  of 
whigism,'  he  was  prosecuted  in  the  court  of 
arches  for  uncanonical  practices,  such  as  ad- 
mitting excommunicated  persons  without  ab- 
solution, and  was  suspended  on  9  Dec.  1685. 
When  the  London  clergy  met  to  consider 
•whether  they  should  read  James's  declaration 
for  liberty  of  conscience  (11  April  1687), 
Fowler  delivered  a  manly  speech,  described 
by  Macaulay,  which  converted  the  whole 
meeting  to  the  views  of  a  small  but  resolute 
minority.  Patrick  was  the  first  and  Fowler 
the  second  to  subscribe  a  general  pledge 
against  reading  the  declaration.  Upon  the 
revolution  of  1688-9,  Fowler  thought  the 
time  come  for  the  consolidation  of  the  pro- 
testant  interest  by  a  comprehension  of  the 
dissenters.  As  a  member  of  the  royal  com- 
mission of  thirty  divines  (appointed  13  Sept. 
1689)  for  revising  the  prayer-book,  Fowler 
proposed  that  the  use  of  the  Athanasian 
Creed  be  left  optional.  The  whole  scheme  was 
dropped  lest  any  change  should  strengthen 
the  cause  of  the  nonjuring  schism.  After  the 
execution  (28  Jan.  1691)  of  John  Ashton 
[q.  v.],  the  Jacobite  conspirator,  a  '  Paper ' 
which  he  had  produced  at  the  gallows  was 
published,  and  made  a  great  impression. 
Fowler  immediately  prepared  and  printed 
(though  without  his  name)  an  '  Answer '  to 
its  political  argument.  His  reward  was  his 
elevation  to  the  bishopric  of  Gloucester.  On 
1  Feb.  1691  Robert  Frampton  [q.  v.]  was 
deprived  as  a  nonjuror;  Fowler  was  nomi- 
nated on  23  April,  elected  2  July,  and  con- 
secrated 5  July  1691.  He  still  held  in  com- 
mendam  his  London  vicarage,  and  continued 
to  preach  at  St.  Giles's  till  age  incapacitated 
him.  It  seems  that  for  twenty-five  years, 
from  1683,  he  provided  a  lecturer  at  his  own 
cost,  and  in  consideration  of  this  the  vestry 


5  Fowler 

in  1701  repaired  the  chancel.  In  1708, 
when  he  '  could  no  longer  preach  in  a  morn- 
ing/ the  vestry  at  his  request,  he  '  having  a 
large  family  and  but  small  profits  from  the 
vicarage/ undertook  to  provide  a  lecturer.  His 
episcopate  was  a  quiet  one  ;  the  non-jurors 
in  his  diocese  were  few,  and  Frampton  did 
nothing  to  encourage  a  schism.  Fowler  took 
little  part  as  a  bishop  in  public  affairs.  After 
the  attack  on  nonconformist  academies  as 
political  seminaries  (made  in  the  dedications 
to  the  second  and  third  volumes  of  Clarendon's 
'  History/  1703-4),  he  and  Williams,  bishop 
of  Chichester,  endeavoured  to  get  the  dis- 
senters to  put  forth  a  declaration  disclaim- 
ing antimonarchical  principles.  On  the  ad- 
vice of  Lord  Somers  the  suggestion  was  not 
entertained. 

Fowler's  speculations  on  the  Trinity  belong 
to  the  later  period  of  his  life,  and  may  be 
traced  to  his  desire  to  satisfy  the  objections 
of  Firmin.  In  his  'Twenty-eight  Proposi- 
tions '  he  to  some  extent  anticipated  Clarke, 
attempting,  with  the  aid  of  patristic  autho- 
rity, to  strike  a  line  between  the  errors  of 
Arianism  and  the  later  developments  of  dog- 
matic orthodoxy.  His  patristic  learning  was 
not  deep  ;  and  the  Socinians,  who  felt  them- 

|  selves  challenged,  admitted  his  reasonable- 
ness, but  thought  his  argument  halted.  Heat- 

j  tended  Firmin  on  his  deathbed,  receiving  from 
him  a  confession  of  faith  which  he  accepted  as 
adequate.  Fowler  had  little  tincture  of  the 

:  platonism  characteristic  of  the  Cambridge 
men  whom  he  admired.  He  kept  up  a  corre- 
spondence with  Henry  More,  supplying  him 
between  1678  and  1681  with  ghost  stories, 
as  the  empirical  basis  of  a  spiritual  philo- 
sophy. From  More  he  borrowed  a  doctrine 
of  the  pre-existence  of  our  Lord's  human 
soul,  urging  it  with  some  vehemence  in  a 
special  '  Discourse  '  (1706).  The  opinion  was 
'  examined  '  by  William  Sherlock,  '  vindi- 
cated '  by  Thomas  Emlyn  [q.  v.],  and  espoused 
at  a  later  date  by  Watts  and  Doddridge. 

Fowler  survived  Frampton  over  six  years, 
dying  at  Chelsea  on  26  Aug.  1714.  He  was 
buried  in  the  churchyard  of  Hendon,  Middle- 
sex; in  1717  his  remains  were  removed  to  a 
vault  in  the  same  churchyard ;  a  monument 
to  his  memory  is  erected  in  the  chancel  of 
the  church.  He  married,  first,  Ann  (d.  19  Dec. 
1696),  daughter  of  Arthur  Barnardiston,  mas- 
ter in  chancery ;  and  secondly,  Elizabeth  (d. 
2  April  1732),  daughter  of  Ralph  Trevor,  a 
London  merchant,  and  widow  of  Hezekiah 
Burton,  D.D.  [q.  v.]  By  his  first  wife  he 
had  three  sons  and  five  daughters,  of  whom 
Edward  and  Richard  and  three  daughters 
survived  him. 

He  published  :    1.    '  The  Principles  and 


86 


Fowler 


Practices  of  certain  Moderate  Divines  .  .  . 
called  Latitudinarians  ...  in  a  Free  Dis- 
course,' &c.,  1670,  8vo  (anon.);  1671,  8vo; 
1679,  8vo.     2.  « The  Design  of  Christianity,' 
&c.,  1671,  8vo ;  1676,  8vo  ;  1699,  8vo ;  1760, 
8vo  (reprinted  in  vol.  vi.  of  Bishop  Watson's 
'  Collection  of  Theological  Tracts,'  Cambr. 
1785,  8vo).  3.  '  Dirt  Wip'd  Off:  or,  a  Mani- 
fest Discovery  of  the  .  .  .  Wicked  Spirit  of 
one  John  Bunyan,'  &c.,  1672, 4to.  4.  '  Liber- 
tas  Evangelica  ...  a  further  pursuance  of 
The  Design  of  Christianity,'  &c.,  1680,  8vo. 
5.  '  The  Resolution  of  this  Case  of  Conscience, 
whether  the  Church  of  England,  symbolising 
.  .  .  with  .  .  .   Rome,  makes  it  lawful  to 
hold  Communion  with  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land,' &c.,  1683,  4to.     6.  '  A  Defence  of  the 
Resolution  ...  in  answer  to  A  Modest  Exa- 
mination,' &c.,  1684,  4to.     7.  '  The  Great 
Wickedness  ...  of  Slandering,'  &c.,  1685, 
4to  (sermon  at  St.  Giles's,  15  Nov.,  with  vin- 
dicatory preface  and  appendix).      8.    '  An 
Examination  of  Cardinal  Bellarmine's  Fourth 
Note  of  the  Church,'  &c.,  1687,  4to.  9.  '  The 
Texts  which  Papists  cite  .  .  .  for  the  proof 
of ...  the  obscurity  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,' 
&c.,  1687,  4to;  1688,  4to  (Nos.  8  and  9  are 
reprinted  in  Bishop  Gibson's  'Preservative 
against  Popery,'  1089,  3  vols.  fol.,  several 
times  reprinted,  the  latest  edition  being  1848- 
1849,  18  vols.  8vo).      10.  'An  Answer  to 
the  Paper  delivered  by  Mr.  Ashton  at  his 
Execution,'   1690   [i.e.   1691],   4to   (anon.) 
11.   '  Twenty-eight  Propositions,  by  which 
the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  is  endeavoured 
to  be  explained,'  1693,  4to  (anon.)  (WAL- 
LACE).    12.  '  Certain  Propositions,  by  which 
the  Doctrin  of  the  H.  Trinity  is  so  explain'd,' 
&c.,  1694,  4to  (anon. ;  a  reissue  of  No.  11, 
with  a  '  Defence '  against  '  Considerations,' 
1694,  4to,  probably  by  Stephen  Nye);  1719, 
8vo.     13.  'A  Second  Defence  of  the  Pro- 
positions .  .  .  with  a  Third  Defence,'  &c., 
1695, 4to  (the  '  Second  Defence'  is  in  reply  to 
'  a  Socinian  MS.,'  which  seems  to  have  been 
submitted  to  Fowler  by  Firmin  ;  the  '  Third 
Defence '  is  in  reply  to  '  A  Letter  to  the  Reve- 
rend the  Clergy,'  1694, 4to ;  [see  FRANKLAND, 
RICHARD]).    14.  'A  Discourse  of  the  Descent 
of  the  Man,  Christ  Jesus,  from  Heaven,'  &c., 
1706,  8vo.     15.  '  Reflections  upon  the  late 
Examination  of  the  Discourse  of  the  Descent,' 
&c.,  1706,  8vo.     Also  fourteen  separate  ser- 
mons (1681-1707)  and  a  charge  (1710). 

[Calamy's  Account,  171 3,  pp.  90,95,  330,494; 
Continuation,  1727,  pp.  128,  50ri,  639;  Own 
Life,  1830,  i.  63,  ii.  305;  Wood's  Athene  Oxon. 
1692,  ii.  780,  790,  888  ;  Wood's  Athene  Oxon. 
(Tanner),  1721,  ii.  1029;  Biog.  Brit.  1750,  iii. 
2012  (article  by  C.,  i.e.  Philip  Morant)  ;  Glan- 
vil's  Saducismus  Triumphatus,  1681,  ii.  230  sq.; 


Barrington's  Letter  of  Advice  to  Protestant 
Dissenters,  1720,  p.  18;  Emlyn's  Works,  1746,  i. 
361  sq.;  Birch's  Life  of  Tillotson,  1753,  p.  294  ; 
Watt's  Bibliotheca  Britannica,  1824;  Chalmers's. 
Gen.  Biog.  Diet.  1814,xv.  16  sq.;  Cardwell's  Hist, 
of  Conferences,  1841,  p.  411  sq.;  Lathbury's  Hist, 
of  Nonjurors,  1845,  p.  78  sq. ;  Macaulay's  Hist, 
of  Engl.  1848,  ii.  349;  Wallace's  Antitrinitarian 
Biog.  1850,  i.  280  sq.,  323  sq. ;  Hunt'sEel. Thought 
in  Engl.  1871,  ii.  38,  &c. ;  Tulloch's  Eational 
Theol.  1872,  ii.  35  sq.,  437  sq. ;  Smith's  Biblio- 
theca Anti-Quakeriana,  1873,  p.  190;  Evans's 
Life  of  Bishop  Frampton,  1876,  p.  219;  informa- 
tion from  the  Rev.  F.  Pott,  rector  of  Norhill.] 

A.  G. 

FOWLER,  HENRY  (1779-1838),  hymn- 
writer,  was  born  at  Yealmpton,  Devonshire, 
11  Dec.  1779.  In  early  life  he  followed  some 
trade,  but  occasionally  preached  in  indepen- 
dent meeting-houses  in  Devonshire  and  at 
Bristol.  At  length,  in  October  1813,  he 
'  received  a  call '  to  Birmingham,  where  he 
continued  until  the  end  of  1819.  Ultimately 
he  settled  in  London,  becoming  in  July  1820 
minister  of  Gower  Street  Chapel.  He  died 
16  Dec.  1838,  and  was  buried  on  Christmas- 
day  morning  at  the  New  Bunhill  Fields  bury- 
ing-ground  at  Islington.  As  '  a  close,  search- 
ing preacher,'  Fowler  had  for  some  years  an 
excellent  congregation,  and  a  tolerable  one 
to  the  close  of  his  life.  '  His  discourses  were 
delivered  chiefly  in  short,  pithy  sentences.' 
It  has  been  said  that  his  own  frame  of  mind 
seemed,  in  general,  rather  gloomy  ;  certainly 
his  autobiography,  which  he  called  '  Travels 
in  the  Wilderness,'  8vo,  London,  1839,  is  not 
cheerful  reading.  In  addition  to  this  and 
numerous  religious  tracts  and  biographies,  he 
wrote  '  Original  Hymns,  Doctrinal,  Practical, 
and  Experimental,  with  prose  reflections/ 
2  vols.  18mo,  Birmingham,  London,  1818— 
1824,  and  edited  'A  Selection  of  Hymns,  by 
various  authors,'  18mo,  London,  1836.  His 
portrait  has  been  engraved  by  R.  Cooper. 

[Fowler's Autobiography;  John  Dixon's  Auto- 
biography, pp.  9-10.]  G.  G. 

FOWLER,  JOHN  (1537-1579),  catholic 
printer  and  scholar,  born  at  Bristol  in  1537, 
was  admitted  in  1551  to  Winchester  School, 
whence  he  proceeded  to  Oxford,  and  was  a 
fellow  of  New  College  in  that  university 
from  4  Oct.  1553  to  1559.  He  was  admitted 
B.A.  23  Feb.  1556-7,  and  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  in  1560,  though  he  did  not  complete  ifc 
by  standing  in  the  comitia.  Dr.  George  Ac- 
worth  [q.  v.],  in  his  reply  to  Sanders,  asserts 
that  Fowler,  in  the  first  year  of  Elizabeth's 
reign,  took  the  oath  renouncing  the  pope's 
supremacy,  in  order  that  he  might  retain  the 
valuable  living  of  .Wonston,  Hampshire,  to 


Fowler 


Fowler 


which  he  had  been  instituted  (De  visibili 
Romanarchid,  pp.  33,  34).  However  this 
may  be,  he  left  England  in  consequence  of 
the  changes  of  religion  soon  after  the  queen's 
accession  and  retired  to  Louvain,  where  he 
set  up  a  printing  press,  which  he  afterwards 
removed  to  Antwerp,  and  finally  to  Dotiay. 
He  printed  and  published  several  important 
works  written  by  the  exiled  clergy,  in  support 
of  the  catholic  cause.  Henry  Simpson,  in 
his  examination  at  York  on  11  Oct.  1571, 
stated  that  Fowler  printed  all  the  English 
books  at  Louvain,  written  by  Harding  or 
others,  and  that  the  Duke  of  Alva's  printer 
in  Brussels  produced  all  the  Latin  works 
which  were  written  against  the  doings  in 
England.  He  added  that  William  Smith,  a 
"Welshman,  servant  to  Dr.  Harding,  commonly 
brought  the  books  to  the  press  (Cal.  of  State 
Papers,  Dom.  Eliz.  1566-79,  p.  365).  Wood 
says  '  he  was  well  skill'd  in  the  Greek  and 
Latin  tongues,  a  tolerable  poet  and  orator, 
and  a  theologist  not  to  be  contemn'd.  So 
learned  he  was  also  in  criticisms,  and  other 
polite  learning,  that  he  might  have  passed 
for  another  Robert  or  Henry  Stephens  ' 
(Athena  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  441).  Dr.  (after- 
wards Cardinal)  Allen  calls  him  '  catholi- 
cissimus  et  doctissimus  librorum  impressor,' 
in  a  letter  addressed  from  Rheims  in  1583 
to  Father  Alphonsus  Agazzari,  rector  of  the 
English  seminary  at  Rome,  asking  his  interest 
in  favour  of  Fowler's  brother  Henry,  then  in 
necessitous  circumstances  in  that  city  (Re- 
cords of  the  English  Catholics,  ii.216).  Fowler 
married  Alice,  daughter  of  John  Harris,  for- 
merly secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  More,  and 
died  at  Namur  on  13  Feb.  1578-9,  being 
buried  near  the  body  of  his  father-in-law, 
in  the  church  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist 
(Pixs,  De  Angliai  Scriptoribus,  p.  772).  His 
widow  lived  afterwards  at  Douay,  where  she 
entertained  several  of  the  English  exiles  as 
boarders  (DoDD,  Church  Hist.  i.  532). 

His  works  are :  1.  '  An  Oration  against  the 
unlawfull  Insurrections  of  the  Protestantes  of 
our  Time  under  pretence  to  reforme  Religion,' 
translated  from  the  Latin  of  Peter  Frarinus, 
Antwerp,  1566, 8vo.  A  reply  by  Dr.  William 
Fulke  appeared  under  the  title  of  'An 
apologie  of  the  professors  of  the  Gospel  in 
Fraunce  against  the  railing  declamation  of 
Peter  Frarine,  a  Louvanian,  turned  into  Eng- 
lish by  John  Fowler,'  was  afterwards  printed 
with  William  Clarke's  '  Treatise  against  the 
Defense  of  the  Censure,'  Cambridge,  1586, 
8vo.  2.  '  Ex  Universa  Summa  .  .  .  S.  Thomoe 
Aquinatis  desumptse  Conclusiones,'  Louvain, 
1570,  8vo.;  Venice,  1572,  8vo,  dedicated  to 
Goldwell,  the  exiled  bishop  of  St.  Asaph. 
3.  '  M.  Maruli  Dictorum  factorumque  memo- 


rabilium  libri  sex,' edited  with  numerous  cor- 
rections by  Fowler,  Antwerp,  1577,  8vo ; 
Paris,  1586, 8vo.  4.  Additiones  in  Chronica 
Geuebrandi,  1578.  5.  '  A  Psalter  for  Catho- 
lics,' a  controversial  work,  which  elicited  from 
Thomas  Sampson,  dean  of  Christ  Church, '  A 
Warning  to  take  heed  of  Fowler's  Psalter,' 
Lond.  1578,  8vo  (SiRYPE,  Annals,  i.  476, 
Append,  p.  159,  fol.)  6.  Epigrams  and  other 
verses. 

He  also  edited  Sir  Thomas  More's '  Dialogue 
of  Comfort  against  Tribulation,'  Antwerp, 
1573,  8vo.  Wood  ascribes  to  him  the  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  ;  Epistle  of  Orosius '  (Ant- 
werp, 1565),  but  the  title-page  shows  that 
the  translation  was  really  made  by  Richard 
Shacklock. 

[Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  iii.  1617, 
1618,  1619,  1620,  1622,  1626,  1635,  1836; 
Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  p.  294;  Gillow's  Bibl.  Diet. ; 
Boase's  Eegister  of  the  Univ.  of  Oxford,  i.  354  ; 
Kirby's  Winchester  Scholars,  p.  130;  Lansd.MS. 
96,  art.  51 ;  Fulke's  Defence  of  the  Translations 
of  the  Scriptures  (Hartshorne),  p.  x ;  Fulke's 
Stapleton's  Fortress  Overthrown  (Gibbings),pp. 
3,  215.]  T.  C. 

FOWLER,  JOHN  (1826-1864),  inventor 
of  the  steam  plough,  was  born  at  Melksham, 
Wiltshire,  11  July  1826.  He  was  at  first 
engaged  in  the  corn  trade,  but  in  1847  entered 
the  works  of  Gilke,  Wilson,  &  Co.  at  Middles- 
borough.  While  in  Ireland  in  1849  he 
became  impressed  by  the  necessity  of  drain- 
ing waste  lands,  and  conceived  the  idea  of  a 
mechanical  system.  In  1850  he  conducted 
experiments  with  Albert  Fry  at  Bristol,  which 
resulted  in  the  completion  of  the  drain  plough, 
which  was  first  worked  by  horses.  He  then 
undertook  a  contract  for  the  drainage  of 
Hainault  Forest,  Essex,  and  there  introduced 
his  patent  drainage  plough.  Finding,  how- 
ever, that  the  application  of  steam  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil  was  yet  a  desideratum, 
he  henceforth  applied  all  his  energies  to  sup- 
ply that  want.  Some  of  his  experimental 
appliances  were  made  by  Ransome  &  Sims 
at  Ipswich  in  1856,  others  by  George  and 
Robert  Stephenson  at  Newcastle.  He  was 
afterwards  introduced  by  his  father-in-law 
to  Jeremiah  Head,  and  working  with  that 
gentleman,  they  succeeded  in  producing  at 
Stephenson's  works  a  plough  which  fulfilled 
all  the  conditions  laid  down  by  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society,  and  received  at  the 
Chester  show  in  1858  the  prize  of  500/.  offered 
'  for  a  steam  cultivator  that  shall,  in  the  most 
efficient  manner,  turn  over  the  soil  and  be  an 
economic  substitute  for  the  plough  or  the 
spade.'  In  this  invention,  discarding  the  idea 
of  using  a  locomotive  digger,  a  stationary 
engine  was  employed,  which  moved  the  plough 


Fowler 


88 


Fowler 


up  and  down  the  field  by  means  of  ropes 
attached  to  a  drum.  By  its  use  a  great  saving 
was  effected  in  the  cost  of  labour,  and  the  soil 
was  left  in  a  better  state  for  all  purposes  of 
husbandry.  In  1800  Fowler  made  further 
improvements  by  bringing  out  his  double 
engine  tackle,  the  invention  of  which  has 
given  a  great  impetus  to  steam  cultivation 
not  only  in  Great  Britain  but  also  on  the  con- 
tinent, and  in  the  cotton  districts  of  Egypt. 
The  cost  of  one  of  these  machines  being  up- 
wards of  2,000/.,  their  use  could  not  become 
general,  but  by  a  system  of  lending  the  ploughs 
and  charging  so  much  a  week  for  the  loan, 
they  at  last  came  into  greater  demand.  In 
1860,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Kitson  and 
Mr.  Hewitson,  he  established  extensive  ma- 
nufacturing works  at  Hunslet,  Leeds,  where 
in  1864  nine  hundred  hands  were  employed. 
Between  1850  and  1864  he  took  out  himself, 
and  in  partnership  with  other  persons,  thirty- 
two  patents  for  ploughs  and  ploughing  appa- 
ratus, reaping  machines,  seed  drills,  horse- 
shoes, traction  engines,  slide  valves,  laying 
electric  telegraph  cables,  and  making  bricks 
and  tiles.  The  mental  strain  to  which  Fowler 
had  been  subject  had  wrought  his  brain  into 
a  state  of  undue  activity,  and  he  now  retired 
to  Ackworth,  Yorkshire,  for  repose.  Being 
recommended  active  exercise,  he  began  to 
hunt,  and  in  November  1864  fractured  his 
arm  by  falling  from  his  horse ;  tetanus  ensued, 
from  the  effect  of  which  he  died  at  Ackworth 
4  Dec.  1864.  He  married,  30  July  1857, 
Elizabeth  Lucy,  ninth  child  of  Joseph  Pease, 
M.P.  for  South  Durham,  by  whom  he  left  five 
children. 

[Leeds  Mercury,  6,  9,  and  1 6  July,  and  7  Dec. 
1864  ;  Taylor's  Biographia  Leodiensis,  1865,  pp. 
525-8,  672;  Practical  Mag.  1875,  v.  257-62, 
•with  portrait ;  Gent.  Mag.  January  1865,  p.  123 ; 
Proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers, 1865.  p.  14;  Journal  of  Eoyal  Agricul- 
tural Soc.  1854-63,  vols.  xv-xxiv. ;  Transactions 
of  the  Soc.  of  Engineers  for  1868,  pp.  299-318.] 

G.  C.  B. 

FOWLER,  RICHARD  (1765-1863),phy- 
sician,  was  born  in  London  28  Nov.  1765, 
and,  though  he  lived  to  a  greater  age  than 
any  other  member  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, was  of  feeble  health  when  a  child.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  studied  me- 
dicine there,  but  while  a  student  visited 
Paris  in  the  times  before  the  revolution. 
Returning  to  Edinburgh  in  1790  he  continued 
his  medical  studies,  and  graduated  M.D. 
12  Sept.  1793  with  a  dissertation  'De  In- 
flammatione.'  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
celebrated '  Speculative  Society,'  to  which  he 
contributed  essays.  He  was  admitted  licen- 
tiate of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  London 


21  March  1796,  and  settled  in  practice  at 
Salisbury,  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  He  was  at  once  elected  physician  to 
the  Salisbury  Infirmarv,  and  held  the  office 
till  1847.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1802,  and 
often  took  part  in  the  meetings  of  the  British 
Association,  to  attend  which  and  to  read  a 
paper  there  he  made  the  journey  from  Salis- 
bury to  Aberdeen  in  1859,  when  close  upon 
ninety-four  years  of  age.  He  was  successful 
in  practice,  and  occupied  a  leading  position  in 
Salisbury  for  many  years.  He  died  13  April 
1863  at  Milford,  near  Salisbury,  in  his  ninety- 
eighth  year,  an  age  reached  by  very  few  per- 
sons in  the  annals  of  medicine. 

Fowler  always  kept  up  an  interest  in 
science,  without  producing  any  notable  origi- 
nal work.  When  a  student  in  Edinburgh, 
after  his  return  from  Paris,  he  was  interested 
in  the  recent  discoveries  of  Galvani  on  the 
form  of  electricity  called  by  his  name,  and 
made  numerous  experiments  on  the  subject, 
which  were  published  in  a  small  volume  en- 
titled '  Experiments  and  Observations  on  the 
Influence  lately  discovered  by  M.  Galvani, 
and  commonly  called  Animal  Electricity,' 
8vo,  Edinburgh,  1793.  It  contains,  also,  ob- 
servations on  the  action  of  opium  on  nerves 
and  muscles.  Many  years  after  Fowler  pub- 
lished two  small  books  on  the  psychology 
of  persons  in  whom  the  senses  are  defective, 
viz.  '  Observations  on  the  Mental  State  of 
the  Blind  and  Deaf  and  Dumb,'  12mo,  Salis- 
bury, 1843;  2nd  edit.  1860;  and  'The  Physio- 
logical Processes  of  Thinking,  especially  in 
Persons  whose  Organs  of  Sense  are  Defective,' 
12mo,  Salisbury,  1849 ;  2nd  edit,  1852.  These 
works  show  some  reading,  and  contain  in- 
teresting observations,  but  are  wanting  in 
lucidity  and  in  philosophical  method.  He 
also  wrote  '  On  Literary  and  Scientific  Pur- 
suits as  conducive  to  Longevity,'  Salisbury, 
1855,  12mo.  Fowler  appears  to  have  written 
nothing  on  purely  medical  subjects,  but  con- 
tributed memoirs  to  the  '  Proceedings  of  the 
British  Association,'  some  of  which  were 
published  separately. 

[Salisbury  and  Winchester  Journal,  18  April 
1863  (original  memoir) ;  Lancet,  25  April  1863  ; 
Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  1878,  ii.  447.]  J.  F.  P. 

FOWLER,  ROBERT  (1726  P-1801), 
archbishop  of  Dublin  and  chancellor  of  the 
order  of  St.  Patrick,  third  son  of  George 
Fowler  of  Skendleby  Thorpe,  Lincolnshire, 
by  Mary,  daughter  and  coheiress  of  Robert 
Hurst,  was  a  king's  scholar  at  Westminster 
School  in  1744.  Thence  he  went  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  graduated  B.A. 
1747,  M.A.  1751,  and  D.D.  1764.  In  1756 
he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  George  II,  and 


Fowler 


89 


Fowler 


in  January  1765  became  prebendary  of  West- 
minster. He  was  promoted  from  his  prebend 
to  the  bishopric  of  Killaloe  and  Kilfenora  j 
by  patent  dated  29  June  1771,  and  on  8  Jan.  ' 
1779  was  translated  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Dublin,  with  a  seat  in  the  Irish  privy  council. 
While  he  held  the  bishopric  of  Killaloe  he 
caused  the  present  see-house  to  be  erected. 
Philip  Skelton  [q.  v.]  has  spoken  of  him  in 
terms  of  high  respect  for  his  great  regard  for 
religion,  as  well  as  for  his  kindness  and  affa- 
bility, not,  however,  unattended  by  warmth 
of  temper — an  ordinary  'concomitant  of  good 
nature ; '  and  he  has  noticed  as  unrivalled  his 
solemnity  of  manner  in  reading  the  services 
of  the  church  (BuEDY,  Life  of  Skelton,  1792, 
p.  183).  John  Wesley  makes  a  similar  re- 
mark (Journal,  xx.  14).  In  1782,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  House  of  Lords,  Fowler  was 
one  of  twelve  spiritual  peers  who  protested 
against  the  bill  for  the  relief  of  dissenters, 
as  likely  to  promote  clandestine  and  impro- 
vident marriages.  In  1789  he  concurred 
with  fourteen  other  peers  in  protestingagainst 
the  memorable  address  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales  (Lords'  Journals,  vi.  243).  He  also 
joined  in  protesting  against  the  resolution 
condemning  the  answer  of  the  lord-lieutenant 
refusing  to  transmit  the  address.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1766,  Mildred,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Dealtry  of  Gainsborough,  Lincoln- 
shire, and  coheiress  of  her  brother,  William 
Dealtry  of  Ashby  in  the  same  county,  and 
had  an  only  son,  Robert,  who  was  promoted 
to  the  bishopric  of  Ossory  in  1813,  and  two 
daughters,  Mary,  countess  of  Kilkenny,  and 
Frances,  who  married  the  Hon.  and  Rev. 
Richard  Bourke  (subsequently  bishop  of 
Waterford  and  Lismore),  and  was  mother 
of  Robert,  fifth  earl  of  Mayo.  Fowler  died 
suddenly  at  Bassingbourne  Hall,  near  Dun- 
mow,  Essex,  where  he  had  resided  during 
two  years  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  on 
10  Oct.  1801. 

[Graduati  Cantabrigiensrs;  Cotton's  Fasti 
Ecclesiae  Hibernicse,  i.  471,  ii.  27  ;  Mant's  Hist, 
of  the  Church  of  Ireland,  ii.  648,  660 ;  Cooke's 
Diocesan  Hist,  of  Killaloe,  &c.  p.  62  ;  D'Alton's 
Memoirs  of  the  Archbishops  of  Dublin,  p.  347  ; 
Gent.  Mag.  1801,  Ixxi.  pt.  ii.  965, 1049  ;  Annual 
Eegister,  1801,  xliii.  Chron.  74  ;  Burke's  Landed 
Gentry,  3rd  edit.  p.  409.]  B.  H.  B. 

FOWLER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1G03),  Scot- 
tish poet,  has  been  doubtfully  described  as  at 
one  time  pastor  of  Hawick,  a  living  formerly 
held  by  Gavin  Douglas.  lie  was  in  France 
before  1581,  whence,  he  wrote,  he  was  driven 
by  the  Jesuits.  In  1581  he  published,  with 
Robert  Lekprewick,  at  Edinburgh,  '  An  An- 
swer to  the  Calumnious  Letter  and  erroneous 
propositiouns  of  an  apostat  named  M.  Jo. 


Hammiltoun.'  The  dedication,  dated  from 
Edinburgh  2  June  1581,  is  addressed  to 
Francis,  earl  Bothwell.  Fowler  sets  forth 
what  he  alleges  to  be  the  errors  of  Roman 
Catholicism,  and  claims  acquaintance  inci- 
dentally with  the  Earl  of  Crawford,  Sir  James 
Balfour,  and  other  distinguished  Scottish 
statesmen.  He  was  subsequently  prominent 
as  a  burgess  of  Edinburgh,  and  about  1590 
became  secretary  to  James  VI's  wife,  Queen 
Anne.  He  was  engaged  in  political  nego- 
tiations with  England,  and  in  1597  wrote  an 
epitaph  on  his  friend,  Robert  Bowes  [q.  v.], 
the  English  agent  at  Berwick.  In  1603  he 
accompanied  his  royal  mistress  to  England, 
and  was  reappointed  not  only  her  secretary 
but  her  master  of  requests.  His  leisure  was 
always  devoted  to  poetry,  and  soon  after  his 
arrival  in  London  he  enclosed  two  sonnets 
addressed  to  Arabella  Stuart  in  a  letter  to  the 
Earl  and  Countess  of  Shrewsbury  ;  they  are 
printed  in  Nichols's  '  Progresses  of  James  I,' 
i.  250, 260-1.  In  September  1009  a  grant  was 
made  him  of  two  thousand  acres  in  Ulster. 

Fowler's  sister  married  John  Drummond, 
first  laird  of  Hawthornden,  and  was  mother 
of  William  Drummond,  the  poet  [q.  v.J  Fowler 
seems  to  have  left  the  chief  part  of  his  poetry, 
none  of  which  has  been  published,  to  his 
nephewWilliam.  This  consists  of  two  volumes, 
entitled  '  The  Tarantula  of  Love  '  and  '  The 
Triumphs  of  Petrarch.'  The  former  is  com- 
posed of  seventy-two  sonnets  in  the  manner 
of  the  Italian  sonneteers,  and  the  latter  is  a 
somewhat  diffuse  translation  from  Petrarch. 
These  manuscripts  were  presented  by  Drum- 
mond of  Hawthornden  to  the  university  of 
Edinburgh  in  1627.  The  esteem  in  which 
Fowler  was  held  by  his  contemporaries  is  il- 
lustrated by  the  commendatory  sonnets,  in- 
cluding one  by  the  king  himself,  preBxed  to 
his  poems.  His  style  is  marked  by  the  verbal 
and  sentimental  affectation  of  the  period,  but 
it  is  not  seldom  scholarly  and  graceful. 

[Masson's  Life  of  William  Drummond  of 
Hawthornden,  pp.  7-8 ;  Kegister  of  Privy  Council 
of  Scotland,  iv.  383,  v.  423,  vii.  Ixxxix,  330; 
Nichols's  Progresses  of  James  I,  i.  passim ; 
Manuscripts  of  Fowler's  poems  in  Edinburgh 
University  Library ;  Scottish  Descriptive  Poems, 
edited  by  J.  Leyden ;  Irving's  Hist,  of  Scottish 
Poetry.] 

FOWLER,  WILLIAM  (1761-1832),  ar- 
tist, was  born  at  WTinterton,  Lincolnshire, 
12  March  1761,  not,  as  is  wrongly  stated  in 
the  parish  register,  13  March  1760.  He  be- 
came an  architect  and  builder  at  Winterton, 
and  about  1796  made  drawings  of  Roman 
pavements  discovered  there.  These  were  so 
much  admired  that  he  took  them  to  London 
to  be  engraved.  He  there  studied  the  pro- 


Fownes 


Fownes 


cess  of  copper-plate  engraving,  and  in  April 
1799  brought  out  a  fine  coloured  engrav- 
ing of  a  Roman  pavement  at  Roxby.  From 
that  time  to  30  Jan.  1829,  the  date  of  his 
latest  engraving,  he  published  three  volumes, 
containing  coloured  engravings  of  twenty- 
five  pavements,  thirty-nine  subjects  from 
painted  glass,  five  brasses  and  incised  slabs, 
four  fonts,  and  eight  miscellaneous  subjects. 
He  also  executed  at  least  twenty-nine  en- 
gravings, mostly  of  objects  of  antiquity,  which 
were  never  published.  Many  of  the  published 
plates  are  accompanied  by  printed  broadsides. 
Most  of  the  lettering  on  the  plates  was  done 
by  professed  engravers.  Those  which  he  did 
himself  are  much  more  characteristic  and  in- 
teresting. He  became  acquainted  with  Sir 
Joseph  Banks,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  other 
celebrities,  and  was  once  at  least  presented 
to  the  royal  family  at  Windsor. 

Fowler,  though  an  earnest  member  of  the 
church  of  England,  was  at  the  same  time  a 
'  class-leader '  among  the  methodists.  Some 
of  his  neighbours  used  to  say  that  they  '  did 
not  know  whether  he  was  more  of  a  metho- 
dist  or  a  catholic.'  He  died  22  Sept.  1832, 
and  was  buried  at  Winterton  under  a  cruci- 
form slab,  in  accordance  with  his  own  desire. 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  once  said :  '  Others  have 
shown  us  what  they  thought  these  remains 
ought  to  have  been,  but  Fowler  has  shown 
us  what  they  are,  and  that  is  what  we  want.' 
His  works  are  distinguished  by  a  strict  fide- 
lity especially  remarkable  at  the  time.  When- 
ever it  was  possible  he  worked  from  tracings, 
rubbings,  &c.,  reducing  the  scale  by  means  of 
the  pantograph.  It  is  said  that  he  was  the 
first  to  introduce  the  lead-lines  in  represen- 
tations of  painted  glass.  There  is  a  charac- 
teristic portrait  of  him  by  W.  Bond,  from 
a  painting  by  G.  F.  Joseph,  A.R.A..  dated 
4  June  1810. 

[Notes  on  "William  Fowler  and  his  "Works,  by 
H.  W.  Ball  of  Barton-on-Humber,  reprinted 
from  the  North  Lincolnshire  Monthly  Illustrated 
Journal,  April  1869;  Bibliotheca  Lindesiana  ; 
Collections  and  Notes,  No.  2 ;  Fowler's  Mosaic 
Pavements,  &c.,  by  Ludovic,  earl  of  Crawford 
and  Balcarres,  London,  1883 ;  information  from 
the  Eev.  J.  T.  Fowler.]  H.  W.  B. 

FOWNES,  GEORGE  (1815-1849), 
chemist,  born  on  14  May  1815,  was  educated 
first  at  Enfield  in  Middlesex,  and  afterwards 
at  Bourbourg,  near  Gravelines,  in  France. 
He  was  intended  for  commerce,  but  at  an 
early  age  he  resolved  to  adopt  chemistry  as  a 
profession.  When  seventeen  years  old  he 
attended  a  philosophical  class  at  the  Western 
Literary  Institution,  a  London  society.  In 
January  1837  he  became  a  pupil  of  Professor 
Thomas  Everitt  at  Middlesex  Hospital,  and 


afterwards  studied  at  Giessen  in  Germany, 
where  he  became  Ph.D. 

Fownes  was  assistant  to  Professor  Graham 
in  the  laboratory  of  University  College,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  about  1840  to  become 
lecturer  on  chemistry  at  Charing  Cross  Hospi- 
tal. In  1842  he  became  professor  of  chemistry 
to  the  Pharmaceutical  Society,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  resigned  his  post  at  Charing  Cross 
to  succeed  Professor  Everitt  as  chemical  lec- 
turer at  Middlesex  Hospital.  In  1844  Fownes 
delivered  an  able  course  of  lectures  at  the 
London  Institution.  Symptoms  of  pulmo- 
mary  disease  compelled  him  to  resign  his 
post  at  Middlesex  Hospital  in  1845,  and  at 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  in  1846.  But 
in  1846  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  prac- 
tical chemistry  in  the  Birkbeck  laboratory  at 
University  College,  a  post  which  he  held  till 
his  death.  He  visited  Barbadoes  in  search 
of  health  in  the  spring  of  1847,  but  caught 
cold  on  his  return  in  1848,  and  died  at  his 
father's  house  in  Brompton  on  31  Jan.  1849. 

Fownes  was  an  excellent  public  lecturer, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  secretary 
of  the  Chemical  Society,  in  whose  journal 
many  of  his  papers  appeared.  He  also  wrote  a 
capital  general  text-book  of  chemistry,  which 
was  published  in  1844,  and  which,  under  the 
careful  editorship  of  Mr.  Henry  Watts,  has 
since  passed  through  twelve  editions.  He 
won  the  prize  offered  by  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society  in  1842  for  an  essay  on  the 
'  Food  of  Plants,'  and  the  Actonian  prize  of 
one  hundred  guineas  for  an  'Essay  on  Che- 
mistry, as  exemplifying  the  Wisdom  and 
Beneficence  of  God.'  He  published  eighteen 
papers  in  various  scientific  periodicals.  The 
first  of  these,  '  On  the  Equivalent  of  Carbon/ 
appeared  in  the '  Philosophical  Magazine'  for 
1839 ;  and  the  last,  '  On  the  Equivalent  or 
Combining  Volumes  of  Solid  Bodies/  in  the 
'  Pharmaceutical  Journal '  for  1849.  Of  the 
others  we  may  name  those  on  the  '  Direct 
Formation  of  Cyanogen  from  its  Elements ' 
('British  Association  Report/  1841)  ;  'Arti- 
ficial Yeast/  'Action  of  Oil  of  Vitriol  on 
Ferrocyanide  of  Potassium,' '  Hippuric  Acid/ 
'  Phosphoric  Acid  in  Felspar  of  Jersey '  (all 
in  the '  Proceedings  of  the  Chemical  Society'). 
Organic  chemistry  was  his  special  study.  He 
succeeded  '  for  the  first  time  in  the  artificial 
production  of  a  vegeto-alkali  or  organic  salt- 
base  (furfurine),  and  was  also  the  discoverer 
of  benzoline.'  For  his  researches  on  these 
substances  (see  Philosophical  Transactions, 
1845)  Fownes  was  awarded  a  royal  medal 
by  the  Royal  Society. 

[Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  for  1850, 
ii.  184;  Royal  Society's  Catalogue  of  Scientific 
Papers,  1868.]  \V.  J.  H. 


Fowns 


Fox 


FOWNS,  RICHARD  (1660P-1625),  di- 
vine, '  a  minister's  son  and  Worcestershire 
man  born,'  was  elected  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1577,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, and  graduated  B.A.  30  Jan.  1581,  M.A. 
3  April  1585  (Wool),  Fasti  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i. 
217, 230).  He  took  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and 
D.D.  by  accumulation,  16  May  1605  (ib.  i. 
306,  307).  He  became  chaplain  to  Prince 
Henry,  and  in  1602  was  rector  of  Stoke 
Severn,  Worcestershire,  in  the  church  of 
which  he  was  buried  25  Nov.  1625.  His  monu- 
ment was '  miserably  defaced '  during  the  civil 
war.  He  was  the  author  of:  1.  '  Concio  [on 
2  Thess.  ii.  3, 4]  ad  Clerum  celeberrimse  floren- 
tissimseq;  Academise  Oxou.  habitalulij  deci- 
mo,  Anno  Domini  1606,'  4to,  London,  1606, 
dedicated  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales.  2. '  Tri- 
sagion,  or  the  three  Holy  Offices  of  lesvs 
Christ,  the  Sonne  of  God,  priestly,  propheti- 
call,  and  regall ;  how  they  ought  of  all  his 
Church  to  be  receiued.  With  a  Declaration 
of  the  violence  and  injuries  offered  vnto  the 
same  by  the  Spirituall  and  Romish  Babylon,' 
London,  1619,  a  stout  quarto  of  782  pages, 
inscribed  to  Prince  Charles. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  388-9; 
Nash's  Worcestershire,  ii.  347-]  G-.  G. 

FOX,  CAROLINE  (1819-1871),  diarist, 
born  at  Falmouth  on  24  May  1819,  was  second 
daughter  of  Robert  Were  Fox  of  Penjerrick. 
From  her  earliest  years  she  displayed  great 
intelligence  and  refinement  of  mind.  In 
1835  she  began  to  keep  the  journal  which  has 
rendered  her  celebrated,  not  so  much  from  its 
considerable  literary  merits,  as  from  its  as- 
sociation with  distinguished  persons.  Most 
of  these  were  men  of  science,  attracted  by 
Robert  Were  Fox's  scientific  reputation,  and 
his  especial  knowledge  of  Cornish  minera- 
logy ;  but  the  most  remarkable  were  thinkers 
and  men  of  letters  brought  to  her  remote 
nook  of  Cornwall  by  their  own  delicacy  of 
constitution  or  that  of  their  friends.  At  the 
beginning  of  1840  John  Sterling  was  staying 
at  Falmouth,  partly  on  account  of  his  own 
health,  partly  in  attendance  on  his  sick  friend, 
Dr.  Calvert ;  Stuart  Mill's  mother,  with  her 
daughters  Clara  and  Harriet,  was  nursing  her 
youngest  son  Henry  in  a  hopeless  illness,  and 
was  soon  joined  by  Mill  himself.  Sterling 
and  Mill  soon  became  exceedingly  intimate 
with  the  Fox  family,  especially  with  Caroline 
and  her  brother  Barclay,  to  whom  Mill  wrote 
several  letters  published  in  the  second  edition 
of  Caroline's  journal.  Caroline's  account  of 
their  conversations  is  exceedingly  interest- 
ing, and  adds  considerably  to  our  knowledge 
of  both,  especially  of  Mill,  who  has  not  else- 
where found  a  Boswell.  The  intimacy  was 


the  means  of  introducing  her  to  Carlyle  and 
other  remarkable  persons,  few  of  whom  are- 
mentioned  without  some  bright  touch  of  ap- 
preciative portraiture.  Her  tendency  was 
always  to  admiration  and  sympathy,  recog- 
nising what  seemed  to  her  excellent,  ignoring 
or  minimising  points  of  difference  ;  it  would 
not  be  possible  to  point  out  a  cavil  or  an  ill- 
natured  expression  from  one  end  of  the  record 
to  the  other.  The  intimacy  with  Mill  gra- 
dually diminished,  while  that  with  Sterling- 
increased  in  warmth,  and  his  death  in  1844 
may  not  have  been  unconnected  with  the  de- 
pression into  which  Caroline  fell  in  that  year, 
and  which  left  its  traces  on  all  her  subse- 
quent life.  From  this  time  her  diary  becomes 
less  copious  and  interesting,  partly  from  the 
comparative  infrequency  of  remarkable  ac- 
quaintances, partly  from  the  interruptions  oc- 
casioned by  ill-health,  but  partly  also  from  a. 
loss  of  buoyancy  and  a  comparative  limita- 
tion and  timidity  of  thought.  Every  line 
nevertheless  indicates  the  gentle,  spiritual,, 
and  at  the  same  time  intellectual  and  accom- 
plished woman,  and  it  will  always  be  valued 
as  a  highly  important  illustration  of  the  most 
characteristic  thought  of  the  Victorian  era. 
Caroline  died  on  12  Jan.  1871,  having  never 
married,  or  quitted  her  home  except  for  occa- 
sional visits  to  the  continent.  With  her  sister,, 
Anna  Maria  Fox,  she  translated  into  Italian 
several  English  religious  works,  of  which, 
the  latest, '  II  Mozzo  Bertino,'  was  published' 
at  Florence  in  1867. 

[Memories  of  Old  Friends,  being  extracts  from, 
the  Journals  and  Letters  of  Caroline  Fox,  edited 
by  Horace  N.  Pym  (London,  1882) ;  Boase  and 
Courtney's  Bibliotheca  Cornubiensis,  pp.  160, 
1189.]  R.  G. 

FOX,  CHARLES  (1749-1809),  Persian 
scholar,  was,  according  to  one  account,  son 
of  Joseph  Fox,  quaker  and  grocer  at  Fal- 
mouth, and  Avas  born  there  in  1749  ;  but  he 
may  possibly  be  identified  with  Charles  Fox, 
who  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Fox  by  hi* 
wife,  Rebecca  Steevens  of  High  Wycombe 
(FOSTER,  Fox  Family,  p.  15).  He  kept  a, 
bookseller's  shop  in  his  native  town,  and  is. 
the  person  mentioned  in  Southey's '  Espriella' 
(i.  6),  who,  when  his  house  was  on  fire  and 
he  realised  that  nothing  could  be  saved, 
'  went  upon  the  nearest  hill  and  made  a 
drawing  of  the  conflagration — -an  admirable 
instance  of  English  phlegm.'  Polwhele,  who 
refers  to  this  incident,  adds  that  '  his  friend 
Wolcot  saved  the  horses  in  the  stable  by 
mufliing  up  their  heads  in  blankets.'  After 
this  loss,  which  does  not  seem  to  have  in- 
volved him  in  pecuniary  difficulties,  Fox  fol- 
lowed the  bent  of  his  inclination  in  landscape 


Fox 


Fox 


and  portrait  painting.  He  accompanied  his 
brother,  the  master  of  a  merchant  vessel, 
on  a  voyage  to  the  Baltic,  and  then  made  a 
tour,  on  foot  and  alone,  through  Sweden, 
Norway,  and  part  of  Russia,  drawing  hun- 
dreds of  views  on  the  way.  On  his  return 
he  stopped  for  a  short  time  in  London,  but 
soon  fixed  his  abode  permanently  in  Bristol. 
He  was  facile  in  acquiring  languages,  and 
made  a  special  study  of  oriental  literature, 
collecting  numerous  Persian  manuscripts.  In 
1797  Joseph  Cottle  published  for  him  a 
volume  of  '  Poems,  containing  the  Plaints, 
Consolations,  and  Delights  of  Achmed  Ar- 
debeili,  a  Persian  Exile,  with  notes  historical 
and  explanatory.'  The  verses  are  said  to 
have  evinced  much  vigour  of  thought  and 
beauty  of  expression,  and  the  notes  have 
been  lauded  for  their  illustration  of  Eastern 
subjects  ;  but  their  value  in  a  monetary  sense 
may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  Cottle, 
after  selling  his  copyrights  to  Longmans, 
found  that  Fox's  'Achmed 'and Wordsworth's 
*  Lyrical  Ballads '  had  been  '  reckoned  as 
nothing.'  As  both  authors  were  his  personal 
friends,  Cottle  begged  them  back  again,  and, 
the  request  being  readily  granted,  returned 
to  the  former  his  receipt  for  twenty  guineas, 
and  to  Coleridge,  for  Wordsworth,  his  receipt 
for  thirty  guineas.  Fox's  nominal  profession 
made  slight  demand  upon  his  time,  and  for 
many  years  before  his  death  it  wras  abandoned 
altogether  for  poetry.  About  1803  he  had 
prepared  for  the  press  two  volumes  of  poems 
from  the  Persian,  but  growing  weakness  of 
health  hindered  their  publication,  though  he 
still  continued  versifying.  He  died  at  Villa 
Place,  Bathwick,  Bath,  on  1  March  1809. 
From  the  description  in  Hone's  '  Table  Book ' 
(i.  762),  he  was '  a  great  natural  genius,  which 
employed  itself  upon  trivial  and  not  generally 
interesting  matters.  He  was  self-taught,  and 
had  patience  and  perseverance  for  anything.' 
His  eccentricity  is  acknowledged,  but  he  is 
credited  with '  the  quickest  reasoning  power, 
and  consequently  the  greatest  coolness,  of 
any  man  of  his  day  who  was  able  to  reason.' 
He  married,  in  1792,  Miss  Feniers,  the 
daughter  of  a  Dutch  merchant,  who  survived 
him.  They  were  hospitable  people,  and  to 
young  persons  with  literary  tastes  their  house 
and  conversation  were  ever  open.  Southey 
says : '  I  knew  him  well,  and  met  Adam  Clarke 
at  his  house.  I  have  profiles  of  him,  his 
wife,  and  the  parrot,  &c.'  Claudius  James 
Rich,  author  of  a  memoir  on  the  ruins  of 
Babylon  and  other  works,  was  attracted  to 
the  study  of  the  oriental  languages  when 
a  boy  by  accidentally  seeing  some  Arabic 
manuscripts  in  Fox's  library,  and  by  con- 
stant access  to  these  books,  and  the  loan  of 


an  Arabic  grammar  and  lexicon,  he  soon  made 
himself  master  of  the  language.  From  him 
William  Isaac  Roberts,  a  young  Bristol  poet 
whose  poems  and  letters  were  issued  in  1811, 
'experienced  continual  kindness  and  encour- 
agement in  his  literary  pursuits.'  It  was 
during  Dr.  Adam  Clarke's  second  residence 
in  Bristol,  beginning  in  1798,  that  he  obtained 
much  aid  from  Fox  in  his  study  of  Persian ; 
and  he  is  said  to  have  repaid  these  services 
by  turning  his  friend  into  a '  devout  believer.' 
Many  of  Fox's  manuscripts,  including  the 
illustrated  narrative  of  his  travels,  passed 
into  the  doctor's  hands.  They  are  described 
in  J.  B.  B.  Clarke's  catalogue  of  the  '  Euro- 
pean and  Asiatic  Manuscripts  of  the  late  Dr. 
Adam  Clarke '  (1835),  and  the  particulars  are 
copied  into  the  '  Bibliotheca  Cornubiensis,' 
iii.  1186.  Proofs  of  Fox's  '  humour  and  ac- 
curate observation  of  character '  are  found  in 
his  Cornish  dialogues  printed  by  Polwhele 
and  other  authors. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1809,  pt.  i.  385;  Corresp.  of 
Southey  and  Caroline  Bowles,  p.  281 ;  Polwhele's 
Reminiscences,  ii.  182  ;  Polwhele's  Biog.  Sketches 
in  Cornwall,  ii.  62-9  ;  Annual  Register,  1809, 
pp.  658-9;  Monthly  Mag.  April  1809,  pp.  311- 
312;  Cottle's  Early  Recollections,  ii.  26-7; 
Etheridge's  Adam  Clarke,  pp.  265,  384  ;  Memoir 
of  Rich  in  Residence  in  Koordistan ;  Boase  and 
Courtney's  Bibl.  Cornub.]  W.  P.  C. 

FOX,  CHARLES  (1794-1849),  line-en- 
graver, born  on  17  March  1794,  was  the  son 
of  the  steward  to  Lord  Stafford  at  Cossey 
Hall,  Norfolk,  where  he  was  brought  up  in 
the  gardens,  spending  his  early  years  in  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  occupations.  An 
accidental  visit  from  William  Camden  Ed- 
wards [q.  v.],  the  engraver,  led  to  young  Fox 
being  placed  by  his  father  as  a  pupil  with 
Edwards  at  Bungay  in  Suffolk.  He  had  al- 
ready received  some  instruction  in  drawing 
from  Charles  Hodgson  at  Norwich.  On 
the  completion  of  his  engagement  with  Ed- 
wards, Fox  came  to  London,  and  became  an 
inmate  of  the  studio  of  John  Burnet  [q.  v.], 
the  engraver,  who  wTas  then  engaged  on  his 
large  plates  after  Sir  David  Wilkie's  pictures, 
in  which  Fox  assisted  him.  Fox's  most  im- 
portant plates,  of  his  own  execution,  were 
from  pictures  by  Wilkie,  viz.  '  Village  Poli- 
ticians' and  '  Queen  Victoria's  First  Council.' 
He  also  engraved  some  illustrations  by  Wilkie 
for  Cadell's  edition  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novels.  He  was  employed  on  the  annuals, 
then  so  much  in  vogue,  Stark's  '  Rivers  of 
Norfolk,'  and  other  works.  Among  other  en- 
gravings by  him  wrere  the  full-length  portrait 
of  Sir  George  Murray,  after  Pickersgill,  in 
which  his  best  work  was  shown, '  ACauchaise 
Girl,'  after  G.  S.  Newton,  &c.  He  also 


Fox 


93 


Fox 


painted  in  water-colours,  mostly  portraits  of 
his  friends.  During  his  whole  life  Fox  never 
ceased  to  take  interest  in  floriculture,  and  was 
considered  one  of  the  best  judges  of  flowers. 
When  Dr.  John  Lindley  [q.  v.]  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Horticultural  Society, 
Fox  was  chosen  as  judge  and  arbitrator,  in 
which  capacity  he  gained  universal  esteem. 
He  superintended  the  illustrations  of  the  j 
'  Florist.'  While  on  a  visit  to  a  friend  at 
Leyton  in  Essex,  Fox  died  from  an  affec- 
tion of  the  heart  on  28  Feb.  1849.  He  was 
engaged  on  an  engraving  of  Mulready's 
'  The  Fight  Interrupted,'  which  remained  un- 
finished at  his  death.  A  portrait  of  Fox  was 
etched  from  a  drawing  by  W.  Carpenter,  jun. 
for  publication  in  the  '  Florist.' 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Oltley's  Diet,  of 
Recent  and  Living  Painters ;  Cunningham's  Life 
of  Sir  David  Wilkie ;  Gent.  Mag.  (1849),  new  ser. 
xxxi.  434  ;  Florist,  1849 ;  other  obituary  notices.] 

L.  C. 

FOX,  SIR  CHARLES  (1810-1874),  en- 
gineer, youngest  of  four  sons  of  Francis  Fox, 
M.D.,  was  born  at  Derby  11  March  1810.  He 
was  originally  destined  for  his  father's  profes- 
sion, but  abandoned  this  intention  as  his  taste 
for  mechanics  developed.  He  was  deeply  inte- 
rested in  the  projected  scheme  for  the  Liver- 
pool and  Manchester  railway,  and  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  he  was  articled  to  Captain  Ericsson. 
With  Ericsson  he  was  engaged  in  designing 
and  constructing  the  '  Novelty '  engine,  one 
of  the  three  which  competed  at  Rainhill  in 
October  1829.  He  was  also  employed  with 
Ericsson  in  experimenting  with  rotary  en- 
gines. His  mechanical  talents  having  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Robert  Stephenson, 
he  was  appointed  by  him  one  of  the  construct- 
ing engineers  of  the  London  and  Birmingham 
railway.  He  designed  the  tunnel  at  Wat- 
ford, and  afterwards  carried  out  the  exten- 
sion of  the  line  from  Camden  Town  to  Euston 
Square.  These  works  were  wholly  constructed 
within  a  covered  way  and  retaining  Avails, 
thus  realising  for  the  first  time  the  idea  of 
a  metropolitan  railway.  While  engaged  on 
this  line  Fox  read  a  paper  before  the  Royal 
Institution  upon  the  correct  principles  of 
skew  arches,  which  he  had  carried  out  in  the 
works.  The  new  mechanical  departure  was 
the  development  of  these  arches,  not  from 
the  intrados  or  the  extrados,  but  from  a  line 
midway  between  the  two.  Fox  now  entered 
into  partnership  with  the  contractor  Bramah, 
and  upon  the  retirement  of  the  senior  part- 
ner the  firm  assumed  the  title  of  Fox,  Hen- 
derson, &  Co.  of  London,  Smethwick,  and  Ren- 
frew. This  firm  was  the  first  to  carry  out  the 


complete  and  systematic  plan.  Great  improve- 
ments were  effected  in  bridges,  roofs,  cranes, 
tanks,  and  railway  wheels.  Fox  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  system  of  four  feet  plates  for 
tanks,  combined  with  a  very  simple  formula  for 
calculating  weight  and  contents.  He  also 
introduced  the  switch  into  railway  practice, 
thus  superseding  the  old  sliding  rail.  Many 
improvements  in  iron  structures  were  due  to 
him,  and  in  connection  with  his  experiments 
upon  links  he  read  a  paper  before  the  Royal 
Society  (March  1865)  'On  the  Size  of  Pins 
for  connecting  Flat  Links  in  the  Chains  of 
Suspension  Bridges.'  From  1857  Fox  prac- 
tised in  London  as  a  civil  and  consulting- 
engineer,  with  his  two  eldest  sons,  the  firm 
still  being  known  under  the  style  of  Sir 
Charles  Fox  &  Sons. 

During  the  forty-five  years  of  his  profes- 
sional life  Fox  was  engaged  in  works  of 
magnitude  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  His 
chief  undertaking  was  the  building  in  Hyde 
Park  for  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  de- 
signed by  Paxton.  This  work  was  begun 
towards  the  end  of  September  1850,  and 
finished  before  the  close  of  April  1851,  Fox 
having  been  engaged  exclusively  upon  it  for 
eighteen  hours  a  day  during  a  period  of  seven 
weeks.  Together  with  Cubitt  and  Paxton  he 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  (22  Oct. 
1851)  in  connection  with  the  exhibition.. 
Fox's  firm  afterwards  removed  the  building 
from  Hyde  Park  and  re-erected  it,  with  many 
alterations  and  improvements,  at  Sydenham 
for  the  Crystal  Palace  Company.  Fox  was 
a  consistent  advocate  for  economy  in  railway 
construction,  and  it  was  through  his  exer- 
tions that  the  '  light  railway '  clauses  were 
inserted  in  the  Railway  Facilities  Act.  In 
conjunction  with  G.  Berkley  he  constructed 
the  first  narrow-gauge  line  in  India.  He- 
made  a  special  study  of  the  narrow-gauge 
system,  and  eventually  constructed  lines  upon 
this  principle  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 
While  strenuously  advocating  the  narrow- 
gauge  system,  however,  Fox  was  strongly  op- 
posed to  break  of  gauge,  except  under  special 
circumstances.  His  main  principle  was  '  to 
retain  the  gauge  of  the  country,  and  to  reduce 
the  weight  on  the  engine  wheels  to  the  same 
as  that  on  the  wheels  of  the  stock,  to  limit 
the  speed,  and  then  to  reduce  the  weight  of 
the  permanent  way  and  other  works.'  He- 
was  also  in  favour  of  vertical  rails  and  cylin- 
drical tyres. 

The  works  executed  by  Fox  as  a  manufac- 
turer and  contractor  include  the  bridge  over 
the  Medway  at  Rochester ;  three  bridges 
over  the  Thames,  at  Barnes,  Richmond,  and 
Staines ;  the  swing  bridge  over  the  Shannon ; 


manufacture  of  railway  plant  and  stock  upon  a    a  bridge  over  the  Saone  at  Lyons  ;  and  the 


94 


Fox 


Great  Western  railway  bridges.  In  roofs  he 
executed  those  at  the  Paddington  station,  at 
the  Waterloo  station,  and  at  the  New  Street 
station,  Birmingham,  and  slip  roofs  for  seve- 
ral of  the  royal  dockyards.  The  railways 
upon  which  he  was  engaged  included  the  Cork 
and  Bandon,  the  Thames  and  Medway,  the 
Portadown  and  Dungannon,  the  East  Kent, 
the  Lyons  and  Geneva  (eastern  section),  the 
Macon  and  Geneva  (eastern  section),  and 
the  Wiesbaden  and  the  Zealand  (Denmark). 
He  was  also  one  of  the  constructors  of  the 
Berlin  waterworks.  Fox  was  engineer  to 
the  Queensland  railways,  the  Cape  Town 
railways,  the  Wynberg  railway  (Cape  of 
Good  Hope),  the  Toronto  narrow-gauge  rail- 
way, and  (with  Berkley)  the  Indian  Tram- 
way Company.  Fox  &  Sons  were  engineers 
to  the  comprehensive  scheme  of  high-level 
lines  at  Battersea  for  theLondon  and  Brighton, 
Chatham  and  Dover,  and  London  and  South- 
western companies,  with  the  approach  to 
the  Victoria  station,  Pimlico,  including  the 
widening  of  the  Victoria  railway  bridge  over 
the  Thames.  Fox  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Civil  Engineers,  and  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  council  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers.  He  was  an  original 
life  member  of  the  British  Association,  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic  and  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Societies.  Early  in  his  career  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  and,  in  conjunction  with  his  elder 
brother  Douglas,  who  was  well  known  as 
a  medical  practitioner  at  Derby,  he  elabo- 
rated the  process  of  casting  in  elastic  moulds, 
for  which  the  society's  silver  medal  was 
awarded. 

Fox  married  in  1830  Mary,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Joseph  Brookhouse,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons  and  one  daughter.  The  two  elder 
sons,  Charles  and  Francis  Fox,  constitute  the 
firm  of  Sir  Charles  Fox  &  Sons,  civil  and  con- 
sulting engineers.  Fox  was  of  a  most  urbane 
and  generous  disposition.  He  died  at  Black- 
.heath  14  June  1874. 

[Engineering,  17  July  18'4;  Ann.  Eeg.  1874.] 

G.  B.  S. 

FOX,  CHARLES  (1797-1878),  scientific 
writer,  seventh  son  of  Robert  Were  Fox,  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Joseph  Tregelles  o'f 
Falmouth,  and  younger  brother  of  Robert 
Were  Fox,  F.R.S.  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  Fal- 
mouth 22  Dec.  1797,  and  educated  at  home. 
He  became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  G.  C.  and 
R.  \\ .  Fox  &  Co.,  merchants  and  shipping 
agents  at  Falmouth,  and  was  also  a  partner 
in  the  Perran  Foundry  Company  at  Perran- 
arworthal,  Cornwall,  where  from  1824  to 


1847  he  was  the  manager  of  the  foundry  and 
the  engine  manufactory. 

He  was  one  of  the  projectors  and  founders 
of  the  Royal  Cornwall  Polytechnic  Society 
at  Falmouth  in  1833,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  Charles  Lemon,  led  the  way  to  a  move- 
ment whichresulted  in  the  offer  of  a  premium 
of  600/.  for  the  introduction  of  a  man-engine 
into  Cornish  mines,  the  result  of  which  was 
the  erection  of  the  first  man-engine  at  Tresa- 
vean  mine  in  1842.  This  machine  was  a  great 
success,  and  its  invention  has  been  the  means 
of  saving  much  unnecessary  labour  to  the  tin 
and  copper  miners  in  ascending  and  descend- 
ing the  mine  shafts.  He  was  president  of 
the  Polytechnic  Society  for  1871  and  1872, 
in  connection  with  which  institution  he 
founded  in  1841  the  Lander  prizes  for  maps 
and  essays  on  geographical  districts.  He  was 
president  of  the  Royal  Geological  Society  of 
Cornwall  from  1864  to  1867,  and  president 
of  the  Miners'  Association  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon  from  1861  to  1863.  He  interested 
himself  particularly  in  such  discoveries,  phi- 
lological and  antiquarian,  as  tended  to  throw 
light  on  Bible  history,  and  with  this  object 
in  view  he  visited  Palestine,  Egypt,  and  Al- 
giers. In  all  branches  of  natural  history  he 
was  deeply  read,  making  collections  and  ex- 
amining with  the  microscope  the  specimens 
illustrative  of  each  department. 

On  the  introduction  of  boring  machines 
into  mines  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  recognise 
their  use,  and  as  early  as  1867  he  wrote 
papers  on  this  subject.  He  made  many  com- 
munications to  the  three  Cornish  societies,  as 
well  as  to  the  '  Mining  Journal '  and  '  Hard- 
wicke's  Science  Gossip.'  '  Extracts  from 
the  Spiritual  Diary  of  John  Rutty,  M.D.,' 
was  edited  by  Fox  in  1840,  and  in  1870  he 
wrote  a  small  work,  '  On  the  Ministry  of 
Women.'  He  was  largely  interested  in  Cor- 
nish mines  throughout  his  life,  and  latterly 
was  much  impoverished  by  the  failure  of  the 
greater  number  of  these  undertakings.  For 
the  last  twenty-five  years  of  his  life  he  re- 
sided at  Trebah,  near  Falmouth,  and  died 
there  18  April  1878,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Friends'  cemetery  at  Budock  23  April.  He 
married,  20  Dec.  1825,  Sarah,  only  daughter 
of  William  Hustler.  She  was  born  at  Apple 
Hall,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  8  Aug.  1800,  and 
died  at  Trebah  19  Feb.  1882.  Her  writings 
were :  '  A  Metrical  Version  of  the  Book  of 
Job,'  1852-4 ;  '  Poems,  Original  and  Trans- 
lated,' 1863 ;  '  Catch  who  can,  or  Hide  and 
Seek,  Original  Double  Acrostics,'  1869  :  and 
'  The  Matterhorn  Sacrifice,  a  Poem,'  in  '  Mac- 
millan's  Magazine,'  1865. 

[Records  from  Papers  and  Letters  respecting 
C.  Fox,  Falmouth,  1878;  Journal  of  the  Eoyal 


Fox 


95 


people.' Jn  Of  Cornwall,  November  1878,  pp.  2-3 ; 
the compd  Courtney's  Bibliothoca  Cornubieusis, 
cognise(  165,  1186,  1189;  Joseph  Foster's  De- 
thehoihts  of  Francis  Fox.  1872,  p.  11;  Weekly 
i.  5). /me,  April  1879,  pp.  215-16,  with  portrait.] 
1771/  G.  C.  B. 

:,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1749-1806), 
third  son  of  Henry  Fox  [q.  v.], 
[erwards  Baron  Holland  of  Foxley,  and 
Lady  Caroline  Georgina,  daughter  of  Charles 
^ennox,  second  duke  of  Richmond,  grandson 
of  Charles  II,  was  born  in  Conduit  Street  on 
24  Jan.  1749;  Holland  House,  which  was 
then  rented  by  his  father,  being  under  repair. 
He  was  a  clever,  lively  child,  and  a  great 
favourite  with  his  father.  When  his  mother 
grieved  over  his  passionate  temper,  Henry 
"Fox  said  that  he  was  a '  sensible  little  fellow,' 
and  would  soon  cure  himself;  nothing  was 
to  be  done  'to  breajr  his  spirit'  (WRAXALL, 
Memoirs,  ii.  2).  At  his  own  request  he  was 
in  1756  sent  to  a  school  at  Wandsworth,  kept 
by  a  M.  Parnpellone,  where  there  were  many 
boys  of  high  rank,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1758 
he  went  to  Eton,  where  Dr.  Philip  Francis 
[q.  v.]  was  his  private  tutor.  At  Eton  he 
was  studious  and  popular.  Unfortunately 
in  1763  his  father,  then  Lord  Holland,  who 
'  brought  up  his  children  without  the  least 
regard  to  morality,'  interrupted  his  school  life 
by  taking  him  with  him  to  Paris  and  to  Spa. 
During  this  excursion,  which  lasted  for  four 
months,  Lord  Holland  encouraged  the  boy 
to  indulge  in  vice,  and  at  Spa  sent  him  to 
the  gaming-table  Avell  supplied  with  money 
(Life  and  Times,  i.  4).  Fox  returned  to  Eton, 
and  the  tone  of  the  school  is  said  to  haAre 
suffered  from  the  '  extraA'agant,  vulgar  indul- 
gence' with  which  his  father  treated  him  and 
his  brother  (Early  Life,  p.  52)  ;  he  learnt  to 
write  creditable  Latin  A'erses,  had  a  good  ac- 
quaintance with  French,  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  school  debates  and  recitations,  and 
was  looked  upon  by  his  schoolfellows  as  cer- 
tain to  become  famous  as  an  orator.  In  Oc- 
tober 1764  he  entered  at  Hertford  College, 
Oxford,  then  much  frequented  by  young  men 
of  family.  Unlike  his  companions,  Fox  stu- 
died diligently,  giving  much  time  to  mathe- 

.  matics,  which  he  liked  '  A'astly,'  and  professed 
to  consider  'entertaining'  (Memorials,}..  19). 
He  visited  Paris  in  the  spring  of  the  next 
year,  returned  to  Oxford  in  July,  and  spent 
the  greater  part  of  the  long  \-acation  in  study. 
He  left  the  university  in  the  spring  of  1766, 
liaving  spent  his  time  there  to  good  purpose  ; 

.  for  he  read  much  of  the  early  English  dra- 
matists, and  acquired  the  pOAver  of  enjoying 
Vn  oyViVa.nd  Greek  literature,  Avhich  proved  an 

^/II  £\J  P6Q.  Ii  «-.,,,.„  ,      ,(.      T  ,       i  •         •      i     , 

iehad  som,  ml  pleasure  to  him  in  later 

TOL.  xx   PTautumn  he  J°hiefl  uis  father  and 


mother  at  Lyons,  and  spent  the  winter  with 
them  at  Naples.  When  they  returned  to 
England  in  the  spring,  he  remained  in  Italy 
with  two  friends  of  his  own  age.  He  joined 
Lord  and  Lady  Holland  in  the  autumn  at 
Paris,  and  spent  the  winter  with  them  at 
Nice,  for  he  was  a  good  and  affectionate  son. 
In  the  ^spring  of  1768  he  returned  to  Italy 
with  his  cousin,  Lord  Carlisle,  and  visited 
Bologna,  Florence,  and  Rome.  On  his  home- 
ward journey  he  called  on  Voltaire  at  Ferney, 
and  was  received  graciously.  His  birth  and 
connections  secured  him  a  welcome  at  foreign 
courts,  and  his  father's  great  wealth  enabled 
him  to  travel  magnificently,  and  indulge  every 
whim,  however  extravagant.  At  the  same 
time  he  did  not  give  himself  up  to  frivolity. 
He  visited  picture  galleries  with  appreciation, 
perfected  himself  in  French,  learnt  Italian, 
and  studied  Italian  literature.  He  returned 
to  England  on  2  Aug.,  and  soon  afterwards 
made  a  short  tour  with  his  elder  brother 
Stephen  and  his  wife  in  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands and  Holland. 

As  a  young  man  Fox  was  strongly  built ; 
his  frame  was  large,  and  he  had  a  handsome 
face,  bright  eyes,  high  colour,  and  black  hair. 
He  soon  became  very  stout,  and  his  enemies 
considered  that  in  manhood  his  swarthy  coun- 
tenance had  a '  saturnine '  aspect,  but  his  smile 
was  always  pleasant  (WRAXALL,  Memoirs, 
ii.  3).  From  childhood  he  was  courted  for 
his  gaiety,  originality,  and  genius.  He  was 
perfectly  good-natured,  eager,  warm-hearted, 
and  unselfish.  With  great  natural  abilities, 
a  singular  quickness  of  apprehension,  and 
a  retentive  memory,  he  combined  the  habit 
of  doing  all  things  with  his  might.  He 
was,  as  he  said,  a  '  very  painstaking  man,' 
and  even  when  secretary  of  state  wrote  copies 
for  a  writing-master  to  improve  his  hand- 
writing (ROGERS,  Table-talk,  p.  85).  He 
delighted  in  literature  and  art,  his  critical 
faculty  was  acute,  and  his  taste  cultivated. 
Poetry  was  to  him  '  the  best  thing  after  all,' 
and  he  declared  that  he  loved  '  all  the  poets.' 
He  had  already  acquired  a  considerable  store 
of  learning,  and  the  works  of  his  favourite 
authors,  Greek,  Latin,  English,  French,  Ita- 
lian, and  in  his  later  years  Spanish,  never 
failed  to  afford  him  refreshment  and,  when 
he  needed  it,  consolation.  He  was  fond  of 
exercise,  and  even  after  he  had  become  very 
fat  retained  his  activity ;  he  played  cricket 
and  tennis  well,  loved  hunting,  racing,  and 
shooting,  and  was  a  good  walker  and  swim- 
mer. During  his  long  tour  he  constantly 
referred  in  his  letters  to  acting  plays;  he 
took  pains  to  excel  as  an  amateur  actor,  and 
retained  his  love  for  this  amusement  for 
some  few  years.  Unfortunately  his  father's 


Fox 


Fox 


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[teaching  was  not  thrown  away,  and  he  early 
^acquired  extravagant  and  dissolute  habits.  In 
'his  younger  days  he  was  an  outrageous  fop, 
and  led  the  fashion  among  the  '  macaronis.' 
After  his  visit  to  Italy  he  and  his  cousin 
posted  from  Paris  to  Lyons  simply  in  order 
to  choose  patterns  for  their  waistcoats  (ib. 
p.  74) ;  he  appeared  in  London  in  red-heeled 
shoes  and  blue  hair-powder,  and  up  to  the 
age  of  twenty-five,  sometimes  at  least,  wore 
a  hat  and  feather  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  later  life  he  became  careless  both  as  to 
dress  and  cleanliness.  He  drank,  though  per- 
haps not  so  hard  as  many  men  in  his  posi- 
tion, and  was  much  addicted  to  gambling. 
When  a  mere  boy  he  became  a  member  of 
Almick's  [see  ALJIACK,  WILLIAM]  gaming 
club,  which  was  the  scene  of  the  most  reck- 
less play,  and  night  after  night  lost  sums  that 
soon  reached  a  ruinous  amount. 

In  March  1768,  when  Fox  was  in  his  twen- 
tieth year,  he  was  returned  for  the  borough 
|of  Midhurst  in  Sussex,  which  his  father  and 
uncle,  Lord  Ilchester,  had  bought  for  their 
sons.  He  took  his  seat  in  the  following  No- 
vember, and,  influenced  by  the  wishes  and  re- 
sentments of  his  father,  joined  the  supporters 
of  the  Duke  of  Grafton's  administration.  His 
first  speech  was  probably  made  on  9  March 
1769,  on  a  point  of  order.  He  took  an  active 

Eirt  in  promoting  the  candidature  of  Colonel 
uttrell  for  Middlesex,  in  opposition  to 
Wilkes.  On  14  April  he  spoke  with  some 
insolence  in  support  of  the  motion  that  Lut- 
trell  ought  to  have  been  returned,  and  in  the 
debate  on  the  Middlesex  petition  on  8  May 
answered  Wedderburn  and  Burke  in  a  speech 
which,  in  spite  of  some  boyishness,  delighted 
his  friends,  and  was  praised  even  by  the  op- 
position (ib.  p.53 ;  CAVENDISH,  Debates,  i.  406). 
This  speech  won  him  a  place  among  the  fore- 
most members  of  the  house.  On  9  Oct.  he 
went  to  Paris  with  his  father  and  mother,  and 
while  there  lost  heavily  at  play  (Lettres  de 
la  Marquise  du  Deffand,  i.  355, 356).  He  re- 
turned to  England  early  in  January  1770,  and 
won  great  applause  by  two  speeches  on  the 
Middlesex  election.  On  24  Feb.,  when  just 
past  twenty-one,  he  entered  Lord  North's  ad- 
ministration as  one  of  the  Vardsjjf  the  admi- 
ralty. Fox  delivered  his  speeches  without 
/  previous  preparation,  and  their  power  lay  not 
in  rhetorical  adornments,  but  in  the  vigour 
of  the  speaker's  thoughts,  the  extent  of  his 
knowledge,  the  quickness  with  which  he 
grasped  the  significance  of  each  point  in  de- 
bate, the  clearness  of  his  conceptions,  and  the 
remarkable  plainness  with  which  he  laid  them 
before  his  audience.  Even  in  his  longest 
speeches  he  never  strayed  from  the  matter  in 
hand ;  he  never  rose  above  the  level  of  his 


hearers'  understanding,  was  never 
and  never  bored  the  house.     Every  j, 
that  he  took  up  he  defended  with  a 
number  of  shrewd  arguments,  plainly  t 
and  well  ordered.    The  training  in  eloci 
that  he  had  received  at  Eton  and  his  prat 
as  an  amateur  actor  gave  him  confidence  \ 
ease,  while  the  accuracy  and  readines*  of », 
memory  supplied  him  with  a  store  of  quotv 
tions,  and  rendered  him  never  at  a  loss  for 
word.  At  the  same  time  he  does  not  appear  t 
have  been  particularly  fluent  until  he  became1 
warmed  with  his  subject ;  then  he  spoke  with 
a  stormy  eloquence  which  carried  his  hearers 
with  him.   His  voice  was  naturally  poor,  and 
though  he  generally  modulated  it  skilfully,  he 
was  apt  when  excited  to  speak  with  shrillness. 
His  action  was  ungraceful.     His  attempts  ? f- 
pathos  generally  failed ;  he  was  prone  to  in-f  , 
vective,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  wittiest)  \ 
speaker  of  his  time.     Although  some  of  hi* 
speeches  introducing  subjects  to  the  house  are- 
magnificent,  he  especially  excelled  in  reply ;  for 
great  as  he  was  as  an  orator,  he  was  certainly 
greater  in  debate.    During  the  first  period  of: 
his  political  career,  when  he  was  generally 
contemptuous  of  popular  rights,  he  spoke  with 
too  much  flippancy;  but  'in  his  best  days,* 
when  he  was  attacking  North's  administra- 
tion during  the  American  war,  he  was  in 
Grattan's  opinion  the  best  speaker  he  had* 
ever  heard  (Last  Journals,  i.  85,  with  a  com-/ 
parison  between  Fox,  Burke,  and  Townshend ; 
ERSKINE,  Preface  to  Speeches;  BROUGHAM, 
Statesmen,  i.  236 ;  Quarterly  Review,  art.  by 
Frere,  October  1810 ;  Early  Life,  p.  331). 

In  June  Fox  was  in  Paris  with  his  father ; 
in  November  he  was  supping  with  Lauzun 
at  the  Clob  a  1'Anglaise,  and  he  returned  to» 
England  about  the  middle  of  January  1J71 
Much  as  he  loved  Paris,  he  was  no  favourite 
with  Mme.  du  Defiand,  who  described  him 
as  '  hard,  bold,  and  ready ; '  he  did  not,  she- 
complained,  put  his  mind  to  hers,  and  cared" 
only  for  play  and  politics  (Lettre,  13  Jan.  1771, 
ii.  139.  See  also  a  somewhat  similar  cha- 
racter of  him  by  Mme.  Neckar,  who  in  1777 
spoke  of  him  as  knowing  everything1,  and  as 
cold  and  cynical,  GIBBON,  Miscell.  Works,  if. 
194).  Of  the  two  she  preferred  Richard  Fitz- 
patrick  [q.  v.],  Fox's  connection  by  marriage, 
and  his  constant  companion,  who  at  this  time- 
shared  the  lodgings  in  Piccadilly  where  Fox: 
lived  when  hisfatherwas  absent  from  Holland' 
House.  After  joining  the  administration  Fox 
took  a  prominent  part  in  several  unpopular^ 
measures,  and  especially  in  the  attaaipt  to 
strain  the  press.  When  on  6  Dec.  a  commit 
on  the  press  laws  was  moved  forrK,a.ng 
the  motion,  and  jeered  the  oppose  Eoyal 
declaration  that  they  wished  < 


Fox 


97 


Fox 


people.'  Where,  he  asked,  was  he  to  look  for 
the  complaints  of  the  people  ?  he  refused  to  re- 
cognise the  people  apart  from  the  majority  of 
the  house,their  legal  representatives(^peec^e5, 
i.  5).  He  took  the  same  line  on  25  March 
1771,  when  urging  the  committal  of  Alderman 
Oliver  for  discharging  the  printers  appre- 
hended by  the  officers  of  the  house.  His 
*"3tion  in  this  affair  rendered  him  exceedingly 
apopular,  and  on  the  27th  he  and  his  brother 
ere  attacked  by  a  mob  as  they  drove  down 
» the  house,  and  he  was  rolled  in  the  mud. 
3alous  for  privilege  of  every  kind,  he  gave 
uch  satisfaction  to  his  party  '  by  the  great 
I  lents  he  exerted '  in  opposing  the  Nullum 
vnpus  Bill.  Junius  had  hitherto  virtually 
?t  him  alone,  but  his  opposition  to  the  popu- 
•  cause  of  the  Duke  of  Portland  called  forth 
sharp  rebuke  in  the  'Public  Advertiser' 
4  March,  signed  '  Ulysses.'  Fox  wished 
challenge  the  writer,  but  was  unable  to 
ntify  him  (Life  of  Sir  P.  Francis,  i.  255). 
etter  of  Junius  in  October  provoked  an 
wer  signed  'An  Old  Correspondent,' which 
3  attributed  to  Fox.  A  reply  appeared 
aed  'Anti-Fox/ in  which  the  writer  warns 
y  pretty  black  boy '  that  if  provoked  Junius 
*ht  cease  to  spare  Lord  Holland  and  his 
oily  (Letters  of  Junius,  ii.  384).  His  con- 
mpt  for  the  wishes  of  the  people  provoked  a 
Caricature  entitled 'The  Death  of  the  Foxes' 
in  the  '  Oxford  Magazine'  of  February  1770. 
In  this  he  appears  with  his  father  and  brother, 
and  his  corpulence  is  ridiculed.  Another 
caricature  in  the  same  magazine  in  December 
1773  represents  him  as  picking  his  father's 
pocket,  in  reference  to  his  gambling  debts 
{WEIGHT). 

On  6  Feb.  17?£  Fox  spoke  against  the  cle- 
rical petition  for  relief  from  subscription  to 
the  articles,  though  he  condemned  the  custom 
of  requiring  subscription  from  lads  at  the  uni- 
versities. He  prepared  himself  for  his  defence 
of  the  church  '  by  passing  twenty-two  hours 
in  the  pious  exercise  of  hazard,'  losing  during 
that  time  11,000/.  (GIBBON,  Miscellaneous 
Works,  ii.  74).  A  twelvemonth  later  he  sup- 
ported a  motion  for  a  committee  on  the  subject 
of  subscription,  and  further  showed  that,  in 
spite  of  his  zeal  for  privilege,  he  was  not  to 
be  reckoned  among  those  who  were  content 
to  forward  the  king's  wishes  on  all  points,  for 
he  acted  as  teller  for  a  bill  for  the  relief  of 
protestant  dissenters ;  the  king  declared  that 
*  his  conduct  could  not  be  attributed  to  con- 
science, but  to  his  aversion  to  all  restraints' 
(Speeches,  i.  17  ;  George  III,  Letters  to  Lord 
North,  i.  89;  this  letter,  dated  1772,  seems  to 
belong  to  1773 ;  comp.  Parl.  Hist.  xvii.  758). 
On  20  Feb.  1772  he  resigned  office.  Although 
he  had  some  private  grounds  of  dissatisfaction 

VOL.   XX. 


with  North  (Memorials,  i.  73 ;  Last  Journals, 
i.  23),  the  chief  cause  of  his  resignation  was 
that  he  intended  to  oppose  the  RoyjaLMftr- 
riageBill.  The  circumstances  of  his  parents' 
marriage  rendered  him  jealous  of  all  needless 
restrictions  on  marriage ;  he  had  already  ob- 
tained leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  amend  the 
marriage  act,  and  he  chose  to  sacrifice  office 
rather  than  assent  to  the  restrictions  that  the] 
king  was  bent  on  placing  on  the  marriages  1 
of  his  house.  North  was  terrified  by  the  re- 
port  of  his  intended  resignation,  and  with- 
drew one  of  the  most  objectionable  clauses 
of  the  bill.  Fox  joined  Conway  and  Burke 
in  opposing  the  bill,  and  was  '  universally 
allowed  to  have  seized  the  just  point  of  ar- 
gument throughout  with  amazing  rapidity 
and  clearness '  (ib.  p.  59).  At  least  as  early  as 
1766  he  had  become  acquainted  with  Burke, 
and  had  learnt  to  respect  his  opinion  (Memo- 
rials, i.  26),  and  this  temporary  co-operation 
with  him  can  scarcely  have  been  without 
some  effect  on  his  later  career.  Fox  intro- 
duced his  own  marriage  bill  on  7  April,  having 
that  morning,  after  a  night  spent  in  drinking, 
returned  from  Newmarket,  where  he  had  lost 
heavily;  he  spoke  with  effect,  but  took  no 
more  trouble  about  the  bill,  which  was  thrown 
out  at  a  later  stage.  In  .December  he  re-en- 
tered the  administration  as  a  junior  lord  of 
the  treasury.  Although  Olive  had  been  ab- 
solved by  parliament,  Fox  took  the  oppor- 
tunity of  a  debate  on  the  affairs  of  India  in 
June  1 773  to  attack  him  with  unsparing  ve- 
hemence. He  recommenced  his  assaults  on 
the  press.  In  a  debate  he  had  raised  on  this 
subject  on  16  Feb.  1774  he  rebuked  T.  Towns- 
hend  for  coupling  the  name  of  Johnson  with 
that  of  Shebbeare  (Speeches,  i.  25).  Johnson 
never  forgot  his  warm  defence  (BoswELL,  Life, 
iv.  315).  Fox  had  lately  been  elected  amember 
of  the  club ;  he  was  generally  silent  when 
Johnson  was  present  (ib.  179).  He  was  na- 
turally shy,  but  when  in  the  society  of  those 
with  whom  he  felt  at  ease  would  '  talk  on  for 
ever  with  all  the  openness  and  simplicity  of 
a  child '  (ROGERS,  Table-talk,  p.  75) ;  his  con- 
versation was  always  easy  and  full  of  anec- 
dote. Office  exercised  no  restraint  upon  him. 
He  forced  North  against  his  will  to  persist 
in  a  proposal  that  the  printer  Woodfall  should 
be  committed  to  the  Gatehouse  for  printing  aj 
letter  containing  charges  against  the  speaker. 
The  minister  was  defeated,  and  the  king,  who 
already  disliked  Fox  for  the  part  he  had  taken 
against  the  Royal  Marriage  Bill,  and  in  sup- 
port of  the  relief  bill  of  the  year  before,  was 
furious  at  his  presumption.  'ThaJL_yj3ung 
magjl  he  wrote,  '  has  so  thoroughly  cast  off 
every  principle  of  common  honour  and  ho- 
nesty that  he  must  soon  become  as  con- 

H 


Fox  f 

temptible  as  he  is  odious '  (  George  III,  Letters 
to  North,  i.  170).  North  was  reluctantly  com- 
pelled to  inform  him  on  the  24th  that  the 
king  had  dismissed  him  from  office.  Mean- 
while his  money  difficulties  had  come  to  a 
crisis.  For  four  years  he  had  played  con- 
stantly and  for  high  stakes,  and  his  losses 
were  very  heavy.  Although  his  horses  were 
generally  beaten  on  the  turf,  his  bets  were 
judicious,  and  in  1772  he  won  16,000/.  on  a 
'single  race.  Nor  was  he  a  loser  in  games 
that  required  skill,  such  as  whist  and  picquet. 
He  was  ruined  by  his  losses  at  hazard,  and 
it  seems  tolerably  certain  that  the  '  immode- 
rate, constant,  and  unparalleled  advantages' 
jgained  over  him  at  the  gaming-table  were 
the  result  of  unfair  play  (Memorials,  i.  91). 
In  order  to  pay  his  gambling  debts  he  had 
recourse  to  Jewish  money-lenders,  and,  always 
light-hearted,  used  to  call  the  room  where 
these  men  waited  for  him  his  'Jerusalem 
chamber.'  Friends,  and  especially  Lord  Car- 
lisle/paid  large  annuities  on  his  behalf.  In 
the  summer  of  1773  his  difficulties  induced 
him  to  put  faith  in  an  adventuress  who  pro- 
mised to  procure  him  a  wife  with  80,OOOZ. 
In  that  year  the  wife  of  his  elder  brother  bore 
a  son,  and  the  money-lenders  refused  to  give 
him  further  credit.  '  My  brother  Ste's  son,' 
he  said,  '  is  a  second  Messiah,  born  for  the 
destruction  of  the  Jews '  (GIBBON,  Miscell. 
Works,  ii.  132).  He  thought  of  reading  for 
the  bar,  in  the  hope  of  retrieving  his  for- 
tune by  professional  industry.  Lord  Hol- 
lland  paid  his  debts  in  the  winter  of  1773-4, 
! 'at  a  cost  of  140,000^.  He  did  not  give  up 
*  the  habit  of  gambling  (Last  Journals,  i.  7, 
283 ;  WBAXALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  9 ;  Early  Life, 
pp.  478-92).  In  the  course  of  1774  Fox  lost 
his  father,  mother,  and  elder  brother.  He  re- 
ceived King's  Gate,  near  Margate,  from  his 
father,  and  on  his  brother's  death  succeeded 
to  the  Irish  clerkship  of  the  pells,  which  was 
worth  2,0001.  a  year  for  life ;  he  shortly  after- 
wards sold  both  the  house  and  the  clerkship 
'WRAXALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  8). 

At  the  time  of  Fox's  dismissal  the  dispute 
with  the  American  colonies  had  reached  a 
critical  stage ;  the  tea  riot  in  Boston  took 
place  in  December  1773,  and  Gage  landed  in 
May  1774  to  put  in  force  the  Boston  Port 
.Bill.    Fox  now  began  to  act  with  the  Rock- 
/  ingham  party ;  he  carried  on  a  constant  op- 
!  position  to  the  war,  and  his  speeches,  hitherto 
occasional  and  for  the  most  part  misdirected, 
were  during  this  period  the  most  effective 
expositions  of  the  policy  of  the  Rockingham 
whigs.    His  jealousy  for  the  rights  of  parlia- 
ment, hitherto  exhibited  in  unworthy  mea- 
sures against  the  liberty  of  the  press,  now  took 
a  nobler  turn,  and  on  24  March  he  declared 


5  Fox 

that  the  quarrel  with  Massachusetts  was 
with  the  parliament  not  with  the  crown,  and 
that  it  therefore  belonged  to  parliament  to 
decide  on  the  rest  oration  of  the  port  of  Boston 
(Speeches,  i.  27).  On  19  April  he  voted  for  the' 
repeal  of  the  tea  duty,  declaring  that  the  tax 
was  a  mere  assertion  of  a  right  which  would 
force  the  colonists  '  into  open  rebellion '  (t'6. 
p.  28).  It  is  said  that  in  December  an  attempt 
was  made  t  o  negotiatebetween  Fox  and  North, 
but  that  Fox's  demands  were  too  high  (Last 
Journals,  i.  437).  Fox  upheld  Burke,  on 
23  Jan.  1775,  in  complaining  of  the  disregard 
shownto  the  merchants' petition,  and  pointed 
out  that  Gage's  troops  were  in  a  ridiculous 
position.  He  made  a  violent  attack  on  North 
on  the  27th,  and  when  the  minister  com- 
plained that  Fox  and  Burke  were  threaten- 
ing him,  declared  that  he  would  join  Burke 
in  bringing  him  to  answer  for  his  conduct. 
In  moving  an  amendment  to  a  ministerial 
address  on  2  Feb.  '  he  entered  intothe  whole 
history  and  argument  of  the  dispute,  and 
'  made  the  greatest  figure  he  had  yet  done  in 
a  speech  of  an  hour  and  twenty  minutes ' 
(ib.  p.  455) ;  '  taking  the  vast  compass  of  the 
question '  he  '  discovered  power  for  regular 
debate  which  neither  his  friends  hoped,  nor 
his  enemies  dreaded '  (GiBBOX,  Miscell.  Works, 
ii.  132).  On  the  20th  he  exposed  the  hollow- 
ness  of  North's  plan  of  conciliation,  as,  ac- 
cording to  his  ideas,  '  carrying  two  faces  on 
its  very  first  appearance '  (Speeches,  i.  37). 
The  affair  at  Lexington  took  place  in  April. 
When  parliament  met  on  26  Oct.  Fox  sup- 
ported the  amendment  to  the  address,  cen- 
suring the  ministers  for  increasing  the  dis- 
content in  America.  The  ministers,  he  said, 
'  have  reason  to  triumph.  Lord  Chatham,  the! 
king  of  Prussia,  nay,  Alexander  the  GreatJ 
never  gained  more  in  one  campaign  than  thd 
noble  lord  has  lost — he  has  lost  a  whole  conti-l 
nent.'  The  colonists,  he  admitted,  had  gone  too 
far,  though  he  denied  that  they  were  aiming 
at  independence,  they  were  aiming  at  free- 
dom, and  he  urged  that  they  should  be  placed 
in  the  same  position  as  in  1763  (ib.  i.  49). 
On  20  Feb.  1776  he  moved  for  a  committee 
on  the  war,  contending  that  the  ministers 
lacked  wisdom  and  integrity,  parliament  pub- 
lic spirit,  and  the  commanders  either  mili- 
tary skill  or  liberty  to  carry  out  what  they 
were  sent  to  do.  The  motion  was  lost  by 
240  to  104.  Speaking  in  support  of  the 
amendment  to  the  address  on  31  Oct.  he 
denied  that  it  was  'not  for  the  interest  of 
Spain  and  France  to  have  America  inde- 
pendent;' injury  to  the  trade  of  this  free 
country  must  be  advantageous  to  old  cor- 
rupted governments.  If,  however,  the  ques- 
tion lay  between  conquering  and  abandoning 


Fox 


99 


Fox 


America,  he  was  for  abandoning  it ;  for  our 
advantages  from  America  arose  from  trade 
and  from  relationships  with  a  people  of  the 
same  ideas  and  sentiments.  They  would  be 
cut  off  by  war ;  while  the  army  in  America 
would  oppress  the  people  there,  and  would 
be  dangerous  to  liberty  at  home  (ib.  p.  61). 
kFox  was  at  this  time  the  animating  spirit  of 
§the  Rockingham  party,  though  he  had  not  as 
yet  avowedly  joined  it ;  he  brought  recruits 
to  it,  declared  himself  '  far  from  being  dis- 
mayed by  the  terrible  news  from  Long  Island,' 
urged  perseverance,  and  tried  to  dissuade  the 
marquis  from  secession  (Memoirs  of  Rocking- 
ham, ii.  297).  The  king  recognised  his  power ; 
for  he  wrote  to  North,  saying  that  he  heard 
that  Fox  was  about  to  leave  for  Paris  on 
16  Nov.,  and  that  the  minister  would  do  well 
to  press  on  business  in  his  absence  (Letters  to 
North,  ii.  40).  While,  however,  Fox,  accord- 
ing to  Gibbon,  '  in  the  conduct  of  a  party ' 
thus  '  approved  himself  equal  to  the  conduct 
\  of  an  empire '  (Miscell.  Works,  i.  222),  he 
\  did  not  abandon  his  gaming  or  rakish  life, 
and  was  seldom  in  bed  before  5  A.M,,  or  up 
before  2  P.M.  (Last  Journals,  ii.  4).  He  went 
to  Paris  with  Fitzpatrick,  played  high  there, 
,and  returned  to  England  about  the  middle 
I*  x)f  January  1777  (MME.  DU  DEFFAND,  iii.  207, 


When  the  Rockingham  party  seceded  from 
parliament,  Fox  still  continued  to  attend,  and 
on  10  Feb.  opposed  the  suspension  of  the 
Habgaa^orpusAct.  In  the  summer  he  made 
a  tour  inlreland  with  Lord  John  Townshend, 
met  Grattan  at  Lord  Charlemont's,  and 
formed  a  friendship  with  him,  and  was  much 
feted  at  Dublin  (Memorials,  i.  156).  While 
in  Ireland  he  received  a  letter  from  Burke, 
exhorting  him  to  lay  his  '  foundations  deep 
in  public  opinion,'  and  expressing  the  writer  s 
wish  that  he  would  avowedly  join  the  Rock- 
ingham party  (BuKKE,  Works,  ix.  148).  On 
the  meeting  of  parliament  in  November  he 
delivered  a  '  bitter  philippic  on  Lord  George 
Germaine,'  describing  him  as  '  that  inauspi- 
cious and  ill-omened  character,  whose  arro- 
gance and  presumption,  whose  ignorance  and 
inability,'  had  damaged  the  country. '  Charles,' 
Lord  North  said,  for  in  spite  of  political  dif- 
ferences they  were  on  friendly  terms,  '  I  am 
glad  you  did  not  fall  on  me  to-day,  for  you 
was  in  full  feather'  (Memorials,  i.  159). 
When  Germaine  confirmed  the  news  of  the 
disaster  at  Saratoga,  Fox  renewed  his  attack 
with  great  vehemence,  and  expressed  his  hope 
of  seeing  Germaine '  brought  to  a  second  trial' 
(Last  Journals,  ii.  170).  In  moving  for  papers 
•with  reference  to  the  surrender  at  Saratoga, 
Fox,  in  January  1778,  compared  the  reign  to 
that  of  James  II.  Luttrell  said  that  he  was 


talking  treason,  which  he  denied.  The '  Morn- 
ing Post,' the  paper  of  the  court  party,  taunted 
him  with  not  challenging  Luttrell.  Its  tone 
gave  rise  to  a  suspicion  that  there  was  a  scheme 
to  get  rid  of  Fox  by  provoking  a  duel.  Lut- 
trell complained  of  the  tone  of  the  paper,  said 
he  had  been  misrepresented,  and  threatened 
to  have  the  gallery  cleared.  Fox,  so  greatly 
had  he  changed  his  ground  as  regards  press 
matters,  asserted  that  the  '  public  had  a  right 
to  know  what  passed  in  parliament '  (Speeches, 
i.  101).  On  2  Feb.  he  made  a  motion  on  the 
state  of  the  nation,  and  reviewed  the  whole 
conduct  of  the  ministers  in  a  speech  of  two 
hours  and  forty  minutes.  His  speech  was  not 
answered,  and  the  motion  was  rejected  by 
259  to  165,  which  was  considered  a  very  good 
division  for  the  opposition  (ib.  pp.  102-11). 
P"he  treaty  between  France  and  the  revolted 
colonies  was  signed  6  Feb.,  and  on  the  17th 
Fox,  while  in  the  main  approving  North's 
new  scheme  for  conciliation,  asked  'what 
punishment  would  be  sufficient  for  those  who 
adjourned  parliament  in  order  to  make  a  pro- 
position of  concession,  and  then  had  neglected 
to  do  it  until  France  had  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  independent  states  of  America '  (ib. 
p.  117).  Negotiations  were  opened  in  March 
to  induce  Fox  to  join  the  administration.  Fox \ 
is  reported  to  have  said  '  that  except  with  1 
Lord  G.  Germaine  he  could  act  with  the 
present  ministers;  but  he  disavowed  every 
possibility  of  accepting  singly  and  alone.' 
This  report  has  been  discredited  (Memorials, 
i.  181,  note  by  Lord  Russell).  He  had  not 
yet  made  '  engagements  to  any  set  of  men,' 
but  felt  bound  in  honour  to  the  Rockingham 
party  (ib.  p.  170).  As,  however,  he  seems  on 
31  May  to  have  thought  that  a  '  compromise 
ought  to  be  made '  (Memoirs  of  Rockingham, 
ii.  354),  the  report  does  not  seem  incredible. 
Fox  evidently  thought  it  possible  that  the 
king  would  sanction  a  change  of  policy,  and 
a  considerable  change  in  the  administration  ; 
while  the  king  only  contemplated  reinforcing 
the  existing  administration  by  the  admission 
of  two  or  three  men  of  ability  (LEWIS,  Ad- 
ministrations, p.  14 ;  STANHOPE,  History,  vi. 
222-6).  Soon  after  this  Fox  definitely  at- 
tflp.hftfl_  himself  to  the  Rockingham  party. 
He  still  thought  a  coalition  possible,  and  on 
24  Jan.  1779  urged  it  on  Rockingham  as  an 
opportunity  of  restoring  the  whig  party  to 
power.  His  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
pointed  out  his  mistake,  insisted  that  the  ne- 
gotiations then  afoot  meant  simply '  an  offer 
of  places  without  power,'  and  exhorted  him  to 
be  patient  and  steadfast  (Memoirs  of  Rock- 
ingham, ii.  371 ;  Memorials,  i.  213).  He  fol- 
lowed this  advice.  Meanwhile  he  had  not 
abated  the  vehemence  of  his  opposition.  In 

H  2 


Fox 


100 


Fox 


the  debate  on  the  address  in  November  1778  he 
criticised  the  naval  arrangements,  and  advo- 
cated the  withdrawal  of  troops  from  America 
and  the  prosecution  of  the  war  against  France. 
'  America,'  he  said,  '  must  be  conquered  in 
France ;  France  can  never  be  conquered  in 
America,'  and  he  declared  that  the  war  of 
the  Americans  was  a  '  war  of  passion,'  the 
war  of  France  a  '  war  of  interest '  (Speeches, 
i.  131-8).  After  Christmas  he  attacked 
the  admiralty,  which  was  wretchedly  mis- 
managed by  Lord  Sandwich,  and  on  3  March 
moved  a  vote  of  censure  on  the  ground  that 
when  Keppel  had  been  sent  to  prevent  a  junc- 
tion of  two  French  squadrons  the  previous 
June  he  had  only  twenty  ships,  though  there 
were  twenty-seven  ships  of  the  line  in  the 
Brest  waters,  and  five  more  nearly  ready  for 
sea.  The  motion  was  lost  by  204  to  170,  an 
unusually  large  minority  (ib.  pp.  140-60).  He 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  Keppel  against 
Palliser  and  Sandwich  with  reference  to  the 
engagement  off  Ushant.  When  the  news  of 
Keppel's  acquittal  reached  London  at  3  A.M. 
on  11  Feb.,  he  and  some  of  his  friends  were 
drinking  at  Almack's ;  they  sallied  out  into  the 
streets,  and  one  of  the  party  is  said  to  have 
incited  the  mob  to  break  Lord  G.  Germaine's 
windows  (Last  Journals,  ii.  343).  J^ 

By  this  time  it  had  become  abundantly 
evident  that  the  king's  determination  to  carry 
on  the  war  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  resistance 
offered  by  North  and  the  majority  of  the  com- 
mons to  the  policy  of  the  opposition.   Accord- 
ingly, on  25  Nov.,  at  the  opening  of  the  ses- 
sion, Fox  referred  to  the  unconstitutional  cha- 
Iracter  of  the  doctrine  that  the  king  might 
flbe  his  own  minister,  spoke  of  the  punish- 
ments that  befell  Charles  I  and  James  II, 
and  compared  the  king  and  his  reign  to  | 
Henry  VI  and  the  period  of  his  losses  in  • 
France.     He  also  made  a  violent  attack  on  , 
Adam.     This  led  to  a  duel  on  the  29th,  in  j 
which  Fox  was  slightly  wounded  [see  under  j 
ADAM,  WILLIAM].    He  was  now  the  'idoLof  j 
the  people.'     On  2  Feb.  llSUhe  took  the 
chair  at  a  great  meeting  in  Westminster 
Hall,  where  a  petition  was  adopted  praying 
the  commons  to  reform  abuses  in  the  public 
expenditure.  At  this  meeting  he  was  received 
as  candidate  for  the  city  of  Westminster  at  ; 
the  approaching  election.     At  another  meet- 
ing of  the  same  sort  on  5  April  he  declared 
for  yearly  parliaments  and  an  additional  hun- 
dred knights  of  the  shire,  and  when  a  motion  ! 
was  brought  forward  on  8  May  for  triennial 
parliaments  upheld  it  on  the  ground  that  it  j 
would  lessen  the  influence  of  the  crown,  to 
which  he  traced  all  the  misfortunes  of  the 
country  (Speeches,  i.  276).     He  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  the  debates  on  economical 


_  [see  under  BURKE,  EDMUND]  ;  on 
8  March  combated  Rigby's  theory  that  the 
house  was  not  competent  to  disturb  the  exist- 
ing arrangement  with  the  crown,  declaring 
that  if  this  was  so  there  '  was  an  end  of  the 
constitution,'  and  he  would  never  enter  the 
house  again,  and  insisting  that  the  only  way 
to  narrow  influence  was  by  the  reduction  of 
the  civil  list  (ib.  p.  224).  During  the  Gordon 
riots  in  the  first  week  of  June  Fox  joined  a 
party  of  young  men  who  kept  guard  over 
the  Marquis  of  Rockingham's  house  in 
Grosvenor  Square,  and  on  the  20th  made  a 
fine  speech  of  three  hours  in  favour  of  relief 
of  the  Rnmnn  qftthnlici,  declaring  himself  a 
'  friend  to  universal  toleration.  In  July 
fresh  negotiations  were  set  on  foot  between 
North  and  the  leaders  of  the  opposition. 
Rockingham  proposed  that  Fox  should  be 
'  considered.'  The  king  objected  to  Fox  on 
the  ground  that  he  advocated  shortening  the 
duration  of  parliaments,  but  added,  '  As  to 
Mr.  Fox,  if  any  lucrative,  not  ministerial, 
office  can  be  pointed  out  for  him,  provided 
he  will  support  the  ministry,  I  shall  have  no 
objection.  He  never  had  any  principle,  and 
can  therefore  act  as  his  interest  may  guide 
him '  (Memorials,  i.  252).  The  negotiations 
failed.  While  the  king's  opinion  of  Fox 
was  harsh,  some  of  the  circumstances  of  his 
early  career,  his  insubordination  in  office,  and 
his  rapid  change  from  toryism  to  '  virulent 
and  unqualified  opposition  to  his  former 
chief,'  even  though  he  had  never  defended 
the  quarrel  with  the  American  colonies,  and' 
though  American  questions  had  not  become 
urgent  until  the  time  of  his  secession,  cer- 
tainly gave  his  enemies  some  excuse  for  speak- 
ing ill  of  him,  while  his  dissipated  life  de- 
prived him  of  the  weight  that  attaches  to  cha- 
racter (LECKT,  History,  iii.  528).  This  was 
the  period  of  his  greatest  pecuniary  embar- 
rassments. In  January  1779  he  is  said  to 
have  jestingly  asked  for  a  place  on  the  council 
for  India  as  a  means  of  gaining  a  livelihood 
(Life  of  Sir  P.  Francis,  ii.  172).  Two  years 
later  he  won  70,000/.,  at  least  so  it  is  said,  in 
partnership  with  others  at  hazard,  lost  it  all 
at  Newmarket,  and  was  30,000/.  'worse  than 
nothing '  (Auckland  Correspondence,  i.  320). 
Although  he  was  then  lodging  in  St.  James's 
Street,  near  the  gambling  club,  where  he 
spent  nearly  all  his  spare  time,  he  was  often 
in  need  of  the  smallest  sums,  and  on  20  June 
1781  his  books  were  sold  under  a  writ  of  exe- 
cution (Memorials,  i.  265).  He  bore  his  losses/ 
with  great  equanimity.  Immediately  after  a] 
run  of  ill-luck  that  left  him  penniless  he  was! 
found  quietly  reading  Herodotus;  at  other  1 
times  he  would  at  once  fall  sound  asleep.  By ) 
1781  his  dissipation  is  said  to  have  brought 


Fox 


101 


Fox 


on  internal  pains,  but  he  used  each  year  to 
lay  in  a  fresh  store  of  health  by  spending 
some  weeks  in  shooting  in  Norfolk  (WRAX- 
ALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  15,  23  ;  WALPOLE,  Letters, 
viii.  41  ;  but  as  regards  Fox's  health  compare 
Memorials,  i.  264  n.~)  His  embarrassments 
rendered  his  faithfulness  to  his  party  espe- 
cially praiseworthy;  his  opposition  to  the 
American  war  was  sincere,  and  the  emolu- 
ments of  office  could  not  tempt  him  to  be 
false  to  his  principles. 

In  October  1780  Rodney  and  Fmr  were 
returned  for  Westminster,  the   ministerial 
defeated  by  a  large  majority 


During  the  canvass  the  whig  electors  adopted 
a  resolution  to  defend  Fox's  safety,  as  he 
would  probably  be  made  the  '  object  of  such 
attacks  as  he  had  already  experienced,  and 
to  which  every  unprincipled  partisan  of 
power  is  invited  by  the  certainty  of  a  re- 
ward.' Fox  at  this  time  adopted  the  blue 
frock-coat  and  buff  waistcoat  which  are  said 
to  have  given  the  whigs  their  party  colours, 
still  commemorated  on  the  cover  of  the  '  Edin- 
burgh Review  '  (  WRAXALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  27  ; 
the  connection  is  doubtful,  and  rests  on  Wrax- 
all's  assertion,  which,  however,  is  perhaps  cor- 
roborated by  the  phrase  '  pur  buff  and  blue 
chief,'  Auckland  Correspondence,  ii.  369).  The 
appointment  of  Palliser  as  governor  of  Green- 
wich Hospital  provoked  Fox  to  renew  his 
attacks  upon  him,  and  on  1  Feb.  he  spoke  se- 
verely of  the  exercise  of  the  royal  influence  in 
driving  Keppel  from  the  borough  of  Windsor. 
This  greatly  annoyed  the  king  (Speeches,  i. 
295  ;  Letters  to  North,  ii.  357).  On  7  March  he 
attacked  North  on  finance,  pointing  out  that 
the  minister's  proposal  to  raise  twelve  millions 
by  annuities  and  480,000/.  by  lottery  showed 
utter  disregard  of  the  public  interest,  and 
that  the  profit  on  the  loan  would  be  900,000/., 
which  North  would  have  the  power  of  dis- 
tributing among  his  supporters,  and  which 
would  thus  become  a  means  of  maintaining 
a  majority;  the  lottery  scheme  he  considered 
as  injurious  to  the  morals  of  the  people. 
"When  pursuing  this  subject  on  30  May  he 
made  a  violent  attack  on  North,  personating 
the  minister  at  his  levee  as  inducing  members 
to  vote  for  the  continuance  of  the  war  by 
representing  that  he  had  900,00(W.  to  distri- 
bute (Speeches,  i.  316,  364  ;  WRAXALL,  Me- 
moirs, i.  98).  On  15  June  he  carried  the 
commitment  of  a  bill  to  amend  the  marriage 
act,  making  a  speech  of  remarkable  power, 
in  which  he  compared  the  results  of  lawful 
and  unlawful  union  (Speeches,  i.  413).  When 
parliament  met  on  27  Nov.  news  had  been 
received  of  the  surrender  of  Yorktown.  Fox 
moved  an  amendment  to  the  address,  and, 
angered  by  a  remark  that  the  house  had  heard 


with  impatience  the  narratives  of  the  Ame- 
rican disasters,  declared  that  the  ministers 
'  must  by  the  aroused  indignation  and  ven- 
geance of  an  injured  and  undone  people  hear  \ 
of  them  at  the  tribunal  of  justice  and  expiate  1 
them  on  the  public  scaffold;'  he  exposed  the  I 
wretched  condition  of  the  navy,  and  appealed 
to  the  house  not  to  go  on  with  the  war.    His 
amendment  was  lost  by  218  to  129  (ib.  pp. 
427,  436).     During  January  and  February 


continued  his  attacks  on  the  mal- 
administration of  the  navy,  and  the  majority 
rapidly  decreased.  On  8  March  Adam  taunted 
him  with  looking  outside  the  house  for  the 
wishes  of  the  people,  especially  as  regards 
the  duration  of  parliaments.     In  reply  Fox\ 
made  a  sort  of  confession  of  the  principles  : 
he  would  follow  if  the  ministry  was  over- 
thrown ;  he  spoke  of  the  corrupt  state  of  the  ' 
house,  and  declared  that  it  ought  to  be  made 
to  represent  the  people,  but  that  it  would  be 
of  little  use  to  shorten  parliaments  unless 
the  influence  of  the  crown  was  abated  ;  hel 
desired   an  administration  formed  on  the  . 
broadest  basis  (ib.  ii.  40  ;  Parl.  Hist.  xxii.  / 
1136  ;  WRAXALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  222).    North 
resigned  on  the  20th. 

On  the  25th  Fox  took  office  as  foreign 
secretaryin  Lord  Rockingham's  administra- 
jion7  His  appointment  was  immensely 
popular  (he  appears  in  the  caricature  '  The 
Captive  Prince  '  as  the  ruler  of  the  mob). 
As  minister  he  was  '  indefatigable,'  and  for 
the  time  wholly  gave  up  play  (WALPOLE, 
Letters,  viii.  217  ;  Memorials,  i.  320  n.) 
He  was  not  satisfied  with  the  composition 
of  the  ministry  ;  it  consisted,  he  said,  '  of 
two  parts,  one  belonging  to  the  king,  the 
other  to  the  public  ;  '  the  king's  part  was  led 
by  Shelburne,  the  other  secretary,  and  it  soon 
became  evident  that  he  and  Fox  regarded  each 
other  with  the  distrust  and  jealousy  natural 
to  men  who  are  forced  by  circumstances  to 
act  together  while  they  are  rivals  and  enemies 
at  heart,  as  well  as  with  an  intense  personal 
dislike'  (ib.  pp.  314,  316;  LECKT,  History,  iv. 
216).  On  17  May  Fox  brought  in  the  bill 
for  the  repeal  of  the  declaratory  act  of 
George  I  and  for  other  concessions  to  Ireland. 
He  had  already,  on  6  Dec.  1779,  expressed 
in  parliament  his  approval  of  the  Irish  asso- 
ciation, and  of  '  the  determination  that  in 
the  dernier  ressort  flew  to  arms  to  obtain 
deliverance'  (Speeches,  i.  221).  He  now 
said  that  he  '  would  rather  see  Ireland  totally  g 
separated  from  the  crown  of  England  than  I 
kept  in  obedience  by  mere  force.'  In  acceding  I 
to  the  four  demands  of  the  Irish  he  was  anxious 
'  to  meet  Ireland  on  her  owniterms,'  and 
contemplated  a  formal  treaty  which  should 
regulate  the  relationship  between  the  two 


Fox 


102 


Fox 


kingdoms.  Finally,  he  praised  the  moderation 
of  the  volunteers  (ib.  ii.  64).  He  supported 
Pitt's  motion  for  parliamentary  reform  on  the 
ground  that  it  gave  power  to  those  who  had  a 
stake  in  the  country  (ib.  p.  67).  In  his  special 
department  he  desired  to  counterbalance  the 
power  of  France  by  alliances  with  Russia  and 
Prussia,  and  in  order  to  satisfy  Russia  made 
offers  to  Holland  on  the  basis  of  the '  armed 
neutrality'  (MALMESBURY,  Diaries,  i.  497- 
517 ;  Memorials,  iii.  300 ;  Life,  i.  299).  The 
discord  between  the  two  secretaries  increased 
(Graf ton  MSS.,  quoted  LECKY,  History,  iv. 
224),  and  came  to  a  crisis  about  the  negotia- 
tions for  peace.  Fox  desired  that  the  inde- 
pendence of  America  should  be  acknow- 
ledged unconditionally,  and  not  as  part  of 
the  joint  treaty  with  America  and  France. 
Shelburne  preferred  to  receive  the  acknow- 
ledgment for  the  joint  treaty,  and  use  it  as 
a  set-off  to  claims  for  territory.  The  treaty 
with  France  belonged  to  Fox's  department, 
negotiations  with  the  American  colonies  to 
Shelburne's.  A  merchant  named  Oswald 
was  employed,  first  informally  by  Shelburne, 
and  then  by  the  cabinet,  to  negotiate  with 
Franklin  at  Paris.  Oswald  was  unfit  for 
bis  work,  and  encouraged  Franklin  to  ex- 
pect large  concessions,  embodied  in  a  paper 
which  Shelburne  concealed  from  Fox.  On 
23  May  the  cabinet  came  round  to  Fox's  ideas, 
and  authorised  Grenville,  Fox's  envoy  to 
Vergennes,  '  to  propose  the  independency  of 
America  in  the  first  instance '  (Memorials,  i. 
357).  Fox  contended  that,  as  America  was 
thus  recognised  as  independent,  negotiations 
belonged  for  the  future  to  him  as  foreign 
minister,  while  Shelburne  claimed  them  as 
secretary  for  the  colonies  (ib.  p.  439).  The 
king  agreed  with  Shelburne,  for  he  desired 
that  Oswald  might  be  a  'check'  on  Fox 
(Life  of  Shelburne,  iii.  184).  Fox  was  out- 
voted in  the  cabinet,  and  Oswald  was  sent 
back  to  Paris.  When  Oswald  returned, 
Grenville,  who  had  been  negotiating  with 
Franklin,  found  that  Franklin  became  re- 
served ;  he  complained  to  Fox  and  told  him 
of  the  private  paper,  for  Oswald  informed 
him  of  it.  Fox  was  indignant  at  Shelburne's 
duplicity,  and  demanded  Oswald's  recall. 
The  majority  of  the  cabinet,  however,  decided 
to  grant  him  full  powers.  On  30  June  Fox 
desired  that  the  independence  of  America 
should  be  unconditionally  acknowledged, 
which  would  have  put  the  whole  negotiations 
into  his  hands.  Shelburne  declared  that  the 
instructions  of  23  May  only  indicated  a  re- 
cognition that  might  be  withdrawn  in  case 
other  negotiations  failed  ;  he  was  supported 
by  the  majority  of  the  cabinet,  and  Fox  an- 
nounced his  intention  of  resigning  (ib.  p.  218 ; 


Memorials,  i.  434-9 ;  FKA^KLIN,  Works,  ix. 
335 ;  LEWIS,  Administrations,  pp.  31-50 ; 
LECKT,  History,  iv.  223-35,  where  this  in- 
tricate subject  is  admirably  elucidated). 

Fox's  resignation  was  delayed,  for  Rock- 
ingham  was  on  his  deathbed,  and  died  the 
next  day.  Fox  advised  the  king  to  send  for 
one  of  the  Rockingham  party,  and  wished 
for  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of  Portland. 
The  king  preferred  Shelburne,  and  Fox,  Lord 
John  Cavendish,  'with  Burke,  Sheridan,  and 
some  others  not  in  the  cabinet,  resigned.' 
Fox's  resignation  broke  up  the  Rockingham  I 
party.  He  has  been  much  blamed  for  it  i 
(Memorials,  i.  472) ;  but  the  king  knew  that  ( 
it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  work  with 
Shelburne  (Life  of  Shelburne,  iii.  220),  Burke 
advised  him  not  to  try  it  (Memorials,  i.  457), 
and  Elliot  thought  resignation  necessary  to 
his  credit  (Life  of  Sir  G.  Elliot,  i.  80).  He 
defended  his  resignation  on  the  grounds  that 
he  felt  general  want  of  confidence,  that 
Rockingham's  'system'  had  been  abandoned, 
and  that,  while  he  maintained  that  the  ac- 
knowledgment of  American  independence 
should  be  unconditional,  Shelburne  wished 
to  make  it  the  price  of  peace  (Speeches,  ii. 
73, 97).  Considering  the  differences  between 
him  and  Shelburne  on  this  subject,  and,  in- 
deed, on  other  matters,  and  the  fact  that  if 
he  had  remained  in  office  he  would  always 
have  been  in  a  minority  in  the  cabinet,  his 
resignation  appears  justified.  His  loss  of 
office  was  made  the  subject  of  three  famous 
caricatures,  one  by  James  Sayer  entitled 
'  Paradise  Lost,'  the  other  two  by  J.  Gillray, 
who  represents  him  in  one  as  in  the  envious 
mood  of  Milton's  Satan,  and  in  the  other, 
'  Guy  Vaux  and  Judas  Iscariot,'  as  wrangling 
with  Shelburne  (WEIGHT).  His  party  could 
now  count  on  ninety  votes,  and  he  held  the  .' 
balance  between  the  supporters  of  the  mi- 1 
nority  and  the  party  of  North.  A  design 
was  at  once  formed  to  bring  about  a  coalition 
between  Fj2x_ajkd_Nqrth  (Auckland  Corre- 
spondence, i.  9,  28).  Political  sympathy  dic- 
tated a  union  between  the  Foxites  and  the 
ministerial  party;  personal  dislike  prevented 
it.  In  February  an  attempt  was  made  to 
induce  Fox  to  come  to  terms  with  the  Shel- 
burne whigs.  He  refused  to  enter  any  ad- 
ministration of  which  Shelburne  was  the 
head.  On  the  17th  his  coalition  with  North  > 
became  patent,  and  on  the  21st  the  two 
combined  parties  defeated  the  ministry  on  a 
motion  concerning  the  peace.  The  coalition 
with  North  forcibly  illustrates  Fox's  levity 
and  indiscretion ;  he  defended  it  on  the  pleal 
that  quarrels  should  be  short,  friendships! 
abiding;  but  his  differences  with  North  were! 
not  personal,  they  were  matters  of  political' 


Fox 


103 


Fox 


[principle.  He  declared  that  the  cause  of 
(quarrel,  the  American  war,  had  passed,  and 
that  there  was  therefore  no  reason  why  he 
should  not  act  with  North.  But  his  late 
censures  on  North  had  not  been  confined  to 
the  minister's  persistence  in  the  war,  he  had 
attacked  North's  character  as  a  statesman, 
had  maintained  that  he  was  a  bad  and  cor- 
rupt minister,  and  had  threatened  him  with 
impeachment.  Besides,  North  was,  and  re- 
i  mained,  a  tory,  while  Fox  had  embraced  the 
I  principles  of  the  Rockingham  whigs.  Fox 
1  himself  declared  that  nothing  could  justify 
(the junction  but  success;  he  hoped  that  it 
would  lead  to  the  establishment  of  a  strong 
administration  which  would  be  able  to  resist 
the  intrigues  of  the  crown  ;  the  king  was  to 
be  treated  with  respect,  but  was  to  have 
only  the  semblance  of  power,  and  there  was 
to  be  no  government  by  departments  (Me- 
morials, ii.  38,  iv.  40,  102).  The  coalition 
ruined  the  whigs,  disgusted  the  nation, 
and  was  overthrown  by  the  king.  George 
struggled  hard  against  it ;  he  hated  Fox  not 
merely  for  political  reasons,  but  because  he 
believed  that  he  encouraged  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  evil  courses,  and  in  unfilial  conduct 
(ib.  i.  269) .  The  prince  was  intimate  with  Fox, 
and  upheld  him  as  a  politician,  greatly  to  his 
father's  annoyance.  Although  the  king  used 
every  effort  to  exclude  Fox  from  the  adminis- 
tration (  Courts  and  Cabinets,  i.  169, 172,  213), 
he  was  beaten  by  the  coalition,  and  on  2  April 
Fox  took  office  as  foreign  secretary  with 
North  and  under  the  headship  of  the  Duke 
of  Portland.  He  was  re-elected  for  West- 
minster on  the  7th  without  opposition,  though 
amid  some  hissing. 

The  coalition  was  violently  disapproved 
1  by  the  nation ;  it  offended  the  democratic 
party  equally  with  the  court,  and  was  held 
up  to  public  ridicule  both  in  print  and  in 
caricatures  (e.g.  by  Sayer  in  the  '  Medal '  and 
the  'Mask,'  in  the  'Drivers  of  the  State- 
coach  '  and  '  Razor's  Levee,'  and  by  Gillray 
in  his  double  picture,  '  The  Astonishing  Coa- 
lition ').  As  minister  Fox  was  respectful  to 
the  king,  but  he  could  get  no  more  in  return 
than  bare  civility,  for  George  smarted  under 
his  defeat,  and  was  determined  to  get  rid  of 
his  new  ministers.  In  foreign  politics  Fox 
tried  to  follow  the  line  which  has  already 
been  noticed  in  the  account  of  his  official 
work  during  the  Rockingham  administration ; 
he  describes  the  formation  of  '  a  continental 
alliance  as  a  balance  to  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon' as  his  guiding  principle.  He  was 
thwarted  by  the  indifference  of  the  king  and 
the  unwillingness  of  Frederic  of  Prussia.  In 
|  May  he  supported  Pitt's  resolutions  for  re- 
form of  parliament  (Speeches,  ii.  172),  while 


North  opposed  them.  By  his  persuasion  the 
ministers  pledged  themselves  to  obtain  a 
grant  of  100,000/.  a  year  for  the  prince.  The 
king  proposed  50,0001.  a  year  to  be  taken 
from  his  own  civil  list.  *  On  17  June  it 
seemed  likely  that  the  matter  would  end  in 
the  dismissal  of  the  ministers,  but  it  was 
arranged  by  the  prince  himself.  Fox  acted 
in  this  affair  rather  as  a  friend  to  the  prince 
than  as  a  minister  of  the  crown  (WRAXALL, 
Memoirs,  iii.  111).  With  respect  to  Ireland 
he  exhorted  the  lord-lieutenant,  Lord  North- 
ington,  '  not  to  be  swayed  in  the  slightest 
degree  by  the  armed  volunteers'  associations ; ' 
he  considered  that  the  concessions  of  1782 
'  closed  the  account,'  and  would  have  nothing 
yielded  to  threats  (Memorials,  ii.  163).  The 
condition  of  Indian  finance,  the  abuses  of  the 
administration,  and  the  conduct  of  the  court 
of  proprietors  in  retaining  Warren  Hastings 
as  governor-general  of  Bengal  rendered  it 
necessary  to  reform  the  government  of  India, 
and  on  18  Nov.  Fox  brought  in  a  bill  for 
that  purpose;  the  conception  and  the  particu-| 
lars  of  the  bill  must  be  ascribed  to  Burke,  but\ 
Fox  made  the  measure  his  own  and  recom- 
mended it  with  uncommon  power  (NICHOLLS,  ' 
Recollections,  i.  65).  Although  he  was  con^ 
scious  that  by  bringing  in  this  India  bill  before1 
the  ministry  was  firmly  established  he  was: 
risking  his  power,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  incur, 
that  danger '  when  the  happiness  of  so  many 
millions  was  at  stake '  (ib.  p.  219).  He  erposed 
the  deplorable  condition  of  the  company,  de- 
fended the  recall  of  Hastings,  and,  as  illustra- 
tions of  the  bad  government  of  which  he  was 
the  principal  agent,  dwelt  on  the  iniquities  of 
the  transactions  with  Cheyt  Sing  and  the  be- 
gums of  Oude  and  the  Rohilla  war.  In  order 
to  remedy  abuses  he  proposed  to  constitute 
a  supreme  council  in  England,  consisting  of 
seven  commissioners,  to  be  named  by  the  legis- 
lature, who  should  hold  office  for  four  years 
and  have  complete  control  over  government, 
patronage,  and  commerce.  At  the  end  of 
their  period  of  office  the  right  of  nomination 
was  to  vest  in  the  crown.  A  board  of  as- 
sistant-directors chosen  from  the  largest  pro- 
prietors was  to  manage  commercial  details  ; 
these  assistants  were  to  be  appointed  in  the 
first  instance  for  four  years  by  parliament, 
and  vacancies  were  to  be  filled  up  by  the 
proprietors.  Provision  was  made  in  a  second 
bill  for  giving  security  to  landowners  and  for 
certain  other  matters  (Speeches,  ii.  194).  The 
first  bill  was  carried  in  the  commons,  but 
the  opposition  raised  a  strong  feeling  against 
it  by  representing  that  it  struck  at  chartered 
rights  and  at  royal  prerogative.  All  public 
companies  were  said  to  be  endangered  ;  the 
bill  was  declared  to  provide  opportunities 


Fox 


104 


Fox 


for  corruption,  and,  above  all,  the  tories  re- 
presented that  it  gave  the  whig  majority  in 
the  commons  the  virtual  sovereignty  of  India. 
Fox  was  said  to  be  attempting  to  make  him- 
self '  king  of  Bengal,'  and  Sayer's  fine  cari- 
cature, '  Carlo  Khan's  Triumphal  Entry  into 
Leadenhall  Street,'  gave,  so  he  declared,  the  i 
severest  blow  to  his  bill  in  the  public  estima-  '<• 
tion  (WRIGHT).     The  king  was  easily  in-  ! 
duced  to  believe  that  his  prerogative  was  j 
attacked.     As  the  right  of  nomination  only 
belonged  to  the  parliament  for  four  years, 
and  the  nominees  were  liable  to  be  removed 
by  the  king  on  address  by  either  house  of 
parliament,  the  declaration  that  the  bill  was 
an  attempt  to  deprive  the  sovereign  of  his 
rights  was  certainly  exaggerated  and  was 
due  to  party  considerations.     The  king  used 
•y»    his  personal  influence  through  Lord  Temple 
^    to  secure  the  rejection  of  the  bill  and  the 
xx    defeat  of  his  ministers  in  the  House  of  Lords 
•\   Ion  17  Dec.,  and  the  next  day  Fox  and  his 
(colleagues  were  dismissed. 

Foxs  large  majority  in  the  commons  made 
it  probable  that  the  king  would  dissolve  the 
house  in  order  to  gain  a  majority  in  favour 
of  the  new  ministry  which  was  formed  by 
Pitt.  Fox  determined  to  prevent  a  dissolu- 
tion and  an  appeal  to  the  nation,  and  was 
confident  that  he  should  be  able  to  force  the 
king  to  recall  the  late  ministry.  The  king 
could  not  dissolve  until  the  Land  Tax  Bill 
had  been  passed,  and  the  house  deferred  the 
third  reading  and  presented  an  address  against 
dissolution.  On  12  Jan.  1784  Fox  moved  for 
a  committee  on  the  stateoT  the  nation,  en- 
deavouring to  make  a  dissolution  impossible, 
and  declaring  that '  it  would  render  gentlemen 
in  some  degree  accomplices  in  the  guilt  of  a 
dissolution  without  cause,  if  they  suffered  the 
land  bill  to  go  out  of  their  hands  without 
taking  measures  to  guard  against  the  evils 
which  might  be  expected  from  a  dissolution' 
(Speeches,  ii.  305).  The  motion  was  carried 
by  a  majority  of  thirty-nine.  On  the  23rd 
.he  spoke  against,  and  procured  the  rejection 
ipf,  Pitt's  East  India  Bill.  He  endeavoured 
jto  force  Pitt  to  resign  by  a  series  of  votes 
(of  censure  and  addresses  to  the  crown,  and 
took  his  stand  on  the  principle  that  a  minis- 
ter who  persisted  in  retaining  office  against 
the  wishes  of  a  majority  in  the  commons  was 
guilty  of  contempt  of  the  opinion  of  the 
house.  In  this  long  attack  on  the  ministry 
he  committed  some  grave  mistakes ;  he  at- 
tempted to  restrain  the  crown  from  exercis- 
ing its  undoubted  right,  and  he  showed  that 
he  was  unwilling  to  submit  his  cause  to  the 
judgment  of  the  country.  As  a  matter  of 
tactics  he  foolishly  gave'Pitt  time  to  gain  a 
hold  upon  the  constituencies,  and  he  showed 


a  want  of  political  knowledge  in  staking  his 
success  on  the  stability  of  his  majority  in  the 
house.  On  the  20th  the  section  styled  the 
'  country  gentlemen '  called  for  a  coalition, 
and  the  attempt  was  renewed  on  2  Feb.  Fox, 
while  professing  that  he  was  not  averse  to  the 
idea,  declared  that  a  junction  was  impossible, 
as  it  could  not  be  founded  on  principle  (t'6. 
p.  353).  The  king  and  Pitt  remained  firm, 
but  Fox's  majority  gradually  dwindled.  On 
20  Feb.  an  address  to  the  crown  was  carried 
by  twenty-one;  on  1  March  Fox  moved 
another  address  and  had  a  majority  of  twelve, 
this  sank  to  nine  on  a  motion  to  delay  the 
Mutiny  Bill  on  the  5th,  and  on  the  8th  a 
representation  on  public  affairs  was  only 
carried  by  191  to  190.  On  the  10th  the 
Mutiny  Bill  was  passed  without  a  division, 
and  on  the  25th  parliament  was  dissolved. 
Thus  ended  the  struggle  in  which  Dr.  John- 
son said  'Fox  divided  the  kingdom  with 
Caesar  ;  so  that  it  was  a  doubt  whether  the 
nation  should  be  ruled  by  the  sceptre  of 
George  III  or  the  tongue  of  Fox'  (BoswELi, 
Life  of  Johnson,  iv.  315).  Fox's  defeat  was 
caricatured  by  Sayer  in  the '  Fall  of  Phaeton* 
(WRIGHT). 

His  popularity  had  been  ruined  by  the  coali- 
tion, the  India  bill,  and  his  attempt  to  prevents 
an  appeal  to  the  country,  and  in  the  general]! 
election  upwards  of  160  members  lost  theinl  f 
seats,  almost  all  of  whom  were  '  friends  OM 
the  late  administration  '  (Annual  Register,. 
1784-5,  xxv.  147).  Fox  was  opposed  at 
Westminster  by  Sir  Cecil  Wray.  The  poll 
was  opened  on  1  April  and  closed  on  17  May, 
when  the  numbers  were — Lord  Hood,  6,694; 
Fox,  6,234;  Wray,  5,998.  During  the  whole 
period  the  city  was  a  scene  of  riot.  By  far 
the  most  efficient  canvasser  for  Fox  was- 
Georgina,  duchess  of  Devonshire,  who  was 
aided  by  other  whig  ladies,  and  was  shame- 
fully libelled  in  the  'Morning  Post'  and 
'Advertiser.'  He  also  received  much  help 
from  the  songs  of  Captain  Morris.  No  other 
occasion  probably  has  called  forth  such  a  pro- 
fusion of  lampoons  and  caricatures  (WRIGHT, 
Caricature  History,  p.  387 ;  for  squibs  and 
history  of  the  election  see  under  authorities. 
The  most  noteworthy  caricatures  are  on 
Fox's  side  those  attributed  to  Rowlandson 
to  be  found  in  the  '  History  of  the  Election ' 
and  elsewhere,  the  'Champion  of  the  People/ 
the  'State  Auction,'  and  the  'Hanoverian 
Horse  and  the  British  Lion,'  and  against  him 
GiJlray's '  Returning  from  Brooks's ').  At  the 
cl»se  of  the  poll  the  high  bailiff  granted  Wray 
a  scrutiny,  and  on  the  meeting  of  parliament 
the  next  day  simply  reported  the  numbers, 
making  no  return  to  the  writ  on  pretence  of 
not  having  finished  the  scrutiny  (Annual  Re- 


Fox 


105 


Fox 


fftster,  xxv.  279).  Fox,  however,  was  enabled 
to  take  his  seat,  as  he  was  returned  for  Kirk- 
wall.  On  8  June  he  spoke  on  the  subject  01 
the  scrutiny,  arguing  that  by  Grenville's  act 
such  questions  should  not  be  decided  by 
votes  of  the  house,  and  that  the  bailiff  had 
acted  on  insufficient  evidence  and  had  no 
right  to  grant  a  scrutiny  to  be  continued 
after  the  writ  became  returnable  (Speeches, 
ii.  451).  A  struggle  on  this  matter  was 
kept  up  during  two  sessions.  At  last  it  be- 
came evident  that  there  was  no  chance  of 
unseating  Fox,  and  on  3  March  1785  the 
high  bailiff  was  ordered  to  make  his  return, 
and  Hood  and  Fox  were  declared  duly 
elected.  All  the  expenses  of  the  election 
were  paid  by  Fox's  political  friends.  He 
was  in  great  difficulties  ;  all  his  effects  were 
seized,  and  he  was  forced  to  leave  his  lodg- 
ings in  St.  James's.  Shortly  before  this  time 
he  had  formed  a  connection  with 'Elizabeth 
Bridget  Cane,  otherwise  Armistead  or  Arm- 
stead,  a  woman  of  good  manners  and  some 
education,  who  is  said  to  have  begun  life  as 
waiting-woman  to  Mrs.  Abington  [q.  v.] 
(Early  Life  of  Samuel  Rogers,  p.  264).  She 
took  him  to  St.  Anne's  Hill,  a  house  beauti- 
fully situated,  with  about  thirty  acres  of  land, 
near  Chertsey  in  Surrey.  Mrs.  Armistead, 
to  give  her  the  title  invariably  used  by  Fox, 
appears  to  have  bought  this  property  about 
1778  (BRAYLEY,  History  of  Surrey,  i'i.  238). 
There  Fox  indulged  his  tastes  for  gardening 
and  literature,  and  thoroughly  enjoyed  a 
country  life  in  company  with  a  woman  to 
whom  he  was  sincerely  attached,  and  who 
devoted  herself  to  promoting  his  happiness. 
For  some  years  he  stayed  in  London  during 
the  sessions  of  parliament,  and  actively  though 
vainly  led  the  opposition.  When  Pitt  brought 
forward  his  resolutions  regulating  the  condi- 
tions of  commerce  between  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  he  condemned  them  on  the 
grounds  that  they  would  injure  the  mercan- 
tile interests  of  England,  and  would  place 
Ireland  in  a  position  of  dependence  by  im- 
posing uncertain  restraints  '  at  the  arbitrary 
demand  of  another  state '  (Speeches,  iii.  57 
sq.)  As  one  of  the  champions  of  English 
commercial  interests  he  received  a  warm 
welcome  at  Manchester  in  September ;  this 
greatly  pleased  him,  for  he  loved  popularity 
(Memorials,  ii.  270).  In  the  previous  April 
he  expressed  his  approval  of  the  principle  of 
Pitt's  motion  for  parliamentary  reform,  but 
objected  to  the  proposal  for  buying  up  the 
borough  seats,  contending  that  the  franchise 
was  not  a  property  but  a  trust.  The  attack 
on  Hastings  was  begun  the  next  year,  and 
in  May  appeared  Gillray's  caricature, '  Poli- 
tical banditti  assaulting  the  Saviour  of  India,' 


in  which  Fox  appears  attacking  Hastings 
with  a  dagger.  On  2  June  Fox  made  an 
effective  reply  to  Grenville's  defence  of  Hast- 
ings against  the  charges  brought  against  him 
by  Burke  with  reference  to  the  Rohilla  war,, 
and  on  the  13th  laid  before  the  committee 
the  Benares  charge,  accusing  Hastings  of 
plundering  Chey  t  Sing,  of  causing  the  women 
taken  at  Bidgigur  to  be  ill-treated,  and  of 
acting  tyrannically  at  Benares;  he  concluded 
with  a  motion  of  impeachment.  Pitt  un- 
expectedly declared  that  he  would  vote  for 
the  motion,  which  was  carried.  Early  in 
1787  he  took  part  in  the  debate  on  the  Oude 
charge.  He  served  on  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  articles  of  impeachment, 
was  one  of  the  managers,  and  urged  that 
Francis  should  be  added  to  the  number. 
During  the  progress  of  the  trial,  in  1788,  he 
argued  on  the  course  of  proceedings,  opened 
the  first  part  of  the  Benares  charge  in  a 
speech  which  lasted  five  hours,  and  on  23  Dec. 
1789  spoke  with  much  force  against  the 
abatement  of  the  impeachment  by  reason  of 
the  dissolution  of  parliament  (Speeches,  iv. 
126). 

In  February  1787  Fox  assailed  the  com- 
mercial treaty  with  France,  though  it  cer- 
tainly promised  to  be  of  great  advantage  to 
England.  His  opposition  was  based  on  poli- 
tical grounds.  France,  he  said,  was  '  the 
natural  political  enemy  of  Great  Britain ; ' 
she  was  endeavouring  to  draw  England  into 
'  her  scale  of  the  balance  of  power,'  and  to 
prevent  it  from  forming  alliances  with  other 
states.  He  advocated  the  claims  of  the  dis- 
senters to  be  exempt  from  disabilities  on  the 
score  of  religion,  as  he  had  advocated  the 
cause  of  the  Roman  catholics  seven  years 
before.  On  28  March  he  supported  a  motion 
for  the  repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation 
Acts,  and  when  the  motion  was  renewed,  on 
1  May  1,789,  expressed  his  conviction  that 
every  country  ought  to  have  an  established 
church,  and  that  that  church  ought  to  be 
the  church  of  the  majority.  He  did  not  think 
it  probable  that  the  church  of  England  would 
lose  that  position,  but  if  the  majority  of  the 
people  should  ever  be  for  its  abolition  '  in, 
such  a  case  the  abolition  ought  immediately 
to  follow.'  On  2  March  following  he  moved 
the  repeal  himself.  But  the  French  revolu- 
tion, and  the  writings  of  Priestley  and  Price, 
had  convinced  the  house  that  it  was  possible 
that  the  church  might  be  overthrown  in 
England  as  it  had  been  overthrown  in  France ; 
Burke  opposed  his  motion,  and  it  was  lost 
by  nearly  three  to  one  (ib.  iii.  315,  iv.  1,  55). 
During  1785  the  Prince  of  Wales  often 
visited  St.  Anne's  Hill  in  order  to  rave  to- 
Fox  and  his  mistress  about  his  passion  for 


Fox 


106 


Fox 


Mrs.  Fitzherbert.     In  the  December  of  that 
year  Fox,  believing  that  he  contemplated 
marrying  that  lady,  wrote  him  an  able  letter 
pointing  out  the  serious  dangers  that  would 
arise  from  such  a  step.     The  prince  replied 
that  the  world  would  soon  see  that  there 
never  existed  any  grounds  for  the  reports  to 
which  Fox  referred,  and  ten  days  later,  with-  , 
out  Fox's  knowledge,  married  Mrs.  Fitzher-  j 
bert  privately.   On  20  April  1787  a  reference 
was  made  in  a  debate  to  the  alleged  mar- 
riage, and  Fox  took  an  early  opportunity  of 
denying  the  report  in  the  strongest  terms, 
adding  that  he  did  so  '  from  direct  authority.' 
His  truthfulness  is  beyond  question.    A  few 
days  later  he  found  out  the  deceit  that  had 
been  practised  upon  him,  and  for  about  a 
year  avoided  meeting  the  prince  (Par/.  Hist. 
xxvi.   1064,  1070;    Memoirs   of  the   Whig 
Party,  ii.  120-42  ;  Life  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  \ 
i.  28  sq. ;  Life,  ii.  177  sq. ;   Memorials,  ii. 
289  «.)     In  August  Fox  had  some  hope  of  j 
being  enabled,  by  his  friends'  help,  to  extri- 
cate  himself  from  his  money  difficulties,  and 
wrote  to  Fitzpatrick  that  Coutts  was  willing 
to  lend  him  6,000/.  (Memorials,  ii.  290).    He 
was  deeply  impressed  with  the  evils  of  the  1 
slave  trade,  and  when  Pitt  brought  forward  \ 
ja  resolution  on  the  subject  in  May  1788,  de-  j 
dared  that  the  trade  should  not  be  regulated  i 
but  destroyed  (Speeches,  iii.  388).     He  often 
'  urged  the  abolition  of  the  trade   in  later 
years. 

In  the  summer  Fox  and  Mrs.  Armistead 
•went  abroad.  Gibbon,  with  whom  he  spent 
two  days  at  Lausanne  in  September,  writes 
I  that  'his  powers  were  blended  with  the  soft- 
\  ness  and  simplicity  of  a  child'  (Miscell.  i.  252, 
253,  282).  It  was  rumoured  in  England  at 
this  time  that  he  was  about  to  marry  Miss 
Pulteney,  afterwards  created  Baroness  Bath, 
who  married  Sir  James  Murray,  and  who  was 
in  Italy  while  Fox  was  there  (Auckland  Cor- 
respondence, ii.  212).  Fox  stayed  in  Italy 
longer  than  he  intended,  for  Mrs.  Armistead 
sprained  her  ankle  (Life  of  Sir  G.  Elliot,  i. 
225).  During  his  whole  tour  he  never  opened 
a  newspaper  except  once  to  see  how  his  bets 
had  been  decided  at  Newmarket,  and  as  he 
had  left  no  address  had  no  news  from  England 
(ib.  p.  236).  In  November  a  messenger  from 
the  Duke  of  Portland  found  him  at  Bologna. 
His  party  were  anxious  for  his  presence,  for 
the  king  had  become  insane.  After  travelling 
incessantly  night  and  day  for  nine  days  he 
arrived  in  London  on  the  24th,  suffering  in 
health  from  his  hurried  journey  (ib.  p.  240). 
It  at  once  became  evident  that  the  prince,  if 
constituted  regent,  would  dismiss  his  father's 
ministers  and  '  form  a  Foxite  administration' 
(LEWIS).  Whatever  anger  Fox  may  have 


felt  at  the  deceit  the  prince  had  practised  on 
him,  he  put  it  aside  and  entered  into  close 
relations  with  him,  but  found  to  his  annoy- 
ance that  during  his  absence  Sheridan  had 
become  prime  favourite  (Auckland  Corre- 
spondence, ii.  267, 279).  Although  the  prince 
was  distrusted  and  disliked,  and  the  change 
of  ministers  would  have  been  extremely  un- 
popular, Fox,  in  spite  of  his  whig  theories, 
determined  to  assert  his  right  to  the  regency 
as  independent  of  the  will  of  parliament, 
and  when  on  10  Dec.  Pitt  proposed  a  com- 
mittee to  search  for  precedents,  on  the  prin- 
ciple that  the  appointment  of  a  regent  was 
within  the  right  of  parliament,  he  opposed 
the  motion,  declaring  that  '  the  Prince  of 
Wales  had  as  clear,  as  express  a  right  to  as- 
sume the  reins  of  government '  as  in  the  case 
of  the  king's  '  natural  and  perfect  demise ' 
(Speeches,  iii.  401).  As  Pitt  listened  to  this 
speech  he  slapped  his  thigh  and  said  to  a 
friend :  '  I'll  unwhig  the  gentleman  for  the 
rest  of  his  life'  (Life  of  Sheridan,  ii.  38). 
He  made  the  most  of  the  difference  between 
them.  Fox  explained  that  he  did  not  intend 
to  annul  the  authority  of  parliament,  but 
held  that  the  royal  authority  belonged  to  , 
the  prince  from  the  moment  of  the  king's 
incapacity.  Constitutionally,  his  contention 
was  that  as  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy 
had  been  established  as  the  form  of  govern- 
ment best  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  nation, 
it  would  be  dangerous  to  disturb  that  settle- 
ment by  vesting  the  executive  in  a  regent 
elected  by  the  two  houses ;  and  that  as  par- 
liament had  no  legislative  power  apart  from 
the  sanction  of  the  crown,  it  was  not  compe- 
tent to  elect  a  regent  or  impose  restrictions 
on  the  exercise  of  the  royal  power  (LECKT, 
History,  v.  103-20),  for  the  question  really 
at  issue  was  not  a  matter  of  abstract  right, 
i  but  concerned  the  imposition  of  restrictions 
j  (LEWIS).  Whatever  may  be  thought  of  his 
reasoning,  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  his  in- 
discretion. The  ministerial  party  rejoiced 
greatly  over  his  errors  (Courts and  Cabinets, 
ii.  49-54).  On  the  15th  he  believed  that  he 
and  his  party  would  be  in  power  '  in  about 
a  fortnight'  (Memorials, ii.  299).  But  after 
much  debating  Pitt's  resolutions  were  agreed 
to.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  discussions 
Fox  was  seriously  unwell,  and  was  forced  to 
be  at  Bath  to  recruit  his  health  (Auckland 
Correspondence,  ii.  261,  267).  On  21  Jan. 
1789  he  made  out  a  list  of  the  intended 
administration,  placing  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land at  the  head,  and  taking  for  himself  the 
foreign  department  and  the  chairmanship  of 
the  India  board  (Memorials,  iv.  284),  and  on 
17  Feb.  wrote  of  the  regency  as  about  to 
commence  at  once,  for  the  bill  had  been  car- 


Fox 


107 


Fox 


ried  in  the  commons  four  days  before.  Two 
days  later  the  king  was  pronounced  conva- 
lescent. >\ 

After  hearing  of  the  taking  of  the  Bastille, 
Fox  wrote  to  Fitzpatrick  on  30  July  1789 : 
*  How  much  the  greatest  event  it  is  that  ever 

/  happened  in  the  world !  and  how  much  the 
best ! '  and  bade  him  tell  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans that,  if  the  revolution  had  the  conse- 
quences he  expected,  his  dislike  of  French 
connections  for  this  country  would  be  at  an 
end  (ib.  ii.  361).  During  the  succeeding 
period  he  advocated  the  revolutionary  cause 
in  the  same  spirit  of  vehement  partisanship 
that  he  had  exhibited  during  the  American 
:war  ;  indeed  '  there  was  no  end  to  his  indis- 
cretions' (Auckland  Correspondence,  ii.  387). 
When  opposing  the  army  estimates  on  5  Feb. 
following,  he  praised  the  French  army  for 
taking  part  against  the  crown,  and  for  showing 
that '  in  becoming  soldiers  they  did  not  cease 

v  to  be  citizens.'  In  replying  to  Burke  on  the 
9th  he  protested  that  he  was  no  friend  to  de- 
mocracy ;  he  upheld  a  mixed  form  of  govern- 
ment, but  he  applauded  the  French  soldiers 
for  disobeying  their  leaders  and  joining  the 

nle  in  a  struggle  for  liberty,  and,  while  he 
ored  bloodshed ,  considered  that  the  severe 
tyranny  of  the  old  regime  should  cause  the 
excesses  of  the  revolutionists  to  be  regarded 
with  compassion  [see  under  BURKE,  EDMUND]. 
He  opposed  the  foreign  policy  of  Pitt  during 
the  war  between  Russia  and  the  Porte,  argu- 
ing in  March  1791  that  the  Turks  were  in 
fault,  and  were,  he  suspected,  set  on  by  Great 
Britain,  that  Catherine's  terms  were  mode- 
rate, and  that  it  was  mistaken  to  strive  to 
compel  her  to  restore  Oczakoff  and  accept 
conditions  of  the  status  quo  ante ;  for  the 
advance  of  Russia  in  the  south  could  never 
be  prejudicial  to  English  interests.  The 
czarina  affected  a  romantic  attachment  for 
Fox,  and  sent  to  England  for  his  bust,  in 
order  to  place  it  between  the  busts  of  De- 
mosthenes and  Cicero  (Malmesbury  Corre- 
spondence, i.  325  n. ;  COLCHESTER,  Diary,  i. 
18).  His  conduct  as  regards  the  visit  of  Sir 
Robert  Adair  [q.  v.]  to  Russia  was  declared 
by  Burke  to  have  '  frustrated  the  king's 
minister '  (BURKE,  Works,  vii.  227).  While 
Burke's  accusation  was  untrue,  Fox  certainly 
\appears  to  have  treated  foreign  politics  at 
[this  period  mainly  as  an  instrument  of  party. 
iWhen  Oczakoff  was  yielded  to  Russia  by  the 
treaty  of  Jassy  (January  1792),  he  taunted 
Pitt  in  a  sarcastic  and  witty  speech  for  having 
lowered  his  tone.  He  opposed  the  Quebec 
Government  Bill,  objecting  to  the  provisions 
for  the  duration  of  the  Canadian  parliaments, 
the  reserves  for  the  clergy,  and  the  institution 
of  an  hereditary  nobility  to  sit  in  the  council. 


The  references  he  made  to  French  politics 
in  the  course  of  the  debates  on  this  subject 
widened  the  breach  between  him  and  Burke, 
and  on  6  May  their  old  friendship  and  their  poli- 1| 
tical  alliance  was  finally  broken  by  public  de-  I 
claration  in  the  commons  [see  under  BURKE].  \ 
On  the  20th  Fox  brought  forward  his  Libel 
Bill,  which  was  carried  in  the  commons 
without  opposition,  and  became  law  the  next 
year.  This  act,  which  is  declaratory,  main- 
tained the  rights  of  juries,  and  secured  to  the 
subject  a  fair  trial  by  his  peers  (MAT,  Const. 
Hist.  ii.  263).  During  the  summer  of  1792 
some  of  the  fpllowers  of  Fox  who  disapproved 
of  his  sympathy  with  the  revolution,  and 
feared  the  total  break-up  of  their  party,  en- 
gaged in  a  scheme  with  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land for  a  coalition  with  Pitt.  Fox  declared 
himself '  a  friend  to  coalition,'  and  Pitt  pro-l 
fessed  to  be  favourable  to  the  idea.  As,  I 
however,  Fox  objected  to  serve  under  Pitt,  \ 
though  it  is  possible  that  he  might  have  been  ' 
brought  to  do  so,  and  as  Pitt  held  that  after 
Fox's  declarations  relative  to  the  revolution 
it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  go '  at  once ' 
into  the  foreign  department,  the  negotiations, 
which  lasted  about  seven  weeks,  virtually 
ended  by  30  July  (MAXMESBURY,  ii.  453-72  ; 
Life  of  Sir  G.  Elliot,  ii.  43,  53).  Fox  found 
some  excuse  for  the  revolutionary  outbreak 
of  10  Aug.,  but  not  a  shadow  for  the  massacre 
of  September  (Memorials,  ii.  368,  371) ;  he 
was  indignant  at  the  Duke  of  Brunswick's 
proclamation  and  the  invasion  of  France,  and 
declared  that  no  '  public  event,  not  except- 
ing Saratoga  and  Yorktown,'  had  so  pleased 
him  as  the  retreat  of  the  Germans  (ib.  p.  372). 
He  was  now  rapidly  losing  the  confidence  of 
a  large  section  of  his  party,  who  took  the  I 
Duke  of  Portland  as  their  head.  In  the  I 
course  of  the  winter  Portland,  Lord  Fitzwil- 
liam,  Windham,  Sir  G.  EUiot,  T.  GrenviUe, 
and  many  others  separated  themselves  from 
him  and  gave  their  support  to  Pitt.  He  felt 
their  secession  deeply.  Nor  was  he  in  full 
sympathy  with  Grey  and  others  who  joined 
the  Association  of  the  Friends  of  the  People, 
for  he  considered  it  an  inopportune  time 
for  pressing  parliamentary  reform,  and  was 
indeed  never  especially  eager  in  the  cause 
(MALMESBTJRT,  ii.  482  sq. ;  Life  of  Elliot,  ii. 
82 ;  Memorials,  iii.  20,  iv.  292).  On  13  Dec.  he 
moved  an  amendment  to  the  address,  mocking 
at  the  reason  given  in  the  king's  speech  for 
embodying  the  militia,  which  was  declared  to 
be  rendered  necessary  by  the  spirit  of  disorder 
shown  in  acts  of  insurrection  ;  instead  of 
trying  to  suppress  opinion  it  would,  he  said, 
be  better  to  redress  grievances.  He  was  in 
a  minority  of  50  against  290 ;  the  larger 
number  of  his  party  had  left  him,  and  he  was 


Fox 


108 


Fox 


a  '  head  forsaken  and  alone '  {Auckland  Cor- 
respondence, ii.  498). 

On  1  Feb.  1793  Fox  opposed  Pitt's  address 
to  the  crown,  pledging  the  house  to  resist  the 
aggrandisement  of  France.  The  position  that 
he  took  with  regard  to  the  war  then  immi- 
nent was  that  it  was  an  unjustifiable  at- 
tempt to  interfere  with  the  internal  affairs 
-  of  another  nation,  that  the  ministers  were 
taking  advantage  of  the  opening  of  the 
Scheldt  to  press  on  the  war,  that  they  should 
f  have  asked  for  reparation  for  the  decree  of 
19  Nov.,  and  that  their  demand  that  the 
French  troops  should  be  withdrawn  from  the 
Austrian  Netherlands  was  insolent ;  in  short 
that  they  were  seizing  on  excesses  to  begin 
what  would  be  a  '  war  of  opinion '  (Speeches, 
v.  16).  After  war  was  declared,  he  moved 
on  the  18th  a  series  of  resolutions  condemn- 
ing the  policy  of  the  ministers,  and  was  de- 
feated by  44  to  270.  His  conduct  brought 
him  much  unpopularity,  and  he  was  attacked 
by  Gillray  in  some  bitter  caricatures :  in  1791 
he  was  represented  in  the '  Hopes  of  the  Party' 
as  beheading  the  king ;  he  is  learning  to  fire 
in  '  Patriots  amusing  themselves,'  1792,  and 
is  in  sans-culotte  dress  in  a  drawing  of  1793. 
To  Grey's  motion  for  reform  he  gave  on 
7  May  a  general  support,  and  in  the  course 
of  his  speech  said  some  things  that,  consider- 
ing the  special  needs  of  the  time,  were  vio- 
lent and  unstatesmanlike  (ib.  p.  115).  Some 
trials  and  sentences  for  sedition  deeply  moved 
his  indignation.  He  was  in  a  small  minority 
in  moving  an  amendment  to  the  address  re- 
commending peace  in  January  1794.  Before 
the  opening  of  parliament  the  more  impor- 
tant of  his  former  allies  formally  signified 
their  intention  of  supporting  the  ministers. 
He  wrote  to  his  nephew,  Lord  Holland,  on 
9  March  that  if  he  could  have  done  it  with 
honour  he  should  best  have  liked  to  retire 
from  politics  altogether  (Memorials,  iii.  65). 
Pitt's  plan  of  subsidising  Prussia  to  prevent 
its  threatened  defection  drew  forth  an  able 
and  sarcastic  speech  from  him  on  30  April 
(Speeches,  v.  261),  and  a  month  later  he  made 
another  attack  on  the  policy  of  the  ministers, 
both  as  regards  the  grounds  of  the  war  and 
the  mode  in  which  it  was  'prosecuted  (ib.  p. 
307).  Although  separated  from  his  former 
allies,  unpopular  with  a  large  part  of  the 
.  nation,  and  in  a  hopeless  minority  in  par- 
I  liament,  Fox  was  cheerful  and  unsoured. 
I  There  was  nothing  small  in  his  nature,  and 
I  he  felt  no  envy ;  he  understood  the  delight 
V  of  literary  leisure,  and  enjoyed  it  thoroughly 
as  far  he  could  get  it.  During  this  period 
his  letters  to  his  nephew,  whom  he  loved  as 
a  son,  and  who  was  then  abroad,  are  full  of 
the  pleasure  he  derived  from  the  society  of 


Mrs.  Armistead,  the  fine  weather,  and  the 
beauties  of  St.  Anne's  Hill,  of  the  pictures 
that  pleased  him  most  in  Italy,  and  of  his 
reading.  He  would  have  Lord  Holland  take 
note  in  the  Pitti  of  Titian's  '  Paul  III,  the 
finest  portrait  in  the  world.'  Titian's  mas- 
terpiece he  holds  to  be  his  '  Peter  Martyr ' 
at  Venice,  and  he  speaks  of  his  delight  in  the 
pictures  of  Guercino  at  Cento,  and  so  on. 
Besides  reading  the  'Iliad'  and  -the  'Odys- 
sey,' as  he  did  constantly,  he  was  studying 
Spanish  literature.  He  was  at  last  fairly  at 
ease  about  money,  for  in  1793  his  friends 
subscribed  70,000/.  to  pay  his  debts  and  buy 
him  an  annuity  (Memorials,  iii.  40 ;  Life  of 
P.  Francis,  ii.  443).  On  28  Sept.  1795  he 
married  his  mistress  at  Wytton,  Huntingdon- 
shire, but  kept  the  fact  of  his  marriage  secret 
until  1802  (Life,  iii.  78 ;  BEAYLET,  History 
of  Surrey,  ii.  240).  He  continued  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  war  in  1795,  and,  regarding  the 
Treason  and  Sedition  Bills  brought  forward 
in  November  as  a  deathblow  to  the  constitu- 
tion, declared  in  the  house  that  if  such  bills 
were  vigorously  enforced,  he  should  advise 
the  people '  that  their  obedience  was  no  longer 
a  question  of  moral  obligation  and  duty,  but 
of  precedence  '  (Speeches,  vi.  31).  This  re- 
mark was  severely  reprobated.  In  moving 
an  address  on  the  conduct  of  the  war  on. 
10  May  1796,  he  maintained  that  Austria  and 
Prussia  would  not  have  moved  in  1792  against 
the  will  of  England,  and  that  after  the  treaty 
of  Pilnitz  England  should  have  taken  a  neu- 
tral position  and  become  the  moderator  of 
peace ;  that  the  war  had  been  conducted  with- 
out any  fixed  aim,  it  was  neither  wholly  for 
the  restoration  of  the  French  monarchy  nor 
wholly  for  English  interests,  and  that  it  had 
caused  the  country  to  leave  Poland  to  its 
fate.  He  was  in  a  minority  of  42  to  206. 
In  May  1797  he  censured  the  measures 
adopted  to  put  an  end  to  the  mutiny  at  Spit- 
head  ;  his  censure  has  been  pronounced  just 
(RUSSELL),  but  it  is  impossible  to  agree  with 
this  opinion ;  indeed  the  line  he  took  on  this 
occasion,  and  his  attack  on  the  government 
the  next  month  with  reference  to  the  mutiny 
at  the  Nore,  seem  to  prove  that  he  regarded 
the  difficulties  of  the  country  mainly  as  op- 
portunities for  attempting  to  win  a  party 
triumph.  To  this  year  belongs  Isaac  Cruik- 
shank's  [q.  v.]  caricature  of  Fox  as  the 
'  Watchman  of  the  State.'  On  26  May  he 
supported  Grey's  motion  for  reform,  declaring 
himself  in  favour  of  household  suffrage  in 
boroughs  (Speeches,  vi.  339).  On  the  close 
of  the  session  he  and  several  of  his  friends, 
without  pledging  themselves  to  a  systematic 
secession,  ceased  to  attend  parliament. 
For  more  than  five  years  Fox  seldom  ap- 


Fox 


109 


Fox 


peered  in  parliament.  During  this  period  he 
led  a  quiet  and  regular  life,  spending  much 
of  his  time  in  reading.  He  carried  on  a  cor- 
respondence (1796-1801)  with  the  famous 
Greek  scholar,  Gilbert  Wakefield,  and  his 
letters  show  that  he  not  only  loved  classical 
literature,  but  took  a  deep  interest  in  the 
niceties  of  scholarship.  The  masterpieces  of 
the  greatest  Latin,  Greek,  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  authors  were  his  constant  com- 
panions. The  four  finest  compositions  of  the 
century  were,  he  said,  the  '  Isacco '  of  Meta- 
stasio,  Pope's '  Eloisa,'  Voltaire's  '  Zaire,'  and 
Gray's  'Elegy.'  Burnet  he  held  to  be  a 
master  of  historical  style;  he  delighted  in 
Dryden's  works,  and  thought  of  editing  them ; 
Milton's  prose  he  could  not  endure,  and  he 
did  not  admire  Wordsworth.  He  read  Homer 
through  every  year,  enjoying  the  '  Odyssey ' 
more  than  the '  Iliad,'  though  admitting  that 
it  was  not  so  fine  a  work.  Euripides  he  pre- 
ferred to  Sophocles.  '  I  should  never  finish,' 
he  wrote, '  if  I  let  myself  go  upon  Euripides.' 
The  '  ^Eneid '  he  read  over  and  over  again, 
dwelling  with  special  pleasure  on  the  pathetic 
passages  (Memorials,  iii.  passim ;  Table-talk  of 
S.  Rogers,  pp.  89-93).  He  began  his  '  History 
of  the  Revolution  of  1688 '  in  1797  ;  he  made 
yery  slow  progress  with  it,  writing,  Sydney 
Smith  said,  '  drop  by  drop.'  A  dinner  of  the 
Whig  Club  was  held  at  the  Crown  and  Anchor 
tavern  on  24  Jan.  1798  to  celebrate  his  birth- 
day. At  this  dinner  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
gave  as  a  toast  '  Our  sovereign,  the  people,' 
and  was  in  consequence  dismissed  from  his 
lord-lieutenancy.  Fox  repeated  the  toast  at 
la  dinner  held  early  in  May,  and  on  the  9th 
Ihis  name  was  erased  from  the  privy  council 
\LifeofPitt,  iii.  128;  MALMESBURY,  iv.  303). 
He  disliked  the  proposed  Irish  union,  and 
-  thought  that  a  scheme  of  federation  would 
be  preferable  (19  Jan.  1799,  Memorials,  iii. 
150,  295 ;  COLCHESTER,  Diary,  ii.  39) ;  the 
ministerial  proposal  was,  he  declared, '  an  at- 
tempt to  establish  the  principles  as  well  as 
the  practice  of  despotism '  (Life  of  Grattan, 
iv.  435),  but  '  nothing  would  induce  him  to 
attend  the  union  debates.'  In  September  1799 
he  was  severely  injured  in  the  hand  by  the 
bursting  of  a  g  in  while  he  was  out  shooting. 
He  was  indignant  at  Lord  Grenville's  reply 
to  the  overtures  in  the  First  Consul's  letter  of 
25  Dec.,  and  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  his 
friends  attended  the  debate  on  it  on  3  Feb. 
1800.  His  speech,  except  at  the  end,  is  rather  an 
indictment  of  the  ministers  for  entering  on  the 
war  than  a  condemnation  of  Grenville's  letter 
(Speeches,  vi.  420).  He  was  indignant  at  the 
sentences  passed  on  Lord  Thanet  and  Wake- 
field  ;  wrote  bitterly  of  the  ministers,  declar- 
ing that,  with  them  in  office,  invasion  would 


mean  slavery ;  condemned  their  Irish  policy, 
disapproved  of  their  proposal  to  compensate 
Irish  borough-holders,  and  held  that  they 
were  wrong  in  their  pretensions  as  regards 
the  right  of  searching  neutral  ships  (Memo- 
rials, iii.  284,  292,  306,  326). 

When  Addington  succeeded  Pitt,  in  Fe- 
bruary 1801,  Fox  determined  to  test  the  feel- 
ing of  the  house  by  joining  in  the  debate  on 
Grey's  motion  on  the  state  of  the  nation  on 
25  March.  He  spoke  with  much  ability  on 
the  dispute  with  the  northern  powers,  the 
ill-success  of  the  war,  and  the  rights  of  catho- 
lics, warmly  vindicated  the  character  of  the 
Irish  people,  and  made  a  sarcastic  reference 
to  the  new  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
(Speeches,  vi.  423).  The  motion  was  rejected, 
and  he  declared  that  he  should  not  attend 
again  that  session  except  to  uphold  Tooke's 
claim.  The  House  of  Commons,  he  thought, 
'  had  ceased,  and  would  cease,  to  be  a  place 
of  much  importance.'  He  approved  of  the 
peace  of  Amiens,  and  on  10  Oct.,  at  a  dinner 
at  the  Shakespeare  tavern,  exulted  in  the 
thought  that  the  peace  was  glorious  to  France. 
'  Ought  not  glory,'  he  said, '  to  be  the  reward 
of  such  a  glorious  struggle  ?  '  (Life  of  Pitt, 
iii.  357).  On  3  Nov.  he  criticised  the  terms 
of  the  peace  in  parliament.  He  was  re- 
elected  for  Westminster  after  a  contest  in 
July  1802,  and  on  the  29th  set  out  for  a  tour 
in  the  Netherlands,  Holland,  and  France. 
While  at  Paris  he  had  several  interviews  with 
Bonaparte.  They  did  not  raise  his  opinion 
of  the  First  Consul,  whom  he  pronounced  to 
be  a  'young  man  considerably  intoxicated 
with  success '  (TROTTER,  Memoirs,  p.  36 ;  LAS 
CASES,  Journal  de  FEmpereur,  iv.  171).  Much 
of  his  time  was  spent  in  working  at  the  ar- 
chives, getting  materials  for  his  history.  He 
paid  a  short  visit  to  Lafayette,  and  returned 
to  England  on  17  Nov.  On  his  return  he 
expressed  his  conviction  that  Bonaparte 
wished  for  peace,  and  would  do  everything  in 
his  power  to  maintain  it  (Memorials,  iii.  381, 
384).  Nevertheless,  on  8  March  1803,  he 
found  himself  forced  to  support  a  warlike 
address.  On  24  May,  after  the  declaration  of 
war,  he  made  a  speech  of  three  hours'  dura- 
tion in  favour  of  an  attempt  to  restore  peace. 
This  speech  is  universally  praised.  '  It  was 
calm,  subtle,  argumentative  pleasantry '  (Me- 
moirs of  Horner,  i.  221 ;  MALMESBTTRY,  iv. 
257 ;  Life  of  Sidmouth,  ii.  182).  He  con- 
demned the  retention  of  Malta,  but  blamed 
the  conduct  of  France  with  respect  to  Swit- 
zerland and  Holland.  Piedmont,  he  declared, 
was  a  part  of  France ;  we  had  no  right  to 
complain  of  France  there.  In  the  matter  of 
insults,  as  distinguished  from  injuries,  he 
scorned  the  idea  of  checking  the  freedom  of 


Fox 


no 


Fox 


the  press,  or  expelling  refugees  to  please  a 
foreign  power.  While  he  allowed  that  a 
check  should  be  put  on  the  designs  of  Bona- 
parte, he  condemned  the  war  as  undertaken 
for  British  interests,  for  the  retention  ot 
Malta  (Speeches,  vi.  485).  For  Addington  he 
had  an  unmitigated  contempt.  Grenville, 
the  leader  of  the  '  new  opposition,'  wished  a 
union  between  himself,  Fox,  and  Pitt  to  turn 
Addington  out,  and,  as  Pitt  held  aloof,  pro- 
posed in  January  1804  that  Fox,  the  leader 
of  the  old  opposition,  should  join  with  him 
'  for  the  purpose  of  removing  the  ministry, 
and  forming  one  on  the  broadest  possible 
basis '  (Memorials,  iii.  449).  Fox  agreed,  and 
resumed  regular  attendance  in  parliament. 
After  the  Easter  recess  Pitt,  without  pledging 
himself  to  Fox,  let  him  know  that  in  case  of 
a  change  of  ministers  he  would  use  earnest 
endeavours  to  induce  the  king  to  receive  him 
and  Grenville  (Courts  and  Cabinets,  iii.  349) ; 
Pitt  entered  into  opposition,  and  on  30  April 
Addington  was  forced  to  resign. 

Pitt  submitted  a  plan  of  an  administration 
to  the  king  which  included  the  principal  men 
of  both  the  oppositions,  and  in  which  Fox 
•was  proposed  as  foreign  secretary.  The  king 
1  positively  proscribed  Fox  and  no  one  else ' 
(MALMESBTTRY,  iv.  300),  and  wished  it  to  be 
known  that  Fox  was  '  excluded  by  his  ex- 
press command '  (Life  of  Sidmouth,  ii.  288). 
Meanwhile  Fox,  who  thought  it  not  impro- 
bable that  the  king  would  take  this  course, 
informed  both  his  own  friends  and  the  Gren- 
villes  that  he  hoped  that  his  exclusion  would 
not  prevent  them  from  taking  office.  Both 
sections  declined  entering  an  administration 
from  which  he  was  shut  out  (MA.LMESBFRY, 
iv.  321).  In  the  summer  he  went  to  Chelten- 
ham for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  He  had 
announced  his  marriage  before  going  abroad 
in  1802,  and  his  wife  was  now  received  at 
the  houses  at  which  he  visited.  Mrs.  Fox 
had  grown  plain  and  fat,  but  her  '  manners 
were  pleasing  and  gentlewomanlike.'  Fox 
read  much  to  her,  and  never  wearied  of  her 
society.  He  was  extremely  anxious  that 
every  one  should  do  her  honour,  and  it  was 
said  that  considerations  of  this  sort  weighed 
too  much  with  him.  He  enjoyed  shopping 
with  her ;  and  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot  marvelled 
to  see  them  setting  off  together  to  buy  cheap 
china,  and  notes  that  they  were  both  very 
economical  (Life  of  Elliot,  1805,  iii.  361-2 ; 
Life  of  Sir  P.  Francis,  ii.  352).  On  13  May 
1805  Fox  made  a  remarkable  speech  in  intro- 
ducing a  motion  founded  on  the  Roman  catho- 
lic petition,  but  was  defeated  by  330  to  124 
(Speeches,  vi.  587).  In  July,  and  again  in 
September,  Pitt  endeavoured  to  persuade  the 
king  to  allow  him  to  offer  Fox  office,  but  was 


unsuccessful  [see  under  GEORGE  HI].  Fox's 
accession  would  have  secured  the  adhesion  of 
Lord  Grenville.  According  to  his  own  account 
he  hoped  that  the  scheme  would  be  defeated, 
for  he  declared  that  he  would  not  enter  a 
cabinet  of  which  Pitt  was  the  head.  If  he 
was  to  take  office  the  administration  must 
be  changed  (Memorials,  iv.  90-114).  When 
Pitt  lay  dying,  on  21  Jan.  1806,  a  political 
meeting  was  held  at  Fox's  house,  but  Fox  re- 
fused to  proceed  to  business.  He  could  not 
do  so,  he  said,  at  such  a  time,  adding  '  men- 
tern  mortalia  tangunt '  (Life  of  Homer,  i. 
328).  He  opposed  the  motion  for  public 
honours  to  Pitt  on  the  ground  that  he  had 
not  been  an '  excellent  statesman/  but  agreed 
cheerfully  to  the  payment  of  his  debts. 

On  Pitt's  death  the  king  sent  for  Lord 
Grenville,  who  at  once  said  that  the  first 
person  he  should  consult  on  the  formation  of 
an  administration  would  be  Fox;  the  king 
readily  assented  (ib.  p.  331).  By  the  end  of 
the  month  Fox  took  office  as  foreign_secre- 
taryin  Grenville's  administration,  called  'ATI 
the  Talents'  or  the  'Broad-bottomed,' and  was 
caricatured  by  Gillray  in  '  Making  Decent,' 
and  as  a  led  bear,  for  he  was  supposed  to  be 
under  Grenville's  influence.  His  union  with 
Grenville  was  not  like  his  coalition  with. 
North  ;  there  was  no  difference  of  principle, 
for  he  now  recognised  the  necessity  of  check-f 
ing  Bonaparte's  aggressions,  and  he  had  no 
cause  to  think  ill  of  his  colleague.  At  the] 
same  time  he  gave  way  to  his  old  partiality; 
for  coalition  by  bringing  into  the  cabinet 
Sidmouth,  whom  he  despised,  and  who  was 
wholly  opposed  to  his  principles  (Life  of 
Sidmouth,  ii.  412).  Nor  was  he  justified  in 
the  part  he  took  in  involving  the  chief  cri- 
minal judge  in  partypolitics  by  giving  cabinet 
office  to  Lord  Ellenborough,  the  chief  justice, 
a  course  which  he  defended  by  laying  down 
the  maxim  that  the  cabinet  is  not  a  body  re- 
cognised by  the  constitution  (Parl.  Debates, 
vi.  308 ;  this  maxim  was  ridiculed  by  Can- 
ning). He  agreed  to  submit  any  plan  for 
withdrawing  the  army  from  the  control  of 
the  crown,  through  the  commander-in-chief, 
to  the  king's  approval  (Life  of  Sidmouth,  ii. 
415),  and,  in  deference  to  the  king's  known 
desire,  abstained  from  attempting  to  forward 
the  claims  of  the  catholics,  for  which  the 
state  of  the  king's  health  is  some  excuse  (ib. 
p.  435).  George  received  him  graciously, 
and  was  turned  from  his  old  dislike  of  him 
by  his  minister's  respectful  and  conciliatory 
manners.  On  20  Feb.  Fox  informed  Talley- 
rand of  the  offer  of  a  Frenchman  to  assassi- 
nate Napoleon.  This  led  to  a  correspondence 
which  gave  some  hope  of  a  treaty  between 
Great  Britain  and  France.  Negotiations  were 


Fox 


Fox 


begun  but  failed.  Fox  was  convinced  that 
the  French  were  '  playing  a  false  game  ; ' 
lie  'insisted  that  Russia  should  be  made  a 
party  to  the  treaty,'  and  was  stedfastly  re- 
solved to  do  nothing  that  could  alienate  our 
allies  (Life,  iii.  371-7 ;  Memorials,  iv.  136). 
Towards  the  end  of  May  Fox's  health  became 
much  impaired,  but,  in  spite  of  increasing 
weakness,  he  moved  for  the  abolition  of  the 
slave  trade  on  10  June,  declaring  that  after 
forty  years  of  political  life  he  should  feel  that 
he  could  retire  with  contentment  if  he  carried 
his  motion  (Speeches,  vi.  658).  A  few  days 
later  he  was  forced  to  give  up  attendance  in 
parliament.  At  the  end  of  June  his  friends 
suggested  that  he  should  accept  a  peerage. 
'  I  will  not,'  he  said,  '  close  my  politics  in 
that  foolish  way,  as  so  many  have  done  before 
me '  (Memoirs  of  the  Whiff  Party,  i.  249). 
His  disease  was  found  to  be  dropsy.  He  was 
moved  from  London  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire's house  at  Chiswick,  and  hoped  to  go 
on  to  St.  Anne's,  but  was  unable  to  do  so. 
During  his  illness  he  listened  with  pleasure 
to  Virgil,  Dryden,  Johnson's  '  Lives  of  the 
Poets,'  and  Crabbe's  '  Parish  Register.'  He 
was  '  no  believer  in  religion ; '  to  content 
Mrs.  Fox  he  consented  to  have  prayers  read, 
but  '  paid  little  attention  to  the  ceremony ' 
(Lord  Holland's  account  of  his  death  in 
Greville  Memoirs,  iv.  159,  ed.  1888).  He 
died  peacefully  in  the  evening  of  13  Sept., 
in  his  fifty-eighth  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  close  by  the  grave  of 
Pitt. 

Although  Fox's  private  character  was  de- 
formed by  indulgence  in  vicious  pleasures,  it 
was  in  the  eyes  of  his  contemporaries  largely 
redeemed  by  the  sweetness  of  his  disposition, 
the  buoyancy  of  his  spirits,  and  the  unselfish- 
ness of  his  conduct.  As  a  politician  he  had 
liberal  sentiments,  and  hated  oppression  and 
religious  intolerance.  He  constantly  opposed 
the  influence  of  the  crown,  and,  although 
he  committed  many  mistakes,  and  had  in 
;  George  III  an  opponent  of  considerable  know- 
;  ledge  of  kingcraft  and  immense  resources,  the 
'  struggle  between  him  and  the  king,  as  far  as 
the  two  men  were  concerned,  was  after  all  a 
drawn  game.  While  his  change  of  politics  in 
1772-4fthough  coincident  with  private  pique, 
must  not,  considering  his  age,  be  held  as  a 
proof  of  irritability,  the  coalition  of  1783  shows 
that  he  failed  to  appreciate  the  importance 
of  political  principles  and  was  ignorant  of 
political  science.  An  immediate  access  of 
numerical  strength  always  seemed  to  him  a 
sure  means  of  attaining  a  strong  and  stable 
government.  Although  his  speeches  are  full 
of  common  sense,  he  made  serious  mistakes 
on  some  critical  occasions,  such  as  were  the 


struggle  of  1783-4,  and  the  dispute  about  the 
regency  in  1788.  The  line  that  he  took  with 
reference  to  the  war  with  France,  his  idea 
that  the  Treason  and  Sedition  bills  were  de- 
structive of  the  constitution,  and  his  opinion 
in  1801  that  the  House  of  Commons  would! 
soon  cease  to  be  of  any  weight,  are  instances/ 
of  his  want  of  political  insight.  The  violence/ 
of  his  language  constantly  stood  in  his  way  j 
in  the  earlier  period  of  his  career  it  gave  him 
a  character  for  levity  ;  later  on  it  made  his 
coalition  with  North  appear  especially  re-, 
prehensible,  and  in  his  latter  years  afforded 
fair  cause  for  the  bitterness  of  his  opponents. 
The  circumstances  of  his  private  life  helped 
to  weaken  his  position  in  public  estimation. 
He  twice  brought  his  followers  to  the  brink 
of  ruin  and  utterly  broke  up  the  whig  party. 
He  constantly  shocked  the  feelings  of  his 
countrymen,  and  'failed  signally  during  a 
long  public  life  in  winning  the  confidence  of 
the  nation '  (LECKT,  Hist.  iii.  465  sq.)  With 
the  exception  of  the  Libel  Bill  of  1792,  the 
credit  of  which  must  be  shared  with  others, 
he  left  comparatively  little  mark  on  the  his- 
tory of  national  progress.  Great  as  his  talents 
were  in  debate,  he  was  deficient  in  states- 
manship and  in  some  of  the  qualities  most 
essential  to  a  good  party  leader.  He  occa- 
sionally wrote  verses,  and  some  lines  of  his 
are  preserved  in  his  memoirs  (Life,  iii.  191). 
His  '  History  of  the  Early  Part  of  the  Reign 
of  James  II,  with  an  Introductory  Chapter/ 
4to,  was  published  by  Lord  Holland  in  1808. 
It  ends  with  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.  It  is  written  in  a  cold,  uninteresting 
style,  and  represents  the  chief  aim  of  James 
to  be  the  establishment  of  civil  despotism 
rather  than  the  overthrow  of  the  church  of 
England.  The  appendix  contains  the  tran- 
scripts of  Barillon's  correspondence  made 
during  Fox's  visit  to  Paris  in  1802.  Mrs. 
Fox  continued  to  reside  at  St.  Anne's  Hill 
after  her  husband's  death,  and  died  there  at 
the  age  of  ninety-two  on  8  July  1842  (Annual 
Register,  pp.  84,  276).  Fox  had  an  illegiti- 
mate son,  who  was  deaf  and  dumb,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  fifteen;  he  treated  him  with 
much  affection  (Table-talk  of  S.  Rogers, 
p.  81). 

[Earl  Eussell's  Memorials  and  Correspondence 
of  C.  J.  Fox,  1853-7,  full  of  information,  but 
awkwardly  arranged,  and  the  same  writer's  Life 
and  Times  of  C.  J.  Fox,  1859-66,  valuable  but  dull 
and  with'strongwhig  leanings,  cited  as  Life;  Sir 
G.  0.  Trevelyan's  Early  History  of  C.  J.  Fox, 
1880,  interesting  though  discursive,  with  some 
new  facts  about  Fox's  gaming,  ends  at  1774; 
Fell's  Memoirs  of  Public  Life,  1808,  poor  and  now 
useless ;  Trotter's  Memoirs  of  the  Later  Years  of 
C.  J.  Fox,  1811,  by  Fox's  private  secretary,  the 


Fox 


112 


Fox 


•first-hand  authority  for  many  details  of  private 
life  from  1802  to  18 06, according  to  S.  Rogers '  in- 
accurate though  pleasing,'  both  epithets  seem  dis- 
putable ;  a  spiteful  criticism  of  Fox's  character  by 
Francis  in  Parkes  and  Merivale's  Life  of  Sir  P. 
Francis,1867 ;  Brougham's  estimate  in  his  Histori- 
cal Sketches  of  Statesmen,  I.,  Knight's  Weekly, 
1845,  is  worthy  of  attention;  Leeky^Hist.  of 
England  in  Eighteenth  Cent.vols.  iii-vTTr882-7 ; 
Lewis's  ^Administrations,  1864;  May's  Constitu- 
tional History,  1875;  Speechesofjl J\Fox,  1815; 
Walpole's  Memoirs  of  the  Reign_of  Geo.  Ill, 
1859,  Last  Journals,  1859,  and  Letters,  ed.  Cun- 
ningham, 1880;  Wraxall's  Historical  and  Posthu- 
mous Memoirs,  1884  ;  Lettres  de  la  Marquise  du 
Deffand,  1810;  Letters  of  Junius,  ed.  Woodfall, 
1878  ;  Donne's  Correspondence  of  Geo.  Ill  with 
Lord  North,  1867  ;  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson, 
1807  ;  Gibbon's  Miscellaneous  Works,  ed.  Lord 
Sheffield,  1814;  Lord  Albemarle's  Memoirs  of  the 
Marquis  of  Rockingham,  1852  ;  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham's Courts  and  Cabinets  of  Geo.  Ill,  1853 ; 
Fitzmaurice'sLifeofShelburne,  1875;  Franklin's 
Works,  ed.  Sparks,  vol.  ix.  1840 ;  Nicholas's  Re- 
collections of  the  Reign  of  Geo.  Ill,  1820.  For 
the  Westminster  election  of  1784 :  History  of  the 
Westminster  Election,  1784  ;  Book  of  the  Wars 
of  Westminster,  1784;  Oriental  Chronicles,  1785 ; 
Collection  of  Squibs  in  the  British  Museum,  1784. 
For  caricatures  of  Fox:  Wright's  History  of 
Caricature,  1865 ;  and  Caricature  History  of 
the  Georges,  1868.  Lord  Holland's  Memoirs  of 
the  Whig  Party,  1852  ;  Moore's  Life  of  Sheridan, 
1825;  Lord  Malmesbury's  Diaries,  1844;  Prior's 
Life  of  Burke,  1853  ;  Grattan's  Life  of  Grattan, 
1836;  Stanhope's  Life  of  Pitt,  1862;  Lord  Auck- 
land's Journal  and  Correspondence,!  862 ;  Homer's 
Memoirs  of  F.  Homer,  1853 ;  Rose's  Diaries, 
1865 ;  Pellew's  Life  of  Lord  Sidmouth,  1847  ; 
Lord  Colchester's  Diary  and  Correspondence, 
1861  ;  Lady  Minto's  Life  of  Sir  G.  Elliot,  1874  ; 
Maltby's  Samuel  Rogers's  Table-talk,  ed.  Dyce, 
1887 ;  Clayden's  Early  Life  of  S.  Rogers,  1887  ; 
Princess  Liechtenstein's  Holland  House,  1874, 
contains,  among  other  matters,  notices  of  the 
portraits  and  statues  of  Fox.]  W.  H. 

FOX,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1796- 
1873),  numismatist,  was  the  son  of  Henry 
Richard  Vassall  Fox  [q.  v.],  third  lord  Hol- 
land, by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Vas- 
sall, formerly  wife  of  Sir  Godfrey  Webster, 
born  (in  1796)  before  their  marriage.  He 
served  in  the  navy  from  1809  to  1813,  and 
was  present  at  the  sieges  of  Cadiz  (1810)  and 
Tarragona  (1813).  He  left  the  navy  and 
entered  the  grenadier  guards  in  June  1815. 
He  became  colonel  in  1837  and  general  in  1863. 
He  represented  Calne  and  Tavistock  in  par- 
liament, and  was  elected  for  Stroud  in  1831. 
In  November  1832  he  was  appointed  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  ordnance,  and  was  after- 
wards secretary  to  the  master-general  of  the 
ordnance.  He  became  equerry  to  Queen 


Adelaide  in  July  1830,  and  aide-de-camp  to 
William  IV  in  May  1832.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Dilettanti  Society  in  1837. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  receiver- 
general  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  having 
held  the  appointment  some  time. 

Fox  began  coin-collecting  early  in  life,  and 
a  journey  to  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  in  1820 
stimulated  his  taste.  He  obtained  many  coins 
from  the  peasants,  and  at  Priene  found  several 
specimens  in  dry  watercourses.  In  1851  he 
acquired  one  of  the  collections  of  Whittall  of 
Smyrna.  He  also  bought  at  the  Pembroke, 
Thomas,  Devonshire,  and  other  sales.  In 
1840  Burnes  gave  him  the  whole  of  his  Bac- 
trian  coins.  In  1862  his  collection  consisted 
of  more  than  ten  thousand  Greek  coins.  He 
published  a  description  of  part  of  it  entitled 
'  Engravings  of  Unedited  or  Rare  Greek 
Coins,'  with  descriptions  and  plates.  Part  I. 
('Europe')  London,  1856,  4to.  Part  II. 
('  Asia  and  Africa '),  London,  1862,  4to.  The 
collection  was  purchased  (after  his  death)  in 
1873  by  the  Royal  Museum  at  Berlin.  Dr. 
J.  Friedlaender,  who  published  a  notice  of  it 
in  the  '  Archaologische  Zeitung'  for  1873 
(pp.  99-103 ; '  Die  Fox'sche  Miinzsammlung '), 
declares  that  this  acquisition  for  the  first 

!  time  enabled  the  Berlin  coin-cabinet  to  aspire 
to  the  rank  of  the  national  collections  of  Eng- 
land and  France.  The  Fox  collection  con- 
sisted of  11,500  Greek  coins,  among  which 

I  were  330 in  gold,  and  more  than  4,000  in  silver. 
It  was  remarkable  for  the  rarity  of  the  speci- 
mens (not  a  few  being  unique),  and  for  the 
admirable  state  of  preservation  throughout 
(cp.  FRIEDLAENDER  and  VON  SALLET,  Das 
konigliche  Miinzkabinet,  1877,  pp.  43-5). 
Fox  died  at  his  house  in  Addison  Road  on 
13  April  1873,  after  a  long  illness.  He  mar- 
ried, first,  on  19  June  1824,  Lady  Mary  Fitz- 
clarence,  second  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  and  Mrs.  Jordan,  a  woman  of  great 
social  ability,  who  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  marquis's  daughter  in  May  1831,  was 
for  many  years  state  housekeeper  of  Wind- 
sor Castle,  and  died  in  1864 ;  and  secondly,  in 
August  1865,  Katherine,  second  daughter  of 
John  Maberly,M.P.,who  survives  him.  There 
was  no  issue  of  the  marriages.  Fox's  portrait 
when  a  midshipman  was  painted  by  Sir  Mar- 
tin Archer  Shee,  and  a  portrait  of  him  in  his 
sixty-sixth  year  is  prefixed  to  part  i.  of  his 
'  Engravings  of  Unedited  Coins.  Fox  had  a 
remarkable  memory  and,  though  not  a  savant, 
much  facility  in  acquiring  knowledge.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  amiability,  and  a  wit 
without  cynicism.  He  endeavoured  to  make 
his  house  a  literary  centre,  especially  of  some 
of  the  younger  archaeologists.  In  politics  he 
called  himself '  a  movement  whig.' 


Fox 


Fox 


[Times,  16  April  1873,  p.  7,  col.  6;  Michaelis's 
Ancient  Marbles  in  Great  Britain,  pp.  64,  165  ; 
Fox'sEngravings,&c.;informationfrom  Reginald 
Stuart  Poole,  LL.D.]  W.  W. 

FOX,  EBENEZER  (d.  1886),  journalist, 
was  born  in  England,  and  practised  his  pro- 
fession in  the  north  until  he  had  nearly  at- 
tained middle  age.  For  several  years  he 
was  chief  reporter  on  the '  Manchester  Guar- 
dian.' His  account  of  the  great  floods  at 
Holmfirth  in  1852  was  widely  quoted.  Deli- 
cate health  induced  Fox  to  emigrate  to  Aus- 
tralia. In  1862  he  wentto*Dunedin  and  joined 
the  staff  of  the  '  Otago  Daily  Times,'  being 
associated  with  Sir  Julius  Vogel  and  B.  L. 
Farjeon,  the  novelist.  When  Vogel  esta- 
blished the '  Sun,'  Fox  assisted  him.  The  two 
friends  moved  to  Auckland,  and  soon  after 
Vogel  joined  William  Fox's  ministry  in  1869 
as  colonial  treasurer,  Fox  became  his  private 
secretary.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  confi- 
dential clerk  and  secretary  to  the  treasury, 
which  position  he  held  up  to  his  death.  For 
sixteen  years  he  was  implicitly  trusted  by  suc- 
cessive ministries.  In  the  columns  of  the 
'  New  Zealand  Times  '  Fox  wrote  a  series  of 
articles  on  the  denudation  of  the  forests,  which 
attracted  much  attention.  Fox,  who  was 
kindly  but  eccentric  in  character,  died  of  mus- 
cular atrophy  at  Wellington  in  January  1886. 

[New  Zealand  Times,  9  Jan.  1886;  Phonetic 
Journal,  20  March  1886.]  G.  B.  S. 

FOX,  EDWARD  (1496  P-1538),  bishop 
of  Hereford,  was  born  at  Dursley  in  Glouces- 
tershire. He  was  educated  at  Eton,  whence 
he  proceeded  to  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
the  date  of  his  admission  being  27  March 
1512.  According  to  Lloyd,  he  was  '  wild  ' 
in  his  youth,  but  his  brilliant  talents  after- 
wards made  him  the  'wonder  of  the  uni- 
versity.' The  same  writer  implies  that  Fox 
was  partly  indebted  for  his  advancement  as 
a  scholar  to  his  relationship  to  Richard  Foxe 
[q.  v.],  bishop  of  Winchester ;  but  these  are 
statements  with  respect  to  which  we  have 
no  confirmatory  evidence.  His  whole  career 
gives  us  the  impression  that  he  possessed  not 
only  great  abilities,  but  also  a  readiness,  tact, 
and  indomitable  energy  which  rendered  him 
especially  adapted  for  difficult  negotiations. 
His  early  success  must,  however,  be  to  a 
great  extent  attributed  to  the  fact  that  he 
obtained  the  appointment  of  secretary  to 
Wolsey.  At  what  time  this  occurred  does 
not  appear,  but  his  admission  as  prebendary 
of  Osbaldwicke  in  the  county  of  York,  which 
took  place  8  Nov.  1527,  was  probably  one  of 
the  earliest  proofs  of  the  archbishop's  favour. 

In  the  early  part  of  1528  he  was  sent  with 
Gardiner  by  Wolsey  to  Rome,  for  the  pur- 

VOL.   XX. 


pose  of  overcoming  Clement  VII's  scruples 
as  to  granting  a  commission  and  a  dispensa- 
tion with  respect  to  King  Henry's  marriage 
with  Catherine.  They  were  enjoined  espe- 
cially to  represent  the  dangers  that  would 
ensue  from  a  disputed  succession,  and  the 
likelihood  in  that  event  of  England  declin- 
ing from  obedience  to  the  holy  see  (Letters 
and  Papers,  Hen.  VIII,  ed.  Brewer,  IT.  ii. 
passim).  In  a  letter  (12  May)  written  to 
Gardiner  on  his  return,  Fox  gives  a  detailed 
account  of  his  reception  at  court,  together 
with  the  report  of  their  mission,  which  he 
gave  to  the  king  and  council,  and  of  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  received  (PocoCK, 
Records  of  the  Reformation,  pp.  141-55). 
On  22  Sept,  1528,  being  D.D.,  he  was  elected 
provost  of  King's  College,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  the  king  and  Wolsey.  On  the  arri- 
val of  Campeggio  in  England  in  the  same 
year,  and  his  first  audience  with  the  king 
(22  Oct.),  Fox  made  an  'elegant  reply'  to 
the  address  of  Florian,  the  legate's  spokes- 
man. It  was  in  the  following  August  (1529) 
that,  being  at  Waltham  in  attendance  on 
the  king,  he  held  with  Cranmer  [see  CRAM- 
MER, THOMAS]  their  historic  conversation  re- 
specting the  legality  of  the  royal  marriage. 
It  was  Fox  who  reported  Cranmer's  observa- 
tion to  Henry,  and  thus  became  the  means  of 
introducing  him  to  the  king,  and  of  bringing 
about  his  rapid  rise  in  the  royal  favour.  In 
October  Fox  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Paris, 
and  in  December  he  was  presented  to  the 
hospital  of  Sherburn  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. In  the  following  January  (1529-30) 
he  appears  as  intervening  at  Cambridge  for 
the  purpose  of  putting  an  end  to  a  contro- 
versy which  had  there  arisen  between  Lati- 
mer  and  the  Romanist  party,  his  influence 
evidently  inclining  in  favour  of  the  former, 
mainly,  it  would  seem,  because  Latimer  was 
known  to  have  pronounced  in  favour  of  the 
royal  divorce.  Fox,  however,  admits  in  his 
letter  that  Latimer  is  perhaps  '  more  vehe- 
ment than  becomes  the  very  evangelist  of 
Christ,  and  purposely  speaks  paradoxes  to 
offend  and  slander  people.'  In  the  ensuing 
month  he  visited  the  university  along  with 
Stephen  Gardiner,  in  order  to  wring  from 
the  academic  body  a  formal  expression  of 
opinion  in  favour  of  the  divorce.  Their  ob- 
ject was  not  accomplished  without  difficulty, 
and  the  means  by  which  it  was  ultimately 
brought  about  cast  a  slur  on  the  chief  agents 
in  the  matter.  In  the  following  April  Fox 
was  sent  on  a  similar  errand  to  Oxford,  along 
with  John  Longland,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and 
John  Bell,  afterwards  bishop  of  Worcester 
[q.  v.]  His  account  of  theirproceedings,  trans- 
mitted to  the  king,  is  still  extant  in  his  own 

I 


Fox 


114 


Fox 


handwriting  (PocoCK,  Records,  pp.  291-3). 
He  next  went  with  the  same  object  to  Paris ; 
and  Reginald  Pole,  writing  to  Henry  (7  July) 
and  giving  some  account  of  the  circumstances 
under  which  the  conclusion  of  the  university 
there  was  arrived  at,  states  that  the  adverse 
party  had  used  every  effort  to  prevent  its  being 
carried,  but  that  Fox  (who  appears  to  have 
been  the  bearer  of  his  letter)  had  '  used  great 
prudence  and  diligence  in  withstanding  them.' 
In  May  1531  he  again  proceeded  to  France 
on  the  same  business.  Chapuys,  in  a  letter 
to  the  emperor,  describes  him  as  an  '  habile 
galant,  and  one  of  the  boutefeus  in  this  matter 
of  the  divorce.'  On  26  Sept.  the  same  writer 
states  that  Fox  has  again  been  sent  to  Paris, 
and  adds  that,  in  order  '  to  enable  him  to  do  it 
better,  the  lady '  (Anne  Boleyn)  '  has  given 
him  benefices  and  the  office  of  almoner.'  In 
December  Fox  returned  to  England  ;  and  on 
New  Year's  day  we  find  the  queen  present- 
ing him  with  a  piece  of  arras. 

The  tact  and  ability  which  he  showed  in 
these  difficult  and  delicate  negotiations  led 
to  his  frequent  employment  in  other  political 
business.  In  1532  he  appears  as  one  of  the 
signatories  to  the  treaty  with  France ;  and 
•when,  at  the  celebration  of  high  mass,  the 
treaty  received  the  signature  of  Henry  and 
the  French  ambassador,  Fox,  according  to 
Chapuys,  made  a  speech  in  praise  of  the  alli- 
ance, describing  it  as  '  inviolable  and  eternal' 
and  '  the  best  means  of  resisting  the  Turk.' 
In  April  1533  he  was  appointed  on  the  com- 
mission to  conclude  a  yet  stricter  '  league 
and  amity '  with  Francis  I,  and  in  1534  dis- 
charged a  like  function  in  arranging  terms  of 
peace  with  Scotland.  The  whole  conduct  of 
the  divorce  transactions  appears  to  have  now 
been  mainly  in  his  hands,  and  Sir  George 
Casale  refers  to  him  as  the  best  informed 
among  English  statesmen  with  respect  to 
the  negotiations  on  the  subject  which  had 
been  going  on  in  Italy.  In  April  1533,  when 
the  lawfulness  of  Henry's  first  marriage  was 
under  discussion  by  convocation,  he  presided 
in  the  place  of  the  prolocutor.  In  the  follow- 
ing May,  on  the  occasion  of  an  official  con- 
ference with  Chapuys  at  "Westminster,  he 
•was  appointed  to  reply  to  Chapuys,  to  whom 
he  represented  that  '  the  king,  by  his  great 
learning,  moved  by  the  Divine  Spirit,  had 
found  that  he  could  not  keep  the  queen  as 
his  wife,  and,  like  a  catholic  prince,  he  had 
separated  from  her,  and  that  there  was  no 
occasion  to  discuss  the  matter  further'  (Rolls 
Series,  25  Hen.  VIII,  No.  465).  He  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  attempts  made  to  induce 
Catherine  to  give  her  assent  to  the  statute 
respecting  the  succession,  and  in  1534  he 
published  his  treatise  '  De  vera  Differentia 


Regise  Potestatis  et  Ecclesiae.'  It  was  printed 
by  Berthelet,  and  a  second  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1538.  Fox,  by  this  time,  had  defi- 
nitely taken  his  stand  as  a  reformer,  and 
Chapuys  describes  him  as,  along  with  Cran- 
mer  and  Cromwell, '  among  the  most  perfect 
Lutherans  in  the  world.' 

In  the  meantime  honours  and  preferments 
had  been  showered  liberally  upon  him.  On 
3  Jan.  1528  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory 
of  Combemartin  in  the  diocese  of  Exeter.  In 
1531  he  was  appointed  archdeacon  of  Leices- 
ter, and  continued  to  hold  that  office  until 
his  election  as  bishop  of  Hereford.  In  Janu- 
ary 1532  he  received  a  grant,  in  augmenta- 
tion of  the  royal  alms,  of  all  goods  and  chat- 
tels of  deodands  and  suicides  in  England.  In 
1533  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of 
Salisbury  and  the  archdeaconry  of  Dorset. 
In  May  1535  he  was  presented  to  a  canonry 
and  prebend  in  the  collegiate  church  of  SS. 
Mary  and  George  in  Windsor  Castle.  In 
the  following  August  he  was  elected  to  the 
bishopric  of  Hereford,  the  royal  assent  being- 
given  on  2  Sept.  During  the  former  month 
he  appears  to  have  been  much  with  Cran- 
mer  at  Lambeth,  occupied  probably  in  dis- 
cussing with  the  primate  the  various  points 
on  which  he  would  have  to  confer  with  the 
Lutheran  divines  in  Germany,  to  whom  it 
was  proposed  he  should  go  as  a  delegate  for 
the  purpose  of  winning  them  over  to  Henry's 
side.  On  the  31st  he  received  his  credentials 
from  the  king  at  Bromham  in  Wiltshire,  and 
in  October  he  set  out  with  Dr.  Nicolas  Heath, 
archdeacon  of  Stafford,  for  Germany.  They 
were  instructed  to  proceed  first  to  the  elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  and  afterwards  to  the  other 
German  princes.  On  their  arrival  at  Witten- 
berg they  had  an  interview  with  Luther, 
who,  although  he  could  not  conceal  his 
amazement  at  their  apparent  confidence  in 
the  justice  of  their  cause,  expressed  himself 
willing  to  listen  to  their  arguments.  He, 
however,  became  wearied  by  their  pertina- 
city and  prolonged  stay ,  which  was  protracted 
to  April,  Fox,  in  that  month,  even  going  so 
far  as  to  follow  the  doctors  of  the  university 
to  the  diet  at  Frankfort.  At  length  he  and 
his  colleagues  were  dismissed,  taking  back  to 
England  as  the  reply  of  the  protestant  di- 
vines of  Germany,  that,  although  the  king 
had  doubtless  been  moved  by  very  weighty 
reasons,  and  it  was  impossible  to  deny  that 
his  marriage  was  against  natural  and  moral 
law,  they  could  not  persuade  themselves  that 
he  had  acted  rightly  in  the  matter  of  the 
divorce. 

In  1536  Fox  was  sent  on  a  similar  errand 
to  France.  In  the  same  year  his  growing- 
sympathy  with  Lutheran  doctrine  was  shown 


Fox 


Fox 


by  the  support  which  he  gave  to  Alexander 
Alane  [see  ALESIUS],  on  the  occasion  when 
the  young  reformer  pleaded  his  own  cause 
before  convocation.  The  whole  of  Fox's  re- 
markable speech  is  printed  in  the  8th  book  of 
Foxe's  '  Acts  and  Monuments ; '  it  contains, 
among  other  noteworthy  utterances,  an  ex- 
plicit declaration,  that '  the  lay  people  do  now 
know  the  Holy  Scriptures  better  than  most 
of  us.'  In  the  same  year  Martin  Bucer  dedi- 
cated to  him  the  edition  of  his '  Commentaries 
on  the  Gospels '  printed  at  Basle. 

Fox  died  in  London  8  May  1538,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Mount- 
haw  there.  His  will,  dated  on  the  day  of 
his  death,  was  proved  20  March  1538-9. 
Some  of  his  sayings  have  become  proverbial. 
'  The  surest  way  to  peace  is  a  constant  pre- 
paredness for  war.'  '  Oft  was  this  saying  in 
our  bishop's  mouth,'  says  Lloyd,  '  before  ever 
it  was  in  Philip  the  Second's — "  Time  and  I 
will  challenge  any  two  in  the  world  "  '  (State 
Worthies,  ed.  1670,  pp.  88-9). 

Fox's  chief  work  was  the  '  De  vera  Diffe- 
rentia' above  mentioned,  which  his  warm 
friend  and  admirer,  Henry  Stafford,  only  son 
of  Edward,  duke  of  Buckingham,  translated 
into  English  (8vo,  1548).  He  appears  to  have 
been  the  joint  author,  along  with  Stokesley, 
bishop  of  London,  and  Dr.  Nicolas,  of  a 
volume  '  afterwards  translated  into  English, 
with  additions  and  changes,  by  my  lord  of 
Canterbury,'  entitled  '  The  Determinations 
of  the  most  famous  and  mooste  excellent 
universities  of  Italy  and  Fraunce,  that  it  is  so 
unleful  for  a  man  to  marie  his  brothers  wyfe, 
that  the  pope  hath  no  power  to  dispence 
therewith,'  London,  8vo,  1531. 

[Letters  and  Papers  of  the  Eeign  of  Hen.  VIII, 
ed.  Brewer  and  Gairdner ;  Cooper's  Athense  Can- 
tabrigienses,  vol.  i. ;  manuscript  notes  to  Baker's 
copy  of  the  De  vera  Differentia  in  St.  John's  Col- 
lege Library,  A.  3,  36 ;  Pocock's  Records  of  the 
Reformation ;  Lloyd's  State  Worthies  ;  Lelandi 
Encomia.]  J.  B.  M. 

FOX,  ELIZABETH  VASSALL,  LADY 
HOLLAND  (1770-1845),  daughter  of  Richard 
Vassall  of  Jamaica,  was  born  in  1770,  and 
was  married  on  27  June  1786  to  Sir  Godfrey 
Webster,  bart.,  of  Battle  Abbey,  Sussex.  The 
marriage  was  dissolved  on  3  July  1797  on  the 
ground  of  adultery  committed  by  her  with 
Henry  Richard  [q.  v.],  third  baron  Holland, 
to  whom  she  was  married  at  Rickmansworth 
three  days  afterwards.  Lord  Holland  had 
just  restored  Holland  House,  and  there  he 
gathered  round  him  that  brilliant  circle  of 
statesmen,  wits,  men  of  letters,  and  other 
people  of  distinction,  which  gave  the  house  a 
European  celebrity.  Lady  Holland  possessed 
a  remarkable  power  of  making  her  guests 


display  themselves  to  the  best  advantage. 
Traits  in  her  character  that  were  by  no  means 
attractive  rendered  her  power  of  fascination 
the  more  extraordinary.  Cyrus  Redding  says 
of  her : '  Polite,  cold,  haughty  to  those  she  met 
first  in  social  intercourse,  she  was  offensive 
to  those  to  whom  she  took  a  dislike,'  adding, 
as  an  instance,  that  Campbell  having  jestingly 
taken  her  to  task  for  using  the  expression '  take 
a  drive,'  she  treated  him  '  with  an  hauteur  to 
which  he  would  not  again  expose  himself' 
(Fifty  Tears'  Recollections,  iii.  176-8).  '  Elle 
est  toute  assertion,'  said  Talleyrand,  '  mais 
quand  on  demande  la  preuve,  c'est  la,  son 
secret'  (RAIKES,  Journal,  i.  300).  Moore 
tells  how  on  one  occasion  she  asked  him  how 
he  could  write  those  '  vulgar  verses '  about 
Hunt,  and  on  another  occasion  attacked  his 
'  Life  of  Sheridan '  as  '  quite  a  romance '  show- 
ing a  'want  of  taste  andjudgment.'  To  'Lalla 
Rookh '  she  objected, '  in  the  first  place  because 
it  was  eastern,  and  in  the  second  place  because 
it  was  in  quarto.'  *  Poets,'  says  Moore,  '  in- 
clined to  a  plethora  of  vanity  would  find  a 
dose  of  Lady  Holland  now  and  then  very 
good  for  their  complaint.'  To  Lord  Porches- 
ter  she  once  said :  '  I  am  sorry  to  hear  you 
are  going  to  publish  a  poem.  Can't  you  sup- 
press it  ? '  '  Your  poetry,'  she  said  to  Rogers, 
'  is  bad  enough,  so  pray  be  sparing  of  your 
prose.'  To  Matthew  Gregory  (better  known 
as  Monk)  JLewis,  complaining  that  in  '  Re- 
jected Addresses'  he  was  made  to  write 
burlesque,  which  he  never  did,  she  replied, 
'  You  don't  know  your  own  talent '  (MooRE, 
Diary,  Russell,  ii.  328,  v.  262,  vi.  41 ;  Quar- 
terly Review,  cxxv.  427).  Byron,  supposing 
that  she  had  prompted  the  article  on  •'  Hours 
of  Idleness '  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  sa- 
tirised her  in  'English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers,'  but  afterwards  made  reparation 
by  dedicating  the  '  Bride  of  Abydos '  to  her 
husband.  In  Ticknor,  the  historian  of  Spanish 
literature,  she  met  her  match.  Referring  to 
New  England  she  told  him  that  she  understood 
the  colony  had  originally  been  a  convict  settle- 
ment, to  which  Ticknor  answered  that  he  was 
not  aware  of  the  fact,  but  that  in  the  King's 
Chapel,  Boston,  was  a  monument  to  one  of  the 
Vassalls,  some  of  whom  had  been  among  the 
early  settlers  of  Massachusetts  (Life  of  Tick- 
nor, i.  264  ».)  She  kept  a  tight  rein  on  her 
guests  when  they  seemed  inclined  to  mono- 
polise the  conversation.  Macaulay  once  des- 
canting at  large  on  Sir  Thomas  Munro,  she  told 
him  brusquely  she  had  had  enough  of  the  sub- 
ject and  would  have  no  more.  The  conver- 
sation then  turned  on  the  Christian  Fathers, 
and  Macaulay  was  copious  on  Chrysostom 
and  Athanasius  till  Lady  Holland  abruptly 
turned  to  him  with, '  Pray,  Macaulay,  what 

i2 


Fox 


116 


Fox 


was  the  origin  of  a  doll  ?  when  were  dolls 
first  mentioned  in  history  ?  '  This  elicited  a 
disquisition  on  the  Roman  doll,  which  in  its 
turn  was  cut  short  by  Lady  Holland  (GRE- 
VILLE, Memoirs,  1837-52,  i.  367-8).  On 
another  occasion  she  sent  a  page  to  ask  him 
to  cease  talking,  as  she  wished  to  listen  to 
Lord  Aberdeen.  She  would  also  issue  her 
orders  to  her  more  intimate  friends  with  very 
little  ceremony.  'Ring the  bell,  Sydney,'  she 
said  once  to  Sydney  Smith,  to  which  he  re- 
plied,'Oh  yes!  and  shall  I  sweep  the  room?' 
She  dined  at  the  unfashionably  early  hour 
of  six  or  half-past  six,  merely,  according  to 
Talleyrand,  '  pour  gener  tout  le  monde,'  and 
often  overcrowded  her  table.  'Make  room,' 
she  said  to  Henry  Luttrell  [q.  v.]  on  one  of  , 
these  occasions.  '  It  must  certainly  be  made?  \ 
he  observed,  '  for  it  does  not  exist.'  Lord 
Dudley  declined  her  invitations,  because  'he  i 
did  not  choose  to  be  tyrannised  over  while  \ 
he  was  eating  his  dinner.'  Lord  Melbourne, 
being  required  to  change  his  place,  got  up 

with  '  I'll  be  d d  if  I  dine  with  you  at 

all/  and  walked  out  of  the  house.    Neverthe- 
less her  beauty,  vivacity,  and  the  unrivalled 
skill  with  which  she  managed  the  conversa- 
tion so  that  there  should  never  be  either  too  . 
much  or  too  little  of  any  one  topic,  atoned  for  j 
everything.     Her  house  was  neutral  ground 
on  which  men  of  the  most  opposite  schools  of  ' 
thought  met  and  conversed  freely  and  with 
mutual  forbearance   and  respect.      Though  , 
herself  a  sceptic  she  never  encouraged  an  ! 
irreverent  treatment  of  religion ;  and  though,  j 
like  her  husband,  a  staunch  whig,  she  im-  I 
pressed  a  temperate  tone  on  the  discussion  of 
all  political  questions. 

In  1800  she  became  entitled,  under  the  will 
of  her  grandfather,  Florentius  Vassall,  to  some 
estates  in  Jamaica,  on  condition  that  she  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Vassall  only  after  her 
Christian  name.  She  did  this  by  royal  license 
18  June  1800  (in  Heralds'  College,  I.  36, 20). 
She  aspired  to  exert  an  influence  on  politics. 
*  Lady  Holland,'  writes  Lord  Hobart,  under 
date  16  Sept.  1802,  '  is  deep  in  political  in- 
trigue, and  means  for  the  preservation  of 
peace  to  make  it  necessary  that  Fox  should 
be  in  power'  (Journal  of  William, first  lord 
Auckland,  iv.  163).  By  degrees  Holland 
House  came  to  be  the  headquarters  of  the 
opposition,  where  the  leaders  of  the  party 
were  accustomed  to  hold  council  every  Sun- 
day (BUCKINGHAM,  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
the  Regency,  i.  169-70).  On  the  collapse  of 
Lord  Goderich's  coalition  ministry  (1828) 
Lady  Holland  was  ambitious  of  high  office 
for  her  husband.  'Why  should  not  Lord 
Holland  be  secretary  for  foreign  affairs,'  she 
asked,  'why not,  as  well  as  Lord  Lansdowne 


for  the  home  department  ?  '  Lord  John  Rus- 
sell is  said  to  have  quietly  replied,  '  Why, 
they  say,  ma'am,  that  you  open  all  Lord 
Holland's  letters,  and  the  foreign  ministers 
might  not  like  that'  (CROKER,  Corresp.  i. 
400).  During  the  progress  of  the  Reform 
Bill,  some  of  the  cabinet  ministers  often  dined 
with  her,  and  freely  discussed  the  political 
situation.  Brougham  accuses  her  of  pursuing 
him  with  bitter  spite  on  account  of  an  affront 
put  on  her  by  his  mother  (Memoirs,  ii.  102), 
but  much  importance  cannot  be  attached  to 
such  a  charge  emanating  from  Brougham.  He 
and  Lady  Holland  were,  however,  at  feud  for 
a  great  many  years ;  she  made  an  advance  in 
the  direction  of  a  reconciliation  by  sending 
him  an  invitation  to  dinner  in  1839,  which 
he  declined  (GREVILLE,  Memoirs,  1837-52, 
i.  245-6).  She  was  an  ardent  admirer  of 
Napoleon,  to  whom  she  was  introduced  at 
Malmaison  in  1802,  and  sent  him  a  message 
of  respect  and  sympathy  at  Elba  in  1814, 
and  parcels  of  books  and  Neapolitan  sweet- 
meats at  St.  Helena.  He  bequeathed  to  her  a 
gold  snuff-box  ornamented  with  a  fine  cameo, 
the  gift  of  Pius  VI  after  the  signature  of  the 
treaty  of  Tolentino,  1797,  and  she  procured 
and  preserved  as  relics  a  ring  and  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  which  had  belonged  to  him, 
a  sock  which  he  had  worn  at  his  death,  and  a 
copy  of  the  '  Edinburgh  Review '  (October- 
December,  1816)  containing  pencil  marks  in 
his  handwriting.  Dr.  John  Allen  lived  in 
her  house,  and  Macaulay  says  she  treated  him 
like  a  negro  slave  [see  ALLEX,  JOHN^,  1771- 
1843].  By  the  death  of  Lord  Holland  in  1840 
the  gaiety  of  her  house  suffered  a  brief  eclipse. 
But  three  months  afterwards  Greville  was  pre- 
sent at  one  of  her  most  brilliant  dinner  parties 
(ib.  1837-52,  i.  367).  These,  however,  were 
now  for  the  most  part  given  at  her  house  in 
South  Street,Grosvenor  Square,  and  to  a  some- 
what smaller  company.  Thiers  and  Palmerston 
were  both  present  at  the  last  she  ever  gave 
(October  1845).  Her  own  death,  the  approach 
of  which  seemed  to  cause  her  neither  fear  nor 
concern,  took  place  at  her  house  in  South 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  at  two  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  16  Nov.  1845.  She  was  buried 
at  Ampthill  Park,  Bedfordshire.  Her  will 
was  unnatural,  her  children  being  almost 
entirely  excluded.  She  was  a  kind  mistress 
to  her  servants,  and  a  warm,  sympathetic,  and 
faithful  friend .  Greville  says  that '  she  dreaded 
solitude  above  everything.'  A  portrait  of 
her,  painted  by  Gauffier  at  Florence  in  1795, 
and  another  by  Fagan  are  at  Holland  House. 
Lady  Holland  had  issue  by  her  first  husband 
two  sons  (Godfrey  Vassall,  who  succeeded  his 
father  in  title  and  estates,  represented  Sussex 
in  parliament,  and  died  in  1836 ;  and  Henry, 


Fox 


117 


Fox 


who  entered  the  army,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  colonel)  and  one  daughter,  Harriet,  who 
married  in  1816  the  Hon.  Sir  Fleetwood 
Pellew,  captain  R.N.  and  C.B.  She  also  had 
a  son  by  Lord  Holland  before  her  marriage 
with  that  nobleman,  viz.  Charles  Richard 
Fox  [q.  v.],  who  entered  the  army,  and  mar- 
ried in  1824  Lady  Mary  Fitzclarence,  second 
daughter  of  William  IV  by  Mrs.  Jordan. 

[Lords'  Journals,  xli.  333,  348,  379;  Gent. 
Mag.  1797  pt.  ii.  614,  1846  pt.  i.  89;  Burke's 
Extinct  Peerage ;  Lord  Holland's  Foreign  Re- 
miniscences, pp.  188-205 ;  Trevelyan's  Life  of 
Macaulay,  i.  207,  211,  230,  234,  266,  339,  352; 
Quarterly  Review,  cliii.  116,  cliv.  110;  Princess 
Liechtenstein's  Holland  House ;  Addit.  MSS. 
20117  f.  17,  20125  f.  259,  20140  f.  54,  20158 
ff.  12  b,  13;  Greville's  Mem.  (Geo.  IV-Wm.  IV), 
ii.  130,  245,  iii.  316;  Sir  Henry  Holland's  Recol- 
lections of  Past  Life  (2nd  ed.),  228  et  seq. ;  Hay- 
ward's  Biographical  and  Critical  Essays,  new  ser. 
ii.  262-3.]  J.  M.  R. 

FOX,  FRANCIS  (1675-1738),  divine,  son 
of  Francis  Fox,  was  born  at  Brentford  in 
1675.  He  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford, 
as  a  commoner  in  April  1698,  after  having, 
according  to  Hearne,  served  six  and  a  half 
years  of  his  time  as  apprentice  to  a  glover  in 
London.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1701, 
and  that  of  M.A.  in  1704.  In  1705  he  was 
chaplain  to  the  lord  mayor,  Sir  Owen  Buck- 
ingham, and  apparently  about  this  time  was 
'  commonly  known  as  Father  Fox.'  Bishop 
Burnet  appointed  him  rector  of  Boscombe, 
Wiltshire,  in  1708,  and  promoted  him  thence 
to  the  vicarage  of  Potterne,  a  better  living, 
in  1711.  He  was  chaplain  to  Lord  Cadogan, 
and,  from  1713  till  his  death,  prebendary  of 
Salisbury.  In  1726  the  lord  chancellor  pre- 
sented him  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mary's  in 
Reading,  a  living  worth  3001.  a  year.  There 
he  died  in  July  1738. 

He  was,  at  any  rate  for  most  of  his  life,  a 
strong  whig,  and  in  1727  he  preached  at  what 
was  called  the  Reading  lecture  a  sermon  which 
gave  great  offence  to  a  number  of  the  clergy 
who  formed  the  audience.  After  being  re- 
peated as  an  assize  sermon  at  Abingdon,  it 
was  published  under  the  title  of  '  Judgment, 
Mercy,  and  Fidelity,  the  Weightier  Matters 
or  Duties  of  the  Law '  (Matt,  xxiii.  23).  It 
was  considered  to  undervalue  the  efficacy  of 
the  sacraments,  and  to  depreciate  unduly  the 
usefulness  of  preaching  against  dissenters. 
Angry  letters  about  it  were  exchanged  be- 
tween Fox  and  the  Rev.  Joseph  Slade  of  St. 
Laurence's,  Reading,  who  eventually  pub- 
lished a  sermon  in  reply  to  it,  with  the  letters 
prefixed.  This  in  its  turn  was  attacked  by 
the  Rev.  Lancelot  Carleton  in  '  A  Letter  to 
the  Rev.  Jos.  Slade.' 


Besides  the  sermon,  'Judgment,  Mercy, 
and  Fidelity,'  Fox  published :  1.  '  The  Super- 
intendency  of  Divine  Providence  over  Human 
Affairs,'  a  sermon  preached  in  St.  Paul's 
before  the  lord  mayor  on  Restoration-day, 
1705.  2.  An  anonymously  printed  folio 
sheet  entitled  'The  Obligations  Christians  are 
under  to  shun  Vice  and  Immorality  and  to 
practise  Piety  and  Virtue  shown  from  the 
express  words  of  Holy  Scripture,'  about  1707. 
3.  '  The  Lawfulness  of  Oaths  and  the  Sin  of 
Perjury  and  Profane  Swearing,'  an  assize  ser- 
mon at  Salisbury,  1710.  4.  '  The  Duty  of 
Public  Worship  proved,  with  directions  for 
a  devout  behaviour  therein,'  1713  (19th  ed. 
S.P.C.K.,  1818).  5.  '  A  Sermon  on  the  Sun- 
day next  after  5  Nov.'  (Num.  xxiii.  23),  1715. 
6.  '  The  New  Testament,  with  references  and 
notes,' 1722.  7.  'An Introduction  to  Spelling 
and  Reading,  containing  lessons  for  children,' 
7th  ed.  1754  (17th  ed.  S.P.C.K.,  1805). 

[Coates's  Hist,  of  Reading,  pp.  1 1 6, 1 1 7,  and  ex- 
tract from  Rawlinson  MS.  J.,  4to,  iii.  286,  in  the 
supplement;  Hearne's  Collections,  ed.  Doble, 
i.  34,  ii.  6,  75,  107  ;  Hearne's  MS.  Diary,  Ixxxvi. 
11,  cxi.  115;  Hoare's  Modern  Wiltshire,  Under- 
ditch,  p.  164,  Ambresbury,  p.  116;  Hutchins's 
Hist,  of  Dorset  (3rd  ed.),  ii.  572  ;  Political  State, 
July  1738,  Ivi.  93;  Oxford  Cat.  of  Grad.;  Brit. 
Mus.  and  Bodleian  Catalogues  of  Printed  Books.] 

E.  C-N. 

FOX,  GEORGE  (1624-1691),  founder  y 
of  the  Society  of  Friends,  son  of  Christopher 
Fox  ('  righteous  Christer '),  a  puritan  weaver 
in  good  circumstances,  was  born  at  Fenny 
Drayton  (otherwise  Drayton-in-the-Clay), 
Leicestershire,  in  July  1624.  Fox  mentions 
that  his  mother,  Mary  Lago,  was  '  of  the 
stock  of  the  martyrs,'  in  allusion  probably 
to  the  family  of  Glover  of  Mancetter  (see 
RICHIKGS,  The  Mancetter  Martyrs,  1860). 
Penn  describes  her  as  '  a  woman  accomplished 
above  most  of  her  degree.'  Whether  Fox 
had  any  schooling  (CROESE)  is  doubtful ;  his 
spelling  was  always  uncouth,  but  his  illi- 
teracy has  been  somewhat  exaggerated.  The 
accounts  of  his  early  seriousness  are  chiefly 
remarkable  for  bringing  to  the  front  the  ethi- 
cal element  in  the  puritan  character  and  train- 
ing. His  parents  intended  George  for  the 
ministry  of  the  church  of  England ;  he  speaks 
of  no  objection  on  his  own  part, '  but  others 
persuaded  to  the  contrary.'  Accordingly  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker  (at  Notting- 
ham, according  to  Croese).  His  master  did 
business  as  a  grazier  and  wool  dealer,  and 
employed  George  as  a  trusted  agent,  whose 
'  verily '  was  accepted  as  a  final  word  in  a 
bargain. 

Early  in  the  summer  of  1643  (before  July) 
an  incident  at  a  fair  determined  Fox's  future. 


**  For  an 
article  written  by  the  author  of  the  D.N.B. 
life  of  Fox,  in  which  he  corrects  and  sup- 
plements his  original  article,  see  Journal 


Fox 


118 


Fox 


His  cousin  Bradford,  with  another  puritan 
youth,  -would  have  initiated  him  into  the 
practice  of  drinking  healths.  He  paid  his 
shot,  but  left  the  company ;  spent  a  night  in 
religious  exercises,  and  felt  a  divine  call  to 
forsake  all  his  existing  associations.  This 
call  he  obeyed  on  9  Sept.  1643.  Turning  his 
face  southward,  he  disappeared  for  nine 
months,  dividing  his  time  between  Lutter- 
worth,  Northampton,  and  Newport  Pagnel, 
shunning  society  and  declining  religious  fel- 
lowship. In  June  1644  he  moved  on  to 
Barnet ;  here  he  doubted  whether  he  had 
done  right  in  leaving  home,  and  his  religious 
melancholy  deepened  towards  despair.  After 
a  stay  at  Barnet,  he  took  a  lodging  in  London, 
and  visited  his  uncle  Pickering,  a  baptist. 
Hearing  that  his  relatives  were  troubled  at 
his  absence,  he  at  length  returned  to  Dray- 
ton. 

From  that  return  he  dates  {Epistles,  p.  2) 
the  beginning  of  his  religious  community 
(1644).  This,  however,  is  a  retrospective 
judgment.  His  course  was  still  far  from 
clear.  His  relatives  wished  him  to  marry. 
Others  proposed  his  joining  the  '  auxiliary 
band '  among  the  parliamentary  forces ;  this 
he  refused,  being  '  tender,'  a  word  which  in 
his  phraseology  means  religiously  affected. 
He  was  attracted  to  Coventry,  a  puritan 
stronghold,  and  found  sympathisers  there. 
Returning  to  Drayton  in  1645,  he  spent 
something  like  a  year  in  fruitless  resorts  to 
neighbouring  clergy.  The  curate  of  Drayton, 
Nathaniel  Stephens  (rector  from  1659),  a 
studious  and  kindly  man,  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  him,  but  Fox  disliked  his  bringing 
the  subjects  of  their  conversations  into 
the  pulpit.  He  describes  Stephens  as  sub- 
sequently his  '  great  persecutor,'  an  unwar- 
ranted expression.  The  old  vicar  of  Man- 
cetter,  Richard  Abell,  advised  him  to  '  take 
tobacco,  and  sing  psalms.'  John  Machin,  lec- 
turer at  Atherstone,  prescribed  physic  and 
bleeding,  and  the  bleeding  was  tried  without 
success.  He  got  more  satisfaction  from  his 
visits  of  charity  among  the  poor ;  he  had  some 
independent  means,  whence  derived  he  does 
not  say ;  he  reports  without  comment  the  re- 
mark of  his  relatives,  '  When  hee  went  from 
us  hee  had  a  greate  deale  of  gould  and  sillver 
about  him '  (original  manuscript  of  Journal, 
p.  17). 

During  a  Sunday  morning's  walk,  early  in 
1646,  the  new  idea  presented  itself  to  him 
that  a  minister  must  be  more  than  a  scholar. 
Henceforward  he  gave  up  attendance  at 
church;  going  rather  to  the  orchard  or  the 
fields,  with  his  Bible.  For  more  than  a  year 
he  wandered  about  in  the  midland  counties, 
mixing  with  separatists  of  all  sorts,  but '  never 


i  joined  in  profession  of  religion  with  any.' 
j  The  rumour  of  a  '  fasting  woman '  drew  him 
to  Lancashire,  but  his  curiosity  was  soon 
j  satisfied.  On  his  way  back  he  visited  Dukin- 
j  field,  a  Cheshire  village,  where,  according  to 
Edwards  (Gangrcena,  iii.  164),  the  earliest 
|  independent  church  in  England  was  organ- 
j  ised.  Among  its  members,  who  had  lately 
(1646)  been  troubled  by  a  supernatural  drum, 
Fox  in  1647  '  declared  truth.'  Sewel  marks 
this  as  '  the  first  beginning  of  George  Fox's 
preaching.'  It  was  continued  at  Manchester, 
and  consisted  of '  few,  but  powerful  and  pierc- 
ing words.'  A  conference  of  baptists  and 
others  at  Broughton,  Leicestershire  (probably 
Broughton-Astley),  gave  him  an  opportunity 
of  addressing  a  large  concourse  of  people. 
From  this  time  he  was  much  sought  after ; 
'  one  Brown '  prophesied  great  things  of  him ; 
and  when  Brown  died,  Fox  lay  in  a  trance, 
which  was  a  fourteen  days'  wonder.  He  at- 
tended the  religious  meetings  and  discussions 
which  then  abounded,  usually  taking  some 
part.  The  first  mention  of  his  speaking  in  a 
'  steeple-house '  is  at  a  great  disputation  in 
Leicester  (1648),  when  '  presbyterians,  inde- 
pendents, baptists,  and  common-prayer-men' 
all  took  part ;  the  debate  came  to  an  abrupt 
conclusion,  but  was  resumed  at  an  inn.  In 
the  same  year  he  first  mentions  '  a  meeting  of 
Friends,'  at  Little  Eaton,  near  Derby. 

At  this  period  the  mysticism  of  Fox  was 
not  confined  to  matters  of  spiritual  insight. 
He  claimed  to  have  received  direct  know- 
ledge of  the  occult  qualities  of  nature,  so  that 
he  was  '  at  a  stand'  in  his  mind,  whether  he 
should  'practise  physick  for  the  good  of 
mankind.'  In  this  respect,  as  in  some  others, 
he  reminds  us  of  Jacob  Boehme,  whose  writ- 
ings, a  contemporary  affirms,  were  'the  chief 
books  '  bought  by  Fox's  followers  (MUGGLE- 
TON,  Looking  Glass  for  G.  Fox,  2nd  ed.  1756, 
p.  10).  But  this  phase  passed  away,  and  he 
devoted  himself  to  a  spiritual  reform.  Fox's 
idealism  was  not  that  of  the  A'isionary ;  his 
mind  was  strongly  set  on  realities.  It  was 
a  sore  trial  to  him  to  reach  by  degrees  the 
conclusion  that  the  religious  disputes  of  his 
day,  even  that  between  protestant  and  papist, 
turned  upon  trivial  matters.  With  much 
modesty  of  conviction,  but  a  daring  thorough- 
ness of  sincerity,  he  strove  to  get  at  the  core 
of  things.  Unconventional  ways,  which  he 
now  adopted,  his  retention  of  the  hat,  and 
disuse  of  complimentary  phrases,  were  dic- 
tated by  a  manly  simplicity.  Too  much  has 
been  made  of  his  peculiarities  of  dress.  He 
rejected  ornaments.  His '  leathern  breeches ' 
are  first  mentioned  by  him  in  his  journal 
under  date  1651.  Croese  makes  his  whole 
dress  of  leather,  and  Sewel  appears  to  cor- 


Fox 


119 


Fox 


roborate  this,  denying,  however,  that  it  had 
any  connection  with  '  his  former  leather- 
work.'  For  Carlyle's  rhapsody  (Sartor  Re- 
sartus,  iii.  1)  on  the  leathern  suit  stitched  by 
Pox's  own  hands  there  is  no  foundation. 

His  first  incarceration  was  at  Nottingham 
in  1649,  for  the  offence  of  brawling  in  church, 
lie  was  described  in  the  charge-sheet  as  'a 
youth,'  though  now  in  his  twenty-fifth  year. 
Though  he  complains  of  the  foulness  of  his  cell, 
the  action  of  the  authorities  was  gentle  as 
compared  with  the  fury  of  the  villagers  of 
Mansfield  Woodhouse  on  a  similar  occasion 
shortly  after.  By  this  time  Fox  had  fairly  en- 
terjsd  upon  a  course  of  aggressive  action  as  an 
itinerant  preacher.  He  sought  an  interview 
(1649)  with  Samuel  Gates  and  other  general 
baptist  preachers,  at  Barrow-upon-Soar,  Lei- 
cestershire. Barclay  is  probably  right  in  in- 
ferring (Inner  Life,  p.  256)  that  there  was 
enough  in  common  between  his  objects  and 
their  free  methods  and  Arminian  views  to 
make  him  think  an  approximation  possible ; 
but  'their  baptism  in  water'  stopped  the  way. 
It  does  not  appear  that  Fox's  society  was  re- 
cruited from  the  baptists  more  largely  than 
from  other  sects,  though  it  exhibits  the  in- 
fluence of  baptist  ideas.  The  earliest  documen- 
tary name  for  the  new  society  is  'Children  of 
Light,'  which  Barclay  traces  to  a  baptist  source 
(ib.  p.  262).  It  was  soon,  however,  super- 
seded by  the  happy  designation  of  '  Truth's 
Friends,'  or  '  Friends  of  Truth,'  abbreviated 
into  '  Friends.'  Their  popular  nickname  was 
given  to  them  at  Derby  on  30  Oct.  1650  by  the 
wit  of  Gervase  Bennet,  a  hard-headed  oracle 
of  the  local  bench  (MIJGGLETON,  Acts  of  the 
Witnesses,  1699,  p.  94  sq.)  Fox  had  bidden 
the  magistrates  '  tremble  at  the  word  of  the 
Lord,'  whereupon  Bennet  retorted  upon  Fox 
and  Fretwell  the  name  of  '  quakers.'  The 
term  got  into  the  House  of  Commons'  jour- 
nals as  early  as  1654. 

The  rise  of  this  body  synchronises  with 
the  parliamentary  attempt  to  regulate  the 
affairs  of  the  church  of  England  on  the  Scot- 
tish model ;  the  new  society  was  a  collective 
protest  against  the  presbyterian  system,  as 
inefficient  for  purposes  of  evangelisation. 
Fox's  earliest  recorded  convert  was  a  middle- 
aged  widow  at  Nottingham,  Elizabeth  Hooton 
[q.  v.]  (mentioned  1647),  who  became  the  first 
•woman  preacher  in  the  society.  His  adherents 
were  soon  numbered  by  thousands.  They  came 
for  the  most  part  from  the  lower  middle  class, 
drawn  not  merely  from  the  puritan  folds,  but 
from  the  fringes  of  all  the  sects,  from  ranters, 
shakers,  seekers,  and  visionaries  of  all  sorts, 
who  brought  with  them  an  exuberant  emo- 
tional piety  tending  to  pantheism,  and  a  mar- 
vellous unrestraint  of  speech.  The  commu- 


nity exhibited  all  the  signs,  mental  and  physi- 
cal, of  strong  religious  enthusiasm.  Their 
symbolic  acts,  grotesque  and  sometimes  gross, 
were  regarded  as  fanaticism  gone  mad.  With 
the  early  characteristics  of  his  society  Fox 
has  been  often  reproached.  It  is  more  to  the 
point  to  observe  how  by  degrees  his  calmer 
spirit  prevailed  over  those  whom  his  fer- 
vour had  attracted,  while  his  genius  for  or- 
ganisation reduced  to  order  an  otherwise  un- 
manageable mass.  His  discipline  of  religious 
silence  had  a  sobering  influence,  and  the 
growth  of  a  systematic  network  of  meetings, 
dependent  on  each  other,  induced  a  sense  of 
corporate  responsibility.  Barclay  notices 
(Inner  Life,  p.  11)  that,  with  all  its  freedom, 
the  society  from  the  first  was  not  '  indepen- 
dent '  but  '  connexional '  in  its  character. 
There  is  shrewdness  in  Baxter's  remark  that 
the  quakers  were '  the  ranters  revers'd,' turned 
from  wild  extravagances  to  '  extream  auste- 
rity' (CALAMY,  Abridgement,  1713,  p.  102). 
Baxter  ascribes  the  change  to  Penn.  But 
the  ranter  spirit  reached  its  climax  and  its 
fall  in  the  Bristol  ride  (1656)  of  James  Nay- 
ler  [q.  v.],  who  died  in  1660,  many  years 
before  the  adhesion  of  either  Robert  Barclay 
(1667)  or  William  Penn  (1668).  By  this 
time  the  Perrot  schism  (1661-3)  had  re- 
moved the  remaining  elements  of  insubor- 
dination, and  Fox  had  given  final  shape  to 
his  rules  for  the  management  of  '  meetings  for 
discipline '  (printed  as  '  Friends  Fellowship/ 
&c.,  1668 ;  reprinted,  but  not  by  a  quaker, 
as '  Canons  and  Institutions,'  &c.,  1669 ;  given 
in  Beck  and  Ball).  The  system  was  com- 
pleted by  the  institution  of  the  yearly  meet- 
ing, first  held  on  6  Jan.  1669. 

In  the  organisation  of  his  mission  Fox  had 
the  valuable  help  of  a  remarkable  woman, 
whom  he  afterwards  married,  Margaret  Fell 
[q.  v.],  named  by  Barclay  '  the  Lady  Hunt- 
ingdon of  the  new  society '  (Inner  Life,  p.  259). 
She  had  been  carried  away  by  the  teaching 
of  William  Lampett,  who  then  held  the  per- 
petual curacy  of  Ulverston  ;  he  is  explicitly 
described  by  Fox  as' a  ranter'  (original  manu- 
script of  Journal,  p.  61).  It  was  by  degrees 
that  Fox's  teaching  exerted  a  regulative  in- 
fluence over  her  mind.  Her  first  letter  to  him 
in  1652  (facsimile  in  WILKINSON,  Quakerism 
Examined,  1836)  has  the  ranter  swell  which 
inflates  the  well-known  letter  of  John  Aud- 
land,  printed  by  Leslie  (Snake  in  the  Grass, 
1698,  p.  369).  Her  husband's  residence, 
Swarthmoor  Hall,  Lancashire,  became  the 
headquarters  of  the  movement,  the  travelling 
preachers,  of  whom  Fox  had  thirty  in  1653, 
sixty  in  the  following  year  (they  usually  went 
out  in  pairs),  sending  in  their  reports  to  her. 
At  his  own  expense  Fox  built  and  endowed 


Fox 


I2O 


Fox 


the  meeting-house  at  Swarthmoor,  which 
bears  the  inscription '  Ex  Dono  :  G :  F.  1688 ; ' 
his '  tryacle  '•  bible  (1541)  is  here  preserved. 

The  quaker  organisation  was  thus  gaining 
in  cohesion  and  stability  during  a  period  of 
repressive  legislation  which  was  fatal  to  the 
continuity  of  corporate  life  in  the  other  non- 
conformist sects.  Fox  waited  for  no  indul- 
gence, and  regarded  no  conventicle  act.  '  Now 
is  the  time,'  said  Fox, '  for  you  to  stand  .  .  . 
go  into  your  meeting-houses  as  at  other 
times.'  Throughout  the  interval  between 
the  restoration  of  1660  and  the  toleration  of 
1689  the  Friends  kept  up  regular  meetings, 
and  their  numbers  increased.  When  the 
preachers  were  carried  to  prison,  the  people 
met  in  silence ;  the  lawyers  were  puzzled  to 
prove  such  meetings  illegal.  The  meeting- 
places  were  nailed  up  or  demolished ;  they 
assembled  outside  or  amid  the  ruins.  At 
Reading  (1664)  and  Bristol  (1682)  nearly  all 
the  adult  members  were  thrown  into  gaol ; 
the  meetings  were  punctually  kept  by  the 
children.  Equal  firmness  was  shown  in  the 
matter  of  oaths  and  marriages.  Fox's  admi- 
rable system  for  the  registration  of  births, 
marriages,  and  burials  began  in  1652,  and 
was  probably  suggested  by  the  practice  of 
the  baptist  churches.  There  was  no  indis- 
criminate almsgiving,  but  a  constant  effort  to 
improve  the  condition  of  the  poorer  members. 

The  persistent  fidelity  of  Fox's  personal 
labours  can  hardly  be  exaggerated.  On  his 
missionary  journeys,  continued  from  year  to 
year  until  his  death,  he  visited  nearly  every 
corner  in  England  and  Wales.  He  travelled 
to  Scotland  in  1657,  to  Ireland  in  1669,  to 
the  West  Indies  and  North  America  in  1671- 
1672,  to  Holland  in  1677,  and  again  in  1684. 
Eight  times  he  suffered  imprisonment,  the 
longest  period  of  his  incarceration  being  at 
Lancaster  and  Scarborough  (1663-6),  and 
the  latest  at  Worcester  for  nearly  fourteen 
months  (1673—4).  Among  the  many  public 
services  rendered  by  the  early  Friends,  that  of 
compelling  attention  to  the  hideous  condition 
of  the  common  gaols  must  not  be  forgotten. 
In  addition  to  his  work  as  a  preacher  Fox 
found  time  for  a  constant  stream  of  publica- 
tions, sometimes  all  his  own,  sometimes  pro- 
duced in  conjunction  with  others.  He  early 
perceived  (or,  as  seems  probable,  Margaret 
Fell  perceived  for  him)  the  power  of  the 
press  as  a  missionary  agency.  On  18  Feb. 
1653  Margaret  writes  to  her  husband  begging 
him  to  see  after  the  printing  of  tracts  by  Fox, 
Nayler,  and  John  Lawson,  which  she  encloses 
(WEBB,  Fells,  2nd  edit.,  1867,  p.  41).  In 
an  age  of  pamphlet-writers  the  quakers  were 
the  most  prolific,  and  in  some  respects  the 
most  virulent,  in  others  the  most  impressive 


of  pamphleteers.  Admitting  no  weapon  but 
the  tongue,  they  used  it  unsparingly.  In 
Fox's  own  pamphlets,  though  his  emotion 
sometimes  renders  him  inarticulate,  there  is 
often  a  surprising  elevation  of  thought,  and 
an  unstudied  dignity  of  expression. 

Fox  died  at  the  house  of  Henry  Gouldney,, 
in  White  Hart  Court,  Gracechurch  Street, 
on  Tuesday,  13  Jan.  1691.  He  was  interred 
on  16  Jan.  in  Whitecross  Street  (or  Chequer 
Alley)  burying-ground  (present  entrance  in 
Roscoe  Street),  near  Bunhill  Row  (BECK 
and  BALL,  London  Friends'  Meetings,  1869r 
p.  329).  Eleven  Friends  took  part  in  the 
funeral  service  at  the  meeting-house ;  four 
delivered  testimonies  at  the  graveside,  amid 
a  concourse  of  four  thousand  people.  A  head- 
stone was  placed  over  the  grave,  but  this 
was  removed  about  1757,  when  the  body 
was  reinterred  in  order  to  facilitate  the  en- 
largement of  the  burial-ground.  A  stone 
about  six  inches  square,  bearing  the  initials 
'  G.  F.,'  was  then  built  into  the  wall.  This 
also  became  displaced,  and  was  knocked  to> 
pieces  as  '  nehushtan '  by  Robert  Howard 
(d.  January  1812)  (ib.  p.  331 ;  WEBB,  Fells, 
p.  322).  When  the  old  graveyard  was  laid 
out  as  a  garden  (1881)  an  inscribed  headstone, 
about  two  feet  high,  was  placed  on  the  sup- 
posed site  of  Fox's  grave.  In  1872  a  small 
obelisk,  with  an  incorrect  inscription,  was 
erected  at  Drayton,  by  C.  H.  Bracebridge  of 
Atherstone  Hall. 

Fox  had  no  issue  of  his  marriage  on  18  Oct. 
1669  to  Margaret  Fell ;  she  was  ten  years  his 
senior,  and  had  been  eleven  years  a  widow. 
Her  '  testimony '  to  him  draws  a  vivid  pic- 
ture of  his  character.  Fox's  will  (dated 
October  1688,  proved  30  Dec.  1697)  disposes 
of  little  more  than  papers  and  keepsakes.  This 
'will'  consists  of  three  distinct  autograph 
papers  of  direction ;  in  the  Spence  collection 
are  other  signed  papers,  giving  orders  for  the 
disposal  not  only  of  a  thousand  acres  in  Penn- 
sylvania, assigned  to  Fox  by  William  Penn, 
but  of  'land  and  sheep'  (to  his  brother  Joint 
Fox  of  Polesworth),  and  of  money  laid  out 
'  in  ships  and  trade.'  In  1767  his  heirs-at- 
law  were  the  descendants,  in  Pennsylvania,, 
of  his  brother  John  (WEBB,  Fells,  p.  321). 
Of  his  '  bulky  person,'  his  abstemious  ways 
and  little  need  of  sleep,  his  manners, '  civil 
beyond  all  forms  of  breeding,'  his  '  awful, 
living,  reverent  frame '  in  prayer,  we  have 
glimpses  in  Penn's  preface  to  the  '  Journal/ 
Leslie  speaks  of  his  '  long,  straight  hair, 
like  rats'  tails'  (Theol.  Works,  1721,  ii. 
357).  A  painting  ascribed  to  William  Hon- 
thorst,  1654  (engraved  by  Holmes),  is  said 
to  represent  Fox  at  the  age  of  thirty ;  the  face 
is  too  young  for  that  age  (yet  compare  the 


Fox 


121 


Fox 


Nottingham  description  in  1649),  the  hair 
curls,  and  it  seems  a  fancy  picture.  When 
lent  to  the  National  Portraits  Exhibition  in 
1866,  it  was  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Wat- 
kins.  A  small  and  rude  woodcut  without 
date  (reissued  by  Joseph  Smith)  is  probably 
an  authentic  contemporary  likeness  of  Fox  in 
middle  age ;  the  visage  is  homely,  massive  and 
dignified.  It  is  evidently  the  source  of  later 
portraits,  such  as  the  neat  engraving  pub- 
lished by  W.  Barton  (1822),  of  which  there 
is  an  enlarged  reproduction  in  lithography 
by  Thomas  Fairland  [q.  v.]  about  1835.  An 
engraving  by  Samuel  Allen,  from  a  painting 
by  S.  Chinn,  was  published  in  1838  {Notes 
and  Queries,  1st  ser.  vi.  156). 

The  bibliography  of  Fox's  writings  fills 
fifty-three  pages  of  Smith's '  Catalogue.  Most 
modern  readers  will  be  contented  with  1. '  A 
Journal,  or  Historical  Account  of  the  Life 
...  of  ...  George  Fox,'  &c.,  1694,  fpl.,  a 
work  of  the  highest  interest.  A  shorter  jour- 
nal, preserved  among  the  manuscripts  at 
Devonshire  Square,  is  described  by  Barclay 
(Inner  Life,  p.  277  sq.)  The  published  jour- 
nal was  revised  by  a  committee,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Penn,  and  transcribed  for 
the  press  by  Thomas  Ell  wood  [q.  v.]  Fox 
had  himself  (in  a  paper  dated  24  June  1685) 
named  a  committee  for  thispurpose,  including 
Ell  wood  ;  he  says,  '  And  ye  great  jornall  of 
my  Life,  Sufferings,  Travills,  and  imprison- 
ments, they  may  bee  put  together,  they  Lye 
in  papers :  and  ye  Little  Jornall  Books,  they 
may  bee  printed  together  in  a  Book '  (auto- 
graph in  Spence  Collection).  The  original 
manuscript  (wanting  sixteen  folios  at  the  be- 
ginning) is  in  the  possession  of  Robert  Spence, 
esq.,  North  Shields ;  it  is  not  in  autograph, 
but  has  been  dictated  to  successive  ama- 
nuenses. After  publication,  a  further  re- 
vision (24  Sept.  1694)  substituted  a  new  leaf 
for  pp.  309-10  (story  of  Justice  Clark);  copies 
with  the  uncancelled  leaf  are  very  scarce. 
Wilson  Armistead's  edition,  1852, 2  yols.  8vo, 
with  notes,  and  divided  into  chapters,  is  handy 
for  reference ;  but  it  has  '  improvements ' 
(some  of  them  from  Phipps's  '  third  edition,' 
1765,  fol.)  which  sometimes  miss  the  sense. 
An  abridgment,  by  Henry  Stanley  Newman, 
'Autobiography  of  George  Fox,'  &c.  (n.d., 
preface  dated  Buckfield,  Leominster,  1886), 
is  rather  a  partisan  selection.  2.  'A  Collec- 
tion of  ...  Epistles,'  &c.,  1698,  fol.  (called 
'  the  second  volume,'  the  'Journal '  being  con- 
sidered the  first).  3.  '  Gospel-Truth  ...  a 
Collection  of  Doctrinal  Books,'  &c.,  1706, 
fol.  This  forms  a  third  volume,  though  it  is 
not  so  designated.  In  this  and  the  preceding 
Fox's  principal  works  will  be  found,  the  most 
important  omission  being  4.  '  The  Great  Mis- 


tery,'  &c.,  1659,  fol.  There  is  no  complete 
collection  of  Fox's  writings,  the  fullest  being 
the  Philadelphia  edition  of  the '  Works,'  1831, 
8  vols.  8vo. 

Macaulay's  epigram  on  Fox,  as  '  too  much 
disordered  for  liberty,  and  not  sufficiently 
disordered  for  Bedlam,'  is  well  known.  De 
Morgan  admits  (Budget  of  Paradoxes)  that, 
though  not  a  '  rational,'  Fox  was  certainly  a 
'  national '  man.  Marsden  has  done  more- 
justice  to  the  intellectual  merit  of  Fox's  doc- 
trine of  the  inner  light,  which  '  rested  upon, 
one  idea,  the  greatest  that  can  penetrate  the 
mind  of  man :  God  is  a  spirit,  and  they  that 
worship  him  must  worship  him  in  spirit  and 
truth '  (Hist,  of  the  Later  Puritans,  1872, 
p.  240).  There  can  be  no  question  of  the 
healthiness  and  strength  of  his  moral  fibre. 
It  is  remarkable  that  Wesley,  who  was  ac- 
quainted with  Barclay's  '  Apology,'  never 
mentions  Fox.  Yet  the  early  quakerisni 
anticipated  methodism  in  many  important 
points,  as  well  as  in  the  curious  detail  of 
conducting  the  business  of  meetings  by  means 
of  answers  to  queries.  The  literary  skill  of 
the  '  Apology '  has  drawn  readers  to  it  rather 
than  to  Fox's  amorphous  writings ;  but  for 
pure  quakerism,  not  yet  fixed  (1676)  in  scho- 
lastic forms,  it  is  necessary  to  go  to  Fox ;  and 
the  student  will  be  rewarded,  as  Professor 
Huxley  has  recently  observed  (Nineteenth 
Century,  April  1889),  by  passages  of  great 
beauty  and  power. 

GEORGE  Fox,  called  for  distinction  'the 
younger,'  not  in  years,  but  '  the  younger  in 
the  truth,'  was  of  Charsfield,  Suffolk.  He 
reached  independently  (about  1651)  similar 
views  to  those  of  his  namesake,  and  joined 
his  society,  in  which  he  was  a  preacher.  He 
began  to  write  in  1656.  He  died  at  Hurst, 
Sussex,  on  7  July  1661,  and  was  buried  at 
Twineham.  His  works  wer"e  collected  in  a 
small  volume,  1662,  8vo ;  2nd  edition,  en- 
larged, 1665,  8vo. 

[For  the  facts  of  Fox's  life  the  great  authority 
is  the  Journal.  Gerard  Croese's  Historia  Qua- 
keriana,  1695;  2nd  edit.  1696;  English  transla- 
tion, 1696,  is  based  on  materials  supplied  by 
William  Sewel.  Sewel's  own  History,  1722, 
embodies  some  few  fresh  particulars  from  a  paper 
by  Fox,  '  in  his  lifetime  drawn  up  by  his  order, 
at  my  request,  and  sent  to  me.'  Besse's  Collec- 
tion of  the  Sufferings,  1753;  Gough's  History, 
1789.  Among  the  numerous  biographies  may 
be  mentioned  those  of  Henry  Tuke  (1813),  Wil- 
liam and  Thomas  Evans  (1837),  Josiah  Marsh 
(1847)  from  an  Anglican  point  of  view,  Samuel 
M.  Janney  (1853)  a  Hicksite  friend,  John  Selby 
Watson  (1860),  and  A.  C.  Bickley  (1884),  with 
a  facsimile  letter  (2  Oct.  1680)  from  Fox  to  Bar- 
clay. The  Swarthmoor  MSS.  werefirst  employed 
by  Maria  Webb  in  The  Fells  of  Swarthmoor 


Fox 


122 


Fox 


Hall,  1865,  with  plates  and  facsimiles.  An  able 
essay  on  George  Fox :  his  Character,  Doctrine, 
and  Work,  1 873,  by  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
'Friends  [Edward  Ash,  M.D.],  deals  with  the 
limitations  of  Fox's  mind ;  a  reply,  Immediate 
Hevelation  True,  1873,  "was  published  by  George 
Pitt.  In  the  Inner  Lifeof  the  Religious  Societies 
of  the  Common-wealth,  1876,  by  Kobert  Barclay 
(1833-1876)  [q.v.],  much  new  light  was  thrown 
on  Fox's  aims  and  methods,  and  the  genesis  of 
his  movement ;  the  writer  somewhat  over-esti- 
mates the  direct  influence  of  the  ideas  of  the 
Mennonite  baptists.  Joseph  Smith's  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books,  1867,  2  vols. ;  Bio- 
graphical Catalogue,  1888,  by  Beck,  Wells,  and 
Chalkley.  Articles  by  the  present  writer :  Theo- 
logical Eeview,  January  1874,  July  1877.  The 
exact  date  of  Fox's  birth  is  not  recoverable :  the 
early  registers  of  Fenny  Drayton  are  lost,  and 
there  is  no  transcript  for  1624  in  the  records  of 
the  archdeaconry;  the  first  entry  relating  to  the 
family  is  the  baptism  of  Fox's  sister  Dorothy  on 
9  April  1626.  Use  has  been  made  of  the  Swarth- 
moor  MSS.,  of  the  original  manuscript  of  the 
printed  Journal,  and  of  a  large  number  of  manu- 
scripts from  Swarthmoor  in  the  Spence  collec- 
tion ;  also  of  Southey's  manuscript  Life  of  Fox 
(unfinished)  in  the  same  collection  ;  and  of  a  con- 
temporary manuscript  account  of  Fox's  funeral 
per  C.  Elcock  ;  works  cited  above.]  A.  G. 

FOX,  GEORGE  (1802?-!  871),  topogra- 
pher, a  native  of  Pontefract,  Yorkshire,  car- 
ried on  the  business  of  a  bookseller  and  sta- 
tioner, in  partnership  with  his  father,  John 
Fox,  in  Market  Place  in  that  town,  and  was 
for  some  years  a  member  of  the  corporation. 
He  died  at  his  residence,  Friar  Wood  House, 
on  23  Aug.  1871,  aged  69.  He  compiled  an 
excellent  and  now  scarce  '  History  of  Ponte- 
fract,' 8vo,  Pontefract,  1827,  illustrated  with 
plates  from  his  own  drawings. 

[Pontefract  Advertiser,  26  Aug.  1871  ;  Ponte- 
fract Telegraph,  26  Aug.  1871;  Boyne's  York- 
shire Library,  pp.  147-8  ;  Pigot's  Directories.] 

G.  G. 

FOX,  HENRY,  first  BARON  HOLLAND 
(1705-1774),  younger  son  of  Sir  Stephen  Fox 
[q.v.],  by  his  second  wife,  Christian,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Francis  Hopes,  rector  of  Haceby, 
and  afterwards  of  Aswarby,  Lincolnshire, 
was  born  at  Chiswick  on  28  Sept.  1705,  and 
was  educated  at  Eton,  where  he  was  the  con- 
temporary of  Pitt,  Fielding,  and  Sir  Charles 
Hanbury  Williams.  It  has  been  generally 
asserted  that  Fox  went  up  to  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, but  there  is  no  record  of  his  matricu- 
lation in  'Alumni  Oxonienses  1715-1886.' 
Indulging  recklessly  in  gambling  and  other 
extravagances,  he  soon  squandered  the  greater 
part  of  his  private  fortune,  and  went  abroad 
to  extricate  himself  from  his  pecuniary  em- 
barrassments. Upon  his  return  to  England 


Fox  was  elected  to  parliament  for  the  borough 
of  Hindon  in  Wiltshire  in  February  1735. 
Being  by  profession  a  whig  he  attached 
himself  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  whom  he 
served  with  unswerving  fidelity,  and  was 
quickly  rewarded  for  his  services  with  the 
post  of  surveyor-general  of  works,  to  which 
he  was  appointed  on  17  June  1737.  At  the 
general  election  in  1741  Fox  was  returned 
for  the  borough  of  Windsor,  for  which  he 
continued  to  sit  until  the  dissolution  in 
March  1761.  Upon  the  fall  of  Walpole  in 
1742  Fox  resigned  office,  but  was  appointed 
a  lord  of  the  treasury  in  the  Pelham  ad- 
ministration on  25  Aug.  1743.  After  hold- 
ing this  post  nearly  three  years  he  was 
appointed  secretary  at  war  in  May  1746,  and 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  privy  council 
on  23  July  following.  During  the  debate 
on  the  Regency  Bill  in  1751,  Fox  repelled 
with  great  warmth  an  attack  made  on  his 
patron,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  by  Pitt. 
So  incensed  was  Fox  with  his  colleague's 
speech  that  he  left  the  house  without  voting. 
When  Pelham,  remonstrating  with  him  after- 
wards, told  him  that  he  had  not  spoken  like, 
himself,  Fox  spiritedly  replied,  '  Had  I  in- 
deed spoken  like  myself  I  should  have  said 
ten  times  more  against  the  bill.'  In  1753 
he  attacked  Lord  Hardwicke,  whom  he  had 
never  forgiven  for  deserting  Sir  Robert  Wal- 

S)le.  When  the  lord  chancellor's  Marriage 
ill  appeared  in  the  commons,  Fox  vehe- 
mently opposed  it,  and  neither  spared  the 
bill  nor  the  author  of  it  (Par/.  Hist.  xv. 
67-74).  Upon  the  death  of  Pelham  in 
March  1754,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  opened 
negotiations  with  Fox,  through  the  Marquis 
of  Hartington.  It  was  proposed  that  Fox 
should  be  secretary  of  state  with  the  lead  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  but  that  the  dis- 
posal of  the  secret  service  money  should  be 
left  in  the  hands  of  the  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  who  should  keep  Fox  informed  of 
the  way  in  which  the  fund  was  employed. 
In  his  interview  with  Fox,  however,  the 
duke  declared  that  he  should  not  disclose  to 
any  one  how  he  employed  the  secret  service 
money.  Fox  refused  to  accept  these  altered 
terms,  but  promised  to  remain  in  the  ad- 
ministration as  secretary  at  war.  But  though 
Fox  continued  in  office  it  can  hardly  be  said 
that  he  continued  to  support  the  ministry. 
Reconciled  by  a  common  enmity,  Fox  and 
Pitt  combined  in  seizing  every  opportunity 
which  arose  during  the  debate  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  Sir  Thomas  Robinson,  the 
newly  appointed  secretary  of  state,  ridicu- 
lous. The  covert  sarcasms  of  Fox  and  the 
open  denunciations  of  Pitt  quickly  rendered 
Newcastle's  position  intolerable,  and  in 


Fox 


123 


Fox 


January  1755  fresh  negotiations  were  opened 
with  Fox,  which  this  time  proved  successful, 
though  the  terms  offered  him  were  not  so 
favourable  as  on  the  last  occasion.  Fox, 
having  consented  in  future  to  act  under 
Robinson,  and  to  give  the  king's  measures 
his  active  support  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
was  admitted  to  the  cabinet,  and  his  tempo- 
rary alliance  with  Pitt  was  thereupon  dis- 
solved. Though  Fox  suffered  in  reputation 
by  his  desertion  of  Pitt  and  his  subservience 
to  Newcastle,  he  speedily  gained  his  object, 
and  before  the  year  was  out  was  leader  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  Robinson,  receiv- 
ing a  pension,  was  reappointed  master  of  the 
great  wardrobe,  and  Fox  was  appointed  in 
his  place  secretary  of  state  on  25  Nov.  1755. 
Thinking  himself  ill-used  both  by  the  king 
and  Newcastle,  and  suspecting  that  the  latter 
was  intriguing  to  cast  the  loss  of  Minorca 
upon  his  shoulders,  Fox  obtained  the  king's 
permission  to  resign  in  October  1756.  New- 
castle's resignation  soon  followed.  The  king 
then  sent  for  Fox  and  directed  him  to  form 
an  administration  with  Pitt,  but  the  latter 
refused  to  act  with  him ;  and  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  thereupon  formed  an  administra- 
tion with  Pitt's  help  and  without  Fox. 
During  the  ministerial  interregnum  in  1757 
Fox,  at  the  request  of  the  king,  who  was  in- 
censed at  Newcastle's  refusal  to  act  with 
Pitt,  consented  to  become  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  with  Lord  Waldegrave  as  first 
lord  of  the  treasury.  At  the  last  moment, 
however,  the  king  yielded  to  Newcastle,  and 
Fox  accepted  the  subordinate  post  of  pay- 
master-general without  a  seat  in  the  cabinet. 
In  this  office,  which  during  the  continuance 
of  the  war  was  probably  the  most  lucrative 
one  in  the  government,  Fox  contented  him- 
self with  amassing  a  large  fortune,  and  took 
but  little  part  in  the  debates.  Upon  Gren- 
ville's  resignation  of  the  seals  of  secretary  of 
state  in  October  1762,  Fox,  with  consider- 
able reluctance,  once  more  accepted  the 
leadership  of  the  House  of  Commons.  Re- 
fusing to  become  secretary  of  state  on  the 
ground  of  bad  health,  he  was  admitted  to 
Bute's  cabinet,  and  while  retaining  the  post 
of  paymaster-general  accepted  the  sinecure 
office  of  writer  of  the  tallies  and  clerk  of 
the  pells  in  Ireland.  Fox  had  assured  the 
king  that  parliament  should  approve  of  the 
peace  by  large  majorities,  and  by  the  em- 
ployment of  the  grossest  bribery  and  intimi- 
dation he  kept  his  word.  Having  broken 
with  all  his  old  political  friends,  he  turned 
upon  them  with  relentless  fury.  '  Strip  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle  of  his  three  lieutenancies 
immediately,'  wrote  Fox  to  Bute,  in  Novem- 
ber 1762; '  I'll  answer  for  the  good  effect  of 


it,  and  then  go  on  to  the  general  rout,  but 
let  this  beginning  be  made  immediately.' 
In  the  following  month  he  wrote  again  to 
Bute  in  the  same  strain  :  '  The  impertinence 
of  our  conquered  enemies  last  night  was 
great,  but  will  not  continue  so  if  his  majesty 
shows  no  lenity.  But,  my  lord,  with  regard 
to  their  numerous  dependents  in  crown  em- 
ployments, it  behoves  your  lordship  in  par- 
ticular to  leave  none  of  them.  .  .  .  And  I 
don't  care  how  much  I  am  hated  if  I  can  say 
to  myself,  I  did  his  majesty  such  honest  and 
essential  service '  (Life  of  the  Earl  of  Shel- 
burne,  i.  179-80).  The  peace  of  Paris  was 
signed  in  1763,  and  Fox  having  accomplished 
his  task  took  but  little  further  trouble  about 
the  business  of  the  ministry  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  Ill  supported  by  his  colleagues 
and  hated  on  all  sides,  Fox  became  anxious 
to  retire  from  the  house,  and,  claiming  his 
reward  for  his  apostasy,  was  created  Baron 
Holland  of  Foxley,  Wiltshire,  on  16  April 
1763.  After  a  long  altercation  with  Bute 
and  Shelburne,  which  is  fully  recorded  in 
the  'Life'  of  the  latter  (i.  199-229),  Fox 
managed  to  retain  the  post  of  paymaster. 
Shelburne,  who  had  acted  as  Bute's  agent  in 
the  negotiations  with  Fox  in  the  previous 
year,  was  denounced  by  him  as '  a  perfidious 
and  infamous  liar.'  But  the  familiar  tradi- 
tion that  Bute  attempted  to  justify  Shel- 
burne's  conduct  by  telling  Fox  that  the 
whole  affair  was  a  '  pious  fraud,'  and  that 
Fox  replied,  'I  can  see  the  fraud  plainly 
enough,  but  where  is  the  piety  ? '  is  stated 
by  Lord  Edmond  Fitzmaurice  to  be  '  value- 
less for  the  purposes  of  history '  (ib.  p.  228). 
On  leaving  the  House  of  Commons  Fox  prac- 
tically retired  from  public  life,  and  it  does 
not  appear  that  he  took  any  part  in  the  de- 
bates of  the  upper  house.  In  May  1765  he 
was  forced  to  resign  the  post  of  paymaster- 
general,  which  was  conferred  upon  Charles 
Townshend  (Cal.  of  Home  Office  Papers, 
1760-5,  p.  553).  On  Grenville's  fall  he  made 
some  advances  towards  a  reconciliation  with 
his  old  friends,  which  were  scornfully  rejected 
by  Rockingham.  In  1769  the  lord  mayor 
presented  the  king  with  a  petition  from  the 
livery  of  the  city  of  London  against  his 
ministers,  in  which  Fox  was  referred  to  as 
'  the  public  defaulter  of  unaccounted  millions ' 
(Annual  Reg.  1769,  p.  202).  Proceedings 
against  Fox  had  been  actually  commenced 
in  the  court  of  exchequer,  but  had  been 
stayed  by  a  warrant  from  the  crown.  After 
some  correspondence  with  Beckford,  Fox 
published  a  statement  clearly  proving  that 
the  delay  which  had  occurred  in  making  up 
the  accounts  of  his  office  was  neither  illegal 
nor  unusual  in  those  days.  It  has,  however, 


Fox 


124 


Fox 


been  asserted  that  the  interest  on  the  balances 
which  were  outstanding  when  he  left  the 
office  brought  him  no  less  than  a  quarter  of 
a  million  pounds.  He  tried  several  times  to 
obtain  an  earldom,  but  isolated  from  all 
parties  in  the  state,  and  out  of  favour  at 
court,  he  asked  for  it  in  vain.  Disappointed 
in  ambition  and  broken  down  in  health,  he 
divided  most  of  his  time  in  travelling  on  the 
continent,  and  in  constructing  at  Kingsgate, 
near  the  North  Foreland,  a  fantastic  habita- 
tion purporting  'to  represent  Tully'sFormian 
Villa.'  He  died  at  Holland  House,  near 
Kensington,  on  1  July  1774,  in  the  sixty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  at 
Farley  in  Wiltshire.  During  Fox's  last 
illness  George  Selwyn  called  at  Holland 
House  and  left  his  card.  Glancing  at  it, 
and  remembering  his  old  friend's  peculiar 
taste,  Fox  humorously  said :  '  If  Mr.  Selwyn 
calls  again  show  him  up :  if  I  am  alive  I  shall 
be  delighted  to  see  him  ;  and  if  I  am  dead 
he  would  like  to  see  me.'  Fox  married,  on 
2  May  1744,  Lady  Georgiana  Caroline  Len- 
nox, eldest  daughter  of  Charles,  second  duke 
of  Richmond.  The  marriage  was  secretly 
solemnised  at  the  house  of  Sir  Charles  Han- 
bury  Williams,  the  lady's  parents  having 
refused  their  consent.  The  stir  which  this 
wedding  made  in  the  town  is  amusingly 
recorded  in  'Walpole's  Letters'  (i.  303), 
and  it  was  not  until  after  some  years  that 
the  duke  and  duchess  became  reconciled  to 
their  daughter.  The  match  was  a  peculiarly 
happy  one,  and  the  correspondence  between 
Fox  and  his  wife  is  a  remarkable  record  of 
conjugal  felicity.  Lady  Caroline  was  created 
Baroness  Holland  of  Holland,  Lincolnshire, 
in  the  peerage  of  Great  Britain,  on  6  May 
1762.  She  survived  her  husband  only  a  few 
weeks,  and  died  on  24  July  1774.  They  had 
four  sons,  viz.  Stephen,  Henry,  Charles  James 
[q.  v.],  and  Henry  Edward  [q.  v.]  Stephen 
succeeded  to  the  two  baronies  of  Holland, 
and  died  26  Nov.  1774.  Henry  died  an 
infant.  The  present  Lady  Holland  is  the 
widow  of  Henry  Fox's  great  grandson,  Henry 
Edward,  fourth  baron  Holland,  upon  whose 
death  in  1859  the  titles  became  extinct.  Fox 
was  a  man  of  many  talents,  of  indomitable 
courage  and  extraordinary  activity.  Gifted 
with  great  sagacity  and  shrewdness,  he  was 
confident  in  manner  and  decisive  in  action. 
Though  not  a  great  orator,  he  was  a  formid- 
able debater.  '  His  best  speeches,'  says  Lord 
Waldegrave,  '  are  neither  long  nor  premedi- 
tated ;  quick  and  concise  replication  is  his 
peculiar  excellence '  (Memoirs,  p.  25).  De- 
void of  principle,  and  regardless  of  the  good 
opinion  of  his  fellow-men,  he  cared  more  for 
money  than  for  power.  Chesterfield  declares 


that  '  he  had  not  the  least  notion  of,  or  re- 
gard for,  the  public  good  or  the  constitution, 
but  despised  those  cares  as  the  objects  of 
narrow  minds,  or  the  pretences  of  interested 
ones '  (Letters,  ii.  467).  Though  at  one  time 
the  rival  of  Pitt,  Fox  never  rose  above  the 
rank  of  a  political  adventurer.  His  jovial 
manners  and  many  social  qualities  gave  him 
much  influence  in  society,  but  his  unscrupu- 
lous conduct  during  the  five  months  which 
he  spent  in  Bute's  cabinet  made  him  the 
best  hated  minister  in  the  country.  Churchill 
in  his  '  Epistle  to  William  Hogarth,'  Gray 
in  his  '  Stanzas  suggested  by  a  View  of  the 
Seat  and  Ruins  at  Kingsgate  in  Kent,  1766/ 
Mason  in  his  '  Heroic  Epistle,'  as  well  as  the 
political  writers  of  the  day,  all  bear  witness 
to  his  great  unpopularity.  In  appearance  he 
was  unprepossessing,  his  figure  was  heavy, 
and  his  countenance  dark  and  lowering. 
Portraits  of  him  by  Hogarth  and  Reynolds, 
are  preserved  at  Holland  House,  where  there 
are  also  several  portraits  of  his  wife,  and  a 
small  collection  of  his  poems.  The  author- 
ship of  a  short-lived  periodical  entitled  '  The 
Spendthrift,'  which  commenced  on  29  March 
1766,  and  lasted  through  twenty  weekly 
numbers,  has  been  attributed  to  him.  On 
the  first  page  of  the  copy  of  '  The  Spend- 
thrift '  in  the  British  Museum  is  the  following 
manuscript  note :  '  These  papers  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  written  by  Lord  Holland. 
Mr.  Nichols,  who  printed  them,  informs  me 
that  the  copy  always  came  from  that  noble- 
man's house. — Ic.  Reed.'  Holland  House 
was  bought  by  Fox  in  1767,  having  previ- 
ously rented  it  since  1749. 

[Coxe's  Memoirs  of  Horatio,  Lord  Walpole 
(1802) ;  Coxe's  Memoirs  of  the  Pelham  Adminis- 
tration (1829);  The  Grenville  Papers  (1852); 
Diary  of  the  late  George  Bubb  Dodington  (1 784); 
Chatham's  Correspondence  (1838-40);  Corre- 
spondence of  John,  fourth  Duke  of  Bedford 
(1842-6);  Memoirs  from  1754  to  1758,  by 
James,  Earl  Waldegrave  (1821) ;  Wai  pole's 
Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  George  II  (1847) ; 
Walpole's  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  George  III 
(1845)  ;  Walpole's  Letters  (ed.  Cunningham)  ; 
Fitzmaurice's  Life,  of  the  £arl  of  Shelburne 
(1875),  vol.  i. ;  Lecky'sHist.  of  England,  vols.i. 
ii.  iii. ;  Lord  Mahon's  Hist,  of  England  (1858), 
vols.  iii.iv.  v. ;  Trevelyan's  Early  Life  of  Charles 
James  Fox  (1881);  Macaulay's  Essajs  (1885), 
pp.  301-6,  309,  762-4,  767;  Jesse's  George 
Selwyn  and  his  Contemporaries  (1844);  Sir 
Edward  Creasy's  Memoirs  of  Eminent  Etonians- 
(1876),  308-11  ;  The  Fox  Unkennelled,  or  the 
Paymaster's  Accounts  Laid  Open  (1769) ;  Prin- 
cess Mary  Liechtenstein's  HollandHouse(1874) ; 
Chester's  Westminster  Abbey  Registers  (1876), 
pp.  262,  473;  Collins's  Peerage  (1812),  iv. 
538,  vii.  308-10;  Foster's  Peerage  (1883),  p. 


Fox 


125 


Fox 


383;  Gent.  Mag.  1774,  xliv.  333-4,  335,  543  ; 
Annual  Eegister  1777,  pp.  16-18;  Haydn's  Book 
of  Dignities  (1851);  Official  Keturn  of  Lists  of 
Members  of  Parliament,  pt.  ii.  pp.  80,  85,  98, 
109,  131 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  F.  E.  B. 

FOX,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1755-1811), 
general,  was  the  third  son  who  reached  man- 
hood of  Henry  Fox,  first  lord  Holland  [q.  v.], 
by  Lady  Georgiana  Caroline  Lennox,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  second  Duke  of  Richmond, 
and  younger  brother  of  the  celebrated  orator 
and  statesman,  Charles  James  Fox  [q.  v.]  He 
was  born  on  4  March  1755,  and  a  curious  quota- 
tion from  one  of  his  father's  letters  in  1764, 
when  the  boy  was  but  nine  years  old,  shows 
what  his  disposition  then  was.  '  Harry,'  he 
writes,  '  has  a  little  horse  to  ride,  and  the 
whole  stable  full  to  look  after.  He  lives  with 
the  horse,  stinks,  talks,  and  thinks  of  nothing 
but  the  stable,  and  is  not  a  very  good  com- 
panion '  (TKEVELTAK,  Early  Life  of  Charles 
James  Fox,  p.  276).  After  a  short  time  at 
Westminster  School,  Fox  was  gazetted  to  a 
cornetcy  in  the  1st  or  king's  dragoon  guards  in 
1770,  from  which  he  was  promoted  lieutenant 
into  the  38th  regiment  in  1773.  This  regiment 
was  then  quartered  at  Boston  in  America, 
and  Henry  Fox  served  all  through  the  war 
of  American  independence.  On  14  Feb.  1774 
he  was  promoted  captain ;  in  1775  he  served 
at  Concord  and  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill ; 
in  1776  he  was  present  at  the  battles  on  Long 
Island  and  of  White  Plains ;  in  1777  he  was 
at  the  battle  of  Brandywine  and  in  the  ad- 
vance on  Philadelphia,  and  on  12  July  1777 
he  was  promoted  major  into  the  49th  regi- 
ment. This  regiment  was  placed  under  orders 
for  the  West  Indies,  but  before  it  started 
Fox  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
38th  regiment  on  12  Oct.  1778.  He  con- 
tinued to  serve  until  the  end  of  the  American 
war  of  independence,  and  it  is  curious  to 
notice  that  while  Charles  James  Fox  was 
inveighing  against  the  war  with  the  Ameri- 
cans, his  brother  Henry  was  constantly  em- 
ployed in  it.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
was  received,  perhaps  for  this  reason,  with 
the  greatest  favour  by  the  king,  who  made 
him  one  of  his  aides-de-camp  with  the  rank 
of  colonel  on  12  March  1783.  In  1786 he  mar- 
ried Marianne,  daughter  of  William  Clayton, 
and  sister  of  the  Baroness  Howard  de  Wai- 
den.  On  20  Dec.  1793  he  was  promoted 
major-general,  and  soon  after  offered  a  com- 
mand in  the  army  under  the  Duke  of  York 
in  Flanders.  He  joined  this  army  during 
the  retreat  through  Belgium,  and  was  posted 
to  the  command  of  the  brigade  formerly  com- 
manded by  Major-general  Ralph  Abercromby, 
consisting  of  the  14th,  37th,  and  53rd  regi- 
ments. With  this  brigade  he  served  at  the 


battles  of  Roubaix  and  Mouveaux,  and  on 
23  May  1794  he  performed  his  greatest  feat 
of  arms,  the  repulse  of  the  whole  French 
army  at  Pont-a-Chin.  He  was  upon  the 
extreme  right  of  the  retreating  army,  when 
he  was  isolated  and  attacked  in  force,  and 
his  gallant  stand  and  the  successful  extrica- 
tion of  his  brigade  is  the  brightest  feature  in 
the  history  of  the  whole  war  in  Flanders  from 
1793  to  1795.  On  28  June  1795  Fox  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  10th  regiment,  and  on 
26  June  1799  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
general.  On  25  July  1801  he  was  appointed 
a  local  general  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  his 
headquarters  at  Minorca,  where  he  remained 
until  the  signature  of  the  peace  of  Amiens, 
and  in  1803  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  forces  in  Ireland.  His  tenure  of 
office  there  was  signalised  by  the  outbreak 
and  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  of  Robert 
Emmet,  when  Fox  was  seized  with  the  panic 
which  assailed  all  the  Castle  authorities,  and 
made  elaborate  preparations  for  dispersing  the 
wretched  pikemen,  who  were  easily  defeated 
by  the  ordinary  night  guard  before  the  troops 
had  begun  to  concentrate.  In  1804  Fox  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Gibraltar, 
which,  as  the  titular  governor,  the  Duke  of 
Kent,  did  not  reside  there,  practically  meant 
governor  of  that  important  fortress.  From 
this  office  he  was  removed,  after  his  brother's 
accession  to  office  in  1806,  to  the  command  of 
the  army  in  Sicily,  and  he  was  also  appointed 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Naples,  then  re- 
siding at  Palermo.  Sir  John  Moore  was  his 
second  in  command,  and  as  Fox  was  in  very 
bad  health,  Moore  really  undertook  the  entire 
management  of  both  military  and  diplomatic 
matters.  When  Fox  assumed  the  command, 
Major-general  John  Stuart  had  just  won  the 
victory  of  Maida,  and  the  queen  of  Naples 
pressed  his  successor  to  undertake  a  similar 
expedition  on  a  larger  scale,  and  thus  drive 
the  French  from  Naples.  But  Fox  knew 
that  Stuart's  success  was  very  much  due  to 
chance,  and  that  it  would  be  ridiculous  for  the 
English  to  leave  the  island  of  Sicily  for  the 
mainland,where  Murat  could  soon  outnumber 
them.  He  was  the  more  determined  to  refuse, 
since  by  the  directions  of  his  government  he 
had  materially  weakened  his  army  by  send- 
ing five  thousand  men,  under  Major-general 
Mackenzie  Fraser,  to  Egypt.  This  conflict 
with  the  Neapolitan  court  continued  until 
10  July  1807,  when  the  new  English  ministry 
recalled  Fox,  and  after  a  time  replaced  him 
in  the  supreme  military  and  civil  command 
by  Lord  William  Bentinck.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  England  Fox  was  promoted  general 
on  25  July  1808,  and  made  governor  of  Ports- 
mouth, where  he  died  on  18  July  1811.  He 


Fox 


126 


Fox 


left  one  son,  Henry  Stephen  Fox  [q.  v.], 
diplomatist,  and  two  daughters,  the  elder 
married  to  General  Sir  Henry  Bunbury, 
bart.,  and  the  younger  to  General  Sir  Wil- 
liam Napier,  K.C.B. 

[Army  Lists;  Historical  Eecord  of  the  10th 
Foot;  Hamilton's  History  of  the  Grenadier 
Guards ;  Jones's  Historical  Journal  of  the  cam- 
paign on  the  continent  in  1794 ;  and  for  his  com- 
mand in  Sicily  Bunbury's  Narrative  of  some 
Passages  in  the  Great  War  with  France.] 

H.  M.  S. 

FOX,  HENRY  RICHARD  VASSALL, 
third  LORD  HOLLAND,  BARON  HOLLAND  of 
Holland  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  and  BARON 
HOLLAND  of  Foxley  in  the  county  of  Wilts 
(1773-1840),  only  son  of  Stephen,  second  lord 
Holland,  by  Lady  Mary  Fitzpatrick,  daughter 
of  John,  earl  of  Upper  Ossory,  was  born  at 
WTinterslow  House,  Wiltshire,  on  21  Nov. 
1773.  He  was  saved  by  his  mother  at  the 
risk  of  her  own  life  in  a  fire  which  destroyed 
the  house  on  9  Jan.  1774.  His  father  died 
on  26  Dec.  1774,  his  mother  in  1778,  and  he 
was  brought  up  by  his  maternal  grandfather 
and  his  uncle,  Charles  James  Fox  [q.  v.]  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  whence  he  proceeded, 
19  Oct.  1790,  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  created  M.  A.  on  20  June  1792. 
Among  his  friends  at  school  and  college  were 
Lord  Carlisle,  Canning,  Hookham  Frere, 
and  Robert  ('Bobus')  Smith.  During  the 
long  vacation  of  1791  he  visited  Paris,  was 
introduced  to  Lafayette  and  Talleyrand,  and 
returned  to  England  in  1792  after  visiting 
Denmark  and  Prussia.  His  guardians,  to 
quench  a  premature  interest  in  politics,  sent 
him  abroad  in  March  1793.  He  travelled  in 
Spain  and  in  Italy,  where  he  met  Nelson  (at 
Leghorn),  and  settled  at  Florence  in  the 
autumn  of  1794.  In  the  spring  of  1796  he 
returned  to  England,  through  Germany,  with 
Lady  Godfrey  Webster  [see  Fox,  ELIZABETH 
VASSALL].  She  continued  to  reside  with 
him  in  England,  and  then  gave  birth  to  a 
son,  whom  he  acknowledged  for  his  own. 
Sir  Godfrey  Webster  obtained  a  decree  for 
a  separation  in  February  1797  (Ann.  Keg. 
1797,  Chron.  p.  12)  Lord  Holland  took  his 
seat  in  the  house  of  peers  on  5  Oct.  1796, 
where,  on  9  Jan.  1798,  he  made  his  maiden 
speech  in  the  debate  on  the  Assessed  Taxes 
Bill.  In  spite  of  an  ungraceful  action  and 
hesitating  delivery  he  showed  himself  a  use- 
ful recruit  to  the  whig  party.  A  clear  and 
terse  protest  against  the  bill,  which  he  en- 
tered on  the  journals  of  the  house,  was  the 
first  of  a  long  series  of  similar  documents 
afterwards  collected  and  published  under  the 
title  of '  Opinions  of  Lord  Holland.'  He  at 
once  became  the  recognised  exponent  in  the 


House  of  Lords  of  his  uncle's  policy,  resisting 
in  the  most  determined  manner  suspensions 
of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  openly  counte- 
nancing the  United  Irishmen,  denouncing 
the  union  with  Ireland  as  both  unjust  and 
impolitic,  and  afterwards  endeavouring  to 
insert  a  clause  for  the  admission  of  Roman 
catholics  to  seats  in  parliament.  In  1800  a 
royal  license  was  granted  to  Lord  and  Lady 
Holland  jointly  (18  June)  to  take  'the  name 
of  Vassall  only  after  their  own  respective 
Christian  names'  (Heralds  Coll.  I.  36,  20) 
[see  Fox,  ELIZABETH  VASSALL].  In  1807- 
they  adopted  the  signature  Vassall  Holland, 
although  Vassall  was  no  part  of  the  title. 
In  the  summer  of  1800  Lord  Holland  paid  a 
short  visit  to  North  Germany,  returning  to 
England,  under  a  passport  obtained  through 
Talleyrand,  by  way  of  the  Netherlands  and 
France  in  the  autumn.  On  the  conclusion- 
of  the  peace  of  Amiens  in  1802  the  Hollands 
went  to  Paris,  and  were  presented  to  the 
first  consul.  From  Paris  they  travelled  to 
Spain,  where  they  remained,  chiefly  at  Ma- 
drid, until  the  spring  of  1805.  They  returned 
to  England  in  time  to  permit  of  Lord  Hol- 
land's speaking  in  support  of  Lord  Grenville's 
motion  for  a  committee  to  consider  the  peti- 
tion of  the  Irish  Roman  catholics  for  the  re- 
moval of  their  disabilities  (10  May  1805). 
The  United  States  having  sent  commissioners 
to  England  to  complain  of  various  alleged 
infringements  of  their  rights  as  a  neutral 
power  committed  by  English  naval  com- 
manders, Lord  Holland  was  appointed 
(20  Aug.  1806)  with  Lord  Auckland  to  ne- 
gotiate with  Messrs.  Monroe  and  Pinckney, 
the  American  plenipotentiaries,  an  adjust- 
ment of  the  dispute.  A  treaty  was  concluded 
on  31  Dec.,  making  some  concessions,  but 
as  the  question  of  impressment  was  left  un- 
settled, President  Jefferson  refused  to  submit 
it  to  the  senate  for  ratification,  and  it  accord- 
ingly lapsed  (LORD  HOLLAND,  Memoirs  of 
the  Whig  Party  in  my  Time,  ii.  98-103; 
TUCKER,  Life  of  Je/erson,ii.  247).  Though 
in  right  of  his  wife  the  owner  of  extensive 
plantations  in  Jamaica,  Lord  Holland  was  a 
consistent  advocate  of  the  emancipation  of 
the  slaves  in  the  West  Indies,  and  through- 
out life  supported  all  measures  against  the 
slave  trade.  On  27  Aug.  1806  he  was  sworn 
of  the  privy  council,  and  on  15  Oct.  he  en- 
tered the  cabinet  of  All  the  Talents  as  lord 
privy  seal,  and  was  dismissed  with  his  col- 
leagues in  March  1807.  Lord  Holland  ac- 
companied Sir  David  Baird  to  Corunna  in 
September  1808,  thence  he  passed  into  Spain, 
where  he  made  a  prolonged  tour,  returning' 
in  the  autumn  of  1809.  On  his  return  he- 
moved  (30  May)  the  second  reading  of  the 


Fox 


127 


Fox 


bill  for  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment 
in  cases  of  stealing,  took  part  in  the  debate 
on  the  state  of  the  nation  and  the  king's  ill- 
ness (27  Dec.),  and  led  the  opposition  to  the 
proposal  to  establish  the  regency  by  legisla- 
tion (4  Jan.  1811).  He  moved  for  a  return  of  all 
informations  issued  ex  officio  by  the  attorney- 
general  between  1  Jan.  1801  and  31  Dec. 
1810.  The  motion  was  negatived  after  a 
prolonged  debate.  On  21  May  he  energeti- 
cally opposed  Sidmouth's  measure  for  li- 
censing dissenting  ministers.  In  the  debate 
on  the  orders  in  council  (28  Feb.  1812)  he 
urged  the  expediency  of  an  immediate  rescis- 
sion of  the  order  of  November  1807  prohibit- 
ing the  trade  with  France  to  all  the  world  ; 
later  on  he  supported  the  catholic  claims, 
proposed  to  regulate  the  law  of  ex-officio  in- 
formation, and  was  in  favour  of  treating  with 
Napoleon  as  emperor.  He  vehemently  at- 
tacked the  treaty  with  Sweden  (2  April  1813), 
by  which  England  agreed,  in  consideration 
of  some  commercial  concessions,  to  abet  the 
Swedish  designs  on  Norway.  He  visited 
Murat  at  Naples  in  1814.  On  8  April  1816 
he  vigorously  opposed  the  bill  for  the  deten- 
tion of  Napoleon  as  a  prisoner  of  war,  arguing 
that  the  detention  must  be  j  ustified  by  the 
law  of  nations  or  not  at  all.  In  1817  he  moved 
for  papers  relating  to  Napoleon's  treatment 
at  St.  Helena.  After  the  insurrection  in 
Barbadoes,  he  moved  (28  June  1816)  for  an 
inquiry  into  the  condition  of  the  negroes. 
He  energetically  opposed  the  various  repres- 
sive measures  which  were  carried  out  by 
Lord  Sidmouth  in  1817  and  181 8.  He  also  op- 
posed the  Foreign  Enlistment  Bill,  introduced 
in  order  to  prevent  persons  being  enlisted  on 
British  soil  for  the  service  of  the  insurgent 
Spanish  colonies.  Lord  Holland  took  com- 
paratively little  public  action  in  the  case  of 
Queen  Caroline  beyond  expressing  emphati- 
cally (7  June  1820)  his  disapproval  of  the 
ministerial  plan  of  investigation  by  a  secret 
committee,  and  supporting  a  regular  legal 
procedure.  During  the  following  period  he 
consistently  supported  the  whig  policy  in  re- 
gard to  domestic  and  foreign  affairs.  He 
supported  the  cause  of  the  Greeks,  proposed 
forcible  intervention  in  favour  of  Donna 
Maria  on  the  usurpation  of  the  Portuguese 
throne  by  Dom  Miguel  in  1828,  and  strongly 
condemned  ministers  in  1830  for  preventing 
her  adherents  who  had  sailed  from  Plymouth 
from  landing  at  Terceira.  When  at  last  the 
whigs  were  restored  to  power  by  the  reform 
agitation,  Lord  Holland  became  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  (25  Nov.)  in  Lord 
Grey's  administration.  He  held  tie  place, 
with  the  exception  of  the  brief  interregnum 
in  1832  between  Lord  Grey's  resignation 


(10  May)  and  his  recall  (18  May),  until  the 
dismissal  of  Lord  Melbourne's  administration 
(14  Nov.  1834).  He  accepted  the  same  place 
on  Lord  Melbourne's  second  administration 
(23  April  1835),  and  held  it  until  he  died, 
after  a  short  illness  at  Holland  House,  on 
22  Oct.  1840.  He  was  buried  on  28  Oct.  in 
Millbrook  Church,  near  Ampthill,  Bedford- 
shire (the  family  seat).  The  following  lines 
were  found  in  his  handwriting  on  his  dress-' 
ing-table  after  his  death  : — 

Nephew  of  Fox,  and  friend  of  Grey, 

Enough  my  meed  of  fame 
If  those  who  deigned  to  observe  me  say 

I  injured  neither  name. 

A  portrait  of  him  (half-length)  by  Leslie 
is  at  Holland  House,  and  another,  by  the 
same  artist  (full-length,  with  Lady  Holland 
and  John  Allen),  is  in  the  possession  of  Earl 
Grey.  At  Holland  House  also  are  his  portrait 
by  Fabre  and  his  bust  by  Nollekens ;  his  statue 
by  Watts  is  in  the  grounds.  Greville,  who 
knew  him  well,  speaks  of  his  '  imperturbable 
temper,  unflagging  vivacity  and  spirit,  his  in- 
exhaustible fund  of  anecdote,  extensive  infor- 
mation, sprightly  wit,'  and '  universal  tolera- 
tion and  urbanity'  (Mem.  1837-52,  i.  341). 
Brougham  is  equally  complimentary  to  his 
engaging  social  qualities  as  well  as  to  his 
high  statesmanship  and  political  magnani- 
mity (Statesmen  of  the  Time  of  George  III, 
1843,  iii.  329, 340 ;  Memoirs,  iii.  446).  Sydney 
Smith  declares  that  '  there  never  existed  in 
any  human  being  a  better  heart,  or  one  more 
purified  from  all  the  bad  passions,  more 
abounding  in  charity  and  compassion,  and 
which  seemed  to  be  so  created  as  a  refuge  to 
the  helpless  and  the  oppressed.'  In  his  pre- 
meditated speeches,  though  closely  reasoned 
and  occasionally  witty,  he  never  escaped 
from  his  early  defects ;  he  was,  however,  more 
effective  in  his  replies  (BROUGHAM,  Statesmen 
of  the  Time  of  George  III,  1843,  iii.  329, 332, 
340 ;  Memoirs,  iii.  446 ;  MACATJLAY,  Essays,  7th 
ed.,  iii.  213  ;  LADY  HOLLAND,  Memoir  of  the 
Rev.  Sydney  Smith,  i.  282).  Lord  Holland 
had  lawful  issue  by  Lady  Holland,  two  sons, 
viz.  Stephen,  who  died  in  1800,  and  Henry 
Edward,  who  succeeded  to  the  title  and  es- 
tate ;  and  two  daughters,  viz.  Mary  Eliza- 
beth, who  married  in  1830  Thomas  Atherton, 
third  baron  Lilford,  and  Georgiana  Anne, 
who  died  in  her  tenth  year.  Lord  Holland 
appears  to  have  had  rather  more  than  the 
ordinary  dilettante's  appreciation  of  art,  but 
no  ear  whatever  for  music.  He  was  an  ac- 
complished scholar  not  only  in  the  classical 
but  in  the  modern  languages,  and  made  some 
trifling  contributions  to  literature.  These  are : 
1.  'Observations  on  the  Tendency  of  a  Pam- 


Fox 


128 


Fox 


phlet  entitled  "  Sound  Argument  Dictated  by 
Common  Sense," '  London,  1795,  8vo,  anon., 
showing  that  Home's  arguments  against  the 
pseudo-prophet  Brothers  were  much   of  a 
kind  with  those  of  freethinkers  against  the 
Hebrew  prophets.     2.  '  Secession  '  and  '  The 
Yeoman,'  1 798-9.  Two  satires  in  imitation  of 
Juvenal,  suggested  by  the  course  of  events 
in  Ireland,  apparently  printed  for  private 
circulation  only.     Lord  Holland  says  that  he 
infused  into  them,  if  little  of  the  poetry  and 
force,  at  least  much  of  the  bitterness  of  the 
original  (Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party  in  my 
Time,  i.  134).     3.  Chapter  ix.  of  the '  Annual 
Register'  for  1806,  dealing  with  the  abortive 
negotiations  with  France.    4. '  Some  Account 
of  the  Lives  and  Writings  of  Lope  Felix  de 
Vega  Carpio,'  London,  1806,  8vo,  anon,  (re- 
published  with  Lord  Holland's  name, together 
with  the  'Life  of  Guillen  de  Castro,'  London, 
1817,  8vo).     5.  '  Three  Comedies  from  the 
Spanish,'  London,  1807,  8vo  (two  from  Cal- 
deron,  one  from  Antonio  de  Solis).     6.  '  A 
Dream,'  London,  1818  (printed  for  private 
circulation,  a  dialogue  between  George  III, 
Sir  Thomas  More,  Bacon,  Locke,  Berkeley, 
and  other  eminent  personages  on  education 
and  the  encouragement  of  letters  by  the 
state).     7.  '  Sketch  of  a  Constitution  for  the 
Kingdom  of  Naples,  suggested  in  1815  to  the 
Duca  di  Gallo,' London,  1818,8vo,  reprinted  in 
1848, 8vo.   8. '  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Shuttle- 
worth,  warden   of  New   College,   Oxford,' 
London,  1827,  8vo  (on  the  Roman  catholic 
question).     9.  'Parliamentary  Talk,  or  the 
Objections  to  the  late  Irish  Church  Bill,  con- 
sidered in  a  Letter  to  a  Friend  abroad,  by  a 
Disciple  of  Selden,'  3rd  ed.,  with  additions, 
London,  1836,  8vo  (this  elicited  a  reply  en- 
titled '  Irish  Church,  by  a  Pupil  of  Canning,' 
London,  1836,  8vo).     10.  Two  translations 
from  Ariosto,  printed  in  vol.  v.  of  W.  S.  Rose's 
translation  of  the '  Orlando  Furioso. '  He  wrote 
introductions  and  prefaces  to  Fox's' James  II,' 
Townshend's '  Dissertation  on  the  Poor  Laws,' 
'Dobledo's  Letters  on  Spain  '(Blanco  White), 
and  edited  Waldegrave's  '  Memoirs  '  and 
Horace  Walpole's  'George  II.'      A  brief 
epistle  in  verse,  ascribed  to  Lord  Holland, 
is  printed  in  the  article  on  him  in  Jerdan's 
'  National  Portrait  Gallery,'  1833,and  a  sonnet 
by  him  on  the  Greek  question,  written  in 
1827,  will  be  found  in  '  Notes  and  Queries,' 
4th  ser.  viii.  414. 

After  his  death  the  protests  entered  by 
Lord  Holland  in  the  journals  of  the  House 
of  Lords  were  collected  and  edited  by  Dr. 
Moylan  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  barrister-at-law, 
under  the  title  of '  The  Opinions  of  Lord  Hol- 
land as  recorded  in  the  Journals  of  the  House 
of  Lords  from  1797  to  1841,'  Lond.  1841, 


8vo  (see  MACATTLAT'S  review  of  this  work, 
Essays,  iii.  205).     '  Foreign  Reminiscences,' 
a  miscellaneous  collection  of  anecdote  and 
gossip,  often  piquant,  sometimes  scandalous, 
concerning   various  persons   of  distinction 
whom  Lord  Holland  had  met  in  his  travels 
abroad,   accepted   apparently  without   any 
very  careful  scrutiny,  and  thrown  together 
in  a  loose  and  desultory  way,  was  edited  by 
his  son  Henry  Edward,  lord  Holland,  London, 
1850,  8vo,  and  translated  into  French.     It 
was  highly  praised  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Re- 
view'  (January   1851),   and    savagely   de- 
nounced by  Croker  in  the '  Quarterly  Review ' 
in  the  following  March  as  little  less  than  a 
!  scandalous  libel.     The  bulk  of  the  anecdotes 
I  seem  to  be  fairly  authentic,  but  Lord  Holland 
was  misled,  by  his  lively  sympathy  with  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  his  time,  to  give 
undue  credit  to  stories  disparaging  some  of 
the  prominent  actors  on  the  other  side.     It 
was  followed  by  a  more  serious  contribution 
to  the  history  of  that  eventful  period,  viz. 
Lord  Holland's '  Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party 
during  my  Time'  (also  edited  by  his  son), 
London,  1852, 2  vols.  8vo.     This  work  covers 
the  period  from  Lord  Holland's  first  entrance 
into  public  life  to  1809.     It  is  written  with 
commendable  precision,  lucidity,  and  con- 
ciseness, and,  its  author  having  been  during 
that  period  rather  the  whig  party  itself  in 
j  the  House  of  Lords  than  its  leader,  consti- 
tutes a  first-hand  historical  authority  of  great 
value.     Lord  Holland  also  spent  much  of  his 
leisure  time  in  collecting  materials  for  a  life 
of  Fox,  which  were  subsequently  edited  by 
Lord  John  Russell,  and  published  under  the 
title  of  'Memorials  and  Correspondence  of 
Charles  James  Fox,'  Lond.  1853,  3  vols.  8vo. 
[The  principal  authorities  are  the  Memoirs  and 
the  Reminiscences  referred  to  above,  with   the 
Parliamentary  History  and   Debates;  Jerdan's 
National  Portrait   Gallery,  1833;  Gent.   Mag. 
(1840),  pt.  ii.  p.  653.     The  English  Cyclopaedia 
Biog.  vol.  iii.,  and  the  Encyclopaedia  Eritannica 
also  contain  more  or  less  elaborate  articles.     See 
supra,  art.  Fox,  ELIZABETH  VASSALL.]  J.  M.  R. 

^  FOX,  HENRY  STEPHEN  (1791-1846), 
diplomatist,  only  son  of  General  Henry  Ed- 
ward Fox  [q.  v.],  by  Marianne  Clayton,  sister 
of  Lady  Howard  de  Walden,  was  born  on 
22  Sept.  1791.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
26  Jan.  1809,  but  soon  sought  a  diplomatic 
and  political  career.  Deprived  by  the  tory 
supremacy  of  any  chance  of  preferment,  and 
inheriting  little  from  his  father,  Fox  spent 
his  time  in  the  fashionable  world,  where  he 
made  himself  popular  by  his  wit  and  charm- 
ing manners.  He  was  a  friend  of  all  the 
whigs  and  well  known  in  the  clubs.  After 

•^^     t 

'IN  *  or 

of    , 


Fox 


129 


Fox 


the  peace  of  1 815  he  travelled  on  the  continent 
with  Lord  Alvanley  and  Thomas  Raikes,  and 
at  Rome  had  a  bad  attack  of  fever.  When 
Grey's  reform  ministry  was  formed  in  1830, 
Lord  Holland  pressed  the  claims  of  his  cousin, 
who  was  appointed  the  first  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary and  envoy  extraordinary  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  He  was  moved  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  in 
1832  and  thence  to  Washington  in  1835.  The 
relations  between  England  and  the  United 
States  were  then  disturbed  by  much  ill-feel- 
ing, and  Fox's  tact  and  courteous  manners  did 
much  to  improve  them.  When  Sir  Robert 
Peel  came  into  office  in  1841 ,  he  sent  Lord  Ash- 
burton  to  settle  outstanding  difficulties,  and 
the  success  of  the  Ashburton  treaty  was  in 
great  measure  due  to  Fox,  whose  services 
were  cordially  acknowledged  by  Ashburton. 
In  December  1843  Fox  was  superseded,  but 
he  continued  to  reside  in  Washington,  where 
he  died  in  October  1846. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1847,  i.  82;  Eaikes's  Journal,  Hi., 
iv. ;  Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.]  H.  M.  S. 

FOX,  HENRY  WATSON  (1817-1848), 
Indian  missionary,  son  of  George  Townshend 
Fox  of  Durham,  was  born  at  Westoe  in  1817. 
He  was  sent  to  Durham  grammar  school,  and 
thence  to  Rugby,  where  he  was  in  the  house  of 
Bonamy  Price.  A  lecture  delivered  by  Price 
in  1833  and  the  weekly  sermons  of  Arnold 
strengthened  his  early  religious  impressions. 
In  1836  he  gained  one  of  the  university  ex- 
hibitions, and  commenced  residence  at  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  in  October  of  that 
year.  Proceeding  B.A.  in  December  1839, 
he  was  ordained  deacon  in  December  1840, 
and  shortly  afterwards  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  G.  H.  James,  esq.,  of  Wolver- 
hampton.  Early  in  1841  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  appointed  him  a  missionary 
to  the  Telugu  people,  inhabiting  the  north- 
eastern districts  of  the  Madras  presidency.  He 
reached  Madras  in  July  1841  with  his  col- 
league, the  Rev.  R.  T.  Noble  [q.  v.]  Noble 
managed  a  school  at  Masulipatam  for  natives 
of  the  higher  classes,  while  Fox,  as  soon  as 
he  had  mastered  the  language,  preached  to 
the  people  in  Masulipatam  and  the  adjoin- 
ing district.  Ill-health  compelled  him  to 
reside  on  the  Nilgiri  hills  from  1843  to  Octo- 
ber 1844,  with  the  exception  of  some  time 
spent  on  a  tour  among  the  mission  stations 
of  Travancore  and  Tinnivelly.  The  illness 
of  his  wife,  who  died  a  few  hours  after  em- 
barking at  Madras,  compelled  him  to  visit 
England  in  the  latter  part  of  1845.  In  1848 
he  was  obliged  by  his  own  health  finally  to  re- 
turn to  England.  He  was  able  a  few  months 
later  to  accept  the  appointment  of  assistant- 
secretary  to  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 

VOL.   XX. 


but  on  14  Oct.  1848,  after  a  severe  attack  of 
the  malady  which  had  driven  him  from  India, 
he  died  in  his  mother's  house  at  Durham. 

Fox's  short  and  interrupted  career  was 
made  remarkable  by  his  single-minded  and 
intelligent  devotion.  His  last  illness  was 
brought  on  by  his  exertions  in  working  and 
preaching  for  the  society  when  his  strength 
was  unequal  to  the  task.  His  letters  and 
journals  show  that  his  work  and  the  spread  of 
missions  were  with  him  all-engrossing  topics. 
In  1846  he  wrote  a  little  book  entitled '  Chap- 
ters on  Missions  in  South  India,'  published  a 
few  months  before  his  death,  giving  a  popular 
account  of  mission  life  in  India,  and  of  his 
observations  of  Hindu  religion  and  manners. 

Shortly  after  Fox's  death  subscriptions 
were  raised  by  his  friends  at  Rugby  and 
elsewhere,  which  resulted  in  the  endowment 
of  a  Rugby  Fox  mastership  in  the  Church 
Mission  School,  now  called  the  Noble  Col- 
lege, at  Masulipatam.  It  was  at  the  same 
time  arranged  that  an  annual  sermon  should 
be  preached  in  the  school  chapel  at  Rugby 
in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  endowment.  In 
1872  the  preacher  was  Fox's  son,  the  Rev. 
H.  E.  Fox. 

[Memoir  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Watson  Fox,  by 
the  Rev.  George  Townshend  Fox  of  Durham, 
•with  a  preface  by  the  Rev.  H.  V.  Elliott,  1 850  ; 
Chapters  on  Missions  in  South  India,  by  the  Rev. 
H.  W.  Fox,  1848;  A  Sermon  preached  at  Hamp- 
stead,  7  Aug.,  on  the  death  of  the  Rev.  H.  W. 
Fox,  by  the  Rev.  J.  Tucker,  B.D.,  1849 ;  Posthu- 
mous Fragment  by  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Fox,  with  a 
notice  of  the  extent  of  his  influence,  1852.] 

A.  J.  A. 

FOX,  JOHN  (1516-1587),  martyrologist. 
[See  FOXE.] 

FOX,  JOHN  (/.  1676),  nonconformist 
divine,  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  at  Cambridge, 
as  a  member  of  Clare  Hall,  in  1624  (Notes  and 
Queries,  2nd  ser.  v.  438).  During  the  Com- 
monwealth he  held  the  vicarage  of  Puckle- 
church,  Gloucestershire.  After  his  ejectment 
in  1662  he  became  pastor  of  a  congregation 
at  Nailsworth  in  the  same  county.  He  is 
the  author  of  two  treatises  of  considerable 
merit,  entitled:  1.  'Time,  and  the  End  of 
Time.  Or  Two  Discourses  :  The  first  about 
Redemption  of  Time,  the  second  about  Con- 
sideration of  our  latter  End,'  12mo,  London, 
1670  (many  subsequent  editions).  It  was 
translated  into  Welsh  by  S.  Williams,  8vo, 
yng  Ngwrecsam,  1784.  2.  '  The  Door  of 
Heaven  opened  and  shut.  .  .  .  Or,  A  Dis- 
course [on  Matt.  xxv.  10]  concerning  the 
Absolute  Necessity  of  a  timely  Preparation 
for  a  Happy  Eternity,'  12mo,  London,  1676 
(and  again  in  1701).  He  has  been  fre- 

K 


Fox 


130 


Fox 


quently  confounded  with  John  Foxe  [q.  v.] 
the  '  martyr-maker.' 

[Calamy's  Nonconf.  Memorial  (Palmer,  1802), 
li.  253  ;  Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  533.] 

G.  G. 

FOX,  JOHN  (1693-1763),biographer,  was 
born  at  Plymouth  on  10  Mayl693.  His  father, 
a  zealous  presbyterian, '  devoted '  him '  to  the 
ministry,  from  an  infant.'  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  a  Plymouth  tradesman  named 
Brett.  After  an  education  at  Tavistock  gram- 
mar school,  and  under  '  old  Mr.  Bedford '  at 
Plymouth,  he  read  the  Greek  Testament  and 
Virgil  for  a  few  months  with  Nicodemus 
Harding,  son  of  Nathaniel  Harding,  indepen- 
dent minister  at  Plymouth.  The  two  young 
men  were  preparing  for  entrance  at  the  Exeter 
academy,  under  Joseph  Hallet  (d.  1722) 
[q.  v.]  'in  May  1708  he  entered  the  academy, 
where  he  soon  quarrelled  with  Harding, 
and  formed  an  intimacy  with  his  tutor's  son, 
Joseph  Hallet  (d.  1744)  [q.  v.],  who  put 
doubts  into  his  mind  respecting  the  Trinity. 

When  he  left  the  academy  in  1711  he  had 
'  no  great  disposition  of  being  a  minister.' 
His  reluctance  to  comply  with  the  Toleration 
Act,  by  subscribing  the  doctrinal  articles, 
produced  a  coolness  with  his  father.  After 
some  months,  Isaac  Gilling,  minister  at  New- 
ton Abbot,  Devonshire,  came  to  Plymouth 
in  disguise  ;  a  process  was  out  against  him 
for  illegally  keeping  a  Latin  school.  He  was 
a  first  cousin  of  the  elder  Fox,  who  allowed 
his  son  to  accompany  Gilling  on  his  flight  from 
Devonshire,  on  a  promise  that  Gilling  would 
do  all  in  his  power  to  remove  young  Fox's 
aversion  to  the  ministry.  At  Salisbury  Fox 
was  introduced  to  Sir  Peter  King,  then  re- 
corder of  London,  an  old  friend  of  Gilling. 
Arrived  in  London,  he  slipped  out  of  Gilling's 
hands,  and  stayed  with  another  relative.  He 
was  not  favourably  impressed  with  John 
Shower,  the  only  London  minister  he  met, 
and  spent  his  time  in  getting  glimpses  of 
great  people  and  visiting  the  theatres.  At 
the  end  of  a  fortnight  in  town,  Gilling  was 
able  to  return  to  Newton  Abbot,  and  took  Fox 
with  him.  The  accidental  sight  of  a  letter 
from  his  father  to  Gilling '  determined  [him] 
to  be  a  minister  at  all  events.'  With  this 
view  he  remained  with  Gilling  three-quarters 
of  a  year  (1712-13),  the  pleasantest  part  of 
his  life.  Gilling  directed  his  studies,  and  he 
fell  in  love  with  Gilling's  daughter.  In  May 
1713  Edmund  Calamy,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  visited 
the  west  of  England,  and,  hearing  of  Fox's 
scruples,  made  him  easy  by  telling  him  confi- 
dentially that  he  himself  had  never  subscribed , 
and  that  if  Fox '  kept  himself  to  himself'  the 
omission  would  never  be  suspected. 


In  October  1714  Fox  went  to  London, 
where  he  remained  till  April  1716.  He 
lodged  with  four  young  ministers  in  Austin 
Friars ;  it  is  probable  that  he  attended  the 
classes  of  John  Eames  [q.  v.]  He  became 
intimate  with  Seeker  and  Samuel  Chandler 
[q.  v.]  (who  lived  in  Calamy's  house) ;  to 
both  of  whom,  and  especially  to  Seeker  (who 
kept  up  a  correspondence  with  him  till  1718), 
he  ascribes  his  progress  in  freedom  of  opinion. 
His  father  wished  him  to  be  licensed  as  a 
preacher  before  he  returned  to  Plymouth. 
This  implied  an  examination,  from  which  he 
shrank.  After  interviews  with  Williams  and 
Calamy,  he  abandoned  the  idea  of  passing  his 
trials  in  London.  His  friend  Jeremy  Bur- 
roughs (a  young  minister  who  afterwards 
became  collector  of  the  customs  at  Bristol) 
came  to  his  relief,  by  advising  him  simply  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  as  if  he  had  been 
licensed.  He  chose  a  time  when,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rebellion  of  1745,  all  ministers 
were  ordered  to  take  the  oath  afresh.  As 
he  was  signing  his  name  in  the  court  of  ex- 
chequer with  the  rest,  Calamy  '  looked  very 
hard  at '  his  rather  advanced  pupil. 

Returning  to  Plymouth  it  occurred  to  Fox 
that  he  was  not  yet  a  communicant.  Hard- 
ing admitted  him  without  question,  but  at 
once  guessed  that  he  had  not  been  licensed. 
He  preached  his  first  sermon  at  Chumleigh, 
Devonshire,  whereupon  there  was '  a  whisper- 
ing and  grumbling  among  the  ministers,'  who 
suspected  him  of  being  an  intruder.  He 
preached  elsewhere,  but  soon  found  that 
without  a  license  the  Exeter  assembly  would 
not  recognise  him.  Accordingly  he  applied 
for  leave  to  choose  his  own  examiners.  After 
some  manoeuvring  between  parties  in  the 
assembly,  he  got  what  he  wanted,  dealt 
cleverly  with  the  test  questions,  and  was 
licensed  on  17  Oct.  1717.  In  the  assembly 
of  May  1719  he  threw  in  his  lot  with  Peirce, 
the  leader  of  the  heterodox  party,  and  the 
result  was  that  he  got  no  preaching  engage- 
ments except  to  '  the  poor  remains  of  a  few 
broken  congregations.'  It  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  ever  ordained. 

On  12  May  1723  his  father  died,  and  Fox 
at  once  abandoned  the  ministry.  He  was  now 
master  of '  a  humble  competence,'  which  en- 
abled him  to  marry  (23  Dec.  1723)  Miss  Gil- 
ling  (b.  11  Dec.  1695) ;  and  henceforth  he 
lived  in  obscure  comfort,  '  between  the  sun- 
shine of  life  and  the  clouds  and  darkness  of 
it.'  His  health  was  good,  and  he  took  plea- 
sure in  his  books  and  the  society  of  a  few 
friends.  In  1736  he  writes  to  Seeker  that  for 
some  years  past  he  had  conformed  '  out  of 
regard  to  public  peace  and  .  .  .  respect  to  the 
public.'  The  ailments  of  his  wife,  to  whom  he 


Fox 


131 


Fox 


•was  strongly  attached,  were  his  only  trouble. 
On  her  death,  19  Dec.  1762,  he  lost  heart. 
He  died  on  25  Oct.  (according  to  Hazlitt 
22  Oct.)  1763,  aged  70.  A  daughter,  Mary 
(6.  26  Dec.  1725),  married  John  Cleather, 
3  Sept,  1747. 

It  was  some  time  after  1744  that  Fox 
•penned  his  own  very  entertaining  '  Memoirs ' 
and  the  '  Characters '  of  some  of  his  contem- 
poraries. They  throw  much  light  on  dis- 
senting history.  Fox  writes  with  great  free- 
dom and  pungency,  and  his  estimates  of  men 
are  valuable,  though  sometimes  hasty,  and 
always  coloured  by  his  dislikes,  and  by  his 
contempt  for  thesurroundingsof  his  early  life. 
In  1 814  some  use  was  made  of  the '  Characters ' 
by  Toulmin,  to  whom  the  manuscript  had  been 
lent  by  Fox's  grandson,  George  Cleather  of 
Stonehouse,  near  Plymouth ;  Toulmin  had 
evidently  not  seen  the  '  Memoirs.'  In  1821 
the  'Memoirs'  and  nine  'Characters'  were 
published  in  the '  Monthly  Repository,'  with 
nine  letters  from  Seeker  to  Fox,  one  from 
Fox  to  Seeker,  and  two  from  Chandler  to  Fox. 
Notes  were  added  by  John  Towill  Rutt.  The 
editor,  Robert  Aspland  [q.  v.],  speaks  of  the 
onanuscripts  as  having  come  into  his  posses- 
sion through  a  descendant  of  Fox.  Aspland 
thought  of  reprinting  the  papers,  and  promised 
to  deposit  the  originals  in  Dr.  Williams's 
Library  ;  unfortunately  neither  intention  was 
carried  out.  In  1822  an  additional  letter  from 
Fox  to  Seeker  was  supplied  by  Clifford,  of  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Norwich,  who  reported  that 
lie  possessed  other  memoirs  by  Fox.  North- 
fcote's  transcript  of  Fox's  papers  (containing 
some  addition  to  the  '  Memoirs  ')  is  now  in 
the  public  library  at  Plymouth. 

[Monthly  Repository,  1821,  p.  128  sq.,  1822, 
p.  2 1 9  sq. ;  Toulmin's  Hist.  View,  1 8 1 4,  p.  568  sq.; 
Worth's  Hist.  Nonconf.  in  Plymouth,  1876,  p. 
16;  Northcote's  Conversations  (Hazlitt),  1881, 
p.  287  sq. ;  MS.  Minutes  of  Exeter  Assembly, 
1691-1717,  in  Dr.  Williams's  Library;  North- 
cote's  MS.  Worthies  of  Devon  in  Plymouth  Libr.] 

A.  G. 

FOX,  LUKE  (1586-1635),  navigator,  son 
Of  Richard  Fox,  seaman  and  assistant  of  the 
Trinity  House  at  Kingston-upon-Hull,  was 
born  at  Hull  20  Oct.  1586.  '  Having  been 
sea-bred  from  his  boystime,'  he  acquired  his 
knowledge  of  seamanship  in  voyages  south- 
Ward  to  France,  Spain,  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  northward  to  the  Baltic,  Denmark, 
and  Norway,  varied  by  '  imployments  along 
the  coasts  'of  England  and  crossing  the  North 
Sea.  In  1 606  he  offered  his  services  as  mate 
to  John  Knight  in  that  able  seaman's  last 
and  fatal  voyage  to  Greenland,  but  was  re- 
jected by  the  promoters  on  account  of  his 
youth.  Henceforth  the  whole  of  his  thoughts 


were  devoted  to  Arctic  exploration,  but  more 
particularly  to  the  north-west  passage.  He 
writes  :  '  At  the  returnes  home  of  all  ships 
from  thence  I  enquired  of  the  masters,  mates, 
and  others  that  were  that  way  imployed, 
whereby  I  gathered  from  reports  and  dis- 
course and  manuscripts  how  farre  they  had 
proceeded.'  If  we  except  Captain  Hawk- 
ridge's  abortive  voyage  of  1619,  Fox  was  the 
true  successor  of  Bylot  and  Baffin  (1615)  in 
Arctic  exploration.  Earlier  voyages  had  been 
made  by  Sir  Thomas  Button  [q.  v.]  in  1612, 
by  Henry  Hudson  [q.  v.]  in  Uiffl  by  Captain 
Weymouth  in  1601,  and  by  John  Davis  [q.  v.] 
in  1585-7. 

Fox's  earliest  patron  was  the  famous  ma- 
thematician, Henry  Briggs  [q.  v.],  also  a 
Yorkshireman,  and  professor  of  geometry  at 
Oxford.  He,  with  the  assistance  of  his  friend, 
Sir  J.  Brooke,  was  the  first  to  direct  the 
royal  attention  to  Fox's  voyage.  The  pro- 
ject first  took  shape  in  1629,  in  a  'Petition 
of  Luke  Fox  to  the  king  for  a  small  supply 
of  money  towards  the  discovery  of  a  passage 
by  the  north-west  to  the  South  Sea,  Hudson 
and  Sir  Thomas  Button  having  discovered  a 
great  way,  and  given  great  hopes  of  opening 
the  rest '  (State  Papers,  p.  105).  In  reply  to 
this  a  pinnace  of  the  royal  navy  of  seventy 
tons  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  adven- 
turers, but  the  setting  forth  was  deferred 
until  the  following  year.  In  the  interval 
Briggs  died;  half  the  adventurers  having 
fallen  away,  the  voyage  would  have  been 
abandoned  but  for  the  news  that  the  Bristol 
merchants  had  projected  a  similar  voyage 
from  their  port.  Their  rival  scheme  was 
the  well-known  voyage  of  Captain  Thomas 
James  [q.v.],  which  left  Bristol  3  May  1631. 
This  news  caused  a  spirit  of  emulation  among 
the  London  merchants,  which,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Sir  T.  Roe  and  Sir  J.  Wolsten- 
holme,  resulted  in  the  setting  forth  of  Fox 
in  the  Charles  pinnace  with  a  crew  of  twenty 
men  and  two  boys  victualled  for  eighteen, 
months.  Fox  sailed  from  the  Pool  below 
London  Bridge  30  April  1631  {MS.  Journal, 
f.  23).  He  anchored  off  Whitby,  where  he 
landed,  and  reached  Kirkwall  in  the  Orkneys 
19  May.  Sailing  thence  due  west  on  the 
sixty  parallel  he  made  land  20  June  on  the 
north  side  of  Frobisher  Bay ;  two  days  later 
he  sighted  Cape  Chidley,  off  the  south  shore 
of  Hudson's  Strait,  six  leagues  distant.  Pass- 
ing Resolution  Island  two  leagues  south  on 
23  June,  his  crew  saw  in  the  harbour  on  the 
west  side  the  smoke  of  the  camp-fire  of  Captain 
James,  who  had  put  in  there  for  repairs.  From 
this  date  until  11  July  Fox  worked  his  way 
along  the  north  shore  of  Hudson's  Strait  until 
he  reached  a  position  between  Mill  and  ^alis- 


Fox 


132 


Fox 


bury  Islands.  Thence  he  proceeded  to  the 
south  of  Coates  Island  until  19  July,  when 
he  commenced  his  search  for  the  undiscovered 
passage  by  the  north-west.  On  27  July  he 
reached  the  furthest  point  of  Button,  on '  Sir 
T.  Roe's  Welcome '  Island,  where  he  found 
traces  of  native  sepulture,  which  he  carefully 
examined.  Being  prohibited  by  his  instruc- 
tions from  proceeding  to  a  higher  latitude 
than  63°  N.  in  this  direction,  he  turned 
southward  along  the  west  shore  of  Hudson's 
Bay  until  27  Aug.,  when  he  entered  the 
mouth  of  the  Nelson  River,  where  he  found 
the  remaining  half  of  an  inscribed  board 
erected  by  Button,  which  he  replaced  by  a 
new  one  of  his  own.  Hence  he  sailed  E.S.E. 
sixty-one  leagues  until  30  Aug.,  when  he 
met  his  rival,  Captain  James,  in  the  Maria 
of  Bristol,  with  whom,  after  some  trouble  in 
getting  on  board,  he  dined  and  spent  seven- 
teen hours.  Fox  bluntly  tells  us  that  he 
found  his  host '  no  seaman.'  After  adieux, 
Fox  proceeded  on  his  course  down  to  55°  14', 
or  Wolstenholme's  ultima  vale,  now  known 
as  Cape  Henrietta  Maria,  at  the  head  of 
James  Bay.  On  3  Sept.  he  turned  the  head 
of  his  ship  northward  until  he  reached  Cape 
Pembroke  on  Coates  Island  five  days  later. 
From  15  to  20  Sept.  Fox  was  employed  in 
making  the  remarkable  series  of  observations 
on  the  channel  that  bears  his  name  on  the 
west  shore  of  what  is  now  known  as  Baffin 
Land.  On  22  Sept.,  after  reaching  '  Fox  his 
farthest,'  Fox  turned  the  head  of  his  ship  home- 
ward, continuing  his  observations  among  the 
numerous  islands  and  sounds  off  the  north 
shore  of  Hudson's  Strait,  which  have  never 
been  marked  in  our  admiralty  charts.  On 
28  Sept.  Fox  found  himself,  with  nearly  half 
his  crew  worn  out  with  cold  and  fatigue, 
once  more  off  Resolution  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  strait.  On  5  Oct.  he  made 
Cape  Chidley ;  two  days  later  he  writes  that 
they  were  '  revived  by  warmth  in  open  sea, 
most  of  us  ready  to  fall  down  with  the  rest 
who  were  down  already.'  On  account  of  the 
absence  of  the  moon  he  directed  his  course 
homeward  south-east  to  the  English  Channel 
instead  of  the  shorter,  but  more  dangerous 
one  by  way  of  the  North  Sea.  On  31  Oct. 
he  concludes :  '  Came  into  the  Downs  with 
all  my  men  recovered  and  sound,  not  having 
lost  one  man  or  boy,  nor  any  manner  of 
tackling,  having  been  forth  neere  six  months.' 
Fox  is  best  known  by  the  following  work, 
which  contains  the  results  of  his  voyage: 
'  North-west  Fox,  or  Fox  from  the  North- 
west Passage  .  .  .  with  briefe  Abstracts  of  the 
Voyages  of  Cabot,  Frobisher,  Davis,  Wey- 
mouth,  Knight,  Hudson,  Button,  Gibbons, 
Bylot,  Baffin,  Hawkridge  .  .  .  Mr.  James 


Hall's  three  Voyages  to  Groynland  .  .  .  with 
the  Author  his  owne  Voyage,  being  the  xvill» 
.  .  .  T.  Fawcett  and  B.  Alsop,  imp.  London,' 
1635,  4to.  This  curious  book  was  entered 
for  the  Stationers'  Company  15  Dec.  1634 
(ARBEK,  iv.  331).  It  was  accompanied  by 
a  large  folded  map  of  the  Arctic  regions,  now 
rarely  found  in  the  book,  but  which  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  and  important  docu- 
ments in  the  history  of  Arctic  exploration. 
References  to  two  otherjournals  of  the  voyage- 
will  be  found  below.  It  would  appear  that 
Fox  was  allowed  to  pass  the  closing  years  of 
his  life  in  neglect.  Towards  the  end  of  hi* 
book  he  says  that  he  had '  wash't  the  Black- 
more  these  five  yeares,  having  yet  received 
neither  sallery,  wages,  or  reward,  except  what 
some  few  gentlemen  hath,  I  know  not  whether 
in  curtesse  or  charity,  bestowed  upon  me, 
having  before  had  my  meanes  taken  from  me 
in  the  time  of  warres,  betwixt  France,  Spain, 
and  us '  (p.  268).  Fox,  who  was  a  younger 
brother  of  the  Trinity  House,  died  at  Whitby 
in  July  1635. 

[Arber's  Reg.  Stat,  Company,  iv.  331-2 ;  Charl- 
ton's  Hist,  of  Whitby.  1779,  p.  315  ;  Corlass's 
Hull  Authors,  1879  (Captain  Luke  Fox  (N.  W. 
Fox),  London,  1635,  &c.) ;  Eundell's  Voyage* 
toward  the  North- West,  1849  (Hakluyt  Soc.)  ; 
Sheahan's  Hist,  of  Hull,  1864  ;  Sainsbury's  State- 
Papers,  Col.  Ser.,  America  and  West  Indies, 
1574-1660,  8vo,  p.  105;  Brit.  Hus.  Addit.  MS, 
19302  (two  Journals,  one  by  Captain  Luke  Fox, 
the  other  by  the  masterof  the  Charles,  eighteenth- 
century  copies,  more  or  less  perfect).]  C.  H.  C. 

FOX,  RICHARD  (1448  P-1528),  bishop 
of  Winchester.  [See  FOXE.] 

FOX,  ROBERT  (1798P-1843),  antiquary, 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  5  March  1819,  and  practised  irr 
Huntingdon  and  the  neighbourhood.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  Literary  and  Scien- 
tific Institution  of  Huntingdon  in  1841,  and 
was  himself  an  able  lecturer  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  antiquities,  geology,  natural  his- 
tory, and  philosophy.  His  only  publication, 
'  The  History  of  Godmanchester,  in  the  county 
of  Huntingdon,'  8vo,  London,  1831,  one  of 
the  best  of  its  class,  gained  him  admission  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Numismatic  Society.  In  1826' 
and  1831  he  served  as  a  bailiff  of  Godman- 
chester, and  died  there  on  8  June  1843,  aged 
forty-five,  greatly  esteemed  for  his  benevo- 
lence. He  left  a  small  but  choice  collection 
of  coins  and  antiquities,  mostly  local  'finds.'' 
This,  together  with  his  philosophical  appa- 
ratus, was  purchased  by  subscription  after 
his  death,  and  placed  in  the  Huntingdon 
Literary  and  Scientific  Institution  as  a  testi- 
monial to  his  memorv. 


Fox 


133 


Fox 


[Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  xx.  99  ;  Lists  of  Members 
of  Koyal  Coll.  of  Surgeons ;  Lists  of  Soc.  of  An- 
tiq. ;  Kelly's  Directory  of  Bedfordshire,  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, &c.  (1885),  pp.  207-8.]  G.  GK 

FOX,  ROBERT  WERE  (1789-1877), 
scientific  writer,  born  at  Falmouth  in  Corn- 
wall on  26  April  1789,  belonged  to  a  quaker 
family.  His  father,  a  shipping  agent,  was 
Also  named  Robert  Were  Fox ;  his  mother 
was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Joseph  Tregelles 
of  Falmouth.  He  was  privately  educated, 
.and  showed  a  special  taste  for  mathematics. 
His  mother  taught  him  to  study  natural  phe- 
nomena. He  married  in  1814  Maria,  fourth 
daughter  of  Robert  Barclay  of  Bury  Hill, 
Surrey,  and  during  his  wedding  trip,  taken 
that  year  on  the  continent,  he  formed  lasting 
friendships  with  Humboldt  and  other  foreign 
.savants.  In  1848  Fox  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Cornwall  Polytechnic 
Society  in  1833,  and  was  several  times  vice- 
president.  Fox  died  at  his  house,  Penjer- 
rick,  near  Falmouth,  on  25  July  1877,  in  the 
eighty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Friends'  burial-ground  at  Budock.  His 
wife,  who  was  born  in  1780,  died  4  June  1858. 

Fox's  original  scientific  researches  were 
commenced  in  1812,  when  he  made,  in  con- 
junction with  Joel  Lean,  a  series  of  costly 
experiments  on  the  elasticity  of  high-pressure 
steam,  hoping  to  improve  Watt's  engines 
employed  in  pumping  the  Cornish  mines. 
Fox  aided  Trevithick  in  several  of  his  me- 
chanical inventions.  In  1815  Fox  commenced 
an  important  series  of  researches  upon  the 
internal  temperature  of  the  earth,  which  he 
continued  to  prosecute  more  or  less  through- 
out his  life.  His  lifelong  connection  with 
the  Cornish  mines  gave  him  great  facilities 
for  this  work  ;  and,  commencing  in  the 
'  Crenver '  mine,  the  temperature  was  tested 
regularly  at  intervals  of  a  few  feet,  by  means 
of  thermometers  embedded  in  the  rocks,  down 
to  the  greatest  depths  attainable  in  the  Dol- 
coath  and  other  deep  mines  in  Cornwall.  Fox 
was  the  first  to  prove  definitively  that  the  heat 
increased  with  the  depth ;  he  also  showed 
that  this  increase  was  in  a  diminishing  ratio 
as  the  depth  increased.  The  results  are  con- 
tained in  a  series  of  papers,  of  which  we  may 
mention  those  '  On  the  Temperature  of  Mines,' 
in  Thomson's  'Annals  of  Philosophy '  for  1822 ; 
4  Some  Facts  which  appear  to  be  at  Variance 
•with  the  Igneous  Hypothesis  of  Geologists,' 
*  Philosophical  Magazine '  for  1832 ;  '  Report 
on  some  Observations  on  Subterranean  Tem- 
perature,' '  British  Association  Report,'  1840 ; 
and  '  Some  Remarks  on  the  High  Tempera- 
ture in  the  United  Mines,'  '  Edinburgh  New 
Philosophical  Journal '  for  1847.  Fox  con- 


tributed fifty-two  papers  to  various  scientific 
periodicals.  The  first  of  these  is  on  the 
'  Alloys  of  Platinum,'  and  was  published  in 
Thomson's  '  Annals  of  Philosophy  '  for  1819. 
A  very  important  discovery  made  by  Fox 
was  the  '  Electro-Magnetic  Properties  of  Me- 
talliferous Veins  in  the  Mines  of  Cornwall ' 
('  Philosophical  Transactions '  for  1830).  Con- 
tinuing this  work  Fox  published  in  the '  Edin- 
burgh New  Philosophical  Journal '  for  1838 
a  paper  on  the  '  Lamination  of  Clay  by  Elec- 
tricity,' showing  that  miniature  mineral  veins 
could  be  formed  in  clay  by  the  long-con- 
tinued passage  of  an  electric  current. 

Fox  devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of 
magnetic  phenomena,  especially  those  be- 
longing to  the  earth's  magnetism.  In  1831 
and  1832  he  read  papers  before  the  Royal 
Society  on  the  '  Variable  Magnetic  Intensity 
of  the  Earth,'  and  on  the  '  Influence  of  the 
Aurora  on  the  Compass  Needle.'  To  aid  in 
the  study  of  these  subjects  Fox  constructed 
a  new  dipping-needle  of  great  delicacy  and 
accuracy.  This  instrument  was  afterwards 
employed  by  Sir  James  Clarke  Ross  in  his 
voyage  to  the  Antarctic  Ocean  in  1837,  and 
by  Captain  Nares  in  the  last  expedition  to 
the  North  Pole  in  1875-7. 

[Athenaeum,  4  Aug.  1877;  Royal  Society's 
Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers,  1868  ;  Koyal 
Cornwall  Polytechnic  Society's  Eeport  for  1877  ; 
J.  H.  Collins's  Catalogue  of  the  Works  of  K.  W. 
Fox,  F.K.S.,  1878  ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Biblio- 
theca  Cornubiensis,  i.  162-5,  iii.  1188-9,  -where 
a  full  list  of  Fox's  scientific  papers  is  given.] 

W.  J.  H. 

FOX,  SAMUEL  (1560-1630),  diarist. 
[See  FOXE.] 

FOX,  SIMEON,  M.D.  (1568-1642).  [See 
FOXE.] 

FOX,  SIR  STEPHEN  (1627-1716), 
statesman,  born  on  27  March  1627,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  William  Fox  of  Farley, 
Wiltshire,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Pavey  of  Plaitford,  in  the  same 
county.  As  a  boy  he  is  said  to  have  been 
in  the  choir  of  Salisbury  Cathedral.  He  also 
received  a  thorough  and  early  drilling  in  the 
art  of  bookkeeping.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
his  '  beauty  of  person  and  towardliness  of 
disposition,'  aided,  it  is  probable,  by  a  letter 
from  an  early  patron,  Brian  Duppa  [q.  v.j,  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland,  high  admiral  of  Eng- 
land. Some  five  years  later  he  passed  into 
the  household  of  the  earl's  brother,  Lord 
Percy,  under  whom  he  had  the  supervision 
of  the  ordnance  board  during  the  campaign 
which  ended  with  the  battle  of  Worcester, 
3  Sept.  1651.  He  then  took  an  active  part 


Fox 


134 


Fox 


in  assisting  the  escape  of  Charles  to  Nor-  ! 
mandy.     When  the  prince  \vas  obliged  to 
leave  France  in  1654,  Clarendon  persuaded 
him  to  entrust  the  management  of  his  house- 
hold affairs  unreservedly  to  Fox,  '  a  young 
man  bred  under  the  severe  discipline  of  the 
Lord  Peircy,  .  .  .  very  well  qualified  with 
languages,  and  all  other  parts  of  clerkship, 
honesty,  and  discretion,  that  were  necessary  j 
for  the  discharge  of  such  a  trust'  (Hist,  of , 
the  Rebellion,  Oxf.  edit.  bk.  xiv.  par.  89). 
Under  Fox's  discreet  stewardship  the  prince,  j 
wherever  he  might  choose  to  fix  his  court,  j 
was  never  without  the  means  of  living  in 
comfort.      '  Mr.  Fox,'  writes   Ormonde   to 
Charles  from  Breda,  9  Aug.  1658, '  knows  to 
a  stiver  what  money  you  can  depend  upon ' 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1658-9,  p.  104). 
At  Spa  he  won  the  favour  of  the  king  s  sister, 
the  widowed  Princess  of  Orange,  and  was 
employed  subsequently  in  several  important 
missions  to  her,  as  well  as  to  other  great 

Sersons  in  Holland.  He  was  able  to  procure 
•equent  and  regular  supplies  of  money  for  the 
royal  household.  Charles  intended  reward- 
ing him  by  a  grant  of  the  place  of  cofferer  of 
the  household,  but  finding  William  Ashburn- 
ham  held  already  the  reversion,  he  granted 
Fox,  by  a  special  instrument  dated  at  Brus- 
sels 23  Nov.  1658,  an  honourable  augmenta- 
tion to  his  arms  out  of  the  royal  ensigns  and 
devices,  to  wit, '  in  a  canton  Azure,  n  Fleur 
de  Lis,  Or '  (Addit.  MS.  15856,  f.  89  6).  Fox 
•was  the  first  to  bring  his  master  the  news  of 
Cromwell's  death,  and  to  salute  him  as  the 
real  king  of  Great  Britain.  The  king  after- 
wards employed  Fox  on  various  secret  mis- 
sions to  England,  as  one  the  royalists  could 
thoroughly  rely  on.  With  Sir  Edward 
Walker,  Garter  king  at  arms,  he  was  sent  to 
the  Hague  in  May  1660  to  adjust  the  cere- 
monies for  the  king's  public  reception  there. 
After  the  Restoration  Fox's  fortunes  rose 
rapidly.  Ormonde,  then  lord  high  steward, 
nominated  him  first  clerk  of  the  board  of 
green  cloth.  In  October  1660  he  received  a 
grant  of  the  remainder  of  the  lease  of  part 
of  the  manor  of  East  Meon.  Hampshire,  to 
the  value  of  400/.  a  year,  which  had  been 
forfeited  by  the  treason  of  Francis  Allen, 
goldsmith  and  alderman  of  London  (ib.  1660- 
1661,  p.  337, 1661-2,  p.  1 31).  In  March  1661 
he  became  receiver  and  paymaster  of  two 
regiments  of  guards  appointed  for  the  king's 
safety  upon  the  outbreak  of  Venner's  plot  in 
the  preceding  January  (ib.  1660-1,  p.  556). 
During  the  same  year  he  was  constituted 
paymaster-general,  an  enormously  lucrative 
office.  He  deigned,  however,  to  accept  the 
receivership  of  the  garrison  at  Portsmouth, 
20  Feb.  1662,  with  the  nominal  fee  of  100/. 


a  year  {ib.  1661-2,  p.  279).  The  people  of 
Salisbury, '  for  the  love  they  bore  to  a  gentle- 
man who  did  them  the  honour  of  owing  his 
birth  to  their  neighbourhood,'  chose  him  as 
their  member,  30  Nov.  1661,  in  succession  to 
Francis  S  wanton,  deceased.  He  was  knighted 
1  July  1665.  Despite  his  position  at  court 
he  contrived  to  maintain  his  independence. 
He  strenuously  asserted  the  integrity  of 
Clarendon,  and  voted  against  his  impeach- 
ment, 12  Nov.  1667,  '  although  he  was  in  a 
manner  commanded  by  the  king  to  act  in  a 
contrary  part.'  On  27  Feb.  1678-9  he  was 
elected  for  Westminster.  In  November  1679 
he  became  one  of  the  lords  commissioners  of 
the  treasury,  and  his  name  appeared  in  every 
subsequent  commission  except  that  of  July 
1684,  when  Laurence,  earl  of  Rochester,  was 
lord  treasurer.  He  was,  however,  reinstated 
in  the  following  September.  In  December 
1680,  having  been  gazetted  first  commissioner 
of  horse,  he  resigned  his  office  of  paymaster- 
general,  but  contrived  that  his  eldest  son, 
Charles  Fox,  should  share  it  along  with  Ni- 
cholas Johnson.  On  Johnson's  death  in  A  pril 
1682  Fox  made  interest  to  have  it  solely 
conferred  on  his  son,  who  three  years  after- 
wards was  independent  enough  to  vote  with 
the  opposition  against  granting  money  to 
James  II  until  grievances  had  been  redressed. 
On  18  Feb.  1684  Fox  was  made  sole  commis- 
sioner of  horse. 

Fox's  places  brought  him  enormous  profits. 
In  1680  his  friend  Evelyn  computed  him  to 
be  worth  at  least  200,000/., '  honestly  got  and 
unenvied,  which  is  next  to  a  miracle.'  Evelyn 
himself  tells  how  Fox  contrived  to  escape 
the  jealousy  of  his  colleagues.  At  the  height 
of  his  prosperity  he  continued  'as  humble 
and  ready  to  do  a  courtesy  as  ever  he  was  ' 
(Diary,  ed.  1850-2,  ii.  147-8).  He  made 
an  intelligible  use  of  his  riches.  He  showed 
his  regard  to  his  birthplace,  Farley,  by  build- 
ing a  church,  and  in  1678  a  set  of  almshouses 
and  a  charity  school,  there.  '  In  the  North 
Part  of  Wilts  he  built  a  Chancel  intirely 
new.'  He  built  almshouses  at  Broome,  Suf- 
folk, and  at  Ashby,  Northamptonshire.  He 
also  erected  the  church  of  Culford  in  Suffolk. 
At  Redlinch  in  Somersetshire  he  founded  a 
charity  school,  in  addition  to  repairing  the 
church.  Canon  Richard  Eyre,  who  preached 
his  funeral  sermon,  tells  us  that '  he  pew'd 
the  body  of  the  cathedral  church  of  Sarum 
in  a  very  neat  manner,  suitable  to  the  neat- 
ness of  that  church,  to  which  he  was  many 
other  ways  a  great  benefactor '  (p.  18  w.)  After 
twenty  years  at  the  pay  office  he  thought  of 
a  magnificent  device  for  restoring  to  the  army 
some  part  of  the  fortune  which  he  had  got 
by  it.  He  inspired  Charles  in  1681  with  that 


Fox 


135 


Fox 


idea  of  founding  an  asylum  at  Chelsea  for 
disabled  soldiers,  the  credit  of  which  is  gene- 
rally ascribed  to  Nell  Gwyn.  In  furthering 
the  enterprise  through  all  its  stages  he  de- 
rived assistance  from  Evelyn  {Diary,  ii.  159, 
163).  His  contribution  to  the  building  and 
maintenance  fund  was  above  13,000/.  (EYRE, 
Funeral  Sermon,  p.  8  n.) 

On  James  coming  to  the  throne  a  peerage 
was  offered  to  Fox  on  the  condition  of  his 
turning  Roman  catholic.  He  adhered,  how- 
ever, manfully  to  his  religion.  The  priests 
then  intrigued  to  have  him  removed  from  the 
commission  of  the  treasury,  but  the  king  had 
sense  enough  to  insist  on  keeping  Fox  and 
Godolphin  as  members  of  an  otherwise  inex- 
perienced board.  He  was  also  suffered  to  re- 
tain his  clerkship  of  the  green  cloth.  On 
26  March  1685  he  was  returned  once  more 
for  Salisbury.  Greatly  to  James's  anger  he 
opposed  the  bill  for  a  standing  army,  though 
he  otherwise  endeavoured  to  serve  him  faith- 
fully. When  the  Prince  of  Orange  landed, 
Compton,  bishop  of  London,  attempted  to 
tamper  with  the  fidelity  of  Fox.  Fox  re- 
fused to  take  an  active  part  against  his  old 
master.  His  anonymous  biographer,  however, 
can  only  say  that  '  he  never  appeared  at  his 
highness's  court  to  make  his  compliments 
there  till  the  king  had  left  the  country.' 
William,  who  had  dined  with  him  when  on  a 
visit  to  England,  23  July  1681,  soon  won 
him  over  to  his  side.  In  February  1689- 
1690  Luttrell  heard  that  Fox  '  hath  lately 
kist  his  majesties  hand,  and  is  received  into 
favour '  (Historical  Relation  of  State  Affairs, 
1857,  ii.  16).  The  next  month  he  took  his 
seat  once  more  at  his  accustomed  boards. 
Thenceforward  whatever  changes  might  oc- 
cur at  the  treasury  Fox's  name  was  always 
on  the  new  commission.  On  9  Nov.  1691 
he  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  Sir  William 
Pulteney,  in  being  returned  a  second  time 
for  Westminster,  and  he  was  re-elected  by 
the  same  constituency  on  29  Oct.  1695.  In 
May  1692,  James,  having  arrived  at  La  Hogue, 
excepted  Fox  by  name  in  his  declaration  pro- 
mising pardon  to  all  who  returned  to  their 
allegiance.  In  1696-7  Fox  was  a  rival  with 
Montague  for  the  place  of  first  commissioner, 
but  at  length  withdrew  from  the  competition, 
though  not  with  a  very  good  grace.  He 
wished  it  to  be  notified  in  the  '  London 
Gazette  '  that  the  place  had  been  offered  to 
him  and  declined  by  him.  This  would  have 
been  an  affront  to  Montague.  But  from 
tenderness  to  Fox  the  promotion  of  his  rival 
was  not  announced  in  the  '  London  Gazette ' 
(MACAULAY,  Hist,  of  Engl.  ch.  xxi.)  Ac- 
cording to  Luttrell  (iv.  191)  Fox  in  March 
1696-7  succeeded  Henry  Frederick  Thynne  in 


the  office  of  treasurer  and  receiver-general 
to  the  queen  dowager, '  Sir  Christopher  Mus- 
grave  haveing  refused  it ; '  it  is  certain  that 
Charles  Fox  was  acting  as  such  by  1700 
(CHAMBERLAYNE,  Angtice  Notitia,  ed.  1700, 
pt.  iii.  p.  515).  On  26  Jan.  1698-9  Fox  was 
chosen  member  for  Cricklade,  Wiltshire,  in 
place  of  Charles  Fox,  who  elected  to  serve 
for  Salisbury,  and  was  returned  again  7  Jan. 
1700-1.  Upon  Anne's  accession  he  wished 
to  retire  into  private  life,  but  by  the  queen's 
express  desire  he  led  the  commons  in  pro- 
cession at  her  coronation,  23  April  1702,  and 
also  acted  for  a  time  as  first  commissioner 
of  horse.  He  consented  to  be  chosen  for 
Salisbury,  15  March  1713-14,  in  succes- 
sion to  his  son,  who  had  died  in  the  preced- 
ing September.  In  1685  he  had  purchased 
a  copyhold  estate  at  Chiswick,  Middlesex,  on 
which  he  built  a  villa,  which  excited  the  ad- 
miration of  William  III,  but  not  that  of 
Evelyn  (LYSONS,  Environs,  ii.  209  ;  EVELYN, 
ii.  169, 175).  There  he  died,  28  Oct.  1716,  and 
was  buried  at  Farley  (the  date,  '  23  Sept.,'  is 
wrongly  given  on  his  monument).  Ninety 
years  later  his  grandson,  Charles  James  Fox 
[q.v.],  died  in  the  same  place.  About  1654 
he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William 
Whittle  of  Lancashire,  and  sister  of  Sackvill 
Whittle,  chief  surgeon  to  Charles  II,  by  whom 
he  had  seven  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Charles,  the  eldest  son,  who  was  named  after 
his  godfather,  Charles  II,  died  childless  in 
September  1713,  and  was  buried  at  Farley 
(RICHARD  EYRE,  Funeral  Sermon  on  C.  Fox, 
Esq.)  Five  other  sons,  who  died  young,  were 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  (CHESTER, 
Westminster  Abbey  Registers).  Of  the  two 
surviving  daughters,  Elizabeth,  the  elder, 
married,  27  Dec.  1673,  Charles,  third  lord 
Cornwallis,  a  disreputable  gambler.  Evelyn 
(ii.  156-7)  gives  an  amusing  sketch  of  the 
'  grave  and  dexterous  courtesy '  with  which 
Fox  foiled  Lady  Sunderland's  attempt  to  se- 
cure his  younger  daughter  Jane  for  her  son, 
Lord  Spencer.  Jane  Fox  was  married  in  1686 
to  George,  fourth  earl  of  Northampton.  Lady 
Fox  died  11  Aug.  1696,  '  much  lamented  by 
the  poor  for  her  charity '  (LFTTRELL,  iv.  96), 
and  was  buried  at  Farley.  In  his  seventy- 
seventh  year,  Fox, '  unwilling  that  so  plenti- 
ful an  estate  should  go  out  of  the  name,  and 
being  of  a  vegete  and  hale  constitution,'  mar- 
ried as  his  second  wife,  11  July  1703,  Christian, 
daughter  and  coheiress  of  Francis  Hopes,  rec- 
tor, first  of  Haceby  and  afterwards  of  Aswar- 
by,  both  in  Lincolnshire  (CHESTER,  p.  262,  n. 
3).  By  this  lady,  who  was  then  in  her  twenty- 
sixth  year,  Fox  became  the  father  of  four 
more  children:  Stephen  (ft.  1704),  afterwards 
Earl  of  Ilchester;  Henry  (b.  1705),  first  Lord 


Fox 


136 


Fox 


Holland  [q.  v.]  ;  a  daughter,  Christian,  twin 
with  Henry  (d.  1708) ;  and  another  daughter, 
Charlotte,  married  in  July  1729  to  Edward, 
third  son  of  William,  fifth  lord  Digby.  The 
second  Lady  Fox  dying  atBath,  17  Feb.  1718- 
1719,  was  buried  at  Farley.  In  the  picture  at 
Holland  House  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  endows 
her  '  with  small  and  pretty  features,  and  hair 
and  complexion  as  dark  as  her  grandson's.' 

Fox's  reputation  for  courtesy,  kindliness 
of  disposition,  and  generosity  has  been  amply 
confirmed  by  Evelyn.  Pepys,  too,  has  much 
to  say  in  commendation  of  the  paymaster, 
who  confided  to  him  the  secrets  whereby  he 
was  enabled  to  make  such  large  profits  (Diary, 
ed.  Bright,  iv.  206).  He  does  not  forget  to 
celebrate  the  '  very  genteel '  dinners  of  his 
host,  while  Lady  Fox  and  her  seven  children 
noted  for  their  comeliness  received  unstinted 
praise, '  a  family  governed  so  nobly  and  neatly 
as  do  me  good  to  see  it '  (ib.  v.  335).  Fox's  por- 
trait by  Lely  has  been  engraved  by  Scriven ; 
of  that  by  J.  Baker  there  are  engravings  by 
Simon,  Earlom,and  Harding  (EvA^s,  Cat.  of 
Engraved  Portraits,  ii.  158).  A  large  mass 
of  his  official  papers  and  correspondence  is 
preserved  in  the  Additional  Manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum. 

[Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Stephen  Fox.  kt. 
8vo,  London,  1717  (reprinted  fol.  London,  1807, 
and  8vo,  London,  1811);  Richard  Eyre's  Sermon 
preach'd  at  the  Funeral  of  Sir  Stephen  Fox,  kt. 
8vo,  London,  1716;  Richard  Eyre's  Sermon 
preach'd  at  the  Funeral  of  Charles  Fox,  esq., 
4to,  Oxford,  1713  ;  Historical  Register,  1716,  i. 
546-7 ;  Trevelyan's  Early  Hist,  ot  C.  J.  Fox.ch. 
i. ;  Collins's  Peerage  (Brydges),  iii.  260,  iv.  529, 
v.  382  ;  Le  Neve's  Pedigrees  of  the  Knights 
(Harl.  Soc.),  p.  107;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom. 
Ser.) ;  Evelyn's  Diary  (1850-2)  ;  Pepys's  Diary 
(Bright);  Luttrell's  Relation  of  State  Affairs 
(1857) ;  Noble's  Continuation  of  Granger's  Biog. 
Hist.  i.  150-1  ;  Chester's  London  Marriage 
Licences  (Foster),  col.  508  ;  Chester's  West- 
minster Abbey  Registers ;  Lysons's  Environs,  ii. 
155,  208-10;  Hoare's  Wiltshire,  Hundred  of 
Alderbury,  sub  '  Farley ;'  Notes  and  Queries,  1st 
ser.  ix.  271,  xi.  325,  395,  2nd  ser.  i.  301,  410, 
ix.419,  5th  ser.  iii.  416,  iv.  114;  Memorials  and 
Correspondence  of  C.  J.  Fox  (Russell),  vol.  i.  bk. 
i. ;  Earl  Russell's  Life  and  Times  of  C.  J.  Fox, 
vol.i.  ch.  i. ;  Will  of  Sir  Stephen  Fox  ( P.  C.  C.  133, 
Fox);  Will  of  Sackvill  Whittle  (P.  C.  C.  52, 
North);  Cal.  Clarendon  State  Papers;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Treas  ,  1692-1719.]  G.  G. 

FOX,  TIMOTHY  (1628-1710),  noncon- 
formist divine,  was  born  in  1628,  and  educated 
at  Birmingham,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  admitted 
by  the  commissioners  of  the  great  seal  to  the 
rectory  of  Drayton,  Staffordshire,  but  on  being 
ejected  by  the  Bartholomew  act  of  1662  he 


settled  for  a  while  in  a  neighbouring  town, 
where  he  made  a  shrift  to  live  by  his  pen  and 
the  help  of  relations,  till  the  Oxford  act  forced 
him  to  remove,  and  rent  a  farm  in  Derby- 
shire. Afterwards,  in  May  1684,  he  was 
committed  to  Derby  gaol  upon  that  act,  not 
for  any  exercise  of  religion,  but  merely  for 
coming  to  see  his  son,  then  an  apprentice  in 
that  town,  and  remained  a  prisoner  until  the 
following  November.  He  again  suffered  im- 
prisonment when  Monmouth  was  in  the  west, 
on  this  occasion  in  Chester  gaol.  No  cause 
whatever  was  assigned  for  his  detention. 
After  enduring  a  month's  confinement  he 
was  released  on  finding  ample  security  for 
his  good  behaviour.  From  the  time  of  his 
ejectment  he  preached  in  private  as  he  had 
opportunity,  and  after  public  liberty  was 
granted,  he  opened  a  meeting  in  his  own 
house  at  Caldwell,  Derbyshire,  where  he 
preached  twice  a  day  and  catechised.  He 
died  in  May  1710. 

[Calamy's    Nonconf.    Memorial,   ed.  Palmer, 
1802,  iii.  232-3.]  G.  G. 

FOX,  WILLIAM  (1736-1826),  founder 
of  the  Sunday  School  Society,  son  of  J.  Fox, 
renter  of  the  Clapton  Manor  estate,  Glouces- 
tershire, was  born  at  Clapton  14  Feb.  1736. 
The  youngest  of  a  large  family  he  was  left 
fatherless  in  early  childhood.  He  had  ex- 
traordinary resolution,  and  at  the  age  of  ten 
formed  business  plans  which  were  afterwards 
completely  realised.  He  ultimately  became 
lord  of  the  manor  of  Clapton.  Fox  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  draper  and  mercer  at  Oxford 
in  1752,  and  before  the  expiration  of  his  in- 
dentures his  master  gave  up  to  him  his  house 
and  shop  and  stock  of  goods,  valued  at 
about  4,000/.  Fox  married  in  1761  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Tabor,  a  Colchester 
merchant.  Three  years  later  he  removed  to 
London,  and  entered  upon  a  large  business 
in  Leadenhall  Street.  Impressed  with  the 
degradation  of  the  poorer  classes  of  the  popu- 
lation, he  endeavoured  unsuccessfully,  by  the 
aid  of  members  of  both  houses  of  parliament, 
to  move  the  government  in  their  behalf. 
About  1784,  when  he  became  the  proprietor 
of  Clapton,  he  began  his  humanitarian  work 
unaided,  not  only  clothing  all  the  poor  of 
the  parish — men,  women,  and  children — 
but  founding  a  free  day  school.  Waiting  to 
Robert  Raikes  in  1785  he  stated  that  long  be- 
fore the  establishment  of  Sunday  schools  he 
had  designed  a  system  of  universal  education, 
but  had  met  with  little  support  from  the 
clergy  and  laity,  who  were  alarmed  by  the 
magnitude  of  the  undertaking.  A  meeting 
was  held  at  Fox's  instance  in  the  Poultry, 
London,  on  16  Aug.  1785,  when  it  was 


Fox 


137 


Fox 


resolved  to  issue  a  circular  recommending  the 
formation  of  a  society  for  the  establishment 
and  support  of  Sunday  schools  throughout  the 
kingdom  of  Great  Britain.  Fox  was  cordially 
supported  by  Raikes,  Jonas  Hanway,  and 
other  friends  of  education,  and  the  result  was 
tie  foundation  of  the  Sunday  School  Society, 
with  a  body  of  officers  and  governors,  and  a 
committee  of  twenty-four  persons,  chosen 
equally  from  the  church  of  England  and 
the  various  bodies  of  protestant  dissenters. 
The  Earl  of  Salisbury  was  elected  president. 
Before  eight  months  had  elapsed  from  the 
first  meeting  in  the  Poultry,  thirty  schools 
had  been  established,  containing  1,110  scho- 
lars, and  by  the  following  January  (1787) 
these  had  been  increased  to  147  schools  with 
7,242  children.  In  1797  the  Baptist  Home 
Missionary  Society  was  formed,  with  Fox  as 
treasurer.  Five  years  later  Fox  left  London 
and  went  to  reside  at  Lechlade  House,  Glou- 
cestershire. He  remained  here  till  1823, 
when  he  moved  to  Cirencester,  where  he  lost 
his  wife,  a  lineal  descendant  of  Sir  Harbottle 
Grimstone  [q.  v.]  Fox  died  at  Cirencester 
•en  1  April  1826,  and  was  buried  at  Lechlade 
beside  his  wife  and  daughter.  Among  the 
friends  and  supporters  of  Fox  were  Granville 
Sharp  and  William  Wilberforce. 

[Ivimey's  Memoir  of  Fox,  1831.]     G.  B.  S. 

FOX,  WILLIAM  JOHNSON  (1786- 
1864),  preacher,  politician,  and  man  of  let- 
ters, was  born  at  Uggeshall  Farm,  Wrent- 
ham,  in  the  north  of  Suffolk,  1  March  1786. 
From  his  father,  a  sturdy  peasant-farmer, 
who  had  once  got  into  trouble  as  a  poacher, 
he  inherited,  he  says  in  a  fragmentary  auto- 
biography, '  sluggish  tenacity  of  brain ; '  from 
his  mother,  a  woman  of  sweet  and  liberal 
nature, '  nervous  irritability.'  Both  parents 
were  strict  Calvinistic  independents.  When 
Fox  was  only  three  years  of  age  his  father 
gave  up  farming,  and  barely  supported  him- 
self in  several  callings  at  Norwich.  Fox  was 
sent  to  a  chapel  school,  became  a  weaver's 
boy,  an  errand-boy,  and  in  1799  clerk  in  a 
bank.  Here  he  found  leisure  for  self-im- 
provement, worked  hard  at  mathematics,  and, 
like  Leigh  Hunt,  Peacock,  and  De  Quincey, 
won  prizes  offered  by  the  '  Monthly  Precep- 
tor,' and  planned  a  course  of  study  which 
would  have  occupied  him  for  seven  years. 
He  first  studied  Latin  and  Greek  with  a  view 
to  progress  in  mathematics,  and  improved 
his  knowledge  of  them  with  a  view  to  divi- 
nity. He  appreciated,  however,  the  melody 
of  Greek  versification,  and  the  shrewd  philo- 
sophy of  Horace,  '  though  much  of  it  used  to 
elbow  and  jostle  my  morality.'  He  took  to 
authorship,  competed  for  essay  prizes,  and 


wrote  occasionally  for  a  local  newspaper; 
until  at  length  it  was  suggested  that  the 
pulpit  was  his  proper  destination.  In  Sep- 
tember 1806  he  entered  the  Independent  Col- 
lege at  Homerton  under  Dr.  Pye  Smith.  He 
found  there  a  considerable  tendency  to  free 
inquiry,  'which  gradually  subsided  as  the 
time  came  for  the  student  to  exchange  his 
sure  and  safe  retreat  for  the  fiery  ordeal  of 
the  deacon  and  the  pew.'  Early  in  1810  he 
took  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Fareham. 
He  studied  the  Unitarian  controversy,  reading 
books  treating  upon  it  for  hours  in  bed.  By 
March  1812  he  had  entirely  broken  with  ortho- 
doxy, and  had  become  minister  of  the  Unitarian 
chapel  at  Chichester,  after  a  brief  and  unsuc- 
cessful experience  as  pastor  of  a  small  seceding 
congregation  at  Fareham.  At  Chichester  he 
studied  hard,  and  formed  an  ill-advised  en- 
gagement to  his  future  wife,  Eliza,  daughter 
of  James  Florance,  barrister.  In  1817  he 
became  minister  of  Parliament  Court  Chapel, 
London.  He  had  now,  by  dint  of  assiduous 
practice,  made  himself  a  consummate  rheto- 
rician. His  celebrity  was  enhanced  by  several 
published  sermons,  one  of  which,  '  On  the 
Duties  of  Christians  towards  Deists,'  occa- 
sioned by  the  trial  of  Carlile,  excited  warm 
controversy.  In  1820  he  married,  and  the 
next  few  years  of  his  life  were  marked  by  a 
severe  illness,  a  visit  to  Scotland,  his  first 
regular  contributions  to  a  newspaper,  the 
'  Norwich  Mercury,'  the  removal  of  his  con- 
gregation from  Parliament  Court  to  a  chapel 
built  especially  for  him  in  South  Place,  Fins- 
bury  (1824),  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Blom- 
field  on  the  gospel  of  St.  John,  and  increas- 
ing connection  with  literature  and  politics. 
He  began  to  be  celebrated  for  his  taste  as  a 
dramatic  critic  ;  he  wrote  on  Nathaniel  Lee, 
'  Sethos,'  and  other  subjects  for  the  '  Retro- 
spective Review ; '  and,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  '  Westminster  Review,'  he  wrote  the 
first  article,  entitled  '  Men  and  Things  in 
1824.'  He  had  already  become  editor,  with 
Robert  Aspland  (1782-1845)  [q.  v.],  of  the 
'  Monthly  Repository,'  the  leading  organ  of  the 
Unitarian  denomination,  which  he  conducted 
as  a  theological  periodical  until  1831 ,  when  he 
purchased  the  copyright  from  the  Unitarian 
Association,  and  made  it  an  organ  of  political 
and  social  reform,  combined  with  literary 
criticism.  Fox's  quick  recognition  of  youthful 
genius  was  especially  shown  in  his  welcome 
of  Browning's  '  Pauline,'  which  occasioned  a 
lifelong  friendship  with  the  poet.  Mill  contri- 
buted philosophical  papers  under  the  signature 
'  Antiquus  ; '  and  in  Fox's  periodical  appeared 
Crabb  Robinson's  remarkable  series  of  papers 
on  '  Goethe ; '  Harriet  Martineau's  poems  and 
Eliza  Flower's  musical  contribu- 


138' 


Fox 


tions ;  Browning's  poems ;  and  W.  Bridges 
Adams's  essays  on  social  subjects,  signed 
'  Junius  Redivivus,'  whose  freedom  of  tone 
gave  offence  in  Unitarian  circles.  Hazlitt 
pronounced  Fox  superior  to  Irving  as  a 
preacher,  and  his  celebrity  was  extended  be- 
yond metropolitan  limits  by  the  publication 
of  two  collections  of  sermons,  '  Christ  and 
Christianity'  and  'Christian  Morality.'  He 
was,  however,  drifting  further  and  further 
away  from  theology ;  and  during  the  agita- 
tion for  reform  he  took  a  prominent  part  as 
a  popular  leader,  daily  addressing  open-air 
meetings  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  '  He  was,' 
says  Francis  Place,  '  the  bravest  of  us  all.' 
In  1834  his  domestic  difficulties  came  to  the 
knowledge  of  leading  members  of  his  con- 
gregation. He  resented  their  consequent 
interference :  the  majority  of  his  congrega- 
tion stood  by  him ;  and  the  controversy  was 
closed  by  the  secession  of  the  minority  in 
September  1834.  No  tangible  imputation 
rested  upon  his  personal  conduct,  but  the 
confidence  of  many  of  his  most  influential 
supporters  had  been  undermined  by  the  ad- 
vocacy in  the  '  Repository '  of  the  dissolu- 
bility of  marriage,  and  his  evident  alienation 
from  theology.  A  separation  on  account  of 
incompatibility  of  temper  was  arranged  be- 
tween him  and  Mrs.  Fox. 

Fox  was  disowned  by  his  brother  Unitarian 
ministers,  and  resigned  his  office  as  a  trustee 
of  the  Williams  Library.  His  freedom  from 
restraint,  already  irksome,  gave  him  a  more 
independent  position  in  the  pulpit.  The  ser- 
vice, under  Eliza  Flower's  direction,  became 
musical,  Fox  himself  contributingsomehighly 
poetical  hymns  ;  his  addresses  ranged  widely 
over  the  fields  of  morals  and  politics,  and  at- 
tracted a  very  intellectual  auditory,  includ- 
ing many  members  of  parliament.  Twenty- 
six  of  these  discourses,  published  between 
1835  and  1840  under  the  title  of  '  Finsbury 
Lectures,'  represent  the  general  topics  and 
tone  of  his  teaching.  Discourses  on  such 
themes  as '  Morality  illustrated  by  the  various 
Classes  into  which  Society  is  divided '  alter- 
nate with  secular  subjects,  as  the  coronation, 
the  corn  laws,  and  national  education.  The 
tone,  however,  is  invariably  lofty.  They 
were  usually  delivered  after  a  few'days'  me- 
ditation, with  slight  assistance  from  a  short- 
hand abstract,  but  published  entirely  from 
the  reporter's  notes.  They  gained  greatly 
in  delivery  from  the  impressive  intonation 
of  the  speaker.  Rapturous  descriptions  of 
Fox's  oratory  will  be  found  in  John  Saun- 
ders's  sketch  in  the  '  People's  Journal '  and 
in  Evans's  '  Authors  and  Orators  of  Lanca- 
shire.' Their  testimony  is  confirmed  by  James 
Grant  (1802-1879)  [q.  v.],  writing  in  1840, 


who  infers,  however,  from  his  statue-like 
absence  of  gesture,  that  he  would  fail  with  a 
popular  audience.  In  1843  Fox  was  thrilling- 
enthusiastic  popular  assemblages.  To  meet 
heavy  expenses  he  wrote  more  than  ever, 
especially  upon  politics.  Bulwer,  Talfourd, 
Macready,  and  Forster  were  now  among  his 
most  intimate  friends,  and  his  relations  with 
Mill  led  Carlyle  to  believe  that  he  was  to  be 
offered  the  editorship  of  the  '  London  and 
Westminster  Review.'  He  transferred  the 
proprietorship  and  editorship  of  the  unprofit- 
able '  Repository'  to  R.  H.  Home  in  1836, 
and  for  a  time  chiefly  devoted  himself  to 
journalism.  Daniel  Whittle  Harvey  [q.  v.] 
enlisted  him  in  the '  Sunday  Times,'  and  when 
Harvey  became  proprietor  of  the  '  True  Sun ' 
(1835)  Fox's  contributions  raised  the  circu- 
lation from  two  thousand  to  fifteen  thousand 
copies.  He  laboured  at  the  office  regularly 
for  five  days  a  week  until  the  end  of  1837, 
when  Harvey's  sudden  relinquishment  of  his 
journal  terminated  the  engagement.  Fox 
joined  the  '  Morning  Chronicle,'  where  his 
politics  were  much  more  under  restraint. 
He  devoted  especial  attention  to  the  perform- 
ances of  Macready,  of  whom  he  was  an  in- 
tense admirer. 

When,  in  1840,  an  address  from  the  Anti- 
Cornlaw  League  to  the  nation  was  required, 
Cobden  drew  up  a  paper  of  memoranda,  and 
entrusted  the  composition  to  Fox  as  the 
person  most  competent  1  o  administer  '  a 
blister  to  the  aristocracy  and  the  House  of 
Commons.'  The  address  was  followed  by  a 
long  series  of  most  effective  letters  to  leading 
public  characters  published  in  the  '  League ' 
newspaper,  under  the  signature  of  'A  Norwich 
Weaver  Boy.'  Fox  became  a  leading  orator 
of  the  league,  speaking  especially  at  Drury 
Lane  and  Covent  Garden.  '  The  speech  read 
well,'  says  Prentice,  '  but  the  reader  could 
have  no  conception  of  the  effect  as  delivered 
with  a  beauty  of  elocution  which  Macready 
on  the  same  boards  might  have  envied.'  His 
connection  with  the  '  Morning  Chronicle ' 
ceased  about  this  time,  and  was  followed  by 
an  engagement  with  the  'Daily  News/  to- 
which,  as  to  the  '  Chronicle,'  he  contributed 
four  leaders  weekly.  When  Forster  retired 
in  September  1846,  Fox  followed  his  example. 
He  further  undertook  a  course  of  Sunday 
evening  lectures  to  the  working  classes  at 
the  National  Hall  in  Holborn,  commenced 
in  1844,  and  continued  until  1 846 ;  which, 
after  being  published  first  in  '  The  Appren- 
tice,' and  afterwards  in  the  '  People's  Jour- 
nal,' were  collected  into  four  volumes  in  1849. 
They  showed  the  author  to  be  oneof  the  wisest 
as  well  as  the  warmest  friends  of  the  working 
classes.  This  character,  even  more  than  the; 


Fox 


eloquence  of  his  Anti-Cornlaw  League  ora- 
tions, gained  Fox  an  invitation  to  stand  for 
the  working-class  constituency  of  Oldham, 
for  which  he  was  returned  after  a  keen  con- 
test in  July  1847.  His  congregation  had 
already  found  it  necessary  to  provide  an  assis- 
tant minister.  He  was  relieved  from  em- 
barrassment by  the  munificence  of  Samuel 
Courtauld  of  Braintree,  who  settled  upon 
him  an  annuity  of  400J.  His  last  address 
to  his  congregation  was  given  in  February 
1852.  He  had  previously  summed  up  his 
conclusions  in  his  lectures  of  the  '  Religious 
Ideas '  (published  in  1849),  in  which  these 
ideas  are  treated  as  the  natural  production 
of  the  human  mind  in  the  course  of  its  deve- 
lopment, corresponding  to  external  realities, 
as  yet  but  dimly  surmised. 

Fox's  later  exertions  were  mainly  confined 
to  parliament  and  the  composition  of  the 
'  Publicola '  letters  for  the '  Weekly  Dispatch/ 
which  he  continued  until  1861.  His  success 
in  parliament  was  limited  by  his  age  and 
the  didacticism  acquired  in  the  pulpit.  Re- 
garded at  first  as  '  a  sort  of  heterodox  metho- 
dist  parson,'  he  soon  gained  general  respect  by 
his  tact,  discretion,  and  moderation.  His  most 
remarkable  speeches  were  that  delivered  on 
seconding  Mr.  Hume's  motion  for  an  exten- 
sion of  the  franchise  in  1849,  and  that  on  the 
introduction  of  his  own  bill  for  establishing 
compulsory  secular  education  in  1850.  He 
made  the  subject  of  education  in  large  measure 
his  own,  and  always  regretted  that  Lord  John 
Russell  had  taken  it  out  of  his  hands.  He 
usually  acted  with  the  politicians  of  the 
Manchester  school,  but  differed  from  them 
on  the  Crimean  war,  and  declared  his  dissent 
in  a  great  speech  to  his  constituents  in  the 
winter  of  1855.  His  success  at  Oldham  had 
involved  the  rejection  of  John  Fielden  [q.  v.], 
who  had  thrown  in  his  lot  with  Mr.  J.  M. 
Cobbett.  Fox  thus  excited  the  fiercest  an- 
tagonism in  a  section  of  the  liberal  party. 
He  was  defeated  in  1852,  regained  his  seat 
in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  after  tumults 
described  as  '  sacrificial  games  dedicated  to 
the  manes  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Fielden,'  was 
again  ejected  in  1857,  and  re-elected  in  the 
same  year  upon  another  unexpected  vacancy. 
He  then  held  the  seat  without  opposition 
until  his  retirement  in  1863,  though  taking 
little  part  in  public  business.  He  died  after 
a  short  illness  on  3  June  1864,  and  was  buried 
in  Brompton  cemetery.  His  memory  was 
celebrated  in  the  most  fitting  manner  by  a 
memorial  edition  of  his  complete  writings. 

Fox's  master  passion  was  philanthropy,  and 
he  had  adopted  the  philosophy  of  Bentham 
as  that  apparently  most  conducive  to  human 
welfare.  But  his  temperament  was  that  of 


a  poet,  his  tastes  were  literary,  dramatic,, 
musical.  His  utilitarianism  was  pervaded 
with  imagination,  and  he  was  far  more  effec- 
tive as  a  man  of  letters  than  as  a  thinker, 
and  a  speaker  than  as  a  reasoner.  The  orator 
in  him  was  rather  made  than  born,  his  seem- 
ing gift  of  improvisation  was  the  acquisition 
of  long  and  careful  practice.  The  construction 
of  his  speeches  was  in  the  highest  degree  rheto- 
rical, and  they  owed  much  of  their  effect  to> 
his  marvellous  elocution.  They  are,  however, 
admirable  for  powerful  diction,  manly  sense, 
and  abound  in  fancy,  humour,  and  sarcasm  -r 
nor  were  his  innumerable  contributions  to- 
the  press  less  excellent  in  their  way.  No  one 
could  better  popularise  a  truth  or  embody  an 
abstraction.  The  great  aim  of  his  life  was  to 
benefit  the  classes  from  which  he  had  sprung. 
No  one  has  counselled  those  classes  more 
freely,  or  on  the  whole  more  wisely.  His 
nature,  though  not  exempt  from  angularities, 
was  genial  and  affectionate;  he  said  of  himself 
that  he  could  never  learn  to  say '  No  '  till  he 
had  attained  middle  life,  and  then  but  im- 
perfectly. He  craved  for  sympathy,  and  when 
disappointed  of  obtaining  it,  took  refuge  in  a 
reserve  which,  combined  with  the  phlegm  of 
his  physical  constitution,  sometimes  made 
him  appear  inert  and  inanimate,  when  in 
reality  his  mind  was  actively  at  work. 

[About  1835  Fox  began  to  dictate  an  auto- 
biography, which  he  only  brought  down  to  his 
settlement  at  Fareham,  with  many  gaps  and 
omissions.  He  began  another  in  1858,  but  made- 
still  less  progress.  These  documents,  with  many 
other  unpublished  papers,  have  been  placed  at  the 
writer's  disposal  by  Fox's  daughter,  Mrs.  Bridell 
Fox.  See  also  the  memoir  in  vol.  xii.  of  his  col- 
lected writings ;  Memoirs  of  Eliza  Fox ;  James 
Grant's  Public  Characters;  Evans's  Lancashire 
Authors  and  Orators ;  Prentice's  History  of  the 
Anti-Cornlaw  League  ;  Sir  John  Bowring  in  the 
Theological  Eeview  for  1864;  John  Saunders  in 
the  People's  Journal  for  1848.]  E.  G. 

FOX,    WILLIAM    TILBURY    (1886- 

1879),  physician,  son  of  Luther  Owen  Fox, 
M.D.,  of  Broughton,  Winchester,  was  born 
in  1836,  and  entered  the  medical  school  of 
University  College,  London,  in  1853.  In 
1857  he  obtained  the  scholarship  and  gold 
medal  in  medicine  at  the  M.B.  examination 
of  the  university  of  London,  and  graduated 
M.D.  in  1858.  After  a  short  period  of  general 
practice  at  Bayswater,  he  selected  midwifery 
as  a  specialty,  and  was  appointed  physician- 
accoucheur  to  the  Farringdon  General  Dis- 
pensary. At  this  period  he  wrote  some  good 
papers  on  obstetrical  subjects,  published  in 
the  'Transactions '  of  the  Obstetrical  Society. 
Becoming  interested  in  the  study  of  micro- 
scopic fungi  attacking  the  skin  and  hair,  he 


Fox 


Fox 


wrote  a  book  on  the  subject,  and  gradually 
(became  a  specialist  on  dermatology.  In  1864 
he  travelled  in  the  East  with  the  Earl  of 
Hopetoun,  but  returned  much  enfeebled  in 
health.  The  experience  gained  abroad  was 
utilised  in  several  works  mentioned  below. 
Settling  in  Sackville  Street,  Piccadilly,  Fox 
soon  acquired  a  large  practice  in  dermatology. 
In  1866  he  became  physician  to  the  skin  de- 
partment of  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  and  not 
long  after  succeeded  Dr.  Hillier  as  physician 
to  the  same  department  of  University  College 
Hospital,  where  he  established  an  excellent 
system  of  baths.  He  proved  a  good  teacher 
and  attracted  many  foreigners  to  his  clinique. 
His  book  on '  Skin  Diseases,'  enlarged  and  more 
copiously  illustrated  in  successive  editions, 
made  his  name  widely  known,  and  his  'Atlas' 
finally  established  his  reputation.  He  did  not 
seek  to  revolutionise  the  treatment  of  his  sub- 
ject, but  based  his  classification  on  Willan  and 
Bateman's,  while  insisting  on  the  value  of 
general  medical  knowledge  and  insight  to  the 
dermatologist.  Thus  he  had  worthily  gained 
a  position  second  to  few  if  any  specialists, 
when  his  life  was  threatened  by  aortic  disease, 
with  frequent  angina.  He  was  taking  a  brief 
holiday  in  Paris,  and  preparing  for  the  pre- 
sidency of  the  Dermatological  subsection  of 
the  British  Medical  Association  at  Cork, 
when  an  attack  of  angina  carried  him  off  on 
7  June  1879.  He  was  buried  at  Willesden 
cemetery,  14  June  1879. 

For  many  years  and  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death  Fox  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  '  Lancet.'  His  intense 
energy  was  always  at  work  promoting  the 
interests  of  dermatology  as  a  branch  of  me- 
dical practice.  His  genial  manners  and  con- 
scientiousness made  him  very  popular  with 
patients. 

Fox's  principal  writings  are  the  following : 

1.  '  Skin  Diseases  of  Parasitic  Origin,'  1863. 

2.  '  Skin  Diseases,  their  Description,  Patho- 
logy, Diagnosis,  and  Treatment,'  1864 ;  3rd 
edit.,  rewritten  and  enlarged,  1873.    3.  'The 
Classification  of  Skin  Diseases,'  1864.  4.  'Cho- 
lera Prospects,'   1865.     5.  '  The  Action  of 
Fungi  in  the  Production  of  Disease,'  1866. 
6.  '  Leprosy,  Ancient   and  Modern ;    with 
notes  taken  during  recent  travel  in  the  East,' 
1866.     7.  '  Eczema,  its  Nature  and  Treat- 
ment,''Lettsomian  Lectures,' 1870.  8.  'Pru- 
rigo  and  Pediculosis,'  1870.     9.  '  Scheme  for 
obtaining  a  better  knowledge  of  Endemic 
Skin  Diseases  of  India '  (with  Dr.  T.  Far- 
quhar)  ;  prepared  for  the  India  Office,  1872. 
10.  'Key  to  Skin  Diseases,'  1875.  11.  'Atlas 
of  Skin  Diseases '  (based  on  Willan's) ;  4to, 
with  plates,  1875-7.     12.  'On  certain  En- 
demic Skin  and  other  Diseases  of  India  and 


Hot  Climates  generally '  (with  Dr.  T.  Far- 
quhar),  1876.  13.  '  Epitome  of  Skin  Dis- 
eases'  (with  T.  Colcott  Fox),  1877,  2nd 
edit.  14.  '  On  Ringworm  and  its  Manage- 
ment,' 1878.  Fox  edited  and  revised  editions 
of  Tanner's  '  Manual  of  Clinical  Medicine/ 
published  in  1869  and  1876.  He  also  con- 
tributed numerous  papers  on  skin  diseases  to 
the  medical  societies  and  journals. 

[Lancet,  Medical  Times,  and  British  Medical 
Journal,  14  June  1879.]  G.  T.  B. 

FOX,  WILSON  (1831-1887),  physician, 
son  of  a  manufacturer  belonging  to  a  well- 
known  quaker  family  in  the  west  of  England, 
was  born  at  Wellington,  Somersetshire,  on 
2  Nov.  1831.  He  was  educated  at  Bruce 
Castle,  Tottenham,  and  University  College, 
London,  graduating  B.A.  in  1850,  M.B.  in 
1854,  and  M.D.  in  1855,  at  London  Univer- 
sity. After  a  year  spent  as  house  physician 
at  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Infirmary,  he  passed 
several  years  in  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin, 
being  for  two  years  in  the  last  city  a  pupil  of 
the  great  pathologist  Virchow.  Here  he  made 
important  observations  on  the  degeneration 
of  the  gastric  glands  (see  Fox's  '  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Pathology  of  the  Glandular 
Structures  of  the  Stomach,'  Med.-Chir. 
Transactions,  xli.  1858).  In  1859  he  married 
Miss  Emily  Doyle,  and  settled  at  Newcastle- 
under-Lyme,  where  he  became  physician  to 
the  North  Staffordshire  Infirmary.  In  1861, 
supported  by  Virchow's  strong  recommen- 
dation, he  was  appointed  professor  of  patho- 
logical anatomy  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, and  soon  afterwards  assistant  physician 
to  University  College  Hospital.  In  1866  he 
became  fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  in  1867  full  physician  to  his 
hospital  and  Holme  professor  of  clinical 
medicine.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  phy- 
sician extraordinary  to  the  queen,  and  was 
elected  F.R.S.  He  afterwards  became  phy- 
sician in  ordinary,  and  frequently  attended 
the  queen  while  in  Scotland.  He  acquired 
a  large  practice,  and  was  an  active  member 
of  the  leading  medical  societies  and  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  In  April  1887  he 
was  suddenly  summoned  to  the  deathbed  of 
his  eldest  brother  at  Wellington.  Thence  he 
went  northwards  towards  his  seat  at  Rydal 
Mount  for  a  rest,  but  was  seized  with  pneu- 
monia on  the  way  and  died  on  3  May  at  Pres- 
ton in  Lancashire.  He  was  buried  at  Taunton 
on  6  May  1887.  A  bust  in  the  Shire  Hall, 
Taunton,  was  unveiled  25  Oct.  1888  (Times, 
26  Oct.  1888,  p.  8).  His  first  wife  died  in 
1870;  by  her  he  left  three  sons  and  three 
daughters.  In  1874  he  married  Evelyn,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Baldwin  W.  Walker,  bart.,  and 


Foxe 


Foxe 


widow  of  Captain  Burgoyne,  lost  in  his  ship 
the  Captain  [see  BUKGOYNE,  HUGH  TALBOTJ. 

In  personal  appearance  Fox  was  tall,  spare, 
and  erect,  with  a  refined  expression.  Although 
he  was  somewhat  reserved  in  manner,  his  sin- 
cerity and  earnestness  gave  him  a  strong  hold 
on  those  with  whom  he  came  in  contact. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  benevolence,  and  was 
in  the  habit  of  placing  his  house  at  Rydal  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Bishop  of  Bedford  during 
the  summer  months  for  the  use  of  invalided 
East-end  clergymen  and  their  families. 

Equally  as  a  teacher  and  as  an  investiga- 
tor and  writer  Fox  ranked  high.  His  cases 
were  thoroughly  studied,  with  special  atten- 
tion to  the  mental  and  emotional  state  of  his 
patients,  in  whom  he  inspired  great  confi- 
dence. He  was  the  first  physician  to  save 
life  in  cases  of  rheumatic  fever  where  the 
temperature  was  excessively  high,  by  placing 
the  patient  in  baths  of  iced  water.  His  lec- 
tures were  highly  valued  by  the  students,  and 
the  characteristic  of  his  teaching  was  the 
ability  with  which  the  facts  of  pathology  were 
made  the  basis  of  practical  diagnosis  and  treat- 
ment. All  his  writings  manifested  great  re- 
search and  labour,  and  are  encyclopaedic  on 
their  subjects.  Besides  the  works  enumerated 
below,  he  had  been  for  many  years  preparing 
a  treatise  on  diseases  of  the  lungs  and  an  atlas 
of  their  pathological  anatomy,  works  that 
were  nearly  complete  at  his  death. 

Fox's  principal  writings  were  :  1.  '  On  the 
Origin,  Structure,  and  Mode  of  Development 
of  Cystic  Tumours  of  the  Ovary,' '  Med.-Chir. 
Trans.,'  1864,  xlvii.  227-86.  2.  'On  the 
Artificial  Production  of  Tubercle  in  the 
Lower  Animals,'  a  lecture  before  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  1864.  3.  'On  the 
Development  of  Striated  Muscular  Fibre,' 
'  Phil.  Trans.'  clvi.  1866.  4.  '  On  the  Dia- 
gnosis and  Treatment  of  the  Varieties  of  Dys- 
pepsia,' 1867 ;  3rd  edition,  enlarged,  1872, 
under  the  title  'The  Diseases  of  the  Stomach,' 
substantially  a  reproduction  of  his  articles  in 
Reynolds's '  System  of  Medicine,'  vol.  ii.  1868. 
6.  Articles  on '  Pneumonia,'  &c.,  in  Reynolds's 
'System,' iii.  1871.  6.  'On  the  Treatment  of 
Hyperpyrexia  by  means  of  the  External  Ap- 
plication of  Cold/  1871. 

[Lancet,  7  and  14  May  1887  ;  British  Medical 
Journal,  7  May  1887.]  G-.  T.  B. 

FOXE,  JOHN  (1516-1587),  martyrolo- 
gist,  was  born  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  in 
1516.  The  date  is  supplied  by  a  grant  of 
arms  made  to  his  family  on  21  Dec.  1598 
(MAITLAND,  Notes,  pt.  i.  8-10).  He  is  there 
said  to  be  lineally  connected  with  Richard 
Foxe  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Winchester,  but  this 
relationship  is  improbable.  The  father,  of 


whom  nothing  is  known,  died  while  his  sons 
were  very  young.  Foxe  had  at  least  one- 
brother.  The  mother  married  a  second  hus- 
band, Richard  Melton,  to  whom  Foxe  dedi- 
cated an  early  work,  '  An  Instruccyon  of 
.Christen  Fayth,'  with  every  mark  of  affection. 
He  was  a  studious  youth,  and  attracted  the 
notice  of  one  Randall,  a  citizen  of  Coventry, 
and  of  John  Harding  or  Hawarden,  fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford.  His  stepfather'* 
means  were  small,  and  these  friends  sent  him 
to  Oxford  about  1532,  when  he  was  sixteen 
years  old.  According  to  the  untrustworthy- 
biography  of  1641,  attributed  to  Foxe's  son 
Samuel,  Foxe  entered  at  Brasenose  College, 
where  his  patron  Hawarden  was  tutor.  He- 
is  not  mentioned  in  the  college  books.  It 
must,  however,  be  admitted  that  Foxe,  when 
dedicating  his  '  Syllogisticon '  (1563)  to  Ha- 
warden, writes  of  him  as  if  he  had  been  his 
tutor ;  and  that  Alexander  No  well,  afterwards- 
dean  of  St.  Paul's  (stated  in  the  biography  of 
1641  to  have  been  Foxe's  chamber-fellow  at 
Oxford),  was  a  member  of  Brasenose,  and 
was  one  of  Foxe's  lifelong  friends.  Foxe  also 
refers  to  Brasenose  thrice  in  his  '  Actes  and 
Monuments,'  but  the  absence  of  any  com- 
ment indicating  personal  association  with  the 
place  does  not  give  this  circumstance  any 
weight.  If  he  resided  at  Brasenose  at  all,  it 
was  probably  for  a  brief  period  as  Hawarden's 
private  pupil.  He  must  undoubtedly  have- 
attended  Magdalen  College  School  at  the  same 
time.  A  close  connection  with  both  Magda- 
len School  and  College  is  beyond  question. 
The  matriculation  register  for  the  years  during- 
which  Foxe  would  have  been  '  in  statu  pupil- 
lari '  is  unfortunately  lost.  But  he  became- 
probationer  fellow  of  Magdalen  in  July  1538, 
and  full  fellow  25  July  1539,  being  joint  lec- 
turer in  logic  with  Baldwin  Norton  in  1539- 
1540,  and  proceeding  B.A.  17  July  1537  and 
M.A.inJulyl543(O.r/.  Univ. Reg.,  Oxf.Hist. 
Soc.,  i.  188).  Foxe  repeatedly  identifies  him- 
self with  Magdalen  in  his  works  and  private 
letters.  '  For  which  foundation,'  he  writes  in 
the  '  Actes,'  iii.  716,  'as  there  have  been  and* 
be  yet  many  students  bound  to  yield  grateful 
thanks  unto  God,  so  I  must  needs  confess  to- 
be  one,  except  1  will  be  unkind.'  About 
1564,  when  one  West  (formerly  of  Magdalen) 
was  charged  in  the  court  of  high  commission 
with  making  rebellious  speeches,  Foxe  used* 
his  influence  to  procure  the  offender's  pardon, 
on  the  sole  ground  that  he  had  belonged  to- 
the  same  school  and  college  at  Oxford  as 
himself.  As  fellow  of  Magdalen  Foxe  hadl 
his  difficulties.  His  intimate  friends  and 
correspondents  at  Oxford  included,  besides 
Nowell,  Richard  Bertie  [q.  v.],  John  Cheke 
of  Cambridge  [q.  v.],  Hugh  Latimer,  and! 


Foxe 


<Foxe 


"William  Tindal,  and  like  them  he  strongly  fa- 
voured extreme  forms  of  protestantism.  His 
colleagues  at  Magdalen  were  divided  on  doc- 
trinal questions,  and  the  majority  inclined 
to  the  old  forms  of  religious  belief.  He  was 
bound  by  the  statutes  to  attend  the  college 
chapel  with  regularity,  and  to  proceed  to 
holy  orders  within  seven  years  of  his  election 
to  his  fellowship.  He  declined  to  conform 
to  either  rule.  Complaint  was  made  to  the 
president,  Dr.  Owen  Oglethorp,  and  Foxe 
defended  himself  in  a  long  letter  (Lansd.  MS. 
388).  He  expressly  objected  to  the  enforce- 
ment of  celibacy  on  the  fellows.  Finally,  in 
July  1545,  he  and  five  of  his  colleagues  re- 
signed their  fellowships.  There  was  no  ex- 
pulsion, as  Foxe's  biographer  of  1641  and 
most  of  his  successors  have  asserted.  The 
college  register  records  that '  ex  honesta  causa 
recesserunt  sponte  a  collegio,'  and  Foxe's 
future  references  to  his  college  prove  that  he 
bore  it  no  ill-will. 

Before  leaving  Oxford,  Foxe  mentioned  in 
a  letter  to  Tindal  that  he  had  derived  much 
satisfaction  from  a  visit  to  the  Lucy  family 
at  Charlecote,  Warwickshire.  Thither  he 
now  directed  his  steps.  William  Lucy  seems 
to  have  given  him  temporary  employment  as 
tutor  to  his  son  Thomas.  On  3  Feb.  1546-7 
Foxe  married,  at  Charlecote  Church,  Agnes 
Randall,  daughter  of  his  old  friend  of  Co- 
ventry— a  lady  who  seems  to  have  been  in 
the  service  of  the  Lucys.  He  thereupon  came 
up  to  London  to  seek  a  livelihood.  The  bio- 
grapher of  1641  draws  a  dreary  picture  of  his 
disappointments  and  destitution,  and  relates 
how  an  unknown  and  anonymous  benefactor 
put  a  purse  of  gold  into  his  hand,  while  in  a 
half-dying  condition  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
and  how  he  received  soon  afterwards  an  invi- 
tation to  visit  Mary  Fitzroy  [q.  v.],  duchess  of 
Richmond,  at  her  residence,  Mountjoy  House, 
Knight  rider  Street.  The  latter  statement  is 
well  founded.  It  is  undoubted  that  Foxe  and 
his  friend  Bale,  whose  acquaintance  he  first 
made  at  Oxford,  were  both,  early  in  1548, 
entertained  by  the  duchess,  who  was  at  one 
with  them  on  religious  questions  (Actes,  iii. 
705).  Through  the  joint  recommendation  of 
his  hostess  and  of  Bale,  Foxe  was  moreover 
appointed  before  the  end  of  the  year  tutor  to 
the  orphan  children  of  Henry  Howard,  earl 
of  Surrey,  who  had  been  executed  19  Jan. 
1546-7.  The  duchess  was  the  earl's  sister, 
and  Bale  was  intimate  with  Lord  Went- 
worth,  who  had  been  the  children's  guardian 
since  their  father's  death.  There  were  two 
tx>ys,  Thomas,  afterwards  duke  of  Norfolk 
(6.  1536),  and  Henry  Howard,  afterwards 
earl  of  Northampton  (b.  1539),  together  with 
three  girls.  Foxe  joined  his  pupils  at  the 


castle  of  Reigate,  a  manor  belonging  to  their 
grandfather,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  re- 
mained there  for  five  years. 

In  that  interval  Foxe  published  his  earliest 
theological  tracts.  All  advocated  advanced 
reforming  views.  Their  titles  are :  '  De  non 
plectendis  morte  adulteris  consultatio  loannis 
Foxi,'  London,  per  Hugonem  Syngletonum, 
1548,  dedicated  to  Thomas  Picton ;  '  A  Sar- 
mon  of  Jhon  Oecolampadius  to  Yong  Men 
and  Maydens,'  dedicated  to  '  Master  Segrave,' 
London  ?  1550  ? ; '  An  Instruccyon  of  Christen 
Fay  th,'  London,  Hugh  Syngleton,  1550  ?  dedi- 
cated to  Melton,  his  stepfather,  a  translation 
from  Urbanus  Regius ;  and '  De  Censura,  sive 
Excommunicatione  Ecclesiastica,  Interpel- 
latio  ad  archiepiscopum  Cantabr.,'  London, 
Stephen  Mierdmannus,  1551.  The  first  work 
was  reissued  in  1549  under  the  new  title  '  De 
lapsis  in  Ecclesiam  recipiendis  consultatio,' 
with  a  '  Prsefaciuncula  ad  lectorem  '  substi- 
tuted for  the  dedication  to  Picton  (MAITLAN D, 
Early  Hooks  in  Lambeth  Librai-y,  pp.  223-4). 
Furthermore,  he  prepared  a  school  book, 
'Tables  of  Grammar,'  London,  1552.  Ac- 
cording to  Wood,  eight  lords  of  the  privy 
council  subscribed  to  print  this  work,  but  its 
brevity  disappointed  its  patrons.  Meanwhile 
Foxe  was  reading  much  in  church  history  with 
a  view  to  an  elaborate  defence  of  theprotestant 
position.  On  24  June  1550  he  was  ordained 
deacon  by  Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  He  stayed  for  the  purpose 
in  Barbican,  at  the  house  of  the  Duchess- 
dowager  of  Suffolk,  who  became  the  wife  of 
;  his  friend,  Richard  Bertie  [see  BERTIE, 
i  CATHARINE].  Subsequently  he  preached  as 
a  volunteer  at  Reigate,  being  the  first  to 
preach  protestantism  there. 

The  accession  of  Mary  in  July  1553  proved 

of  serious  import  to  Foxe.  One  of  the  queen's 

I  earliest  acts  was  to  release  from  prison  the 

old  Duke  of  Norfolk  (d.  1554),  the  grandfather 

|  of  Foxe's  pupils.     The  duke  was  a  catholic, 

j  and  promptly  dismissed  Foxe  from  his  tutor- 

•  ship.     It  is  probable  that  Foxe  thereupon 

took  up  his  residence  at  Stepney,  whence  he 

i  dates  the  dedication  of '  A  Fruitfull  Sermon 

|  of  the  moost  Euangelicall  wryter,  M.  Luther, 

made  of  the  Angelles '  (London,  by  Hugh 

Syngleton,  1554?).    The  elder  lad,  Thomas, 

had  formed  a  strong  affection  for  his  teacher, 

and  when   he  was  sent   from  Reigate   to 

be  under  the  care  of  Bishop  Gardiner  at 

Winchester  House,  he  contrived  that  Foxe 

should  pay  him  secret  visits.    Foxe  was  soon 

alarmed  by  the  obvious  signs  of  a  catholic 

revival.      A  rumour  that  parliament  was 

about  to  re-enact  the  six  articles  of  1539 

drew  from  him  a  well-written  Latin  petition 

denouncing  any  change  in  the  religious  esta- 


Foxe 


143 


Foxe 


blishment.  It  is  reported  by  the  biographer 
of  1641  that  early  in  1554  Foxe  was  visiting 
Ms  pupil  at  Gardiner's  house,  when  the  bishop 
.entered  the  room,  and  was  told  that  Foxe 
was  the  lad's  physician.  Gardiner  paid  Foxe 
an  equivocal  compliment,  which  raised  his 
suspicions.  The  majority  of  his  friends  had 
already  left  England  for  the  continent  at  the 
first  outbreak  of  persecution,  and  he  deter- 
mined to  follow  them.  With  his  wife,  who 
was  expecting  her  confinement,  he  hurried 
to  Ipswich,  and  arrived  at  Nieuport  after  a 
very  stormy  passage.  He  travelled  to  Stras- 
burg  by  easy  stages,  and  met  his  friend  Ed- 
mund Grindal  there  in  July.  He  had  brought 
with  him  in  manuscript  the  first  part  of  a  Latin 
treatise  on  the  persecutions  of  reformers  in 
Europe  from  the  time  of  Wycliffe  to  his  own 
day.  A  Strasburgprinter,WendelinRichelius, 
hurriedly  put  it  into  type  in  time  for  the  great 
Frankfort  fair.  The  volume,  a  small  octavo  of 
212  leaves,  is  now  of  great  rarity.  It  forms  the 
earliest  draft  of  the  '  Actes  and  Monuments ;' 
but  only  comes  down  to  1 500,  and  deals  mainly 
with  the  lives  of  WyclifFe  and  Huss.  Some 
notes  of  Bishop  Pecock  are  added,  together 
with  an  address  to  the  university  of  Oxford, 
deploring  the  recent  revival  there  of  the  doc- 
trine of  transubstantiation.  The  dedication, 
dated  from  StrasburgSl  Aug.  1554,  was  ad- 
dressed to  Christopher,  duke  of  Wiirtemberg, 
and  is  said  to  have  displeased  the  duke,  a 
well-known  patron  of  protestants.  The  title 
usually  runs :  '  Commentarii  rerum  in  ec- 
«lesia  gestarum  maximarumque  per  totam 
Europam  persecutionum  a  Vuicleui  tempo- 
ribus  ad  hanc  usque  setatem  descriptio.  Liber 
primus.  .  .  .  Anno  MDLIIII.'  But  copies  are 
met  with  with  a  title-page  beginning  '  Chro- 
nicon  Ecclesise  continens  historiam  rerum,' 
&c.,  where  the  date  is  given  as  MDLXIIII,  and 
the  printer's  name  as  Josias  instead  of  Wen- 
delinus  Richelius.  Dr.  Maitland  suggested 
that  this  date  was  an  error  due  to  the  hasty 
production,  but  it  seems  more  probable  that 
the  second  title  belongs  to  a  later  reprint. 

By  the  end  of  1554  Foxe  had  joined  thepro- 
testant  refugees  at  Frankfort,  and  was  lodging 
with  a  well-known  puritan,  Anthony  Gilby 
fq.  v.]  Foxe  found  a  heated  controversy  as  to 
forms  of  worship  raging  among  his  country- 
men at  Frankfort.  Some  wished  to  adhere  to 
Edward  VI's  second  prayer-book,  others  de- 
sired a  severer  liturgy,  and  denounced  the 
surplice  and  viva-voce  responses.  The  civic 
authorities  had  meanwhile  directed  the  adop- 
tion of  the  service-book  of  the  French  pro- 
testants. Various  modifications  were  sug- 
gested, but  all  failed  to  pacify  the  contending 
factions.  Knox  had  lately  been  summoned 
•from  Geneva  by  a  portion  of  the  English  at 


Frankfort  to  act  as  their  minister.  He  pro- 
posed that  the  dispute  should  be  referred  to 
Calvin.  Foxe,  who  at  once  took  a  prominent 
place  among  Knox's  supporters,  encouraged 
this  course.  Calvin  recommended  a  compro- 
mise between  the  Anglican  and  Genevan 
forms  of  prayer.  Foxe  offered,  in  conjunction 
with  Knox  and  others,  to  give  the  sugges- 
tion practical  effect.  The  offer  was  rejected, 
but  a  temporary  settlement  was  effected 
by  Knox  without  Foxe's  aid.  In  the  middle 
of  1555  the  quarrel  broke  out  anew.  Dr. 
Richard  Cox  [q.  v.]  reached  Frankfort,  and 
at  once  headed  the  party  in  favour  of  an  un- 
diluted anglican  ritual.  Knox  attacked  Cox 
from  his  pulpit.  But  Cox  and  his  friends 
had  influence  with  the  civic  authorities  ; 
serious  charges  were  brought  against  Knox, 
and  he  was  directed  to  quit  the  town.  The 
controversy  was  not  ended.  Foxe  suggested 
arbitration,  but  he  was  overruled.  On  1  Sept. 
1555  he  and  Whittingham,  now  the  leaders  of 
the  Genevan  party,  announced  their  intention 
of  abandoning  Frankfort.  They  gave  Knox's 
expulsion  as  their  chief  reason  for  this  step. 
Whittingham  straightway  left  for  Geneva. 
Foxe  remained  behind,  reluctant  to  part  with 
Nowell  and  other  friends.  As  a  final  attempt 
at  reconciling  the  rival  parties  he  wrote 
(12  Oct.)  entreating  Peter  Martyr,  whom  he 
had  met  at  Strasburg,  to  come  and  lecture 
on  divinity  to  the  English  at  Frankfort. 
Despite  the  controversy,  he  spoke  of  the  kind 
reception  with  which  he  had  met  there.  But 
Martyr  declined  the  invitation,  and  in  the 
middle  of  November  Foxe  removed  to  Basle. 
Foxe  suffered  acutely  from  poverty  while 
at  Basle.  He  wrote  to  Grindal  soon  after  his 
arrival  that  he  was  reduced  to  his  last  penny, 
and  was  thankful  for  a  gift  of  two  crowns. 
He  begged  his  pupil,  now  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
and  his  new  patron,  the  Duke  of  Wiirtem- 
berg, to  help  him.  But  his  destitution  did 
not  blunt  his  energies.  He  found  employ- 
ment as  a  reader  of  the  press  in  the  printing- 
office  of  Johann  Herbst  or  Oporinus,  an  en- 
thusiastic protestant  and  publisher  of  pro- 
testant  books.  Foxe  was  henceforth  closely 
connected  with  the  trade  of  printing.  Ac- 
cording to  the  '  Stationers'  Register '  (ed. 
Arber,  i.  33),  one  John  Foxe  took  up  the  free- 
dom of  the  Stationers'  Company  on  5  March 
1554-5,  and  paid  Ss.  4<2.  for  his  breakfast  on 
the  occasion.  His  intimate  association  in 
later  years  with  the  London  printer,  John 
Day  (1522-1584)  [q.  v.],  makes  it  almost  cer- 
tain that  this  entry referstothemartyrologist. 
Oporinus  and  Foxe  lived  on  the  best  of  terms; 
they  corresponded  after  Foxe  had  left  the 
continent,  and  Oporinus  allowed  Foxe,  while 
in  his  employ,  adequate  leisure  for  his  own 


Foxe 


144 


Foxe 


books.  Before  leaving  Frankfort  he  had 
begun  to  translate  into  Latin  Cranmer's  trea- 
tise on  the  Eucharist  in  answer  to  Gardiner 
(London,  1551).  He  found  the  task  difficult. 
Grindal  and  others  begged  him  to  persevere. 
"When  he  heard  of  Cranmer's  death  in  1556  he 
at  once  negotiated  with  Christopher  Frosch- 
over  of  Zurich  for  its  publication,  but  the 
negotiation  dragged  on  till  1559,  and  the 
•work,  although  partly  utilised  by  Foxe  else- 
where, still  remains  in  manuscript  (Harleian 
MS.  418).  In  1556  Oporinus  published  Foxe's 
'  Christus  Triumphans,'  an  apocalyptic  drama 
after  German  models,  in  five  acts  of  Latin 
verse,  concluding  with  a  '  panegyricon '  on 
Christ  in  Latin  prose.  The  original  manu- 
script is  in  Lansdowne  MS.  1073.  Tanner 
says  that  an  edition  was  issued  in  London  in 
1551 ,  a  statement  of  doubtful  authority.  The 
work  is  a  crude  and  tedious  mystery  play,  but 
achieved  such  success  as  to  be  published  in 
a  French  translation  by  Jean  Bienvenu  at 
Geneva  in  1562,  a  form  in  which  it  is  now  of 
the  utmost  rarity.  An  English  translation 
by  Richard  Day  [q.  v.]  appeared  in  1578, 1599, 
and  1607,  and  reprints  of  the  original,  pre- 
pared by  Thomas  Comber  for  use  in  schools, 
'  ob  insignem  styli  elegantiam ' — an  unde- 
served compliment — are  dated  1672  and  1677 
(cf.  HERFORD,  Studies  in  the  Lit.  Relations 
of  England  and  Germany,  pp.  138-48).  After 
Ridley,  Latimer,  and  Cranmer  had  fallen  at 
the  stake,  Foxe  drew  up  an  admirable  expos- 
tulation and  plea  for  toleration,  addressed  to 
the  nobility  of  England  (8  Feb.  1555-6).  It 
•was  first  printed  by  Oporinus  at  Basle  in  1557 
tinder  the  title  '  Ad  inclytos  ac  praepotentes 
Anglise  proceres  .  .  .  supplicatio.  Autore 
loanne  Foxo  Anglo.'  In  the  same  year  he 
brought  out  an  ingenious  series  of  rules  for 
aiding  the  memory,  entitled  '  Locorum  com- 
munium  logicalium  tituli  et  ordines^lSO,  ad 
seriem  praedicamentorum  decem  descripti,' 
Basle,  which  was  reissued  in  London  as  'Pan- 
dectse  locorum  communium '  in  1585.  In  1557 
and  1558  Foxe  remonstrated  in  a  friendly  way 
withKnox  on  account  of  the  strong  language 
used  in  'The  First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet ; ' 
and  on  Elizabeth's  accession  he  wrote  a  con- 
gratulatory address,  which  Oporinus  printed. 
Meanwhile  Foxe  was  receiving  through 
Grindal  reports  of  the  protestant  persecutions 
in  England.  Bradford's  case  was  one  of  the 
earliest  he  received.  When  reports  of  Cran- 
mer's examinations  arrived  Foxe  prepared 
them  for  publication,  and  Grindal  seems  to 
have  proposed  that  these  and  the  reports  of 
proceedings  against  other  martyrs  should  be 
issued  separately  in  two  forms,  one  in  Latin 
and  the  other  in  English.  Foxe  was  to  be 
responsible  for  the  Latin  form.  The  English 


form  was  to  be  prepared  and  distributed  in 
England.  Only  in  the  case  of  the  story  of 
Philpot's  martyrdom  was  this  plan  carried  out. 
Strype  preserves  the  title  of  Foxe's  pamphlet, 
printed  at  Basle,  detailing  Philpot's  sufferings^ 
'Miraet  eleganscum  primis  historia  vel  tra- 
gcedia  potius  de  tota  ratione  examinationis  et 
condemnationis  J.Philpotti .  .  .  nuncinLati- 
num  versa,  interpreteJ.  F.,'but  no  copy  is  now 
known.  On  10  June  1557  Grindal  urged  Fox 
to  complete  at  once  his  account  of  the  per- 
secution of  reformers  in  England  as  far  as 
the  end  of  Henry  VIII's  reign  (GRIITDAL, 
Remaines,  Parker  Soc.,  p.  223  et  seq.)  He- 
worked  steadily,  and  in  1559  had  brought  his 
story  of  persecution  down  to  nearly  the  end 
of  Mary's  reign.  Nicolaus  Brylinger  with 
Oporinus  sent  the  work,  which  was  all  in 
Latin,  to  press,  and  it  appeared  in  folio- 
under  the  title  '  Rerum  in  ecclesia  gestarum, 
quae  postremis  et  periculosis  his  temporibus 
evenerunt,  maximarumque  per  Europam  Per- 
secutionum  ac  Sanctorum  Dei  Martyrum  si 
quae  insignioris  exempli  sunt,  digesti  per 
Regna  et  Nationes  commentarii.  Pars  prima, 
in  qua  primum  de  rebus  per  Angliam  efr 
Scotiam  gestis  atque  in  primis  de  horrenda 
sub  Maria  nuper  regina  persecutione  narratio* 
continetur.  Autore  Joanne  Foxo,  Anglo/ 
A  second  part,  giving  the  history  of  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  reformers  on  the  continent,  wa* 
announced  to  follow,  but  Foxe  abandoned  itr 
and  that  part  of  the  work  was  undertaken  by- 
Henry  Pantaleone  of  Zurich.  This  great 
volume  of  732  numbered  pages  is  in  six 
books,  of  which  the  first  embodies  the  little- 
volume  of  '  Commentarii.'  The  expostula- 
tion addressed  to  the  nobility  is  reprinted 
(pp.  239-61).  Bishop  Hooper's  treatise  on 
the  Eucharist,  forwarded  to  Bullinger,  and 
written  while  in  prison,  appears  with  dis- 
sertations on  the  same  subject  by  Ridley, 
Latimer,  and  Cranmer.  The  whole  was  de- 
dicated to  Foxe's  pupil,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
(1  Sept.  1559).  At  the  same  time  as  the- 
book  was  issued  the  pope  (Paul  IV)  an- 
nounced that  he  had  prohibited  Oporinus 
from  publishing  any  further  books. 

Foxe  left  for  England  in  October,  a  month 
after  his  great  book  had  been  published.  He- 
wrote  announcing  his  arrival  to  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  who  offered  him  lodgings  in  his 
house  at  Christchurch,  Aldgate,  and  after- 
wards invited  him  to  one  of  his  country 
houses.  On  25  Jan.  1559-60  Grindal,  now" 
bishop  of  London,  ordained  him  priest,  and 
in  September  1560  Parkhurst,  another  friendr 
who  had  just  become  bishop  of  Norwich,  pro- 
mised to  use  his  influence  to  obtain  a  pre- 
bendal  stall  at  Norwich  for  him.  Foxe  is 
often  represented  as  having  lived  for  some  time 


Foxe 


Foxe 


withParkhurst,  and  as  having1  preached  in  his 
diocese.  The  bishop  invited  him  to  Norwich 
(29  Jan.  1563-4),  but  there  is  no  evidence  of 
an  earlier  visit.  From  the  autumn  of  1561 
Foxe  was  chiefly  engaged  in  translating  his 
latest  volume  into  English  and  in  elaborating 
its  information.  The  papers  of  Ralph  Morice, 
Cranmer's  secretary,  had  fallen  into  his  hands, 
together  with  much  new  and,  as  Foxe  believed, 
authentic  material.  Most  of  his  time  was 
clearly  spent  in  London  at  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk's house  in  Aldgate,  but  every  Monday 
lie  worked  at  the  printing-office  of  John  Day 
in  Aldersgate  Street,  who  had  undertaken 
the  publication. 

In  1564,  after  the  death  of  the  Duchess 
of  Norfolk,  Foxe  removed  from  the  duke's 
iouse  to  Day's  house  in  Aldersgate  Street, 
and  took  a  prominent  part  in  Day's  business. 
He  petitioned  Cecil  (6  July  1568)  to  relax  in 
Day's  behalf  the  law  prohibiting  a  printer 
from  employing  more  than  four  foreign  work- 
men. Day's  close  connection  with  Foxe's 
great  undertaking  is  commemorated  in  the 
lines  on  Day's  tombstone  in  the  church  of 
Little  Bradley,  Suffolk  :— 
He  set  a  Fox  to  wright  how  martyrs  runne 
5y  death  to  lyfe :  Fox  ventured  paynes  and  health 
To  give  them  light :  Daye  spent  in  print  his 

•wealth. 

(Notes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.  yiii.  246.) 
But  Foxe's  stay  in  Day's  house  was  probably 
only  temporary.  In  1565  he  spent  some  time 
at  Waltham.  The  register  states  that  two  of 
Ms  children,  Rafe  and  Mary,  were  baptised 
there  on  29  Jan.  1565-6.  Fuller  in '  The  In- 
fant's Advocate,'  1653,  not  only  credits  Walt- 
ham  with  being  Foxe's  home  when  he  was 
preparing  'his  large  and  learned  works,'  but 
says  that  he  left  his  posterity  a  considerable 
estate  in  the  parish.  The  biographer  of  1641 
writes  that  Foxe  was  on  very  good  terms  with 
Anne,  the  wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Heneage  [q.  v.], 
who  was  a  large  landowner  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Waltham.  On  24  July  1749  the 
antiquary  Dr.  Stukeley  made  a  pilgrimage  to 
the  house  associated  with  Foxe  at  Waltham, 
and  it  then  seems  to  have  been  a  popular 
show-place  (Memoirs,  ii.  211).  About  1570 
Foxe  removed  to  Grub  Street,  where  he  pro- 
bably lived  till  his  death. 

On  20  March  1562-3  Foxe's  'Actes  and 
Monuments '  issued  from  Day's  press,  on  the 
very  same  day  as  Oporinus  published  at  Basle 
the  second  part  of  the  Latin  original  contain- 
ing Pantaleone's  account  of  the  persecutions 
on  the  continent.  The  title  of  the  '  Actes  and 
Monuments '  seems  to  have  been  borrowed 
from  a  book  called  '  Actiones  et  Monimenta 
Martyrum, 'printed  by  Jean  Crespin  at  Geneva 
in  1560.  Grindal  had  written  of  Foxe's  pro- 

VOL.   XX. 


jectedwork  as  'Historia  Martyrum,'  19  Dec. 
1558.  From  the  date  of  its  publication  it  was 
popularly  known  as  the '  Book  of  Martyrs,'  and 
even  in  official  documents  as  '  Monumenta 
Martyrum.'  The  first  edition  has  four  dedi- 
catory epistles :  to  Jesus  Christ,  the  queen, 
ad  doctum  lectorem  (alone  in  Latin),  and  to 
the  persecutors  of  God's  truth.  A  preface 
'  on  the  utility  of  the  story'  is  a  translation 
from  the  Basle  volume  of  1559.  Foxe  for- 
warded a  copy  to  Magdalen  College,  with  a 
letter  explaining  that  the  work  was  written 
in  English '  for  the  good  of  the  country  and  the 
information  of  the  multitude,' and  received  in 
payment  6/.  135. 4<#.  The  success  of  the  under- 
taking was  immediate,  and  at  the  suggestion 
of  Jewell,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  the  author 
received  his  first  reward  in  the  shape  of  a 
prebend  in  Salisbury  Cathedral,  together  with 
the  lease  of  the  vicarage  of  Shipton  (11  May 
1563).  Before  the  yearwas  out  he  had  brought 
out  an  elaborate  treatise  on  the  Eucharist, 
entitled '  Syllogisticon,'  with  a  dedication  to 
his  old  friend  Hawarden,  now  principal  of 
Brasenose,  and  in  1564  he  published  a  Latin 
translation  of  Grindal's  funeral  sermon  in 
memory  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  But  he  . 
also  spent  much  time  in  helping  the  plague- 
stricken,  and  made  a  powerful  appeal  to  the 
citizens  for  help  for  the  afflicted  (1564).  His 
poverty  did  not  cease.  His  clothes  were  still 
shabby ;  the  pension  which  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk gave  him  was  very  small,  and  when  he 
bestowed  the  vicarage  of  Shipton  on  William 
Master  he  appealed  to  the  queen  (August  1564) 
to  remit  the  payment  of  first-fruits,  on  the 
ground  that  neither  of  them  had  a  farthing. 
He  also  informed  her,  in  very  complimentary 
terms,  that  he  contemplated  writing  her  life. 
At  Salisbury  he  declined  to  conform  or  to 
attend  to  his  duties  regularly.  He  had  con- 
scientious objections  to  the  surplice.  He  was 
absent  from  Jewell's  visitation  in  June  1568, 
and  in  the  following  December  was  declared 
contumacious  on  refusing  to  devote  a  tithe 
of  his  income  to  the  repair  of  the  cathedral. 
On  the  Good  Friday  after  the  publication 
of  the  papal  bull  excommunicating  the  queen 
(1570),  Foxe,  at  Grindal's  bidding,  preached 
a  powerful  sermon  at  St.  Paul's  Cross,  and 
renewed  his  attacks  on  the  catholics.  The 
sermon,  entitled  'A  Sermon  of  Christ  Cruci- 
fied,' was  published  by  Day  immediately, 
with  a  prayer  and '  a  postscript  to  the  papists,' 
and  was  reissued, '  newly  recognised  by  the 
authour,'in  1575, 1577,  and  1585.  A  very  rare 
edition  was  printed  for  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany in  1609.  On  1  Oct.  1571  Foxe  trans- 
lated it  into  Latin,  and  Day  issued  it  under  the 
title  '  De  Christo  Crucifixo  Concio.'  In  this 
shape  it  was  published  at  Frankfort  in  1575. 


Foxe 


146 


Foxe 


Foxe's  correspondence  "was  rapidly  in- 
creasing, and  his  position  in  ecclesiastical 
circles  grew  influential.  Parkhurst  (29  Jan. 
1563-4)  solicited  his  aid  in  behalf  of  Conrad 
Gesner,  who  was  writing  on  the  early  Chris- 
tian writers.  Lawrence  Humphrey,  president 
of  Magdalen,  appealed  to  him  to  procure  for 
him  an  exemption  from  the  regulations  affect- 
ing clerical  dress,  but  Humphrey  afterwards 
conformed.  On  20  Nov.  1573  one  Torporley 
begged  him  to  obtain  for  him  a  studentship  at 
Christ  Church.  Strangers  consulted  him  re- 
peatedly about  their  religious  difficulties. 
Francis  Baxter  (4  Jan.  1572)  inquired  his 
opinion  respecting  the  lawfulness  of  sponsors, 
and  another  correspondent  asked  how  he  was 
to  cure  himself  of  the  habit  of  blaspheming. 
About  the  same  time  Foxe  corresponded  with 
Lord-chief-justice  Monson  respecting  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  schoolmaster  at  Ipswich,  and 
recommended  a  lady  to  marry  one  of  his  in- 
timate friends. 

Much  of  his  correspondence  also  dealt  with 
the  credibility  of  his  monumental  work.  The 
catholics  had  been  greatly  angered  by  its  pub- 
lication. They  nicknamed  it '  Foxe's  Golden 
Legend,'  and  expressed  special  disgust  at  the 
calendar  prefixed  to  the  book,  in  which  the 
protestant  martyrs  took  the  place  of  the  old 
saints  (STRYPE,  Annals,  i.  375-80).  Foxe's 
accuracy  was  first  seriously  impugned  in  the 
1  Dialog!  Sex,'  published  in  1566  under  the 
name  of  Alan  Cope  [q.  v.] ,  although  the  author 
was  without  doubt  Nicholas  Harpsfield.  Foxe 
showed  some  sensitiveness  to  such  attacks. 
He  instituted  inquiries  with  a  view  to  correc- 
tions or  corroborations  for  a  second  edition, 
which  the  puritan  party  deemed  it  desirable 
to  issue  before  the  meeting  of  parliament  in 
April  1571.  This  edition  (1570)  was  in  two 
volumes,  the  first  of  934  pages,  and  the  second 
of  1378.  New  engravings  were  added;  there 
was  a  new  dedication  to  the  queen,  in  which 
Foxe  declared  that  he  only  republished  the 
book  to  confute  the  attacks  of  evil-disposed 
persons,  who  had  made  it  appear  that  his  work 
was  as  '  full  of  lies  as  lines.'  The  address  to 
the  persecutors  of  God's  truth  was  omitted ;  a 
protestation  to  the  true  and  faithful  congrega- 
tion of  Christ's  universal  church,  and  four 
questions  addressed  to  the  church  of  Rome 
were  added.  Magdalen  College  paid  6/.  8s. 
for  a  copy  of  this  new  edition,  and  another 
copy  belonging  to  Nowell  was  bequeathed 
by  him  to  Brasenose,  where  it  still  is.  Con- 
vocation meeting  at  Canterbury  on  3  April 
resolved  that  copies  of  this  edition,  which 
was  called  in  the  canon '  Monumenta  Marty- 
rum,'  should  be  placed  in  cathedral  churches 
and  in  the  houses  of  archbishops,  bishops, 
deacons,  and  archdeacons.  Although  this 


canon  was  never  confirmed  by  parliament,  it 
was  very  widely  adopted  in  the  country. 

About  the  same  time  Foxe  prepared,  from 
manuscripts  chiefly  supplied  by  Archbishop 
Parker,  a  collection  of  the  regulations  adopted 
by  the  reformed  English  church,  which  was- 
entitled '  Reformatio  Legum.'  A  proposal  in 
parliament  to  accept  this  collection  as  the 
official  code  of  ecclesiastical  law  met  with  no- 
success,  owing  to  the  queen's  intervention  and 
her  promise — never  fulfilled — that  her  minis- 
ters should  undertake  a  like  task.  But  it 
was  printed  by  Day  in  1571,  and  held  by  the 
puritans  in  high  esteem.  It  was  reissued  in 
1640,  and  again  by  Edward  Card  well  in  1850. 
In  the  same  year  (1571)  Foxe  performed  for 
Parker  a  more  important  task.  He  produced, 
with  a  dedication  to  the  queen,  an  edition  of 
j  the  Anglo-Saxon  text  of  the  Gospels.  This 
i  was  similarly  printed  by  Day,  and  is  now  a 
:  rare  book.  Two  years  later  he  collected  the 
works  of  Tindal,  Frith,  and  Barnes,  giving- 
extracts  from  his  own  account  of  the  writers 
in  his  '  Actes.' 

On  2  June  1572  Foxe's  pupil  and  patron, 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  was  executed,  at  the 
age  of  thirty-six,  for  conspiring  with  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  the  catholic  nobility 
against  Elizabeth.  Foxe  attended  him  to 
the  scaffold.  Some  time  before  he  had  heard 
the  rumours  of  Norfolk's  contemplated  mar- 
riage with  the  Queen  of  Scots,  and  had  writ- 
ten a  strong  protest  against  it.  Foxe's  bio- 
graphers have  exaggerated  the  influence  which 
his  early  training  exerted  on  the  duke  and 
on  his  brother,  Henry  Howard,  afterwards 
earl  of  Northampton.  It  is  obvious  that 
they  assimilated  few  of  their  tutor's  religious 
i  principles.  On  the  scaffold  the  duke  denied 
that  he  was  a  catholic ;  but  he,  like  his 
brother  in  after  years,  had  shown  unmistak- 
able leanings  to  Catholicism.  It  is  to  the 
credit  of  both  Foxe  and  the  duke  that  their 
affection  for  each  other  never  waned.  The 
duke  directed  his  heirs  to  allow  Foxe  an  an- 
nuity of  20/.  On  14  Oct.  of  the  same  year 
Bishop  Pilkington  installed  Foxe  in  a  pre- 
bendal  stall  at  Durham  Cathedral ;  but  Foxe 
was  still  obstinately  opposed  to  the  sur- 
plice, and  within  the  year  he  resigned  the 
office.  Tanner  asserts  that  he  was  at  one 
time  vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate.  Foxe's 
friend,  Robert  Crowley  [q.  v.],  held  this 
benefice  for  a  long  period ;  but  he  was  sus- 
pended between  1569  and  1578,  when  Foxe 
may  have  assisted  in  the  work  of  the  parish. 
In  1575  Foxe  energetically  sought  to  obtain 
the  remission  of  the  capital  sentence  in  the 
case  of  two  Dutch  anabaptists  condemned 
to  the  stake  for  their  opinions.  He  wrote  to 
the  queen,  Lord  Burghley,  and  Lord-chief- 


Foxe 


147 


Foxe 


justice  Monson,  pointing  out  the  dispropor- 
tion between  the  offence  and  the  punishment, 
and  deprecating  the  penalty  of  death  in  cases 
of  heresy.  He  also  appealed  to  one  of  the 
prisoners  to  acknowledge  the  errors  of  his 
opinion,  with  which  he  had  no  sympathy. 
A  respite  of  a  month  was  allowed,  but  both 
prisoners  were  burnt  at  the  stake  22  July. 
In  1576  and  1583  the  third  and  fourth  edi- 
tions of  the  'Actes'  were  issued.  On  1  April 
1577  Foxe  preached  a  Latiu  sermon  at  the 
baptism  of  a  Jew,  Nathaniel,  in  Allhallows 
Church,  Lombard  Street  (cf.  '  Elizabethan 
England  and  the  Jews,' by  the  present  writer, 
in  New  Shakspere  Soc.  Trans.  1888).  The 
title  of  the  original  ran  :  '  De  Oliva  Evan- 
gelica.  Concio  in  baptismo  ludsei  habita. 
Londini,  primo  mens.  April.'  London,  by 
Christopher  Barker,  1577,  dedicated  to  Sir 
Francis  Walsingham.  At  the  close  is  a  prose 
'  Appendicula  de  Christo  Triumphante,'  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Thomas  Heneage.  A  translation 
by  James  Bell  appeared  in  1578,  with  the 
Jew's  confession  of  faith.  In  1580  the  same 
translator  issued  a  tract  entitled  '  The  Pope 
Confuted,'  which  professed  to  be  another 
translation  from  Foxe,  although  the  original 
is  not  identified.  Tanner  assigns  'A  New 
Years  Gift  touching  the  deliverance  of  cer- 
tain Christians  from  the  Turkish  gallies  '  to 
1579,  and  says  it  was  published  in  London. 
Foxe  completed  Haddon's  second  reply  to 
Osorius  in  his  '  Contra  Hieron.  Osorium  .  .  . 
Responsio  Apologetica,'  dedicated  to  Sebas- 
tian, king  of  Portugal  (Latin  version  1577, 
English  translation  1581).  In  1583  he  con- 
tested Osorius's  view  of  'Justification  by 
Faith '  in  a  new  treatise  on  the  subject,  '  De 
Christo  gratis  iustificante.  Contra  Osorianam 
iustitiam.Lond.,  by  Thomas Purfoot,  impensis 
Geor.  Byshop,'  1583.  Tanner  mentions  an 
English  translation  dated  1598.  'Disputatio 
loannis  Foxij  Angli  contra  lesuitas '  appeared 
in  1585  at  Rochelle,  in  the  third  volume  of 
'Doctrinse  lesuiticse  Prsecipua  Capita.'  Ac- 
cording to  Tanner,  Foxe  also  edited  in  the 
same  year  Bishop  Pilkington's  '  Latin  Com- 
mentary on  Nehemiah.' 

Foxe's  health  in  1586  was  rapidly  breaking. 
An  attempt  in  June  of  that  year  on  the  part 
of  Bishop  Piers  of  Salisbury  to  deprive  him  of 
the  lease  of  Shipton  much  annoyed  him ;  but 
the  bishop  did  not  press  his  point  when  he 
learned  that  he  might  by  forbearance '  pleasure 
that  good  man  Mr.  Foxe.'  Foxe  died  after 
much  suffering  in  April  1587,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Giles's  Church,  Cripplegate,  where  a 
monument,  with  an  inscription  by  his  son 
Samuel,  is  still  extant.  His  final  work, 
'  Eicasmi  seu  Meditationes  in  Sacram  Apoca- 
lypsin,'  was  printed  posthumously  in  1587  by 


George  Bishop,  and  dedicated  by  Foxe's  son 
Samuel  to  Archbishop  Whitgift.  Foxe  was 
charitable  to  the  poor,  although  he  never  was 
well-to-do,  and  would  seem  to  have  been  of 
a  cheerful  temperament,  despite  his  fervent 
piety.  A  letter  to  him  from  Bishop  Park- 
hurst  shows  that  he  was  a  lover  and  a  judge 
of  dogs.  His  wife,  who  possessed  all  the 
womanly  virtues,  died  22  April  1605.  Two 
sons,  Samuel  and  Simeon,  are  separately  no- 
ticed. A  daughter,  born  in  Flanders  in  1555, 
and  the  two  children  Rafe  and  Mary,  bap- 
tised at  Waltham  Abbey  early  in  1566,  seem 
to  have  completed  his  family. 

Of  Foxe's  great  work,  the  'Actes  and 
Monuments,'  four  editions  were  published  in 
his  lifetime,  viz.  in  1563,  1570,  1576,  and 
1583.  Five  later  editions  are  dated  respec- 
tively 1596,  1610,  1632,  1641,  and  1684. 
All  are  in  folio.  The  first  edition  was  in  one 
volume,  the  next  four  in  two  volumes,  and 
the  last  four  named  in  three.  The  fifth  edition 
(1596)  consisted  of  twelve  hundred  copies. 
The  edition  of  1641  includes  for  the  first 
time  the  memoir  of  the'author,  the  authen- 
ticity of  which  is  much  contested.  All  have 
woodcuts,  probably  by  German  artists,  in- 
serted in  the  printed  page.  The  first  eight 
editions  are  all  rare ;  the  first  two  excessively 
rare.  No  quite  perfect  copy  of  the  1563 
edition  is  extant.  Slightly  imperfect  copies 
are  at  the  British  Museum,  the  Bodleian,  the 
Cambridge  University  Library,  Magdalen  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  In  the  Huth  Library 
a  good  copy  has  been  constructed  out  of  two 
imperfect  ones.  Early  in  the  seventeenth 
century  the  first  edition  had  become  scarce, 
and  Archbishop  Spotiswood,  writing  before 
1639,  denied  its  existence.  The  corrected 
edition  of  1570,  which  convocation  directed 
to  be  placed  in  all  cathedral  churches,  is  more 
frequently  met  with.  Many  Oxford  colleges 
possess  perfect  copies,  but  as  early  as  1725 
Hearne  wrote  that  this  edition  also  was  ex- 
cessively rare.  The  British  Museum  pos- 
sesses a  complete  set  of  the  nine  early  editions. 

Foxe's '  Actes '  is  often  met  with  in  libraries 
attached  to  parish  churches.  This  was  not 
strictly  in  obedience  to  the  order  of  convo- 
cation of  1571,  which  only  mentioned  cathe- 
dral churches  ;  but  many  clergymen  deemed 
it  desirable  to  give  the  order  a  liberal  inter- 
pretation, and  to  recommend  the  purchase 
of  the  book  for  their  churches.  According  to 
the  vestry  minutes  of  St.  Michael,  Cornhill, 
it  was  agreed,  11  Jan.  1571-2,  'that  the  booke 
of  Martyrs  of  Mr.  Foxe  and  the  paraphrases 
of  Erasmus  shalbe  bowght  for  the  church 
and  tyed  with  a  chayne  to  the  Egle  bras.' 
Foxe's  volumes  cost  the  parish  21.  2s.  6d. 
At  the  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Glas- 

L2 


Foxe 


148 


Foxe 


tonbury,  the  1570  edition  is  also  known  to 
have  been  bought  at  the  same  time.  Various 
editions — mostly  mutilated  but  still  chained 
— are  known  to  exist  or  have  very  recently 
existed  in  the  parish  churches  of  Apethorpe 
(Northamptonshire),  Arreton  (Isle  of  Wight), 
Chelsea,  Enstone  (Oxfordshire),  Kinver 
(Staffordshire),  Lessingham  (Norfolk),  St. 
Nicholas  (Newcastle-on-Tyne),  North  wold 
(Norfolk),  Stratford-on-Avon,  Waltham,  St. 
Cuthbert  (Wells). 

Of  modern  editions  that  edited  by  S.  R. 
Cattley,  with  introduction  by  Canon  Towns- 
end,  in  eight  volumes  (1837-41),  is  the  best 
known.  It  professed  to  be  based  on  the  1583 
edition,  with  careful  collation  of  other  early 
editions.  But  Dr.  Maitland  proved  these 
pretensions  to  be  false,  and  showed  that  the 
eliting  was  perfunctorily  and  ignorantly  per- 
formed. Slight  improvements  were  made  in 
a  reissue  (1844-9).  In  1877  Dr.  Stoughton 
professed  to  edit  the  book  again  in  eight 
volumes,  but  his  text  and  notes  are  not  very 
scholarly.  The  earliest  abridgment  was  pre- 
pared by  Timothy  Bright  and  issued,  with  a 
dedication  to  Sir  Francis  Walsingham,  in  1589. 
Another,  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Mason  of  Odi- 
ham,  appeared,  under  the  title  of  '  Christ's  Vic- 
torie  over  Sathans  Tyrannic,'  in  1615.  Slighter 
epitomes  are  Leigh's '  Memorable  Collections,' 
1651 ;  '  A  brief  Historical  Relation  of  the 
most  material  passages  and  persecutions  of 
the  Church  of  Christ  .  .  .  collected  by  Jacob 
Bauthumley,'  London,  1676 ;  and  '  MAP- 
TYPO  AOriA  AA*ABETIKH/by  N.  T.,  M.A., 
T.C.C.,  London,  1677.  A  modern  abridg- 
ment, by  John  Milner  (1837),  was  reissued 
in  1848  and  1863,  with  an  introduction 
by  Ingram  Cobbin  [q.  v.]  Numerous  extracts 
have  been  published  separately,  mainly  as  re- 
ligious tracts.  John  Stockwood  appended  to 
his  'Treasure  of  Trueth,'  1576,  'Notes  apper- 
tayning  to  the  matter  of  Election  gathered 
by  the  Godly  and  learned  father,  I.  Foxe.' 
Hakluyt  appropriated  Foxe's  account  of 
Richard  I's  voyage  to  Palestine  (Voyages, 
1598,  vol.  ii.)  Foxe's  accounts  of  the  martyrs 
of  Sussex,  Suffolk,  and  other  counties  have 
been  collected  and  issued  in  separate  volumes. 
With  the  puritan  clergy,  and  in  almost  all 
English  households  where  puritanism  pre- 
vailed, Foxe's  '  Actes  '  was  long  the  sole  au- 
thority for  church  history,  and  an  armoury  of 
arguments  in  defence  of  protestantism  against 
Catholicism.  Even  Nicholas  Ferrar,  in  his 
community  of  Little  Gidding,  Huntingdon- 
shire, directed  that  a  chapter  of  it  should  be 
read  every  Sunday  evening  along  with  the 
Bible,  and  clergymen  repeatedly  made  its 
stories  of  martyrdom  the  subject  of  their 
sermons.  But  as  early  as  1563,  when  Nicholas 


Harpsfield  wrote  his  '  Sex  Dialogi,'  which  his 
friend,  Alan  Cope,  published  under  his  own 
name,  Foxe's  veracity  has  been  powerfully  at- 
tacked. Robert  Parsons  the  Jesuit  condemned 
the  work  as  a  carefully  concocted  series  of 
lies  in  his  '  Treatise  of  the  Three  Conversions 
of  England,'  1603.  Archbishop  Laud  in  1638 
refused  to  license  a  new  edition  for  the  press 
(RusHWOBTH,  ii.  450),  and  was  charged  at  his 
trial  with  having  ordered  the  book  to  be 
withdrawnfrom  some  parish  churches  (LAT7D, 
Works,  iv.  405).  Peter  Heylyn  denied  that 
Foxe  was  an  authority  on  matters  of  doctrine 
affecting  the  church  of  England.  Jeremy 
Collier  contested  his  accuracy  in  his  '  Eccle- 
siastical History,'  1702-14.  Dr.  John  Milner, 
the  Roman  catholic  bishop  of  Castabala  (d. 
1826),  and  George  Leo  Haydock,  in  '  A  Key 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  Office,'  1823,  are  the 
best  modern  representatives  of  catholic  critics. 
William  Eusebius  Andrews's  '  Examination 
of  Foxe's  Calendar,'  3  vols.  1826,  is  an  in- 
temperate attack  from  the  same  point  of  view. 
But  the  most  learned  indictment  of  Foxe's 
honesty  and  accuracy  was  Dr.  S.  R.  Mait- 
land [q.  v.],  who  in  a  series  of  pamphlets  and 
letters  issued  between  1837  and  1842  sub- 
jected portions  of  his  great  work  to  a  rigorous 
scrutiny. 

The  enormous  size  of  Foxe's  work  has  pre- 
vented a  critical  examination  of  the  whole. 
But  it  is  plain  from  such  examination  as  the 
work  has  undergone  that  Foxe  was  too  zealous 
a  partisan  to  write  with  historical  precision. 
He  is  a  passionate  advocate,  ready  to  accept 
any  primd  facie  evidence.  His  style  has  the 
vigour  that  conies  of  deep  conviction,  and 
there  is  a  pathetic  picturesqueness  in  the 
forcible  simplicity  with  which  he  presents  his 
readers  with  the  details  of  his  heroes'  suffer- 
ings. His  popularity  is  thus  amply  accounted 
for.  But  the  coarse  ribaldry  with  which  he  be- 
labours his  opponents  exceeds  all  literary  li- 
cense. His  account  of  the  protestant  martyrs 
of  the  sixteenth  century  is  mainly  based  on 
statements  made  by  the  martyrs  themselves 
or  b  v  t  heir  friends,  and  they  thus  form  a  unique 
collection  of  documents  usually  inaccessible 
elsewhere  and  always  illustrative  of  the  social 
habits  and  tone  of  thought  of  the  English  pro- 
testants  of  his  day.  '  A  Compendious  Regis- 
ter '  (Lond.  1559)  of  the  Marian  martyrs  by 
Thomas  Brice  [q.  v.]  doubtless  supplied  some 
hints.  Foxe's  mistakes  sometimes  arise  from 
faulty  and  hasty  copying  of  original  docu- 
ments, but  are  more  often  the  result  of  wilful 
exaggeration.  A  very  friendly  critic,  John 
Deighton,  showed  that  Foxe's  account  of  the 
martyrdom  of '  Jhon  Home  and  a  woman'  at 
Newent  on  25  Sept.  1556  is  an  amplification 
of  the  suffering  at  the  stake  of  Edward  Home 


Foxe 


149 


Foxe 


on  25  Sept.  1558  (NICHOLS,  p.  69).  No  woman 
suffered  at  all.  The  errors  in  date  and  Chris- 
tian name  in  the  case  of  the  man  are  very 
typical.  Foxe  moreover  undoubtedly  included 
among  his  martyrs  persons  executed  for  ordi- 
nary secular  offences.  He  acknowledged  his 
error  in  the  case  of  John  Marbeck,  a  Windsor 
'martyr'  of  1543  whom  he  represented,  in  his 
text  of  1563  to  have  been  burnt,  whereas  the 
man  was  condemned,  but  pardoned.  But 
Foxe  was  often  less  ingenuous.  He  wrote  that 
one  Greenwood  or  Grimwood  of  Hitcham, 
near  Ipswich,  Suffolk,  having  obtained  the 
conviction  of  a '  martyr'  John  Cooper,  on  con- 
cocted evidence,  died  miserably  soon  after- 
wards. Foxe  was  informed  that  Greenwood 
was  alive  and  that  the  story  of  his  death  was 
a  fiction.  He  went  to  Ipswich  to  t  examine 
witnesses,  but  never  made  any  alteration  in 
his  account  of  the  matter.  At  a  later  date 
(according  to  an  obiter  dictum  of  Coke)  a 
clergyman  named  Prick  recited  Foxe's  story 
about  Greenwood  from  the  pulpit  of  Hitcham 
church.  Greenwood  was  present  and  pro- 
ceeded against  Prick  for  libel,  but  the  courts 
held  that  no  malicious  defamation  was  in- 
tended (see  CKOKE,  Reports,  ed.  Leach,  ii.  91). 
Foxe  confessed  that  his  story  of  Bishop  Gar- 
diner's death  is  derived  from  hearsay,  but  it 
is  full  of  preposterous  errors,  some  of  which 
Foxe's  personal  knowledge  must  have  enabled 
him  to  correct.  With  regard  to  the  sketch  of 
early  church  history  which  precedes  his  story 
of  the  martyrs,  he  undoubtedly  had  recourse 
to  some  early  documents,  especially  to  bishops' 
registers,  but  he  depends  largely  on  printed 
works  like  Crespin's '  Actiones  et  Monimenta 
Martyrum,'  Geneva,  1560,  or  Illyricus's '  Ca- 
talogus  Testium  Veritatis,'  Basle,  1556.  It 
has  been  conclusively  shown  that  his  chapter 
on  the  Waldenses  is  directly  translated  from 
the  '  Catalogus '  of  lllyricus,  although  Illy- 
ricus  is  not  mentioned  by  Foxe  among  the 
authorities  whom  he  acknowledges  to  have 
consulted.  Foxe  claims  to  have  consulted 
'  parchment  documents '  on  the  subject, 
whereas  he  only  knew  them  in  the  text  of  Il- 
lyricus's book.  This  indicates  a  loose  notion 
of  literary  morality  which  justifies  some  of 
the  harshest  judgments  passed  on  Foxe.  In 
answering  Alan  Cope's  '  Sex  Dialogi '  in  the 
edition  of  1570  he  acknowledges  small  errors, 
but  confesses  characteristically, '  I  heare  what 
you  will  saie;  I  should  have  taken  more  leisure- 
and  done  it  better.  -I.  graunt  and  confesse 
my  fault :  such  is  my  vice.  Ljcannot  sit  all 
the  daie  (M.  Cope)  fining  and  minsing  my 
letters  and  combing  my  head  and  smoothing 
myself  all  the  daie  at  the  glasse  of  Cicero. 
Yet  notwithstanding,  doing  what  I  can  and 
doing  my  good  will,  me  thinkes  I  should  not 


be  reprehended.'  He  was  a  compiler  on  a 
gigantic  scale,  neither  scrupulous  nor  scho- 
larly, but  appallingly  industrious,  and  a  useful 
witness  to  the  temper  of  his  age. 

Dr.  Maitland  insisted  that  Foxe's  name 
should  be  spelt  without  the  final  e.  He  him- 
self spelt  it  indifferently  Fox  and  Foxe,  and 
latinised  it  sometimes  as  Foxus,  sometimes 
as  Foxius.  His  contemporaries  usually  write 
of  him  as  Foxe. 

Foxe's  papers,  which  include  many  state- 
ments sent  to  him  by  correspondents  in  cor- 
roboration  or  in  contradiction  of  his  history, 
but  never  used  by  him,  descended  through 
his  eldest  son  Samuel  to  his  grandson,  Thomas 
Foxe,  and  through  Thomas  to  Thomas's 
daughter  and  sole  heiress,  Alice.  Alice  mar- 
ried Sir  Richard  Willys,  created  a  baronet  in 
1646,  and  their  son,  Sir  Thomas  Fox  Willys, 
died  a  lunatic  in  1701.  Strype  obtained  the 
papers  shortly  before  that  date,  and  when 
Strype  died  in  1737,  they  were  purchased  by 
Edward  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford.  The  majority 
of  them  now  form  volumes  416  to  426  and 
volume  590  in  the  Harleian  collection  of 
manuscripts  at  the  British  Museum.  A  few 
other  papers  are  now  among  the  Lansdowne 
MSS.  335,  388,  389,  819,  and  1045.  Strype 
has  worked  up  many  of  these  papers  in  his 
'  Ecclesiastical  Memorials,' '  Life  of  Cranmer,' 
and  elsewhere.  An  interesting  selection  is 
printed  by  J.  G.  Nichols  in  '  Narratives  of 
the  Reformation'  (Camden  Society,  1859). 

A  portrait  by  Glover  has  been  often  en- 
graved. A  painting  by  an  unknown  artist  is 
in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  is  in- 
scribed '  An.  Dom.  1587.  ^Etatis  suas  70.' 
There  is  also  an  engraving  in  Holland's 
'  Herwologia,'  p.  200. 

[The  earliest  life  of  Foxe,  "which  forms  the 
basis  of  the  many  popular  lives  that  have  been 
issued  for  religious  purposes  by  Foxe's  admirers, 
is  that  prefixed  in  both  English  and  Latin  to  the 
second  volume  ef  the  1641  edition  of  the  Actes 
and  Monuments,  and  has  been  generally  attri- 
buted to  his  son  Samuel,  who  died  in  1629.  The 
authorship  is  very  doubtful.  Samuel  died  twelve 
years  before  it  was  issued.  The  writer  says  in 
a  brief  introductory  address  that  his  memoir  was 
written  thirty  years  before^publication,  and  there 
is  no  sign  that  it  was  regarded  as  a  posthumous 
production.  .The  handwriting  of  the  original  in 
Lansd.  MS.  388  is  not  like  that  of  Samuel  Foxe's 
fcnown  manuscripts,  and  the  manuscript  has  been 
elaborately  corrected  by  a  second  pen.  Samuel's 
claim  is  practically  overthrown,  and  the  sugges- 
tion that  Simeon,  Foxe's  second  son,  who  died  in 
1641,  was  the  author,  is  not  of  greater  value, 
when  the  writer's  ignorance  of  Foxe's  real  history 
is  properly  appreciated.  The  dates  are  very  few 
and  self-contradictory.  The  writer,  who  refers  to 
Foxe  as '  Foxius  noster '  or  '  ssepe  audivi  Foxium 


Foxe 


Foxe 


narrantem,'  gives  no  hint  outside  the  prefatory 
address  to  the  reader  that  the  subject  of  the  bio- 
graphy was  his  father,  and  confesses  ignorance  on 
points  about  •which  a  son  could  not  have  been  with- 
out direct  knowledge.  Its  value  as  an  original  au- 
thority is  very  small,  and  its  attribution  to  Foxe 
of  the  power  of  prophecy  and  other  miraculous 
gifts  shows  that  it  was  chiefly  written  for  pur- 
poses of  religious  edification.  In  1579  Kichard 
Day,  John  Day's  son,  edited  and  translated  Foxe's 
Christus  Triumphans,  and  his  preface  supplies 
some  good  biographical  notes.  Strype,  who  in- 
tended writing  a  full  life,  is  the  best  authority, 
although  his  references  to  Foxe  are  widely  scat- 
tered through  his  works.  The  Annals,  i.  i.  375 
et  seq.,  give  a  good  account  of  the  publication  of 
the  Actes.  The  careless  memoir  by  Canon  Town- 
send  prefixed  to  the  1841  edition  of  the  Actes  and 
Monuments  has  been  deservedly  censured  by  Dr. 
Maitland.  In  1870  it  was  rewritten  by  the  Kev. 
Josiah  Pratt,  who  took  some  advantage  of  the 
adverse  criticism  lavished  on  Townsend's  work, 
and  produced  an  improved  memoir,  forming  the 
first  volume  of  the  Eeformation  series  of  Church 
Historians  of  England.  Wood's  Athense  Oxon. ; 
Fuller's  Worthies  and  Church  History;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  Brit. ;  the  Troubles  at  Frankfort ;  Nichols's 
Narratives  of  the  Keformation ;  Dr.  Haitland's 
pamphlets ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser. ;  and 
W.  Winter's  Biographical  Notes  on  John  Foxe, 
1876,  are  all  useful.]  S.  L.  L. 

FOXE  or  FOX,  RICHARD  (1448?- 
1528),  bishop  of  Winchester,  lord  privy  seal 
to  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII,  and  founder 
of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  was  born 
at  Ropesley,  near  Grantham,  Lincolnshire, 
about  1447  or  1448.  In  his  examination  touch- 
ing the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII  and  Queen 
Catherine  before  Dr.  Wolman  on  5  and  6  April 
1527  he  speaks  of  himself  as  seventy-nine 
years  old.  The  house  in  which  he  was  born, 
part  of  which  is  still  standing,  seems  to  have 
been  known  as  Pullock's  Manor.  His  parents, 
Thomas  and  Helena  Foxe,  probably  belonged 
to  the  class  of  respectable  yeomen,  for,  though 
it  became  afterwards  common  to  speak  of  his 
mean  extraction,  his  earliest  biographer, 
Thomas  Greneway  (president  of  Corpus 
Christi  College  1562-8),  describes  him  as 
'  honesto  apud  suos  loco  natus.'  According 
to  Wood,  he  was '  trained  up  in  grammar  at 
Boston,  till  such  time  that  he  might  prove 
capable  of  the  university.'  According  to 
another  account,  he  received  his  school  edu- 
cation at  Winchester,  but  there  is  no  early 
or  documentary  evidence  of  either  statement. 
From  Greneway  onwards,  his  biographers 
agree  that  he  was  a  student  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  though  the  careful  antiquary, 
Fulman  (1632-1688),  adds  '  most  probably; ' 
but  the  explicit  statement  of  Greneway,  writ- 
ing in  1566,  appears  to  derive  striking  confir- 


mation from  the  large  number  of  Magdalen 
men  who  were  imported  by  Foxe  into  his  new 
college  of  Corpus  Christi.  From  Oxford  he  is 
said  to  have  been  driven  by  the  plague  to  Cam- 
bridge, with  which  university  he  was  subse- 
quently connected  as  chancellor,  and,  at  a 
still  later  period,  as  master  of  Pembroke. 
He  did  not,  however,  remain  long  in  either 
of  the  English  seats  of  learning.  '  Long 
continuance  in  those  places,'  says  William 
Harrison  in  his '  Description  of  England '  (2nd 
ed.,  1586),  'is  either  a  sign  of  lack  of  friends 
or  of  learning,  or  of  good  and  upright  life,  as 
Bishop  Fox  sometime  noted,  who  thought  it 
sacrilege  for  a  man  to  tarry  any  longer  at 
Oxford  than  he  had  a  desire  to  profit.'  Im- 
pelled mainly,  perhaps,  by  the  love  of  learn- 
ing (GEENEWAT),  and  partly,  perhaps,  by 
the  desire  of  adventure  and  advancement, 
Foxe  repaired  to  Paris. 

'During  his  abode  there,'  according  to 
Fulman,  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  was  in 
Paris  soliciting  help  from  the  French  king, 
Charles  VIII, '  in  his  enterprise  upon  the 
English  crown.'  He  took  Foxe,  then  a  priest 
and  doctor  of  the  canon  law,  '  into  special 
favour  and  familiarity,'  and,  upon  his  de- 
parture for  Rouen,  '  made  choice  of  Doctor 
Foxe  to  stay  behind  and  pursue  his  negotia- 
tions in  the  French  court,  which  he  performed 
with  such  dexterity  and  success  as  gave  great 
satisfaction  to  the  earl.' 

The  first  definite  notice  we  have  of  Foxe 
is  in  a  letter  of  Richard  III,  dated  22  Jan. 
1484-5  (preserved  in  STOW,  London  and 
Westminster,  sub.  '  Stepney,'  a  reference  due 
to  Mr.  Chisholm  Batten),  in  which  the  king 
intervenes  to  prevent  his  institution  to  the 
vicarage  of  Stepney,  on  the  ground  that  he 
is  with  the  '  great  rebel,  Henry  ap  Tuddor.' 
The  king's  nominee,  however,  was  never  in- 
stituted, and  Foxe  (who  is  described  in  the 
register  as  L.B.)  obtained  possession  of  the 
living,  30  Oct.  1485. 

After  the  victory  of  Bosworth  Field  (22  Aug. 
1485)  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  now  Henry  VII, 
constituted  a  council  in  which  were  included 
the  two  friends  and  fellow-fugitives,  Morton, 
bishop  of  Ely,  and  Richard  Foxe, '  vigilant 
men  and  secret,'  says  Bacon,  'and  such  as 
kept  watch  with  him  almost  upon  all  men 
else.'  On  Foxe  were  conferred  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, besides  various  minor  posts,  the  offices 
of  principal  secretary  of  state,  lord  privy  seal, 
and  bishop  of  Exeter.  The  temporalities  of 
the  see  of  Exeter  were  restored  on  2  April 
1487,  and  he  at  once  appointed  a  suffragan 
bishop,  evidently  reserving  himself  for  affairs 
of  state.  '  In  conferring  orders,'  says  Fulman, 
'  and  such  like  episcopal  administrations,  he 
made  use  of  Thomas  [Cornish,  afterwards  pro- 


Foxe 


Foxe 


vost  of  Oriel  and  precentor  of  Wells],  titular 
bishop  of  Tine,  as  his  suffragan ;  himself,  for 
the  most  part,  as  it  seems,  being  detained  by 
3iis  public  employments  about  the  court.'  On 
.28  Nov.  of  this  same  year  was  signed  at 
Edinburgh  a  treaty  between  Henry  VII  and 
James  III,  which  had  been  negotiated,  on  the 
part  of  England,  by  Foxe  and  Sir  Richard 
Edgcombe,  controller  of  the  king's  household. 
This  treaty  provided  for  a  truce  and  also  for 
•certain  intermarriages,  including  that  of  the 
king  of  Scots  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  widow  of 
Edward  IV,  but  the  negotiations  were  after- 
wards broken  oft',  in  consequence,  it  is  said, 
of  Henry's  unwillingness  to  cede  Berwick. 
In  the  summer  of  1491  Foxe  was  honoured 
by  being  asked  to  baptise  the  king's  second 
«on,  Prince  Henry,  afterwards  Henry  VIII. 
.[In  Foxe's  examination  before  Wolman  he  is 
reported  as  having  distinctly  stated  that  he 
baptised  (baptizavit)  Prince  Henry.  This 
statement  is  fully  confirmed  by  a  document 
in  the  College  of  Arms,  of  which  a  copy  may 
be  found  in  the  Ashmolean  MSS.  vol.  mcxv. 
fol.  92.  The  statement  of  Harpsfield  (Hist. 
Angl.  Eccl.}  and  others  that  Foxe  was  god- 
father is  founded,  probably,  on  a  perverted 
tradition  of  the  baptism.]  Shortly  after- 
wards (by  papal  bull  dated  8  Feb.  1491-2) 
he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  the  episcopal  work  being,  as  at  Exeter, 
delegated  to  the  titular  bishop  of  Tine,  who 
already  combined  the  duties  of  suffragan  of 
this  diocese  with  those  of  the  diocese  of 
Exeter.  In  the  treaty  of  Estaples  (3  Nov. 
1492),  which  terminated  the  siege  of  Bou- 
logne and  the  war  recently  commenced  with 
Charles  VIII  of  France,  Foxe  is  mentioned 
iirst  of  the  English  ambassadors,  Giles,  lord 
Daubeney,  being  second,  and  others  follow- 
ing. In  1494  (the  temporalities  were  restored 
on  8  Dec.)  Foxe  was  translated  to  Durham, 
probably  not  merely  for  the  sake  of  advance- 
ment, but  because  his  diplomatic  talents  were 
likely  to  be  useful  to  the  king  on  the  Scottish 
border.  In  this  diocese  he  seems  to  have  been 
resident,  and  he  left  a  permanent  memorial 
of  himself  in  the  alterations  which  he  made 
in  the  banqueting  hall  of  the  castle.  It  may 
be  noticed  that  the  woodwork  in  these  altera- 
tions, which  bears  the  date  of  1499,  already 
exhibits  Foxe's  device  of  the  pelican  in  her 
piety,  with  his  usual  motto, '  Est  Deo  gracia.' 
In  April  1496  Foxe  acted  as  first  commis- 
sioner in  settling  the  important  treaty  called 
'  Intercursus  Magnus'  (see  BACON,  Henry  VII) 
with  Philip,  archduke  of  Austria,  regulating 
divers  matters  concerning  commerce,  fishing, 
and  the  treatment  of  rebels,  as  between 
England  and  Flanders.  In  the  summer  of 
1497,  during  the  troubles  connected  with 


Perkin  Warbeck,  James  IV  of  Scotland  in- 
vaded England,  and  besieged  the  castle  of 
Norham.  'But,'  says  Bacon,  'Foxe,  bishop 
of  Duresme,  a  wise  man,  and  one  that  could 
see  through  the  present  to  the  future,  doubt- 
ing as  much  before,  had  caused  his  castle  of 
Norham  to  be  strongly  fortified,  and  furnished 
with  all  kind  of  munition,  and  had  manned 
it  likewise  with  a  very  great  number  of  tall 
soldiers  more  than  for  the  proportion  of  the 
castle,  reckoning  rather  upon  a  sharp  assault 
than  a  long  siege.  And  for  the  country, 
likewise,  he  had  caused  the  people  to  with- 
draw their  cattle  and  goods  into  fast  places, 
that  were  not  of  easy  approach ;  and  sent  in 
post  to  the  Earl  of  Surrey  (who  was  not  far 
off  in  Yorkshire)  to  come  in  diligence  to  the 
succour.  So  as  the  Scottish  king  both  failed 
of  doing  good  upon  the  castle,  and  his  men 
had  but  a  catching  harvest  of  their  spoils. 
And  when  he  understood  that  the  Earl  of 
Surrey  was  coming  on  with  great  forces,  he 
returned  back  into  Scotland.'  This  fruitless 
siege  was  followed  by  certain  negotiations 
with  the  king  of  Scots  carried  on  by  Foxe  with 
the  assistance  of  D'Ayala,  the  Spanish  envoy 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  had  been  inte- 
rested by  Henry  in  his  affairs.  The  result 
was  that,  though  James  refused  to  surrender 
Perkin  Warbeck  to  the  king  of  England,  he 
contrived  to  facilitate  his  withdrawal  to  Ire- 
land, and  in  December  1497  a  long  truce  was 
concluded  between  the  two  kingdoms.  In 
the  following  year  (probably  in  November 
1498)  the  peace  thus  established  was  in  great 
danger  of  being  again  broken  through  the 
rough  treatment  which  some  Scottish  strag- 
glers had  received  at  the  hands  of  the  English 
soldiery  quartered  in  Norham  Castle.  James 
was  highly  indignant  at  this  outrage,  but  Foxe 
being  appointed  by  Henry  to  mediate,  and  ob- 
taining an  interview  with  the  Scottish  king 
at  Melrose  Abbey,  skilfully  brought  about  a 
reconciliation.  The  Scottish  king  appears 
to  have  taken  advantage  of  the  occasion  to 
propose,  or  rather  revive  (for  as  early  as 
1496  a  commission  to  treat  in  this  matter 
had  been  issued  to  Foxe  and  others),  a  pro- 
ject for  a  closer  connexion  between  the  two 
kingdoms  by  means  of  his  own  marriage  with 
the  Princess  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.  The  offer  was  readily,  if  not 
greedily,  accepted  by  Henry,  though,  on 
Foxe's  advice,  he  determined  to  move  in  the 
matter  slowly.  It  was  not  till  11  Sept. 
1499  that  the  second,  and  more  effective, 
commission  was  issued  to  Foxe,  empower- 
ing him  to  arrange  the  preliminaries  of  this 
marriage  with  the  Scottish  court.  The  mar- 
riage itself,  which  resulted  in  the  permanent 
union  of  the  English  and  Scottish  crowns 


Foxe 


152 


Foxe 


under  James  VI,  did  not  take  place  till 
August  1503.  Another  marriage,  almost 
equally  important  in  its  consequences,  that 
between  Prince  Arthur,  the  king's  eldest  son, 
and  Catherine  of  Arragon,  subsequently  the 
divorced  wife  of  Henry  VIII,  had  been 
solemnised  on  14  Nov.  1501.  The  ceremo- 
nial was  regulated  by  Foxe,  who,  says  Bacon, 
'  was  not  only  a  grave  counsellor  for  war  or 
peace,  but  also  a  good  surveyor  of  works, 
and  a  good  master  of  ceremonies,  and  any 
thing  else  that  was  fit  for  the  active  part 
belonging  to  the  service  of  court  or  state  of 
a  great  king.'  Shortly  before  this  event 
Foxe  had  been  translated  from  Durham  to 
Winchester,  the  temporalities  of  which  see 
were  restored  to  him  on  17  Oct.  1501.  It  is 
probable  that,  besides  his  desire  to  reward 
Foxe  still  further  (for  Winchester  is  said  to 
have  been  then  the  richest  see  in  England), 
the  king  was  anxious  to  have  him  nearer  the 
court,  especially  as  the  differences  with  Scot- 
land might  now  seem  to  have  been  perma- 
nently settled.  In  1500  Foxe  also  held  the 
dignity  of  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Cambridge. 

It  is  probably  to  1504  that  we  may  refer 
the  story  told  of  Foxe  by  Erasmus  \Eccle- 
siastes,  bk.  ii.  ed.  Klein,  ch.  150 ;  cp.  HOLINS- 
HED,  Chronicles),  and  communicated  to  him, 
as  he  says,  by  Sir  Thomas  More.  Foxe  had 
been  appointed  chief  commissioner  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  a  loan  from  the  clergy. 
Some  came  in  splendid  apparel  and  pleaded 
that  their  expensesleft  them nothingto spare ; 
others  came  meanly  clad,  as  evidence  of  their 
poverty.  The  bishop  retorted  on  the  first 
class  that  their  dress  showed  their  ability 
to  pay ;  on  the  second  that,  if  they  dressed 
so  meanly,  they  must  be  hoarding  money, 
and  therefore  have  something  to  spare  for 
the  king's  service.  A  similar  story  is  told  of 
Morton,  as  having  occurred  at  an  earlier 
date,  by  Bacon  {Hist.  Henry  VII),  and  the 
dilemma  is  usually  known  as  Morton's  fork 
or  Morton's  crutch.  It  is  possible  that  it 
may  be  true  of  both  prelates,  but  the  authority 
ascribing  it  to  Foxe  appears  to  be  the  earlier 
of  the  two.  It  is  curious  that  Bacon  speaks 
only  of  '  a  tradition '  of  Morton's  dilemma, 
whereas  Erasmus  professes  to  have  heard  the 
story  of  Foxe  directly  from  Sir  Thomas  More, 
while  still  a  young  man,  and,  therefore,  a 
junior  contemporary  of  Foxe. 

The  imputation  cast  on  Morton  and  Foxe 
by  Tyndale  (The  Practice  of  Prelates,  Par- 
ker Soc.  ed.  p.  305),  that  they  revealed  to 
Henry  VII '  the  confessions  of  as  many  lords 
as  his  grace  lusted,'  is  one  which  it  is  now 
impossible  to  examine,  but  it  may  be  due 
merely  to  the  ill-natured  gossip  of  the  enemies 


of  these  prelates,  or  of  the  catholic  clergy 
generally.  It  is  equally  impossible,  with  the 
materials  at  our  disposal,  to  estimate  the  jus- 
tice of  the  aspersion  put  in  the  mouth  of 
Whitford,  Foxe's  chaplain,  while  attempting; 
to  dissuade  Sir  Thomas  More  from  following- 
the  bishop's  counsel  (RopEK,  Life  of  More, 
ad  init.),  that  '  my  lord,  to  serve  the  king's- 
turn,  will  not  stick  to  agree  to  his  own. 
father's  death.' 

The  year  before  the  king's  death  (1508) 
Foxe  with  other  commissioners  succeeded  in 
completing  at  Calais  a  treaty  of  marriage 
between  the  king's  younger  daughter,  the 
Princess  Mary,  and  Charles,  prince  of  Castile 
and  archduke  of  Austria,  subsequently  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  Though  the  marriage 
itself  never  took  place,  the  child-prince  waa. 
betrothed,  by  proxy,  to  the  child-princess  at 
Richmond  on  17  Dec.  of  this  year  (see  RYMER, 
Fcedera,  xiii.  236-9),  and  the  immediate  ob- 
jects of  the  alliance  were  thus  secured. 

On  22  April  1509  Henry  VII  died.  Foxe 
was  one  of  his  executors,  Fisher,  bishop  of 
Rochester,  whose  preferment  had  been  given, 
to  him  solely  on  Foxe's  recommendation,  being 
another.  It  is  said  by  Harpsfield  that  Henry- 
had  specially  commended  his  son  to  Foxe'* 
care,  and  it  is  certain  that  he  was  continued 
in  all  the  places  of  trust  which  he  had  occu- 
pied in  the  previous  reign.  According  to> 
Archbishop  Parker  (De  Antiquitate  Britan- 
nicce  Ecclesice},  Warham  and  Foxe,  the  two 
i  first  named  on  the  new  king's  council,  took 
different  sides  on  the  first  question  of  import- 
ance which  was  discussed  within  it.  War>- 
ham  was  averse  to,  while  Foxe  advised  th® 
marriage  with  Catherine,  who  had  remained 
in  England  ever  since  the  death  of  her  first 
husband,  Prince  Arthur.  The  marriage  was 
solemnised  almost  immediately  afterwards  by 
the  archbishop  himself,  and  the  new  king  and 
queen  were  crowned  together  at  Westminster 
within  a  few  weeks  of  the  marriage.  It  i» 
insinuated  by  Parker  that  Foxe's  advice  was 
dictated  solely  by  reasons  of  state,  Warham  » 
by  religious  scruples.  Foxe  had  been  present, 
on  27  June  1505,  when  Henry,  instigated,  or 
at  least  not  opposed,  by  his  father  (see  RANKE, 
History  of  England,  bk.  ii.  ch.  2),  had  solemnly 
protested,  on  the  ground  of  his  youth,  against 
the  validity  of  the  engagement  with  Cathe- 
rine ;  but  this  conduct  does  not  necessarily 
prove  inconsistency,  as  the  object  of  Henry 
and  his  father  may  have  been  merely  to  keep 
the  question  open,  and  subsequent  events  may 
have  persuaded  Foxe  of  the  desirability  of 
the  marriage,  while  he  probably  never  doubted 
its  legitimacy. 

The  king's  coronation  was  speedily  fol- 
lowed by  the  death  of  his  grandmother,  the 


Foxe 


153 


Foxe 


'  Lady  Margaret,'  as  she  is  usually  called, 
countess  of  Richmond  and  Derby  [see  BEAU- 
FORT, MARGARET].  This  pious  lady  named 
Foxe,  in  whom  she  appears  to  have  reposed 
great  confidence,  together  with  Fisher  and 
others,  as  one  of  her  executors.  He  was  thus 
concerned  in  what  was  probably  the  conge- 
nial employment  of  settling  the  incomplete 
foundation  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge 
(that  of  Christ's  had  been  completed  before 
the  Lady  Margaret's  death),  though  the  prin- 
cipal merit  of  this  work  must  be  assigned  to 
Fisher.  In  1507  Foxe  had  been  elected  master 
of  Pembroke  College  or  Hall,  in  the  same  uni- 
versity, and  continued  to  hold  the  office  till 
1519.  Richard  Parker  (LELAND,  Collectanea, 
vol.  v.),  writing  in  1622,  describes  him  as ;  a 
former  fellow  of  Pembroke,  and  Doctor  of 
Law  of  Paris. 

According  to  Polydore  Vergil,  the  chief 
authority  in  Henry's  council  soon  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Foxe  and  Thomas  Howard,  earl 
of  Surrey.  And  according  to  the  same  writer 
(in  whom,  however,  as  Lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury  remarks,  '  I  have  observed  not  a  little 
malignity '),  mutual  jealousies  and  differences 
soon  sprang  up  between  these  two  power- 
ful counsellors.  One  cause  at  least  assigned 
for  these  differences  seems  highly  probable, 
namely,  the  propensity  of  Surrey  to  squander 
the  wealth  which,  under  the  previous  reign, 
Foxe  and  his  master  had  so  diligently  col- 
lected and  so  carefully  husbanded. 

The  altercation  between  Warham  and  Foxe 
(1510-13)  as  to  the  prerogatives  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  with  regard  to  the  pro- 
bate of  wills  and  the  administration  of  the 
estates  of  intestates,  is  narrated  at  length  by 
Archbishop  Parker  in  the  work  above  cited, 
and  is  confirmed  by  documentary  evidence. 
Foxe,  supported  by  Bishops  Fitzjames,  Smith, 
and  Oldham,  appealed  to  Rome,  but,  as  the 
cause  was  unduly  spun  out  in  the  papal  court, 
they  finally  procured  its  reference  to  the  king, 
who  decided  the  points  mainly  in  their  favour. 
In  1510  Foxe  was  employed,  in  common  with 
Ruthall,  bishop  of  Durham,  and  the  Earl  of 
Surrey,  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
Louis  XII  of  France.  But  this  peace  was 
not  destined  to  last  long,  and  the  war  with 
France,  which  broke  out  in  1513,  brought 
another  and  a  younger  counsellor  to  the  front. 
'  Wolsey's  vast  influence  with  the  king,'  says 
J.  S.  Brewer  (Reign  of  Henri/  VIII},  '  dates 
from  this  event.  Though  holding  no  higher 
rank  than  that  of  almoner,  it  is  clear  that  the 
management  of  the  war,  in  all  its  multifa- 
rious details,  has  fallen  into  his  hands.  .  .  . 
Well  may  Fox  say,  "  I  pray  God  send  us  with 
speed,  and  soon  deliver  you  out  of  your  out- 
rageous charge  and  labour,  else  ye  shall  have 


a  cold  stomach,  little  sleep,  pale  visage,  and 
a  thin  belly,  cum  pari  egestione"'  Wolsey,, 
Foxe,  and  Ruthall  all  attended  the  army 
which  invaded  France,  the  former  with  two 
hundred,  the  two  latter  with  one  hundred 
men  each ;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  these 
ecclesiastics  were  present  at  any  engagement. 
On  7  Aug.  1514  a  treaty  of  peace  and  also  a 
treaty  of  marriage  between  Louis  XII  and 
the  Princess  Mary  were  concluded  at  London, 
Foxe  being  one  of  the  commissioners.  At 
this  time  J.  S.  Brewer  regards  him  as  still 
powerful  in  the  council,  though  his  influence 
was  inferior  to  that  of  Wolsey,  of  Surrey  (now 
Duke  of  Norfolk),  and  of  Charles  Brandon, 
duke  of  Suffolk.  '  Foxe  was,'  says  Giustinian, 
the  Venetian  ambassador,  '  a  lord  of  extreme 
authority  and  goodness.'  But  advancing  yearsy 
combined  probably  with  weariness  of  political 
life,  with  a  certain  disinclination  to  the  foreign 
policy,  favourable  to  the  empire  and  antago- 
nistic to  France,  which  now  prevailed,  and, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  from  his  extant  letters, 
with  genuine  compunction  for  the  prolonged 
neglect  of  his  spiritual  duties,  made  him 
anxious  to  retire  from  affairs  of  state.  At 
the  beginning  of  1516  he  resigned  the  cus- 
tody of  the  privy  seal,  which  was  committed 
to  Ruthall,  and  henceforth  he  seldom  ap- 
peared at  the  council. 

The  traditional  story  of  "Wolsey's  ingra- 
titude to  Foxe,  of  the  growing  alienation 
between  them,  and  of  Foxe  being  ultimately 
driven  from  the  council  board  through  the  in- 
trigues of  Wolsey,  'owes  its  parentage,'  as 
Brewer  says, '  to  the  spite  of  Polydore  Vergil, 
whom  Wolsey  had  committed  to  prison.  The 
historian  would  have  us  believe  that  Wolsey 
paved  the  way  for  his  own  advancement  by 
supplanting  Fox,  and  driving  him  from  the 
council.  .  .  .  The  insinuation  is  at  variance 
with  the  correspondence  of  the  two  ministers. 
We  see  in  their  letters  not  only  the  cordial 
friendship  which  existed  between  them,  but 
also  the  rooted  disinclination  of  Fox  to  a  life 
of  diplomacy.  It  is  only  with  the  strongest 
arguments  that  Wolsey  can  prevail  on  him 
to  give  his  attendance  at  the  court  and  oc- 
cupy his  seat  at  the  council  table.  He  was 
always  anxious  to  get  away.  He  felt  it  in- 
consistent with  his  duties  as  a  bishop  to  be 
immersed  in  politics,  and  he  laments  it  to- 
Wolsey  in  terms  the  sincerity  of  which  cannot 
be  mistaken.  .  .  .  So  far  from  driving  Fox  from 
the  court,  it  is  the  utmost  that  Wolsey  can 
do  to  bring  him  there,  and  when  he  succeeds 
it  is  evidently  more  out  of  compassion  for 
Wolsey's  incredible  labours  than  his  own 
inclination.'  In  a  letter  to  Wolsey,  dated 
23  April  1516  (Letters  and  Papers  of  the 
Reign  of  Henry  VIII,  ii.  pt.  i.  515),  Foxe  pro- 


Foxe 


154 


Foxe 


tests  that  he  never  had  greater  will  to  serve 
the  king's  father  than  the  king  himself,  espe- 
cially since  Wolsey's  great  charge, '  perceiving 
better,  straighter,  and  speedier  ways  of  jus- 
tice, and  more  diligence  and  labour  for  the 
king's  right,  duties,  and  profits  to  be  in  you 
than  ever  I  see  in  times  past  in  any  other, 
and  that  I  myself  had  more  ease  in  attend- 
ance upon  you  in  the  said  matters  than  ever 
I  had  before.'  Had  he  not  good  impediment 
and  the  king's  license  to  be  occupied  in  his 
cure,  to  make  satisfaction  for  twenty-eight 
years'  negligence,  he  would  be  very  blameable 
and  unkind  not  to  accept  the  invitation  to 
court,  considering  Wolsey's  goodness  to  him  in 
times  past.  In  a  letter  to  Wolsey,  written  at  a 
later  date,  30  April  1522,  Foxe  speaks  with 
still  greater  compunction  of  his  former  neglect 
of  his  spiritual  duties,  and  with  a  still  more 
fixed  determination  to  take  no  further  part  in 
the  affairs  of  state,  to  which  Wolsey  was  en- 
deavouring to  recall  his  attention :  '  Truly,  my 
singular  good  lord,  since  the  king's  grace  li- 
censed me  to  remain  in  my  church  and  there- 
abouts upon  my  cure,  wherein  I  have  been 
almost  by  the  space  of  thirty  years  so  negli- 
gent, that  of  four  several  cathedral  churches 
that  I  have  successively  had,  there  be  two, 
scilicet,  "  Excestre  and  Welly s,"  that  I  never 
see ;  and  "  innumerable  sawles  whereof  I  never 
see  the  bodyes ; "  and  specially  since  by  his 
licence  I  left  the  keeping  of  his  privy  seal,  and 
most  specially  since  my  last  departing  from 
your  good  lordship  and  the  council,  I  have  de- 
termined, and,  betwixt  God  and  me,  utterly  re- 
nounced the  meddling  with  worldly  matters ; 
specially  concerning  the  war  [with  France] 
or  anything  to  it  appertaining  (whereof  for 
the  many  intolerable  enormities  that  I  have 
seen  ensue  by  the  said  war  in  time  past,  I 
have  no  little  remorse  in  my  conscience), 
thinking  that  if  I  did  continual  penance  for 
it  all  the  days  of  my  life,  though  I  shall  live 
twenty  years  longer  than  I  may  do,  I  could 
not  yet  make  sufficient  recompence  therefor.' 
The  tone  of  this  letter,  though  the  bishop's  de- 
termination is  firm,is  throughout  most  friendly 
to  Wolsey.  Foxe's  aversion  to  the  French 
war  had,  it  is  plain  from  the  passage  quoted, 
as  well  as  from  subsequent  parts  of  the  letter, 
something  to  do  with  his  disinclination  to 
quit  his  pastoral  charge,  even  for  ever  so  brief 
a  period,  for  the  secular  business  of  the  court. 
In  fact,  of  the  two  parties  into  which  the 
council  and  the  country  were  divided,  the 
French  and  the  German  party,  Foxe,  as  comes 
out  plainly  in  the  despatches  of  Giustinian, 
favoured  the  former. 

The  closing  years  of  Foxe's  life  were  spent 
in  the  quiet  discharge  of  his  episcopal  duties, 
in  devotional  exercises,  and  the  acts  of  libe- 


rality and  munificence  through  which  his 
memory  now  mainly  survives.  He  was  not, 
however,  without  trouble  in  his  diocese.  Wri- 
ting to  Wolsey,  2  Jan.  1520-1,  he  expresses 
satisfaction  at  Wolsey's  proposed  reformation 
of  the  clergy,  the  day  of  which  he  had  de- 
sired to  see,  as  Simeon  desired  to  see  the 
Messiah.  As  for  himself,  though,  within  his 
own  small  jurisdiction,  he  had  given  nearly 
all  his  study  to  this  work  for  nearly  three 
years,  yet,  whenever  he  had  to  correct  and 
punish,  he  found  the  clergy,  and  particularly 
(what  he  did  not  at  first  suspect)  the  monks, 
so  depraved,  so  licentious  and  corrupt,  that 
he  despaired  of  any  proper  reformation  till 
the  work  was  undertaken  on  a  more  general 
scale,  and  with  a  stronger  arm.  Once  more 
we  hear  of  him  in  a  public  capacity  in  1523. 
The  enormous  subsidy  of  that  year  was  ener- 
getically opposed  in  convocation,  according 
to  Polydore  Vergil,  by  Foxe  and  Fisher, 
though  of  course  without  success.  The  charge 
on  Foxe  himself  amounted  to  2,000/.,  on  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  1,000/.,  on  Wol- 
sey to  4,000/.  The  largeness  of  the  revenues 
of  the  great  sees  at  this  time  is  strikingly 
illustrated  by  the  fact  that  Foxe's  newly 
founded  college  of  Corpus  was  rated  only  at 
133/.  6s.  8d.,  and  the  two  richest  colleges  in 

;  Oxford,  Magdalen  and  New  Colleges,  only  at 

;  333/.  6s.  8d.  each. 

The  story  that  shortly  before  his  death 
Wolsey  proposed  to  Foxe  that  he  should  retire 
from  his  bishopric  on  a  pension,  and  that  Foxe 
tartly  replied  that  though  he  could  no  longer 

!  distinguish  white  from  black,  yet  he  could 

i  well  discern  the  malice  of  an  ungrateful 
man,  and  bade  him  attend  closer  to  the  king's 
business,  leaving  Winchester  to  the  care  of 
her  bishop,  rests  solely  on  the  authority  of 
Archbishop  Parker.  It  is  inconsistent  with 
what  we  know  otherwise  of  Foxe's  relations 
with  Wolsey,  and  has  an  apocryphal  flavour. 
Foxe,  who  appears  to  have  been  totally 
blind  for  ten  years  before  bis  death,  died,  pro- 
bably at  his  castle  of  Wolvesey  in  Winches- 
ter, on  5  Oct.  1528.  According  to  a  document 
found  in  his  coffin,  from  which  this  date  is 
taken,  he  was  buried  on  the  very  same  day, 
the  place  of  sepulture  being  the  splendid 
Gothic  chapel  in  Winchester  Cathedral, 
which  he  had  previously  constructed.  The 
ecclesiastical  historian,  Harpsfield,  says  that, 
being  then  a  boy  at  Winchester  School,  he  was 
present  at  the  funeral.  This  devout  and  gentle 
prelate  passed  away  at  an  opportune  moment, 
when  the  troubles  connected  with  the  divorce 
were  only  in  their  initial  stage.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Wolsey,  who  held  the  see  of  Win- 
chester as  perpetual  Administrator. 

The  most  permanent  memorial  of  Foxe  is 


Foxe 


155 


Foxe 


his  college  of  Corpus  Christ!  at  Oxford,  the 
foundation  and  settlement  of  which  attracted 
great  attention  at  the  time  (1515-16).  Its 
most  distinctive  characteristic  was  the  re- 
cognition of  the  new  learning,  a  public  lec- 
turer in  Greek  being  one  of  its  principal 
officers.  The  foundation  of  this  lectureship 
appears  to  have  been  the  first  official  recogni- 
tion of  the  Greek  language  in  either  university. 
Innovations  almost  equally  startling  were  his 
bringing  over  the  distinguished  humanist, 
Ludovicus  Vives,  from  the  south  of  Italy  to 
be  reader  of  Latin,  and  his  provision  that  the 
reader  in  theology  should,  in  his  interpreta- 
tions of  scripture,  follow  the  Greek  and  Latin 
fathers  rather  than  the  scholastic  commen- 
tators. The  reader  in  Latin  was  carefully  to 
extirpate  all '  barbarism '  from '  our  bee-hive,' 
the  name  by  which  Foxe  was  accustomed 
fondly  to  designate  his  college.  Indeed,Corpus 
and  the  subsequent  foundations  of  Christ 
Church  at  Oxford  and  Trinity  at  Cambridge 
were  emphatically  the  colleges  of  the  Re- 
naissance. Among  the  early  fellows  was  Re- 
ginald Pole  (afterwards  cardinal),  who  with 
several  others  was  transferred  from  Magda- 
len to  his  new  college  by  the  founder  him- 
self. Erasmus,  writing  in  1519  to  John 
Claymond  [q.v.],  the  first  president,  who  had 
previously  been  president  of  Magdalen  (JZp. 
lib.  iv.),  speaks  of  the  great  interest  which  had 
been  taken  in  Foxe's  foundation  by  Wolsey, 
Campeggio,  and  Henry  VIII  himself,  and  pre- 
dicts that  the  college  will  be  ranked  '  inter 
praecipua  decora  Britannise,'  and  that  its  '  tri- 
linguis  bibliotheca '  will  attract  more  scholars 
to  Oxford  than  were  formerly  attracted  to 
Rome.  It  had  been  Foxe's  original  intention 
to  establish  a  house  in  Oxford,  after  the  fashion 
of  Durham  and  Canterbury  Colleges,  for  the 
reception  of  young  monks  of  St.  Swithin's 
monastery  at  Winchester  while  pursuing 
academical  studies ;  but  he  was  persuaded  by 
Bishop  Oldham  of  Exeter  (himself  a  great 
benefactor  to  the  college)  to  change  his  foun- 
dation into  the  more  common  form  of  one 
for  the  secular  clergy.  '  What,  my  lord,' 
Oldham  is  represented  as  saying  by  John 
Hooker,  alias  Vowell,  in  Holinshed,  '  shall 
we  build  houses  and  provide  livelihoods  for  a 
company  of  bussing  monks,  whose  end  and 
fall  we  ourselves  may  live  to  see ;  no,  no,  it 
is  more  meet  a  great  deal  that  we  should 
have  care  to  provide  for  the  increase  of  learn- 
ing, and  for  such  as  who  by  their  learning 
shall  do  good  in  the  church  and  common- 
wealth.' The  college  (which  it  may  be  noted 
was  founded  out  of  the  private  revenues  of 
Foxe  and  his  friends,  and  not,  as  was  the  case 
with  some  other  foundations,  out  of  ecclesias- 
tical spoils)  still  possesses  the  crosier,  the  gold 


chalice  and  patin,  with  many  other  relics  of 
its  founder.  In  addition  to  this  notable  foun- 
dation Foxe  also  built  and  endowed  schools 
at  Taunton  and  Grantham  (the  school  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton),  besides  making  extensive  ad- 
ditions and  alterations  in  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral, Farnham  Castle,  and  the  hospital  of  St. 
Cross.  His  alterations  in  Durham  Castle 
and  his  fortifications  at  Norham  have  been 
already  noticed.  He  was  a  benefactor  also 
to  the  abbeys  of  Glastonbury  and  Netley,  to 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  and  seems  to  have  con- 
tributed largely  to  what  we  should  now  call 
the  'restoration'  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Ox- 
ford, as  well  as  to  the  reduction  of  the  floods 
in  Oxford  in  the  year  of  pestilence,  1517 
(WooD,  Annals,  sub  ann.)  He  is  also  said 
to  have  been  concerned  in  the  building  of 
Henry  VII's  Chapel  at  Westminster,  the 
architecture  of  which,  though  on  a  much 
larger  scale,  resembles  that  of  his  own  chapel 
in  Winchester  Cathedral.  Notwithstanding 
these  numerous  benefactions,  his  household 
appointments  seem  to  have  been  on  a  magni- 
ficent scale.  Harpsfield  tells  us  that  he  had 
no  less  than  220  serving-men. 

In  1499  a  little  book,  entitled  '  Contem- 
placyon  of  Synners,'  was  printed  by  Wynken 
de  Worde,  '  compyled  and  fynyshed  at  the 
devoute  and  dylygent  request  of  the  ryght 
reverende  fader  in  God  the  lorde  Rycharde 
bysshop  of  Dureham,'  &c.  It  is  possible  that 
Foxe  himself  may  have  had  a  hand  in  this 
work.  He  also  edited  the  'Processional,' 
according  to  the  use  of  Sarum,  which  was 
printed  at  Rouen,  in  1508.  At  a  later  period 
he  translated  the  Rule  of  St.  Benedict  for  the 
benefit  of  the  '  devout,  religious  women '  of 
his  diocese.  The  book  was  beautifully  printed 
byPynson  on  22  Jan.  1516-17.  From  a  letter 
to  Wolsey,  written  on  18  Jan.  1527-28,  it 
would  appear  that  Foxe  had  at  a  subsequent 
time  much  trouble  with  some  of  his  nuns. 

There  are  several  portraits  of  Foxe  at  Cor- 
pus Christi  College,  the  principal  of  which 
is  the  one  in  the  hall  by  '  Joannes  Corvus, 
Flandrus '  [see  CORVUS],  which  represents 
him  as  blind.  Some  of  these  portraits  are 
independent,  and  apparently  independent  of 
them  all  are  one  at  Lambeth  Palace,  and  one, 
taken  in  1522,  at  Sudeley  Castle,  Gloucester- 
shire. Among  the  engraved  portraits  are  one 
by  Vertue,  1723,  and  one  by  Faber,  circa 
1713 ;  the  former  of  the  picture  by  Corvus, 
the  latter  of  a  picture,  also  in  the  possession 
of  the  college,  representing  the  bishop  while 
still  having  his  sight. 

[Greneway's  MS.  Life  of  Foxe,  and  Fulman 
MSS.vol.ix.  in  C.  C.  C.  Library;  Anthony  a  Wood 
in  Hist,  and  Antiquities  of  the  Colleges  and  Halls 


Foxe 


156 


Foxe 


of  Oxford;  Cooper's  Athenae  Cantab.;  Holins- 
hed's  Chronicles;  Polydore  Vergil;  Parker's 
Antiquitates  Britannicae ;  Harpsfield's  Hist.  An- 
glicana  Ecclesiastica ;  Harrison's  Description  of 
England  ;  Godwin,  De  Praesulibus  Angliae ; 
Kymer's  Fcedera ;  Bacon's  Henry  VII ;  Brewer's 
Henry  VIII ;  Letters  and  Papers  of  the  Eeigns 
of  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII;  Giustinian's 
Despatches ;  Ellis's  Original  Letters,  2nd  ser. ; 
Surtees's  Hist,  of  Durham ;  William  de  Chambre 
in  the  Historise  Dunelmensis  Scriptores  tres,  pub- 
lished by  the  Surtees  Soc. ;  Cassan's  Lives  of 
the  Bishops  of  Winchester  and  of  the  Bishops  of 
Bath  and  Wells,  &c.,  besides  valuable  informa- 
tion received  from  Mr.  Chisholm  Batten  and  the 
Eev.  F.  A.  Gasquet,  O.S.B.]  T.  F. 

FOXE,  SAMUEL  (1560-1630),  diarist, 
eldest  son  of  John  Foxe,  the  martyrologist 
[q.  v.],  was  born  at  Norwich  on  31  Dec. 
1560  (Diary),  and  admitted  into  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London,  on  20  Oct.  1572 
(School  Register).  In  1574  he  went  to  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  elected  demy  of  Magdalen 
College.  In  1576  he  left  for  France  without 
permission  of  his  tutors  or  knowledge  of  his 
father.  He  was,  however,  readmitted  to  the 
college,  although  he  is  said  to  have  acquired 
a  fondness  for  dress,  which  displeased  his 
father.  In  1579  he  was  elected  probationer, 
and  in  1580  fellow  of  his  college.  In  1581 
he  was  expelled  on  religious  grounds.  He 
seems  to  have  quarrelled  with  some  of  his 
colleagues  who  adopted  the  extremer  forms 
ofpuritanism.  His  father  temperately  pleaded 
for  his  restoration,  and  wrote  to  a  bishop,  pro- 
bably Horn  of  Winchester,  soliciting  his  help 
in  the  matter.  Meanwhile  Samuel  spent  more 
than  three  years  in  foreign  travel,  visiting  the 
universities  of  Leipzig,  Padua,  and  Basle.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1585,  and  was  restored 
to  his  fellowship.  His  father  gave  him  a  lease 
of  Shipton,  "Wiltshire,  attached  to  the  pre- 
bend which  the  elder  Foxe  held  in  Salisbury 
Cathedral.  In  1587  he  was  admitted  into  the 
service  of  Sir  Thomas  Heneage  of  Copt  Hall, 
Essex,  and  became  custodian  of  Havering- 
atte-Bower  and  clerk  of  Epping.  On  15  April 
1589  he  married  Anne  Leveson,  a  kinswoman 
of  Sir  Thomas  Heneage.  He  was  chosen 
burgess  for  the  university  of  Oxford  in  1590. 
The  parliament  in  which  he  sat  was  of  very 
brief  duration,  but  it  passed — probably  with 
Foxe's  aid — a  valuable  and  much  needed  act 
directed  against  abuses  in  the  election  to 
fellowships,  scholarships,  and  similar  posi- 
tions. About  1594  he  settled  at  Warlies,  near 
Waltham  Abbey,  and  died  there  in  January 
1629-30.  He  was  buried  at  Waltham  Abbey 
16  Jan.  His  will  was  dated  22  June  1629 
(see  MS.  Lansd.  819,  f.  32).  A  treatise  on  the 
Apocalypse,  dedicated  to  Archbishop  Whit- 


gift,  is  said  to  have  been  written  by  him.  The 
'  Life '  of  his  father,  prefixed  to  the  second 
volume  of  the  '  Actes  and  Monuments '  in  the 
edition  of  1641,  has  been  repeatedly  ascribed 
to  him.  But  internal  evidence  is  much  op- 
posed to  this  theory  of  authorship  [see  FOXE, 
JOHN,  ad  Jin.~\  His  '  Diary,'  very  brief  and 
extending  over  only  a  portion  of  his  life,  will  bo 
found  in  the  appendix  to  Strype's  '  Annals.' 
The  original  is  in  'MS.  Lansd."'  679.  A  letter 
to  his  brother  Simeon  is  in  '  MS.  Harl.'  416, 
f.  222,  and  a  continuation  of  his  travels  in 
'MS.  Lansd.'  679.  The  latter  pieces  are 
printed  in  W.  Winter's  '  Biographical  Notes 
on  Foxe  the  Martyrologist,'  1876. 

By  his  wife  Anne,  who  was  buried  by  her 
husband  18  May  1630,  Foxe  had  three  sons, 
Thomas,  John,  and  Robert.  THOMAS  FOXE, 
M.D.  (1591-1652),  born  at  Havering  Palace 
14  Feb.  1591;  matriculated  from  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  19  June  1607;  was  demy  of  Mag- 
dalen College  1608-13,  and  fellow  1613-30 
(BLOXAM,  v.  30),  proceeding  B.A.  1611  and" 
M.A.  1614.  He  was  bursar  of  his  college  in 
1622,  and  junior  proctor  of  the  university 
1620-1.  He  afterwards  studied  medicine, 
proceeding  M.D.  at  Oxford,  and  was  a  candi- 
date of  the  London  College  of  Physicians 

25  June  1623.     A  letter  describing  Ben  Jon- 
son's  reception  at  Oxford,  written  by  Thomas 
Foxe  to  his  father,  is  preserved  in '  MS.  Harl.' 
416,  f.  226,  and  has  been  printed  by  Mr. 

|  Winters.  On  8  May  1634  James  Hay,  earl  of 
Carlisle,  applied  to  him  for  aloan  of  500A  He 
seems  to  have  acquired  much  property,  and  to 
have  been  friendly  with  men  eminent  in  litera- 
ture and  society.  He  died  at  Warlies  20  Nov. 
1662,  and  was  buried  in  Waltham  Abbey 

26  Nov.     He  married  Anne,   daughter  of 
Richard  Honeywood  of  Charing,  Kent,  and 
Marleshall,  Essex,  and  grand-daughter  of  Mrs. 
Mary  Honeywood,  the  pious  friend  of  his- 
grandfather,  the  martyrologist.     By  her  he 

I  left  a  daughter  Alice,  who  married  Sir 
Richard  AVillys,  bart.  Robert,  Samuel's 
youngest  son,  was  a  captain  in  the  navy,  and 
died  in  1646.  He  wrote  to  his  elder  brother 
an  interesting  letter  descriptive  of  the  trial 
of  the  Earl  and  Countess  of  Somerset. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  533  ; 
Bloxam's  Reg.  of  Magd.  Coll.  iv.  190-9 ;  Strype's 
Annals,  bk.  ii.  No.  xlviii.;  Winters's  Biographical 
Notes,  1876.]  C.  J.  E. 

FOXE,  SIMEON,  M.D.  (156&-1 642),  pre- 
sident of  the  College  of  Physicians,  born  in 
1568  '  in  the  house  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,' 
was  the  youngest  son  of  John  Foxe,  the 
martyrologist  [q.  v.].  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  on  24  Aug.  1583  was  elected  a 
scholar  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  where- 


Foxe 


157 


Foy 


le  proceeded  B.A.  in  1587,  having  become  a 
fellow  24  Aug.  1586.  He  graduated  M.A.  in 
1591.  Bishop  Piers  promised  him  a  prebend, 
but  he  preferred  to  study  medicine.  After 
leaving  college  he  resided  for  some  time  with 
Archbishop  Whitgift,  then  visited  Italy,  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Padua.  On  his 
return  home  he  engaged  in  military  service, 
and  was  with  Sir  John  Norris  and  the  Earl 
of  Southampton  in  Ireland  and  the  Nether- 
lands. In  the  Low  Countries  he  is  said  to 
have  been  taken  prisoner  and  detained  for 
a  time  at  Dunkirk.  He  reached  London  in 
1603,  and  shortly  afterwards  commenced  to 
practise,  attaining  to  the  highest  eminence 
in  his  profession.  He  was  admitted  a  can- 
didate of  the  College  of  Physicians  on  30 
Sept.  1605,  and  a  fellow  on  25  June  1608. 
He  was  censor  in  1614, 1620,  1621,  1623, 
1624,  1625,  1631,  and  1632;  registrar  on 
20  Nov.  1627,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Matthew 
Gwinne ;  treasurer  on  3  Dec.  1629,  on  Har- 
vey's resignation  of  that  office ;  anatomy 
reader,  1630 ;  elect,  22  Dec.  1630,  in  place 
of  Dr.  Thomas  Moundeford,  deceased ;  presi- 
dent from  1634  to  1640 ;  consiliarius  in  1641. 
He  died  at  the  college  house  at  Amen  Corner, 
Paternoster  Row,  on  20  April  1642.  In  his 
will,  dated  21  Oct.  1641,  proved  by  his  ne- 
phew, Thomas  Fox,  he  describes  himself  as 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate,  Lon- 
don, and  desires  '  to  be  buried  in  Christian 
buriall  within  the  Cathedrall  Church  of  St. 
Paule  in  London,  as  neere  to  the  monument 
of  Doctor  Lynacer  as  conveniently  may  be,' 
bequeathing  the  sum  of  201.  '  towards  the  re- 
payring  of  the  same  Cathedrall'  (registered 
in  P.  C.  C.  51,  Cambell).  He  was  buried  ac- 
cording to  his  directions  on  24  April.  He 
also  bequeathed  to  the  college  40/.,  to  which 
his  nephew  added  another  60Z.  '  On  22  Dec. 
1656  the  college,  on  the  proposition  of  Dr. 
Baldwin  Hamey,  unanimously  voted  the  erec- 
tion of  a  marble  bust  to  his  memory  in  the 
Harveian  Museum ; '  the  statue  was  destroyed 
in  the  great  fire  of  1666,  as  was  his  monu- 
inent  in  St.  Paul's  erected  by  his  nephew. 
His  portrait  in  the  college  was  one  of  two 
pictures  rescued  from  the  fire,  but  has  dis- 
appeared. He  attended  John  Donne,  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  contributed  liberally  to- 
wards the  erection  of  a  monument  to  his 
memory.  In  Harleian  MS.  416  (if.  203b, 
210, 214)  are  three  Latin  letters  of  Fox,  two 
of  which  are  addressed  to  his  father  and 
brother  Samuel  respectively.  The  life  of  his 
father  prefixed  to  the  second  volume  of  the 
1641  edition  of  the  '  Actes  and  Monuments,' 
long  attributed  to  his  brother  Samuel,  has 
lately  been  assigned,  on  very  feeble  grounds, 
to  Simeon  himself.  He  was  certainly  alive 


at  the  date  of  its  publication,  when  Samuel 
had  been  dead  twelve  years.  But  internal 
evidence  does  not  justify  Simeon's  claim  to 
the  memoir  [see  FOXE,  JOHN,  adfin.~\ 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.(1878),i.  147-8;  Har- 
wood's  Alumni  Eton.  p.  193  ;  Winters's  Biogra- 
phical Notes  on  John  Foxe,  pp.  33,  36-38.] 

G.  Gr. 

TOY,  NATHANIEL,  D.D.  (d.  1707), 
bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  son  of 
John  Foy,  M.D.,  was  born  at  York,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  of  which  he 
became  a  senior  fellow  (M.A.  1671,  B.D.  and 
D.D.  1684).  He  was  ordained  priest  in  1670, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  installed  as  a  canon 
of  Kildare.  On  20  Dec.  1678  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  the  parish  of  St.  Bride, 
Dublin.  In  the  reign  of  James  II  he  stood 
up  boldly  in  defence  of  the  established  church. 
Crowds  assembled  at  St.  Bride's  every  alter- 
nate Sunday  to  hear  his  replies  to  the  ser- 
mons delivered  at  Christ  Church  on  the  pre- 
ceding Sundays  by  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne 
in  the  presence  of  the  king.  This  task  he 
accomplished  by  means  of  abstracts  of  his 
antagonist's  arguments  supplied  to  him  by 
gentlemen  who  wrote  shorthand.  He  was 
prevented  from  preaching  on  several  occa- 
sions by  the  menaces  of  some  of  the  king's 
guard,  and  his  firmness  in  supporting  the 
protestant  faith  led  to  his  being  imprisoned, 
together  with  Dr.  King  and  other  clergymen. 

After  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  his  con- 
stancy was  rewarded  by  William  III,  who 
promoted  him  to  the  united  sees  of  Water- 
ford  and  Lismore  by  letters  patent  13  July 
1691.  In  September  1695  he  was  imprisoned 
in  Dublin  Castle  for  three  days  by  order  of 
the  House  of  Lords,  because  he  had  spoken 
disrespectfully  of  that  assembly  in  a  protest 
against  the  rejection  of  a  bill  for  union  and 
division  of  parishes.  He  died  in  Dublin  on 
31  Dec.  1707,  and  was  buried  at  the  west 
end  of  Waterford  Cathedral,  in  St.  Saviour's 
Chapel. 

During  his  lifetime  he  expended  80QL  on 
the  improvement  of  the  palace  at  Waterford, 
and  by  his  will  he  established  and  endowed 
the  free  school  at  Grantstown.  His  only 
publication  is '  A  Sermon  preached  in  Christ's 
Church,  Dublin,  on  23  Oct.  1698,  being  the 
anniversary  thanksgiving  for  putting  an  end 
to  the  Irish  Rebellion,  which  broke  out  on 
that  day  164] .  Before  the  House  of  Lords,' 
Dublin  1698,  4to. 

[Ware's  Bishops  (Harris),  p.  543  ;  Cotton's 
Fasti,  i.  130,  ii.  250,v.  29,  273  ;  Taylor's  Univ.  of 
Dublin,  p.  416  ;  Todd's  Cat.  of  Dublin  Graduates, 
p.  207;  Killen's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Ireland,  ii.  184; 
Luttrell's  Hist.  Kelation  of  State  Affairs,  ii.  213, 


Fradelle 


158 


Fraizer 


vi.  265;  Smith's  Waterford  (1774),  p.  188  ;  Mant's 
Hist,  of  the  Church  of  Ireland,  ii.  12,  23,  63,  92, 
195,  196.]  T.  C. 

FRADELLE,  HENRY  JOSEPH  (1778- 
1865),  historical  painter,  -was  born  at  Lille 
in  1778,  studied  in  Paris,  and  afterwards  in 
Italy.  He  settled  in  London  in  1816,  and 
sent  to  the  Royal  Academy  in  the  following 
year  '  Milton  dictating  Paradise  Lost  to  his 
Daughter.'  He  then  resided  at  No.  4  Nassau 
Street,  Middlesex  Hospital.  He  also  con- 
tributed thirty-six  pictures  to  the  British 
Institution,  and  two  in  Suffolk  Street,  be- 
tween 1817  and  1854.  In  this  latter  year 
his  address  was  5  Brecknock  Crescent,  Cam- 
den  New  Town,  where  he  painted  the  por- 
trait of  the  son  of  W.  T.  Barnes  of  Rowley 
Lodge,  Shenley,  Hertfordshire.  This  was  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy.  The  fol- 
lowing rank  among  his  best  works :  '  The 
Escape  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  from  Loch- 
leven  Castle,'  engraved  by  H.  Dawe ;  '  The 
Earl  of  Leicester's  Visit  to  Amy  Robsart  at 
Canmore  Place,'  engraved  by  Charles  Turner 
in  1826;  'Queen  Elizabeth  and  Lady  Paget,' 
engraved  by  William  Say  in  1828 ;  '  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  her  Secretary,  Chastelard,' 
'  Rebecca  and  Ivanhoe,'  '  Belinda  at  her 
Toilet,'  and  '  Lady  Jane  Grey,'  most  of  which 
are  in  the  collections  at  Pet  worth,  Munich, 
Holland  House,  &c.  The  original  drawing, 
dated  1824,  in  black  chalk,  of  the  picture 
representing  the  Earl  of  Leicester's  visit  to 
Amy  Robsart  is  in  the  department  of  prints 
and  drawings,  British  Museum.  He  died 
14  March  1865. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists.]  L.  F. 

FRAIGNEATT,     WILLIAM      (1717- 

1788),  Greek  professor  at  Cambridge,  was  the 
son  of  John  Fraigneau,  of  Huguenot  extrac- 
tion. He  was  born  in  London  in  1717,  and 
became  a  queen's  scholar  at  Westminster 
School  in  1731.  He  proceeded  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1736.  Graduating 
B.A.  1739  and  M.A.  1743,  he  took  holy 
orders,  and  was  elected  a  fellow.  In  1743 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  to  the 
university,  and  held  that  position  till  1750, 
when  he  resigned  it.  He  then  accepted  the 
post  of  tutor  to  the  family  of  Frederick, 
lord  Bolingbroke,  and  in  March  1758  was  by 
him  presented  to  the  living  of  Battersea. 
Three  years  later  the  same  patron  gave  him 
the  living  of  Beckenham,  Kent,  and  in  1765 
a  dispensation  passed  to  enable  Fraigneau  to 
hold  the  two  livings  conjointly.  He  retained 
both  appointments  till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Brighton  12  Sept.  1788.  He  is  de- 
scribed by  Cole  (Athence  Cantab.  F.  p.  109) 
as  '  a  little  man  of  great  life  and  vivacity.' 


[Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Angl.  ;  Hasted's  Kent, 
i.  88;  Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey,  iii.  341  ; 
Gen.  Even.  Post,  15  Sept.  1788  ;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Anecd.  iv.  278  ;  Welch's  Alumni  Westmonast. 
303,  313,  314.]  A.  V. 

>£  FRAIZER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1610?- 
1681),  physician,  was  born  in  Scotland  about 
1610,  and  graduated  M.D.  at  Montpelier  on 
1  Oct.  1635.  He  was  incorporated  at  Cam- 
bridge 9  March  1637,  and  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  London  on 
23  Nov.  1641.  He  was  a  faithful  royalist, 
followed  Charles  II  abroad,  and  became  his 
physician.  The  king  placed  confidence  in 
him,  and  he  was  in  turn  courted  and  abused 
by  the  violent  rival  factions  which  grew  up 
among  the  English  exiles  on  the  continent. 
He  was  once  friendly  with  Hyde,  and  at 
another  time  avoided  communication  with 
him.  He  was  declared  by  the  king  to  be  ex- 
cellent as  a  physician,  and  was  employed  in 
court  affairs.  There  was  probably  some  resem- 
blance of  character  which  sustained  the  con- 
fidential relation  ;  but  the  conclusion  stated 
by  some  contemporary  writers,  that  the  phy- 
sician was  as  unprincipled  as  his  royal  pa- 
tient, is  unsupported  by  evidence,  and  no- 
weight  attaches  to  the  abuse  of  Sir  John 
Denham  and  of  Pepys.  Denham's  attacks  are 
founded  on  personal  enmity,  of  which  the 
cause  is  not  now  known.  Pepys's  informant 
was  Pierce,  a  groom  of  the  privy  chamber, 
who  repeated  backstairs'  gossip.  The  respect 
with  which  Fraizer  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Ed- 
ward Browne  {Travels,  ed.  1685,  p.  115),  and 
the  fact  that  on  26  July  1666  he  was  chosen 
an  elect  at  the  College  of  Physicians,  a  dis- 
tinction which  his  being  king's  physician 
would  not  have  obtained  for  him  had  his  pro- 
fessional character  been  low,  are  evidences 
of  his  general  uprightness.  Sir  Edmund- 
bury  Godfrey,  who  dealt  in  wood,  arrested 
Fraizer  for  a  wood  bill  of  about  301.  The 
bailiffs  were  beaten  by  the  king's  order,  but 
this  was  not  due  to  any  misconduct  on  the- 
physician's  part,  but  to  royal  indignation  at 
a  supposed  breach  of  a  prerogative.  Few- 
records  of  Fraizer's  practice  remain  ;  he  at- 
tended the  princess  royal  in  the  attack  of 
small-pox  which  ended  fatally  on  Christmas 
eve,  1660,  and  the  young  Dukes  of  Cambridge- 
and  Kendal  in  the  illness  which  killed  both 
in  1667,  and  he  superintended  the  successful 
trepanning  of  Prince  Rupert's  skull  on  Sun- 
day, 3  Feb.  1666.  At  Cologne  Mr.  Elburg 
was  his  apothecary.  Soon  after  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  knighted,  and  his  wife  made  a 
dresser  to  the  queen.  He  died  3  May  1681.. 
He  had  a  son,  Charles,  who  became  a  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  was  physician 

•       for 


rf 


Frampton 


159 


Frampton 


in  ordinary  to  Charles  II,  and  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1684. 

[Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  i.  233  ;  Pepys's  Diary, 
6th  ed.  i.  134,  ii.  168,  iii.  55,  118,  iv.  179.] 

N.  M. 

FRAMPTON,  JOHN  (/.  1577-1596), 
merchant,  was  resident  for  many  years  in 
Spain,  and  on  his  retirement  about  1576  to 
his  native  country  employed  his  leisure  in 
translating  from  Spanish  into  English  the 
following :  Escalante's  '  A  Discourse  of  the 
Navigation  which  the  Portugales  doe  Make,' 
dedicated  to  Edward  Dyer,  1579,  4to ;  Mo- 
nardes's  '  Joyfull  Newes  ovt  of  the  Newe 
Founde  Worlde,'  dedicated  to  Edward  Dyer, 
1577,  1580  (with  three  other  tracts  by  Mo- 
nardes),  1596,  4to;  Marco  Polo's  'Travels,' 
1579,  4to ;  '  An  Account  of  the  Empire  of 
China  in  1579 '  (in  '  Harleian  Collection  of 
Voyages,'  1745,  vol.  ii.) 

[Joyfull  Newes,  1st  ed.  pref. ;  Tanner's  Bibl. 
Brit.  p.  297;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  of  Books  before 
1640.]  B.  D.  J. 

FRAMPTON,  MARY(1773-1846),writer 
of  a  journal,  was  the  daughter  of  James 
Frampton  of  Moreton,  Dorsetshire,  by  his 
second  wife  Phillis,  who  had  been  previously 
married  to  Dr.  Charlton  Wollaston.  Framp- 
ton died  in  1784,  but  his  widow  survived  until 
1829,  when  she  had  reached  her  ninety-second 
year.  She  was  evidently  an  accomplished 
person,  with  a  wide  circle  of  well-connected 
relations  and  friends.  Mary  Frampton  during 
the  earlier  part  of  her  life  went  with  her 
parents  to  London  once  every  two  years,  and 
was  present  at  the  Gordon  riots,  the  Warren 
Hastings  trial,  and  the  thanksgiving  service 
for  the  recovery  of  George  IIIinl789.  About 
two  years  after  her  father's  death  she  and  her 
mother  settled  at  Dorchester,  and  formed  a 
centre  for  the  society  of  the  county.  Miss 
Frampton  is  said  by  all  who  have  any  recol- 
lection of  her  to  have  been  a  most  agreeable 
person.  Her  views  were  evidently  those 
of  a  strong  tory.  She  died,  unmarried,  on 
12  Nov.  1846. 

Miss  Frampton's  '  Journal  from  the  year 
1779  until  the  year  1846,  edited  with  notes 
by  her  niece,  Harriot  Georgina  Mundy,'  was 
published  in  1885.  It  begins  in  1803,  pre- 
faced by  reminiscences  from  1779,  and  incor- 
porating a  large  correspondence  from  friends 
and ,  acquaintances,  together  with  much  ad- 
ditional information  supplied  by  the  editor, 
Mrs.  Mundy,  who  died  in  January  1886. 
The  whole  forms  an  interesting  picture  of 
the  times,  and  gives,  in  particular,  a  good 
deal  of  information  about  the  court.  The 
Framptons  became  acquainted  with  the  family 


of  George  III  during  his  frequent  visits  to 
Weymouth,  and  their  correspondents  sup- 
plied them  with  many  stories  about  the 
prince  regent  and  his  relations  with  Mrs. 
Fitzherbert,  Lady  Jersey,  and  Caroline  of 
Brunswick;  also  about  the  Princess  Char- 
lotte, whose  governess,  Mrs.  Campbell,  was 
a  great  friend  of  the  Framptons.  The  book 
deals  with  public  affairs  and  society  talk, 
giving  anecdotes  about  Mrs.  Montagu, '  Mary 
of  Buttermere,'  Archbishop  Sumner,  Miss 
Edgeworth,  Napoleon  and  his  widow,  the 
Empress  Maria  Louisa,  Charles  X  of  France, 
and  Baron  Stockmar,  and  touching  upon 
events  like  the  outbreak  of  the  French  re- 
volution, the  French  invasion  of  Wales  in 
1797,  the  visit  of  the  allied  sovereigns  to 
London  in  1814,  and  the  riots  and  Swing 
fires  of  1830. 

[Mary  Frampton's  Journal  mentioned  above ; 
information  from  the  Mundy  family.  For  reviews 
of  the  Journal  see  the  Athenaeum,  Academy,  and 
Saturday  Review,  7  Nov.  1885,  and  the  Spectator, 
10  April  1886.]  L.  C.  S. 

FRAMPTON,  ROBERT  (1622-1708), 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  was  born  at  Pimperne, 
near  Blandford  in  Dorsetshire,  26  Feb.  1622. 
He  was  the  youngest  of  eight  children,  his 
father  being  a  respectable  farmer.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Blandford  grammar  school, 
whence  he  went  to  Oxford  as  an  exhibitioner 
at  Corpus  Christ!  College.  Here  he  was  much 
neglected  by  his  tutor,  and  by  the  aid  of  some 
influential  friends  was  transferred  to  Christ 
Church,  where  he  was  placed  under  the  tui- 
tion of  Mr.  Zouch.  He  took  his  degree  with 
credit,  and  soon  afterwards  set  up  a  private 
school  at  Farnham,  Dorsetshire.  He  then 
obtained  the  appointment  of  head-master  of 
the  school  of  Gillingham  in  the  same  county, 
where  he  had  a  hundred  boys  under  him. 
During  the  period  of  the  war  between  the 
king  and  parliament,  Frampton,  professing 
high  loyal  principles,  was  involved  in  a 
quarrel  with  one  Gage,  a  parliamentary 
officer  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  appears  that 
on  more  than  one  occasion  they  came  to 
blows.  Frampton  and  his  brothers  were  en- 
gaged on  the  king's  side  in  the  battle  of  Ham- 
bledon  Hill.  He  now  determined  in  spite 
of  the  difficulties  of  the  time  to  take  orders, 
and  was  privately  ordained  by  Skinner,  bishop 
of  Oxford.  He  then  became  domestic  chap- 
lain to  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  but  was  also  a  fre- 
quent preacher  in  London  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  much  admired  for  his  oratorical  powers. 
By  the  influence  of  Mr.  Harvey,  a  well- 
known  Levant  merchant,  Frampton  obtained 
about  1651  the  appointment  of  chaplain  to 
the  English  factory  at  Aleppo(30  Aug.  1655). 


Frampton 


160 


Frampton 


Here  he  spent,  with  some  short  intervals  of 
absence,  twelve  years,  and  by  his  abilities  as  a 
linguist  and  his  straightforward  character  ob- 
tained great  influence.  He  became  a  proficient 
in  Arabic  and  in  Italian,  and  lived  on  friendly 
terms  with  the  chief  men  among  the  Mussul- 
mans at  Aleppo.  He  enjoyed  the  fullest  confi- 
dence of  the  Europeans  at  Aleppo,  who  en- 
trusted him  with  an  important  mission  to  the 
Porte,  in  which  he  succeeded,  against  all  the 
influence  of  the  pasha  of  Aleppo,  in  obtaining 
the  redress  of  certain  grievances  under  which 
foreigners  were  made  to  suffer  in  Syria.  After 
many  years  spent  at  Aleppo,  Frampton  re- 
turned to  England,  where  in  1667  he  married 
Miss  Mary  Canning.   Hearing,  however,  that 
the  plague  had  broken  out  at  Aleppo,  he  gal- 
lantly determined  to  return  thither  almost 
immediately  after  his  marriage.  He  remained 
at  Aleppo  actively  ministering  to  the  sufferers 
till  1670,  having  himself  escaped  the  disease. 
In  this  year  he  finally  returned  to  England, 
•where  his  reputation  stood  high.     In  two 
months' time  he  was  appointed  preacher  at  the 
Rolls,  living  in  the  house  of  Sir  Harbottle 
Grimston.  He  was  also  made  chaplain  to  the 
lord  keeper,  Sir  Orlando  Bridgeman  [q.  v.] 
Any  amount  of  preferment  was  now  within  his 
reach,  and  he  was  confessedly  one  of  the  first 
preachers  of  the  day.   Pepys,  writing  in  1667, 
says  :  '  All  the  church  crammed,  and,  to  my 
great  joy,  find  Mr.  Frampton  in  the  pulpit, 
and  I  think  the  best  sermon  for  goodness  and 
oratory,  without  affectation  or  study,  that 
I  ever  heard  in  my  life.     The  truth  is  he 
preaches  the  most  like  an  apostle  that  ever  I 
Tieard  man,  and  it  was  much  the  best  time  that 
I  ever  spent  in  my  life  at  church.'     In  1671 
Frampton  was  made  prebendary  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  shortly  afterwards  of  Salisbury.     In 
1673,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Vines,  he  was  made 
dean  of  Gloucester.   At  this  time  he  preached 
a  sermon  at  court  against  the  encouragement 
of  infidelity,  to  which  the  king  objected  as 
personal,  and  the  dean  apologised.  Frampton 
obtained  the  livings  of  Fontmell,  Dorsetshire, 
and  Oakford  Fitzpaine,  Devonshire,  which  he 
held  with  his  deanery.     In  1680  he  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Gloucester,  in  succession  to 
Dr.  John  Pritchard.     He  was  consecrated  by 
Archbishop  Sancroft  in  the  chapel  of  All 
Souls'  College,  Oxford,  27  March  1681.     At 
Urst  he  held  his  livings  in  commendam,  but 
at  Sancroft's  desire  he  resigned  them,  being 
afterwards  appointed  to  the  living  of  Standish , 
Gloucestershire,  the  emoluments  of  which 
-were  very  small,  while  his  parsonage  house 
Tvas  in  ruins.     Frampton  proved  himself  a 
•great  builder  and  restorer.   He  did  much  both 
at  the  deanery  and  the  episcopal  palace  of 
Gloucester,  and  rebuilt  the  house  at  Standish. 


He  was  a  frequent  preacher  at  Whitehall, 
and  in  the  administration  of  his  diocese  was 
tolerant  towards  dissenters,  and  universally 
popular.     After  the  accession  of  James  II 
the  king  complained  to  the  archbishop  that 
Frampton  was  in  the  habit  of  denouncing 
popery.     When  the  famous  declaration  of  in- 
dulgence was  published,  and  ordered  to  be  read 
in  churches,  the  bishop  went  strongly  with 
those  of  his  brethren  who  opposed  it.    When 
the  petition  of  the  bishops  was  drawn  up,  he 
authorised  the  appending  of  his  signature,  but 
he  was  not  present  with  the  seven  at  its  pre- 
sentation.    He  sent  a  direction  to  his  clergy 
bidding  them  not  to  read  the  declaration,  and 
when  the  seven  were  committed  to  the  Tower 
he  spent  most  of  his  time  there  with  his 
brethren.  But,  though  thus  strongly  opposed 
to  the  illegal  proceedings  of  James,  he  would 
not  transfer  his  allegiance  to  the  new  dy- 
nasty.    On  his  refusal  to  take  the  oath  his 
diocese  was  greatly  moved.     The  gentry  of 
the  county  offered  to  have  the  sessions'  de- 
ferred that  he  might  have  more  time  for  de- 
liberation.     The  grand  jury  petitioned  for 
him.     But  neither  side  would  yield,  and  the 
bishop  was  deprived  of  his  see  as  a  nonjuror 
some  time  in  the  autumn  of  1690.     He  was 
allowed,  however,  by  connivance,  to  hold  the 
small  benefice  of  Standish,  where  he  resided. 
Here  his  life  was  not  altogether  tranquil. 
Frequent  accusations  were  made  against  him 
of  favouring  popery,  and  he  was  actually  ar- 
rested and  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  being 
concerned  in  a  plot  for  murdering  the  king. 
The  only  definite  act  which  could  be  proved 
against  Frampton  was  his  having  sent  round 
circular  letters  to  the  nonjuring  clergy.    But 
he  was  able  to  show  that  this  was  only  done 
by  way  of  raising  some  funds  for  the  relief 
of  those  of  them  who  were  greatly  in  need. 
At  the  archbishop's  request  Frampton  was 
accordingly  liberated.     In  the  Tower  the  de- 
prived bishop  had  the  opportunity  of  visit- 
ing Judge  Jeffreys,  whom  he  found  in  a  very 
sad  and  melancholy  state,  and  to  whom  he 
ministered  Christian  consolation.     At  Stan- 
dish  it  was  Frampton's  habit  to  attend  the 
church  services,  and  to  take  part  in  them, 
omitting  the  names  of  the  royal  family,  and 
preaching  from  his  pew.     So  greatly  was  he 
respected  in  the  diocese  that  those  who  were 
instituted  to  livings  by  the  legal  bishop  did 
not  consider  their  institution  complete  until 
they  had  obtained  the  ratification,  secretly 
given,  of  the  deprived  nonjuror.     Frampton 
had    no   wish    to    continue   the   nonjuring 
schism,  and  consequently  incurred  the  ill- 
will  of  the  more  violent   members  of  the 
party.     His  views  about  the  schisin  corre- 
sponded with  those  of  Henry  Dodwell  in  the 


Frampton 


161 


Frampton 


'  Case  in  View '  (1705).  He  regarded  it  al- 
together as  a  personal  matter,  and,  though  he 
could  not  himself  feel  justified  in  taking  the 
oaths,  he  did  not  condemn  others  who  might 
do  so.  He  agreed  in  this  to  a  great  degree 
with  Bishop  Ken  [q.  v.]  At  the  accession  of 
Queen  Anne  the  position  of  the  nonjurors 
appeared  to  alter,  and  many  of  them  returned 
to  allegiance.  The  queen  took  particular 
notice  of  Frampton,  and  went  so  far  as  to 
offer  him  the  see  of  Hereford,  which  was  to 
be  regarded  as  a  '  translation,'  thus  recognis- 
ing the  position  he  still  claimed  as  bishop  of 
Gloucester.  But  Frampton,  who  was  now 
a  very  aged  man,  declined  this  delicate  offer. 
He  died  at  Standish  25  May  1708,  at  the  age 
of  eighty-six,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
there,  his  grave  being  marked  by  a  black 
marble  slab  with  the  inscription,  '  Robertus 
Frampton,  Episcopus  Glocestrensis — Cetera 
quis  nescit  ? ' 

A  portrait  of  Frampton  hangs  in  the  epi- 
scopal palace  at  Gloucester,  and  has  been  re- 
produced in  the  anonymous  contemporary 
memoir  first  published  in  1876,  which  cor- 
rects some  of  the  mistakes  made  by  Wood 
and  others,  and  was  unknown  to  Lathbury, 
author  of  the  'History  of  the  Non-jurors.' 

[Memoir  of  Kobert  Frampton,  Bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, edited  by  Bev.  T.  S.  Evans,  London,  1876; 
Lathbury's  Hist,  of  the  Nonjurors,  London,  1845 ; 
Wood's  Athense,  ed.  Bliss,  vol.  iv. ;  Diary  and 
Correspondence  of  Samuel  Pepys,  vol.  iii.  London, 
1 858  ;  Dodwell's  A  Case  in  View  Considered, 
London,  1705  ;  J.  B.  Pearson's  Chaplains  of  the 
Levant  Company,  1883,  pp.  21,  56,  57.] 

G.  G.  P. 

FRAMPTON,  TREGONWELL  (1641- 
1727),  '  the  father  of  the  turf,'  born  in  1641 
at  Moreton  in  Dorsetshire,  was  the  fifth  son 
of  William  Frampton,  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Moreton,  by  his  wife,  Katharine  Tregonwell  of 
Milton  Abbas.  He  probably  passed  his  youth 
at  home  in  the  country,  and  there  acquired  a 
taste  for  field  sports.  He  is  described  by  Chafin 
(Anecdotes  of  Cranbourne  Chase,  p.  47)  as 
being  in  1670  the  most  active  pursuer  of  hawk- 
ing in  the  west  of  England.  He  was  at  the 
same  period  a  regular  attendant  at  race  meet- 
ings, kept  horses  in  training,  and  owned  a 
house  at  Newmarket,  thoughhe  passed  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  in  Dorsetshire.  At  the 
former  place  he  speedily  acquired  a  reputation 
for  bold  and  successful  gambling.  Coventry, 
in  a  despatch  dated  March  1675,  mentions  a 
horse-racing  match  '  wherein  Mr.  Frampton, 
a  gentleman  of  some  1201.  rent,  is  engaged 
900Z.  deep.'  He  adds:  'I  hope  the  world  will 
see  we  have  men  who  dare  venture  as  well  as 
M.  de  Turehne.'  Frampton  won  his  money, 
and  in  the  racing  records  of  the  time  his  name 

VOL.   XX. 


appears  far  more  frequently  as  a  winner  than 
a  loser,  the  amounts  at  stake  being  consider- 
ably greater  than  was  usual.  In  April  1676, 
for  example,  he  had  two  matches  in  the  same 
week,  the  one  at  Newmarket  and  the  other 
at  Salisbury,  each  for  1 ,000/.  A  well-known 
incident  belongs  to  this  period.  The  com- 
monly accepted  tradition  is  that  embodied 
by  Hawkesworth  in  an  essay  on  instances  of 
cruelty  to  animals  (Adventurer,  No.  37).  This 
story  is  that  Frampton's  horse  Dragon  beat 
a  certain  mare,  winning  a  stake  of  10,OOOZ. 
On  the  conclusion  of  the  match  the  owner 
of  the  mare  instantly  offered  to  run  her  on 
the  following  day  for  double  the  sum  against 
any  gelding  in  the  world,  and  Frampton  ac- 
cepted the  challenge.  He  then  castrated 
Dragon,  who  was  brought  out  the  next 
day,  and  again  beat  the  mare,  but  fell  down 
at  the  post  and  died  almost  immediately. 
Hawkesworth  declares  that  he  remembers 
the  facts  as  thus  stated  to  be  true,  but  he 
could  have  had  no  personal  knowledge  of 
them.  Lord  Conway,  in  a  letter  dated 
7  Oct.  1682,  says  :  '  His  majesty's  horse  Dra- 
gon, which  carried  seven  stone,  was  beaten 
yesterday  by  a  little  horse  called  Post  Boy, 
carrying  four  stone,  and  the  masters  of  that 
art  conclude  this  top  horse  of  England  is 
spoiled  for  ever.'  This  last  sentence  would 
seem  to  imply  that  some  such  operation  as 
Hawkesworth  alleges  had  been  performed  on 
a  horse  called  Dragon ;  but  it  also  contradicts 
his  statement  that  the  horse  died  at  the  post, 
and  there  is  not  the  remotest  evidence  for 
supposing  that  Frampton  had  any  connection 
with  the  racing  establishment  of  Charles  II. 
On  the  other  hand  Lawrence  (Philosophical 
and  Practical  Treatise  on  Horses}  quotes  a 
letter  from  a  Mr.  Sandern  of  Newmarket : 
'  The  abominable  story  which  is  told  of  Mr. 
Frampton  ...  is  entirely  without  founda- 
tion, for  I  had  an  uncle  who  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  Mr.  F.,  and  who  frequently 
assured  me  that  no  such  circumstance  ever 
happened.  .  .  .  Cruelty  was  no  part  of  the 
old  gentleman's  character.'  A  letter  written 
by  the  Duke  of  York  to  the  Prince  of  Orange 
eighteen  months  after  the  date  of  Framp- 
ton's alleged  cruelty  mentions  a  forthcoming 
match  between  the  '  famous  horses  Dragon 
and  Why  Not.'  Frampton,  though  probably 
not  guilty  of  this  atrocity,  was  by  no  means 
always  scrupulous.  On  one  occasion  he  had 
made  a  match  with  Sir  William  Strickland, 
a  Yorkshire  baronet.  Frampton  managed  to 
arrange  a  private  trial,  and  secretly  put  71bs. 
overweight  upon  his  horse,  which  was  just 
beaten.  The  greatest  interest  was  excited 
by  the  match,  which  was  looked  upon  as  a 
struggle  between  the  north  and  south,  and  it 


Frampton 


162 


Frampton 


has  been  said  that  the  bets  arising  from  it 
were  far  in  excess  of  anything  that  had  been 
previously  known.  Several  estates  changed 
hands  after  the  event,  and  so  many  gentle- 
men were  completely  ruined  that,  if  Whyte 
(Hist,  of  British  Turf,  i.  397)  may  be  be- 
lieved, it  was  in  consequence  of  the  vast  sums 
lost  that  the  act  (9  Anne  c.  14,  s.  3)  was 
passed,  forbidding  the  recovery  of  any  sum 
due  through  bets  above  101.  Frampton's  horse 
was  again  beaten,  and  his  losses  must  have 
been  considerable.  He  had  before  known 
what  it  was  to  be  in  want  of  money,  for  in 
a  letter  dated  September  1690  he  says  he 
'  shall  be  for  a  fortnight  tumbling  up  and 
down  in  Dorset  and  Wiltshire  till  I  have  got 
up  some  money  to  make  up  part  of  my  en- 
gagements ;  but  I  doubt  shan't  all,'  and  it 
may  have  been  at  this  defeat  of  his  horse  by 
Merlin  that  he  made  over  the  family  estate, 
to  which  he  had  succeeded  on  the  death  of 
his  brother  William  in  1689,  to  his  cousin 
Giles  Frampton,  the  next  heir,  in  considera- 
tion of  5,000/.  down.  But  the  dates  of  both 
the  match  and  the  transfer  of  property  are 
unknown,  though  the  latter  took  place  some 
time  prior  to  1702. 

It  was  probably  in  1695  that  Frampton 
first  assumed  the  duties  of  the  position  as- 
cribed to  him  on  his  tombstone  of '  keeper  of 
the  running  horses  to  their  sacred  majesties 
William  III,  Queen  Anne,  George  I  and 
George  II.'  In  October  of  that  year  he  won 
with  the  king's  horse  the  town  plate  at  New- 
market, and  in  the  accounts  of  the  master  of 
the  horse  for  the  same  year  there  is  mention 
of  apaymenttohim  'for  settling  the  establish- 
ment of  racehorses  at  the  Green  Cloth  and 
Avery,  and  for  a  plate  at  Newmarket.'  In 
1700  his  name  first  appears  in  '  Anglia  No- 
titia'  (pt.  iv.  p.  506)  as  receiving  1,0001.  per 
annum  as  supervisor  of  the  racehorses  at  New- 
market, for  the  maintenance  of  ten  boys,  their 
lodgings,  «&c.,  and  for  provisions  of  hay,  oats, 
bread,  and  all  other  necessaries  for  ten  race- 
horses. From  that  date  till  his  death  he  re- 
gularly received  a  salary,  which  sometimes, 
however,  dropped  as  low  as  600^.,  the  amount 
apparently  being  reckoned  at  1001.  for  every 
horse  in  training.  It  is  not  now  possible  to 
ascertain  the  precise  nature  of  Frampton's 
duties.  He  certainly  trained  the  royal  horses, 
and  made  matches  for  them,  and  they  gene- 
rally ran  in  his  name.  He  continued  to  breed 
horses  on  his  own  account,  some  of  which  he 
used  to  dispose  of  at  high  prices  to  the  master 
of  the  horse,  and  he  remained  a  steady  and 
persistent  gambler.  That  part  of  his  time 
which  was  not  given  up  to  horses  was  de- 
voted to  hawking,  coursing,  and  cock-fighting. 
He  was  particularly  successful  with  his  cocks, 


and  his  taste  was  largely  shared  by  his  royal 
master,  William  III,  who,  during  his  visits  to 
Newmarket,  spent  many  of  his  afternoons  in 
watching  his  trainer's  cocks  do  battle.  Framp- 
ton kept  his  post  till  his  last  day,  which  was 
12  March  1727.  He  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  All  Saints,  Newmarket,  where  on  the  south 
side  of  the  altar  is  a  mural  monument  of  black 
and  white  marble  inscribed  to  his  memory. 

Notwithstanding  the  comparative  humi- 
lity of  Frampton's  position  there  were  few 
men  of  his  time  who  enjoyed  more  wide- 
spread notoriety  through  the  country.  The 
author  of  '  Newmarket,  or  an  Essay  on  the 
Turf,'  London,  1771  (attributed  by  Cole  to 
Mr.  Anstey  of  Trumpington),  thus  describes 
him  (p.  171  n.)  :  '  I  cannot  here  omit  to  in- 
stance the  famous  song  which  begins — 
Four  and  twenty  Yorkshire  knights 
Came  out  of  the  north  countree, 
And  they  came  down  to  Newmarket 
Mr.  Frampton's  horses  to  see. 
At  the  same  time  I  take  this  opportunity  of 
paying  my  respects  to  the  memory  of  old 
Frampton.  This  gentleman  (whose  picture 
may  be  seen  in  many  a  house  in  Newmarket) 
was  as  great  an  oddity  as  perhaps  ever  was 
heard  of.  He  was  a  known  woman  hater, 
passionately  fond  of  horse-racing,  cocking, 
and  coursing ;  remarkable  for  a  peculiar  uni- 
formity in  his  dress,  the  fashion  of  which  he 
never  changed,  and  in  which,  regardless  of 
its  uncouth  appearance,  he  would  not  unfre- 
quently  go  to  court  and  enquire  in  the  most 
familiar  manner  for  his  master  or  mistress, 
the  king  or  queen.  Queen  Anne  used  to  call 
him  Governor  Frampton.'  Another  writer 
quoted  by  Whyte  (British  Turf,  i.  398),  in 
an  account  of  Newmarket  in  the  reign  of 
Anne,  remarks :  '  There  was  Mr.  Frampton, 
I  the  oldest,  and,  as  they  say,  the  cunningest 
jockey  in  England;  one  day  he  lost  1,000 
j  guineas,  the  next  he  won  2,000,  and  so  alter- 
nately. He  made  as  light  of  throwing  away 
500/.  or  1,000/.  at  a  time  as  other  men  do  of 
their  pocket-money,  and  was  perfectly  calm, 
cheerful,  and  unconcerned  when  he  had  lost  a 
thousand  pounds  as  when  he  won  it.'  Noble 
(additions  to  GEAXGEK,  ii.  387)  gives  further 
testimony  to  his  qualities.  It  has  been  said 
of  this  man  that  he  was  '  a  thorough  good 
groom  only,  yet  would  have  made  a  good 
minister  of  state  if  he  had  been  trained  for  it 
.  .  .  Frampton  was  supposed  to  be  better  ac- 
quainted with  the  genealogy  of  the  most 
celebrated  horses  than  any  man  of  his  time. 
.  .  .  Not  a  splint  or  sprain,  or  bad  eye,  or 
old  broken  knee,  or  pinched  foot,  or  low  heel, 
escaped  in  the  choice  of  a  horse.'  On  the 
other  hand  he  is  tersely  dismissed  as  a  mere 
tout  by  Sir  George  Etherege  in  the  couplet : — 


Framyngham  163 


Francia 


I  call  a  spade  a  spade,  Eaton  a  bully, 
Frampton  a.  pimp,  and  brother  John  a  cully. 

The  time  when  Frampton  was  first  given  the 
title  '  father  of  the  turf '  is  uncertain.  It  may 
tave  been  towards  the  close  of  his  long  life  ; 
but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  been  so  de- 
scribed in  print  till  the  publication  of  an  en- 
graving of  his  portrait  by  Wooton  in  1791, 
•which  bears  his  name  and  the  descriptive 
title.  On  another  portrait,  also  by  Wooton 
and  engraved  by  Faber,  he  is  called  '  royal 
stud-keeper  at  Newmarket,'  which  is  not  ac- 
curate, the  keeper  of  the  stud  holding  a  dis- 
tinct office.  Frampton's  portrait  has  since 
frequently  served  as  a  frontispiece  to  books 
on  racing,  and  occupies  that  position  in  Taun- 
ton's  '  Portraits  of  Celebrated  Racehorses ' 
(London,  1886  and  1887). 

[Hutchins's  Dorsetshire,  3rd  ed.  1861,  i.  398 
and  400;  Addit.  MS.  5807,  fol.  132;  Here's 
History  of  Newmarket,  1886,  vols.  ii.  and  iii. 
passim  ;  Chafin's  Anecdotes  of  Cranbourne  Chase, 
p.  47  et  seq. ;  Anglia  Notitia,  1700-27;  J.  C. 
Whyte's  History  of  the  British  Turf,  i.  389-99  ; 
State  Papers,  Dom.  unpublished;  Luttrell's 
Diary,  iii.  540  ;  Smith's  Currant  Intelligence  ; 
the  Postman  and  Post  Boy,  &c.  passim.] 

A.  V. 

FRAMYNGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1512- 
1537),  author,  was  born  in  February  1512  at 
Norwich,  and  educated  at  the  grammar  school, 
where  he  was  contemporary  with  Dr.  John 
Caius.  From  Norwich  he  went  to  Cambridge, 
and  was  at  first  at  Pembroke  Hall  and  after- 
wards at  Queen's  College,  '  in  aula  Pembro- 
kiana  per  adolescentiam  educatus,  per  juven- 
tutem  in  Collegium  reginale  ascitus.'  He 
proceeded  B.A.  1530,  M.A.  1533,  and  was 
scholar  of  Queen's  College  from  1530  till  his 
death,  and  bursar  for  three  years  from  1534. 
He  died  25  Sept.  1537.  He  left  all  his  books 
to  his  friend  and  schoolfellow  Dr.  John  Caius, 
who  tells  us  that  along  with  Framyngham 
he  wrote '  Scholia '  and  notes  upon  them,  but 
could  never  recover  them  from  those  in  whose 
care  he  left  them  when  he  went  to  Italy. 
Long  afterwards,  in  1570,  Edmund,  bishop 
of  Rochester,  professed  to  know  of  them,  but 
Caius  apparently  did  not  follow  up  the  clue. 
Dr.  Caius  describes  his  friend  as  '  homo  tena- 
cissimse  memorise,  foecundi  ingenii,  infinitse 
lectionis,  indefatigati  laboris  atque  diligen- 
tia3,'  and  gives  the  following  list  of  his  works : 
1.  '  De  Continentia  lib.  ii.'  (prose).  2.  'De 
Consolatione  ad  ^Emilianum  caecum  lib.  i.' 
(verse ;  suggested  by  the  author's  blindness, 
brought  on  by  immoderate  study).  3.  '  D. 
Laurentii  Martyrium'  (verse).  4.  'EKTTV- 
paxris,  sive  Incendium  Sodomorum '  (verse). 
5.  '  Idololatria '  (verse).  6.  '  'Ap«V^,  sive  in 


laudem  virtutis '  (verse).     7.  '  Epigramma- 
tum  lib.  ii.' 

[J.  Caius  de  libris  propriis,  1570,  p.  2;  N. 
Carlisle's  Endowed  Grammar  Schools,  ii.  186; 
Tanner's  Bibliotheca,  p.  297 ;  Cooper's  Athenae 
Cantab,  i.  63,  531.]  E.  Bk 

FRANCATELLI,  CHARLES  ELME 
(1805-1876),  cook,  born  in  London  in  1805, 
was  of  Italian  extraction,  and  was  educated 
in  France.  He  studied  the  culinary  art  under 
Careme,  and  advanced  it  to  unprecedented 
perfection  in  this  country.  He  became  suc- 
cessively chef  de  cuisine  to  the  Earl  of 
Chesterfield,  the  Earl  of  Dudley,  Lord  Kia- 
naird,  &c.  Afterwards  he  managed  the  well- 
known  Crockford's,  or  the  St.  James's  Club, 
whence  he  removed  to  the  royal  household, 
becoming  maitre  d'hotel  and  chief  cook  in 
ordinary  to  the  queen.  He  next  farmed  the 
once  flourishing  Coventry  House  Club,  and 
for  seven  years  was  chef  de  cuisine  to  the 
Reform  Club.  He  afterwards  managed  the 
St.  James's  Hotel,  Berkeley  Street,  Piccadilly, 
and  finally  the  Freemasons'  Tavern,which  post 
he  held  until  within  a  short  period  of  his  death. 
Francatelli  was  very  successful  as  an  author. 
In  1845  he  published  the  '  Modern  Cook,' 
which  ran  through  twelve  editions.  This 
was  succeeded  in  1861  by 'The  Cook's  Guide 
and  Butler's  Assistant.'  The  same  year  he 
issued  his '  Plain  Cookery  Book  for  the  Work- 
ing Classes,'  and  in  1862  the  'Royal  English 
and  Foreign  Confectionery  Book.'  In  the 
latter  work  he  discussed  the  art  of  confec- 
tionery in  all  its  branches  as  practised  in 
England  and  in  all  the  leading  European 
countries.  While  able  to  dress  the  costliest 
banquets,  Francatelli  was  likewise  a  culinary 
economist.  On  one  occasion  he  characteris- 
tically remarked  that  he  could  feed  every 
day  a  thousand  families  on  the  food  that  was 
wasted  in  London.  His  cookery  book  for  the 
working  classes  contained  information  of 
practical  value  to  the  poor.  Francatelli  died 
at  Eastbourne  on  10  Aug.  1876. 

[Men  of  the  Time,  8th  edit.;  Ann. Keg.  1876; 
Illustr.  Lond.  News,  19  Aug.  1876.]  G.  B.  S. 

FRANCE,  ABRAHAM  (^.1587-1633), 

poet.    [See  FRATJSTCE.] 

FRANCIA,  FRANCOIS  LOUIS  THO- 
MAS (1772-1839),  water-colour  painter,  was 
born  at  Calais  21  Dec.  1772,  and  was  brought 
early  in  life  to  London  by  his  father,  a  re- 
fugee. He  was  for  some  time  employed  as  an 
assistant  of  a  drawing-master  named  Barrow, 
who  was  the  master  of  John  Varley  [q.  v.] 
He  commenced  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Aca- 


Francillon 


164 


Francis 


demy  in  1795,  and  contributed  from  that  year 
to  1821  (inclusive)  eighty-five  works  in  all 
to  its  exhibitions.  He  was  one  of  the  sketch- 
ing society  formed  by  Thomas  Girtin  [q.  v.] 
about  1799,  and  there  is  a  moonlight  composi- 
tion in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  dated 
in  that  year.  He  was  a  member  of  the  (now 
Royal)  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-Colours, 
and  for  some  time  its  secretary,  but  he  re- 
signed his  membership,  and  became  in  1816 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  associate- 
ship  of  the  Royal  Academy.  The  next  year 
he  retired  to  Calais,  where  he  resided  till  his 
death  on  6  Feb.  1839.  Here  he  gave  instruc- 
tion to  R.  P.  Bonington  [q.  v.],  whose  coast 
scenes  bear  much  resemblance  to  the  later 
works  of  Francia.  Francia's  earlier  drawings 
are  broad  and  simple  in  execution,  rich,  but 
sombre  in  colour,  like  those  of  Girtin ;  but 
his  later  work,  while  still  retaining  its  breadth 
and  harmony,  is  brighter  and  lighter  in  tone, 
and  more  subtle  in  handling.  Though  he 
painted  landscape  of  different  kinds,  his  fa- 
vourite subjects  were  shore  scenes,  which  he 
executed  with  great  truth  and  beauty  of  aerial 
effect.  He  was  an  excellent  draughtsman  of 
boats  and  shipping,  and  some  of  his  drawings 
were  engraved  to  illustrate  a  book  of  sketches 
of  shipping  by  E.  W.  Cooke  [q.  v.]  He  was 
one  of  the  earliest  and  most  accomplished  of 
English  water-colourists,  and  his  works  are 
distinguished  by  their  fine  colour  and  poetical 
feeling.  There  are  several  of  his  drawings  at 
the  South  Kensington  Museum,  and  a  few  at 
the  British  Museum.  In  1810  he  published 
'  Studies  of  Landscapes  by  T.  Gainsborough, 
J.  Hoppner,  R.A.,  T.  Girtin,  &c.,  imitated 
from  the  originals  by  L.  F.' 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Graves's  Diet,  of 
Artists ;  Bryan's  Diet.  (Graves) ;  English  Ency- 
clopaedia ;  private  information.]  C.  M. 

FRANCILLON,  JAMES  (1802-1866), 
legal  writer,  sixth  son  of  Francis  Francillon 
of  Harwich,  Essex,  descended  from  a  Hu- 
guenot family  settled  in  this  country  since 
1685,  was  born  21  Nov.  1802,  educated  at  the 
king's  school,  Rochester, '  served  his  articles ' 
and  was  admitted  an  attorney,  thereafter 
entered  a  student  at  Gray's  Inn,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  by  that  society  in  1833. 
He  went  the  Oxford  circuit,  enjoyed  a  fair 
practice,  but  was  chiefly  employed  in  cham- 
ber work.  In  1847,  when  the  modern  county 
courts  were  constituted,  he  was  appointed 
judge  for  the  Gloucestershire  district.  He 
was  also  a  magistrate  for  Gloucestershire 
and  Wiltshire,  and  deputy-chairman  of  the 
Gloucestershire  quarter  sessions.  Francillon, 
who  was  married  and  had  issue,  died  at 
Lausanne  of  cholera  3  Sept.  1866.  He  wrote 


1  Lectures,  Elementary  and  Familiar,  on 
English  Law,'  first  and  second  series,  1860-1. 
This  work,  written  in  a  popular  style,  had 
some  reputation. 

[County  Court  Chronicle  and  Bankruptcy  Ga- 
zette, 1  Oct.  1866,  p.  227;  Gent.  Mag.  October 
1866,  p.  559.]  F.  W-T. 

FRANCIS,  ALBAN  (d.  1715),  Benedic- 
tine monk,  a  native  of  Middlesex,  became  a 
professed  monk  on  9  May  1670,  in  the  abbey 
of  St.  Adrian  and  St.  Denis  at  Lansperg  or 
Lambspring  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover 
(WELDON,  Chronicle,  App.  p.  24).  He  as- 
sumed in  religion  the  name  of  Placid.  He 
was  sent  to  the  mission  in  Cambridgeshire. 
On  7  Feb.  1686-7  James  II  addressed  a 
mandatory  letter  under  his  signet  manual  to 
Dr.  John  Peachell,  master  of  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, and  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  com- 
manding him  to  admit  Francis  to  the  degree 
as  master  of  arts  'without  administering  unto 
him  any  oath  or  oaths  whatsoever,  or  ten- 
dering any  subscription  to  be  made  by  him.r 
This  letter  was  laid  before  a  congregation  of 
the  university  on  21  Feb.,  and  the  senate 
advised  that  the  king  should  be  petitioned* 
to  revoke  his  mandate.  The  esquire-bedels 
and  the  registrars  were  sent  to  inform  Fran- 
cis that  the  senate  were  ready  to  admit  him. 
to  the  degree  provided  that  he  would  swear 
as  the  law  appointed,  but  he  refused  to  do 
so,  insisting  upon  the  royal  dispensation.  On. 
the  same  afternoon  the  heads  met  in  the 
consistory,  and  agreed  to  send  a  letter  to  the 
Duke  of  Albemarle  and  another  to  the  Earl 
of  Sunderland,  secretary  of  state,  througk 
whose  hands  the  mandate  had  passed.  A 
second  letter  from  the  king  dated  24  Feb. 
was  read  in  the  senate  on  1 1  March.  The 
I  senate,  confirmed  by  the  approval  of  several 
j  eminent  lawyers,  persisted  in  its  refusal  to 
!  comply  with  the  royal  letters.  Consequently 
I  the  vice-chancellor  and  the  senate  (by  its. 
deputies)  were  cited  to  appear  before  the 
ecclesiastical  commissioners  at  Whitehall. 
,  The  lord  chancellor  (Jeffreys)  pronounced 
the  decision  of  the  commissioners  on  7  May 
1687.  Peachell  was  deprived  of  the  office  of 
;  vice-chancellor  and  was  suspended,  ab  officio 
et  beneficio,  of  his  mastership  during  his 
majesty's  pleasure.  At  a  subsequent  sitting- 
(12  May)  the  lord  chancellor  reprimanded 
;  the  deputies  of  the  senate.  Another  vice- 
chancellor  was  elected,  Dr.  Balderston,  mas- 
I  ter  of  Emmanuel  College,  but  Francis  never 
got  his  degree. 

At  the  revolution  Francis  withdrew  to 
Lambspring,  whence  he  removed  in  1699  to 
the  English  Benedictine  college  of  St.  Gre- 
gory at  Douay.  He  was  again  sent  to  the 


Francis 


165 


Francis 


mission  in  the  south  province  of  England, 
where  he  died  on  27  July  1715  (SNOW,  Ne- 
crology, p.  87). 

[Howell's  State  Trials,  xi.  1319-37  ;  Cooper's 
Annals  of  Cambridge,  iii.  614;  Dodd's  Church 
Hist,  iii.  424,  489 ;  Macaulay's  Hist,  of  England; 
Addit.  MSS.  5869,  f.  71,  32095,  f.  238  ;  Corrie's 
Notices  of  the  Interference  of  the  Crown  with 
the  Affairs  of  the  English  Universities,  p.  62 ; 
Burnet's  Hist,  of  his  own  Time  (1838),  p.  443  ; 
Echard's  Hist,  of  England ;  Pepys's  Memoirs, 
v.  117.]  T.  C. 

FRANCIS,  ANNE  (1738-1800),  au- 
thoress, daughter  of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Gittins, 
rector  of  South  Stoke,  near  Arundel,  Sussex, 
was  educated  by  her  father  in  the  classics  and 
Hebrew,  and  became  a  competent  scholar. 
She  married  the  Rev.  Robert  Bransby  Francis, 
rector  of  Edgefield,  near  Holt,  Norfolk.  She 
died  on  7  Nov.  1800.  She  published:  1.  'A 
Poetical  Translation  of  the  Song  of  Solomon 
from  the  original  Hebrew,  with  a  preliminary 
Discourse  and  Notes,  historical  and  explana- 
tory,' 1781, 4to.  2.  'The  Obsequies  of  Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes:  a  Poem,' 1785, 4to.  3. 'A 
Poetical  Epistle  from  Charlotte  to  Werther,' 
1788,  4to.  4.  '  Miscellaneous  Poems,'  1790, 
12mo. 

[Dallaway's  Western  Sussex,  ii.  193.] 

.T.  M.  E. 

FRANCIS,  ENOCH  (1688-1740),  Welsh 
"baptist,  was  born  in  1688  at  Pantyllaethdy, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tivy,  and  began  to  preach 
'in  1707.  He  was  settled  first  at  Capel  lago, 
Llanbyther,  but  removed  in  1730  to  New- 
castle Emlyn,  Carmarthenshire.  He  became 
one  of  the  most  popular  and  successful  mini- 
sters of  his  denomination.  He  was  mode- 
rator of  the  baptist  association  at  Hengoed, 
Glamorganshire,  in  1730,  '  but  the  meeting,' 
says  Thomas, '  was  uncomfortable.  There  were 
very  warm  debates  upon  general  redemption 
and  other  articles  connected  with  it.  Mr.  E. 
Francis  had  work  enough  to  moderate  some 
tempers.'  The  disturbing  element  at  Hengoed 
was  Charles  Winter.  Francis's  publications 
•were:  1.  'The  Work  and  Reward  of  the 
Faithful  Minister  of  the  Gospel,'  1729.  2.  '  A 
Word  in  Season,'  1733.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  some  of  the  association  letters ;  that  of 
1734  is  specially  mentioned.  He  died  4  Feb. 
1739-40.  Mary,  his  wife,  died  23  Aug.  1739, 
Aged  49,  and  the  inscription  on  the  tomb  tells 
us  'Enoch  walked  with  God;'  'Mary  has 
chosen  the  better  part.'  The  historian  of  the 
"baptists  concludes  his  memoir  with  an  elegy 
T>y  Jenkin  Thomas,  Drewen. 

[Thomas's  Hist.  Baptist  Association ;  Thomas's 
Hanes  y  Bedyddwyr;  Eees's  Hist,  of  Noncon- 
formity in  Wales.]  B.  J.  J. 


FRANCIS,  FRANCIS  (1822-1886), 
writer  on  angling,  born  in  1822  at  Seaton, 
Devonshire,  was  son  of  Captain  Morgan, 
R.N.,  his  mother  being  the  only  daughter  of 
Mr.  Hartley,  who  founded  the  Hartley  In- 
stitution at  Southampton.  He  changed  his 
name  on  coming  of  age  and  inheriting  pro- 
perty. After  being  educated  at  various  private 
schools,  and  with  several  tutors,  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer,  but  on  com- 
pleting his  articles  abandoned  it  for  sport  and 
sporting  literature.  In  1851  he  married  Mary 
Cole  of  Oxford,  and  henceforth,  happy  in  his 
domestic  life,  enthusiastically  devoted  him- 
self to  angling  and  all  connected  with  it.  No 
kind  of  fishing,  from  gudgeon  to  salmon,  came 
amiss  to  him,  and  he  speedily  made  himself 
familiar  with  every  mode  of  catching  fish. 
His  ardour  never  flagged;  a  lifetime  of  fishing 
found  him,  when  he  reeled  up  his  last  line 
at  Houghton,  Hampshire,  as  enthusiastic  as 
when  in  his  boyhood  he  caught  his  first  fish. 
He  was  angling  editor  of  the '  Field '  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  frequently 
wrote  his  experiences  as  an  angler,  together 
with  reminiscences  of  angling  literature,  and 
papers  on  cognate  subjects  in  the  columns  of 
that  newspaper.  He  found  time  also  to  make 
himself  a  fair  classical  scholar,  and  to  obtain 
a  knowledge  of  the  masterpieces  of  the  English 
language.  The  collection  of  a  good  angling 
library  formed  a  congenial  entertainment  to 
him.  Francis  established  the  Thames  Rights 
Defence  Association,  throughout  life  advo- 
cated the  cause  of  fish  culture,  and  suggested 
the  plan  of  '  The  National  Fish-Culture  As- 
sociation,' which  has  since  been  carried  out. 
He  had  a  large  share,  too,  in  introducing  the 
ova  of  English  trout  to  the  New  Zealand  and 
Tasmanian  streams.  Thus  he  occupied  him- 
self with  his  rod  and  pen  during  many  happy 
years  until  he  was  seized  with  a  severe  stroke 
of  paralysis  in  1883.  Though  he  eventually 
recovered  from  this,  he  grew  thinner  month 
by  month,  and  an  old  cancerous  affection, 
for  which  he  had  previously  undergone  two 
operations,  recurring,  he  died  in  his  chair  on 
24  Dec.  1886.  He  had  long  lived  at  Twicken- 
ham and  was  buried  there. 

Francis  was  a  member  of  the  commission 
on  oyster  culture  from  1868  to  1870,  and 
was  always  enthusiastic  about  the  improve- 
ment of  English  streams.  As  naturalist  di- 
rector for  some  years  of  the  Brighton  Aqua- 
rium he  had  special  opportunities  of  observ- 
ing fish  and  making  experiments  on  their 
culture.  He  was  of  fine  stature,  active  in 
mind  and  body,  quick  with  his  pen,  and 
never  unemployed  ;  cheerful,  bright,  sympa- 
thetic, and  independent,  his  courage  was  ex- 
traordinary, and  was  well  exhibited  in  the 


Francis 


166 


Francis 


indomitable  fortitude  with  which  he  bore  the 
pains  and  necessary  operations  of  the  attempts 
to  cure  the  cancer  in  his  tongue.  Scrupu- 
lously fair  in  word  and  thought,  his  nervous 
temperament  made  him  no  respecter  of  per- 
sons, and  at  times  caused  him  to  be  hasty 
both  in  temper  and  judgment,  but  he  was 
always  ready  to  own  himself  mistaken,  and 
was  quick  to  forgive  as  well  as  to  forget.  On 
the  Test  and  Itchen,  and  among  the  Scotch 
lochs  and  rivers,  which  he  loved  to  frequent, 
his  name  will  long  be  remembered.  '  His 
memory  is  the  memory  of  a  man  who  spent 
his  life  not  merely  in  selfish  amusement,  but 
in  contributing  largely  to  the  amusement  of 
others  '  (Memoir  in  Book  of  Angling).  More 
perhaps  than  any  other  he  instructed  and 
delighted  the  enormous  number  of  anglers 
who  have  sprung  into  existence  during  the 
last  thirty  years  by  his  writings,  his  geniality, 
and  his  prowess  as  a  fisherman. 

Besides  '  The  Diplomatic  History  of  the 
Greek  War '  (1878)  which  he  wrote  in  early 
life,  Francis  was  the  author  of:  1.  '  Pickacki- 
fax,'  a  novel  in  rhyme,  1854.  2.  '  The  Real 
Salt,' a  yachting  story,  1854.  3.  'The  Angler's 
Register,'  1858, 1860, 1861,  from  which  sprang 
the  '  Angler's  Diary.'  4.  '  Newton  Dogvane,' 
a  novel,  3  vols.,  illustrated  by  Leech,  1859. 
6.  'Fish  Culture,'  1863.  6.  'A  Book  on 
Angling,'  1867,  his  best  work,  which  has 
often  been  enlarged  and  reissued  in  subse- 
quent years.  7.  '  Sidney  Bellew,'  a  sporting 
novel,  2  vols.,  1870.  8.  '  Reports  on  Salmon 
Ladders,'  1870.  9.  '  By  Lake  and  River/ 
rambles  in  the  north  of  England  and  in  Scot- 
land. 10.  'Angling' (often  reissued),  1877. 

11.  'Sporting  Sketches  with  Pen  and  Pencil,' 
1878  ( in  conjunction  with  Mr.  A.  W.  Cooper). 

12.  'Miscellaneous Papers  from  the  "Field,"' 
1880.     13.  'The  Practical  Management  of 
Fisheries,' 1883.  14.  'Angling  Reminiscences,' 
a  posthumous  work,  1887,  containing  almost 
his  last  contributions  to  the  '  Field  '  paper. 
Besides  these  he  wrote  the  articles  on  angling 
in  '  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,'  and  contri- 
buted a  number  of  scattered  papers  to  other 
magazines  and  journals. 

[Fishing  Gazette;  Field  and  Academy  for 
1  Jan.  1887  ;  Westwood  and  Satchell's  Biblio- 
theca  Piscatoria;  Memoir  prefixed  to  the  sixth 
edition  of  his  Book  on  Angling;  private  infor- 
mation.] M.  G.  W. 

FRANCIS,  GEORGE  GRANT  (1814- 
1882),  Welsh  antiquary,  eldest  son  of  John 
Francis  of  Swansea,  Glamorganshire,  by  his 
wife,  Mary  Grant,  was  born  in  that  town  in 
January  1814,  and  educated  at  the  high 
school  there.  Until  within  a  few  years  of  his 
death  Francis  took  a  very  prominent  part  in 


every  question  affecting  the  interest  of  his 
native  town.  '  It  mattered  little,'  writes  one 
who  knew  him  well, '  whether  the  subject  was 
one  of  antiquarian  research, ...  or  a  question 
of  modern  improvement  and  progress,  such, 
as  railways,  docks,  or  tramways.  Whatever 
his  hand  found  to  do  he  did  it  with  a  might 
which  certainly  deserved  success,  though  it 
by  no  means  uniformly  commanded  it.  ... 
As  with  many  other  men  of  a  similar  tem- 
perament, his  enthusiasm  ran  away  with 
him.'  His  numerous  schemes  for  local  im- 
provements were,  in  fact,  somewhat  in  ad- 
vance of  his  time,  and  being  always  finan-1 
cially  weak,  met  with  an  imperfect  apprecia- 
tion. In  1835  he  helped  to  found  the  Royal 
Institution  of  South  Wales,  and  presented  it 
with  his  large  collections  of  local  fossils,  an- 
tiquities, coins,  and  seals,  together  with  one 
of  the  best  libraries  of  works  relating  to 
Wales  extant,  of  which  he  compiled  and 
printed  a  catalogue,  afterwards  adding  a. 
supplementary  volume.  He  also  shared  in 
the  formation  of  the  Cambrian  Archaeological 
Association  in  1846,  and  frequently  contri-< 
buted  to  its  journal,  the  '  Archaeologia  Cam- 
brensis.'  To  the  volume  for  1848  he  sent  for 
insertion  the  original  contract  of  affiance  be- 
tween Edward  of  Carnarvon,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  Isabella,  daughter  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  king  of  France,  dated  at  Paris  20  May 
1303,  which  he  had  discovered  in  Swansea, 
Castle.  It  was  printed  separately  the  same 
year.  He  was  active  in  restoring  to  public 
use  the  ancient  grammar  school  of  Bishop 
Gore,  of  which  he  was  many  years  chairman 
and  one  of  the  trustees.  His  connection 
with  it  enabled  him  to  collect  materials  for 
his  book, '  The  Free  Grammar  School,  Swan- 
sea ;  with  brief  Memoirs  of  its  Founders  and 
Masters,  and  copies  of  original  deeds,'  8vo, 
Swansea,  1849.  By  the  town  council  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  restoration  and  arrange- 
ment of  their  neglected  and  scattered  muni- 
ments, which  task  he  performed  so  admirably 
as  to  call  forth  a  warm  eulogium  from  Lord 
Campbell  in  the  court  of  queen's  bench.  He 
afterwards  privately  printed  one  hundred 
copies  of  '  Charters  granted  to  Swansea.  .  .  . 
Translated,  illustrated,  and  edited  by  G.  G. 
Francis,'LatinandEnglish,fol.,London,1867. 
The  preservation  and  restoration  of  Oyster- 
mouth  Castle,  near  Swansea — one  of  the 
many  ancient  ruins  pertaining  to  the  house 
of  Beaufort,  lords  of  Gower  and  Kilvey — 
were  also  owing  to  his  exertions,  for  which 
he  was  presented  with  a  piece  of  plate.  In 
1851  Francis  was  selected  to  represent  the 
Swansea  district  as  local  commissioner  at  the 
Great  Exhibition.  During  the  same  year  the 
British  Association  appointed  him  secretary 


Francis 


167 


Francis 


to  its  department  of  ethnology  when  holding 
its  meeting  at  Swansea.  He  was  mayor  of 
the  borough  in  1853-4,  and  was  also  colonel 
of  the  1st  Glamorgan  artillery  volunteers,  a 
corps  raised  by  his  exertions  in  1859.  In 
1867  Francis  communicated  to  the  Swansea 
newspaper,  '  The  Cambrian,' '  as  the  earliest 
organ  of  the  copper  trade,'  some  curious 
papers  which  he  had  discovered  in  theliecord 
Office  on  the  metallurgy  of  the  district. 
These  papers  excited  considerable  attention, 
and  the  author  consented  to  gather  them  to- 
gether and  print  fifty  copies  for  presents  as 
'The  Smelting  of  Copper  in  the  Swansea 
District,  from  the  Time  of  Elizabeth  to  the 
Present  Day,'  8vo,  Swansea,  1867.  So  nu- 
merous, however,  were  the  inquiries  for  this 
book  that  he  published  it  in  1881  as  a  quarto 
volume,  illustrated  with  autotype  portraits 
of  men  connected  with  the  copper  trade,  and 
sketches  of  places  historically  interesting 
from  their  connection  with  copper  smelting. 
From  a  large  mass  of  original  documents  ex- 
tant among  the  Gnoll  papers  at  Neath,  Fran- 
cis was  able  to  add  to  this  second  edition 
many  new  and  important  facts;  while  he 
personally  examined  each  of  the  copper- 
smelting  works  described  in  the  book. 

Francis  died  at  his  town  house,  9  Upper 
Phillimore  Place,  Kensington,  21  April  1882, 
and  was  buried  on  the  26th  in  Swansea  ce- 
metery. By  his  marriage  in  1840  to  Sarah, 
eldest  daughter  of  John  Richardson  of  Swan- 
sea, and  of  "Whitby  Lodge,  Northumberland, 
he  left  issue  three  sons.  He  was  electedF.S.A. 
16  Jan.  1845,  was  its  honorary  secretary  for 
South  Wales,  and  was  also  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scot- 
land and  of  the  Welsh  Manuscripts  Society. 
In  addition  to  those  already  named  Francis 
wrote  many  other  monographs  on  Welsh 
history  and  topography,  of  which  we  may 
mention :  1.  '  Original  Charters  and  Mate- 
rials for  a  History  of  Neath  and  its  Abbey, 
with  illustrations,  now  first  collected,'  8vo, 
Swansea,  1845  (fifty  copies  privately  printed). 
2.  '  The  Value  of  Holdings  in  Glamorgan 
and  Swansea  in  1545  and  1717,  shown  by 
rentals  of  the  Herbert  Family.  Edited  from 
the  originals,'  fol.,  Swansea,  1869  (twenty-five 
copies  printed).  3.  '  Notes  on  a  Gold  Chain 
of  Office  presented  to  the  Corporation  of 
Swansea  in  ...  1875,  .  .  .  together  with  a 
list  of  [mayors]  from  1835  to  1875,'  4to, 
Swansea,  London  (printed),  1876.  He  also 
assisted  L.  W.  Dillwyn  in  the  latter's  '  Con- 
tributions towards  a  History  of  Swansea,' 
8vo,  Swansea,  1840,  joined  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Bliss  in  writing '  Some  Account  of  Sir  Hugh 
Johnys,  Deputy  Knight  Marshal  of  England, 
temp.  Henry  VI  and  Edward  IV,  and  of  his 


Monumental  Brass  in  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Swansea,'  8vo,  Swansea,  1845,  and  readily 
gave  Dr.  Thomas  Nicholas  the  benefit  of  hia 
varied  knowledge  in  the  compilation  of  the 
'  Annals  of  Counties  and  County  Families  of 
Wales,'  1872,  1875. 

[Swansea  and  Glamorgan  Herald,  26  April  and 
3Mayl882;  Nicholas's  Annals,  ii.  628;  Thomas's 
Handbook  to  the  Public  Kecords,  Introd.  p.  xviii ; 
Lists  of  Soc.  Antiq. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Athenaeum, 
22  April  1882,  pp.  510-11.]  G-.  G. 

FRANCIS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1800- 
1865),  botanical  writer,  was  born  in  London 
in  1800.  Besides  the  works  enumerated 
below,  he  edited  the  first  five  volumes  of 
the '  Magazine  of  Science  and  School  of  Arts,' 
1840-5.  His  family  increasing  he  emigrated 
to  Australia,  arriving  in  the  colony  by  the 
Louisa  Baillie  2  Sept.  1849.  Shortly  after 
his  arrival  he  took  the  old  botanical  garden, 
north  of  the  Torrens  river,  as  a  yearly  tenant, 
and  was  subsequently  appointed  director  of 
the  Adelaide  botanic  garden.  This  position 
he  held  until  his  death,  after  a  long  illness, 
of  dropsy  on  9  Aug.  1865 ;  he  was  buried 
the  next  day.  He  left  a  widow  and  ten 
children. 

He  published:  1.  'Catalogue  of  British 
Plants  and  Ferns,'  1835  ;  5th  edition,  1840. 
2.  '  Analysis  of  British  Ferns/  1837 ;  6th 
edition,  1855.  3. '  Little  English  Flora,'  1 839. 
4.  '  Grammar  of  Botany,'  1840.  5.  '  Chemi- 
cal Experiments,'  1842,  abridged  by  W.  White, 
1851,  and  republished  as '  Chemistry  for  Stu- 
dents.' 6.  '  Favourites  of  the  Flower  Garden,' 
1844.  7.  'Manual  of  Practical  Levelling  for 
Railways  and  Canals,'  1846.  8.  '  Art  of  Mo- 
delling Wax  Flowers,'  1849.  9.  '  Electrical 
Experiments,'  8th  edition,  1855.  10.  'Diet. 
Practical  Receipts,' new  edition,  1857. 11. 'Ac- 
climatisation of  Animals  and  Plants,'  Royal 
Society,  South  Australia,  1862. 

[South  Australian  Register,  10  Aug.  1865.] 

B.  D.  J. 

FRANCIS,  JAMES  GOODALL  (1819- 
1884),  Australian  statesman,  was  born  in 
London  in  1819.  In  1834  he  arrived  in  Tas- 
mania. He  obtained  employment  in  the  firm 
of  Boys  &  Pointer  at  Hobart.  In  1847  the 
business  was  transferred  to  himself  together 
with  a  partner  named  Macpherson.  In  1853 
the  firm,  Francis  &  Macpherson,  opened  a 
branch  establishment  in  Victoria.  Francis  be- 
came managing  partner  there  and  took  up  his 
permanent  residence  in  Melbourne.  His  posi- 
tion rapidly  grew  in  influence.  He  became 
director  of  the  bank  of  New  South  Wales  in 
1855,  vice-president  of  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce in  1856,  and  president  in  1857.  In 


Francis 


168 


Francis 


October  1859  he  was  elected  to  the  Victorian 
Legislative  Assembly  (the  Lower  House)  for 
Richmond,  and  he  sat  in  the  house  for  the 
same  constituency  till  his  retirement  fifteen 
years  later.  He  entered  the  cabinet  of  Wil- 
liam Nicholson  on  25  Nov.  1859  as  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Lands  and  Works  and 
commissioner  of  public  works.  He  held  the 
office  till  3  Sept.  1860.  When  James  M'Cul- 
loch  formed  a  ministry  on  27  June  1863, 
Francis  became  commissioner  of  trade  and 
customs,  and  retired  with  his  chief  6  May 
1868.  M'Culloch  held  office  for  a  third  time, 
9  April  1870-19  June  1871,  when  Francis 
joined  him  as  treasurer.  Francis  supported 
the  protectionist  revision  of  the  tariff,  1865-6, 
and  was  always  a  protectionist,  although  he 
deemed  five  and  ten  per  cent,  duties  adequate 
to  protect  native  industries.  After  the  fall 
of  Charles  Gavan  Duffy's  administration  in 
June  1872,  Francis  was  entrusted  by  "Vis- 
count Canterbury,  the  governor,  with  the 
formation  of  a  ministry.  He  retired  on  3  July 
1874,  having  passed  a  free  education  act  and 
other  important  measures,  including  railway 
bills  involving  an  expenditure  of  2,250,000/. 
A  dangerous  attack  of  pleurisy  was  the  chief 
cause  of  his  resignation.  On  recovery  he  paid 
a  long  visit  to  England.  In  1878  he  reentered 
political  life,  and  was  returned  to  the  Vic- 
toria Assembly  as  member  for  Warrnam- 
bool.  On  the  retirement  of  Sir  James  M'Cul- 
loch he  took  office  once  again  under  James 
Service,  but  a  painful  illness  compelled  him 
to  retire  into  private  life  in  1882.  Francis 
frequently  declined  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
and  business  reasons  prevented  his  accept- 
ance of  the  post  of  agent-general  for  the  colony 
in  London,  when  offered  him  by  Sir  Bryan 
O'Loghlan.  Francis  was  not  a  polished 
speaker,  but  his  integrity  gave  him  enormous 
influence  in  the  assembly.  As  premier  he 
avoided  constitutional  strife  or  sensational 
appeals  to  the  people.  His  practical  good 
sense  was  widely  appreciated.  He  died  at 
Queenscliff,  Victoria,  on  25  Jan.  1884,  and 
was  buried  privately,  according  to  the  wishes 
of  his  family,  on  28  Jan. 

[Private  information ;  Heaton's  Australian 
Diet.  pp.  72-3,  160-2  ;  Times,  29  Jan.  1884.] 

FRANCIS,  JOHN  (1780-1861),  sculptor, 
was  born  in  Lincolnshire  3  Sept.  1780,  and 
brought  up  to  farming,  but  showing  some 
talent  for  the  arts,  he  was  advised  by  a  few 
friends  to  settle  in  London,  where  he  became 
a  pupil  of  Chantrey.  He  first  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1820  a  bust  of  T.  W.  Coke, 
esq.,  and  another  of  Captain  Sir  W.  Bolton, 
R.N.  At  this  period  his  residence  was  at 
Thornham,  Norfolk.  In  1822,  when  he  sent 


to  the  same  institution  a  bust  of  Miss  Horatia 
Nelson,  he  was  living  at  2  New  Norfolk 
Street,  Park  Lane.  In  1844  he  executed  by 
command  of  her  majesty  in  marble  a  bust  of 
his  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert,  and  a  few 
years  earlier  a  bust  of  Queen  Victoria,  now 
in  the  hall  of  the  Reform  Club.  About  this 
period  Francis  removed  to  56  Albany  Street, 
Regent's  Park.  Among  his  other  works  may 
be  mentioned  the  following:  Busts  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Norfolk  (1844) ;  bust  in 
bronze  of  the  Duke  of  Sussex  (1847) ;  marble 
bust  of  Lord  John  Russell,  now  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery  (1848)  ;  a  bronze  medal 
of  Eos,  a  favourite  greyhound  of  Prince  Al- 
bert (1848) ;  marble  bust  of  the  Hon.  Edward 
Petre  (1848) ;  four  busts,  in  marble,  of  various 
members  of  the  Eaton  family  (1851) ;  pos- 
thumous bust  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  (1852) ; 
bust  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  now  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  (1852) ;  posthu- 
mous bust  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  James  Norton 
(1854);  bust  of  Vice-admiral  Sir  Charles 
Napier  (1855) ;  cabinet  bust  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Earl  of  Aberdeen  (1856).  Francis  died 
in  Albany  Street,  30  Aug.  1861. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists.]  L.  F. 

FRANCIS,  JOHN  (1811-1 882).  publisher 
of  the  '  Athenaeum,'  was  born  in  Bermondsey 
on  18  July  1811.  His  father,  James  Parker 
Francis  of  Saffron  Wralden,  Essex,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Perkins  of 
Wrare,  and  came  to  London  to  carry  on  the 
business  of  a  leather-dresser.  For  twenty- 
five  years  he  was  honorary  secretary  of  the 
Leather-dressers'  Trades  Union,  and  died 
24  Aug.  1850,  aged  73.  John  received  his 
earliest  education  from  F.  Painter,  in  Long 
Lane,  Bermondsey.  He  afterwards  attended 
a  nonconformist  school  in  Unicorn  Yard, 
Tooley  Street,  Southwark,  the  master  of 
which  helped  him  in  1823  to  apprentice  him- 
self to  E.  Marlborough,  the  well-known  news- 
paper agent,  4  Ave  Maria  Lane.  Having 
served  his  full  time,  in  September  1831  he 
entered  the  office  of  the  '  Athenaeum '  as  a 
junior  clerk,  but  he  showed  such  ability  that 
he  became  business  manager  and  publisher  of 
the  journal  on  4  Oct.  At  fourteen  years  of 
age  he  taught  in  the  Sunday  school  of  Dr. 
John  Rippon's  chapel,  Carter  Lane,  South- 
wark, and  was  superintendent  when  Dr.  Rip- 
pon  removed  to  New  Park  Street  in  1833.  In 
1849  Francis  joined  the  new  Bloomsbury 
Chapel  under  the  pastorate  of  Dr.  William 
Brock,  and  did  good  service  as  a  district 
visitor  in  St.  Giles's.  At  an  early  period  of 
his  business  career  his  attention  was  drawn  to 
the  heavy  fiscal  restrictions  on  the  newspaper 
press,  and  he  took  an  active  and  prominent 


Francis 


169 


Francis 


part  in  trying  to  remove  them.  While  Milner 
Gibson  fought  the  battle  in  parliament,  Fran- 
eis  did  more  than  any  man  out  of  doors  to- 
wards bringing  about  the  repeal  of  the  adver- 
tisement duty  of  Is.  6d.  on  each  advertisement, 
of  the  stamp  duty  of  Id.  on  each  newspaper, 
and  lastly  of  the  paper  duty  of  I$d.  per  pound, 
which  charges  were  successively  repealed  in 
1853, 1855,  and  1861.  During  the  long  agi- 
tation on  this  question  he  was  constantly  en- 
gaged in  deputations  to  the  leading  ministers 
of  the  day,  and  was  really  the  founder  of  the 
Association  for  the  Repeal  of  the  Paper  Duty, 
on  behalf  of  which  he  visited  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin  in  company  with  John  Cassell  [q.  v.] 
and  Henry  Vizetelly.  In  1863  his  services 
were  rewarded  by  the  presentation,  at  47  Pa- 
ternoster Row,  of  a  testimonial  from  gentle- 
men representing  the  press  and  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Repeal  of  the  Taxes  on  Knowledge. 

*  The  Bookseller '  of  26  April  1861  (pp.  215- 
216)  contains  a  paper  by  him  on  *  The  Pro- 
gress of  Periodical  Literature  from  1830  to 
I860,'  and  on  7  Jan.  1870  he  contributed  to 
the  '  Athenaeum '  an  essay  on '  The  Literature 
of  the  People.'     He  undertook  the  charge  of 
the  commercial  affairs  of '  Notes  and  Queries ' 
in  1872,  in  addition  to  his  other  work,  and  in 
October  1881  he  celebrated  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary of  his   becoming   publisher   of  the 

*  Athenaeum.'     For  many  years  he  resided  at 
2  Catherine  Street  and  then  at  20  Welling- 
ton Street,  in  connection  with  his  publishing 
offices.     Later  on  he  lived  at  11  Burghley 
Road,  Highgate  Road ;  but  he  returned  in 
1881  to  20  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  Lon- 
don, where  he  died  on  6  April  1882,  and  was 
buried  in  Highgate  cemetery  on  18  April, 
near  the  grave  of  Faraday,  in  the  presence  of 
many  literary  men.    In  his  memory  two  John 
Francis  pensions  were  founded  in  connection 
with  the  Newsvendors'  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion.  His  wife,  Charlotte  Collins,  died  7  Dec. 
1879,  aged  71. 

Francis's  elder  son,  John  Collins  Francis, 
succeeded  him  as  publisher  of  the  'Athe- 
naeum,' and  his  younger  son,  Edward  James 
Francis,  was  manager  of  the 'Weekly  Dis- 
patch' from  1875  till  his  death.  14  June 
1881. 

[J.  C.  Francis's  John  Francis,  publisher  of  the 
Athenaeum,  1888,  i.  1-19,  45-7,  226,  ii.  173  et 
seq.,  545-50,  with  portrait;  Times,  11  April 
1882,  p.  5,  12  April,  p.  1,  19  April,  p.  12  ;  Athe- 
naeum, 15  April  1882,  p.  476,  and  27  Dec.  1884, 
p.  826  ;  Sunday  School  Chronicle,  21  April  1882, 
p.  205  ;  Grant's  Newspaper  Press  (1871),  ii.  299, 
313,  320;  Henry  J.  Nicoll's  Great  Movements, 
1881,  269-339;  Bookseller,  3  May  1882,  and 
5  March  1883  and  1885.]  G.  C.  B. 


FRANCIS,  PHILIP  (1708P-1773),  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  son  of  Dr.  John  Francis,  rec- 
tor of  St.  Mary's,  Dublin  (from  which  living 
he  was  for  a  time  ejected  for  political  reasons), 
and  dean  of  Lismore,  was  born  about  1708. 
He  was  sent  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  tak- 
ing the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1728,  and  was  or- 
dained, according  to  his  father's  wish,  in  the 
Irish  branch  of  the  English  church.  He 
held  for  some  time  the  curacy  of  St.  Peter's 
parish,  Dublin,  and  while  resident  in  that  city 
published  his  translation  of  Horace,  besides 
writing  in  the  interests  of  '  the  Castle.'  Soon 
after  the  death  of  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Rowe, 
whom  he  married  in  1739,  he  crossed  to  Eng-' 
land,  and  in  1744  obtained  the  rectory  of 
Skeyton  in  Norfolk.  If  he  ever  took  up  his 
abode  on  this  living  he  soon  abandoned  it  for 
literature  and  society  in  London.  In  January 
1752,  when  Gibbon  became  an  inmate  of  his 
house,  Francis  was  keeping  or  supposed  to 
be  keeping  a  school  at  Esher ;  but  the  boy's 
friends  quickly  found  that  the  nominal  in- 
structor '  preferred  the  pleasures  of  London  to 
the  instruction  of  his  pupils,'  and  in  a-month 
or  two  Gibbon  was  removed.  To  maintain 
himself  in  the  social  life  of  London,  Francis 
tried  many  expedients,  but  most  of  them  were 
failures.  Twice  was  a  play  of  his  composition 
produced  on  the  stage,  and  each  time  without 
success.  He  tried  translation,  but,  except  in 
his  rendering  of  the  works  of  Horace,  he  was 
beaten  out  of  the  field  by  abler  writers.  .  His 
fortune  was  made  when  he  secured,  through 
the  kindness  of  Miss  Bellamy,  who.  pitied  him 
for  his  ill-success  in  play-writing  and  recom- 
mended him  to  Fox,  the  post  of  private  chap- 
lain to  Lady  Caroline  Fox,  and  became  do- 
mesticated in  her  family,  where  he  taught 
Lady  Sarah  Lennox  to  declaim  and  Charles 
James  Fox  to  read.  At  the  end  of  1757  Fox 
was  sent  to  Eton,  and  Francis  accompanied 
him  to  assist  the  boy  in  his  studies.  The  father, 
Henry  Fox,  best  known  as  Lord  Holland, 
found  the  Irish  tutor  a  useful  ally.  It  has 
sometimes  been  said  that  he  was  the  chief 
writer  in  the  paper  called  '  The  Con-test,' 
which  lived  from  November  1756  to  August 
1757,  but  the  accuracy  of  this  statement  is 
more  than  doubtful.  He  is  also  said  to  have 
contributed  to  the '  Gazette '  daily  newspaper 
on  behalf  of  the  court  interest.  When  Pitt 
resigned,  in  1761, Francis  wrote  a  libel  against 
him  under  the  title  of  'Mr.  Pitt's  Letter 
Versified,'  the  notes  to  which,  according  to 
Horace  Walpole,  were  supplied  by  Lord  Hol- 
land, and  he  followed  this  with  '  A  Letter 
from  the  Anonymous  Author  of  "  Mr.  Pitt's 
Letter  Versified," '  in  which  he  reflected  on 
Pitt's  indifference  to  the  truculent  language 
of  Colonel  Barre.  Even  so  late  as  1764  he 


Francis 


170 


Francis 


attacked  Pitt  and  "Wilkes  with  great  bitter- 
ness in  the  '  Political  Theatre.'  On  22  June 
1761  he  was  inducted  to  the  vicarage  of  Chil- 
ham  in  Kent,  but  resigned  in  the  summer  of 
1762,  and  through  Lord  Holland's  influence 
he  held  from  May  1764  to  1768  the  chaplaincy 
at  Chelsea  Hospital,  and  the  rectory  of  Bar- 
row in  Suffolk,  to  which  he  was  instituted  on 
26  Feb.  1762,  and  which  he  retained  until  his 
death.  These  preferments  did  not  exhaust  the 
•whole  of  the  wages  which  he  received  for 
political  services.  He  was  recommended  in 
January  1764  by  George  Grenville  for  a  crown 
pension  of  300/.  a  year,  and  his  letters  of  thanks 
for  these  and  other  favours  are  printed  in  the 
'  Grenville  Papers,'  ii.  250-5,  when  he  an- 
nounced, as  is  common  with  the  recipients  of 
pensions,  that  he  used  to  '  love  and  revere  the 
constitution.'  The  editor  quotes  from  a  list  of 
pensioners  on  the  Irish  establishment  for  1770 
the  entry,  'John  Stear,  esq.,  assignee  of  Philip 
Francis,  esq.,  600/.  for  31  years  from  Sept.  16, 
1762.'  Francis  was  still  unsatisfied.  He 
quarrelled  with  Lord  Holland  because  he  had 
not  been  made  an  Irish  bishop,  and  threatened 
to  expose  his  patron's  villainy.  Walpole  re- 
lates that  on  Churchill's  death  a  collection  of 
letters  from  Holland  to  Francis,  which  had 
been  supplied  by  him,  were  found  among  the 
poet's  papers,  and  that,  to  stop  any  future 
exposure,  the  peer  paid  500/.  and  obtained 
Francis's  nomination  to  the  chaplaincy  at 
Chelsea.  It  should  be  noticed,  however,  that 
the  appointment  of  Francis  to  that  position 
preceded  the  date  of  Churchill's  death,  and 
that  Churchill  attacked  him  in  the  poem  of 
the  '  Author '  as  '  the  atheist  chaplain  of  an 
atheist  lord,'  and  in  the '  Candidate '  sneered 
at  his  endeavours  to  translate.  He  was  '  very 
feeble  and  languid  in  October  1766,'  and  next 
year  he  was  '  struck  with  palsy  from  head  to 
foot.'  In  June  1771  he  was  seized  by  a  para- 
lytic stroke,  and  after  lingering  for  some  years 
died  at  Bath  5  March  1773.  He  was  fond  of 
his  son  Sir  Philip  Francis  [q.  v.],  and  numer- 
ous letters  to  and  from  him  are  in  the  son's 
memoir ;  but  he  resented  his  son's  marriage, 
and  they  were  consequently  at  variance,  but  ' 
were  afterwards  reconciled.  His  first  start  in  i 
life  was  obtained  through  his  rendering  of 
Horace,  of  which  Dr.  Johnson  said :  '  The 
lyrical  part  of  Horace  never  can  be  perfectly  i 
translated.  Francis  has  done  it  the  best.  I'll  j 
take  his  five  out  of  six  against  them  all.'  The  ; 
first  part,  consisting  of  the  '  Odes,  Epodes, 
and  Carmen  Seculare  of  Horace  in  Latin  and  '' 
English,'  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Dr.  ! 
Dunkin,  is  said  to  have  been  issued  at  Dublin 
in  two  volumes  in  1742.  It  was  republished 
in  London  in  the  next  year,  and  in  1746 
two  more  volumes,  containing  the  '  Satires, 


Epistles,  and  Art  of  Poetry,'  appeared  with 
a  dedication  in  prose  to  Lord  Newport,  lord 
chancellorof  Ireland,  who  had  encouraged  the 
translation.  The  whole  version  was  reissued 
in  1747,  on  this  occasion  with  a  poetical  dedi- 
cation to  Lord  Newport,  and  it  ran  into  many 
subsequent  editions,  that  edited  by  Edward 
Dubois  being  the  best.  It  was  also  included 
in  the  set  of  poets  edited  by  Chalmers,  the 
'  British  Poets,' vols.  xcvii-viii.,and  in  Whit- 
tingham's*  Greek  and  Roman  Poets,'  vol.  xii. 
Francis  was  at  work,  as  appears  from  a  letter 
of  Lord  Chesterfield  to  Madame  du  Boccage, 
in  1751  on  his  play  of  '  Eugenia,'  an  adapta- 
tion of  the  French  tragedy  of '  Cenie,'  and  it 
was  acted  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  on  17  Feb. 
1752,  but '  verged  towards  dullness/ and  was 
naturally  unsuccessful,  when  Chesterfield  at- 
tributed its  failure  to  the  fact  that  pit  and 
gallery  did  not  like  a  tragedy  without  blood- 
shed. A  similar  failure  attended  his  play  of 
'  Constantine,'  which  was  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  on  23  Feb.  1754,  and  expired  on  the 
fourth  night.  Genest  styles  it '  a  cold  and  un- 
interesting play,  the  plot  avowedly  taken  in 
part  from  a  French  piece.'  Both  pieces  were 
printed,  the  former  being  dedicated  to  the 
Countess  of  Lincoln,  and  the  latter  to  Lord 
Chesterfield.  For  eight  years  he  was  em- 
ployed in  studying  the  '  Orations  '  of  Demo- 
sthenes, and  his  translation  appeared  in  two 
volumes  in  1757-8,  but  it  was  deemed  inferior 
to  that  by  Leland,  and  Francis  was  much  de- 
pressed by  his  disappointment. 

An  anonymous  volume,  which  was  written 
by  John  Taylor,  and  was  that  writer's  first 
publication  on  the  subject,  was  printed  in 
1813  with  the  title  of  ''  A  Discovery  of  the 
Author  of  the  "  Letters  of  Junius,"  "founded 
on  Evidence  and  Illustrations.'  It  attributed 
the  authorship  to  Francis  and  his  son,  Sir 
Philip  Francis,  and  claimed  that  all  the 
peculiarities  of  language  in  the  writings  of 
the  elder  Francis  are  discernible  in  some 
parts  of  Junius.  The  doctor's  connection 
with  the  '  Letters  of  Junius '  may  at  once  be 
dismissed  from  consideration.  It  is  wholly 
without  foundation. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1773,  p.  155,  1785,  pt.  i.  245; 
Hill's  Boswell,  iii.  356  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd 
ser.  ii.  156,  6th  ser.  ix.  355,  x.  97;  Gage's  Suf- 
folk, p.  18;  Blomefield's  Norfolk  (1807  ed.),  vi. 
364  ;  Chesterfield's  Works  (Stanhope's  ed.),  iii. 
445,  iv.  8 ;  Faulkner's  Chelsea,  p.  198  ;  Walpole's 
Memoirs  of  George  III,  i.  123,  ii.  36;  Webb's 
Irish  Biography ;  Trerelyan's  Fox,  p.  48 ;  Gib- 
bon's Miscell.  Works  (1814),  i.  40;  Churchill's 
Works  (1804),  i.  314, 329,  ii.  281  ;  Genest's  Hist, 
of  English  Stage,  iv.  345-7,  39.7-8;  Hasted's 
Kent,  iii.  144 ;  Merivale's  Sir  P.  Francis,  vol.  i.] 

W.  P.  C. 


Francis 


171 


Francis 


FRANCIS,  SIR  PHILIP  (1740-1818), 
reputed  author  of  '  Junius's  Letters,'  only 
child  of  the  Rev.  Philip  Francis  [q.  v.],  by 
his  wife,  Elizabeth  Rowe,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin, 22  Oct.  1740.  His  mother  died  about 
1744-5,  and  his  father  soon  after  removed  to 
England,  leaving  the  son  at  a  school  kept  by 
a  Mr.  Roe  in  Dublin.  About  1751-2  Francis 
came  to  England  to  be  educated  by  his  father. 
Among  his  fellow-pupils  was  the  historian 
Gibbon.  On  17  March  1753  Francis  was 
entered  at  St.  Paul's  School,  then  flourishing 
under  an  able  head-master,GeorgeThicknesse. 
He  became  a  good  classical  scholar.  Henry 
Sampson  Woodfall  [q.  v.],  afterwards  the  pub- 
lisher of 'Junius,' was  a  schoolfellow.  Fran- 
cis was  captain  of  the  school  in  1756,  and  left 
it  in  the  same  year  to  take  a  junior  clerkship 
in  the  secretary  of  state's  office.  The  appoint- 
ment came  from  his  father's  patron,  Henry 
Fox,  afterwards  the  first  Lord  Holland.  John 
Calcraft  (1726-1772)  [q.v.]  was  intimateboth 
with  Fox  and  the  elder  Francis,  and  Francis 
had  many  opportunities  of  seeing  the  leading 
statesmen  of  the  day.  He  continued  to  edu- 
cate himself,  spent  his  savings  on  books,  and 
became  favourably  known  to  Robert  Wood, 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  a  man  of  classical 
parts  and  a  trusted  subordinate  of  Pitt  in  the 
seven  years'  war.  Through  Wood's  influence 
Francis  was  appointed  secretary  to  General 
Edward  Bligh  [q.  v.],  whom  he  accompanied 
in  the  expedition  to  Cherbourg  and  St.  Cas  in 
1758.  In  January  1760  he  was  appointed, 
again  on  Wood's  recommendation,  secretary 
of  Lord  Kinnoul's  embassy  to  Portugal.  He 
found  time  to  learn  French,  Portuguese,  and 
Spanish,  and  to  compile  elaborate  note-books 
containing  many  diplomatic  documents,  be- 
sides discharging  his  official  duties.  Upon 
the  conclusion  of  Kinnoul's  mission  in  No- 
vember 1760,  Francis  returned  to  his  clerk- 
ship and  his  studies.  His  note-books  show 
careful  study  both  of  classical  and  modern 
authors.  He  compiled  careful  financial  and 
statistical  tables,  and  made  elaborate  notes 
upon  English  constitutional  questions.  Wood 
recommended  him  to  Pitt,  to  whom  he  acted 
as  amanuensis  between  January  1761  and 
May  1762,  writing  despatches  occasionally  in 
French  and  Latin.  Pitt,  according  to  Lady 
Francis,  was  struck  by  the  youth's  talents,  but 
no  preferment  resulted.  In  October  1761  Lord 
Egremont  succeeded  Pitt  as  secretary  of  state. 
Francis,  who  was  in  his  department,  tried, 
without  success,  to  obtain  the  secretaryship  to 
Hans  Stanley's  mission  to  Paris  in  1761.  He 
was  acquainted  with  the  course  of  later  nego- 
tiations, and  copied  part  of  the  correspondence 
between  Egremont  and  the  Duke  of  Bedford 
during  the  final  negotiations  for  peace  in  the 


autumn  of  1762.  A  remarkable  reference  is 
made  to  the  relations  between  Egremont  and 
Bedford  at  this  time  in  the  Junius  letter  of 
29  Sept.  1769.  Francis  referred  to  his  own 
employment  on  this  occasion  in  a  speech  of 
29  Feb.  1792.  In  1761  he  fell  in  love  with 
Elizabeth  Macrabie,  then  living  with  her 
parents  at  Fulham.  She  was  an  accomplished 
musician,  and  an  attractive  and  sensible  girl. 
She  had  no  fortune,  and  the  connection  was 
disapproved  by  both  families.  They  were 
both  of  age,  however,  and  married  at  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields,  27  Feb.  1762.  A  cool- 
ness resulted  between  Francis  and  his  father^ 
till  in  1766  the  father's  illness  brought  about 
a  reconciliation. 

At  the  end  of  1762  Welbore  Ellis  suc- 
ceeded Charles  Townshend  as  secretary-at- 
war.  He  appointed  Francis,  upon  Wood's  re- 
commendation, first  clerk  at  the  war  office,  and 
directly  afterwards  appointed  as  his  deputy 
Christopher  d'Oyly,  who  became  Francis's 
most  intimate  friend.  From  1765  the  secre- 
tary-at-warwas  Lord  Barrington.  Both  Bar- 
rington  and  D'Oyly  left  the  greatest  part  of 
the  official  correspondence  to  be  drafted  by 
Francis.  From  this  point  Francis's  career 
involves  disputed  questions.  His  biographer^ 
Joseph  Parkes,  attributes  to  him  many  anony- 
mous writings  upon  evidence  of  varying  co- 
gency. Francis  told  his  second  wife  that  he 
'  scarcely  remembered  when  he  did  not  write/ 
He  was  only  treading  in  his  father's  steps, 
although  his  official  position  made  a  public 
acknowledgment  of  his  writings  inexpedient* 
A  letter  signed  'One  of  the  People'  in  the 
'Public  Ledger 'of  2  March  1763,  dealing1- 
with  a  theatrical  '  0.  P.'  riot,  is  claimed  in 
his  papers  (PARKES,  i.  69).  In  May  1766 
Francis  sent  a  long  letter  to  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  then  secretary  of  state,  upon  Eng- 
lish trade  with  Portugal.  The  duke  did  not 
return  it  till  2  Aug.,  when  he  was  leaving- 
office.  A  strong  hint  had  been  given  in  a 
letter  signed  '  Tantum '  in  the  '  Public  Ad- 
vertiser '  of  1  Aug.,  which  may  therefore  be 
plausibly  attributed  to  Francis.  His  interest 
in  Portuguese  questions  may  also  justify 
Parkes's  opinion  that  he  wrote  letters  signed 
'  Lusitanicus  '  and  one  signed  '  Ulisippo '  in 
the  same  paper  for  2  and  13  Jan.  and  3  March 
1767  (ib.  i.  132, 136).  The  statement  is  rele- 
vant only  as  showing  that  Francis  was  writ- 
ing in  the  papers.  Parkes  also  attributes  to- 
Francis  two  pamphlets  in  1764.  The  first 
was  published  by  John  Almon  [q.  v.]  in 
September  as  'A  Letter  to  the  "Public  Ad- 
vertiser." '  Part  of  it  had  appeared  in  that  paper 
on  2  Aug.  under  the  signature  '  Candor,'  but 
Woodfall  declined  to  publish  the  rest  without 
having  the  author's  name.  On  29  Nov. 


Francis 


172 


Francis 


Almon  published  a  longer  '  Enquiry  into  the  j 
•doctrine .  .  .  concerning  Libels,  Warrants,  | 
and  the  Seizure  of  Papers  .  .  .in  a  Letter.  .  . 
from  the  Fatherof  Candor.'  These  pamphlets, 
dealing  with  the  Wilkes  controversy,  made 
some  impression,  went  through  several  edi- 
tions, and  have  been  attributed  to  Dunning, 
Lord  Temple,  and  others.  Parkes  attributes 
them  to  Francis  upon  internal  evidence  of 
little  cogency,  and  also  upon  the  evidence  of 
a  letter  from  'Candor'  to  Woodfall,  with  a 
list  of  corrections,  which  is  said  to  be  '  un- 
questionably '  in  the  handwriting  of  Francis 
(not  the  feigned  hand  of '  Junius ').  The  ori- 
ginal, of  which  a  facsimile  is  given  by  Parkes 
and  Merivale,  is  in  Addit.  MS.  27777.  It 
may  be  added  that '  Candor'  (2nd  edit.  p.  27) 
and  the  '  Father  of  Candor'  (2nd  edit.  p.  37) 
speak  pointedly  of  the  practice  in  the  se- 
cretary of  state's  office  (see  PARKES,  i.  75-81, 
85-96,  99-101).  AVoodfall  addresses  his  cor- 
respondent as  '  C.,'  the  signature  afterwards 
used  by  Junius.  Parkes  also  attributes  to 
Francis  a  pamphlet  called  '  Irenarch'  (1774), 
•which  he  considers  to  be  a  continuation  of 
the  '  Candor'  pamphlets.  It  was  really  writ- 
ten by  R.  Heathcote,  in  whose  name  it  was 
afterwards  published  {Notes  and  Queries,  3rd 
series,  xii.  456).  Besides  this  Parkes  iden- 
tifies Francis  with '  Anti-Sejanus,'the  writer 
of  letters  to  the '  Public  Advertiser '  in  January 
1765  and  later,  who  is  probably  the  '  Anti- 
Sejanus  Junior'  identified  with  Junius  as 
author  of  one  of  the  'Miscellaneous  Letters' 
in  Woodfall's  (1812)  edition.  '  Anti-Seja- 
nus '  was  certainly  James  Scott,  a  clergyman 
patronised  by  Lord  Sandwich,  as  was  stated 
by  a  correspondent  of  the  '  Public  Advertiser' 
of  1 6  April  1 770  (see  also  NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd. 
ix.  125 ;  Chatham  Corr.  iv.  66).  Parkes  again 
attributes  to  Francis  a  letter  signed '  A  Friend 
to  Public  Credit '  in  the '  Public  Advertiser '  of 
28  June  1768,  of  which  he  found  a  copy  among 
Francis's  papers.  He  failed  to  observe  that 
this  is  one  of  a  series  by  the  same  writer,  and 
that  a  later  letter  of  11  Oct.  1768  is  sharply 
attacked  by  'Brutus,'  and  (19  Oct.)  'Atticus' 
{two  of  the  letters  assigned  both  by  Parkes 
and  Woodfall  to  Junius).  If  Francis  wrote 
it,  he  was  not  Junius.  But  it  is  as  inconsistent 
with  Francis's  views  at  the  time  as  with  the 
views  of  Junius.  The  'Atticus'  letter  in 
which  it  is  assailed  was  specially  praised  by 
Calcraft,  with  whom  Francis  was  then  acting, 
in  aletter  to  the  elder  Francis  (PARKES,  i.  216). 
A  copy  of  the  letter  of  28  June  was  no  doubt 
tept  by  Francis,  because  it  professes  to  give 
details  of  an  operation  upon  the  funds  con- 
templated by  the  government.  These  pal- 
pable blunders  go  far  to  destroy  the  authority 
of  Parkes's  identifications.  The  following 


period  of  Francis's  career  is  remarkably  il- 
lustrated by  the  autobiographical  fragment, 
written  not  later  than  1776,  and  published  by 
Parkes  and  Merivale  (i.  355-70).  His  great 
patron  was  Calcraft.  Francis  says  that  he 
'  concurred  heartily '  in  Calcraft's  schemes, 
which  offered  his  only '  hope  of  advancement.' 
Calcraft  had  been  in  close  connection  both 
with  Chatham  and  with  Chatham's  brothers- 
in-law,  Lord  Temple  and  George  Grenville, 
and  kept  upon  terms  with  all  these  after  the 
quarrel  which  separated  them  upon  Chatham's 
acceptance  of  office  in  1766.  From  the  spring 
of  1767  Chatham's  illness  had  caused  his 
retirement  from  active  participation  in  the 
government,  and  he  finally  resigned  in  Oc- 
tober 1768.  Calcraft's  plan  was  to  discredit 
the  rump  of  Chatham's  administration,  to  re- 
concile Chatham  to  the  Grenville  party,  and 
to  attack  ministers  by  a  combination,  in- 
cluding the  Rockinghams  as  well  as  the  Gren- 
villes.  This  political  combination  succeeded 
so  well  that  in  the  beginning  of  1770,  as 
Francis  observes,  victory  seemed  assured. 
The  great  support  of  the  opposition  was  the 
agitation  on  behalf  of  Wilkes,  who  returned 
to  England  at  the  beginning  of  1768.  His 
election  for  Middlesex,  his  expulsions  and  re- 
election, final  exclusion,  and  other  disputes 
arising  out  of  these  questions  were  the  main 
topics  of  controversy  from  1768  till  1772. 
Junius  was  undoubtedly  the  close  (even  if 
unknown)  ally  of  the  clique  to  which  Cal- 
craft and  Francis  belonged  throughout  the 
whole  movement.  The  very  questionable 
authenticity  of  the  '  Miscellaneous  Letters ' 
makes  it  impossible  to  speak  confidently  of 
the  earlier  attitude  of  Junius.  We  know, 
however,  that  on  2  Jan.  1768  he  wrote  pri- 
vately to  Chatham  (Chatham  Corr.  iii.  302), 
warning  him,  with  expressions  of '  respect  and 
veneration,'  of  treachery  on  the  part  of  his 
colleagues.  Chatham  soon  discovered,  says 
Francis  (PARKES,  i.  361),  '  that  he  had  been 
cajoled  and  deceived.'  During  1768  Junius 
also  wrote  three  remarkable  private  letters  to 
George  Grenville (  Grenville[Corr. iv.  254, 355, 
379).  They  claim  the  authorship  of  a  letter 
called  '  the  Grand  Council,'  of  the  '  Atticus' 
of  19  Oct.  1768,  of  letters  signed  '  Lucius,' of 
others  in  defence  of  Grenville  and  criticising 
the  commission  of  trade,  and  of '  almost  every- 
thing that  for  two  years  past  has  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  public.'  The  author,  who 
signs  himself '  C.,'  expects  to  make  himself 
known  to  Grenville  when  Grenville  becomes 
a  minister,  and  will  then  not  be  '  a  needy  and 
troublesome  dependent.'  During  1768  Junius 
(assuming  him  to  have  written  the  '  Miscel- 
laneous Letters,'  some  of  which  are  thus 
claimed)  bitterly  attacked  the  government, 


Francis 


173 


Francis 


and  especially  the  Duke  of  Grafton.  If  '  C.' 
be  always  his  signature,  he  also  attacked 
Wilkes  at  his  first  appearance,  apparently 
because  he  first  thought  that  ministers  could 
be  best  assailed  for  want  of  energy,  though 
he  afterwards  assails  them  for  their  arbitrary 
measures.  He  alludes  disrespectfully  to 
Chatham  ('Lucius'  29  Aug.  and  'Atticus' 
19  Oct.),  for  Chatham's  fame  was  still  of  use 
to  ministers.  He  especially  insists  at  length 
upon  the  dismissal  of  Amherst,  which  was 
regarded  as  a  personal  slight  to  Chatham, 
and  therefore  served  to  detach  him  from  office. 

The  signature  'Junius'  first  appeared  on 
21  Nov.  1768,  when  Grafton  and  Camden 
were  attacked  for  their  behaviour  to  Wilkes. 
The  first  Junius  of  the  collected  edition  ap- 
peared 21  Jan.  1769.  It  led  to  the  sharp 
controversy  with  Sir  William  Draper  [q.v.J, 
which  made  the  letters  famous.  The  signa- 
ture was  afterwards  used  by  Junius  for  his 
most  careful  writings,  though  he  used  many 
others.  Junius  now  appeared  as  the  advo- 
cate of  Wilkes  during  the  contest  produced 
by  his  expulsions,  and  assailed  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  whose  influence  was  now  on  the 
government  side,  with  singular  ferocity.  He 
culminated  with  the  famous  letter  to  the 
king  on  19  Dec.  1769,  which  produced  more 
sensation  than  any  other  letter. 

At  the  beginning  of  1770  Chatham  came 
to  the  front  with  restored  health.  His  friends 
Camden  and  Granby  retired ;  Yorke  com- 
mitted suicide  from  remorse  after  taking 
Camden's  place ;  Grafton  himself  resigned 
in  January,  and  was  succeeded  by  North. 
While  Junius  carried  on  the  attack  in  his 
letters,  Francis  endeavoured  to  get  Chatham's 
speeches  diffused  through  the  press.  He 
claimed  long  afterwards,  in  a  private  note  in 
Belsham's  '  History'  (ed.  1805),  to  have  re- 
ported the  speeches  of  Mansfield  and  Chatham 
on  9  Jan.  1770,  and  '  all  Chatham's  speeches 
on  the  Middlesex  election,'  &c.,  in  this  year 
(Chatham  Con:  iv.  194).  On  the  publication 
in  the  '  Parliamentary  History  '  in  1813  he 
claimed  to  have  reported  Chatham's  speeches 
of  9  and  22  Jan.  and  of  22  Nov.,  the  only 
fully  reported  speeches  of  this  period  (Part. 
Hist.  xvi.  647,  741, 1091,  and  preface  to  vol. 
xxxiv.)  He  stated  in  pamphlets  of  1811  that  he 
had  heard  Chatham's  speeches  of  January  ( see 
Junius  Identified,  1816,  pp.  289,  325).  The 
speeches  of  January  had  appeared,  as  given 
for  the  first  time  by  a  '  gentleman  of  strong 
memory,'  in  Almon's '  Anecdotes  of  Chatham,' 
1792,  to  which  Francis  made  other  contri- 
butions (PARKES,  i.  160 ;  TAYLOR'S  Appendix, 
p.  28).  Notes  taken  from  a  speech  of  Chat- 
ham's on  2  Feb.  1770  are  given  from  Fran- 
cis's papers  in  Parkes  and  Merivale  (i.  390- 


393).  Francis's  claim  has  at  least  a  prime? 
facie  justification.  Taylor  in  his  '  Junius 
Identified '  pointed  out  a  number  of  coinci- 
dences, some  of  them  very  remarkable,  be- 
tween the  reports  of  the  January  speeches, 
the  writings  of  Junius  both  before  and  after, 
and  some  of  Francis's  own  writings.  Dilke 
(Papers  of  a  Critic,  vol.  ii.)  endeavoured  to- 
meet  this  by  stating  that  extracts  from  the 
speech  of  9  Jan.  had  appeared  at  the  time 
in  the  papers.  The  document  to  which  Dilke 
apparently  refers  contains  only  a  few  brief 
fragments,  in  different  language  and  without 
the  specific  phrases.  He  could  find  no  report 
of  the  speech  of  22  Jan.  which  contains,  be- 
sides other  coincidences,  a  sentence,  quoted 
verbatim  by  Junius,  in  a  private  letter  to 
Wilkes  (7  Sept.  1771).  This  proves  that 
Junius  had  seen  the  report,  which,  so  far  as 
we  know,  was  still  in  Francis's  desk.  The 
nature  of  the  brief  and  disguised  reports  of 
the  time  makes  it  highly  improbable  that  any 
other  report  than  that  mentioned  was  pub- 
lished, and  Almon's  statement  that  he  was 
the  first  publisher  seems  to  be  justified. 

When  parliament  met  in  November  1770, 
the  opposition  dwelt  chiefly  upon  the  Falk- 
land Islands  difficulty,  and  upon  the  conduct 
of  Mansfield  in  the  trials  of  Woodfall  and 
others  for  publishing  Junius's  letter  to  the 
king.  On  22  Nov.  Chatham  delivered  a  great 
speech  upon  the  Falkland  Islands  difficulty. 
Francis  says  in  his  autobiography  (PARKES, 
i.  363)  that  he  took  it  down  from  memory 
and  had  it  published  'in  a  few  days.'  It 
appeared  accordingly  (Papers  of  a  Critic)  as 
an  extra  '  North  Briton '  on  1  Dec. ;  it  was 
reprinted  in  the '  Middlesex  Journal,'  again  in 
the  '  Museum  '  and  Almon,  and  was  claimed 
by  Francis  in  1813. 

A  debate  upon  Mansfield  followed  on 
5  Dec.  A  report  was  published  at  the  time 
in  several  papers.  On  10  Dec.  Junius  and 
Francis  come  into  remarkable  conjunction. 
On  21  Nov.  Junius  had  written  privately  to 
Woodfall,  hoping  for  information  to  be  used 
against  Mansfield,  whom  he  is  resolved  to1 
'  destroy.'  On  1  Dec.  Francis  wrote  a  letter 
to  Calcraft  to  be  laid  before  Chatham,  sug- 
gesting that  Mansfield  should  be  assailed  by 
other  methods,  but  not  formally  attacked  in 
the  house,  where  he  was  certain  of  a  majority. 
Francis  next  got  a  hint  of  an  argument 
against  Mansfield  from  a  friend  at  a  tavern, 
reduced  it  to  form,  and  sent  it  through  Cal- 
craft to  Chatham.  The  paper,  dated  9  Dec., 
is  printed  in  the  l  Chatham  Correspondence ' 
(iv.  48-9).  Three  days  later  Francis  was; 
flattered  by  hearing  Chatham  adopt  his  very 
words,  and  next  day  the  speech  '  flamed  in 
the  newspapers  and  ran  through  the  kingdom." 


Francis 


174 


Francis 


Chatham  spoke  on  10  Dec.,  and  the '  London 
Evening  Post '  of  the  llth  reported  that  he 
had  condemned  Mansfield's  conduct  as  '  ir- 
regular, extrajudicial  and  unprecedented,'  the 
words  used  in  Francis's  private  letter.  Chat- 
ham's argument,  however,  was  not  given,  and 
'  Nerva'  in  the '  Public  Advertiser '  of  14  Dec. 
showed  that  he  had  missed  the  point.  On 
17  Dec. 'Nerva'  was  answered  by  'Phalaris,' 
who  restates  Francis's  argument  with  such 
verbal  closeness  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
te  was  Francis,  or  had  read  Francis's  confi- 
dential communication  to  Chatham  (see  Her- 
man Merivale  in  Fortnightly  Review,  March 
1868).  This  letter,  by  omitting  the  three  itali- 
cised words  in  '  I  affirm  with  Lord  Chatham, 
became  Chatham's  speech  in  the  report  of  the 

*  Museum '  for  January.   In  1772  Junius  cited 
this  report  in  a  note  to  the  preface  of  the 
collected  edition  of  his  letters,  and  added  '  it 
is  exactly  taken.'  The '  Phalaris'  letter,  which 
was  almost  certainly  by  Francis,  is  included 
in  the  '  Miscellaneous  Letters '  of  Junius ; 
and  the  probability  that  Junius  was  the  author 
is  increased  by  his  guarantee  of  its  accuracy, 
and  by  the  fact  that  he  was  keenly  anxious 
to  attack  Chatham  ;  that  he  was  writing  the 
letter  of  'Domitian'  at  least,  and  private 
letters  to  "Woodfall,  and  that,  if  he  was  ^not 

*  Phalaris,'  he  made  no  direct  attempt  to  sup- 
port Chatham's  assault  upon  the  common 
enemy.     A  violent  scene  took  place  later  in 
the  debate  of  10  Dec.,  at  which  Francis  states 
that  he  was  present,  and  it  is  described  in 
the  '  Museum,'  obviously  by  an  eye-witness. 
It  ended  in  the  expulsion  of  all  strangers. 
Junius's  private  letter  to  Woodfall  of  31  Jan. 
1771  shows  his  extreme  anxiety  that  the 
doors  of  the  House  of  Lords  might  not  be 
closed  in  the  coming  session.     Francis,  who 
attributes  the  closing  to  his  publication  of 
the  22  Nov.  speech,  declares  that  the  closure 
was  fatal  to  the  opposition. 

Francis  and  Junius  were  equally  interested 
in  the  Falkland  Islands  quarrel.  Francis 
thought  that  a  war  would  necessarily  place 
Chatham  in  power,  and  in  that  case  he  says 
'I  might  have  commanded  anything.'  He 
speculated  in  the  funds,  and  by  the  peaceful 
settlement  of  the  dispute  in  1771  lost  500J. 
Calcraft  told  Chatham  on  14  Jan.  1771  that 
war  '  is  more  and  more  certain.'  Junius  told 
Woodfall,  16  Jan.  1771,  that  '  every  man  in 
the  administration  looks  upon  war  as  inevit- 
able.' The  'Domitian' letter  of  17  Jan.  argues 
the  same  point,  and  on  30  Jan.  Junius  argues 
the  case  in  a  letter  to  which  Johnson  made 
a  well-known  reply.  The  remarks  in  this 
letter  are  curiously  coincident  with  remarks 
from  an  unnamed  correspondent,  communi- 
cated to  Chatham  by  Calcraft  on  20  Jan. 


The  settlement  of  this  question  strength- 
ened the  ministry ;  and  the  opposition  gra- 
dually declined  and  fell  into  discordant  fac- 
tions. Junius  supported  the  city  in  the 
quarrel  with  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the 
summer  he  again  attacked  Grafton,  who  in 
May  1771  accepted  the  privy  seal ;  and  was 
diverted  by  a  sharp  encounter  with  Home, 
who  was  now  quarrelling  with  Wilkes. 
He  afterwards  corresponded  privately  with 
Wilkes,  suggesting  means  for  pacifying  the 
conflicting  factions.  The  opposition  grew 
daily  weaker.  At  the  end  of  1771  Junius 
made  his  last  assault  upon  Mansfield  for 
bailing  Eyre.  The  letter,  composed  with  great 
labour,  is  said  by  Campbell  and  Charles  But- 
ler to  prove  that  Junius  was  not  a  lawyer. 
Like  the  attack  made  by  Francis,  however, 
it  turns  upon  a  technical  point,  and  Junius, 
like  Francis,  sent  the  proof-sheets  of  his  letter 
to  Chatham,  asking  him  to  co-operate  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  The  letter,  which  appeared 
21  Jan.  1772,  with  another  to  Lord  Camden, 
was  a  complete  failure,  and  Junius,  under 
that  name,  wrote  no  more. 

On  21  Jan.  1772  D'Oyly,  Francis's  inti- 
mate friend,  resigned  his  post  at  the  war 
office.  Harrington  appointed  Anthony  Cha- 
mier  [q.  v.]  in  his  place.  Francis  himself 
resigned  in  March.  On  25  Jan.  Junius 
told  Woodfall  of  Chamier's  appointment, 
and  announced  his  intention  of  '  torturing ' 
Barrington,  requesting  Woodfall  at  the  same 
time  to  be  careful  to  keep  it  secret  that 
Junius  was  the  torturer.  The  intention 
was  fulfilled  in  the  letters  under  various 
signatures,  presumably  intended  to  suggest 
different  authors,  which  appeared  on  28  Jan. 
and  in  the  following  months.  They  show 
Junius  in  his  cruellest  mood,  and  are  in 
a  vein  of  brutal  pleasantry  which,  though 
it  occurs  in  some  of  the  other  unacknow- 
ledged letters,  is  so  unlike  the  more  digni- 
fied style  of  Junius  as  to  evade  recognition. 
If  Francis  wrote  them,  they  gave  vent  to  the 
accumulated  bile  of  an  ambitious  and  arro- 
gant subordinate  against  a  dull  and  super- 
cilious superior,  whose  politics  he  despised, 
who  had  turned  out  his  dearest  friend,  and 
who  had  not  yet  had  his  fair  share  of  abuse 
in  Junius. 

It  is,  however,  remarkable  that  the  facts, 
very  partially  known  to  us,  do  not  fully  ex- 
plain Francis's  wrath.  The  memoir  in  the 
'  Mirror'  (1811),  probably  inspired  by  Francis, 
states  that  he  resigned  '  in  consequence  of  a 
difference  with  Viscount  Barrington,  by 
whom  he  thought  himself  injured.'  Yet  in  a 
private  letter  of  24  Jan.  1772  Francis  says 
that  Barrington  had  offered  D'Oyly's  place  to 
him  (PAKKES  and  MEBIVALE,  i.  275),  which 


Francis 


175 


Francis 


he  refused  for  'solid reasons.'  Barrington  also 
wrote  politely  to  Francis  on  26  Feb.  request- 
ing him  to  make  his  own  statement  of  the 
cause  of  his  resignation,  and  desiring  to  use 
Francis's  own  words.  The  matter '  cannot  re- 
main a  secret,'  he  says.  In  fact,  however,  the 
secret  has  been  kept ;  no  explanation  is  given 
by  Francis  himself  or  elsewhere.  Francis's 
sixth  child  was  born  in  this  year ;  his  father, 
who  had  long  been  hopelessly  infirm,  seems 
to  have  been  partly  dependent  upon  him.  In 
losing  his  office,  therefore,  Francis  would  ap- 
pear to  have  lost  his  chief  means  of  support, 
while  there  were  heavy  claims  upon  him. 
He  probably  had  some  expectations  through 
Calcraft's  influence.  He  had  been  for  some 
time  thinking  of  an  Indian  appointment  (ib. 
I.  260).  He  left  England  for  a  tour  on  the 
continent  7  July  1772,  Calcraft  promising  to 
join  him  at  Naples.  Calcraft  died  23  Aug.  He 
had  left  1,000/.  to  Francis  by  a  codicil  dated 
on  the  day  of  Francis's  resignation,  and  an 
annuity  of  200/.  payable  to  Mrs.  Francis  if 
she  should  survive  her  husband  and  be  left 
without  due  provision.  Francis  was  also  to 
be  elected  for  his  borough,  Wareham.  In  his 
autobiography  Francis  leaves  a  spiteful  cha- 
racter of  Calcraft  (ib.  i.  359),  curiously  re- 
sembling a  reference  in  Junius's  letter  of 
6  Oct.  1771.  Francis  returned  to  England 
14  Dec.  1772,  anxious  and  only  comforted  by 
the  friendship  of  D'Oyly.  He  was  summoned 
to  Bath,  where  his  father  was  rapidly  sink- 
ing, and  returned  to  London  on  12  or  13  Jan. 
The  last  letter  from  Junius  to  Woodfall  had 
been  dated  10  May  1772.  A  private  note  from 
Junius,  taking  a  final  leave  of  his  publisher, 
is  dated  19  Jan.  1773. 

The  evidence  for  the  identity  of  Francis 
and  Junius  may  be  now  briefly  summarised. 
(1)  Junius  was  especially  acquainted  with  the 
affairs  of  the  war  office,  and,  in  a  less  degree, 
of  the  state  office.  (2)  Junius's  fury  at  the 
dismissal  of  D'Oyly  and  Francis,  coupled  with 
his  anxiety  to  conceal  the  fact  that  he  was 
the  author  of  these  letters  (private  letter  of 
25  Jan.  1772),  undoubtedly  suggests  some 
close  personal  interest.  The  publication  of 
these  letters  in  1812,  which  first  revealed  the 
fact  that  they  were  written  by  Junius,  sug- 
gested Francis  to  Taylor.  (3)  The  facts 
above  stated  show  that  Junius  throughout 
his  career  was  acting,  consciously  or  not,  in 
the  closest  co-operation  with  Francis.  Fran- 
cis almost  certainly  wrote  one  of  the  '  Mis- 
cellaneous Letters '  which  fits  into  the  Junius 
series.  Junius  guarantees  the  accuracy  of  a 
report  by  Francis  of  a  speech  in  which  Fran- 
cis took  a  peculiar  interest ;  and  reports,  pro- 
bably due  to  Francis,  make  use  of  letters  by 
Junius.  Some  presumptive  proofs  that  Junius 


had  information  known  to  Francis  will  be 
found  in  the  '  Grenville  Correspondence  ' 
(ii.  cxiv  seq.),  where  they  are  adduced  to 
support  the  hypothesis  that  'Junius  was 
Lord  Temple.  (4)  The  papers  of  Francis 
show  that  his  absences  from  London  cor- 
respond with  the  silence  of  Junius.  Home 
on  16  Aug.  1771  taunts  Junius  for  delaying 
till  13  Aug.  to  answer  a  previous  letter  of 
31  July.  Francis  had  left  London  at  the 
end  of  July,  and  returned  on  11,  or  possibly 
12  Aug.  Almost  every  letter  assigned  to 
Junius  was  delivered  when  Francis  was  pro- 
bably in  London.  The  chief  exception  is  that 
Francis  was  at  Margate  when '  Q  in  the  Corner ' 
and  '  A  Labourer  in  the  same  Cause '  Vere 
acknowledged  in  the  '  Public  Advertiser '  of 
6  July  1770.  But  the  '  Labourer  in  the  same 
Cause '  is  probably  spurious,  and  the  other 
may  probably  have  been  sent  before  Francis's 
departure  (see  Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  xi. 
130, 178,  202,  387, 425,  for  discussions  of  this 
point).  (5)  The  evidence  from  handwriting 
is  apparently  very  strong.  In  1871  Mr. 
Twisleton  published  a  careful  examination 
by  the  expert  Charles  Chabot  [q.  v.],  who 
gives  in  detail  reasons  which  can  be  easily 
tested,  and  are  apparently  conclusive  for  iden- 
tifying the  handwriting  of  Junius  and  Fran- 
cis. In  the  same  book  will  be  found  a  curious 
account  of  a  poem  sent  in  all  probability  by 
Francis  about  Christmas  1771  to  a  Miss 
Giles,  in  the  handwriting  of  his  cousin,  Tilgh- 
man,  and  enclosed  in  an  anonymous  letter, 
which  is  identified  by  another  expert,  Mr. 
Netherclift,  as  in  the  handwriting  of  Junius. 
In  one  correction  of  the  press,  and  probably 
in  some  corrections  afterwards  erased,  Junius 
forgot  to  use  his  disguise,  and  writes  a  date 
in  a  hand  indistinguishable  from  Francis's. 
This,  however,  has  been  disputed.  (6)  Some 
minor  coincidences  have  been  alleged.  '  Bi- 
frons '  in  the  '  Miscellaneous  Letters '  says 
that  he  saw  the  books  of  the  Jesuits  burnt 
in  Paris.  This  probably  refers  to  August 
1761,  when  Englishmen  were  excluded  by 
the  war.  But  Francis  wished  to  accom- 
pany, and  possibly  may  have  been  sent  with 
despatches  to,  Hans  Stanley,  who  was  then 
engaged  in  negotiations  in  Paris,  and  who 
described  the  scene  in  a  despatch  which 
Francis,  if  in  England,  must  have  seen.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  doubtful  whether  Junius 
wrote  'Bifrons'  (see  PAKKES,  i.  192,  196). 
The  alleged  kindness  to  Fox  is  of  little  or  no 
importance,  because  the  elder  Francis  and 
Calcraft  had  bitterly  quarrelled  with  Fox, 
and  Francis  was  as  likely  to  have  attacked 
as  to  have  spared  him.  (7)  Francis  clearly 
belonged  to  the  same  political  school  as  Ju- 
nius, and  was,  like  him,  a  whig  doctrinaire. 


Francis 


176 


Francis 


There  is  &  close  general  coincidence  of 
opinion,  with  such  slight  divergences  as  are 
naturally  explained  by  the  changes  of  Fran- 
cis's position  in  later  life.  Francis  never 
wrote  anything  equal  to  Junius,  though  oc- 
casional passages  suggest  the  same  author- 
ship. Upon  this  head,  however,  it  is  only  safe 
to  say  that  the  identification  presents  no  great 
difficulty,  though  the  resemblance  by  itself 
affords  scarcely  any  presumption.  (8)  Fran- 
cis's conduct  when  challenged  is  on  the  whole 
confirmative.  He  seems  (see  afterwards) 
to  have  desired  that  the  claim  should  be  ac- 
cepted, but  to  have  been  unwilling  to  make 
it  himself.  He  appears  to  have  denied  the 
fact  at  times,  though  some  alleged  denials 
read  like  equivocations.  To  have  claimed 
the  authorship  openly  would  have  been  to 
admit  that  he  had  been  guilty  of  libelling  his 
patron,  Barrington,  whose  brother,  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  was  still  alive,  to  say  nothing  of 
other  admissions.  Had  he  been  conscious  of 
innocence,  an  explicit  denial  would  certainly 
have  been  called  for.  His  actual  course  may 
be  explained  by  such  motives  struggling  with 
vanity,  and  confirmed  by  long  habits  of  secre- 
tiveness  and  a  probably  exaggerated  view  of 
the  importance  of  the  facts.  But  other  ex- 
planations are  of  course  possible.  (9)  The 
moral  resemblance  is  undoubtedly  so  close 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  describe  the 
character  of  Junius  except  in  terms  strikingly 
applicable  to  Francis.  The  chief  arguments 
against  Francis  are  that  his  authorship  would 
imply  an  underhand  malignity,  which  is  not 
improbable  in  the  author  of  Junius,  whoever 
he  may  have  been,  and  only  too  probable  in 
Francis,  whether  he  was  or  was  not  the 
author  of  Junius.  It  is  also  said  that  Wood- 
fall,  the  printer  of  the  letters,  and  Pitt  stated 
that  they  knew  Francis  not  to  be  the  author. 
Both  Pitt  and  Woodfall  died,  however,  before 
the  authorship  had  been  publicly,  if  at  all, 
attributed  to  Francis ;  and  such  second-hand 
reports  are  of  little  value  (see,  on  the  other 
side,  Mr.  Fraser  Rae  in  the '  Athenaeum,'  1888, 
ii.  192).  On  the  whole,  it  may  be  said  that 
Taylor  established  &prima  facie  presumption, 
which  has  been  considerably  strengthened  by 
the  publication  of  Francis's  papers,  and  which 
is  turned  into  something  like  proof,  unless  the 
coincidences  of  handwriting  stated  by  Chabot 
and  Netherclift  can  be  upset.  Nor  is  there 
any  real  difficulty  in  the  assumption.  The 
personal  indications  thrown  out  by  Junius  in 
his  private  letters  to  Woodfall  and  Wilkes  are 
so  indefinite  and  so  probably  mere  blinds,  that 
no  inference  can  be  drawn  from  them. 

Francis  made  a  short  journey  to  the  Hague 
two  months  after  his  father's  death  (5  March 
1772).  He  there  obtained  permission  from 


a  M.  de  Pinto  to  translate  his  '  Essay  on  Cir- 
culation.' The  translation  was  published 
under  the  name  of  his  cousin,  Stephen  Baggs. 
Lord  North  had  just  passed  his  '  Regulating- 
Act  '  for  India,  under  which  the  governor  of 
Bengal  was  to  become  governor-general  of 
India,  and  to  be  controlled  by  a  council  of 
four.  Francis  had  been  thinking  of  retiring 
to  Pennsylvania,  where  he  had  purchased  a; 
thousand  acres  through  his  brother-in-law, 
Alexander  Macrabie.  Hearing  that  one  of 
the  places  in  the  council  was  not  filled,  Francis 
applied  to  Barrington,  who  recommended  him 
to  North  in  'the  handsomest  and  strongest 
letter  imaginable,'  and  on  North's  advice  was- 
approved  by  the  king  and  named  in  the  bill, 
his  colleagues  being  Warren  Hastings,  the 
new  governor-general,  Clavering,  Monson, 
and  Barwell.  The  appointment  of  a  retired 
clerk  to  a  place  of  10,000/.  a  year  has  sug- 
gested the  hypothesis  that  he  was  receiving 
hush-money  as  Junius.  The  post  had  already 
been  refused  by  Burke  and  Cholwell  at  least,. 
and  was  apparently  going  begging  (PARKES 
and  MBRIVAT.E,  i.  327).  For  obvious  reasons 
the  Junius  hypothesis  is  improbable,  though 
no  further  explanation  can  be  given.  The 
vague  gossip  reported  by  Lady  Francis  and 
the  family,  and  given  in  Wade's  '  Junius,'  is 
inconsistent  and  incredible.  After  this  Francis- 
was  on  friendly  terms  with  Barrington  (ib. 
p.  329).  He  visited  Olive,  with  whose  son 
and  widow  he  kept  up  an  intimacy.  After 
various  difficulties  with  the  court  of  direc- 
tors, whose  instructions  to  the  new  council 
were  offensive  to  Francis,  he  finally  sailed1 
from  Portsmouth  31  March  1774,  leaving,  it 
seems,  a  liberal  allowance  for  his  wife  and 
her  family. 

Francis  reached  Calcutta  19  Oct.  1774.  He 
came,  according  to  Merivale  (ii.  9,  239), 
strongly  prejudiced  against  Hastings,  al- 
though in  1787  he  declared  in  the  House  of 
Commons  that  he  and  his  colleagues  had  left 
England  with  the  ''  highest  opinion  '  of  Has- 
tings. In  any  case  Francis  soon  came  to- 
regard  Hastings  with  sentiments  resembling 
strongly  the  sentiments  expressed  towards 
Mansfield  by  Junius.  In  his  earliest  letters 
he  denounced  with  great  bitterness  the  cor- 
ruption and  rapacity  which,  as  he  declared,, 
pervaded  the  whole  Indian  administration. 
Francis,  Clavering,  and  Monson  were  the 
majority  of  the  council,  opposed  by  Hastings 
and  Barwell.  They  re  versed  Hastings'spolicy- 
and  recalled  his  agents  [see  under  HASTINGS, 
WARREN].  Francis  was  singularly  ener- 
getic. He  had  four  secretaries,  his  private 
secretary  being  his  brother-in-law,  Macrabie,, 
and  sometimes  dictated  to  them  all  at 
once.  He  kept  up  a  large  correspondence, 


Francis 


177 


Francis 


and  preserved  his  papers  in  the  most  business- 
like method  (MERIVALE,  ii.  3,  24). 

His  quarrel  with  Hastings  was  soon  em- 
bittered by  the  part  which  Francis  took  in 
the  famous  case  of  Nuncomar.  On  11  March 
1774  Francis  received  a  visit  from  Nuncomar, 
who  brought  him  a  letter.  Francis  laid  this 
before  the  council,  declaring  himself  to  be 
ignorant  of  its  contents.  It  charged  Has- 
tings with  corruption.  In  the  interval 
between  the  committal  and  the  execution 
of  Xuncomar,  Francis  and  his  colleagues 
had  some  conflicts  with  the  supreme  court 
on  questions  arising  out  of  the  proceed- 
ings. On  31  July  Nuncomar  wrote  a  letter 
to  Francis,  entreating  him  to  intercede  for  a 
respite.  On  1  Aug.  Nuncomar's  counsel, 
Farrer,  proposed  to  Francis  that  the  council 
should  send  to  the  court  a  letter  covering  a 
petition  from  Nuncomar  and  supporting  his 
prayer  for  a  respite.  Francis  approved,  but 
as  Clavering  and  Monson  declined,  the  matter 
dropped,  and  Nuncomar's  last  chance  disap- 
peared. He  was  hanged  5  Aug.  On  the  14th 
Clavering  presented  to  the  council  a  petition 
received  from  Nuncomar  on  the  4th.  This 
petition  suggested  that  he  wasjudicially  mur- 
dered on  account  of  his  attack  upon  Hastings. 
Hastings  proposed  that  the  letter  should  be 
sent  to  the  judges,  upon  whose  character  it 
reflected.  Francis,  however,  stated  that  he 
considered  it  as  *  libellous  '  and  '  wholly  un- 
supported,' and  carried  a  motion  that  it  should 
be  burnt  by  the  common  hangman  and  the 
copy  of  it  expunged  from  the  proceedings  of 
the  council.  He  tried  upon  the  impeachment 
of  Impey  to  explain  his  conduct  in  suppress- 
ing this  document  as  libellous,  although  he 
and  his  colleagues  made  similar  insinuations 
both  before  and  after  the  event  in  the  minutes 
of  the  council.  He  asserted  that  if  he  had 
acted  weakly  it  was  from  a  desire  to  save 
Clavering  from  the  vengeance  of  Hastings ; 
while  it  has  been  argued  (STEPHEN,  Nun- 
comar and  Impey,  ii.  108)  that  his  real  mo- 
tive was  to  keep  the  charge  against  Hastings 
secret  until  it  could  be  used  to  more  effect. 
Francis's  letters  at  the  time  seem  to  imply  a 
very  cautious  reticence  (MERIVALE,  ii.  35). 
The  question  is  discussed  in  two  pamphlets 
published  in  1788, '  Answer  of  Philip  Francis 
to  the  charge  brought  ...  by  Sir  E.  Impey ' 
(by  Francis),  and  '  A  Kefutation  of  ...  the 
Answer '  (by  Impey).  Francis  had  before 
long  quarrelled  with  Clavering.  His  position 
became  uncomfortable,  and  upon  the  death 
of  Monson  (25  Sept.  1776)  he  was  reduced  to 
impotence,  Hastings  having  the  casting  vote. 
He  had  meanwhile  won  20,000/.  at  whist 
from  Barwell,  a  sum  reduced  to  12,000/.  by 
subsequent  losses.  He  then  gave  up  play  and 
VOL.  xx. 


invested  his  winnings.  Although  powerless 
in  the  council,  he  had  hopes  that  Hastings 
would  be  superseded,  and  that  he  would  be 
appointed  to  the  vacant  place.  In  June  1777 
these  hopes  were  dispelled  upon  Hastings's 
repudiation  of  his  previous  resignation  and 
the  decision  of  the  supreme  court  in  his  favour. 
Clavering  died  30  Aug.  1777.  In  the  next 
month  Francis  wrote  an  elaborate  letter  to 
Lord  North  upon  Indian  affairs,  separately 
printed  in  1793.  Wheler,  sent  out  to  succeed 
Hastings,  arrived  in  Calcutta  in  November 
1777,  and  generally  acted  with  Francis  as  a 
member  of  council.  They  agreed  in  the  fol- 
lowing February  to  oppose  '  the  pernicious 
measures '  of  Hastings. 

In  1778  Francis  had  an  intrigue  with  the 
lovely  wife,  aged  16,  of  a  Swiss  merchant, 
named  Grand.  In  November  Grand  sur- 
prised Francis,  who  had  entered  Mme.  Grand's 
room.  An  action  was  brought  by  Grand 
against  Francis,  who  was  sentenced  to  pay 
fifty  thousand  rupees  damages  by  Impey 
(6  March  1779).  Mme.  Grand  afterwards 
threw  herself  upon  Francis's  protection.  She 
left  India  before  him,  and  afterwards  be- 
came the  mistress,  and  in  1801  the  wife,  of 
Talleyrand. 

In  March  1779  Sir  Eyre  Coote  succeeded 
Clavering  as  member  of  council  and  in  com- 
mand of  the  forces.  Francis  afterwards  ac- 
cused Hastings  of  buying  Coote's  support  by 
large  allowances,  and  says  of  Coote  in  No- 
vember, in  language  suggesting  Junius  upon 
Barrington,  '  I  never  heard  of  so  abandoned 
a  scoundrel.'  The  military  difficulties  now 
led  to  a  truce  with  Hastings,  in  which  Major 
Scott  acted  as  negotiator.  The  political  dif- 
ferences were  compromised.  Two  of  Francis's 
prot6g6s  were  to  be  restored  to  the  posts  from 
which  Hastings  had  removed  them,  and  Fran- 
cis undertook  not  to  oppose  Hastings  in  the 
management  of  the  Mahratta  war.  Francis 
also  joined  with  Hastings  in  opposing  the 
pretensions  of  the  supreme  court  under  Im- 
pey. Francis  and  his  new  colleague  Wheler 
were  still  on  bad  terms  with  Hastings.  At 
last,  in  July  1780,  Hastings  accused  Francis 
of  breaking  their  agreement,  and  stated  in  an 
official  minute  that  he  had  found  Francis's 
private  conduct  to  be  'void  of  truth  and 
honour.'  Francis's  account  was  that  his 
agreement  referred  only  to  the  operations 
already  begun  and  not  to  new  movements  in- 
tended by  Hastings.  A  duel  followed  (17  Aug. 
1779),  in  which  Francis  was  severely  woun- 
ded. He  recovered  in  a  few  days,  but  took 
little  active  part  in  business  afterwards,  find- 
ing that  Wheler  was  not  hearty  in  supporting 
him.  He  left  India  at  the  end  of  1780,  and, 
after  a  long  delay  at  St.  Helena,  reached 


Francis 


178 


Francis 


Dover  on  19  Oct.  1781.  Francis  is  said  to 
have  made  judicious  suggestions  for  the  go- 
vernment of  India,  and  to  have  proposed  the 
permanent  settlement  of  Bengal,  afterwards 
carried  out  by  Lord  Cornwallis ;  but  is  re- 
membered almost  solely  by  his  antagonism 
to  Hastings. 

Francis  had  realised  a  fortune  amounting 
to  over  3,000/.a  year  (MERIVALE,  ii.  211).  He 
had  been  accused  of  parsimony,  and,  as  part 
of  this  fortune  was  due  to  his  gambling,  his 
salary  of  10,OOOJ.  a  year  would  enable  him 
to  make  the  rest  without  using  the  corrup- 
tion imputed  to  many  contemporary '  nabobs.' 
It  has  been  suggested,  but  apparently  without 
authority,  that  his  appointment  was  clogged 
by  the  condition  that  he  should  pay  part  of 
his  salary  to  a '  rider'  (Calcutta  Review},  He 
was  so  unpopular  on  his  arrival  in  England 
that  no  one,  it  is  said  (MERIVALE,  ii.  204), 
except  the  king  and  Lord  North,  would  speak 
to  him  when  he  first  appeared  at  court.  He 
seems  (ib.)  to  have  contributed  many  anony- 
mous papers  to  the  press.  Attacks  upon  the 
Indian  administration  in  the  '  Intrepid  Maga- 
zine '  and  '  A  State  of  the  British  Authority 
in  Bengal'  (1781)  are  attributed  to  him.  He 
was  also  supposed  to  have  inspired  a  book 
called '  Travels  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,' 
&c.,  published  under  the  name  of  Macintosh. 
Francis  solemnly  denied  the  authorship ;  but 
he  is  shown  to  have  paid  Macintosh  a  sum 
of  1,OOOJ.  at  this  time,  besides  '  large  ad- 
vances '  to  his  cousin,  Major  Baggs,  although 
he  equally  denied  that  Baggs  was  his  agent 
(ib.  pp.  205,  206).  An  edition  of  Junius, 
•without  the  name  of  printer  or  publisher, 
appeared  in  1783,  and  has  been  attributed  to 
Francis  by  Parkes  (Notes  and  Queries,  17  Feb. 
1855). 

In  April  1784  Francis  was  returned  to 
parliament  for  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight.  He 
failed  as  a  speaker,  although  he  prepared  and 
reported  his  speeches  with  great  care.  Wynd- 
ham  and  Dr.  Parr  praised  them  highly ;  but 
he  was  pompous,  didactic,  and  wanting  in 
fluency  (NICHOLL,  Recollections  and  Reflec- 
tions, 1822;  WRAXALL,  Memoirs,  ii.  200), 
He  was  a  keen  whig,  and  became  intimate 
with  all  the  assailants  of  Hastings.  He  had 
made  Burke's  acquaintance  before  sailing  for 
India,  and  during  his  stay  here  they  had  had 
some  correspondence.  Francis  gave  Burke  in- 
formation and  advice  in  preparing  the  charges 
against  Hastings,  and  in  April  1787  he  was 
proposed  as  one  of  the  managers  of  the  im- 
peachment, but  rejected  after  some  sharp  de- 
bates. The  managers,  however,  asked  him 
in  very  complimentary  terms  to  assist  them, 
and  he  was  most  eager  and  regular  in  his 
attendance  at  the  trial.  His  own  statement 


of  his  share  in  preparing  the  impeachment 
and  suggesting  Burke's  arguments  is  given, 
by  Merivale  (ii.  287,  288). 

In  1790  Francis  was  returned  for  Bletch- 

ingley.   When  Burke  was  alienated  from  the 

whigs  by  his  views  of  the  French  revolution, 

Francis  remonstrated  with  him,  criticising  his 

|  sentimental  defence  of  Marie  Antoinette  with 

j  great  severity,  while  Burke  treated  his  dis- 

j  sent  with  special  respect.     Their  correspon- 

j  dence,  however,  seems  to  have  dropped,  though 

I  Francis  always  spoke  respectfully  of  his  old 

I  friend. 

Francis  was  an  early  reformer,  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  '  Society  of  the  Friends 
of  the  People,'  of  whose  original  programme 
(1793)  he  was  in  great  part  the  author.  He 
also  was  a  strong  opponent  of  the  slave  trade. 
In  1798  he  was  defeated  in  an  election  for 
Tewkesbury,  but  continued  his  intimacy  with 
the  whigs,  and  protested  against  Fox's  seces- 
sion. He  became  very  intimate  with  Lord 
Thanet  [see  TUFTOK,  SACKVILLE],  a  radical 
reformer  of  the  time,  and  was  returned  for 
Appleby  in  November  1802  by  Thanet's  in- 
fluence. He  had  at  this  time  many  family 
losses,  his  daughter  Harriet  dying  at  Nice 
in  the  spring  of  1803,  another  daughter, 
Elizabeth,  on  14  July  1804,  and  his  wife  on. 
5  April  1806. 

One  of  his  last  performances  was  an  elabo- 
rate speech  upon  India,  5  April  1805.  He 
hoped  for  the  governor-generalship  upon  the 
death  of  Cornwallis  (5  Oct.  1805).  In  March 
1806  he  quarrelled  with  Fox  for  declining  to 
promise  him  the  appointment.  The  death  of 
Pitt  seemed  to  open  the  way,  and  at  this 
period  Francis  was  for  some  years  on  terms 
of  close  intimacy  with  the  prince  regent. 
Various  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  ne- 
gotiations which  took  place  (see  BROUGHAM, 
Statesmen  of  the  Time  of  George  III]  and 
Lady  Francis  in  MERIVALE,  ii.  351-4).  The 
governor-generalship  was  clearly  out  of  the 
question,  and  Francis  is  said  to  have  declined 
the  government  of  the  Cape.  He  had  finally 
to  content  himself  with  the  honour  of  adding- 
K.C.B.  to  his  name.  Francis  was  re-elected 
for  Appleby  in  December  1806,  but  on  the 
election  of  1807  he  retired  from  parliamen- 
tary life. 

The  intimacy  with  the  prince  regent  gra- 
dually declined  as  the  prince  dropped  the 
whigs.  Francis  adhered  to  his  rigid  whig- 
gism.  At  the  end  of  1814  he  married  his 
second  wife,  Miss  Emma  Watkins,  daughter 
of  a  Yorkshire  clergyman,  born,  as  she  states, 
ten  years  after  the  last  Junius  letter,  or  in 
1782.  He  had  corresponded  with  her  from 
1806,  and  seems  to  have  been  an  affectionate 
husband.  His  amanuensis  in  later  years  was 


Francis 


179 


Francis 


Edward  Dubois  [q.  v.],  who  published  a  life 
of  Francis  in  the  '  Monthly  Mirror '  for  1811. 
The  publication  of  Taylor's  '  Discovery  of 
Junius '  in  1813  (in  which  Junius  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  elder  Francis,  assisted  by  his 
son),  and  of '  Junius  Identified  '  in  1816,  put 
Francis  in  a  difficult  position.  When  the 
first  was  published,  Francis  wrote  to  the  editor 
of  the '  Monthly  Magazine,'  who  wrote  to  him 
on  the  subject :  '  Whether  you  will  assist  in 
giving  currency  to  a  silly,  malignant  false- 
hood is  a  question  for  your  own  considera- 
tion. To  me  it  is  a  matter  of  perfect  indiffer- 
ence.' After  the  appearance  of  the  second, 
lie  behaved  equivocally.  His  first  present 
to  his  wife  on  their  marriage  was  a  copy  of 
'  Junius's  Letters,'  and  he  left  sealed  up  for  her 
at  his  death  a  copy  of  'Junius  Identified.' 
She  states  that  he  never  claimed  to  be  Ju- 
nius, but  gives  statements  on  his  authority 
as  to  the  circumstances  of  writing  the  letters, 
which  could  hardly  have  been  made  without 
expressly  claiming  the  authorship.  He  with- 
drew from  Brooks's  Club  in  order,  as  she 
thought,  to  avoid  awkward  questions,  and  re- 
pelled direct  inquiries  with  his  usual  severity. 
The  anecdotes  of  Lady  Francis  (see  MERIVALE, 
ii.  386-400)  seem  to  establish  this,  although 
little  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  details. 

Francis  lived  during  his  later  years  in  St. 
James's  Square,  a  place  endeared  to  him,  ac- 
cording to  Lady  Francis,  because  he  had 
there  acted  as  Chatham's  amanuensis.  He 
was  known  in  society  for  his  caustic  humour, 
his  intolerance  of  bores  and  long  stories  (which 
once  led  him  to  snub  the  prince  regent),  his 
real  or  affected  penuriousness,  and  his  old- 
fashioned  gallantry  to  ladies.  He  suffered  at 
the  end  from  a  painful  disease,  but  retained 
his  faculties  to  the  last,  and  died  quietly  in 
his  sleep  23  Dec.  1818. 

A  portrait  of  Francis  by  Hoppner  is  en- 
graved in  the  first  volume  of  Parkes  and  Meri- 
vale,  and  a  caricature  in  the  second.  Francis 
had  six  children  by  his  first  wife  :  Sarah  (b. 
1763,  died  unmarried),  Elizabeth  (b.  1764, 
died  unmarried  14  July  1804),  Harriet  (b. 
1766,  died  unmarried  2  Jan.  1803),  Philip 
(b.  1768,  married  Eliza  Jane,  daughter  of 
Godshall  Johnson  of  Putney,  and  left  issue), 
Mary  (b.  1770,  married  1792  Godshall  John- 
son of  Putney,  who  died  1800),  and  Cathe- 
rine (b.  1772,  married  George  James  Cholmon- 
deley). 

Francis,  whether  Junius  or  not,  was  a  man 
of  great  ability  and  unflagging  industry ;  ar- 
rogant and  vindictive  in  the  extreme ;  un- 
scrupulous in  gratify  ing  his  enmities  by  covert 
insinuations  and  false  assertions,  yet  coura- 
geous in  attacking  great  men ;  rigid  and  even 
pedantic  in  his  adherence  to  a  set  of  princi- 


ples which  had  their  generous  side ;  really 
scornful  of  meanness  and  corruption  in  others ; 
and  certainly  doing  much  to  vindicate  the 
power  of  public  opinion,  although  from  mo- 
tives which  were  not  free  from  selfishness 
and  the  narrowest  personal  ambition.  There 
may  have  been  two  such  men,  whose  careers 
closely  coincided  during  Francis's  most  vigo- 
rous period ;  but  it  seems  more  probable  that 
there  was  only  one. 

Early  collections  of  the  letters  of  Junius 
were  published  by  Newbery  as  the '  Political 
Convert,'  1769  (containing  the  Draper  con- 
troversy) ;  by  Almon, '  Collection  of  Letters 
of  Atticus,  Lucius,  Junius,  and  Others,'  1769 ; 
by  A.  Thomson,  '  A  Complete  Collection  of 
Junius's  Letters '  (reissued  with  additions). 
For  a  list  of  early  editions  see  '  Notes  and 
Queries,'  6th  ser.  v.  282,  342.  Wheble  printed 
collections  1770,  1771,  1772,  1775,  the  first 
without  printer's  name.  The  author's  edition 
appeared  in  1772.  In  1783  appeared  the  new 
edition  mentioned  above.  An  edition  by 
Robert  Heron  (for  whom  see  Notes  and 
Queries,  1st  ser.  vi.  445)  appeared  in  1802, 
another  (with  additions)  in  1804,  and  Almon's 
edition  appeared  in  1806.  The  edition  by 
George  Woodfall,  son  of  Henry  Sampson 
Woodfall,  3  vols.  8vo,  1812,  was  edited  with 
an  anonymous  introduction  by  J.  Mason  Good 
[q.  v.]  This  edition  included  for  the  first 
time  the  private  letters  of  Junius  to  H.  S. 
Woodfall  and  to  Wilkes.  It  also  included 
a  number  of  letters  under  different  signa- 
tures not  previously  attributed  to  Junius. 
The  publisher  and  editor  had  no  private 
means  of  identifying  Junius's  letters;  and 
some  are  almost  certainly  spurious.  Others  are 
identified  by  references  in  the  private  letters, 
or  by  the  use  of  the  letter  '  C.'  as  a  signature, 
or  in  notices  to  correspondents  referring  to 
letters.  It  is  not  certain  that  the  same  sig- 
nature may  not  have  been  occasionally  used 
by  other  correspondents.  The  identification 
is  confirmed  in  a  few  cases  by  the  letters  to 
George  Grenville  (see  above),  which  were  not 
published  till  1853.  The  original  manuscripts 
of  the  letters  to  Woodfall  and  of  a  few  of  the 
later  letters  are  now  in  the  Woodfall  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum,  Addit,  MSS.  27774- 
27788,  where  various  other  documents  left 
by  Woodfall  are  also  preserved.  Later  edi- 
tions of  Junius  are  innumerable.  The  most 
convenient  is  Bonn's  edition  (1850  and  later), 
edited  by  John  Wade,  which  is  a  reprint  of 
Woodfall's  (1812)  edition,  with  additional 
notes,  taken  in  great  part  from  Heron. 

Francis  printed  separately  many  of  his 
speeches  in  parliament,  and  the  following 
pamphlets:  'Letter  to  Lord  North,'  1793, 
and  'Letter  to  Lord  Howick,'  1807,  upon 

N2 


Francis 


1 80 


Francis 


India  ;  '  Plan  of  Reform  adopted  by  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Friends  of  the  People  in  1795,' re- 
printed in  1813 ;  '  Proceedings  in  the  House 
of  Commons  on  the  Slave  Trade,'  1796  ;  '  The 
Question  as  it  stood  in  March  1798,'  1798  ; 
'  Reflections  on  the  Abundance  of  Paper 
Money,'  1810 ;  '  Letter  to  Lord  Grey,'  1814 
(upon  the  blockade  of  Norway),  and '  Letter 
to  Lord  Holland,'  1816  (upon  Irish  policy)  ; 
'  Historical  Questions  Exhibited,'  in  the 
'  Morning  Chronicle 'for  January  181 8  (upon 
the  legitimacy  of  several  royal  families). 

[The  main  authority  for  Francis's  life  is  Me- 
moirs of  Sir  Philip  Francis,  commenced  by  the 
late  Joseph  Parkes,  completed  and  edited  by 
Herman  Merivale,  2  vols.  8vo,  1867  (founded  on 
researches  by  Parkes,  who  had  access  to  Francis's 
papers,  but  was  very  uncritical,  and  hastily  put 
together  by  Merivale).  See  also  the  Memoirs 
by  Dubois  in  the  Mirror  of  1811,  reprinted  in 
Taylor's  Junius  Identified ;  an  article  in  the 
Gent.  Mag.  for  January  1819,  and  one  in  the 
Annual  Obituary  for  1820,  pp.  189-233.  For 
the  Indian  career  see  Mr.  Justice  Stephen's 
Nuncomar  and  Impey,  1885  ;  H.  Beveridge's 
Trial  of  Maharaja  Nanda  Kumar,  Calcutta,  1886 ; 
Calcutta  Review,  January  1815,  pp.  561-608; 
Macaulay's  Warren  Hastings  and  the  usual 
histories ;  H.  E.  Busteed's  Echoes  of  Old  Cal- 
cutta, 1882,  pp.  72-165.  Various  anecdotes  by 
Lady  Francis  are  given  in  a  letter  printed  in  the 
notes  to  Campbell's  Lord  Loughborough  in 
Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  1847,  vi.  344-7,  in 
Wade's  Junius,  and  in  Parkes  and  Merivale ;  they 
are  utterly  untrustworthy.  For  remarks  upon 
Francis's  supposed  authorship  of  Junius  see  Dis- 
covery of  the  Author  of  Junius  (by  John  Taylor), 
1813;  the  Identity  of  Junius  with  a  Distin- 
guished Living  Character  (by  the  same),  1816, 
and  Supplement,  1817.  For  Taylor's  statement 
that  the  book  was  exclusively  by  him,  see  Notes 
and  Queries,  1st  ser.  iii.  258  ;  Butler's  Reminis- 
cences, 1824.  i.  73-107,  ii.  120-6;  E.H.  Barker's 
Claims  of  Sir  Philip  Francis  Disproved  (pri- 
vately printed  1827),  1828;  Wraxall's  Posthu- 
mous Memoirs,  1836,  iii.  125-38;  Dilke's  Papers 
of  a  Critic,  vol.  ii. ;  A.  Hayward's  More  about 
Junius,  in  Historical  and  Critical  Essays;  The 
Handwriting  of  Junius  Investigated  by'Charles 
Chabot,  with  preface  by  Hon.  E.Twisleton,  1871 ; 
Mahon's  History,  chap,  xlvii. ;  Lecky's  History, 
iii.  235-54;  art.  '  Chatham.  Francis,  and  Junius,' 
by  present  writer,  English  Historical  Review, 
April  1888;  Mr.  FraserRae,  in  Athenaeum  forl  888, 
ii.  192,  258,  319.  A  list  of  over  fifty  suggested 
authors  is  given  in  Halkett  and  Lane's  Dictionary 
of  Anonymous  Literature  and  Cushing's  Initials 
and  Pseudonyms.  Lists  of  books  on  the  subject  are 
in  Lowndes's  Manual,  and  Notes  and  Queries,  6th 
ser.  v.  463.  The  following  may  be  mentioned :  In 
favour  of  BARRE,  ISAAC:  John  Britton's  Author- 
ship of  Junius  Elucidated,  1841 ;  of  Born,  HUOH 
fq.v.]:  George  Chalmers's  Authorship  of  Junius 
Ascertained,  with  appendix  to  Supplemental 


Apology,  1819;  also  Almon's  Anecdotes,  ii.  16, 
and  Almon's  Juuius ;  of  BURKE,  WILLIAM:  J.C. 
Symons's  William  Burke  the  Author  of  Junius, 
1859;  of  CHATHAM:  B.  Waterhouse's  Essay  on 
Junius,  1841,  John  Swinden's  Junius  Lord  Chat- 
ham, 1833,  and  William  Dowe's  Junius  Lord 
Chatham,  1857  ;  of  CHESTERFIELD:  W.  Cramp's 
The  Author  of  Junius  Discovered  in  ...  Lord 
Chesterfield,  1821,  and  other  books  in  1823  and 
1851 ;  of  DE  LOLME:  T.  Busby's  Arguments  and 
Facts  Demonstrating  ...  1816;  of  LAUGHLIN 
MACLEANE:  SirD.Brewster;  of  LORDLYTTELTOX: 
Quarterly  Review,  vol.  xc.  (by  David  Trevena 
Coulton);  of  GOVERNOR  POWNALL:  Fred.  Griffin's 
Junius  Discovered,  1854 ;  of  LORD  GEORGE  SACK- 
VILLE:  G.  Coventry's  Critical  Enquiry,  1825,  and 
John  Jaques's  History  of  Junius,  1843 ;  of  LORD 
TEMPLE:  Isaac  Newhall's Letters  on  Junius,  1831, 
and  W.  J.  Smith  in  Grenville  Papers,  iii.  pp. 
xiii-ccxxviii ;  of  JOHN  HORNE  TOOKE  :  John  A. 
Graham's  Memoirs  of  J.  H.  Tooke,  1829,  and 
[J.  Bellows]  Posthumous  Works  of  Junius,  1829 ; 
of  D.  WILMOT  :  Olivia  Serres  Wilmot's  Junius: 
Sir  Philip  Francis  denied;  of  DANIEL  WRAY: 
James  Falconer's  The  Secret  Revealed,  1830.  The 
'Anecdotes  of  Junius,  1788,  were  reprinted  from 
'Anecdotes'  prefixed  to  the  so-called  'Piccadilly' 
edition  of  1771,  assuming  E.  Burke  to  be  the 
author.  The  opinion  was  common  at  the  time, 
from  Burke's  unique  combination  of  literary  and 
political  fume,  but  was  solemnly  denied  by  him, 
and  is  intrinsically  incredible.  In  1841  Mr.  N.W. 
Simons  reprinted  'A  Letter  to  an  Honourable 
Brigadier-General'  (1760),  which  he  ascribed  to 
Junius  on  (worthless)  internal  evidence.]  L.  S. 

FRANCIS,  THOMAS,  M.D.  (d.  1574), 
president  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  a  native 
of  Chester,  was  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  as  a  member  of  which  he  was  ad- 
mitted B.A.  19  June  1540,  and  M.A.  7  July 
1544.  'After  he  had  taken  the  degree  of 
M.  of  A.,'  says  Wood, '  he  applyed  his  studies 
to  the  theological  faculty,  but  the  encourage- 
ment thereof  being  in  these  days  but  little, 
he  transfer'd  himself  to  the  school  of  phy- 
sicians, and,  with  the  consent  and  approba- 
tion of  Dr.  Wryght,  the  vice-chancellor,  was 
entred  on  the  physic  line,  4  [7]  Aug.  1550. 
In  the  year  after,  I  find  him  supplying  the 
place  and  office  of  the  king's  professor  of 
physic,  being,  I  presume,  only  deputy  for 
Dr.  John  Warner '  (Fasti  O.ron.  ed.  Bliss,  i. 
143-4).  He  received  the  degree  of  M.B. 
and  license  to  practise  9  March  1554-5,  and 
commenced  M.D.  on  the  following  29  July 
(Reg.  of  Univ.  of  Oxford,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.  i. 
198,  299).  In  the  beginning  of  1554-5  he 
succeeded  Warner  in  the  regius  professor- 
ship, which  he  resigned  in  1561  to  become 
provost  of  Queen's  College.  The  appoint- 
ment was  not  a  popular  one,  and  '  serious  dis- 
turbances '  took  place  at  his  inauguration 
(Letter  of  Francis,  Calfhill,  and  others  to 


Franciscus 


181 


Franck 


Cecil,  dated  from  Oxford,  11  May  1561  in 
Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1547-80,  p.  175).  He 
retired  from  the  provostship  in  1563.  He 
•was  admitted  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, 21  Oct.  1560,  at  the  comitia  specially 
convened  for  that  purpose.  He  was  censor 
in  1561  and  the  three  following  years ;  was 
provisionally  named  elect  30  Sept.  1562  in 
place  of  Dr.  John  Clement,  '  a  second  time 
gone  abroad,'  and  was  definitely  appointed 
to  that  office  12  May  1564.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  college  in  1568,  and  consiliarius 
in  1571.  Francis  was  physician  in  ordinary 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and,  according  to  Wood, 
much  respected  by  her.  While  president  he 
had  some  trouble  with  the  quack  Eliseus 
Bomelius  [q.  v.],  whom  he  was  obliged  to 
prosecute  for  practising  physic  without  a 
license  from  the  college.  Bomelius  in  his 
letters  to  Cecil  offered  to  expose  the  igno- 
rance of  Francis  in  Latin  and  astronomy,  but 
at  the  prospect  of  his  enlargement  apologised 
for  having  circulated  such  false  statements 
(jib.  pp.  292,  304).  Francis  lived  in  Silver 
Street,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Olave,  London. 
He  died  in  1574.  By  his  will,  dated  8  April 
and  proved  9  Nov.  1574,  though  he  left  his 
wife  Anne  comfortably  provided  for,  he  was 
more  solicitous  for  the  welfare  of  one  '  Ed- 
warde  Marbecke  alias  ffraunces,  a  yonge 
childe,  nowe  or  late  withe  me  in  house  dwel- 
linge.'  He  names  as  his  executors  Roger 
Marbeck  and  John  Riche  (will  registered  in 
P.  C.  C.  41,  Martyn). 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  i.  61-2.] 

G.  a. 

FRANCISCUS  A  SANTA  CLAEA.  [See 
DAVENPORT.] 

FRANCK,  RICHARD  (1624 P-1708), 
captain  in  the  parliamentary  service,  was 
born  and  educated  at  Cambridge,  but  pro- 
bably was  not  a  member  of  the  university, 
unless  it  be  thought  (with  Sir  W.  Scott) 
that '  some  degree  of  learning  was  necessary 
to  have  formed  so  very  uncommon  and  pe- 
dantic a  style '  {Memoir,  p.  1).  When  the 
civil  war  broke  out  he  left  Cambridge  to '  seek 
umbrage  in  the  city  of  London,'  and  became 
a  Cromwellian  trooper,  when  he  probably  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  captain,  for  he  is  addressed 
in  one  of  the  recommendatory  poems  pre- 
fixed to  his  Scotch  travels  as  '  my  honoured 
friend,  Captain  Richard  Franck.'  He  has 
indeed  been  thought  to  have  served  in  the 
royalist  army,  but  his  panegyric  on  the  Pro- 
tector, his  enumeration  of  the  six  great  pa- 
triots of  the  English  nation,  Ireton,  Vane, 
Nevill,  Martin,  Marvell,  and  Cromwell,  to- 
gether with  his  flouting  of  the  cavalier  angler, 
Izaak  Walton,  forbids  the  supposition.  Nor 


does  his  name  appear  among  the  army  lists 
of  the  king.  In  the  uncertainty  and  reli- 
gious confusions  which  ensued  upon  the  rise 
of  Cromwell  to  power,  Franck  left  England 
for  a  tour  in  Scotland.  This  must  have  been 
about  1656  or  1657,  and  his  love  of  travel  led 
him  to  the  extreme  north  of  the  kingdom, 
'  when,'  he  says,  '  to  admiration  I  inspected 
that  little  artick  world  and  every  angle  of 
it.'  He  returned  to  Nottingham,  where  he 
seems  to  have  lived  many  years.  About 
1690  he  went  to  America,  where  his  second 
book  was  written,  and  in  1694  was  in  Lon- 
don at  the  Barbican.  It  may  be  gathered 
that  he  had  a  wife,  whom  in  his  '  Northern 
Memoirs '  he  calls  Constantia.  He  wrote  to 
her  during  his  journey  north.  Of  his  death 
nothing  can  be  learnt. 

The  book  which  has  made  Franck  famous 
is  an  excellent  specimen  of  euphuistic  lite- 
rature. Its  title  runs  '  Northern  Memoirs, 
calculated  for  the  Meridian  of  Scotland. 
Wherein  most  or  all  of  the  Cities,  Citadels, 
Sea-ports,  Castles,  Forts,  Fortresses,  Rivers, 
and  Rivulets  are  compendiously  described. 
Together  with  choice  Collections  of  various 
Discoveries,  Remarkable  Observations,  Theo- 
logical Notions,  Political  Axioms,  National 
Intrigues,  Polemick  Inferences,  Contempla- 
tions, Speculations,  and  several  curious  and 
industrious  Inspections,  lineally  drawn  from. 
Antiquaries  and  other  noted  and  intelligible 
Persons  of  Honour  and  Eminency.  To  which 
is  added  the  Contemplative  and  Practical 
Angler  by  way  of  Diversion,'  with  more  of 
the  same  character.  '  By  Richard  Franck, 
Philanthropus.  Plures  necat  Gula  quam  Gla- 
dius,  1694.'  The  rest  of  the  work  is  equally 
cumbrous.  No  less  than  four  dedications 
must  be  confronted,  a  preface,  an  address  in 
rhyme  to  his  book,  four  recommendatory 
poems  by  as  many  writers,  and  then  another 
poem  '  to  the  poet '  by  the  author,  before  the 
book  itself  is  reached.  It  is  in  the  form  of 
a  dialogue  between  Theophanes,  Agrippa  (a 
servant),  Aquila  (a  friend),  and  himself, 
under  the  name  Arnoldus,  and  the  style  is 
bombastic,  stilted,  and  pedantic  to  a  degree, 
'  drawn  from  the  rough  draught  of  a  martial 
pen,'  as  Franck  himself  describes  it.  The 
author  was  evidently  a  mystic,  deeply  tinged 
with  Bohm's  tenets,  and  not  improbably  de- 
ranged on  certain  subjects.  Sir  W.  Scott 
compares  his  style  with  that  of  Sir  Thomas 
Urquhart's  translation  of  '  Rabelais,'  but  in 
verbosity  and  affectation  Franck  exceeds  Ur- 
quhart.  '  Northern  Memoirs '  was  written 
in  1658,  put  together  in  1685,  and  not  pub- 
lished till  1694.  Its  main  interest  centres 
in  the  places  which  Franck  visited  in  Scot- 
land, and  the  account  of  them  which  he  gives. 


Franck 


182 


Francklin 


His  route  was  by  Carlisle  and  Dumfries  to 
Glasgow ;  thence  to  Stirling,  Perth,  Forfar, 
and  Loch  Ness ;  Sutherlandshire  and  Caith- 
ness, Cromarty,  Aberdeen,  Dundee,  St.  An- 
drews, Edinburgh,  and  Berwick,  were  next 
seen,  and  he  made  his  way  home  by  Morpeth. 
For  anglers  the  book  possesses  great  attrac- 
tion. Franck  is  the  first  to  describe  salmon- 
fishing  in  Scotland,  and  both  in  that  and 
trout-fishing  with  artificial  fly  he  proves 
himself  an  excellent  practical  angler.  His 
rules  for  fly-fishing,  and  especially  for  salmon- 
fishing,  cannot  be  improved  at  present.  In- 
ternal evidence  shows  that  he  had  read  the 
'  Compleat  Angler ; '  indeed  he  tells  us  that 
he  had  argued  with  Walton  at  Stafford  on 
the  fact  related  by  the  latter  of  pickerel 
weed  breeding  pike,  and  that  Walton  laid  it 
on  Gesner  and  then  '  huffed  away.'  Franck 
loses  no  opportunity  of  scoffing  at  him.  He 
incidentally  mentions  Nottingham  as  being 
even  in  his  time  the  nursery  of  many  good 
anglers,  describes  their  famous  '  pith  bait ' 
and  the  breeding  of  salmon,  and  commends 
the  dressing  of  a  fly  which  could  not  be  im- 
proved upon  at  the  present  day.  He  is  the 
first  angler  to  name  that  curious  fish  of  the 
Trent,  the  burbot,  and  highly  commends  the 
salmon  of  the  Thames,  especially  those  caught 
below  bridge.  The  rudiments  of  angling  he 
learnt  in  the  Cam,  but  perfected  himself  in 
the  Trent.  His  puritanism  frequently  breaks 
out  while  discoursing  of  angling.  He  says 
of  religion  after  the  Restoration,  'It  is  worn 
so  threadbare  that  nothing  save  the  name  is 
left  to  cover  it.'  It  is  plain  that  he  read 
Shirley's  poems. 

Franck's  second  book  is  entitled  '  A  Philo- 
sophical Treatise  of  the  Original  and  Produc- 
tion of  Things.  Writ  in  America  in  a  time  of 
solitude,'  London,  1687.  The  running  head 
title  of  the  work  is  'Rabbi  Moses.'  It  is 
written  in  the  same  high-flown  language  as 
'  Northern  Memoirs,'  but  is  devoid  of  in- 
terest. Franck  also  probably  wrote  '  The 
Admirable  and  Indefatigable  Adventures  of 
the  Nine  Pious  Pilgrims  ...  to  the  New 
Jerusalem.  Written  in  America  in  a  time 
of  Solitude  and  Divine  Contemplation.  By 
a  Zealous  Lover  of  Truth  .  .  .'  London  (Mor- 
phew),  1708.  The  introductory  matter  is 
signed  '  Philanthropes '  as  in  Franck's  other 
books.  The  style  supports  the  ascription. 

[Memoir  by  Sir  W.  Scott,  prefixed  to  an  edi- 
tion of  the  Northern  Memoirs,  1821,  see  Lock- 
hart's  Life,  v.  134,  ed.  1837;  Westwood  and 
Satchell's  Bibliotheca  Piscatoria,  p.  100;  Retro- 
spective Eeview,  viii.  1 70  ;  Censura  Literaria,  vi. 
1 1 ;  West-wood's  Chronicle  of  the  Compleat  Angler, 
1864,  p.  13  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  vi.  27.] 

M.  G.  W.  " 


FRANCKLIN,  THOMAS  (1721-1784), 
miscellaneous  writer,  son  of  Richard  Franck- 
lin, bookseller  near  the  Piazza  in  Covent  Gar- 
den, London,  who  printed  Pulteney's  paper, 
'  The  Craftsman,'  was  born  in  1721,  and  ad- 
mitted into  Westminster  School  in  1735.  In 
1739  he  was  elected  second  from  the  school 
to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  admitted  on  21  June  1739,  and  took  the 
degrees  of  B.A.  in  1742,  M.A.  1746,  and  D.D. 
in  1770.  In  1745  he  was  elected  to  a  minor 
fellowship,  was  promoted  in  the  next  year  to 
be  '  socius  major,'  and  resided  in  college  until 
the  end  of  1758.  On  the  advice  and  encou- 
ragement of  Pulteney  he  was  educated  for 
the  church,  but  that  statesman  forgot  his 
promises,  and  rendered  Francklin  no  assist- 
ance in  life.  He  was  for  some  time  an  usher 
in  his  old  school,  and  on  27  June  1750  was 
elected  to  the  honourable,  if  not  profitable, 
post  of  Greek  professor  at  Cambridge.  Later 
in  the  same  year  he  was  involved  in  a  dispute 
with  the  heads  of  the  university.  Forty- 
six  old  boys  of  Westminster  met  between 
eight  and  nine  o'clock  on  17  Nov.  at  the  Tuns 
Tavern  to  commemorate,  as  was  their  cus- 
tom, the  accession  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and 
Francklin  was  in  the  chair.  The  party  was 
just  about  to  separate  at  eleven  o'clock,  when 
the  senior  proctor  appeared  and  somewhat 
rudely  called  upon  them  to  disperse.  Many  of 
the  graduates  present  resented  the  summons, 
and  hot  words  ensued.  Several  pamphlets  were 
afterwards  published,  and  among  them  was 
one  from  Francklin  entitled  '  An  Authentic 
Narrative  of  the  late  Extraordinary  Proceed- 
ings at  Cambridge  against  the  W  .  .  .  r 
Club,'  1751.  Further  particulars  concerning 
the  disturbance  and  the  subsequent  proceed- 
ings in  the  vice-chancellor's  court  will  be 
found  in  Wordsworth's  '  Social  Life  at  the 
English  Universities  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury,' pp.  70-5.  He  resigned  his  professorship 
in  1759,  and  on  2  Jan.  of  that  year  was  in- 
stituted, on  presentation  of  his  college,  to  the 
vicarage  of  Ware  in  Hertfordshire,  which  he 
held  in  conjunction  with  the  lectureship  of 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  and  a  proprietary 
chapel  in  Queen  Street,  London.  As  a  popu- 
lar preacher  his  services  were  often  in  requi- 
sition. He  was  appointed  king's  chaplain  in 
November  1767,  and  was  selected  to  preach 
the  commencement  sermon  at  St.  Mary's, 
Cambridge,  on  the  installation  of  the  Duke 
of  Grafton  as  chancellor  of  the  university  in 
1770.  Through  the  favour  of  Archbishop 
Cornwallis  he  was  appointed  in  1777  to  the 
rectory  of  Brasted  in  Kent,  whereupon  he 
vacated  the  living  of  Ware.  For  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  Francklin  was  compelled,  by 
want  of  lucrative  preferment,  to  write  for 


Francklin 


183 


Francklin 


the  press  and  for  the  stage.  His  plays  were 
more  numerous  than  original,  but  two  of 
them  met,  through  the  excellence  of  the 
acting,  with  considerable  success.  Hehrought 
out  in  1757  a  periodical  paper  of  his  own 
composition  entitled  '  The  Centinel,'  and  he 
was  one  of  the  contributors  to  Smollett's 

*  Critical  Review.'     Dr.   Johnson  and   Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds  were  among  his  friends, 
and  through  their  influence  he  was  exalted 
to  the  place  of  chaplain  to  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy on  its  foundation,  when  he  addressed 
the  associates  '  in  good  old  lyric  common- 
places,' and  on  Goldsmith's  death  in  1774 
succeeded  to  the  professorship  of  ancient  his- 
tory.    It  has  been  generally  assumed  that 
lie  was  the  '  Tho.  Franklin '  who  signed  the 
round-robin  to   Johnson  on  the  Latin  epi- 
taph to  Goldsmith ;  but  Dr.  Hill  says,  on  ac- 
count of  the  omission  of  the  letter  c  in  the 
name,  and  the  difference  in  the  handwriting 
from  his  acknowledged  signature,  '  he  cer- 
tainly was  not,'  but  no  other  bearer  of  the 
name  was  sufficiently  prominent  among  their 
friends  to  justify  such  a  conspicuous  honour. 
"With  the  generality  of  literary  men  he  was 
unpopular.    One  of  his  victims  in  the '  Criti- 
cal   Review'    was  Arthur    Murphy,    who 
solaced  his  feelings   of  indignation  in  'A 
Poetical  Epistle  to  Samuel  Johnson,  A.M.,' 
•whereupon  it  is  said  that  Francklin  '  had  re- 
course to  the  law  for  protection,  and  swore 
the  peace '  against  Murphy  (Biog.  Dramatica, 
1812    ed.,   i.    253-6).       Churchill,   in   the 

*  Rosciad,'  sneeringly  says  that '  he  sicken'd 
at  all  triumphs  but  his  own,'  and  in  the  poem 
of '  The  Journey,'  exclaims,  with  less  reason, 
let 

Francklin,  proud  of  some  small  Greek, 
Make  Sophocles,  disguis'd  in  English,  speak. 
After  a  laborious  life  Francklin  died  in  Great 
Queen  Street,  London,  15  March  1784.     He 
married,  on  20  Jan.  1759,  Miss  Venables,  the 
daughter  of  a  wine  merchant ;  she  died  in 
Great  Queen  Street,  24  May  1790. 

Francklin's  mostprofitable  works  consisted 
of  translations  and  tragedies.  His  first  ven- 
ture was  an  anonymous  rendering  of  Cicero's 
treatise,  '  Of  the  Nature  of  the  Gods,'  which 
appeared  in  1741,  was  reissued  in  1775,  and, 
after  revision  by  C.  D.  Yonge,  formed  a  part 
of  one  of  the  volumes  in  Bonn's  '  Classical 
Library.'  In  1749  he  published '  The  Epistles 
of  Phalaris  translated  from  the  Greek ;  to 
which  are  added  some  select  epistles  of  the 
most  eminent  Greek  writers.'  His  transla- 
tion of  the  tragedies  of  Sophocles  was  long 
considered  the  best  in  the  English  language. 
It  came  out  in  1759,  and  was  reprinted  in 
1809  and  1832,  large  selections  from  it  were 
included  in  Sanford's  '  British  Poets,'  vol.  1., 


and  it  has  recently  been  included  in  Profes- 
sor Henry  Morley's  '  Universal  Library ' 
(vol.  xliv.),  while  a  separate  impression  of  the 
'  (Edipus  Tyrannus '  was  struck  off  in  1806. 
Equal  popularity  attended  his  version  of 
'  The  Works  of  Lucian  from  the  Greek,' 
which  was  produced  in  1780  in  two  volumes, 
and  appeared  in  a  second  edition  in  1781. 
The  whole  work  was  dedicated  to  Rigby,  the 
politician,  and  parts  were  inscribed  to  other 
eminent  men,  the  most  famous  of  whom  were 
Bishop  Douglas,  Dr.  Johnson, '  the  Demonax 
of  the  present  age,'  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and 
Edmund  Burke.  His  translation  of  Lucian's 
'  Trips  to  the  Moon '  forms  vol.  Ixxi.  of  Cas- 
sell's  '  National  Library,'  edited  by  Profes- 
sor Henry  Morley.  Francklin's  plays  are : 
1.  'The  Earl  of  Warwick,' which  was  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  on  13  Dec. 
1766,  and  was  often  represented.  On  its  first 
appearance  Mrs.  Yates  created  a  great  im- 
pression in  the  part  of  Margaret  of  Anjou, 
and  Mrs.  Siddons  in  later  years  made  that 
character  equally  successful.  The  whole  play, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  taken  without 
any  acknowledgment  from  the  French  of  La 
Harpe,was  printed  in  1766  and  1767,  and  was 
included  in  the  collections  of  Bell,  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  Dibdin,  and  many  others.  2.  '  Matilda,' 
first  presented  at  Drury  Lane  on  21  Jan.  1775, 
was  also  profitable  to  the  author,  as  is  shown 
in  the  balance-sheet  in  G  arrick's '  Correspond- 
ence,' ii,  44.  It  appeared  in  print  in  1775,  and 
was  also  included  in  several  theatrical  collec- 
tions. 3.  '  The  Contract,'  brought  out  at  the 
Haymarket  on  12  June  1776,and  printed  in  the 
same  year,  was  a  failure,  although  it  deserved 
a  better  fate.  The  chief  characters  were  two 
persons  who  had  made  a  contract  of  marriage, 
parted,  and  on  meeting  again  after  many  years, 
wished  the  engagement  broken  off.  4.  '  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,'  which  was  several  times  an- 
nounced but  was  never  acted,  and  remained 
in  manuscript  until  1837,  when  it  was  edited 
by  the  author's  eldest  son,  Lieutenant-colonel 
William  Francklin  [q.  v.],  once  of  the  Hon. 
East  India  Company's  service. 

Francklin's  other  literary  productions  were 
very  numerous.  Their  titles  were :  1.  'Trans- 
lation,' a  poem,  1753,  which  condemned 
many  previous  attempts  at  translation,  and 
appealed  to  abler  men  to  undertake  the  task, 
ending  with  the  preliminary  puft'  of  his  pro- 
posal to  print  by  subscription  a  version  of 
Sophocles.  2.  '  Enquiry  into  the  Astronomy 
and  Anatomy  of  the  Ancients,'  1749,  and 
said  to  have  been  reprinted  in  1775. 
3.  '  Truth  and  Falsehood,  a  Tale,'  1755, 
issued  anonymously,  and  panegyrising  the 
then  Duchess  of  Bedford.  4.  '  The  Centinel,' 
1757  fol.,  1758  12mo,  a  periodical  paper,  one 


Francklin 


184 


Francklin 


of  the  numberless  imitations  of  the  '  Tatler ' 
and  '  Spectator.'  5.  '  A  Dissertation  on  An- 
cient Tragedy,'  1760,  given  gratis  to  the  sub- 
scribers to  his  translation  of  Sophocles. 
6.  '  A  Letter  to  a  Bishop  concerning  Lecture- 
ships,' '  a  piece  of  humour '  on  the  manner  of 
election  to  such  posts,  and  the  miserable  pay 
attaching  thereto.  Between  1748  and  1779 
Francklin  printed  nine  single  sermons 
preached  on  charitable  and  special  occasions, 
the  most  important  of  which  was  that  deli- 
vered at  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  in  May 
1756,  on  the  death  of  the  Rev.  John  Sturges, 
from  which  it  appears  that  he  had  hoped  to 
succeed  him  in  that  position.  An  entire 
volume  of  his  sermons  on  '  The  Relative 
Duties '  was  published  in  1765,  and  passed 
into  a  fourth  edition  in  1788.  He  died 
without  leaving  adequate  provision  for  his 
family,  and  in  1785  there  appeared  for  his 
widow's  relief  two  volumes  of  '  Sermons  on 
Various  Subjects,'  followed  by  a  third  in 
1787.  Francklin  lent  his  name,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Smollett,  to  a  translation  of  Vol- 
taire's works  and  letters,  but  the  '  Orestes ' 
(produced  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre  13  March 
1769  for  the  benefit  of  Mrs.  Yates)  and  the 
'  Electra '  (brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  15  Oct. 
1774)  are  believed  to  have  been  his  sole  share 
in  the  publication.  Some  of  his  fugitive 
pieces  were  embodied  in  the  '  Miscellaneous 
Pieces '  brought  together  by  Tom  Davies,  and 
there  are  many  of  his  letters  in  the '  Garrick 
Correspondence.' 

[Welch's  Westm.  School  (1852  ed.),  pp.  311, 
321,  326;  Forshall's  Westminster,  pp.  108-9, 
229-30 ;  Hill's  Boswell,  i.  355,  iii.  83,  iv.  34 ; 
Cussans's  Hertfordshire,  vol.  i.  pt.  i.  p.  1 54 ; 
Taylor's  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  i.  261-2,  310,  317, 
ii.  73,  162;  Gent.  Mag.  1759,  p.  45,  1784,  pt.  i. 
pp.  238-9,  1796,  pt.  i.  p.  446;  Genest,  v.  119- 
120,  242-6,  441-7,  528-9;  Churchill's  Works 
(1804),  i.  7-8,  82,  ii.  367  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd. 
ii.  594,  vi.  425;  Hasted's  Kent,  i.  381 ;  Records 
of  Trin.  Coll.  Cambr.]  W.  P.  C. 

FR.ANCKLIN,  WILLIAM  (1763-1839), 
orientalist,  born  in  1763,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Thomas  Francklin  (1721-1784)  [q.  v.],  by 
his  wife  Miss  Venables.  He  was  admitted 
on  the  foundation  at  Westminster  in  1777, 
whence  he  was  elected  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1781.  Preferring  to  engage  in 
the  profession  of  arms,  he  was  admitted  a 
cadet  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  1782,  appointed  ensign  of  the  19th 
regiment  of  Bengal  native  infantry  31  Jan. 
1783,  lieutenant  20  Oct.  1789,  captain  in  the 
army  7  June  1796,  captain  in  his  regiment 
30  Sept.  1803,  major  in  the  army  25  April 
1808,  major  in  his  regiment  29  March  1810, 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army  4  June  1814, 


and  in  his  regiment  on  16  Dec.  of  the  same 
year.     On  being  invalided,  1  Oct.  1815,  he 
was  made  regulating  officer  at  Bhaugulpore. 
He  retired  in  India  in  December  1825,  and 
died  12  April  1839,  aged  76.  A  distinguished 
officer,  Francklin  also  enjoyed  considerable 
reputation  as  an  oriental  scholar.     In  1786 
he  made  a  tour  in  Persia,  in  the  course  of 
which  he  resided  for  eight  months  at  Shiraz 
as  an  inmate  of  a  Persian  family,  and  was 
thus  enabled  to  communicate  a  fuller  account 
of  the  manners  of  the  people  than  had  before 
appeared.  His  journal  was  published  as  '  Ob- 
servations made  on  a  Tour  from  Bengal  to> 
Persia  in  ...  1786-7  ;  with  a  short  account 
of  the  remains  of  the  .  .  .  Palace  of  Perse- 
polis,'  4to,  Calcutta,  1788  (reprinted  in  vol. 
ix.  of  J.  Pinkerton's  'General  Collection  of 
Voyages,'  4to,  1808,  &c.)   A  French  version, 
'  Voyage  du  Bengal  a  Chyraz,'  was  published 
in  vols.  ii.  and  iii.  of '  Collection  portative  de- 
voyages  traduits  de  differentes  langues  orien- 
tales,'  12mo,   Paris  [1797,  &c.]     His  next 
work,  '  The  History  of  the  Reign  of  Shah- 
Aulum,  the  present  Emperor  of  Hindostan. 
I  ...  With  an  Appendix,' 4to,  London,  1798, 
serves  as  an  important  continuation  of  the 
'  Seir  ul  Mutakherin,  or  History  of  Modern 
Times.'     Francklin  also  published :  1.  '  The- 
Loves  of  Camariipa  and  Camalata,  an  ancient 
Indian  Tale  .  .  .  translated  from  the  Persian  r 
[version  by  Na'amat  Allah?],  12mo,  London, 
1793.    2.  '  Remarks  and  Observations  on  the 
Plain  of  Troy,  made  during  an  Excursion  in 
June  1799,'  4to,  London,  1800.  3.  '  Military 
Memoirs  of  Mr.  George  Thomas,  who  .  .  . 
rose  ...  to  the  rank  of  a  General  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  native  powers  in  ...  India.  .  .  . 
Compiled  and  arranged  from  Mr.  Thomas's 
original  documents  (Appendix),'  4to,  Cal- 
cutta, 1803 ;  8vo,  London,  1805.    4.  '  Tracts, 
Political,  Geographical,  and  Commercial ;  on 
the  dominions  of  Ava,  and  the  Is  orth- Western 
parts  of  Hindostaun,'  8vo,  London,   1811. 
5.  '  Miscellaneous  Remarks,  in  two  parts  r 
1st.  On  Vincent's   Geography  of  Susiana. 
2nd.  Supplementary  Note  on  the  Site  of  the 
ancient  City  of  Palibothra,'  4to,  Calcutta, 
1813.     6.  '  Inquiry  concerning  the  Site  of 
ancient  Palibothra,'  &c.  4  pts.  4to,  London, 
1815-22.   7.  '  Researches  on  the  Tenets  and 
Doctrines  of  the  Jeynes  and  Boodhists ;  con- 
jectured to  be  the  Brachmanes  of  ancient 
India.     In  which  is  introduced  a  discussion 
on   the  worship   of  the  serpent  in  various 
countries  of  the  world,'  4to,  London,  1827. 
To  vol.  iv.  of '  Asiatick  Researches '  (1795), 
pp.  419-32,  he  contributed  '  An  Account  of 
the  present  State  of  Delhi ; '  while  to  vol.  ii. 
of  Miscellaneous  Translations  from  Oriental 
Languages,'  published  in  1834  by  the  Oriental 


Frank 


185 


Frankland 


Translation  Fund,  he  furnished  an  '  Account 
of  the  Grand  Festival  held  by  the  Amir  Timiir 
.  .  .  A.  H.  803.  Translated  .  .  .  from  the 
Mulfuzat  Timuri,  or  Life  of  Timur,  written 
by  himself.'  In  1837  he  published  his  father's 
historical  play,  '  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.'  He 
maintained  a  learned  correspondence  with 
Dean  Vincent,  who  was  second  master  dur- 
ing the  time  he  was  at  Westminster ;  and 
Francklin  was  one  of  the  few  persons  to  whom 
the  dean  acknowledged  obligations  in  the 
preface  to  the '  Periplus,'  1800-5.  Francklin 
was  a  member,  and  during  the  later  years  of 
his  life  librarian  and  member  of  the  council, 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  He  was  also 
member  of  the  Calcutta  Asiatic  Society. 

[Preface  to  Thomas  Francklin's  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  ;  Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.  (1852),  pp. 
407, 414-15 ;  Dodwell  and  Miles's  List  of  Officers 
of  Indian  Army,  pp.  102-3  ;  East  India  Eegisters; 
Journal  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  vol.  v.  Annual 
Report,  11  May  1839,  pp.  ii-iii ;  Asiatic  Journal, 
new  ser.  vol.  xxix.  pt.  ii.  p.  80.]  G.  G-. 

FRANK,  MARK,D.D.  (1613-1664),  theo- 
logian, born  at  Brickhill,  Buckinghamshire,  in 
1613,  was  admitted  pensioner  of  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  4  July  1627.  He  was 
elected  to  a  scholarship  in  1630,  and  to  a 
fellowship  8  Oct.  1634,  having  become  M.A. 
the  same  year.  In  1641  he  became  B.D., 
and  was  chosen  junior  treasurer  of  his  col- 
lege, and  senior  treasurer  in  1642.  Two  years 
later  he  was  ejected  as  a  malignant  by  the 
parliamentary  visitors,  on  his  refusal  to  take 
the  covenant,  and  ordered  to  leave  Cambridge. 
We  are  told  that  he  bore  his  long  period  of 
deprivation  '  with  patience  and  constancy.' 
Before  his  ejection  he  had  attracted  the  fa- 
vourable notice  of  Charles  I  by  a  sermon 
he  preached  at  Paul's  Cross  before  the  lord 
mayor  and  aldermen  in  1641  on  Jeremiah 
xxxv.  18-19,  which  the  king  commanded  to 
be  printed.  In  this  sermon  he  propounds  the 
Rechabites  as  an  example  of  obedience '  never 
more  needful'  than  then,  and  gives  a  strongly 
drawn  picture  of  the  troubles  of  the  time, 
describing  the  insults  to  the  monarch,  the 
bishops,  and  the  clergy.  '  It  is  a  usual  thing 
nowadays,'  he  says, '  to  direct  our  governours 
what  to  do,  what  to  read,  what  to  command ; 
then,  forsooth,  we  will  obey  them.'  At  the 
Restoration  Frank  was  re-established  in  his 
fellowship  10  Aug.  1660,  and  his  learning 
and  loyalty  were  rewarded  by  a  long  series 
of  well-deserved  ecclesiastical  promotions. 
He  was  made  D.D.  by  royal  mandate  in 
1661,  and  was  chosen  master  of  his  college 
23  Aug.  1662,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Laney, 
elevated  to  the  see  of  Peterborough.  Arch- 
bishop Juxon  appointed  him  one  of  his  chap- 


lains, and  he  held  the  office  of  domestic 
chaplain  and  ex-officio  licenser  of  theological 
works  to  Juxon's  successor,  Archbishop  Shel- 
don, by  whom  he  was  presented  to  the  arch- 
deaconry of  St.  Albans,  and  to  the  treasurer- 
ship  of  St.  Paul's  19  Dec.  1660,  and  22  April 
1662  collated  to  the  prebendal  stall  of  Isling- 
ton in  the  same  cathedral.  He  was  also  pre- 
sented to  the  rectory  of  Barley,  Hertfordshire, 
2  Feb.  1663-4,  by  Bishop  Wren,  a  preferment 
he  enjoyed  but  a  short  time,  his  death  taking 
place  the  following  year,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
one.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
near  the  entrance  of  the  north  door.  By  his 
will  he  bequeathed  100J.  and  360  volumes  of 
books  to  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  Frank  is 
chiefly  known  by  a  '  Course  of  Sermons  for 
all  the  Sundays  and  Festivals  throughout 
the  Year,'  originally  published  after  his  death, 
with  a  portrait,  in  1672,  and  republished,  in 
two  volumes,  in  the  '  Library  of  Anglo-Catho- 
lic Theology.'  The  series  includes  several 
sermons  for  the  chief  days  of  the  Christian 
year,  there  being  nine  for  Christmas  day,  three 
for  the  Epiphany,  five  for  Easter  day,  &c.  The 
sermon  on  the  Rechabites  already  mentioned, 
preached  at  Paul's  Cross,  is  added,  and  one 
preached  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  These  ser- 
mons deserve  notice  as  the  productions  of  a 
sound  but  not  extreme  churchman— plain, 
sensible,  and  evangelical  discourses.  In  their 
scholarly  character  and  shrewd  incisiveness 
they  recall  the  sermons  of  Bishop  Andrewes, 
which  they  resemble  also  in  their  divisions 
and  subdivisions,  according  to  the  fashion  of 
the  age.  The  divisions,  however,  are  natural, 
not  artificial,  and  are  calculated  to  bring  out 
and  elucidate  the  real  meaning  of  the  text, 
and  the  lessons  it  was  intended  to  convey. 

[Attwood's  Manuscript  List  of  Masters  of  Pem- 
broke; Kennel's  Biographical  Notices  Lansd. 
MS.  986,  No.  21,  p.  54;  Baker's  MSS.  vi.  297; 
biographical  notice  prefixed  to  sermons  in  Li- 
brary A.-C.  T.I  E.  V. 

FRANKLAND,  JOCOSA  or  JOYCE 
(1531-1587),  philanthropist,  the  daughter  of 
Robert  Trappes,  a  citizen  and  goldsmith  of 
London,  by  his  wife  Joan,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don in  1531.  She  married,  first  Henry  Saxey, 
a  '  merchant  venturer,'  and  afterwards  Wil- 
liam (?)  Frankland  of  Rye  House,  Hertford- 
shire, whom  also  she  outlived.  By  her  first 
husband  she  had  an  only  son,  William  Saxey, 
a  student  of  Gray's  Inn,  to  whom  she  wa& 
greatly  attached,  and  who  died  at  Rye  House 
22  Aug.  1581,  aged  23.  Conjointly  with  him 
she  had  founded  junior  fellowships  and 
scholarships  at  Caius  and  Emmanuel  Col- 
leges, Cambridge,  and  after  his  death  and 
that  of  her  second  husband,  who  was  per- 


Frankland 


1 86 


Frankland 


Laps  unsympathetic,  she  determined  to  de- 
vote her  wealth  to  educational  endowments, 
as  the  most  congenial  tribute  to  the  memory 
of  her  son.  At  Newport  Ponds,  Essex,  she 
founded  a  free  school.  To  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  she  gave  3/.  a  year  in  augmentation 
of  four  scholarships  founded  by  her  mother, 
Joan  Trappes,  and  to  Brasenose  College  she 
left  by  her  wiU,  dated  20  Feb.  1586,  both 
land  and  houses  for  the  increase  of  the 
emoluments  of  the  principal  and  fellows,  and 
for  the  foundation  of  an  additional  fellow- 
ship, the  holder  of  which  was  to  be  by  pre- 
ference a  member  of  either  the  Trappes  or 
Sdxey  families.  She  also  provided  mainte- 
nance for  four  scholars  and  a  yearly  stipend 
for  an  under-reader  in  logic  and  for  a  bible- 
clerk.  In  recognition  of  Jocosa  Frankland's 
generosity  her  name  was  included  in  the 
.grace  after  meat  repeated  daily  in  the  college 
hall ;  and  after  her  death,  which  occurred  at 
Aldermanbury,  London,  1587,  the  principals 
and  fellows  of  Brasenose  erected  a  monu- 
ment to  her  memory  in  the  church  of  St. 
Leonard's,  Foster  Lane,  where  she  was  buried. 
In  the  same  church,  which  was  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  London,  her  father's  tomb  bore  the 
too  depreciatory  epitaph : 

"When  the  bells  be  merely  [merrily]  rung 
And  the  Masse  devoutly  sung 
And  the  meate  merely  eaten, 
Then  shall  Robert  Trappis,  his  "wyfie,  and  his 
children  be  forgotten. 

In  the  hall  of  Brasenose  College  is  a  portrait 
of  Jocosa  Frankland  with  some  Latin  verses 
inscribed,  commencing : 

Traps!  nata  fui,  Saxy  sponsata  marito, 

Gulielmo  mater  visa  beata  meo. 
Mors  matura  patrem,  sors  abstulit  atra  maritum ; 

Filius  heu  rapida  morte  peremptus  obit. 

The  existence  of  the  husband  Frankland  is 
throughout  ignored.  The  portrait  was  en- 
graved by  Fittler.  Another  portrait  is  in  the 
master's  gallery  in  the  Combination  Room  at 
Caius  College,  Cambridge. 

[Wood's  Hist,  and  Antiq.  of  Oxford,  ed.  G-utch, 
pp.240, 358,360,369;  Newcourt's  Kep.Eccl.Lond., 
i.  393  ;  Stow's  Survey  of  London  and  Westm.  ed. 
1633,  p.  325 ;  Clutterbuck's  Hist,  of  Hertford- 
shire, iii.  247  ;  Cole  MSS.  v.  34,  Ivi.  350;  Evans's 
Cat.  of  Portraits.]  A.  V. 

FRANKLAND,  RICHARD  (1630- 
1698),  nonconformist  tutor,  son  of  John 
IFrankland,  was  born  on  1  Nov.  1630,  at  Rath- 
mell,  a  hamlet  in  the  parish  of  Giggleswick, 
Yorkshire.  The  Franklands  of  Thirkleby, 
Yorkshire  (baronets  from  1660),  with  whom 
John  Frankland  was  connected,  were  ori- 
ginally from  Giggleswick  (Surtees  Society, 


vol.  xxxviii.)  Frankland  was  educated  (1640- 
1648)  at  Giggleswick  grammar  school,  and 
was  admitted  on  18  May  1648  as  minor  pen- 
sionary at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  The 
tone  of  his  college,  under  the  mastership  of 
Samuel  Bolt  on,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  was  that  of  a 
cultured  puritanism.  Irankland,  like  Oliver 
Hey  wood  [q.  v.],  received  lasting  impressions 
from  the  preaching  of  Samuel  Hammond 

&.  v.],  lecturer  (till  1652)  at  St.  Giles', 
e  was  a  hard  student,  and  took  his  degrees 
with  distinction  (B.A.  1651,  M.A.  1655). 

After  graduating,  Frankland  preached  for 
short  periods  at  Hexham,  Northumberland ; 
Houghton-le-Spring,  Durham;  andLanches- 
ter,  Durham.  At  Lanchester  he  received 
presbyterian  ordination  on  14  Sept.  1653. 
'  Discouragements '  led  him  to  remove  to  a 
chaplaincy  at  Ellenthorp  Hall,  near  Borough- 
bridge,  West  Riding,  in  the  family  of  John 
Brook  (d.  1693),  twice  lord  mayor  of  York, 
and  a  strong  presbyterian.  Frankland  left 
Ellenthorp  to  become  curate  to  Lupthern, 
rector  of  Sedgefield,  Durham.  Sir  Arthur 
Haslerig  [q.  v.]  put  him  into  the  rich  vicar- 
age of  Bishop  Auckland,  Durham,  some  time 
before  August  1659.  Some  post  was  de- 
signed for  him  in  the  college  at  Durham,  for 
which  Cromwell  had  issued  a  patent  on  15  May 
1657.  His  patron,  Haslerig,  was  interested 
in  the  success  of  this  college,  which  died  at 
the  Restoration. 

At  Bishop  Auckland,  where  two  of  his 
children  were  born,  Frankland  confined  him- 
self to  his  parochial  duties.  After  the  Re- 
storation he  was  one  of  the  first  to  he  at- 
tacked for  nonconformity.  His  living  was 
in  the  bishop's  gift,  but  Cosin  (consecrated 
2  Dec.  1660)  did  not  interfere  with  a  peace- 
able man.  An  attorney  named  Bowster  de- 
manded of  him,  'publickly  before  the  con- 
gregation,' whether  he  intended  to  conform. 
Frankland  thought  it  would  be  time  to  an- 
swer this  question  when  the  terms  of  con- 
formity had  been  settled;  and  meanwhile 
relied  on  the  king's  declaration  (25  Oct.  1660) 
dispensing  with  conformity.  Bowster,  with 
a  neighbouring  clergyman,  got  possession  of 
the  keys  and  locked  Frankland  out  of  his 
church.  He  indicted  them  for  riot,  but  the 
case  was  dismissed  at  the  assizes  for  a  tech- 
nical flaw  in  the  indictment.  Cosin  now 
offered  to  institute  Frankland  and  give  him 
higher  preferment  if  he  would  receive  epi- 
scopal ordination.  He  even  proposed,  but 
without  result,  to  ordain  him  conditionally, 
and  '  so  privately  that  the  people  might  not 
know  of  it.'  By  the  act  of  1661  Frankland 
was  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  his  living ; 
but  the  uniformity  act  of  the  following  year 
ejected  him. 


Frankland 


187 


Frankland 


In  1662  Frankland  retired  to  his  patri- 
mony at  Rathmell,  where  he  lived  some  years 
in  privacy.  His  children  were  baptised 
(1664  and  1668)  at  the  parish  church.  At 
this  period  he  did  not  join  the  ranks  of  the 
4  conventicle '  preachers.  Efforts  were  being 
made  by  the  nonconformists  of  the  north  to 
secure  the  educational  advantages  offered  for 
a-  short  time  by  the  Durham  College.  Wil- 
liam Pell,  who  had  been  a  fellow  of  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  and  a  tutor  at 
Durham,  declined  to  start  an  academical  in- 
stitution, holding  himself  precluded  by  his 
graduation  oath  from  resuming  collegiate  lec- 
tures outside  the  ancient  universities.  Ap- 
plication was  then  successfully  made  to 
Frankland,  who  was  not  hindered  by  the  same 
scruple.  Nonconformist  tutors  usually  un- 
derstood the  oath  as  referring  to  prelections 
in  order  to  a  degree.  Before  opening  his 
'  academy'  Frankland  was  in  London,  where 
he  felt  '  a  violent  impulse  upon  his  mind  to 
go  to  the  king.'  By  the  help  of '  the  old  Earl 
of  Manchester,  lord  chamberleyne '  (Edward 
Montagu,  d.  5  May  1671),  he  gained  an 
audience  while  Charles  was  on  his  way  to  the 
council.  Frankland,  in  the  divine  name, 
enjoined  Charles  '  to  reform  your  life,  your 
family,  your  kingdom,  and  the  church,'  add- 
ing an  impressive  warning.  ' "  I  wil,"  saith 
the  king,  "  do  what  I  can." '  After  a  few  more 
words  '  the  king  hasted  away,  saying,  "  I 
thank  you,  sir,"  and  twice  looking  back  be- 
fore he  went  into  the  counsel-chamber,  said, 
"I  thank  you,  sir;  1  thank  you"'  (ASPLAKD, 
from  Sampson's  Day-book,  Addit.  MS.  4460, 
p.  28). 

Early  in  March  1670  Frankland  began  to 
receive  students  at  Rathmell.  His  first  stu- 
dent was  George,  youngest  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Liddell,  bart.,  of  Ravensworth  Castle,  Dur- 
ham, head  of  a  family  distinguished  for  its 
loyalty,  though  marked  by  puritan  leanings. 
•  Some  of  his  students  were  intended  for  the 
legal,  others  for  the  medical  profession ;  his 
first  divinity  students  belonged  to  the  inde- 
pendent denomination.  It  was  not  till  the 
indulgence  of  1672  (15  March),  from  which 
Stillingfleet  dates  the  presbyterian  separa- 
tion, that  divinity  students  connected  with 
that  body  were  sent  to  Rathmell,  and  the 
earliest  nonconformist '  academy'  (as  distinct 
from  a  mere  school)  became  an  important 
institution  and  the  model  of  others.  The 
.course  of  studies  in  this  *  northern  academy ' 
included  '  logic,  metaphysics,  somatology, 
pneumatology,  natural  philosophy,  divinity, 
and  chronology.'  The  lectures  were  in  Latin, 
and  given  by  Frankland  until  he  had  trained 
.up  assistants,  among  whom  were  John  Issot, 
Richard  Frankland  (the  tutor's  son)  and  John 


Owen.  The  discipline  of  the  house  was  strict, 
but  Frankland  always  succeeded  in  gaining 
the  confidence  of  his  students,  and  maintained 
his  authority  with '  admirable  temper.'  Morn- 
ing prayers  were  at  seven,  winter  and  sum- 
mer ;  lectures  were  over  by  noon,  but  solitary 
study  went  on  after  dinner  till  six  o'clock 
prayers,  and  supper  was  followed  by  discus- 
sion of  the  day's  work,  unhampered  by  the 
tutor's  presence.  Those  who  wished  to  gra- 
duate went  on  to  Scotland,  where  they  were 
promoted  to  a  degree  after  one  session's  at- 
tendance. The  total  number  of  Frankland's 
students  was  304  ;  among  the  best  known  of 
his  divinity  students  are  William  Tong  (en- 
tered 2  March  1681),  Joshua  Bayes  [q.  v.], 
and  John  Evans,  D.D.  [q.  v.]  (entered  26  May 
1697),  leaders  of  the  presbyterian  interest  in 
London.  John  Disney  (1677-1730)  [q.  v.] 
entered  as  a  law  student  on  5  July  1695. 
The  ministry  of  dissent  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land was  chiefly  recruited  from  Frankland's 
academy,  as  the  ejected  of  1662  gradually 
died  out. 

The  academy  had  six  migrations  from  place 
to  place.  In  consequence  of  the  indulgence, 
Frankland  had  begun  to  preach  at  Rathmell, 
and  though  '  no  very  taking '  preacher,  his 
solid  discourses  gained  him  a  call  from  a  con- 
gregation in  Westmoreland.  At  Natland, 
near  Kendal,  the  dissenters  of  the  neighbour- 
hood held  their  worship,  the  parochial  chapel 
being  in  ruins.  Frankland  moved  hither  with 
his  academy  in  1674  (between  20  Feb.  and 
26  May).  The  congregation  increased  under 
his  care,  and  he  extended  his  labours  to  Kendal 
and  elsewhere.  The  first  nonconformist  ordi- 
nation in  Yorkshire  was  held  (10  July  1678) 
at  his  instigation  and  with  his  assistance.  He 
met  with  considerable  opposition,  but  the  first 
definite  reference  to  proceedings  against  him 
occurs  in  a  manuscript  notebook  of  Oliver 
Heywood,  under  date  29  May  1681.  Frank- 
land  had  been  excommunicated  in  the  eccle- 
siastical court ;  his  friends  had  obtained  an 
absolution  for  him,  upon  which  the  official 
gave  notice '  that  Mr.  Richard  Frankland,  the 
ringleader  of  the  sectarys,  hath  voluntarily 
submitted  himself  to  the  orders  of  the  church 
and  is  reconciled  to  it,'  &c.  (ASPLAND).  The 
report  ran  that  Frankland  had  conformed 
and  got  a  good  living.  Early  in  1683  the 
enforcement  of  the  Five  Miles  Act  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  Natland  as  being  too  near 
to  Kendal.  He  transferred  his  academy  to 
Calton  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Lamberts,  in  the 
parish  of  Kirkby  Malham,  West  Riding,  and 
in  1684  to  Dawson  Fold  in  Westmoreland, 
just  outside  the  five-miles  radius  from  Kendal. 
In  1685  (a  year  in  which  two  of  his  former 
students  were  imprisoned  at  York,  and  the 


Frankland 


188 


Frankland 


only  year  in  which  his  academy  received  no 
accessions)  he  retired  to  Hart  Barrow,  near 
to  Cartmell  Fell,  just  inside  the  Lancashire 
border,  and  so  convenient  for  escaping  a  writ 
for  either  county.  Late  in  1686  Frankland 
availed  himself  of  James  II's  arbitrary  exer- 
cise of  the  dispensing  power,  took  out  a  fifty 
shilling  dispensation,  and  removed  to  Atter- 
cliffe,  a  suburb  of  Sheffield,  Yorkshire.  He 
left  Attercliffe  at  the  end  of  July  1689,  in 
consequence  of  the  death  of  his  favourite  son, 
and  returned  to  Rathmell.  His  pupil  Timothy 
Jollie  [q.  v.],  independent  minister  at  Shef- 
field, began  another  academy  at  Attercliffe  on 
a  more  restricted  principle  than  Frankland's, 
excluding  mathematics  '  as  tending  to  scep- 
ticism.' 

Frankland  carried  his  academy  with  him 
back  to  Rathmell,  and  during  the  remaining 
nine  years  of  his  life  he  admitted  nearly  as 
many  students  as  in  the  whole  previous  period 
of  over  nineteen  years.  His  congregation 
also  throve,  and  he  maintained  harmony 
among  its  members  at  a  time  when  many 
were  beginning  to  relax  their  hold  of  the 
Calvinism  to  which  he  himself  adhered.  But 
while  the  Toleration  Act  protected  him  as  a 
preacher,  hardly  a  year  passed  without  some 
fresh  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  authorities 
to  put  down  his  academy.  For  not  answer- 
ing a  citation  to  the  archbishop's  (Lamplugh) 
court  he  was  again  excommunicated ;  at  the 
instance  of  Lord  Wharton  and  Sir  Thomas 
Rokeby,  William  III  ordered  his  absolution, 
which  was  read  in  Giggleswick  Church. 
Soon  after  the  consecration  of  Sharp  as  arch- 
bishop of  York  (5  July  1691)  new  alarm  was 
excited  by  the  assembling  of  twenty-four  non- 
conformist ministers  at  Wakefield  (2  Sept.) 
to  consider  the  '  heads  of  agreement '  sent 
down  from  London  as  an  irenicon  between 
the  presbyterian  and  independent  sections. 
Frankland  was  the  senior  minister  present, 
and  earnestly  promoted  the  union.  Next 
year  the  clergy  of  Craven  petitioned  Sharp 
to  suppress  the  academy.  Sharp  wrote  to 
Tillotson  for  advice.  Tillotson  evidently 
did  not  like  the  business,  and  suggested  to 
Sharp  (14  June  1692),  as  '  the  fairest  and 
softest  way  of  ridding '  his  '  hands  of '  it,  that 
he  should  see  Frankland  and  explain  that 
the  objection  to  licensing  of  his  academy  was 
not  based  upon  his  nonconformity.  His 
school  was  not  required  in  the  district,  and  it 
was  contrary  to  the  bishop's  oath  to  license 
public  instruction  in  '  university  learning.' 
Sharp  saw  Frankland  after  a  confirmation  at 
Skipton  and  invited  the  nonconformist  to 
Bishopthorpe.  Here,  with  the  help  of  a  pipe 
of  tobacco  and  a  glass  of  good  wine,  a  very 
friendly  interview  took  place  in  the  library, 


Sharp  courteously  declining  controversy  and 
inviting  confidential  hints  about  the  state  of 
the  diocese  (Frankland  to  Thoresby,  6  Nov. 
1694).  The  archbishop's  goodwill  did  not 
stop  further  proceedings.  From  a  letter 
of  Richard  Stretton,  presbyterian  minister 
at  Haberdashers'  Hall,  London,  to  Ralph 
Thoresby,  it  appears  that  early  in  1695  there 
was  a  prosecution  against  Frankland ;  on 
10  Feb.  the  indictment  was  quashed.  IB 
1697  he  was  brought  before  the  spiritual 
court,  but  at  Michaelmas  the  case  was  post- 
poned, apparently  by  the  archbishop's  order. 
Calamy  states  that  his  troubles  continued 
till  the  year  of  his  death,  but  no  further  par- 
ticulars are  available.  Oliver  Heywood's 
diaries  are  full  of  references  to  the  academy 
and  its  students,  and  to  Frankland's  labours 
at  ordinations. 

His  health  began  to  break  in  1697,  when 
he  was  troubled  with  gravel.  But  he  per- 
severed in  his  work  to  the  last,  and  died  in 
the  midst  of  his  scholars  on  1  Oct.  1698. 
He  was  buried  on  5  Oct.  in  Giggleswick 
Church,  where  his  daughters  placed  an  ornate 
mural  tablet  to  his  memory,  being  a  facsimile 
of  the  monument  to  John  Lambert,  son  of 
Major-general  Lambert,  in  Kirkby  Malham 
Church.  His  portrait,  taken  in  early  life,  is 
in  Dr.  Williams's  Library.  His" funeral  ser- 
mon was  preached  some  time  after  by  John 
Chorlton  [q.  v.],  who  transferred  the  '  north- 
ern academy '  to  Manchester ;  the  institution 
has  continued  with  few  interruptions  to  the 
present  day.  It  is  now  the  Manchester  New 
College,  removed  in  1889  from  London  to 
Oxford.  In  the  charge  of  the  presbyterian 
congregation  at  Rathmell,  Frankland  was 
succeeded  by  James  Towers. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Sanderson  of  Hed- 
ley  Hope,  in  the  parish  of  Brancepeth,  Dur- 
ham (buried  5  Jan.  1691),  and  had  at  least 
two  sons  (1.  John,  born  13  Aug.  1659, 
entered  the  academy  3  May  1678,  and  died 
in  June  1679,  '  the  strongest  man  of  his  age 
in  and  about  Natland ; '  2.  Richard,  baptised 
8  June  1668,  entered  the  academy  13  April 
1680,  died  of  the  small-pox,  and  was  buried 
at  Sheffield  4  May  1689)  and  three  daughters 
(1.  Barbary,  born  16  April  1661,  and  buried 
5  Aug.  1662  ;  2.  Elizabeth,  baptised  25  Aug. 
1664  (this  is  the '  Mrs.  Frankland '  mentioned 
by  Oliver  Heywood  as  collecting  materials 
for  a  memoir  of  her  father) ;  3.  Margaret, 
married  19  June  1701  to  Samuel  Smith  (d. 
1732)  of  York). 

He  published  only  '  Reflections  on  a  Letter 
writ  by  a  nameless  Author  to  the  Reverend 
Clergy  of  both  Universities,'  &c.,  London 
and  Halifax,  1697,  4to  (B.M.  4103,  aaa.  9). 
The  tract  is  excessively  rare ;  from  the  state 


Frankland 


189 


Frankland 


of  one  of  the  two  known  copies,  Aspland 
conjectures  that  most  of  the  impression  was 
accidentally  destroyed;  it  is  more  probable 
that  it  had  a  purely  local  circulation.  It 
has  a  preface  by  Oliver  Hey  wood  (dated 
11  March ;  not  included  in  his  works).  The 
1  Letter '  to  which  it  is  a  reply  was  published 
in  1694  (dated  10  Dec.),  and  is  a  plea  by  a 
churchman  for  moderation  towards  unita- 
rians ;  Hey  wood's  preface  suggests  that  it  had 
got  into  the  hands  of  Frankland's  students. 
The  '  Reflections,'  written  in  failing  health, 
are  justly  described  by  Hey  wood  as  '  able  ' 
and  '  uncouth.' 

[Oliver  Heywood  wrote  (10  Oct.  1698)  a  life 
of  Frankland  which  is  lost;  Hunter  thinks  it 
formed  the  basis  of  the  notice  in  Calamy.  The 
first  real  biography  of  Frankland  was  published 
in  the  Christian  Keformer,  1862,  pp.  1  sq.,  80 
sq.,  by  the  editor,  Eobert  Brook  Aspland  [q.  v.]  ; 
the  copy  used  above  has  Aspland's  manuscript 
emendations.  Wesley's  Reply  to  Palmer,  1707, 
p.  34;  Calamy's  Account,  17 13,  pp.  284  sq.,  289 ; 
Continuation,  1727,  i.  xlii,  452  ;  Clegge's  Short 
Acct.  of  J.  Ashe,  1736,  p.  55  (account  of  the 
academy) ;  Grey's  Impartial  Exam,  of  the  Fourth 
Vol.  of  Neal,  1739,  p.  112;  Birch's  Life  of 
Tillotson,  1753,  p.  270  sq. ;  Neal's  Hist,  of  the 
Puritans,  1822,  i\r.  110 ;  Thoresbys  Diary,  1830  ; 
Thoresby's  Letters,  1832  ;  Hunter's  Life  of  0. 
Heywood,  18~42,  p.  242,  &c.;  Christian  Reformer, 
1846,  p.  290  sq.  (James  Yates  on  Durham 
College);  Wallace's  Antitrin.  Biog.  1850,  i.  286 
pq. ;  Surtees  Society,  vol.  xxxviii.  1860  (wills  of 
Frankland  family) ;  Miall's  Congregationalism 
In  Yorkshire,  1868,  pp.  259  sq.,  337  ;  Kenrick's 
Mem.  of  Presb.  Chap.  York,  1869,  p.  43  ;  Pro- 
ceedings in  Commen.  of  foundation  of  Manch. 
New  Coll.,  1886, p.  25  sq.;  Hunter's  MS.,  Addit. 
MS.  24485 ;  extracts  from  admission  book 
Christ's  Coll.  Cambr.  per  H.  J.  Ansell ;  extracts 
from  parish  registers  at  Bishop  Auckland,  per 
the  Rev.  J.  Baker  and  at  Giggleswick,  per  the 
Rev.  Cuthbert  Routh;  authorities  cited  above. 
For  the  list  of  Frankland's  students,  see  Latham's 
Fun.  Serm.  for  Daniel Madock,  1745,  appendix; 
compare  Monthly  Repository,  1811,  p.  9  sq., 
1813,  p.  181  ;  Toulmin's  Hist.  Prot.  Dissenters, 
1818,  p.  575  sq. ;  Hunter's  MS.,  Addit.  MS. 
24442  (from  the  lists  of  Oliver  Heywood  and 
Eliezer  Heywood).]  A.  G. 

FRANKLAND,THOMAS  (1633-1690), 
impostor  and  annalist,  was  born  in  Lanca- 
shire in  1633.  He  was  entered  in  May  1649 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  became  a 
fellow  in  1654.  He  proceeded  to  the  M.A. 
degree  on  28  June  1655,  and  in  1662  was 
proctor  of  the  university.  He  took  orders 
after  his  grace  had  been  three  times  refused, 
but  renounced  them  in  order  to  practise 
medicine.  He  settled  in  London  and  passed 
•as  M.D.,  alleging  when  asked  for  particulars 
by  members  of  either  university  that  he  had 


taken  his  degree  at  the  other.  He  applied 
for  admission  to  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, producing  a  certificate  to  attest  that 
the  M.D.  degree  had  been  conferred  on  him 
at  Oxford,  10  Oct.  1667.  He  was  admitted 
a  candidate  of  the  college  in  December  1671, 
and  on  29  July  1675  became  a  fellow.  At  a 
general  election  he  was  appointed  junior  cen- 
sor of  the  college.  His  overbearing  conduct 
in  this  office  made  him  much  disliked,  espe- 
cially by  the  juniors,  some  of  whom  caused 
a  search  to  be  made  in  the  registers  of  Ox- 
ford University.  The  officers  of  the  univer- 
sity certified  by  an  instrument  dated  15  Nov. 
1677  that  no  record  of  his  degree  could  be 
found.  Frankland  showed  that  he  held  the 
Cambridge  M.D.  degree,  but  it  was  proved 
that  this  had  been  obtained  merely  on  the 
strength  of  his  pretended  Oxford  degree,  he 
havingbeen  admitted  at  Cambridge  on  28  Feb. 
1676  'to  the  same  degree'  as  he  held  from 
Oxford.  Other  charges  of  receiving  bribes 
for  shielding  empirics  were  brought  against 
him.  He  was  disqualified  for  membership 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  but  his  for- 
mal ejectment  does  not  appear  to  have  taken 
place  before  26  June  1682,  Wood  says  by 
the  connivance  of  the  senior  members.  Com- 
pelled to  abandon  medicine,  Frankland  had 
turned  his  undeniable  talents  to  historical 
study,  and  in  1681  published  anonymously 
'  The  Annals  of  King  James  I  and  King 
Charles  I,'  a  folio  volume  of  913  pages  be- 
sides preface  and  index.  This  book  is  largely 
made  up  of  speeches  in  parliament  and  docu- 
ments of  state.  Frankland  has  also  been 
credited  with  the  authorship  of '  The  Honours 
of  the  Lords  Spiritual  asserted,  and  their 
privileges  to  Vote  in  Capital  Cases  in  Parlia- 
ment maintained  by  Reason  and  Precedent,' 
folio,  1679.  According  to  Wood,  Frankland 
forged  a  will  as  well  as  his  doctor's  certificate. 
His  name  occurs  as  the  recipient  of  800/. 
secret  service  money  in  1689.  His  misdoings 
brought  him  to  the  Fleet  prison,  where  he 
died  in  1690,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  St.  Vedast,  Foster  Lane. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.,  ed.  Bliss,  iv.  290,  and 
Wood's  Life  prefixed,  p.  Ixxviii ;  Munk's  Coll. 
of  Phys.  i.  382  ;  Rawlinson  MSS.  A.  306.] 

A.  V. 

FRANKLAND,  SIB  THOMAS  (1717  P- 
1784),  admiral,  was  the  second  son  of  Henry 
Frankland  (died  in  Bengal  1738),  a  nephew 
of  Sir  Thomas  Frankland,  bart.,  for  many 
years  (1733-42)  one  of  the  lords  of  the  ad- 
miralty, a  younger  brother  of  Sir  Charles 
Henry  Frankland,  some  time  consul-general 
in  Portugal,  whose  story  forms  the  ground- 
work of  Dr.  0.  W.  Holmes's  ballad  of '  Agnes,' 


Frankland 


190 


Franklin 


and  is  told  in  more  accurate  detail  in  '  Sir 
C.  H.  Frankland,  or  Boston  in  the  Colonial 
Times,'  by  Elias  Nason  (8vo,  1865 ;  see  also 
Appletoris  Journal,  1873,  x.  273),  and  a  direct 
descendant  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  being  the 
great-grandson  of  his  daughter  Frances.  He 
is  described  on  his  passing  certificate,  3  Nov. 
1737,  as  being  upwards  of  twenty  years  of 
age,  and  as  having  been  at  sea  for  six  years  and 
eleven  days.  After  serving  as  a  lieutenant  of 
the  Chatham,  with  Captain  Philip  Vanbrugh, 
and  of  the  Cumberland,  with  Captain  James 
Steuart,  both  on  the  home  station,  he  was 
promoted,  in  July  1740,  to  the  command  of 
the  Rose  frigate,  and  was  sent  out  to  the  Ba- 
hamas, on  which  station,  including  the  coast 
of  Florida  and  Carolina,  he  remained  till  the 
summer  of  1745.  During  this  time  he  captured 
several  of  the  enemy's  vessels,  privateers  and 
guarda-costas,  including  one,  in  June  1742, 
commanded  by  Juan  de  Leon  Fandino,  the 
man  who  cut  off  Jenkins's  ear  in  1731,  and 
who  now,  with  a  mixed  crew  of  'Indians, 
mulattoes,  and  negroes,'  made  a  long  and  re- 
solute defence  against  the  very  superior  force ; 
and  another,  in  December  1744,  '  whose  prin- 
cipal loading  consisted  in  pistoles,  a  few  chests 
of  dollars,  and  a  great  deal  of  wrought  gold 
and  silver ;  the  quantity  was  so  great  that  the 
shares  were  delivered  by  weight,  to  save  the 
trouble  of  counting  it '  (BEATSON,  i.  282).  As 
the  prize  was  not  condemned  by  legal  process, 
the  value  does  not  seem  to  have  been  clearly 
known,  but  after  the  treasure  and  the  rest  of 
the  cargo  were  disposed  of,  two  accidental 
finds  of  thirty  thousand  and  twenty  thousand 
pistoles  were  looked  on  as  comparative  trifles. 
In  October  1746  Frankland  was  appointed  to 
the  Dragon  of  60  guns,  which  he  commanded 
on  the  Leeward  Islands  station  till  the  peace. 
In  1755  he  was  again  sent  out  to  the  West 
Indies,  as  commodore  at  Antigua,  with  his 
broad  pennant  in  the  Winchester.  His  ar- 
rival on  his  station  was  marked  by  a  disagree- 
ment with  his  predecessor,  Commodore  Pye, 
who,  being  junior  to  Frankland,  had  com- 
mitted the  mistake  of  keeping  his  broad  pen- 
nant flying  in  Frankland's  presence,  and  was 
'  excessively  angry '  that  Frankland  would 
not  allow  it.  He  had  also,  in  Frankland's 
opinion,  been  guilty,  during  the  time  of  his 
command,  of  several  gross  irregularit  ies,which 
Frankland  officially  reported,  and  which,  on 
Pye's  return  to  England,  were  inquired  into 
by  a  court-martial  [see  PYE,  SIR  THOMAS]. 
It  has  been  said  that  in  this  matter  Frank- 
land  was  moved  by  a  personal  dislike  to  Pye 
rather  than  by  zeal  for  the  service ;  but  though 
his  account  may  have  been  thus  rendered 
more  harsh,  it  is  consonant  with  the  general 
tenor  of  his  service  and  character.  His  de- 


termination to  maintain  his  own  rights  and 
the  prescribed  regulations  is  best  illustrated 
by  his  reply  to  an  official  letter  indicating- 
the  wish  of  the  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
with  respect  to  some  patronage  which  Frank- 
land,  after  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  conceived  to  belong  to  himself  as 
commander-in-chief.  '  You  will  please,'  he 
wrote  to  the  secretary  of  the  admiralty  on 
12  May  1757,  '  to  acquaint  Lord  Temple  that 

I  have  friends  of  my  own  to  provide  for ;  .  .  . 
;  it  is  a  privilege  I  never  have  or  can  give  up/ 

I  The  admiralty  took  an  early  opportunity  of 
recalling  him  ;  he  returned  to  England  in  the 
following  October,  and  had  no  further  em- 
ployment at  sea,  though  rising  in  due  course 
to  the  ranks  of  vice-admiral  and  admiral, 
In  1768,  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother. 
Sir  Charles  Henry,  he  succeeded  to  the  baro- 
netcy. In  1749  he  had  been  elected  as  mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  Thirsk,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  represent,  not  taking  any  active 
part  in  politics,  but  speaking  occasionally, 
and  very  much  to  the  point,  on  naval  matters ; 
as,  for  instance,  on  the  iniquities  which  per- 
vaded the  system  of  government  contracts, 

II  March  1779,  and  on  the  navy  estimates, 
17  June  1784.     He  died  shortly  after  this 
last  effort,  on  21  Nov.     He  married,  in  May 
1743,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Judge  Rhett  of  South 
Carolina,  by  whom  he  had  a  large  family. 

[Official  Letters  and  other  Documents  in  the 
Public  Record  Office ;  Charnock's  Biog.  Nav. 
v.  18;  Beatson's  Nav.  and  Mil.  Memoirs ;  Burke' s 
Peerage  and  Baronetage.]  J.  K.  L. 

FRANKLIN,       ELEANOR      ANNE 

(1797  P-1825),  poetess,  first  wife  of  John 
(afterwards  Sir  John)  Franklin  [q.  v.],  was 
daughter  of  William  Porden,  an  architect  of 
some  eminence,  and  one  of  a  line  of  archi- 
tects. She  early  developed  a  taste  for  poetry 
and  art,  and  while  still  a  girl  published  '  The 
Veils,  or  the  Triumph  of  Constancy,  a  poem 
in  6  Books '  (8vo,  1815).  A  short  poem  on 
the  Arctic  expedition  (8vo,  1818),  and  a  visit 
to  the  Trent,  then  just  come  home,  brought 
her  the  acquaintance  of  John  Franklin.  The 
acquaintance  was  renewed  on  Franklin's  re- 
turn from  his  first  journey  through  Arctic 
America,  and  on  19  Aug.  1823  she  became  his 
wife.  She  had  previously  published  another 
and  more  ambitious  work,  '  Cceur-de  Lion,, 
an  Epic  poem  in  16  cantos'  (2  vols.  8vo, 
1822).  On  her  marriage  there  was,  we  are 
told,  a  distinct  understanding  that  she  would 
'  never,  under  any  circumstances,  seek  to  turn 
her  husband  aside  from  the  duty  he  owed  to 
his  country  and  his  profession '  (.4  Brave 
Man,  p.  18),  a  promise  that  she  held  even  to 
the  death.  On  3  June  1824  she  gave  birth. 


Franklin 


191 


Franklin 


to  a  daughter ;  she  seems  never  to  have  re- 
covered her  health,  fell  into  a  decline,  and 
died  on  22  Feb.  1825,  six  days  after  her  hus- 
band had  left  England  on  his  second  journey 
through  North  America.  Mrs.  Franklin's 
poetry  obtained  in  its  day  a  certain  social 
success,  but  it  has  none  of  the  elements  of 
vitality,  and  is  now  quite  forgotten.  Her 
versification  is,  however,  smooth,  and  shows 
a  delicate  and  cultivated  mind.  During  her 
girlhood  and  short  married  life  she  gathered 
round  her  a  pleasant  society  of  men  distin- 
guished in  art,  literature,  or  science,  and  her 
correspondence  not  infrequently  occurs  in  the 
memoirs  of  that  time.  She  was  always  keen 
in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  and  bright  in 
conversation,  but  was  qualified  to  retort  one 
day  at  the  Royal  Institution,  when  she  heard 
some  one  suggest  that '  the  young  ladies  had 
far  better  stay  at  home  and  make  a  pudding,' 
'  We  did  that  before  we  came  out.'  A  por- 
trait is  in  the  possession  of  the  Gell  family. 

[A  Brave  Man  and  his  Belongings  (by  one  of 
Mrs.  Franklin's  nieces :  printed  for  private  cir- 
culation in  1874);  Gent.  Mag.  1825,  i.  470-1.] 

J.  K.  L. 

FRANKLIN,  JANE,  LADY  (1792-1875), 
second  wife  of  Sir  John  Franklin  [q.  v.J, 
whom  she  married  on  5  Nov.  1828,  was  one 
of  three  daughters  of  John  Griffin  of  Bedford 
Place.  Before  her  marriage  she  was  in  the 
habit  of  accompanying  her  father  in  his  fre- 
quent journeys  both  in  England  and  on  the 
continent.  Shortly  after  her  marriage  Frank- 
lin was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  frigate 
in  the  Mediterranean,  and  during  the  time  she 
travelled  in  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  and  other  parts 
adjacent,  joining  her  husband  as  opportunity 
offered.  She  afterwards  accompanied  him  to 
Van  Diemen's  Land,  and  appears  to  have  tra- 
velled not  only  over  the  whole  of  that  island, 
but  also  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  But 
she  also  devoted  herself  very  earnestly  to  the 
improvement  of  the  condition  of  the  female 
convicts,  on  which,  as  well  as  on  measures 
for  the  good  of  the  honest  labouring  popula- 
tion, she  is  said  to  have  expended  very  con- 
siderable sums.  When  apprehensions  as  to 
the  safety  of  Sir  John  Franklin  began  to  be 
felt,  she  was  naturally  one  of  the  first  to  take 
alarm,  and  as  early  as  1848  stimulated  the 
search  both  by  personal  influence  and  by  the 
offer  of  a  reward  of  2,000/.  Between  1850 
and  1857  she  fitted  out,  mainly  if  not  entirely 
at  her  own  expense,  no  less  than  five  ships 
for  the  search  (RICHARDSON,  Polar  Regions, 
p.  174)  ;  the  last  of  these,  the  Fox,  being  the 
one  that  succeeded  in  bringing  back  the  story 
of  the  lost  expedition.  To  this  work  she  de- 
voted a  very  large  part  of  her  property.  At 


this  period,  too,  she  seems  to  have  sought 
relief  from  oppressing  anxiety  in  constant 
travel.  Her  journeys  embraced  almost  the 
whole  of  the  civilised  world,  including  Japan 
and  Nevada.  It  was  not,  however,  these  that 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  recognised  in 
conferring  on  her  their  founder's  medal  in 
1860,  but  rather  the  zeal  and  self-sacrifice1 
with  \vhich  she  had  maintained  the  search  for 
the  missing  ships,  and  the  success  which,  in 
1859,hadrewardedher efforts.  Shecontinued 
occasionally  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the 
society,  where  she  was  always  an  honoured 
guest.  During  the  last  months  of  her  life  she 
had  been  much  occupied  with  the  outfit  of 
the  Pandora  yacht,  which  she  had  sent  to 
try  and  make  the  north-west  passage  by  the 
route  on  which  her  husband  had  failed.  The 
Pandora  failed  also,  but  Lady  Franklin  did 
not  live  to  hear  the  result.  Her  very  last 
work  was  the  completion  of  a  monument 
to  her  husband's  memory  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  She  wished  to  compose  his  epitaph, 
but  thoughts  and  words  would  not  flow  in 
unison,  and  the  task  was  completed  by  Lord 
Tennyson,  Franklin's  nephew  by  marriage. 
It  was  unveiled  a  fortnight  after  her  death, 
and  a  note  added  by  Dean  Stanley  tells  that 
it  was '  erected  by  his  widow,  who,  after  long 
waiting  and  sending  many  in  search  of  him, 
herself  departed  to  seek  and  to  find  him  in 
the  realms  of  light,  18  July  1875,  aged  83 
years.' 

[Annual  Register,  1875,  cxvii.  143;  McClin- 
tock's  Narrative  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Fate  of 
Sir  John  Franklin  ;  Osborn's  Career,  Last  Voy- 
age, and  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin ;  A  Brave 
Man  and  his  Belongings  ;  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  vol.  xxv.  p.  Ixxxvi.] 

J.  K.  L. 

FRANKLIN,  SIR  JOHN  (1786-1847), 
Arctic  explorer,  the  twelfth  and  youngest 
son  of  Willingham  Franklin  of  Spilsby  in 
Lincolnshire,  was  born  on  16  April  1786. 
It  had  been  intended  to  bring  him  up  for  the 
church,  but  a  holiday  visit  to  the  seashore 
excited  a  strong  desire  to  go  to  sea,  which 
his  father  vainly  endeavoured  to  overcome 
by  sending  him  for  a  voyage  in  a  merchant 
vessel  as  far  as  Lisbon.  On  his  return  he 
entered  the  royal  navy  on  board  the  Poly- 
phemus, then  just  sailing  for  the  Baltic,  where 
she  played  a  leading  part  in  the  battle  of  Co- 
penhagen. Two  months  later  Franklin  was 
appointed  as  a  midshipman  to  the  Investi- 
gator, under  the  command  of  his  cousin, 
Matthew  Flinders  [q.  v.],  and  on  the  point 
of  sailing  for  Australia.  While  in  the  In- 
vestigator Franklin  distinguished  himself  by 
his  remarkable  aptitude  for  nautical  and  as- 


Franklin 


192 


Franklin 


tronomical  observations;  he  was  employed 
at  Sydney  as  assistant  in  a  little  observatory 
which  Flinders  established,  and  won  the  no- 
tice of  Captain  King,  the  governor,  who  used 
to  address  him  familiarly  as  Mr.  Tycho  Brahe. 
"When  the  ship's  company  was  broken  up 
after  the  wreck  of  the  Porpoise,  Franklin  ac- 
companied Lieutenant  Fowler  to  China  in 
the  Rolla,  and,  taking  a  passage  home  in  the 
East  India  Company's  ship  Earl  Camden,  was 
with  Commodore  Dance  in  his  extraordinary 
engagement  with  Linois  (15  Feb.  1804),  on 
which  occasion  Fowler  commanded  on  the 
lower  deck  and  Franklin  took  charge  of  the 
signals  [see  DANCE,  SIK  NATHANIEL].  On 
arriving  in  England  Franklin  was  appointed 
to  the  Bellerophon  [see  COOKE,  JOHN,  1763- 
1805], in  which  hewas  present  in  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar,  again  having  charge  of  the  signals, 
and  being  one  of  the  few  on  the  Bellerophon's 
poop  who  escaped  unhurt.  Two  years  later 
ne  joined  the  Bedford,  and,  continuing  in 
her  after  his  promotion  to  lieutenant's  rank 
(11  Feb.  1808),  was  employed  on  the  home 
station  till  the  peace  in  1814,  when  the  ship 
was  ordered  to  North  America,  to  form  part 
of  the  expedition  against  New  Orleans.  In  a 
boat  attack  on  some  gunboats  in  Lac  Borgne 
Franklin  was  slightly  wounded ;  and  he  had 
besides  a  full  share  in  the  laborious  duties  of 
the  campaign.  Its  failure  may  account  for 
the  fact  that  no  attention  was  paid  to  the 
strong  recommendation  of  Sir  John  Lambert, 
in  command  of  the  troops  with  which  he  had 
been  serving,  and  that  he  remained  a  lieu- 
tenant, sen-ing  on  board  the  Forth  frigate, 
with  Sir  William  Bolton,  Nelson's  nephew. 
With  Franklin's  appointment  in  January  1818 
to  command  the  hired  brig  Trent,  fitting  out  to 
accompany  Captain  Buchan  in  the  Dorothea, 
Franklin's  career  as  an  Arctic  explorer  com- 
menced. Their  instructions  were  to  pass  be- 
tween Spitzbergen  and  Greenland,  use  their 
best  endeavours  to  reach  the  pole,  and  thence, 
if  possible,  to  shape  a  course  direct  for  Beh- 
ring's  Straits.  The  two  ships  sailed  on  25  April, 
sighted  Spitzbergen  on  26  May,  and  passed 
without  difficulty  along  its  western  coast ; 
they  were  then  stopped  by  the  ice,  and,  being 
driven  into  the  pack  on  30  July,  the  Dorothea 
received  so  much  damage  as  to  be  in  momen- 
tary danger  of  foundering.  They  got  into 
Dane's  Gat,  where  such  repairs  as  were  pos- 
sible were  executed,  but  it  was  still  very 
doubtful  whether  she  could  live  through  the 
passage  home,  and  further  contact  with  the 
ice  was  clearly  out  of  the  question.  Buchan's 
instructions  fully  authorised  him  in  this  con- 
tingency to  move  into  the  Trent  and  send 
the  Dorothea  home ;  but  he  was  unwilling 
to  appear  to  desert  his  shipmates  in  a  time 


of  great  danger.  The  Dorothea's  state  was 
such  as  to  forbid  her  being  sent  home  unat- 
tended, and  Franklin's  request  that  he  might 
be  allowed  to  go  on  rendered  the  task  of  su- 
perseding him  the  more  disagreeable.  So 
Buchan  judged  rightly  that  his  proper  course 
was  to  take  the  Dorothea  home,  with  the 
Trent  in  close  attendance  on  her.  They  ar- 
rived in  England  on  22  Oct. 

Early  in  the  following  year  Franklin  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  an  exploring  ex- 
pedition to  be  sent  out  with  the  general  idea 
of  amending  the  very  defective  geography  of 
the  northern  part  of  America,  and  with  more 
particular  instructions '  to  determine  the  lati- 
tudes and  longitudes  of  the  northern  coast  of 
North  America,  and  the  trendings  of  that  coast 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine  River  to 
the  eastern  extremity  of  that  continent.'  The 
details  of  the  route  from  York  Factory,  named 
as  a  starting-point,  were  left  to  Franklin's 
judgment,  guided  by  the  advice  he  should  re- 
ceive from  the  agents  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  who  would  be  instructed  to  co- 
operate with  the  expedition,  and  to  provide 
it  with  guides,  hunters,  clothing,  and  ammu- 
nition. The  small  party,  including  Dr.  (after- 
wards Sir  John)  Richardson  [q.  v.],  Hood  and 
Back,  midshipmen  [see  BACK,  SIK  GEORGE], 
the  last  of  whom  had  been  with  Franklin  in 
the  Trent,  two  seamen,  and  four  Orkney  boat- 
men, landed  at  York  on  30  Aug.  1819,  and 
started  on  9  Sept.  The  scheme  was,  with 
portable  boats  or  canoes,  to  follow  the  line  of 
rivers  and  lakes,  beginning  with  the  Nelson 
and  Saskatchewan,  and  ending  with  the  Elk, 
Slave,  and  Coppermine.  At  Cumberland 
House,  a  long-established  station  on  the  Sas- 
katchewan, it  was  found  that  further  pro- 
gress that  season  was  impossible.  One  of 
the  seamen  and  the  Orkneymen  were  sent 
back,  and,  leaving  Hood  and  Richardson  to 
bring  on  the  boats  when  the  way  should  be 
open,  Franklin  and  Back  started  on  foot  for 
Fort  Chipewyan  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Atha- 
basca, which  they  reached  on  26  March  1820. 
It  was  Franklin's  intention  to  make  all  ar- 
rangements for  an  onward  march  as  soon  as 
the  boats  should  arrive.  He  now  found  that 
owing  to  the  rivalry,  amounting  almost  to 
war,  between  the  two  trading  companies 
which  disputed  the  territory,  no  supplies 
were  available ;  and,  when  the  boats  came 
on,  the  expedition  left  Fort  Chipewyan  on 
18  July  with  little  more  than  one  day's  pro- 
visions and  with  a  scanty  supply  of  powder. 
On  2  Aug.  they  left  Fort  Providence  on  the 
northern  shore  of  Great  Slave  Lake,  the  party 
consisting,  what  with  Canadian  voyageurs 
and  interpreters,  of  twenty-eight  men,  be- 
sides three  women  and  three  children.  The 


Franklin 


193 


Franklin 


next  day  they  were  joined  by  a  large  party 
of  Indian  hunters,  under  a  chief  Akaitcho. 
The  progress  was  very  slow,  and  the  winter 
came  on  earlier  than  usual.   By  25  Aug.  the 
pools  were  beginning  to  freeze,  and,  though 
Franklin  was  anxious  at  all  hazards  to  push 
on  to  the  sea  and  establish  himself  for  the 
winter  at  the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine,  he 
yielded  to  the  very  urgent  remonstrances  of 
Akaitcho,  and  wintered  in  a  hut  which  is 
still  shown  on  the  map  as  Fort  Enterprise. 
It  was  not  till  14  June  1821  that  the  ice 
gave  way  sufficiently  for  them  to  launch  their 
canoes  on  the  Coppermine,  and  to  bid  fare- 
well to  Akaitcho  and  his  Indians.  By  14  July 
they  came  within  sight  of  the  sea,  and  on  the 
21st  embarked  for  their  voyage  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean.   And  so  to  the  eastward  in  a  tedious 
navigation  along  the  coast,  naming  Cape 
Barrow  and  Cape  Flinders,  as  far  as  Cape 
Turnagain,  which  they  reached  on  18  Aug. ; 
when  Franklin,  finding  that  his  resources 
would  admit  neither  of  going  on  nor  of  going 
back  to  the  Coppermine,  determined  to  take 
his  way  by  a  river  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  his  young  companion,  Hood.   Hood's 
river  was  soon  found  to  be  impracticable  for 
navigation.     They  took  the  large  canoes  to 
pieces,  built  two  small  ones  which  they  could 
carry  with  them,  reduced  their  baggage  as 
much   as  possible,  and  began  their  march 
for  Fort  Providence  through  the  country 
which  has  the  distinction  of  being  labelled, 
even  in  the  Arctic,  as '  Barren  Grounds.'  The 
story  of  their  sufferings  is  one  of  the  most 
terrible  on  human   record.     Cold,  hunger, 
and  fatigue  broke  down  even  the  strongest 
of  the  party.     Some  died,  some  were  mur- 
dered— poor  Hood  among  the  number,  one 
was  put  to  death  as  the  murderer.     In  their 
last  extremity  Franklin  and  Richardson  fell 
in  with  Akaitcho,  who  fed  them,  took  care 
of  them,  and  brought  them  in  safety  to  Fort 
Providence  on  11  Dec.     Back  and  the  mise- 
rable remnant  of  their  party  joined  a  few 
days  later.      They  rested  there  for  some 
months,  and  reached  York  again  on  14  June 
1822.     '  Thus  terminated,'  wrote  Franklin, 
'  our  long,  fatiguing,  and  disastrous  travel 
in  North  America,  having  journeyed  by  water 
and  land  (including  our  navigation  of  the 
Polar  Sea)  5,550  miles.' 

In  the  following  October  Franklin,  with 
his  companions,  arrived  in  England.  He 
had  already,  during  his  absence  (1  Jan.  1821), 
been  made  a  commander;  he  was  now 
(20  Nov.)  advanced  to  post  rank,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  labours  and  sufferings ;  he  was 
also  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
Richardson  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the 
Chatham  division  of  marines ;  and  Back,  who 

VOL.   XX. 


lad  been  promoted  to  be  a  lieutenant,  after 
,hree  Arctic  winters  was  sent  out  to  the 
West  Indies  to  be  thawed.  Franklin  em- 
)loyed  his  time  in  England  in  writing  the 
narrative  of  his  journey,  which  was  published 
arly  in  the  following  year,  and  at  once  took 
ts  place  among  the  most  classic  of  books  of 
;ravel.  He  also  wooed  and,  in  August  1823, 
was  married  to  Miss  Porden  [see  FRANKLIN, 
ELEANOR  ANNE].  Early  in  1824  Franklin 
.aid  before  the  admiralty  a  scheme  for  another 
xpedition,  which  might  benefit  by  his  pre- 
vious experience,  and  possibly  co-operate  with 
the  more  purely  naval  expedition  then  fitting 
out  under  the  command  of  Captain  Parry 
"see  PARRY,  SIR  WILLIAM  EDWARD].  Frank- 
fin  proposed  that  during  the  course  of  1824 
and  the  early  months  of  1825  stores,  together 
with  a  party  of  English  seamen,  should  be 
sent  on  in  advance  as  far  as  possible  ;  that 
be  himself,  starting  in  the  spring,  should  go 
from  New  York  to  Lake  Huron,  and  take 
on  from  the  naval  establishment  there  such 
further  supplies  as  were  available ;  and  so, 
picking  up  his  party  as  he  proceeded,  make 
his  way  to  the  Great  Bear  Lake,  down  the 
Mackenzie  river,  and  along  the  coast  west- 
ward as  far  as  Kotzebue  Sound,  where  a  ship 
might  be  sent  to  meet  him.  In  accordance 
with  this  the  instructions  were  drawn  out ; 
the  Blossom  was  commissioned  for  the  ser- 
vice in  Behring's  Straits  [see  BEECHEY, 
FREDERICK  WILLIAM]  ;  and  the  previous 
arrangements  having  been  made,  Franklin, 
again  with  Back  and  Richardson,  and  with 
Mr.  Kendall,  a  mate,  as  a  third  colleague, 
sailed  from  Liverpool  on  16  Feb.  1825. 

His  wife,  who  had  some  months  before 
given  birth  to  a  daughter,  was  now  in  an 
advanced  decline ;  but  he  had  probably  per- 
suaded himself  that  her  illness  was  not  neces- 
sarily mortal,  and  was  much  shocked  by  the 
news  of  her  death,  which  reached  him  at  the 
station  on  Lake  Huron.  He  pushed  on  to 
}oin  his  advanced  party  with  the  boats,  which 
he  found  near  Fort  Methy  on  29  June.  On 
7  Aug.  they  reached  Fort  Norman  on  the 
Mackenzie,  and  leaving  a  party  to  build  huts 
by  Great  Bear  Lake,  Franklin  himself  went 
down  the  river,  a  run  of  six  days,  to  the  sea ; 
and  landing  on  an  island — which  he  named 
Garry  Island,  after  the  deputy-governor  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company — he  there  planted 
the  British  flag,  a  silk  union-jack  which  had 
been  worked  for  the  express  purpose  by  his 
deceased  wife.  '  I  will  not,'  he  wrote,  '  at- 
tempt to  describe  my  emotions  as  it  expanded 
to  the  breeze.'  For  the  sake  of  his  companions, 
however,  he  endeavoured  to  simulate  cheer- 
fulness ;  and  after  examining  the  archipe- 
lago at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  returned  to 

0 


Franklin 


194 


Franklin 


the  winter  quarters,  -which  he  had  intended 
naming  Fort  Reliance,  but  which,  in  his  ab- 
sence, the  officers  had  named  Fort  Franklin. 
The  winter  passed  not  unpleasantly;  they 
had  a  sufficiency  of  clothing  and  food,  and 
were  able  to  keep  open  their  communications 
with  the  posts  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, and  to  get  occasional  letters  from  home. 
As  the  summer  approached,  their  prepara- 
tions for  the  coming  voyage  were  made,  and 
they  started  on  24  June  1826,  with  the  boats 
provisioned  for  eighty  days  at  full  allowance. 
At  the  head  of  the  delta  on  3  July  they  sepa- 
rated, Richardson  and  Kendall  going  east- 
wards as  far  as  the  Coppermine  River  and 
returning  to  Fort  Franklin  overland ;  while 
Franklin  and  Back  went  westwards,  examin- 
ing the  coast  as  far  as  Point  Beechey,  in 
longitude  149°  37' W.    It  was  then  16  Aug. ; 
there  appeared  no  possibility  of  fetching  Kot- 
zebue  Inlet ;    the  hazard  of  shipwreck  in- 
creased each  day ;  wintering  on  the  coast,  as 
was  suggested  in  their  instructions,  was  out 
of  the  question  ;  and  a  winter  journey  over- 
land to  Fort  Franklin  was  an  alternative 
which  Franklin's  past  experience  warned  him 
against.     One  of  the  Blossom's  boats  had  at 
this  time  advanced  to  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  Point  Barrow,  but  of  this  Frank- 
lin was  of  course  ignorant ;  fortunately  so,  he 
thought  afterwards ;  for  otherwise  he  would 
Lave  advanced,  but  would,  in  all  probability, 
have  been  unable  to  overtake  the  Blossom's 
party.   As  it  was,  he  returned  to  Fort  Frank- 
lin by  the  way  he  had  come.     Richardson 
had  been  before  him  and  had  started  again  on 
a  geologising  expedition  to  Great  Slave  Lake. 
Franklin,  remaining  at  the  fort  till  20  Feb. 
1827,  set  out  on  foot  for  Fort  Chipewyan, 
whence  on  18  June  he  reached  Cumberland 
House.     There  he  rejoined  Richardson,  and 
the  two,  returning  by  way  of  Montreal  and  | 
New  York,  where  they  were  splendidly  feted, 
arrived  in  Liverpool  on  26  Sept.     The  rest 
of  the  expedition,  which  had  lost  only  two 
men,  arrived  at  Portsmouth  a  fortnight  later 
in  charge  of  Captain  Back.    The  journey,  not 
so  exciting  nor  so  tragic  as  the  former,  had 
been  even  richer  in  geographical  results,  as 
was  fully  shown  when  the  narrative  was  j 
published  in  1828.  The  Geographical  Society  ! 
of  Paris  awarded  Franklin  their  gold  medal ; 
on  29  April  1829  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood;  and  at  the  summer  convocation, 
the  university  of  Oxford  conferred  on  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.    It  was  also 
during  this   period  of  relaxation   that,   on 
-5  Nov.  1828,  he  married  Miss  Griffin  [see  ! 
FRANKLIN,  JANE,  LADY]. 

From  August   1830   to  December  1833 
Franklin  commanded  the  Rainbow  frigate  on 


the  Mediterranean  station,  and  during  most 
of  the  time  was  employed  on  the  coast  of 
Greece,  a  service  for  which  he  received  the 
order  of  the  Redeemer  of  Greece,  and  after- 
wards (25  Jan.  1836)  the  Hanoverian  Guelphic 
order.  In  the  summer  of  1836  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  and  arrived  at  Hobart  Town  on  6  Jan. 
1837.  The  period  of  his  government,  ex- 
tending over  nearly  seven  years,  was  marked 
by  many  measures  for  the  social  and  moral 
improvement  of  the  colony,  then  still,  to  a 
great  extent,  a  convict  station.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  convicts  more  especially  was  a 
subject  which  much  occupied  his  attention, 
and  his  endeavours  for  humanising  them 
were  strenuously  aided  by  the  exertions  and 
the  liberal  expenditure  of  his  wife.  For  the 
better  class  of  colonists  he  established  a  scien- 
tific society  which  has  developed  into  the 
present  Royal  Society  of  Hobart  Town  ;  and 
not  only  founded  but  largely  endowed  a  col- 
lege, for  which,  at  his  request,  Dr.  Arnold  of 
Rugby  selected  a  head-master.  By  the  colo- 
nists, as  a  body,  he  was  much  beloved.  At 
the  close  of  his  period  of  service  he  embarked 
at  Hobart  Town  on  3  Nov.  1843, '  amidst,'  he 
wrote, '  a  burst  of  generous  and  enthusiastic 
feeling.'  After  visiting  several  places  on  the 
coast,  he  crossed  over  to  Port  Phillip,  then 
a  very  recent  settlement,  from  which  he 
sailed  10  Jan.  1844,  and  arrived  at  Ports- 
mouth in  the  following  June. 

Arctic  exploration  was  exciting  special 
interest.  The  Erebus  and  Terror  had  come 
home  from  a  remarkable  voyage  to  the  Ant- 
arctic [see  Ross,  SIR  JAMES  CLARK],  so  that 
suitable  ships  were  at  once  available ;  there 
was,  too,  a  stagnation  in  the  shipping  inte- 
rest, and  seamen  were  everywhere  clamour- 
ing for  employment.  Back  and  Dease  and 
Simpson  and  Ross  had  traced  the  northern 
coast-line  of  America  almost  in  its  entirety ; 
little  remained  to  be  done  to  solve  the  pro- 
blem of  the  north-west  passage.  Few  capable 
men  any  longer  doubted  its  actual  existence ; 
though  whether,  under  any  circumstances,  it 
could  be  available  for  navigation  was  still 
problematical.  The  admiralty  resolved  on  a 
naval  expedition.  There  was  at  first  some 
hesitation  about  the  commander;  but  Frank- 
lin claimed  the  post,  as  being  the  senior  officer 
of  Arctic  experience  then  in  England.  The 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  pointed  out  to  him 
that  he  was  sixty  years  of  age.  '  No,  no,  my 
lord,'  answered  Franklin,  '  only  fifty-nine.' 
'  Before  such  earnestness  all  scruples  yielded ; 
the  offer  was  officially  made  and  accepted ' 
(OsBORN,  p.  285),  and  on  3  March  1845 
Franklin  commissioned  the  Erebus  for  '  par- 
ticular service,'  the  Terror  being  at  the  same 


Franklin  i 

time  commissioned  by  Captain  Crozier  [see 
-CROZIER,  FRANCIS  RA.WDON  MOIRA.]. 

The  two  ships,  fitted,  for  the  first  time  in 
the  annals  of  Arctic  exploration,  with  auxi- 
liary screws,  and  provisioned  (as  it  was  be- 
lieved) for  three  years,  sailed  together  from 
Greenhithe  on  18  May,  with  instructions  to 
make  their  way  to  about  74°  N.,  98°  W.,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Cape  Walker,  and  thence  to 
the  southward  and  westward  in  a  course  as 
direct  to  Behring's  Straits  as  ice  and  land 
might  permit.  '  It  was  well  known,'  wrote 
Sherard  Osborn  in  1859,  '  that  this  southern 
course  was  that  of  Franklin's  predilection, 
founded  on  his  judgment  and  experience. 
There  are  many  in  England  who  can  recol- 
lect him  pointing  on  his  chart  to  the  western 
entrance  of  Simpson  Strait  and  the  adjoining 
coast  of  North  America  and  saying,  "  If  I  can 
but  get  down  there,  my  work  is  done;  thence 
it's  plain  sailing  to  the  westward." '  In  the 
beginning  of  July  the  ships  were  at  Disco, 
and  Fitzjames,  the  commander  of  the  Ere- 
bus, wrote  on  the  12th  '  that  Sir  John  was 
delightful ; '  that  both  officers  and  men  were 
in  good  spirits  and  of  excellent  material 
(OsBORN,  p.  286).  On  26  July  the  ships 
parted  from  an  Aberdeen  whaler  off  the  en- 
trance of  Lancaster  Sound  ;  a  fair  wind  bore 
them  away  westward,  and  they  vanished  into 
the  unknown.  Over  their  movements  a  dark 
curtain  settled  down,which  was  raised  slowly 
and  with  difficulty,  nor  was  it  fully  lifted  for 
fourteen  years. 

As  early  as  the  winter  of  1846-7  there 
•were  gloomy  anticipations;  and  though  it 
was  maintained  at  the  admiralty  that,  as 
the  ships  were  provisioned  for  three  years, 
there  were  no  grounds  for  anxiety,  popular 
feeling  so  far  prevailed  that  in  the  summer 
of  1847  large  supplies,  under  the  charge  of 
Sir  John  Richardson  and  Dr.  Rae,  were  sent 
out  to  Hudson's  Bay  to  be  conveyed  by  the 
inland  water  route  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mackenzie  or  of  the  Coppermine,  or  to  other 
stations  on  the  coast.  As  the  winter  of 
1847-8  passed  by  without  any  news  of  the 
ships,  a  very  real  uneasiness  was  felt.  With 
the  spring  of  1848  began  a  series  of  relief 
and  search  expeditions,  both  public  and 
private,  English  and  American,  which  has 
no  parallel  in  maritime  annals,  and  which, 
•while  prosecuting  the  main  object  of  the 
voyages,  turned  the  map  of  the  Arctic  re- 
gions north  of  America  from  a  blank  void 
into  a  grim  but  distinct  representation  of  is- 
lands, straits,  and  seas.  These  expeditions, 
of  which  a  complete  list  is  given  by  Richard- 
son {Polar  Regions,  p.  172),  may  be  sum- 
marised thus:  One  in  1847,  that  already 
mentioned  from  Hudson's  Bay  under  Rich- 


>5  Franklin 

ardson  and  Rae ;  five  in  1848 ;  three  in  1849 ; 
ten  in  1850,  including  those  sent  out  by  the 
admiralty  under  Austin,  Ommanney,  Col- 
linson,  and  McClure  ;  two  in  1851 ;  nine  in 
1852,  including  the  one  under  Sir  Edward 
Belcher;  five  in  1853,  including  one  in  boats 
and  sledges  by  Dr.  Rae,  and  one  into  Smith's 
Sound  by  Dr.  Kane  of  the  United  States 
Navy ;  two  in  1854 ;  one  in  1855  ;  and  one, 
that  of  the  Fox,  in  1857. 

In  1850  Captain  Ommanney  discovered  on 
Beechey  Island  the  traces  of  the  missing  ships 
having  there  passed  their  first  winter,  and 
at  the  same  time  vast  stacks  of  preserved 
meat  canisters,  which,  there  was  only  too 
much  reason  to  believe,  had  been  found  to  be 
filled  with  putrid  abomination,  and  had  been 
there  condemned  by  survey,  thus  fatally  di- 
minishing the  three  years'  provisions  which 
•were  supposed  to  be  on  board  (ib.  p.  163). 
Nothing  further  was  learned  till  April  1854, 
when  Dr.  Rae,  a  factor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  in  a  boat  expedition  carried  on  at 
the  company's  expense,  gathered  intelligence 
of  a  party  of  white  men  having  been  seen, 
four  winters  before,  travelling  over  the  ice 
near  King  William's  Land,  and  of  their  bodies 
having  been  afterwards  seen  on  the  main  land 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  large  river,  presu- 
mably Back's  Great  Fish  River.  From  the 
Eskimos  who  told  him  of  this,  Rae  also  ob- 
tained numerous  small  articles,  silver  spoons, 
&c.,  the  marks  on  which  clearly  identified 
them  as  having  belonged  to  officers  of  the 
Erebus  and  Terror;  among  others  a  small 
silver  plate  engraved  'Sir  John  Franklin, 
K.C.H.'  (Journal  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  13  Nov.  1854,  xxv.  250). 

By  these  visible  tokens  the  substantial 
truth  of  the  story  seemed  to  be  fully  con- 
firmed, and  the  admiralty  declined  to  enter 
on  any  further  search.  Others,  however,  were 
fain  to  hope  that  some  survivors  might  still 
remain,  and,  chiefly  by  the  personal  exertions 
and  at  the  personal  cost  of  Lady  Franklin, 
the  Fox  yacht  was  fitted  out  in  1857,  under 
the  command  of  Captain  (now  Admiral  Sir) 
Leopold  McClintock.  She  failed  through  the 
accident  of  the  seasons  to  get  into  the  pre- 
scribed locality  in  the  first  or  second  year. 
It  was  not  till  the  early  months  of  1859  that 
McClintock  and  his  colleagues,  Lieutenant 
Hobson  of  the  navy,  and  Captain  (now  Sir) 
Allen  Young  of  the  mercantile  marine,  came 
on  distinct  traces  of  the  lost  expedition.  Nu- 
merous relics  were  then  found  :  a  boat,  a  few 
skeletons,  chronometers,  clothing,  instru- 
ments, watches,  plate,  books ;  and  at  last,  to- 
wards the  end  of  May,  a  written  paper,  the 
contents  of  which,  together  with  what  was 
told  by  the  Eskimos  or  could  be  argued  by 

o2 


Franklin 


196 


Franklin 


induction,  comprise  the  sum  of  all  that  can 
be  known.  The  paper,  which  was  one  of  the 
official  forms  issued  to  be  left  for  transmission 
by  any  casual  finder,  had  been  in  the  first  in- 
stance filled  up  in  the  customary  manner,  but 
carelessly  and  with  a  wrong  date  :  '  28  May 
1847 — H.M.  ships  Erebus  and  Terrorwintered 
in  the  ice  in  lat.  70°  05'  N.,long.  98°  23'  W. 
Having  wintered  in  1846-7  [a  mistake  for 
1845-6]  at  Beechey  Island  in  lat.  74°  43' 
28"  N.,  long.  91°  39'  15"  W.,  after  having 
ascended  Wellington  Channel  to  lat.  77°  and 
returned  by  the  west  side  of  Cornwallis  Is- 
land. Sir  John  Franklin  commanding  the 
expedition.  All  well.  .  .  .'  In  1846  they 
proceeded  to  the  south-west,  and  eventually 
reached  within  twelve  miles  of  the  north  ex- 
treme of  King  William's  Land,  when  their 
progress  was  arrested  by  the  approaching 
winter  ;  and  there  they  remained.  The  rest 
of  the  story  was  written  on  the  margin  of  the 
same  form  by  Captain  Fitzjames :  '  25  April 
1848 — H.M.  ships  Terror  and  Erebus  were  de- 
serted on  22  April,  5  leagues  N.N.  W.  of  this, 
having  been  beset  since  12  Sept.  1846.  The 
officers  and  crews,  consisting  of  105  souls, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  F.  R.  M.  Cro- 
zier,  landed  here  in  lat.  69°  37' 42"  N.,  long. 
98°  41'  W.  Sir  John  Franklin  died  on 
11  June  1847,  and  the  total  loss  by  deaths  in 
the  expedition  has  been  to  this  date  9  officers 
and  15  men.'  To  which  was  added,  in  Cro- 
zier's  writing, '  and  start  on  to-morrow,  26th, 
for  Back's  Fish  River.'  And  this  was  all. 
From  the  Eskimos  McClintock  learned  that 
one  of  the  ships  sank  in  deep  water,  and  that, 
to  their  grief,  they  got  nothing  from  her ;  the 
other,  much  broken,  was  forced  on  shore,  and 
from  her  they  obtained  the  wood  and  iron 
which  he  saw  in  their  possession.  But  there 
was  no  further  news  of  the  men.  It  was  too 
certain  that  every  soul  of  the  party  perished 
miserably  ;  some  earlier  on  King  William's 
Land  ;  some  '  falling  down  and  dying  as  they 
walked,'  as  an  old  woman  told  McClin- 
tock ;  many  on  the  mainland  by  the  Great 
Fish  River.  Most  fortunate  then  in  his  end 
was  Franklin,  who  died  before  this  terrible 
fate  fell  on  his  men ;  died,  proud  in  the  con- 
sciousness of  having  seen,  even  if  he  had  not 
fully  travelled  over  the  north-west  passage, 
the  strait  separating  King  William's  Land 
from  Victoria  Land ;  the  strait  which,  if  the 
ice  would  have  permitted,  would  have  led 
him  into  the  known  waters  already  explored 
by  Dease  and  Simpson. 

Since  the  finding  of  this  written  record 
Franklinhasbeenrecognised  as  the  discoverer 
of  the  north-west  passage,  and  is  so  styled  on 
the  pedestal  of  the  statue  to  his  memory 
erected  at  the  public  cost  in  Waterloo  Place, 


London.  This  statue '  gives  a  tolerably  faith- 
ful representation  of  him.'  There  are  other 
statues  at  Hobart  Town  and  Spilsby.  A 
portrait  painted  by  T.  Phillips,  R.A.,  about 
the  time  of  his  first  marriage,  has  been  photo- 
graphed. Another  portrait  by  John  Jackson, 
R.A.,  lent  by  Mr.  John  Murray,  was  exhibited 
in  the  loan  exhibition  at  South  Kensingtoa 
in  1868.  Another  portrait  by  Derby  is  en- 
graved for  Jerdan's  '  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery'  (vol.  ii.),  and  there  is  a  capital  lithograph 
by  Negelen.  A  monument  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  erected  by  his  widow,  was  uncovered 
a  fortnight  after  her  death  in  1875. 

Franklin  was  a  man  not  only  of  iron  re- 
solution and  indomitable  courage,  but  of  a 
singular  geniality,  uprightness,  and  simpli- 
city, which  kindled  into  the  warmest  affection 
his  influence  over  his  comrades  and  subordi- 
nates. He  left  but  one  child,  the  daughter 
of  his  first  wife.  She  married  in  1849  the- 
Rev.  John  Philip  Gell,  the  head  of  an  old 
Derbyshire  family,  who,  as  a  young  man,  had 
been  selected  by  Dr.  Arnold's  advice  to  be  prin- 
cipal of  the  college  in  Hobart  Town,  and  is 
now  (1889)  rector  of  Buxted  in  Sussex.  Mrs. 
Gell  died  in  1860,  leaving  several  children. 

[Marshall's  Roy.  Nav.  Biog.  ix.  (vol.  iii.  pt.  i.)> 
1  ;  O'Byrne's  Nav.  Biog.  Diet. ;  Encycl.  Brit.  7th 
and  8th  editions ;  Richardson's  Polar  Regions ; 
Sherard  Osborn's  Career,  Last  Voyage,  and  Fate 
of  Sir  John  Franklin  :  this  was  originally  pub- 
lished in  Once  a  Week  (October  and  November 
1859),  was  afterwards  republished  separately, 
and  is  here  referred  to  in  the  first  volume  of  Ad- 
miral Osborn's  Collected  Works  (1865) ;  a  Brave 
Man  and  his  Belongings,  printed  in  1874  for 
private  circulation :  it  is  addressed  by  a  niece  of" 
the  first  Mrs.  Franklin  to  Franklin's  grand-chil- 
dren and  grand  nephews  or  nieces ;  Beechey's- 
Voyage  of  Discovery  towards  the  North  Pole  in 
H.M.  ships  Dorothea  and  Trent ;  Narrative  of  a 
Journey  to  the  Shores  of  the  Polar  Sea  in  the 
years  1819-22  by  John  Franklin  (4to,  1823);^ 
Narrative  of  a  Second  Expedition  to  the  Shores 
of  the  Polar  Sea  in  the  years  1825-7,  by  John 
Franklin  (4to,  1828) ;  Report  of  the  Committee- 
appointed  by  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Admiralty  to  inquire  into  and  report  on  the 
recent  Arctic  Expeditions  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  (fol.  1851);  Papers  relative  to  the  recent 
Arctic  Expeditions  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  the  crews  of  H.M.S.  Erebus  and  Terror  (fol. 
1 854) ;  Further  Papers  relative  to  the  recent  Arctie 
Expeditions  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  (fol. 
1855) ;  McClintock's  Narrative  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his  Com- 
panions.] J.  K.  L. 

FRANKLIN,  ROBERT  (1630-1684), 
nonconformist  divine,  was  born  in  London 
16  July  1630.  In  his  ninth  year  he  went 
into  Suffolk  to  live  with  an  aunt,  and  ia 


Franklin 


197 


due  course  was  sent  to  Woodbridge  school. 
Here,  as  he  confessed,  he  was  too  fond  of 
sports,  violent  in  temper,  and  prone  to  lying. 
He  was  specially  trained  in  writing  and  ac- 
counts with  a  view  to  his  being  apprenticed 
in  London,  but  his  ability  led  to  his  being 
sent  to  Cambridge,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
Jesus  College.  His  tutor  was  Ban  toft,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  the  office,  but  he  gave  up 
tuition  on  proving  successful  in  a  preaching 
competition  against  a  Dr.  Brooks  for  the  col- 
lege living  of  Kirton,  Suffolk.  Franklin  found 
that  he  was  unable  to  subsist  in  comfort  on 
kis  living,  which  only  produced  50/.  a  year, 
and  set  up  a  school,  which  proved  to  be  educa- 
tionally successful,  but  a  commercial  failure. 
Through  a  friend's  influence  he  was  appointed 
to  the  superior  living  of  Bramfield,  but  here 
he  received  nothing  at  all,  as  the  former 
incumbent  declined  to  retire.  He  then  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Blythburgh,  where  he 
remained  only'  a  short  time,  being  presented 
in  1659  to  the  vicarage  of  Westhall,  where 
he  again  found  an  incumbent,  speechless  from 
palsy,  who  declined  to  move.  Franklin  was 
allowed,  however,  to  perform  the  duties  of 
(the  vicar  on  payment  of  ten  shillings  a  week 
to  his  predecessor,  who  at  length  resigned 
and  left  him  in  possession.  In  1662  he  '  left 
his  living  rather  than  defile  his  conscience.' 
He  became  in  1663  private  chaplain  to  Sir 
Samuel  Barnardiston  [q.  v.],  but  after  six 
jnonths  went  to  London  and  suffered  for  non- 
conformity. He  was  first  seized  for  preach- 
ing at  Colebrooke,  and  was  lodged  in  Ayles- 
bury  gaol,  his  goods  being  confiscated.  On 
his  release  he  took  a  house  in  London,  and 
teld  religious  meetings  there,  but  refusing  the 
corporation  oath  he  was  again  imprisoned.  A 
sermon  which  he  preached  some  time  after- 
wards in  Glovers'  Hall  was  followed  by  his 
•detention  for  six  months  in  Newgate.  Later 
Le  was  seized  in  his  own  house  at  Bunhill 
Fields,  and  committed  to  the  New  prison; 
lie  was  released  shortly,  but  compelled  to 
•appear  every  sessions,  and  to  give  bail  for 
tis  good  behaviour.  He  died  in  1684.  He 
is  described  by  Calamy  as  a  man  of  great 
gravity  and  integrity,  and  a  plain,  serious 
preacher.  Franklin  subscribed  his  name, 
Among  those  of  fellow-ministers,  to  '  A  Mur- 
derer Punished  and  Pardoned ;  or  a  True  Re- 
lation of  the  Wicked  Life  and  Shameful- 
happy  Death  of  Thos.  Savage,  imprisoned, 
justly  condemned,  and  twice  executed  at  Rad- 
cliff,  by  us  who  were  often  with  him  in  New- 
gate.' Otherwise  he  only  published  '  Death 
in  Triumph  over  the  most  desirable  ones,'  a 
funeral  sermon  on  Mrs.  Mary  Parry  (1683), 
for,  as  he  remarks  in  the  preface  to  this  pub- 
lication, he  had  not  the  '  itching  humour  of 


the  scribbling  age,  nor  any  desire  to  appear 
in  print.'  He  left  a  manuscript  entitled 
'  Memorable  Occurrences  of  my  Life,'  which 
is  the  principal  source  for  the  facts  of  his 
career.  Franklin  was  married. 

[Calamy  and  Palmer's  Nonconf.  Mem.iii.  291 ; 
Davy's  Athense  Suffolc.  i.  267.]  A.  V. 

FRANKLYN,  WILLIAM  (1480  ?- 
1556),  dean  of  Windsor,  was  born  at  Bled- 
low,  Buckinghamshire,  probably  about  1480, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.C.L.  in 
1504.  He  took  orders,  and  in  1514  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Durham 
and  receiver  of  the  bishop's  revenues.  In  1515 
he  became  archdeacon  of  Durham  and  master 
of  the  hospital  of  St.  Giles  at  Kepyer,  Durham. 
In  this  and  the  following  years  Franklyn 
was  active  in  directing  measures  in  border 
warfare  with  the  Scotch.  His  headquarters 
were  at  Norham,  and  it  was  probably  about 
this  period  that  a  grant  of  arms  was  made 
him  in  consideration  of  the  recovery  of  the 
castle  at  that  place  by  his  prowess  and  policy. 
In  February  1518  he  was  installed  preben- 
dary of  Heydour-cum- Walton  in  the  diocese 
of  Lincoln,  and  before  1522  he  was  rector  of 
Houghton-le-Spring,  Durham,  and  held  the 
prebend  of  Eveston,  in  the  collegiate  church 
of  Lanchester,  in  the  same  county.  On 
Wolsey's  accession  to  the  see  of  Durham  he 
confirmed  Franklyn  in  the  chancellorship, 
with  power  of  appointing  justices  of  the  peace, 
coroners,  stewards,  bailiffs,  and  other  officers, 
and  the  chancellor  made  himself  very  useful 
to  the  bishop  in  devising  plans  for  increasing 
the  revenues  of  the  diocese.  In  one  of  many 
letters  addressed  by  Franklyn  to  Wolsey  in 
1528  he  points  out  the  neglect  of  certain  pa- 
latine rights  which  might  be  exercised  with 
advantage,  shows  how  collieries  and  lead 
mines  might  be  more  profitably  worked,  and 
suggests  that  some  one  else  should  be  ap- 
pointed chancellor  and  he  himself  Wolsey's 
surveyor  of  Yorkshire,  for,  though  the  chan- 
cellorship carried  the  best  pay,  '  I  am  young 
and  can  do  more  service  thus.'  He  was  still 
chancellor  under  Tunst all,  Wolsey's  successor 
at  Durham,  but  he  already  enjoyed  marked 
proofs  of  Wolsey's  favour.  He  received  a 
salaried  appointment  as  counsellor  resident 
with  Henry  Fitzroy  [q.  v.],  duke  of  Richmond, 
natural  son  of  Henry  VIII ;  was  presented 
to  the  prebend  of  Stillington,  Yorkshire,  in 
February  1526,  and  in  the  same  year  became 
president  of  Queen's  College,  Cambridge, 
which  office  he  held  only  a  year  and  nine 
months.  His  name  appears  in  the  commis- 
sion formed,  October  1528,  to  treat  for  peace 
with  James  V  of  Scotland,  and  he  had  a  hand 


Franks 


198 


Franks 


in  the  negotiations  which  led  to  the  peace 
concluded  31  July  1534  at  Holyrood.  In 
May  1535  he  was  one  of  the  council  in  the 
north  executing  the  royal  commission  for  as- 
sessing and  taxing  spiritual  proceedings.  On 
17  Dec.  1536  Franklyn  was  by  patent  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Windsor,  and  in  1540  he 
exchanged  his  Lincolnshire  prebend  for  the 
rectory  of  Chalfont  St.  Giles,  Buckingham- 
shire, the  parsonage  attaching  to  which  he 
afterwards  let  on  a  lease  of  thirty-one  years 
to  John  Storie,  LL.D.  [q.  v.]  As  dean  of 
"Windsor  he  assisted  at  the  christening  of 
Edward  VI  and  the  funeral  of  Lady  Jane 
Dudley,  and  his  signature  is  affixed  to  the 
decree  declaring  the  invalidity  of  the  marriage 
of  Henry  VIII  with  Anne  of  Cleves.  On 
14  Jan.  1544-5  he  surrendered  to  the  crown 
his  hospital  of  Kepyer  and  most  of  his  bene- 
fices, and  he  also  alienated  the  revenues  of  his 
deanery,  some  temporarily,  others  in  perpe- 
tuity. The  complaints  against  him  on  this 
score  were  so  loud  that  after  the  accession  of 
Edward  VI  he  was  compelled  to  resign.  He 
retired  to  Chalfont  St.  Giles,  where  he  died 
in  January  1555-6,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church.  His  will  met  with  disapproval,  for 
a  grant  was  made  to  one  J.  Glynne  of  so 
much  as  he  could  recover  of  goods,  chattels, 
and  money,  devised  by  Franklyn  for  super- 
stitious purposes  (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1547-80,  p.  233).  A  large  number  of  letters 
addressed  by  Franklyn  to  Wolsey,  Crom- 
well, and  others  are  preserved  in  the  Record 
Office  and  the  British  Museum.  Franklyn  is 
described  by  Foxe  as '  a  timorous  man '  (Acts 
and  Monuments,  ed.  1847,  v.  469). 

[Lipscombe's  Hist,  of  Buckinghamshire,  ii.  69, 
iii.  232 ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Angl.  ii.  156,  iii. 
213,  304,  373,  685 ;  Hutchinson's  Hist,  of  Dur- 
ham, i.  404,  407,  443,  ii.  540  :  Brewer's  Letters 
and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII  (Rolls  Ser.),  passim  ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  389 ;  Strype's 
Eccl.  Mem.  ii.  pt.  i.  pp.  9,  12;  Rymer's  Fcedera, 
xii.  282, 541 ;  Camden  Miscellany,  vols.  iii.  xxiii. ; 
Cooper's  Athenae  Cantabr.  i.  141 ;  Cole's  MS. 
Collection,  vii.  129,  xiii.  125,  126,  xxxii.  112, 
113.  xlviii.  257.  In  the  place  first  cited  Cole 
doubts  the  identity  of  Franklyn,  dean  of  Windsor, 
•with  Franklyn,  archdeacon  of  Durham,  seemingly 
only  because  he  lacked  proof  of  it.]  A.  V. 

FRANKS,  SIB  JOHN  (1770-1852),  In- 
dian judge,  second  son  of  Thomas  Franks 
(1729-1787),  of  Ballymagooly,  Cork,  by  Ca- 
therine, daughter  of  Rev.  John  Day,  born  in 
1770,  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
B.A.  3788,  LL.B.  1791.  'He  was  called  to 
the  Irish  bar  1792.  He  went  the  Munster 
circuit,  and  had  a  good  practice  as  chamber 
counsel.  He  '  took  silk '  in  1823.  In  1825 
the  board  of  control,  on  the  recommendation 


of  his  friend  Plunket,  then  attorney-general, 
appointed  him  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
at  Calcutta.  He  received,  as  was  customary, 
the  honour  of  knighthood  before  his  departure 
for  India.  He  held  this  office  till  the  effect 
of  the  climate  on  his  health  brought  about  his 
resignation  in  1834.  On  his  return  he  re- 
sided at  Roebuck,  near  Dublin.  He  died 
11  Jan.  1852.  He  was  thrice  married.  By 
his  first  wife,  Catherine,  daughter  of  his  cousin 
Thomas  Franks  of  Carrig,  Cork,  he  had  two- 
sons  and  three  daughters.  His  heir  was  John 
Franks  of  Bally-scaddane,  co.  Limerick. 

Franks  was  popular,  both  as  advocate  and 
judge.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Curran, 
and  one  of  his  executors,  W.  H.  Curran, 
Curran's  son,  commemorates  his  'peculiar 
aboriginal  wit,  quiet,  keen,  and  natural  to 
the  occasion,  and,  best  of  all,  never  malig- 
nant '  (Gent.  Mag.) 

[Gent.  Mag.  April  1852,  p.  408  ;  Graduates  of 
Dublin,  p.  208  ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry.] 

F.  W-T. 

FRANKS,  SiRTHOMASHARTE(1808- 
1862),  general,  was  the  second  son  of  Wil- 
liam Franks  of  Carrig  Castle,  near  Mallow, 
co.  Cork,  by  Catherine,  daughter  of  William 
Hume,  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Wicklow,  and 
aunt  of  Fitzwilliam  Hume  Dick,  M.P.  for 
Wicklow.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  en- 
sign in  the  10th  regiment  on  7  July  1825, 
and  had  been  promoted  lieutenant  on  26  Sept. 
1826,  captain  on  1  March  1839,  major  on. 
29  Dec.  1843,  and  lieutenant-colonel  on 
28  March  1845,  before  he  had  ever  seen  ser- 
vice. During  these  twenty  years  he  had  been 
with  his  regiment  in  many  parts  of  the  world, 
and  in  1842  he  accompanied  it  for  the  first 
time  to  India.  He  was  engaged  in  the  first 
Sikh  war,  and  the  10th  regiment  was  one 
of  those  which  were  called  up  to  help  to  fill 
the  gap  caused  by  the  heavy  losses  at  Mudki 
and  Firozshah.  At  the  battle  of  Sobraon  the 
10th  regiment  was  on  the  extreme  right  of 
the  line,  and  it  did  its  duty  nobly  in  carrying- 
the  Sikh  position  in  front  of  it.  Franks  was 
wounded,  and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him, 
and  he  was  rewarded  by  the  Sobraon  medal 
and  by  being  made  a  C.B.  In  the  second  Sikh 
war  Franks' s  regiment  was  the  first  English, 
one  to  come  up  to  the  siege  of  Miiltan,  and 
Franks,  as  one  of  the  senior  officers  with  the 
besieging  force,  held  many  independent  com- 
mands, and  rendered  most  valuable  services. 
After  the  siege  was  over  he  joined  Lord  Gough 
on  10  Feb.  1849,  and  served  with  great  dis- 
tinction at  Gujrat.  He  was  promoted  colonel 
on  20  June  1854,  and  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Jalandhar  brigade  on  11  May 
1855.  He  had  handed  over  his  command,  and 


Fransham 


199 


Fransham 


was  just  going  home  on  sick  leave,  when  the 
mutiny  of  1857  broke  out.  Thereupon  he  re- 
fused to  go  to  England,  and  remained  at  Cal- 
cutta until  his  health  was  sufficiently  restored 
to  enable  him  to  take  the  field.  In  January 
1858  he  was  appointed  to  command  the  4th 
infantry  division  in  the  field,  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general.  This  division,  nearly 
six  thousand  strong,  was  intended  to  carry 
out  a  favourite  scheme  of  Lord  Canning. 
Franks  was  directed  to  march  across  the  north- 
eastern frontier  of  Oude,  driving  the  mutineers 
before  him,  and  then  to  meet  Sir  Jung  Ba- 
hadur, the  prime  minister  of  Nepal,  who  had 
promised  to  bring  a  force  of  Goorkhas  to  the 
assistance  of  the  English,  after  which  the 
two  corps  together  were  to  co-operate  in  Sir 
Colin  Campbell's  operations  against  Luck- 
now.  This  programme  was  successfully  car- 
ried out ;  the  junction  with  Jung  Bahadur's 
Goorkhas  was  cleverly  effected,  and  on  19 
and  23  Feb.  Franks  inflicted  two  severe  defeats 
on  the  rebel  leader,  Muhammad  Hussein 
Nazim,  at  Chanda,  and  between  Badshahganj 
and  Sultanpur  respectively.  The  effect  of 
these  victories,  in  which  Franks  only  lost 
two  men  killed  and  sixteen  wounded,  was, 
however,  minimised  by  the  severe  check  which 
he  received  in  an  attempt  to  take  Dohrighat. 
Sir  Colin  Campbell  was  much  incensed  at 
this  defeat,  and  after  the  final  capture  of 
Lucknow  he  refused  to  give  Franks  another 
command  in  the  field.  This  was  a  severe 
blow  to  Franks,  who  at  once  returned  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  promoted  major-general 
on  20  July  1858,  made  a  K.C.B.,  and  given 
the  thanks  of  parliament.  His  health  was 
entirely  ruined  by  his  exertions,  and  he  died 
at  Ibstone  House,  Tetsworth,  Oxfordshire, 
on  5  Feb.  1862.  Franks  married  (1)  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Richard  Kay,  esq.,  and  widow  of 
the  Rev.  W.  Fletcher ;  (2)  Rebecca  Con- 
stantia  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Samuel  Brewis, 
esq.,  of  LangleyHouse,Prestwich,  Lancashire. 

[Hart's  Army  List;  Gent.  Mag.  March  1862 ; 
Despatches  of  Lord  Hardinge,  Lord  Gough,  and 
Sir  Harry  Smith ;  Shadwell's  Lord  Clyde ; 
Malleson's  Indian  Mutiny.]  H.  M.  S. 

FRANSHAM,  JOHN  (1730-1810),  free- 
thinker, son  of  Thomas  andlsidora  Fransham, 
was  born  early  in  1730  (baptised  19  March) 
in  the  parish  of  St.  George  of  Colegate,  Nor- 
wich, where  his  father  was  sexton  or  parish 
clerk.  He  showed  precocity  at  an  elementary 
school.  He  wrote  sermons,  which  the  rector 
of  St.  George's  thought  good  enough  to  submit 
to  the  dean.  The  aid  of  a  relative,  probably 
Isaac  Fransham  (1660-1743),  an  attorney, 
enabled  him  to  study  for  the  church.  His 
relative  dying,  Fransham,  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 


was  apprenticed  for  a  few  weeks  to  a  cooper 
at  Wymondham,  Norfolk.  By  writing  ser- 
mons for  clergymen  he  made  a  little  money, 
but  could  not  support  himself,  though  he  went 
barefoot  nearly  three  years.  John  Taylor, 
D.D.,  the  presbyterian  theologian,  gave  him 
gratuitous  instruction.  A  legacy  of  251.  de- 
termined him  to  buy  a  pony,  not  to  ride,  but 
to  '  make  a  friend  of,'  as  he  told  a  physician 
consulted  by  his  father,  who  thought  him  out 
of  his  wits.  As  long  as  the  money  lasted, 
Fransham  took  lessons  from  W.  Hemingway, 
a  land  surveyor.  He  then  wrote  for  Marshall, 
an  attorney,  but  was  never  articled.  One 
of  Marshall's  clerks,  John  Chambers,  after- 
wards recorder  of  Norwich,  took  great  pains 
with  him.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Joseph  Clover  [q.  v.],  the  veterinary  surgeon, 
who  employed  him  to  take  horses  to  be  shod, 
and  taught  him  mathematics  in  return  for 
Fransham's  help  in  classics. 

In  1748  he  joined  a  company  of  strolling 
players.  He  is  said  to  have  taken,  among 
other  parts,  those  of  lago  and  Shylock.  The 
players  got  no  pay  and  lived  on  turnips; 
Fransham  left  them  on  finding  that  the 
turnips  were  stolen.  He  sailed  from  Great 
Yarmouth  for  North  Shields,  intending  to 
study  at  the  Scottish  universities  and  visit 
the  highlands.  But  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
he  enlisted  in  the  Old  Buffs,  was  soon  dis- 
charged as  bandy-legged,  and  made  his  way 
back  to  Norwich  with  three  halfpence  and 
a  plaid.  After  this  he  worked  with  Daniel 
Wright,  a  freethinking  journeyman  weaver. 
The  two  friends  sat  facing  each  other,  so 
that  they  could  carry  on  discussions  amid 
the  rattle  of  their  looms. 

After  Wright's  death,  about  1750,  Fran- 
sham  devoted  himself  to  teaching.  For  two 
or  three  years  he  was  tutor  in  the  family  of 
Leman,  a  farmer  at  Hellesdon,  Norfolk.  He 
next  took  pupils  at  Norwich  in  Latin,  Greek, 
French,  and  mathematics.  He  only  taught 
for  two  hours  a  day,  and  had  time  to  act  as 
amanuensis  to  Samuel  Bourn  (1714-1796) 
[q.  v.]  He  became  a  member  of  a  society  for 
philosophical  experiment,  founded  by  Peter 
Bilby.  His  reputation  grew  as  a  successful 
preliminary  tutor  for  the  universities ;  he 
reluctantly  took  as  many  as  twenty  pupils, 
being  of  opinion  that  no  man  could  do  justice 
to  more  than  eight.  His  terms  rose  from  a 
shilling  a  week  to  15s.  a  quarter;  out  of  this 
slender  income  he  saved  money,  and  collected 
two  hundred  books  towards  a  projected  li- 
brary. If  he  got  a  bargain  at  a  bookstall  he 
insisted  on  paying  the  full  value  as  soon  as 
he  knew  it. 

In  1767  he  spent  nine  months  in  London, 
carrying  John  Leedes,  a  former  pupil,  through 


Fran  sham 


200 


Fransham 


his  Latin  examination  at  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons. In  London  he  formed  a  slight  ac- 
quaintance with  the  queen's  under-librarian, 
who  introduced  him  to  Foote.  Foote,  in '  The 
Devil  upon  Two  Sticks '  (1768),  caricatured 
teacher  and  pupil  as  Johnny  Macpherson  and 
Dr.  Emanuel  Last.  Fransham  wore  a  plaid, 
which  suggested  the  Mac,  a  green  jacket  with 
large  horn  buttons,  a  broad  hat,  drab  shorts, 
coarse  worsted  stockings,  and  large  shoes. 
The  boys  called  him '  old  horn-buttoned  Jack.' 
On  his  return  to  Norwich,  the  Chute  family, 
who  had  a  country  house  at  South  Picken- 
ham,  Norfolk,  allowed  him  (about  1771)  to 
sleep  at  their  Norwich  house  (where  his 
sister,  Mrs.  Bennett,  was  housekeeper)  and 
to  use  the  library.  He  taught  (about  1772) 
in  the  family  of  Samuel  Cooper,  D.D.  [see 
COOPEE,  SIR  ASTLBY  PASION],  at  Brooke 
Hall,  Norfolk,  on  the  terms  of  board  and 
lodging  from  Saturday  till  Monday.  This 
engagement  he  gave  up,  as  the  walk  of  over 
six  miles  out  and  in  was  too  much  for  him. 
When  Cooper  obtained  preferment  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  Fransham  was  advised  by  his 
friend  Robinson  to  write  and  ask  for  a  guinea. 
The  difficulty  was  that  Fransham  had  never 
written  a  letter  in  his  life,  and  after  he  had 
copied  Robinson's  draft,  did  not  know  how 
to  fold  it.  Cooper  sent  him  51.  The  death 
of  young  Chute  (of  which  Fransham  thought 
he  had  warning  in  a  dream)  threw  Fransham 
again  on  his  own  resources.  He  reduced 
his  allowance  to  a  farthing's  worth  of  pota- 
toes a  day ;  the  experiment  of  sleeping  on 
Mousehold  Heath  in  his  plaid  brought  on  a 
violent  cold,  and  was  not  repeated.  For 
nearly  three  years,  from  about  1780,  he  dined 
every  Sunday  with  counsellor  Cooper,  a  rela- 
tive of  the  clergyman,  who  introduced  him 
to  Dr.  Parr.  From  about  1784  to  about  1794 
he  lodged  with  Thomas  Robinson,  school- 
master at  St.  Peter's  Hungate.  He  left 
Robinson  to  lodge  with  Jay,  a  baker  in  St. 
Clement's.  Here  he  would  never  allow  the 
floor  of  his  room  to  be  wetted  or  the  walls 
•whitewashed,  for  fear  of  damp,  and  to  have 
his  bed  made  more  than  once  a  week  he  con- 
sidered 'the  height  of  effeminacy.'  In  1805 
he  was  asked  for  assistance  by  a  distant  re- 
lative, Mrs.  Smith;  he  took  her  as  his  house- 
keeper, hiring  a  room  and  a  garret  in  St. 
George's  Colegate.  When  she  left  him  in 
1806  he  seems  to  have  resided  for  about  three 
years  with  his  sister,  who  had  become  a  widow ; 
leaving  her,  he  made  his  last  move  to  a 
garret  in  Elm  Hill.  In  1807  or  1808  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Michael  Stark 
(d.  1831),  a  Norwich  dyer,  and  became  tutor 
to  his  sons,  of  whom  the  youngest  was  James 
Stark,  the  artist. 


Fransham  has  been  called  a  pagan  and  a 
polytheist  chiefly  on  the  strength  of  his  hymns 
to  the  ancient  gods,  his  designation  of  chicken- 
broth  as  a  sacrifice  to  ^Esculapius,  and  his 
describing  a  change  in  the  weather  as  Juno's 
response  to  supplication.  His  love  for  clas- 
sical antiquity  led  him  to  prefer  the  Greek 
mathematicians  to  any  of  the  moderns,  to  re- 
ject (with  Berkeley)  the  doctrine  of  fluxions, 
and  to  despise  algebra.  Convinced  of  the 
legendary  origin  of  all  theology,  he  esteemed 
the  legends  of  paganism  as  the  most  vener- 
able, and  put  upon  them  a  construction  of 
his  own.  Taylor,  the  platonist,  he  observed, 
took  them  in  a  sense  '  intended  for  the  vulgar 
alone.'  Hume  was  to  him  the  '  prince  of 
philosophers ; '  he  read  Plato  with  admira- 
tion, but  among  the  speculations  of  antiquity 
the  arguments  of  Cotta,  in  the  '  De  Natura 
Deorum,'  were  most  to  his  mind.  He  anno- 
tated a  copy  of  Chubb's  posthumous  works, 
apparently  for  republication  as  a  vehicle  of 
his  own  ideas.  In  a  note  to  p.  168  of  Chubb's 
'Author's  Farewell,'  he  puts  forward  the 
hypothesis  of  a  multiplicity  of  '  artists '  as 
explaining  the  '  infinitely  various  parts  of 
nature.'  In  his  manuscript  '  Metaphysicorum 
Elementa'  (begun  1748,  and  written  with 
Spinoza  as  his  model)  he  defines  God  as '  ens 
non  dependens,  quod  etiam  causa  est  omnium 
cseterorum  existentium. '  He  thinks  it  obvious 
that  space  fulfils  the  terms  of  this  definition, 
and  hence  concludes  '  spatium  solum  esse 
Deum,'  adding  'Deus,  vel  spatium,  est  soli- 
dum.'  His  chief  quarrel  with  the  preachers 
of  his  time  was  that  they  allowed  vicious  and 
cruel  customs  to  go  unreproved.  Asked  at  an 
election  time  for  whom  he  would  be  inclined 
to  vote,  he  replied, '  I  would  vote  for  that  man 
who  had  humanity  enough  to  drive  long- 
tailed  horses.'  He  was  fond  of  most  animals, 
but  disliked  dogs,  as  '  noisy,  mobbish,  and 
vulgar,'  and  in  his  '  Aristopia,  or  ideal  state,' 
he  provided  for  their  extermination. 

Fransham  brought  under  complete  control 
a  temper  which  in  his  early  years  was  un- 
governable. He  rose  at  five  in  summer,  at 
six  in  winter ;  a  strict  teetotaller,  he  ate 
little  animal  food,  living  chiefly  on  tea  and 
bread-and-butter.  To  assure  himself  of  the 
value  of  health,  he  would  eat  tarts  till  he  got 
a  headache,  which  he  cured  with  strong  tea. 
For  his  amusement  he  played  a  hautboy,  but 
burned  the  instrument  to  make  tea.  Sup- 
plying its  place  with  a  '  bilbo-catch,'  he  perse- 
vered until  he  had  caught  the  ball  on  the 
spike  666,666  times  (not  in  succession ;  he 
could  never  exceed  a  sequence  of  two  hun- 
dred). His  dread  of  fire  led  him  constantly 
to  practise  the  experiment  of  letting  himself 
down  from  an  upper  story  by  a  ladder.  In 


Fransham 


201 


Fransham 


money  matters  he  was  extremely  exact,  but 
could  bear  losses  with  equanimity.  He  had 
saved  up  10QL,  which  he  was  induced  to  lodge 
with  a  merchant,  who  became  bankrupt  just 
after  Fransham  had  withdrawn  751.  to  buy 
books.  To  his  friends'  expressions  of  con- 
dolence he  replied  that  he  had  been  lucky 
enough  to  gain  the  751. 

At  the  latter  end  of  1809  he  was  attacked 
by  a  cough ;  in  January  1810  he  took  to  his 
bed  and  was  carefully  nursed,  but  declined 
medical  aid.  When  dying  he  said  that  had 
he  to  live  his  days  again  he  would  go  more 
into  female  society.  He  had  a  fear  of  being 
buried  alive,  and  gave  some  odd  instructions 
as  to  what  was  to  be  done  to  prove  him 
'  dead  indeed.'  On  1  Feb.  1810  he  expired. 
He  was  buried  on  4  Feb.  in  the  churchyard 
of  St.  George  of  Colegate ;  his  gravestone  bears 
a  Latin  inscription.  A  caricature  likeness  of 
him  has  been  published ;  his  features  have 
been  thought  to  resemble  those  of  Erasmus, 
while  his  double-tipped  nose  reminded  his 
friends  of  the  busts  of  Plato.  He  left  ninety- 
six  guineas  to  his  sister ;  his  books  and  manu- 
scripts were  left  to  Edward  Rigby,  M.D.  (d. 
1821) ;  some  of  them  passed  into  the  posses- 
sion of  William  Stark,  and  a  portion  of  these 
is  believed  to  have  perished  in  a  fire ;  William 
Saint,  his  pupil  and  biographer,  seems  to  have 
obtained  his  mathematical  books  and  most  of 
his  mathematical  manuscripts. 

He  published :  1 . '  An  Essay  on  the  Oestrum 
or  Enthusiasm  of  Orpheus,'  Norwich,  1760, 
8vo  (an  anonymous  tract  on  the  happiness 
to  be  derived  from  a  noble  enthusiasm). 
2.  '  Two  Anniversary  Discourses :  in  the  first 
of  which  the  Old  Man  is  exploded,  in  the 
second  the  New  Man  is  recognised,'  London, 
1768,  8vo  (anonymous  satires ;  not  seen ;  re- 
viewed in  '  Monthly  Review,'  1769,  xl.  83, 
and  identified  as  Fransham's  on  the  evidence 
of  his  manuscripts).  3.  '  Robin  Snap,  British 
Patriotic  Carrier,'  1769-70,  fol.  (a  penny 
satirical  print,  published  in  Norwich  ;  26 
numbers,  the  first  on  Saturday,  4  Nov.  1769, 
then  regularly  on  Tuesdays  from  14  Nov.  1769 
to  30  Jan.  1770,  and  again  13  Feb.-24  April, 
also  15  May  and  29  May  1770 ;  the  whole, 
with  slight  exceptions,  written  by  Fransham ; 
his  own  copy  has  a  printed  title-page,  '  The 
Dispensation  of  Robin  Snap,'  &c. ;  '  snap '  is 
the  local  term  for  the  dragon  carried  about  the 
streets  of  Norwich  on  the  guild  day.) 

Of  Fransham's  manuscripts  six  quarto 
volumes  remain.  Five  of  these  are  described 
by  Saint ;  they  are  prepared  for  the  press  and 
indexed,  and  contain  a  few  allegorical  draw- 
ings .  They  bear  the  general  title '  Memorabilia 
Classica  :  or  a  Philosophical  Harvest  of  An- 
eient  and  Modern  Institutions.'  In  the  first 


volume  is  (No.  2)  the  original  draft  of  his 
'  Oestrum,'  and  (No.  5)  '  The  Code  of  Aristo- 
pia,  or  Scheme  of  a  perfect  Government,'  the 
most  remarkable  of  his  writings.  He  advo- 
cates (p.  175)  a  decimal  system  of  coinage 
and  measures.  The  second  volume,  'A  Syn- 
opsis of  Classical  Philosophy,'  embodies  his 
'  Essay  on  the  Fear  of  Death,'  expressing  a 
hope  of  a  future  and  more  perfect  state  of 
being,  a  topic  on  which  he  had  written  in 
his  nineteenth  year.  At  the  end  of  the  third 
volume  is  his  '  Antiqua  Religio,'  including 
his  hymns  to  Jupiter,  Minerva,  Venus,  Her- 
cules, &c.  The  fourth  volume  includes  the 
draft  of  his  'Anniversary  Discourses,'  and 
others  in  the  same  strain.  The  fifth  volume 
contains  thirty  numbers  of  'Robin  Snap,' 
some  of  which  were  worked  up  in  the  pub- 
lished periodical.  A  sixth  volume, '  Memora- 
bilia Practica,'  is  perhaps  that  which  is  de- 
scribed by  Saint  as '  a  mathematical  manual ; ' 
it  contains  a  very  interesting  compendium  of 
all  the  subjects  which  he  taught.  Fransham's 
style  is  uncouth  and  emotional,  but  bears 
marks  of  genius ;  his  prose  becomes  rhyth- 
mical when  he  is  strongly  moved. 

There  was  an  earlier  JOHN  FEANSHAM  (d. 
Julyor  August  1753), a  Norwich  linendraper, 
rent-agent  to  Horace  Walpole,  and  corre- 
spondent of  Defoe,  1704-7  (Notes  and  Queries, 
5th  ser.  iii.  261  sq.),  a  contributor  to  periodi- 
cals (ib.  ii.  37)  ;  author  of :  1.  'The  Criterion 
...  of  High  and  Low  Church,'  &c.,  1710, 
8vo ;  reprinted,  Norwich,  1710, 8vo  (by '  J.  F.') 
2.  'A  Dialogue  between  Jack  High  and  Will 
Low,'  &c.,  1710,  8vo  (anon.;  both  of  these 
are  identified  as  Fransham's  by  a  note  in  his 
handwriting ) ;  and  in  all  probability  the 
'  Mr.  John  Fransham  of  Norwich,'  who  pub- 
lished 3.  'The  World  in  Miniature,'  &c.,1740, 
2  vols.  12mo.  To  him  has  also  been  ascribed 
a  valuable  tract  by  J.  F.,  'An  Exact  Account 
of  the  Charge  for  Supporting  the  Poor  of  ... 
Norwich,'  &c.,  1720,  8vo  (British  Museum, 
104,  n.  44;  catalogued  under  'John  Fran- 
sham  '),  but  this  is  assigned,  in  a  contemporary 
Norwich  hand  on  Mr.  Column's  copy,  to  James 
Fransham. 

[Saint's  Memoir,  without  date  (preface  dated 
Norwich,  3  Oct.  1811),  is  a  perplexing  jumble  of 
contradictory  accounts,  and  it  is  quite  probable 
that  the  attempt  made  above  to  present  the 
narrative  in  its  true  sequence  has  not  been  en- 
tirely successful.  Saint's  extracts  from  the 
manuscripts,  made  partly  with  the  view  of  ex- 
hibiting Fransham's  '  Christian  character,'  are 
well  chosen.  It  would  appear  from  a  letter, 
dated  3  Aug.  1811,  that  'the  Eev.  W.  J.  F.,'i.e. 
William  Johnson  Fox  [q.  v.],  had  something  to 
do  with  the  publication.  An  earlier  memoir,  in 
some  respects  better  (dated  Norwich,  20  March 
181 1),  appeared  in  the  Monthly  Magazine,  1811, 


Eraser 


202 


Fraser 


pt.  i.  pp.  342  sq.,  see  also  pt.  ii.  p.  463.  Another 
is  in  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixxxi.  pt.  ii.  pp.  11,  127. 
A  short  biography  is  given  in  the  Norfolk  Tour, 
1829,  ii.  1232  sq.  Fransham's  manuscripts  and 
other  works  are  in  the  collection  of  J.  J.  Colman, 
esq.,  M.P. ;  information  (respecting  the  Stark 
family)  has  been  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  Mottram 
and  (respecting  the  earlier  John  Fransham)  by 
Mr.  F.  Norgate.]  A.  G. 

FRASER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1332), 
great  chamberlain  of  Scotland,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Andrew  Fraser,  who  was  sheriff 
of  Stirling  in  1293.  His  grandfather  was 
Sir  Richard  Fraser  of  Touchfraser  in  Stir- 
lingshire, and  to  him  he  succeeded  in  these 
and  other  lands.  In  1296  his  father  was 
carried  prisoner  into  England,  and  required 
to  reside  south  of  the  river  Trent.  His 
family  accompanied  him  thither,  and  as 
Edward  I  insisted  on  the  Scottish  barons 
sending  their  sons  to  his  court,  it  is  probable 
that  Fraser  spent  some  portion  of  his  youth 
there.  He,  however,  espoused  the  cause  of 
Scottish  independence,  and,  having  left  Eng- 
land, attached  himself  to  Robert  Bruce,  with 
•whom  he  fought  at  Methven  in  1306.  Bruce 
being  defeated  Fraser  was  led  captive  from 
the  field,  but  he  succeeded  in  escaping,  and 
after  Bruce  had  resumed  the  campaign  he 
rejoined  him  with  his  friends  and  vassals  at 
the  Mounth  in  the  Mearns,  and  aided  him  in 
inflicting  the  crushing  defeat  on  his  enemies, 
the  Comyns,  known  as  the  '  harrying  of 
Buchan.'  He  was  also  present  at  the  battle 
of  Bannockburn,  on  the  eve  of  which  he  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood.  Shortly 
afterwards  Fraser  married  a  sister  of  King 
Robert  Bruce,  Lady  Mary  Bruce,  who  for 
four  years  was  imprisoned  by  Edward  I  in 
a  cage  in  the  castle  of  Roxburgh.  She  was 
previously  married  to  Sir  Neil  Campbell,  who 
died  in  or  about  1315.  Fraser  took  a  promi- 
nent place  among  the  Scottish  barons  in  the 
events  of  his  time,  and  in  1319  was  appointed 
lord  chamberlain  of  Scotland.  He  was  one 
of  the  barons  who  in  1320  sent  the  letter  to 
the  pope  asserting  the  national  indepen- 
dence of  Scotland,  as  a  reply  to  the  efforts 
which  were  made  by  the  English  court  to  en- 
list the  Roman  see  in  their  attempts  to  secure 
the  subjection  of  the  Scots.  His  seal  is  still 
appended  to  the  document,  which  is  preserved 
in  the  General  Register  House,  Edinburgh. 
Fraser  continued  to  hold  the  office  of  cham- 
berlain until  1326.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  he  received  large  grants  of  lands 
from  Bruce,  including  the  lands  of  Panbride, 
Garvocks,  Culpressach,  Aboyne,  Cluny,  and 
the  thanage  of  Cowie,  all  in  the  counties  of 
Forfar,  Kincardine,  and  Aberdeen.  Besides 
these  he  possessed  large  estates  in  other  parts 


of  Scotland,  and  was  sheriff  of  Stirling  and 
also  of  the  Mearns.  After  the  death  of  Bruce 
he  took  an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  the 
kingdom  against  the  inroads  of  the  English, 
and  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Dupplin  on 
12  Aug.  1332.  His  wife  predeceased  him 
in  or  before  1323,  leaving  two  sons. 

[Barbour's  Bruce ;  Exchequer  Eolls  of  Scot- 
land, vol.  i. ;  Robertson's  Index  ;  Forchin's  An- 
nalia,  cap.  cxlvi. ;  Wyntoun's  Chronicle  ;  Acts  of 
the  Parliaments  of  Scotland,  i.  99-118:  Lord 
Saltoun's  Frasers  of  Philorth  (1879).]  H.  P. 

FRASER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1537  ?- 
1623),  of  Philorth,  founder  of  Fraserburgh, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Alexander  Fraser,  son 
and  heir  of  Alexander,  seventh  laird  of  Phi- 
lorth. His  mother  was  Lady  Beatrix  Keith, 
eldest  daughter  of  Robert  Keith,  master  of 
Marischal.  He  succeeded  his  grandfather  in 
the  family  estates  in  1569,  his  father  having- 
died  in  1564,  and  he  set  himself  to  work  out 
the  ambitious  schemes  of  his  grandfather  in 
aggrandising  and  improving  the  ancestral  in- 
heritance. Already  the  lands  were  erected 
into  a  barony,  with  Philorth  as  a  baronial 
burgh,  where  a  commodious  harbour  had  been 
made.  The  castle  also  had  been  enlarged  and 
improved.  But  the  eighth  laird  outvied  his 
predecessor.  He  enlarged  and  beautified  the 
burgh,  which  was  now  created  a  burgh  of  re- 
gality, changed  its  name  to  Fraserburgh,  and, 
notwithstanding  strenuous  opposition  from 
the  town  of  Aberdeen,  obtained  powers  to 
build  a  grand  university  at  Fraserburgh,  with 
all  the  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  other  univer- 
sities in  the  kingdom.  A  college  was  actually 
built,  of  which,  in  1597,  the  general  assembly 
appointed  Charles  Ferm  [q.  v.],  minister  of 
Fraserburgh,  to  be  principal ;  but  the  college 
was  not  a  success.  Fraser  also  erected  a  new 
family  residence  on  Kinnaird  Head,  which 
he  called  Fraserburgh  Castle.  But  the  situ- 
ation was  too  exposed,  and  the  family  were 
afterwards  obliged  to  remove  to  a  more 
sheltered  position.  What  remains  of  the 
castle  is  now  utilised  as  a  lighthouse.  He 
likewise  built  a  new  parish  church  not  far 
from  the  castle.  The  town  throve  well,  and 
has  now  become  the  most  important  fishing 
port  on  the  Scottish  coast.  In  connection 
with  it  Fraser  is  distinguished  among  the 
lairds  of  Philorth  and  Lords  Saltoun  as  the 
'  founder  of  Fraserburgh.' 

He  was  knighted  by  James  VI,  probably  on 
the  occasion  of  the  baptism  of  Prince  Henry 
in  August  1594.  Two  years  later  he  was 
chosen  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Aberdeen.  In 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  obliged  to 
place  his  affairs  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  and 
ultimately  to  sell  several  of  his  estates,  in 


Fraser 


order  to  meet  liabilities  incurred  in  connec- 
tion with  his  early  projects. 

His  first  wife  died  before  1606,  and  in  that 
year  he  married  Elizabeth  Maxwell,  eldest 
daughter  of  John,  lord  Herries,  the  staunch 
friend  of  Queen  Mary,  and  widow  of  Sir  John 
Gordon  of  Lochinvar.  She  also  predeceased 
him.  On  12  July  1623  he  lay  on  his  death- 
bed and  made  his  will,  dying  shortly  after- 
wards in  the  same  month.  He  had  five 
sons  and  three  daughters.  One  of  the  sons, 
Thomas,  is  said  to  have  written  a  history  of 
the  family.  A  portrait  of  the  '  founder  of 
Fraserburgh '  was  engraved  by  Pinkerton  for 
his  '  Scots  Gallery  of  Portraits,'  vol.  ii.,  from 
the  original  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Ur- 
quhart  at  Craigston.  His  motto  was, '  The 
|  glory  of  the  honourable  is  to  fear  God.' 

[Index  Kegistri  Magni  Sigilli,  in  Signet  Li- 
brary, Edinburgh;  Spalding's  Miscellany, v.  358; 
Antiquities  of  Aberdeen,  vol.  iv. ;  Anderson's  His- 
tory of  the  Family  of  Fraser;  Lord  Saltoun's 
Erasers  of  Philorth  (1879).]  H.  P. 

FRASER,  SIB  ALEXANDER  (1610?- 
1681),  physician.  [See  FKAIZEB.] 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  (1786-1865), 
painter  and  associate  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  on  7  April 
1786.  He  studied  painting  under  John  Gra- 
ham at  the  academy  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
for  the  Improvement  of  Manufactures  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  had  among  his  fellow-students 
William  Allan,  John  Burnet,  David  Thomson, 
and  David  Wilkie.  In  1809  he  sent  to  the 
Exhibition  of  the  Associated  Artists  in  Edin- 
burgh a  painting  of  'Playing  at  Draughts,' 
and  at  once  became  known  as  a  painter  of 
Scottish  character  and  history,  with  a  spirited 
and  vigorous  execution.  In  1810  he  sent 
from  Edinburgh  to  the  Royal  Academy  in 
London  '  A  Green  Stall,'  and  in  1812  '  The 
New  Coat'  and  'Preparing  for  the  Fish 
Market.'  From  this  date  he  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  leading  exhibitions  in  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh.  In  1813  he  left  Edin- 
burgh to  reside  in  London,  and  soon  gained 
a  good  position.  At  this  time  his  former 
fellow-pupil,  Wilkie,  was  at  the  zenith  of  his 
popularity,  and  Fraser  engaged  with  him  to 
paint  the  details  and  still-life  in  Wilkie's 
pictures,  which  he  continued  to  do  for  about 
twenty  years.  This  did  not,  however,  in- 
terfere with  his  own  practice  as  a  painter, 
though  his  connection  with  Wilkie  and  the 
similarity  of  their  taste  and  subject  not  un- 
naturally led  to  his  art  being  overshadowed 
by  Wilkie's  superior  genius.  In  1842  his 
'  Naaman  cured  of  the  Leprosy '  obtained 
the  premium  at  the  British  Institution  for 
the  best  picture  of  the  year.  He  was  soon 


after  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy,  in  the  foundation  of  which 
he  had  taken  a  share.  Fraser  last  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1848,  and  on  ap- 
proaching seventy  years  of  age  he  was  pre- 
vented by  ill-health  from  practising  his  pro- 
fession. He  died  at  Wood  Green,  Hornsey, 
on  15  Feb.  1865.  Eraser's  pictures,  which, 
are  very  numerous,  have  always  been  popu- 
lar. '  Cobbler  and  Bird,'  dated  1826,  a  small 
panel  picture,  is  at  Woburn  Abbey.  '  The 
Interior  of  a  Highland  Cottage,'  formerly 
in  the  Vernon  Collection,  is  now  in  the 
National  Gallery;  it  was  engraved  by  C. 
Cousen  for  the  Yernon  Gallery.  Others  have 
been  engraved,  including  '  Robinson  Crusoe 
reading  the  Bible  to  his  man  Friday,'  and 
'  Asking  a  Blessing,'  both  by  C.  G.  Lewis ; 
'  The  First  Day  of  Oysters,'  by  W.  Greatbatch ; 
'  The  Noonday  Meal,'  by  P.  Lightfoot ;  '  War'a 
Alarms/  by  W.  H.  Simmons ;  '  The  Cobbler 
at  Lunch,'  by  William  Howison ;  '  The  Mo- 
ment of  Victory,'  by  C.  Rolls,  &c.  His  works 
should  be  carefully  distinguished  from  those 
of  Alexander  Fraser,  the  present  Scottish 
academician. 

[Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Gent.  Mag.  3rd 
ser.  (1865)  xviii.  652 ;  Cunningham's  Life  of  Sir 
David  Wilkie  ;  Art  Journal,  1865;  Catalogues 
of  the  Eoyal  Academy,  British  Institution,  &c. ; 
Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists  (1760-1880);  informa- 
tion from  Mr.  J.  M.  Gray.]  L.  C. 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  GEORGE, 
sixteenth  LORD  SALTOTJST  (1785-1853),  gene- 
ral, was  the  elder  son  of  Alexander,  fifteenth, 
lord  Saltoun  of  Abernethy  in  the  peerage  of 
Scotland,  by  Margery,  daughter  and  heiress 
of  Simon  Fraser  of  Newcastle,  a  director  of 
the  East  India  Company.  He  was  born  in 
London  on  12  April  1785,  and  on  13  Sept.  1793 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  Scotch  peerage 
when  still  a  minor.  He  entered  the  army  as 
an  ensign  in  the  35th  regiment  on  28  April 
1802,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant  on  2  Sept. 
following,  and  captain  on  7  Sept.  1804.  On 
23  Nov.  1804  he  exchanged  into  the  1st, 
afterwards  the  Grenadier  guards,  with  which 
regiment  he  served  continuously  for  many 
years.  In  September  1806  he  accompanied 
the  3rd  battalion  of  the  1st  guards  to  Sicily, 
where  it  formed  part  of  the  guards  brigade 
under  Major-general  Henry  Wynyard,  and  in 
October  1807  he  returned  to  England  with  it. 
In  September  1808  he  again  left  England,  as 
lieutenant  and  captain  of  the  light  company 
of  the  3rd  battalion  of  the  1st  guards,  and; 
his  battalion  formed  one  of  the  two  com- 
prising the  guards  brigade  of  Major-general 
Henry  Warde  which  landed  at  Corunna  with 
the  army  under  Sir  David  Baird.  From  Co^ 


Eraser 


204 


Eraser 


runna  Baird  marched  to  meet  Sir  John  Moore 
at  Mayorga,  and  in  the  terrible  winter  retreat 
which  followed  the  guards  distinguished 
themselves  by  their  good  order.  Saltoun 
was  present  throughout  the  severe  cam- 
paign, and  at  the  battle  of  Corunna  with  his 
light  company.  In  1809  his  battalion  formed 
part  of  Major-general  Disney's  brigade  of 
guards  in  the  Walcheren  expedition,  and  in 
1811  it  was  sent  to  Cadiz,  but  too  late  to  be 
present  at  Barrosa.  At  the  close  of  1812  he 
joined  the  1st  battalion  of  his  regiment  with 
the  main  army  before  Burgos,  and  from  that 
time  he  went  through  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paigns with  the  1st  brigade  of  guards.  He 
commanded  the  light  infantry  company  of  his 
battalion  throughout  the  campaigns  of  1813 
and  1814,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Vittoria,  the  battle  of  the  Pyrenees,  the  forcing 
of  the  Bidassoa,  the  battles  of  the  Nivelle 
and  the  Nive,  and  at  the  operations  before 
Bayonne,  especially  in  the  repulse  of  the  sortie. 
He  was  promoted  captain  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  on  25  Dec.  1813,  and  posted  to  the 
3rd  battalion  of  his  regiment,  but  as  it  was 
in  England  he  obtained  leave  to  continue  to 
serve  with  Lord  Wellington's  army  in  the 
Peninsula.  He  returned  to  England,  and 
joined  his  old  battalion  on  the  conclusion  of 
peace  in  1814.  On  6  March  1815  Saltoun  mar- 
ried Catherine,  a  natural  daughter  of  Lord- 
chancellor  Thurlow,  and  in  the  following  May 
he  was  again  ordered  on  foreign  service.  At 
the  battle  of  Quatre  Bras  he  commanded  the 
light  companies  of  the  2nd  brigade  of  guards, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  he  held  the 
garden  and  orchard  of  Hougoumont  against 
all  the  onslaughts  of  the  French,  while  Sir 
James  Macdonell  of  the  Coldstream  guards 
held  the  farmhouse  itself.  Saltoun  had  four 
horses  killed  under  him  during  this  day's 
fighting,  and  lost  two-thirds  of  his  men. 
When  the  guards  made  their  famous  charge 
on  the  Old  Guard  of  France,  the  light  com- 
panies were  led  on  by  Saltoun,  who  also 
received  the  sword  of  General  Cambronne 
when  that  French  officer  surrendered.  For 
his  signal  bravery  in  this  great  battle  Saltoun 
was  made  a  C.B.,  a  knight  of  the  orders  of 
Maria  Theresa  of  Austria  and  of  St.  George 
of  Russia,  and  in  1818  he  was  made  a 
K.C.B.  He  had  been  a  representative  peer 
of  Scotland  ever  since  1807,  and  as  a  con- 
sistent tory  he  received  the  post  of  a  lord  of 
the  bedchamber  in  1821,  in  which  year  he  was 
also  made  a  G.C.H.  On  27  May  1825  he  was 
promoted  colonel ;  in  1827  he  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel commanding  the  1st  battalion 
of  the  Grenadier  guards,  and  on  10  Jan.  1837 
he  was  promoted  major-general.  In  1841 
Saltoun  received  the  command  of  a  brigade 


in  the  '  opium '  war  with  China  under  Sir 
Hugh  Gough,  which  he  commanded  at  the 
battle  of  Chin-keang-foo  and  in  the  advance 
on  Nankin.  On  Gough's  departure  from 
China  Saltoun  succeeded  him  in  the  com- 
mand-in-chief  of  all  the  troops  left  in  that 
country,  a  post  which  he  held  until  1843.  For 
his  services  during  this  war  he  received  the 
thanks  of  parliament,  and  in  1846  he  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  2nd  or  Queen's  regi- 
ment. He  was  promoted  lieutenant-general 
in  1849,  made  a  K.T.  in  1852,  and  he  died  at  his 
shooting-box  near  Rothes  on  18  Aug.  1853, 
being  succeeded  as  seventeenth  Lord  Saltoun 
by  his  nephew,  Major  Alexander  Fraser. 
Saltoun  held  the  very  highest  reputation  as 
a  gallant  soldier;  his  bravery  and  coolness 
in  action  were  proverbial  in  the  army;  his 
defence  of  the  orchard  of  Hougoumont  has 
made  his  name  famous  in  English  military 
history;  and  the  Duke  of  Wellington  once 
described  him  as  a  pattern  to  the  army  both 
as  a  man  and  a  soldier.  He  was  also  an  ac- 
complished musician  and  a  musical  enthu- 
siast, and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  pre- 
sident of  the  Madrigal  Society  of  London  and 
chairman  of  the  Musical  Union. 

[Foster's  Peerage ;  Gent.  Mag.  October  1853 ; 
Koyal  Military  Calendar;  Hart's  Army  List; 
Hamilton's  Hist,  of  the  Grenadier  Guards ; 
Siborne's  Waterloo.]  H.  M.  S. 

-  FRASER,  ALEXANDER  MACKEN- 
ZIE (1756-1809),  major-general,  was  the 
third  and  posthumous  son  of  Colin  Mackenzie 
of  Kilcoy,  Ross-shire,  by  Martha,  daughter  of 
Charles  Fraser  of  Inverallochy  and  of  Castle 
Fraser  in  Aberdeenshire.  He  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and  at  an  early 
age  he  entered  the  banking-house  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Forbes  &  Co.  of  Edinburgh,  which  he 
left  in  1778  on  being  offered  a  commission  by 
Lord  Macleod  in  the  73rd,  afterwards  the 
71st,  highlanders.  Mackenzie  was  speedily 
promoted  lieutenant  and  made  adjutant,  and 
he  served  throughout  General  Eliott's  famous 
defence  of  Gibraltar,  during  which  he  acted 
as  aide-de-camp  to  Major-general  Sir  Charles 
Ross  in  his  sortie,  and  was  wounded  by  a 
splinter  of  rock.  He  was  promoted  captain 
on  13  Jan.  1781,  and  on  the  conclusion  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  England  with  Lord  Mac- 
leod. The  71st  regiment  was  next  ordered  to 
India,  and  when  it  departed  Mackenzie  was 
left  behind  on  recruiting  service.  In  1784  he 
married  Miss  Helen  Mackenzie,  sister  of  the 
two  highland  generals,  Thomas  and  Francis 
Humberstone  Mackenzie,  and  great  grand- 
daughter of  Kenneth,  third  earl  of  Seaforth, 
who  was  attainted  for  his  complicity  in  the 
rebellion  of  1713.  Mackenzie  threw  up  his 


Eraser 


205 


Eraser 


commission  in  the  army,  and  purchased  the 
estate  of  Tore  in  Ross-shire,  where  he  spent 
eight  years  in  retirement  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  great  war  with  France  in  1793.  In 
that  year  his  brother-in-law,  Francis  Hum- 
berstone  Mackenzie,  who  was  in  1797  created 
Lord  Seaforth,  raised  the  78th  highlanders, 
or  Ross-shire  buffs,  and  in  May  1793  he  ap- 
pointed Mackenzie  major  in  it.  The  new 
regiment  was  disciplined  with  unexampled 
rapidity,  and  in  four  months  it  was  declared 
fit  for  service,  and  ordered  to  Guernsey.  On 
10  Feb.  1794  Mackenzie  was  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  in  the  following  Septem- 
ber he  joined  the  army  under  the  Duke  of 
York  at  Flanders.  During  the  terrible  winter 
retreat  before  Pichegru  he  covered  the  divi- 
sion of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  and  had  fre- 
quently to  face  round  in  order  to  check  the 
rapid  pursuit  of  the  French  army.  His  most 
distinguished  services  were  in  the  sortie  from 
Nimeguen  on  4  Nov.  1794,  when  he  suc- 
ceeded in  the  chief  command  General  de 
Burgh,  disabled  by  wounds,  and  at  Gelder- 
malsen  on  5  Jan.  1795,  on  which  occasion  Sir 
David  Dundas  rode  up  to  him  and  said  pub- 
licly, 'Colonel  Alexander  Mackenzie,  you  and 
your  regiment  have  this  day  saved  the  British 
army.'  In  March  1795  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land on  the  termination  of  the  campaign, 
and  received  a  commission  to  raise  a  second 
battalion  of  the  78th  regiment,  and  in  1796 
he  was  gazetted  colonel-commandant.  In 
that  year  he  proceeded  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  with  his  second  battalion,  which  he 
there  amalgamated  with  the  first  battalion, 
forming  a  superb  regiment  of  over  thirteen 
hundred  men.  He  acted  for  a  short  time 
as  second  in  command  to  Major-general  Sir 
J.  H.  Craig  at  the  Cape,  and  then  continued 
his  way  to  India,  where  his  battalion  was 
quartered  at  Benares.  It  was  his  regiment 
which  escorted  Sir  John  Shore  to  Lucknow 
in  1797,  when  he  went  there  to  depose  the 
nawab  of  Oude,  and  as  one  of  the  conditions 
of  the  treaty  then  made,  Mackenzie  took 
possession  of  Allahabad.  In  1798  he  joined 
Sir  James  Craig  at  Cawnpore,  and  commanded 
a  wing  of  his  army  in  the  march  against  the 
Marathas,  and  on  1  Jan.  1800  he  left  India 
for  England.  In  1802  he  was  promoted  major- 
general,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  M.P. 
for  Cromarty.  In  1803  he  inherited  Inver- 
allochy  from  his  mother  and  Castle  Fraser 
from  his  aunt,  and  he  then  took  the  additional 
name  of  Fraser.  From  1803  to  1805  he  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  England,  and  in  1805 
in  Hanover.  In  1806  he  was  appointed  to 
the  staff  of  General  Henry  Edward  Fox 
[q.  v.]  in  Sicily,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  the  county  of  Ross.  While 


in  Sicily  he  was  selected  for  the  command 
of  an  expedition  to  Egypt,  for  the  British 
government  had  been  induced  by  the  urgent 
recommendations  of  the  British  consul-gene- 
ral, Major  Missett,  to  direct  General  Fox  to 
send  a  corps  of  five  thousand  men  to  Egypt* 
Mehemet  All  Pasha  was  then  in  power,  and 
it  was  believed  that  owing  to  the  disputes 
between  the  Mamelukes,  the  Porte,  and  the 
pasha  it  would  be  easy  for  a  very  small  British 
army  to  obtain  supremacy  in  Egypt.  Fox  was 
ordered  to  select  one  of  his  generals,  fitted  for 
both  military  and  political  affairs.  'It  was  pro- 
bably on  account  of  his  conciliatory  temper,' 
Bunbury  writes,  '  and  his  frank  and  engag- 
ing manners,  that  General  Mackenzie  Fraser 
was  selected  for  the  command  of  the  expedi- 
tion to  Alexandria.   He  was  a  fine  specimen 
of  an  open,  generous,  honourable  highland 
chieftain.     A  man  of  very  good  plain  sense, 
but  one  who  had  never  studied  the  higher 
branches  either  of  politics  or  of  military 
science.     Every  one  in  the  army  loved  Mac- 
kenzie Fraser,  but  no  one  deemed  him  quali- 
fied for  a  separate  and  difficult  command ' 
(SiR  HENRY  BUNBURY,  Narrative,  p.  287). 
The  force  placed  at  his  disposal  consisted  of 
seventy  light   dragoons,  180  artillerymen, 
and  five  thousand  infantry,  namely  the  31st 
regiment,  both  battalions  of  the  35th,  the 
second  battalion  of  the  78th,  the  Regiment 
de  Roll,  the  Chasseurs  Britanniques,  and  the 
Sicilian  volunteers.  His  transports  were  scat- 
tered on  the  way  to  Egypt,  but  on  18  March 
1807  Captain  Hallowell,  better  known  as  Ad- 
miral Sir  Benjamin  Hallowell  Carew  [q.  v.], 
managed  to  get  a  thousand  men  ashore  with- 
out any  opposition.     His  other  transports 
soon    arrived  with  Sir  John  Duckworth's 
fleet  from  the  Dardanelles,  and  on  21  March, 
Fraser  took  possession  of  Alexandria.     Then 
his  greatest  difficulties  began;  Major  Missett, 
the  consul-general,  declared  that  it  was  im- 
possible for  him  to  get  provisions  for  his 
army  in  Alexandria,  a  declaration  proved  to 
be  false;  he  stated  that  the  Albanian  sol- 
diers of  Mehemet  Ali  were  mere  rabble,  and 
recommended  the  general  to  send  detach- 
ments to  take  possession  of  Rosetta  and  Rah- 
manieh.      Fraser  accordingly  despatched  a 
small  force  under  Major-general  Wauchope, 
his  second  in  command,   against  Rosetta, 
and  that  general  stupidly  got  involved  in  the 
narrow  streets  of  the  Egyptian  city,  where 
he  was  fired  on  by  the  Albanians  from  the 
windows  and  killed.     His  little  force  extri- 
cated itself  with  difficulty,  with  a  loss  of 
nearly  half  its  numbers.     Missett,  however, 
insisted  on  the  importance  of  taking  Rosetta, 
and  Fraser  accordingly  sent  a  brigade  of 
2,500  men  to  besiege  that  city.    This  expe- 


Fraser 


206 


Fraser 


dition,  though  better  conducted,  was  equally 
disastrous;  Mehemet  Ali  sent  all  his  bes 
troops  down  the  Nile;  the  British  army  wa: 
forced  to  retire  with  heavy  loss,  and  one  o 
the  detacments  at  El  Hamid,  of  thirty-sh 
officers  and  780  men,  was  entirely  cut  off  fr 
the  Albanians.    Fortunately,  Major-genera. 
Sherbrooke  at  this  time  joined  Eraser's  armj 
with  a  reinforcement  of  two  thousand  men 
and  the  foolish  and  disastrous   expedition 
came  to  an  end  after  the  treaty  made  by  Sir 
Arthur  Paget  with  the  Grande  Porte,  anc 
the  restoration   of  the  prisoners  taken  in 
the  affair  of  Rosetta.     On  23  April   1807 
Fraser  returned  to  Sicily,  and  when  Sir  John 
Moore  left  that  country  with  his  division  for 
Sweden,  Fraser  commanded  one  of  his  bri- 
gades.   Moore  did  not  land  in  Sweden  owing 
to  the  mad  conduct  of  the  king,  and  Moore's 
division  went  on  to  Portugal.    Fraser  there 
took  command  of  an  infantry  division  con- 
sisting of  Fane's  and  Mackinnon's  brigades, 
and  he  advanced  with  Sir  John  Moore  into 
Spain.     During  the  terrible   retreat  under 
that  general  through  Galicia  Fraser  showed 
the  highest  military  qualities,  and  his  divi- 
sion, which  was  posted  on  the  extreme  left, 
greatly  distinguished  itself  at  the  battle  of 
Corunna.     For  his  services  at  this  battle  he 
received  a  gold  medal,  and  on  25  June  1808 
he  was  promoted  lieutenant-general.   In  the 
Walcheren  expedition  of  1809  he  commanded 
the  3rd  infantry  division,  with  which  he 
took  the  towns  of  Campveer  on  30  July  and 
Ramakens  on  2  Aug.    The  pestilential  cli- 
mate of  Walcheren  greatly  affected  his  health, 
and  he  returned  to  England  only  to  die  on 
13  Sept.  1809  at  the  house  of  his  brother- 
in-law,  Sir  Vicary  Gibbs,  the  attorney-gene- 
ral, on  Hayes  Common.     Fraser  was  one  of 
the  most  popular,  if  not  most  able  generals  of 
his  time ;  and  an  old  comrade,  writing  to  the 
*  Gentleman's  Magazine '  for  October  1809, 
speaks  of  him  as  being  '  mild  as  a  lamb,  and 
as  a  lion  strong.' 

[The  authority  for  Mackenzie  Fraser's  life  and 
career  is  a  long  article  in  the  Military  Panorama 
for  May  and  June  1814;  see  also  Gent.  Mag. 
fof 'September  1809,  Sir  Henry  Bunbury's  Nar- 
rative of  some  Passages  in  the  Great  "War  with 
France  for  the  expedition  to  Egypt,  and  Napier's 
Peninsular  War  for  Fraser's  share  in  the  cam- 
paign and  battle  of  Corunna.]  H.  M.  S. 

FRASER,,  ANDREW  (d.  1792),  engineer. 
[See  FRAZEB.] 

FRASER,  ARCHIBALD  CAMPBELL 

(1736-1815),  of  Lovat,  thirty-eighth  Mac- 
shimi,  colonel  1st  Inverness  local  militia,  son 
of  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth  lord  Lovat  [q.  v.], 
by  his  second  wife,  was  born  16  Aug.  1736. 


He  was  at  school  at  Petty,  and  with  some 
school  companions  was  led  by  curiosity  to 
the  field  of  Culloden  during  the  battle.   An- 
derson {Account  of  the  Family  of  Fraser) 
states  that  he  afterwards  acquired  a  sporting 
reputation  under  the  name  of  FitzSimon.  He 
was  British  consul  at  Tripoli  at  the  time  of 
the  traveller  Bruce's  visit  (BETJCE,  Travels, 
I.  xxxviii).      He  was  appointed  consul  at 
Algiers  in  1766  (Cal.  Home  Office  Papers, 
1766-9,  par.  60)  and  held  that  post  until 
1774.     Numerous  references  to  his  consular 
services  in  Barbary  appear  in  the  printed 
'  Calendars  of  Home  Office  Papers '  for  that 
period.      He  inherited  the  restored  family 
estates  in  1782,  on  the  death  of  his  elder  half- 
brother  Lieutenant-general  Simon  Fraser  [see 
FRASER,  SIMOX,  1726-1782,  Master  of  Lovat], 
whom  he  also  succeeded  as  M.P.  for  Inver- 
ness-shire, which  he  represented  in  succeeding 
parliaments  down  to  1796.     On  the  exten- 
sion of  the  Local  Militia  Act  to  Scotland 
(48  Geo.  Ill,  c.  50)  he  was  appointed  colonel 
of  the  1st  Inverness-shire  local  militia,  with 
headquarters  at  Inverness.     Fraser,  who  is 
described  as  a  typical  gentleman  of  the  old 
school,  but  very  eccentric,  some  years  before 
his  death  put  up  a  monument  to  himself  set- 
ting forth  his  public  services — that,  when  on 
a  mission  to  the  Mahomedan  states  of  Africa 
in  1764,  he  concluded  a  peace  between  these 
states,  Denmark,  and  Venice ;  that  during 
his  ten  years'  consulate  he  ransomed  impe- 
rialist, Spanish,  and  Portuguese  subjects  to 
the  value  of  two  millions  sterling,  and  that 
not  a  single  British  subject  during  that  time 
was  sold  into  slavery;  that  he  co-operated 
with  the  Duke  of  Montrose  in  procuring  the 
restoration  of  the  highland  garb ;   that  in 
1785  he  surveyed  the  fisheries  of  the  western 
:oast  at  his  own  cost,  and  petitioned  for  a 
repeal  of  the  duties  on  coal  and  salt ;  that 
tie  encouraged  the  manufacture  of  wool,  hemp, 
and  flax ;  laboured  to  improve  the  soil ;  amen- 
ded the  breed  of  highland  oxen ;  improved 
dairy  practice;  and,  by  providing  employ- 
ment for  a  hardy  race  of  men  returning  froln 
the  wars,  prevented  emigration  and  preserved 
to  the  country  their  services,  equally  valu- 
able in  peace  ;  that  he  put  down  insurrection 
on  10  Aug.  1792,  and  planned  the  system  of 
jlacing  arms  in  the  hands  of  men  of  property, 
and,  when  invasion  threatened,  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  its  adoption  and  efficiency. 
These  statements  appear  to  require  a  good 
deal  of  qualification.     Ninety  years  ago  the 
ild  church  at  Kirkhill  was  pulled  down  and 
rebuilt  on  a  site  two  hundred  yards  away; 
>ut  the  monument  still  survives  on  the  wall 
if  the  Lovat  mausoleum  within  the  enclosure 
'f  the  parish  churchyard.     The  bombastic 


Eraser 


207 


Fraser 


monument  put  up  in  his  own  glorification 
by  Eraser's  father,  Lord  Lovat  (see  HILL 
BURTON,  Life  of  Lord  Lovaf),  is  fixed  in  the 
same  wall.  Fraser  was  author  of  '  Annals 
of  ...  the  Patriots  of  the  Family  of  Fraser, 
Frizell,  Simson,  or  FitzSimon'  (published 
1795, reprinted  1805, 8vo).  Several  brochures 
relating  to  the  Lovat  estates  are  entered  under 
his  name  in  the  '  British  Museum  Catalogue 
of  Printed  Books.'  He  died  on  8  Dec.  1815. 

Fraser  married,  in  1763,  Jane,  daughter  of 
"William  Fraser  and  sister  of  Sir  William 
Fraser,  bart.,  of  Leadclune.  By  her  he  had 
six  sons,  all  of  whom  died  before  their  father. 

SIMON  FRASER  (1765-1 803),  the  eldest  son, 
matriculated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
4  July  1786 ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn  1789  and 
the  Inner  Temple  1793;  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Fraser  Fencibles,  a  regiment 
raised  in  1794  by  James  Fraser  of  Balladrum, 
a  surviving  officer  of  the  old  78th  Fraser  high- 
landers,  and  disbanded  in  1802;  commanded 
the  regiment  in  Ireland  in  1798 ;  sat  in  parlia- 
ment for  Inverness-shire  from  1796  to  1802, 
and  died,  unmarried,  at  Lisbon  on  6April  1803. 

[J.  Anderson's  Account  of  the  Family  of  Fri- 
zell or  Fraser  (Edinburgh,  1825) ;  J.  HillBurton's 
Life  of  Simon,  Lord  Lovat  (London,  1845) ;  Cal. 
of  Home  Office  Papers,  1766-9,  1770-2;  British 
Museum  Cat.  Printed  Books ;  Official  Lists  of 
Members  of  Parliament ;  information  from  pri- 
vate sources.  Fraser  was  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Inverness  bank  according  to  a  work  entitled 
Observations  on  Objects  interesting  to  the  High- 
lands .  .  .  By  Invernessicus  (Edinburgh,  1814, 
8vo).  A  notice  of  the  Fraser  Fencibles  will  be 
found  in  General  D.  Stewart's  Sketches  of  the 
Scottish  Highlanders  (Edinburgh,  1822),  ii.  392- 
395,  and  a  list  of  fencible  and  local  militia  regi- 
ments in  Colburn's  United  Service  Mag.  Decem- 
ber 1873.]  H.  M.  C. 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1639-1699),  cove- 
nanting divine  (commonly  called  from  his 
patrimonial  estate  FRASER  OP  BRAE)  ,  was  born 
in  the  parish  of  Kirkmichael,  Ross-shire,  on 
29  July  1639.  His  father,  Sir  James  Fraser, 
was  the  second  son  of  Simon,  seventh  lord 
Lovat,  by  his  second  wife,  Jane  Stewart, 
daughter  of  James,  lord  Doun  (son  of  the  Earl 
of  Moray).  Sir  James  Fraser,  a  devout  man, 
was  elder  for  the  presbytery  of  Inverness  in 
the  general  assembly  of  1638  which  abolished 
episcopacy,  and  sat  in  several  other  general 
assemblies.  The  son  was  educated  at  a  gram- 
mar school,  and  suffered  much  from  his  fathers 
pecuniary  difficulties.  At  a  very  early  age 
he  came  under  deep  impressions  of  religion, 
abandoned  the  study  of  the  law,  and  obtained 
license  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  from  a 
presbyterian  minister  in  1670.  Comingunder 
the  notice  of  Archbishop  Sharp  as  a  preacher 


at  conventicles,  he  was  ordered  to  be  appre- 
hended in  1674;  decreets  and  letters  of  inter- 
communing  were  passed  against  him  6  Aug. 
1675.  He  was  summoned  before  the  council 
29  Jan.  1676-7,  and  ordered  to  be  imprisoned 
on  the  Bass  Rock  the  next  day.  Here  he  re- 
mained two  years  and  a  half,  being  released 
on  giving  security  for  good  behaviour  in  July 
1679.  He  was  depressed  by  the  sudden  death 
of  his  wife  in  October  1676,  and  by  the  many 
troubles  of  the  time,  as  well  as  by  his  im- 
prisonment. He  yet  found  material  for  re- 
cording in  his  diary  many  matters  that  called 
for  gratitude.  While  in  prison  he  studied 
Hebrew  and  Greek,  and  gained  some  know- 
ledge of  oriental  languages.  He  wrote  also  a 
treatise  on  j  ustifying  faith,  of  which  many  edi- 
tions have  been  printed.  Some  of  its  views  in 
favour  of  a  universal  reference  in  the  work  of 
Christ  were  strongly  objected  to  by  certain 
of  his  brethren  who  saw  it  in  manuscript, 
and  it  was  not  till  1722  that  the  first  part 
was  published,  the  second  appearing  in  1749. 
In  December  1681  he  was  again  arrested  and 
committed  to  Blackness  Castle  as  a  prisoner 
until  he  paid  a  fine  of  five  thousand  marks 
and  gave  security  either  to  give  up  preaching 
or  quit  the  kingdom.  A  brother-in-law  caused 
the  fine  to  be  remitted,  and  Fraser  was  sent  out 
of  Scotland.  On  21  July  1683  he  was  ordered 
to  be  imprisoned  for  six  months  in  Newgate, 
London,  for  refusing  the  Oxford  oath.  Before 
6  July  1687  he  returned  to  Scotland,  and  was 
living  in  the  bounds  of  Lothian  and  Tweed- 
dale.  In  1689  he  was  minister  of  Culross, 
Perthshire,  where  he  exercised  his  ministry 
with  diligence  and  earnestness.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  assemblies  of  1690  and  1692, 
had  a  call  from  Inverness  in  September  1696, 
but  died  at  Edinburgh  13  Sept.  1699.  Fraser 
was  a  man  of  peculiar  type,  independent  and 
sometimes  singular  in  his  views,  an  ultra- 
Calvinist,  yet  with  a  certain  doctrine  of  uni- 
versalism.  He  was  twice  married  :  first  to 

a  lady,  Jean  G ,  31  July  1672,  who  died 

in  October  1676  ;  and  secondly  to  Christian 
Inglis,  widow  of  Alexander  Carmichael,  mi- 
nister of  Pettinain,  Lanarkshire. 

Besides  the  book  already  mentioned, 
Fraser  wrote  memoirs  of  his  life,  published 
at  Edinburgh  in  1738.  This  book  is  to  a 
large  extent  a  record  of  his  religious  experi- 
ence, with  notices  of  his  captivities  and  other 
events  in  his  life  up  to  his  release  from  New- 
gate in  1684.  Another  work  is  entitled  the 
'  Lawfulness  and  Duty  of  Separation  from 
corrupt  Ministers  and  Churches,'  Edinb.  1744, 
being  an  argument  against  attending  the 
ministrations  of  the  ministers  who  accepted 
the  conditions  imposed  on  them  by  the  king. 
A  third,  entitled  '  Defence  of  the  Convention 


Eraser 


208 


Fraser 


of  Estates,  1689,'  vindicates  that  body  for 
having  declared  that  James  VII  had  forfeited 
his  right  to  the  crown  and  that  his  throne 
•was  vacant.  A  sermon, '  Prelacy  an  Idol,' 
appeared  in  1713. 

[Douglas's  Peerage,  vol.  ii. ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Kev.  James  Fraser  of  Brae  (Wodrow  Soc.  Select 
Biog.  vol.  ii.)  ;  Anderson's  Martyrs  of  the  Bass 
(in  the  Bass  Eock,  1848);  Wodrow's  History; 
Scott's  Fasti,  iv.  585 ;  Walker's  Theology  and 
Theologians  of  Scotland.]  W.  G.  B. 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1700-1769),  Scotch 
divine  (sometimes  called  FRASER  OF  PITCAL- 
ZIAN),  was  born  in  1700  at  the  manse  of  Al- 
ness  in  Ross-shire,  where  his  father,  the  Rev. 
JOHN  FRASER  (d.  1711),  was  minister  from 
1696  till  his  death  in  1711.  The  father,  a 
native  of  the  highlands,  graduated  at  Aber- 
deen in  1678,  attended  dissenting  meetings 
in  London,  was  seized  with  Alexander  Shiels 
in  1684,  was  sent  to  Leith,  and  thence,  chained 
•with  Shiels,  in  the  kitchen-yacht  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  imprisoned  in  Dunottar  Castle 
18  May  1685.  After  three  months  of  terrible 
suffering,  he  with  his  wife  was  among  the 
hundred  persons  who  were  made  a  present  of 
to  the  laird  of  Pitlochie  and  shipped  for  New 
Jersey,  where  they  were  to  be  disposed  of  for 
the  laird's  benefit.  In  New  Jersey  Fraser  was 
set  at  liberty;  went  to  New  England,  and 
preached  as  a  licentiate  at  Waterbury,  Con- 
necticut. He  returned  to  Scotland  at  the 
revolution,  was  ordained  23  Dec.  1691,  and 
was  settled  first  at  Glencorse  (1691-5),  and 
afterwards  at  Alness  (ScoiT,  Fasti,  pt.  i. 
281-2,  pt.  v.  291). 

James  Fraser,  the  son,  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable theological  learning,  and  besides  dis-  | 
charging  his  pastoral  duties  in  a  highly  edify-  I 
ing  way,  showed  no  little  ability  as  a  biblical  | 
critic.     He  was  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of 
Chanonry  6  Nov.  1723,  and  ordained  17  Feb. 
1726,  becoming  minister  of  Alness.      The 
treatise  entitled  '  The  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
Sanctification '  (Edinb.  1774)  was  suggested 
in  consequence  of  the  false  view,  as  Fraser 
held,  taken  by  Locke  of  the  fifth  and  sixth 
chapters  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  Locke 
applying  them  solely  to  the  Gentiles.   Start-  I 
ing  from  this  point,  the  author  was  led  into 
a  very  copious  exposition  of  chapters  vi.  vii. 
viii.  and  an  elaborate  refutation  of  the  Armi- 
nian  views   of  Grotius,  Hammond,  Locke,  j 
"Whitby,  Taylor,  Alexander,  and  others.    His  j 
book  has  kept  its  ground  in  Scotland  as  an  able 
and  elaborate  exposition  of  these  important 
chapters,  from  the  Calvinistic  point  of  view. 
Fraser  was  a  regular  correspondent  of  Robert 
Wodrow,  to  whom  he  suggested  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  work  on  witchcraft.     He  died 


5  Oct.  1769.   His  widow,  Jean  Macleod,  died 
13  March  1778. 

[A  short  account  of  the  author  prefixed  to  his 
work  by  the  Rev.  A.  Fraser,  Inverness,  endorsed 
by  Dr.  John  Erskine,  Edinburgh,  1774;  Scott's- 
Fasti,  pt.  v.  291-2.]  W.  G.  B. 

FRASER,  JAMES  (d.  1841),  publisher, 
was  of  an  Inverness  family.  He  carried  on 
business  at  215  Regent  Street,  and  there 
published '  Fraser's  Magazine,'  so  called  from 
Hugh  Fraser,  a  barrister,  who,  with  Dr. 
Maginn,  was  the  projector  of  the  new  tory 
review,  afterwards  familiarly  known  as 
'  Regina.'  James  Fraser  never  assumed  the 
paternity  of  the  magazine,  which  was  always 
spoken  of  in  his  books  and  correspondence  as 
'  The  Town  and  Country.'  The  first  number 
of*  Fraser's  Magazine  for  Town  and  Country ' 
appeared  in  February  1830.  The  famous 
'  Gallery  of  Illustrious  Literary  Characters ' 
came  out  in  it  between  1830  and  1838; 
eighty-one  portraits,  chiefly  by  Daniel  Mac- 
lise,  with  letterpress  by  Maginn.  In  1833  a 
handsome  quarto  volume  containing  thirty- 
four  of  the  portraits  was  issued,  and  in  1874 
the  complete  gallery  republished  for  the  first, 
time.  The  portraits  were  reduced  in  size 
and  the  literary  matter  much  increased  in 
'  The  Maclise  Portrait  Gallery,'  by  William 
Bates,  with  eighty-five  portraits,  London, 
1883,  sm.  8vo.  On  3  Aug.  1836  took  place 
the  cowardly  attack  by  Grantley  Berkeley 
[q.  v.]  upon  the  publisher  in  consequence 
of  a  severe  criticism  of  his  novel  '  Berkeley 
Castle.'  Cross  actions  were  tried  3  Dec.  on 
the  part  of  Fraser  for  assault  and  Berkeley 
for  libel.  The  one  obtained  100/.  damages 
for  the  assault  and  the  other  40s.  for  the 
libel.  Among  the  contributors  to  the  maga- 
zine were  Carlyle,  Thackeray,  F.  S.  Mahony 
(Father  Prout),  T.  Love  Peacock,  Mr.  J.  A. 
Froude,  Mr.  W.  Allingham,  and  many  other 
well-known  writers.  After  Fraser's  death  it 
fell  to  his  successor,  G.  W.  Nickisson,  whose 
name  first  appeared  on  it  in  1842.  Five 
years  later  it  was  transferred  to  John  H. 
Parker,  of  West  Strand,  by  whom  and  by 
his  successors  it  was  continued  under  the 
same  name  to  October  1882,  when  it  was 
superseded  by  '  Longman's  Magazine.' 

Fraser  published  many  books,  among  them 
Carlyle's  '  Hero  Worship.'  The  story  of  the 
dealings  between  the  author  and  '  the  in- 
fatuated Fraser,  with  his  dog's-meat  tart  of 
a  magazine,'  is  told  in  J.  A.  Froude's  '  Thomas 
Carlyle '  (1882,  vol.  ii.  and  1885,  vol.  i.)  He 
was  liberal  and  straightforward  in  business 
transactions  and  had  much  taste  and  judgment 
in  literary  matters.  He  died  2  Oct.  1841  at 
Argyll  Street,  London,  after  a  lingering  ill- 


Fraser 


209 


Fraser 


ness  attributed  by  the  newspapers  of  the  day 
to  the  injuries  inflicted  upon  him  by  Grantley 
Berkeley  (see  quotations  in  Fraser' 's  Magazine, 
1841,  xxiv.  628-30). 

[Literary  Gazette,  9  Oct.  1841,  p.  660  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1841,  new  ser.  xvi.  553  ;  Grantley  Berkeley's 
Life  and  Kecollections,  1865-6,  4  vols. ;  Eraser's 
Mag.  January  1837,  pp.  100-43  ;  W.  Bates'sMac- 
lise  Portrait  Gallery,  1883  ;  Notes  and  Queries 
4th  ser.  vii.  31,  211,  5th  ser.  v.  249.]  H.  E.T. 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1818-1885),  bishop 
of  Manchester,  eldest  son  of  James  Fraser,  of 
a  branch  of  the  family  of  Fraser  of  Durris,  a 
retired  India  merchant,  by  his  wife  Helen,  a 
daughter  of  John  Willim,  solicitor,  of  Bils- 
ton,  Staffordshire,  was  born  18  Aug.  1818  at 
Prestbury,  Gloucestershire.  His  father  lost 
money  in  ironstone  mines  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean,  and  dying  in  1832  left  his  widow  and 
seven  children  poorly  provided  for.  Fraser's 
•early  years  were  chiefly  spent  at  his  maternal 
grandfather's  at  Bilston,  but  when  his  father 
removed  to  Heavitree,  Exeter,  he  was  put  to 
school  there.  In  1832  he  was  placed  under 
Dr.  Rowley  at  Bridgnorth  school,  Stafford- 
shire, and  in  1834  removed  to  Shrewsbury 
school,  where,  first  under  Dr.  Butler  and 
then  under  Dr.  Kennedy,  he  remained  till 
1836.  Though  entered  at  Balliol,  and  an 
unsuccessful  competitor  for  scholarships  at 
Corp  us  Christi  College,  Oxford,  he  was  elected 
a  scholar  of  Lincoln  College  and  matriculated 
16  March  1836,  and  went  into  residence  in 
January  1837.  He  was  a  strong  athlete,  and 
had  a  passion  for  horses ;  but  his  poverty  com- 
pelled him  to  deny  himself  the  gratification  of 
such  tastes.  As  an  undergraduate  he  lived  a 
very  recluse  life,  and  no  doubt  acquired  then 
his  remarkable  self-mastery.  In  1837  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Hertford 
scholarship,  but  in  1838  he  all  but  won,  and 
in  1839  did  win,  the  Ireland  scholarship.  In 
November  1839  he  took  a  first  class  in  final 
honour  schools,  graduated  B.A.  6  Feb.  1840, 
and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Oriel.  At  this 
time  he  impressed  his  friends  as  shy  and  im- 
mature. At  the  end  of  his  year  of  probation 
at  Oriel  he  became  reader  of  sermon  notes, 
and  tutor  from  1842  to  1847  ;  he  graduated 
M.A.  on  18  May  1842,  and  in  January  1844 
became  subdean  and  librarian.  Though  in 
np'respect  a  great  tutor,  his  sympathies  gave 
him  unusual  popularity  among  the  under- 
graduates. On  18  Dec.  1846  he  took  dea- 
con's orders,  and,  having  indulged  himself 
with  a  last  fortnight's  hard  hunting  in  Lei- 
cestershire, forswore  that  pleasure  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  took  some  parochial 
work  in  Oxford,  entered  priest's  orders  Trinity 
Sunday  1847,  and  in  July  accepted  the  col- 
lege living  of  Cholderton,  Wiltshire,  which 

VOL.   XX. 


on  this  occasion  was  made  tenable  with  a 
fellowship.  Till  1856  he  took  pupils,  and 
for  twenty  years  occasionally  was  examiner 
at  Oxford  and  elsewhere.  In  1858  he  ex- 
amined for  the  Ireland,  and  in  1866  for  the 
Craven  scholarship  at  Oxford.  On  12  Dec. 
1851  he  preached  his  first  sermon  as  select 
preacher  at  Oxford,  and  was  select  preacher 
subsequently  in  1861, 1871, 1877,  and,  though 
he  did  not  preach  any  sermon,  in  1885.  In 
1854  he  became  examining  chaplain  and  sub- 
sequently in  1858  chancellor  to  Dr.  Hamilton, 
bishop  of  Salisbury.  Several  of  his  sermons  at 
Salisbury  were  published.  On  Bishop  Hamil- 
ton's recommendation  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant commissioner  to  the  Royal  Commission 
on  Education  in  1858  for  a  district  of  thirteen 
poor  law  unions  in  Dorsetshire,  Devonshire, 
Somersetshire,  Herefordshire,  and  Worcester- 
shire. His  report,  made  May  1859  and  pub- 
lished in  1861,  is,  according  to  Mr.  Thomas 
Hughes, '  a  superb,  I  had  almost  said  a  unique, 
piece  of  work.'  In  1860  he  resigned  his  fel- 
lowship, on  accepting  the  rectory  of  Ufton 
Nervet,  Berkshire.  In  this  parish,  where  he 
accomplished  many  parochial  improvements, 
he  developed  his  great  capacity  for  business 
and  for  leadership.  In  March  1865  he  was 
appointed  a  commissioner  to  report  on  edu- 
cation in  the  United  States  and  America, 
and  was  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 
from  May  till  October.  His  report,  made  in 
1866,  stamped  him  as  a  man  who  was  destined 
for  ecclesiastical  promotion,  and  in  that  year 
Lord  Cranborne  made  him  the  offer  of  the 
bishopric  of  Calcutta,  which  he  declined. 
In  1867  he  prepared  for  the  Commission  on 
the  Employment  of  Children  in  Agriculture, 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  home  secre- 
tary, a  masterly  report  on  the  south-eastern 
district,  comprising  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex, 
Sussex,  and  Gloucestershire.  In  June  1869 
he  preached  before  the  queen,  and  on  18  Jan. 
1870,  expressly  on  the  ground  of  his  autho- 
rity on  educational  questions,  he  received  the 
offer  of  the  bishopric  of  Manchester,  and  ac- 
cepting it  was  consecrated  on  25  March. 

His  new  sphere  was  the  most  difficult  of 
its  kind  in  the  kingdom.  It  was  almost  a  new 
diocese.  Its  late  bishop,  Dr.  Prince  Lee,  had 
lived  a  retired  and  a  comparatively  inactive 
life.  It  was  a  huge  industrial  community, 
with  little  interest  in  ecclesiastical  affairs. 
Nonconformists  of  all  denominations  were 
numerous,  and  the  district  was  in  the  crisis  of 
the  education  question.  To  a  new  bishop  the 
nonconformists'  attitude  was  critical,  and  on 
the  part  of  many  hostile.  The  machinery  of 
diocesan  organisation  was  defective,  and  little 
was  being  done  for  church  extension.  Fif- 
teen years  afterwards  Fraser  died  universally 


Fraser 


2IO 


Fraser 


lamented.  During  his  episcopate  ninety- 
nine  new  churches,  containing  fifty-seven 
thousand  sittings,  nearly  all  free,  and  cost- 
ing 685,000/.,  were  consecrated,  twenty 
churches  were  rebuilt  at  a  cost  of  214,000^., 
a  hundred  and  nine  new  district  parishes 
were  created,  and  the  whole  fabric  of  diocesan 
machinery — conferences,  board  of  education, 
and  building  society — had  been  created  and 
was  in  perfect  working  order.  The  labour 
which  his  mere  episcopal  duties  involved  was 
prodigious ;  for  the  number  of  persons  he 
confirmed  was  counted  by  scores  of  thousands. 
But  in  addition  to  this  he  threw  himself  into 
almost  every  social  movement  of  the  day. 
He  was  to  be  seen  going  about  the  streets  on 
foot,  his  robe-bag  in  his  hand ;  he  addressed 
meetings  several  times  a  day;  he  spoke  to 
workmen  in  mills,  and  to  actors  in  theatres ; 
he  was  diligent  in  attending  his  diocesan 
registry ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  governing 
bodies  of  Manchester  and  Shrewsbury  gram- 
mar schools  and  of  the  Owens  College,  visi- 
tor of  the  high  school  for  girls  and  of  the 
commercial  school,  and  president  of  the  Col- 
lege for  Women.  '  Omnipresence,'  said  his 
foes,  '  was  his  forte,  and  omniscience  his 
foible.'  Not  being  a  born  orator,  or  even  a 
very  good  one,  and  speaking  constantly  on 
all  topics  without  time  for  preparation,  it  is 
t.rue  that  he  said  some  rash  things  and  many 
trite  ones,  and  laid  himself  open  to  frequent 
attack ;  but  his  absolute  frankness  and  fear- 
lessness of  speech  won  the  heart  of  his  people, 
and  his  strong  good  sense  and  honesty  com- 
manded their  respect.  He  earned  for  himself 
the  name  of  'bishop  of  all  denominations.' 
In  1874  he  was  chosen  umpire  between  the 
masters  and  men  in  the  Manchester  and  Sal- 
ford  painting  trade,  and  his  award,  made 
27  March,  secured  peace  for  the  trade  for 
two  years.  He  was  again  umpire  in  March 
1876,  and  in  1878,  during  the  great  north-east 
Lancashire  cotton  strike,  the  men  offered  to 
refer  the  dispute  to  him,  but  the  masters  re- 
fused. He  always  protested  against  the  un- 
wisdom of  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  sought 
to  make  peace  between  the  disputants.  Out- 
side the  co-operative  body  he  was  the  first 
to  draw  attention  to  that  movement,  having 
described  the  Assington  Agricultural  Asso- 
ciation in  his  report  on  agriculture  in  1867. 
When  the  co-operative  congress  was  held  in 
Manchester  in  1878,  he  presided  on  the  second 
day,  and  appeared  in  1885  at  that  held  at 
Derby. 

He  never  was  a  professed  theologian,  but 
his  views  were  on  the  whole  of  the  old  high 
church  school.  He  had  little  sympathy  with 
the  tractarian  high  churchmen,  and  in  all 
matters  of  practice  he  was  extremely  liberal, 


and  more  disposed  to  take  a  legal  than  an 
ecclesiastical  view  of  such  matters.  His  first 
appearance  in  convocation  was  to  second- 
Dean  Howson's  motion  in  favour  of  the  dis- 
use of  the  Athanasian  Creed  ;  his  first  speech 
in  the  House  of  Lords  was  on  8  May  1871, 
in  support  of  the  abolition  of  university 
tests ;  and  he  said  characteristically  to  his 
diocesan  conference,  in  1875 :  '  If  the  law 
requires  me  to  wear  a  cope,  though  I  don't" 
like  the  notion  of  making  a  guy  of  myself,  I 
will  wear  one.'  Yet  he  was  fated  to  appear  • 
as  a  religious  persecutor,  to  his  own  infinite 
distress.  When  first  he  went  to  Manchester 
the  extreme  protestant  party  looked  to  him 
for  assistance  in  suppressing  ritualism  in  the 
diocese.  For  some  time  he  succeeded  in 
pacifying  them,  and  it  was  not  until  after  the 
Public  Worship  Regulation  Act  was  passed, 
of  the  policy  of  which  he  approved,  that 
strife  began.  In  1878  complaint  was  made 
to  him  of  the  ritual  practice  of  the  Rev. 
S.  F.  Green,  incumbent  of  Miles  Platting. 
The  first  complaint  thejbishop  was  able  to 
disregard,  as  wanting  in  bona  fides ;  but  in 
December  the  Church  Association  took  up 
the  case  and  made  a  formal  presentation  to 
him,  and  after  some  persuasion  had  been  tried 
to  induce  Mr.  Green  to  alter  the  matters 
complained  of,  the  bishop  felt  obliged  to 
allow  the  suit  to  proceed,  upon  a  refusal  to 
discontinue  the  use  of  the  mixed  chalice. 
The  case  was  tried  by  Lord  Penzance  in. 
June  1879,  and  was  decided  adversely  to  Mr. 
Green,  who  was  eventually,  in  1881,  com^ 
mitted  to  Lancaster  gaol  for  contempt  of 
court.  It  was  upon  the  motion  of  the  bishop 
that  he  was  at  last  released.  The  living 
meantime  had  become  vacant,  and  the  patron, 
Sir  Perceval  Hey  wood,  would  present  no  one 
but  Mr.  Green's  former  curate,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Cowgill,  whom  the  bishop  had  already  refused 
tolicense.  Mr. Cowgill decliningto undertake 
not  to  continue  Mr.  Green's  ritual,  the  bishop 
in  December  1882  refused  to  institute  him. 
The  patron  thereupon  commenced  an  action 
against  him  for  this  refusal,  which  was 
eventually  tried  by  Baron  Pollock  on  10  and 
11  Dec.  1883,  and  judgment  was  given  for 
the  defendant.  The  bishop  then  presented  to 
the  living,  and  the  contest  closed. 

On  24  April  1880  his  mother,  who  had 
hitherto  lived  with  him,  died,  and  on  15  June 
1880  he  married  Agnes  (to  whom  he  had 
become  engaged  in  1878),  daughter  of  John 
Shute  Duncan  of  Bath,  sometime  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford.  In  September  1885  he 
suffered  from  congestion  of  the  veins  of  the 
neck,  caused  by  a  chill.  He  was  obliged  to 
curtail  his  work,  and  was  thinking  of  re- 
signing his  bishopric  when,  on  22  Oct.,  he 


Fraser 


211 


Fraser 


died  rather  suddenly.  He  was  buried  at  Ufton 
Nervet  on  27  Oct.  Nonconformists  of  all  de- 
nominations, with  the  Jewish  and  Greek  con- 
gregations of  Manchester,  sent  flowers  to  his 
funeral.  On  the  same  day  a  memorial  ser- 
vice was  held  in  Manchester,  which  was  at- 
tended by  prodigious  crowds.  Many  places 
of  business  were  closed ;  transactions  on 
'Change  were  for  a  time  suspended ;  and  a 
procession  of  magistrates,  mayors,  and  mem- 
bers of  parliament  from  all  parts  of  Lanca- 
shire marched  from  the  town  hall  to  the 
cathedral.  His  charities  were  many.  Though 
then  a  poor  man,  he  expended  on  his  parish 
of  Cholderton  600/.,  and  on  Ufton  Nervet 
2,0001. ;  while  the  strict  accounts  which  he 
kept  showed  benefactions  to  his  diocese  to 
the  extent  of  30,000/.  Yet,  thanks  to  his 
habitual  thrift  and  sound  sense,  he  left  over 
70,000/.  Except  his  reports  to  parliamentary 
commissions,  and  a  few  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses, he  published  nothing.  In  1888  a 
volume  of  his  sermons,  edited  by  J.  Doyle, 
was  published.  His  portrait  was  painted 
in  1880  by  J.  E.  Millais.  There  is  a  full- 
length  figure  of  him  in  the  Eraser  chapel  of 
Manchester  Cathedral,  with  an  inscription  by 
Dr.  Vaughan,  and  a  statue  in  Albert  Square, 
Manchester. 

[Life  (1887)  by  Thomas  Hughes,  Q.C.  (to  whom 
all  Fraser's  letters,  &c.,  were  committed  by  his 
family).  For  evidence  of  the  esteem  in  which 
he  was  held  see  Manchester  Guardian,  23-9  Oct. 
1885;  London  Guardian,  28  Oct.  1885.] 

J.  A.  H. 

FRASER,  JAMES  BATLLIE  (1783- 
1856),  traveller  and  man  of  letters,  eldest  son 
of  Edward  Satchell  Fraser  of  Reelick,  In- 
verness-shire, was  born  at  Reelick  on  11  June 
1783.  In  early  life  he  went  to  the  "West 
Indies,  and  thence  to  India.  In  1815,  on  the 
close  of  the  war  with  Nepal,  he  made  a  tour 
of  exploration  in  the  Himalayas,  accompanied 
by  his  brother,  William  Fraser  [q.  v.],  then 
political  agent  to  General  Martindale's  army, 
and  an  escort,  the  party  being  the  first  Euro- 
peans known  to  have  traversed  that  part  of 
the  peninsula.  The  tour  occupied  two  months, 
in  the  course  of  which  the  travellers  pene- 
trated as  far  as  the  sources  of  the  rivers 
Jumna  and  Ganges.  Fraser  afterwards  pub- 
lished an  account  of  it,  entitled  '  Journal  of 
a  Tour  through  part  of  the  Himala  Moun- 
tains, and  to  the  Sources  of  the  Rivers  Jumna 
and  Ganges,'  London,  1820,  8vo.  A  folio 
volume  of  coloured  plates  illustrating  the 
scenery  accompanied  the  work.  In  1821 
he  accompanied  Dr.  Jukes  on  his  mission  to 
Persia,  reaching  Teheran  on  29  Nov.,  and 
afterwards,  27  Dec.,  set  out  in  Persian  cos- 
tume with  the  intention  of  travelling  through 


Khorasan  to  Bokhara.  He  reached  Meshed 
on  2  Feb.  1822,  but  there  learning  that  the 
road  to  Bokhara  was  in  a  very  disturbed 
state,  turned  westward  by  Kurdistan  and  the 
Caspian  Sea,  and  terminated  his  travels  at 
Tabriz.  This  expedition  furnished  him  with 
materials  for  two  new  works,  viz.  1.  '  Nar- 
rative of  a  Journey  into  Khorasan  in  the 
years  1821  and  1822,  including  some  Ac- 
count of  the  Countries  to  the  North-east  of 
Persia.  With  remarks  upon  the  National 
Character,  Government,  and  Resources  of  that 
Kingdom,' London,  1825, 2  vols.  4to.  2.  'Tra- 
vels and  Adventures  in  the  Persian  Provinces 
on  the  Southern  Banks  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
With  an  Appendix  containing  short  Notices 
on  the  Geology  and  Commerce  of  Persia,' 
London,  1826,  4to.  Fraser  next  published 
'  The  Kuzzilbash.  A  Tale  of  Khorasan,'  Lon- 
don, 1828, 12mo.  This  romance  purports  to 
be  founded  on  a  manuscript  discovered  by 
the  author  while  in  India,  and  relates  to  the 
time  of  Nader-Shah.  It  was  followed  by  a 
sequel,  entitled  '  The  Persian  Adventurer,' 
London,  1830,  3  vols.  12mo.  Fraser's  next 
effort  was  '  The  Highland  Smugglers,'  Lon- 
don, 1832, 3  vols.  12mo,  which  was  followed 
by  '  Tales  of  the  Caravanserai,' being  vol.  vii. 
of  the '  Library  of  Romance,'  edited  by  Leitch 
Ritchie,  London,  1833, 12mo.  He  also  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Edinburgh  Cabinet  Library,' 
vol.  xv.,  '  An  Historical  and  Descriptive  Ac- 
count of  Persia  from  the  earliest  Ages  to  the 
present  Time,'  Edinburgh,  1834,  12mo  (re- 
printed at  New  York  in  1843) .  In  the  winter 
of  1833-4  he  went  on  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  Persia,  riding  from  Semlin  to  Constanti- 
nople, and  from  Stamboul  to  Teheran,  a  dis- 
tance of  2,600  miles,  between  Christmas  1833 
and  8  March  1834.  '  A  Winter's  Journey 
(Tatar)  fromConstantinople  to  Teheran.  W'ith 
Travels  through  various  parts  of  Persia,'  &c., 
London,  1836,  2  vols.  8vo,  gives  a  detailed 
account  of  this  performance,  while  '  Travels 
in  Kurdistan,  Mesopotamia,'  &c.,  London, 
1840, 2  vols.  8vo,  describes  his  return  journey. 
On  the  visit  of  the  Persian  princes  to  Eng- 
land in  1835,  he  was  chosen  by  the  govern- 
ment to  make  all  arrangements  for  their  re- 
ception and  entertainment  during  their  stay 
in  the  country,  which  furnished  him  with 
matter  for  another  work,  viz.  '  Narrative  of 
the  Residence  of  the  Persian  Princes  in  Lon- 
don in  1835  and  1836.  With  an  Account  of 
their  Journey  from  Persia  and  subsequent 
Adventures,'  London,  1838,  2  vols.  8vo.  Re- 
turning to  romance,  he  next  published  '  Allee 
Neemroo,  the  Buchtiaree  Adventurer.  A 
Tale  of  Louristan,'  London,  1842, 3  vols.  8vo, 
and  the  same  year  '  Mesopotamia  and  Assyria 
from  the  earliest  Ages  to  the  present  Time,' 

p2 


Fraser 


212 


Fraser 


Edinburgh,  12mo  (being  vol.  xxxii.  of  the 
'  Edinburgh  Cabinet  Library/  reprinted  at 
New  York  in  1845).  Two  more  Eastern  ro- 
mances, viz.  (1)  'The Dark  Falcon.  A  Tale  of 
the  Attreck,'  London,  1844, 4  vols.  8vo ;  and 
(2)  « The  Khan's  Tale,'  London,  1850,  12mo, 
published  in  vol.  xlvi.  of  the '  Parlour  Library,' 
concluded  his  efforts  in  that  species  of  com- 
position. His  last  work  was  '  Military  Me- 
moir of  Lieutenant-colonel  James  Skinner, 
C.  B.,'London,  1851, 2  vols.  8vo.  As  awriter 
Eraser  cannot  claim  any  high  rank.  His 
•works  of  travel  had  a  certain  value  when  first 
published  on  account  of  the  extreme  igno- 
rance of  the  countries  described  which  then 
prevailed ;  but  owing  to  the  author's  lack  of 
all  but  the  most  elementary  knowledge  of 
physical  science  they  constituted  no  solid  i 
contribution  to  systematic  geography.  His 
tales  are  of  no  conspicuous  merit.  He  was 
an  amateur  painter  in  water-colours.  In 
later  life  he  resided  on  and  gave  much  atten- 
tion to  improving  his  estate  at  Reelick,  of 
which  county  he  was  deputy-lieutenant.  He 
died  in  January  1856.  Fraser  married  in  1823 
Jane,  daughter  of  Alexander  Fraser  Tytler, 
Lord  Woodhouselee  [q.  v.] 

[Gent.  Mag.  1856,  new  ser.  xlv.  307;  Imp. 
Diet,  of  Biog. ;  Edinb.  Eeview,  xliii.  87  et  seq. ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.1  J.  M.  E. 

FRASER,  JAMES  STUART  (1783- 
1869),  of  Ardachy,  Inverness,  general  in  the 
Indian  army,  was  youngest  son  of  Colonel 
Charles  Fraser  of  that  ilk,  a  scion  of  the  house 
of  Lovat,  who  fought  as  a  marine  officer  under 
Admiral  Hawke,  and  afterwards  entered  the 
Madras  army,  and  died  a  colonel  in  command 
of  a  division  at  Masulipatam,  5  May  1795. 
Charles  Fraser  married  Isabella  Hook,  and 
by  her  had  six  sons  and  three  daughters ; 
the  eldest  son,  Hastings  Fraser,  who  after- 
wards distinguished  himself  as  a  king's  officer 
In  India,  died  a  general  and  colonel  86th 
Royal  County  Down  regiment  in  1854. 

James  '  Stewart '  Fraser  (as  his  baptismal 
register  has  it)  was  the  youngest  child,  and 
was  born  at  Edinburgh  1  July  1783.  He 
was  at  school  at  Ham,  Surrey,  and  after- 
wards at  Glasgow  University,  where  he 
showed  a  predilection  for  languages  and  as- 
tronomical studies.  A  Madras  cadet  of  1799, 
he  was  posted  as  lieutenant  to  the  18th  Madras 
native  infantry.  15  Dec.  1800.  He  served  as 
assistant  to  Colonel  Marriott  on  an  escort 
conveying  the  Mysore  princes  to  Bengal  in 
1807,  and  was  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  George 
Barlow  [q.  v.],  governor  of  Madras,  at  the 
time  of  the  mutiny  of  the  Madras  officers. 
He  became  a  regimental  captain  6  Nov.  1809, 
and  private  secretary  to  the  government  of 


Madras  9  May  1810.  He  accompanied  the 
Madras  division  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Isle  of  France  (Mauritius)  in  the  same 
year  as  deputy-commissary,  and  was  on  the 
personal  staff  of  Colonel  Keating,  H.M. 
56th  regiment,  in  the  landing  at  Mapou  and 
advance  on  Port  Louis.  He  was  appointed 
barrack-master  at  Fort  St.  George,  29  March 
1811 ;  town-major  of  Fort  St.  George,  and 
military  secretary  to  the  governor,  21  May 
1813 ;  and  commandant  at  Pondicherry  28  Oct. 
1816.  He  was  employed  as  commissioner 
for  the  restitution  of  French  and  Dutch  pos- 
sessions on  the  Coromandel  and  Malabar 
coasts  in  1816-17.  This  duty  was  facilitated 
by  Fraser's  literary  and  colloquial  familia- 
rity with  the  French  language —a  rather  rare 
accomplishment  among  Anglo-Indians  of 
that  day — and  he  was  specially  thanked  and 
commended  by  the  government  of  India  for 
'  the  marked  ability  and  conciliatory  disposi- 
tion' which  had  'distinguished  his  conduct' 
throughout  every  stage  of  the  long  and  tedious 
negotiations.  He  became  major  1 0  Dec.  1819, 
and  lieutenant-colonel  1  May  1824. 

While  commanding  at  Pondicherry  Fraser 
married,  at  Cuddalore,  18  May  1826,  Henri- 
etta Jane,  daughter  of  Captain  Stevenson, 
admiralty  agent  for  the  eastern  coast  of  India, 
and  grand-niece  of  General  Stevenson,  who 
commanded  the  nizam's  subsidiary  forces  at 
Assaye  and  Argaum.  This  lady,  who  was 
twenty  years  his  junior,  bore  him  a  nume- 
rous family  and  died  in  1860. 

In  1828  Fraser  was  deputed  to  discuss  the 
claims  of  the  French  at  Mahe,  and  the  same 
year  was  appointed  special  agent  for  foreign 
settlements.  He  became  brevet-colonel  6  Nov. 
1829.  He  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
government  in  the  military  department  1 2Feb. 
1834.  He  was  present  in  several  actions 
during  the  conquest  of  Coorg,  and  carried 
out  the  negotiations  that  brought  the  war 
to  a  close.  He  was  appointed  resident  at 
Mysore  and  commissioner  of  Coorg  6  June 
1834,  and  assumed  charge  of  the  Mysore 
residency  in  October  following.  On  26  Sept. 
1836  he  was  appointed  regimental  colonel 
36th  Madras  native  infantry,  his  previous 
regimental  commissions  having  all  been  in  his 
old  corps,  the  18th  native  infantry.  He  was 
appointed  resident  at  Travancore  and  Cochin 
5  Jan.  1836,  and  officiating  resident  at  Hy- 
derabad 1  Sept.  1838.  Fraser  '  repeatedly 
received  the  thanks  of  the  government  of 
Madras,  the  governor-general  of  India,  and 
the  court  of  directors  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany for  his  eminent  services.  He  appears, 
however,  to  have  interfered  in  the  disputes 
of  the  Syrian  Christians  at  Travancore  and 
afterwards,  and  so  to  have  incurred  the  dis- 


Fraser 


213 


Fraser 


pleasure  of  the  Madras  government '  (infor- 
mation supplied  by  the  India  Office).  On 
28  June  1838  Fraser  became  a  major-gene- 
ral, which  was  regarded  as  an  exceptional 
case  of  rapid  promotion  by  seniority.  On 
31  Dec.  1839  he  was  appointed  resident  at 
Hyderabad,  and  was  vested  with  a  general 
superintendence  over  the  post-offices  and 
post-roads  of  the  nizam's  dominions.  While 
there  in  1842  Fraser  'received  the  thanks 
of  the  government  in  council  for  his  temper, 
decision,  and  energy  on  the  occasion  of  the 
insubordination  of  certain  native  troops  atSe- 
cunderabad '  (general  order,  12  April  1842). 
The  court  of  directors  in  their  despatch  dated 
3  Aug.  1842  referred  to  this  affair,  and 
stated  that  his  '  conduct  in  the  difficult  and 
trying  circumstances  in  which  he  was  placed 
was  such  as  they  should  have  expected  from 
the  well-known j  udgment,  temper,  a  nd  energy 
of  that  distinguished  officer  and  merits  the 
highest  approbation'  (information  supplied 
by  the  India  Office). 

At  Hyderabad,  which  he  regarded  as  being, 
for  good  or  evil,  the  political  centre  of  India, 
Fraser  remained  fourteen  years,  his  residence 
ending  before  the  enlightened  administration 
of  that  state  by  Sir  Salar  Jung.  For  details 
of  this  period  reference  must  be  made  to 
the  bulky  volume  published  by  Fraser's  son, 
Colonel  Hastings  Fraser,  Madras  staff  corps, 
under  the  title, '  Memoirs  and  Correspondence 
of  General  J.  S.  Fraser'  (London,  1885),  8vo, 
which  is  largely  devoted  to  Hyderabad  affairs. 
Fraser  appears  again  and  again,  without  much 
success,  to  have  urged  on  the  supreme  govern- 
ment the  need  of  taking  a  firmer  tone  with 
the  nizam.  '  Intrigue,  corruption,  and  mis- 
management are  not  to  be  corrected  by  whis- 
pers and  unmeaning  phrases,'  he  wrote  in 
1849,  and  in  1851  he  drafted  a  letter  of  re- 
monstrance, which  was  never  sent  from  Cal- 
cutta, couched  in  the  strongest  terms  (Mem. 
pp.  327-9).  But  latterly  he  dissented  from 
the  high-handed  measures  of  Lord  Dalhousie, 
then  governor-general.  His  strained  relations 
with  Dalhousie  led  Fraser  to  resign  his  ap- 
pointment at  Hyderabad  in  1852  and  return 
to  England.  He  revisited  India  more  than 
once  afterwards,  but  held  no  public  appoint- 
ment. He  became  lieutenant-general  11  Nov. 
1851,  and  general  2  June  1862.  Except  the 
war-medal  he  received  no  mark  of  distinction 
for  his  long  and  distinguished  services. 

In  person  Fraser  was  tall,  standing  over 
six  feet  three  inches,  and  spare-built.  A 
photograph,  taken  late  in  life,  forms  the 
frontispiece  to  his  son's  memoir  of  him.  He 
was  a  good  rider,  a  keen  sportsman,  and  a 
man  of  some  general  culture.  A  tried  official, 
his  acts  appear  to  justify  the  character  given 


of  him  by  his  son  as  '  a  man  of  scrupulous 
integrity  and  unsullied  honour,  firm  and 
faithful  in  all  trials,  and  generous  to  a  degree.' 
Fraser,  who  for  some  time  had  been  totally 
blind,  but  otherwise  retained  all  his  faculties, 
died  in  his  eighty-third  year,  at  Twickenham 
Park,  22  Aug.  1869. 

[Information  furnished  by  the  India  Office; 
Burke's  Landed  Gentry;  Hastings  Eraser's  Mem. 
and  Corresp.  of  General  J.  S.  Fraser  (Lond. 
1885) ;  critical  notices  of  the  latter  in  the  Times, 
29  Aug.  1885,  and  in  Athenaeum,  1885  (U,  244.1 

H.  M.  C. 

FRASER,  JOHN  (d.  1605),  Scotch  Re- 
collect friar,  was  the  fourth  son  of  Alexander 
Fraser,  and  grandson  of  Sir  William  Fraser 
of  Philorth,  Aberdeenshire.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church,  took  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  divinity,  and  became  abbot  of 
Noyon  or  Compiegne  in  France.  He  died  at 
Paris  on  24  April  1605,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Franciscan  convent.  He  was  the  author 
of:  1. '  Offer  maid  to  a  Gentilman  of  Qualitie 
by  John  Fraser  to  subscribe  and  embrace  the 
Ministers  of  Scotlands  religion,  if  they  can 
sufficientlie  prove  that  they  have  the  true 
kirk  and  laufull  calling,'  Paris,  1604,  8vo ; 
another  edition,  '  newlie  corrected,'  printed 
abroad,  s.l.,  1605,  8vo.  2.  '  A  lerned  epistle 
of  M.  lohn  Fraser :  Bachler  of  Divinitie  to 
the  ministers  of  Great  Britanie.  Wherein  he 
sheweth  that  no  man  ought  to  subscribe  to 
their  confession  of  faith.  And  that  their  pre- 
sumed authorise  to  excommunicate  anie  man, 
especially  Catholiques,  is  vaine  and  foolish ' 
[Paris  ?],  1605,  8vo.  3.  'In  universam  Aris- 
totelis  Philosophiam  Commentarii.' 

[Dempster's  Hist.  Ecclesiastica  (1627),  lib.  vi. 
n.  549,  p.  291  ;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation,  ii. 
260  ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.]  T.  C. 

FRASER,  JOHN  (1750-1811),  botanist, 
was  born  at  Tomnacloich,  Inverness-shire,  in. 
1750,  and  apparently  came  to  London  in  1770, 
when  he  married  and  settled  as  a  hosier  and 
draper  at  Paradise  Row,  Chelsea.  Having 
acquired  a  taste  for  plants  from  visiting  the 
Botanical  Garden,  Chelsea,  then  under  the 
care  of  Forsyth,  he  sailed  to  Newfoundland  in 
1780  in  search  of  new  species,  returning  the 
same  year.  In  1784  he  embarked  for  Charles- 
ton, whence  he  returned  in  1785,  only  to  start 
again  the  same  year.  His  third,  fourth,  and 
fifth  visits  to  North  America  were  made  in 
1790, 1791,  and  1795,  he  having  in  the  latter 
year  established  a  nursery  at  Sloane  Square, 
Chelsea,  to  which  his  discoveries  were  con- 
signed. Having  introduced  various  American 
pines,  oaks,  azaleas,  rhododendrons,  and  mag- 
nolias, in  1796  he  visited  St.  Petersburg, 
where  the  Empress  Catherine  purchased  a 


Fraser 


214 


Fraser 


collection  of  plants  from  him.  He  then  in- 
troduced into  England  the  Tartarian  cherries. 
Revisiting  Russia  in  1797  and  1798  he  was 
appointed  botanical  collector  to  the  czar  Paul, 
and,  commissioned  by  him,  returned  to  Ame- 
rica in  1799,  taking  with  him  the  eldest  of  his 
two  sons.  In  Cuba  he  met  and  was  assisted 
by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland.  On  his  return 
the  Czar  Alexander  declined  to  recognise  his 
appointment  by  his  predecessor,  though  he 
made  two  journeys  to  Russia  to  obtain  re- 
muneration. In  conjunction  with  his  sister 
he  then  introduced  the  weaving  of  hats  from 
the  leaves  of  a  Cuban  palm,  an  industry  which 
was  for  a  time  successful.  In  1806  he  started 
on  his  seventh  and  last  visit  to  America,  again 
taking  his  son.  While  in  Cuba  he  was  thrown 
and  broke  several  ribs  ;  but  he  returned,  with 
many  new  plants,  in  1810  to  his  nursery, 
which,  however,  was  never  very  successful. 
He  died  at  Sloane  Square  on  26  April  1811. 
His  herbarium  was  presented  in  1849  to  the 
Linnean  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  fellow, 
by  his  son.  A  lithograph  portrait,  from  an 
original  belonging  to  his  family,  was  pub- 
lished in  the  '  Companion  to  the  Botanical 
Magazine.' 

[Life  by  E.  Hogg,  in  Cottage  Gardener,  viii. 
250 ;  by  Forsyth,  in  Loudon's  Arboretum  et 
Fruticetum  Britannicum,  p.  119;  Faulkner's 
History  of  Chelsea  ii.  41.]  G.  S.  B. 

FRASER,  SIB  JOHN  (1760-1843),  gene- 
ral, colonel  late  royal  York  rangers,  second 
son  of  William  Fraser  of  Park,  near  Fraser- 
burgh,  factor  to  George  Fraser,  fourteenth 
lord  Saltoun,  by  his  wile,  Katherine,  daughter 
of  John  Gordon  of  Kinellar,was  born  in  1760. 
On  29  Sept.  1778  he  was  appointed  to  a  lieu- 
tenancy in  the  73rd  highlanders,  afterwards 
71st  highland  light  infantry,  with  a  second 
battalion,  afterwards  disbanded,  of  which 
regiment  he  was  onboard  Rodney's  fleet  in  the 
actions  with  the  Spanish  Caraccas  fleet  under 
Don  Juan  de  Langara  and  at  the  relief  of  Gi- 
braltar. He  served  at  the  defence  of  Gibraltar 
in  1780-2,  until  the  loss  of  his  right  leg,  his 
second  wound  during  the  defence,  compelled 
him  to  return  home.  He  was  captain  of  a 
garrison  invalid  company  at  Hull  in  1785- 
1793,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
war  raised  men  for  an  independent  company. 
He  became  major  28  Aug.  1794,  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel royal  garrison  battalion  1  Sept. 
1795.  He  served  at  Gibraltar  in  1796-8,  part 
of  the  time  as  acting  judge  advocate  and  civil 
judge.  On  1  Jan.  1800  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  royal  African  corps,  composed 
of  military  offenders  from  various  regiments 
pardoned  on  condition  of  life-sen-ice  in 
Africa  and  the  West  Indies  (see  Notes  and 


Queries,  3rd  ser.  viii.  134).  With  this  corps 
he  served  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa  in  1801- 
1804,  and  made  a  very  gallant  but  unsuc- 
cessful defence  of  Goree  against  a  superior 
French  force  from  Cayenne.  The  place  was 
compelled  to  surrender  on  18  Jan.  1804, 
but  not  before  the  enemy's  loss  exceeded  the 
total  strength  of  the  defenders  at  the  outset 
{Ann.  Reg.  1804,  p.  135,  and  app.  to  Chron. 
pp.  526-8).  After  his  exchange  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  an  expedition  against 
Senegal,  which  never  started.  In  1808  he 
became  a  major-general,  served  in  Guernsey 
in  1808-9,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  staff  at  Gibraltar.  He  com- 
manded that  garrison  until  the  arrival  of 
General  Campbell.  He  was  then  sent  to 
negotiate  for  the  admission  of  British  troops 
into  the  Spanish  fortress  of  Ceuta  on  the 
Barbary  coast,  and  afterwards  commanded 
the  British  garrison  there  until  his  return  to 
England  on  promotion  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-general in  1813.  In  1809,  in  recog- 
nition of  its  distinguished  conduct  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  royal  African  corps  was  re- 
organised as  the  royal  York  rangers,  another 
royal  African  corps  being  formed  in  its  place. 
Fraser  retained  the  colonelcy  of  the  royal 
York  rangers  until  the  regiment  was  dis- 
banded after  the  peace.  He  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Chester  Castle  in  1828, 
and  G.C.H.  in  1832,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  consolidated  board  of  general  officers. 
He  became  general  in  1838. 

Fraser,  who  is  described  by  his  kinsman, 

Lord  Saltoun,  as  a  brave,  chivalrous,  upright 

old  soldier,  married,  first,  15  April  1790, 

Evorilda,  daughter  of  James  Hamer  of  Hamer 

Hall,  Lancashire,  and  by  her  had  one  son  and 

two  daughters,  one  of  whom,  Evorilda,  mar- 

j  ried  General  Francis  Rawdon  Chesney  [q.  v.] 

!  Fraser  married  secondly,  about  three  years 

I  before  his  death,  Miss  A'Court.     He  died  at 

Campden  Hill,  Kensington,  14  Nov.  1843. 

[Phillipart's  Hoy.  MiL  Cal.  (1820),  ii.  253  ; 
Alex.  Fraser,  seventeenth  Baron  Saltoun's  The 
Frasers  of  Philorth  (Edinburgh,  1879,  3  vols. 
4to),  ii.  155-7  (an  excellent  engraved  portrait 
of  Fraser  appears  in  i.  74  of  the  same  work) ; 
Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  xxi.  92.]  H.  31.  C. 

ERASER  or  FRAZER,  JOHN  (d.  1849), 
poet,  born  at  Birr,  King's  County,  about  1809, 
was  by  occupation  a  cabinet-maker,  but  em- 
ployed his  leisure  in  literary  studies.  He 
wrote,  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  J.  de  Dean, 
a  considerable  quantity  of  sentimental  and 
patriotic  verse  of  no  great  merit.  He  died  at 
Dublin  in  1849. 

[Hayes's  Ballads  of  Ireland  (where  some  of 
his  effusions  are  collected).]  J.  M.  E. 


Fraser 


215 


Fraser 


FRASER,  LOUIS  (fl.  1866),  naturalist, 
-was  for  some  time  curator  to  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  a  post  which  he  vacated 
to  become  naturalist  to  the  Niger  expedition 
of  1841-2.  Returning  home  he  entered  the 
service  of  Lord  Derby  as  temporary  conser- 
vator of  the  menagerie  at  Knowsley.  Here 
Ms  time  was  fully  occupied  in  making  a  scien- 
tific catalogue  of  the  magnificent  zoological 
.collections.  In  November  1850  he  received 
through  Lord  Derby  the  appointment  of 
consul  at  Whydah,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa 
(Proceedings  of  Zoological  Society,  pt.  xviii. 
p.  245),  from  which  he  was  recalled  by  Lord 
Palmerston.  He  then  went  to  South  Ame- 
rica, where  he  collected  many  rare  birds  and 
other  animals.  He  returned  to  England  and 
became  dealer  in  birds,  opening  shops  suc- 
cessively at  Knightsbridge  and  in  Regent 
Street;  but  the  speculation  proved  unsuc- 
cessful. He  therefore  left  England,  and 
obtained  employment  at  Woodward's  Gar- 
dens at  San  Francisco,  which  he  is  said  to 
have  quitted  for  some  occupation  in  Van- 
couver's Island.  He  was  certainly  living  in 
London  in  June  1866  (ib.  pt.  xxxiv.  p.  367). 
His  son,  Oscar  L.  Fraser,  F.L.S.,  is  now 
(1888)  second  assistant  to  the  superintendent 
of  the  zoological  and  general  sections,  Indian 
Museum,  Calcutta.  In  addition 'to  numerous 
papers  in  the  publications  of  the  Zoological 
•Society,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  corre- 
sponding member  in  1857,  Fraser  was  the 
author  of  '  Zoologia  Typica ;  or  Figures  of 
New  and  Rare  Mammals  and  Birds,  described 
in  the  Proceedings,  or  exhibited  in  the  Col- 
lections of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,' 
fol.,  London,  1849.  The  volume  contains 
figures  of  twenty-eight  mammals  and  forty- 
six  birds,  all  of  which  were  then  of  particular 
interest  as  representations  of  specimens  ori- 
ginally described  by  the  respective  authors 
as  the  types  of  new  genera  or  additional 
species  of  genera  previously  characterised ; 
besides  which  the  plates  are  enriched  with 
drawings  of  many  rare  and  beautiful  plants. 
It  was  Eraser's  intention  that  the  work  should 
appear  at  regular  intervals,  and  be  continued 
until  it  comprised  figures  of  every  new 
mammal  and  bird  described  in  the  Zoological 
Society's  '  Proceedings,'  of  which  figures  had 
not  appeared  in  any  other  publication,  but 
circumstances  compelled  him  to  bring  it  to  a 
premature  close. 

[Information  from  Mr.  A.  D.  Bartlett ;  Pre- 
face to  '  Zoologia  Typica  ;'  Thacker's  Indian  Di- 
rectory (1888),  p.  210.]  G.  G. 

FRASER,  PATRICK,  LOED  FRASER 
(1819-1889),  senator  of  the  College  of  Jus- 
ipice,  son  of  Patrick  Fraser,  a  merchant  of 


Perth,  was  born  at  Perth  in  1819.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Perth  grammar  school  and 
at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews.  Going  to 
Edinburgh  he  entered  the  office  of  William 
Fraser,  clerk  to  the  burgh  of  Canongate,  and 
he  afterwards  served  in  the  firm  of  Todd  & 
Hill,  writers  to  the  signet.  In  1843  he  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  three  years  later  he 
published '  The  Law  of  Personal  and  Domestic 
Relations/  which  attracted  a  great  deal  of 
attention  among  both  professional  and  non- 
professional  readers.  He  rapidly  rose  as  a 
lawyer  and  acquired  considerable  reputation. 
He  obtained  the  appointment  of  counsel  for 
the  crown  in  excise  cases,  and  on  Lord  Or- 
midale's  promotion  to  the  bench  in  1864  he 
was  appointed  sheriff  of  Renfrewshire.  In 
his  career  at  the  bar  he  was  engaged  in  some 
of  the  greatest  causes  of  his  day,  including 
the  Yelverton  case  and  the  two  famous  suc- 
cession cases  of  Breadalbane  and  Udny.  In 
1871  the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  in  re- 
cognition of  the  '  historical  research,  the 
vigour  of  thought,  and  boldness  of  criticism 
which  characterise  his  work  on  personal  and 
domestic  relations.'  In  1878  he  was  elected 
dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  and  in  1880 
he  was  made  a  queen's  counsel.  On  the 
resignation  of  Lord  Giffordhe  was  appointed 
a  lord  of  session  with  the  title  of  Lord  Fraser, 
and  on  15  Nov.  in  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  ordinary  in  exchequer  cases.  He 
steadily  discharged  his  judicial  duties,  his 
bar  and  roll  of  causes  generally  being  among 
the  most  crowded  in  the  outer  house.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Gattonside  House,  near  Mel- 
rose,  on  27  March  1889.  He  married  Miss 
Sharp,  daughter  of  a  Birmingham  merchant. 
She  survived  him,  with  a  son — Mr.  W.  G. 
Fraser,  a  member  of  the  Scottish  bar — and 
four  daughters. 

Few  men  of  his  generation  had  read  so  ex- 
tensively in  all  departments  of  Scottish  legal 
literature,  and  he  gave  the  fruits  of  his  re- 
searches in  a  manner  at  once  clear,  concise, 
and  popular. 

His  works  are  :  1.  '  A  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Scotland  as  applicable  to  the  Personal  and 
Domestic  Relations ;  comprising  Husband 
and  Wife,  Parent  and  Child,  Guardian  and 
Ward,  Master  and  Servant,  and  Master  and 
Apprentice,'  2  vols.,  Edinburgh,  1846,  8vo. 

2.  '  Tytler's  History  of  Scotland  examined  ; 
a  review'  (anon.),  Edinburgh,   1848,  8vo. 

3.  'Domestic    Economy,    Gymnastics,   and 
Music  ;  an  omitted  clause  in  the  Education 
Bill.  By  a  Bystander,' Edinburgh,  1855,  8vo. 

4.  '  The  Conflict  of  Laws  in  Cases  of  Divorce/ 
Edinburgh,  1860,  8vo.  5.  'A  Treatise  on  the 
Law  of  Scotland  relative  toParent  and  Child, 


Fraser 


216 


Fraser 


and  Guardian  and  "Ward/  2nd  edit,  prepared 
by  Hugh    Cowan,   Edinburgh,   1866,   8vo. 

6.  '  Sketch  of  the  Career  of  Duncan  Forbes 
of  Culloden,  1737-47,'  Aberdeen,  1875,  8vo. 

7.  '  Treatise  on  Husband  and  Wife,  accord- 
ing to  the  Law  of  Scotland,'  2nd  edit.,  2  vols., 
Edinburgh,  1876,  8vo.     8.  '  Treatise  on  the 
Law  of  Scotland  relative  to  Master  and  Ser- 
vant, and  Master  and  Apprentice,'  3rd  edit, 
prepared  by  W.  Campbell,  Edinburgh,  1881, 
8vo. 

[Catalogue  of  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edin- 
burgh ;  Times,  Scotsman,  Glasgow  Herald,  Dun- 
dee Advertiser,  and  North  British  Daily  Mail 
of  29  March  1889  ;  Dod's  Peerage,  1888,  p.  339  ; 
Debrett's  House  of  Commons  and  Judicial  Bench, 
1888,  p.  323.]  T.  C. 

FRASER,  ROBERT  (1798-1839),  Scot- 
tish poet,  was  born  at  Pathhead,  Fifeshire, 
on  4  June  1798.  In  early  life  he  served  as 
an  apprentice,  first  to  a  wine  merchant  and 
then  to  an  ironmonger.  In  1819  he  entered 
into  a  partnership  as  an  ironmonger  in  Kirk- 
caldy,  and  in  1833  began  business  on  his  own 
account.  In  1836  he  lost  his  fortune,  through 
having  become  financial  surety  to  a  friend. 
He  was  almost  entirely  self-educated,  and 
during  intervals  of  leisure  he  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  several  foreign  languages.  He 
contributed  original  pieces  and  verse  transla- 
tions from  German,  Spanish,  and  other  lan- 
guages to  the  '  Edinburgh  Literary  Gazette,' 
the '  Edinburgh  Literary  Journal,' and  various 
newspapers.  His  poetical  work,  which  is 
wholly  unpretentious,  is  distinguished  by  true 
feeling  of  its  kind  and  nicety  of  touch.  A 
selection  was  issued  by  David  Tedder  soon 
after  his  death.  In  1838  he  became  editor  of 
the  'Fife  Herald.'  He  died  on  22  May  1839. 
He  married,  in  1820,  a  Miss  Ann  Gumming, 
by  whom  he  had  eight  children. 

[Poetical  Remains  of  the  late  Robert  Fraser, 
•with  Memoir  by  David  Vedder  ;  Irving's  Emi- 
nent Scotsmen ;  Conolly's  Eminent  Men  of  Fife.] 

W.  B-E. 

FRASER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1810- 
1876),    Scotch    divine    and    miscellaneous 
writer,  son  of  Captain  Robert  Fraser,  was 
born  at  Perth  in  1810,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  University, 
though  his  name  does  not  appear  in  the  list 
of  Edinburgh  graduates  published   by  the 
Bannatyne  Club,  1858.     He  was,  however,  | 
accustomed  to  append  the  letters  A.M.  to  his  j 
name.     He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  j 
Edinburgh  presbytery  in  1840,  and  in  1843 
was  presented  to  the  "parish  of  Burntisland,  ; 
where  he  so  greatly  distinguished  himself  as 
a  preacher  that  in  1847  he  was  chosen  to 
succeed  Dr.  Thomas  Guthrie  as  minister  of 


St.  John's  Church,  Edinburgh.  Here  his  elo- 
quence in  the  pulpit  and  his  devotion  to  hi* 
pastoral  duties  attracted  a  large  congregation,, 
which  he  retained  until  his  death  on  10  Sept. 
1876.  Fraser  was  the  author  of  the  follow- 
ing works:  1.  'Moriah,  or  Sketches  of  the 
Sacred  Rites  of  Ancient  Israel,'  Edinburgh  r 
1849,8vo.  2.  'Leaves  from  the  Tree  of  Life. 
A  Manual  for  the  Intervals  between  the 
Hours  of  Divine  Service  in  each  Sabbath  of 
the  Year,'  Edinburgh,  1851,  2nd  edit.  1852, 
16mo.  3.  '  The  Path  of  Life.  A  Discourse 
delivered  on  the  Anniversary  of  the  Birthday 
of  George  Heriot,'  Edinburgh,  1851,  12mo> 
4.  '  Turkey,  Ancient  and  Modern.  A  History 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  With  Appendix,* 
Edinburgh,  1854, 8vo.  5.  '  Elements  of  Phy- 
sical Science,  or  Natural  Philosophy  in  the 
form  of  a  Narrative,'  London,  1855,  12mo, 
3rd  edit,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Handbook 
of  Physical  Science,'  London,  1866,  8vo-. 
6.  '  The  Kirk  and  the  Manse.  Sixty  illus- 
trative Views  in  tinted  lithography  of  the> 
interesting  and  romantic  Parish  Kirks  and 
Manses  in  Scotland.  With  descriptive  and 
historical  Notices  and  an  Introduction,' Edin- 
burgh, 1857,  4to.  7.  He  edited  'Ebb  and 
Flow,  the  Curiosities  and  Marvels  of  the  Sea- 
shore. A  Book  for  young  People,'  London, 
1860, 8vo.  8.  '  Head  and  Hand,  or  Thought 
and  Action  in  relation  to  Success  and  Hap- 
piness,' Edinburgh,  1861,  8vo.  9.  'Seaside 
Divinity,'  London,  1861, 8vo.  10.  '  The  Sea- 
side Naturalist.  Outdoor  Studies  in  Marine 
Zoology  and  Botany,  and  Maritime  Geology,7" 
London,  1868, 8vo.  11.  'Gladdening Streams, 
or  Waters  of  the  Sanctuary.  A  Book  for 
Fragments  of  Time  in  each  Lord's  Day  in  the 
Year,'  Edinburgh,  1868,  24mo. 

[Scotsman,  12  Sept.  1876;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

J.  M.  R. 

FRASER,  SIMON,  twelfth  LORD  LOVAT 
(1667  P-1747),  notorious  Jacobite  intriguer, 
was  a  descendant  of  Sir  Simon  Fraser,  high 
sheriffof Tweeddale  (nowPeeblesshire).  An- 
other Simon  Fraser,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Halidon  Hill  in  1338,  came  into  the  possession 
of  the  tower  and  fort  of  Lovat,  near  the  Beauly, 
Inverness-shire,  anciently  the  seat  of  the  Bis- 
sets;  and  in  accordance  with  highland  custom 
the  clan  Fraser  were  therefore  called  in  Gaelic 
Macshimi,  sons  of  Simon.  In  1431  Hugh, 
grandson  of  Simon,  was  created  a  lord  of  par- 
liament under  the  title  Lord  Lovat.  Simon, 
twelfth  lord,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Fraser, 
styled  afterwards '  of  Beaufort '  (Castle  Dow-  _ 
nie,  the  chief  seat  of  the  family),  third  son  of 
the  eighth  Lord  Lovat.  his  mother  being  Sy- 
billa,  daughter  of  the  Macleod  of  Macleod. 
According  to  his  age  at  his  death  printed  on 


Eraser 


217 


Fraser 


his  coffin,  and  to  several  statements  made  by 
himself,  he  was  born  about  1667.  His  birth- 
place was  probably  a  small  house  in  Tanich. 
Ross-shire,  then  occupied  by  his  father,  who 
suffered  imprisonment  for  joining  the  expe- 
dition of  Dundee  in  1689 ;  the  next  year 
served  under  General  Buchan,  and  in  1696 
joined  with  Lord  Drummond  and  other  noble- 
men in  an  attempt  to  surprise  Edinburgh 
Castle  (Memoirs,  1797,  p.  211 ;  letter  to  the 
Duke  of  Perth  9  Feb.  1704  in  Correspondence  of 
Nathaniel Hooke,  i.  86).  Simon  was  educated 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  where,  as  would 
appear  from  his  love  of  classical  quotation 
and  allusion,  he  acquired  some  proficiency  in 
his  studies.  Indeed,  he  curiously  united  the 
peculiarities  of  a  wild  highland  chief  with 
those  of  a  cultivated  gentleman.  When  he 
had  just  taken  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1683,  and 
was  about  to  '  enter  upon  the  science  of  civil 
law,'  his  studies  were  interrupted  by  the  pro- 
posal that  he  should  accept  a  commission  in 
the  regiment  of  Lord  Murray,  afterwards  duke 
of  Atholl.  The  proposal  was,  he  states,  ex- 
tremely distasteful  to  him,  and  only  assented 
to  on  the  assurance  that  the  design  of  Lord 
Murray  in  accepting  the  regiment  was  trea- 
cherously to  aid  King  James  with  it  'in  a 
descent  he  had  promised  to  make  during  the 
ensuing  summer.'  In  1696  he  accompanied 
Lord  Murray  (who  in  July  was  created  Earl 
of  Tullibardine)  and  his  cousin,  Lord  Lovat, 
to  London.  He  there  so  ingratiated  himself 
with  his  cousin,  whom  he  describes  as  of '  con- 
tracted understanding,'  that  Lord  Lovat  made 
a  universal  bequest  to  him  of  all  his  estates 
in  case  he  should  die  without  male  issue,  an 
opportune  arrangement,  for  Lovat  died  very 
shortly  after  his  return  from  London.  By  a 
deed  made  on  20  March  it  was  found  that 
the  estates  had  been  settled  for  life  on  Simon 
Eraser's  father,  Thomas  Fraser  of  Beaufort, 
Simon  having  consoled  himself  for  his  filial 
piety  in  effecting  this  arrangement  by  securing 
for  himself  meanwhile  a  grant  of  five  thousand 
merks  Scots.  The  father  thereupon  assumed 
the  title  of  Lord  Lovat,  and  Simon  styled  him- 
self Master  of  Lovat.  Emilia,  eldest  daughter 
of  the  tenth  lord,  assumed,  however,  the  title 
of  Baroness  of  Lovat,  and  as  she  had  the  sup- 
port of  her  mother's  brother,  the  Earl  of  Tulli- 
bardine,  lord  high  commissioner  of  Scotland, 
Simon  prudently  resolved  to  end  the  dispute 
by  marrying  the  heiress.  He  attempted  to 
get  her  into  his  hands,  but  the  clansman  who 
had  been  entrusted  with  conveying  her,  for 
whatever  reason,  failed  to  complete  his  com- 
mission, and  brought  her  back  to  her  mother. 
A  treaty  was  then  entered  into  for  her  mar- 
riage with  the  Master  of  Saltoun,  whereupon 
Fraser  raised  a  number  of  his  followers,  and, 


falling  in  with  Lords  Saltoun  and  Tullibar- 
diiie  after  they  had  left  Castle  Downie,  cap- 
tured them  near  Inverness,  and  conveyed 
them  prisoners  to  the  island  of  Aigas.  He 
then  invested  Castle  Downie,  of  which  he 
soon  obtained  possession,  and,  finding  the 
daughter  had  been  removed  beyond  his  reach, 
resolved,  possibly  rather  from  a  sudden  im- 
pulse of  vengeance  than  from  interested  mo- 
tives, to  compel  the  mother  to  marry  him  in- 
stead. In  the  middle  of  the  night  he  intro- 
duced into  her  chamber  a  clergyman,  Robert 
Monroe  of  Abertarf,  and  the  marriage  was 
performed  by  force,  the  bagpipes  being  blowa 
up  to  stifle  the  lady's  cries  (State  Trials,  xiv. 
356).  For  some  time  afterwards  the  lady, 
whom  he  also  removed  to  the  island  of  Aigas, 
remained  in  a  state  of  utter  physical  and 
mental  prostration;  but  Fraser  is  said  to 
have  ultimately  won  her  affection.  At  firstt 
he  gave  out  that  it  was  the  lady  herself  who 
sent  for  the  minister,  and  it  has  also  been 
stated  that  she  sent  for  a  second  minister ; 
but  in  subsequent  years,  when  he  found  it  im- 
possible to  reap  any  benefit  from  the  marriage, 
Lovat  deemed  it  more  convenient  to  treat  the 
whole  matter  as  a  practical  joke  of  his  own, 
without  legal  validity.  The  Earl  of  Tullibar- 
dine  at  once  took  measures  for  punishing  the 
outrage  committed  on  his  sister.  Letters  of 
'  intercommuning '  and  of  fire  and  sword 
were  issued  against  Fraser  and  his  followers ; 
proceedings  were  taken  against  him  and  his 
father  and  others  in  the  court  of  justiciary, 
which  ended  on  6  Sept.  1698  in  their  being 
found  guilty  of  high  treason,  and  condemned 
to  be  executed  as  traitors  (ib.  xiv.  350-78). 
Simon  removed  his  father  to  Skye,  where  he- 
died  in  the  castle  of  Dunvegan  in  1699,  when 
the  son  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Lovat.  For 
some  time  he  wandered  with  a  band  of  trusty 
followers  among  the  wilds  of  the  northern 
highlands,  eluding  every  effort  to  capture 
him,  and  occasionally  inflicting  severe  losses 
on  his  pursuers.  By  cleverly  working  on  the 
jealousy  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll  towards  the 
rival  house  of  Atholl  he  induced  Argyll  in 
the  autumn  of  1700  to  intervene  to  procure 
him  a  pardon  from  King  William.  On  Ar- 
gyll's recommendation  he  took  a  journey  to> 
London,  but  King  William  was  then  on  the 
continent,  and  Lovat  utilised  the  opportunity 
to  run  over  to  France,  where  he  paid  two  visits 
to  the  exiled  court  at  St.  Germain.  His  reason 
for  doing  so,  he  unblushingly  states,  was  to 
dissipate  the  calumnies  against  the  sincerity 
of  his  Jacobitism  disseminated  by  the  Mar- 
quis of  Atholl,  and  he  asserts  that  he  was  so 
successful  that  James  promised  when  he  came 
into  power  '  to  exterminate  that  perfidious 
and  traitorous  family  '  (Memoirs,  103).  Ha 


Eraser 


218 


Eraser 


then  met  William  at  the  Loo,  having,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  account,  agreed,  at  the  special 
request  of  King  James,  to  '  make  his  peace 
•with  the  reigning  government  in  order  to 
<save  his  clan.'  He  played  before  William  the 
part  of  a  devoted  subject  with  such  seeming 
sincerity  that,  if  he  is  to  be  believed,  William 
..gave  instructions  that  there  should  be  drawn 
up  for  him  '  an  ample  and  complete  pardon 
.for  every  imaginable  crime '  (ib.  105).  The 
.limitation  of  the  pardon,  after  it  passed 
through  the  various  forms,  to  offences  against 
the  state  was,  Lovat  asserts,  due  to  the  '  un- 
natural treachery '  of  his  cousin  who  had 
charge  of  the  matter ;  but  the  records  of  the 
privy  council,  on  the  contrary,  prove  that  Wil- 
liam declined  to  interfere  in  regard  to  offences 
against  private  persons.  For  his  outrage 
against  the  Dowager  Lady  Lovat  he  was  con- 
sequently summoned  before  the  high  court  of 
justiciary,  and  failing  to  appearwas  outlawed 
17  Feb.  1701.  On  19  Feb.  of  the  following 
year  the  lady  also  presented  a  petition  for 
.letters  of  '  intercommuning '  against  him, 
•which  wrere  a  second  time  granted.  After 
the  death  of  King  William,  acting,  he  as- 
serted, on  the  advice  of  Argyll,  Lovat  for 
.greater  security  went  to  France,  which  he 
reached  in  July  1702.  He  can  scarcely,  how- 
ever, have  been  following  Argyll's  advice 
"when  he  pretended  to  have  authority  from 
some  of  the  Scottish  nobility  and  chiefs  of  the 
highlands  to  offer  their  services  to  the  court 
of  St.  Germain  (MACPHERSOU,  Original  Pa- 
pers, 629).  King  James  was  then  dead,  but 
Lovat  succeeded  in  obtaining  an  audience, 
not  only  of  Mary  of  Modena,  but  of  Louis  XIV. 
It  was  probably  to  secure  this  that  he  found 
it  expedient  to  become  a  convert  to  the  ca- 
tholic faith,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  was 
through  Gualterio,  the  papal  legate,  that  he 
opened  communications  with  the  French  king. 
Louis  bestowed  on  him  a  valuable  sword  and 
other  tokens  of  regard.  Lovat 's  proposal  was 
that  the  Scottish  Jacobites  should  raise  as 
many  as  twelve  thousand  men,  on  condition 
that  the  French  king  should  land  five  thou- 
sand men  at  Dundee  and  five  hundred  at 
Fort  William.  The  unsatisfactory  condition 
of  Lovat's  private  affairs  was  his  chief  reason 
for  coquetting  with  Jacobitism,  and  he  doubt- 
less did  not  intend  to  do  more  than  coquet 
.until  he  was  more  certain  of  success  and  re- 
wards. Though  his  proposals  were  regarded 
•with  favour  by  Louis,  the  Scotch  Jacobites 
at  St.  Germain  were  far  from  satisfied  with 
-his  credentials.  It  was  therefore  resolved 
,to  send  him  to  Scotland  to  make  further  in- 
.quiries,  John  Murray,  a  naturalised  French- 
man, brother  of  the  laird  of  Abercairny,  ac- 
.companying  him  to  act  as  a  check  on  his  pro- 


cedure, and  to  afford  some  assurance  of  the 
genuineness  of  his  information  (instructions 
to  Simon  Fraser,  lord  Lovat,  in  MACPHER- 
SON'S  Original  Papers,  i.  630-1).  Murray 
confined  his  attention  chiefly  to  the  lowland 
nobles  and  gentry,  while  Lovat  made  a  tour 
through  the  clans.  Not  improbably  Lovat 
intended  at  first  to  do  his  utmost  to  promote 
a  rising  in  the  highlands,  but  the  clans  were 
distrustful.  Lockhart  of  Carnwath  asserts 
(as  did  also  the  tories  at  the  time)  that  Lovat 
had  all  along  been  acting  as  the  spy  of  Ar- 
gyll and  Queensberry,  and  that  he  went  to 
the  highlands  with  their  knowledge ;  but  it 
would  rather  appear  that  Fraser  introduced 
himself  to  Queensberry  because  he  had. met 
with  insufficient  encouragement  in  the  high- 
lands. Lovat  states  that  he  was  particularly 
on  his  guard  with  Queensberry  in  order  to 
'amuse  him  and  throw  him  on  the  wrong 
scent : '  and  this  he  certainly  did,  in  so  far  as 
he  made  Queensberry  the  instrument  of  grati- 
fying his  own  personal  revenge  against  the 
Duke  of  Atholl.  He  showed  Queensberry  a 
letter  from  Mary  of  Modena  addressed  to 
Atholl,  in  which  she  wrote :  '  You  may  be 
sure  that  when  my  concerns  require  the  help 
of  my  friends  you  are  one  of  the  first  I  have 
in  my  view.'  The  letter  was  probably  in- 
tended for  any  nobleman  whom  Lovat  might 
select,  but  Queensberry  having  also  a  special 
grudge  against  Atholl  did  not  fail  at  once  to 
accept  the  bait.  He  gave  Lovat  a  pass  to 
proceed  to  the  continent  to  obtain  further 
evidence  against  Atholl  and  others.  Lovat 
was  of  course  seriously  desirous  to  ruin  Atholl, 
and  would  have  fabricated  sufficient  evidence 
for  this  purpose  but  for  the  interposition  in 
the  matter  of  Robert  Ferguson,  the  plotter 
[q.  v.]  Lovat  actually  justifies  his  accusa- 
tions by  pleading  that  they  were  groundless ; 
that  Atholl  was  '  notoriously  the  incorrigible 
enemy  of  King  James,'  and  that  he  was  bound 
not  to  spare  this  '  incorrigible  villain '  (Me- 
moirs, 175).  He  asserted  that  he  never 
made  any  revelations  to  Queensberry  except 
regarding  those  who  were  not  Jacobites; 
but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that,  besides 
revenging  himself  on  Atholl,  Lovat's  aim 
was,  as  his  enemies  asserted,  by  '  treachery 
and  villainy  '  to  regain  through  Queensberry 
the  '  complete  possession  of  his  province  and 
estates.'  His  machinations  were,  however, 
completely  upset  by  the  revelations  of  Fer- 
guson, for  while  Queensberry  was  by  means 
j  of  them  driven  from  power  and  rendered  un- 
i  able  to  assist  him,  the  double  part  Lovat  had 
I  been  acting  became  known  to  the  Jacobites 
!  at  St.  Germain.  With  a  pass  from  Queens- 
berry,  Lovat  succeeded  in  reaching  Holland, 
and  after  many  hair-breadth  escapes  arrived 


Fraser 


219 


Fraser 


in  Paris,  where  lie  states  he  was  on  account 
of  fatigue  attacked  by  a  serious  illness,  which 
lasted  three  weeks  (ib.  243).  Lovat  had 
sent  to  the  queen  an  account  of  his  mission 
in  Scotland  ('  Memorial  to  the  Queen  of  all 
that  my  Lord  Lovat  did  in  his  Voyage  to 
England  and  Scotland  by  her  Majesty's  or- 
ders'  in  MACPHEKSON'S  Original  Papers,  i. 
641-50),  but  on  account  of  information  re- 

farding  his  procedure  brought  by  Murray 
e  was  arrested.  His  own  account  is  that 
'  after  spending  thirty-two  days  in  a  dark  and 
unwholesome  dungeon '  he  was  confined  for 
three  years  in  the  castle  of  Angouleme,  and 
for  other  seven  years  had  his  liberty  restricted 
to  the  city  of  Saumur  (Memoirs,  written  by 
himself,  p.  270)  ;  but  in  the  short  '  Memoirs 
of  the  Life  of  Lord  Lovat,'  published  in  1746, 
and  the  '  Life '  erroneously  attributed  to  a 
Rev.  Archibald  Arbuthnot,  he  is  stated  to 
have  been  a  prisoner  in  the  Bastille,  to  have 
become  a  cur6  at  St.  Omer,  acquiring  con- 
siderable fame  as  a  preacher,  and  to  have 
been  admitted  into  the  order  of  Jesuits. 

Meantime  Emilia  Fraser,  the  heiress  "of 
Lovat,whom  Fraser  had  endeavoured  to  carry 
off,  was  married  to  Alexander  Mackenzie,  son 
of  Roderick  Mackenzie  of  Prestonhall,  a  judge 
in  the  court  of  session,  and  with  the  aid  of 
the  judge's  legal  knowledge  Mackenzie,  in  the 
absence  of  Lovat,  obtained  on  2  Dec.  1702  a 
decree  from  the  court  of  session  for  the  estate, 
and  his  wife  for  the  title,  an  execution  of  en- 
tail being  further  made  in  favour  of  the  issue 
of  the  marriage.  Mackenzie  also  got  a  deed 
executed  23  Feb.  1706,  permitting  the  heirs, 
'  if  they  should  think  fit,  in  place  of  the  sur- 
name of  Fraser  to  bear  the  name  of  Macken- 
zie.' This  procedure  deeply  offended  the  clan, 
and  after  several  meetings  of  the  gentlemen 
had  been  held  they  in  1713  despatched  Major 
Fraser  of  Castle  Leathers  to  France  to  dis- 
cover the  whereabouts  of  their  chief  and  bring 
him  home.  After  a  vain  attempt  to  induce  the 
chevalier  to  sanction  Lovat's  release,  Lovat 
and  the  maj  or ,with  the  aid  of  the  j esuits  and  on 
the  pretence  that  they  were  entrusted  by  the 
chevalierwith  a  search  commission,  concerted 
an  escape.  Arriving  in  London,  they  were  ar- 
rested in  their  lodgings  in  Soho  Square,  and 
kept  for  some  time  in  a  sponging-house,  but 
obtained  their  liberty  on  Lord  Sutherland, 
Forbes  of  Culloden,  and  others,  becoming  bail 
for  them  for  5,000^.  Lovat  did  not,  however, 
proceed  northwards  till  the  outbreak  of  the 
rebellion  in  1715,  when,  perhaps  less  from  re- 
venge for  his  treatment  by  the  Jacobites  in 
France  than  from  regard  to  his  personal  in- 
terests, he  resolved  to  take  the  side  of  the 
government.  His  defection  from  the  cause  of 
the  Pretender  was  a  serious  calamity,  and  if  it 


did  not  turn  the  balance  against  it  rendered 
its  defeat  much  easier  than  it  would  otherwise 
have  been.  Mar,  writing  in  February  1716, 
says :  '  Lovat  is  the  life  and  soul  of  the  party 
here  ;  the  Avhole  country  and  his  name  dote 
on  him ;  all  the  Frasers  have  left  us  since  his 
appearing  in  the  country.'  He  completely 
broke  the  back  of  the  rebellion  in  the  northern 
regions  of  Scotland  by  the  capture  of  Inverness. 
His  services  were  so  valuable  as  to  obliterate 
the  memory  of  his  former  offences,  but  the 
rewards  he  obtained  were  by  no  means  com- 
mensurate with  his  ambition.  On  account 
of  a  memorial  signed  by  the  Earl  of  Suther- 
land and  others  he  received  on  10  March 
1716  a  full  pardon,  and  on  23  June  was 
honoured  by  an  audience  of  the  king ;  but 
although  Mackenzie  had  been  outlawed  and 
attainted  for  his  connection  with  the  rebel- 
lion, his  lands  could  not  be  forfeited  without 
a  special  act  of  parliament,  and  all  that 
Lovat  therefore  received  was  a  life-rent  of 
the  estates.  In  1721,  when  his  proxy  was 
produced  at  an  election  of  a  representative 
Scottish  peer,  it  was  protested  against  on  the 
ground  that  the  peerage  was  vested  in  the 
person  of  Emilia,  baroness  of  Lovat,  by  a  de- 
cree of  the  court  of  session.  For  the  same 
reason  his  vote  was  objected  to  in  1722  and 
1727.  In  1730  he  commenced  an  action  for 
'reducing 'the  previous  judgment  of  the  court 
against  him,  as  he  had  not  been  a  party  to 
the  action  in  which  it  was  decided,  and  on 
30  July  the  dignity  and  honours  of  Lord  Fra- 
ser of  Lovat  were  declared  to  belong  to  him. 
as  eldest  son  of  Thomas,  lord  Fraser  of  Lovat. 
The  litigation  was,  however,  continued,  and 
it  was  not  till  1733  that  a  compromise  was 
agreed  upon,  whereby  Hugh  Mackenzie,  son 
of  the  baroness,  consented  for  a  money  con- 
sideration to  renounce  his  claims  to  the 
honours  and  estates  of  Lovat. 

Lovat's  romantic  adventures  appealed  to 
the  clan  sentiment.  Burt  also  states  that  he 
made  use  of  all  arts  to  impress  upon  his  fol- 
lowers '  how  sacred  a  character  that  of  chief 
or  chieftain  was ; '  and  possibly  in  this  in- 
stance he  was  himself  thoroughly  convinced 
of  the  truth  of  what  he  inculcated.  At  Castle 
Downie  he  kept  a  sort  of  rude  court,  and 
several  public  tables.  '  His  table,'  says  Sir 
Walter  Scott, '  was  filled  with  Frasers,  all  of 
whom  he  called  his  cousins,  but  took  care  that 
the  fare  with  which  they  were  regaled  was 
adapted,  not  to  the  supposed  quality,  but  to  the 
actual  importance  of  his  guests '  ( Tales  of  a 
Grandfather') .  The  manners  and  customs  pre- 
vailing at  Castle  Downie  were  a  reflection  of 
the  strange  idiosyncrasy  of  the  chief.  A  wild 
savagery  in  modes  of  punishment  flourished 
along  with  an  ardent  sentiment  of  brother- 


Eraser 


220 


Fraser 


hood ;  and  ceremonious  formality  was  asso- 
ciated with  unsavoury  pleasantries  and  in- 
decorous orgies.  The  territory  of  Lovat  had 
in  1704  been  erected  into  a  regality,  and  as 
in  addition  to  this  he  was  appointed  sheriff 
of  Inverness,  he  found  considerable  scope  for 
the  exercise  of  his  remarkable  talents  in  aug- 
menting his  influence  in  the  north  of  Scot- 
land. In  1724  he  addressed  to  the  king  a 
*  Memorial  concerning  the  State  of  the  High- 
lands '  (printed  in  App.  to  BUST'S  Letters, 
5th  ed.  ii.  254)  recommending  the  establish- 
ment of  independent  highland  companies  com- 
manded by  the  chiefs,  and  when  his  recom- 
mendation was  adopted  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  one  of  the  companies.  Lovat 
always  professed  a  special  friendship  for  the 
Argyll  family,  whose  interests  he  pretended 
to  represent  in  the  northern  regions ;  but 
even  as  early  as  1719  this  friendship  did  not 
prevent  him  from  writing  to  Seaforth,  pro- 
mising to  join  him  on  behalf  of  the  Pretender 
(State  Trials,  xviii.  586).  The  government 
having  obtained  information  of  his  intentions, 
he  went  to  London  to  make  explanations, 
meantime  giving  instructions  to  his  clan  to 
take  up  arms  on  the  side  of  the  government. 
His  mission  to  London  so  successfully  dis- 
sipated the  doubts  regarding  his  fidelity,  that 
King  George  agreed  to  be  godfather  to  his 
child,  Colonel  William  Grant  of  Ballindal- 
loch  being  appointed  to  act  as  his  proxy. 
This  barren  honour  was  perhaps  less  than 
Lovat  had  expected,  for  his  communications 
with  the  Jacobite  party  were  soon  resumed. 
He  was  the  first  to  join  the  association  formed 
about  1737  to  invite  the  chevalier  to  land  in 
Scotland,  a  patent  for  a  dukedom  being  the 
price  by  which  his  services  were  won.  The 
government  became  suspicious,  and  deprived 
him  both  of  his  command  of  the  highland 
regiment  and  of  his  office  as  sheriff.  The 
humiliation  stung  him  to  the  quick.  He 
himself  said  that  if  Kouli  Khan  had  landed 
in  Britain  he  thought '  that  would  have  justi- 
fied him  to  have  joined  him  with  his  clan, 
and  he  would  have  done  it.'  At  the  same 
time  Lovat  modified  his  desire  for  vengeance 
by  a  keen  regard  to  other  advantages,  and 
when  the  Pretender  actually  arrived  in  Loch- 
aber  manifested  no  special  enthusiasm  for 
his  cause.  The  friendly  correspondence  he 
continued  to  keep  up  with  Duncan  Forbes 
of  Culloden  (see  Culloden  Papers)  was  no 
doubt  chiefly  meant  to  delude  the  govern- 
ment, but  it  is  evident  that  he  also  wished 
to  avoid  committing  himself  irrevocably  to 
the  Pretender  till  the  success  of  the  enter- 
prise became  more  certain.  It  was  not  till 
after  the  battle  of  Prestonpans  on  21  Sept. 
1745  that  he '  threw  off  the  mask '  so  far  as  to 


send  round  the  fiery  cross  to  summon  his 
followers,  but  even  then  his  friendly  commu- 
nications did  not  cease  with  Duncan  Forbes, 
to  whom  he  explained  that  his  son  had  joined 
the  Pretender  contrary  to  his  wishes,  and 
that '  nothing  ever  grieved  his  soul  so  much* 
as  his  son's  resolution  to  join  the  prince.  It 
was  impossible  to  believe  such  protestations. 
Lord  Loudoun  therefore  on  11  Dec.  marched 
to  Castle  Downie,  and  seizing  Lovat  brought 
him  to  Inverness  as  a  hostage  for  the  clan's 
fidelity,  but  on  2  Jan.  he  made  his  escape. 
He  now  wrote  to  his  son  that  nothing  ever 
made  him  '  speak  so  much  as  a  fair  word '  to 
President  Forbes,  except  to  save  himself  from 
prison  (State  Trials,  xviii.  771),  and  that  his 
chief  desire  now  was  that  his  son  '  should 
make  a  figure  in  the  prince's  army ; '  but  at 
the  same  time  he  asked  him  to  take  measures, 
to  secure  the  patent  of  the  dukedom,  stating 
that  if  it  was  refused  he  must  keep  to  his 
oath  that  he  would  never  draw  sword  till 
that  was  done.  The  northward  retreat  of  the 
prince's  forces  had  already  begun.  Desirous 
to  back  out  of  the  enterprise  even  at  the 
eleventh  hour,  Lovat  now  sent  a  message  to 
his  son  desiring  him  to  come  home,  professedly 
that  he  might  raise  more  troops  ;  but  such  a 
shallow  pretext  did  not  for  a  moment  deceive 
the  son,  who  advised  his  father '  not  to  lose  on 
both  sides'  (ib.  p.  764).  After  the  disaster  of 
10  April  1746  at  Culloden,  the  one  half  of  the 
highland  army  retreated  by  Gortuleg,  where 
Lovat  was  then  staying  at  the  house  of  one  of 
the  gentlemen  of  his  clan.  He  was  anxiously 
awaiting  news  of  the  result  of  the  struggle, 
when  the  '  wild  and  desolate  vale  below  him 
was  suddenly  filled  with  horsemen  riding 
furiously  towards  the  castle.'  A  lady  who 
was  there  at  the  time  as  a  child  records  that 
the  sudden  appearance  of  the  confused  mul- 
titude in  the  plain  below  her  seemed  to  her  a 
vision  of  the  fairies,  and  that,  in  accordance 
with  highland  tradition,  she  strove  to  refrain 
from  moving  her  eyelid  lest  the  vision  should 
disappear.  Driven  to  bay,  Lovat  now  vainly 
advised  the  prince  to  make  one  resolute  stand, 
telling  him  that  his  great  ancestor  Robert 
Bruce  after  losing  eleven  battles  won  Scot- 
land by  the  twelfth.  The  prince  in  the 
morning  fled  westwards,  and  Lovat  sought  a 
retreat  he  had  prepared  for  himself  on  Loch 
Muilly.  On  the  way  thither  he  is  said  to  have 
witnessed  from  a  hill-top  the  blaze  of  Castle 
Downie,  set  fire  to  by  the  soldiers  of  Cumber- 
land. He  had  boasted  of  his  retreat  that  he 
'  would  make  a  hundred  good  men  defend  it 
against  all  the  forces  that  King  George  can 
have  in  Scotland '  (Letter  to  his  son  in  State 
Trials,  xviii.  759),  but  he  left  this  retreat  for 
another  seventy  miles  further  off,  in  the  lake  of 


Fraser 


Fraser 


Morar  on  the  western  coast.  As  he  possessed 
the  only  boat  on  the  lake,  he  felt  pretty  secure 
in  his  hiding-place,  but  the  sailors  from  a 
man-of-war  towed  a  boat  over  the  peninsula 
separating  the  lake  from  the  sea,  and  launched 
it  on  the  lake.  Lovat  was  discovered  in  the 
hollow  of  a  tree,  his  legs  muffled  in  flannel 
betraying  his  presence.  He  was  carried  in 
a  litter  to  Fort  William  and  thence  by  easy 
stages  to  London.  At  St.  Albans  he  had  an 
interview  in  the  White  Hart  with  Hogarth, 
"with  whom  he  had  a  previous  acquaintance, 
and  who  then  had  the  opportunity  of  sketch- 
ing the  famous  portrait  of  him,  impressions  of 
which  were  immediately  prepared  for  sale,  and 
were  in  such  demand  that  the  rolling-press 
was  kept  at  work  day  and  night.  On  reaching 
London  Lovat  was  lodged  in  the  Tower.  He 
was  tried  for  high  treason  before  the  House 
of  Lords,  and,  being  found  guilty  on  18  March 
1747,  was  beheaded  at  the  Tower  on  the  9th 
of  the  following  April.  In  accordance  with 
the  regulations  as  to  cases  of  high  treason, 
all  help  from  counsel  was  denied  him  except 
in  regard  to  strictly  legal  points.  Old  and 
infirm,  he  was  thus  placed  at  great  disadvan- 
tage. Much  evidence  was  admitted  against 
him  the  legal  validity  of  which  was  very  ques- 
tionable. He  conducted  himself  with  great 
tact,  and  the  objections  he  made  as  well  as 
his  set  speeches  fully  bore  out  his  reputa- 
tion for  shrewdness.  On  the  lord  high  steward 
putting  the  question  whether  he  wished  to 
offer  anything  further, '  Nothing,'  said  Lovat, 
'  except  to  thank  your  lordship  for  your  good- 
ness to  me.  God  bless  you  all,  and  I  wish 
you  an  eternal  farewell.  We  shall  not  all 
meet  again  in  the  same  place ;  I  am  sure 
of  that '  (State  Trials,  xviii.  840).  The  story 
of  Lovat's  life,  and  possibly  also  his  great 
age,  attracted  an  extraordinary  crowd  to  wit- 
ness his  execution.  A  scaffold  fell,  causing 
the  deaths  of  several  people,  on  which  Lovat 
•grimly  remarked,  '  The  more  mischief  the 
better  sport.'  When  on  ascending  to  the  place 
of  execution  he  saw  the  immense  crowds 
beneath  him,  'Why,'  he  said,  'should  there 
be  such  a  bustle  about  taking  off  an  old 
grey  head  that  cannot  get  up  three  steps 
•without  two  mm  to  support  it  ? '  Before 
placing  his  head  on  the  block  he,  with  charac- 
teristic appropriation  of  the  noblest  senti- 
ments, repeated  the  line  from  Horace : 
Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori  ; 

and  in  a  vein  of  becoming  moralising,  he  also 
•quoted  Ovid : 

JNam  genus  et  proavos,  et  quae  non  fecimus  ipsi, 
"Vix  ea  nostra  voeo. 

In  the  paper  he  delivered  to  the  sheriff  he 
declared  that  he  died  '  a  true  but  unworthy 


member  of  the  holy  catholic  apostolic  church.' 
He  had  left  a  codicil  to  his  will  that  all  the 
pipers  from  John  o'  Groat's  house  to  Edin- 
burgh should  be  invited  to  play  at  his 
funeral;  but  events  having  rendered  this 
impossible,  he  had  desired  before  his  execu- 
tion that  he  might  nevertheless  be  buried 
in  his  tomb  at  Kirkhill,  that  '  some  good 
old  highland  women  might  sing  a  coronach 
at  his  funeral.'  He  died  in  this  expectation, 
but  although  the  body  was  given  to  an 
undertaker  for  this  purpose, '  leave  not  being 
given  as  was  expected,  it  was  again  brought 
back  to  the  Tower  and  interred  near  the 
bodies  of  the  other  lords'  (Gent.  May.  xvii 
162). 

During  the  lifetime  of  the  Dowager  Coun- 
tess of  Lovat,  whom  he  had  forcibly  married, 
Lovat  was  twice  married  :  first,  in  1717, 
to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Ludovic  Grant  of 
Grant,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters ;  and  secondly,  to  Primrose  Camp- 
bell, daughter  of  John  Campbell  of  Mamore, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  induced  to  accept 
his  addresses  by  inveigling  her  into  a  house 
in  Edinburgh,  which  he  asserted  was  noto- 
riously one  of  ill-fame,  and  threatening  to 
blast  her  character  unless  she  complied  with 
his  wishes.  By  this  lady  he  had  one  son. 
His  eldest  son  by  the  previous  marriage  was 
Simon  [see  FRASER,  SIMON,  1726-1782],  The 
second  son,  Alexander,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  Janet,  the  eldest  daughter, 
married  Macpherson  of  Clunie ;  Sybilla,  the 
younger,  died  unmarried.  Archibald  Camp- 
bell Fraser  [q.  v.],  the  son  of  the  second  mar- 
riage, succeeded  to  the  estates  on  the  death, 
without  issue,  of  his  half-brother  Simon  in 
1782.  Archibald  survived  his  five  sons,  and  on 
his  death  in  1815,  the  descendants  not  merely 
of  Simon,  twelfth  Lord  Lovat,  but  of  Hugh, 
ninth  Lord  Lovat,  became  extinct,  the  estates 
and  male  representation  of  the  family  devolv- 
ing on  the  Frasers  of  Strichen,  Aberdeenshire. 
Besides  the  portrait  taken  at  St.  Albans,  there 
is  another  of  Lovat  by  Hogarth,  done  at  an 
earlier  period.  The  original  St.  Albans  por- 
trait came  into  the  possession  of  the  Far- 
ingtons  of  Worden,  Lancashire  (Notes  and 
Queries,  4th  ser.  ii.  59,  191).  There  is  an 
engraving  of  Lovat  in  the  prime  of  life  in 
Mrs.  Thomson's  '  Memoirs  of  the  Jacobites.' 
The  description  of  Lovat  by  a  correspondent 
in  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  at  the  time  of 
his  trial,  tallies  closely  with  the  Hogarth  like- 
ness :  '  Lord  Lovat  makes  an  odd  figure,  being 
generally  more  loaded  with  clothes  than  a 
Dutchman  with  his  ten  pair  of  breeches ;  he 
is  tall,  walks  very  upright  considering  his 
great  age,  and  is  tolerably  well  shaped  ;  he 
has  a  large  mouth  and  short  nose,  with  eyes 


Eraser 


222 


Eraser 


very  much  contracted  and  down-looking,  a 
very  small  forehead,  almost  all  covered  with 
a  large  periwig ;  this  gives  him  a  grim  as- 
pect, but  upon  addressing  any  one  he  puts 
on  a  smiling  countenance'  (xvi.  339).  A 
gold-headed  cane,  said  to  be  that  handed  by 
Lord  Lovat  to  his  cousin  on  the  scaffold, 
was  sold  by  auction  in  January  1870  for 
24/.  10s.,  but  the  genuine  cane  was  afterwards 
asserted  never  to  have  left  the  possession  of 
the  Frasers  of  Ford  (Notes  and  Queries,  4th 
ser.  v.  137,  213). 

[John  Anderson's  Historical  Account  of  the 
Family  of  Fraser,  1825 ;  Genuine  Memoirs  of 
the  Life  of  Lord  Lovat,  1746  ;  French  transla- 
tion published  at  Amsterdam,  1747,  under  the 
title  Memoires  Autentiques  de  la  vie  du  Lord 
Lovat,  which  is  included  in  Memoires  de  la  vie 
du  Lord  Lovat,  1747  (containing  in  addition  an 
account  of  Lord  Kilmarnock,  &c.);  A  Candid  and 
Impartial  Account  of  the  Behaviour  of  Lord 
Lovat,  1747;  The  Life,  Adventures,  &c.,  of  Lord 
Lovat,  n.d.,  reprinted  erroneously  as  by  Eev. 
Archibald  Arbuthnot,  1747;  Memoirs  of  Lord 
Lovat,  1746,  reprinted  1767 ;  Memoirs  of  the  Life 
of  Simon  Lord  Lovat,  -written  by  himself  in  the 
French  language,  and  now  first  translated  from 
the  original  manuscript,  1797  ;  Information  for 
Simon  Lord  Lovat  against  Hugh  Mackenzie,  and 
various  other  legal  documents  on  the  Lovat  Peer- 
age Case,  1729  ;  State  Trials,  xiv.  350-78,  xviii. 
530-858;  Spalding  Club  Miscellany,  ii.  1-25; 
Macpherson's Original  Papers;  Culloden Papers ; 
Lockhart  of  Carnwath's  Papers  ;  Account  of  the 
Scotch  Plot  in  Somers  Tracts,  xii.  433-7 ;  Hooke's 
Correspondence ;  Correspondence  of  Lord  Lovat, 
1740-5,  in  University  Library,  Edinburgh  (Laing 
collection) ;  Ferguson's  Kobert  Ferguson  the 
Plotter,  1887  ;  Gent.  Mag.  vols.  xvi.  and  xvii. ; 
Scots  Mag.  vol.  ix. ;  Mrs.  Thomson's  Memoirs 
of  the  Jacobites,  ii.  208-388  ;  Hill  Burton's  Life 
of  Simon  Lord  Lovat;  Major  Fraser's  Manuscript, 
ed.  Lieutenant- Colonel  Fergusson.]  T.  F.  H. 

FRASER,  SIMON  (d.  1777),  brigadier- 
general  and  lieutenant-colonel  24th  foot,  is 
described  as  the  youngest  son  of  Hugh  Fraser 
of  Balnain,  Inverness-shire,  by  his  wife,  a 
daughter  of  Fraser  of  Forgie.  Anderson  like- 
wise states  that  he  entered  the  Dutch  service 
and  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom  in  1748  (Account  of  Frisel  or  Fraser, 
pp.  195-6).  The  war  department  records 
at  the  Hague  for  this  period  are  imperfect, 
but  the  name  of  Simon  Fraser  appears  in 
the  '  Staten  van  Oorlog '  (or  war  budgets)  of 
1750-7  as  a  pansioned  subaltern  of  the  regi- 
ment of  Drumlanrig,  two  battalions  of  the 
Earl  of  Drumlanrig's  regiment  of  the  Scots 
brigade  in  the  service  of  Holland  having  been 
reduced  to  one  in  January  1749  (information 
supplied  through  the  British  Legation  at  the 
Hague).  On  31  Jan.  1755  Fraser  was  ap- 


pointed lieutenant  in  the  62nd  royal  Ame- 
ricans, which  afterwards  became  the  60th 
royal  rifles.  This  corps  was  then  being 
raised  by  Lord  Loudon,  and  Fraser's  name 
appears  in  an  order  dated  23  March  1756, 
wherein  he  is  described  as  a  '  second  lieu- 
tenant from  the  Dutch  service,'  and  which 
directs  the  newly  appointed  officers  to  repair 
to  their  posts  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
without  delay  (London  Gazette,  9569).  In 
January  1757  he  became  captain-lieutenant 
in  the  2nd  highland  battalion,  afterwards 
78th  or  Fraser  highlanders,  commanded  by 
the  Hon.  Simon  Fraser,  Master  of  Lovat 
[q.  v.],  in  which  regiment  he  was  promoted 
captain  22  April  1759.  He  fought  in  the 
regiment  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  Cape 
Breton,  and  under  Wolfe  at  Quebec,  where 
a  namesake,  one  of  many  in  the  regiment, 
Captain  Simon  Fraser,  described  by  Stewart 
as  of  Inverallochy  (Scottish  Highlanders,  vol. 
ii.),  was  killed.  Fraser  is  said  to  have  subse- 
quently served  on  the  staff  in  Germany.  He 
was  made  brevet-major  15  March  1761,  and  on 
8  Feb.  1762  was  appointed  to  a  majority  in 
the  24th  foot  in  Germany,  with  which  regi- 
ment he  afterwards  served  in  Gibraltar  and 
in  Ireland,  and  of  which  he  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1768.  When  in  Ireland  Fraser 
served  as  first  and  principal  aide-de-camp  to 
theMarquisTownshend,thenlord-lieutenant, 
and  appears  to  have  been  repeatedly  sent  over 
to  England  to  furnish  the  ministry  with  con- 
fidential information  on  Irish  matters  (Cal. 
Home  Office  Papers,  1766-9,  under  '  Fraser, 
Simon ').  In  one  letter  he  is  described  as  an 
'  intelligent  and  prudent  man  '  (ib.  p.  493). 
In  1770  he  was  appointed  quartermaster- 
general  in  Ireland  in  succession  to  Colonel 
Gisborne.  Several  papers  in  the  home 
office  records  testify  to  the  active  and  in- 
telligent interest  he  took  in  his  profession 
(ib.  1770-2,  p.  454).  In  1776  Fraser  ac- 
companied his  regiment  to  Canada,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  brigade,  com- 
posed of  the  24th  foot  and  the  grenadier 
and  light  companies  of  the  army,  which  was 
posted  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
As  brigadier  he  accompanied  General  Bur- 
goyne  [see  BTTEGOYNE,  JOHN,  1722-1792] 
in  the  pursuit  of  the  American  troops  re- 
treating from  Ticonderoga,  and  gained  a 
victory  over  them  at  Hubbardton,  7  July 
1777.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Stillwater,  near  Saratoga,  19  Sept.  1777, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  by  a  rifle-ball  in 
the  action  which  took  place  on  the  same 
ground,  sometimes  called  Behmus,  or  Beh- 
mise  Heights,  on  7  Oct.  1777.  He  died  at 
eight  o'clock  the  following  morning.  Madame 
Riedesel,  wife  of  the  Hessian  brigadier  with 


•Fraser 


Fraser 


Burgoyne's  troops,  has  left  a  painful  narra- 
tive of  his  last  hours,  to  which  the  American 
historian,  Bancroft,  makes  ungenerous  allu- 
sion. Burgoyne  refers  in  touching  terms  to  his 
death,  and  afterwards  inscribed  an  ode,  '  To 
the  Spirit  of  Fraser.'  He  was  buried  in  one  of 
the  British  redoubts,  and  much  feeling  was 
caused  at  the  time  by  the  Americans,  in  igno- 
rance of  what  was  going  on,  opening  a  heavy 
fire  on  the  work  (Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser. 
ix.  161,  431).  A  large  painting  of  the  event 
by  J.  Graham,  afterwards  engraved  by  Nutter, 
is  or  was  preserved  at  Farnton  House,  Strath- 
errick  (ib.  6th  ser.  xi.  134,  238).  Landmann 
states  that  the  grave  could  just  be  traced  at 
the  end  of  the  last  century  (Recollections,  i. 
221). 

Fraser  married  14  Oct.  1769  Mrs.  Grant, 
of  Percy  Street,  London  (Scots  Mag.  xxxi. 
558),  who  appears  to  have  been  a  relative  of 
Colonel  Van  Phran,  then  Dutch  commandant 
at  the  Cape  (Cal.  Home  Office  Papers,  1770- 
1772,  p.  278),  and  by  that  lady  left  issue. 

[Anderson's  Account  of  the  Family  of  Frisel 
or  Fraser  (Edinburgh,  1825,  4to) ;  London  Ga- 
zettes ;  Army  Lists ;  Stewart's  Sketches  of  the 
Scottish  Highlanders  (Edinburgh,  1 822) ;  Knox's 
Hist.  Memoirs  (London,  1769);  Calendars  Home 
Office  Papers,  1766-9,  1770-2;  Bancroft's  Hist. 
United  States,  vol.  vi. ;  Beatson's  Nav.  and  Mil. 
Memoirs  (London,  1794),  vols.  iv-vi. ;  Burgoyne's 
Orderly  Book,  ed.  Dr.O'Callaghan  (Albany,  N.Y., 
1870);  Gent.  Mag.  xlvii.  398,  455,  549,  576  et 
seq.]  H.  M.  C. 

FRASER,  SIMON  (1726-1782),  some- 
time Master  of  Lovat,  thirty-seventh  Mac- 
shimi,  a  lieutenant-general,  colonel  71st  or 
Fraser  highlanders,  was  eldest  son,  by  his 
first  wife,  Margaret  Grant,  of  Simon,  twelfth 
lord  Lovat  [q.  v.],  who  was  executed  in  1747. 
He  was  born  19  Oct.  and  baptised  30  Oct. 
1726  (baptismal  register,  Kiltarlity  parish). 
When  the  rebellion  broke  out  in  1745,  he 
was  studying  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drews, and  was  sent  for  by  his  father  to  head 
the  clan  against  his  inclinations.  When  the 
rebels  advanced  southwards  the  clan  Fraser 
set  up  a  sort  of  blockade  of  Fort  Augustus. 
With  six  hundred  of  his  father's  vassals 
Fraser  joined  Prince  Charles  at  Bannock- 
burn,  before  the  battle  of  Falkirk,  17  Jan. 
1746,  and  was  one  of  those  who  met  in  the 
house  of  Mr.  Primrose  of  Dumphall,  on  the 
evening  of  the  battle,  uncertain  of  the  issue. 
Thenceforward  he  was  active  in  the  prince's 
cause.  He  was  not  at  Culloden,  where  the 
Frasers  were  led  by  Charles  Fraser,  jun.,  of 
Inverallochy,who,  according  to  stories  current 
at  the  time,  was  cruelly  shot  by  the  personal 
order  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  when  lying 
grievously  wounded  on  the  field  of  battle. 


The  Frasers  fought  well  and  left  the  ground 
in  some  order,  and  when  halfway  between 
Culloden  and  Inverness  met  the  master 
coming  up  with  three  hundred  fresh  men^ 
He  was  one  of  forty-three  persons  included 
in  the  act  of  attainder  of  4  June  1746.  He- 
surrendered  to  the  government,  and  was  kept- 
a  prisoner  in  Edinburgh  Castle  from  Novem- 
ber 1746  to  15  Aug.  1747,  when  he  was  al- 
lowed to  proceed  to  Glasgow  to  reside  there 
during  the  king's  pleasure.  A  full  and  free> 
pardon  for  him  passed  the  seals  in  1750.  On 
25  July  1752  Fraser  entered  as  an  advocate 
(AIRMAN",  List  of  Advocates^.  He  was  one 
of  the  counsel  for  the  pursuers  in  the  trial 
of  James  Stewart  of  Aucharn,  before  a  high 
court  of  justiciary,  opened  at  Inverary  21  Sept. 
1752,  by  Archibald  Campbell,  third  duke  of 
Argyll  [q.  v.],  as  lord  justice-general,  and 
Lords  Elchies  and  Kilkerran  as  judges.  The 
panel  was  arraigned  as  art  and  part  in  the 
murder,  on  14  May  previous,  of  Colin  Camp- 
bell of  Glenure,  a  factor  appointed  by  the 
exchequer  to  the  charge  of  a  forfeited  estate. 
A  good  deal  of  political  significance  attached 
to  the  trial,  which  is  said  to  be  the  only  one 
in  which  a  lord  justice-general  and  a  lord 
advocate  both  took  part  (AmroT,  pp.  225-9). 
The  evidence  on  which  a  conviction  was  ob- 
tained was  entirely  circumstantial,  and  it  is 
admitted  that  the  view  of  the  law  upheld 
by  the  crown  side  was  utterly  indefensible. 
Fraser  and  James  Erskine  were  counsel  for 
the  widow  of  the  murdered  man,  and  the 
former's  address  to  the  jury  is  given  in  full  in  a 
printed  report  (  Trial  of  James  Stewart,  p.  81 ). 
Fraser  appears  to  have  come  to  London  with 
Alexander  Wedderburn,  afterwards  Earl  of 
Rosslyn  and  lord  chancellor.  Boswell  refers 
to  kindnesses  shown  by  the  father  of  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan  to  Fraser  and  Wedderburn 
when  they  came  to  London  as  young  men 
(Life  of  Johnson,  1877  ed.  p.  394).  Wed- 
derburn entered  the  Middle  Temple  in  1753. 
Fraser,  by  his  own  account,  was  offered  a 
regiment  in  the  French  service,  but  declined, 
preferring  to  serve  the  British  crown  (peti- 
tion in  Gent.  Mag.  xliv.  137).  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  seven  years'  war  Fraser 
obtained  leave  to  raise  a  corps  of  highlanders 
for  the  king's  service.  By  his  influence  with 
his  clan,  without  the  aid  of  land  or  money, 
he  raised  eight  hundred  recruits  in  a  few 
weeks,  to  which  as  many  more  were  shortly 
added.  The  corps  was  at  first  known  as  the 
2nd  highland  battalion,  but  immediately 
afterwards  became  the  78th  or  Fraser  high- 
landers,  the  first  of  three  British  regiments 
which  in  succession  have  borne  that  nume- 
rical title.  Fraser's  commission  as  colonel 
was  dated  5  Jan.  1757.  Under  his  command 


Fraser 


224 


Fraser 


the  regiment  went  to  America,  and  was  much 
remarked  for  its  brilliant  conduct  in  the  field 
during  the  ensuing  campaigns,  and  the  thrift 
and  sobriety  of  the  officers  and  men  (KNOX, 
Hist.  Mems.)  Wolfe,  in  a  letter  to  Lord 
George  Sackville,  speaks  of  the  regiment  as 
*  very  useful,  serviceable  soldiers,  and  com- 
manded by  the  most  manly  lot  of  officers  I 
have  ever  seen '  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  9th 
Rep.  iii.  74).  Fraser  was  with  it  at  the  siege 
of  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton,  in  1758,  and  in 
the  expedition  to  Quebec  under  Wolfe,  where 
he  was  wounded  at  Montmorenci.  He  was 
wounded  again  at  Sillery,  28  April  1760, 
•during  the  defence  of  Quebec,  and  commanded 
«,  brigade  in  the  advance  on  Montreal.  He 
appears  to  have  been  still  serving  in  America 
in  1761.  In  1762  he  was  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  British  force  sent  to  Portugal,  and  was 
one  of  the  officers  appointed  to  commands  in 
the  Portuguese  army,  in  which  he  held  the 
temporary  rank  of  major-general.  At  the 
peace  of  1763  the  78th  highlanders  were  dis- 
banded, and  Fraser  was  put  on  half-pay. 
In  the  '  Official  Return  of  Lists  of  Members 
of  Parliament '  Fraser  is  shown  in  1768  as  a 
lieutenant-general  in  the  Portuguese  service, 
and  in  1771  as  a  major-general  in  the  British 
army.  He  petitioned  the  government  for 
the  restoration  of  his  family  estates  (Gent. 
Mag.  xliv.  137),  and  as  it  was  held  that 
his  military  services  entitled  him  to  '  some 
particular  act  of  grace,'  all  the  forfeited  lands, 
lordships,  &c.,  were  restored  to  him  on  the 
payment  of  a  sum  of  20,983/.  sterling,  by  a 
special  act  of  parliament  (24  George  III,  c.  37), 
ten  years  before  the  same  grace  was  extended 
to  any  other  family  similarly  circumstanced. 
The  family  title  was  not  revived  until  1837. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  American  war  of  in- 
dependence, Fraser,  then  a  major-general, 
raised  another  regiment  of  two  battalions, 
known  as  the  71st  or  Fraser  highlanders,  the 
third  of  five  regiments  which  in  succession 
have  been  so  numbered.  Many  officers  and 
men  of  the  old  78th  joined  the  colours,  for 
Fraser  appears  to  have  been  liked  by  his  men, 
and  possessed  in  a  remarkable  degree  all  the 
attributes  of  a  highland  military  chieftain. 
Stewart  relates  a  story  of  an  aged  highlander 
who,  after  intently  watching  Fraser  harangue- 
ing  his  men  in  Gaelic,  accosted  him  with  the 
respectful  familiarity  then  common/  Simon, 
you  are  a  good  soldier.  So  long  as  you  live 
Simon  of  Lovat  never  dies '  (Scottish  High- 
landers, vol.  ii.)  Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggan,  how- 
ever, describes  him  as  hard  and  rapacious 
under  a  polished  exterior.  Fraser  did  not  ac- 
company his  regiment  to  America,where,  after 
several  years  of  arduous  and  distinguished 
service,  the  men  were  taken  prisoners  with 


Lord  Cornwallis  at  York  Town,  19  Oct.  1781. 
The  two  battalions  of  the  71st  or  Fraser  high- 
landers,  and  a  corps  known  as  the  second  71st 
regiment,  formed  after  the  surrender  at  York 
Town,  were  disbanded  at  the  peace  of  1783, 
after  Fraser's  death.  Fraser  was  returned  to 
parliament  for  the  county  of  Inverness,  when 
away  with  his  first  regiment  in  Canada  in 
1761,  and  was  thrice  re-elected,  representing 
the  constituency  until  his  death.  A  speech 
of  his  in  the  house,  in  which  he  accused  the 
government  of  lukewarmness  in  prosecuting 
the  war  with  the  colonies,  is  given  in  '  Gent. 
Mag.'  xlviii.  657.  Fraser  married  a  Miss 
Bristo,  an  English  lady,  by  whom  he  left  no 
issue,  and  who  survived  him  and  was  alive 
in  1825  (see  ANDERSON).  He  died  in  Down- 
ing Street,  London,  8  Feb.  1782. 

Fraser's  only  brother,  the  Hon.  Alexander 
Fraser,  born  in  1729  (reg.  Kiltarlity  parish), 
became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Dutch  ser- 
vice, and  died  unmarried  in  1762.  By  a  deed 
of  entail  dated  16  May  1774,  and  registered 
in  Edinburgh  18  June  and  28  July  1774,  the 
recovered  estates  passed  at  Fraser's  death  to 
his  younger  half-brother,  the  Hon.  Archibald 
Campbell  Fraser  [q.  v.J,  M.P.  for  Inverness 
county  and  colonel  of  the  Inverness  local 
militia. 

[Anderson's  Account  of  the  Family  of  Frisel 
or  Fraser  (Edinburgh,  1825,  4to) ;  Foster's 
Peerage,  under  '  Lovat ; '  Aikman's  List  of  Ad- 
vocates, in  Library  of  Faculty  of  Advocates, 
Edinburgh  ;  Arnot's  Scottish  Criminal  Trials 
(Edinburgh,  1785,  4to)  ;  Trial  of  James  Stewart 
of  Aucbara  (Edinburgh,  1753);  Army  Lists, 
1757-82;  London  Gazettes;  Knox's  Hist.  Me- 
moirs (London,  1769);  Journal  of  Siege  of 
Quebec,  printed  in  Proc.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Quebec, 
]  870  ;  Stewart's  Sketches  of  the  Scottish  High- 
landers (Edinburgh,  1822);  Beatson's  Nav.  and 
Mil.  Memoirs  (London,  1794);  Scots  Mag. 
various  vols.  vi.  to  xliv.]  H.  M.  C. 

FRASER,  SIMON  (1738-1813),  lieu- 
tenant-general, is  described  by  Stewart  as 
the  son  of  a  tacksman  (Scottish  Highlanders, 
ii.  App.  xxxi.)  He  was  senior  of  the  Simon 
Frasers  serving  as  subalterns  (not  captain- 
lieutenant  as  stated  by  Stewart)  in  the  78th 
or  Fraser  highlanders,  commanded  by  Simon 
Fraser  (1726-1782),  Master  of  Lovat  [q.  v.], 
in  the  campaigns  in  Canada  under  Wolfe, 
Murray,  and  Amherst  in  1759-61.  He  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Sillery  28  April 
1760.  When  the  regiment  was  disbanded  in 
1 763  be  was  placed  on  half-pay  as  a  lieutenant. 
In  1775  he  raised  a  company  for  the  71st 
or  Fraser  highlanders,  then  forming  under 
the  command  of  his  old  colonel,  Fraser  of 
Lovat.  He  became  senior  captain  and  after- 
wards major  in  this  regiment,  with  which  he 


Fraser 


225 


Fraser 


served  in  America  in  the  campaigns  of  1778- 
1781.  When  the  regiment  was  disbanded  in 
1783,  he  was  again  placed  on  half-pay.  In 
1793  he  raised  a  highland  regiment,  which 
was  numbered  as  133rd  foot,  or  Fraser  high- 
landers,  and  which  after  a  brief  existence  was 
broken  up  and  drafted  into  other  corps.  He 
became  a  major-general  in  1795,  commanded 
a  force  of  British  troops  stationed  in  Portu- 
gal in  1797-1800,  became  lieutenant-general 
in  1802,  and  was  for  some  years  lieutenant- 
general  and  second  in  command  of  the  forces 
in  North  Britain.  He  died  in  Scotland 
21  March  1813. 

[Stewart's  Sketches  of  Scottish  Highlanders 
(Edinburgh,  1822),  vol.  ii. ;  Army  Lists;  Lon- 
don Gazettes;  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixxxiii.  pt.  i. 
p.  591.1  H.  M.  C. 

FRASER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1297),  bishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  chancellor  of  Scotland,  was 
the  son  of  Sir  Gilbert  Fraser,  the  ancestor  of 
the  Frasers  of  Touchfraser  and  Philorth,  and 
also  of  the  Frasers  of  Oliver  Castle  of  Tweed- 
dale.  He  took  holy  orders,  and  was  rector 
of  Cadzow  (Hamilton)  and  dean  of  Glasgow. 
On  the  promotion  of  William  Wishart  in  or 
before  1276  to  the  see  of  St.  Andrews,  Fraser 
was  appointed  chancellor  «rScotland,  and  held 
the  seals  of  office  for  several  years.  When 
Wishart  died  in  1279  Fraser  was  elected  his 
successor,  and  proceeding  to  Rome,  was  there, 
on  18  June  1280,  consecrated  as  bishop  of  St. 
Andrews  by  Pope  Nicholas  III. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Scottish  estates  held 
shortly  after  the  death  of  Alexander  III, 
Fraser  was  chosen  as  one  of  six  regents,  three 
of  whom  were  to  govern  north  of  the  Firth 
of  Forth  and  three  south,  pending  the  arrival 
of  Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  who  was 
next  heir  to  the  throne.  He  supported  the 
proposal  for  the  marriage  of  the  princess  of 
Scotland  to  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and  in 
connection  with  the  negotiations  therewith 
made  a  journey  to  the  court  of  Edward  I  in 
Gascony.  The  Scots  ratified  the  proposals 
in  their  parliament  at  Birgham  on  17  March 
1290,  but  these  were  frustrated  by  the  death 
of  the  Maid  of  Norway  at  Orkney  on  her 
way  to  Scotland.  In  a  Latin  letter  (the 
original  of  which  is  preserved  in  the  Public 
Record  Office,  London)  Fraser  informed  Ed- 
ward I  of  the  occurrence,  and  as  there  were 
a  number  of  rival  claimants  for  the  vacant 
throne  and  a  civil  war  seemed  imminent,  he 
requested  the  intervention  of  the  English 
king  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace.  After 
stating,  among  other  things,  that  a  number 
of  the  nobles  had  already  taken  arms,  he 
concludes  his  letter  thus :  '  If  Sir  John  de 
Baliol  come  to  your  presence,  we  advise  that 

VOL.  xx. 


you  be  careful  to  treat  with  him  so  that  what- 
ever be  the  issue  your  honour  and  interest  may 
be  preserved.  And  if  it  prove  true  that  our 
lady  foresaidis  dead  (which  God  forbid),  then, 
if  it  please  your  excellency,  draw  near  the 
borders  for  the  comfort  of  the  Scottish  people 
and  preventing  of  bloodshed.'  The  conse- 
quence of  the  intervention  of  Edward  I  in  this 
juncture  was  the  enforcement  of  his  claim  as 
lord  paramount  of  Scotland,  and  the  Scots 
being  divided  among  themselves  were  for  the 
time  obliged  to  yield.  They  tendered  homage 
to  the  English  king,  and  accepted  his  award  as 
arbiter  in  the  rival  claims  for  the  crown  of 
Scotland  in  favour  of  John  Baliol.  On  Baliol's 
accession  to  the  throne  Fraser  resigned  his 
office  of  regent  and  stood  loyally  by  his  so- 
vereign during  his  short  and  unhappy  reign. 
He  was,  however,  a  participator  in  some  of 
the  events  which  brought  about  the  final  rup- 
ture between  Edward  and  Baliol.  Appeals 
in  certain  judicial  causes  in  which  he  was 
concerned  were  made  from  the  court  of  Baliol 
to  that  of  Edward.  The  Scottish  king  was 
summoned  to  appear  before  Edward  in  Eng- 
land to  answer  these  appeals,  but  the  Scots 
refused  to  allow  him  to  do  so,  and  Edward 
took  steps  to  enforce  his  authority.  To  se- 
cure the  friendship  of  France  in  the  struggle, 
Fraser  and  several  others  were  sent  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  with  Philip  IV.  They  were 
successful,  but  their  aid  was  unavailing.  Ed- 
ward inflicted  summary  chastisement  upon  the 
Scots,  and  Baliol,  forced  by  his  countrymen 
to  do  so,  abdicated  the  crown  he  had  accepted 
at  the  English  king's  hands.  Fraser  retired 
to  France,  and  during  his  absence,  William 
Wallace  having  driven  the  English  armies 
across  the  borders,  the  bishop's  surrogates, 
William  of  Kinghorn  and  Patrick  of  Cam- 
pania, deprived  of  their  benefices  every  Eng- 
lishman in  the  see  of  St.  Andrews. 

Fraser  died  in  exile  at  Arteville  in  France, 
19  Sept.  1297,  having  been  bishop,  as  Wyn- 
toun  says,  for  seventeen  winters.  His  body 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  predicant 
friars  at  Paris,  but  his  heart  was  enshrined 
in  a  rich  casket  and  brought  to  Scotland  and 
interred  with  much  ceremony  in  the  wall  of 
the  cathedral  of  St.  Andrews. 

Lord  Hailes  and  other  historians  have  de- 
scribed Fraser  as  a  creature  of  Edward  and  a 
traitor  to  his  country.  With  these  accusa- 
tions the  late  Lord  Saltoun  deals  at  length  in 
his  family  history,  'The  Frasers  of  Philorth' 
(ii.  96-115). 

[Registrum  Glasguense ;  Registrum  Prioratus 
Sancti  Andree;  Fordun's  Annalia,  cap.  Ixviii., 
xci.;  Wyntoun's  Chronicle,  bk.  viii.  chap.  xiv. ; 
Palgrave's  Hist.  Documents;  Acts  of  the  Parlia- 
ments of  Scotland,  vol.  i.]  H.  P. 


Fraser 


226 


Fraser 


FRASER,  WILLIAM,  eleventh  LORD 
SAXTOUN  (1654-1715),  second  son  of  Alex- 
ander Fraser,  master  of  Saltoun,  and  Lady 
Ann  Ker,  was  born  on  21  Nov.  1654.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  His 
elder  brother,  Alexander,  having  died  in  1672, 
he,  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1682,  became 
Master  of  Saltoun,  and  in  August  1693  he  suc- 
ceeded as  Lord  Saltoun  on  the  death  of  his 
grandfather,  Alexander,  tenth  lord.  In  the 
earlier  period  of  his  life  the  family  fortunes 
were  at  a  very  low  ebb,  nearly  all  the  estates 
being  mortgaged  heavily.  To  save  them  so  far 
as  possible,  he  was  infeft  in  them  in  1676  on 
a  disposition  by  his  father  and  grandfather, 
and  having  acquired  a  considerable  dowry 
with  his  wife,  Margaret  Sharp,  daughter  of 
James  Sharp,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
whom  he  married  on  11  Oct.  1683,  he  suc- 
ceeded, by  judicious  sales  and  otherwise,  in 
redeeming  the  estates  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  creditors.  He  wrote  a  narrative  of  this 
part  of  the  family  history,  so  far  as  concerned 
the  efforts  of  his  father  and  himself,  which 
is  preserved  at  Philorth.  Previous  to  his 
marriage  he  was  in  command  of  a  regiment 
of  infantry,  under  a  commission  from  James, 
duke  of  York.  In  1697  the  marriage  of  his 
eldest  son  to  Emilia  Fraser,  eldest  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Hugh,  lord  Lovat,  was  arranged, 
by  which  means  the  barony  of  Lovat  would 
have  been  annexed  to  that  of  Saltoun.  But 
Fraser  of  Beaufort  and  his  son  Simon  (after- 
wards twelfth  Lord  Lovat  [q.  v.]),  being  next 
heirs  of  entail  to  Lovat,  determined  to  frus- 
trate the  match,  and  took  arms  to  enforce 
their  plans.  Lord  Saltoun  was  forbidden  to 
visit  Beauly,  where  lay  Castle  Downie,  the 
residence  of  Lovat,  but  disregarding  their 
threats  he  did  so,  and  was  seized,  imprisoned, 
and  threatened  with  the  gallows,  which  was 
erected  in  front  of  his  prison,  unless  he  bound 
himself  to  terminate  the  marriage  negotia- 
tions. He  was  taken  back  to  Castle  Downie 
as  a  prisoner,  and  there  is  sufficient  warrant 
for  believing  that  Simon  Fraser  would  have 
executed  his  threat.  The  marriage  was  broken 
off.  As  a  lord  of  parliament  Saltoun  took  his 
seat  and  the  oath  on  9  May  1695,  and  used 
his  influence  and  vote  in  furtherance  of  the 
Darien  scheme,  and  in  opposition  to  the 
treaty  of  union  with  England.  He  died  on 
18  March  1715,  his  wife,  by  whom  he  left 
three  sons  and  four  daughters,  surviving  till 
1734.  The  eldest  son,  Alexander  (1684-1748 ), 
succeeded  as  twelfth  lord,  and  his  great-grand- 
son, Alexander  George  Fraser  [q.  v.],  six- 
teenth lord  Saltoun,  was  the  famous  general. 

[Lord  Saltoun's  The  Erasers  of  Philorth; 
Acts  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scotland,  ix.  347, 
350.]  H.  P. 


FRASER,  WILLIAM  (1784  P-1835), 
Indian  civilian,  youngest  son  of  Edward 
Satchell  Fraser  of  Reelick,  Inverness-shire, 
arrived  in  India  to  take  up  a  nomination  to 
the  Bengal  civil  service  in  1799.  After  acting 
in  subordinate  capacities,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  Sir  David  Ochterlony,  then  resi- 
dent at  Delhi,  in  1805,  and  in  1811  he  ac- 
companied Mountstuart  Elphinstone's  expe- 
dition to  Cabul  as  secretary.  In  1813  he  was 
promoted  to  be  assistant  to  Mr.  Seton,  the 
resident  at  Delhi,  and  in  1815  was  political 
agent  to  General  Martindale's  army,  and 
subsequently  travelled  with  his  brother, 
James  Baillie Fraser  [q.  v.],in  the  Himalayas. 
In  1819  he  was  sent  to  settle  the  hill  state 
of  Garhwal,  which  had  just  been  freed  from 
the  Goorkhas.  In  1826  he  was  appointed 
second  member  of  the  board  of  revenue  of 
the  north-western  provinces,  and  in  1830  he 
was  promoted  resident  and  agent  to  the 
governor-general  at  Delhi,  in  succession  to 
Sir  T.  F.  Colebrooke.  He  held  this  appoint- 
ment until  the  evening  of  22  March  1835, 
when  he  happened  to  be  riding  along  the  junc- 
tion of  the  roads  leading  from  the  Cashmere 
and  Lahore  gates  of  Delhi,  attended  only  by 
a  single  sowar,  and  was  suddenly  shot  dead 
by  a  Muhammadan,  named  Kureem  Khan. 
The  actual  perpetrator  of  the  deed  was  tried 
and  hanged,  and  earnest  efforts  were  made 
to  find  out  who  had  suggested  the  murder. 
Suspicion  fell  upon  a  wealthy  Muhammadan 
nobleman,  Shams-ud-din,  nawab  of  Firozpur, 
against  whom  Fraser  had  issued  a  decree, 
and  after  a  long  trial  he  too  was  found  guilty 
and  hanged.  His  trial  greatly  excited  the 
Muhammadans  of  Delhi. 

[East  India  Directory ;  Gent.  Ma?.  February 
1836.]  H.  M.  S. 

FRASER,  WILLIAM,  LL.D.  (1817- 
1879),  educationist,  was  born  at  Cullen  in 
BanfFshire  about  the  end  of  1817.  At  an  early 
period  he  entered  the  Normal  Seminary  in 
Glasgow,  where  he  soon  became  one  of  the 
head-masters  and  a  zealous  coadjutor  of  David 
Stow  in  carrying  out  his  training  system — a 
new  feature  in  Scottish  education.  Soon  after 
the  disruption  of  the  Scottish  church,  the 
Normal  Seminary  was  claimed  by  the  church 
of  Scotland,  and  Stow,  Fraser,  and  nearly  all 
the  other  teachers,  having  become  members 
of  the  free  church,  had  to  leave,  but  were 
soon  provided  with  a  new  building.  In  1849 
Fraser,  after  completing  his  studies  for  the 
ministry,  was  ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge 
of  the  Free  Middle  congregation,  Paisley.  In 
this  office  he  remained  till  his  death,  greatly 
distinguished  both  for  his  pulpit  and  pastoral 
labours,  and  especially  his  work  among  young 


Fraunce 


227 


men.   In  1857,  at  the  request  of  some  gentle- 
men of  influence,  he  undertook  an  inquiry  into 
educational  work  throughout  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
lished in  a  large  volume  entitled  '  The  State 
of  our  Educational  Enterprises,'  embodying 
important  suggestions  for  educational  legis- 
lation, which  were  brought  by  an  influential 
deputation   before   the   lord   advocate,  and 
several  of  which  were  made  use  of  in  the 
.Education  Bill  for  Scotland.     In  1872,  as  a 
"recognition  of  his  scientific  work,  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.     For  nearly  thirty  years  he 
laboured  unweariedly  on  behalf  of  a  literary 
association  and  a  natural  science  association 
in  Paisley.     In  1850  he  instituted  a  special 
class  for  boys  who  had  attended  the  Sunday- 
school,  in  order  to  give  them  higher  instruc- 
tion ;  this  class  developed  into  the  Paisley 
Young  Men's  Bible  Institute,  which  he  met 
with  on  Sunday  evenings  without  intermis- 
sion for  many  years.   Some  of  his  prelections 
were  published  in  a  volume  called  'Blending 
Xights,  or  the  Relations  of  Natural  Science, 
Archaeology,  and  History  to  the  Bible.'     In 
1857  he  took  on  himself  the  resuscitation  of 
the  Paisley  Philosophical   Society,  and  be- 
sides rendering  many  other  services  made 
valuable  collections  which  became  the  basis 
of  a  free  museum  in  connection  with  a  free 
library.    Having  proposed  that  a  free  library 
should  be  formed  for  Paisley,  and  this  pro- 
ject being  approved  of,  he  was  able  to  inti- 
mate on  behalf  of  a  wealthy  citizen,  Sir  Peter 
Coats,  a  gift  of  site  and  buildings  both  for 
museum  and  library.   Another  of  his  under- 
takings was  to  compile  a  list  of  about  three 
thousand  volumes  and  raise  a  sum  of  1,000/. 
in  order  to  furnish  a  reference  library  as  an 
addition  to  the  free  lending  library.     Fraser 
was  twice  a  member  of  the  Paisley  school 
board.    His  services  obtained  more  than  one 
public  recognition.   In  1873,  in  acknowledg-  ! 
ment  of  his  long  services  as  president  of  the 
Philosophical  Society,  he  was  presented  with  j 
a  microscope  and  a  purse  of  sovereigns ;  in 
April  1879,  on  the  part  of  the  museum  and  j 
library,  with  his  portrait;  and  in  August  1879, 
on  the  part  of  the  community,  with  a  cheque  j 
for  two  thousand  guineas.     He  was  highly 
respected  in  Paisley.   He  died  21  Sept.  1879. 
[North    British  Daily  Mail,  Glasgow  News, 
Paisley  Daily   Express,  all  of  22  Sept.   1879; 
Glasgow  Herald,  29  Sept.;  Renfrewshire  Gazette, 
April  1879 ;  Free  Church  of  Scotland  Monthly 
Eecord,  January  1880.]  W.  G.  B. 

FRAUNCE,  ABRAHAM  (ft.  1587- 
1633),  poet,  was  a  native  of  Shropshire,  and 
is  said  by  Oldys  to  have  been  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  School,  but  his  name  is  not  to 


be  found  in  the  register.  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
according  to  the  same  authority,  interested 
himself  in  his  education,  and  sent  him  to  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  became 
a  pensioner  20  May  1575,  a  Lady  Margaret 
scholar  8  Nov.  1578,  and  a  fellow  in  1580. 
He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1579-80  and  M.A.  in 
1583,  and  in  1580  acted  in  Dr.  Legge's  play, 
'  Richardus  Tertius,'  which  was  produced  at 
the  college.  Having  been  called  to  the  bar 
at  Gray's  Inn,  he  practised  in  the  court  of 
the  marches  of  Wales.  So  long  as  Sidney 
lived  he  seems  to  have  favoured  Fraunce,  and 
when  Sidney  died  in  1586,  Sidney's  sister 
Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke,  took  him  under 
her  patronage.  To  her  he  dedicated  nearly 
all  his  works,  one  of  which  he  called  '  The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Ivychurch,'  from  the 
name  of  one  of  his  patroness's  residences, 
and  another  'The  Countess  of  Pembroke's 
Emanuel.'  Her  husband,  Henry,  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, president  of  the  council  of  Wales,  who 
also  treated  the  poet  with  unvarying  kindness, 
recommended  him  to  Lord  Burghley  in  1590 
for  the  office  of  queen's  solicitor  in  the  court 
of  the  marches.  He  seems  to  have  been  an 
officer  of  that  court  as  late  as  1633,  when  he 
celebrated  inverse  the  marriage  of  Lady  Mag- 
dalen Egerton  with  Sir  Gervase  Cutler.  The 
lady  was  daughter  of  John  Egerton,  first  earl 
of  Bridgewater  [q.  v.],  who  was  appointed 
president  of  the  council  of  Wales  in  1631. 
Fraunce  claims  to  have  paid  like  poetical 
honours  to  all  the  earl's  daughters. 

Fraunce  proved  himself  one  of  the  most 
obstinate  champions  of  the  school  which 
sought  to  naturalise  classical  metres  in  Eng- 
lish verse.  All  his  poems  are  in  hexameters, 
and  all  are  awkward  and  unreadable.  Yet 
Fraunce  gained  the  highest  commendation 
from  his  contemporaries.  As  the  protege  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  he  was  introduced  at 
an  early  age  into  Sidney's  circle  of  literary 
friends,  which  included  Spenser,  Sir  Edward 
Dyer,  and  Gabriel  Harvey.  With  Spenser 
he  was  very  intimate,  and  he  was  able  to 
quote,  in  his  '  Arcadian  Rhetorike,'  1588, 
the  '  Faerie  Queene '  before  its  publication. 
Spenser  refers  to  him  in  'Colin  Clout's  come 
home  again'  (1595)  as  'Corydon,  .  .  . 
hablest  wit  of  most  I  know  this  day,'  a  re- 
ference to  Fraunce's  translation  from  Virgil 
of  Corydon's  lamentation  for  Alexis.  Thomas 
Watson  was  his  closest  literary  associate. 
Both  translated  separately  Tasso's  'Aminta,' 
and  Fraunce  translated  Watson's  Latin  poem 
'  Amintas.'  Nashe,  in  his  epistle  prefixed  to 
Greene's  'Arcadia,'  or  'Menaphon'  (1589), 
writes  of  'the  excellent  translation  of  Master 
Thomas  Watson's  sugared  "Amintas"'  by 
'  sweet  Master  France.'  Fraunce  is  apparently 


Fraunce 


228 


Fraunce 


mentioned  in  Clerke's  '  Polimanteia '  (1595) 
among  the  leaders  of  English  contemporary 
poetry  under  the  disguise  of '  Watson's  heire.' 
Lodge,  in  his  '  PhilJis '  (1593),  wrote  of 
Fraunce  and  Watson  as  '  forebred  brothers, 
who  in  their  swan-like  songs  Amint  as  wept.' 
Similarly  Spenser  refers  to  them  jointly  when, 
in  the '  Faerie  Queene,'  he  speaks  of ' Amyntas' 
wretched  fate,  to  whom  sweet  poets'  verse 
hath  given  endless  date.'  Gabriel  Harvey, 
in  his  '  Foure  Letters '  (1592),  commends 
Fraunce  and  others  to '  the  lovers  of  the  muses 
.  .  .  for  their  studious  endeavours  commend- 
ably  employed  in  enriching  and  polishing  their 
native  tongue.'  George  Peele,  in  his '  Honour 
of  the  Garter'  (1593),  describes  '  our  English 
Fraunce  '  as  '  a  peerless  sweet  translator  of 
our  time.'  Meres,  in  his  '  Palladis  Tamia ' 
(1598),  names  Fraunce  with  Sidney,  Spenser, 
and  others  as  '  the  best  for  pastoral.  Ben 
Jonson,  with  characteristic  brusqueness,  told 
Drummond  of  Hawthornden  '  that  Abram 
Francis  in  his  English  hexameters  was  a  fool' 
(Conversations,  p.  4). 

Fraunce's  earliest  published  work  was  the 
translation  of  Thomas  Watson's  '  Amyntas,' 
1585,  which  he  entitled  '  The  Lamentations 
of  Amintas  for  the  Death  of  Phillis  ;  para- 
phrastically  translated  out  of  Latine  into  Eng- 
lish Hexameteres,'  London,  by  John  Wolfe 
for  Thomas  Newman  and  Thomas  Gubbin, 
1587 ;  by  Walter  Charlewood,  1588.  It  was 
also  republished  in  1589,  and  an  edition  dated 
1596  belongs  to  Sir  Charles  Isham.  It  is 
in  the  form  of  eleven  eclogues,  each  called  a 
'  day.'  In  1591  appeared  '  The  Countesse  of 
Pembrokes  Yuychurch,  conteining  the  affec- 
tionate life  and  unfortunate  death  of  Phillis 
and  Amyntas.  That  in  a  Pastorall :  this  in 
a  Funeral! :  both  in  English  Hexameters,' 
London,  by  Thomas  Orwyn  for  William  Pon- 
sonby.  In  the  dedication  to  the  Countess 
of  Pembroke,  Fraunce  writes  :  '  I  haue  some- 
what altered  S.  Tassoes  Italian  and  M.  Wat- 
sons Latine  "  Amyntas  "  to  make  them  both 
one  English.'  The  pastoral  which  opens  the 
volume  is  translated  directly  from  Tasso's 
'  Aminta.'  The  second  part,  'Phillis  Funeral,' 
is  a  republication  of  Fraunce's  older  transla- 
tion of  Watson's  '  Amyntas' — '  The  Lamen- 
tations of  Amintas.'  The  eclogues  here  num- 
ber twelve,  the  last  one  of  the  earlier  edition 
being  divided  into  two,  and  there  are  a  few 
other  alterations  in  the  concluding  lines. 
Robert  Greene,  in  the  dedicatory  epistle  to  his 
'Philomela:  the  Lady  Fitzwaters  Nightin- 
gale,' 1615,  justifies  his  own  title  by  Fraunce's 
example  in  giving  to  his  'Lamentations  of 
Amintas'  the  title  of  'The  Countess  of  Pem- 
brokes Ivychurch.'  There  follow  in  the  same 
volume,  all  in  hexameters :  '  The  Lamentation 


of  Corydon  for  the  loue  of  Alexis,  verse  for 
verse  out  of  Latine,'  from  Virgil's  Eclogue  IT 
(reprinted  from  Fraunce's  '  Lawier's  Logike,r 
1588),  and  'The  Beginning  of  Heliodorus,  hi* 
Aethiopical  History.'  In  1592  was  published 
'  The  Third  Part  of  the  Countesse  of  Pem- 
brokes luychurch,  entituled  Amintas  Dale, 
wherein  are  the  most  conceited  tales  of  the- 
Pagan  Gods  in  English  Hexameters,  together 
with  the  ancient  descriptions  and  philosophi- 
cal explications,'  London,  for  Thomas  Wood- 
cocke.  This  was  dedicated  to  the  Countess  of 
Pembroke,  is  in  both  verse  and  prose,  and  re- 
sembles in  plan  Sidney's '  Arcadia.'  A  com- 
panion volume  to  this  series  was  '  The  Coun- 
tess of  Pembrokes  Emanuel :  conteining  the- 
Natiuity,  Passion,  Burial,  and  Resurrection 
of  Christ,  togeather  with  certaine  Psalmes  of 
Dauid.  All  in  English  Hexameters,'  London, 
for  William  Ponsonby,  1591 ;  also  dedicatee? 
(in  two  hexameter  lines)  to  the  Countess  Mary. 
Eight  psalms  are  reduced  to  hexameters.  Dr. 
Grosart  reprinted  this  volume  in  his  '  Fuller 
Worthies'  Miscellanies,'  vol.  iii.,  1872. 

Fraunce's  other  works  were :  1.  '  Abra- 
hami  Fransi  Insignium,  Armorum,  Emble- 
matum,  Hieroglyphicorum,  et  Symbolorum, 
quae  in  Italia  Imprese  nominantur,  explicatio : 
Quse  Symbolicse  Philosophic*  postrema  par* 
est,'  London,  1588.  Dedicated  to  Robert 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip's  brother.  The  original 
manuscript  is  in  Bodleian  Library  MS. 
Rawl.  Poet.  85.  2.  '  The  Arcadian  Rheto- 
rike,  or  the  Precepts  of  Rhetorike  made, 
plaine  by  examples  Greeke,  Latin,  English, 
Italian,  French,  Spanish,  out  of  Homer's 
Ilias  and  Odissea,  Virgil's  yEglogs,  Geor- 
gikes  &  Aeneis,  Songs  &  Sonets,  Torquato 
Tassoes  Goffredo,  Aminta,  Torrismondo  Sa- 
lust  his  ludith,  and  both  his  semaines  Boscan 
&  Garcilassoes  sonets  and  ^Eglogs,'  Lon- 
don, by  Thomas  Orwin,  1588  (entered  in 
Stationers'  Registers  11  June).  A  copy  is  in 
the  Bodleian ;  none  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. Fraunce  here  quotes  the  unpublished 
'  Faerie  Queene.'  3.  '  The  Lawiers  Logike, 
exemplifying  the  praecepts  of  Logike  by  the 
practice  of  the  Common  lawe,' London,  1588 
(entered  in  Stationers' Registers  20  May  1588, 
when  Fraunce's  own  name  appears  between 
that  of  the  bishop  of  London  and  the  warden 
of  the  company  as  one  of  those  who  granted 
the  license  for  publication).  Dedicated  to 
the  Earl  of  Pembroke  in  rhymed  hexameters. 
Quotations  from  Latin  and  English  poets  ap- 
pear in  the  text,  and  Fraunce  appends  Virgil's 
second  eclogue  in  the  original  and  in  his  own 
hexametricaltranslation,afterwards  reprinted 
at  the  end  of  the  '  Ivychurch,'  as  well  as 
analyses  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland's- 
case  and  of  Stanford's  crown  pleas.  A  manu- 


Frazer 


229 


Frazer 


-script  of  this  work  belonged  to  Heber,  with  a 
dedication  to  Sir  Edward  Dyer,  and  a  different 
ititle, '  The  Sheapheardes  Logike :  contayning 
the  praecepts  of  that  art  put  down  by  Ramus.' 
Fraunce  also  contributed  to  Allot's  '  Eng- 
lish Parnassus'  (1600),  and  five  of  his  songs 
appear  at  the  close  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
'  Astrophel  and  Stella,'  1591.  His  epithala- 
mium  on  the  marriage  of  Lady  Magdalen 
Egerton  and  Sir  Gervase  Cutler  (1633)  was 
in  1852,  according  to  Joseph  Hunter,  at 
•Campsall,  Yorkshire,  among  the  papers  of 
Dr.  Nathaniel  Johnston  of  Pontefract.  A 
work  called  '  Frauncis  Fayre  Weather '  was 
licensed  to  William  Wright,  25  Feb.  1590-1, 
fcy  the  Stationers'  Company,  and  J.  P.  Collier 
.suggested  that  this  might  prove  a  lost  work 
by  Fraunce  (Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  i.  44). 

[Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  ii.  119,  546  ;  War- 
ton's  English  Poetry ;  Corser's  Collectanea ; 
Collier's  Bibliographical  Cat.  i.  294-5  ;  Lang- 
fcaine's  Dramatic  Poets  with  Oldys's  MS.  notes  in 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  C.  28  g.  1 ;  Hunter's  MS.  Chorus 
Vatum  in  Brit.  Mus.  MS.  Addit.  24488,  if.  349- 
551 ;  Gabriel  Harvey's  Works,  ed  Grosart,i.217 ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  xi.  378,  xii.  179; 
Hazlitt's  Bibliographical  Handbook  and  Miscel- 
lanies ;  Arber's  Stationers'  Register,  vol.  ii. ;  Dr. 
Grosart's  Fuller  Worthies'  Miscellanies,  vol.  iii. ; 
works  cited  above.]  S.  L.  L. 

FRAZER,  ANDREW  (d.  1792),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  engineers,  son  of  George 
Frazer,  a  deputy  surveyor  of  excise  in  Scot- 
land, is  stated  to  have  been  employed  in  the 
•erection  of  the  works  at  Fort  George  after  the 
Scottish  rebellion  of  1745-6.  He  was  appointed 
practitioner  engineer,  with  rank  of  ensign  in 
fche  train,  on  17  March  1759,  and  became  sub- 
engineer,  with  rank  of  lieutenant,  in  1761.  In 
1763  he  was  ordered  to  Dunkirk  on  special 
service  with  the  naval  commissioners,  Ad- 
miral Durell  and  Captain  Campbell  (Cal. 
Home  Office  Papers,  1760-6).  Subsequently 
he  served  as  assistant  to  Colonel  Desmaretz, 
the  British  commissary  appointed  to  watch 
the  demolition  of  the  works  of  that  port  in 
accordance  with  treaty  obligations  (ib.)  On 
18  Oct.  1767  he  succeeded  Desmaretz  in  that 
office  (ib.  1766-9),  and  retained  it  until  the 
rupture  with  France  in  1778.  In  the  British 
Museum  MSS.  are  two  reports  from  Frazer  : 
<A  Description  of  Dunkirk,'  1769  (Addit.  MS. 
16593)  and  '  Report  and  Plans  of  Dunkirk,' 
1772  (ib.  17779,  f.  82).  A  solitary  letter  from 
Frazer  in  the  same  collection,  addressed  to 
Lord  Stormont,  British  ambassador  at  Paris 
in  1777  (ib.  24164,  f.  172),  indicates  that  he 
discharged  consular  functions  at  Dunkirk, 
although  his  name  does  not  appear  in  the 
lists  of  consuls  in  works  of  reference  of  the 
period.  He  became  engineer  in  ordinary  and 


captain  in  1772,  brevet-major  in  1782,  and 
regimental  lieutenant-colonel  in  1788.  He 
designed  St.  Andrew's  parochial  church,  Edin- 
burgh, built  in  1785.  Frazer,  who  had  not 
long  retired  from  the  service,  died  on  his  way 
to  Geneva  in  the  summer  of  1792.  He  married 
in  1773  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Stillingfleet 
Durnford  of  the  engineer  department,  and 
granddaughter  of  Colonel  Desmaretz  (Scots 
Mag.  xxxv.  500).  A  son  by  this  marriage, 
born  at  Dunkirk,  rose  to  high  distinction  in 
the  royal  artillery  [see  FRAZER,  SIR  Au  GUSTUS 
SIMON].  A  portrait  of  Major  Andrew  Fraser 
(sic)  is  catalogued  in  Evans's  'Catalogue  of 
Engraved  Portraits'  (London,  1836-53),  vol. 
ii.,  in  which  the  date  of  death  is  wrongly 
given  as  1795. 

[Army  Lists ;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Home  Office), 
1 760-6  et  seq. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MSS.  ut  supra  ; 
Scots  Mag.  liv.  413.  Some  letters  from  Frazer 
at  Dunkirk  are  indexed  in  Hist.  MSS.  Comm. 
8th  Rep.  (i.),  9th  Rep.  (iii.)]  H.  M.  C. 

FRAZER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  SIMON 
(1776-1835),  colonel,  the  only  son  of  Colonel 
Andrew  Frazer  [q.v.]  of  the  royal  engineers,  by 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  Stillingfleet  Durnford, 
esq.,  of  the  ordnance  office,  was  born  at  Dun- 
kirk, where  his  father  was  then  employed  as 
a  commissioner  for  superintending  the  de- 
struction of  the  fortifications,  on  5  Sept. 
1776,  and  was  sent  for  a  short  time  to  the 
Edinburgh  High  School.  In  August  1792  he 
joined  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Wool- 
wich as  a  gentleman  cadet,  and  on  18  Sept. 
1793  he  was  gazetted  a  second  lieutenant  in 
the  royal  artillery.  In  December  1793,  though 
only  seventeen  years  old,  he  was  ordered  to 
join  the  army  under  the  Duke  of  York  in 
Flanders,  and  in  January  1794,  in  which 
month  he  was  promoted  first-lieutenant,  he 
was  attached  with  two  guns  to  the  battalion 
of  the  3rd  guards,  then  in  the  field.  With 
the  guards  he  served  throughout  the  retreat 
before  Pichegru,  and  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  Mouveaux,  Gateau  Cambresis, 
Tournay,  and  Boxtel,  and  at  all  the  other 
principal  actions  until  the  departure  of  the 
infantry  from  the  continent,  In  May  1795 
he  was  attached  to  the  royal  horse  artillery, 
and  in  1799,  in  which  year  he  was  promoted 
captain-lieutenant,  he  served  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  Helder  and  the  battles  of  Bergen. 
On  12  Sept.  1803  he  was  promoted  captain, 
and  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  troop 
of  royal  horse  artillery.  In  1807  he  com- 
manded all  the  artillery  employed  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was  pre- 
sent in  the  disastrous  assault  on  that  city  in 
July.  Frazer  next  remained  for  some  time 
on  ordinary  garrison  duty  in  England,  and  he 


Frazer 


230 


Freake 


was  promoted  major  by  brevet  on  4  June  1811 . 
In  November  1812  he  exchanged  troops  of 
royal  horse  artillery  with  Major  Bull,  whose 
health  had  broken  down  in  the  Peninsula,  and 
lie  joined  the  allied  Anglo-Portuguese  army 
in  its  winter  quarters  at  Freneda.  In  April 
1813,  when  he  had  been  but  a  short  time  with 
the  army,  Lord  Wellington  determined  to 
have  an  officer  onhis  staff  for  the  general  com- 
mand of  all  the  horse  artillery  in  the  field, 
and  offered  the  post  to  Frazer,  as  senior  horse 
artillery  officer  with  the  army.  In  this  capa- 
city he  served  on  the  staff  throughout  the  rest 
of  the  Peninsular  campaigns,  and  was  present 
at  the  affairs  of  Salamanca  and  Osma,  the 
battle  of  Vittoria,  the  siege  of  San  Sebastian, 
at  which  he  commanded  the  right  artillery 
attack,  at  the  passage  of  the  Bidassoa,  the 
battles  of  the  Nivelle  and  the  Nive,  the  invest- 
ment of  Bayonne,  and  the  battle  of  Toulouse. 
He  soon  became  a  great  favourite  with  Wel- 
lington, and  was  largely  rewarded  for  his  ser- 
vices. He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel 
by  brevet  on  21  June  1813,  granted  a  gold 
cross  and  one  clasp  for  the  battles  of  Vittoria, 
San  Sebastian,  Nivelle,  Nive,  and  Toulouse ; 
made  one  of  the  first  K.C.B.s  on  the  exten- 
sion of  the  order  of  the  Bath:  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  royal  artillery  on 
20  Dec.  1814,  and  appointed  to  command  the 
artillery  in  the  eastern  district.  In  1815, 
when  Napoleon  escaped  from  Elba,  Frazer 
at  once  took  his  old  place  as  commanding 
the  royal  .horse  artillery  upon  the  staff  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  in  Belgium.  He  was 
now  allowed  to  bring  nine-pounders  into 
action  instead  of  six-pounders,  a  change 
which  certainly  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with 
the  effective  fire  of  the  English  guns  at 
Waterloo.  When  the  war  was  over  Frazer 
was  appointed  British  artillery  commissioner 
for  taking  over  the  French  fortresses,  and  in 
the  following  year  he  was  elected  a  F.R.S. 
For  some  time  he  commanded  the  royal 
horse  artillery  at  Woolwich ;  in  October  1827 
he  was  appointed  inspector  of  the  ordnance 
carriage  department  there,  and  in  July  1828 
director  of  the  Royal  Laboratory.  He  was 
promoted  a  colonel  in  the  royal  artillery  in 
January  1825,  and  died  at  Woolwich  on 
4  June'1835.  ^ 

[Letters  of  Colonel  Sir  Augustus  S.  Frazer, 
K.C.B.,  commanding  the  Boyal  Horse  Artillery 
in  the  army  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
•written  during  the  Peninsula  and  Waterloo 
Campaigns,  edited  by  General  Sir  Edward  Sabine, 
E.A. ;  Duncan's  History  of  the  Royal  Artillery.] 

H.  M.  S. 

FRAZER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1297),  bishop 
of  St.  Andrews.  [See  FEASER.] 

Add  '  A  hitherto  unnamed 
portrait  in  the  Royal  United  Service  Institu- 
tion has  been  recently  identified  as  a  portrait 


FREAKE,  EDMUND  (1516P-1591), 
bishop  successively  of  Rochester,  Norwich, 
and  Worcester,  was  born  in  Essex  about 
1516,  and  became  a  canon  of  the  order  of 
St.  Augustine  in  the  abbey  of  Waltham, 
in  his  native  county.  He  appended  his  sig-. 
nature  to  the  surrender  of  that  house,  dated 
23  March  1539-40,  and  obtained  an  annual 
pension  of  51.  He  graduated  in  arts  in  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  but  the  dates  of 
his  degrees  are  not  known.  He  was  ordained 
priest  by  Bishop  Bonner  on  18  June  1545- 
In  1564  he  became  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,, 
and  on  25  Sept.  in  that  year  he  was  installed 
a  canon  of  Westminster.  He  was  one  of 
Elizabeth's  chaplains,  and  was  appointed  to- 
preach  before  the  queen  in  Lent  1564-5.  On. 
25  Oct.  1565  he  was  by  patent  constituted 
one  of  the  canons  of  Windsor.  He  was  in- 
stituted to  the  rectory  of  Purleigh,  Essex,  on 
13  June  1567,  on  the  queen's  presentation;, 
and  on  29  March  1568  he  was  holding  a, 
canonry  in  the  church  of  Canterbury.  On. 
10  April  1570  he  was  installed  dean  of  Ro- 
chester. On  10  June  in  that  year  a  grace- 
passed  the  senate  of  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge for  conferring  upon  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  he  having  studied  in  that  faculty  for 
twenty  years  after  he  had  ruled  in  arts 
(COOPER,  Athencp,  Cantabr.  ii.  96).  In  the 
following  month  he  supplicated  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  for  incorporation,  but  the  re-" 
suit  does  not  appear  (Woon,  Fasti  Oxon.  ed. 
Bliss,  i.  186).  On  18  Sept.  1570  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  deanery  of  Sarum.  Shortly  • 
before  20  Nov.  1570  lie  resigned  the  rectory 
of  Foulmire,  Cambridgeshire,  to  which  John. 
Freake,  M.A.,  was  then  instituted  on  the 
queen's  presentation. 

On  15  Feb.  1571-2  he  was  elected  bishop 
of  Rochester,  the  royal  assent  being  given  on  • 
the  28th  of  that  month.  He  was  consecrated 
at  Lambeth  9  May  1572,  being,  as  Archbishop 
Parker  remarks,  a  serious,  learned,  and  pious 
man(LE  NEVE,  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  ii.  572).  He 
was  empowered  to  hold  the  archdeaconry  of 
Canterbury  and  the  rectory  of  Purleigh  in- 
commendam.  On  or  about  29  May  1572  he 
became  the  queen's  great  almoner. 

On  31  July  1575  he  was  elected  bishop  of 
Norwich,  and  on  12  Nov.  following  he  had 
restitution  of  the  temporalities  (BLOMEFIELD, 
Norfolk,  ed.  1806,  iii.  558).  He  now  resigned 
the  archdeaconry  of  Canterbury.  Serious  com- 
plaints were  made  of  his  conduct  as  bishop. 
Writing  to  Secretary  Walsingham  on  28  Aug. 
1578,  Sir  Thomas  Heneage  says  the  queen  had 
been  brought  to  believe  well  of  divers  zealous* 
and  loyal  gentlemen  of  Suffolk  and  Norfolk, 
whom  the  foolish  bishop  had  complained  of 
to  her  as  hinderers  of  her  proceedings  and. 


Freake 


231 


Frederick 


favourers  of  presbyterians  and  puritans.  On 
9  Oct.  following  the  privy  council  authorised 
commissioners  to  inquire  into  the  matters  in 
controversy  between  the  bishop  and  Dr.  John 
Becon  [q.  v.],  his  chancellor,  the  circum- 
stances being  so  rare  and  strange  as  to  seem 
incredible.  On  12  Oct.  the  bishop  wrote  from 
Ludham  to  the  council  expressing  his  desire 
that  Becon  should  not  be  readmitted  to  the 
office  of  chancellor  of  which  he  had  deprived 
him.  He  adds  that  he  had  dissolved  his 
court  of  audience,  and  that  he  intended  to 
exercise  the  whole  j  urisdiction  himself.  The 
depositions  taken  by  the  commissioners  con- 
tained grave  charges  against  members  of  the 
bishop's  household.  It  was  alleged  that  Sir 
Thomas  Cornwallis  [q.  v.]  took  care  to  place  the 
chancellor  with  the  bishop  to  serve  his  turn, 
that  he  intermeddled  in  high  commissions 
and  other  matters,  caused  the  default  of  the 
bishop's  dealings  against  papists,  shared  in 
drunken  banquettings  of  the  bishop's  ser- 
vants, made  scoffing  excuses  for  coming  to 
church,  reproached  the  name  of  a  minister, 
and  vaunted  his  secretary's  monkish  profes- 
sion at  Brussels.  Dr.  Browne  was  charged 
•with  being  the  special  means  of  acquainting 
Sir  Thomas  and  the  whole  rabble  of  the  pa- 
pists with  the  bishop  or  Mrs.  Freake,  and 
linking  them  together.  The  bishop's  wife 
was  herself  charged  with  purposing  to  re- 
move the  chancellor,  directing  her  husband, 
speaking  reproachfully  of  learned  preachers, 
and  wishing  to  turn  every  honest  man  out 
of  the  bishop's  presence.  The  depositions 
sent  by  the  commissioners  to  the  council  on 
5  Nov.  1578  state  that  it  was  well  known 
throughout  all  Norfolk  that  whatsoever  Mrs. 
Freake  would  have  done  the  bishop  must  and 
would  accomplish,  or  she  would  make  him 
weary  of  his  life,  as  he  complained  with  tears ; 
and  if  any  one  came  to  the  bishop  without  a 
present  '  she  will  looke  on  him  as  the  Divell 
lookes  over  Lincoln  '(Cat.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
Eliz.,  Addenda,  1566-79,  p.  551).  In  Decem- 
ber 1578  proposals  were  submitted  for  settling 
the  controversy,  and  the  bishop  offered  to  com- 
pound with  his  chancellor,  but  it  does  not  ap- 
pear how  the  dispute  terminated. 

In  1579  there  was  a  project  to  translate 
Freake  to  Ely,  it  being  supposed  that  Dr. 
Richard  Cox  [q.  v.]  would  resign  that  see. 
Freake,  however,  refused  to  accept  the  bi- 
shopric in  the  lifetime  of  Dr.  Cox.  When  he 
found  himself  unable  to  correct  the  disorders 
occasioned  by  the  puritans,  he  wrote  from 
Ludham  to  the  lord-treasurer,  Burghley,  on 
29  Aug.  1583,  requesting  that  he  might  either 
be  removed  to  another  diocese  or  else  per- 
mitted to  retire  into  private  life  (STRYPE, 
Annals,  iii.  172,  folio).  Shortly  after  this  he 


narrowly  escaped  getting  into  fresh  trouble 
because  two  of  the  members  of  his  household 
attended  mass.  On  26  Oct.  1584  the  queen 
nominated  him  to  the  bishopric  of  Worces- 
ter. His  election  to  that  see  took  place  on 
2  Nov.,  and  he  was  installed  by  proxy  on 
7  Feb.  1584-5.  In  the  year  of  the  Armada 
(1588)  he  and  his  clergy  provided  150  '  able 
foot  men'  who  were  ready  to  serve  their 
country  when  and  where  they  might  be  re- 
quired. On  25  Jan.  1588-9  he  wrote  from 
Worcester  to  the  queen,  soliciting  permis- 
sion to  be  absent  from  parliament  on  account 
of  ill-health.  He  is  said  to  have  died  on 
21  March  1590-1,  but  there  is  some  doubt  as 
to  the  accuracy  of  this  date. 

Cecily,  his  widow,  died  '  full  of  days '  on 
15  July  1599,  and  was  buried  at  Purleigh. 
He  had  issue  John,  archdeacon  of  Norwich 
and  rector  of  Purleigh;  Edmund;  and  Martha, 
wife  of  Nathaniel  Cole,  sometime  senior  fel- 
low of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  ulti- 
mately vicar  of  ^Marsworth,  Buckingham- 
shire. 

His  works  are:  1. '  An  Introduction  to  the 
loue  of  God.  Accompted  among  the  workes 
of  S.  Augustine,  and  set  forth  in  his  name, 
very  profitable  to  moue  all  men  to  loue  God 
for  his  benefits  receaued,'  London,  1574, 8vo. 
A  translation,  dedicated  to  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Robert  Fletcher  [q.  v.]  turned  it  into  English 
metre,  London,  1581,  8vo.  2.  'A  Sermon 
at  S.  Paul's  cross,  18  Nov.  1565,  on  Matt. 
xviii.  21.  Notes  in  Tanner  MS.,  50  f.  27  b. 

[Abingdon's  Cathedral  of  Worcester,  pp.  65-7, 
109;  Addit.  MS.  5869,  f.  90;  Ames's  Typogr. 
Antiq.  (Herbert),  pp.  996,  998;  Bedford's  Blazon 
of  Episcopacy,  p.  81  ;  Egerton  MS.  1693,  ff.  87, 
100  ;  Godwin,  De  Praesulibus  (Richardson)  ; 
Hackman's  Cat.  of  Tanner  MSS.  929,  930  ; 
Kennett.  MS.  48,  f.  157;  Newcourt's  Reper- 
torium,  i.  927,  ii.  476  ;  Parker  Correspondence, 
pp.  318,  319,  459,  475,  477  ;  Rymer's  Fcedera 
(1713),  xv.  703,  705,  744,  749,  750;  Calendars 
of  State  Papers,  Dom.  Eliz.  (1547-80),  pp.  382, 
555, 562,  601,  602,  604,  607,  623,  642,  (1581-90) 
pp.  32,  93,  190,  509,  575,  599,  (Addenda,  1566- 
1579)  p.  612,  (Addenda,  1580-1625)  p.  728; 
Strype's  Works  (general  index) ;  Stubbs's  Re- 
gistrum  Sacrum  Anglicanum,  p.  85;  Thomas's 
Survey  of  the  Cathedral  of  Worcester,  i.  116,  ii. 
210;  Willis's  Survey  of  Cathedrals,  ii.  647; 
Wright's  Elizabeth,  ii.  145;  Wright's  Essex,  ii. 
668.]  T.  C. 

FREAKE,  JOHN  (1688-1756),  surgeon. 
[See  FKEKE.] 

FREDERICA,  CHARLOTTE  ULRICA 
CATHERINA  (1767-1820).  [See  under 
FBEDERICK  AUGUSTUS.] 

FREDERICK,  SAIKT  (d.  838).  [See 
CKIDIODUNUS,  FKIDEKICUS.] 


Frederick 


232 


Frederick 


FREDERICK,  COLONEL  (1725P-1797), 
also  known  as  FREDERICK  DE  NEXJHOFF, 
author  of  'Description  of  Corsica,'  was,  by 
his  own  account,  the  only  son  of  Theodore 
Etienne,  Baron  de  Neuhoff,  king  of  Corsica, 
by  his  wife,  an  Irish  lady  named  Sarsfield, 
daughter  of  Lord  Kilmallock,  and  one  of  the 
suite  of  Queen  Elizabeth  Farnese  of  Spain. 
The  date  of  his  birth  was  supposed  by  his 
family  to  be  about  1725  (Ann.  Necrology, 
1797-8).  According  to  the  '  Nouvelle  Biog. 
Univ.'  vol.  xlv.  (under '  Theodore '),  on  the  au- 
thority of  Theodore's  private  papers  preserved 
in  the  archives  of  the  French  Foreign  Office, 
Theodore  absconded  from  Spain  with  his  wife's 

i'ewels  in  1720,  spent  the  proceeds  in  specu- 
ations  in  Paris  during  the  '  Mississippi'  craze, 
which  was  at  its  height  in  the  winter  of  1719- 
1720,  and,  after  visiting  England  and  Holland, 
resided  at  Florence  in  the  imperial  service 
until  he  went  to  Corsica.  His  son  Frederick 
appears  to  have  been  educated  at  Rome,  and 
states  (Description  of  Corsica,  p.  34)  that  he 
'  served  several  campaigns  under  some  of  the 
most  experienced  generals  of  the  age ; '  also 
that  when  the  Corsicans  were  struggling  for 
their  liberties,  he  and  two  Corsican  gentle- 
men, Buttafuoco  and  Colonna,  who  had  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Corsican  regiment  in 
the  pay  of  France,  offered  their  services  to 
Paoli,  which  were  rejected.  Frederick  then 
came  to  England  '  to  share  his  father's  mis- 
fortunes.' 

Theodore  in  1736  had  been  proclaimed  king 
of  Corsica,  but  having  subsequently  lost  his 
throne,  and  failed  to  regain  it  by  English  aid, 
came  to  England  an  exile,  and  became  a  pri- 
soner for  debt  in  the  Fleet.  He  obtained  his  dis- 
charge under  the  Insolvent  Act  by  giving  up 
all  his  effects  to  his  creditors,  his  sole  effects 
being  his  claim  to  the  kingdom  of  Corsica, 
which  was  duly  registered  for  their  benefit. 
He  died  soon  afterwards,  on  11  Dec.  1756, 
and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Anne's, 
Soho,  where  Horace  Walpole,  who  had  been 
very  kind  to  him,  erected  a  tablet  to  his 
memory.  Frederick,  his  son,  arrived  in  Eng- 
land about  1754,  and  appears  to  have  assisted 
his  father  as  far  as  he  was  able.  He  sup- 
ported himself  as  a  teacher  of  Italian,  and 
had  some  fashionable  pupils,  including  Mack- 
lin  and  Garrick.  Another  of  his  pupils  was 
Alexander  Wedderburn  [q.  v.],  afterwards 
lord  chancellor  Loughborough,  to  whom  Fre- 
derick appealed  for  help  in  his  latter  years. 
Frederick  appears  to  have  gone  to  Germany, 
and  at  some  time  or  other  held,  it  is  said, 
some  subordinate  post  in  the  cabinet  of  Fre- 
derick the  Great.  In  1768  he  published  in 
London  his  'Memoires  pour  servir  a  1'His- 
toire  de  la  Corse,'  and  an  English  version 


'  Memoir  of  Corsica,  containing  the  Natural 
and  Political  History  of  that  important  island 
.  .  .together  with  a  variety  of  particulars 
hitherto  unknown.'  The  work  was  alleged 
to  have  been  compiled  from  the  information 
of  Edward  Augustus,  duke  of  York,  brother  of 
George  III,  who  had  died  at  Monaco  the  year 
before,  and  who  was  interested — or  whom  it 
was  wished  to  interest — in  Corsican  affairs. 
After  another  brief  visit  to  Germany,  Frede- 
rick returned  to  England  with  a  green  uni- 
form, a  cross  of  military  merit,  and  the  title 
of  colonel,  and  as  '  Colonel  Frederick'  became 
the  recognised  although  not  accredited  agent 
in  London  of  the  reigning  grand  duke  of  Wiir- 
temberg.  He  is  said  to  have  arranged  for 
the  duke  the  sale  of  a  regiment  of  his  subjects 
to  the  English  East  India  Company,  and  he 
claimed  to  have  made  arrangements  on  behalf 
of  the  English  government,  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  American  war  of  independence, 
for  the  hire  of  three  thousand  Wiirtembur- 
gers  and  one  thousand  Hohenlohe  troops,  and 
to  have  incurred  heavy  expenses  in  provid- 
ing for  their  pay  and  subsistence,  to  prevent 
their  entering  the  pay  of  Holland  after  their 
sen-ices  were  refused  by  the  English  govern- 
ment. Pitt  refused  to  admit  this  claim,  on 
the  ground  that  it  should  have  been  settled 
by  Lord  Shelburne  before  leaving  office.  Fre- 
derick continued  to  press  it  again  and  again 
without  success  for  many  years  afterwards, 
and  alleged  that  he  had  forfeited  the  favour 
of  the  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  through  repre- 
sentations that  the  money  had  been  paid  to 
him  and  misapplied  (see  Ann.  Necrology, 
1797-8,  pp.  351-61).  As  given  by  Frede- 
rick's biographer,  the  details  suggest  official 
shuffling.  A  man  of  many  acquirements,  inti- 
mately versed  in  the  details  of  continental 
etiquette  and  diplomacy,  a  well-known  fre- 
quenter of  fashionable  coffee-houses  in  Lon- 
don, where,  despite  many  eccentricities,  his 
gentlemanly  bearing  rendered  him  a  general 
favourite, Frederick  appears  to  have  been  em- 
ployed on  a  variety  of  confidential  services 
($.)  One  of  these  was  the  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards 
George  IV,  and  two  of  his  royal  brothers  to 
raise  a  loan  on  the  continent  in  1791,  when 
Frederick  was  employed  as  their  agent.  When 
Corsica  was  annexed  in  1794,  Frederick 
brought  out  a  new  edition  of  his  book,  under 
the  title  of  '  Description  of  Corsica,  with  an 
Account  of  its  Union  to  the  Crown  of  Great 
Britain.  Including  a  Life  of  General  Paoli, 
and  the  Memorial  presented  to  the  National 
Assembly  of  France  respecting  the  Forests 
in  that  Island'  (London,  1795, 8vo).  A  dupli- 
cate copy  of  this  book,  now  in  the  British 
Museum  Library,  contains  numerous  mar- 


Frederick 


233 


Frederick 


ginal  notes  in  the  author's  handwriting,  many 
of  them  relating  to  Paoli,  made  with  a  view 
to  a  fresh  edition.  Frederick  had  once  been 
friendly  with  Paoli,  but  had  quarrelled  with 
him.  Although  most  abstemious  in  his  habits, 
Frederick  appears  to  have  often  been  in  pecu- 
niary straits,  and  as  years  rolled  on,  his  liabili- 
ties became  more  pressing.  At  last,  harassed 
by  creditors,  and  neglected  by  his  fashionable 
friends,  he  shot  himself  through  the  head,  in 
the  porch  of  Westminster  Abbey,  on  the 
morning  of  1  Feb.  1797.  A  coroner's  jury 
brought  in  a  verdict  of '  lunacy,'  and  a  week 
later  he  was  laid  beside  his  father  in  the 
graveyard  of  St.  Anne's,  Soho,  where  a  tablet 
was  put  up  by  private  subscription  collected 
by  Lady  James. 

In  person  Frederick  was  spare,  of  middle 
feeight,  with  an  erect  military  gait,  which  he 
never  lost,  a  pleasing  countenance,  and  a  dark 
olive  complexion,  bespeaking  a  southern  ori- 
gin, and  contrasting  in  age  with  his  silvery 
locks.  During  one  of  his  residences  on  the 
continent  Frederick  married  a  German  lady, 
who  bore  him  two  children,  a  son,  Theodore 
Anthony  '  Frederick,' a  bright,  promising  lad, 
•who  was  killed  as  an  ensign  in  the  British 
15th  foot  at  the  battle  of  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia, 4  Oct.  1777,  and  a  daughter,  married 
to  a  custom-house  officer,  named  Clark,  at 
Dartmouth.  Mrs.  Clark  had  several  children, 
including  a  son,  Frederick  Anthony  Clark, 
an  ensign  West  Suffolk  militia,  and  after- 
wards in  the  5th  foot,  and  a  daughter  Emily, 
an  authoress  and  miniature  painter.  Miss 
Clark  wrote  '  Ian  the.'  published  by  subscrip- 
tion in  1798,  and  a  small  book  of  poems, 
and  some  volumes  of  minor  fiction  published 
between  1798  and  1819.  She  was  an  ex- 
hibitor in  miniature  at  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1799. 

[The  best  biography  of  Theodore,  king  of  Cor- 
sica, is  in  Nouv.  Diet.  Univer.  vol.  xlv.,  based  on 
his  private  papers  preserved  in  the  French  ar- 
chives. The  particulars  agree  with  those  given 
in  Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS.  23738,  f.  159.  A  sketch 
of  his  history,  correct  in  the  main,  is  given  in 
Dr.  J.  Doran's  '  Monarchs  retired  from  Business,' 
i.  238-47.  The  best  account  of  Colonel  Frederick 
is  given  by  a  writer,  who  seems  to  have  known 
him  intimately,  in  a  volume  of  neglected  biography 
bearing  the  title  'Annual  Necrology,  1797-8' 
(London,  1800,  8vo).  The  date  of  his  death  is, 
however,  wrongly  given  as  1796,  instead  of  1797. 
For  the  latter  see  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixvii.  pt.  i. 
p.  172,  and  Ann.  Eeg.  1797,  p.  11.  In  Percy 
Fitzgerald's  Life  of  George  IV  there  is  (i.  225- 
334)  a  succinct  account  of  the  attempt  of  the 
royal  princes  to  raise  a  foreign  loan;  in  the  same 
work  (ii.  1 )  it  is  asserted  that  the  notorious  Mrs. 
Mary  Anne  Clarke  [q.  v.],  mistress  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  was  '  a  daughter  or  goddaughter  of 


Colonel  Frederick  ' — an  absurd  misstatement  for 
which  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  foundation.] 

H.  M.  C. 

FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS,  DUKE  OP 
YORK  AND  ALBANY  (1763-1827),  second  son 
of  George  III  and  Queen  Charlotte,  was  born 
at  St.  James's  Palace  on  16  Aug.  1763,  and  on 
27  Feb.  1764  he  was  elected  to  the  valuable 
bishopric  of  Osnaburg  through  the  influence 
of  his  father  as  elector  of  Hanover.  He  was 
educated  with  the  greatest  care  at  Kew,  and 
became  the  constant  companion  of  his  elder 
brother,  afterwards  George  IV.  In  1767  he 
was  invested  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  and  in  1771 
a  knight  of  the  Garter.  On  1  Nov.  1780  he 
was  gazetted  a  colonel  in  the  army,  and  in  the 
following  year  was  sent  to  Hanover  to  study 
French  and  German.  He  studied  not  only 
tactics  but  the  minutiae  of  regimental  disci- 
pline, and  varied  his  studies  by  visits  to  the 
Austrian  and  Prussian  military  manoeuvres. 
He  created  a  favourable  impression  in  every 
court  he  visited,  and  in  1782  was  presented 
to  Frederick  the  Great.  Meanwhile  the 
Bishop  of  Osnaburgh,  as  he  was  generally 
styled,  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  2nd  horse 
grenadier  guards,  now  the  2nd  life  guards, 
on  23  March  1782;  promoted  major-general 
on  20  Nov.  1782,  and  lieutenant-general  on 
27  Oct.  1784,  on  which  day  he  succeeded  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  as  colonel  of  the  2nd  or 
Coldstream  guards.  On  27  Nov.  1784  Prince 
Frederick  abandoned  his  episcopal  title  on 
being  created  Duke  of  York  and  Albany  in 
the  peerage  of  Great  Britain,  and  Earl  of 
Ulster  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland. 

In  1787  the  Duke  of  York  returned  to 
England,  where  he  was  received  with  en- 
thusiasm by  all  classes  (see  Gent.  Mag.  Ivii. 
734).  He  was  the  favourite  of  his  father, 
and  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  devotedly  at- 
tached to  him.  His  kindly  manners,  gene- 
rous disposition,  and  handsome  face  made 
him  popular  in  society.  He  took  his  seat  in 
the  House  of  Lords  on  27  Nov.  1787,  and 
on  15  Dec.  1788  he  made,  on  the  quest  ion  of 
tb.3  regency  in  opposition  to  Pitt's  Regency 
Bill,  a  speech  which  attracted  attention,  as 
it  was  held  to  convey  the  sentiments  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  On  26  May  1789  he  fought 
a  duel  on  Wimbledon  Common  with  Colonel 
Lennox,  afterwards  Duke  of  Richmond,  who 
was  aggrieved  by  some  of  the  duke's  remarks. 
The  duke  coolly  received  the  fire  of  Colonel 
Lennox,  and  then  fired  in  the  air.  His  cool- 
ness and  his  refusal  to  avail  himself  of  his 
rank  to  decline  the  challenge  were  much  ap- 
plauded. In  January  1791  a  marriage  was 
arranged  for  him  with  Princess  Frederica 
Charlotte  Ulrica  Catherina  (b.  7  May  1767), 
eldest  daughter  of  Frederick  William  II,  king 


Frederick 


234 


Frederick 


of  Prussia,  whose  acquaintance  he  made 
during  his  visits  to  Berlin.  Parliament 
granted  him  an  additional  income  of  18,000/. 
a  year,  and  the  king  gave  him  7,0001.  a  year 
on  the  Irish  revenue,  which  sums,  with  the 
revenues  of  the  bishopric  of  Osnaburgh,  raised 
his  income  to  70,000/.  a  year.  The  marriage 
was  celebrated  at  Berlin  on  29  Sept.  1791, 
and  at  the  queen's  house,  London,  on  23  Nov. 
The  princess  was  received  with  enthusiasm 
in  London,  where  it  is  noted  among  other 
demonstrations  of  respect  that  a  great  sale 
was  found  even  for  imitations  of  the  princess's 
slipper.  The  husband  and  wife  soon  separated, 
and  the  Duchess  of  York  retired  to  Oatlands 
Park,  Wey bridge,  Surrey,  where  she  amused 
herself  with  her  pet  dogs,  and  died  6  Aug. 
1820,  being  buried  in  Weybridge  church. 

On  the  outbreak  of  war  in  1793  George  III 
insisted  that  York  should  take  command  of  the 
English  contingent  despatched  to  Flanders  to 
co-operate  with  the  Austrian  army  under  the 
Prince  of  Coburg.  The  campaigns  of  1793, 
1794,  and  1795  in  Flanders  served  to  prove 
that  the  English  army  was  unable  to  cope 
with  the  enthusiastic  French  republicans, 
and  that  York  was  not  a  born  military  com- 
mander. His  staff,  and  especially  his  ad- 
jutant and  quartermaster-generals,  Craig  and 
Murray,  were  chiefly  responsible  ;  the  duke 
showed  himself  brave  but  inexperienced,  and 
there  is  much  truth  in  Gillray's  caricatures 
and  Peter  Pindar's  squibs,  which  represented 
him  as  indulging  too  freely  in  the  prevalent 
dissipation  of  his  officers.  In  1793  the  allied 
army  drove  the  French  army  out  of  Belgium, 
defeated  it  at  Tournay  and  Famars,  and  took 
Valenciennes  on  26  July.  Then  came  a  dif- 
ference between  the  generals  ;  the  Prince  of 
Coburg  wished  to  march  on  Paris,  while 
York  was  ordered  to  take  Dunkirk.  The 
armies  separated,  and  Carnot  at  once  con- 
centrated all  the  best  French  troops  and  at- 
tacked the  duke  in  his  lines  before  Dunkirk. 
After  severe  fighting  at  Hondschoten  on 
6  and  8  Sept.  the  English  had  to  fall  back, 
and,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at 
"Wattignies,  finally  joined  them  at  Tournay, 
where  both  armies  went  into  winter  quarters. 
In  February  1794  the  duke  joined  the  head- 
quarters of  the  army  in  Flanders,  and  the  new 
campaign  opened  with  some  slight  successes 
at  Cateau  Cambresis,  Villiers-en-Cauche, 
and  Troixville.  But  on  10,  14,  and  18  May 
the  French  army  under  Pichegru  attacked  the 
English  army  at  Tournay.  In  the  last  en- 
gagement the  English  were  entirely  defeated, 
and  would  have  been  destroyed  but  for  the 
conduct  of  Generals  Ralph  Abercromby  and 
Henry  Edward  Fox.  York  himself  was  nearly 
taken  prisoner.  After  this  defeat  the  English 


army  steadily  fell  back,  in  spite  of  the  arrival 
in  July  often  thousand  fresh  troops  under  the 
Earl  of  Moira.  The  duke  was,  in  fact,  driven 
out  of  Belgium  after  several  severe  engage- 
ments. There  followed  the  terrible  winter 
retreat  of  1794-5,  which  concluded  the  un- 
successful campaign.  York  shared  the  perils 
of  the  retreat  up  to  the  beginning  of  December, 
in  which  month  he  returned  to  England. 

The  duke's  reputation  had  not  been  raised. 
Nevertheless  George  III  promoted  him  to  be 
a  field-marshal  on  18  Feb.  1795,  and  made  him 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  3  April  1798. 
Amherst,  the  retiring  commander-in-chief, 
was  an  old  man,  who  had  allowed  countless- 
abuses  in  the  discipline  and  administration  of 
the  army.  The  duke  by  his  high  rank  could, 
be  considered  as  belonging  to  no  party,  and 
he  was  able  from  his  position  to  put  down 
much  of  the  jobbery  which  had  disgraced  his. 
predecessor's  tenure  of  office.  He  was  not  a 
man  of  brilliant  parts,  but  he  determined  to- 
remove  some  of  the  abuses  which  he  had  seen 
in  Flanders. 

In  1799  he  was  appointed  to  command  an 
army  destined  to  invade  Holland  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  Russian  corps  d'armee.  The  van- 
guard of  this  army,  under  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
cromby and  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Mitchell, 
performed  an  important  duty  in  capturing- 
the  Dutch  ships  in  the  Helder ;  but  when 
the  main  force  arrived  under  the  duke  on. 
13  Sept.  nothing  but  disaster  followed. 
Generals  Brune  and  Daendaels  collected  an 
army,  which,  though  defeated  on  19  Sept., 
2  Oct.,  and  9  Oct.,  managed  to  keep  the  Eng- 
lish and  Russians  penned  on  the  narrow  strip 
of  land  seized  by  Abercromby,  and  on  17  Oct. 
the  duke  signed  the  disgraceful  convention 
of  Alkmaer,  by  which  the  victors  were  allowed 
to  leave  Holland  on  condition  that  eight  thou- 
sand French  prisoners  of  war  should  be  sur- 
rendered to  the  republic.  This  failure  con- 
firmed the  general  opinion  that  the  duke  was 
unfit  for  the  command  of  an  army  in  the  field. 

The  attention  of  the  public  was  now  turned 
to  the  state  of  the  army ;  money  was  not 
spared  by  parliament,  and  while  Abercromby 
was  engaged  in  the  Mediterranean  in  restor- 
ing the  true  spirit  of  discipline  in  the  field, 
the  duke  devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  weed- 
ing out  incapable  officers,  and  encouraging 
those  who  did  their  duty.  It  was  nothing' 
short  of  a  disaster  that  York  was  on  18  March 
1809  forced  to  retire  from  his  post  of  com- 
mander-in-chief. He  had  become  entangled 
with  a  handsome  adventuress,  Mary  Anne 
Clarke  [q.  v.],  who  made  money  out  of  her 
intimacy  with  the  commander-in-chief,  by 
promising  promotion  to  officers,  who  paid  her 
for  her  recommendations.  This  matter  wa§ 


Frederick 


235 


Frederick 


raised  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  Colonel 
Wardle  on  27  Jan.  1809,  and  referred  to  a 
select  committee,  which  took  evidence  on 
oath.  The  inquiries  of  this  committee  proved 
that  York  had  shown  most  reprehensible  care- 
lessness in  his  dealings  with  Mrs.  Clarke,  but 
he  could  not  be  convicted  of  receiving  money 
himself,  and  the  House  of  Commons  acquitted 
him  of  any  corrupt  practices  by  278  votes  to 
196.  Sir  David  Dundas,  who  succeeded  the 
duke  at  the  Horse  Guards,  continued  his 
policy,  and  the  action  of  the  prince  regent  in 
replacing  his  brother  at  the  head  of  the  army 
in  May  1811  was  received  with  almost  unani- 
mous satisfaction.  The  House  of  Commons 
rejected  Lord  Milton's  motion  censuring  the 
ministry  for  allowing  the  appointment  by 
296  votes  to  47. 

Xo  other  scandal  marked  the  duke's  career. 
He  was  twice  thanked  by  the  houses  of 
parliament,  in  July  1814  and  July  1815,  after 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  for  the  benefits  he 
had  bestowed  on  the  army  and  his  unremit- 
ting attention  to  his  duties  as  commander-in- 
chief:  and  in  1818,  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Charlotte,  he  was  appointed  guardian  of  the 
person  of  the  king,  with  an  allowance  of 
10,0007.  a  year.  The  death  of  George  III 
made  York  heir  to  the  throne,  but  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  his  post  at  the  Horse  Guards. 
The  real  affection  which  George  IV  enter- 
tained for  him  made  him  an  important  per- 
sonage, but  he  never  interfered  much  with 
politics.  He  opposed  catholic  emancipation, 
and  on  25  April  1825,  in  a  speech  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  declared  his  opinions  in  op- 
position to  a  speech  which  was  held  to  em- 
body the  ideas  of  his  royal  brother.  In  July 
1826  York  was  attacked  with  dropsy,  and 
after  a  long  illness,  borne  with  exemplary 
fortitude,  he  died  at  the  Duke  of  Rutland's 
house  in  Arlington  Street  on  5  Jan.  1827. 
His  body  lay  in  state  in  St.  James's  Palace, 
and  on  19  Jan.  1827  he  was  buried  in  St. 
George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  his  brother,  the 
Duke  of  Clarence,  acting  as  chief  mourner. 

The  conduct  of  York  as  commander-in-chief 
had  the  greatest  influence  on  the  history  of 
the  British  army.  He  supported  the  efforts 
successfully  to  revive  military  spirit  made 
by  commanders  in  the  field,  and  by  his 
own  subordinates,  above  all  by  his  military 
secretary,  Sir  Henry  Torrens.  Without  his 
strenuous  support  the  regulations  of  Sir 
David  Dundas  [q.  v.]  could  not  have  been 
successful,  nor  the  quartermaster-general's 
department  purified.  He  looked  well  after 
the  soldiers  and  their  comforts,  but  it  was 
with  the  officers  that  he  was  most  successful. 
He  set  apart  every  Tuesday  as  a  levee  day, 
in  which  any  officer  might  have  an  audience. 


He  sternly  put  down  the  influence  of  personal-- 
favouritism. The  purchase  system  was  in 
force  during  his  tenure  of  office,  but  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  military  service  in  every  rank 
was  required  before  an  officer  could  purchase 
a  step,  and  it  was  impossible  for  boys  at 
school  to  hold  rank  as  colonels.  The  duke 
did  much  to  eradicate  political  jobbery  in 
military  appointments,  and  set  his  face  against 
systematic  corruption.  Though  he  had  him- 
self failed  on  the  field,  he  generously  recog- 
nised the  superior  merits  of  Wellington  and 
his  subordinates. 

York  was  good-tempered  and  affable ;  he- 
was  a  sportsman,  and  kept  a  racing  stable,, 
which  was  superintended  by  Greville,  the 
diarist,  and  he  possessed  the  open,  if  unin- 
tellectual,  features  common  to  his  brothers. 
His  name  is  better  commemorated  by  his- 
foundation  of  the  Duke  of  York's  School  for 
the  sons  of  soldiers,  Chelsea,  London,  than  by 
the  column  which  bears  his  name  at  the  end 
of  Waterloo  Place,  St.  James's  Park,  London. 

[Annual  Eegister  for  1827,  pp.  436-67,  con- 
tains the  best  contemporary  memoir  of  the  Duke ' 
of  York,  and  embodies  all  the  pith  of  the  obituary- 
notices  in  the  various  newspapers  and  magazines, 
as  well  as  the  biography  written  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  for  the  Edinburgh  Weekly  Journal ;  for  his: 
military  career  see  Philippart's  Royal  Military 
Calendar  and  Sir  F.  W.  Hamilton's  Hist,  of  the 
Grenadier  Guards  ;  for  the  campaigns  of  1793-5 . 
see  Jones's  Hist,  of  the  late  War  in  Flanders 
(London,  1796);  for  the  expedition  of  1799,  Sir 
H.  Buubury's  Narrative  of  some  Passages  in  the. 
late  War ;  and  for  his  character  see  especially 
the  Greville  Memoirs,  1st  series,  and  numerous' 
allusions  in  Thomas  Wright's  Gillray  the  Carica- 
turist.] H.  M.  S. 

FREDERICK  LOUIS,  PRIX CE  OF  WuaS 
(1707-1751),  eldest  son  of  George  II  and 
Queen  Caroline,  and  father  of  George  III, 
was  born  6  Jan.  1707  at  Hanover,  of  which 
his  father  was  electoral  prince.  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montagu,  in  1716,  speaks  of  the 
grace  and  charm  of  his  behaviour  (  Works? 
ed.  1837,  i.  316).  In  1717  he  was  created. 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  the  following  year  he. 
was  installed  a  knight  of  the  Garter,  and 
11  June  1727  received  the  title  of  Duke  of- 
Edinburgh.  In  his  infancy  a  marriage  had 
been  arranged  by  the  mothers  between  him 
and  his  cousin,  Sophia  Dorothea  Wilhelmina, 
princess  royal  of  Prussia,  afterwards  mar- 
gravine of  Baireuth,  it  being  also  agreed  that  • 
his  sister,  the  Princess  Amelia,  should  marry 
Prince  Frederick  of  Prussia,  afterwards  Fre— . 
derick  the  Great  (see  narrativeof  the  'Double 
Marriage  Project '  in  CARLYEE'S  Frederick^ 
bks.  v.  vi.  and  vii.)  The  arrangement  was 
in  1723  virtually  sanctioned  by  George  I,  but 


Frederick 


236 


Frederick 


tlbe  final  signature  of  the  treaty  was  always 
delayed  by  the  English  king,  and  at  his  death 
in  June  1727  was  not  completed.  On  the 
accession  of  George  II  Frederick  still  re- 
mained in  Hanover,  and  being,  in  the  words 
of  Carlyle,  '  eager  to  be  wedded  to  Wilhel- 
jnina  as  one  grand,  and  at  present  grandest, 
source  of  his  existence,'  entered  into  commu- 
nications with  her  mother  to  have  the  mar- 
riage celebrated  privately.  The  mother,  who 
had  set  her  heart  on  the  match,  eagerly  con- 
sented, but  having  unsuspectingly  informed 
Dubourgay,  the  English  ambassador,  of  the 
project,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  prevent  it. 
The  antipathy  existing  between  George  II 
and  Frederick  William  proved  an  insuperable 
Carrier  to  the  match,  and  after  negotiations 
had  been  for  some  time  in  a  state  of  suspense, 
they  were  definitely  and  finally  broken  off  in 
1730.  In  December  1728  the  prince  came  to 
England ;  but,  though  welcomed  by  the  na- 
tion, was  received  with  marked  coldness  by 
his  father.  On  9  Jan.  1729  he  was  created 
Prince  of  Wales.  The  original  cause  of  the 
estrangement  between  the  prince  and  the 
king,  the  scandal  of  the  reign,  was  probably 
the  wreck  of  the  marriage  project,  but  though 
the  breach  was  also  widened  by  other  circum- 
stances, it  can  only  be  fully  accounted  for  by 
the  peculiarities  of  the  prince's  temper.  His 
power  of  exasperating  his  relations,  and  espe- 
cially his  father,  without  committing  against 
him  any  really  great  offence,  indicated  fatal 
incompatibilities  of  temper  between  them. 
The  queen,  his  mother,  wished  a  hundred 
times  a  day  that  he  were  dead  ;  his  sister 
Amelia  grudged  him  every  hour  he  continued 
to  live ;  and  the  king  himself  remarked :  '  My 
dear  firstborn  is  the  greatest  ass,  and  the 
greatest  liar,  and  the  greatest  canaille,  and 
the  greatest  beast  in  the  whole  world,  and  I 
heartily  wish  he  was  out  of  it.'  His  father's 
stingy  treatment  of  him  in  money  matters, 
and  his  determination  to  keep  him  in  a  posi- 
tion of  dependence,  were  peculiarly  galling 
to  the  prince.  His  filial  sentiments  were, 
however,  less  replaced  by  indignation  than 
contempt,  which  he  loved  on  every  oppor- 
tunity to  manifest,  partly  as  a  proof  of  his 
own  superiority.  He  undoubtedly  carried 
this  feeling  to  an  extreme  when  he  wrote,  or 
instigated  the  writing  in  1735  of,  '  Histoire 
<lu  Prince  Titi'  (of  which  two  English  trans- 
lations appeared  in  1736),  in  which  the  king 
and  queen  were  grossly  caricatured.  With 
George  Bubb  Dodington  as  his  chief  counsel- 
lor, he  also  formed  an  opposition  court  of  his 
own,  and  used  every  influence  to  undermine 
the  authority  of  Walpole,  his  father's  fa- 
vourite minister.  Possessing  easy  manners 
and  great  good  humour  when  his  wishes  were 


not  thwarted,  he  set  himself  deliberately  to 
outshine  his  father  in  popularity,  and  the  fact 
that  he  could  pose  before  the  public  as  one 
who  was  to  some  extent  ill-used  told  greatly 
in  his  favour.  Partly  because  of  his  money 
embarrassments,  and  partly  possibly  because 
he  knew  he  would  deeply  pain  his  father,  he 
entered  into  negotiations  with  the  old  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  for  the  hand  of  her  favourite 
granddaughter,  Lady  Diana  Spencer,  after- 
wards Duchess  of  Bedford,  stipulating  that 
he  should  receive  100,000/.  for  her  portion. 
A  day  is  said  to  have  been  actually  fixed  for 
the  secret  marriage  in  the  duchess's  lodge  in 
Windsor  Great  Park,  but  the  project  was  dis- 
covered, just  in  time  to  prevent  it,  by  Sir 
Robert  Walpole.  The  marriage  of  the  prin- 
cess royal  to  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1734 
was  regarded  by  Frederick  as  something  in 
the  nature  of  a  personal  grievance,  from  the 
fact  that  she  had  anticipated  him  not  only  in 
getting  married,  but  in  obtaining  a  permanent 
grant  from  parliament,  and  an  establishment 
of  her  own.  The  rivalry  between  the  two  came 
prominently  before  the  public  in  connection 
with  the  '  Tweedledum  Tweedledee  '  contro- 
versy, as  to  the  respective  merits  of  the  operas 
of  Handel  and  his  Italian  rival  Buononcini, 
the  princess  being  a  special  friend  and  patron 
of  Handel  at  the  Haymarket,  and  the  prince 
heading  those  of  the  nobility  who  supported 
Buononcini  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  The  mar- 
riage of  the  princess  induced  Frederick  to 
go  to  the  antechamber  of  St.  James's  and  re- 
quest an  audience  of  the  king,  to  whom  he 
made  three  demands  :  permission  to  serve  in 
the  Rhine  campaign,  a  fixed  income  suitable 
to  his  circumstances,  and  the  arrangement 
for  him  of  a  suitable  marriage.  The  first 
was  peremptorily  refused,  but  the  king  pro- 
mised favourably  to  consider  the  second  and 
third,  provided  Frederick  in  future  acted  with 
proper  respect  towards  the  queen.  Some  time 
afterwards,  with  the  prince's  consent,  a  ne- 
gotiation was  entered  into  for  the  hand  of 
the  Princess  Augusta,  daughter  of  Frederick, 
duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  and  the  marriage  was 
solemnised  at  St.  James's,  26  April  1736.  In- 
stead, however,  of  proving  a  means  of  recon- 
ciliation between  the  king  and  the  prince, 
the  marriage  was  the  occasion  of  embittering 
their  relations  for  the  remainder  of  the  prince's 
life.  George  II  himself,  when  prince  of  Wales, 
had  obtained  an  annuity  of  100,OOOZ.  out  of 
a  civil  list  of  700,000/.,  and  the  prince  natu- 
rally thought  himself  entitled  to  at  least  an 
equal  sum  when  the  civil  list  had  increased 
to  800,000/.  The  king  proposed  to  give  only 
50,000/.,  whereupon  the  prince  resolved,  on 
the  advice  of  his  friends  the  leaders  of  the 
opposition,  to  appeal  to  parliament  against 


Frederick 


237 


Frederick 


his  father.  The  address  on  the  subject  was, 
however,  rejected  in  both  houses,  though  not 
by  large  majorities.  The  mortification  of 
the  prince  was,  of  course,  of  a  permanent 
character,  and  he  felt  his  disappointment  the 
more  from  the  fact  that  he  was  deeply  in  debt. 
He  showed  his  resentment  by  neglecting  to  ac- 
quaint the  king  and  queen  with  his  wife's  con- 
dition before  the  birth  of  Augusta,  his  eldest 
child.  When  the  pains  of  child-birth  came 
on  he  hurried  her  from  Hampton  Court  in  the 
middle  of  the  night  to  St.  James's,  where  not 
only  had  no  preparations  been  made,  but  the 
beds  had  not  been  properly  aired,  and  the 
only  lady  in  attendance  was  Lady  Archibald 
Hamilton,  the  reputed  mistress  of  the  prince, 
who  had  accompanied  them  from  Hampton 
Court.  The  prince  excused  himself  on  the 
ground  that  the  princess  had  been  seized  with 
the  pains  of  labour  much  sooner  than  he  ex- 
pected, but  there  is  little  doubt  that  the  chief 
reason  for  his  extraordinary  conduct  was  to 
prevent  the  queen  being  present  at  the  birth 
(see  LORD  HERVEY'S  Memoirs,  ed.  1848,  ii. 
360-74) .  In  any  case  the  king  rej  ected  all  his 
endeavours  for  conciliation,  and  on  10  Sept. 
1737  sent  him  a  message  peremptorily  order- 
ing him  to  quit  St.  James's  with  all  his 
family,  as  soon  as  the  princess  could  bear  re- 
moval. The  order  was  immediately  obeyed, 
the  prince  removing  in  the  first  instance  to 
Kew,  and  subsequently  to  Norfolk  House, 
St.  James's  Square.  Copies  of  the  correspon- 
dence which  passed  between  father  and  son 
were  sent  by  the  king  to  each  of  the  British 
ambassadors  abroad  and  the  foreign  ambas- 
sadors in  England,  the  latter  being  at  the 
same  time  requested  not  to  visit  the  prince's 
family,  as  '  a  thing  that  would  be  disagree- 
able to  his  majesty'  (Marchmont  Papers,  ii. 
83 ;  the  letters  between  George  II  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales  were  published  in  1737). 
From  this  time  the  prince's  home  became  a 
great  centre  of  the  opposition,  Bolingbroke, 
Chesterfield,  Carteret,  Wyndham,  and  Cob- 
ham  being  numbered  among  the  prince's 
special  friends.  Walpole,  shortly  before  his 
overthrow,  in  the  beginning  of  1742,  advised 
the  king  to  make  an  effort  to  detach  the  prince 
from  his  party,  on  whom  his  patronage  con- 
ferred undoubted  influence  in  the  country. 
Seeker,  bishop  of  Oxford,  was  therefore  sent  to 
the  prince  to  intimate  that  if  he  would  send 
to  the  king  a  letter  couched  in  proper  terms 
of  regret  for  the  past,  and  promising  amend- 
ment for  the  future,  an  addition  of  50,000^. 
would  be  made  to  his  revenue,  and  in  all  pro- 
bability his  debts,  which  now  reached  an 
enormous  sum,  would  be  paid  by  the  king  ; 
but  the  prince,  who  it  may  be  supposed  was 
well  aware  that  Walpole's  position  was  be- 


coming desperate,  replied  that  if  the  message- 
had  come  directly  from  the  king  he  might 
have  been  disposed  to  consider  it  favourably,, 
but  as  it  had  evidently  emanated  from  Wal- 
pole, he  refused  to  entertain  it  so  long  as 
Walpole  remained  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment. After  the  resignation  of  Walpole  a 
partial  reconciliation  with  the  king  took  place, 
but,  possibly  because  the  king  took  no  step* 
towards  increasing  the  prince's  allowance^ 
matters  were  soon  again  on  their  old  footing. 
When  the  rebellion  broke  out  in  1745,  Fre- 
derick warmly  solicited  the  command  of  the- 
royal  army.  It  is  said  to  have  been  through 
the  intercession  of  Frederick  that  Flora  Mac- 
donald  received  her  liberty,  after  a  short 
imprisonment  for  succouring  the  chevalies. 
Frederick  died  suddenly  at  Leicester  House, 
20  March  1751,  from  the  bursting  of  an  abs- 
cess which  had  been  formed  by  a  blow  from 
a  tennis  ball.  He  had  been  ailing  for  a  short 
time,  and,  when  his  death  happened,  Des- 
noyers,  a  dancing-master,  had  been  amusing 
him  by  playing  the  violin  at  his  bedside. 
Desnoyers  supported  him  in  his  last  mc>- 
ments.  He  was  buried  on  13  April,  '  with- 
out either  anthem  or  organ,'  in  Henry  VIl's 
chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey.  The  princess; 
survived  to  witness  the  coronation  of  her  son,, 
and,  dying  8  Feb.  1772,  was  interred  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  Frederick  was  the  father,  by 
his  wife,  of  four  sons  besides  George  III, 
and  of  two  daughters,  viz.  Edward  Augustus^ 
duke  of  York  and  Albany  (1739-1767) ;  Wil- 
liam Henry,  duke  of  Gloucester  and  Edin- 
burgh (1743-1805) ;  Henry  Frederick,  duke 
of  Cumberland  (1745-1790) ;  Frederick  Wil^ 
liam  (1750-1765);  Augusta  (1737-1813),. 
wife  of  Charles  William  Ferdinand,  here- 
ditary prince  of  Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel ; 
and  Caroline  Matilda  (1751-1775),  wife  of 
Christian  VII,  king  of  Denmark. 

'  The  chief  passion  of  the  prince,'  say& 
Horace  Walpole, '  was  women ;  but,  like  the- 
rest  of  his  race,  beauty  was  not  a  necessary 
ingredient.'  A  natural  son, '  Cornwell  Fitz- 
Frederick,'  by  Anne  Vane  ('  Beautiful  Va- 
nella'),  daughter  of  Gilbert,  second  lords 
Barnard,  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey 
26  Feb.  1735-6  (CHESTER,  Westm.  Abbey  Reg. 
p.  345).  He  was  also  much  addicted  to- 
gambling,  but  in  all  his  money  transactions- 
his  conduct  was  not  regulated  by  any  ordi- 
nary considerations  of  honour.  Though  he- 
affected  to  patronise  the  arts  and  literature, 
his  tastes  were  not  otherwise  refined,  and  ire 
their  pursuit  he  was  not  too  regardful  of  his- 
dignity.  'His  best  quality,'  says  Horace 
Walpole,  '  was  generosity,  his  worst  insin- 
cerity and  indifference  to  truth,  which  ap- 
peared so  early  that  Earl  Stanhope  wrote  to 


Freebairn 


238 


Freeburn 


•Lord  Sunderland  what  I  shall  conclude  his 
character  with :  "  He  has  his  father's  head  and 
.his  mother's  heart"'  (WALPOLE,  George  II, 
i.  77).  His  popularity  partly  arose  from  the 
belief  that  he  was  hardly  used  by  the  king, 
and  partly  from  the  unpopularity  of  the  king, 
and  antipathy  felt  towards  the  prince's  bro- 
ther, the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  whose  regency, 
should  the  king  die  before  his  successor  was 
.of  age,  was  regarded  with  general  dread. 
When  Frederick's  death  became  known, 
•elegies  were  cried  about  the  streets,  to  which 
the  people  responded  with,  '  Oh !  that  it  was 
but  his  brother ! '  and  '  Oh  !  that  it  was  but 
the  butcher  ! '  Perhaps,  however,  the  real 
sentiment  of  the  nation  was  most  exactly 
expressed  in  the  well-known  lines  beginning 
with 

Here  lies  Fred, 

Who  was  alive  and  is  dead  ; 

and  ending  with 

There  's  no  more  to  be  said. 

Two  songs  of  which  Frederick  was  the  au- 
thor, one  in  French,  the  other  in  English,  are 
printed  in  Walpole's  '  George  II,'  i.  432-5. 

[Lord  Hervey's  Court  of  George  II ;  Walpole's 
Reminiscences,  Memoirs,  and  George  II ;  Wrax- 
•all's  Memoirs ;  Coxe's  Life  of  Walpole ;  Doding- 
ton's  Diary;  Opinions  of  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough  ;  Warburton's  Horace  Walpole  and  his 
Contemporaries,  i.  225-69 ;  Jesse's  Court  of  Eng- 
land, ed.  1843,  iii.  119-60;  Carlyle's  Frederick 
.the  Great ;  Mahon's  Hist,  of  England.] 

T.  F.  H. 

FREEBAIRN,  ALFRED  ROBERT 

^(1794-1846),  engraver,  was  apparently  the 
son  of  Robert  Freebairn  [q.  v.],the  landscape- 
painter,  and  is  probably  identical  with  the 
younger  Freebairn  who  etched  the  '  Sketch- 
'book'  of  Robert  Freebairn,  published  in  1815. 
He  was  a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  engraved  some  vignettes  and  illustra- 
tions after  Arnold,  Nixon,  David  Roberts, 
S.  Prout,  Pyne,  and  others  for  the  '  Book  of 
Gems '  and  other  popular  works.  His  later 
work  seems  to  have  been  entirely  confined 
to  the  production  of  engravings  by  the  me- 
chanical process,  invented  by  Mr.  John  Bate, 
known  as  the  '  Anaglyptograph.'  This  ma- 
chine was  specially  adapted  for  reproducing 
in  engraving  objects  with  raised  surfaces, 
such  as  coins,  medals,  reliefs,  &c.  Free- 
bairn produced  a  large  number  of  engravings 
by  this  process,  some  of  which  were  pub- 
lished in  the  '  Art  Union '  (1846).  His  most 
important  works  in  this  style  of  engraving 
were  'A  salver  of  the  16th  century,'  by  Jean 
Goujon,  and  a  series  of  engravings  of  Flax- 
man's  '  Shield  of  Achilles ; '  the  latter,  a  very 
remarkable  work,  was  executed  and  published 


at  Freebairn's  own  risk  and  expense.  He 
only  completed  it  shortly  before  his  death, 
which  occurred  some  what  suddenly  on  21  Aug. 
1846,  at  the  age  of  fifty-two,  a  few  days  after 
the  decease  of  his  mother.  He  was  buried 
in  Highgate  cemetery. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Art  Union,  1846, 
pp.  14,  161,  264.]  L.  C. 

FREEBAIRN,  ROBERT  (1765-1808), 
landscape-painter,  born  in  1765,  and  appa- 
rently of  Scottish  descent,  is  usually  stated 
to  have  been  the  last  pupil  of  Richard  Wil- 
son, R.A.  [q.  v.]     This  does  not  seem  certain, 
as  Freebairn  was  articled  to  Philip  Reinagle, 
R.A.  [q.  v.],  and  it  was  from  Reinagle's  house 
that  he  sent  his  first  picture  to  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1782,  the  year  of  Wilson's  death. 
He  continued  to  exhibit  landscapes  up  to 
1786,  when  he  appears  to  have  gone  to  Italy. 
In  1789  and  1790  he  was  at  Rome,  and  sent 
views  of  Roman  scenery  to  the  Academy. 
In  1791  he  sent  two  views  of  the  'Via  Mala' 
in  the  Grisons,  probably  taken  on  his  return 
journey.     His  stay  in  Italy  formed  his  style, 
and  he  brought  back  to  England  a  storehouse 
of  material,  on  which  he  drew  plentifully 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  his  produc- 
tions being  mainly  representations  of  Italian 
scenery.     When  in  Italy  he  was  patronised 
by  Lord  Powis,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
by  Lord  Suffolk,  Mr.  Penn  of  Stoke  Park, 
and  others.     His  compositions  were  noted 
for  their  elegance  rather  than  for  grandeur, 
and  were  pleasing  enough  to  enable  him  to 
secure  sufficient  patronage  and  commissions 
for  his  pictures,  most  of  which  he  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  occasionally  painted 
views  of  Welsh  and  Lancashire  scenery,  but 
his  chief  excellence  lay  in  his  Roman  sub- 
jects.    Some  of  his  drawings  were  published 
in  aquatint.     Freebairn  died  in  Buckingham 
Place,  New  Road,  Marylebone,  on  23  Jan. 
1808,  aged  42,  leaving  a  widow  and  four 
children.     After  his  death  there  was  pub- 
lished in  1815  a  volume  called  '  Outlines  of 
Lancashire   Scenery,  from   an  unpublished 
Sketch-book  of  the  late  R.  Freebairn,  designed 
as  studies  for  the  use  of  schools  and  begin- 
ners, and  etched  by  the  younger  Freebairn ' 
[see  FREEBAIRN,  ALFRED  ROBERT].  A  Robert 
Freebairn,  perhaps  related  to  the  above,  edited 
several  works  of  Scottish  literature  during 
the  eighteenth  century. 

[Gent.  Mag.  (1808)  Ixxviii.  94;  Redgrave's 
Diet,  of  Artists;  Wright's  Life  of  Richard  Wil- 
son, R.A. ;  Royal  Academy  Catalogues.] 

L.  C. 

FREEBURN,  JAMES  (1808-1876),  inr 
vent  or,  was  born  in  1808  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Cuthbert's,  Midlothian.  At  an  early  age 


Freeke 


239 


Freeman 


he  was  apprenticed  to  a  baker.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  enlisted  in  the  7th  battalion 
of  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  for  a  time  served 
as  gunner  and  driver.  In  December  1827 
he  was  made  bombardier,  in  May  1831  cor- 
poral, in  January  1835  sergeant,  and  in  April 
1844  sergeant-major.  From  May  1837  to 
September  1840  he  served  abroad  in  the  West 
Indies.  On  his  return  home  he  began  to  de- 
vote his  attention  to  the  subject  of  explosives, 
and  during  1846,  in  which  year  he  was  com- 
missioned quartermaster  of  the  10th  batta- 
lion Royal  Artillery,  he  invented  an  elabo- 
rate series  of  metal  and  wood  fuzes  for  ex- 
ploding live  shells,  both  on  'concussion 'and 
by '  time.'  In  1 847  he  effected  improvements 
on  his  original  idea,  and  his  fuzes  were  ap- 
proved by  the  master-general  of  ordnance, 
and  adopted  in  her  majesty's  service.  Free- 
burn  continued  in  the  Royal  Artillery  until 
21  April  1856,  when  he  retired  with  the 
honorary  rank  of  captain,  on  retired  half-pay 
of  10*.  per  diem.  He  died  at  Plumstead  on 
'  5  Aug.  1876. 

[Royal  Artillery  Records,  Woolwich ;  dia- 
grams of  Freeburn's  inventions  in  the  Royal 
Artillery  Institution,  Woolwich.]  .T.  B-Y. 

FREEKE,  WILLIAM  (1662-1744), 
mystical  writer.  [See  FBEKE.] 

FREELING,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1764- 
1836) ,  postal  reformer  and  book  collector,  was 
"born  in  Redcliffe  parish,  Bristol,  on  25  Aug. 
1764.  He  began  his  official  career  in  the 
Bristol  post  office.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
new  system  of  mail  coaches,  in  1785,  he  was 
appointed  to  aid  the  inventor.Palmer,  in  carry- 
ing his  improvements  into  effect.  Two  years 
later  he  proceeded  to  London,  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  general  post  office,  where  he  suc- 
cessively filled  the  offices  of  surveyor,  principal 
:and  resident  surveyor,  joint  secretary,  and 
sole  secretary,  for  nearly  half  a  century.  In  a 
debate  in  the  House  of  Lords  in  1836  the  Duke 
of  Wellington  stated  that  the  English  post 
office  under  Freeling's  management  had  been 
"better  administered  than  any  post  office  in 
Europe,  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
Freeling  possessed  '  a  clear  and  vigorous  un- 
derstanding .  .  .  and  the  power  of  expressing 
"his  thoughts  and  opinions,  both  verbally  and 
In  writing,  with  force  and  precision.'  A 
baronetcy  was  conferred  upon  him  for  his 
public  services  on  11  March  1828.  Freeling 
had  been  a  warm  admirer  of  Pitt,  but  he 
suffered  no  political  partisanship  to  affect  his 
administration  of  the  post  office.  His  leisure 
ivas  devoted  to  the  formation  of  a  curious  and 
valuable  library.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1801,  and  was 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Roxburghe 


Club,  founded  in  1812.  Freeling  died  at  his 
residence  in  Bryanston  Square,  London,  on 
10  July  1836.  A  marble  monument  was 
erected  to  him  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary 
Redcliffe,  Bristol,  with  an  inscription  com- 
memorative of  his  services.  He  was  thrice 
married.  By  his  first  wife,  Jane,  daughter  of 
John  Christian  Kurstadt,  he  had  two  sons. 
He  was  succeeded  in  the  baronetcy  by  the 
elder,  SIB  GEOEGE  HENET  FEEELING,  born 
in  1789,  who  matriculated  at  New  College, 
Oxford,  17  March  1807  (FosTEE,  Alumni 
Ozon.) ;  was  for  some  time  assistant  secre- 
tary at  the  post  office,  and  subsequently  com- 
missioner of  customs  (1836-1841);  and  died 
29  Nov.  1841,  leaving  issue. 

[Ann.  Reg.  1836;  Gent.  Mag.  1836,1838; 
Foster's  Baronetage.]  G-.  B.  S. 

FREEMAN,  JOHN  (fi.  1611),  divine, 
matriculated  in  the  university  of  Cambridge 
as  a  sizar  of  Trinity  College,  26  Nov.  1575. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  1580-1,  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  his  college  in  1583,  and  commenced 
M.A.inl584  (Coo?ER,AthenceCantftbr.in.  59). 
He  was  for  some  time  preacher  of  Lewes  in 
Sussex. 

He  published:  1.  'The  Comforter,  or  a 
comfortable  Treatise,  wherein  are  contained 
many  Reasons  taken  out  of  the  Word,  to  assure 
the  Forgiueness  of  Sinnes  to  the  Conscience 
that  is  troubled  with  the  feeling  thereof/ 
London,  1591,  1600,  8vo.  Dedicated  to  the 
whole  congregation  of  Lewes.  2.  '  A  Sermon 
on  Rom.  viii.  2-28,'  London,  1611,  8vo. 
3.  'A  Sermon  on  Rom.  xi.  2-8,'  London, 
1611,  8vo. 

[Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  pp.  1179, 
1185, 1200  ;  Crowe's  Cat.  pp.  207,  210.]  T.  C. 

FREEMAN,  JOHN  (fi.  1670-1720), 
painter,  had  some  repute  as  a  history  painter 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  In  early  life  he 
went  to  the  West  Indies,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped death  by  poisoning.  He  returned  to 
England,  and  was  much  employed,  although 
'  his  Genius  was  so  impair'd  by  that  Attempt 
on  his  Life,  that  his  latter  Works  fail'd  of 
their  usual  Perfection.'  He  was  considered 
a  rival  of  Isaac  Fuller  [q.  v.]  He  drew  in 
the  Academy  that  then  existed,  and  latterly 
was  scene  painter  to  the  play-house  in  Covent 
Garden.  Some  plates  in  R.  Blome's  '  History 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testament'  are  probably 
from  his  designs.  It  is  not  known  when  he 
died,  but  he  can  hardly  have  lived  till  1747, 
and  be  identical  with  the  I.  Freeman  who 
drew  the  large  view  of  '  The  Trial  of  Lord 
Lovat  in  Westminster  Hall.' 

[De  Piles's  Lives  of  the  Painters ;  Redgrave's 
Diet,  of  Artists ;  Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Paint- 
ing.] L.  C. 


Freeman 


240 


FREEMAN,  PHILIP  (1818-1875),  arch- 
deacon of  Exeter,  son  of  Edmund  Freeman, 
of  the  Cedars,  Combs,  Suffolk,  by  Margaret, 
daughter  of  William  Hughes  of  Wexford, 
Ireland,  was  born  at  the  Cedars,  Combs, 
3  Feb.  1818,  and  educated  at  Dedham  gram- 
mar school  under  Dr.  George  Taylor.  At  a 
comparatively  early  age,  October  1835,  he 
became  a  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1837  and  1838  was  awarded 
Sir  William  Browne's  medals  for  a  Latin 
ode  and  epigrams.  He  was  elected  Craven 
University  scholar  in  the  latter  year,  gradu- 
ated B.A.  in  1839,  and  after  being  chosen 
fellow  and  tutor  of  St.  Peter's  College,  in 
1842  took  his  M.A.  degree.  He  served  as 
principal  of  the  Theological  College,  Chi- 
chester,  from  1846  to  1848,  and  was  a  canon 
and  a  reader  in  theology  in  Cumbrae  College 
(the  college  built  by  the  Earl  of  Glasgow  in 
the  island  of  Cumbrae,  Buteshire)  from  1853 
to  1858,  having  at  the  same  time  charge  of 
the  episcopal  church  in  that  island.  He  was 
presented  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Exeter 
to  the  vicarage  of  Thorverton,  Devonshire, 
in  1858,  was  elected  a  prebendary  of  Exeter 
Cathedral  in  November  1861,  one  of  the  four 
residentiary  canons  in  1864,  and  acted  for 
some  time  as  examining  chaplain  to  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese.  Finally,  he  was  gazetted  as 
archdeacon  of  Exeter  in  April  1865.  In  con- 
nection with  the  works  for  the  restoration  of 
the  cathedral  and  of  his  own  parish  church  at 
Thorverton,  in  which  he  took  great  interest,  he 
expended  much  time  and  money.  In  1869, 
at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  in 
Exeter,  he  protested  in  energetic  language 
against  some  of  the  views  propounded  by 
Professor  Huxley  on  Darwinism.  He  was  an 
authority  on  liturgical  and  architectural  ques- 
tions, and  wrote  numerous  works  on  those 
subjects,  and  was  also  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  '  Ecclesiologist,'  the  '  Christian  Re- 
membrancer,' and  the  '  Guardian.'  In  1866 
he  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Archdeacon 
Denison  as  to  the  '  Real  Presence.'  While 
getting  out  of  a  train  at  Chalk  Farm  station, 
London,  on  18  Feb.  1875,  he  met  with  an  acci- 
dent, from  the  effects  of  which  he  died  at 
the  residence  of  Thomas  Gambier,  surgeon, 
1  Northumberland  Terrace,  Primrose  Hill, 
London,  24  Feb.  He  was  buried  in  Thorverton 
churchyard  on  2  March.  His  will  was  proved 
on  3  April  under  25,000/.  He  married, 
18  Aug.  1846,  Ann.  youngest  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  Hervey  Baber  [q.  v.]  She 
was  born  at  the  British  Museum  11  Feb. 
1821,  and  survived  him.  He  was  the  author 
of  and  interested  in  the  following  works : 
1.  '  Carmen  Latinum  Comitiis  Maximis  re- 
citatum,  A.D.  1837.  Newtonus,'  Cambridge, 


1838.  2.  '  Church  Principles  as  bearing 
upon  certain  Statutes  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge,'  1841.  3.  '  Theses  Ecclesiasticse 
sive  orationes  in  curia  Cantabrigiensi  habitae,r 
1844.  4.  'Thoughts  on  the  Dissolution  of  the 
Camden  Society,'  1845.  5.  'Proportion  in  the 
Gothic  Architecture,' 1848.  6.  'An Appeal 
as  to  the  Chichester  Diocesan  Training  Col- 
lege and  Bishop  Otter's  Memorial,'  1848. 
7.  '  Sunday,'  a  poem,  1851.  8.  '  A  Plea  for 
the  Education  of  the  Clergy,'  1851.  9.  '  Plain 
Directions  for  using  Morning  and  Evening 
Prayer,'  1853.  10.  'A  Short  Account  of 
the  Collegiate  Church  of  Cumbrae,'  1854. 
11.  '  The  Principles  of  Divine  Service.  An 
inquiry  concerning  the  manner  of  under- 
standing the  order  of  Morning  and  Evening- 
Prayer  and  the  administration  of  the  Holy 
Communion,'  2  parts,  1855-62.  12.  Four 
sermons  for  Advent,  1859.  13.  '  Guessing- 
Stories,'  1864;  3rd  ed.  1876.  14.  'The- 
Harmony  of  Scripture  and  Science,'  1864. 
15.  '  The  Real  Science ;  the  Worship  Due. 
Correspondence  between  the  Archdeacon  of 
Taunton  and  the  Archdeacon  of  Exeter/ 
1866.  16.  'Rites  and  Ritual,  a  Plea  for 
Apostolic  Doctrine  and  Worship,'  1866 ;  4th 
ed.,  revised,  1866.  17.  '  A  Tract  about 
Church  Rates  and  Church  Endowments,' 
1866.  18.  'Church  Rates,  the  Patrimony  of 
the  Poor ;  an  attempt  to  set  the  subject  in  a 
new  point  of  view,'  1867.  19.  'The  History 
and  Characteristics  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  with 
an  Appendix  on  the  Screens,'  1871.  20.  'The 
Admonitory  Clauses  in  the  Church's  Homi- 
letical  Creed,'  1872.  21.  '  The  Architectural 
History  of  Exeter  Cathedral,'  1873.  22.  'A 
Challenge  to  the  Ritualists.  Correspondence 
between  the  Archdeacon  of  Exeter  and  B.  W. 
Savile  on  the  attempt  at  Romanising  the 
English  Church,'  1874. 

[Times,  26  Feb.  1875,  p.  8,  1  March,  p.  8; 
Illustrated  London  News,  6  March  1875,  p.  223, 
24  April,  p.  403 ;  Trewman's  Exeter  Flying 
Post,  3  March  1875,  p.  5 ;  Guardian,  3  Marchi 
1875,  p.  259  ;  information  from  G.  Broke  Free- 
man, esq.,  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn.]  G.  C.  B. 

^-FREEMAN,  SIK  RALPH  (Jl.  1610- 
1655),  civilian  and  dramatist,  who  was  pro- 
bably the  son  of  Martin  Freeman,  first  comes- 
into  notice  as  succeeding  Naunton  in  the 
office  of  master  of  requests  in  1618.  He  had 
married  a  relation  of  Buckingham,  through 
whose  influence  he  had  also  obtained  a  grant 
of  pre-emption  and  transportation  of  tin  for 
seven  years  in  August  1613.  In  1622  he 
had  a  grant  in  reversion  of  the  auditorship- 
of  imprests,  and  also  the  auditorship  of  the 
mint.  It  was  thought  that  through  Buck- 
ingham Freeman  would  succeed  Thomas- 


Freeman 


241 


Freind 


Murray  as  provost  of  Eton,  but  the  appoint- 
ment was  given  to  Sir  Henry  Wotton. 
Freeman  unsuccessfully  applied  to  Bucking- 
ham to  be  allowed  to  succeed  Wotton  at 
Venice.  In  1626  and  1627  he  was  on  a 
commission  for  the  arrest  of  French  ships 
and  goods  in  England.  In  1629  he  held  the 
office  of  auditor  of  imprests,  after  a  dispute 
as  to  its  possession  with  Sir  Giles  Monpes- 
fion,  and  soon  afterwards  became  master 
worker  of  the  mint  at  a  salary  of  500/.  per 
annum.  He  was  one  of  the  first  appointed 
in  February  1635  to  the  newly  created  office 
of  '  searcher  and  sealer '  of  all  foreign  hops 
imported  into  England.  On  the  death  of 
Sir  Dudley  Digges,  Freeman  bid  high  for  the 
mastership  of  the  rolls,  which  was  taken  by 
Sir  Charles  Caesar.  He  appears  to  have  re- 
tired into  private  life  shortly  afterwards,  and 
to  have  lived  to  an  advanced  age.  In  1655 
lie  published '  Imperiale,'  a  tragedy  which  he 
had  written  many  years  before,  and  had 
*  never  designed  to  the  open  world  ; '  he  was 
induced  to  publish  it  by  '  the  importunity  of 
liis  friends,  and  to  prevent  a  surreptitious 
publication  intended  from  an  erroneous  copy.' 
This  unauthorised  edition  to  which  he  refers 
tad  appeared  so  far  back  as  1639.  The 
tragedy  met  with  the  approval  of  Langbaine. 
Freeman  also  published  two  verse  trans- 
lations from  Seneca,  both  of  which  are 
above  the  average,  the  first  being  the '  Booke 
of  Consolation  to  Marcia'  (1635),  and  the 
other  the  '  Booke  of  the  Shortnes  of  Life ' 
(2nd  ed.  1663).  At  the  last-given  date  Free- 
man was  still  alive,  and  must  have  been  an 
old  man.  He  has  been  erroneously  con- 
founded with  another  Sir  Ralph  Freeman 
who  was  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  died  on 
16  March  1633-4. 

[Rolls  Ser.  (Dom.)  1603-10,  p.  475,  1611-18, 
pp.  197,  511,  1619-23,  pp.  53,  93,  335,  569, 
1623-5,  pp.  56,  70,  1627-8,  pp.  32,  181,  1628-9, 
pp.  141,  590,  1634-5,  p.  524,  1636-7,  p.  445, 
1638-9,  p.  622;  Baker's  Biographia  Dramatica.] 

A.  V. 

FREEMAN,  SAMUEL  (1773-1857), en- 
graver, worked  chiefly  in  stipple,  and  is  prin- 
cipally known  as  an  engraver  of  portraits. 
Among  these  may  be  noted  Samuel  Johnson, 
after  Bartolozzi,  Garrick,  and  Henry  Tres- 
liam,  R.A.,  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Sir 
R.  K.  Porter,  and  Miss  L.  E.  Landon,  after 
J.  Wright  (Freeman's  original  drawing  from 
the  portrait  of  Miss  Landon  is  in  the  print  room 
at  the  British  Museum),  Thomas  Campbell, 
after  Lawrence,  Queen  Victoria,  after  Miss 
Costello,  and  others.  He  engraved  numerous 
portraits  and  other  illustrations  to  the  Rev. 
T.  F.  Dibdin's  « Northern  Gallery,'  &c.  For 
Tresham's  '  British  Gallery'  (1815)  Freeman 

VOL.  xx. 


engraved  the  Stafford  Gallery  replica  of  Ra- 
phael's '  Vierge  au  Diademe.'  He  also  en- 
graved some  of  the  plates  for  Jones's '  National 
Gallery,'  and  numerous  portraits  for  Fisher's 
'  National  Portrait  Gallery.'  For  Dallaway's 
edition  of  Walpole's 'Anecdotes  of  Painting' 
he  engraved  'The  Marriage  of  Henry  VI  and 
Margaret  of  Anjou '  from  an  ancient  painting. 
He  died  on  27  Feb.  1857,  aged  84. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Catalogue  of 
Dyce  Collection,  South  Kens.  Mus.]  L.  C. 

FREEMAN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1614),  epi- 
grammatist, a  Gloucestershire  man, '  of  the 
same  family  of  those  of  Batsford  and  To- 
denham,  near  to  Morton-in-Marsh  '  (WOOD, 
Athence\  became  a  student  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1607,  and  took  his  degree  of 
B.A.  10  June  1611  (Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  341). 
'  Retiring  to  the  great  city  and  setting  up  for 
a  poet,'he  published  in  1614acollection  of  epi- 
grams in  two  parts,  4to,  dedicated  to  Thomas, 
lord  Windsor.  '  Rvbbe  and  a  Great  Cast '  is 
the  title  of  the  first  part,  and  '  Rvnne  and  a 
Great  Cast.  The  Second  Bowie '  of  the 
second.  It  is  a  scarce  and  interesting  volume. 
There  are  epigrams  on  Shakespeare,  Daniel, 
Donne,  Chapman,  Thomas  Heywood,  and 
Owen,  the  epigrammatist;  also  an  epitaph 
on  Nashe.  One  of  the  pieces,  '  Encomion 
Cornubise,'  is  reprinted  in  Ellis's  '  Specimens,' 
1811,  iii.  113. 

[Wood's  Athense,  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  155-7.] 

A.  H.  B. 

FREEMAN, WILLIAM  PEERE  WIL- 
LIAMS (1742-1832),  admiral.  [See  WlL- 
LIAMS-FREEMAN.] 

FREIND,  SIE  JOHN  (d.  1696),  con- 
spirator. [See  FRIEND.] 

FREIND,  JOHN,  M.D.  (1675-1728), 
physician  and  politician,  a  younger  brother 
of  Robert  Freind  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  Croton 
(or  Croughton),  near  Brackley  in  North- 
amptonshire, of  which  place  his  father,  Wil- 
liam Freind,  was  rector.  He  was  educated 
under  Dr.  Busby  [q.  v.]  at  Westminster,  and 
thence,  in  1694,  was  elected  a  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Here  he  attracted 
the  special  notice  of  Dean  Aldrich  [q.  v.], 
who  had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  scholar- 
ship that  he  appointed  him  one  of  the  editors 
of  a  Greek  and  Latin  edition  of  the  two  an- 
tagonistic orations  of  ^Eschines  and  De- 
mosthenes (8vo,  Oxford,  1696),  which  has 
been  several  times  republished ;  and  also  to 
superintend  a  reprint  of  the  Delphin  edition 
of  Ovid's '  Metamorphoses.'  While  at  Christ 
Church  he  became  acquainted  with  Atterbury 
[q.  v.],  who  was  then  one  of  the  tutors,  and 


Freind 


242 


Freind 


with  him  he  continued  on  intimate  terms  for 
the  rest  of  his  life.  He  also  became  involved 
in  the  famous  controversy  about  the  epistles 
of  Phalaris,  and  naturally  (with  his  fellow- 
collegians)  made  the  mistake  of  supporting 
Boyle  against  Bentley.  He  took  all  his  de- 
grees at  Oxford,  and  became  B.A.  in  1698, 
M.A.  in  1701,  M.B.  in  1703,  and  M.D.  by 
diploma  in  1707.  Having  chosen  medicine 
for  his  profession,  he  early  began  to  write  on 
medical  topics,  and  invariably  employed  the 
Latin  language.  In  1704  he  was  appointed 
to  deliver  at  the  Ashmolean  Museum  in 
Oxford  some  lectures  on  chemistry,  which 
were  largely  attended,  and  published  some 
years  later  (1709).  In  the  next  year  (1705) 
he  accompanied  the  Earl  of  Peterborough  in 
his  brilliant  campaign  in  Spain,  as  physician 
to  the  English  forces,  and  remained  there 
about  two  years.  He  then  visited  Italy, 
where  he  became  personally  acquainted  with 
Baglivi  and  Lancisi  and  other  celebrated 
physicians  of  the  day,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1707.  Here  he  at  once  plunged  into 
politics,  and  published  two  books  in  defence 
of  Lord  Peterborough's  conduct  in  Spain, 
which  brought  him  into  considerable  public 
notice  as  a  keen  partisan.  In  1709  he  married 
Anne,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  Morice, 
esq.,  then  pay  master  of  the  forces  in  Portugal, 
who  survived  him,  and  died  in  1737.  He 
had  by  her  an  only  son,  John,  who  died  un- 
married in  1750.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in 
1712,  and  in  the  same  year  he  accompanied 
the  Duke  of  Ormonde  in  his  campaign  in 
Flanders  as  his  physician.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  took  liis  place  among  the  chief 
London  physicians,  and  maintained  it  until 
his  death.  He  was  admitted  a  candidate  of 
theCollege  of  Physicians  in  1713,and  a  fellow 
on  9  April  1716,  the  same  day  as  his  political 
antagonist  and  friendly  rival,  Dr.  Richard 
Mead  [q.  v.]  He  delivered  the  Gulstonian 
lectures  at  the  college  in  1718,  andtheHar- 
veian  oration  in  1720,  and  was  censor  in 
1718, 1719.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for  Laun- 
ceston  in  the  tory  interest  in  1722,  and  was 
so  deeply  implicated  in  his  old  friend  Bishop 
Atterbury's  plot  for  the  restoration  of  the 
Stuart  family,  that  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower  on  the  charge  of  high  treason  in  March 
1722-3.  Here  he  remained  for  about  three 
months,  with  a  mind  sufficiently  collected  to 
allow  him  to  employ  his  time  in  the  com- 
position of  a  Latin  letter  to  Mead  on  small- 
pox, and  also  in  the  drawing  out  of  the  plan 
of  his  principal  work,  the '  History  of  Physic.' 
He  is  said  to  have  owed  his  release  from  the 
Tower  to  the  exertions  of  his  friend  Mead, 
who,  when  accidentally  summoned  to  attend 
Sir  Robert  "Walpole,  refused  to  prescribe  for 


him  till  he  had  given  his  promise  that  Freind 
should  be  set  free.  Another  well-known 
anecdote  in  connection  with  his  imprisonment 
says  that  after  his  release  Mead  presented 
him  with  five  thousand  guineas  which  he  had 
received  from  his  patients  while  he  had  been 
in  the  Tower.  In  this  there  is  evidently 
some  mistake,  though  it  is  not  certain  whether 
it  is  in  the  amount  handed  over  to  Freind,  or 
in  the  source  from  which  it  was  said  to  have 
been  derived.  Not  long  after  his  release  he 
was  called  to  attend  the  children  of  the 
Princess  of  Wales,  afterwards  Queen  Caro- 
line, and  this  led  to  his  being  appointed  her 
physician  when  she  ascended  the  throne  in. 
1727.  That  so  strong  a  partisan  as  Freind, 
with  his  Jacobite  propensities,  should  have 
had  such  a  post  offered  to  him,  and  still  more 
that  he  should  have  accepted  it,  seems  to 
have  given  rise  to  much  ill-natured  comment. 
Some  said  that  his  former  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances began  to  shun  and  despise  him  ; 
and  his  brother  Robert  (in  the  Latin  dedi- 
cation to  the  queen  prefixed  to  the  collected 
edition  of  his  works)  speaks  of  his  having- 
to  bear  '  non  modo  contumelias,  sed  etiam 
susurros.'  We  are  not,  however,  obliged  to 
suppose  that  there  was  on  his  part  any  un- 
worthy sacrifice  of  his  political  opinions  to  his- 
interest,  and  his  old  friend  Atterbury  after 
his  death  expressed  this  conviction.  Both 
the  king  and  the  queen  seem  to  have  had  a 
sincere  regard  for  him,  and  to  have  treated 
him  with  much  kindness ;  but  he  did  not  long- 
enjoy  his  honourable  appointment,  as  he  died 
of  a  fever  on  26  July  1728.  He  was  buried 
at  Hitcham,  near  Maidenhead  in  Bucking- 
hamshire, where  he  was  lord  of  the  manor  ; 
and  there  is  a  monument  to  his  memory  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  with  one  of  his  brother 
Robert's  lengthy  epitaphs  in  elegant  Latin, 
'  one  half'  of  which  (as  Pope  said)  'will  never 
be  believed,  the  other  never  read.'  Personally 
he  was  much  beloved  by  his  friends,  and  the 
clause  in  his  epitaph, '  societatis  et  convictuum 
amans '  (strangely  mistranslated  in  the '  Biog. 
Brit.,'  as  Aikin  points  out,  '  towards  his  ac- 
quaintance affectionate '),  testifies  to  his  en- 
joyment of  the  convivial  habits  of  his  time. 
Professionally  he  was  highly  esteemed  by  his 
contemporaries  both  in  this  country  and  on 
the  continent,  though  he  cannot  in  any  sense 
be  reckoned  among  the  really  great  physi- 
cians. He  was  not  only  an  elegant  scholar 
but  a  man  of  genuine  learning,  and  his '  His- 
tory of  Physic'  is  still  well  worth  consulting. 
His  other  works  can  hardly  be  considered  to 
possess  any  permanent  value,  though  they 
excited  great  attention  and  gave  rise  to  some 
bitter  controversies  at  the  time  of  their  publi- 
cation, the  details  of  which  may  be  found 


Freind 


243 


Freind 


in  the  works  mentioned  at  the  end  of  this 
article. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  Freind's  principal 
publications:  1.  'Emmenologia:  inquanuxus 
muliebris  menstrui  phenomena,  periodi,  vitia, 
cum  medendi  methodo,  ad  rationes  mechani- 
cas  exiguntur,'  Oxford,  8vo,  1703.  As  indi- 
cated by  the  title,  Freind  belonged  to  the 
mechanical  school  of  physicians,  supported 
by  Baglivi,  Borelli,  Pitcairne,  and  others,  and 
his  works  are  defective  in  consequence  of  his 
adopting  this  theory  as  the  basis  both  of  his 
pathology  and  his  treatment.  There  is  an 
English  translation  by  Dale,  London,  1752, 
8vo,  and  a  French  translation  by  Devaux, 
Paris,  1730,  12mo.  2.  '  Prselectiones  chy- 
micae :  in  quibus  omnes  fere  operationes 
chymicfe  ad  vera  principia  et  ipsius  Naturse 
leges  rediguntur,'  London,  1709,  8vo.  There 
is  an  English  translation,  London,  1729, 8vo. 
These  lectures  (which  had  been  delivered  at 
Oxford  five  years  before)  are  dedicated  to  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  and  in  them  Freind  attempts 
to  explain  all  chemical  operations  upon  me- 
chanical and  physical  principles.  They  were 
criticised  in  the  '  Acta  Eruditorum,'  1710,  as 
being  of  a  mystical  or  occult  character,  and 
this  attack,  together  with  his  answer  (which 
appeared  in  the '  Philosophical  Transactions,' 
1711),  Freind  reprinted  in  an  appendix  to 
the  second  edition  of  the  lectures,  1717  (?). 
3.  '  Hippocratis  de  Morbis  Popularibus  liber 
primus  et  tertius.  His  accommodavit  novem 
de  Febribus  commentaries  Johannes  Freind, 
M.D.,'  London,  1717,  4to;  reprinted  Am- 
sterdam, 1717,  8vo.  This  volume  contains  a 
Greek  text  and  Latin  translation,  both  based 
on  those  of  Foes,  with  the  nine  essays  men- 
tioned in  the  title-page.  Triller  wrote  a 
learned  critique  on  the  Hippocratic  portion 
of  the  work,  in  a  letter  to  Freind,  Leipzig, 
1718,  4to;  and  Dr.  Woodward,  in  his  'State 
of  Physick  and  of  Diseases'  (London,  1718, 
8vo),  laid  the  foundation  of  a  dispute  in 
which  other  physicians  took  part,  and  which 
was  carried  on  with  unbecoming  acrimony  on 
both  sides.  4.  '  De  purgantibus,  in  secunda 
variolarum  confluentium  febre,  adhibendis, 
epistola,'  London,  1719,  8vo.  This  is  a  pam- 
phlet written  during  the  foregoing  dispute, 
addressed  to  Dr.  Mead.  5.  '  De  quibusdam 
variolarum  generibus  epistola/London,  1723, 
4to.  This  is  the  letter  that  was  written  from 
the  Tower  to  Dr.  Mead.  6.  '  Oratio  Anni- 
versaria  .  .  .  habita  ex  Harvsei  institute,' 
London,  1720, 4to.  7.  '  The  History  of  Phy- 
sick from  the  time  of  Galen  to  the  beginning 
of  the  Sixteenth  Century,  chiefly  with  Re-  I 

§ard  to  Practice,'  London,  2  vols.,  1725-6,  j 
vo,  translated    into    French    by   Stephen 
Coulet,  Leyden,  1727, 4to,  and  into  Latin  by 


John  Wigan,  London,  1734,  2  vols.  12mo. 
This  is  Freind's  principal  work.  It  is  addressed 
to  Dr.  Mead,  and  was  intended  as  a  sort  of 
continuation  of  Daniel  le  Clerc's  '  Histoire 
de  la  MSdecine.'  It  is  a  book  of  classical  and 
extensive  learning,  and  is  still  the  best  work 
on  the  subject  in  the  English  language  for 
the  period  of  which  it  treats.  At  the  com- 
mencement he  praises  Le  Clerc's  history 
itself,  but  points  out  various  imperfections 
in  his  plan  for  a  continuation.  This  offended 
John  le  Clerc,  the  brother  of  Daniel,  who 
wrote  a  defence  of  his  brother's '  History ' 
in  the '  Bibl.  Anc.  et  Mod.' vol.  xxiv.,  to  which 
Freind  did  not  reply.  These  seven  are  the 
works  contained  in  Wigan's  Latin  edition  of 
Freind's '  Opera  Omnia  Medica,'  London,  1733, 
fol. ;  Paris,  1735, 4to ;  Venice,  1733, 4to.  His 
two  earliest  professional  essays  appeared  in 
the  '  Philos.  Trans.,'  one  on  a  case  of  hydro- 
cephalus  (September  1699),  the  other  (March 
and  April  1701), '  Despasmi  rarioris  historia,' 
giving  an  account  of  some  extraordinary 
cases  of  convulsions  in  Oxfordshire,  which 
appeared  as  a  sort  of  epidemic,  and  occasioned 
great  wonder  and  alarm  at  the  time  as  being 
something  almost  supernatural.  His  'Ac- 
count of  the  Earl  of  Peterborough's  Conduct 
in  Spain,'  1706,  with  '  The  Campaign  of  Va- 
lencia,' 1707,  reached  a  third  edition  in  1708. 
There  is  a  fine  portrait  of  Freind  by  Michael 
Dahl  belonging  to  the  London  College  of 
Physicians,  recently  engraved  for  Dr.  Ri- 
chardson's '  Asclepiad,'  vol.  vi. ;  and  an  ac- 
count of  a  bronze  medal  struck  in  his  honour 
is  given  in  Francis  Perry's  '  Series  of  Eng- 
lish Medals,'  1762,  and  in  Dr.  Munk's  '  Roll 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,'  1878. 

[John  Wigan's  preface  to  his  edition  of  Freind's 
collected  works;  Biog.  Brit. ;  Chaufepie,  Nouveau 
Diet.  Hist,  et  Grit. ;  Haller's  Biblioth.  Medic. 
Pract.  vol.  iv. ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd. ;  Atter- 
bury's  Letters ;  Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys. ;  W.  B. 
Eichardson's  Asclepiad,  vol.  vi.]  W.  A.  G. 

FREIND,  ROBERT  (1667-1751),  head- 
master of  Westminster  School,  eldest  son  of 
the  Rev.  William  Freind  (who  spelt  his  sur- 
name Friend),  rector  of  Croughton,  North- 
amptonshire, was  born  at  Croughton  in  1667, 
and  at  an  early  age  was  sent  to  Westmin- 
ster School,  where  he  was  admitted  upon 
the  foundation  in  1680.  He  obtained  his 
election  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1686, 
and  graduated  B.A.  1690,  M.A.  1693,  and 
B.D.  and  D.D.  1709.  Freind  served  the  office 
of  proctor  in  1698,  and  in  the  following  year 
was  appointed  under-master  of  Westminster 
School  in  the  place  of  Michael  Maittaire,  the 
well-known  classical  scholar.  In  1711  he 
succeeded  Thomas  Knipe  as  the  head-master, 

E2 


Freind 


Freind 


and  in  the  same  year  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Witney  in  Oxfordshire.  He  was 
appointed  acanon  of  Windsor  by  letters  patent 
dated  29  April  1729,  and  was  installed  a  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster  on  8  May  1731 .  On 
his  retirement  from  the  head-mastership  in 
1733  he  was  succeeded  by  John  Nicoll,  who 
had  served  nearly  twenty  years  as  the  under- 
master  of  the  school.  On  26  March  1739 
Freind  resigned  the  living  of  Witney,  which, 
through  the  influence  of  the  queen  and  Lady 
Sundon,  he  had  succeeded  in  making  over  to 
his  son.  The  permission  of  Bishop  Hoadly 
is  said  to  have  been  obtained  for  this  proceed- 
ing with  the  laconic  answer,  '  If  Dr.  Freind 
can  ask  it  I  can  grant  it.'  In  March  1737  he 
was  appointed  canon  of  Christ  Church,  but 
he  resigned  his  stall  at  Westminster  in  favour 
of  his  son  in  1744.  Freind  died  on  7  Aug. 
1751,  aged  84,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel 
of  Witney  Church.  He  married  Jane,  only 
daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  De  1'Angle,  preben- 
dary of  Westminster,  whose  son,  John  Maxi- 
milian De  1'Angle,  became  the  husband  of 
Freind's  sister,  Anne.  Freind  had  four  chil- 
dren, three  of  whom  died  underage.  The  other, 
William  (1715-1766),  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  living  of  Witney,  and  afterwards  became 
dean  of  Canterbury  [q.  v.]  There  are  two 
portraits  of  Freind  at  Christ  Church,  the  one 
in  the  hall  being  painted  by  Michael  Dahl. 
There  is  also  in  the  library  of  the  same  college 
a  bust  of  Freind,  executed  by  Rysbrack  in 
1738.  A  portrait  of  Freind  is  also  preserved 
along  with  the  portraits  of  the  other  head- 
masters at  Westminster  School. 

Freind  was  a  man  of  many  social  gifts,  a 
good  scholar,  and  a  successful  schoolmaster. 
His  house  was  the  resort  of  the  wits  and  other 
famous  men  of  the  time.  Swift  records  in  his 
'  Journal  to  Stella,'  under  date  1  Feb.  1711-12 : 
'To-night  at  six  Dr.  Atterbury  and  Prior,  and 
I  and  Dr.  Freind  met  at  Dr.  Robert  Freind's 
house  at  Westminster,  who  is  master  of  the 
school :  there  we  sat  till  one,  and  were  good 
enough  company '  (SwiFT,  Works,  1814,  iii. 
30).  Freind's  own  social  position  was  not 
•without  its  effect  upon  the  school,  which  be- 
came for  many  years  the  favourite  place  of 
education  for  the  aristocracy.  Indeed  the 
list  of  boys  who  recited  the  epigrams  at  the 
anniversary  dinner  in  1727-8  contains  a  far 
greater  number  of  distinguished  names  than 
any  other  school  at  that  period  could  have 
shown  (Comitia  Westmonasteriensia,  1728). 
In  1728  the  numbers  of  the  school  reached 
434,  inclusive  of  the  forty  boys  on  the  founda- 
tion. Duck,  in  an  ode  'to  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Freind  on  his  quitting  Westminster  School,' 
alludes  to  several  of  his  famous  pupils  (  Gent. 
Mag.  1733,  iii.  152). 


With  Atterbury  and  other  old  Westmin- 
ster boys  he  helped  in  the  production  of 
Boyle's  attack  upon  Bentley.  Pope,  it  will 
be  remembered,  makes  Bentley  sneer  at 
Freind's  scholarship  in  the  'Dunciad'  (iv. 
223-4):— 

Let  Freind  affect  to  speak  as  Terence  spoke, 
And  Alsop  never  but  like  Horace  joke.' 

Freind's  niece,  however,  married  a  son  of 
Bentley,  who  is  said  after  that  event  to  have 
conceived  a  better  opinion  of  Christ  Church 
men,  and  to  have  declared  that '  Freind  had 
more  good  learning  in  him  than  ever  he  had 
imagined.'  While  a  student  Freind  con- 
tributed some  English  verses  to  the  '  Vota 
Oxoniensia  (1689)  '  On  the  Inauguration  of 
King  William  and  Queen  Mary,'  which  were 
reprinted  in  Nichols's  '  Select  Collection  of 
Poems '  (vii.  122-4),  where  a  Latin  ode  by 
Freind  '  On  the  Death  of  Queen  Caroline ' 
will  also  be  found  (ib.  pp.  125-7).  Two  of 
his  Latin  poems,  entitled  '  Encaenium  Rusti- 
cum,  anglice  a  Country  Wake,'  and  '  Pugna 
Gallorum  Gallinaceorum,'  are  printed  in  the 
'Musarum  Anglicanarum  Delectus  Alter,' 
1698  (pp.  166-75,  189-93).  'Oratio  publice 
habita  in  Schola  Westmonasteriensi  7°  die 
Maii,  1705,  aucthore  Roberto  Friend,  A.M.,' 
will  be  found  among  the  Lansdowne  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum  (No.  845,  pp.  47-51). 
A  Latin  ode  to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
written  by  Freind  in  1737,  appears  in  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine '  (vii.  631).  Freind 
also  wrote  the  lengthy  dedication  to  the 
queen  prefixed  to  the  medical  works  of  his 
brother  John,  which  were  published  in  1733, 
and  a  number  of  epitaphs  and  other  monu- 
mental inscriptions,  the  one  on  Lord  Cart  eret's 
younger  brother,  Philip,  whose  monument 
is  in  the  north  aisle  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
being  perhaps  the  best  known.  With  refe- 
rence to  the  last-mentioned  compositions 
of  Freind,  the  following  epigram,  ascribed 
to  Pope  on  somewhat  doubtful  authority 
(NICHOLS,  Select  Collection  of  Poems,  \.  316), 
was  written : — 

Friend,  for  your  epitaphs  I  grieved 
Where  still  so  much  is  said. 

One  half  will  never  be  believ'd, 
The  other  never  read. 

Besides  these  fugitive  pieces  Freind  pub- 
lished the  two  following  works :  1. '  A  Sermon 
preach'd  before  the  Honble.  House  of  Com- 
mons at  S.Margaret's,  Westminster,  on  Tues- 
day, Jany.  30, 1710-11,  being  the  Anniversary 
Fa'st  for  the  Martyrdom  of  King  Charles  I,' 
London,  1710,  4to  and  8vo.  2.  'Cicero's 
Orator,'  London,  1724. 


Freind 


245 


Freind 


[Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes,  i.  288,  377, 
li.  367,  v.  85,  86-90,  99,  100,  101,  105,  ix.  257, 
592;  Wood's  Antiquities  of  Oxford  (Gutch),  iii. 
460-1,  app.  pp.  156,  292,  302;  Welch's  Alumni 
Westmonasterienses  (1852),  passim;  Monk's  Life 
of  Bentley  (1833),  i.  88-91 ;  Todd's  Deans  of  Can- 
terbury (1793),  pp.  220-1  ;  Pole's  History  and 
Antiquities  of  Windsor  Castle  (1749),  p.  413; 
Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.  (1814),  xv.  115-16;  Le 
Neve's  Fasti  Ecclesise  Anglicanse  (1854),  ii.  531, 
iii.  365, 407,  496 ;  Chester's  Westminster  Abbey 
Eegisters  (1876),  pp.  73,  80,  279,  308;  Gent. 
Mag.  vii.  253,  631,  ix.  217,  438,  xxi.  380 ;  Cata- 
logue of  Oxford  Graduates  (1851),  p.  245 ;  Watt's 
Bibl.  Brit.;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  ii.  192; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  F.  E.  B. 

FREIND,  WILLIAM  (1669-1745), 
divine,  brother  to  Robert  Freind  [q.  v.]  and 
John  Freind  [q.  v.],  was  admitted  king's 
scholar  at  Westminster  in  1683,  and  was 
thence  elected  to  a  Westminster  student- 
ship at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1687.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1691,  and  of 
M.A.  in  1694.  In  1714  he  succeeded  Robert 
Freind  as  rector  of  Turvey,  Bedfordshire,  a 
living  then  in  the  gift  of  the  Earl  of  Peter- 
borough, and  in  17:20  he  was  instituted  rec- 
tor of  the  southern  mediety  of  Woodford  by 
Thrapston,  Northamptonshire.  He  won  a 
prize  of  20,000/.  in  a  lottery  on  14  Feb.  1745, 
but  in  October  1742  he  is  described  by  Mrs. 
Pilkington  as  being  a  king's  bench  prisoner 
for  debt,  who  officiated  on  Sundays  in  a  chapel 
attached  to  the  Marshalsea.  Mrs.  Pilkington 
says  that  he  had  ( once  lived  in  grandeur,'  and 
was  '  only  undone  by  boundless  generosity 
and  hospitality.'  It  is  known  that  in  1720 
lie  was  associated  with  Alexander  Denton, 
esq.,  in  giving  2001.  to  the  living  of  Biddies- 
den,  Buckinghamshire,  and  with  Archdeacon 
Franks  in  giving  the  same  sum  to  the  living 
of  Ampthill,  Bedfordshire,  in  order  to  enable 
them  to  obtain  grants  from  Queen  Anne's 
Bounty.  His  wife,  too,  who  was  buried 
at  Burnham,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1721,  is 
praised  in  an  inscription  in  the  church  for 
her  liberality  to  the  poor.  He  is  described 
in  his  father's  epitaph  at  Croughton,  North- 
amptonshire (which  is  proved  by  its  contents 
to  have  been  written  between  1711  and  1728), 
as  '  lord  of  the  manor  of  Hitcham,  Bucks.' 
This  manor  was  certainly  the  property  of 
John  Freind  in  1700  and  1728,  so  that  pos- 
sibly William  Freind  bought  it  from  John 
and  resold  it  after  squandering  his  money. 
From  the  fact  that  John  Freind  by  a  will 
made  in  March  1727  left  him  1001.  a  year,  we 
may  conjecture  that  he  was  already  impe- 
cunious at  that  period.  He  died  on  15  April 
1745,  whether  in  prison  or  not  is  not  quite 
certain.  Mrs.  Pilkington  wrote  '  death  has 


released  him,'  but  Bishop  Newton  says  '  he 
would  have  died  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet  if  his 
old  schoolfellow,  the  Earl  of  Winchilsea, 
when  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  admiralty, 
had  not  made  him  chaplain  to  a  ship  of  one 
hundred  guns.'  He  was  still  rector  of  both 
Turvey  and  Woodford  when  he  died.  A  my- 
thical story  seems  to  have  grown  up  to  the 
eft'ect  that  he  won  two  great  lottery  prizes, 
but  his  daughter  Anne  on  her  marriage  to 
Bishop  Smalridge's  son  is  called  (2  May 
1730)  'Miss  Freind,  daughter  to  him  who 
got  the  great  prize.'  He  published  'The 
Christian  Minister  absolutely  necessary  to 
be  in  every  family,  containing  Rules  and  In- 
structions for  the  behaviour  and  conduct  of 
a  Christian,'  and  about  1736  an  advertise- 
ment appeared  announcing  the  approaching 
publication  of  the  first  weekly  number  of 
'  The  Sacred  Historian,  or  the  History  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament  methodically  di- 
gested in  a  regular  narrative,  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Freind,  M.  A.,  brother  to  the  late  famous  Dr. 
Freind,  the  physician.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  v.  85,  90-2,  697 ;  List 
of  Queen's  Scholars  of  Westminster ;  Oxford 
Cat.  of  Grad. ;  W.  Harvey's  Hist,  of  the  Hundred 
of  Willey,  p.  199 ;  Bridges's  Northamptonshire,  ii. 
268  ;  manuscript  rate-books  in  Woodford  parish 
church;  Mrs.  Pilkington's  Memoirs,  ii.  229-31  ; 
Browne  Willis's  Hist,  of  Buckingham,  p.  156 ; 
Ecton's  Thesaurus,  2nd  ed.,  p.  xvii ;  Lipscomb's 
County  of  Buckingham,  iii.  218 ;  Bedfordshire 
Poll,  1714-15;  Bishop  Newton's  Works  with 
Life,  4to,  p.  125;  Bawlinson  MS.  J.,  4to,  v.  418; 
Gent.  Mag.  xv.  220.]  E.  C-N. 

FREIND,  WILLIAM  (1715-1 766),  dean 
of  Canterbury,  baptised  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  10  March  1714-15,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Freind  (1667  P-1754)  [q.  v.],  head- 
master of  Westminster  School,  by  Jane, 
daughter  of  Samuel  de  L'Angle,  prebendary 
of  Westminster  (CHESTER,  Registers  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  p.  80).  Admitted  on  the 
foundation  at  Westminster  in  1727,  he  was 
elected  to  a  studentship  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  in  1731,  and  matriculated  22  June 
of  that  year  (B.A.  30  April  1735,  M.A. 
8  June  1738).  A  Latin  ode  from  his  pen  on 
the  death  of  Queen  Caroline  was  printed  in 
the  Oxford  collection  of  verses  on  that  event 
in  1738.  On  4  April  1739  he  received  insti- 
tution to  the  valuable  rectory  of  Witney, 
Oxfordshire,  on  the  resignation  of  his  father, 
whom  he  also  succeeded  as  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  17  Oct.  1744.  In  the  last- 
named  year  he  became  one  of  the  royal  chap- 
lains in  ordinary.  In  1747  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  Islip,  Oxfordshire,  and  held  that 
living  along  with  Witney.  He  accumulated 
his  degrees  in  divinity,  6  July  1748  (Oxford 


Freke 


246 


Freke 


Graduates,  1851,  p.  245).  In  1755  he  pub- 
lished '  A  Sermon  [on  1  Pet.  ii.  16]  preached 
before  the  House  of  Commons  ...  30  Jan. 
1755,  being  the  day  of  the  Martyrdom  of 
King  Charles  I.'  He  resigned  his  prebend  of 
Westminster  on  being  promoted  to  a  canonry 
of  Christ  Church  in  succession  to  David 
Gregory,  15  May  1756 :  and  it  is  said  to  have 
been  his  unconditional  surrender  of  this  pre- 
ferment which  obtained  for  him  the  deanery 
of  Canterbury,  in  which  he  was  installed 
14  June  1760.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
elected  prolocutor  of  the  lower  house  of  con- 
vocation, in  which  capacity  he  delivered  an 
elegant  '  Concio  ad  Clerum '  [on  Galat.  v.  1], 
published  the  same  year.  He  died  at  Canter- 
bury, 26  Nov.  1766  (Gent.  Mag.  xxxvi.  399), 
but  was  buried  at  Witney,  and  a  short  in- 
scription to  his  memory  placed  upon  the 
monument  of  his  father  and  mother  in  that 
church.  By  his  biographers  Freind  is  de- 
scribed as  a  model  of  integrity,  modesty,  and 
benevolence.  He  is  also  said  to  have  had  a 
fine  taste  in  music.  He  died  extremely  well 
off,  having  inherited  the  greater  part  of  the 
fortune  of  his  uncle,  John  Freind,  M.D. 
(1675-1728)  [q.  v.]  In  April  1739  he  mar- 
ried Grace,  second  daughter  of  William  Ro- 
binson of  Rokeby  Park,  Yorkshire,  who  died 
28  Dec.  1776,  and  was  also  buried  at  "Witney 
(FosiEK,  Baronetage,  1882,  p.  538).  He  left 
issue  three  sons,  Robert,  William  Maximilian, 
and  John,  and  a  daughter,  Elizabeth,  married 
to  Duncan  Campbell,  a  captain  in  the  marines. 
The  youngest  son,  John  Freind,  or,  as  he  after- 
wards became,  Sir  John  Robinson,  succeeded 
to  the  estates  of  his  maternal  uncle,  Rich- 
ard Robinson,  baron  Rokeby,  archbishop  of 
Armagh.  Freind's  valuable  collection  of 
books,  pictures,  and  prints  were  sold  by 
auction  in  1707.  He  gave  a  bust  of  his  father 
by  Rysbrach  to  Christ  Church  Library.  His 
own  portrait  has  been  engraved  by  Worlidge. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  v.  89,  104-5;  Welch's 
Alumni  Westmon.  (1852),  pp.  296,  302-3 ; 
Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  (1715-1886),  p.  495  ; 
Atterbury's  Correspondence,  ii.  401  ;  Wotton's 
Baronetage  (Kimber  and  Johnson),  iii.  96-7 ; 
Wood's  Colleges  and  Halls  (Gutch),  p.  461 ; 
Evans's  Cat.  of  Engraved  Portraits,  i.  130,  ii. 
161.]  G.  G. 

FREKE,  JOHN  (1688-1756),  surgeon, 
son  of  John  Freke,  also  a  surgeon,  who  died 
28  July  1717,  was  born  in  London  in  1688. 
A  portrait  of  the  father  was  engraved  by 
Vertue  in  1708.  The  son  (NOBLE,  JSioff.  Hist. 
ii.  236)  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Blundell  and 
was  elected  assistant-surgeon  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital  in  1726.  Soon  after  he  was 
appointed  the  first  curator  of  the  hospital 


museum,  which  was  then  located  in  a  single 
room  under  the  cutting  ward.  The  calculi 
which  the  surgeons  had  before  been  accus- 
tomed to  place  in  the  counting-house  when 
they  received  payment  of  their  bills  for  ope- 
rations were  placed  in  this  room,  and  pro- 
bably arranged  by  Freke.  In  1727  a  minute 
records  that  'through  a  tender  regard  for 
the  deplorable  state  of  blind  people  the  go- 
vernors think  it  proper  to  appoint  Mr.  John 
Freke  one  of  the  assistant-surgeons  of  this 
house  to  couch  and  take  care  of  the  diseases 
of  the  eyes  of  such  poor  persons  as  shall  be 
thought  by  him  fitt  for  the  operation,  and 
for  no  other  reward  than  the  six  shillings 
and  eightpence  for  each  person  so  couched  as 
is  paid  on  other  operations.'  He  was  elected 
surgeon  24  July  1729,  and  held  office  till 
1755,  when  gout  and  infirmity  compelled  him 
to  resign.  Besides  being  one  of  the  chief 
surgeons  within  the  city  of  London  he  was 
reputed  in  his  day  a  man  of  parts,  learned 
in  science,  a  judge  of  painting  and  of  music. 
He  thought  Hogarth  superior  to  Vandyck, 
but  was  adversely  criticised  by  Hogarth  when 
he  put  Dr.  Maurice  Greene,  organist  of  St. 
Paul's,  above  Handel  as  a  composer.  He  was 
elected  F.R.S.  6  Nov.  1729,  and  in  the  'Phi- 
losophical Transactions' 1736, he  described  a 
case  of  bony  growth  seen  in  a  boy  aged  14 
years  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  on 
23  June  1743  read  before  the  Royal  Society 
a  description  of  an  instrument  he  had  in- 
vented for  the  reduction  of  dislocations  of  the 
shoulder  joint.  He  was  dexterous  with  his 
hands  and  carved  a  chandelier  of  oak,  gilt, 
which  at  present  hangs  in  the  steward's  office 
of  the  hospital,  bearing  the  inscription  'Jo- 
hannis  Freke  hujusce  nosocomii  chirurgi, 
1735.'  He  made  experiments  in  electricity 
and  published  in  1748  '  An  Essay  to  show 
the  Cause  of  Electricity  and  why  some  things 
are  Non-Electricable,  in  which  is  also  con- 
sidered its  Influence  in  the  Blasts  on  Human 
Bodies,  in  the  Blights  on  Trees,  in  the  Damps 
in  Mines,  and  as  it  may  affect  the  Sensitive 
Plant.'  Freke  supposed  that  the  cause  of 
the  closing  of  the  leaves  of  the  sensitive  plant 
when  touched  was  that  it  discharged  elec- 
tricity, and  he  devised  an  experiment  to  illus- 
trate this,  in  which  a  small  tree  was  placed 
in  a  pot  upon  a  cake  of  resin  and  then  elec- 
trified. He  found  that  the  leaves  stood  erect, 
falling  down  as  soon  as  the  electricity  was 
discharged  by  touching  the  plant.  He  fur- 
ther conjectured  that  pollen  was  attracted 
from  the  stamen  of  one  plant  to  the  stigma 
of  another  by  electricity.  The  phospho- 
rescence of  the  sea  which  he  had  observed 
himself  he  attributed  to  the  same  cause,  and 
went  on  to  the  still  wilder  suppositions  that 


Freke 


247 


Freke 


the  insects  in  blighted  leaves  come  there  in 
•electric  currents,  and  that  electricity  is  the 
cause  of  acute  rheumatism.  This  essay  with 
two  others  was  republished  in  1752  as  'A 
Treatise  on  the  Nature  and  Property  of  Fire.' 
Fielding  seems  to  have  known  Freke,  and 
twice  mentions  him,  once  with  his  full  name, 

in  '  Tom  Jones.'     '  We  wish  Mr.  John  Fr 

or  some  other  such  philosopher  would  bestir 
liimself  a  little  in  order  to  find  out  the  real 
cause  of  this  sudden  transition  from  good  to 
bad  fortune '  (Tom  Jones,  1st  ed.  i.  74),  and 
in  the  fourth  book,  where  the  contagious  effect 
of  the  blows  of  Black  George's  switch  is  de- 
scribed, 'to  say  the  truth,  as  they  both  ope- 
rate by  friction,  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
there  is  not  something  analogous  between 
them  of  which  Mr.  Freke  would  do  well  to 
enquire  before  he  publishes  the  next  edition 
of  his  book.'  In  1748  Freke  published  '  An 
Essay  on  the  Art  of  Healing,  in  which  pus 
laudabile,  or  matter,  and  also  incarning  and 
cicatrising,  and  the  causes  of  various  diseases 
are  endeavoured  to  be  accounted  for  both 
from  nature  and  reason.'  He  had  accurately 
observed  the  difficulty  of  extirpating  all  in- 
fected lymphatics  in  operations  for  cancer  of 
the  breast  and  the  danger  of  not  removing 
them.  The  most  original  remark  in  the  book 
is  his  recommendation  of  early  paracentesis 
in  empyema.  His  method  was  to  divide  the 
skin  and  muscles  with  a  knife,  to  break 
through  the  pleura  with  his  finger,  and  to 
insert  a  canula  in  the  wound.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  his  instructor, 
Eichard  Blundell.  She  died  16  Nov.  1741, 
and  he  obtained  formal  leave  from  the  gover- 
nors of  St.  Bartholomew's  to  bury  her  in  the 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew-the-Less.  When 
he  resigned  the  office  of  surgeon  he  asked 
permission  to  be  buried  there  when  he  died, 
and  dying  7  Nov.  1756  was  entombed  beside 
lier  under  the  canopy  of  a  fifteenth-century 
tomb,  the  original  owner  of  which  was  for- 
gotten. A  contemporary  bust  of  Freke  in 
the  hospital  library  shows  him  to  have  had 
large  irregular  features  and  a  somewhat  stern 
expression. 

[Works;  Manuscript  Minute  Book  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital ;  inscription  on  tomb  in 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew-the-Less ;  Wadd's 
Nugse  Chirurgicse,  1824 ;  Dr.  W.  S.  Church's  Our 
Hospital  Pharmacopoeia  and  Apothecary's  Shop  ; 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports,  vol.  xxii. 
1886.]  N.  M. 

FREKE,  WILLIAM  (1662-1744),  mys- 
tical writer,  younger  son  of  Thomas  Freke  or 
Freeke,  was  born  at  Hannington  Hall,  Wilt- 
shire, in  1662.  His  mother  was  Cicely, 
daughter  of  Robert  Hussey  of  Stourpaine, 
Dorsetshire.  He  was  at  school  at  Somer- 


ford  (?  Somerford  Keynes),  Wiltshire  (Di- 
vine ^  Grammar,  p.  197),  and  early  in  1677, 
having  attained  the  age  of  fourteen,  he  be- 
came a  gentleman  commoner  of  Wadham 
College,  Oxford.  After  two  or  three  years 
he  went  to  study  at  the  Temple,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar,  but  does  not  seem  to  have 
practised.  His  life  was  irregular  {Paradise- 
State,  p.  356).  He  became  a  reader  of '  Arian 
books '  {Divine  Grammar,  p.  206),  and  im- 
bibed their  teaching.  But  he  continued  to 
attend  the  services  of  the  established  church 
as  a  silent  worshipper,  holding  schism  to  be 
a  sin,  and  believing  his  conduct  to  be  directed 
by  divine  guidance.  He  studied  astrology, 
but  was  convinced  of  its  unscientific  cha- 
racter. In  May  1681,  after  recovering  from 
the  small-pox,  he  had  the  first  of  a  series  of 
dreams,  which  he  esteemed  to  be  divine  mo- 
nitions. His  first  volume  of  essays  (1687), 
'per  GulielmumLiberam  Clavem,  i.e.FreeK,' 
is  an  attempt  to  moderate  between '  our  pre- 
sent differences  in  church  and  state.'  A  se- 
cond volume  of  essays  (1693)  is  remarkable 
for  its  ingenious  plan  (p.  44  sq.)  of  a  '  Lapis 
Errantium :  or  the  Stray-Office :  For  all  man- 
ner of  things  lost,  found  or  mislaid  within 
the  weekly  bills  of  mortality  of  the  city  of 
London.'  He  gives  tables  of  rates  to  regu- 
late the  reward  payable  to  the  finder  and  the 
fee  to  the  office  for  safe  custody. 

About  the  beginning  of  December  1693  he 
printed  an  antitrinitarian  tract  containing  a 
'  dialogue '  and  a '  confutation.'  This  he  sent 
by  post  to  members  of  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment. From  the  style  it  was  supposed  to 
be  the  work  of  a  quaker.  The  commons  on 
13  Dec.  1693,  and  the  lords  on  3  Jan.  1694, 
voted  the  pamphlet  an  infamous  libel,  and 
ordered  it  to  be  burned  by  the  hangman  in 
Old  Palace  Yard,  Westminster.  Freke  was 
arraigned  at  the  king's  bench  on  12  Feb.  by 
the  attorney-general.  He  pleaded  not  guilty, 
and  the  trial  was  deferred  till  the  next  term. 
On  19  May  he  was  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of 
500/.,  to  make  a  recantation  in  the  four  courts 
of  Westminster  Hall,  and  to  find  security  for 
good  behaviour  during  three  years. 

In  1703  he  describes  himself  as '  master  in 
the  holy  language  '  and  '  author  of  the  New 
Jerusalem,'  a  work  (printed  about  1 701 )  which 
has  not  been  traced.  His  '  Divine  Gram- 
mar '  and  '  Lingua  Tersancta '  have  no  pub- 
lisher, and  only  the  author's  initials  ('  W.  F. 
Esq.')  are  given.  He  expounds  his  dreams, 
furnishing  classified  lists  of  their  topics  and 
interpretations.  The  '  Lingua  Tersancta '  is 
in  fact  a  dictionary  of  dreams,  in  which  the 
language  is  often  as  coarse  as  the  images. 
In  spite  of  his  mysticism,  he  adheres  to  his 
strong  conviction  of  the  divine  authority  of 


Freke 


248 


Fremantle 


bishops  and  of  the  scriptures ;  all  other  reli- 
gious tenets  being  of  secondary  moment. 

In  1709  he  renounced  Arianism  (Great 
Elijah,  i.  4),  and  gave  himself  out  as  '  the 
great  Elijah,'  a  new  prophet  and  '  secretary 
to  the  Lord  of  hosts.'  His  subsequent  writings 
show  an  increasing  craziness,  and  there  is  a 
more  revolting  grossness  in  his  dreams,  which 
constitute  the  autobiography  of  a  diseased 
imagination.  He  ate  sparingly,  and  claimed 
divine  approval  for  his  evening  potations. 
He  advertised  and  gave  away  his  books.  In 
1714  he  became  acquainted  with  the  works 
of  Arise  (i.e.  Rhys)  Evans  [q.  v.]  He  also 
read  Pordage. 

Freke  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  (ap- 
parently from  1696)  at  Hinton  St.  Mary, 
Dorsetshire,  where  he  acted  (from  about  1720) 
as  justice  of  the  peace.  He  died  at  Hinton, 
surviving  his  elder  brother,  Thomas,  who 
left  no  issue.  He  was  buried  on  2  Jan. 
1744-5.  He  married  Elizabeth  Harris,  with 
whom  he  does  not  seem  to  have  lived  very 
happily ;  she  bore  him  twelve  children,  of 
whom  eight  were  living  in  1709  (ib.  i.  25). 
Four  sons  survived  him :  Raufe  (d.  1757) ; 
Thomas  (d.  1762);  John  (d.  1761),  from 
whom  the  family  of  Hussey-Freke  of  Han- 
nington  Hall  is  descended  ;  and  Robert. 

He  printed :  1.  '  Essays  towards  an  Union 
of  Divinity  and  Morality,  Reason  or  Natural 
Religion  and  Revelation,'  &c.,  1687,  8vo 
(eight  parts).  2.  '  Select  Essays,  tending  to 
the  Universal  Reformation  of  Learning,'  &c., 
1693,  8vo.  3.  'A  Dialogue  .  .  .  concerning 
the  Deity '  and  '  A  Brief  and  Clear  Confuta- 
tion of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,'  1693. 
4.  '  The  Divine  Grammar  .  .  .  leading  to  the 
more  nice  Syntax  ...  of  Dreams,  Visions, 
and  Apparitions,'  &c.,  1703,  8vo  (a  second 
title  is  '  The  Fountain  of  Monition  and  In- 
tercommunion Divine,'  &c. ;  at  p.  162  is  a 
section  with  separate  title,  'The  Pool  of 
Bethesda  Watch'd,'  &c. ;  at  p.  213  begins 
'  The  Alphabet,'  a  dream-dictionary ;  at  p.  264 
are  a  few  original  verses).  5.  '  Lingua  Ter- 
sancta ;  or,  a  ...  compleat  Allegorick  Dic- 
tionary to  the  Holy  Language  of  the  Spirit,' 
&c.,  1703,  8vo  (it  has  a  dedication  to  the 
Almighty);  1705, 8vo.  6.  « The  Great  Elijah's 
First  Appearance,'  &c.,  lib.  i.  1709,  8vo ; 
2nd  vol.,  containing  lib.  ii.  and  lib.  iii.,  1710, 
8vo  (has  his  full  name).  7.  'God  Ever- 
lasting ...  or  The  New  Jerusalem  Paradise- 
State,  &c.,  1719,  8vo;  two  books,  each  in 
two  parts,  followed  by '  The  Prophetick  Fore- 
knowledge of  the  Weather '  (anon.)  Besides 
these  he  mentions  that  he  had  printed  the 
following  works:  8.  'The  New  Jerusalem 
Vision  Interpretation  ,'1701,  or  beginning  oi 
1702.  9. '  General  Idea  of  the  Allegorick 


Language,'  1702  (probably  much  the  same- 
as  No.  4).  10.  'Carmel  Aphorisms,'  1715, 
He  prepared  for  the  press,  and  probably- 
printed  :  11. '  Oracula Sacra,'  1711.  12.  'The- 
Elijan  King  Priest  and  Prophet  State,'  1712. 
[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iv.  739  (Tan- 
ner's additions);  Hutchins's  Dorsetshire,  1813, 
iii.  153;  Toulmin's  Hist.  View,  1814,  p.  176; 
Wallace's  Antitrin.  Biog.  1850,  iii.  389;  Book 
Lore,  October  1885,  p.  144sq. ;  Freke's  works ; 
information  from  A.  D.  Hussey-Freke,  esq.,  and 
the  Rev.  W.  Begley.]  A.  a. 

FREMANTLE,  SIR  THOMAS  FRAN- 
CIS (1765-1819),  vice-admiral,  third  son  of 
John  Fremantle  of  Aston  Abbots  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, was  born  on  20  Nov.  1765,  and 
at  the  age  of  twelve  entered  the  navy  on 
board  the  Hussar  frigate,  on  the  coast  of 
Portugal.  Two  years  later  he  was  moved 
into  the  Jupiter,  and  shortly  afterwards  into- 
the  Phoenix  with  Sir  Hyde  Parker.  He  was- 
in  the  Phoenix  when  she  was  lost  on  the 
coast  of  Cuba  in  the  hurricane  of  October 
1780  (BEATSON,  Nav.  and  Mil.  Memoirs,  v. 
92 ;  RALFE,  Nav.  Biog.  i.  379).  After  this 
he  served  in  many  different  ships  on  the  Ja- 
maica station,  where,  in  March  1782,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  and 
where  he  remained  till  December  1787.  Dur- 
ing the  Spanish  armament  in  1790  he  was 
again  with  Sir  Hyde  Parker,  in  the  Bruns- 
wick, and  in  the  following  year  was  pro- 
moted to  the  command  of  the  Spitfire  sloop. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  war  in  1793  he  com- 
manded the  Conflagration,  and  in  May  was 
promoted  to  be  captain  of  the  Tartar  just  in 
time  to  sail  with  Lord  Hood  for  the  Medi- 
terranean. For  the  next  four  years,  in  the* 
Tartar,  Inconstant,  or  Seahorse,  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  Mediterranean  fleet,  and  was, 
in  an  especial  degree,  associated  with  Nelson, 
who  formed  a  very  high  estimate  of  his  pro- 
fessional character  and  abilities.  In  the* 
Tartar  he  led  the  way  into  Toulon  when 
Hood  occupied  it  on  27  Aug.  1793,  and  was 
afterwards,  in  1794,  engaged  under  Nelson 
in  the  reduction  of  Bastia.  In  the  action  off 
Toulon  on  13  March  1795  [see  HOTHAM, 
WILLIAM,  LORD]  the  Inconstant  took  more 
than  a  frigate's  part,  following  up  the  French 
80-gun  ship  Qa-Ira  and  so  hampering  her 
retreat  as  to  lead  to  her  capture.  Fremantle's 
conduct  on  this  occasion  won  for  him  the 
very  warm  praise  of  Lord  Hotham  (JAMES, 
i.  286 ;  EZINS,  Naval  Battles,  p.  222),  and 
a  perbaps  still  higher  testimony  from  Sir 
Howard  Douglas  (Naval  Gunnery,  2nd  edit. 
p.  255)  as  to  the  splendid  gunnery  practice 
of  his  ship.  The  Inconstant  was  afterwards 
attached  to  the  squadron  under  Nelson,  on 
the  coast  of  Genoa  [see  NELSOX,  HORATIO, 


Fremantle 


249 


Fremantle 


VISCOUNT],  taking  part  in  these  extended 
operations,  and  more  particularly  in  the  cap- 
ture of  a  number  of  the  enemy's  gunboats  at 
Languelia  on  26  Aug.  1795,  in  the  capture 
of  the  Unite  corvette  on  20  April  1796,  in 
the  evacuation  of  Leghorn  on  27  June  1796 
(the  success  of  which  Sir  John  Jervis  officially 
attributed  to  Fremantle's  '  unparalleled  ex- 
ertions '),  and  in  the  capture  of  Elba  on  10  July 
1796.  He  was  then  sent  to  Algiers  to  ar- 
range some  matters  with  the  dey,  and  to 
Smyrna  in  charge  of  convoy,  returning  in 
time  to  assist  in  the  capture  of  Piombino 
on  7  Nov.,  and  to  be  left  as  senior  officer 
in  those  waters  when  Jervis  drew  down  to 
Gibraltar. 

The  Inconstant  being  ordered  home,  Fre- 
mantle exchanged  on  1  July  1797  into  the 
Seahorse,  one  of  the  inshore  squadron  off 
Cadiz,  under  Nelson,  and  Fremantle  himself 
was  with  Nelson  in  the  barge  on  the  10th, 
the  occasion  on  which,  as  Nelson  afterwards 
wrote,  'perhaps  my  personal  courage  was 
more  conspicuous  than  at  any  other  period 
of  my  life '  (NICOLAS,  i.  11).  A  few  days 
later  the  Seahorse  was  one  of  the  ships  de- 
tached with  Nelson  to  Teneriffe,  where,  in 
the  attack  on  Santa  Cruz  on  the  morning  of 
the  25th,  Fremantle  was  severely  wounded. 
On  rejoining  the  fleet  Nelson  hoisted  his  flag 
on  board  the  Seahorse  for  a  passage  to  Eng- 
land, the  wounded  admiral  and  captain  being 
both  together  taken  care  of  by  Mrs.  Fre- 
mantle, who  had  accompanied  her  husband, 
and  under  her  kindly  nursing  both  were  con- 
valescent when  the  ship  arrived  at  Spithead 
on  1  Sept.  In  August  1800  Fremantle  was 
appointed  to  the  Ganges  of  74  guns,  in  which, 
in  the  following  year,  he  went  up  the  Baltic 
and  took  a  full  part  in  the  battle  of  Copen- 
hagen. When  the  war  was  renewed  in  1803 
he  again  had  command  of  the  Ganges  in  the 
Channel,  and  in  May  1805  was  appointed  to 
the  Neptune.  In  her  he  joined  the  fleet  off 
Cadiz  and  shared  in  the  glories  of  Trafalgar, 
the  Neptune  being  the  third  ship  in  the 
weather  line,  the  Temeraire  alone  coming 
between  her  and  the  Victory.  After  the 
battle  Fremantle  remained  under  the  com- 
mand of  Collingwood  till  December  1806, 
when  he  returned  to  England,  having  been 
appointed  to  a  seat  at  the  admiralty.  In  the 
following  March,  however,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  William  and  Mary  yacht,  in  which  he 
continued  till  his  promotion  to  flag  rank  on 
31  July  1810.  A  month  later  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  command  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  in  April  1812  was  sent  into  the  Adriatic 
in  charge  of  the  squadron  employed  there. 
During  the  next  two  years  he  was  engaged 
in  a  series  of  detached  but  important  and 


curiously  interesting  operations,  including 
the  capture  of  Fiume  on  3  July  1813  and  of 
Trieste  on  8  March  1814.  When,  shortly 
after  this,  he  left  the  Adriatic,  he  was  able 
to  write :  '  Every  place  on  the  coasts  of  Dal- 
matia,  Croatia,  Istria,  and  Friuli  had  sur- 
rendered to  some  part  of  the  squadron  under 
my  orders,  the  number  of  guns  taken  ex- 
ceeded a  thousand,and  between  seven  hundred 
and  eight  hundred  vessels  were  taken  or  de- 
stroyed during  my  command.'  Fremantle's 
services  were  recognised  not  only  by  his  own 
government,  which  nominated  him  a  K.C.B.r 
but  also  by  the  governments  of  our  allies, 
He  was  made  a  baron  of  the  Austrian  States, 
a  K.M.T.,  and  K.S.F.  In  1818  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  G.C.B.  and  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  but  held 
it  for  little  more  than  eighteen  months,  dying 
at  Naples  on  19  Dec.  1819. 

Independent  of  his  actual  achievements  in 
war,  Fremantle  had  among  his  contempora- 
ries a  distinct  reputation  as  a  disciplinarian. 
The  excellent  gunnery  order  of  his  ships  has 
been  already  referred  to ;  what  is  even  more 
remarkable  is  that  in  the  very  first  years  of 
the  century,  when  in  the  Ganges,  he  inaugu- 
rated a  system  of  petty  courts  of  inquiry 
formally  held  by  the  officers  for  the  exami- 
nation of  defaulters.  He  wrote  of  it  in  his 
note-book  as  having  worked  most  satisfac- 
torily, but  added  that  he  had  felt  obliged  to 
give  it  up  in  deference  to  the  opinion  of  his 
brother-officers.  It  was  not  till  after  the 
lapse  of  more  than  sixty  years  that  the  ad- 
miralty prescribed  the  somewhat  similar  sys- 
tem which  remained  in  force  for  some  time, 
till  the  reform  of  courts-martial  and  the  abo- 
lition of  flogging  seemed  to  render  it  no 
longer  necessary. 

By  his  wife, Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard 
Wynne  of  Falkingham,  Lincolnshire — she 
died  2  Nov.  1857 — Fremantle  had  a  numerous 
family.  The  eldest  son,  Thomas  Francis,  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1821,  in  acknowledgment 
of  his  father's  services,  and  in  1874  was  raised- 
to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Cottesloe.  Another 
son,  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Howe  Fremantle, 
G.C.B.,  served  with  distinction  in  the  Crimean 
war,  was  afterwards  commander-in-chief  at 
Plymouth,  and  died  in  1869. 

[James's  Naval  History,  ed.  1 860 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1820.  vol.  xc.  pt.  i.  p.  87;  Nicolas's  Despatches 
and  Letters  of  Lord  Nelson  (see  index  at  end  of 
vol.  vii.)  ;  Foster's  Peerage ;  private  journals, 
&c.,  kindly  communicated  by  Eear-adrairal  Hon. 
E.  E.  Fremantle,  C.B.]  J.  K.  L. 

FREMANTLE,  SIB  WILLIAM 
HENRY  (1766-1850),  politician,  youngest 
son  of  John  Fremantle  of  Aston  Abbots, 


Fremantle 


250 


French 


Buckinghamshire,  was  born  28  Dec.  1766. 
At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  army,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  captain  of  infantry.  He 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, and  in  1782  he  went  to  Ireland  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  lord-lieutenant,  the  Marquis 
of  Buckingham.  Subsequently  he  was  ap- 
pointed private  secretary  to  his  excellency, 
And  he  officiated  in  that  capacity  until  the 
Marquis  of  Buckingham  retired  from  the 
Irish  viceroyalty.  The  intimate  knowledge 
-which  Fremantle  acquired  of  Irish  affairs 
•caused  him  to  be  named  resident  secretary 
for  Ireland  in  1789,  and  he  remained  in 
Dublin  until  1800,  when  the  resident  Irish 
secretaryship  was  abolished.  Fremantle  had 
rendered  valuable  service  during  a  very  criti- 
cal period.  At  a  later  date  he  held  the  office  of 
deputy  teller  of  the  exchequer.  When  the  ad- 
ministration of 'All  the  Talents '  was  formed  by 
Lords  Grenville  and  Grey  in  1806,  Fremantle 
was  appointed  joint  secretary  to  the  treasury, 
and  entered  parliament  as  one  of  the  members 
for  Harwich.  He  quitted  office  with  Lord 
Grenville.  He  was  M.P.  for  the  Wick  B  urghs 
from  1808  to  1812.  In  the  latter  year  he 
•was  elected  for  Buckingham,  and  retained 
the  seat  until  1827,  when  he  resigned  it  in 
favour  of  his  nephew,  Sir  T.  F.  Fremantle, 
toart.  For  the  fifteen  years  during  which  he 
sat  for  Buckingham,  Fremantle  took  part 
in  all  the  principal  debates  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  acquiring  considerable  reputa- 
tion as  a  speaker.  He  invariably  acted  with 
Lord  Grenville's  party,  and  he  was  a  cordial 
supporter  of  catholic  emancipation  and  other 
political  and  social  reforms.  Wrhen  the  mu- 
tiny at  Barrackpore  occurred  in  1825,  and  the 
conduct  of  Lord  Amherst,  governor-general 
of  India,  was  severely  criticised  in  parlia- 
ment, Fremantle  defended  the  suppression 
of  the  mutiny.  In  1822  Fremantle  joined 
the  government  of  Lord  Liverpool.  He  was 
created  a  privy  councillor  and  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  India  board.  This 
office  he  held  forfour  years,  1822-1 826, when 
George  TV  appointed  him  treasurer  of  the 
royal  household.  He  became  high  in  favour 
with  the  king,  to  whom  he  had  long  been 
personally  known.  After  performing  special 
services  in  connection  with  the  visits  of 
several  European  sovereigns,  Fremantle  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood  31  Oct. 
1827,  with  the  grand  cross  of  the  Guelphic 
order  of  Hanover.  Upon  the  accession  of 
William  IV,  Fremantle  was  reappointed  trea- 
surer of  the  household,  and  the  king  fur- 
ther nominated  him  deputy-ranger  of  Wind- 
sor Great  Park.  He  was  thus  brought  into 
constant  relations  with  the  court,  and  was 
much  esteemed  by  the  sovereign.  When 


the  king  died,  in  1837,  Fremantle  retired 
from  the  household,  but  retained  his  posi- 
tion of  deputy-ranger  of  Windsor  Park  under 
the  rangership  of  Prince  Albert.  The  park 
was  much  improved  during  his  term  of  office, 
which  continued  until  his  death  on  19  Oct. 
1850. 

Fremantle  married,  12  Jan.  1797,  Selina 
Mary,  only  daughter  of  Sir  John  Elwill,  bart., 
and  widow  of  Felton  Lionel  Hervey,  grandson 
of  John  Hervey,  first  earl  of  Bristol.  Lady 
Fremantle  died  22  Nov.  1841  at  Brighton.  By 
her  first  husband  she  had  five  children. 

[Gent.  Mag.  and  Ann.  Keg.  1850 ;  Windsor 
and  Eton  Express,  26  Oct.  1850  ;  Foster's  Peer- 
age, s.  v.  '  Cottesloe.']  G.  B.  S. 

FRENCH,  GEOEGE  RUSSELL  (1803- 
1881),  antiquary,  was  born  in  London  in 
1803.  After  being  privately  educated  he  be- 
came an  architect,  and  was  for  many  years  sur- 
veyor and  architect  to  the  Ironmongers'  Com- 
pany. French  was  an  accomplished  scholar, 
and  devoted  his  leisure  to  antiquarian  re- 
searches. He  was  long  an  active  member  of 
the  council,  and  subsequently  one  of  the  vice- 
presidents,  of  the  London  and  Middlesex 
Archaeological  Society.  In  1841  French  pub- 
lished an  elaborate  account  of  the  ances- 
tries of  Queen  Victoria  and  of  the  Prince 
Consort ;  and  in  1847  his  'Address  delivered 
on  the  sixth  anniversary  of  the  College  of  the 
Freemasons  of  the  Church.'  He  next  traced 
the  royal  descent  of  Nelson  and  Wellington 
from  Edward  I,  king  of  England,  and  pub- 
lished in  1853  the  tables  of  pedigree  and 
genealogical  memoirs  in  connection  there- 
with. In  1861-9  he  prepared  and  issued  a 
'  Catalogue  of  the  Antiquities  and  Works  of 
Art  exhibited  at  Ironmongers'  Hall.'  French 
published  in  two  parts  the  result  of  a  careful 
series  of  Shakespearean  investigations,  under 
the  title  of  '  Shakespeareana  Genealogica ' 
(1869).  The  first  part  consisted  of  an  iden- 
tification of  the  dramatis  persona  in  Shake- 
speare's historical  plays,  from  'King  John'  to 
'  King  Henry  VIII,'  accompanied  with  ob- 
servations on  characters  in  '  Macbeth '  and 
'  Hamlet,'  and  notes  on  persons  and  places 
belonging  to  Warwickshire  alluded  to  in 
several  plays.  The  second  part  consisted  of 
a  dissertation  on  the  Shakespeare  and  Arden 
families  and  their  connections,  with  tables  of 
descent.  French,  who  was  a  temperance  re- 
former, published  in  1879  a  work  entitled 
'  Temperance  or  Abstinence,'  in  which  he  dis- 
cussed the  question  from  the  scriptural  point 
of  view.  French  died  in  London  on  1  Nov. 
1881. 

[City  Press,  November  1881;  Athenaeum, 
12  No  v.  1881 ;  French's  Works.]  G.  B.  S. 


French 


251 


French 


FRENCH,  GILBERT  JAMES  (1804- 
1866),  biographer  of  Samuel  Crompton,  was 
fcorn  18  April  1804  at  Edinburgh,  where  his 
father  is  said  to  have  been  a  '  manufacturer.' 
He  received  a  fair  education,  and  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  draper.  He  migrated  from 
Edinburgh  to  Sheffield,  and  thence  to  Bolton, 
where  he  settled  and  ultimately  developed  a 
considerable  trade  in  the  textile  fabrics  of 
.all  kinds  worn  by  clergymen  and  otherwise 
used  in  the  services  of  the  church.  He  cul- 
tivated a  taste  for  archaeology,  especially  for 
ecclesiology,  and  formed  an  extensive  library. 
In  July  1840  there  appeared  a  communica- 
tion, signed  with  his  initials,  in  the  '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,'  containing  a  sketch  of  the 
story  of  James  Annesley  [q.  v.],with  indica- 
tions of  its  resemblance  to  that  of  Henry 
Bertram  in  '  Guy  Mannering,'  to  which  no 
reference  is  made  in  Scott's  introduction. 
The  sketch  was  reproduced  in  '  Chambers's 
(Edinburgh)  Journal'  for  7  March  1841. 
French  expanded  this  communication  in  a 
pamphlet  '  printed  for  presentation '  in  1855, 
and  entitled  '  Parallel  Passages  from  Two 
Tales,  elucidating  the  Origin  of  the  Plot  of 
"Guy  Mannering.'"  To  consecutive  num- 
bers of  the  '  Bolton  Chronicle,'  commencing 
26  April  1856,  he  contributed  a  series  of 
letters,  which  he  collected  and  again  '  printed 
for  presentation '  only  in  the  same  year  as '  An 
Enquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Authorship  of 
some  of  the  Waverley  Novels.'  Here  French 
developed,  with  new  facts  and  illustrations, 
the  old  theory,  revived  by  "W.  J.  Fitzpatrick 
in  1856,  that  Scott's  brother  Thomas  and  hie 
wife,  Mrs.  Thomas  Scott,  were  the  virtual 
authors  of  the  earlier  Waverley  novels.  In 
1852  French  zealously  promoted  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Bolton  Free  Library,  and  being 
president  in  1857-8  of  the  Bolton  Mechanics' 
Institution  he  delivered  to  its  members  several 
lectures,  two  of  which,  on  'The  Life  and 
Times  of  Samuel  Crompton '  [q.  v.J,  were  ex- 
panded into  the  meritorious  biography  pub- 
lished in  1859.  He  contributed  generously  to 
the  support  of  Crompton's  surviving  son  when 
old  and  poor,  and  he  raised  a  subscription 
of  200/.,  with  which  a  monument  was  erected 
over  Crompton's  grave  in  the  Bolton  parish 
churchyard.  French  died  at  Bolton  4  May 
18G6.  He  was  a  member  of  the  London 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland.  He  read  several  papers  before  the 
Archaeological  Association  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  which  appeared  in  their '  Trans- 
actions.' The  following  are  those  of  his  writ- 
ings not  already  referred  to  which  are  in  the 
Library  of  the  British  Museum:  1.  'Prac- 
tical Remarks  on  some  of  the  Minor  Acces- 


sories to  the  Services  of  the  Church,'  1840. 
2.  '  The  Tippets  of  the  Canons  Ecclesiastical/ 
1850.  3.'  Hints  on  the  Arrangement  of  Colours 
in  Ancient  Decorative  Art;'  2nd  edit.  1850. 
4.  '  Bibliographical  Notices  of  the  Church 
Libraries  at  Turton  and  Gorton,  bequeathed 
by  Humphrey  Chetham,'  1855  (vol.  xxxviii. 
of  the  Chetham  Society's  publications).  5.' Re- 
marks on  the  Mechanical  Structure  of  Cotton 
Fibre,'  1857.  6.  'An  Attempt  to  Explain  the 
Origin  and  Meaning  of  the  Early  Interlaced 
Ornamentation  found  on  the  Ancient  Sculp- 
tured Stones  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the 
Isle  of  Man,'  1858.  7.  '  Decorative  Devices 
for  Sunday  Schools,'  1860. 

[French's  writings  ;  family  information.] 

F.  E. 

FRENCH,  JOHN,  M.D.  (1616P-1657), 
physician,  born  at  Broughton,  near  Banbury, 
Oxfordshire,  in  or  about  1616,  was  the  son  of 
John  French  of  Broughton.  In  1633  he  was 
entered  at  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degrees  in  arts,  B.A.  19  Oct.  1637, 
M.A.  9  July  1640  (Woon,  Fasti  Oxon.  ed. 
Bliss,  i.  495,  515),  then  'entred  on  the 
physic  line,  practised  his  faculty  in  the  par- 
liament army  by  the  encouragement  of  the 
Fiennes,  men  of  authority  in  the  said  army, 
and  at  length  became  one  of  the  two  phy- 
sicians to  the  whole  army,  under  the  conduct 
of  sir  Tho.  Fairfax,  knight.  On  14  April 
1648,  at  which  time  the  earl  of  Pembroke 
visited  this  university,  he  was  actually  created 
doctor  of  physic,  being  about  that  time  phy- 
sician to  the  hospital  called  the  Savoy.  .  .  . 
He  died  in  Oct.  or  Nov.  in  sixteen  hundred 
fifty  and  seven,  at,  or  near,  Bullogne  in  France, 
being  then  physician  to  the  English  army 
there'  (WooD,  Athena  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iii. 
436-7). 

French  was  the  author  of:  1.  '  The  Art  of 
Distillation,  or  a  Treatise  of  the  choicest 
Spagyricall  Preparations  performed  by  way 
of  Distillation,  being  partly  taken  out  of  the 
most  select  Chymicall  Authors  of  severall 
Languages,  and  partly  out  of  the  Authors 
manuall  experience  ;  together  with  the  De- 
scription of  the  chiefest  Furnaces  and  Vessels 
used  by  ancient  and  moderne  Chymists :  also 
a  Discourse  of  divers  Spagyrical  Experiments 
and  Curiosities,  and  of  the  Anatomy  of  Gold 
and  Silver  with  the  chiefest  Preparations, 
and  Curiosities  thereof,  and  Vertues  of  them 
all.  All  which  are  contained  in  six  Books,' 
4to,  London,  1651  (2nd  edit.,  '  to  which  is 
added,  The  London  Distiller  .  .  .  shewing 
the  way  ...  to  draw  all  sorts  of  Spirits  and 
Strong- Waters,'  &c.,  2  pts.  4to,  London, 
1653-52 ;  3rd  edit.,  '  to  which  is  added  Cal- 
ination  and  Sublimation :  in  two  books,' 


French 


252 


French 


2  pts.  4to,  London,  1664 ;  4th  edit.,  2  pts. 
4to,  London,  1667).  2.  'The  Yorkshire 
Spaw,  or  a  Treatise  of  four  famous  Medi- 
cinal Wells,  viz.  the  Spaw,  or  Vitrioline- 
Well;  the  Stinking,  or  Sulphur- Well ;  the 
Dropping,  or  Petrifying- Well;  and  St.  Mug- 
nus-Well,  near  Knaresborow  in  Yorkshire. 
Together  with  the  causes,  vertues,  and  use 
thereof,'  8vo,  London,  1652  (another  edit., 
8vo,  London,  1654).  In  1760  J.  Wood  of 
Bradford  had  received  such  benefit  by  using 
the  waters  according  to  the  rules  laid  down 
in  this  treatise  that  he  judged  fit  to  re- 
publish  it  as  'A  Pocket  Companion  for  Har- 
rogate  Spaw,'  12mo,  Halifax,  1760,  'that  it 
might  be  of  use  to  others.'  French  may  be  the 
'  J.  F.'  who  edited,  with  a  preface,  '  The  Di- 
vine Pymander  of  Hermes  Mercurius  Tris- 
megistus  in  xvii.  Books.  Translated  .  .  . 
out  of  the  Original  into  English  by  that 
learned  divine  Doctor  Everard,'  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1650  (another  edit.,  12mo,  London, 
1657).  He  also  translated  '  The  New  Light 
of  Alchymy,  and  a  Treatise  of  Sulphur,  by 
Michael  Sandevogius,  with  Nine  Books  of 
Paracelsus  of  the  Nature  of  Things;  with  a 
Chymical  Dictionary  explaining  hard  Places 
and  Words,  met  withal  in  the  Writings  of 
Paracelsus,'  4to,  London,  1650;  from  J.  R. 
Glauber,  'A  Description  of  New  Philoso- 
phical Furnaces,  or  A  New  Art  of  Distilling, 
divided  into  five  parts.  Whereunto  is  added 
a  Description  of  the  Tincture  of  Gold,  or  the 
true  Aurum  Potabile  ;  also  the  First  Part  of 
the  Mineral  Work  .  .  .  Set  forth  in  English 
by  J.  F.  D.M.,'  5  pts.  4to,  London,  1651-2; 
from  H.  C.  Agrippa,  '  Three  Books  of  Occult 
Philosophy  .  .  .  Translated  ...  by  J.  F.,' 
4to,  London,  1651. 

[Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  106,  115; 
Brit,  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  G. 

FRENCH,  NICHOLAS  (1604-1678), 
bishop  of  Ferns,  born  in  1604  in  the  town  of 
Wexford,  was  educated  for  the  priesthood  in 
the  Irish  secular  college  at  Louvain,  and  con- 
stituted president  of  the  college.  In  the  reign 
of  Charles  I  he  returned  to  Ireland,  and  was 
appointed  parish  priest  of  his  native  town. 
He  sat  as  a  burgess  for  Wexford  in  the 
general  assembly  of  the  confederate  catho- 
lics at  Kilkenny.  During  the  rebellion  he 
was '  a  violent  enemy  to  the  king's  authority, 
and  a  fatal  instrument  in  contriving  and 
fomenting  all  the  divisions  which  had  dis- 
tracted and  rent  the  kingdom  asunder  '(WARE, 
Writers  of  Ireland,  ed.  Harris,  p.  166).  He 
took  an  active  share  in  the  deliberations  of 
the  first  supreme  council  of  the  confederates, 
and  was  a  bitter  opponent  of  the  Marquis  of 
Ormonde.  He  was  consecrated  to  the  see  of 


Ferns  in  or  before  1646,  in  which  year  he 
signed  a  document  of  the  confederate  catho- 
lics as  '  Bishop  of  Ferns '  (BEADY,  Episcopal 
Succession,  i.  377).  In  1646  he  also  became 
chancellor  and  chairman  of  the  congregation 
of  the  catholic  clergy  convened  at  Waterford. 
by  the  papal  nuncio,  Rinuccini,  and  he  soon 
became  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  new  con- 
federate council  which  the  nuncio  had  formed. 
In  1647  he  and  Nicholas  Plunket  were  sent 
to  Rome  to  solicit  the  assistance  of  Inno- 
cent X,  but  the  mission  ended  in  complete 
failure. 

On  French's  return  to  Ireland  in  1648  the 
supreme  council  had  just  concluded  a  treaty 
of  peace  with  Inchiquin.  The  confederates 
had  by  this  time  been  brought  to  the  very 
brink  of  ruin,  and,  while  Rinuccini  was  ful- 
minating excommunications  against  the  coun- 
cil, the  council  and  a  great  majority  of  the 
representatives  openly  defied  him.  French 
deemed  it  prudent  to  agree  to  the  peace  of 
1648,  although  it  had  been  disapproved  by 
the  nuncio,  and  he  induced  many  to  accept  it. 
Subsequently  he  changed  his  mind,  and  in 
1650  he  attended  the  ecclesiastic  assembly 
held  at  Jamestown,  and  signed  the  famous- 
declaration  condemning  the  proceedings  of 
Ormonde.  In  1651  he  was  sent  to  Brussels 
to  obtain  the  assistance  of  the  Duke  of  Lor- 
raine, and  he  offered  to  constitute  that  prince 
the  lord  protector  of  Ireland  ;  but  the  nego- 
tiations were  broken  off  in  1652.  At  Paris, 
he  attempted  to  wait  on  Charles  II,  who  re- 
fused to  see  him. 

From  France  he  went  to  Spain,and  officiated 
as  coadjutor  to  the  Archbishop  of  Santiago 
de  Compostella  in  Galicia  till  1666,  when  he 
removed  to  San  Sebastian  with  the  intention 
of  proceeding  to  Ireland,  as  Father  Peter 
Walsh  had  procured  from  the  Duke  of  Or- 
monde a  license  for  his  return.  But  French 
was  unwilling  to  accept  this  favour  unless 
he  could  win  the  good  opinion  of  the  duke, 
to  whom  he  wrote  a  long  letter  justifying 
the  actions  of  the  assembly  at  Jamestown. 
This  conduct  so  incensed  the  duke  that  he 
countermanded  his  license,  and  ordered  Peter 
Walsh  to  notify  its  revocation  to  his  friend. 
French  proceeded  to  France,  and  it  was. 
probably  at  this  period  that  he  became  coad- 
jutor  to  the  Archbishop  of  Paris.  He  next 
went  to  Flanders,  wherethrough  the  good  of- 
fices of  the  internuncio,  A  iroldi ,  he  thoroughly 
reconciled  himself  to  the  court  of  Rome, 
which  till  then  was  displeased  with  him  be- 
cause he  had  promoted  the  peace  of  1648, 
although  soon  afterwards  he  was  one  of  the 
chief  infringers  of  it.  Soon  afterwards  he 
became  coadjutor  to  D.  Eugene  Albert  Dal- 
lamont,  bishop  of  Ghent,  in  which  city  he 


French 


253 


French 


died  on  23  Aug.  1678.  His  remains  were 
interred  in  the  cathedral,  where  a  splendid 
monument,  with  a  Latin  epitaph,  describing 
his  virtues,  his  learning,  and  his  patriotism, 
was  erected  to  his  memory  (Ds  BURGO, 
Hibernia  Domenicana,  p.  490  «.) 

His  works  are :  1 . '  A  Course  of  Philosophy,' 
in  Latin,  1630.  Manuscript  in  Archbishop 
Marsh's  library  in  Dublin.  2.  '  Querees  pro- 
pounded by  the  Protestant  partie,  concerning 
the  peace  in  generall,  now  treated  of  in  Ire- 
land .  .  .'  Paris,  1644,  4to.  3.  'The  Poli- 
titian's  Catechisme  for  his  Instruction  in 
Divine  Faith  and  Morall  Honesty.  Written 
by  N.  N.,'  Antwerp,  1658,  12mo.  This  may 
be  reckoned  even  more  rare  than  the  '  Un- 
kinde  Deserter'  and  'Bleeding  Iphigenia.' 
4.  '  Protesta  y  suplica  de  los  Catolicos  de 
Irlanda  y  de  la  Gran  Bretana.  Al  .  .  .  Prin- 
cipe de  la  Iglesia,  el  Cardenal  Julio  Maze- 
rino,  y  al . . .  Senor  D.  Luys  Mendez  de  Haro 
y  Sotomayor,  Conde-Duque  de  Olivares,' 
Seville,  1659,  4to,  translated  from  the  Latin. 
This  protest  is  so  rare  that  it  appears  to  be 
unknown  to  the  most  diligent  collectors  of 
Irish  tracts  (Bibl.  Grenvilliana,  i.  257).  5. '  In 
nomine  sanctissimseTrinitatis  vera  descriptio 
modern!  status  Catholicorum  in  regno  Hi- 
bernise,  et  preces  eorum,  ad  Sanctissimum 
Dominum  Clementem  Papam  nonum,'  Co- 
logne [1667],  8vo.  The  author's  name,  as 
designated  by  F.  E.  N.  F.  D.  on  p.  28,  is 
'  Fernensis  Episcopus,  Nicolaus  French,  Doc- 
tor,' vide  p.  26.  6. '  A  Narrative  of  the  Earl 
of  Clarendon's  Settlement  and  Sale  of  Ire- 
land. Whereby  the  just  English  adventurer 
is  much  prejudiced,  the  ancient  proprietor 
destroyed,  and  publick  faith  violated :  to  the 
great  discredit  of  the  English  Church  and 
government  (if  not  recalled  and  made  void), 
as  being  against  the  principles  of  Christianity 
and  true  Protestancy.  Written  in  a  Letter 
'by  a  gentleman  in  the  Country  to  a  noble- 
man at  court,'  Louvain,  1668,  4to.  This 
tract  is  extremely  rare.  It  was  reprinted, 
with  some  additions,  under  the  title  of  'Ini- 
quity Display'd,  or  the  Settlement  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Ireland,  commonly  call'd  The 
Act  of  Settlement  .  . .  laid  open,'  1704,  4to. 
7.  'The  Dolef  ill  Fall  of  Andrew  Sail,  a 
Jesuit  of  the  Fourth  Vow,  from  the  Roman 
Catholick  Apostolick  Faith ;  Lamented  by 
"his  Constant  Frind  .  .  . '  1674,  8vo,  pub- 
lished under  the  initials  N.  N.  There  is  an 
account  of  this  work  in  '  Catholicon :  or  the 
Christian  Philosopher,'  1818,  v.  85-93.  Sail 
replied  to  the  attack  in  his  '  True  Catholic 
Apostolic  Faith,'  1676.  8.  'The  Bleeding 
Tphigenia,  or  an  excellent  preface  of  a  work 
-unfinished,  published  by  the  authors  frind, 
with  the  reasons  of  publishing  it,'  no  title- 


age,  1675,  8vo,  published  under  the  initials 
T.  N.  The  Bleeding  Iphigenia  is  Ireland. 
The  author,  lamenting  Andrew  Sail's  abju- 
ration of  Catholicism,  inquires  into  the  cause 
of  persecution  in  Ireland  and  England.  9. '  The 
Vnkinde  Desertor  of  Loyall  Men  and  True 
Frinds,'  1676, 8vo.  The ' unkinde  desertor'  is 
intended  for  a  portrait  of  the  Marquis  of  Or- 
monde. French's  statements  led  to  the  Earl 
of  Clarendon  writing  his '  History  of  the  Re- 
bellion and  Civil  Wars  in  Ireland,'  in  defence 
and  justification  of  the  marquis's  conduct. 

A  collection  of  his  'Historical  Works,' 
edited  by  Samuel  H.  Bindon,  was  published 
at  Dublin  in  2  vols.,  1846, 12mo,  forming  part 
of  Duffy's '  Library  of  Ireland.'  Vol.  i.  contains 
the  'Bleeding  Iphigenia,'  the '  Settlementfand 
Sale  of  Ireland,'  letters,  &c.,  and  vol.  ii.  the 
Unkinde  Desertor.' 

[Bellings's  Hist,  of  the  Irish  Confederacy, 
vol.  i.  pref.  p.  viii,  ii.  215 ;  Carte's  Life  of  Or- 
monde ;  Clarendon's  Hist,  of  the  Rebellion  and 
Civil  Wars  in  Ireland  ;  Clarendon  State  Papers, 
ii.  141 ;  Cox's  Hibernia  Anglicana ;  De  Burgo's 
Hibernia  Domenicana,  pp.  490,  657,  686-8,  692, 
693,  695,  699,  suppl.  861,  880,  881,  884,  895, 
921 ;  Gilbert's  Contemporary  Hist,  of  Affairs  in 
Ireland  (1641-52),  i.  157-8, 168,184-6,288,707, 
716,  766,  ii.  51,  106, 152-3,  196-8,  203^290,  365, 
iii.  4,  5,  10,  178,  275,  301 ;  Bibl.  Grenvilliana ; 
The  Huth  Library,  ii.  553  ;  Killen's  Eccl.  Hist, 
of  Ireland,  ii.  40,  81,  114;  McGee's  Irish  Writers, 
p.  131 ;  Moran's  Spicilegium  Ossoriense,  pp.  390, 
417,  438,  449,  454,  459, 475, 489,  499, 510;  Notes 
and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vii.  45,  3rd  ser.  viii.  724  ; 
Rinuccini's  Embassy  in  Ireland,  translated  by 
Button ;  Shirley's  Library  at  Lough  Fea,  p.  116; 
Cat.  of  Library  of  Trin.  Coll.  Dublin,  iii.  318 ; 
Walsh's  Four  Letters  on  Several  Subjects  to 
Persons  of  Quality;  Walsh's  Vindication  of  the 
Loyal  Formulary  on  Irish  Remonstrance.] 

T.  C. 

FRENCH,  PETER  (d.  1693),  missionary, 
a  native  of  Galway,  studied  divinity  in  Ire- 
land and  in  the  south  of  Spain,  and  became 
a  friar  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic.  Going 
to  Spanish  America,  he  laboured  for  thirty 
years  as  a  missionary  among  the  Indians  of 
Mexico,  great  numbers  of  whom  he  converted 
from  idolatry.  He  wrote  in  the  Mexican 
language  '  A  Catechism  or  Exposition  of  the 
Christian  Faith,'  but  whether  it  was  printed 
does  not  appear.  Returning  to  his  native 
country,  he  was  employed  on  the  mission 
until  his  death,  which  took  place  in  Galway 
in  1693. 

[Quetif  andEchard'sScriptores  Ordinis  Praedi- 
catorum,  ii.  735,  quoting  John  O'Heyn's  Epilogus 
Chronologicus  exponens  Conrentus  et  Funda- 
tiones  Ordinis  Predicatorum  in  regno  Hibernise, 
Louvain,  1706,  p.  21 ;  Ware's  Writers  of  Ireland' 
p.  295 ;  Hardiman's  Galway,  p.  254.]  T.  C. 


French 


254 


Frend 


FRENCH,  WILLI  AM,  D.D.(1786-1849), 

master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  was  the 
son  of  a  rich  yeoman  at  Eye  in  Suffolk.  He 
was  sent  to  Ipswich  grammar  school,  where 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Howarth  was  head-master,  and 
he  afterwards  entered  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge. After  a  successful  college  career  he 
came  out  in  1811  as  second  wrangler,  the 
senior  being  Thomas  EdwardDicey  of  Trinity, 
the  two  being  bracketed  equal  as  Smith's  prize- 
men. Soon  after  French  was  elected  fellow  and 
tutorofPembrokeCollege,andinl814tookhis 
M.  A.  degree.  He  was  only  thirty-four  years 
old  in  1820  when  he  was  appointed  master  of 
Jesus  College  by  Dr.  Sparke,  bishop  of  Ely,  in 
whose  family  he  had  been  private  tutor.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  made  D.D.  by  royal 
mandate,  and  served  the  office  of  vice-chan- 
cellor, a  position  which  he  filled  again  in 
1834,  when  he  also  acted  as  one  of  the  syn- 
dics appointed  to  superintend  the  building  of 
the  Fitzwilliam  Museum.  He  was  presented 
by  the  lord  chancellor  to  the  living  of  Moor 
Monkton,  Yorkshire,  in  1827,  and  became  a 
canon  of  Ely  in  1832.  He  discharged  his  va- 
rious functions  with  urbanity  and  integrity. 
His  mathematical  attainments  were  of  the 
highest,  order,  and  to  classical  scholarship  he 
added  a  considerable  acquaintance  with  ori- 
ental languages.  He  took  a  distinguished 
part  in  the  translations  made  by  himself  and 
Mr.  George  Skinner  of  the  Psalms  and  Pro- 
verbs. He  managed  the  affairs  of  his  college 
so  as  greatly  to  improve  its  finances,  and  his 
name  is  connected  with  the  remarkable  re- 
storation of  Jesus  College  Chapel,  begun 
under  his  direction  by  his  gift  of  coloured 
glass  for  the  eastern  triplet.  His  published 
works  are:  1.  'A  new  Translation  of  the 
Book  of  Psalms  from  the  original  Hebrew, 
with  Explanatory  Notes  by  W.  French,  D.D., 
and  George  Skinner,  M.A. ;  a  new  edition, 
with  corrections  and  additions,  8vo,  London, 
1842.  '  A  judicious  and  excellent  work  for 
review'  (see  British  Critic,  ix.  404).  2.  'A 
new  Translation  of  the  Proverbs  of  Solomon 
from  the  original  Hebrew,  with  Explanatory 
Notes  by  W.  French,  D.D.,  and  George  Skin- 
ner, M.A.,'  8vo,  London,  1831.  He  died  at 
Jesus  Lodge,  Cambridge,  on  12  Nov.  1849, 
in  his  sixty-third  year,  and  was  buried  at 
Brockdish  in  Norfolk  four  days  later. 

J^Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  xzxii.;655 ;  Luard,  Gra- 
duati  Cantabrigienses ;  Willis  and  Clark's  Archi- 
tectural Hist,  of  Cambr.  ii.  151,  iii.  199.]  K.  H. 

FREND,  WILLIAM  (1757-1841),  re- 
former and  scientific  writer,  was  born  on 
22  Nov.  1757  at  Canterbury,  being  the  second 
son  of  George  Frend,  one  of  its  principal 
tradesmen,  an  alderman,  and  twice  its  mayor. 


His  mother  was  buried  in  the  cloister  yardr 
Canterbury,  on  7  Feb.  1763,  and  his  father 
married  at  the  cathedral,  on  25  Sept.  1764, 
Jane  Kirby,  who  proved  a  kindly  mother  to- 
her  stepchildren  (Canterbury  Cath,  Registers  f 
Harl.  Soc.,  pp.  95,  145).  He  was  educated 
at  the  king's  school  in  that  city  until  1771,  and: 
amonghis  companions  were  his  cousin  Herbert 
Marsh,  afterwardsbishop  of  Peterborough,  and! 
Charles  Abbott,  afterwards  Lord  Tenterden. 
His  father  destined  him  for  business,  and  he- 
was  sent  to  St.  Omer  to  learn  the  French 
language,  and  then  to  a  mercantile  house  in. 
Quebec,  where  he  remained  for  a  few  weeks, 
during  which  time  he  served  as  a  volunteer 
at  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  with  the 
American  colonies.  On  his  return  home  he  ex- 
pressed a  wish  to  enter  the  church,  and  on  the- 
recommendation  of  Archbishop  Moore  he  was; 
entered  as  a  minor  pensioner  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  on  18  Dec.  1775,  whenPaley 
was  one  of  the  college  tutors.  After  gaining- 
various  college  prizes  he  took  the  degree  of 
B.A.  in  1780,  being  second  wrangler  and 
Smith's  prizeman,  and  thus  secured  the  favour 
of  Dr.  Caryl,  master  of  Jesus  College,  by 
whose  advice  he  migrated  thither  as  a  pen- 
sioner on  24  May  1780.  Through  the  same 
interest  Frend  was  elected  foundation  scholar 
on  6  June  1780  and  fellow  on  23  April  1781, 
from  which  year  he  also  held  the  office  of 
tutor.  At  the  close  of  1780  he  was  admitted 
deacon  in  the  church  of  England,  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  priesthood  in  1783,  when  he 
was  presented  to  the  living  of  Madingley, 
near  Cambridge,  where  he  officiated  zealously 
until  June  1787.  During  this  period  of  his 
life  the  post  of  tutor  to  the  Archduke  Alex- 
ander of  Russia  was  offered  to  him,  but  the 
position  was  declined,  although  accompanied 
with  a  salary  of  2,0001.  per  annum,  a  suitable 
establishment,  and  a  retiring  pension  of  800/. 
a  year  for  life.  In  1787  he  became  a  convert 
to  unitarianism.  He  published  his  '  Address 
to  the  Inhabitants  of  Cambridge '  in  favour 
of  his  new  creed,  and  he  exerted  himself  very 
vigorously  in  support  of  the  grace  introduced 
into  the  senate  house  on  11  Dec.  1787  for 
doing  away  with  subscription  to  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles  on  taking  the  degree  of  M.A. 
For  these  offences  he  was  removed  by  Dr. 
Beadon  from  the  office  of  tutor  by  an  order 
dated  27  Sept.  1788,  and  his  appeal  from  this 
ejectment  was  dismissed  by  the  visitor,  the 
Bishop  of  Ely,  by  a  decree  dated  29  Dec. 
1788.  To  relieve  his  mental  anxiety  and  to- 
deliberate  calmly  on  the  future,  he  took,  in 
company  with  an  old  schoolfellow  called 
Richard  Tylden,  a  lengthy  tour  in  France,  the 
Low  Countries,  Germany,  and  Switzerland. 
When  he  returned  home  he  resumed  the  study 


Frend 


255 


Frend 


of  Hebrew,  which  his  travels  had  interrupted, 
and  became  so  proficient  as  to  be  deemed  '  in 
the  opinion  of  learned  Jews  better  versed  in 
that  language  than  any  English  Christian  of  his 
day.'  Priestley  devised  in  1789  a  plan  for  a 
new  translation  of  the  scriptures,  and  through 
1790  Frend  was  engaged  on  translating  the 
historical  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  He 
also  became  very  intimate  with  Robert  Robin- 
son, the  learned  dissenting  minister  of  Cam- 
bridge, who  died  in  1790,  and  he  corrected 
the  press  of  Robinson's  posthumous  volume 
of  '  Ecclesiastical  Researches.'  In  1793  he 
wrote  a  tract,  printed  at  St.  Ives  but  sold  at 
Cambridge,  entitled  '  Peace  and  Union  re- 
commended to  the  Associated  Bodies  of  Re- 
publicans and  Anti-republicans,'  in  which  he 
denounced  many  of  the  existing  abuses  and 
condemned  much  of  the  liturgy  of  the  church 
of  England.  On  4  March  certain  members 
of  the  senate  met  on  the  invitation  of  the 
vice-chancellor,  Dr.  Isaac  Milner,  at  his  lodge 
in  Queens' College,  resolved  that  Frend  should 
be  prosecuted  in  the  vice-chancellor's  court, 
and  deputed  a  committee  of  five  to  conduct 
the  proceedings.  On  23  April  a  summons 
was  issued  by  that  official  requiring  Frend's 
presence  in  thelaw  schools  on  3  May  to  answer 
the  charge  of  having  violated  the  laws  and 
statutes  of  the  university  by  publishing  the 
pamphlet.  After  several  sittings  and  a  long 
and  able  defence,  the  vice-chancellor  and 
heads  gave  their  decision  on  28  May  that  the 
authorship  had  been  proved  and  that  Frend 
had  offended  against  the  statute  'de  con- 
cionibus.'  Gunning,  in  his  '  Reminiscences ' 
(i.  280-309),  reprints  an  account  of  the  trial, 
and,  while  condemning  the  tone  of  the  pam- 
phlet, describes  the  proceedings  as  a  party 
move  and  vindicates  the  tract  from  the  ac- 
cusation of  sedition.  He  adds  that  the  vice- 
chancellor  was  biased  against  the  accused, 
and  that  the  undergraduates,  among  whom 
S.  T.  Coleridge  was  conspicuous,  were  unani- 
mous in  his  favour.  Two  letters  from  Dr. 
Farmer  to  Dr.  Parr  on  this  trial  are  in  Parr's 
'Works'  (i.  447-8),  and  in  the  same  set 
(viii.  30-2)  is  a  long  letter  from  Frend  on 
the  treatment  which  Palmer  of  Queens', 
another  reformer,  had  just  received.  Frend 
was  ordered  to  retract  and  confess  his  error, 
and  as  he  declined  was  '  banished  from  the 
university'  (30  May).  An  appeal  against 
the  sentence  followed,  but  it  was  unani- 
mously affirmed  by  the  delegates  on  29  June, 
and  on  26  Nov.  1795  the  court  of  king's 
bench  discharged  a  rule  which  Frend  had 
obtained  for  restoring  him  to  the  franchises 
of  a  resident  M.A.  The  master  and  fellows 
of  Jesus  College  decided,  on  3  April  1793, 
that  in  consequence  of  this  pamphlet  he 


should  not  be  allowed  to  reside  in  the  col- 
lege until  he  could  produce  satisfactory  proofs 
of  good  behaviour.  He  thereupon  appealed 
to  the  visitor,  but  on  13  July  the  appeal  was 
dismissed,  nor  was  he  more  successful  in  his 
application  to  the  king's  bench  for  a  man- 
damus requiring  the  visitor  to  hear  and  de- 
termine the  appeal.  In  spite  of  these  pro- 
ceedings he  enjoyed  the  emoluments  of  his 
fellowship  until  his  marriage,  and  remained,, 
while  he  lived,  a  member  of  his  college  and 
of  the  senate  of  the  university.  Many  years 
later,  in  1837,  Frend  furnished  Crabb  Robin- 
son with  some  anecdotes  about  his  trial,  and! 
said  that  the  promoters  wished  to  expel  him 
from  the  university,  but  that  he  demanded  a 
sight  of  the  university  roll,  when  on  reference- 
to  the  original  document  it  was  discovered 
that  an  informality  existed  which  made  his- 
expulsion  invalid.  On  leaving  Cambridge  he- 
came  to  London,  and  maintained  himself  by 
adding  the  profits  of  teaching  and  writing  to 
his  fellowship.  In  1806  he  exerted  himself  ac- 
tively in  the  formation  of  the  Rock  Life  As- 
surance Company,  to  which  he  was  appointed 
actuary.  A  severe  illness  in  1826  compelled 
him  to  tender  his  resignation,  which  was  ac- 
cepted in  the  ensuing  year,  and  an  annuity 
of  800/.  per  annum  was  conferred  upon  him. 
His  health  subsequently  recovered,  and  he- 
resumed  his  active  life  until  1840,  when  he 
was  attacked  by  paralysis,  under  which  he 
lingered  with  almost  total  loss  of  speech  and 
motion,  though  with  the  '  smallest  possible- 
decay  of  mind  or  memory.'  He  died  at  his 
house,  Tavistock  Square,  London,  on  21  Feb. 
1841.  As  a  Unitarian  and  a  whig  he  gloried" 
in  the  spread  of  the  opinions  which  he  advo- 
cated. All  reformers,  such  as  Burdett  and 
Home  Tooke,  were  numbered  among  his- 
friends,  and  he  maintained  an  active  corre- 
spondence with  the  chief  supporters  of  radi- 
calism. He  was  frequently  consulted  by 
Palmer  in  support  of  his  claim  for  a  public- 
grant  for  his  services  in  improving  the  trans- 
mission of  letters.  Frend  thought  that  the 
rate  of  postage  should  be  reduced  to  a  fixed 
charge  of2d.  or  \d,,  and  drew  up  a  statement 
to  that  effect  which  reached  a  member  of 
Peel's  cabinet,  but  nothing  came  of  it  at  that 
time.  Disinterested  benevolence  and  chi- 
valrous assertion  of  his  opinions  were  the 
leading  traits  in  his  character.  He  had  been 
a  pupil  of  Paley,  and  among  his  own  pupils- 
were  E.  D.  Clarke,  the  traveller,  Copley 
(afterwards  Lord  Lyndhurst),  and  Malthus ; 
he  was  himself  the  last  of  '  the  learned  anti- 
Newtonians  and  a  noted  oppugner  of  all  that 
distinguishes  Algebra  from  Arithmetic.'  In 
1 808  he  married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Francis 
Blackburne,  vicar  of  Brignall  in  Yorkshire, 


Frend 


256 


Frere 


and  granddaughter  ot  Archdeacon  Black- 
burne.  They  had  seven  children,  and  their 
eldest  daughter,  Sophia  Elizabeth,  married 
in  the  autumn  of  1837  Professor  De  Morgan. 
Frend's  works  dealt  with  many  subjects. 
His  publications  were:  1.  'An  Address  to 
the  Inhabitants  of  Cambridge  and  its  Neigh- 
bourhood ...  to  turn  from  the  false  Worship 
of  Three  Persons  to  the  Worship  of  the  One 
True  God,'  St.  Ives,  1788.  The  second  edi- 
tion was  entitled  '  An  Address  to  the  Mem- 
Ibers  of  the  Church  of  England  and  to  Pro- 
testant Trinitarians  in  General,'  &c.,  and  it 
•was  followed  by  '  A  Second  Address  to  the 
Members  of  the  Church  of  England,'  &c. 
These  were  reprinted  in  '  Six  Tracts  in  Vin- 
dication of  the  Worship  of  One  God,'  and  in 
other  unitarian  publications,  and  were  an- 
swered by  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Coulthurst,  by 
George  Townsend  of  Ramsgate  in  two  tracts 
in  1789,  and  by  Alexander  Pirie  in  a  volume 
assued  at  Perth  in  1792.  Frend  responded 
in  '  Thoughts  on  Subscription  to  religious 
tests  .  .  .  in  a  letter  to  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Coult- 
burst,'  and  in  '  Mr.  Coulthurst's  blunders  ex- 
posed, or  a  review  of  his  several  texts.'  For 
these  pamphlets  Frend  was  expelled  from  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge 
(An  Account  of  some  late  Proceedings  of  the 
Society,  1789).  2.  '  Peace  and  Union  recom- 
mended,' &c.,  1793 ;  2nd  ed.  1793,  in  which 
lie  described  the  evils  of  the  then  parliamen- 
tary system  and  of  the  game  and  poor  laws, 
and  explained  the  necessity  for  numerous  re- 
forms. The  peccant  passages  are  set  out  in 
the  second  edition  in  single  inverted  commas. 
His  trial  was  described  by  himself  in  '  An 
Account  of  the  Proceedings  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  against  William  Frend,' 
1793,  and  in  '  A  Sequel  to  the  Account,'  &c., 
which  dealt  with  the  application  to  the  court 
of  king's  bench  in  1795.  John  Beverley  [q.  v.] 
also  published  accounts  of  the  proceedings 
in  1793.  3.  '  Scarcity  of  Bread :  a  plan  for 
reducing  its  high  price,'  1795,  two  editions. 
He  urged  subscriptions  by  the  rich  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor.  4.  '  Principles  of  Algebra, 
1796  (with  a  very  long  appendix  by  Baron 
Maseres)  ;  pt.  ii.  1799.  5.  '  A  Letter  to  the 
Vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  by  Wm.  Frend, 
candidate  for  the  Lucasian  Professorship,' 
1798.  6.  '  Principles  of  Taxation,'  1799,  ad- 
vocating a  graduated  system  of  income-tax. 
7.  'Animadversions  on  Bishop  Pretyman's 
Elements  of  Christian  Theology,'  1800,  to 
which  Joshua  Toulmin  replied  in  a  preface 
to  his  '  Four  Discourses  on  Baptism.'  8. '  The 
Effect  of  Paper  Money  on  the  Price  of  Pro- 
visions,' 1801,  which  was  provoked  by  the 
controversy  between  Sir  Francis  Baring  and 
Walter  Boyd.  9. ' The  Gentleman's  Monthly 


Miscellany,'  which  lived  for  a  few  months  of 
1803,  and  was  edited  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
Frend.  10.  '  Evening  Amusements,  or  the 
Beauty  of  the  Heavens  Displayed.'  It  lasted 
from  1804  to  1822,  'an  astronomical  ele- 
mentary work  of  a  new  character,  which  had 
great  success  ;  the  earlier  numbers  went 
through  several  editions.'  11.  '  Patriotism  : 
an  Essay  dedicated  to  the  Volunteers,'  1804. 
12. '  Tangible  Arithmetic,  or  the  Art  of  Num- 
bering made  Easy  by  means  of  an  Arith- 
metical Toy,'  1805.  13.  'A  Letter  on  the 
Slave  Trade,'  1816.  14.  'The  National  Debt 
in  its  True  Colours/  1817.  Reprinted  in  the 
'Pamphleteer,'  ix.  415-32.  He  advocated 
its  extinction  by  an  annual  sinking  fund. 
15.  '  Memoirs  of  a  Goldfinch,'  a  poem,  with 
notes  and  illustrations  on  natural  history  and 
natural  philosophy  (anon.),  1819.  16.  'Is  it 
Impossible  to  Free  the  Atmosphere  of  London 
in  a  very  considerable  degree  from  Smoke  ? ' 
1819.  A  few  copies  only  for  friends,but  it  was 
reproduced  in  the  '  Pamphleteer,'  xv.  61-5. 
17.  'A  Plan  of  Universal  Education,'  1832.  A 
fragment  of  a  volume, '  Letters  on  a  hitherto 
Undescribed  Country, 'written  some  years  be- 
fore but  never  published.  Frend,  besides  con- 
tributing two  articles  to  '  Tracts  on  the  Re- 
solution of  Affected  Algebraick  Equations,' 
edited  by  Baron  Maseres  in  1800,  and  one 
tract  to  the  same  editor's  '  Scriptores  Lo- 
garithmici,'  vol.  vi.  1807,  suggested  other 
matters  to  him  in  the  same  publications. 
Maseres  in  his  '  Tracts  on  the  Resolution 
ofCubick  and  Biquadratick  Equations,' pub- 
lished voluminous  supplements  to  his  appen- 
dix to  Frend's  '  Principles  of  Algebra.' 

[Gent.  Mag.  1841,  pt.  i.  pp.  541-3  ;  Monthly 
Notices  of  Royal  Astronomical  Soc.  v.  144-51,  by 
De  Morgan ;  Howell's  State  Trials,  xxii.  523, 
723  ;  C.  H.  Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambr.  iv.  447-52  ; 
Baker's  St.  John's,  Cambr.  ed.  Mayor,  ii.  736 ; 
Dyer's  Eobinson,  pp.  312-18 ;  Crabb  Robinson's 
Diary,  i.  373,  iii.  143,  192,  401 ;  Rutt's  Life  and 
Corresp.  of  Priestley,  ii.  24,  81-3, 94-5 ;  Memoir 
of  Augustus  de  Morgan,  pp.  19-24,  39-40,  78-82, 
109-10;  [Mrs.  Le  Breton's]  Memories  of  Seventy 
Years;  Sidebotham's  King's  School,  Canterbury, 
pp.  80-1.]  W.  P.  C. 

FRENDRAUGHT,  VISCOUNT  (1600- 
1650).  [See  CKICHTOST,  JAMES.] 

FRERE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1778- 
1851),  diplomatist,  born  in  1778,  was  the 
fifth  son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.],  F.R.S.,  M.P. 
for  Norwich,  and  a  younger  brother  of  the 
Right  Hon.  John  Hookham  Frere  [q.  v.]  He 
proceeded  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1799,  and  M.A.  in  1806.  In  1801  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  legation  at  Lisbon, 
whence  he  was  transferred  in  the  same  capa- 


257 


Frere 


city  to  Madrid  in  1802  and  Berlin  1805,  and 
in  1807  became  secretary  of  embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople, and  witnessed  the  discomfiture 
of  Mr.  Arbuthnot  and  Admiral  Duckworth. 
In  1808  he  returned  to  Spain  as  secretary  of 
embassy,  and  acted  as  minister  plenipotentiary 
ad  interim  at  Seville  from  November  1809  to 
January  1810,  and  at  Cadiz  from  29  Jan.  to 
2  March.  Gazetted  secretary  of  embassy  at 
Constantinople  in  March  1811,  he  and  his 
chief,  Robert  Liston,  did  not  proceed  to  their 
post  till  the  following  year,  when  in  June 
they  relieved  Stratford  Canning  [q.  v.]  from 
his  responsibility  as  minister  plenipotentiary. 
From  1815  to  1817,  and  again  from  1820  to 
1821,  Frere  took  charge  of  the  embassy  at  the 
Porte  as  minister  plenipotentiary  ad  interim, 
but  in  August  1 821  he  finally  retired  on  a  pen- 
sion, which  he  enjoyed  for  thirty  years,  till 
his  death  in  Old  Burlington  Street,  London, 
29  May  1851,  aged  74.  He  was  a  useful 
public  servant  of  ordinary  abilities. 

[Foreign  Office  registers ;  Lane-Poole's  Life  of 
Lord  Stratford  de  Kedclifie,  i.  175,  179  ;  Ann. 
Keg.]  S.  L.-P. 

FRERE,  SIK  HENRY  BARTLE  ED- 
WARD, commonly  called  SIK  BARTLE  FRERE 
(1815-1884),  statesman,  belonged  to  a  family 
associated  for  centuries  with  the  eastern 
counties  of  England.  His  grandfather,  John 
Frere  [q.  v.],  was  second  wrangler  in  Paley's 
year  (1763),  was  electedM.P.  for  Norwich,  and 
at  his  death  left  seven  sons,  of  whom  John 
Hookham  Frere  [q.  v.]  was  the  eldest.  Ed- 
ward, the  second  son,  was  father  of  Henry 
Bartle  Edward  Frere.  Edward  Frere  (1770- 
1844)  married,  28  July  1800,  Mary  Anne, 
eldest  daughter  and  coheiress  of  J  ames  Greene, 
esq.,  M.P.  for  Arundel  in  1759,  and  had  by  her 
nine  sons  and  five  daughters.  Henry  Bartle 
was  the  sixth  son.  Born  at  Clydach,  Breck- 
nockshire, on  29  March  1815,  he  was  sent  at 
an  early  age  to  the  grammar  school  at  Bath. 
In  the  narrow  range  of  subjects  there  taught 
Frere  gained  distinction,  and  he  entered 
Haileybury  in  1832.  In  this  college  he  showed 
capacity  for  a  wider  scope  of  study.  At  the 
end  of  the  first  term  he  stood  second  on  the 
list  of  scholars,  and  during  the  following 
term  he  gained  the  highest  place,  which  he 
retained  until  the  end  of  his  course.  In  1834 
he  received  his  appointment  to  a  writership 
in  the  Bombay  civil  service.  At  this  time 
the  normal  length  of  the  voyage  to  India  was 
from  four  to  five  months.  But  Lieutenant 
Waghorn's  successful  journey  by  Egypt  hav- 
ing shown  that  the  bowstring  is  shorter  than 
the  bow,  Frere  applied  to  the  court  of  directors 
for  permission  to  find  his  way  to  India  by  the 
same  road.  After  some  hesitation  the  direc- 

TOL.  XX. 


tors  granted  the  request,  having  learned  that 
Lord  William  Bentinck  proposed  to  send  a 
steamer  to  Suez,  which  on  its  return  voyage 
was  to  meet  at  Socotra  a  vessel  carrying  the 
mails  to  Bombay.  In  May  1834  the  young 
civilian  sailed  from  Falmouth,  but  on  arriv- 
ing at  Malta  found  that  the  steamer  was  not 
expected  at  Suez  until  August.  He  was  thus 
enabled  to  spend  a  month  with  his  uncle  Hook- 
ham  Frere,  then  living  in  Malta  on  account 
of  his  wife's  health.  There  he  studied  Arabic 
under  the  guidance  of  the  well-known  Dr. 
Wolfe,  who  on  his  departure  vouched  for  him 
that  he  knew  enough  Arabic  '  to  scold  his 
way  through  Egypt.' 

Frere  finally  left  Malta  in  a  Greek  brigan- 
tine  for  Alexandria,  where  he  joined  four 
other  travellers  who  were  taking  the  same 
route.  He  journeyed  with  them  laboriously 
to  Cairo,  and  thence  to  Thebes  and  Carnac, 
whence  they  struck  across  the  desert  on 
camels  to  Kosseir,  on  the  Red  Sea.  Here, 
following  the  example  of  Waghorn,  they  em- 
barked in  open  boats  and  reached  Mocha,  via 
Yambo  and  Jeddah.  At  Mocha  they  engaged 
passages  for  Bombay  in  an  Arab  dhow  laden 
with  pilgrims.  After  many  dangers  and  a 
narrow  escape  from  starvation  they  landed 
at  Bombay  on  23  Sept.  The  very  unorthodox 
manner  of  arrival  on  Indian  soil  placed  Frere 
under  the  necessity  of  proving  his  identity. 
He  quickly  settled  down  to  the  study  of  Hin- 
dustani, Marathi,  and  Gujarati,  and,  having  in 
1835  passed  in  all  these  languages,  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  to  the  collector  at  Poona.  He 
devoted  himself  with  characteristic  zeal  to  his 
duties,  and  showed  the  same  enthusiasm  when 
subsequently  detached  to  assist  Henry  Ed- 
ward Goldsmid  [q.  v.]  in  investigating  the 
system  of  land  assessment  of  Indapore. 
Thoroughly  to  carry  out  the  work  it  was 
necessary  to  investigate  the  extent  and  nature 
of  each  holding,  and  the  result  of  this  minute 
investigation  was  to  prove  that  the  assess- 
ments were  much  too  high,  and  to  convict  the 
native  collectors  of  extortion  and  oppression 
!  in  collecting  the  land  taxes. 

In  those  days  native  officials  were  still 
frequently  imbued  with  the  traditions  of 
oriental  misgovernment.  Many  of  their  vic- 
tims instead  of  complaining  threw  up  their 
holdings  and  drifted  elsewhere.  Large  tracts 
in  the  district  were  thus  left  uncultivated,  and 
other  farms  were  only  imperfectly  cropped. 
Frere  and  his  companions  proposed  thorough- 
going remedies.  They  recommended  that  the 
rate  of  the  land  assessment  should  be  reduced 
to  sums  easily  payable  by  the  cultivators, 
that  security  of  tenure  should  be  granted  to 
every  holder  of  land,  and  that  more  strenuous 
efforts  should  be  made  to  check  corruption 


Frere 


258 


Frere 


on  the  part  of  the  native  officials.  These  re- 
commendations were  acted  upon,  and  a  most 
beneficial  change  produced.  The  people  re- 
gained confidence.  The  spare  land  was  eagerly 
taken  up,  and  the  district  became  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  in  India.  The  obvious  effects 
of  this  policy  led  to  its  wide  extensi  on  through- 
out the  Bombay  presidency,  as  well  as  to 
Sind,  Mysore,  and  Berar.  Frere's  zeal  and 
ability  thus  gained  for  him  promotion  to  the 
post  of  assistant  revenue  commissioner.  This 
office  he  held  until  1842,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed private  secretary  to  Sir  George  Arthur 
[q.  v.] ,  the  newly  arrived  governor  of  Bombay. 
Frere's  new  duties  entailed  considerable  re- 
sponsibility, more  especially  because  Arthur 
had  no  experience  of  Indian  administration. 
Upon  Sir  Charles  Napier's  annexation  of 
Sind,  the  governor  had  to  co-operate  in  the 
consolidation  of  the  province.  He  was  ably 
supported  by  Frere,  who  thus  early  gained 
an  insight  into  the  administration  of  the  presi- 
dency. On  10  Oct.  1844  Frere  married  Miss 
Catherine  Arthur,  the  second  daughter  of  the 
governor,  and  shortly  afterwards  went  home 
on  sick  certificate.  On  his  return  to  India  after 
an  eighteen  months'  leave,  he  served  for  a  time 
as  assistant  commissioner  of  customs,  and  was 
then  appointed  political  resident  at  the  court 
of  the  raja  of  Sattara.  The  position  of  Sat- 
tara  was  defined  by  a  treaty  made  on  the 
conquest  of  the  Maratha  territory  in  1818. 
Pertab  Sahib,  the  then  raja,  a  descendant  of 
Sivaji,  who  established  the  Maratha  power  in 
1644,  was  the  nominal  ruler,  but  for  several 
generations  the  imperial  authority  had  been 
allowed  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  peshwas 
or  mayors  of  the  palace.  By  the  treaty  of 
1818  the  greater  part  of  the  southern  Maratha 
territory  was  annexed  by  the  East  India 
Company,  Sattara  being  especially  reserved 
for  the  raja.  Four  years  later  the  district 
was  handed  over  to  him,  and  a  resident  was 
appointed  to  his  court.  From  being  a  mere 
puppet  in  the  hands  of  the  peshwa  he  had 
thus  become  a  reigning  sovereign.  But  he 
had  grown  disaffected  to  his  benefactors, 
and  had  been  at  last  sent  as  a  state  prisoner 
to  Benares.  Shahji,  his  brother,  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him.  Frere  was  nominated 
to  Sattara  during  the  reign  of  Shahji,  and  for 
two  years  and  a  half  he  devoted  his  energies 
to  improving  the  condition  of  the  people.  He 
directed  especial  attention  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  roads  and  the  means  of  irrigation, 
and  it  was  at  his  instigation  that  a  tunnel, 
the  first  ever  constructed  in  India,  was  made 
connecting  a  fertile  valley  with  the  town  of 
Sattara.  In  1847  Pertab'  Sahib  died,  having 
adopted  an  heir  who  was  inclined  to  put  for- 
ward pretensions  to  the  rajaship.  Meanwhile 


Shahji  was  in  bad  health,  and  having  no  male 
issue  was  desirous  of  adopting  a  son  and  suc- 
cessor. In  the  beginning  of  April  1848  the 
raja  told  Frere  of  his  intention.  He  hoped 
that  the  government  would  sanction  a  hand- 
some provision  from  the  Sattara  revenues  for 
the  support  of  the  child  whom  he  might  take 
under  his  protection,  and  begged  Frere  to 
obtain  the  consent  of  the  government  to  his 
adopting  a  member  of  the  Bhonslay  family  as 
his  son.  Frere  agreed  to  submit  the  raja's 
request  to  the  government,  but  warned  him 
that  the  previous  sanction  of  the  court  of 
directors  might  be  necessary.  This  warning 
did  not  prevent  the  raja  from  making  the 
adoption  a  few  hours  before  his  death.  Frere, 
who  was  absent  at  the  time,  having  left  at 
the  raja's  earnest  request  to  press  his  wishes 
on  the  government,  hastened  back  to  Sattara 
at  the  risk  of  his  life,  for  the  people  were 
fanatically  excited  at  the  political  position, 
and  without  the  escort  which  the  governor 
wished  him  to  take.  For  nine  months  he 
administered  the  province,  being  careful  in 
the  meantime  to  avoid  recognising  in  any  way 
the  adopted  son.  By  the  old  treaty  of  1818 
the  government  of  India  had  definitely  ceded 
Sattara  to  the  raja,  his  heirs  and  successors, 
and  Frere  was  of  opinion,  therefore,  that  they 
were  in  honour  bound  to  recognise  the  title 
of  the  adopted  son  to  the  throne.  This  was 
strongly  the  opinion  also  of  Mountstuart 
Elphinstone  [q.  v.]  and  Captain  Grant  Duff", 
the  negotiators  of  the  treaty,  and  of  Sir 
George  Clerk,  the  governor  of  Bombay,  but 
the  governor-general  and  the  majority  of  his 
council  took  an  opposite  view.  Lord  Dal- 
housie  recorded  it  as  his  strong  and  delibe- 
rate opinion  that  '  the  British  government  is 
bound  not  to  put  aside  or  to  neglect  such 
rightful  opportunities  of  acquiring  territory 
or  revenue  as  may  from  time  to  time  present 
themselves,'  and  therefore  should  not  give 
effect  to  the  device  of  the  Hindoo  law  for  sus- 
taining the  succession  by  adoption.  These 
views  were  supported  by  a  majority  in  the 
court  of  directors,  and  Sattara  was  conse- 
quently annexed  as  British  territory.  Though 
Frere  had  not  hesitated  to  urge  officially  an 
opposite  opinion,  he  was  selected  as  the  officer 
most  competent  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
commissioner  in  the  newly  annexed  province. 
In  the  exercise  of  his  new  powers  he  pro- 
moted cultivation  by  introducing  cotton  seed 
from  New  Orleans  and  sugar  canes  from 
Mauritius.  He  reformed  the  sanitary  con- 
dition of  the  towns  and  villages,  and  pro- 
vided them  with  abundant  supplies  of  good 
water.  He  established  suitable  encampments 
for  pilgrims,  inaugurated  municipal  boards, 
introduced  a  system  of  popular  education, 


Frere 


259 


Frere 


and  provided  for  the  preservation  of  ancient 
monuments.  He  held  that  an  essential  con- 
dition of  progress  was  the  full  power  of  the 
people  to  appeal  to  principles  of  justice.  The 
judicial  system  of  British  India  was,  he  con- 
sidered, '  too  refined  and  elaborate,  and  too 
difficult  of  access  for  general  utility  in  ordi- 
nary cases.'  '  A  system  of  law,'  he  wrote, 
'  is  to  the  social  system  of  a  country  as  the 
skin  rather  than  the  clothing  to  the  animal 
frame ;  not  only  an  appendage  which  may 
be  made  to  fit,  but  one  which  must  grow 
with  the  frame  and  accommodate  itself  natu- 
rally to  the  peculiarities  and  even  the  deformi- 
ties of  the  body  to  which  it  belongs.' 

In  1850  the  chief  commissionership  of  Sind, 
vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Pringle,was 
in  the  appointment  of  the  government  of  Bom- 
bay. The  territory,  nearly  as  large  as  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  was  bordered  on  the  west 
by  some  of  the  most  turbulent  tribes  in  exist- 
ence ;  the  inhabitants  were  idle  and  debauched, 
and  in  the  case  of  the  Sayyids  violent  and 
revengeful ;  and  the  country  was  still  in  the 
throes  of  annexation.  An  important  party  in 
the  Bombay  council  desired  the  appointment 
of  a  military  man  accustomed  to  deal  with 
turbulent  populations ;  but  Lord  Dalhousie, 
the  governor-general,  deemed  a  civilian  better 
fitted  for  the  post.  Lord  Falkland,  the  gover- 
nor of  Bombay,  decided  to  appoint  Frere,  and 
his  colleagues  threatened  to  resign  if  the  ap- 
pointment were  not  ratified.  In  a  minute  on 
the  subject  Lord  Falkland  wrote :  'The  com- 
missionership of  Sind  requires  an  union  and 
balance  of  qualification  which,  in  my  opinion, 
are  not  possessed  in  a  like  degree  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  civil  service  senior  to  that  gentle- 
man [Frere],  who  is  a  civilian  of  sixteen 
years'  standing,  and  whose  firmness  of  pur- 
pose, mild  disposition,  and  conciliatory  man- 
ners cannot  but  insure  for  him  in  the  exer- 
cise of  his  official  functions  the  ready  co- 
operation and  respect  of  the  military  autho- 
rities.' Never  was  a  forecast  more  happily  ful- 
filled. Frere  found  his  province  distracted  by 
factions  and  the  people  grossly  ignorant.  The 
dispossessed  amirs  claimed  the  sympathy  of 
their  former  dependents  as  victims  of  foreign 
usurpation.  Frere's  first  care  was  therefore  to 
deprive  the  amirs  of  claims  to  commiseration 
by  pensioning  them  off.  Twenty-two  families 
were  thus  treated,  and  by  timely  courtesy 
and  consideration  were  converted  into  loyal 
supporters  of  the  British  government.  He 
next  turned  his  attention  to  the  development 
of  the  province.  He  improved  the  harbour 
at  Karachi  and  gave  municipal  institutions 
to  that  and  nineteen  other  towns.  He  esta- 
blished a  library  and  museum  at  Karachi, 
and,  after  the  manner  of  Warren  Hastings, 


ordered  every  deputy-collector  in  the  pro- 
vince to  forward  each  season  specimens  of 
the  raw  products  of  their  districts  for  exhibi- 
tion in  the  museum.  He  improved  and  mul- 
tiplied the  roads  and  canals,  built  bungalows, 
baths,  and  places  of  shelter  for  travellers, 
and  caused  a  topographical  survey  to  be  made 
of  the  province.  He  established  village 
schools,  a  written  language,  and  a  judicial 
code.  He  built  barracks  for  the  troops  and 
opened  recreation  grounds  for  the  public. 
He  thus  gradually  converted  the  people  into 
an  industrious  and  law-abiding  peasantry. 
His  attention  was  equally  demanded  by  the 
political  condition  and  social  requirements 
of  the  tribes  on  the  western  frontier.  He 
might  either  ignore  them  or  endeavour  to 
impress  upon  them  a  recognition  both  of  the 
strength  and  amiable  intentions  of  the  British 
government.  The  first  course  would  save 
immediate  trouble,  but  in  case  of  an  out- 
break in  India  would  leave  Sind  exposed  to 
a  possibly  hostile  force  on  the  frontier.  It 
is  needless  to  say  that  Frere  adopted  the  se- 
cond alternative.  He  opened  relations  with 
the  khan  of  Khelat  and  established  fairs  at 
Sukkur  and  Karachi,  to  which  the  frontier 
tribes  were  invited.  The  institution  of  these 
fairs  is  in  accordance  with  the  best  traditions 
of  oriental  policy.  The  Chinese  have  long 
held  similar  gatherings  on  the  Tibetan  fron- 
tier, and  with  most  beneficial  consequences. 
The  tribes  mixed  in  the  bazaars  with  the 
Sindis,  and  learned  to  respect  the  justice  of 
English  rule  and  the  weight  of  English  power. 
In  Frere  also  they  found  a  firm  and  just  gover- 
nor. With  an  even  hand  he  punished  the  pre- 
datory hillman  and  the  overbearing  British 
subject.  In  cases  of  outrages  committed  by 
the  tribesmen  he  demanded  from  the  chiefs 
the  rendition  of  the  culprits  alone  and  ab- 
stained from  all  retaliatory  measures  on  the 
tribe  generally.  The  consequence  of  this 
policy  was  that  the  culprits  became  outcasts 
among  their  own  people,  and  in  some  in- 
stances surrendered  to  the  British  authori- 
ties, finding  themselves  cut  off  from  the  so- 
ciety of  their  fellow-men.  At  the  end  of  five 
years,  spent  in  teaching  the  native  races  in- 
dustry and  forethought,  and  in  introducing 
into  their  midst  the  arts  of  civilised  life, 
Frere  came  to  England  (1856)  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health.  After  a  well-earned  rest  of 
a  year  he  returned  to  his  post  and  was  met 
on  his  landing  at  Karachi  in  May  1857  with 
the  news  of  the  mutiny.  Frere  recognised  the 
vitally  serious  nature  of  the  outbreak,  and  at 
once  called  for  a  return  of  the  British  forces  in 
Sind.  It  appeared  that  for  the  control  of  this 
vast  territory  there  were  only  1,350  sabres, 
four  native  infantry  regiments,  one  Belooch 

82 


Frere 


260 


Frere 


battalion,  three  batteries  of  artillery,  one 
European  regiment,  and  a  depot  of  another. 
But  Frere  felt  that  when  the  Punjab  was  in 
danger  this  force  was  too  large  a  one  to  be 
kept  in  Sind.   His  rule  had  been  so  successful  j 
that  he  could  answer  for  the  internal  peace  of 
the  province,  and  he  felt  that,  as  he  after- 
wards •wrote, '  when  the  head  and  heart  are 
threatened,  the  extremities  must  take  care  of 
themselves.'    He  therefore  at  once  sent  off  j 
his  only  European  regiment  to  Mooltan,  and  j 
by  so  doing  secured  this  strong  fortress  during  j 
the  worst  days  of  the  mutiny ;  at  the  same 
time  he  despatched  a  steamer  to  intercept 
the  64th  and  78th  regiments,  which  were  on  j 
their  way  to  Sind  from  the  war  in  Persia,  and  i 
to  order  them  on  to  Calcutta.   As  the  mutiny  ; 
spread  he  directed  a  battery  of  artillery  and  j 
a  detachment  of  the  14th  native  infantry  to  ] 
march  to  the  support  of  General  Roberts  at  1 
Guzerat.     He  further  sent  a  portion  of  the  ! 
remaining  corps  of  Europeans  into  the  south 
Maratha  country,  and  the  Belooch  battalion 
to  the  further  help  of  Sir  John  Lawrence  in  i 
the  Punjab.     The  removal  of  these  several 
regiments  left   Frere    only    178  European 
bayonets  in  Sind.     And  they  were  enough, 
though  mutinies  broke  out  at  Shikarpur,  Hy- 
derabad, and  Karachi.     "Without  exception 
these  outbreaks  were  put  down  at  once,  and 
so  slight  a  hold  did  the  poison  of  disaffection 
get  in  Sind  that  at  Karachi  the  leaders  in 
the  revolt  were  tried  by  a  court-martial  com- 
posed of  native  officers,  who  dealt  out  exem- 
plary punishments  to  the  accused.  But  Frere 
was  able  to  do  more  than  give  away  the  force 
he  already  had.     He  was  able  to  create  regi- 
ments, and  when  all  natives  were  generally 
distrusted  he  raised  troops  who  were  as  loyal 
as  Europeans  throughout  the  crisis.     In  the 
midst  of  all  the  work  which  was  thus  thrown 
upon  him  he  found  time  to  visit  the  khan  of 
Khelat,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  an 
alliance  which  finally  led  up  to  the  cession 
of  Quetta  and  to  the  frontier  treaty  nego- 
tiated by  Sir  F.  Goldsmid  in  1872.     Nor  did 
he  shrink  from  protesting  with  all  the  force 
of  his  influence  and  knowledge  against  the 
proposal  of  Sir  John  Lawrence  to  retire  from 
Peshawur.    While  that  fortress,  Lahore,  and 
Mooltan  were  in  our  possession,  we  were,  he 
held,  'lords  of  the  Punjab,'  and  he  maintained 
that  it  would  be  better  to  stand  at  Peshawur  a 
siege  like  that  of  Jellalabad  than  retire  from 
it.     He  had  time  also  to  review  in  his  own 
mind  the  acts  of  the  Calcutta  government,  and 
a  memorandum  he  then  wrote  on  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  Indian  army  is  as  thoughtful  and 
comprehensive  as  if  written  in  the  most  peace- 
ful leisure.    Throughout  the  anxieties  of  the 
time  he  never  for  an  instant  relaxed  his  efforts 


for  the  development  of  the  province.  In  April 
1858  he  turned  the  first  sod  of  the  railway 
from  Karachi  to  Kotri ;  in  the  same  year  the 
Oriental  Inland  Steam  Company  commenced 
to  run  steamers  between  Karachi  and  Mool- 
tan, and  in  the  following  year  the  Eastern 
Narra  canal  was  opened. 

Frere's  great  services  were  recognised  by 
men  on  the  spot.  '  From  first  to  last,'  wrote 
Sir  John  Lawrence, '  from  the  first  commence- 
ment of  the  mutiny  to  the  final  triumph, 
that  officer  [Frere]  has  rendered  assistance- 
to  the  Punjab  administration  just  as  if  he- 
had  been  one  of  its  own  commissioners.  .  .  . 
The  chief  commissioner  believes  that  there  is 
no  civil  officer  in  India  who,  for  eminent  exer- 
tions, deserves  better  of  his  government  than 
Mr.  H.  B.  E.  Frere.'  In  England  the  value 
of  his  services  was  also  cordially  recognised. 
His  name  was  especially  mentioned  in  the  vote 
of  thanks  passed  by  both  houses  of  parliament. 

In  1859  Frere  received  for  the  second  time 
the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament  for 
his  services  during  the  mutiny,  and  at  the 
same  time  he  received  the  knight  commander- 
ship  of  the  Bath.  He  was  in  the  same  year  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  council  of  the  gover- 
nor-general. Up  to  that  time  the  members 
of  the  council  had  always  been  chosen  from 
the  Bengal  services,  and  the  tradition  was 
broken  for  the  first  time  in  Frere's  favour. 
The  news  of  his  promotion  came  like  an  an- 
nouncement of  disaster  to  the  people  of  Sind. 
From  Shikarpur  to  Karachi  came  expressions 
of  deep  regret  from  both  native  and  foreign 
residents.  From  being  a  comparatively  de- 
solate and  barren  country  it  had  become 
under  his  rule  a  fruitful  and  well-watered 
land.  Trade  had  been  developed  and  fos- 
tered, and  the  revenue  had  risen  in  eight 
years  from  twenty-three  to  forty-three  lakhs 
of  rupees.  Six  thousand  miles  of  road  were 
opened  out  and  the  Rohree  supply  channel 
was  constructed,  which  irrigated  many  thou- 
sand square  miles  of  territory.  He  gave  pro- 
prietary rights  and  fixity  of  tenure  to  land- 
owners who  had  previously  held  their  pos- 
sessions only  at  the  will  of  their  rulers.  He 
secured  to  the  people  generally  the  enjoy- 
ment of  their  lives  and  property.  He  im- 
proved the  postal  service  of  the  province  and 
issued  for  use  in  Sind  the  first  postage-stamps 
ever  printed  in  India. 

Frere,  from  being  an  almost  independent 
ruler,  now  became  a  unit  in  a  body  whose 
deliberations  were  criticised  on  all  sides,  and 
whose  decisions  he  could  only  affect  to  the 
extent  of  his  influence  and  vote.  Frere  hact 
always  kept  his  mind  open  to  the  great  pro- 
blems of  Indian  policy,  and  was  not  unpre- 
pared to  face  the  enormous  difficulties  of  his 


Frere 


261 


Frere 


mew  office.  The  finances  were  in  terrible  dis- 
order. During  1859-60  the  expenditure  had 
exceeded  the  income  by  9,000,000/.,  and  the 
enormous  addition  to  the  military  budget 
entailed  by  the  mutiny  appeared  even  likely 
to  increase ;  the  antagonism  between  the  races 
was  extreme,  the  whole  military  organisa- 
tion unhinged.  The  disorder  of  the  finances 
had  induced  the  English  government  to  ap- 
point James  "Wilson  [q.  v.J  to  undertake  the 
reform  of  the  exchequer.  From  the  first 
Frere  worked  cordially  with  Wilson,  though 
not  always  agreeing  with  him  in  details.  He 
heartily  supported  the  steps  he  adopted  for 
the  reduction  of  expenditure,  and  especially 
turned  his  attention  to  the  cost  of  the  army, 
which  threatened  to  become  an  uncontrollabl  e 
burden.  After  all  possible  reductions  the  im- 
position of  new  taxes  became  necessary,  and 
Frere  supported  Wilson  in  introducing  the 
new  income  tax,  which  was  strenuously  op- 
posed by  large  sections  of  the  native  commu- 
nity. The  main  credit  for  this  and  other  finan- 
cial measures  of  the  time  must  of  course  belong 
to  Wilson.  Frere,  however,  did  much  of  the 
work,  and  had  charge  of  the  exchequer  in  the 
interval  between  Wilson's  death  and  the  ap- 
pointment of  his  successor,  Laing.  He  again 
discharged  the  same  duties  for  six  months 
during  the  enforced  absence  of  Laing  from  ill- 
ness. A  short  experience  of  the  governor- 
.general's  council  convinced  him  that  a  radical 
change  was  necessary  in  both  the  supreme  and 
local  governments.  The  council,  as  it  was 
then  composed,  was  in  his  opinion  manifestly 
insufficient  for  the  work  it  had  to  do.  The 
official  section  of  the  community  was  alone 
represented,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  mer- 
cantile classes  and  the  natives.  In  the  presi- 
dencies this  anomaly  was  even  more  appa- 
rent. Bengal  was  governed  by  three  hundred 
foreigners,  all  of  whom  were  crown  officials. 
The  consequent  bitterness  of  feeling  was  a 
continual  irritant.  Frere's  strong  sense  of 
justice  revolted  against  this  inequality,  and 
in  season  and  out  of  season  he  urged  on  the 
authorities  the  necessity  of  reform.  He  held, 
with  Lord  Canning,  that  the  existing  execu- 
tive councils  should  be  supplemented  by 
legislative  bodies,  in  which  the  non-official 
classes  of  the  presidencies  should  be  repre- 
sented. He  urged  strongly  also  the  justice 
of  employing  native  gentlemen  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  affairs.  The  equity  and  wis- 
dom of  these  reforms  were,  when  set  forth, 
so  apparent  that  they  were  successfully 
carried  out,  and  the  benefits  resulting  from 
them  are  now  universally  acknowledged  even 
by  those  who  at  the  time  were  opposed  to 
them.  The  advocacy  of  these  measures, 
which  originated  with  Lord  Canning,  was 


ably  conducted  by  Frere,  who  was  at  this 
time  Lord  Canning's  confidential  and  trusted 
adviser  on  all  matters  connected  with  India. 
It  was  due  also  to  Frere  that  the  unrea- 
sonable unpopularity  of  Lord  Canning  was 
greatly  abated.  He  was  able  to  enter  into 
explanations  on  points  of  Lord  Canning's  ad- 
ministration impossible  for  Canning  himself, 
and  his  genial  hospitality  to  Europeans  and 
natives  served  to  break  down  prejudices  and 
restore  confidence  in  a  way  that  no  official 
acts  or  complacence  could  ever  have  done. 
In  1860  he  accompanied  Lord  Canning  on  a 
visit  to  the  north-west  provinces,  on  which  oc- 
casion the  governor-general  invested  Scindia, 
Holkar,  the  nizam,  and  others  with  the  Star 
of  India  as  a  reward  for  services  rendered 
during  the  mutiny.  Frere  also  introduced 
measures  for  the  encouragement  of  the  culti- 
vation of  cotton,  tobacco,  and  indigo,  and 
promoted  in  every  way  in  his  power  the 
extension  of  roads  and  the  construction  of 
irrigation  works. 

In  1862  Frere  was  appointed  governor  of 
Bombay.  Upon  hearing  this  news  Canning 
wrote :  '  I  do  not  know  when  I  have  read 
anything  with  such  unmixed  pleasure.  God 
grant  you  health  and  strength  to  do  your 
work  in  your  own  noble  spirit  and  energy.' 
By  the  European  community  in  Bombay  it 
was  recognised  as  a  compliment  that  one  of 
the  foremost  men  in  India  should  have  been 
sent  to  rule  over  them,  and  by  the  natives  his 
appointment  was  '  hailed  with  heartfelt  satis- 
faction.' One  of  the  first  measures  he  carried 
out  was  to  throw  down  the  ramparts  of  Bom- 
bay, which  stood  as  barriers  against  the  sea 
breezes,  and  covered  a  space  of  ground  daily 
becoming  of  more  value.  The  sanitary  ad- 
vantages gained  to  the  town  by  the  demolition 
of  these  useless  works  became  at  once  appa- 
rent, and  as  a  financial  measure  it  more  than 
exceeded  the  expectations  formed.  The  land 
fetched  in  the  market  180  rupees  a  square 
yard,  and  on  part  of  it  were  erected  rows  of 
public  offices,  designed  by  Gilbert  Scott,  which 
were  then  incomparably  the  finest  modern 
buildings  in  the  East.  Municipal  institutions, 
which  always  held  a  prominent  part  in  Frere's 
administration,  early  gained  his  attention, 
and  to  him  is  due  the  municipality  which 
now  governs  the  city,  and  which  in  the  first 
year  of  its  existence  was  instrumental  in  re- 
ducing the  death  rate  by  two  thousand.  He 
established  the  Deccan  College  at  Poona,  as 
well  as  a  college  for  instructing  natives  in 
civil  engineering.  He  commenced  the  build- 
ings of  the  Bombay  University,  and  insti- 
tuted English  and  vernacular  schools  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  presidency.  He  founded 
schools  for  the  female  children  of  soldiers 


Frere 


262 


Frere 


and  for  the  orphans  of  natives,  and  he  deve- 
loped the  system  of  grants  in  aid,  which  in- 
sured the  existence  of  many  of  these  strug- 
gling institutions.  He  promoted  the  im- 
provement of  the  harbour  of  Bombay,  co-ope- 
rated in  establishing  direct  telegraphic  com- 
munication with  England,  and  lent  support  to 
the  railway  from  Bombay  to  Rajputana,  Delhi, 
and  other  parts.  The  development  of  these 
excellent  works  was  chiefly  due  to  Frere. 
But  the  circumstances  of  the  time  contributed 
largely  to  their  success.  The  American  war 
had  suddenly  raised  the  price  of  cotton  and 
thrown  an  enormously  increased  business  into 
the  hands  of  the  Bombay  growers  and  mer- 
chants. The  sudden  inrush  of  wealth  pro- 
duced a  feverish  desire  for  speculation.  Many 
new  companies  were  started,  and  their  shares 
rose  to  enormous  premiums.  One  of  the 
most  rational  undertakings  was  the  '  Back 
Bay  Company,'  which  undertook  the  recla- 
mation of  the  land  covered  by  the  shallow 
water  of  the  bay.  The  shares  advanced  to  an 
absurd  price.  On  the  condition  that  a  site 
should  be  provided  on  the  reclaimed  land  for 
the  terminus  of  the  Baroda  Railway,  the  Bom- 
bay government  took  four  hundred  shares. 
The  government  of  India  refused  to  sanction 
this  transaction,  and  the  shares  on  which 
200,000/.  had  been  paid  up  were  sold  in  the 
market  for  1,060,000£.  "When  high  mercan- 
tile authorities  were  carried  away  by  this 
excitement,  it  is  not  surprising  that  Frere 
should  have  partially  adopted  their  view,  or 
that  the  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Bombay, 
among  whom  were  always  two  ex-officio 
members  of  the  government,  should  have 
sanctioned  advances  to  individuals  whose 
business  profits  at  the  time  were  admitted  to 
be  enormous.  At  length  the  bubble  burst. 
In  June  1865  the  restoration  of  peace  in 
America  caused  the  price  of  cotton  to  fall 
as  suddenly  as  it  had  risen;  a  panic  fol- 
lowed, and  the  speculative  companies  col- 
lapsed. The  market  was  instantly  flooded 
with  paper,  and  the  bank  authorities,  be- 
coming alarmed,  called  in  their  advances. 
The  history  of  the  bank  during  this  period 
was  one  series  of  disasters.  In  1863,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  speculating  mania,  a  new 
charter  was  conferred  upon  the  bank,  and 
this  charter  unfortunately  omitted  several 
checks  and  safeguards  which  had  been  en- 
forced under  the  older  act  of  1840.  The 
choice  of  secretary  was  made  unwisely,  and 
under  the  weak  administration  of  this  gentle- 
man, and  the  careless  supervision  of  the 
directors,  the  conduct  of  the  business  of  the 
bank  was  mainly  conducted  by  a  native 
broker  named  Premchund  Roychund,  who 
drew  unlimited  advances  for  himself  and  his 


friends  without  either  offering  or  being  asked 
for  the  proper  security.  Rumours  of  the 
reckless  conduct  of  the  bank  managers  were 
current  in  London  and  Calcutta  before  they 
reached  the  ears  of  Frere  on  the  spot.  Twice 
Sir  Charles  Wood,  the  secretary  of  state  for 
India,  wrote  warning  Frere  of  the  state  of 
things,  and  the  Indian  government  repeatedly 
addressed  him  on  the  same  subject.  On  re- 
ceipt of  Sir  Charles  Wood's  letters  Frere  gave 
the  government  directors  stringent  orders  to 
see  that  the  charter  was  on  all  points  com- 
plied with,  and,  with  a  view  to  checking  the 
superabundant  speculation,  he  brought  in  a 
bill  for  the  abolition  of '  time  bargains,'  and 
forbade  the  members  of  the  civil  service 
to  gamble  in  shares.  But  the  inquiries  of 
the  Calcutta  government  as  to  the  condition 
of  the  bank  did  not  receive  so  ready  a  re- 
sponse, and  it  was  not  until  a  commission 
was  appointed  that  the  government  of  Bom- 
bay consented  to  allow  the  required  informa- 
tion, which  they  regarded  as  unduly  inqui- 
sitorial, to  be  given.  Nothing,  however,  that 
was  done  was  able  to  check  the  ruinous  career 
of  the  bank.  Having  been  of  late  managed 
on  the  Scottish  system,  it  had  been  custo- 
mary to  make  advances  on  personal  security 
only.  Finding,  however ,when  the  crash  came, 
that  it  was  impossible  to  recover  at  once  the 
moneys  lent  out,  the  directors  demanded  secu- 
rities for  the  amounts,  and  were  compelled  in 
many  instances  to  receive  as  such  the  shares 
of  wrecked  companies.  Though  the  failure  of 
the  bank  was  staved  off  for  a  time,  it  came 
at  last.  In  January  1866  a  petition  was  pre- 
sented for  winding  up  its  affairs,  when  it 
was  found  that  1,889,933/.  of  the  paid-up 
capital  was  lost.  The  ruin  wrought  by  this 
failure  was  widely  spread.  Frere's  conduct 
during  the  crisis  has  been  adversely  criticised ; 
but  the  crash  was  inevitable.  No  individual 
action  could  have  averted  it. 

Throughout  this  trying  period  Frere  never 
relaxed  from  his  philanthropic  labours.  With 
the  able  help  of  Lady  Frere  he  inaugurated 
female  education  at  Bombay.  During  the 
five  years  that  Frere  was  at  Bombay,  Govern- 
ment House  was  freely  thrown  open  to  native 
gentlemen  and  their  wives. 

In  1867  Frere,  having  been  appointed  & 
member  of  the  Indian  council,  returned  to 
England.  The  crown  conferred  on  him  the 
order  of  G.C.S.I.,  and  Oxford  gave  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  Geographical 
Society,  of  which  he  was  appointed  president 
in  1873,  and  in  1872  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Asiatic  Society.  The  university  of 
Cambridge  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1874.  But  it  was  in  matters  directly 


Frere 


263 


Frere 


affecting  the  government  of  India  that  his 
main  interest  was  centred,  and  in  various 
papers  in  periodicals  and  letters  to  the '  Times' 
he  urged  on  the  public  the  views  which  his 
deep  insight  into  Indian  character  had  enabled 
him  to  form.  He  took  a  statesmanlike  view 
of  our  intercourse  with  Afghanistan,  as  ap- 
peared from  a  letter  to  Sir  John  Kaye  which 
was  much  misrepresented  in  the  party  con- 
troversies of  later  times. 

Stanley's  visit  to  Dr.  Livingstone  had  called 
public  attention  to  the  slave  traffic  in  Africa, 
and  Frere  was  sent  by  the  foreign  office  in  1872 
to  Zanzibar  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  sul- 
tan, Sayd  Burgash,  for  the  suppression  of  the 
trade.  The  sultan  undertook  to  do  his  utmost 
to  put  a  stop  to  slavery  in  his  dominions. 
On  his  return  from  this  mission  Frere  was 
sworn  in  as  a  member  of  the  privy  council. 
The  freedom  of  the  city  was  conferred  upon 
him  (1874),  and  constituencies  vied  with  each 
other  to  induce  him  to  represent  them  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  His  position  on  the  In- 
dian council,  however,  made  it  impossible  for 
him  to  stand  as  a  candidate.  In  1875  he  ac- 
companied the  Prince  of  Wales  to  Egypt  and 
India,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  Indian  so- 
ciety and  Indian  personages  proved  himself  a 
most  useful '  guide,  philosopher,  and  friend.' 
A  baronetcy  and  a  G.C.B.  awaited  him  on  his 
landing  in  England  (24  May  1876). 

The  successful  confederation  of  the  British 
colonies  in  North  America  with  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  had  suggested  to  Lord  Carnarvon, 
then  colonial  secretary,  the  idea  of  carrying 
out  a  similar  system  of  confederation  in  South 
Africa.  There  was  much  to  be  said  for  the 
scheme  in  theory,  and  of  all  men  Frere  was 
best  fitted  by  his  successful  dealing  with 
similar  difficulties  in  India  to  undertake  such 
a  work,  had  it  been  then  practicable.  It 
might  reasonably  be  expected  that  he  would 
be  able  to  induce  the  inhabitants  of  South 
Africa  to  join  a  confederacy  which  would 
give  to  the  inferior  races  all  the  protection 
and  advantages  of  English  rule,  while  pre- 
serving to  them  their  national  existences. 
Accordingly  in  1877  Frere  was  appointed 
governor  of  the  Cape  and  high  commissioner 
for  the  settlement  of  native  affairs  in  South 
Africa.  But  on  landing  at  the  Cape,  Frere 
found  that  he  had  been  set  down  at  the  very 
waters  of  strife.  In  the  Cape  parliament  party 
feeling  had  reached  a  pitch  which  was  well- 
nigh  becoming  dangerous  to  the  state ;  the 
Transkei  Kaffirs  under  Kreli  were  threaten- 
ing the  eastern  colonies ;  the  annexation  of 
the  Transvaal  by  Sir  Theophilus  Shepstone, 
which  was  publicly  proclaimed  twelve  days 
after  Frere's  arrival  at  the  Cape,  was  giving 
rise  to  agitation  and  unrest,  and  the  Zulus 


were  mustering  armies  which  threatened  the 
peace  of  Natal.  As  at  the  close  of  the  first 
session  of  parliament  the  Kaffir  affair  pre- 
sented itself  as  the  most  pressing  question 
of  the  hour,  Frere  went  to  King  William's 
Town  and  across  the  Kei  at  the  risk  of  his 
life,  with  the  intention  of  meeting  Kreli  to 
discuss  the  question  in  dispute,  and  explain 
the  good  will  of  the  British  government. 
Kreli  made  no  response  to  this  overture,  and 
subsequently  suddenly  attacked  the  Fingoes, 
who  were  under  British  protection,  in  revenge 
for  an  outrage  committed  on  some  of  his  fol- 
lowers in  a  drunken  brawl.  The  white  settlers 
became  alarmed  with  good  reason.  In  their 
interest,  as  much  as  in  that  of  the  Fingoes,  it 
became  imperatively  necessary  that  peace  with 
the  Kaffirs  should  be  restored  as  speedily  as 
possible,  and  Frere  placed  the  matter  in  the 
hands  of  Sir  Arthur  Cunynghame,  the  general 
commanding.  Meanwhile  the  conduct  of  some 
of  the  leading  members  of  Frere's  cabinet 
became  openly  and  unconstitutionally  ob- 
structive. The  position,  complicated  by  the 
alarm  of  a  savage  war,  was  intolerable.  Frere 
dismissed  his  cabinet,  and  Sir  Gordon  Sprigg, 
the  leader  of  the  opposition,  accepted  the 
seals  of  office  as  premier.  From  this  time  the 
war  progressed  favourably,  first  under  Sir  A. 
Cunynghame,  and  afterwards  under  General 
Thesiger,  and  a  peace  was  finally  brought 
about  in  1878,  after  a  trying  succession  of 
bush  fights  and  rough  skirmishes. 

Tranquillity  having  been  thus  restored, 
Frere  returned  to  Cape  Town  after  an  ab- 
sence in  Kaffraria  of  seven  months.  By  the 
Sand  River  convention  of  1852  the  British 
government  had  guaranteed  to  the  Boers  the 
management  of  their  own  affairs,  and  en- 
gaged to  respect  their  territory.  The  republic, 
however,  had  become  greatly  disorganised ; 
the  laws  were -not  enforced,  and  the  taxes 
had  fallen  into  arrears.  In  1876  the  public 
debt  amounted  to  300,000£. ;  the  confusion 
was  chaotic,  and  neighbouring  tribes  were 
becoming  dangerous.  Sir  Theophilus  Shep- 
stone was  sent  by  the  English  government 
to  report  on  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the 
Transvaal.  He  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  continued  existence  of  the  republic  was 
dangerous  to  the  welfare  of  'her  majesty's 
subjects  and  possessions  in  South  Africa,'  and 
in  virtue  of  the  power  given  to  him  formally 
annexed  the  state  in  April  1877.  No  resist- 
ance to  this  measure  was  made  by  the  Boers. 
The  president,  Mr.  Burgers,  ordered  the 
people  to  be  loyal  to  their  new  ruler,  and 
directed  the  state  secretary  to  hand  over  the 
keys  of  the  government  offices  to  Sir  Theo- 
philus Shepstone.  Little  change  was  ne- 
cessary in  the  personnel  of  the  govern- 


Frere 


264 


Frere 


ment,  for  nearly  all  the  office-holders  trans- 
ferred their  services  to  the  new  administra- 
tion. A  considerable  section  of  the  people 
dissented,  and  the  president  gave  expression 
to  the  views  of  the  malcontents  by  a  protest 
against  the  annexation,  while  at  a  meeting 
of  the  late  executive  it  was  resolved  to  send 
Mr.  Kruger  and  Dr.  Jorrisen  to  London  to 
lay  the  case  of  the  non-annexationists  before 
the  colonial  office.  On  their  way  through 
Cape  Town  the  delegates  had  an  interview 
with  Frere,  who  gave  them  little  encourage- 
ment, being  convinced  that  they  only  repre- 
sented a  small  and  politically  mischievous 
minoritv.  Lord  Carnarvon,  acting  on  the 
opinions  of  Frere  and  Shepstone,  returned 
an  unfavourable  answer  to  the  memorial.  In 
April  1878  the  Boers  despatched  a  second 
embassy  to  London,  armed  with  a  petition 
against  annexation,  signed  by  6,591  qualified 
electors  out  of  a  total  of  8,000.  Consider- 
able suspicion  existed  at  the  colonial  office 
as  to  the  way  in  which  their  signatures  had 
been  obtained,  and  Sir  Michael  Hicks  Beach, 
the  new  colonial  secretary,  returned  a  similar 
answer  to  that  given  by  Lord  Carnarvon. 
A  deputation  to  Frere  in  July  1878  met  with 
no  better  success. 

Meanwhile  Cetewayo,  who  had  been  in- 
stalled on  the  Zulu  throne  by  Sir  Theophilus 
Shepstone  on  the  death  of  his  father  Panda 
in  1872,  was  beginning  to  threaten  the  Trans- 
vaal. An  old  controversy  about  a  piece  of 
disputed  land  lying  between  Zululand  and 
the  Transvaal  furnished  a  ready  excuse  for 
gratifying  his  warlike  instincts.  The  Boers 
asserted  that  this  ground  had  been  given 
them  by  Cetewayo  in  payment  for  the  ren- 
dition of  two  of  his  half-brothers  who  had 
fled  to  the  Transvaal  for  refuge,  and  that  the 

Sift  had  been  confirmed  by  Panda,  the  king, 
etewayo  replied  that  the  grant  had  never 
been  ratified  by  his  father,  and  was  therefore 
invalid.  After  the  annexation,  a  commis- 
sion decided,  without  going  very  thoroughly 
into  the  merits  of  the  question,  that  as  the 
gift  made  by  Cetewayo  was  not  shown  to 
have  been  confirmed  by  the  king,  it  must  be 
held  to  be  null  and  void.  By  the  direction 
of  the  government,  Frere  went  to  Natal  to 
revise  the  proceedings  of  the  commission. 
He  satisfied  himself  that,  though  the  finding 
was  technically  correct,  it  was  in  equity  too 
favourable  to  the  Zulus.  The  position  was 
one  full  of  difficulty.  Had  he  reversed  the 
award,  the  Zulus  would  have  regarded  the  act 
as  one  of  hostility,  while  to  confirm  it  abso- 
lutely was  to  leave  the  white  settlers  on  the 
territory  at  the  mercy  of  Cetewayo.  Frere 
therefore  confirmed  the  finding  of  the  com- 
mission, with  the  proviso  that  the  lives  and 


properties  of  the  white  settlers  should  be 
strictly  respected  and  secured  to  them. 

Cetewayo  had  already  taken  umbrage  at 
the  arrival  of  troops  in  Natal,  caused  by  the 
threatening  attitude  of  the  Zulus.  A  re- 
assuring answer  was  returned  to  a  message 
sent  by  him ;  and  this  was  accompanied  by 
the  award  of  the  commission  as  modified  by 
the  high  commissioner.  Frere  at  the  same 
time  reiterated  the  demand  for  satisfaction 
for  certain  outrages  committed  on  British 
subjects,  and  asked  for  assurances  that  Cete- 
wayo would  carry  on  his  government  in  the 
spirit  of  the  promises  he  had  made  when  he 
was  crowned  by  Sir  Theophilus  Shepstone. 
Frere  specially  demanded  full  satisfaction  for 
the  murder  of  two  black  women  and  for  the  de- 
tention of  two  English  surveyors.  He  further 
required  that  the  king  should  introduce  a 
settled  form  of  government  into  the  country ; 
should  abolish  the  existing  military  system ; 
should  put  a  stop  to  the  compulsory  celibacy 
insisted  on  in  certain  regiments  in  the  army; 
should  receive  a  British  resident  at  his  capi- 
tal; and  should  protect  missionaries  and 
their  converts.  Thirty  days  were  given  to 
Cetewayo  to  consider  these  terms,  and,  as  at 
the  end  of  that  time  no  answer  was  received 
from  him,  Frere,  considering  that  the  use  of 
that  suasion  which  had  been  enjoined  upon 
him  by  the  English  government  was  no  longer 
possible  and  must  yield  to  force,  placed  the 
matter  in  the  hands  of  General  Thesiger.  It 
was  this  which  constituted  the  disobedience 
to  orders  of  which  Frere  was  afterwards  ac- 
cused, and  on  this  point  Sir  Henry  Taylor, 
who  was  no  mean  authority  on  such  matters, 
gives  his  verdict  against  him  in  a  judicial 
letter  addressed  to  Lord  Blachford,  and  pub- 
lished in  his '  Correspondence,'  1888.  It  must 
be  admitted  that  the  outrages  complained  of 
would  not  under  other  circumstances  have 
been  considered  of  an  unpardonable  nature. 
Cetewayo  had  already  declared  that  he  was 
unable  to  find  the  murderers,  and  had  offered 
to  make  a  money  recompense  to  the  relations 
of  the  murdered  women.  The  surveyors 
thought  so  little  of  their  detention  that  they 
made  no  complaint  of  the  treatment  they  had 
received  for  a  week  after  the  event.  Frere,  in 
fact,  had  other  reasons.  '  The  die  for  peace  or 
for  war,'  he  said, '  had  been  cast  more  than 
two  years  ago,'  when  the  Zulus  assumed  their 
existing  hostile  attitude.  It  only  remained, 
therefore,  for  General  Thesiger  to  take  such 
measures  as  he  might  deem  advisable  to  pro- 
tect Natal  against  the  expected  invasion  of 
the  Zulus.  He  had  under  his  command  about 
seven  thousand  men,  many  of  whom  were  raw 
recruits,  and  more  than  half  of  whom  were 
Kaffirs,  while  the  Zulu  hosts  numbered  forty- 


Frere 


265 


Frere 


four  thousand  warriors.  He  had  to  decide  be- 
tween standing  on  the  defensive  behind  the 
Tugela,  or  to  cross  the  river  and  carry  the  war 
into  the  enemy's  country.  The  Tugela,  which 
was  unusually  high,  was  an  obstacle  to  the 
Zulus ;  but  Thesiger  was  unwilling  to  trust 
to  the  protection  of  so  uncertain  a  barrier, 
and  he  determined,  therefore,  to  advance 
into  Zululand.  The  campaign  began  with  the 
catastrophe  at  Isandlwana  (22  Jan.)  and 
ended  triumphantly  at  Ulundi  (4  July). 
Frere's  responsibility  ended  when  General 
Thesiger  crossed  the  Tugela  (11  Jan.)  But 
he  was  not  the  man  to  throw  off  all  participa- 
tion in  measures  because  his  responsibility  in 
them  had  ceased.  When  the  news  of  Isand- 
lwana reached  Natal,  he  was  still  on  the  spot, 
and  he  exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to  calm 
the  panic  which  took  possession  of  the  settlers 
in  anticipation  of  the  momentarily  expected 
invasion  of  the  victorious  Zulus.  He  directed 
measures  for  the  defence  of  the  colony,  and 
appealed  to  England  for  reinforcements.  So 
soon  as  he  learned  that  fresh  troops  were  on 
their  way,  he  started  for  the  Transvaal,whence 
disquieting  rumours  had  reached  him  of  the 
attitude  of  the  Boers.  Already  the  Boer  forces 
were  collected  in  camp,  and  every  day  it  was 
expected  that  they  would  take  the  field.  Ac- 
companied by  a  small  staff  and  an  escort  of 
twenty-five  men,  Frere  rode  350  miles,  a  part 
of  the  way  being  through  Zulu  territory,  to 
the  Boer  camp.  He  had  left  his  escort  at  the 
frontier,  and  presented  himself  at  the  gate  of 
the  encampment,  attended  only  by  his  staff 
(12  April).  In  spite  of  opposition  and  threats 
he  rode  into  the  camp,  and  invited  the  ring- 
leaders to  meet  him  in  Pretoria  to  talk  over 
their  grievances.  These  he  found  to  be  genuine 
and  great.  The  promises  made  by  Sir  T. 
Shepstone,  '  upon  the  strength  of  which  the 
inhabitants  of  the  late  republic  were  willing 
to  give  a  peaceable  trial  to  the  new  order  of 
things,'  had  not  been  fulfilled,  and  the  Boers 
found  that  they  had  given  up  their  indepen- 
dence in  exchange  for  delusive  benefits.  On 
condition  that  the  Boers  dispersed,  Frere  un- 
dertook to  represent  their  complaints  to  the 
English  government,  and  to  urge  the  fulfil- 
ment of  the  promises  which  had  been  made 
to  them. 

Meanwhile  in  England  the  time  for  the 
general  election  was  approaching.  Many 
causes  combined  to  make  the  Zulu  war  a 
favourable  subject  for  attack.  Frere  was  un- 
sparingly assailed.  The  government  met  this 
by  a  despatch  censuring  Frere  for  his  con- 
duct in  relation  to  the  Zulu  war,  and  an- 
nounced what  they  had  done  in  the  House 
of  Commons  before  informing  the  high  com- 
missioner of  the  fact.  By  this  strange  and 


happily  unusual  course  it  happened  that  a 
Renter's  telegram  first  made  Frere  aware  of 
the  reflections  which  had  been  cast  upon  his 
character.    Fortunately  he  had  already  come 
to  terms  with  the  Boers  before  the  arrival  of 
the  telegram.     In  striking  contrast  with  the 
|  estimate  formed  of  his  conduct  of  affairs  by 
I  English  politicians,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
I  districts  through  which  he  passed  on  his  re- 
i  turn  to  the  Cape  vied  with  each  other  in 
doing  honour  to  one  who  was  ready  to  sacri- 
;  fice  himself  for  the  good  of  his  country,  and 
;  who  was  willing  to  risk  his  life  to  save  his 
I  countrymen  from  the  horrors  of  war.     His 
journey  southward  was  one  continued  ovation, 
j  and  on  arriving  at  Cape  Town  his  horses 
were  taken  from  his  carriage  and  he  was 
j  drawn  by  the  populace  to  Government  House. 
I  But  bad  news  was  awaiting  him.    On  1  June 
the  Prince  Imperial  had  met  his  death  in 
Zululand,  and  almost  at  the  same  time  the 
|  news  arrived  that  Frere  had  been  superseded 
!  in  the  office  of  high  commissioner  by  Sir 
|  Garnet  Wolseley,  who  was  on  his  way  to 
take  command  of  the  forces  in  South  Africa. 
Frere,  who  remained  governor  of  the  Cape, 
was  officially  informed  that  this  arrangement 
was  intended  to  last  for  six  months  only,  but 
when  at  the  end  of  the  Zulu  war  Wolseley 
was  succeeded  by  Sir  George  Pomeroy  Colley 
[q.  v.],  the  same  high  office  was  continued  to 
him  to  the  exclusion  of  Frere.  Many  of  Frere's 
friends  were  surprised  that  the  slights  thus 
put  upon  him  did  not  cause  him  to  resign  his 
post.    But  Frere  had  not  gone  out  to  Africa 
for  his  own  advantage,  and  so  long  as  he  be- 
lieved he  had  work  to  do  and  power  to  do  it, 
he  felt  bound  to  remain  at  his  post.    '  What,' 
asked  a  friend,  '  will  remain  when  you  are 
superseded  in  the  midst  of  your  great  work  ? ' 
'  My  integrity,'  was  the  answer. 

In  the  following  spring  Mr.  Gladstone 
directed  much  of  his  oratory  in  Midlothian 
against  Frere's  conduct  in  South  Africa,  and 
charged  him  with  having  advocated  an  inva- 
sion of  Afghanistan.  In  a  remarkably  tem- 
perate and  able  paper  Frere  urged  on  the 
colonial  secretary  the  justice  of  contradicting 
this  statement,  for  his  position  as  an  official 
rendered  him  unable  publicly  to  justify  him- 
self. The  contradiction,  however,  was  not 
given,  and  it  was  left  to  Frere  after  his  re- 
turn to  England  to  reply  to  the  charges  in  a 
correspondence  with  Mr.  Gladstone. 

In  July  1880  Frere  was  recalled,  and  he 
returned  to  England  to  find  that  the  exi- 
gencies of  party  strife  had  estranged  from 
him  men  who  sat  on  both  sides  of  the 
speaker's  chair.  Conscious  of  his  integrity 
he  was  able  to  regard  with  comparative  in- 
difference the  coldness  with  which  he  was 


Frere 


266 


Frere 


received  by  politicians.  With  outwardly  un- 
ruffled content  he  settled  down  quietly  to  the 
life  of  an  English  gentleman,  and,  as  had 
always  been  his  wont,  used  his  best  endea- 
vours to  do  good  to  those  about  him.  To 
raise  the  fallen,  to  instruct  the  ignorant,  and 
to  help  the  needy  were  objects  which  he  had 
pursued  throughout  his  career,  and  it  came, 
therefore,  as  a  familiar  employment  when  he 
found  himself  advocating  from  platforms  in 
England  the  claims  of  charitable  institutions, 
educational  establishments,  and  religious  so- 
cieties. During  this  period  he  was  chosen 
for  the  third  time  president  of  the  Royal  Asia- 
tic Society.  The  last  letter  he  penned  was 
one  resigning  this  office.  In  his  last  year  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  On  29  May  1884  Frere  died, 
after  an  illness  of  some  weeks'  duration.  He 
was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  His  wife, 
a  son,  and  four  daughters  survived  him.  The 
son,  Bartle  Compton  Arthur,  succeeded  as 
second  baronet.  A  statue  of  Frere  was  erected 
on  the  Thames  Embankment  by  public  sub- 
scription, and  unveiled  by  the  Prince  of  Wales 
in  1888. 

To  those  who  merely  knew  Frere  as  an 
acquaintance,  his  unvarying  kindness  and 
chivalrous  courtesy  will  probably  be  con- 
sidered as  his  leading  characteristics ;  but 
those  who  had  a  deeper  knowledge  of  his 
character  will  recognise  that  these  outward 
graces  were  but  the  reflection  of  the  brave, 
constant,  unselfish,  and  religious  nature  of 
the  man.  Repeatedly  he  risked  his  life  in 
the  cause  of  duty,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to 
say  that  in  everything  he  did  his  last  thought 
was  of  himself. 

Frere  was  not  an  author  in  the  sense  of 
having  written  any  large  independent  works. 
He,  however,  published  separately  a  number 
of  lectures  delivered  before  societies,  papers 
from  scientific  journals,  speeches,  and  let- 
ters. Among  the  most  important  of  these 
were :  '  Report  on  the  Nature  and  Effects 
of  the  "  Thugg  Duty,"  '  1838  ?  ;  <  The  Scinde 
Railway,'  1854 ;  '  Correspondence  with  the 
Revs.  Gell  and  Matchett  relative  to  certain 
Inscriptions  on  the  Wall  of  a  Shop  in  Hy- 
derabad,' 1858 ;  '  A  Letter  ...  on  the  reor- 
ganisation of  the  Indian  Army,'  1858  ;  '  In- 
dian Missions,'  1870 ;  '  Christianity  suited  to 
all  Forms  of  Civilisation,'  1872 ;  '  Eastern 
Africa  as  a  Field  for  Missionary  Labour,' 
1874 ;  '  On  the  impending  Bengal  Famine,' 
1874 ;  '  Correspondence  relating  to  the  Recall 
of  Sir  Bartle  Frere/  1880 ;  « The  Union  of 
the  various  portions  of  South  Africa,'  1881 ; 
'  Afghanistan  and  South  Africa :  a  Letter 
to  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone  ...  re- 
garding portions  of  his  Midlothian  speeches,' 


1881.  He  wrote  also  a  memoir  of  his  uncle, 
Hookham  Frere,  which  is  prefixed  to  the 
'  Works  of  J.  H.  Frere,'  and  an  introduction 
to  '  Old  Deccan  Days,'  written  by  his  daugh- 
ter. Miss  Mary  Frere.  He  contributed  several 
articles  to  '  Macmillan's  Magazine '  on  Zan- 
zibar, the  Banians,  and  the  Khojas,  an  article 
to  the  '  Quarterly  Review '  on  Turkey  and 
Salonica,  and  two  articles  to  the '  Fortnightly 
Review '  on  the  future  of  Zululand  and  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  India  and  Egypt. 

In  religious  opinions  Frere  was  a  strong- 
churchman.  But  he  was  no  bigot,  and  on 
several  occasions  he  checked  missionaries  in 
their  too  zealous  efforts  to  assert  Christianity 
in  defiance  of  the  beliefs  and  prejudices  of  the 
natives  of  India. 

[Journal  of  the  Boyal  Asiatic  Society,  obituary 
notice,  1884;  Celebrities  of  the  Day— Life  of 
Sir  Bartle  Frere,  1882;  Sir  Bartle  Frere's 
Speeches  and  Addresses,  1870 ;  Proceedings  of 
the  Legislative  Council  of  India,  vol.  vi.  1860  ; 
Keport  of  the  Bombay  Bank  Commission,  1869; 
Parliamentary  Papers,  South  Africa;  Recreations 
of  an  Indian  Official,  1872;  Transactions  of  the 
Eoyal  Historical  Society,  vol.  iii.;  Miss  Colenso's 
History  of  the  Zulu  War  and  its  Origin,  1880  ; 
Greswell's  Our  South  African  Empire,  1885 ; 
Nixon's  Complete  Story  of  the  Transvaal,  1885  ; 
private  letters.  A  life  by  Sir  W.  W.  Hunter  is 
in  preparation.]  K.  K.  D. 

FRERE,  JAMES  HATLE  Y  (1779-1866), 
writer  on  prophecy,  born  in  1779,  was  the  sixth 
son  of  John  Frere,  F.R.S.  [q.  v.],  of  Roydon, 
Norfolk,  and  Beddington,  Surrey,  by  Jane, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  John  Hookham  of 
London  (BuKKE,  Landed  Gentry,  7th  ed.,  i. 
689).  He  married,  15  June  1809,  Merian, 
second  daughter  of  Matthew  Martin,  F.R.S., 
of  Poets'  Corner,  Westminster  ( Gent.  Mag. 
vol.  Ixxix.  pt.  i.  p.  579),  by  whom  he  had 
five  sons.  He  died  at  the  residence  of  his 
third  son,  the  Rev.  John  Alexander  Frere, 
Shillington  vicarage,  Bedfordshire,  on  8  Dec. 
1866  (ib.  4th  ser.  iii.  124).  His  biblical 
studies  were  deemed  worthy  of  notice  by 
G.  S.  Faber,  S.  R.  Maitland,  and  other  well- 
known  divines.  He  also  took  an  interest  in 
educational  questions,  and  about  1838  intro- 
duced a  phonetic  system  for  teaching  the 
blind  to  read.  He  had  the  advantage  of 
having  his  plan  carried  out  by  a  very  clever 
blind  man,  who  suggested  several  important 
changes.  His  characters  consist  of  straight 
lines,  half  circles,  hooked  lines,  and  angles 
of  forty-five  degrees,  together  with  a  hollow 
and  solid  circle.  He  also  invented  the  '  re- 
turn' lines — that  is  to  say,  the  lines  in  his 
book  are  read  from  left  to  right  and  from 
right  to  left  alternately,  the  letters  them- 
selves being  reversed  in  the  return  lines. 


Frere 


267 


Frere 


Although  useful  in  enabling  uneducated  per- 
sons to  read  in  a  short  space  of  time,  Frere's 
system  was  found  to  vitiate  pronunciation. 
In  1871  it  was  in  use  at  only  three  home 
institutions.  He  devised  a  cheap  method 
of  setting  up  and  stereotyping  his  books. 
'The  letters,  formed  of  copper  wire,  are  laid 
on  a  tin  plate,  previously  washed  over  with 
a  solution  of  zinc ;  when  heat  is  applied  to 
the  under-surface,  the  letter  becomes  sol- 
dered on  to  the  plate,  and  such  plates  pro- 
duced extremely  good  printing '  (CHAMBEKS, 
Encyclopedia,  new  edit.,  ii.  226).  Both 
T.  M.  Lucas  of  Bristol  and  William  Moon 
of  Brighton  adopted  this  system  of  stereo- 
typing. Aided  by  Miss  Yates  of  Fairlawn, 
Frere  was  enabled  to  have  'The  Book  of 
the  Prophet  Isaiah '  printed  from  embossed 
metallic  plates  according  to  his  method,  4to, 
London,  1843-9.  His  other  works  are: 
1.  '  A  Combined  View  of  the  Prophecies  of 
Daniel,  Esdras,  and  S.  John,  shewing  that 
all  the  prophetic  writings  are  formed  upon 
one  plan  .  .  .  Also  a  minute  explanation  of 
the  prophecies  of  Daniel ;  together  with  cri- 
tical remarks  upon  the  interpretations  of 
preceding  commentators,  and  more  particu- 
larly upon  the  systems  of  Mr.  Faber  and 
Mr.  Cunninghame,'  8vo,  London,  1815  (2nd 
edit.,  same  year).  2. '  On  the  General  Struc- 
ture of  the  Apocalypse,  being  a  brief  intro- 
duction to  its  minute  interpretation,'  8vo, 
London,  1826.  3.  'Eight  Letters  on  the 
Prophecies  relating  to  the  last  times;  viz. 
The  seventh  vial,  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
prophetic  periods,  and  the  type  of  Jericho,' 
8vo,  London,  1831.  4.  'Three  Letters  on 
the  Prophecies  ...  in  continuation  of  eight 
letters  published  in  1831,'  8vo,  London,  1833 ; 
2nd  edit.,  with  a  prefatory  address,  8vo,  Lon- 
don [1859].  5. '  The  Art  of  Teaching  to  Read 
by  Elementary  Sounds,'  12mo,  London,  1840. 
6.  '  A  Letter  to  Lord  Wharnclift'e,  in  reply 
to  the  allegations  made  by  the  London  So- 
ciety for  Teaching  the  Blind  to  Read,  against 
the  Phonetic  Method  of  Instruction,'  8vo, 
London,  1843.  7. ' "  The  Harvest  of  the  Earth," 
prior  to  the  vintage  of  wrath,  considered  as 
symbolical  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  .  .  . 
Also  a  letter  to  Dr.  Wolff,'  &c.,  12mo,  London, 
1846.  8. '  The  Great  Continental  Revolution, 
marking  the  Expiration  of  the  Times  of  the 
Gentiles, 'A.D.  1847-8.  In  reply  to  a  Letter 
from  a  Member  of  a  Society  of  Prophetic 
Students.  To  which  is  added  a  Reprint  of 
a  Letter  addressed  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wolff  on 
the  expiration  of  the  Times  of  the  Gentiles 
A.D.  1847,  and  of  other  occasional  papers, 
illustrative  of  the.  present  period,'  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1848.  9.  'Preface  to  the  Second  Edi- 
tion of  the  Great  Continental  Revolution, 


containing  Remarks  on  the  progress  of  Pro- 
phetic Events  during  the  year  1848-9,'  8vo, 
London,  1849  (printed  separately,  for  the 
convenience  of  purchasers  of  the  first  edi- 
tion). 10.  'Notes,  forming  a  brief  Interpre- 
tation of  the  Apocalypse,'  8vo,  London,  1850. 
11.  'Directions  for  Teaching  the  Blind  to 
Read  on  the  Phonetic  Principle,'  8vo  [London, 
1851].  12.  'Grammar  [embossed]  for  the 
Blind  on  the  Principle  of  the  Combination  of 
Elementary  Sounds,'  4to,  London,  1851. 

[Horace  Frere's  Pedigree  of  the  Family  of 
Frere,  4to,  1874;  Brit.  M  us.  Cat. ;  Kipley  and' 
Dana's  American  Cyclopaedia,  ii.  719  ;  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica  (9th  edit.),  iii.  826-8.]  G.  Gr. 

FRERE,  JOHN  (1740-1807),  antiquary, 
of  Roydon  Hall,  Norfolk,  and  Finningham, 
Suffolk,  born  on  10  Aug.  1740,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Sheppard  Frere  of  Roydon,  by  his 
wife  Susanna,  daughter  of  John  Hatley  of 
London  and  Kirby  Hall,  Essex.  He  belonged 
to  an  old  family  settled  in  Norfolk  and  Suf- 
folk. His  grandfather,  Edward  Frere,  was 
a  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
a  staunch  adherent  of  Bentley  the  master. 
Frere  also  went  to  Trinity,  and  graduated 
B.A.  1763,  M.A.  1766.  He  was  second 
wrangler  (Paley  being  senior)  and  fellow  of 
his  college.  He  became  high  sheriff  of  Suf- 
folk in  1766,  was  a  vice-president  of  the  Ma- 
rine Society  in  1785,  and  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Norwich  in  1799.  He  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  20  June  1771,  and  was  an 
active  member.  He  published,  in  the  'Ar- 
chaeologia '  for  1800  (xiii.  204),  a  paper  '  On 
the  Flint  Weapons  of  Hoxne  in  Suffolk,'' 
and  showed  discernment  in  assigning  these 
stone  implements  (some  of  which,  presented 
by  him,  are  still  in  the  collection  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries) '  to  a  very  remote  period 
indeed,  even  beyond  that  of  the  present 
world'  (cp.  JOHN  EVANS,  Ancient  Stone  Im- 
plements, p.  517).  Frere  also  contributed  to> 
the '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  and  other  publi- 
cations. His  son,  John  Hookham  Frere  [q.  v.], 
used  to  regret  that  more  of  his  father's  occa- 
sional papers  had  not  been  preserved.  Frere 
was  intimate  with  Richard  Gough.  His 
brother-in-law,  Sir  John  Fenn,  left  him  his 
library.  Frere  died  at  East  Dereham,  Nor- 
folk, on  12  July  1807.  A  painted  portrait 
of  him  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Frere 
of  Roydon  Hall.  He  married,  in  1768,  Jane, 
only  child  of  John  Hookham  of  Beddington, 
a  rich  London  merchant.  This  lady,  besides 
a  fortune  and  good  looks,  had  '  rare  gifts  of 
intellect  and  disposition.'  They  had  seven 
sons  and  two  daughters.  The  eldest  son  was 
John  Hookham  Frere,  the  author  and  diplo- 
matist [q.  v.]  The  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  sons, 


Frere 


268 


Frere 


William,  Bartholomew,  and  James  Hatley, 
are  also  separately  noticed.  The  seventh  son, 
Temple  (1781-1859),  rector  successively  of 
Finningham,  Roydon,  and  Burston,  became 
canon  of  Westminster  3  Nov.  1838. 

[J.  Hookham  Frere's  Works  (1872),  memoir  in 
vol.  i. ;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  iii.  210,  257 ; 
Burke's  Landed  Gentry,  editions  of  1868  and 
1886,  s.v.  '  Frere  of  Koydon  ; '  Gent.  Mag.  1807, 
vol.  Ixxvii.  pt.  ii.  p.  691  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd. 
viii.  58,  159,  ix.  475  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustr.  v. 
175-7, 181,  vi.  821 ;  information  from  Mr.  Frere 
of  Roydon  Hall.]  W.  W. 

FRERE,  JOHN  HOOKHAM  (1769- 
1846),  diplomatist  and  author,  eldest  son  of 
John  Frere  [q.  v.]  of  Roydon  Hall,  near  Diss, 
Norfolk,  by  his  wife  Jane,  only  child  of  John 
Hookham  of  Beddington,Surrey,  a  rich  Lon- 
don merchant,  was  born  in  London  on  21  May 
1769,  and  in  1785  went  from  a  preparatory 
school  at  Putney  to  Eton,  where  he  formed 
his  lifelong  friendship  with  Canning.  In  the 
following  year  the  two  friends  joined  with 
*  Bobus '  Smith  and  some  other  schoolfellows 
in  starting  the  '  Microcosm,'  the  first  number 
of  which  appeared  on  6  Nov.  1786,  and  the 
last  on  30  July  1787.  It  ran  through  forty 
numbers,  which  were  subsequently  published 
in  a  collected  form,  with  a  dedication  to  Dr. 
Davies,  the  head-master.  Frere  contributed 
five  papers  to  this  periodical  (  Works,u.  3-22). 
From  Eton  he  went  to  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1792  and 
M.A.  in  1795.  At  college  he  gained  several 
prizes  for  classical  composition,  but  was  pre- 
vented by  illness  from  going  in  for  honours. 
He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Caius,  and  in  1792 
obtained  the  members'  prize  for  the  Latin 
essay,  the  subject  of  which  was '  Whether  it 
be  allowable  to  hope  for  the  improvement  of 
morals  and  for  the  cultivation  of  virtue  in 
the  rising  state  of  Botany  Bay  ' !  On  leav- 
ing the  university  Frere  entered  the  foreign 
office  and  at  a  bye-election  in  November 
1796  was  returned  for  the  pocket  borough  of 
West  Looe  in  Cornwall,  which  he  continued 
to  represent  until  the  dissolution  in  June 
1802 ;  but  no  speeches  of  his  are  reported 
in  the  volumes  of '  Parliamentary  History ' 
for  that  period.  In  1797  he  joined  with  Can- 
ning in  the  publication  of  the '  Anti- Jacobin, 
or  Weekly  Examiner,'  the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  on  20  Nov.  in  that  year. 
Gifford  was  the  editor,  and  many  of  the  pieces 
were  written  in  concert  by  Canning,  Ellis, 
and  Frere.  Jenkinson,  afterwards  the  Earl 
of  Liverpool,  Lord  Mornington,  Chief-baron 
Macdonald,  and  Pitt  were  also  among  the 
contributors.  Frere's  contributions  are  col- 
lected in  his  '  Works '  (ii.  57-161).  Besides 
other  pieces,  he  wrote  the  greater  part  of  the 


'  Loves  of  the  Triangles,'  an  amusing  parody 
of  Dr.  Darwin's  '  Loves  of  the  Plants,'  and 
shared  with  Canning  the  authorship  of '  The 
Friend  of  Humanity  and  the  Knifegrinder,' 
and  with  Canning  and  Ellis  that  of  the 
'  Rovers,  or  the  Double  Arrangement.'  After 
a  brilliant  career  of  eight  months  the  '  Anti- 
Jacobin  '  was  brought  to  a  close  on  9  July 
1798.  On  1  April  1799  Frere  succeeded  his 
friend  Canning  as  under-secretary  of  state  in 
the  foreign  office.  In  October  1800  he  was 
appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and  plenipo- 
tentiary at  Lisbon,  and  in  September  1802 
was  transferred  to  Madrid,  where  he  remained 
for  nearly  two  years.  In  August  1804  Frere 
was  recalled '  in  consequence  of  circumstances 
having  occurred  that  made  it  impossible  for 
him  any  longer  to  communicate  personally 
with  the  Prince  of  Peace '  (Pitt's  Speeches, 
1806,  iv.  383).  The  ministry,  however,  sig- 
nified their  approval  of  his  conduct  by  grant- 
ing him  a  pension  of  1,700/.  a  year,  and  on 
14  Jan.  1805  he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the 
privy  council.  In  June  1807  the  Duke  of 
Portland  appointed  him  envoy  and  minister 
plenipotentiary  at  Berlin,  but  owing  to  the 
treaty  of  Tilsit  the  mission  had  to  be  aban- 
doned. On  4  Oct.  1808  Frere  was  sent  out 
to  Spain  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
Central  Junta.  Affairs  on  the  Peninsula  were 
then  in  a  very  critical  state,  and  his  position 
as  the  British  minister  was  one  of  heavy  re- 
sponsibility. In  November  Napoleon  com- 
menced his  march  upon  Madrid.  Sir  John 
Moore,  the  commander  of  the  British  forces 
in  the  north  of  Spain,  was  inclined  to  retreat 
through  Portugal.  Frere,  however,  confident 
that  Napoleon  might  be  anticipated,  urged 
Moore  to  advance  upon  Madrid,  or,  if  retreat 
was  inevitable,  to  retire  through  Gallicia. 
Moore  yielded,  and,  after  the  disastrous  re- 
treat to  Corunna,  Frere  was  greatly  blamed 
for  the  advice  he  had  given.  Though  Pon- 
sonby's  motion  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on 
24  Feb.  1809,  for  an  inquiry  '  into  the  causes, 
conduct,  and  events  of  the  late  campaign  in 
Spain,'  was  defeated  by  220  to  127  (Parl. 
Debates,  xii.  1057-1119),  the  government  de- 
termined to  recall  Frere,  and  on  29  April 
1809  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley  was  appointed 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Spain.  Frere  left 
in  August,  having  been  created  '  Marquez 
de  la  Union '  by  the  Central  Junta,  '  as  a 
mark  of  their  acknowledgment  of  the  zeal 
with  which  he  had  laboured  to  promote  the 
friendly  union  and  common  interest  of  the 
two  countries.'  With  his  second  mission  to 
Spain  Frere's  public  career  ceased.  He  after- 
wards declined  the  post  of  ambassador  at  St. 
Petersburg,  and  twice  refused  the  offer  of  a 
peerage.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1807 


Frere 


269 


Frere 


Frere  succeeded  to  Roydon  Hall  and  the 
other  family  estates  in  the  eastern  counties. 
On  12  Sept.  1812  he  married  Elizabeth  Je- 
mima, dowager  countess  of  Erroll,  the  widow 
of  George,  fourteenth  earl  of  Erroll,  and  a 
daughter  of  Joseph  Blake  of  Ardfry,  county 
Galway.  In  1818  his  wife  became  ill.  After 
trying  many  changes  of  climate  for  the  benefit 
of  her  health  they  went  to  Malta,  where  they 
took  up  their  permanent  residence.  Here 
he  amused  himself  with  literary  work,  trans- 
lating Aristophanes  and  Theognis,  and  learn- 
ing Hebrew  and  Maltese.  In  August  1827 
Canning  died.  Talking  over  the  loss  of  his 
friend  to  his  niece  two  years  afterwards,  Frere 
said :  '  I  think  twenty  years  ago  Canning's 
death  would  have  caused  mine  ;  as  it  is,  the 
time  seems  so  short,  I  do  not  feel  it  as  I 
otherwise  should '  (  Works,  i.  209).  His  wife 
died  in  January  1831,  and  in  November  of 
that  year  Sir  Walter  Scott  paid  him  a  visit. 
Frere  still  continued  to  reside  at  Malta.  He 
died  at  the  Pieta  Valetta  on  7  Jan.  1846,  in 
the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  was 
buried  beside  his  wife  in  the  English  burial- 
ground  overlooking  the  Quarantine  Harbour. 
A  portrait  of  Frere  byHoppner  was  exhibited 
in  the  third  Loan  Collection  of  National 
Portraits  in  1868  (Cat.  No.  235).  At  Hol- 
land House,  where  he  was  a  frequent  visitor, 
there  is  a  portrait  of  him  by  Arthur  Shee,  as 
well  as  a  bust  executed  by  Chantrey  in  1817. 
As  a  diplomatist  Frere  is  now  almost  for- 
gotten, and  it  is  only  by  the  few  that  he  is 
remembered  as  a  brilliant  wit  and  a  sparkling 
writer  of  humorous  poetry.  His  translations 
of  Aristophanes  cannot  fail  to  be  the  most 
lasting  memorials  of  his  genius,  and  the 
manner  in  which  he  has  successfully  caught 
the  spirit  of  the  original  comedies  places  him 
in  an  almost  unique  place  as  a  translator. 
His  metrical  version  of  the  '  Ode  on  ^Ethel- 
stan's  Victory '  appeared  in  the  second  edi- 
tion of  Ellis's  '  Specimens  of  Early  English 
Poets'  (1801,  i.  32-4).  It  was  written  by 
Frere  when  at  Eton,  and  is  a  remarkable  ex- 
ample of  the  skilful  adoption  of  the  language 
and  style  of  another  period.  Mackintosh,  in 
his  'History  of  England,'  says  that  it  'is 
a  double  imitation,  unmatched,  perhaps,  in 
literary  history,  in  which  the  writer  gave 
an  earnest  of  that  faculty  of  catching  the 
peculiar  genius  and  preserving  the  charac- 
teristic manner  of  his  original  which,  though 
the  specimens  of  it  be  too  few,  places  him  alone 
among  English  translators '  (i.  50).  Scott, 
too,  declares,  in  his  '  Essay  on  Imitations 
of  the  Ancient  Ballad,'  that  it  was  the  only 
poem  he  had  met  with  '  which,  if  it  had  been 
produced  as  ancient,  could  not  have  been  de- 
tected on  internal  evidence '  (Poetical  Works, 


1830,  iii.  21).  Three  of  Frere's  translations 
from  the  '  Poem  of  the  Cid '  were  printed  as 
an  appendix  to  Southey's  '  Chronicle  of  the 
Cid '  (1808,  pp.  437-68).  In  1819  Frere  formed 
one  of  Byron  s '  cursed  puritanical  committee ' 
which  decided  against  the  publication  of  the 
first  canto  of '  Don  Juan.'  Though  one  of 
the  original  projectors  of  the '  Quarterly  Re- 
view,' Frere's  only  contribution  to  it  was  an 
article  on '  Mitchell's  Translations  of  Aristo- 
phanes,' which  appeared  in  the  number  for 
July  1820  (pp.  474-505).  It  is  signed '  W,'  for 
Whistlecraft,  and  is  a  very  early  instance  of  a 
reviewer  signing  his  contribution.  Indolent, 
and  unambitious  for  literary  fame,  Frere  cared 
only  for  the  appreciation  of  cultivated  judges. 
Several  of  his  productions  were  privately 
printed,  and  have  become  exceedingly  rare. 

He  was  the  author  of  the  following  works  r 
1.  '  Prospectus  and  Specimen  of  an  intended1 
National  Work,  by  William  and  Robert 
Whistlecraft  of  Stowmarket  in  Suffolk,  Har- 
ness and  Collar  Makers.  Intended  to  com- 
prise the  most  interesting  particulars  relating- 
to  King  Arthur  and  his  Round  Table '  (cantos 
i.  and  ii.),  London,  1817,  8vo ;  second  edi- 
tion, London,  1818,  8vo.  This  revival  in 
English  poetry  of  the  octave  stanza  of  Pulci^ 
Berni,  and  Casti  attracted  great  attention 
at  the  time.  Byron,  writing  to  Murray  from 
Venice  in  October  1817,  says :  '  Mr.  Whistle- 
craft  has  no  greater  admirer  than  myself.  I 
have  written  a  story  in  eighty-nine  stanzas  in 
imitation  of  him,  called  "  Beppo  " '  (MooEE, 
Life,  1847,  p.  369).  2.  Cantos  iii.  and  iv.  (of 
the  same  work),  London,  1818, 8vo.  The  four 
cantos  were  also  published  together  in  1818 
under  the  title  of '  The  Monks  and  the  Giants 
Prospectus  and  Specimen,'  &c. ;  fourth  edi- 
tion, London,  1821, 12mo ;  another  edition, 
Bath,  1842, 8vo.  3.  '  Fables  for  Five- Years- 
Old,'  Malta,  1830,  12mo.  4.  'The  Frogs/ 
London,  1839.  Frere  says:  'The  greater 
part  of  this  play  ['The  Frogs']  had  been 
printed  upwards  of  twenty  years  ago,  having- 
been  intended  for  private  distribution ;  an 
intention  to  which  the  writer  adheres,  being 
unwilling  to  cancel  what  had  been  already 
printed  and  in  part  distributed.'  5.  '  Aris- 
tophanes. A  Metrical  Version  of  the  Achar- 
nians,  the  Knights,  and  the  Birds,  in  the 
last  of  which  a  vein  of  peculiar  humour  and 
character  is  for  the  first  time  detected  and 
developed'  (anon.), London,  1840, 4to.  These 
three  plays,  each  of  which  are  separately 
paged,  were  privately  printed  for  Frere  at 
the  government  press  in  Malta  in  1839,  and 
were  afterwards  published  by  Pickering  in 
England  in  1840  under  the  above  title.  Re- 
printed as  No.  37  of  Morley's  '  Universal 
Library,'  London,  1886,  8vo.  In  Coleridge's 


Frere 


270 


Freston 


•will,  dated  September  1829,  the  following 
interesting  passage  occurs  :  'Further  to  Mr. 
Gillman,  as  the  most  expressive  way  in  which 
I  can  only  mark  my  relation  to  him,  and  in  re- 
membrance of  a  great  and  good  man,  revered 
by  us  both,  I  leave  the  manuscript  volume 
lettered  "  Arist.  Manuscript — Birds,  Achar- 
nians,  Knights,"  presented  to  me  by  my  dear 
friend  and  patron,  the  Right  lion.  John 
Hookham  Frere,  who,  of  all  men  I  have 
had  the  means  of  knowing  during  my  life, 
appears  to  me  eminently  to  deserve  to  be 
characterised  as  6  Ka\oKayad6s  6  ^tXd/cnXo?.' 
6.  '  Theognis  Restitutus.  The  personal  his- 
tory of  the  poet  Theognis,  deduced  from  an 
analysis  of  his  existing  fragments.  A  hun- 
dred of  these  fragments,  translated  or  para- 
phrased in  English  metre,  are  arranged  in 
their  proper  biographical  order  with  an  ac- 
companying commentary,  with  a  preface  in 
which  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Clinton,  as  to 
the  true  date  of  the  poet's  birth  (viz.  in 
Olymp.  59),  is  confirmed  by  internal  evi- 
dence' (anon.),  Malta,  1842, 4to.  Reprinted 
(but  without  the  introduction  and  the  syn- 
opsis of  historical  dates)  in  the  volume  of 
Bohn's  Classical  Library  containing  '  The 


ledge  of  agriculture  and  foreign  languages  led 
to  his  appointment  as  editor  of  the  'Journal 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society'  in  1862, 
when  the  council  determined  to  raise  the 
standard  of  their  publication.  He  conducted 
the  journal  with  success,  frequently  contri- 
buting papers  on  a  variety  of  subjects  con- 
nected with  agriculture  till  his  death,  which 
took  place  at  Cambridge  in  May  1868.  Frere 
married  in  1859  Emily,  daughter  of  Henry 
Gipps,  canon  of  Carlisle  Cathedral,  and  vicar 
of  Crosthwaite,  Keswick,  and  left  issue. 

[Information   from   the    Rev.  W.  H.  Frere ; 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Soc.]  A.  V. 

FRERE,  WILLIAM  (1775-1830),  law- 
serjeant  and  master  of  Downing  College,  Cam- 
bridge, the  fourth  son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.~ 
of  Roydon,  Norfolk,  and  younger  brother  o: 
John  Hookham  Frere  [q.  v.],  was  born  28  Nov. 
1775.  He  was  sent  to  Felstead  and  Eton, 
and  in  1796  obtained  a  scholarship  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  Craven  scholarship,  and 
subsequently  won  several  university  honours, 
among  them  the  senior  chancellor's  medal. 
He  graduated  fifth  senior  optime  in  1798.  In 


Works  of  Hesiod,Callimachus,  and  Theognis,'    1800  he  became  fellow  of  the  newly  founded 


London,  1856, 8vo.   7.  '  Psalms,'  &c.  (anon.), 
London  [1848  ?],  4to. 

[The  "Works  of  the  Right  Hon.  John  Hookham 
Frere  in  Verse  and  Prose,  -with  memoir  by  Sir 
Bartle  Frere,  his  nephew.  1874  ;  Quarterly  Re- 
view, cxxxii.  26-59;  Edinburgh  Review,  cxxxv. 
472-501 ;  North  American  Review,  cvii.  136-66; 
Fraser's  Mag.,  new  ser.  v.  491-510  ;  Contem- 
porary Review,  ix.  512-33  ;  Macmillan's  Mag., 
xxvi.  25-32 ;  Professor  Morley's  Introduction  to 
Frere's  Aristophanes,  1886,  p.  5-8;  Princess  Marie 
Liechtenstein's  Holland  House,  1874;  Ann.  Reg. 
1846;  Gent.  Mag.  1846,  new  ser.  xxv.  312-14, 
338;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn) ;  Grenville 
Library  Cat.;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat,]  G.  F.  R.  B. 

FRERE,  PHILIP   HOWARD   (1813- 


Downing  College.  He  was  called  to  the  bar, 
and  joined  the  Norfolk  circuit  in  1802.  He 
was  serjeant-at-law  in  1809,  and  three  years 
later  was  elected  master  of  Downing  College, 
his  appointment  being  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested at  law.  He  was  made  recorder  of  Bury 
St.  Edmunds  in  1814,  and  in  1819  became 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University.  He 
resided  for  a  considerable  part  of  each  year 
on  an  estate  which  he  bought  at  Balsham, 
Cambridgeshire.  He  proceeded  LL.D.  at 
Cambridge  1825,  and  D.C.L.  at  Oxford  1834. 
In  1826  he  finally  quitted  the  bar.  He  edited, 
with  additions,  Baron  Glenbervie's  '  Reports 
of  Cases,'  1813,  and  the  fifth  volume  of  the 
'  Paston  Letters '  from  the  manuscript  of  Sir 


]  868),  agriculturist,  the  eldest  son  of  William    John  Fenn  [q.  v.],  his  uncle.   Some  Latin  and 


Frere  [q.  v.]  by  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of 
Brampton  Gurdon  Dillingham,  was  born  in 
1813.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  in  1836  was  placed 
among  the  senior  optimes  in  the  mathematical, 
and  in  the  first  class  in  the  classical  tripos. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  Downing  College,  and  in  1839  became  tutor 
and  bursar.  The  endowments  of  Downing 
consisted  almost  entirely  of  agricultural  lands, 
the  management  of  which  devolved  on  the 
bursar,  and  Frere's  previous  residence  on  his 
father's  estate  at  Balsham,  Cambridgeshire, 
rendered  him  admirably  suited  to  the  post. 
He  travelled  much  in  Europe,  and  became  a 
good  linguist.  His  combination  of  a  know- 


Greek  verse  by  Frere  was  published  with 
W.  Herbert's  'Fasciculus  Carminum  stylo 
Lucretiano  scriptorum,'1797.  He  died  25  May 
1836.  He  married  in  1810  Mary,  daughter  of 
Brampton  Gurdon  Dillingham.  His  son,  Philip 
Howard,  is  separately  noticed.  During  Frere's 
time,  chiefly  through  his  wife,  Downing  Col- 
lege was  a  social  centre  at  Cambridge. 

[Information  supplied  by  the  Rev.  "W.  H. 
Frere;  Gent.  Mag.  1836,  ii.  214.]  A.  V. 

FRESTON,  ANTHONY  (1757-1819) 
divine,  born  in  1757,  was  the  son  of  Robert 
Brettingham  of  Norwich,  and  nephew  of  Mat- 
thew Brettingham  [q.  v.],  the  architect  of 
Holkham,  the  Earl  of  Leicester's  seat  in  Nor- 


Freville 


271 


Frewen 


folk.  While  a  child  he  took  the  name  of 
Freston,  in  pursuance  of  the  will  of  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  William  Freston  of  Mendham, 
who  died  in  1761,  and  devised  to  him  his 
estates  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  He  matri- 
ciilated  at  Oxford  as  a  commoner  of  Christ 
Church,  26  Dec.  1775,  and  proceeded  B.A. 
in  1780  (FosxEK,  Alumni  Oxon.  ii.  497). 
Having  married  a  Cambridge  lady,  the  widow 
of  Thomas  Hyde,  he  removed  in  1783  to  Clare 
Hall  in  that  university,  where  he  was  incor- 
porated B.A.,  and  commenced  M. A.  the  same 
year  (Graduati  Cantabr.  edit.  1826,  p.  119). 
In  1792  he  was  licensed  to  the  perpetual  cure 
of  Needham,  Norfolk,  in  his  own  patronage, 
and  in  1801  he  was  presented  by  a  college 
friend  to  the  rectory  of  Edgworth,  Gloucester- 
shire. Dr.  Huntingford,  bishop  of  Gloucester, 
appointed  him  rural  dean  of  the  deanery  of 
Stonehouse.  He  died  on  25  Dec.  1819. 

His  works  are :  1.  '  Provisions  for  the  more 
equal  Maintenance  of  the  Clergy,' 1784, 12mo 
(anon.)  2. 'An  Elegy,' 1787, 4to.  3. 'Poems 
on  Several  Subjects,'  1787,  8vo.  4.  '  A  Dis- 
course on  Laws,  intended  to  show  that  legal 
Institutions  are  necessary,  not  only  to  the 
Happiness,  but  to  the  very  Existence  of  Man,' 
London,  1792, 4to.  5.  '  Address  to  the  People 
of  England,'  1796,  8vo  (anon.)  6.  '  A  Col- 
lection of  Evidences  for  the  Divinity  of 
our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,'  London,  1807,  8vo. 
7.  '  Six  Sermons  on  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant Doctrines  of  Christianity ;  to  which  are 
added  five  Sermons  on  Occasional  Subjects,' 
Cirencester,  1809,  8vo. 

[Annual  Bios,  v.  444 ;  Biog.  Diet,  of  Living 
Authors,  p.  122;  Davy's  Athense  Suffolcenses, 
iii.  100  ;  Gent.  Mag.  xc.  pt.  i.  279.]  T.  C. 

FREVILLE,  GEORGE  (d.  1579),  judge, 
of  a  family  settled  at  Little  Shelford,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, from  the  reign  of  Edward  II, 
was  the  second  son  of  Robert  Freville  and 
Rose  Peyton  (see  MSS.  Coll.  Arms,  c.  41 ; 
Inquis.  p.  m.  Cambr.  6  Edw.  VI).  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  studied  common 
law  at  Barnard's  Inn,  and  afterwards  became 
a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  where  he  was 
reader  in  1558,  performing  his  duties  by  Ed- 
mund Plowden,  his  deputy,  and  again  in  Lent 
1559.  On  the  death  of  his  elder  brother 
John  without  issue  in  1552,  he  succeeded  to 
the  family  estates.  On  St.  Matthias  day  1552 
he  was  elected  recorder  of  Cambridge,  and 
admitted  to  office  25  March  1553.  He  was 
in  the  special  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer 
issued  for  Cambridgeshire  8  Aug.  1553,  when 
indictments  for  high  treason  were  found 
against  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  and 
other  adherents  of  Lady  Jane  Grey.  By 
patent,  31  Jan.  1559,  though  not  yet  a  ser- 


jeant,  he  was  created  third  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer. He  obtained  the  royal  permission 
to  retain  his  office  of  recorder  of  Cambridge, 
but  the  town  refused  to  submit  to  this.  On 
28  April  1564  he  became  second  baron,  and 
in  May  1579  he  died,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Robert  Shute  1  June. 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges ;  Cooper's  Athense 
Cantabr.  ii.  407 ;  Annals  of  Cambr.  vol.  ii. ;  Dug- 
dale's  Orig.  Jurid. ;  Baga  de  Secretis ;  Mem. 
Scacc.  Mic.  405  P.  and  M.  r.  56.]  J.  A.  H. 

FREWEN,  ACCEPTED  (1588-1664), 
archbishop  of  York,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Frewen  [q.  v.],  rector  of  Northiam, 
Sussex.  The  family  appears  to  have  been  origi- 
nally of  Worcestershire,  as  Richard  Frewen, 
the  father  of  John  Frewen,  was  son  of  Roger 
Frewen,  who  was  buried  at  Hanley  Castle  in 
1543,  and  grandson  of  Richard  Frewen,  bailiff 
of  Worcester  in  1473.  Accepted  Frewen  was 
born  at  Northiam,  and  baptised  there  26  May 
1588.  A  ruinous  old  house  called  '  Carriers/ 
opposite  to  Brickwall  Park,  is  traditionally 
reported  to  have  been  the  birthplace  of  the 
future  archbishop.  It  is  supposed  that  John 
Frewen,  his  father,  rented  it  from  John 
White  of  Brickwall  from  1583,  when  he  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Northiam,  till  he 
removed  to  the  church-house  about  1592. 
According  to  Anthony  a  Wood,  Frewen  was 
educated  at  the  free  school  at  Canterbury, 
and  thence  removed  in  1604,  when  barely 
sixteen  years  of  age,  to  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  a  demy,  took  his 
B.A.  degree  25  Jan.  1008,  and  M.A.  23  May 
1612.  He  was  elected  fellow  in  the  latter 
year,  and,  according  to  the  same  authority, 
became  divinity  reader  in  the  college.  In 
1G17  iii  the  college  books  we  find  leave  given 
by  the  president  and  authorities  for  '  a  year's 
absence  to  Mr.  Frewen,  acting  as  chaplain  to 
Sir  John  Digby,  ambassador  in  Spain.'  Sir 
John  was  created  Lord  Digby  in  November 
1618.  Frewen  appears  to  have  accompanied 
him  on  a  mission  from  King  James  to  the 
Emperor  Ferdinand  in  Germany  in  1621. 
On  24  Dec.  1621  another  years  absence  was 
granted  by  the  president  and  authorities  to 
Frewen  to  act  as  chaplain  to  Lord  Digby, 
who  was  accredited  a  second  time  as  ambas- 
sador to  the  court  of  Spain.  Lord  Digby  in 
1622  was  created  Earl  of  Bristol.  Frewen 
was  at  Madrid  when  Prince  Charles  arrived 
on  his  romantic  visit,  and,  seeing  the  attempts 
to  pervert  him  to  the  Romish  faith,  preached 
before  him  from  the  text  1  Kings  xviii.  21, 
'  How  long  halt  ye  between  two  opinions  ? 
If  the  Lord  be  God,  follow  Him,  but  if  Baal, 
then  follow  him,'  urging  him  to  be  steadfast 
in  the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England. 


Frewen 


272 


Frewen 


The  prince  was  much  struck  with  the  ser- 
mon, became  attached  to  Frewen,  and  pre- 
sented him  with  a  miniature  of  himself, 
which  is  still  in  the  possession  of  the  family. 
On  his  accession  to  the  throne  the  king  ap- 
pointed him  one  of  his  chaplains,  putting 
him  into  the  list  with  his  own  hand.  In 
1625  he  was  made  canon  of  the  tenth  stall 
in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  and  vice-president 
of  his  college  in  the  same  year.  In  1626  he 
was  unanimously  elected  president  of  Mag- 
dalen on  24  Oct.,  and  on  16  Dec.  compounded 
for  his  D.D.  degree,  having  taken  that  of  B.D. 
8  July  1619.  In  1628  and  1629  he  was  vice- 
chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  on  13  Sept.  1631 
installed  dean  of  Gloucester.  In  1635  he 
was  made  rector  of  Standlake  in  Oxfordshire, 
and  also  of  Warnford  in  Hampshire,  both  I 
livings  being  in  the  gift  of  his  college.  In 
1638  and  1639,  at  the  request  of  Archbishop  j 
Laud,  the  chancellor,  he  again  discharged 
the  office  of  vice-chancellor.  In  1642  he  was  ; 
mainly  instrumental  in  sending  the  univer- 
sity plate  to  the  king  at  York,  and  lent  500/. 
to  Magdalen  College  to  present  to  the  king 
towards  the  expenses  of  the  war.  On  this 
the  parliament  ordered  him  to  be  arrested, 
but  he  withdrew,  and  did  not  return  to  Ox- 
ford till  the  king  came  there  after  the  battle 
of  Edgehill,  at  the  end  of  that  year. 

Upon  Frewen's  appointment  to  the  presi- 
dentship of  Magdalen  he  made  great  altera- 
tions in  the  chapel.  He  paved  the  inner  chapel 
with  black  and  white  marble,  put  up  a  new 
organ,  stained  windows,  and  new  stalls,  all 
which  improvements  were  probably  mainly 
at  his  own  expense.  '  In  1631,' says  Calamy 
(Nonconformists'  Manual,  ii.  27), '  Dr.  Frewen, 
president  of  Magdalen,  changed  the  commu-  j 
nion-table  into  an  altar,  the  first  that  was  ; 
set  up  in  the  university  since  the  Reforma-  | 
tion.'  This  created  much  sensation,  and  was 
inveighed  against  by  several  preachers  at  | 
St.  Mary's,  when  the  matter  was  brought  be- 
fore the  king  and  council,  and  the  preachers 
banished  the  university.  Dr.  Williamson 
(formerly  fellow  of  Magdalen),  principal  of 
Magdalen  Hall,  received  a  public  and  sharp 
rebuke  for  countenancing  the  factious  par- 
ties. On  17  Aug.  1643  Frewen  was  nomi- 
nated to  the  see  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  and 
in  April  1644  was  consecrated  in  Magdalen 
College  Chapel  by  John  Williams,  archbishop  ! 
of  York,  assisted  by  four  other  prelates.  On 
11  May  he  resigned  the  presidentship.  In 
1652  his  estate  was  declared  forfeited  for 
treason  against  the  parliament,  but  by  mistake 
he  was  designated  Stephen  Frewen.  A  similar 
error  in  his  Christian  name  enabled  him  to 
escape  on  a  more  perilous  occasion,  when 
Cromwell  had  offered  1,000/.  to  any  one  who 


would  bring  him  dead  or  alive.  Being  again 
described  in  the  proclamation  as  Stephen 
Frewen,  he  got  away  to  France,  where  he 
remained  till  the  fury  of  the  times  was 
abated,  when  he  returned  and  lived  very  pri- 
vately. There  is  an  apocryphal  story  in  the 
'  Ballard  MSS.,'  xl.  110  (Bodleian  Library), 
which  probably  refers  to  this  period.  The 
writer  of  the  letter  mentions  an  old  house  on 
Banstead  Downs,  which  was  occupied  by  a 
lady  whose  husband  had  fled  to  the  conti- 
nent on  account  of  the  civil  troubles.  The 
lady  is  said  to  have  kept  a  kind  of  boarding- 
house,  to  which  many  ladies  resorted.  A 
clergyman,  whose  name  was  concealed,  fre- 
quently preached  to  them.  Notes  were  taken 
of  his  sermons  by  several  of  the  ladies,  and 
entered  into  a  common  note-book.  The  lady 
of  the  house  made  frequent  journeys  to  Lon- 
don, taking  with  her  bundles  of  manuscripts, 
which  were  supposed  to  be  meant  for  the 
press.  One  of  the  ladies  showed  the  notes  to 
a  gentleman,  who  made  much  use  of  them  in 
his  household.  When  the  '  Whole  Duty  of 
Man '  was  published,  this  gentleman  procured 
the  book,  and  was  surprised  to  find  it  exactly 
coincided  with  the  notes  in  his  possession. 
The  mysterious  clergyman  at  Banstead  was 
discovered  to  have  been  Frewen,  who  was  afc 
that  time  supposed  to  be  beyond  sea.  The 
story,  however,  has  been  ably  confuted,  and 
especially  by  Ballard  himself  in  his  memoir 
of  Lady  Pakington  (Memoirs  of  several 
Ladies  of  Great  Britain,  p.  320),  and  the 
archbishop's  noted  aversion  to  female  society 
would  alone  render  the  tale  improbable. 

After  the  Restoration  he  was  nominated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  York,  elected  on 
22  Sept.  1660,  confirmed  at  Westminster  in 
Henry  VII's  Chapel  4  Oct.,  and  enthroned 
by  proxy  at  York  11  Oct.  In  1661  he  wa* 
chairman  of  the  Savoy  conference.  We  have 
no  official  account  of  the  conference  from  the 
bishops'  side ;  but  Richard  Baxter  describes 
Frewen  as  a  mild  and  peaceable  man,  and  one 
who  took  no  active  part  in  the  proceedings. 

Frewen  died  at  Bishopthorpe  28  March 
1664,  and  was  buried  under  the  east  window 
of  York  Minster,  where  a  sumptuous  monu- 
ment with  a  Latin  inscription  is  erected  to 
his  memory.  He  was  never  married,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  '  so  perfectly  determined  to> 
preserve  the  chastity  of  his  character  as  not 
to  suffer  a  woman  servant  in  his  family/ 
The  reason  given  for  this,  in  a  sixpenny 
pamphlet  published  in  1743  by  Thomas 
Frewen  of  Brickwall,  fourth  in  descent  from 
the  archbishop's  brother  Stephen,  was  '  fuit 
filius  utero  matris  viventis  excisus,  which 
created  in  him  so  great  an  horror  of  that 
action  that  I  believe  it  to  have  been  his 


Frewen 


273 


Frewen 


reason  for  living  and  dying  a  bachelor.' 
Frewen  of  Brickwall  published  this  pamphlet 
to  vindicate  the  archbishop's  memory  from 
the  misrepresentations  of  Francis  (whom,  by 
the  bye,  he  strangely  calls  Kichard)  Drake  in 
his  '  Eboracum,  or  History  and  Antiquities 
of  York  Cathedral  and  City.'  Mr.  Thomas 
Frewen  also  published  a  small  volume  of  the 
archbishop's  Latin  speeches  at  Oxford  when 
president  of  Magdalen  and  vice-chancellor. 
This  is  also  dated  1743,  and  both  pamphlets 
are  dedicated  to  Edward  Butler,  LL.D.,  pre- 
sident of  Magdalen  and  M.P.  for  the  univer- 
sity. The  archbishop  died  wealthy,  and  be- 
queathed the  bulk  of  his  fortune  to  his 
youngest  brother  Stephen,  an  eminent  trader 
in  London.  Stephen  Frewen  (1600-1679)  con- 
veyed twenty-seven  thousand  guineas  of  the 
archbishop's  money  in  specie  in  his  carriage 
to  London  after  the  prelate's  funeral ;  but  the 
money  which  he  deposited  with  Sir  Robert 
Vyner,  the  banker,  was  lent  to  Charles  II, 
and  lost  by  the  closing  of  the  exchequer. 
Stephen  Frewen  purchased  Brickwall  House, 
near  Northiatn,  and  other  large  estates  in 
Sussex  and  other  counties,  and  was  ancestor 
of  the  present  proprietor  of  Brickwall. 

By  his  will  the  archbishop  bequeathed  to 
Magdalen  College, '  my  mother,  that  gave  me 
my  breeding,  five  hundred  pounds,  to  be  em- 
ployed as  my  gift  to  the  honour  of  the  col- 
lege, in  some  public  way  approved  of  by  my 
worthy  friend  Gilbert  [Sheldon],  at  the  pre- 
sent time  Lord  Bishop  of  London  ;  as  also  I 
forgive  unto  it  five  hundred  pounds  lent  it  by 
me,  pecuniis  numerates,  in  a  time  of  necessity ;' 
to  every  bishop  of  the  kingdom  a  ring  with 
this  inscription,  '  Neque  melior  sum  quam 
patres  mei,'  no  one  to  be  under  the  value  of 
30s. ;  to  the  Bishop  of  Rochester  (Warner) 
a  ring  once  Bishop  Jewel's ;  to  every  ser- 
vant a  year's  wages,  besides  their  due.  Dr. 
Chamberlayne,  in  his  '  State  of  England,' 
p.  190,  assures  us  that  Frewen's  benefactions, 
besides  abatements  to  tenants,  amounted  to 
15,OOOZ. 

[Wood's  Athense  (Bliss),  iv.  821-7 ;  Bloxam's 
Registers  of  Magdalen  College ;  Le  Neve's  Li  res 
of  the  Archbishops ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry ; 
a  privately  printed  memoir  in  '  Hastings  Past 
and  Present,  with  notices  of  the  most  remarkable 
places  in  the  neighbourhood,'  by  Mary  Matilda 
Howard,  1855.]  E.  H-B. 

FREWEN,  JOHN  (1558-1628),  puritan 
divine,  descended  from  an  old  Worcestershire 
family,  was  born  in  1558.  He  is  stated  to  have 
been  baptised  on  1  July  1560.  His  grand- 
father, Roger  Frewen,  and  his  father,  Richard 
Frewen,  were  both  possessed  of  property  in 
Hill  Croome  and  Earls  Croome  in  Worcester- 
shire. He  was  ordained  priest  by  Bulling- 

VOL.   XX. 


ham,  bishop  of  Gloucester,  24  June  1582,  and 
in  November  of  the  following  year  was  pre- 
sented by  his  father  to  the  rectory  of  Nor- 
thiam,  Sussex.  On  his  becoming  resident  at 
Northiam  it  is  supposed  that  Frewen  oc- 
cupied a  house  known  as  '  Carriers,'  situated 
about  two  hundred  yards  south  of  the  pre- 
sent rectory-house,  and  then  the  property  of 
his  friend  and  neighbour,  John  White  of 
Brickwall.  His  first  publication  is  entitled 
'  Certaine  Fruitfull  Instructions  and  necessary 
doctrines  meete  to  edify  in  the  feare  of  God : 
faithfully  gathered  together  by  lohn  Frewen,' 
18mo,  London,  1587.  Of  this  work,  which 
is  dedicated  to  '  M.  Tho :  Coventry,'  father 
of  the  lord  keeper,  very  few  copies  are  known. 
Two  years  later  Frewen  published  another 
manual  with  the  title  '  Certaine  Fruitfull 
Instructions  for  the  generall  cause  of  Refor- 
mation against  the  slanders  of  the  Pope  and 
League,'  4to,  London,  1589  (WooD,  Athena 
Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iv.  823).  In  1593  Frewen 
bought  the  Church  House  at  Northiam,  where 
he  and  his  descendants  continued  to  reside 
until  the  purchase  of  Brickwall,  the  present 
seat  of  the  family.  Church  House  still  re- 
mains in  the  family.  In  1598  he  edited,  and 
wrote  the  preface  to,  a  pamphlet  of  eighty- 
eight  pages,  entitled '  A  Courteous  Conference 
with  the  English  Catholickes  Romane,  about 
the  six  articles  ministered  unto  the  Seminarie 
Priests,'  4to,  London.  This  loyal  and  exces- 
sively rare  treatise  had  been  left  in  manu- 
script by  John  Bishop,  a  recusant  papist,  a 
native  of  Battle,  Sussex.  Its  design  is  to 
show  the  unlawfulness  of  revolting  from  the 
authority  of  the  civil  magistrate  on  account 
of  religion.  Frewen's  uncompromising  puri- 
tanism  brought  him  at  length  into  collision 
with  some  of  his  chief  parishioners.  At  the 
Lewes  summer  assizes  in  1611  they  preferred 
a  bill  of  indictment  against  him  for  noncon- 
formity, but  the  grand  jury  ignored  the  bill, 
and  Frewen  vindicated  himself  in  eight  suc- 
cessive sermons,  published  as  '  Certaine  Ser- 
mons on  the  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  verses  of 
the  Eleventh  Chapter  of  S.  Paule  his  Epistle 
to  the  Romanes.  Preached  in  the  parish 
church  of  Northiam,  in  the  county  of  Sussex,' 
12mo,  London,  1612.  Copies  are  of  compara- 
tively rare  occurrence.  Exactly  two  hundred 
and  fifty  years  later  Octavius  Lord,  the  then 
rector  of  Northiam,  a  descendant  in  the  female 
line  of  Frewen,  '  re-preached '  them  by  re- 
quest on  eight  successive  Sundays  in  the  same 
pulpit.  In  1621  Frewen  published  his  '  Cer- 
taine choise  grounds  and  principles  of  our 
Christian  Religion, .  .  .  wherein  the  people  of 
the  parish  of  Northiam,  in  the  county  of  Sus- 
sex, have  been  catechized  and  instructed  for 
the  settling  of  their  hearts  and  mindes  in  the 


274 


Frewen 


mysteries  of  Salvation,'  12mo,  London.   Fre- 
wen's  persecutors  still  continued  to  annoy 
Mm,  and  he  was  compelled  to  appeal  to  the 
ecclesiastical  court  at  Lewes,  30  July  1622, 
•when  it  was  deposed  that  one  Robert  Cress- 
well  of  Northiam/ gentleman,' had  on26  June 
1621,  on  the  open  high  way,  insulted  the  rec- 
tor, '  calling  him  old  Fole,  old  Asse,  old  Coxs- 
combe.'     Cresswell  was,  after  due  citation, 
excommunicated.  In  1627  Frewen  sat  for  his  [ 
portrait  to  Mark  Gheeraerts  [q.  v.],  and  the 
picture  is  still  preserved  among  the  fine  series 
of  family  portraits  in  the  banqueting-room  at 
Brickwall.     '  It  is  a  half-length,  and  repre-  • 
sents  the  old  puritan  in  full  canonicals,  ex-  I 
cept  that  he  wears  a  very  broad-brimmed  hat.  j 
His  right  hand  rests  upon  a  Geneva  bible, 
open  at  2  Kings,  chapter  xxiii. — a  favourite 
passage  with  the  puritans,  as  it  describes 
Josiah's  zeal  for  religious  reformation ;  his 
left  hand  grasps  a  skull.'    The  expression  of  j 
the  countenance  is  both  benign  and  acute,  j 
It  has  been  engraved  by  Scriven  (EvAxs,  Cat.  \ 
of  Engraved  Portraits,  ii.  161).     On  1  June  ! 
of  the  same  year,  '  being  aged  and  weake  in  ! 
bodie,'  he  made  his  will  (registered  in  P.  C.  C.  | 
38,  Barrington).     He  died  towards  the  end  ! 
of  April  1628,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel 
of  his  own  church  on  the  following  2  May.  j 
He  was  married  three  times.     By  his  first  j 
wife,  Eleanor,  who  died  in  1606,  he  had  six  i 
sons:  Accepted  (1 588-1 G64)  [q.  v.],  Thank-  j 
full  (1591-1656),  purse-bearer  and  secretary  \ 
of  petitions  to  Lord-keeper  Coventry,  who  i 
suffered  for  his  loyalty  during  the  civil  war  j 
and  Commonwealth  (cf.  his  will,  P.  C.  C.  110,  ! 
Ruthen ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1 1660-1,  j 
p.  63,  where  he  is  described  as  '  clerk  of  ap-  j 
peals  and  clerk  of  the  crown  in  chancery ' ) ; 
J  ohn  (1595-1654),  his  father's  successor  in  the 
rectory  of  Northiam  ;  Stephen  of  Brickwall, 
citizen  of  London,  master  of  the  Skinners' 
Company,  and  fined  for  alderman  of  Yintry 
"Ward  ;   Joseph  ;    and  Mary,  wife  of  John 
Bigg  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.     In  1607  he 
married  Helen  Hunt,  probably  daughter  of 
Richard  Hunt  of  Brede,  Sussex,  and  by  her 
had  Benjamin,  citizen  of  London  ;  Thomas, 
a  captain  in  Cromwell's  army  for  invading 
Ireland,  and  founder  of  the  family  at  Castle 
Connel,  near  Limerick  (Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1649-50,  p.  573) ;  and  Samuel.     The 
second  Mrs.  Frewen  died  in  1616,  and  Frewen  ' 
married,  on  29  July  1619  at  St.  Antholin's,  ; 
Budge  Row,  London,  a  third  wife,  Susan  Bur- 
don,  who  survived  him  many  years  (Parish 
Register,  Harl.  Soc.  p.  54). 

In  addition  to  his  published  writings  he 
left  a  large  unfinished  work  in  manuscript, 
entitled  '  Grounds  and  Principles  of  Christian 
Religion ; '  it  consisted  of  seven  books,  of 


which  two  only  (the  fourth  and  fifth,  of  95 
and  98  folio  pages  respectively)  have  been 
preserved. 

[Sussex  Archaeological  Collections  ;  Smyth's 
Obituary  (Camd.Soc.),  p.  43  ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
1st  ser.  viii.  222,  296-7,  2nd  ser.  x.  385;  Cal. 
State  Papers,  Dom.  1650,  p.  192,  1653-4,  p. 
114,  1655,  p.  227;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss), 
iv.  821, 823 ;  Benjamin  Brook's  Lives  of  the  Puri- 
tans, iii.  518  ;  Lower's  Sussex  Worthies,  pp.  45-9, 
198,  from  the  information  of  Thomas  Frewen, 
esq.  of  Brickwall ;  Burke's  Landed  Gentry,  4th 
ed.  p.  518,  7th  ed.  i.  689;  Index  of  Leyden 
Students  (Index  Soc.) ;  Commons'  Journals,  vi. 
428  ;  Le  Neve's  Pedigrees  of  the  Knights  (Harl. 
Soc.),  p.  395 ;  Will  of  John  Frewen,  M.D.,  of 
Northiam,  dated  3  Jan.  and  proved  9  June  1659 
(reg.  in  P.  C.  C.).]  G.  G. 

FREWEN,  THOMAS,  M.D.(1704-1791), 
physician,  was  born  in  1704.  He  practised 
as  a  surgeon  and  apothecary  at  Rye  in 
Sussex,  and  afterwards  as  a  physician  at 
Lewes,  having  obtained  the  M.D.  degree 
previous  to  1755.  He  became  known  as  one 
of  the  first  in  this  country  to  adopt  the  prac- 
tice of  inoculation  with  small-pox.  In  his 
essay  on  '  The  Practice  and  Theory  of  Inocu- 
lation '  (Lond.  1749)  he  narrates  his  experi- 
ence in  three  hundred  and  fifty  cases,  only 
one  having  died  by  the  small-pox  so  induced. 
The  common  sort  of  people,  he  says,  were 
averse  to  inoculation,  and  '  disputed  about 
the  lawfulness  of  propagating  diseases ' — the 
very  ground  on  which  small-pox  inoculation 
was  made  penal  a  century  later  (1842).  The 
more  refined  studiesof  our  speculative  adepts 
in  philosophy,  he  says,  have  let  them  into 
the  secret  that  the  small-pox  and  many  other 
diseases  are  propagated  by  means  of  animal- 
cula  hatched  from  eggs  lodged  in  the  hairs, 
pores,  &c.  of  human  bodies.  In  1759  he 
published  another  short  essay  on  small-pox, 
'Reasons  against  an  opinion  that  a  person 
infected  with  the  Small-pox  may  be  cured  by 
Antidote  without  incurring  the  Distemper.' 
The  opinion  was  that  of  Boerhaave,  Cheyne, 
and  others,  that  the  development  of  small-pox 
after  exposure  to  infection  could  be  checked 
by  a  timely  use  of  the  aethiops  mineral. 
Frewen's  argument  was  that  many  persons 
ordinarily  escape  small-pox  '  who  had  been 
supposed  to  be  in  the  greatest  danger  of 
taking  it,'  and  that  the  sethiops  mineral  was 
irrelevant.  His  other  work,  '  Physiologia ' 
(Lond.  1780),  is  a  considerable  treatise  ap- 
plying the  doctrines  of  Boerhaave  to  some 
diseases.  One  of  his  principles  is :  '  Wher- 
ever nature  has  fixed  a  pleasure,  we  may 
take  it  for  granted  she  there  enjoins  a  duty  ; 
and  something  is  to  be  done  either  for  the 
individual  or  for  the  species.'  He  died 


Frewin 


275 


Frideswide 


at  Northiam  in  Sussex,  on  14  June  1791, 
aged  86. 

[Gent.  Mag. ;  Giles  Watts's  Letter  to  Dr. 
Frewen  on  his  behaviour  in  the  case  of  Mr. 
Rootes,  surgeon,  Lond.  1755.]  C.  C. 

FREWIN,  RICHARD,  M.D.  (1681  P- 
1761),  physician  and  professor  of  history,  son 
of  Ralph  Frewin  of  London,  was  admitted 
king's  scholar  at  Westminster  in  1693,  and 
elected  thence  to  a  Westminster  studentship 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1698.  He  took 
the  degrees  of  B.A.  in  1702,  M.A.  in  1704, 
M.B.  in  1707,  and  M.D.  in  1711.  In  1708 
he  is  described  at  the  foot  of  a  Latin  poem 
which  he  contributed  to  '  Exequise  Georgio 
principi  Danise  ah  Oxoniensi  academia  solutse ' 
(Oxford,  1708)  as  professor  of  chemistry ;  he 
was  also  in  1711  rhetoric  reader  in  Christ 
Church.  As  a  physician  he  had  an  excellent 
reputation ;  he  attended  Dean  Aldrich  on  his 
deathbed.  John  Freind's  'Hippocrates  de 
Morbis  Popularibus '  is  dedicated  to  him,  and 
contains  a  letter  from  him  (dated  Christ 
Church,  20  July  1710),  giving  an  account  of 
a  case  of  vanolcs  coh&rentes  which  he  had 
been  attending.  In  1727  he  was  unanimously 
elected  to  the  Camden  professorship  of  ancient 
history,  no  other  candidate  offering  himself. 
Hearne  relates  that  soon  after  his  election  he 
bought  a  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  books  on 
history  and  chronology, '  on  purpose  to  qualify 
him  the  better  to  discharge'  the  duties  of  the 
office.  He  died  29  May  1761,  having  survived 
his  children,  who  died  young,  and  three  wives, 
Lady  Tyrell,  Elizabeth  Woodward,  and  Mrs. 
Graves,  daughter  of  Peter  Cranke.  He  be- 
queathed 2,000/.  intrust  for  the  king's  scholars 
of  Westminster  elected  to  Christ  Church,  and 
another  2,0001.  in  trust  for  the  physicians  of 
the  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  and  left  his  house  in 
Oxford,  now  known  as  Frewin  Hall,  to  the 
regius  professor  of  medicine  for  the  time  being. 
His  library  of  history  and  literature,  consist- 
ing of  2,300  volumes,  he  left  to  the  Radcliffe 
Library.  There  is  in  that  library  a  volume 
containing  a  collection  of  dried  specimens  of 
plants  made  by  him,  with  his  notes  in  manu- 
script on  their  medicinal  uses.  Portraits  are 
in  the  hall  and  common  room  at  Christ 
Church,  and  a  bust,  presented  by  Dr.  Hawley 
in  1757,  in  the  library  there. 

[List  of  Queen's  Scholars  of  Westminster ;  Cat. 
of  Oxford  Grad. ;  Oxford  Honours  Register ; 
Bliss's  Remains  of  Thomas  Hearne,  i.  212,  237; 
Hearne's  MS.  Diary,  Ixi.  123,  cviii.  136,  cxv.  158, 
cxvii.  75,  cxxx.  138,  cxxxv.  99,  cxliv.  98-9 ;  epi- 
taph in  St.  Peter's  in  the  East,  Oxford,  which, 
however,  like  the  Gent.  Mag.  (xxxi.  284),  errone- 
ously gives  his  age  as  eighty-four;  in  the  matricu- 
lation register  he  was  entered  4  July  1698  as 
seventeen,  from  which  it  appears  he  must  have 


been  born  in  1680  or  1681 ;  Jackson's  Oxford 
Journal,  6  June  1761  ;  Ingram's  Memorials  of 
Oxford,  iii.  (St.  Peter  le  Baily)  15;  Notes  and 
Queries,  3rd  ser.  vi.  1 50 ;  London  Mag.  fop 
1761,  p.  332;  inscription  on  the  back  of  his 
miniature  in  the  Radcliffe  Library;  catalogue  of 
his  books  in  the  Radcliffe  Library.]  E.  C-N. 

FRIDEGODE  (fl.  950).    [See  FRITHE- 

GODE.] 

FRIDESWIDE,  FRITHESWITH,  or 
FREDESWITHA,  SAINT  (d.  735  ?),  was, 
according  to  the  earliest  account,  a  king's 
daughter,  who  having  chosen  a  life  of  vir- 
ginity, refused  marriage  with  a  king.  Being 
persecuted  by  her  lover  she  fled  from  him, 
and  at  last  took  shelter  in  Oxford.  Her  lover 
pursued  her  thither ;  she  invoked  the  help  of 
God ;  the  king  was  struck  blind  as  he  drew 
near  the  gates  of  the  city  with  his  company ; 
he  repented,  and  sent  messengers  to  Frides- 
wide, and  his  sight  was  restored.  Hence  the 
kings  of  England,  it  was  believed,  feared  to 
enter  Oxford  in  later  days.  The  saint  pre- 
served her  virginity,  established  a  convent  at 
Oxford,  and  died  there  (  Gesta  Pontificum,  p. 
315).  William  of  Malmesbury,  who  was 
alive  when  Oxford  University  was  in  its  first 
infancy,  also  speaks  in  his  '  Gesta  Regum ' 
(i.  279)  of  a  record  in  the  archives  of  St. 
Frideswide's  church  dated  1002.  This  re- 
cord is  probably  represented  in  an  Oseney 
cartulary,  Cotton  MS.  Vitell.  E.  xv.  f.  5,  late 
thirteenth  century,  quoted  by  Dugdale  (Mon- 
asticon,  ii.  143),  which  says  that  the  saint  was 
the  daughter  of  Didanus,  king  of  Oxford,  who 
built  for  her  a  monastery  there,  that  she  ob- 
tained a  place  then  called  '  Thornbirie,'  and 
afterwards  '  Binseye,'  where  she  had  a  holy 
spring,and  that  she  worked  miracles  (PARKER, 
p.  91).  There  are  also  two  twelfth-century 
manuscript  lives,  Cotton  MS.  Nero  E.  1,  and 
Bodl.  MS.  Laud.  Misc.  p.  114,  which,  taken 
together,  though  they  differ  from  each  other 
in  several  points  (these  differences  are  fully 
noted  by  PARKER),  make  the  saint  the  daugh- 
ter of  Didanus  and  Sefrid ;  she  was  brought 
up  by  a  matron  named  Algiva  (^Elfgifu), 
was  given  a  nunnery  by  her  father,  and  was 
persecuted  by  Algar  (^Elfgar),  king  of  Leices- 
ter, whose  messengers  were  struck  blind,  but 
restored  to  sight  at  her  prayer.  She  fled  by 
water  to  Benton  (?),  and  abode  there.  Mean- 
while Algar  entered  Oxford  and  was  struck 
blind  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Frideswide  went 
to  Binsey  or  Thornbury,  and  founded  a  nun- 
nery, and  had  a  holy  spring  there.  She 
worked  miracles.  The  circumstances  of  her 
death  are  part  of  the  common  property  of 
hagiology.  She  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
St.  Mary  at  Oxford,  on  the  south  side  (ib. 

T2 


Frideswide 


276 


Friend 


pp.  95-101).  There  is  a  fourteenth-century 
life  in  Lansdowne  MS.  436.  It  is  not  impro- 
bable that  St.  Frideswide,  a  member  of  the 
royal  house  of  Mercia,  should  have  founded  a 
monastery  at  Oxford  in  the  eighth  century 
(BoASE,  Oxford,  p.  5).  The  belief  that  Eng- 
lish kings  feared  to  enter  the  city  is  curious, 
for  Oxford  was  a  favourite  place  for  holding 
meetings  of  the  witan  in  the  eleventh  century, 
and  King  Harold  died  there  in  1040.  It  lin- 
gered late,  for  it  is  noted  that  Henry  III  'de- 
fied the  old  superstition  which  was  commonly 
repeated '  by  worshipping  at  the  saint's  shrine 
in  1264  (WYKES,  iv.  143),  and  it  was  said 
that  Edward  I  refrained  from  entering  Oxford 
in  1275  from  fear  of  the  legend  (ib.  p.  264). 
The  relics  of  St.  Frideswide  were  translated 
on  12  Feb.  1180  (ib.  p.  39).  Wood  says 
that  Henry  II  was  present  at  the  ceremony 
(Annals,  i.  166,  comp.  HARDY,  Descript.  Cat. 
i.  460)  ;  the  church  was  within  the  walls.  A 
second  translation  was  performed  on  10  Sept. 
1289  to  a  new  and  splendid  shrine  erected  near 
the  old  shrine  (Ann.  Osen.  iv.  318).  Probably 
at  a  later  date  the  shrine  was  removed  to  the 
north  aisle.  The  shrine  was  destroyed  in 
1538.  Some  bones,  said  to  be  those  of  St. 
Frideswide,  were  in  the  church  in  the  reign 
of  Mary,  for  in  1557  Pole  considered  that 
wrong  had  been  done  to  the  saint  by  bury- 
ing Catherine  Cathie,  once  a  nun,  the  wife 
of  Peter  Martyr,  near  the  virgin's  sepulchre. 
Catherine's  bones  were  accordingly  cast  out. 
In  Elizabeth's  reign  Catherine's  bones  were  re- 
buried  and  were  mixed  with  the  relics  of  the 
saint,  both  being  laid  in  the  same  receptacle, 
with  the  epitaph, '  Hie  jacet  religio  cum  super- 
stitione '  (Monasticon,  ii.  141 ;  FROTTDE,  vi. 
36-8).  St.  Fridewide's  monastery  came  into 
the  hands  of  secular  priest  s  or  canons  probably 
during  the  Danish  wars  of  the  ninth  century, 
and  was  held  by  them  when  the  Domesday 
survey  was  made  (Domesday,  f.  157  a).  The 
condition  of  the  house  was  in  bad  repute,  and 
in  1111  or  1121  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
established  there  a  convent  of  regular  canons 
of  St.  Augustine  under  Guimund  as  the  first 
prior  ( Gesta  Pontificum,  p.  316).  The  con- 
vent was  suppressed  in  virtue  of  a  bull  ob- 
tained by  Wolsey  from  Clement  VII,  and 
bearing  date  15  Sept.  1524,  which  was  con- 
firmed by  the  king  5  Jan.  1525.  In  July 
Henry  granted  the  site  and  lands  to  Wolsey 
for  the  foundation  of  '  Cardinal's  College.' 
The  society  was  refounded  by  the  king  in 
1532  under  the  name  of '  King  Henry  VIII's 
College  in  Oxford.'  Lastly,  in  1545,  the 
collegiate  church  was  made  cathedral,  and 
called  the  church  of '  Christ  and  the  B.  Vir- 
gin Mary,'  and  was  again  founded  in  the 
November  of  the  next  year  as  the  '  Cathe- 


dral church  of  Christ,'  the  old  college  becom- 
ing the  house  of  Christ  Church.  St.  Frides- 
wide's  day  is  19  Oct.,  on  which  she  is  sup- 
posed to  have  died  (LELAND,  Collectanea,  i. 
342),  and  for  which  there  is  an  office  in  the 
Sarum  Breviary.  Under  the  year  1268 
Wood  observes  that  after  the  translation  of 
the  saint  it  was  the  custom  for  the  chan- 
cellor and  scholars  in  the  middle  of  Lent 
and  on  the  festival  of  the  Ascension  to  go 
in  procession  to  the  church  of  St.  Frideswide 
as  the  mother-church  of  the  university  and 
town,  and  there  worship  (Annals,  i.  272). 

[Parker's  Early  Hist,  of  Oxford,  pp.  86-104 
(Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.);  Acta  SS.  Oct.  viii.  533  sq.; 
William  of  Malmesbury,  Gesta  Pontificum,  p. 
31-5  (Rolls  Ser.),  and  Gesta  Regum,i.297  (Engl. 
Hist.  Soc.) ;  Ann.  de  Osen.,  Chron.  T.  Wykes, 
Ann.  Monast.  iv.  39,  143,  264,  318  ;  Robert  of 
Gloucester,  ii.  545  (Hearne) ;  Dugdale's  filonas- 
ticon,  ii.  134-75 :  Leland's  Collectanea,  i.  342 
(Hearne) ;  Wood's  Ann;ils,  Hist,  and  Antiq.  of 
Oxford,  i.  166,  272  (Gutch)  ;  Hardy's  Descript. 
Cat.  i.  460  (Rolls  Ser.) ;  Leonard  Hutten's 
Antiq.  of  Oxford,  Elizabethan  Oxford,  pp.  51-61 
(Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.) ;  Boase's  Oxford,  pp.  4,  9,  38 
(Historic  Towns  Ser.);  Froude's  Hist,  of  Eng- 
land, vi.  36-8  (ed.  cr.  8vo) ;  Diet,  of  Christian 
Biog.  ii.  563.]  W.  H. 

FRIEND,  SIR  JOHX  (d.  1696),  conspira- 
tor, was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Friend,  a 
brewer,  who  resided  in  the  precinct  of  St. 
Katharine's,  near  the  Tower  of  London  (LE 
XEVE,  Pedigrees  of  the  Knights,  Harl.  Soc. 
pp.  398-9 ;  will  of  John  Friend,  the  elder, 
P.  C.  C.  141 ,  Mico).  He  foUowed  his  father's 
business.  He  built  the  '  stately  brewhouse ' 
called  the  Phoenix  in  the  Minories,  and 
amassed  considerable  wealth.  For  a  while 
he  maintained  a  fine  country  residence  at 
Hackney.  In  1683  he  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner of  excise  (HAYDN,  Book  of  Digni- 
ties, p.  502).  As  colonel  of  the  Artillery 
Company  Friend,  on  occasion  of  their  feast, 
26  June  1684,  had  the  honour  of  entertain- 
ing the  Duke  of  York  and  Prince  George  of 
Denmark'  at  a  banquett  in  a  fair  large  tent' 
in  the  Artillery  Ground  (LITTTRELL,  Rela- 
tion of  State  Affairs,  1857,  i.  312).  Though 
avowedly  a  protest  ant  he  remained  a  faith- 
ful adherent  of  James  II,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted  3  Aug.  1685.  After  the  revolution 
he  was  expelled  from  the  artillery  company 
at  a  meeting  held  in  February  1689-90  (ib. 
ii.  13),  and  lost  his  seat  at  the  board  of  ex- 
cise. However,  by  a  treasury  order  dated 
18  Dec.  1690,  he  was  relieved  from  the  pay- 
ment of  excise  duties  (Cal.  State  Papers, 
Treas.  1556-1696,  p.  148).  James  sent  him 
a  colonel's  commission  to  raise  a  regiment, 
of  horse  against  the  day  when  the  French 


Frisell 


277 


Fri  swell 


should  appear  in  Kent ;  but,  observes  Bur- 
net,  '  his  purse  was  more  considered  than  his 
head,  and  was  open  on  all  occasions  as  the 
party  applied  to  him'  {Own  Time,  Oxford 
edit.  iv.  304).  He  refused,  however,  to  take 
any  share  in  the  infamous  plot  against  the  life 
of  William  III,  although  he  kept  the  secret. 
On  the  discovery  of  the  conspiracy  he  was 
arraigned  for  high  treason  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
23  March  1696,  and  was  denied  the  assist- 
ance of  counsel  by  Chief-justice  Holt.  The 
act  which  allowed  counsel  in  cases  of  treason 
came  into  operation  two  days  later  (25  March) . 
Friend  was  convicted  and  sentenced  to  death. 
He  could  only  helplessly  protest  that  the 
witnesses  against  him 'were  papists,  and  not 
to  be  believed  against  protestants.'  His  life 
might  yet  have  been  spared  had  he  not  man- 
fully refused  to  betray  his  confederates  to  a 
committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  (Lui- 
TRELL,  iv.  38-9).  Together  with  Sir  William 
Parkyns  he  was  executed  at  Tyburn  3  April 
1696.  They  received  absolution  at  the  scaf- 
fold from  three  nonjuring  clergymen  [see 
under  JEREMY  COLLIER].  Friend's  remains 
were  barbarously  set  up  at  Temple  Bar,  '  a 
dismal  sight,'  says  Evelyn,  '  which  many 
pitied '  (Diary,  ed.  Wheatley,  iii.  128).  Ayl- 
mer,  the  bookseller,  for  printing  Friend's  trial, 
'  wherein  his  lordship  (i.e.  Holt)  is  misrepre- 
sented,' was  arrested  by  order  of  Holt  in  May 
(LuTTRELL,iv.55).  Friend  was  twice  married. 
According  to  Le  Neve  (1.  c.),  '  Mr.  Gibbon, 
John,  writt  a  little  pamphlet  called  the  whole 
life  &  conversation  of  Sr  Jo.  friend.'  The 
name  is  spelt  indifferently  '  Freind '  or 
'  Friend.' 

[Will  of  William  Freind  (P.  C.  C.  140,  Hyde); 
Howell's  State  Trials,  xiii.  1-64,  133-8,  406; 
Burnet's  Own  Time  (Oxford  edit.  1823),  iv.  304- 
307;  Cal.  State  Papers, Treas.  1690-1700;  Notes 
and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  i.  25.]  G.  G. 

FRISELL,  FRASER  (1774-1846), 
friend  of  Chateaubriand  and  Joubert,  of  Bri- 
tish, probably  Scottish  parentage,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  university  of  Glasgow.  He  was 
in  France,  for  the  purpose  of  finishing  his 
education,  in  1793,  when,  in  pursuance  of 
the  decree  of  the  convention  for  the  arrest 
of  strangers,  he  was  thrown  into  prison  at 
Dijon,  where  he  remained  for  fifteen  months. 
There  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mme. 
de  Guitaut,  whose  hospitality  he  accepted 
until  his  return  to  England,  after  the  signa- 
ture of  the  treaty  of  Amiens.  He  was  again 
in  France  on  the  renewal  of  the  war  in  1803, 
and  was  again  imprisoned,  but  not  for  long. 
Frisell  now  took  up  his  residence  at  Paris, 
where  he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  spending,  however,  a  portion  of  each  year 


in  travel,  and  in  visits  to  Mme.  de  Guitaut 
and  her  husband  at  Epoisses.  He  became  the 
intimate  friend  of  Chateaubriand,  Joubert, 
Fontanes,  and  thejr  circle.  In  memory  of 
Frisell's  daughter  Elisa,  who  died  at  Passy  in 
1832,Chateaubriand,while  in  prison  on  charge 
of  participation  in  the  Duchesse  de  Berry's 
attempt  to  overthrow  the  Orleanist  regime, 
composed  the  touching  stanzas, '  Jeune  Fille 
et  Jeune  Fleur '  (CHATEAUBRIAND,  Memoires 
d1  Outre-tombe,  x.  147-61,  where  the  verses 
are  given),  and  portions  of  the  affectionate 
correspondence  between  Frisell  and  Joubert 
have  been  preserved  (Pensees  et  Correspon- 
dance  de  J.  Joubert,  ed.  Paul  de  Raynal,  1862, 
pp.  249,  265  ;  Les  Correspondants  de  J.  Jou- 
bert, ed.  by  the  same,  1883,  p.  351).  He  died 
while  on  a  visit  to  England  in  February 
1846. 

Frisell  was  a  man  of  considerable  accom- 
plishments. Chateaubriand  called  him  '  le 
Greco-Anglais,'  and  Count  Marcellus,  while 
styling  him  fantastic,  testifies  to  his  culture 
and  knowledge.  His  manner  is  described  as 
reserved  and  his  conversation  sarcastic,  with 
an  affectation  of  indifference  which  annoyed 
his  friends,  particularly  Mme.  de  Chateau- 
briand ;  but  he  was  generally  beloved.  The 
only  work  that  he  is  known  to  have  written 
is  an  '  Etude  sur  la  Constitution  de  1'Angle- 
terre,  avec  des  remarques  sur  1'ancienne  Con- 
stitution de  la  France,'  1820. 

[Les  Correspondants  de  J.  Joubert,  mentioned 
above ;  Le  Comte  de  Marcellus'  Chateaubriand 
et  son  Temps  ;  Athenaeum,  1846,  p.  175.] 

L.  C.  S. 

FRISWELL,  JAMES  HAIN  (1825- 
1878),  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of  William 
Friswell,  of  93  AVimpole  Street,  London,  at- 
torney-at-law,  was  born  at  Newport,  Shrop- 
shire, 8  May  1825,  and  educated  at  Apsley 
School,  near  Woburn,  Bedfordshire.  He 
was  intended  for  the  legal  profession,  which 
he  did  not  enter,  but  for  some  years  was 
obliged  to  follow  a  business  which  was  un- 
congenial to  his  tastes.  He  early  showed  a 
preference  for  literature,  and  contributed  in 
1852  to  the  '  Puppet  Show,'  conducted  by 
Angus  B.  Reach  and  Albert  Smith.  Much 
of  his  life  was  devoted  to  the  defence  of 
Christianity.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  'Chambers's  Journal,'  the  'Leader,'  the 
'  Spectator,'  the  'London  Review,'  the '  Satur- 
day Review,'  and  the  '  Pictorial  World.'  His 
first  successful  works  were  '  Houses  with  the 
Fronts  off,'  brought  out  in  1854,  and '  Twelve 
inside  and  one  out.  Edited  from  the  Papers 
of  Mr.  Limbertongue,'  which  appeared  in  the 
following  year.  In  January  1 858  he  founded 
the  Friday  Knights,  a  social  society,  the 
name  of  which  was  changed  to  the  Urban 


Fri  swell 


278 


Frith 


Club  on  15  Nov.  1858.  One  of  his  most 
useful  publications  was  '  Familiar  Words,  a 
Collection  of  Quotations,'  a  work  of  much 
labour,  which  he  produced  in  1864.  In  the 
same  year  he  wrote  his  best-known  work, 
'  The  Gentle  Life,'  which  became  very  popular, 
and  ran  to  upwards  of  twenty  editions,  in- 
cluding an  edition  dedicated  by  desire  to  the 
queen.  His  own  periodical,  '  The  Censor,  a 
Weekly  Review  of  Satire,  Politics,  Litera- 
ture, and  Arts,'  enjoyed  but  a  short  life,  only 
running  from  23  May  to  7  Nov.  1868.  He 
was  the  projector  and  editor  of  the  '  Bayard 
Series,  a  Collection  of  Pleasure  Books  of  Li- 
terature,' published  by  Sampson  Low  &  Co., 
and  he  also  edited  the  '  Gentle  Life  Series,' 
the  latter  series  consisting  chiefly  of  reprints 
of  his  own  writings.  In  1867  he  was  a  con- 
tributor to  the '  Evening  Star '  under  the  sig- 
nature of  Jaques.  WTiile  on  a  visit  to  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan  at  Frampton  Court,  Dor- 
setshire, in  December  1869,  whither  he  had 
been  invited  to  meet  John  Lothrop  Motley, 
author  of  the  '  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic,' 
he  ruptured  a  blood-vessel.  He  was  hence- 
forth a  confirmed  invalid,  but  continued  to 
work  till  within  a  few  hours  of  his  death. 
In  1870  he  produced '  Modern  Men  of  Letters 
honestly  criticised.'  Mr.  Sala,  whose  life 
was  very  severely  commented  on  in  this 
work,  brought  an  action  for  defamation  of 
character  against  Hodder  &  Stoughton,  the 

Publishers  of  the  book,  and  obtained  500/. 
amages  (  Times,  18  Feb.  1871,  p.  11).  In  the 
advancement  of  the  working  classes  Fris- 
well  took  a  great  interest,  delivering  lectures, 
giving  readings,  and  forming  schools  for  their 
instruction.  He  also  laboured  earnestly  to 
reform  cheap  literature  for  boys,  and  his  efforts 
were  successful  in  repressing  the  circulation 
of  some  of  the  most  notorious  of  the  penny 
publications.  The  majority  of  his  essays  at- 
tained great  popularity ;  but  his  novels  did  not 
possess  the  elements  of  enduring  life.  He  died 
at  his  residence,  Fair  Home,  Bexley  Heath, 
Kent,  12  March  1878.  He  was  the  author 
or  editor  of  the  following  works :  1.  '  The 
Russian  Empire,  its  History  and  Present 
Condition  of  its  People,'  1854.  2.  '  Houses 
with  the  Fronts  off,'  1854.  3.  '  Blackwood's 
Comic  Zadkiel,'  1855.  4.  'Twelve  inside 
and  one  out,'  1855.  5.  '  Songs  of  the  War. 
Edited  with  Original  Songs,' 1855.  6.  'Dia- 
monds and  Spades,  a  story  of  Two  Lives,' 
1858.  7.  '  Ghost  Stories  and  Phantom  Fan- 
cies,' 1858.  8.  '  Out  and  About,  a  Boy's  Ad- 
ventures,' 1860.  9.  'Footsteps  to  Fame,  a 
Book  to  open  other  Books,'  1861.  10.  '  Sham, 
a  Novel  written  in  earnest,' 1861.  11.  'Young 
Couple  and  Miscellanies,'  1862.  12.  'A 
Daughter  of  Eve,'  a  novel,  1863.  13.  '  About 


in  the  World,'  essays,  1864 ;  6th  ed.  1879. 

14.  '  The  Gentle  Life,  Essays  in  Aid  of  the 
Formation  of  Character,'  1864;  21st  ed.  1879. 

15.  '  Life  Portraits  of  Shakespeare,  a  history 
of  the  various  representations  of  the  Poet,' 

1864.  16.  '  A  Splendid  Fortune,'  a  novel, 

1865.  17.  '  Familiar  Words,  an  Index  Ver- 
borum,  or  a  Quotation  Handbook,'  1865;  5th 
ed.   1880.     18.  'Francis   Spira,'  and   other 
poems,    1865.     19.  'Varia,   Readings  from 
Rare  Books,'  1866.     20.  'Essays  by  Mon- 
taigne,'edited  and  compared,  1866.  21.  'The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Arcadia,'  by  Sir  P. 
Sidney,  with  notes  and  introductory  essay, 
1867.    22.  'Other  People's  Windows,' a  series 
of    sketches,   2  vols.    1868,   3rd  ed.   1876. 
23.  'The   Silent  Hour,  Essays  for   Sunday 
Reading,'  1868.     24.  '  The  Gentle  Life,'  2nd 
ser.  1868;  llth  ed.  1879.     25.  'Like  unto 
Christ,'  a  translation  of  the  '  De  Imitatione 
Christi '  of  A  Kempis,  1868.   26.  '  Essays  on 
English  Writers,'   1869.      27.    'Essays  on 
Mosaic,'  by  T.  Ballantyne,  with  a  preface, 
1870.    28.  '  Modern  Men  of  Letters  honestly 
criticised,'  1 870.     29..  '  One  of  Two,'  a  novel, 
3  vols.    1871.      30.    'Pleasure,   a  Holiday 
Book,'   1871.    31.   'Reflections,'  by  F.  de 
Rochefoucauld,  with  introduction,  notes,  and 
an  account  of  the  author  and  his  times,  1871. 
32.  'A  Man's  Thoughts,' 1872.    33.  'Ninety 
Three,'  by  V.  M.   Hugo,  translated,   1874. 
34.  '  Ward's  Picture  Fables  from  ^Esop,  told 
anew  in  Verse,'  1874.     35.  'The  Better  Self, 
Essays  from  Home  Life,'  1875.     36.  '  Our 
Square  Circle,'  completed  by  his  daughter, 
L.  H.  Friswell,  1880.    He  also  wrote '  Christ- 
mas Eve   in   Custody,'  printed  in  '  Mixed 
Sweets,'  1867,  and  the  '  Magical  Ointment,' 
printed  in '  The  Savage  Club  Papers,'  1868. 

[Times,  15  March  1878,  p.  5;  Graphic, 
30  March  1878,  pp.  320,  332,  with  portrait; 
Pictorial  World,  16  March  1878,  p.  42,  6  April, 
pp.  82,  84,  with  portrait;  Academy,  23  March 
1878,  p.  256;  Bookseller,  3  April  1878,  p.  296.] 

G.  C.  B. 

FRITH,  JOHN  (1503-1533),  protestant 
martyr,  was  born  in  1503  at  Westerham  in 
Kent.  During  his  childhood  his  parents  went 
to  reside  at  Sevenoaks  in  the  same  county, 
where  his  father  became  an  innkeeper.  He 
was  then  sent  to  Eton,  and  subsequently  be- 
came a  student  at  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1525.  A 
few  months  afterwards  he  proceeded  to  Ox- 
ford and  was  incorporated  a  member  of  the 
university  on  7  Dec.  in  that  year,  being  made 
!  one  of  the  junior  canons  of  Cardinal  College 
(afterwards  Christ  Church),  at  the  instance  of 
the  founder,  Cardinal  Wolsey,  who  had  been 
attracted  by  his  learning  and  great  abilities. 


Frith 


279 


Frith 


During  this  year, while  in  London,  Frith  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Tyndal,  whom  he  assisted 
in  translating  the  New  Testament  into  Eng- 
lish (Biog.  Brit,)  His  success  in  promulgating 
the  views  of  the  reformers  was  such  that  the 
authorities  of  the  university  caused  him  and 
some  of  his  friends  to  he  imprisoned  in  the 
fish  cellar  of  the  college.  In  1 528  he  was 
released  at  the  request  of  Cardinal  Wolsey, 
on  condition  that  he  should  not  go  more  than 
ten  miles  from  Oxford.  He  went  abroad, 
however,  and  resided  chiefly  at  the  newly 
founded  university  of  Marburg,  where  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  several  reformers, 
particularly  of  Patrick  Hamilton,  a  transla- 
tion of  whose  '  Places '  was  his  first  publica- 
tion. He  also  assisted  Tyndal  in  his  literary 
labours.  He  appears  to  have  lived  abroad 
about  six  years,  and  during  this  period  to  have 
married  and  had  children.  There  is  evidence 
that  while  he  was  in  Holland  the  king 
(Henry  VIII)  was  ready  to  provide  for  him 
if  he  would  renounce  his  opinions,  but,  al- 
though in  considerable  poverty,  he  refused, 
and  even  wrote  a  work  on  the  doctrine  of 
purgatory,  directed  against  the  writings  of 
Bishop  Fisher,  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  Rastell. 
About  the  middle  of  1532  he  returned  to 
England,  leaving  his  wife  and  family  in  Hol- 
land, and  proceeded  to  Reading,  where  he 
either  had  business,  on  which  he  and  Tyndal 
laid  some  stress,  with  the  prior  of  Reading, 
or  had  expectation  of  receiving  some  relief 
from  him.  On  his  arrival  at  Reading  he 
was  set  in  the  stocks  as  a  rogue  and  vaga- 
bond, and  only  released  at  the  intercession 
of  Leonard  Cox  [q.  v.],  the  schoolmaster  of 
that  town.  Frith  then  went  to  London.  A 
warrant  for  his  arrest  on  a  charge  of  heresy 
was  issued  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  the  lord 
chancellor,  and  Frith  endeavoured  to  remain 
in  concealment.  His  movements  were,  how- 
ever, closely  watched ;  he  was  arrested  at 
Milton  Shore  in  Essex  when  endeavouring 
to  escape  to  Holland,  and  conveyed  to  the 
Tower.  While  there  he  so  gained  the  con- 
fidence of  the  keeper  that  he  was  occasion- 
ally allowed  to  leave  the  prison  at  night  to 
'  consult  with  godly  men,'  and  to  stay  at  the 
house  of  Petit,  a  wealthy  merchant  and 
member  of  parliament,  who  was  subsequently 
imprisoned  for  favouring  the  views  of  the  re- 
formers. During  his  imprisonment  Frith  for- 
mulated his  views  upon  the  sacrament.  He 
held  (1)  That  the  doctrine  of  the  sacrament 
was  not  an  article  of  faith  to  be  held  under 
pain  of  damnation ;  (2)  that  Christ's  natu- 
ral body  having  the  properties  of  our  bodies, 
except  as  to  sin,  it  was  not  agreeable  to  reason 
that  it  could  be  in  two  or  more  places  at  once ; 
(3)  that  it  was  not  right  or  necessary  to  un- 


derstand Christ's  words  in  the  literal  sense, 
but  only  according  to  the  analogy  of  scrip- 
ture ;  (4)  that  the  sacrament  ought  only  to 
be  received  according  to  the  true  and  right 
institution  of  Christ,  and  not  according  to 
the  order  then  used.  After  the  succession 
of  Sir  Thomas  Audley  to  the  chancellorship, 
the  rigour  of  Frith's  imprisonment  was  much 
softened,  and  it  is  evident  from  manuscripts 
that  the  authorities  were  disposed  to  treat 
him  with  much  leniency.  A  tailor  named 
William  Holt,  under  pretence  of  friendliness 
for  Frith,  obtained  a  copy  of  his  views  on  the 
sacrament,  and  carried  it  to  More,  who  printed 
a  tract  against  Frith's  opinions.  Frith  pro- 
cured a  written  copy  with  considerable  dif- 
ficulty, but  did  not  see  a  printed  copy  until 
his  examination  before  the  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester. While  instrict  confinement,  he  wrote 
an  able  reply,  when  one  of  the  royal  chaplains 
attacked  Frith  in  a  sermon  preached  before  the 
king.  Frith  was  then,  by  the  king's  orders, 
examined  before  Audley,  the  Duke  of  Suffolk, 
the  Earl  of  Wiltshire,  Bishops  Stokesley  and 
Gardner,  and  Archbishop  Cranmer,  when, 
notwithstanding  the  arguments  and  persua- 
sions of  Cranmer,  he  remained  firm.  On  the 
way  to  Croydon  to  be  examined  before  the 
archbishop  he  was  offered  the  means  of  es- 
cape, but  declined  to  accept  them.  As  Frith 
refused  to  recant,  the  matter  was  left  to  the 
determination  of  the  Bishopsof  London,  Win- 
chester, and  Chichester,  before  whom  he  ap- 
peared at  St.  Paul's  on  20  June  1533.  He 
continued  to  deny  the  doctrines  of  transub- 
stantiation  and  purgatory,  and,  having  sub- 
scribed to  his  answers,  was  condemned  by 
the  Bishop  of  London  to  be  burnt  as  an  obsti- 
nate heretic.  Frith  was  now  handed  over 
to  the  secular  arm  and  confined  in  Newgate. 
Although  loaded  with  chains  so  that  he  could 
neither  quite  lie  down  nor  stand  upright,  he 
occupied  himself  in  writing  continually  until, 
on  4  July,  he  was  conveyed  to  Smithfield  and 
there  publicly  burnt.  He  died  with  great 
courage,  reaffirming  his  beliefs  at  the  stake. 
All  contemporary  writers  agree  as  to  his  ex- 
traordinary abilities,  his  great  learning,  his 
unaffected  piety,  and  his  simple  life.  He  was 
the  first  of  the  English  martyrs  who  main- 
tained the  doctrine  of  the  sacrament  which 
was  subsequently  adopted  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer. 

Frith's  chief  works  are :  1.  Fruitful  Ga- 
therings of  Scripture,'  12mo,  being  a  trans- 
lation of  Patrick  Hamilton's  'Places,'  n.d. 
[1529  ?],  printed  by  William  Copeland.  This 
is  printed  in  Foxe's  '  Acts,  &c.'  2.  'A  Pistle 
to  the  Christen  Reder;  the  Revelation  of 
Anti-Christ :  Anthithesis  wherein  are  com- 
pared togeder  Christe's  Actes  and  oure  Holye 


Frith 


280 


Frith 


Father  the  Popes,'  1529,  8vo,  black  letter  ; 
printed  by  Ilaus  Luft  at  Malborow  (Mar- 
burg) in  Hesse.  This,  one  of  the  first  anti- 
papistical  books  in  English,  was  published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Richarde  Brightwell. 
The  '  Revelation  of  Anti-Christ '  was  a  trans- 
lation from  the  German,  whether  of  a  book 
or  manuscript,  and  by  whom,  is  not  known. 
3.  '  A  Disputacion  of  Purgatorye,  diuided  into 
thre  bokes :  the  fyrst  boke  is  an  answer  unto 
Rastel,  which  goeth  aboute  to  proue  Purga- 
torye by  Naturall  Phylosophye ;  the  second 
boke  answereth  unto  Sir  Thomas  More,  which 
laboureth  to  proue  Purgatorye  by  Scripture ; 
the  thyrde  boke  maketh  answere  unto  my 
Lorde  of  Rochestre,  which  leaneth  unto  the 
Doctoures,'  without  printer's  name,  date,  or 
place,  but  believed  to  be  printed  at  Mar- 
burg in  1531,  12mo ;  reprinted  in  London, 
1533.  This  was  a  reply  to  Bishop  Fisher 
(?  title),  More's  '  Supplycacion  of  Soulys  in 
Purgatory '  (printed  in  1529  ?),  and  J.  Ras- 
tell's  '  Boke  of  Purgatory '  (1530),  and  was 
prohibited  by  proclamation  in  1534  (STRYPE, 
JEcc.  Mon.,  ed.  1822,  i.  418),  as  were  all 
Frith's  works  in  the  reign  of  Mary  (STRYPE, 
Parker,  ed.  1821,  i.  418).  4.  'A  Letter  unto 
Faithfull  Folowers  of  Christ's  Gospell,'  no 
printer's  name  or  place  (1532?);  reprinted 
in  the  collected  edition  of  1573.  5.  '  A 
Myrrour  or  Glasse  to  Knowe  Thyselfe,'  no 
printer's  name,  black  letter  (written  in  the 
Tower),  1532?,  8vo;  reprinted  in  1626  by 
Boler  and  Mylbourne,  London,  as  '  A  Mir- 
rour  or  Glasse  to  Know  Thy  Selfe :  a  briei'e 
instruction  to  teach  a  person  willingly  to 
die.'  6.  '  A  Boke  made  by  John  Fryth,  pry- 
soner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  answerynge 
to  M.  More's  Letter  which  he  wrote  agaynst 
the  fyrst  lytle  Treatyse  that  John  Ffryth 
made  concernynge  the  Sacramente  of  the 
Body  and  Bloode  of  Christ,'  printed  by 
Conrade  Willems,  Munster,  1533,  8vo ;  re- 
printed in  1546  by  R.  Jugge,  London ;  by 
the  same,  1548  (newly  corrected)  ;  and  1548 
by  Scoloker  &  Seres,  London  (now  newly  re- 
vised), all  in  black  letter.  7.  '  A  Myrroure 
or  Lookynge  Glasse  wherein  you  may  be- 
holdethe  Sacramente  of  Baptisme  described,' 
printed  by  John  Daye,  1533, 8vo,  black  letter ; 
republished  in  1554  as  '  Behold  the  Sacra- 
ment of  Baptism  described,'  answered  by 
More  after  Frith's  death.  8.  'Another  Boke 
against  Rastell,  named  the  Subsadye  or  Bul- 
wark to  his  Furst  Boke  made  by  Jhon  Frithe, 
Presoner  in  the  Tower,'  without  printer's 
name,  date,  or  place,  12mo,  1533?,  black 
letter.  9.  '  The  Articles  wherefore  John 
Frith  he  Dyed,  which  he  wrote  in  Newgate 
the  23  day  of  June  1533,'  London,  1548, 
12mo,  black  letter.  10.  '  His  Judgment  upon 


Will  Tracey  of  Todington  in  Glocestershirer 
his  Testament,'  1531  (printed  1535),  title 
from  Wood's  '  Athenae  Oxon.'i.74  (ed.  1813). 

A  volume, '  Vox  Piscis,  or  the  Book  Fish/ 
containing  three  treatises :  '  A  Preparation 
to  the  Cross,' '  A  Mirrour  or  glasse  to  know 
thyselfe,'  and  '  A  Brief  Instruction  to  teach 
a  person  willingly  to  die,'  was  said  to  have 
been  found  in  a  codfish  in  Cambridge  mar- 
ket in  1626,  was  subsequently  printed  by 
Boler  and  Mylbourne,  and  is  stated  in  the 
preface  to  be  by  Frith.  Ussher  (Letters^ 
Nos.  100,  101)  ascribes  it  to  Richard  Tracie 
(see  FULLER,  Worthies,  Gloucestershire,  ed. 
1811,  i.  384).  '  An  Admonition  or  Warning- 
that  the  Faithful  Christias  in  London  &c. 
may  auoid  God's  Vengeance,'  &c.,  Witton- 
burge,  1554,  N.  Dorcaster,  8vo,  although  it 
bears  the  name  of  John  Knokes,  is  believed 
to  be  by  Frith.  '  The  Testament  of  Master 
W.  Tracie,  Esquire,  expounded  both  by  W. 
Tindall  and  John  Frith,'  &c.,  1535,  printed 
at  Antwerp  without  printer's  name,  in  black 
letter,  is  also  partially  by  Frith. 

Frith's  works  were  published  by  Foxe  in 
1573  as  '  The  whole  Works  of  W.  TyndaU, 
John  Frith,  and  Doct.  Barnes,  three  worthy 
Martyrs  and  principall  Teachers  of  this  Church 
of  England,  collected  and  compiled  in  one 
tome  together,  beying  before  scattered,  and 
now  in  print  here  exhibited  to  the  Church. 
To  the  prayse  of  God  and  profite  of  all  good 
Christian  readers,'  London,  fol.,  black  letter. 
Another  edition  was  published  by  Russell  in 
1631. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.,  ed.Bliss.i.  74 ;  Cooper's 
Athense  Cantabr.  i.  47  ;  Foxe's  Acts  and  Monu- 
ments, v.  6;  Fuller's Ch.  Hist.  (Brewer),  iii.  85; 
Cranmer's  Works  (Cox),  ii.  246 ;  Middleton's 
Eccl.  Biog.  i.  123  ;  Russell's  Works  of  Engl.  Re- 
formers, vol.  iii. ;  Anderson's  Annals  of  the  Eng- 
lish Bible.vol.  iii.;  StatePapers,  Dom.  Henry  VIII, 
vii.  302,  490  ;  Archaeologw,  xviii.  81 ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  4th  ser.  viii.  28.]  A.  C.  B. 

FRITH,  MARY  (1584  ?-1659),  commonly 
known  as  MOLL  CUTPURSE,  was  the  daughter 
of  a  shoemaker  in  the  Barbican.  The  anony- 
mous author  of '  The  Life  and  Death  of  Mrs. 
Mary  Frith  '  (1662 )  states  that  she  was  born 
in  1589,  and  that  she  died  in  her  '  threescore 
and  fourteenth  year.'  If  she  was  born  in 
1589,  she  could  not  have  been  in  her  seventy- 
fourth  year  when  she  died.  Malone  gives 
1584  as  the  date  of  her  birth.  It  is  stated  in 
a  noteinDodsley's  'Old  Plays,' 1780, xii.  389, 
on  the  authority  of  a  manuscript  letter  in  the 
British  Museum,  that  she  died  at  her  house 
in  Fleet  Street  26  July  1659,  and  was  buried 
in  the  church  of  St.  Bridget's ;  this  date  of 
death  is  also  given  in  '  Smyth's  Obituary  r 
(Camd.  Soc.)  p.  51.  Cunningham  says  that 


Frith 


281 


Frobisher 


she  was  buried  10  Aug.  1659.  Particular 
care  was  bestowed  on  her  education,  but 
she  would  not  submit  to  discipline.  '  A  very 
tomrig  or  rumpscuttle  she  was,'  says  her 
anonymous  biographer,  '  and  delighted  and 
sported  only  in  boys'  play  and  pastime,  not 
minding  or  companying  with  the  girls.' 
When  she  had  grown  to  be  a  '  lusty  and 
sturdy  wench '  she  was  put  out  to  service  ; 
but  she  disliked  household  work  of  any  kind, 
and  '  had  a  natural  abhorrence  to  the  tending 
of  children.'  Abandoning  domestic  service 
she  donned  man's  attire,  and  gained  great 
notoriety  as  a  bully,  pickpurse,  fortune-teller, 
receiver,  and  forger.  Chamberlain,  in  one  of 
his  letters  to  Carleton  (dated  11  Feb.  1611- 
1612),  tells  how  she  did  penance  at  Paul's 
Cross.  She  made  a  show  of  penitence  on 
that  occasion,  but  it  was  afterwards  dis- 
covered that  she  had  consumed  three  quarts 
of  sack  (and  was  maudlin-drunk)  before  she 
went  to  her  penance.  The  highwaymen, 
Captain  Hind  and  Richard  Hannam,  were 
among  her  familiar  friends.  In  Smith's 
'  Lives  of  Highwaymen '  it  is  related  that  she 
once  robbed  General  Fairfax  on  Hounslow 
Heath,  shot  him  through  the  arm,  and  killed 
two  horses  on  which  his  servants  were  riding; 
for  which  offence  she  was  sent  to  Newgate, 
but  procured  her  release  by  paying  Fairfax 
two  thousand  pounds.  On  her  expeditions 
she  was  usually  accompanied  by  a  dog,  which 
had  been  carefully  trained  for  the  purpose. 
She  is  also  said  to  have  kept  a  gang  of  thieves 
in  her  service.  Her  constant  practice  of 
smoking  is  supposed  to  have  lengthened  her 
life,  for  she  suffered  from  a  dropsy,  to  which 
she  ultimately  succumbed. 

There  are  numerous  references  to  Moll  Cut- 
purse  in  the  writings  of  her  contemporaries ; 
but  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  Sir  Toby 
Belch  refers  to  her  when  he  speaks  of '  Mis- 
tress Moll's  picture'  (Twelfth  Night,  i.  3), 
for  she  was  too  young  to  have  come  into  no- 
toriety when  Shakespeare's  play  was  written. 
In  August  1610  there  was  entered  in  the 
Stationers'  Register :  '  A  Booke  called  the 
Madde  Prancks  of  Merry  Moll  of  the  Bank- 
side,  with  her  walks  in  Man's  Apparel  and 
to  what  Purpose.  Written  by  John  Day ; ' 
but  it  is  not  known  to  have  been  printed. 
She  is  the  heroine  of  an  excellent  comedy, 
'  The  Roaring  Girle,'  1611,  by  Middleton  and 
Dekker,  who  have  presented  her  in  a  very 
attractive  light.  Field  introduces  her  in 
'  Amends  for  Ladies,'  1618. 

[The  Life  and  Death  of  Mrs.  Mary  Frith, 
1662 ;  Dyce's  Middleton,  ii.  427,  &c. ;  Dyce's 
Shakespeare  Glossary;  Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  ed. 
Hazlitt,  xi.  90-1 ;  Bullen's  Middleton,  iv.  3-5.] 

A.  H.  B. 


FRITHEGODE  or  FRIDEGODE  (ft. 
950),  hagiographer,  a  monk  of  Canterbury,  of 
great  learning  in  the  Scriptures,  is  said  to 
have  been  the  tutor  of  Oswald,  afterwards 
archbishop  of  York.  At  the  request  of  Arch- 
bishop Oda  he  wrote  a  metrical '  Life  of  Wil- 
frith.'  This '  Life '  is  simply  aversion  in  hexa- 
meters of  the  Life  by  Haeddi ;  it  is  written 
in  an  obscure  and  turgid  style,  many  words 
not  being  Latin  at  all.  Oda  wrote  a  preface 
to  it  in  prose,  and  Frithegode's  work  has  there- 
fore sometimes  been  attributed  to  him.  The 
poem  has  been  printed  by  Mabillon,  '  Acta 
SS.  O.  S.  B.,'  iii.  i.  150,  from  an  incomplete 
manuscript  at  Corbie,  and  completed  by  him 
in  v.  679,  from  manuscript  Cotton.  Claud. 
A.  1 ;  also  in  Migne's  '  Patrologia,'  cxxxiii. 
979,  and  in  'Historians  of  York'  (Rolls  Ser.), 
i.  105;  the  preface  is  printed  by  itself  in  the 
'  Patrologia,'  cxxxiii.  946,  and  in  Wharton's 
'  Anglia  Sacra,'  ii.  50. 

[Eadmer,  Vita  S.  Oswaldi,  Hist,  of  York,  ii.  5 
(Rolls  Ser.) ;  William  of  Malmesbury,  Gesta  Pon- 
tificum,  p.  20  (Rolls  Ser.)  ;  Raine's  Pref.  to  Hist, 
of  York,  i. ;  Hardy's  Cat.  i.  399 ;  Wright's  Biog. 
Lit.  i.  433.]  W.  H. 

FROBISHER,  SIR  MARTIN  (1635  P- 

1594),  navigator,  belonged  to  a  family  of 
Welsh  origin,  which  removed  from  Chirk  in 
Denbighshire,  and  settled  at  Altofts  in  the 
parish  of  Normanton,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth, 
century.  His  father,  Bernard  Frobisher,  of 
Altofts,  died  during  his  infancy,  and  he  was 
sent  to  London,  and  placed  under  the  care  of 
Sir  John  York,  a  kinsman,  who  perceiving 
the  boy  to  be  of  great  spirit,  courage,  and 
hardiness  of  body,  sent  him  on  his  first  voyage 
to  Guinea  in  the  autumn  of  1554.  During" 
the  following  ten  years  he  doubtless  acquired 
his  knowledge  of  seamanship  in  the  yearly 
expeditions  which  were  despatched  by  Sir 
John  Lock  and  his  brother,  Thomas  Lock, 
either  to  the  northern  shores  of  Africa  or  the 
Levant.  The  earliest  direct  notice  of  Fro- 
bisher appears  to  be  an  account  of  two  ex- 
aminations before  Dr.  Lewis  on  30  May  and 
11  June  1566,  'on  suspicion  of  his  having 
fitted  out  a  vessel  as  a  pirate'  (State  Papers? 
Dom.  series,  xl.  7).  On  21  Aug.  1571  Cap- 
tain E.  Horsey  writes  to  Lord  Burghley  from. 
Portsmouth  that  he  '  has  expedited  the  fit- 
ting out  of  a  hulk  for  M.  Frobisher'  (ib. 
Ixxx.  31).  This  gives  the  earliest  indication 
of  Frobisher's  public  employment,  which 
shortly  afterwards  took  the  form  of  service 
at  sea  off  the  coast  of  Ireland.  4  Dec.  1572 
is  the  date  of  a  '  declaration  of  Martin  Fro- 
bisher to  the  commissioners  concerning  the 
Earl  of  Desmond  having  employed  him  to. 


Frobisher 


282 


Frobisher 


provide  a  boat  to  convey  the  earl  away '  (ib. 
Irish  series,  xxxviii.  48).  This  happened  at 
Lambeth  in  the  previous  August,  while  Des- 
mond was  a  hostage  in  England.  This  and 
other  services  brought  him  under  the  notice 
of  the  queen,  and  also  that  of  her  favourite, 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  [q.v.]  In  1566  Sir 
Humphrey  penned  his  famous  'Discourse  to 
prove  a  Passage  to  the  North  West,'  after- 
wards published  in  1576.  While  yet  in  ma- 
nuscript it  appears  to  have  been  the  chief 
incentive  to  a  letter  being  addressed  by  the 
queen  to  the  Muscovy  Company,  near  the 
close  of  1574,  calling  upon  them  either  to 
despatch  another  expedition  in  this  direction, 
or  to  transfer  their  privileges  to  other  adven- 
turers. The  bearer  of  the  letter  was  Fro- 
bisher, to  whom  a  license  was  granted  by 
the  company  3  Feb.  1575,  with  divers  gen- 
tlemen associated  with  him.  Out  of  this 
grew  Frobisher's  three  voyages  in  search  of 
a  North- West  passage.  The  chief  promoter  of 
Frobisher's  first  voyage  was  Ambrose  Dudley, 
earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.],  who,  with  other  ad- 
venturers, enabled  Frobisher  to  fit  out  the 
Gabriel  and  the  Michael,  two  small  barques 
of  twenty-five  tons,  and  a  pinnace  of  ten 
tons.  Frobisher  sailed  from  the  Thames  on 
7  June  1576,  sailing  up  the  North  Sea,  past 
the  Shetland  and  Faroes.  On  11  July  he 
sighted  Cape  Farewell,  the  southern  point 
of  Greenland,  which  he  j  udged  to  be  the  Fries- 
land  (or  Faroes)  of  the  brothers  Zeni.  Shortly 
afterwards  in  a  storm  he  lost  the  company 
of  the  Michael,  and  his  pinnace  was  lost. 
The  Michael  returned  to  Bristol  on  1  Sept. 
On  20  July  Frobisher  sighted  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's Foreland,  near  the  south-east  end  of 
Frobisher  Bay,  which  he  supposed  to  be  a 
strait.  Passing  over  to  the  northern  shore, 
he  sailed  westward  into  the  bay  '  above  fifty 
leagues,  having  upon  either  hand  a  great 
main  or  continent.'  The  one  on  his  right  he 
supposed  to  be  Asia,  and  the  other  on  his 
left,  America.  After  an  exchange  with  the 
natives  of  bells,  looking-glasses,  and  toys  for 
their  coats  of  seals  and  bear  skins,  and  cap- 
turing an  Esquimau  with  his  canoe,  he  re- 
turned to  Harwich  2  Oct.  1576,  and  thence 
to  London, '  where  he  was  highly  commended 
of  all  men ...  for  the  great  hope  he  brought 
of  the  passage  to  Cathay'  (BEST  in  HAKLTJYT, 
iii.  59).  One  of  the  sailors  in  this  first  voyage 
brought  home  a  piece  of  black  pyrite,  which 
an  Italian  alchymist  named  Agnello,  in  de- 
fiance of  the  London  goldsmiths,  pronounced 
to  contain  gold.  Whereupon  preparation  was 
made  for  a  second  voyage  the  following  year, 
Frobisher  being  '  more  specially  directed  by 
commission  for  the  searching  more  of  this 
gold  ore  than  for  the  searching  any  further 


discovery  of  the  passage'  (BEST,  ib.  iii.  60). 
This  falsehood  proved  the  ruin  of  Frobisher's 
Arctic  expeditions,  when  the  truth  became 
known  after  the  termination  of  his  third 
voyage.  In  reply  to  petitions  tendered  by 
Frobisher  and  his  friends,  a  charter  was  issued 
,  to  the  Company  of  Cathay  17  March  1577, 
'  with  Michael  Lock  as  governor  for  six  years, 
,  and  Frobisher  as  captain-general  and  admiral 
of  the  ships  and  navy  of  the  company.  In 
,  addition  to  his  two  old  small  barques,  the 
i  Michael  and  Gabriel,  the  latter  in  charge  of 
•  Edward  Fenton  [q.v.],  the  queen  also  provided 
one  of  her  large  ships,  the  Aid,  of  two  hun- 
dred tons,  the  inventory  of  which  is  one  of 
the  curiosities  of  naval  history  (CoLLixsoir, 
p.  218).  All  things  being  prepared  for  a 
second  voyage,  the  fleet  left  the  Thames 
27  May  1577,  and  proceeded  on  the  course 
of  the  previous  voyage,  calling  at  Kirkwall 
in  the  Orkneys.  Sailing  hence  8  June,  two 
days  later  they  met  three  sail  of  Englishmen 
from  Iceland,  by  whom  they  sent  letters  to 
England.  On  4  July  Frobisher  sighted  Green- 
land, which  he  again  identified  with  the  Fries- 
land  of  the  Zeni  brothers,  of  which  Best  writes : 
'  For  so  much  of  this  land  as  we  have  sayled 
alongst,  comparing  their  carde  with  the  coast, 
we  find  it  very  agreeable'  (HAKLTTYT,  iii.  62). 
We  have  here  the  earliest  mention  of  the  use 
of  the  Zeno  map  in  northern  navigation. 
After  a  storm,  in  which  the  Michael  was 
nearly  wrecked,  the  fleet  met  once  more  on 
17  July  at  Hall's  Island,  at  the  north  en- 
trance to  Frobisher  Bay, '  whence  the  ore  was 
taken  up  which  was  brought  into  England 
this  last  year'  (1576),  the  said  Christopher 
Hall,  master  of  the  Gabriel, '  being  present  at 
the  finding '  (BEST  in  HAKLTTYT,  iii.  63) .  From 
this  period  unt  il  23  JulyFrobisher  expl  ored  the 
south  part  of  Met  a  Incognita,  including  Jack- 
man's  Sound,  where,  instead  of  gold,  he  found 
the  horn  of  a  sea  unicorn  or  morse,  which 
was  afterwards  '  reserved  as  a  jewel  by  the 
queen's  maiestie's  commandement  in  her 
wardrobe  of  robes'  (ib.  iii.  65).  Passing  over 
to  the  north  shore  on  29  July,  he  proceeded 
to  the  Countess  of  Warwick's  Island  (Kod- 
lun-arn),  where  '  wee  found  good  store  of 
gold  to  our  thinking  plainly  to  bee  seen,  where- 
upon it  was  thought  best  to  load  here  than 
to  seek  further  for  better'  (BEST,  ib.)  By  the 
middle  of  August  Frobisher  loaded  his  ship 
with  about  two  hundred  tons  of  this  precious 
mineral  while  exploring  the  northern  main- 
land, building  a  fort  called  Best's  Bulwark, 
and  capturing  a  native  woman  and  man. 
Having  altered  his  determination  for  any 
further  discovery  of  the  passage  through  the 
straits  westward,  on  24  Aug.  Frobisher  sailed 
for  England,  where  he  arrived  at  Milford 


Frobisher 


Frobisher 


Haven  23  Sept.,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Bristol,  where  he  found  the  Gabriel  already 
in  port,  and  learned  that  the  Michael  had 
reached  Great  Yarmouth  in  safety.  The  report 
of  Frobisher's  two  hundred  tons  of  ore  filled 
England  with  rejoicing.  A  large  part  of  the 
treasure  was  deposited  in  Bristol  Castle,  the 
rest  in  the  Tower  of  London,  the  queen  com- 
manding four  locks  to  be  placed  upon  the 
door  of  the  treasury,  the  keys  of  which  were 
to  be  handed  over  to  Frobisher,  Michael  Lock, 
warden  of  the  Tower,  and  the  master  of  the 
mint.  On  30  Nov.  Lock  had  to  inform  Se- 
cretary Walsingham  that  a  schism  had  grown 
up  among  the  commissioners  '  through  unbe- 
lief, or  I  cannot  tell  what  worse.'  On  6  Dec. 
Sir  W.  Winter  wrote  to  say  that  he  could 
not  get  a  furnace  hot  enough  '  to  bring  the 
work  to  the  desired  perfection.'  At  length 
it  was  admitted  that  the  ore  was  '  poor  in 
respect  of  that  brought  last  year,  and  that 
which  we  know  may  be  brought  next  year' 
(Fox  BOTJENE,  i.  154).  It  was  resolved  to 
send  out  another  and  much  larger  expedition 
early  next  year,  and  it  was  resolved  that  it 
should  not  be  stayed.  After  repairing  to  the 
court  at  Greenwich,  where  the  queen,  '  be- 
sides other  good  gifts  and  greater  promises, 
bestowed  upon  the  general  a  fair  chain  of 
gold,'  Frobisher  sailed  from  Harwich  on 
31  May  with  a  fleet  of  fifteen  vessels,  in  three 
divisions,  headed  by  the  Aid,  Judith,  and 
Thomas  Allen,  for  the  '  North- West  parts,' 
and  the  fancied  treasures  of  Meta  Incognita. 
Taking  a  new  route,  he  sailed  down  the  Chan- 
nel and  along  the  southern  coast  of  England 
and  Ireland,  and  sighted  Cape  Clear  on  6  June. 
Hence  he  sailed  north-west  until  the  20th, 
when  he  reached  the  south  of  Greenland, 
where  he  landed,  and  named  it  West  Eng- 
land, giving  the  name  Charing  Cross  to  the 
last  cliff  of  which  he  had  sight  as  he  sailed  past 
two  days  later.  On  2  July  the  fleet  sighted 
the  islands  off  Meta  Incognita,  but  could  not 
proceed  on  account  of  the  ice.  After  losing 
himself  in  the  '  Mistaken  Streight'  (i.e.  Hud- 
son's), through  no  want  of  being  warned 
by  the  more  experienced  Christopher  Hall, 
master  of  the  Aid,  Frobisher  anchored  in  the 
Countess  of  Warwick's  Sound  31  July,  where 
he  found  Fenton  in  the  Judith,  who  arrived 
there  ten  days  before  him.  Meanwhile  Hall 
in  the  Thomas  Allen  was  beating  up  in  the 
open  two  or  three  of  the  other  vessels  which 
had  lost  their  bearings  in  the  storms  and 
mist.  After  wasting  nearly  two  months  in 
finding  the  rendezvous  and  repairing  damages 
there,  the  only  results  were  the  accidental 
discovery  of  a  new  strait  by  Frobisher,  after- 
wards explored  by  Hudson,  the  further  dis- 
covery of  the  upper  part  of  Frobisher  Bay  by 


Best,  and  the  loading  the  soundest  vessels 
with  mineral  that  turned  out  to  be  worthless. 
The  fleet  sailed  for  England  early  in  Septem- 
ber, and  arrived  at  various  ports  near  the 
beginning  of  October.  At  first  Frobisher  was 
heartily  welcomed,  but  popular  feeling  soon 
turned  against  him,  on  account  of  the  mineral 
being  declared  to  be  inferior  to  that  pre- 
viously collected. 

In  an  undated  letter,  written  somewhere 
between  1576  and  1578,  probably  before  the 
termination  of  his  third  voyage,  his  first  wife, 
Isabel,  wrote  to  Walsingham  that  whereas  her 
former  husband,  Thomas  Eiggat,  left  her  with 
ample  portions  for  herself  and  all  her  children, 
her  present  husband,  'whom  God  forgive,' had 
spent  everything,  and  '  put  them  to  the  wide 
world  to  shift,'  she  and  her  children  were 
starving  in  a  room  at  Hampstead,  and  begged 
Walsingham  to  help  her  in  recovering  a  debt 
of  41.  due  to  her  husband,  and  so  to  keep 
them  from  starving  until  Captain  Frobisher's 
return  (Fox  BOTJBNE,  i.  177). 

One  curious  fact  of  geographical  interest 
in  this  voyage  of  1578  remains  to  be  noted. 
The  Emmanuel  Buss  of  Bridgwater,  as  she 
came  homeward,  to  the  south-east  of  Fries- 
land  (i.e.  Greenland),  discovered  an  island 
in  lat.  57£°  north,  and  sailed  along  the  coast 
three  days,  '  the  land  seeming  to  be  fruitful, 
full  of  woods,  and  a  champaign  country' 
(BEST  in  HAKLTJTT,  iii.  93).  This  island  has 
been  a  source  of  perplexity  to  map-makers 
and  navigators  down  to  our  day.  It  was 
doubtless  an  island,  now  submerged,  a  phe- 
nomenon by  no  means  unknown  in  these 
regions,  if  we  are  to  believe  Ruysch,  in  his 
map  of  the  1507  Ptolemy.  The  following 
account  of  Buss  (as  the  island  was  called) 
seems  to  have  been  entirely  overlooked  by 
recent  writers  on  Frobisher.  J.  Seller,  the 
hydrographer,  in  1671,  writes  that  Buss  was 
twenty-five  leagues  long,  and  that  it  was 
'  also  several  times  seen  by  Capt.  Zach.  Gil- 
lam,  1668,'  &c.  Again :  '  This  island  (Buss) 
was  further  discovered  by  Capt.  Thos.  Shep- 
herd in  1671,  who  brought  home  the  map 
of  the  island  that  is  here  annexed'  (English 
Pilot,  4th  book,  North  Coast  of  America, 
Greenland  to  Newfoundland,  London,  1071  ? 
fol.  p.  5,  Brit.  Mus.  1804,  b.  7). 

In  1580  Frobisher  had  so  far  regained  favour 
at  court  as  to  be  employed  as  captain  of  one 
of  the  queen's  ships,  the  Foresight,  in  pre- 
venting the  Spaniards  from  giving  assistance 
to  the  Irish  insurgents  in  Munster.  About 
this  period  he  also  received  the  reversionary 
title  of  clerk  of  her  majesty's  ships  (Fox 
BOTJENE,  i.  177). 

In  the  autumn  of  1581  a  project  for  a  fourth 
voyage  to  Cathay  by  the  north-west  was  set 


Frobisher 


284 


Frodsham 


forth  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester  and  others,  of 
which  Frobisher  was  to  have  the  command ; 
but  as  the  instructions  issued  to  him  in  Fe- 
bruary 1582  were  changed  for  the  purposes 
of  trade,  and  not  discovery,  as  originally  in- 
tended, Frobisher  retired  in  favour  of  Fen- 
ton,  who  finally  sailed  in  April  1582.  In 
September  1585  Frobisher  sailed  from  Ply- 
mouth in  charge  of  the  Primrose,  in  Drake's 
expedition  to  the  West  Indies  as  vice-admiral, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  in  an  assault 
upon  Cartagena,  and  returned  to  England  in 
July  1586  (HAKLUYT,  iii.  534). 

In  1588  Frobisher  commanded  the  Triumph 
in  the  great  Armada  fight.  On  Sunday, 
21  July  (O.  S.),  in  conjunction  with  Drake 
in  the  Revenge,  and  Hawkins  in  the  Victory, 
he  first  beat  the  Spanish  rear-admiral ;  later  j 
in  the  day  he  with  Hawkins  engaged  Don  i 
Pedro  de  Valdez,  leader  of  the  Andalusian  i 
squadron,  who,  however,  did  not  yield  until  ' 
Drake  came  to  their  assistance  next  morning, 
very  much  to  Frobisher's  annoyance.  On 
"Wednesday  the  24th,  when  the  English  fleet  \ 
was  augmented  from  the  Thames,  Frobisher 
led  one  of  the  four  newly  formed  squadrons. 
On  Monday  the  29th,  Frobisher,  with  Drake 
and  Hawkins,  gave  their  final  blows  to  the 
remains  of  the  armada  while  in  difficulties 
on  the  shoals  off  Gravelines.  During  the 
week  previous  Frobisher  was  knighted  at 
sea  by  the  lord  high  admiral,  Charles,  lord 
Howard  of  Emngham  (ib.  i.  600).  Frobisher's 
services  this  year  terminated  with  his  ap- 
pointment on  26  Nov.  to  the  Tiger,  in  com- 
mand of  a  squadron  of  six  ships  to  sweep 
the  Narrow  Seas.  On  7  May  1589  he  was 
engaged  off  Ostend  (  JONES,  p.  282).  In  May 
1590  he  proceeded  to  sea  as  vice-admiral  to  Sir 
John  Hawkins  [q.  v.],with  a  fleet  of  twelve 
or  fourteen  ships,  to  intercept  the  Portuguese 
carracks  coming  from  India,  but  without  re- 
sult, as  means  were  found  by  Philip  II  to 
warn  them  to  delay  sailing  (LEDIAKD,  p.  275). 
In  the  summer  of  1591  Frobisher  was  residing 
at  Whitwood  in  Yorkshire,  when  he  married 
his  second  wife,  Dorothy,  widow  of  Sir  W. 
Widmerpoole,  daughter  of  Lord  Wentworth. 
In  the  following  May  he  was  sent  by  Sir  W. 
Raleigh  in  the  Garland '  to  annoy  the  Spanish 
fleet '  off  the  coast  of  Spain,  while  Sir  John 
Burroughs,  his  colleague,  proceeded  towards 
the  Azores  to  intercept  the  Plate  fleet  from 
Panama.  Frobisher  soon  afterwards  captur- 
ing a  large  Biscayan  ship  with  a  valuable 
cargo  of  iron,  &c.,  worth  7,000/.,  returned 
home,  while  Burroughs  joined  the  Earl  of 
Cumberland  (MoNSON,  p.  23).  In  1593  he 
paid  his  last  visit  to  his  Yorkshire  home, 
where  he  became  a  justice  of  the  peace  for 
the  West  Riding. 


In  the  autumn  of  1594  Frobisher  with  the 
Dreadnought  and  ten  sail  co-operated  with 
Sir  John  Is  orris  in  the  relief  of  Brest  and  the 
adjoining  port  of  Crozon,  already  in  the  hands 
of  the  Spaniards.  In  the  last  fight,  when 
the  garrison  surrendered  and  the  fort  was  re- 
duced to  ashes,  Frobisher  was  wounded  in 
the  hip  while  leading  his  men  on  shore;  this 
ultimately  led  to  his  death  through  unskil- 
ful surgery  (LEDIAKD,  p.  308).  He  died  soon 
after  reaching  Plymouth,  where  his  entrails 
were  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Andrew, 
while  his  other  remains  were  interred  in  St. 
Giles's,  Cripplegate,  14  Jan.  1595  (JoxES,  p. 
335).  An  impartial  account  of  Frobisher  is 
still  a  desideratum,  as  recent  attempts  to 
exalt  his  fame  at  the  expense  of  Drake  and 
Hawkins  have  only  served  to  obscure  it.  Al- 
though a  gentleman  by  birth,  Frobisher  was 
no  scholar,  as  his  letters  prove  (cf.  ib.  p. 
284).  Frobisher  from  his  youth  was  trained 
in  a  rough  school,  whose  highest  ideal  was 
courage,  tempered  by  piracy,  which  was  either 
patronised  or  reprobated  according  to  its. 
value  or  inconvenience  to  the  state. 

Frobisher's  portrait,  often  reproduced,  will 
be  found  in  Holland's  '  Herwologia.'  Two 
cartographical  relics  remain  to  be  noticed, 
'  a  chart  of  the  navigation  of  1578,'  and  Fro- 
bisher's '  plot  of  Croyzon,  1594,'  where  he 
met  with  his  death-wound  (Hatfield  MSS., 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  7th  Rep.  Appendix,  pp. 
192-3). 

[Best's  True  Discourse,  1578,  4to  (reprint  in 
Hakluyt,  1599,  vol.  iii.) ;  Collinson's  Frobisher's 
Voyages  (Hakluyt  Soc.),  1867;  Fox  Bourne's 
English  Seamen,  1862;  Hakluyt's  Navigations, 
1589,  fol.  (for  Ellis  and  Hall's  Narratives);  ib. 
Voyages,  1599-1600,  3  vols. ;  Holland's  Herwo- 
logia,  1620  ;  F.  Jones's  Life  of  Frobisher,  1878  ; 
Lediard's Naval  Hist.  1734,  fol.;  SirW.Monson's 
1  st  naval  tract,  War  with  Spain,  1 682, fol.;  Settle's 
True  Report  (2nd  voyage),  1577i  8vo  (reprint  in 
Hakluyt,  1589).  For  references  to  Frobisher  MSS. 
in  Brit.  Mus.  and  State  Papers,  see  Fox  Bourne, 
Jones,  and  Collinson.]  C.  H.  C. 

FRODSHAM,  BRIDGE  (1734-1768), 
actor,  was  a  native  of  Frodsham,  Cheshire. 
He  was  admitted  on  the  foundation  of  "West- 
minster School  in  1746,  but  forfeited  his 
position  by  running  away.  In  1748,  how- 
ever, he  was  received  back  at  the  school, 
being  apparently  the  only  instance  of  a  boy 
twice  admitted  on  the  foundation.  He  ran 
away  a  second  time,  and  making  his  way  to 
Leicester  attached  himself  to  a  troop  of  players 
in  that  town.  He  was  encouraged  by  J.  G. 
Cooper  of  Thurgart on,  Nottinghamshire,  once 
also  a  Westminster  boy,  to  make  acting  his. 
profession,  and  joined  the  company  at  York. 
He  quickly  attained  a  very  high  degree  of 


Frost 


285 


Frost 


popularity,  became  the  idol  of  the  theatre- 
going  public,  and  was  known  as  the  '  York 
Garrick.'  Tate  Wilkinson,  with  whom  Frod- 
sham  acted  more  than  once,  considered  his 
abilities  unquestionable,  and  thought  his 
Hamlet  unequalled  save  by  Garrick  and 
Barry.  Frodsham  himself  told  Garrick,  on 
Avhom  he  called  as  a  brother  genius,  that  he 
believed  his  own  assumption  of  that  character 
was  almost  equal  to  that  of  the  better-known 
actors.  With  the  exception  of  a  fortnight, 
during  which  Frodsham  paid  a  visit  to  Lon- 
don, because  he  thought  he  and  Garrick 
ought  to  know  one  another,  he  never  left 
York,  where  he  died  26  Oct.  1768,  his  end 
being  accelerated  by  drink.  He  had  played 
at  the  theatre  three  nights  before,  and  had 
announced  that  his  next  appearance  would 
be  in  '  What  we  shall  all  come  to.'  Frod- 
sham's  too  sympathetic  friends  put  it  about 
that  his  death  was  caused  or  hastened  by  ill- 
usage  at  the  hands  of  Wilkinson,  who  was, 
however,  exonerated  by  Frodsham's  widow, 
Isabella. 

[Wilson's  Wonderful  Characters,  iii.  239; 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  iv.  33-48  ;  Wilkinson's 
Wandering  Patentee,  i.  27-8,  58-9;  Welch's 
Alumni  Westmonasterienses ;  Forshall's  West- 
minster School  Past  and  Present,  p.  241.1 

A.  V. 

FROST,  CHARLES  (1781  P-1862),  anti- 
quary, born  at  Kingston-upon-Hull,  York- 
shire, in  1781  or  1782,  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Frost,  solicitor,  of  that  town.  He  followed 
the  same  profession,  and,  as  his  father  had 
been  before  him,  was  solicitor  to  the  Hull 
Dock  Company,  which  appointment  he  held 
for  upwards  of  thirty-three  years.  From  his 
father  he  acquired  a  love  for  genealogical  and 
historical  research.  While  still  in  his  articles 
he  diligently  applied  himself  to  mastering  the 
writing  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies, and  it  was  not  long  before  he  had  gained 
for  himself  a  reputation  as  an  expert  black- 
letter  lawyer.  On  2  May  1822  he  was  elected 
F.S.  A.  In  1827  he  published  by  subscription 
a  work  of  permanent  value  entitled  'Notices 
relative  to  the  E  irly  History  of  the  Town  and 
Port  of  Hull;  compiled  from  original  records 
and  unpublished  manuscripts,  and  illustrated 
with  engravings,  etchings,  and  vignettes,' 4to, 
London,  1827.  He  proves  that  Edward  I 
was  not  the  founder  of  the  town  as  supposed 
by  Leland  and  Camden,  but  that  long  pre- 
vious to  his  visit  to  Cottingham  in  1296  the 
ground  on  which  Hull  stands  was  the  site  of 
a  populous  and  improving  town  called  Wic 
or  Wyke.  The  work  was  the  subject  of  a 
long  and  flattering  critique  by  Sir  N.  H. 
Nicolas  in  the  'Retrospective  Review'  for 


December  1827  (p.  203).  Another  publica- 
tion, also  of  local  value,  was  his  'Address,' 
8vo,  1831,  delivered  to  the  Hull  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society  at  the  opening  of  the 
seventh  session  on  5  Nov.  1830,  in  which  he 
alludes  to  the  various  literary  societies  which 
had  been  promoted  in  the  town  during  the 
preceding  half-century,  and  gives  brief  bio- 
graphical notices  of  most  of  the  Hull  authors, 
whether  natives  or  residents.  A  subsequent 
presidential  address,  delivered  by  him  in  1852, 
was  likewise  published.  Frost  was  president 
of  the  above  society  ten  times  between  1830 
and  1855,  and  altogether  he  served  the  same 
office  in  connection  with  the  subscription 
library  for  twelve  years,  between  1827  and 
1854,  one  of  the  laws  of  that  institution  being 
suspended  that  he  might  occupy  the  position 
for  five  successive  years,  1850-4,  to  enable 
him  to  carry  into  effect  his  scheme  for  the 
amalgamation  of  the  two  societies  in  the 
building  in  Albion  Street  which  they  now 
occupy.  In  the  reading-room  of  the  library  is 
a  full-length  portrait  of  him  by  Schmidt. 
Frost  was  also  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of 
the  Hull  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  1853.  Be- 
sides the  works  already  named,  he  published 
two  legal  pamphlets.  One  was  on  the  '  Pro- 
priety of  making  a  remuneration  to  witnesses 
in  civil  actions  for  loss  of  time.  .  .  .  With 
some  observations  on  the  present  system  of 
taxing  costs,'  8vo,  London,  1815.  The  other 
consisted  of  a  letter  to  Thomas  Thompson  on 
the  subject  of '  Equalising  the  poor  rates  of 
Hull  by  assessing  the  shipping  belonging  to 
the  port  to  the  relief  of  the  poor,'  published 
in  1820.  Frost  died  at  Hull,  5  Sept.  1862, 
aged  80  or  81. 

[R.  W.  Corlass's  Sketches  of  Hull  Authors,  ed. 
C.  F.  Corlass  and  William  Andrews,  1879,  pp. 
33-4;  Appendix  to  Frost's  Address  of  5  Nov. 
1830,  pp.  123-8  ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol.  c. 
pt.  ii.  pp.  450-1,  vol.  ci.  pt.  i.  pp.  523-4,  3rd  ser. 
xiii.  508;  Boyne's  Yorkshire  Library,  pp.  162, 
249;  Law  Magazine,  January  1831,  p.  13  TZ.] 

G.  G. 

FROST,  GEORGE  (1754-1821),  landscape 
painter,  son  of  a  builder  at  Ousden  in  Suffolk, 
was  originally  brought  up  to  his  father's 
business.  He  subsequently  obtained  a  con- 
fidential situation  in  the  office  of  the  Blue 
Coach  at  Ipswich,  which  he  continued  to  hold 
for  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  He  had  a 
natural  and  early  love  of  drawing,  and  with- 
out any  instruction  from  others  succeeded  in 
producing  some  very  excellent  works.  He 
studied  nature  very  closely,  and  drew  pic- 
turesque buildings  and  landscapes  with  a  mas- 
terly hand,  showing  both  originality  and  truth . 
He  was  a  devoted  admirer  and  imitator  of 


Frost 


286 


Frost 


Gainsborough,  and  possessed  some  paintings 
and  drawings  by  him,  notably  '  The  Mall,'  of 
which  he  executed  a  careful  copy  when  in  his 
seventy-seventh  year.  He  was  also  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  John  Constable,  R.A.  His 
situation  at  Ipswich  caused  him  to  confine 
his  subjects  to  that  town  and  its  neighbour- 
hood, and  he  is  little  known  elsewhere.  He 
died  on  28  June  1821,  in  his  seventy-eighth 
year,  after  a  painful  illness. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1821,  xci.  89;  Kedgrave's  Diet, 
of  Artists.]  L.  C. 

FROST,  JOHN  (1626  P-1656),  noncon- 
formist divine,  born  at  Langham,  Suffolk,  in 
or  about  1626,  was  the  eldest  son  of  John 
Frost,  rector  of  Fakenham  in  the  same  county. 
After  attending  schools  at  Thetford,  Norfolk, 
and  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Suffolk,  he  was  ad- 
mitted pensioner  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 21  Feb.  1641-2,  and  fellow  soon  after 
taking  his  B.A.  degree  (MAYOR,  Admissions 
to  St.  John's  Coll.  Cambr.  pt.  i.  p.  62).  He 
bore  an  active  part  in  the  educational  work 
of  the  college  as  lecturer  on  logic  and  philo- 
sophy. In  1654  he  began  to  preach  regularly 
at  St.  Benedict's,  Cambridge,  and  elsewhere 
in  the  town  and  county.  He  proceeded  B.D. 
in  the  summer  of  1656.  A  few  months  later 
he  was  invited  to  become  '  pastor '  of  St. 
Olave's,  Hart  Street,  London,  but  was  cut 
off  by  small-pox,  2  Nov.  1656  (ZACHARY 
CROFTON,  Funeral  Sermon,  1657).  To  his 
'  Select  Sermons,'  fol.,  Cambridge,  1657  (with 
a  new  title-page,  1658),  is  prefixed  his  por- 
trait at  the  age  of  thirty-one,  by  R.  Vaughan. 

[Brook's  Puritans,  iii.  291-3;  Granger's  Biog. 
Hist,  of  England,  2nd  ed.,  iii.  46.]  G.  G. 

FROST,  JOHN  (1803-1840),  founder  of 
the  Medico-Botanical  Society  of  London,  was 
born  in  1803  near  Charing  Cross,  London, 
where  his  parents  were  in  business.  Intend- 
ing to  enter  the  medical  profession,  he  be- 
came the  pupil  of  Dr.  Wright,  the  apothecary 
of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  but  quarrelled  with 
him,  and  gave  up  medicine  for  botany.  Al- 
though only  eighteen,  he  conceived  a  project 
which  he  carried  into  effect  with  remarkable 
success.  In  1821  (16  Jan.)  he  founded  the 
Medico-Botanical  Society  of  London,  having 
for  its  objects  the  investigation  of  the  medi- 
cinal properties  of  plants,  the  study  of  the 
materia  medica  of  all  countries,  with  many 
other  allied  subjects,  and  the  adjudging  of 
rewards  to  original  investigators.  In  this 
project  he  was  first  aided  by  Drs.  Bree  and 
Maton,  and  afterwards  obtained  an  introduc- 
tion to  George  IV,  who  not  only  appointed 
him  botanical  tutor  to  the  two  youthful 
Princes  George  (afterwards  respectively  king 


of  Hanover  and  Duke  of  Cambridge),  but  (in 
1828)  became  patron  of  the  new  society.  Sir 
James  McGregor,  director-general  of  the  army 
medical  board,  was  the  first  president,  and  it 
soon  gained  wide  support.  Frost  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  society  and  also  lecturer 
on  botany,  both  of  which  appointments  are  said 
to  have  been  honorary.  As  the  society  grew, 
so  did  Frost's  ambition,  and  he  incessantly 
sought  the  support  of  royal  personages  and 
distinguished  men  all  over  Europe.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  the  adhesion  of  eleven 
sovereigns,  and  by  incredible  perseverance 
procured  their  autographs,  with  those  of  many 
other  celebrities,  in  a  well-known  book  which 
he  was  always  carrying  about ;  each  signature 
occupied  a  page,  surrounded  by  a  wreath  of 
artistically  painted  flowers.  The  book  dis- 
appeared when  the  society  collapsed,  and  is 
not  now  known  to  exist  (CLARKE,  infra). 
It  is  recounted  by  Barham  (Life,  1  vol.  ed. 
pp.  119-21)  that  Frost,  after  many  futile  at- 
tempts, had  an  interview  with  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  dressed  in  a  lieutenant-general's 
uniform,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  duke's 
signature.  The  meetings  of  the  society  were 
not  without  interest.  Frost  directed  every- 
thing and  everybody,  from  the  president  down- 
wards, and  obtained  some  effective  displays. 
Without  any  genuine  qualification  he  made 
himself  so  generally  known  that  within  a  few 
years  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  of  the  Linnean  Society,  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  lecturer  on 
botany  at  the  Royal  Institution  and  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital ;  he  also  entered  himself 
at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  intending 
to  graduate  in  medicine,  but  his  career  of 
triumph  was  checked  when  the  Royal  Society 
blackballed  him  almost  unanimously  (BAR- 
HAM).  Frost  sent  a  hostile  message  to  the 
secretary  of  the  society  (  Gent.  Mag.  new  ser. 
1840,  xiv.  664). 

In  1824  Frost,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one, 
was  appointed  paid  secretary  to  the  Royal 
Humane  Society,  with  a  residence  in  Bridge 
Street,  Blackfriars.  At  the  annual  meet- 
ings of  the  Medico-Botanical  Society  he  al- 
ways delivered  an  oration,  in  which  he  related 
the  progress  of  the  society.  His  arrogance 
disgusted  many  of  his  friends.  He  presented 
himself  at  the  annual  meeting  in  1829  to  de- 
liver his  oration,  decorated  with  a  dazzling 
display  of  foreign  orders  and  other  distinc- 
tions, but  was  received  with  much  hostility. 
A  private  meeting  of  the  council  under  the 
presidency  of  Earl  Stanhope  subsequently 
declared  the  office  of  director  abolished,  and 
called  a  general  meeting  to  confirm  the  decree. 
Frost  replied  to  Earl  Stanhope's  accusations 


Frost 


287 


Frost 


with,  spirit,  but  at  an  adjourned  meeting  on 
8  Jan.  1830  he  was  not  only  deposed,  but  ex- 
pelled from  the  society. 

Not  daunted  by  this  rebuff,  Frost  sought 
success  in  new  fields.  He  obtained  about 
this  time,  according  to  an  engraved  card  of 
his  own,  the  appointment  of  surgeon  to  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland.  He  resigned  the  secre- 
taryship of  the  Humane  Society  only  to  have 
his  appointment  as  surgeon  to  the  duke  can- 
celled. Frost  sought  to  regain  his  secre- 
taryship to  the  Humane  Society,  but  failed. 
Yet  he  succeeded  in  1831  in  establishing  St. 
John's  Hospital,  Clerkenwell,  and  also  did 
much  to  promote  the  Royal  Sailing  Society. 
In  1832  he  obtained  a  grant  from  the  admi- 
ralty of  H.M.S.  Chanticleer  for  a  hospital 
ship  off  Millbank,  for  watermen  above  Lon- 
don Bridge,  and  enlisted  a  large  body  of  dis- 
tinguished patrons.  Having,  however,  made 
himself  responsible  for  a  considerable  sum  of 
money  on  account  of  this  scheme,  and  being 
disappointed  of  the  pecuniary  support  on 
which  he  had  relied,  he  fled  to  Paris  to  avoid 
the  importunities  of  creditors,  and  lived  there 
for  some  time  under  an  assumed  name.  He 
finally  settled  in  Berlin  as  a  physician,  taking 
the  title  of  Sir  John  Frost,  and  is  said  to  have 
gained  considerable  practice.  He  died  after 
a  long  and  painful  illness  on  17  Mcirch  1840. 
He  married  Harriet,  only  daughter  of  Mrs. 
Yosy,  author  of  a  work  on  Switzerland,  but 
had  no  children. 

Frost  showed  little  scientific  talent.  His 
one  object  was  self-aggrandisement.  He 
wrote,  besides  his '  Orations,'  nothing  of  note. 
A  preface  to  Bingley's  '  Introduction  to  Bo- 
tany,' identical  with  an  introductory  lecture 
of  his  at  the  Royal  Institution ;  a  translation 
of  the  statutes  of  the  Hanoverian  Guelphic 
order,  1831 ;  a  paper  '  On  the  Mustard  Tree 
mentioned  in  the  New  Testament,'  1827 ;  and 
some  small  papers  on  the  oil  of  Croton  Tiglium, 
published  in  pamphlet  form  in  1827,  complete 
the  list. 

[Gent.  Mag.  new  set.  1840,  xiv.  664-6 ;  J.  F. 
Clarke's  Autobiographical  Recollections  of  the 
Medical  Profession,  1874,  pp.  240-1,  267-72; 
Barham's  Life  (1  TO!,  ed.  1880),  pp.  119-21.] 

a.  T.  B. 

FROST,  JOHN  (1750-1842),  secretary  of 
the  Corresponding  Society,  born  in  October 
1750,  was  educated  at  Winchester  School, 
and  brought  up  as  an  attorney.  He  early 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  politics.  In 
1782  he  was  a  prominent  member  of  a  society 
which  met  at  the  Thatched  House  tavern 
for  the  purpose  of  advocating  constitutional 
reforms,  and  among  his  associates  were  Wil- 
liam Pitt,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  Lord  Sur- 


rey, Lord  Mahon,  Major  Cartwright,  Home 
Tooke,  and  John  Wilkes.  Pitt  engaged  in 
correspondence  with  Frost,  and  assured  him 
that  he  regarded  a  thorough  reform  of  the  re- 
presentation as  'essentially  necessary  to  the 
independence  of  parliament  and  the  liberty 
of  the  people.'  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
French  revolution  Frost  was  one  of  the 
most  enthusiastic  of  those  who  adopted  re- 
publican principles.  In  1792  Frost  secretly 
sheltered  in  his  house  a  number  of  political 
prisoners.  The  same  year  he  took  a  leading 

Eart  in  founding  the  Corresponding  Society, 
?r  which  body  he  also  acted  as  secretary. 
The  society  began  an  active  propaganda  for  a 
reform  of  the  parliamentary  representation, 
and  one  of  its  manifestoes  prepared  by  Frost 
and  Hardy  showed  that  257  representatives 
of  the  people,  making  a  majority  of  the  exist- 
ing House  of  Commons,  were  returned  by  a 
number  of  voters  not  exceeding  the  thou- 
sandth part  of  the  nation. 

Contemporaneously  with  the  foundation 
of  this  society  was  formed  the  Society  for 
Constitutional  Information.  Branches  of 
both  societies  rapidly  sprang  up  in  the  pro- 
vinces. The  Constitutional  Society  elected 
Frost  a  deputy  to  the  convention  of  France 
in  1793,  his  colleague  being  Joel  Barlow, 
whose  expenses  he  paid.  In  this  character 
he  was  present  at  the  trial  of  the  French 
king  (1792-3),  and  he  was  denounced  in  one 
of  Burke's  speeches  as  the  ambassador  to  the 
murderers. 

On  the  information  of  the  attorney-general 
Frost  was  arrested  in  February  1793  on  a 
charge  of  sedition.  He  was  brought  to  trial  in 
the  following  May,  the  indictment  describing 
him  as  '  late  of  Westminster,  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  gentleman,  a  person  of  a  depraved, 
impious,  and  disquiet  mind,  and  of  a  seditious 
disposition.'  The  specific  charge  against  the 
prisoner  was  that  he  had  uttered  these  words 
in  Percy's  coffee-house,  Marylebone :  '  I  am 
for  equality ;  I  see  no  reason  why  any  man 
should  not  be  upon  a  footing  with  another ; 
it  is  every  man's  birthright ; '  that  on  being 
asked  what  he  meant  by  equality,  he  replied, 
'  Why,  no  kings ; '  and  being  further  asked 
whether  he  meant  no  king  in  England,  re- 
joined :  'Yes,  no  king;  the  constitution  of 
this  country  is  a  bad  one.'  Frost  was  de- 
fended by  Erskine,  but  in  spite  of  his  advo- 
cate's eloquence  he  was  found  guilty.  He 
was  sentenced  to  six  calendar  months'  im- 
prisonment in  Newgate,  to  stand  once  during 
that  time  in  the  pillory  at  Charing  Cross  for 
the  space  of  one  hour,  between  twelve  and 
two  o'clock ;  to  find  sureties  for  his  good  be- 
haviour for  the  space  of  five  years,  himself 
in  5007.  and  two  others  in  1007.  each ;  to  be 


Frost 


288 


Frost 


further  imprisoned  until  the  sureties  were 
found ;  and  lastly  to  be  struck  off  the  roll  of 
attorneys.  While  one  of  the  witnesses  against 
Frost  was  waiting  to  hear  sentence  passed 
he  was  seized  with  a  fit.  It  is  said  that 
Frost  taunted  him  with  his  sufferings  as  a 
proof  of  divine  vengeance.  On  the  expira- 
tion of  his  sentence,  19  Dec.  1793,  Frost  was 
brought  out  of  Newgate  almost  in  a  state  of 
collapse.  He  was  placed  in  a  coach,  and 
rolled  in  blankets.  Kirby,  the  keeper,  ac- 
companied him  to  the  house  of  Justice  Grose, 
in  Bloomsbury  Square,  where,  with  two  sure- 
ties, he  entered  into  his  recognisances.  As 
soon  as  he  was  at  liberty  the  multitude  took 
the  horses  out  of  the  carriage  and  drew  him 
along  the  streets,  stopping  at  every  marked 
place,  and  particularly  before  the  Prince  of 
"Wales's  house,  to  shout  and  express  their 
joy.  In  this  state  he  was  conducted  to  his 
house  in  Spring  Gardens,  where  Thelwall 
made  a  speech,  entreating  the  crowd  to  sepa- 
rate peaceably. 

The  Corresponding  Society  continued  its 
work  of  agitation,  and  during  a  debate  in  the 
House  of  Commons  in  May  1794  Pitt  stated 
that  it  had  laid  in  due  form  before  the  Society 
for  Constitutional  Information  a  deliberate 
plan  for  assembling  a  convention  for  all  Eng- 
land, to  overturn  the  established  system  of 
government.  At  length,  on  28  July  1797,  the 
members  of  the  Corresponding  Society  as- 
sembled in  a  field  near  St.  Pancras,  when  the 
proceedings  were  interrupted  by  the  magis- 
trates, who  arrested  the  principal  speakers, 
and  kept  them  in  custody  until  they  procured 
bail.  The  society  itself  was  then  formally 
suppressed  by  the  government. 

Frost  was  a  candidate  for  the  representation 
of  East  Grinstead  in  1802,  and  petitioned 
against  his  opponent's  return,  but  a  commit- 
tee of  the  House  of  Commons  found  that  the 
petition  was  frivolous  and  vexatious.  In  De- 
cember 1813  Frost  received  from  the  prince 
regent,  acting  in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of 
the  king,  a  free  pardon,  in  consequence  of 
which,  on  8  Feb.  1815,  the  court  of  king's 
bench  was  moved  to  replace  his  name  on  the 
roll  of  attorneys.  The  court  held  that  his 
want  of  practice  and  experience  in  the  pro- 
fession made  him  presumably  unfit  for  the 
employment. 

The  effects  of  his  imprisonment  remained 
with  him  for  many  years,  but  he  lived  to  the 
great  age  of  ninety-one,  dying  at  Holly  Lodge, 
near  Lymington,  Hampshire,  on  25  July 
1842  (Gent.  Mag.  October  1842,  pp.  442-3). 

[Papers  of  the  Corresponding  and  Constitu- 
tional Societies;  Ann.  Keg.  1842;  Edinburgh 
Review,  vol.  xvi. ;  State  Trials,  vol.  xxii. ;  Hamp- 
shire Independent,  30  July  1842.]  G.  B.  S. 


FROST,  JOHN  (d.  1877),  chartist,  was 
the  son  of  John  and  Sarah  Frost,  who  kept 
the  Royal  Oak  public-house  in  Mill  Street, 
Newport,  Monmouthshire,  for  nearly  forty 
years.  When  about  sixteen  years  of  age  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor  in  Cardiff.  On 
his  return  to  Newport  in  1811  he  com- 
menced business  as  a  tailor  and  draper,  and 
shortly  afterwards  married  the  widow  of  a 
Mr.  Geach,  a  timber  dealer,  by  whom  Frost 
had  two  sons  and  five  daughters.  In  1816 
he  began  first  to  take  an  interest  in  politics, 
and  from  that  time  advocated  the  principles 
which  were  subsequently  embodied  in  the 
People's  Charter.  In  1822  he  suffered  six 
months'  imprisonment  for  libel.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  struggle  for  reform,  and 
when  the  Municipal  Corporation  Act  came 
into  operation  Frost  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  town  council  of  Newport.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  magistrate  for  the  borough  in  1835, 
and  in  the  following  year  filled  the  office  of 
mayor.  In  1838  he  was  elected  as  the  dele- 
gate to  represent  the  chartists  of  Monmouth- 
shire at  the  national  convention  of  the  working 
classes  which  met  in  London  for  the  first 
time  on  4  Feb.  1839.  A  few  weeks  after- 
wards he  was  removed  from  the  commission 
of  the  peace  by  Lord  John  Russell,  who  was 
then  home  secretary,  for  using  seditious  lan- 
guage at  local  meetings  (see  the  correspond- 
ence between  Russell  and  Frost,  given  at 
length  in  the  Annual  Register,  1839,  Chron. 
pp.  22-6).  In  consequence  of  this  Frost's 
popularity  among  the  chartists  was  greatly 
increased,  and  his  name  became  well  known 
throughout  the  country  as  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  chartist  movement.  During  the  course 
of  the  year  a  number  of  the  more  prominent 
chartists  were  convicted  of  sedition,  and  on 
14  Sept.  the  convention,  weakened  in  num- 
bers by  resignations  and  arrests,  was  dissolved 
on  the  casting  vote  of  Frost,  who  acted  as 
chairman  on  that  occasion.  Frost,  however, 
was  resolved  to  appeal  to  physical  force,  and 
on  4  Nov.  led  a  large  body  of  working  men, 
chiefly  miners,  armed  with  guns  and  blud- 
geons, into  Newport.  Two  other  divisions, 
commanded  respectively  by  Jones,  a  watch- 
maker of  Pontypool,  and  Williams,  a  beer- 
shop  keeper  of  Nantyglo,  were  to  have  joined 
forces  with  Frost  in  his  attack  upon  the 
town,  but  the  men  of  Nantyglo  arrived  late, 
and  those  from  Pontypool  never  came.  Frost 
with  his  division  attacked  the  Westgate  hotel, 
where,  under  the  direction  of  Phillips,  the 
mayor  of  the  town,  some  thirty  men  of  the 
45th  regiment  and  a  number  of  special  con- 
stables had  been  posted.  The  ill-armed 
and  undisciplined  mob  were  easily  repulsed, 
twenty  chartists  being  shot  dead  and  many 


Frost 


289 


Frost 


others  being  wounded.  Frost  was  captured 
the  same  evening,  and  was  tried  before  Lord- 
chief-justice  Tindal,  Baron  Parke,  and  Justice 
Williams  at  a  special  assize  which  was  opened 
at  Monmouth  on  10  Dec.  1839.  He  was  de- 
fended by  Sir  Frederick  Pollock  and  Fitzroy 
Kelly,  and  after  a  lengthy  trial  was  found 
guilty  of  levying  war  against  the  queen.  On 
16  Jan.  1840  Frost,  Williams,  and  Jones  were 
sentenced  to  be  hung,  drawn,  and  quartered. 
On  the  25th  and  the  two  following  days  a 
technical  point  which  ha  d  been  raised  during 
the  course  of  the  trial  was  argued  before  all 
the  fifteen  judges  in  the  court  of  exchequer 
chamber.  The  conviction  was  upheld,  but 
owing  to  the  considerable  difference  of  opinion 
among  the  judges  the  capital  sentence  was  on 
1  Feb.  commuted  for  one  of  transportation  for 
life.  Frost  was  sent  to  Van  Diemen's  Land, 
where  he  spent  nearly  fifteen  years  working 
in  the  gangs,  serving  as  a  police  clerk,  and  in 
other  capacities.  Several  efforts  were  from 
time  to  time  made,  especially  by  Thomas 
Slingsby  Buncombe  [q.  v.]  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  to  procure  the  release  of  Frost  and 
his  associates.  In  1854  he  obtained  a  con- 
ditional pardon,  the  condition  being  that  he 
should  not  return  to  the  queen's  dominions. 
He  thereupon  went  to  America,  but  receiving 
a  free  pardon  in  May  1856,  he  returned  to 
England  in  July  of  that  year.  On  31  Aug.  he 
delivered  at  Padiham  two  lectures  on  the 
'  Horrors  of  Convict  Life,'  which  were  after- 
wards printed,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
published  '  A  Letter  to  the  People  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  on  Transportation,  show- 
ing the  effects  of  irresponsible  power  on  the 
Physical  and  Moral  Conditions  of  Convicts.' 
Though  it  appears  from  internal  evidence 
that  it  was  his  intention  to  write  a  series  of 
letters  on  this  subject,  no  more  were  pub- 
lished. Frost  went  to  reside  at  Stapleton, 
near  Bristol,  where  he  lived  for  many  years  in 
comparative  retirement,  and  died  on  29  July 
1877,  being  upwards  of  ninety  years  of  age. 
Some  account  of  the  general  convention 
and  a  list  of  the  delegates  will  be  found  in 
the  Place  MSS.  (Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS. 
27821). 

[The  Rise  and  Fall  of  Chartism  in  Monmouth- 
shire (1840);  the  Dublin  Review,  viii.  271-85; 
Gurney's  Trial  of  John  Frost  for  High  Treason 
(1840);  Walpole's  Hist,  of  England  (1886), 
iv.  46-60  ;  Molesworth's  Hist. of  England  (1874), 
ii.  chap.  v. ;  Gammage's  Hist,  of  the  Chartist 
Movement  (1854) ;  Life  of  Thomas  Slingsby  Dun- 
combe  (1868),  i.  288-9,  294-5,  301,  ii.  108-9, 
194-5;  Ann.  Eegister,  1839;  Haydn's  Diet,  of 
Dates  (1881),  p.  554 ;  Daily  News,  31  July  1877  ; 
Bristol  Times  and  Mirror,  30  July  and  4  Aug. 
1877 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  G.  F.  K.  B. 

VOL.   XX. 


FROST,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1810- 
1877),  painter,  was  born  at  Wandsworth  in 
September   1810.      His  artistic  gifts  were 
apparent  from   his   earliest   years.     When 
about  fifteen  he  was  introduced  to   Etty, 
by  whose  advice  he  entered   Sass's   draw- 
ing school,  and  also  studied  at  the  British 
Museum.   In  1829  he  became  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  where  he  gained  the  first 
medals  in  each  of  the  schools,  except  the 
antique,  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Maclise. 
During  the  next  fourteen  years  he  painted 
upwards  of  three  hundred  portraits.  He  began 
to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1836, 
and  in  1839  he  was  awarded  the  gold  medal 
for  his  '  Prometheus  bound  by  Force   and 
Strength,'  which  was  in  the  exhibition  of  the 
following  year.     In  1843  he  sent  to  the  com- 
petition in  Westminster  Hall  a  cartoon  re- 
presenting '  Una  alarmed  by  the  Fauns  and 
Satyrs,'  which  obtained  one  of  the  third-class 
premiums  of  100£,  and  in  the  same  year  he 
xhibited  at  the   Royal  Academy  '  Christ 
crowned  with  Thorns/  which  was  selected  by 
an  Art-Union  prize-holder.    These  successes 
led  him  to  relinquish  portraiture,  and  to  de- 
vote himself  to  subjects  of  a  sylvan   and 
bacchanalian  character,  drawn  chiefly  from 
the   works   of  Spenser   and  Milton.      His 
'Sabrina'  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy in  1845,  and  engraved  by  Peter  Light- 
foot  for  the  Art  Union  of  London,  and  this 
was  followed  by  'Diana  surprised  by  Actseon,' 
which  secured  his  election  as  an  associate  in 
1846,  and  was  purchased  by  Lord  Northwick. 
'  Una,'   a    subject    from    Spenser's  '  Faerie 
Queene,'  appeared  in  the  exhibition  of  1847, 
and  was  purchased  by  the  Queen.     In  1848 
he  sent  to  the  Academy '  Euphrosyne,'  one  of 
his  best  works,  painted  for  Mr.  Bicknell,  and 
now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Newallr 
by  whom  it  was  exhibited  at  Manchester  in 
1887.     The  group  of  '  L' Allegro'  was  after- 
wards painted  from  this  picture  as  a  gift 
from  the  Queen  to  the  Prince  Consort.     In 
1849  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
'  The  Syrens,'  a  picture  remarkable  for  its 
beauty  of  colour,  and  in  1850  '  The  Disarm- 
ing of  Cupid,'  painted  for  the  Prince  Consort, 
and  '  Andromeda.'    '  L'Allegro  '   and   '  The 
Disarming  of  Cupid '  were  engraved  respec- 
tively by  T.  Garner  and  P.  Lightfoot  for 
Hall  s  '  Royal  Gallery  of  Art,'  and  are  now 
at  Osborne.     In  1851  he  exhibited  'Wood 
Nymphs '  and '  Hylas ; '  in  1852  '  May  Morn- 
ing,' and  in  1854  '  Chastity,'  from  Milton's 
'Comus,'  one  of  his  most  poetical  concep- 
tions, which  was  engraved  by  T.  Garner  for 
the  'Art  Journal'  of  1864.     'The  Graces' 
and  'Bacchanalians' were  exhibited  in  1856, 
'Narcissus'  in  1857,  and  again  at  the  Inter- 

u 


Froucester 


290 


Froude 


national  Exhibition  of  1862,  'Zephyr  with 
Aurora  playing'  in  1858, '  The  Daughters  of 
Hesperus '  in  1860,  '  Venus  lamenting  the 
absence  of  Adonis'  and  '  A  Dance'  in  1861, 
<  The  Graces  and  Loves'  in  1863,  'The  Death 
of  Adonis'  in  1865, '  Come  unto  these  yellow 
Sands,' from  'The  Tempest,'  in  1866,  'Hylas 
and  the  Nymphs'  in  1867, '  By  the  Waters  of 
Babylon '  and '  Puck'  in  1869,  and '  Musidora ' 
in  1871.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned 
he  contributed  many  others — in  all  110 — to 
the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal  Academy  and  the 
British  Institution.  It  was  not  until  1870 
that  he  became  a  Royal  Academician,  when 
he  presented  as  his  diploma  work  a  '  Nymph 
and  Cupid.'  He  retired  in  1876,  becoming 
an  honorary  R.A. 

Frost  died  unmarried  in  Fitzroy  Square, 
London,  on  4  June  1877.  He  formed  a  large 
collection  of  engravings  after  the  works  of 
Thomas  Stothard,  R.  A.,  and  prepared,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Henry  Reeve,  'A  com- 
plete Catalogue  of  the  Paintings,  Water- 
colour  Drawings,  Drawings,  and  Prints  in  the 
Collection  of  the  late  H.  A.  J.  Munro,  Esq., 
of  Novar,'  which  was  privately  printed  in 
1865. 

[Art  Journal,  1849,  p.  184,  with  portrait,  from 
a  sketch  in  oil  by  himself;  Art  Journal,  1857, 
pp.  5-7  (with  woodcuts),  1877,  pp.  234,  280; 
Illustrated  London  News,  21  Jan.  1871,  with 
portrait;  Athenaeum,  1877,  i.  744;  Academy, 
1877,  i.  543;  Times,  8  June  1877;  Sandby's 
Hist,  of  the  Koyal  Academy  of  Arts,  1862,  ii. 
219-221 ;  Royal  Academy  Exhibition  Catalogues, 
1836-78;  British  Institution  Exhibition  Cata- 
logues (Modern  Artists),  1842-67.]  E.  E.  G-. 

FROUCESTER,  WALTER  (d.  1412), 
abbot  of  St.  Peter's,  Gloucester,  had  previ- 
ously officiated  as  chamberlain  of  the  monas- 
tery. On  the  death  of  John  Boyfield  in 
January  1382  Froucester  was  elected  his  suc- 
cessor, being  the  twentieth  abbot.  Boyfield's 
rule  had  not  been  successful ;  he  was  weak 
and  was  in  continual  trouble  with  rival  ec- 
clesiastics, who,  to  the  disadvantage  of  his 
monastery,  generally  got  the  better  of  him. 
Froucester,  on  assuming  the  direction,  applied 
himself  to  the  improvement  of  the  brother- 
hood's position  with  marked  success,  taking 
and  keeping  the  upper  hand  over  all  rivals, 
and  yet  without  giving  offence.  By  the  pru- 
dence and  economy  of  his  domestic  adminis- 
tration he  succeeded  in  wiping  off  the  greater 
part  of  the  vast  debt  with  which  he  found 
the  monastery  encumbered.  From  his  private 
purse  he  supplied  the  church  with  ornaments 
of  all  kinds,  books,  vestments,  and  silver 
plate.  He  is  best  known  for  having  brought 
to  completion  at  great  expense  the  beautiful 
cloisters,  the  building  of  which  had  been  be- 


gun in  Horton's  (abbot  1351-77)  time,  and 
left  unfinished  for  several  years.  With  the 
view  of  securing  for  his  monastery  full  title  to 
some  of  its  possessions  he  despatched  to  Rome 
one  of  the  brotherhood,  William  Bryt  by 
name,  who,  after  a  stay  of  some  years,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  appropriated  to  the  mo- 
nastery the  churches  of  Holy  Trinity  and 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  Gloucester,  and  that  of 
Chipping  Norton,  Oxfordshire.  Froucester 
also  obtained  from  Pope  Urban,  through  the 
influence  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  the  pri- 
vileges of  wearing  the  pontifical  mitre,  ring, 
sandals,  and  dalmatic,  which  his  predecessor 
had  requested  in  vain.  The  occasion  chosen 
by  Froucester  for  his  investment  with  these 
ornaments  was  10  April  1390,  the  day  on 
which  the  remains  of  St.  Kyneburgh  the 
Virgin  were  translated  to  St.  Peter's,  the 
ceremony  being  celebrated  by  the  Bishop  of 
Worcester  and  Froucester,  and  a  number  of 
ecclesiastics,  in  the  presence  of  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester  and  many  noblemen  and  ladies. 
He  also  obtained  from  the  pope  a  dispensation 
allowing  the  brotherhood  of  St.  Peter's  to  eat 
flesh  from  Septuagesima  to  Quinquagesima 
inclusive.  By  Froucester's  orders  the  regis- 
ters of  the  monastery  were  compiled  afresh, 
and  the  history  of  St.  Peter's  was  probably 
re-edited  at  the  same  time.  It  has  sometimes 
been  supposed,  but  unwarrantably,  that  this 
history,  early  copies  of  which  exist  in  Queen's 
College  Library,  Oxford,  and  among  the  Cot- 
tonian  MSS.,  was  written  by  Froucester,  be- 
cause the  chronicle  closes  during  his  abbacy  ; 
internal  evidence  shows  that  it  was  compiled 
from  time  to  time.  Froucester  died  in  1412, 
and  was  buried  beneath  an  arch  in  the  south- 
west portion  of  the  choir  of  St.  Peter's.  Sir 
Robert  Atkyns  (Ancient  and  Present  State  of 
Gloucestershire,  p.  66)  calls  him  Trowcester. 

[Historia  et  Cartularium  Monasterii  Sancti 
Petri  Gloucestrise  (Eolls  Ser.  vol.  xxxiii.),  ed. 
W.  H.  Hart,  i.  x,  xii,  Ixiii-lxviii,  6,  50,  54-8; 
Dugdale's  Monast.  Angl.  i.  535 ;  Rudder's  New 
Hist,  of  Gloucestershire,  p.  137.]  A.  V. 

FROUDE,     RICHARD     HURRELL 

(1803-1836),  divine,  son  of  Robert  Hurrell 
Froude,  afterwards  archdeacon  of  Totnes,  was 
born  25  March  1803,  at  his  father's  rectory, 
Dartington,  Devonshire.  He  was  the  elder 
brother  of  William  Froude,  the  engineer 
[q.  v.],  and  of  the  historian,  James  Anthony 
Froude.  He  was  educated  at  Ottery  free 
school,  where  he  lived  in  the  house  of  George, 
elder  brother  of  Samuel  Taylor,  Coleridge, 
and  was  sent  to  Eton  in  1816.  In  1821  he 
came  into  residence  as  a  commoner  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford.  He  graduated  as  B.A.  in 
1824,  when  he  was  second  class  both  in 


Froude 


291 


*  Literse  Humaniores '  and  mathematics.  He 
was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at  Oriel  at  Easter 
1826,  took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1827,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  tutor  in  his  college, 
retaining  the  office  until  1830.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  at  Christmas  1828  by  the 
Bishop  of  Oxford,  and  priest  in  1829.  In 
1826  (the  present  Cardinal)  Newman  became 
tutor  of  Oriel,  and  there  made  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Froude,  which  ripened  into  a  close 
and  affectionate  friendship  about  1829.  New- 
man, in  his  '  Apologia,'  speaks  of  Froude's 
bold  and  logical  intellect.  He  already  de- 
tested the  reformers,  admired  the  church  of 
Rome,  accepted  tradition  '  as  a  main  instru- 
ment of  religious  teaching,'  and  was  '  power- 
fully drawn  to  the  mediaeval  church,  but  not 
to  the  primitive.'  He  was  '  a  high  tory  of 
the  cavalier  stamp/  a  man  of  strong  classical 
tastes,  and  fond  of  historical  inquiry,  but '  had 
no  taste  for  theology  as  such.'  He  became 
an  influential  member  of  the  party  afterwards 
known  as  the  Oxford  school,  and  had  a  strong 
influence  upon  its  founders.  In  1831  he 
showed  symptoms  of  consumption,  and  passed 
the  winter  of  1832  in  the  south  of  Europe 
for  the  sake  of  his  health.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  his  father,  and  for  part  of  the  time 
by  Newman.  He  was  '  shocked  by  the  dege- 
neracy which  he  thought  he  saw  in  the  ca- 
tholics of  Italy.'  At  Rome  he  began  with 
Newman  to  write  the  'Lyra  Apostolica,' 
which  appeared  in  the  '  British  Magazine.' 
His  contributions  signed  |3  are  exceptionally 
beautiful.  After  his  return  in  the  summer 
of  1833,  he  sailed  in  November  1834  to  the 
West  Indies,  where  he  stayed  until  the  spring 
of  1835.  His  health  was  not  really  improved, 
and  he  died  at  his  father's  house  28  Feb.  1836. 
He  contributed  three  of  the  '  Tracts  for  the 
Times.'  Two  volumes  of  'Remains'  pub- 
lished at  the  end  of  1837  were  prefaced  by 
Newman  and  edited  by  James  B.  Mozley 
[_ q.  v.]  The  preface  shows  that  although  he 
hated  '  protestantism,'  he  was  still  opposed 
to  '  Romanism.'  He  was  a  '  catholic  with- 
out the  popery,  and  a  church  of  England 
man  without  the  protestantism'  (Remains, 
i.  404).  He  was  in  fact  at  the  stage  reached 
by  Newman  at  the  same  period.  Two  later 
volumes  appeared  in  1839.  They  show  his 
strong  prejudices  more  distinctly  than  the 
intellectual  power  which  he  undoubtedly 
possessed. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Froude  says  that  he  never  saw  any 
person  '  in  whom  the  excellencies  of  intellect 
and  character  were  combined  in  fuller  mea- 
sure '  (Nineteenth  Centmy  for  April  1879). 

[Life  prefixed  to  Bemains ;  Newman's  Apolo- 
gia, 1st  ed.  75,  77,  84-7,  95,  109,  110,  125, 
128,  129,  154;  Mozley's  Beminiscences  (1882), 


i.  224-8.  291-305 ;  Churton's  Joshua  "Watsoii 
(1861),  ii.  139-41;  Coleridge's  Keble,  pp.  xii. 
111-13  ;  Life  of  S.  Wilberforce,  i.  34,  95 ;  J.  B. 
Mozley's  Letters,  pp.  73,  102.] 

FROUDE,  WILLIAM  (1810-1879), 
engineer  and  naval  architect,  fourth  son  of 
the  Venerable  Robert  Hurrell  Froude,  arch- 
deacon of  Totnes  and  rector  of  Dartington 
and  Denbury  in  Devonshire,  was  born  at 
Dartington  parsonage,  28  Nov.  1810.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
then  matriculated  from  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
on  23  Oct.  1828,  being  for  some  time  a  pupil 
of  his  elder  brother,  Richard  Hurrell  Froude 
[q.  v.]  Here,  although  devoting  much  of  his 
leisure  to  chemistry  and  mechanics,  he  did 
not  neglect  other  studies,  and  took  a  first 
class  in  mathematical  honours  in  1832,  his 
B.  A.  in  the  same  year,  and  his  M.A.  in  1837. 
In  the  beginning  of  1833  he  became  a  pupil 
of  Henry  Robinson  Palmer,  vice-president  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  was  by 
him  employed  on  some  of  the  surveys  of  the 
South-Eastern  railway.  In  1837  he  joined 
the  engineering  staff  of  Isambard  K.  Brunei 
upon  the  Bristol  and  Exeter  railway,  where 
he  had  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  line 
between  the  Whitehall  tunnel  and  Exeter. 
He  evinced  great  attention  to  details,  and  in 
two  elliptical  skew-bridges  introduced  taper 
bricks  so  arranged  as  to  make  correct  spiral 
courses,  and  it  was  while  employed  on  this 
line  that  he  propounded  the  '  curve  of  ad- 
justment.' In  the  autumn  of  1844  he  was 
engaged  on  the  survey  of  the  Wilts,  Somer- 
set, and  Weymouth  railway,  but  shortly 
afterwards  gave  up  the  active  pursuit  of  his 
profession  in  order  to  live  at  Dartington  with 
his  father,  who  was  then  in  failing  health. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1859,  Froude 
left  Dartington,  and  went  to  reside  at  Torbay, 
where  in  1867  he  built  a  house  near  Torquay, 
which  he  named  Chelston  Cross.  As  early 
as  1856  he  had,  at  the  request  of  Brunei, 
commenced  an  investigation  into  the  laws  of 
the  motion  of  a  ship  among  waves,  which  he 
continued  at  Torquay,  and  upon  which  he 
read  a  series  of  papers  at  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects.  He  proved  the  mechani- 
cal possibility  of  that  form  of  motion  known 
as  the  trochoidal  sea-wave.  He  also  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  slow  rolling  ships  are  less 
likely  to  meet  with  waves  which  will  cause 
them  to  roll,  and  that  the  rolling  of  a  ship 
can  be  reduced  by  the  means  of  a  deep  bilge- 
keel.  The  armour-clad  and  other  ships  of  war 
of  the  British  navy  have  been  designed  in 
accordance  with  this  theory,  so  as  to  have 
steadiness  at  sea.  In  1871  he  demonstrated 
the  effect  of  bilge-keels  with  a  model  of  the 
Devastation,  and  in  1872  these  keels  were 

TJ2 


Froude 


292 


Frowde 


further  tested  by  trials  of  the  Greyhound  and 
Perseus  off  Plymouth.  At  the  suggestion 
of  Edward  James  Reed,  he  proposed  to  the 
admiralty  to  conduct  a  series  of  experiments 
on  the  resistance  of  models.  This  offer  was 
accepted  in  1870,  and  from  that  time  he  de- 
Toted  his  energies  to  the  conducting  of  ex- 
periments for  the  government  on  the  resist- 
ance of  ships,  and  on  the  cognate  subject  of 
their  propulsion.  The  admiralty  establish- 
ment at  Torquay  erected  for  carrying  out 
these  experiments  contained  a  covered  tank, 
250  feet  long,  33  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  deep. 
Above  the  tank  was  suspended  a  railway,  on 
which  ran  a  truck  drawn  at  any  given  speed, 
and  beneath  this  truck  the  model  was  drawn 
through  the  water,  and  its  resistance  was 
measured  by  a  self-acting  dynamometer  on 
the  truck.  His  researches  into  the  expendi- 
ture of  power  in  screw-ships,  the  proportions 
of  screw-propellers,  and  the  information  to  be 
deduced  from  the  speed-trials  of  ships,  have  • 
been  of  immense  importance  to  the  royal  \ 
navy  and  to  the  mercantile  marine.  His  j 
value  as  an  adviser  was  recognised  by  his 
appointment  as  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  design  in  1870,  and  on  the  Inflexible 
committee  in  1877,  and  by  the  confidence 
afforded  to  him  by  the  successive  heads  of 
the  admiralty.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  7  April  1846, 
and  in  1877  was  named  a  member  of  the 
council.  On  2  June  1870  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  on  27  April 
1876  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
the  university  of  Glasgow.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  given  the  royal  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  gave  evidence  before  the 
royal  commission  on  scientific  research  29  May 
1872,  which  contains  details  of  the  experi- 
ments which  he  undertook  for  the  admiralty 
(Report  of  Royal  Commission,  1874,  ii. 
147-52,  in  Parliamentary  Papers,  1874, 
vol.  xxiii.)  His  last  work  was  the  construc- 
tion of  a  dynamometer  capable  of  determin- 
ing the  power  of  large  marine  engines.  This 
machine,  which  he  did  not  live  to  see  experi- 
mented on,  was  afterwards  tried  with  com- 
plete success.  In  the  winter  of  1878  he 
went  on  a  cruise  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
in  H.M.S.  Boadicea,  and  was  about  to  return 
to  England  when  he  was  seized  with  an 
attack  of  dysentery,  and  died  at  Admiralty 
House,  Simon's  Town,  on  4  May  1879,  and 
was  buried  in  the  Naval  cemetery  on  12  May. 
He  was  the  author  of  papers  in  '  Minutes 
of  Proceedings  of  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers,' '  Journal  of  Bath  and  West  of  Eng- 
land Society,' '  Proceedings  of  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,'  '  Transactions  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,'  '  Reports 


of  the  British  Association,' '  Naval  Science/" 
'Nature,'  and  other  publications,  most  of 
them  referring  to  his  experiments  in  connec- 
tion with  ships. 

[Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  (1880),  Ix.  395-404;  Proceed- 
ings of  Koyal  Society  of  London  (1879),  xxix~ 
pp.  ii-vi;  Nature  (1879),  xx.  148-50,  169-73  ; 
Times,  27  May  1879,  p.  7,  3  June,  p.  12,  7  June, 
p.  7;  Mozley's  Keminiscences  (1882),  ii.  14-17.} 

G.  C.  B. 

FROWDE,  PHILIP  (d.  1738),  poet,  was 
the  son  of  Philip  Frowde,  deputy  postmaster- 
general  from  1678  to  1688  (HAYDN,  Book  of 
Dignities,  p.  198).  His  grandfather,  Colonel 
Philip  Frowde,  for  his  faithful  adherence  to- 
Charles  1  and  Charles  II  was  knighted  on 
10  March  1664-5  (L.E  NEVE,  Knights,  Harl. 
Soc.,  p.  190),  and  appointed  governor  of  the 
post  office  (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dora.  1660- 
1667;  London  Daily  Post,  28  Dec.  1738). 
From  Eton,  where  young  Philip  was  contem- 
porary with  Walpole  (dedication  to  The  Fall 
of  Saguntuiri),  Frowde  passed  to  Magdalen- 
College,  Oxford,  as  a  gentleman-commoner,, 
and  became  one  of  Addison's  pupils  (A.  B., 
The  History  of  Saguntum,  p.  51).  He  did 
not  take  a  degree.  To  vol.  ii.  of  '  Musarum 
Anglicanarum  Analecta,'  8vo,  Oxford,  1699r 
edited  by  Addison,  Frowde  contributed  (pp. 
145-7)  '  Cursus  Glacialis,  Anglice,  Seating/ 
In  May  1720  Curll  published  these  justly 
admired  verses  as  Addison's,  together  with 
an  English  version  also  supposed  to  be  Ad- 
dison's, and  an  impudent  preface  by  oneT.N., 
who  states  that  although  Addison  was  well 
known  to  be  the  author,  he  had  always  allowed 
Frowde  to  pass  them  as  his  own.  An  anony- 
mous imitation  in  English  appeared  in  1774; 
there  is  also  a  translation  in  '  Miscellanea/ 
by  J[ames]  G[lassford],  4to,  Edinburgh,  1818 
(pp.  24-9).  Frowde  wrote  likewise  a  frosty 
blank  verse  tragedy  entitled  '  The  Fall  of 
Saguntum,'  8vo,  London,  1727,  in  which  the 
influence  of '  Cato  '  is  clearly  perceptible.  It 
was  acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  on  16  Jan. 
1726-7  (GEXEST,  Hut  of  the  Stage,  iii.  191- 
192),  Quin  representing  Eurydamas  and  de- 
livering the  prologue  by  Theobald.  The 
tragedy  obtained  only  about  three  represen- 
tations, and  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  an  ex- 
quisitely absurd  dedication  to  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  who  is  described  as  '  bringing  the 
learning  and  arts  of  Greece  and  Rome  into 
the  cabinet ;  either  that  to  instruct  in  the 
depths  of  reasoning ;  or  these  in  the  rules  of 
governing.'  Previously  to  its  performance 
an  enthusiastic  friend,  A.  B.,  possibly  Frowde 
himself,  undertook  to  explain  for  the  benefit 
of  '  a  lady  of  quality '  the  numerous  histori- 


Frowyk 


293 


Fry 


cal  and  classical  allusions  in  the  play  in  '  The 
History  of  Saguntum,'  8vo,  London,  1727,  in 
•which  he  is  also  at  pains  to  prove  the  drama- 
tist's superiority  over  Silius  Italicus,  from 
whose  '  Punica '  the  plot  is  partly  derived. 
Another  lugubrious  tragedy  in  blank  verse, 
*  Philotas,'  8vo,  London,  1731  (another  edi- 
tion, 12mo,  London,  1735),  brought  out  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  on  3  Feb.  1730-1,  with 
Quin  again  in  the  cast,  met  with  an  even 
colder  reception,  though  it  was  suffered  to 
run  for  six  nights  (ib.  iii.  310-11).  Fielding 
has  introduced  an  ironical  encomium  on '  Phi- 
lotas '  in  'Joseph  Andrews.'  Frowde  died 
unmarried  at  his  lodgings  in  Cecil  Street, 
Strand,  in  December  1738,  and  was  buried 
in  the  cemetery  in  Lamb's  Conduit  Fields 
(London  Daily  Post,  22  and  28  Dec.  1738 ; 
Admon.  Act  £ook,  P.  C.  C.  1739).  His  por- 
trait, by  T.  Murray,  painted  in  1732,  was 
engraved  by  Faber  in  1738  (NOBLE,  Con- 
tinuation of  Granger,  iii.  307-8). 

[Baker's  Biog.  Dram.  1812,  i.  257-3,  ii.  217, 
iii.  146  ;  Hist.  Reg.  vol.  xxiii. ;  Chron.  Diary, 
p.  49  ;  Luttrell's  Relation  of  State  Affairs,  1857, 
i.521,  ii.  158,  iv.  199;  Will  of  Sir  P.  Frowde 
(P.  C.  C.  99  and  127,  Bunce);  Chester's  London 
Marriage  Licenses  (Foster),  col.  517.]  G.  G-. 

FROWYK,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1506), 
judge,  a  member  of  an  important  family  of 
citizens  of  London,  among  whom  king's  gold- 
smiths, aldermen,  and  mayors  are  to  be  found 
(see  PEICE,  Guildhall  of  the  City  of  London, 
1886),was  second  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Frowyk  of 
Gunnersbury,  by  his  wife  Joan,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Richard  and  Joan  Sturgeon.  Born 
at  Gunnersbury  at  least  as  early  as  Novem- 
ber 1464,  when  he  is  mentioned  by  name  in 
the  will  of  his  grandmother,  Isabella  Frowyk, 
he  received  his  education  at  Cambridge.  As 
Fuller  (  Worthies,  ed.  1662,  p.  183)  says  that 
he  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old,  which 
is  confirmed  by  a  statement  in  Croke's  '  Keil- 
wey's  Reports '  (ed.  1688,  p.  85)  that  he  died 
'  in  florida  juventute  sua,'  he  must  have  joined 
the  bar  at  a  very  early  age,  as  his  name  occurs 
in  the  year-books  of  1489.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  became  serjeant  in 
Trinity  term  1494,  according  to  the  year-book. 
Dugdale,  however,  makes  this  event  two  years 
later.  In  May  1501  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  assize  in  the  western  counties.  In  1502, 
along  with  Mr.  Justice  Fisher  and  Conyngs- 
bye,  king's  serjeant,  he  acted  as  arbitrator 
between  the  university  and  town  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  by  his  award,  11  July,  defined 
their  respective  jurisdictions.  On  30  Sept. 
1502  he  succeeded  Sir  Thomas  Wood  as  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,andwas  knighted 
at  Richmond  the  Christmas  following.  On 


17  Oct.  1506  he  died,  and  was  buried  at 
Finchley.  According  to  Fuller,  who  says 
that  he  was  '  one  of  the  youngest  men  that 
ever  enjoyed  that  office,'  he  was  '  accounted 
the  oracle  of  law  in  his  age.'  He  married, 
first,  Joan  Bardville,  by  whom  he  had  one 
son,  Thomas, who  died  without  issue;  and 
secondly,  Elizabeth,  married  after  his  death 
to  Thomas  Jakys,  by  whom  he  had  a  daugh- 
ter Frideswide,  his  heiress,  who  married  Sir 
Thomas  Cheyney  of  Shirland. 

[Foss's  Judges  of  England  ;  Dugdale's  Chron. 
Ser. ;  the  Eev.  F.  C.  Cass's  South  Mimms,  p.  99, 
pub.  by  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeolog.  Soc. 
1877t  which  corrects  errors  in  Foss's  account  of 
his  family  ;  see,  too,  the  Society's  Transactions, 
iv.  260;  Cooper's  At  henae  Cantabr.  i.10;  Weever's 
Monuments,  p.  333  ;  Plumpton  Correspondence, 
Camd.  Soc.  pp.  152,  165;  Fuller's  Worthies, 
Middlesex,  ii.  42  ;  Bibl.  Legum  Anglise,  ii.  192  ; 
Eot.  Parl.  vi.  522 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser. 
v.  332.]  J.  A.  H. 

FRY,  EDMTJND,M.D.  (1754-1835),  type- 
founder, son  of  Joseph  Fry  (1728-1787)  [q.  v.], 
was  born  at  Bristol  in  1754.  He  studied  medi- 
cine ;  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Edinburgh, 
and  spent  some  time  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
London.  In  1782  his  father  admitted  his  two 
sons,  Edmund  and  Henry,  as  partners  in 
the  type-foundry  business  in  Queen  Street, 
London.  The  father  retired  in  1787,  when 
the  new  firm,  Edmund  Fry  &  Co.,  issued  their 
first  '  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,'  followed 
the  next  year  by  an  enlarged  edition.  Several 
founts  of  the  oriental  type,  which  fill  twelve 
pages,  were  cut  by  Fry.  In  1788  the  printing 
business  was  separated  from  the  foundry,  and 
remained  at  Worship  Street  as  the  '  Cicero 
Press,'  under  the  management  of  Henry  Fry. 
The  foundry  was  removed  to  a  place  opposite 
Bunhill  Fields  in  Chiswell  Street,  and  new 
works  erected  in  a  street  then  called  Type 
Street.  Homer's  series  of  the  classics  (1789- 
1794),  printed  by  Millar  Ritchie,  were  from 
the  characters  of  the  Type  Street  foundry.  In 
1793  <  Edmund  Fry  &  Co.,  letter  founders  to 
the  Prince  of  Wales,'  produced  a  '  Specimen 
of  Metal-cast  Ornaments  curiously  adjusted 
to  paper,'  which  gained  vogue  among  printers. 
The  next  year  Fry  took  Isaac  Steeleinto  part- 
nership, and  published  a  '  Specimen '  which 
'  shows  a  marked  advance  on  its  predecessors ' 
(T.  B.  REED,  Old  English  Letter  Foundries, 
p.  306).  In  1798  he  circulated  a '  Prospectus' 
of  the  great  work  on  which  he  had  been  oc- 
cupied for  sixteen  years,  published  as  '  Pan- 
tographia,  containing  accurate  Copies  of  all 
the  known  Alphabets  of  the  World,  together 
with  an  English  explanation  of  the  peculiar 
Force  and  Power  of  each  Letter,  to  which  are 
added  Specimens  of  all  well-authenticated 


Fry 


294 


Fry 


Oral  Languages,  forming  a  Comprehensive 
Digest  of  Phonology,'  1799, 8vo.  The  volume 
contains  more  than  two  hundred  alphabets, 
including  eighteen  varieties  of  the  Chaldee 
and  thirty-two  of  the  Greek.  Many  of  the 
characters  were  expressly  cut  by  Fry  for  his 
book.  On  the  admission  of  George  Knowles  in 
1799,  the  firm  took  the  name  of  Fry,  Steele,  & 
Co.  At  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century  the  modern-faced  type  supplanted  the 
old-faced.  '  Specimens  of  modern  cut  printing 
types  from  the  foundry  of  Messrs.Fry  &  Steele ' 
are  given  in  C.  Stower's  '  Printer's  Grammar,' 
1808,  8vo.  About  this  time  Fry  reassumed 
sole  management  of  the  business.  In  1816  a 
'  Specimen  of  Printing  Types  by  Edmund  Fry, 
Letter  Founder  to  the  King  and  Prince  Re- 
gent/ was  published.  The  firm  soon  after 
became  Edmund  Fry  &  Son,  on  the  admission 
of  his  son,  Windover.  Fry  cut  several  founts  of 
oriental  types  for  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  and 
other  bodies.  In  a  '  Specimen '  printed  in  1824 
the  name  is  changed  back  to  '  Edmund  Fry '  at 
'  the  Polyglot  Foundry.'  In  1828  he  endea- 
voured to  dispose  of  his  business,  and  issued  a 
descriptive  circular  (see  REED,  pp.  310-12). 
It  was  purchased  by  William  Thorowgood  of 
Fann  Street,  and  the  stock  removed  in  1829. 
It  has  since  been  in  the  hands  of  Thorow- 
good &  Besley,  then  R.  Besley  &  Co.,  and 
now  Sir  Charles  Reed  &  Sons.  In  1833  twenty 
designs  for  raised  type  for  the  blind  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts, 
who  had  offered  a  prize  for  the  best  example. 
Among  them  was  one  from  Fry,  to  whom  the 
gold  medal  was  awarded  a  couple  of  years 
after  his  death  (  Transactions,  1837,  i.),  which 
took  place  at  Dalby  Terrace,  City  Road,  Lon- 
don, at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  on  22  Dec.  1835. 
Fry  was  one  of  the  most  learned  of  the 
English  typefounders,  but  retired  with  a 
very  small  competence.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Company  of  Stationers.  He  was  married 
twice :  first  to  Jenny,  daughter  of  Nicholas 
Windover,  of  Stockbridge,  Hampshire,  of 
whose  issue  one  son  only  survived,  Windover 
Fry  (1797-1835)  ;  secondly  to  Ann  Hancock, 
by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Arthur  (1809-78). 
A  portrait  of  Fry,  painted  by  Frederique 
Boileau,  was  shown  at  the  Caxton  Exhibition 
in  1877  (Catalogue,  p.  336).  A  silhouette 
has  been  reproduced  by  Reed  (Letter  Foun- 
dries, p.  298)  and  Fry  (Memoir,  p.  16). 

[Information  from  Mr.  W.  E.  Fry;  T.  B. 
Reed's  Old  English  Letter  Foundries,  1887 ;  T. 
Fry's  Memoir  of  Francis  Fry  (not  published), 
1887;  T.  C.  Hansard's  Typographia,  1825; 
Joseph  Smith's  Descr.  Cat.  of  Friends'  Books, 
1867,  vol.  i.;  Gent.  Mag.  1836,  new  ser.  v. 
•••57-8.1  II.  R.  T. 


FRY,  ELIZABETH  (1780-1845),  prison  / 
reformer,  bum  ul  Euilham  in  Norfolk,  21  May^T 
1780,  was  eldest  child  of  JohnGurney,  banker 
in  Norwich,  and  member  of  an  old  quaker 
family.  Her  brother  was  Joseph  John  Gur- 
ney  [q.  v.]  Elizabeth  in  her  early  years 
entered  freely  into  social  gaieties.  Under 
the  preaching  and  influence  of  an  American 
named  Savery  she  became  deeply  impressed 
by  the  gospel.  Her  earliest  work  was  to 
visit  the  poor  at  Earlham  and  in  Norwich, 
relieving  the  wants  of  the  sick,  and  forming 
a  class  for  the  instruction  of  the  children. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  she  married  Joseph  Fry, 
who  appears  to  have  been  of  a  much  colder 
and  more  commonplace  nature  than  his  wife. 
Their  family  was  large.  Amid  all  her  public 
labours  she  never  ceased  to  devote  herself  to 
their  welfare  ;  it  was  a  great  disappointment 
to  her  that  some  of  them  left  the  Society  of 
Friends. 

Soon  after  her  marriage  she  was  much  ex- 
ercised by  the  question  whether  or  not  she 
was  called  to  the  ministry  among  her  people. 
Naturally  she  had  an  intense  aversion  to  such 
a  work,  but  on  the  death  of  her  father,  when 
she  was  twenty-nine,  she  was  constrained  to 
take  part  in  the  public  service,  and  there- 
after experienced  such  'incomings  of  love, 
joy,  peace,'  that  she  no  longer  doubted,  and 
was  accordingly  soon  after  recognised  as  a 
minister.  She  spoke  with  marvellous  effect. 
The  pathos  of  her  voice  was  almost  miracu- 
lous, and  melted  alike  the  hardest  criminals 
and  the  most  impervious  men  of  the  world. 
Cool  observers  who  had  witnessed  the  ef- 
fects of  her  appeals  in  Newgate  prison  could 
hardly  describe  the  scene  without  tears. 

Her  connection  with  prisons  began  practi- 
cally in  1813.  As  a  child  of  fifteen  she  had 
been  deeply  interested  in  the  house  of  cor- 
rection at  Norwich,  and  had  prevailed  on  her 
father  to  allow  her  to  visit  it.  At  the  instiga- 
tion of  some  of  her  friends  who  had  come  to 
know  of  the  state  of  things  at  Newgate,  and 
particularly  of  William  Forster  (1784-1854) 
[q.  v.],  she  now  turned  her  attention  to  the 
condition  of  the  female  prisoners.  The  state 
of  t  hi  ngs  was  appalling.  Nearly  three  hundred 
women,  with  their  children,  were  huddled 
together  in  two  wards  and  two  cells ;  some 
of  them  convicted,  some  not  yet  tried,  inno- 
cent and  guilty,  misdemeanants  and  felons, 
all  tumbled  together ;  without  employment, 
without  nightclothes  or  bedclothes,  sleep- 
ing on  the  bare  floor,  cooking  and  washing, 
eating  and  sleeping  in  the  same  apartment. 
A  tap  in  the  prison  gave  them  the  oppor- 
tunity of  supplying  themselves  with  drink. 
Even  the  governor  was  afraid  to  trust  him-  >/ 
self  in  the  place,  and  when  the  quakers  were-  born 

in  Magdalen  Street,  Norwich  (G.  K.  Lewis, 
Elizabeth  Fry,  1912,  p.  14).  There  is  a 
memorial  tablet  on  the  house  in  Ournev 
r.nurt  Macrrklen  Street  :  "  Elizabeth  Frv. 


Fry 


295 


Fry 


about  to  visit  it  he  advised  them  to  leave 
their  watches  behind.  '  The  begging,'  as  she 
afterwards  described  the  scene  to  a  com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons, '  swearing, 
gaming,  fighting,  singing,  dancing,  dressing- 
up  in  men's  clothes  were  too  bad  to  be  de- 
scribed, so  that  we  did  not  think  it  suitable 
to  admit  young  persons  with  us.' 

At  first  she  tried  no  more  than  to  supply 
the  most  destitute  with  clothes.  Then  she 
established  a  school,  which  was  very  success- 
ful. A  matron  was  afterwards  appointed. 
But  the  main  cause  of  reformation  was  her 
personal  influence  and  exertions.  The  read- 
ing of  the  scriptures  was  a  leading  part  of 
her  remedial  measures,  and  her  impressive 
tones  and  profound  reverence  made  a  deep 
impression.  She  was  the  heart  and  soul  of 
an  association  formed  in  1817  for  the  im- 
provement of  female  prisoners  in  Newgate. 
The  effects  of  her  labours  were  thus  described 
by  the  American  minister  of  the  day :  '  Two 
days  ago  I  saw  the  greatest  curiosity  in 
London,  aye  and  in  England  too,  compared 
to  which  Westminster  Abbey,  the  Tower, 
Somerset  House,  the  British  Museum,  nay 
parliament  itself,  sink  into  utter  insignifi- 
cance. I  have  seen  Elizabeth  Fry  in  New- 
gate, and  I  have  witnessed  there  the  mira- 
culous effect  of  true  Christianity  upon  the 
most  depraved  of  human  beings.  And  yet 
the  wretched  outcasts  have  been  tamed  and 
subdued  by  the  Christian  eloquence  of  Mrs. 
Fry.  .  .  .' 

Her  success  attracted  the  attention  of  all 
classes,  including  royalty.  Transported  cri- 
minals were  sent  in  those  days  to  New  South 
Wales,  and  the  voyage  was  performed  with- 
out classification,  employment,  or  superin- 
tendence. At  New  South  Wales  no  arrange- 
ments were  made  for  enabling  them  to  earn 
an  honest  living.  Mrs.  Fry  exerted  herself 
greatly  to  induce  the  government  to  make 
proper  regulations  for  the  voyage,  and  to 
provide  a  suitable  home  and  proper  employ- 
ments for  them  on  arriving. 

She  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  condition 
of  other  prisons  besides  Newgate.  Sometimes 
combining  her  work  as  a  minister  of  the 
quaker  communion  with  her  prison  labours, 
she  would  travel  through  the  country,  espe- 
cially visiting  places  where  there  were  pri- 
sons, ascertaining  their  condition,  conferring 
with  the  local  authorities,  making  suggestions 
to  them,  and  forming  ladies'  associations  for 
more  effectually  carry  ing  out  the  object.  Her 
visits,  too,  extended  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  In  1820  she  corresponded 
with  the  Princess  Sophie  Mestchersky  of 
Russia ;  the  dowager-empress  became  deeply 
interested,  and  her  son  Nicholas  allowed  her 


to  convert  a  royal  palace  into  a  palace  prison. 
Mrs.  Fry,  however,  did  not  desire  to  encourage 
such  sentimental  philanthropy.  In  France, 
Louis-Philippe  and  his  queen  received  her 
kindly ;  so  did  the  king  of  Prussia  and  his 
family.  At  Kaiserswerth  she  had  a  most 
interesting  time ;  Fliedner  owned  that  her 
example  had  moved  him  greatly ;  while  she 
was  impressed,  after  visiting  Kaiserswerth, 
with  the  importance  of  having  trained  nurses 
to  attend  the  sick,  and  instituted  an  order  of 
'  nursing  sisters,'  whose  aid  has  been  sought 
and  valued  by  persons  of  all  classes. 

Although  prison  reform  was  her  chief  work, 
she  attended  to  other  questions.  She  was 
much  impressed  by  the  miseries  of  homeless 
wanderers  in  London  during  the  rigorous 
winter  of  1819-20,  and  especially  by  the 
death  of  a  poor  boy  who  was  found  frozen 
to  death  on  a  doorstep.  A  '  nightly  shelter 
for  the  homeless '  was  the  result,  soup  and 
bread,  as  well  as  a  bed,  being  given  to  those 
who  applied.  The  scheme  prospered  under 
a  committee  of  ladies,  of  whom  she  was  the 
head,  and  they  did  not  limit  their  efforts 
merely  to  providing  the  night's  lodging,  but 
tried  to  find  occupation  for  the  unemployed. 
In  like  manner,  finding  Brighton  to  be  greatly 
infested  with  beggars,  she  instituted  a  dis- 
trict visiting  society  designed  to  relieve  real 
distress,  to  prevent  mendicity  and  imposture, 
and  encourage  industry.  Observing  how  the 
members  of  the  blockade  or  preventive  ser- 
vice were  exposed  to  dreary  idleness,  she  got 
them  a  supply  of  bibles  and  useful  books, 
and  by-and-by  libraries  were  supplied  to  the 
preventive  stations.  A  remark  on  the  tempta- 
tions of  discharged  prisoners  led  to  the  open- 
ing, by  a  lady  who  heard  it,  of  the  Royal 
Manor  Hall  Asylum. 

In  1828  her  husband  became  bankrupt, 
and  he  and  his  family  sank  from  affluence  to 
poverty.  Much  suffering  was  entailed  on 
others,  and  Mrs.  Fry  could  no  longer  help  the 
needy  as  she  had  been  accustomed  to  do.  But 
she  continued  her  duties  as  a  minister,  in  ad- 
dition to  all  her  philanthropic  work  and  her 
domestic  duties.  She  was  equally  at  home 
with  all  ranks ;  at  one  time  we  find  her  en- 
tertaining the  king  of  Prussia  at  dinner,  at 
another  drinking  tea  with  a  poor  shoemaker 
who  had  been  able  to  procure  but  one  luxury 
for  her  entertainment — a  little  fresh  butter. 
She  died  at  Ramsgate  on  12  Oct.  1845,  and 
was  buried  in  the  Friends'  burial-ground  at 
Barking.  Mrs.  Fry  was  the  author  of:  1 . '  Ob- 
servations on  ...  Female  Prisoners,'  Lond., 
1827.  2. '  Report  by  Mrs.  Fry  and  J.  J.  Gurney 
on  their  late  visit  to  Ireland,'  Lond.,  1827. 
3.  Preface  to  JohnVenn's '  Sermon  on  Gradual 
Progress  of  Evil,'  Lond.,  1830.  4.  'Texts  for 


Fry 


296 


Fry 


Every  Day  in  the  Year,'  Lond.,  1831 ;  trans- 
lated into  French,  German,  and  Italian. 

[Memories  of  [Mrs.  Fry],  by  her  daughter,  R.  E. 
C[resswell],  1845  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Mrs. 
Fry,  by  two  of  her  daughters,  1 847  ;  Abridged 
Memoir  by  Mrs.  Cresswell,  1856 ;  Memoirs  of 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Fry,  by  Thomas  Timpson,  1847; 
The  Life  of  Elizabeth  Fry,  compiled  from  her 
Journals,  by  Susanna  Corder,  1853  ;  Smith's 
Friends'  Books,  i.  811-13.]  W.  G.  B. 

FRY,  FRANCIS  (1803-1886),  biblio- 
grapher, born  at  Westbury-on-Trym,  near 
Bristol,  on  28  Oct.  1803,  was  the  second  son 
of  Joseph  Storrs  Fry  (1769-1835).  He  was 
educated  at  a  large  school  at  Fishponds,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Frenchay,  kept  by  a  quaker 
named  Joel  Lean,  and  commenced  his  busi- 
ness training  at  Croydon.  From  his  twentieth 
year  to  middle  age  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
rapidly  increasing  business  of  the  firm  of 
J.  S.  Fry  &  Sons,  cocoa  and  chocolate  manu- 
facturers, at  Bristol,  in  which  he  was  after- 
wards a  partner.  In  1833  he  married  Matilda, 
only  daughter  of  Daniel  and  Anne  Penrose, 
of  Brittas,  co.  Wicklow.  He  took  a  part  in 
the  introduction  of  railways  in  the  west  of 
England,  and  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
the  Bristol  and  Gloucester  railway,  which 
held  its  first  sitting  11  July  1839,  retain- 
ing his  position  during  the  various  amal- 
gamations of  the  line  until  its  union  with 
.the  Midland.  He  was  also  a  director  of 
the  Bristol  and  Exeter,  the  South  Devon, 
and  other  railways.  He  took  a  principal 
share  in  managing  the  Bristol  Waterworks 
(1846)  until  his  death.  In  1839  he  removed 
to  Gotham,  between  Bristol  and  Redland, 
and  built  a  house  close  to  the  old  Tower,  re- 
presented in  many  of  the  books  which  he 
afterwards  purchased.  With  WilliamForster, 
father  of  W.  E.  Forster  [q.  v.].  and  Robert 
Alsop  he  visited  Northern  Italy  in  1850,  as  a 
deputation  from  the  Society  of  Friends  to 
various  crowned  heads,  praying  for  their 
countenance  in  the  abolition  of  slavery  (B. 
SEEBOHM,  Memoirs  of  William  Forster,  1865, 
ii.  284).  In  1852  he  made  proposals  to  the 
railway  companies  for  a  general  parcel  des- 
patch throughout  the  United  Kingdom.  He 
catalogued  the  library  of  the  Monthly  Meet- 
ing at  Bristol  in  I860,  and  visited  Germany. 
A  discovery  made  by  him  at  Munich  about 
the  books  printed  at  Worms  by  Peter  Schoeffer 
the  younger  enabled  him  to  decide  that  Tyn- 
dale's  first  English  New  Testament  came 
from  Schoeffer's  press.  Two  years  later  Fry 
produced  his  careful  facsimile  reprint,  by 
means  of  tracing  and  lithography,  of  Tyndale's 
New  Testament  (1525  or  1526),  the  first 
complete  edition  printed  in  English,  from  the 
only  perfect  copy  known,  now  in  the  Baptist 


College,  Bristol.  In  the  same  year  he  edited 
a  facsimile  reprint  of  the  pamphlet  known  as 
the  '  Souldier's  Pocket  Bible,'  distributed  to 
Cromwell's  army,  and  discovered  by  G.  Liver- 
more  of  Boston,  who  had  himself  reprinted 
it  the  previous  year.  Several  editions  were 
circulated  among  the  soldiers  during  the 
American  civil  war.  It  was  somewhat  altered 
and  enlarged  as  the '  Christian  Soldier's  Penny 
Bible '  (1693),  also  facsimiled  and  edited  by 
Fry.  In  1863  he  issued  a  couple  of  small 
rare  pieces  illustrative  of  Tyndale's  version, 
and  in  1865  published  his  remarkable  biblio- 
graphical treatise  on  the  Great  Bible  of  1539, 
the  six  editions  of  Cranmer's  Bible  of  1540 
and  1541,  and  the  five  editions  of  the  autho- 
rised version.  Fry  visited  many  private  and 
public  libraries  to  collate  different  copies  of 
these  bibles,  and  was  able  to  settle  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  various  issues.  This  work  was 
followed  by  his  account  of  Coverdale's  trans- 
lation of  the  Scriptures,  and  his  description 
of  forty  editions  of  Tyndale's  version,  most 
of  which  vary  among  themselves.  These 
three  books  are  marked  by  laborious  accuracy, 
great  bibliographical  acumen,  and  a  profound 
acquaintance  with  the  history  of  the  English 
Bible. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  the 
Bristol  Philosophical  Society,  as  well  as  of 
the  Bristol  Museum  and  Library.  Books  and 
china  formed  his  chief  study.  His  collection 
of  specimens  produced  at  the  Bristol  factory 
between  1768  and  1781  was  particularly  com- 
plete. Many  examples  are  described  by  Hugh 
Owen  (  Two  Centuries  of  Ceramic  Art  in  Bris- 
tol, 1873,  pp.  78-9, 97,  243,  &c.)  His  collec- 
tion of  bibles  and  testaments  numbered  nearly 
thirteen  hundred,  chiefly  English,  especially 
editions  of  the  versions  of  Tyndale,  Cover- 
dale,  and  Cranmer,  but  with  a  number  of  first 
editions  in  other  languages.  He  took  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  many  associations  for  social 
improvement.  He  died  12  Nov.  1886,  soon 
after  the  completion  of  his  eighty-third  year, 
and  was  buried  in  the  Friends'  graveyard  at 
King's  Weston,  near  Bristol. 

His  writings  are:  1.  'A  Catalogue  of 
Books  in  the  Library  belonging  to  the  Monthly 
Meeting  in  Bristol,'  3rd  edit,  Bristol,  1860, 
8vo.  2.  '  The  First  New  Testament  printed 
in  the  English  Language  (1525  or  1526), 
translated  from  the  Greek  by  William  Tyn- 
dale, reproduced  in  facsimile,  with  an  Intro- 
duction,' Bristol,  1862,  sm.  8vo.  3.  'The 
Souldiers  Pocket  Bible,  printed  at  London 
by  G.  B.  and  R.  W.  for  G.  C.  1643,  reproduced 
in  facsimile,  with  an  Introduction,'  London, 
1862,  sm.  8vo  (this  consists  of  texts  of  Scrip- 
ture, chiefly  from  the  Geneva  version,  with 
special  applications).  4.  '  The  Christian  Sol- 


Fry 


297 


Fry 


diers  Penny  Bible,  London,  printed  by  R. 
Smith  for  Sam.  Wade,  1693,  reproduced  in 
facsimile  with  an  Introductory  Note,' London, 

1862,  sm.  8vo  (No.  3  altered,  with  the  texts 
from  the   authorised  version  somewhat  in- 
correctly quoted).      5.    '  A  proper  Dyaloge 
betwene   a  gentillman  and  a  husbandman 
eche  complaynynge  to  other  their  miserable 
calamite  through  the  ambicion  of  clergye 
with  a  compendious  olde  treatyse  shewynge 
howe  that  we  ought  to  have  the  Scripture  in 
Englysshe,  Hans  Luft,  1530,  reproduced  in 
facsimile,   with  an  Introduction/  London, 

1863,  8vo.     6.  '  The  prophete  Jonas,  with  an 
Introduction  by  Wm.  Tyndale,  reproduced  in 
facsimile,  to  which  is  added  Coverdale's  ver- 
sion of  Jonah,  with  an  Introduction,'  London, 
1863,  8vo  (Nos.  5  and  6  reproduced  from  the 
unique  copies  in  the  library  of  Lord  Arthur 
Hervey).     7.  '  The  Standard  Edition  of  the 
English  New  Testament  of  the  Genevan  Ver- 
sion,' London,  1864,  8vo  (reprinted  from  the 
'  Journal  of  Sacred  Literature,'  July  1864). 
8.  '  A  Description  of  'the  Great  Bible,  1539, 
and  the  six  editions  of  Cranmer's  Bible,  1540 
and   1541,  printed  by  Grafton  and  Whit- 
church  ;  also  of  the  editions  in  large  folio  of 
the  Authorised  Version  printed  in  1611, 1613, 
1617, 1634, 1640 ;  illustrated  with  titles  and 
with  passages  from  the  editions,  the  genea- 
logies and  the  maps,  copied  in  facsimile,  also 
with  an  identification  of  every  leaf  of  the 
first  seven  and  of  many  leaves  of  the  other 
editions,  on  fifty-one  plates,  together  with  an 
original  leaf  of  each  of  the  editions  described,' 
London,  1865,  folio.    9.  '  The  Bible  by  Cover- 
dale,  1535,  remarks  on  the  titles,  the  year 
of  publication,  &c.,  with  facsimiles,'  London, 
1867, 8vo.    10.  <  A  List  of  most  of  the  Words 
noticed  exhibiting  the  peculiar  orthography 
used  in  Tindale's  New  Testament,'  Bristol, 
1871,  folio  (single  sheet,  circulated  to  inquire 
as  to  the  edition  '  finished  in  1535 ').    11.  '  A 
Bibliographical  Description  of  the  Editions 
of  the  New  Testament,  Tyndale's  Version  in 
English,  with  numerous  readings,  compari- 
sons of  texts,  and  historical  notices,  the  notes 
in  full  from  the  edition  of  November  1534, 
an  account  of  two  octavo   editions  of  the 
New  Testament  of  the  Bishop's  version,  with- 
out numbers  to  the  verses,  illustrated  with 
73  plates,'  London,  1878,  4to.    12.  '  Descrip- 
tion of  a  Title-page  of  a  New  Testament 
dated  anno  1532,'  Bristol,  1885,  4to  (with 
facsimile  of  title-page,  two  leaves). 

[A  Brief  Memoir  of  Francis  Fry  of  Bristol, 
by  his  son,  Theodore  Fry,  privately  printed,  1887, 
8vo,  with  portraits  of  Fry  and  members  of  his 
family,  and  other  illustrations ;  Joseph  Smith's 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books,  1867, 
i.  814-15.]  H.  R.  T. 


FRY,  JOHN  (1609-1657),  theological 
writer,  son  of  William  Fry  of  Iwerne  Min- 
ster, Dorsetshire,  by  Milicent,  daughter  of 
Robert  Swaine  of  Tarrant  Gunville,  Dorset- 
shire, was  born  in  1609,  being  fourteen  years 
of  age  at  the  herald's  visitation  of  Dorset  in 
1623.  Wood's  account,  to  be  received  with 
caution,  is  that  he  '  had  ran  through  most, 
if  not  all,  religions,  even  to  Rantisme.'  In 
October  1640  he  was  elected  a  member  for 
Shaftesbury  in  the  Long  parliament,  but  his 
election  was  declared  void.  Somewhat  later 
(probably  after  the  order  of  6  Sept.  1643)  he 
was  placed  on  the  county  committee  for 
Wiltshire,  which  acted  in  conjunction  with 
the  committee  for  plundered  ministers.  Dug- 
dale  calls  him  a  colonel,  but  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  he  was  in  the  parliamentary  army. 
After  Pride's  purge  (6  Dec.  1648)  he  was 
called  to  the  parliament,  put  on  the  com- 
mittee for  plundered  ministers,  and  on  6  Jan. 
1649  was  included  in  the  commission  for  the 
trial  of  the  king.  He  owed  his  appointment 
to  his  having  severed  himself  from  the  '  rigid 
presbyterians/  though  it  does  not  appear  that 
he  joined  any  other  religious  body. 

Fry  is  commonly  called  a  regicide,  but  he 
attended  only  the  early  sittings  of  the  high 
court.  He  was  one  of  seven  commissioners 
whose  places  had  been  filled  by  others,  before 
27  Jan.,  the  date  when  sentence  was  passed ; 
nor  did  he  sign  the  warrant  for  the  king's 
execution.  It  may  be  doubted  whether  his 
absence  is  to  be  explained  by  his  having  to 
meet  a  charge  of  blasphemy,  or  whether,  as 
is  more  probable,  that  charge  was  brought 
against  him  in  consequence  of  some  reluc- 
tance on  his  part  to  proceed  to  extreme  mea- 
sures against  the  king. 

For  a  number  of  years,  according  to  his 
own  account,  Fry  had  been '  a  searcher  of  the 
scriptures,'  and  his  conversation  had  given 
the  impression,  a  twelvemonth  back,  that  he 
denied  the  deity  of  Christ,  an  impression 
which  he  declares  to  be  groundless.  But  he 
was  willing  to  extend  toleration  to  antitrini- 
tarians.  On  or  about  15  Jan.  1649  he  was 
in  the  committee-room  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons when  Cornelius  Holland  [q.  v.]  asked 
him  to  give  his  aid  in  the  committee  for 
plundered  ministers  towards  the  liberation 
of  a  minister  who  had  lain  two  or  three  years 
in  prison  for  '  denying  the  personality  of 
Christ.'  This  prisoner  was  almost  certainly 
John  Biddle  [q.v.]  Fry  readily  agreed  to 
the  request.  Hereupon  Colonel  John  Downes 
[q.  v.],  who  was  present,  broke  into  passion- 
ate language  on  the  subject  of  Fry's  own 
opinions.  Two  or  three  days  later  Fry  had 
a  discussion  with  Downes  in  the  painted 
chamber,  where  the  high  court  was  about  to 


Fry 


298 


Fry 


hold  its  sitting,  and  heard  soon  after  that 
Downes  had  sought  the  Speaker's  advice  in 
framing  a  charge  of  blasphemy  against  him. 
The  house  suspended  him  till  he  should  clear 
himself.  He  sent  in  a  written  paper  de- 
claring the  sacred  three  to  be  '  equally  God/ 
but  objecting  to  the  terms  '  person'  and '  sub- 
sistence.' This  was  accepted  as  satisfactory, 
and  Fry  was  restored. 

Next  month  he  published  a  narrative  of 
the  case  ('  The  Accuser  Sham'd '),  appending 
his  exculpatory  paper,  with  an  offensive  head- 
ing. This  publication  brought  out  several 
pamphlets  in  reply.  One  of  them,  in  allu- 
sion to  Fry's  title-page,  bore  the  title,  '  M. 
Fry  his  Blasphemy  and  Error  blown  up  and 
down  theKingdome  with  his  owneBellowes,' 
&c.,  1649.  Fry's  most  considerable  opponent 
was  Francis  Cheynell  [q.  v.],  who  published 
his  'Divine  Trinunity,'  1650,  to  meet  the 
charge  of  tritheism  preferred  by  Fry  against 
some  theological  writers.  Cheynell  affirms 
that  Fry  was  the  first  who  had  employed  in 
English  the  expression  '  Trinity  of  the  God- 
head.' His  suspicion  that  Fry  had  been  ac- 
quainted with  '  the  deified  atheists  of  the 
Family  of  Love '  is  probably  the  foundation 
of  Wood's  accusation  of '  rantisme.'  Fry  re- 
torted in  '  The  Clergy  in  their  Colours,'  in 
which  he  disparaged  the  assembly's  cate- 
chism, attacked  the  doctrine  of  free-will,  ar- 
gued against '  believing  things  above  reason,' 
assumed  the  attitude  of  a  critical  free-lance 
('  my  aym  is  not  to  write  positive  but  nega- 
tive things'),  and  satirised  the '  wrye  mouths, 
squint  eyes,  and  screw'd  faces'  of  popular 
divines. 

Downes  brought  both  of  Fry's  books  under 
the  notice  of  parliament.  The  house  on  24Feb. 
1651  voted  the  publication  of  the  narrative 
and  paper  a  breach  of  privilege,  condemned 
certain  of  Fry's  statements  as  'erroneous, 
prophane,  and  highly  scandalous,'  ordered 
the  books  to  be  burned  in  the  New  Palace 
Yard  and  the  Old  Exchange,  and  disabled 
Fry  from  sitting  in  parliament.  Soon  after- 
wards appeared  an  anonymous  and  undated 
pamphlet, '  A  Discussion  of  Mr.  Frye's  Tenets 
lately  condemned  in  Parliament,'  &c.,  which 
Wood  assigns  to  Cheynell  without  much 
ground.  A  more  temperate  reply  was '  Qt'ios. 
Divine  Beames  of  Glorious  Light,'  &c.,  1651 
(1  March).  Wood  says  that  Fry,  after  his 
expulsion,  consorted  with  Biddle,  but  there 
is  no  evidence  of  his  adoption  of  Biddle's 
views ;  his  tendency  was  rather  in  a  Sabel- 
lian  direction. 

He  died  at  the  end  of  1656  or  beginning 
of  1657.  His  will  is  dated  29  Dec.  1656,  and 
was  proved  on  15  June  1657.  He  married 
Anna,  probably  daughter  of  Lindsay  of  Poole, 


j  and  had  five  sons  and  three  daughters,  one 
of  his  sons  being  Stephen  Fry,  M.D.,  of  Tri- 
nity College,  Oxford.  At  the  Restoration 
Fry's  property  was  forfeited  for  the  part  he 
had  taken  in  the  trial  of  the  king. 

He  published :  1.  '  The  Accuser  Sham'd ; 
or,  a  Pair  of  Bellows  to  blow  off  that  Dust 
cast  ...  by  Col.  Jo.  Downs,'  &c.,  February 
1648  [i.e.  17  Feb.  1649],  8vo ;  prefixed  is  <A 
Word  to  the  Priests,  Lawyers,  Royalists, 
Self-Seekers,  and  Rigid-Presbyterians  ; '  ap- 
pended is '  A  Brief  Ventilation  of  that  chaflie 
and  absurd  opinion  of  three  Persons  or  Sub- 
sistences in  the  Godhead,'  being  his  paper 
sent  in  to  the  house.  2.  'The  Clergy  in 
their  Colours  ;  or,  a  Brief  Character  of  them,' 

,  &c.,  1650,  8vo  (published  28  or  29  Nov.) 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  705  sq. ; 
Eushworth's  Hist.  Coll.  (abridged),  1708,  vi.  563, 
574, 594,  603 ;  Noble's  Lives  of  the  English  Regi- 
cides, 17S8,  i.  247;  Wallace's  Antitrin.  Biog. 
1 850,  iii.  206  ;  "works  cited  above ;  information 
from  E.  A.  Fry.]  A.  G. 

FRY,  JOHN  (1792-1822),  bookseller  and 
author,  was  born  in  1792.  He  was  always 
in  bad  health,  and  devoted  his  leisure  hours, 

i  when  connected  with  the  bookselling  firm. 

j  of  Thomas  Fry  &  Co.,  46  High  Street, 
Bristol,  to  the  study  of  early  English  litera- 
ture. Some  of  the  prefaces  of  his  pieces  are 
dated  from  Kingsdown,  Somersetshire.  Be- 
sides his  published  works  he  left  several  in 
manuscript,  amongthem  one  he  styled '  Biblio- 

]  philia,'  editions  of  the  writings  of  the  Rev. 

j  William  Hamilton  and  William  Browne,  and 
biographical  sketches  of  eminent  Bristolians. 
After  a  lingering  illness  he  died  at  Bristol, 
28  June  1822,  at  the  age  of  thirty.  He  pub- 
lished: 1.  'Metrical  Trifles  in  Youth,' Bristol, 

'  1810,  8vo.     2.  'The  Legend  of  Mary  Queen 

|  of  Scots,  and  other  ancient  Poems,  now  first 
published  from  MSS.  of  the  XVIth  century, 

,  with  an  Introduction,  Notes,  &c.,'  London, 

|  1810, 8vo.  3. '  A  Selection  from  the  Poetical 
Works  of  Thomas  Carew,'  London,  1810,  sm. 

;  8vo  (commended  in 'British  Critic,' February 

j  1810).  4.  'Pieces  of  Ancient  Poetry  from 
Unpublished  MSS.  and  ScarceBooks,' Bristol, 
1814,  4to  (102  copies  printed).  5.  'George 
Whetstone's  Metrical  Life  of  George  Gas- 
coigne,  1577,'  Bristol,  1815, 4to  (100  copies). 
6.  '  Bibliographical  Memoranda  in  illustra- 

i  tion  of  Old  English  Literature,'  Bristol,  1816, 

I  4to. 

[Gent.  Mag.  December,  vol.  xcii.  pt.  ii.  p.  566.] 

H.  E.  T. 

FRY,  JOSEPH  (1728-1787),  type- 
founder, was  born  in  1728.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  John  Fry  (d.  1775)  of  Sutton 
Benger,  Wiltshire,  author  of '  Select  Poems, 


Fry 


299 


Fry 


1774, 4th  edition,  1793.  He  was  educated  in 
the  north  of  England,  and  afterwards  bound 
apprentice  to  Henry  Portsmouth  of  Basing- 
stoke,  an  eminent  doctor  {Gent.  Mag.  1787, 
vol.  Ivii.  pt.  i.  p.  385),  whose  eldest  daughter, 
Anna,  he  afterwards  married.  He  was  the  first 
member  of  his  family  to  settle  in  Bristol, 
where  he  acquired  a  considerable  medical 
practice,  and  '  was  led  to  take  a  part  in  many 
new  scientific  undertakings  '  (HUGH  OWEX, 
Two  Centuries  of  Ceramic  Art  in  Bristol, 
1873,  p.  218).  After  a  time  he  abandoned 
medicine  for  business  pursuits.  He  helped 
Richard  Champion  [q.  v.]  in  his  Bristol  china 
works,  and  began  to  make  chocolate,  having 
purchased  Churchman's  patent  right.  The 
chocolate  and  cocoa  manufactory  thus  started 
has  been  carried  on  by  the  family  down  to 
the  present  day.  The  success  of  John  Basker- 
ville  caused  Fry  to  turn  his  attention  in  1764 
to  type-founding,  and  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  William  Pine,  the  first  printer 
of  the  '  Bristol  Gazette,'  who  had  a  large 
business  in  Wine  Street.  Their  new  type 
may  be  traced  in  several  works  issued  be- 
tween 1764  and  1770.  The  manager  of 
Messrs.  Fry  &  Pine  was  Isaac  Moore,  for- 
merly a  whitesmith  at  Birmingham  (E.  HOWE 
MOKES,  Dissertation  upon  English  Typogr. 
Founders,  1778,  p.  83),  after  whose  speedy 
admission  to  partnership  the  business  was  re- 
moved to  London,  and  carried  on  as  '  Isaac 
Moore  &  Co.,  in  Queen  Street,  near  Upper 
Moorfields.'  Luckombe  mentions  Moore  as 
one  of  three  London  founders  (History  of 
Printing,  1770,  p.  244).  In  1774  the  London 
firm  produced  a  fine  folio  bible,  and  in  1774- 
1776  a  well-printed  edition  in  5  vols.,  8vo. 
About  this  time  they  somewhat  abandoned 
their  earlier  Baskerville  style  of  letter,  to 
follow  the  more  popular  Caslon  character.  In 
1774  Pine  printed  at  Bristol  a  bible  in  a 
pearl  type,  asserted  to  be  'the  smallest  a 
bible  was  ever  printed  with.'  To  all  these 
editions  notes  were  added  to  escape  the 
penalty  of  infringing  the  patent.  Two  years 
later  the  firm  became  J.  Fry  &  Co.,  and  issued 
in  1777  reprints  of  the  octavo  and  folio  bibles. 
Pine  subsequently  withdrew  entirely.  Fry 
took  his  sons,  Edmund  (d.  1835)  [q.  v.]  and 
Henry,  into  partnership  in  1782,  and  bought 
largely  at  the  sale  of  James's  foundry  in  that 
year.  The  business  was  removed  to  Wor- 
ship Street,  where  in  1785  was  issued  '  A 
Specimen  of  Printing  Types  made  by  Joseph 
Fry  &  Sons,  Letter-founders  and  Marking 
Instrument  Makers  by  the  King's  Royal  Let- 
ters Patent.'  In  the  advertisement  the  pro- 
prietors '  flatter  themselves '  that  the  types 
which  are  called  new  '  will  mix  with,  and 
be  totally  unknown  from,  the  most  approved 


founts  made  by  the  late  ingenious  artist, 
William  Caslon.'  The  next  year  they  pub- 
lished another  '  Specimen,'  with  new  founts, 
and  including  seven  pages  of  oriental  types. 
They  now  called  themselves  'Letter-founders 
to  the  Prince  of  Wales.'  Up  to  the  time  of 
his  death  Fry  was  a  partner  with  Alderman 
William  Fripp,  as  Fry,  Fripp,  &  Co.,  soap- 
boilers. This  business  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  Christopher  Thomas  Brothers.  Fry  also- 
had  some  chemical  works  at  Battersea,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  his  son. 

Fry  died  after  a  few  days'  illness  on  29  March. 
1787,  aged  59,  having  retired  from  business 
a  short  time  before.  Like  his  father  and 
grandfather  he  was  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  and  was  buried  in  their  burial- 
ground  at  the  Friars,  Bristol.  After  his  death 
the  chocolate  and  cocoa  manufactory  was. 
carried  on  by  his  widow  under  the  style  of 
Anna  Fry  &  Son.  The  previous  title  had 
been  Fry,  Vaughan,  &  Co.  In  1795  the  works 
were  removed  from  Newgate  Street  to  Union 
Street,  where  a  Watt's  steam  engine  was 
erected,  the  first  in  Bristol.  The  son  was 
Joseph  Storrs  Fry  (1766-1835),  whose  three 
sons,  Joseph,  Francis  (1803-1886)  [q.  v.],  and 
Richard,  were  subsequently  joined  with  him 
as  J.  S.  Fry  &  Sons,  the  name  the  firm  has 
since  borne.  His  widow  was  associated  for 
a  short  time  with  her  sons  in  the  type-foun- 
dry. She  died  at  Charterhouse  Square,  Lon- 
don, 22  Oct.  1803,  aged  83. 

[Hugh  Owen's  Two  Centuries  of  Ceramic  Art 
in  Bristol,  1873,  8vo;  T.  B.  Eeed's  Old  English 
Letter  Foundries,  1887,  4to;  T.  Fry's  Memoir 
of  Francis  Fry  (not  published),  1887;  a  wood- 
cut of  silhouette  of  Joseph  Fry  is  given  in  each 
of  these  works.  See  also  Printer's  Grammar, 
1787;  T.  C.  Hansard's  Typographic  1825;  J. 
Smith's  Catalogue  of  Friends' Books,  1867,  vol.  i.} 

H.  R.  T. 

FRY,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1789-1843), 
engraver,  born  in  1789,  worked  chiefly  in 
stipple.  He  engraved  four  portraits  for  Fisher's 
'  National  Portrait  Gallery,'  viz.,  Princess 
Charlotte,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  the  Earl  of 
Liverpool,  after  the  same,Admiral  Earl  Howe, 
after  Gainsborough  Dupont,  and  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Lee,  after  R.  Evans.  He  also  engraved 
some  fine  portraits,  after  J.  Jackson,  R.A.,  in- 
cluding Robert  Hills,  the  animal  painter, 
John  Scott,  the  engraver,  and  others.  For 
Jones's  '  National  Gallery '  he  executed  eleven 
engravings.  He  was  extensively  employed 
in  his  profession,  and  died  in  1843.  He  oc- 
casionally exhibited  his  engravings  at  the 
Suffolk  Street  exhibition. 

[Bryan's  Diet,  of  Painters  and  Engravers; 
Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1760-1880;  Red- 
grave's Diet,  of  Artists.]  L.  C. 


Frye 


300 


Fryer 


FRYE,  THOMAS  (1710-1762),  painter, 
mezzotint  engraver,  and  china  manufacturer, 
was  born  near  Dublin  in  1710,  and  came  to 
England  early  in  life,  in  company  with  Stop- 
pelaer,  a  brother  artist.  He  at  first  prac- 
tised as  a  portrait  painter  with  some  success, 
and  in  1734  painted  a  full-length  portrait  of 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  for  the  hall  of 
the  Saddlers'  Company  in  Cheapside,  en- 
graved by  himself  in  mezzotint,  and  published 
in  1741.  A  portrait  by  him  of  Leveridge,  the 
actor,  was  engraved  in  mezzotint  by  Pether, 
who  was  Frye's  pupil  in  the  art.  Through 
Mr.  Ellis,  whose  portrait  he  painted,  Frye 
obtained  an  introduction  to  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, and  became  a  familiar  friend.  In  1744 
an  American  brought  to  London,  and  offered 
to  the  china  manufactory,  which  seems  to 
have  been  already  in  existence  at  Bow,  some 
samples  of  an  earth  suitable  for  making  china 
Jike  that  imported  by  the  oriental  merchants. 
It  may  have  been  through  Frye,  who  was 
then  residing  at  West  Ham  close  by,  that  he 
obtained  this  introduction ;  at  all  events,  on  j 
6  Dec.  1744  a  patent  was  taken  out  by  '  Ed-  ! 
ward  Heylin  in  the  parish  of  Bow,  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  merchant,  and  Thomas 
Frye  of  the  parish  of  West  Ham,  in  the 
county  of  Essex,  painter,'  for  '  a  new  method 
of  manufacturing  a  certain  mineral  whereby 
a  ware  might  be  made  of  the  same  nature  or 
kind,  and  equal,  if  not  exceeding  in  goodness 
and  beauty,  china  or  porcelain  ware  imported 
from  abroad.  The  material  is  an  earth,  the 
produce  of  the  Cherokee  nation  in  America, 
called  by  the  natives  unaker?  A  second 
patent  was  taken  out  on  17  Nov.  1749  by  Frye 
alone,  whose  epitaph  (published  at  length 
in  Gent.  Mag.  1764,  xxxiii.  638)  grandilo- 
quently styles  him  '  the  Inventor  and  first 
Manufacturer  of  Porcelain  in  England.'  Frye 
became  the  manager  of  the  china  manufac- 
tory, which  he  constructed  on  the  model  of 
that  at  Canton  in  China,  and  called  'New 
Canton,'  and  brought  Bow  china  into  some 
repute.  Pieces  of  this  china  are  sometimes 
marked  with  his  initials.  After  spending 
fifteen  years  in  this  profession,  his  health 
became  seriously  impaired  by  living  among 
the  furnaces,  and  he  was  forced  to  relinquish 
an  active  share  in  the  business,  which  ra- 
pidly declined  in  later  years.  He  retired  into 
Wales  to  restore  his  health,  and  resumed  his 
former  profession  as  a  portrait  and  miniature 
painter.  After  twelve  months  he  returned 
to  London,  and  settled  in  Hatton  Garden. 
He  now  engraved  and  published  the  series  of 
lifesize  portrait  heads  in  mezzotint,  by  which 
he  is  best  known  to  the  world  at  large. 
These  are  works  of  great  power,  and  their 
artistic  merit  has  been  generally  admitted. 


It  is  stated  that  Frye  used  to  frequent  the 
theatre  in  order  to  make  drawings  of  royalty 
and  other  people  of  quality,  and  that  the 
king  and  queen,  George  III  and  Charlotte, 
used  to  pose  themselves  in  order  to  give  him 
special  facilities  for  his  object.  It  is  also 
stated  that  the  ladies  whose  portraits  he  thus 
drew  declined  to  have  their  names  affixed  to 
the  engravings,  as  they  did  not  know  in  what 
company  they  might  appear.  Many  of  this 
series,  eighteen  in  number,  are  unidentified, 
some  being  of  his  own  family;  among  those 
identified,  besides  the  king  and  queen  and 
his  own  portrait,  are  Garrick,  the  Duchess  of 
Northumberland,  the  Gunning  sisters,  Eliza- 
beth countess  of  Berkeley,  Miss  Pond,  the 
actress,  and  Miss  Stothouse.  Complete  sets 
are  scarce ;  one  was  formed  by  Mr.  Charles 
and  Lady  Charlotte  Schreiber  at  Langham 
House,  Portland  Place,  and  there  are  fine 
examples  in  the  print  room  at  the  British 
Museum.  Frye  was  very  corpulent  and  sub- 
ject to  gout ;  adopting  an  over-spare  diet,  he 
fell  into  a  consumption,  and  died  on  2  April 
1762,  in  his  fifty-second  year.  He  left  a  son, 
who  turned  out  badly,  and  two  daughters, 
who  assisted  him  in  painting  the  china  at 
Bow ;  one,  Catherine,  married  a  painter  of 
Worcester  china  of  the  name  of  Willcox,  and 
with  her  husband  was  employed  by  Wedg- 
wood in  a  similar  capacity  at  his  works  at 
Etruria  up  to  her  death  in  1776. 

Frye's  epitaph  quoted  above  also  states 
that '  no  one  was  more  happy  in  delineating 
the  human  countenance.  He  had  the  cor- 
rectness of  Yandyck,  and  the  colouring  of 
Rubens.  In  miniature  painting  he  equalled, 
if  not  excelled,  the  famous  Cooper.'  A  por- 
trait by  Frye  of  Jeremy  Bentham,  painted 
in  1761,  is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists  ;  Chaloner  Smith's 
British  Mezzotinto  Portraits ;  Chaffers's  Marks 
and  Monograms  on  Potter}'  and  Porcelain,  7th 
edit.  1886;  Gent.  Mag.  cited  above.]  L.  C. 

FRYER,  EDWARD,  M.D.  (1761-1826), 
physician,  was  born  in  1761  at  Frome,  Somer- 
setshire. He  was  sent  to  the  grammar  school 
there,  and  afterwards  apprenticed  to  a  gene- 
ral practitioner  of  medicine  in  Wiltshire.  He 
studied  medicine  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and 
Leyden,  and  graduated  M.D.at  Leyden  29  Jan. 
1785.  He  travelled  in  Europe  till  1 790,  when 
he  came  to  London,  and  was  admitted  a  licen- 
tiate of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  became 
physician  to  the  Duke  of  Sussex,  and  resided 
in  L'pper  Charlotte  Street,  where  he  died 
9  Jan.  1826.  He  attended  Barry,  the  painter, 
in  his  last  illness,  and  wrote  his  life,  a  work 
which  was  published  in  1825.  It  shows  little 
skill  in  biography,  being  full  of  indefinite 


Fryer 


301 


Fryer 


statements,  but  has  the  merits  of  moderation 
in  its  praise  of  its  subject,  and  of  modesty  in 
the  concealment  of  the  personality  of  its 
author. 

[Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii.  412  ;  Fryer's  Life 
of  Barry.]  N.  M. 

FRYER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (d.  1563),  physi- 
cian, born  at  Balsham,  Cambridgeshire,  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  elected  thence  to  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1517.  He  graduated 
B.A.  in  1521  and  M. A.  in  1525.  On  5  Nov. 
1525  he  was  incorporated  at  Oxford,  being 
one  of  three  masters  of  arts  who  had  been 
preferred  to  Cardinal  Wolsey's  college  in 
that  university.  Proving,  however, '  violent 
Lutherans,'  they  were  one  and  all  obliged  to 
leave.  He  was  imprisoned  for  heresy  in  the 
Savoy,  where  he  solaced  himself  with  the 
lute,  having  good  skill  in  music.  On  this 
account  a  friend  commended  him  to  the  mas- 
ter of  the  Savoy,  who  replied  '  Take  heed, 
for  he  that  playeth  is  a  devil,  because  he  has 
departed  from  the  catholic  faith '  (WooD, 
Fasti  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  72).  The  date  of 
his  incarceration  in  the  Savoy  is  nowhere 
recorded,  but  by  1 528  he  was  again  a  prisoner, 
this  time  in  the  Fleet.  On  16  Sept.  1528  he 
addressed  from  that  prison  an  elegant  Latin 
letter  to  Wolsey,  wherein  he  extols  the  lat- 
ter's  generosity,  '  which  he  had  often  ex- 
perienced before.'  '  To  Wolsey,'  he  writes, 
'  he  owed  his  restitution  to  life  from  that 
destruction  into  which  he  had  precipitated 
himself  by  his  own  folly'  (Letters  and  Papers 
of  Reign  of  Henry  VIII,  ed.  Brewer,  vol.  iv. 
pt.  ii.  No.  4741).  Fryer's  scholarship  and 
personal  qualities  gained  him  the  friendship 
of  many  eminent  men,  especially  that  of 
Edward  Fox  [q.  v.l,  then  provost  of  King's 
College.  By  Fox  s  assistance  he  was  en- 
abled to  study  medicine  at  Padua,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1535  (ib.  ed. 
Gairdner,  vol.  ix.  No.  648).  It  is  pro- 
bable that  he  was  incorporated  on  this  de- 
gree at  Cambridge.  In  December  1535  he 
attended  Fox  to  the  diet  at  Smalcalde  in 
Saxony  (ib.  vol.  ix.  Nos.  917,  1011).  The 
following  year  he  returned  home  (ib.  vol.  x. 
Nos.  321,  411,  418),  and  ultimately  settled 
at  London,  residing  in  that  part  of  Bishops- 
gate  Street  which  is  within  the  parish  of 
St.  Martin  Outwich.  He  was  admitted  a 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1536, 
was  censor  in  1541,  1553,  1554,  1555,  and 
1559,  elect  in  1547,  consiliarius  in  1548  and 
1555  to  1560,  and  president  in  1549  and  1550. 
To  judge  by  a  letter  from  him  to  Thomas, 
lord  Cromwell,  Fryer  must  have  possessed  no 
inconsiderable  share  of  humour.  He  had 
attended  the  Bishop  of  Rochester  in  his  last 


illness.  On  the  bishop's  death  his  goods- 
were  seized  to  the  king's  use,  so  that  for 
twelve  days'  labour  and  four  nights'  watch- 
ing Fryer  received  nothing.  Thereupon  he 
besought  Cromwell's  mediation  on  his  behalf,, 
observing,  '  Except  your  lordshype  be  good  to 
me,  I  shal  bothe  lose  my  labour,  my  frende, 
and  also  my  physycke ;  and  truely  if  physy- 
cyens  shuld  take  no  monye  for  them  that 
they  kyll,  as  well  as  for  them  that  they 
save,  theyr  lyvyngs  shuldbe  very  thynne  and 
bare.'  As  regards  the  amount  of  his  re- 
compense and  reward  for  his  pains  he  re- 
marks :  '  I  beseche  your  lordshyppe  it  may  be 
so  motche  the  mor  lyberall,  becawse  it  shalbe 
the  last  payment;  for  of  them  that  scape, 
we  may  take  the  lesse,  becawse  we  hope  they 
shale  ons  cum  agayne  in  to  our  handysr 
(SiR  H.  ELLIS,  Original  Letters,  3rd  ser.  ii. 
346-7).  The  bishop  here  alluded  to  has  been 
erroneously  supposed  to  have  been  Fisher;  it 
was  Hilsey  who  died  in  1539.  On  24  June 
1560  Fryer  was  committed  to  the  compter, 
but  for  what  offence  does  not  appear.  He 
was  liberated  on  the  following  day.  In  1561 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  on  this  oc- 
casion not  for  Lutheranism  but  for  Catho- 
licism, '  wherein  he  was  educated '  (cf.  Cal. 
State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.  Addenda,  1547-65, 
p.  510).  There  is  extant  an  examination  of 
his  servant,  Thomas  How,  organ-maker,  taken 
before  Sir  William  Chester,  lord  mayor  of 
London,  23  April  1561.  It  relates  to  the 
visit  of  his  master  to  Dr.  Martyn  at  Bunt- 
ingford,  Hertfordshire,  and  states  that  neither 
he  nor  his  master  to  his  knowledge  had  re- 
ceived the  communion  since  the  queen's  ac- 
cession (ib.  1547-80,  p.  174).  Fryer  was 
liberated  from  prison  in  the  beginning  of 
August  1563,  but  died  of  the  plague  on  the 
ensuing  21  Oct.,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Mar- 
tin Outwich.  It  is  probable  that  he  became 
outwardly  reconciled  to  the  English  church 
before  his  death,  as  his  will  nuncupative 
(P.  C.  C.  2,  Stevenson)  is  attested  by  the 
then  curate  of  St.  Martin's,  one  Albert  Coope- 
man.  His  wife,  Ursula,  and  several  of  his 
children  also  lost  their  lives  by  the  pesti- 
lence. In  her  will,  proved  28  Dec.  1563 
(P.  C.  C.  39,  Chayre),  Mrs.  Fryer,  after  de- 
siring burial  with  her  husband,  names  as  her 
children  three  sons,  Thomas,  Jarmyn,  and 
Reinolde,  and  two  daughters,  Mathe  and 
Lucie. 

[Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  i.  225 ;  Munk's  Coll. 
of  Phys.  (1878),i.  31-2;  Gillow's  Bibliographical 
Diet,  of  the  English  Catholics,  ii.  334.]  G.  G. 

FRYER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (fi.  1571),  physi- 
cian, who  has  been  erroneously  described  as 
the  son  of  John  Fryer,  M.D.  (d.  1563)  [q.v.], 


Fryer 


302 


Fryer 


•was  born  at  Godmanchester,  Huntingdon- 
shire, and  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
proceeded  B.A.  in  1544,  M.A.  in  1548,  and 
commenced  M.D.  in  1555,  when  he  subscribed 
the  Roman  catholic  articles.  His  college  is 
not  known.  He  was  one  of  the  disputants  in 
the  physic  act  kept  before  Queen  Elizabeth  in 
the  university  7  Aug.  1564.  He  subsequently 
settled  at  Padua  for  the  sake  of  his  religion. 
He  is  author  of:  1.  'Hippocratis  Aphorismi 
Versibus  scripti  .  .  .  Per  Ib'annem  Frerum 
Oormoncestrensem  Anglum,'  8vo,  London, 
1567,  24  leaves,  dedicated  to  Sir  "William 
Cecil.  It  was  subsequently  incorporated  in 
'IiriroKpaTovs  ol  d0opttr^iot  IT(£IKOI  re  KOI 
fHfierpot,  edited  by  Ralph  Winterton,  8vo, 
Cambridge,  1633.  2.  Latin  verses,  viz.  (a)  on 
the  death  of  Bucer ;  (6)  on  the  restoration  of 
Bucer  and  Fagius ;  (c)  prefixed  to  Bishop 
Alley's  '  The  Poore  Mans  Librarie,'  1565  ; 
(<Z)  prefixed  to  '  G.  Haddoni  Lucubrationes,' 
1567 ;  (c)  prefixed  to  Nicholas  Carr's  '  De- 
mosthenes,'1571;  (/)on  the  death  of  Nicho- 
las Carr  in  1568. 

[Cooper's  Athenae  Cantabr.  i.  302  ;  Gillow's 
Bibliographical  Diet,  of  the  English  Catholics, 
ii.  331-5.]  G.  G. 

FRYER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (d.  1672),  phy- 
sician, was  a  grandson  of  John  Fryer,  M.D. 
(d.  1563)  [q.  v.],  and  the  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Fryer,  M.D.  (d.  1623,  see  MUXK, 
Coll.  of  Phys.  ed.  1878,  i.  72-4),  both  of 
whom  were  fellows  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians. He  studied  his  profession  at  Padua, 
where  he  graduated  M.D.  6  April  1610, 
and  was  admitted  a  candidate  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  25  June  1612.  He  lived 
in  Little  Britain,  London,  in  part  of  the 
house  where  his  father  '  did  dwell.'  By 
birth  a  strict  member  of  the  church  of  Rome, 
he  was  on  29  March  1626  returned  to  the 
parliamentary  commissioners  by  the  col- 
lege as  '  an  avowed  or  suspected  papist.' 
'  This,'  observes  Dr.  Munk,  '  was  probably 
the  reason  he  was  not  admitted  a  fellow,  as 
it  was  without  doubt  the  cause  of  his  brother, 
Thomas  Fryer,  M.D.  (fl.  1623),  having  been 
refused  admission  as  a  candidate.'  After  re- 
maining a  candidate  for  more  than  half  a 
century,  he  was,  in  December  1664,  when 
honorary  fellows  were  first  created,  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  list.  On  5  Aug.  1628  he 
•was  admitted  a  member  of  Gray's  Inn  (Harl. 
MS.  1912,  f.  106),  but  did  not  proceed  to 
the  bar.  He  died  at  his  house  in  Little 
Britain,  12  Nov.  1672,  at  the  advanced  age  ' 
of  ninety-six,  and  was  buried  on  19  Nov. 
(SMYTH,  Obituary,  Camden  Soc.  p.  97),  '  in  I 
the  vault  of  St.  Botolph's  Church  without 
Aldersgate,  London,  where  his  mother  and 


eldest  sister,  Elizabeth  Peacocke,  lye  buried.' 
Fryer,  for  his  unfilial  and  unbrotherly  con- 
duct, had  been  disinherited  by  his  father, 
though  the  latter,  by  will  dated*  2  Dec.  1617, 
and  proved  10  May  1623  (P.  C.  C.  40,  Swan), 
left  him  50/.  in  token  of  forgiveness.  He 
denounced,  however,  his  son's  '  manv  great 
impieties  to  his  parents,  and  especially  to- 
wards his  tender,  carefull,  and  mercifull 
mother  .  .  .  too  horrible  and  shamefull  to  re- 
peate,'  and  desired  the  world  to  know  that 
he  had  '  brought  his  parents,  against  all  rites 
and  against  nature,  and  especially  me,  his 
father,  before  the  greatest  magistrates,  to  our 
discredites,  as  may  appeare  by  letters  sent 
from  the  highest,  whch  at  length  they,  having 
fully  ripped  upp  all  matters,  although  mutch 
against  my  will,  turned  utterly  to  his  utter 
discredit.' 

His  father  had  purchased  the  manor  of 
Harlton,  Cambridgeshire,  of  the  Barnes  fa- 
mily, as  appears  from  his  monument  in  Harl- 
ton Church.  His  second  brother,  Henry, 
who  died  in  Little  Britain,  4  June  1631,  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse  (SMYTH,  p.  6),  had  by 
his  will  dated  27  May  of  that  year  (P.  C.  C. 
104,  St.  John)  provided  for  some  of  his  re- 
latives, but  directed  his  executors  to  settle 
Harlton  and  his  other  lands  to  such  chari- 
table uses  as  they  thought  fit.  Fryer  there- 
upon instituted  proceedings  in  the  court  of 
wards.  The  executors  consented  to  a  refe- 
rence to  Mr.  Justice  Harvey,  testator's  cousin 
and  an  overseer  of  his  will,  and  he  certified 
that  Fryer  ought  to  haA'e  the  whole  estate. 
The  matter  was  eventually  submitted  to  the 
arbitration  of  Lord-Keeper  Coventry,  Bishop 
Laud,  and  Secretary  Coke  (Cal.  State  Pa- 
pers, Dom.  1631-33,  pp.  360-1,470;  1633- 
34,  pp.  376,  379).  Fryer  evidently  gained 
the  day,  for  by  his  will  dated  1  Sept.  and 
proved~21  Nov.  1672  (P.  C.  C.  129  and  150, 
Eure),  he  devised  the  property  to  his  nephews 
and  executors,  John  Peacock  of  Heath  House, 
near  Petersfield,  county  Southampton,  and 
Andrew  Matthew,  carpenter,  of  the  city  of 
London.  The  version  of  the  story  as  given 
by  Lysons  (Magna  Brit.  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.,  'Cam- 
bridgeshire') is  erroneous. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  i.  310-21.1 

G.  G. 

FRYER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (d.  1733),  traveller, 
eldest  son  of  William  Fryer  of  London,  was 
a  member  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
from  which  he  transferred  himself  on  23  July 
1671  to  Pembroke  College  in  the  same  uni- 
A-ersity  as  a  fellow-commoner  (Pembroke  Coll. 
Register).  He  took  the  two  degrees  in  medi- 
cine, M.B.  'per  literas  regias'  in  1671,  and 
M.D.  in  1683  (Cantabr.  Graduati,  ed.  1787, 


Fryer 


L150),  but  he  was  not  a  member  of  the 
yal  College  of  Physicians  as  stated  in  the 
notice  of  his  death  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Ma- 
gazine.' On  9  Dec.  1672  he  embarked  at 
Gravesend  for  a  lengthened  tour  in  India 
and  Persia,  undertaken  in  the  interests  of 
the  East  India  Company,  and  did  not  reach 
England  again  until  20  Aug.  1682.  Nearly 
sixteen  years  elapsed  before  he  could  be  per- 
suaded to  publish  an  account  of  his  wander- 
ings. At  length,  piqued  at  the  frequent  ap- 
pearance of  translations  of  foreign,  especially 
French,  books  of  travel  in  which  English 
industry  and  enterprise  were  decried,  and, 
as  he  adds,  '  there  being  more  than  four 
hundred  queries  now  by  me  to  which  I  am 
pressed  for  answers,'  he  issued  in  handsome 
folio  '  A  New  Account  of  East  India  and 
Persia,  in  eight  Letters.  Being  nine  years' 
travels,  begun  1672,  and  finished  1681.  .  .  . 
Illustrated  with  maps,  figures,  and  useful 
tables,'  London,  1 698.  This  generally  amus- 
ing book  is  also  noteworthy  as  affording  many 
curious  particulars  respecting  the  natural  his- 
tory and  medicine  of  the  countries  visited. 
A  Dutch  version  appeared,  4to,  the  Hague, 
1700.  Fryer  married  a  niece  of  Rose  Des- 
borough,  wife  of  Samuel  Desborough  [see 
under  DESBOROTTGH,  JOHN],  who  mentions 
both  in  her  will  of  28  June  1698.  He  died 
31  March  1733  (Gent.  Mag.  iii.  214).  In 
the  letters  of  administration  P.  C.  C.,  granted 
14  April  1733  to  his  daughter  Anna  Maria 
Sanderson,  widow,  he  is  described  as  late  of 
the  parish  of  Allhallows,  Bread  Street,  Lon- 
don, a  widower.  In  1697  he  was  elected 
F.R.S.  (THOMSON,  Hist,  of  Roy.  Soc.,  appen- 
dix iv.),  and  continued  a  fellow  until  1707 
{Lists  of  Roy.  Soc.  in  Brit.  Mus.),  but  never 
contributed  to  the  'Philosophical  Transac- 
tions '  as  asserted  by  Noble  (Continuation  of 
Granger,  i.  234). 

Fryer's  portrait  by  R.  White  is  prefixed  to 
his '  Travels.'  He  himself  wrote  his  name  as 
*  Friar '  or  '  Fryar.' 

[Authorities  cited  above.]  G-.  Gr. 

FRYER,  LEONARD  (d.  1605  ?),  ser- 
geant-painter to  Queen  Elizabeth,  received 
in  1598  the  office  of  sergeant-painter  for  life. 
On  26  April  1605  another  grant  was  made 
with  survivorship  to  Leonard  Fryer  and 
John  de  Crites  [see  DE  CRITZ]  of  the  office 
of  sergeant-painter,  before  granted  to  Leonard 
Fryer  with  reversion  to  John  de  Crites.  As 
De  Critz  was  shortly  afterwards  in  sole  pos- 
session of  the  office,  it  is  probable  that  Fryer 
died  about  this  time.  In  Painter-Stainers' 
Hall  there  is  still  preserved  a  richly  chased 
cup  presented  by  Fryer  to  the  company  in 
1605. 


5  Fulbeck 

[Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom.  Ser.),  1598  and  1605  ; 
An  Account  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of 
Painters.]  L.  C. 

FRYTH.    [See  FRITH.] 

FRYTON,  JOHN  DE.  [See  BARTON, 
JOHN  DE.] 

FULBECK,  WILLIAM  (1560-1603?), 
legal  writer,  a  younger  son  of  Thomas  Fulbeck, 
sometime  mayor  of  Lincoln,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Benedict  in  that  city  in  1560. 
He  studied  at  St.  Alban  Hall,  Christ  Church, 
and  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  proceeding  B.  A. 
1581,  and  M.A.  1584.  In  the  last  year  he 
removed  to  London  and  entered  Gray's  Inn. 
He  dates  his  '  Historicall  Collection/  as 
Bacon  did  his  '  Essays/  '  from  my  chamber 
in  Graies  Inne.'  He  applied  himself  with 
great  devotion  to  legal  studies,  '  and,  as  'tis 
said,  had  the  degree  of  doctor  of  the  civil 
law  conferr'd  on  him  elsewhere ;  but  at  what 
place,  or  by  whom,  I  cannot  yet  find '  (Wooo). 
He  seems  to  have  died  about  the  end  of 
Elizabeth's  reign. 

Fulbeck  wrote :  1.  '  A  Book  of  Christian 
Ethicks,  or  Moral  Philosophic/ 1587.  2.  'The 
Misfortunes  of  Arthur.'  This  is  a  masque 
written  and  prepared  by  eight  members  of 
Gray's  Inn.  Bacon  helped  to  devise  the 
dumb  shows ;  Fulbeck  wrote  two  speeches. 
It  was  produced  before  Queen  Elizabeth  at 
Greenwich  8  Feb.  1588.  It  was  reprinted 
in  Dodsley's  '  Collection  of  Old  English 
Plays/  4th  edit.  1874,  vol.  iv.  3.  'A  Di- 
rection or  Preparation  to  the  Study  of  the 
Law.'  This  is  the  best  known  of  Fulbeck's 
works.  It  was  published  in  1600,  republished 
1620 ;  second  edition,  revised  by  T.  H.  Stirl- 
ing, 1820.  4.  '  An  Historicall  Collection  of 
the  Continual  Factions,  Tumults,  and  Mas- 
sacres of  the  Romans  and  Italians  during  the 
space  of  one  hundred  and  twentie  yeares 
next  before  the  Peaceable  Empire  of  Augustus 
Csesar,  .  .  .  beginning  where  the  Historie  of 
T.  Livius  doth  end,  and  ending  where  Cor- 
nelius Tacitus  doth  begin/  1601 ;  republished 
in  1608,  with  a  new  title  beginning  'An 
Abridgement,  or  rather  a  Bridge  of  Roman 
Histories,  to  passe  the  nearest  way  from 
Titus  Livius  to  Cornelius  Tacitus.'  5.  'A 
Parallele,  or  Conference  of  the  Civil  Law, 
the  Canon  Law,  and  the  Common  Law  of 
England,  .  .  .  digested  in  sundry  dialogues/ 
1601,  new  edit.  1618.  6.  '  The  Pandectes  of 
the  Law  of  Nations,  contayning  severall 
discourses  of  the  questions  ...  of  law, 
wherein  the  nations  of  the  world  doe  con- 
sent and  accord/  1602.  Fulbeck  is  a  very 
curious  writer,  and  often  entertaining.  His 
account  of  witches  and  the  law  of  witchcraft 


Fulcher 


Fulford 


(the  third  division  of  the  fourteenth  dialogue 
of  the  '  Parallele '),  and  his  reasons  why  stu- 
dents should  study  in  the  morning  and  not 
after  supper,  in  the  'Directions,'  are  exam- 
ples. He  enriches  his  works  by  quotations 
from  many  now  forgotten  writers.  His  clas- 
sical allusions  are  often  happy,  and  his  re- 
marks sound,  notwithstanding  his  euphuistic 
style. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  726  ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  29  July  1866,  p.  69  ;  Marvin's  Legal 
Bibliography ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  F.  W-T. 

FULCHER,  GEORGE  WILLIAMS 
(1795-1855),  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  in  1795,  carried  on  the  business  of  a 
bookseller,  stationer,  and  printer  at  Sudbury 
in  Suifolk,  where  in  1825  he  issued  the  first 
number  of  the  '  Sudbury  Pocket  Book,'  an 
annual  which  he  continued  to  publish  during 
his  life,  and  to  the  pages  of  which,  besides 
Fulcher  himself,  Bernard  Barton,  William 
and  Mary  Howitt,  James  Montgomery,  and 
other  less-known  writers  contributed.  A  se- 
lection from  these  contributions  appeared 
under  the  title  of  '  Fulcher's  Poetical  Mis- 
cellany' in  1841,  12mo,  reprinted  in  1853. 
Fulcher  also  started  in  1838  a  monthly  mis- 
cellany of  prose  and  verse,  entitled  'Ful- 
cher's Sudbury  Journal,'  but  this  was  not 
continued  beyond  the  year.  He  made  a  cou- 
rageous effort  to  treat  pauperism  poetically, 
publishing  '  The  Village  Paupers,  and  other 
Poems,'  London,  1845.  '  The  Village  Paupers ' 
is  in  the  heroic  couplet,  and  betrays  in  almost 
every  line  the  influence  of  Crabbe  and  of  Gold- 
smith's 'Deserted  Village.'  Of  the  miscel- 
laneous poems  '  The  Dying  Child '  is  the  best. 
Fulcher  also  published  '  The  Ladies'  Memo- 
randum Book  and  Poetical  Miscellany,'  1852 
and  following  years ;  '  The  Farmer  s  Day- 
book,' which  reached  a  sixth  edition  in  1854, 
and  he  was  engaged  on  a  life  of  Gainsborough, 
a  Sudbury  man,  at  his  death  on  19  June  1855. 
This  work,  which  represents  much  careful 
original  research,  and  is  written  in  a  terse 
and  scholarly  style,  was  completed  by  his  son, 
E.  S.  Fulcher,  and  published  in  London  in 
1856 ;  a  second  edition  appeared  the  same 
year.  Fulcher  was  throughout  life  a  diligent 
student,  particularly  of  Crabbe  and  Cowper. 
Boswell's  Johnson  was  also  one  of  his  fa- 
vourite books.  He  was  a  practical  botanist, 
and  very  sensitive  to  the  beauties  of  nature. 
He  took  an  active  interest  in  local  affairs, 
being  one  of  the  magistrates  of  the  borough  of 
Sudbury,  president  of  the  board  of  guardians, 
and  several  times  mayor.  He  gave  much  to 
charities.  He  was  buried  in  the  churchyard 
of  St.  Gregory,  Sudbury,  the  townspeople 
closing  their  shops,  and  the  mayor,  corpora- 


tion, and  magistrates  of  the  borough  follow- 
ing the  bier. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1855,  xliv.  213  ;  Allibone's  Diet, 
of  Brit,  and  Amer.  Authors  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

J.  M.  R. 

FULFORD,  FRANCIS,  D.D.  (1803- 
1868),  bishop  of  Montreal,  second  son  of 
Baldwin  Fulford  of  Fulford  Magna,  Devon- 
shire, by  Anna  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Adams,  M.P.  for  Totnes,  was  born 
at  Sidmouth  3  June  1803,  and  baptised  at 
Dunsford,  14  Oct.  1804.  He  was  educated 
at  Ti vert  on  grammar  school,  whence  he  ma- 
triculated at  Oxford  from  Exeter  College 
1  Feb.  1821,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  his 
college  30  June  1824,  but  vacated  his  fellow- 
ship 18  Oct.  1830  by  marrying  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  Andrew  Berkeley  Drummond  of 
Cadlands,  Hampshire.  Fulford  proceeded 
B.A.  in  1827,  and  M.A.  1838,  and  was  created 
an  honorary  D.D.  6  July  1850.  He  was  or- 
dained a  deacon  in  1826,  and  became  curate  of 
Holne,  Devonshire,  afterwards  removing  to 
the  curacy  of  Fawley.  The  Duke  of  Rutland 
instituted  him  to  the  rectory  of  Trowbridge, 
Wiltshire,  in  1832,  where  he  resided  for  ten 
years,  and  as  a  justice  of  the  peace  as  well  as  a 
clergyman  commanded  respect  and  conciliated 
goodwill.  In  1842  he  accepted  the  rectory  of 
Croydon,  Cambridgeshire,  which  he  held  until 
1 845,  when  he  was  nominated  by  Earl  Howe  as 
minister  of  Curzon  Chapel,  Mayfair,  London. 
On  the  projection  of  the  'Colonial  Church 
Chronicle  and  Missionary  Journal '  in  1848 
he  was  chosen  editor,  and  in  this  way  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  condition  of  the 
colonial  church.  On  19  July  1850  he  was 

fazetted  the  first  bishop  of  the  new  diocese  of 
lontreal,  Canada,  and  consecrated  in  West- 
minster Abbey  on  25  July.  He  landed  at 
St.  John's  on  12  Sept.  and  was  enthroned 
in  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Montreal,  on 
15  Sept.  In  the  following  month  he  was 
actively  at  work,  and  the  church  society  of 
the  diocese  of  Montreal  was  organised.  On 
20  Jan.  1852  the  primary  visitation  was  held, 
when  he  won  great  respect  from  all  parties 
by  his  declaration  that  the  church  of  Eng- 
land in  Canada,  politically  considered,  '  ex- 
ists but  as  one  of  many  religious  bodies/ 
Montreal  was  next  mapped  out  into  ecclesi- 
astical boundaries,  and  each  district  thus 
divided  was  set  apart  as  the  conventional 
parish  of  the  neighbouring  church.  The  bishop 
cheerfully  co-operated  with  all  the  societies 
that  were  established  for  benevolent,  scien- 
tific, and  philanthropic  purposes,  and  wrote 
papers  for,  and  delivered  lectures  at,  me- 
chanics' institutes  and  working  men's  clubs. 
On  21  May  1857  he  laid  the  foundation-stone 


Fulford  3 

of  his  new  cathedral,  where  on  Advent  Sun- 
day, 1859,  he  preached  the  opening  sermon. 
Unfortunately  the  great  cost  of  this  building 
involved  the  diocese  in  a  heavy  debt,  the 
thought  of  which  so  preyed  on  the  bishop's 
mind  that  he  practised  the  utmost  economy 
throughout  the  remaining  years  of  his  life 
in  an  endeavour  to  pay  off  the  amount.  On 
9  July  1860  the  queen  caused  letters  patent 
to  be  issued  promoting  Fulford  to  the  office 
of  metropolitan  of  Canada  and  elevating  the 
see  of  Montreal  to  the  dignity  of  a  metro- 
political  see,  with  the  city  of  Montreal  as  the 
seat  of  that  see,  and  on  10  Sept.  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  first  provincial  synod  of  the 
united  church  of  England  and  Ireland  in 
Canada  was  held  at  Montreal.  It  was  chiefly 
on  the  representation  of  the  synod  of  Canada 
that  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  held  the 
pan-anglican  synod  at  Lambeth  24-27  Sept. 
1867,  on  which  occasion  the  Bishop  of  Mont- 
real visited  England  and  took  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings. He,  however,  seems  on  this  journey 
to  have  overtaxed  his  strength,  and  never 
afterwards  had  good  health.  He  died  in  the 
see-house,  Montreal,  9  Sept.  1868,  and  was 
buried  on  12  Sept.,  when  the  universal  respect 
which  his  moderation  had  won  for  him  was 
shown  by  the  bell  of  the  Roman  catholic 
church  being  tolled  as  the  funeral  procession 
passed. 

Fulford  was  the  writer  of  the  following 
works:  1.  'A  Sermon  at  the  Visitation  of 
Venerable  L.  Clarke,  Archdeacon  of  Sarum,' 
1833.  2.  '  A  Course  of  Plain  Sermons  on  the 
Ministry,  Doctrine,  and  Services  of  the  Church 
of  England,'  2  vols.  1837-40.  3.  '  The  In- 
terpretation of  Law  and  the  Rule  of  Faith,' 
an  assize  sermon,  1838.  4.  '  The  Progress  of 
the  Reformation  in  England,'  1841.  5.  '  A 
Pastoral  Letter  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Diocese,' 
1851 .  6. '  An  Address  delivered  in  the  Chapel 
of  the  General  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,'  1852.  7.  '  A  Charge  delivered  to  the 
Clergy  of  the  Diocese  of  Montreal,'  1852. 
8.  '  The  Sermon  at  the  Consecration  of  H. 
Potter  to  the  Episcopate,'  1854.  9.  'Five 
Occasional  Lectures  delivered  in  Montreal,' 
1859.  10.  '  Sermons,  Addresses,  and  Statis- 
tics of  the  Diocese  of  Montreal,'  1865.  Ful- 
ford's  latest  publication  was  '  A  Pan- Angli- 
can Synod :  a  Sermon,'  1867. 

[Fennings  Taylor's  Last  Three  Bishops  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown  (1870),  pp.  21-130,  with 
portrait ;  Boase's  Exeter  College,  pp.  125,  216  ; 
Illustrated  London  News,  3  Aug.  1850,  p.  101, 
21  Aug.  p.  168,  with  portrait,  29  NOT.  1862, 
pp.  576, 587,  with  portrait,  26  Sept.  1868,  p.  307; 
Morgan's  Bibliotheca  Canadensis,  pp.  131-2.1 

G.  C.  B. 

VOL.   XX. 


>5  Fulke 

FULKE,  WILLIAM,  D.D.  (1538-1589), 
puritan  divine,  the  son  of  Christopher  Fulke, 
a  wealthy  citizen,  was  born  in  London  in 
1538,  and  is  said  to  have  been  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School.  As  a  London  schoolboy 
he  was  a  contemporary  of  Edmund  Campion 
[q.  v.],  who  defeated  him  in  the  competition 
for  the  silver  pen  offered  as  a  prize  to  the  city 
schools.  He  matriculated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  November  1555.  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  January  1557-8,  and  M.A. 
in  1563.  By  his  father's  desire  he  studied  law 
at  Clifford's  Inn  for  six  years,  when,  finding 
legal  studies  increasingly  distasteful,  he  re- 
turned to  Cambridge,  and  applied  himself  to 
mathematics,  languages,  and  theology.  He 
had  already  made  one  or  two  trifling  essays 
upon  astronomical  subjects  (see  below).  His 
j  father  refused  to  help  him  after  he  relin- 
quished the  law,  but  his  election  to  a  founda- 
tion fellowship  in  1564  placed  him  in  com- 
parative independence.  He  was  thus  enabled 
to  study  the  text  of  holy  scripture,  having 
already  taken  up  Hebrew  and  the  other 
oriental  languages  then  much  neglected  at 
Cambridge.  In  1565  he  was  appointed  prin- 
cipal lecturer  of  his  college,  in  1567  preacher 
and  Hebrew  lecturer,  and  in  1568  took  his 
degree  as  B.D.  Fulke  on  his  return  to  Cam- 
bridge had  attached  himself  to  Thomas  Cart- 
wright  (1535-1603)  [q.  v.],  the  puritan  leader 
at  Cambridge.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the '  vestiarian '  controversy,  which  was  then 
distracting  the  university,  and  by  his  sermons 
and  personal  influence  '  beat  into  the  heads 
of  younger  sort  such  a  persuasion  of  the  super- 
stition of  the  surplice,' that  nearly  three  hun- 
dred at  one  time  discarded  it  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  John's.  The  dispute  led  to  scenes  of  vio- 
lence, barely  stopping  short  of  bloodshed 
(STRYPE,  Annals,  II.  i.  154).  The  contagion 
spread  to  other  colleges.  Discipline  was  re- 
laxed, the  whole  university  was  in  an  uproar. 
Cecil  found  it  necessary  to  interpose  his  au- 
thority as  chancellor.  He  caused  Fulke  to 
be  cited  before  him  'by  special  command- 
ment '  as  the  chief  author  of  the  dissension, 
intending,  he  said,  '  to  proceed  with  him 
himself  (ib.  p.  156).  Fulke  was  deprived 
of  his  fellowship,  and  expelled  the  college. 
He  remained  at  Cambridge,  took  lodgings  at 
the  Falcon  Inn  in  the  Petty  Cury,  and  con- 
tinued to  give  lectures  there  and  to  hold 
public  disputations.  The  puritans  supported 
their  champion  successfully.  The  decree  of 
expulsion  was  speedily  removed,  and  he  was 
readmitted  to  his  fellowship  21  March  1566- 
1567,  and  on  the  15th  of  the  following  April 
was  elected  a  senior  fellow.  At  this  period 
of  his  life  Fulke  fell  under  grave  suspicion  of 
conniving  at  an  incestuous  marriage.  Owing 


Fulke 


306 


Fulke 


to  relaxation  of  ancient  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority, connections  within  the  prohibited 
degrees  had  become  painfully  common,  and 
of  these,  says  Strype, '  Cambridge  was  too 
guilty.'  Fulke  was  so  strongly  suspected 
of  being  concerned  in  one  of  these  illegal 
unions  that  he  deemed  it  prudent  to  resign 
his  fellowship.  His  case  was  heard  before 
Bishop  Cox  of  Ely,  as  visitor  of  the  col- 
lege, by  whom  he  was  acquitted,  and  in  1569 
was  a  second  time  restored  to  his  fellow- 
ship (STBYPE,  Parker,  i.  556).  He  so  com- 
pletely regained  his  reputation,  that  during 
the  same  year,  on  the  vacancy  of  the  head- 
ship, Dr.  Longworth  having  left  the  college, 
then  distracted  by  cabals,  for  fear  of  expul- 
sion, Fulke,  to  the  great  disgust  of  Archbishop 
Parker,  narrowly  missed  being  elected  master . 
Longworth,  who  offered  himself  for  re-elec- 
tion, and  Fulke,  though  of  the  same  theo- 
logical school,  were  the  heads  of  the  rival 
college  factions.  The  feud  became  so  hot 
that  the  Bishop  of  Ely  expelled  Longworth,  ! 
a  hot-headed  and  intemperate  man,  while  ! 
Fulke,  to  escape  a  like  fate,  retired  quietly 
(ib.  i.  555-6).  To  console  him  for  his  dis- 
appointment, Leicester,  the  great  favourer  of 
the  puritan  party,  who  had  supported  his  i 
candidature,  appointed  him  his  chaplain,  and 
obtained  for  him  the  livings  of  Warley  in 
Essex  and  Dennington  in  Suffolk  (RYMER, 
Fcedera,  xv.  728),  both  of  which  he  held  till 
his  death.  By  Leicester's  influence  also  he  ! 
obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  royal  man-  [ 
date,  19  May  1572,  being  about  to  proceed  to  i 
France  with  Edward  Clinton,  earl  of  Lincoln  I 
[q.  v.]  (STRYPE,  Annals,  n.  i.  354-5).  In  the  ! 
same  year  he  was  one  of  the  friends  who  pre- 
vailed upon  Cartwright  to  return  from  his 
banishment.  He  accompanied  Cartwright  in 
his  visits  to  the  puritans  Field  and  Wilcox, 
then  in  prison  for  the  publication  of  their 
'  Admonition  to  Parliament,'  and  urged  them 
to  persevere  in  the  cause.  On  10  May  1578 
Leicester  obtained  for  him  the  mastership  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  vacant  by  the 
promotion  of  Dr.  John  Young  to  the  see  of 
Rochester,  which  he  held  till  the  end  of  his 
uneasy  polemical  life  in  1589.  He  is  said  to 
have  held  frequent  meetings  with  Chader- 
ton,  Whitaker,  and  other  puritan  divines  at 
Cambridge  for  the  study  of  holy  scripture 
(CLARKE,  Lives,  p.  169).  Fulke  having  no 
private  means,  and  being  burdened  with  a 
wife  and  family,  found  the  stipend  of  the 
mastership  insufficient,  and  got  it  augmented 
at  the  expense  of  the  other  members  of  the 
college.  He  is  said  by  Bishop  Wren  to  have 
been  eager  to  increase  the  number  of  his 
college  at  the  expense  of  its  reputation.  No 
fewer  than  twenty-six  fellows  were  elected 


in  his  mastership.  He  at  once  enlarged  the 
buildings  of  the  college  by  the  erection  of 
the  University  Hostel,  to  which  he  only 
contributed  201.,  leaving  the  main  burden  to- 
be  borne  by  the  society.  He  also  most  in- 
considerately bound  his  college  by  covenant 
with  Queens'  College  to  maintain  six  scholars, 
although  the  income  was  barely  sufficient  for 
three.  On  Chaderton's  resignation  in  1579 
he  was  recommended  to  Lord  Burghley  by 
Dr.  Still  for  the  regius  professorship  of  divi- 
nity, which  was,  however,  more  worthily  con- 
ferred on  Dr.  Whitaker.  In  1582  he  unsuc- 
cessfully urged  Cecil,  then  Lord  Burghley, 
to  set  on  foot  a  visitation  of  all  the  colleges 
in  the  university,  by  royal  authority,  with  a 
view  to  the  promotion  of  puritanism  (State 
Papers,  Dom.  10  Oct.  1582,  p.  72).  In  1580 
he  was  appointed  by  the  Bishop  of  Ely  to 
hold  a  conference  with  Dr.  Watson  [q.  v.], 
the  deprived  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  A\bbot 
Feckenham  [q.  v.],  then  imprisoned  as  papists 
in  the  bishop's  castle  of  Wisbech,  and  in  Sep- 
tember 1581  was  one  of  the  divines  deputed 
to  hold  a  public  disputation  with  his  old 
schoolboy  rival  Campion  in  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don (STRYPE,  Annals,  II.  ii.  361).  In  the 
same  year  he  served  the  office  of  vice-chan- 
cellor of  his  university.  In  1582  he  was  one 
of  the  body  of  twenty-five  theologians  ap- 
pointed by  the  council  to  hold  disputations 
with  Romish  priests  and  Jesuits  on  the  points 
of  controversy  between  the  two  churches 
(STKYPE,  Whitgift,  i.  198).  The  last  ten  years 
of  his  life  were  the  period  of  his  greatest  lite- 
rary activity.  No  year  passed- without  the  ap- 
pearance of  one  or  more  books  in  defence  of 
protestantism,  and  in  confutation  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  church  of  Rome.  His  language 
was  unmeasured,  and,  even  in  that  age,  he 
was  conspicuous  for  the  virulence  of  his  in- 
vectives against  his  opponents.  His  learn- 
|  ing  was,  however,  extensive  and  sound,  and 
he  was  an  able  master  of  controversy.  His 
style  is  clear  and  incisive,  though  deformed 
i  by  the  coarseness  of  the  time.  He  gainedhigh 
i  reputation  among  protestants  by  his  writings 
I  against  Cardinal  Allen  [q.  v.J,  and  other 
leaders  of  the  counter-reformation  in  Eng- 
land. His  defence  of  the  English  translation 
of  the  Bible  against  the  attacks  of  Gregory 
!  Martin,  the  seminarist  of  Rheims,  bears  a  high 
reputation  for  learning  and  ability.  It  has 
been  republished  by  the  Parker  Society,  as 
well  as  his  '  Discovery  of  the  dangerous  rock 
of  the  Papist  Church,  with  the  confutation 
of  Stapleton  and  Martial.'  His  last  work 
was  a  completion  of  Cartwright's  unfinished 
confutation  of  the  Rhemish  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  which  was  published  in 
the  year  of  his  death,  1589,  with  a  dedication 


Fulke 


307 


Fulke 


to  Queen  Elizabeth, '  his  undertaking  therein 
being,'  according  to  Fuller,  'judiciously  and 
learnedly  performed '  (FULLER,  Church  His- 
tory, v.  79  ;  STRYPE,  Whitgift,  i.  484).  He 
is  described  by  contemporaries  as  '  a  pious 
and  learned  man,  well  skilled  in  history  and 
languages,  a  very  diligent  student,  indus- 
trious both  in  writing  and  printing,  and 
"  acerrimus  Papamastix." ' 

Fulke  died  28  Aug.  1589,  and  was  buried 
in  the  chancel  of  his  church  at  Denuington, 
where  a  monument,  with  a  laudatory  epitaph, 
was  erected  to  him  by  Dr.  Thomas  Wright, 
one  of  his  successors.  He  was  succeeded 
in  his  mastership  by  the  celebrated  Lancelot 
Andrewes  [q.  v.] 

Fulke  was  twice  married.  By  his  wife 
Margaret  he  left  two  sons,  Christopher  and 
William,  and  four  daughters,  Mary,  Hester, 
Elizabeth,  and  Ann.  He  bequeathed  to  his 
college  a  silver-gilt  acorn-shaped  cup,  which 
is  still  in  the  possession  of  the  society. 

Fulke's  works  are :  1.  'An  Almanack  and 
Prognostication,'  licensed  by  the  Stationers' 
Company  1560.  2. '  Antiprognosticon  contra 
inutiles  astrologorum  prsedictiones,'  London, 
1560,  8vo.  Translated  into  English  by  G. 
Painter,  London,  1560, 12mo.  3.  '  A  Goodly 
Gallerye,  with  a  most  pleasant  prospect  into 
the  garden  of  naturall  contemplation,  to  be- 
hold the  naturall  causes  of  all  kynde  of 
Meteors,'  London,  1563,  12mo.  '  Dedicated 
by  William  Fulce  to  Lord  Robert  Dudley.' 
4.  '  Ovpavopaxia,  hoc  est,  astrologorum  ludus,' 
London,  1571, 1572, 1573,  4to,  an  astronomi- 
cal game  after  the  manner  of  chess.  Dedicated 
to  William  Lord  Burghley,  chancellor  of  the 
university.  5.  'A  Confutation  of  a  Popishe 
and  sclanderous  Libelle,'  London,  1571,1573, 
1574,  8vo.  6.  '  A  Sermon  preached  at  Hamp- 
ton Court,  12  Nov.  1570,  wherein  is  plainly 
prooved  Babilon  to  be  Rome,  both  by  Scrip- 
tures and  Doctors,' London,  1572, 1579, 16mo. 
7.  'AcomfortableSermonofFaith.  Preached 
at  St.  Botulphes,wythout  Aldersgate  in  Lon- 
don, the  xv.  of  February,  1573,'London,  1573, 
12mo.  8.  '  In  Sacram  Divi  Johannis  Apo- 
calypsim  prselectiones,'  London,  1573,  4to. 
9. '  TwoTreatiseswrittenagainstthePapistes,' 
London,  1577, 8vo.  10.  '  A  Sermon  preached 
on  Sondaye,  being  the  17th  of  March,  anno 
1577,  at  S.  Alphage's  Church  within  Cripple- 
gateinLondon,'London.l577,12mo.  11. 'Mc- 
rpo/na^i'a,  sive  Ludus  Geometricus,'  London, 
4to.  n.d.  and  1578.  12.  <  Gulielmi  Fulconis 
Angli  ad  epistolam  Stanislai  Hosii  Varmien- 
sis  episcopi  de  expresso  Dei  verbo  Responsio,' 
London,  1578, 12mo.  13.  'AdThomse  Staple- 
toni  Responsio,'  London,  1579,  8vo.  14.  '  D. 
Heskins,  D.  Sanders,  and  M.Rastel,  accounted 
(among  their  faction)  three  pillers,  and  Arch- 


patriarches  of  the  Popish  Synagogue  (utter 
enemies  to  thetruthof  Christes  Gospel  and  all 
that  syncerely  profess  the  same),  overthrowne 
and  detected  of  their  severell  blasphemous 
heresies,'  London,  1579,  8vo.  15.  '  Staple- 
tonii  fortalitium  expugnatum/  London,  1580, 
12mo.  Translated  with  this  title  : '  T.  Staple- 
ton  and  Martiall  (two  Popish  Heretikes)  con- 
futed,'London,  1580, 12mo.  16.  'A Sermon 
at  the  Tower  on  John  xvii.  17,'  London,  1580 , 
8vo;  1581, 16mo.  17.  '  A  Godly  and  learned 
Sermon,  preached  before  an  honourable  au- 
ditorie,  the  26th  day  of  Februarie,  1580  ' 
(anon.),  London,  1580,  16mo.  On  2  Sam. 
xxiv.  1.  18.  'Conferentia  cum  pontificiis 
in  castro  Wisbicensi,  4  Oct.  1580,  London, 

1580,  8vo.     19.  '  A  Retentive  to  stay  good 
Christians  in  the  true  faith  and  religion, 
against  the  motives  of  Rich.  Bristow,'  Lon- 
don, 1580  ;  reprinted,  Cambridge,  1848,  8vo. 
20.  'A  Rejoynder  to  Bristow's  Replie,'  Lon- 
don, 1581, 8vo.  21.  'A  Sermon  preached  upon 
Sunday,  being  the  twelfth  of  March,  anno 

1581,  within  the  Tower  of  London  :  In  the 
hearing  of  such  obstinate  Papistes  as  then 
were  prisoners  there,'  London,  1581,  12mo. 

22.  'A  briefe  Confutation  of  a  Popish  Dis- 
course,' by  John  Howlet  (was  written  by 
Robert  Persons,  S.J.),   London,  1581,  4to. 

23.  '  Two  Conferences  with  Edmund  Campion 
in  the  Tower,  23  and  27  Sept.  1581,  London, 
1583, 4to.     24.  '  A  Defense  of  the  sincere  and 
true  Translations  of  the  holie  Scriptures  into 
the  English  tong,'  London,  1583,  8vo;  1617, 
1633,  fol.     25.  '  De  successione  ecclesiastica, 
contra  Thomse  Stapletoni  librum,'  London, 

1584,  8vo.     26.  '  A  brief  and  plain  Declara- 
tion,  containing  the   desires    of   all   those 
Ministers  who  seek  Discipline  and  Reforma- 
tion of  the  Church  of  England,'  1584.     This 
work  was  written  by  Fulke,  although  the 
name  of  Dudley  Fenner  [q.  v.]  appears  upon 
the  title-page.    27.  Recommendatory  epistle 
prefixed  to  John  Stockwood's  translation  of 
Serranus's  '  Commentary  upon  Ecclesiastes,' 

1585.  28.  'An  Apologie  of  the  Professors 
of  the  Gospel  in  Fraunce.'  29.  '  A  Confutation 
of  a  Treatise  made  by  William  Allen  in  de- 
fence of  the  usurped  power  of  Popish  Priest- 
hood,' Cambridge,  1586, 8vo.     30.  '  The  Text 
of  the  New  Testament  of  Jesus  Christ,  trans- 
lated out  of  the  vulgar  Latine  by  the  Papists 
of  the  traiterous  Seminarie  at  Rhemes.  With 
a  Confutation  of  all  such  Arguments,  Glosses, 
and  Annotations  as  contein  manifest  impie- 
tie,  of  heresie,  treason  and  slander  against  the 
Catholike  Church  of  God,'  London,  1589,  fol. 
Dedicated  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  31.  'Answer 
of  Drs.  William  Fulke  and  John  Still  to  cer- 
tain propositions  of  one  Shales  on  the  au- 
thority of  the  Fathers,'  manuscript  in  State 

x2 


Fullarton 


308 


Fullarton 


Paper  Office.     32.  'Notes  upon  Antoninus's 
"  Itinerary." ' 

[Wren's  MS.  Lives  of  the  Masters  of  Pem- 
broke Hall ;  Strype's  Annals,  Life  of  Parker  as 
quoted ;  Fuller's  Church  History,  v.  79  ;  Cooper's 
Athens  Cantabr.  ii.  67-61.]  E.  V. 

FULLARTON,  JOHN  (1780P-1849), 
traveller  and  writer  on  the  currency,  was  the 
only  child  of  Dr.  Gavin  Fullarton,  who  died 
in  1795,  by  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander Dunlop,  professor  of  Greek  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow.  He  went  to  India  as  a 
medical  officer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company,  became  an  assistant-surgeon  in  the 
Bengal  presidency  in  1802,  but  resigned  his 
appointment  in  1813.  During  this  period  he 
became  the  part  owner  and  editor  of  a  news- 
paper at  Calcutta.  On  leaving  the  service 
Fullarton  entered  the  house  of  Alexander 
&  Co.,  bankers  of  Calcutta,  as  a  partner,  ac- 
quired an  immense  fortune  in  a  few  years, 
and  returned  to  England  to  live.  Meantime 
he  had  travelled  widely  over  India,  and  about 
1820  made  an  extensive  and  systematic  tour 
through  the  empire,  which  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  first  complete  progress  ever  made 
through  our  eastern  possessions.  During  the 
voyage  he  collected  copious  memoranda,  but 
they  were  never  published.  In  1823  he  pur- 
chased Lord  Essex's  house,  1  Great  Stanhope 
Street,  Mayfair.  The  reform  crisis  led  him  to 
contribute  several  articles  to  the  '  Quarterly 
Review '  in  defence  of  the  tory  party,  and  he 
is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Carlton  Club.  During  these  years  he 
made  extensive  tours  through  Great  Britain 
and  the  continent  in  a  coach  fitted  up  with 
a  library  and  other  luxuries.  In  1833  he 
went  again  to  India,  and  in  the  following 
year  was  entrusted  with  an  important  mission 
to  China.  On  his  return  to  Europe  he  visited 
Egypt,  where  at  Memphis  his  wife,  Miss 
Finney  of  Calcutta,  died  in  1837.  In  1838, 
having  lost  a  considerable  part  of  his  fortune 
by  the  failure  of  his  bankers,  he  moved  to 
12  Hyde  Park  Street,  In  1844,  during  the 
progress  of  the  Bank  Charter  Act  through 
parliament,  he  published  in  support  of  the 
doctrines  of  Mr.  Tooke  a  book  '  On  the  Regu- 
lation of  Currencies,  being  an  examination 
of  the  principles  on  which  it  is  proposed 'to 
restrict  the  future  issues  on  credit  of  the  Bank 
of  England.'  It  is  undoubtedly  an  able  work 
(for  criticism  see  Economist,  28  Sept.  1844). 
Fullarton  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society,  and  took  great  interest  in  art,  lite- 
rature, and  the  drama.  He  died  on  24  Oct. 
1849. 

[Information  from  Mr.  Fullarton  James; 
Athenaeum,  3  Nov.  1849.]  L.  C.  S. 


FULLARTON,WILLIAM  (1754-1808), 
commissioner  for  the  government  of  Trinidad, 
only  son  of  William  Fullarton  of  Fullarton, 
a  wealthy  Ayrshire  gentleman,  was  born  in 
1754,  and  after  spending  some  time  at  the 
Edinburgh  University  was  sent  to  travel  on 
the  continent  with  Patrick Brydone  [q.  v.],  at 
one  time  the  travelling  tutor  of  William  Beck- 
ford,  and  visited  Sicily  and  Malta.  Fullar- 
ton was  at  first  intended  for  the  diplomatic 
service,  and  was  attached  as  secretary  to  Lord 
Stormont's  embassy  in  Paris ;  but  on  his  ac- 
cession to  the  family  estates  he  came  to  Eng- 
land and  secured  his  election  to  parliament 
for  the  borough  of  Plympton  in  1779.  In  the 
following  year  he  did  not  seek  re-election,  for 
he  had  combined  a  plan  of  operations  which 
the  government  did  not  hesitate  to  accept. 
This  plan  was  that  he  and  his  most  intimate 
friend,  Thomas  Humberstone  Mackenzie,  de 
jure  Earl  of  Seaforth,  should  each  raise  and 
equip  a  regiment  on  their  Scotch  estates  at 
their  own  expense,  which  should  be  trans- 

1  ported  in  government  ships  towards  the 
coast  of  Mexico,  in  order  to  wait  for  and 
capture  the  Acapulco  fleet.  The  regiments 
were  accordingly  raised,  and  Fullarton  was 
gazetted  lieutenant-colonel-commandant  of 
the  98th  regiment  on  29  May  1780.  The 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Holland  changed 
the  destination  of  these  regiments,  which 
were  then  ordered  to  form  part  of  the  expe- 
dition against  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  under 
the  command  of  Commodore  Johnstone  and 
General  (afterwards  Sir  William)  Medows. 
This  plan  also  came  to  nothing,  owing  to  the 
arrival  of  the  French  admiral,  the  Bailli  de 
Suffren,  at  the  Cape  before  the  English  ex- 
pedition. The  regiments  then  went  on  to 
India,  to  take  their  part  in  the  second  Mysore 
war  against  Haidar  Ali.  Mackenzie's  regiment 
disembarked  at  Calicut,  to  make  a  diversion 
by  invading  Mysore  from  the  Malabar  coast, 
while  Fullarton's  went  round  to  Madras. 
He  remained  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 

'  capital  of  the  presidency  until  after  the  battle 
of  Porto  Novo,  when  he  was  sent  south  in 
command  of  the  king's  troops,  in  order  if 
possible  to  attract  the  Mysore  troops  away 
from  the  Carnatic.  In  June  1782  Fullarton 
was  gazetted  a  colonel  in  the  army  for  the 
East  Indies,  with  Sir  Robert  Barker,  Norman 
Macleod.  John  Floyd,  and  many  others,  in 
order  to  put  an  end  to  the  perpetual  disputes 
between  the  king's  and  the  company's  officers, 
and  he  co-operated  in  the  winter  campaign 
of  1782-3  in  the  suppression  of  the  Kollars, 
or  wild  fighting  tribes  of  Madura,  and  in  the 
capture  of  Karur  and  Dindigal.  In  May 
1783  he  succeeded  to  the  general  command 
of  all  the  troops  south  of  the  Coleroon,  and 


Fullarton 


309 


Fuller 


on  2  June  he  took  Dharapuram.  He  then  ad- 
vanced towards  General  James  Stuart,  who 
was  besieging  Cuddalore.  On  the  news  of 
the  fall  of  that  city  he  determined  to  attack 
Palghat,  which  had  resisted  all  the  efforts  of 
his  old  friend  Mackenzie  in  the  previous 
year.  He  had  to  hew  his  way  with  great 
difficulty  through  a  dense  forest  (see  The 
East  India  Military  Calendar,  i.  433),  and 
when  he  got  through  it  he  had  to  storm  the 
city.  When  there  he  heard  that  Tippoo  Sul- 
tan, who  had  succeeded  Haidar  Ali  on  the 
throne,  was  not  fulfilling  the  terms  agreed  to 
at  the  surrender  of  Mangalore  [see  CAMPBELL, 
JOHN,  1753-1784],  and  Fullarton  accordingly 
followed  up  his  success  by  the  capture  of  the 
important  fortress  of  Coimbatore.  At  this 
time  he  was  imperatively  ordered  to  cease  all 
hostilities  by  the  pusillanimous  government 
of  Madras,  and  a  sort  of  peace  was  patched 
up  between  the  company  and  Tippoo  Sahib. 
Throughout  the  campaign  Fullarton  had 
shown  abilities  of  a  high  order,  and  Mill 
praises  him  as  the  first  Anglo-Indian  com- 
mander who  looked  after  his  commissariat,  and 
organised  a  system  for  obtaining  intelligence 
of  the  enemy's  strength  and  whereabouts.  At 
the  conclusion  of  peace  Fullarton  returned  to 
England,  and  in  1787  he  published  '  A  View 
of  the  English  Interests  in  India,'  in  the  shape 
of  a  letter  to  Lord  Mansfield.  Another  pub- 
lished letter  to  Lord  Macartney  and  the  select 
committee  of  Fort  St.  George  contains  a 
compte  rendu  of  his  operations  in  the  south  of 
India.  He  then  settled  down  to  a  country 
life,  and  married  Marianne  Mackay,  daugh- 
ter of  George,  fifth  lord  Reay.  He  took  a 
great  interest  in  agricultural  questions,  and 
published  two  interesting  memoirs  on  the 
state  of  agriculture  in  Ayrshire  and  the  ad- 
vantages of  pasture  land,  and  he  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh.  He  never  again  saw  service, 
but  showed  his  interest  in  military  matters 
by  raising  the  23rd,  or  Fullarton's  dragoons, 
in  1794,  and  the  101st,  or  Fullarton's  foot,  in 
1800,  both  of  which  regiments  were  reduced 
at  the  peace  of  Amiens  in  1802.  He  con- 
tinued his  parliamentary  career,  but  never  i 
particularly  distinguished  himself  as  an  orator  j 
or  man  of  business,  and  sat  for  the  Hadding-  [ 
ton  burghs  from  1787  to  1790,  for  Horsham 
from  1793  to  1796,  and  for  Ayrshire  from 
1796  to  April  1803,  when  he  was  appointed 
first  commissioner  for  the  government  of  the 
island  of  Trinidad.  Lord  Sidmouth  had 
conceived  the  idea  of  putting  the  govern- 
ment of  the  different  West  India  islands  into 
commission,  and  the  commission  appointed 
for  Trinidad  consisted  of  Fullarton,  Captain 
Samuel  Hood  of  the  royal  navy,  and  Lieu- 


tenant-colonel Thomas  Picton,  who  had  ruled 
that  island  ever  since  its  capture  by  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby  in  1797.  It  is  ridiculous 
to  suppose  that  Fullarton  went  to  Trinidad 
with  the  express  intention  of  attacking  Pic- 
ton's  administration,  since  even  Picton's  bio- 
grapher admits  that  there  had  been  no  pre- 
vious acquaintance  between  the  two  men. 
It  is  far  more  likely  that  Fullarton  had  a 
quixotic  idea  of  reforming  the  administra- 
tion of  the  island,  and  that  he  conceived  an 
instant  dislike  of  Picton's  overbearing  mili- 
tary demeanour.  It  is  certain  that  Picton 
resented  his  supersession,  and  that  when 
Fullarton  asked  for  a  return  of  all  the  crimi- 
nal proceedings  which  had  taken  place  in  the 
island  since  Picton  had  been  there,  Picton 
resigned  in  disgust.  Fullarton  persisted  in 
his  inquiries,  and  the  result  of  them  was 
the  famous  trial  of  Picton  for  inflicting  tor- 
ture on  a  Spanish  girl  named  Luisa  Calde- 
ron,  to  extort  a  confession  from  her.  This 
trial  caused  an  immense  sensation  in  Eng- 
land. Pamphlets,  some  by  Fullarton  himself, 
were  written  on  both  sides  couched  in  the 
most  personal  terms,  and  a  picture  of  the  girl 
being  picketed  was  shown  all  over  London. 
The  matter  degenerated  from  a  general  ques- 
tion of  the  condition  of  the  administration  of 
newly  conquered  islands  and  territories  into 
a  personal  conflict  between  Picton  and  Fullar- 
ton. The  trial  took  place  in  February  1806, 
and  Picton  was  found  guilty.  He  applied  for 
a  new  trial,  at  which  he  was  acquitted  ;  but 
before  it  came  on  Fullarton  died  of  inflamma- 
tion of  the  lungs  at  Gordon's  Hotel,  London, 
on  13  Feb.  1808.  He  was  buried  at  Isleworth, 
It  is  unfortunate  for  his  fame  that  his  great 
campaign  in  India  has  been  forgotten  and 
eclipsed  by  the  stigma  attached  to  him  of 
being  '  the  persecutor  of  Picton.' 

[Foster's  Members  of  Parliament,  Scotland ; 
Irving's  Eminent  Scotsmen  ;  for  Fullarton's  cam- 
paigns in  India  see  Mill's  Hist,  of  British  India, 
the  East  India  Military  Calendar,  and  his  own 
View  of  the  English  Interests  in  India ;  and  for 
the  Picton  controversy  Robinson's  Life  of  Picton, 
Picton's  Letter  to  Lord  Hobart,  and  Fullarton's 
Refutation  of  the  Pamphlet  which  Colonel  Picton 
has  addressed  to  Lord  Hobart.]  H.  M.  S. 

FULLER,  ANDREW  (1754-1815),  bap- 
tist theologian  and  missionary  advocate,  was 
born  at  Wicken,  Cambridgeshire,  5  Feb.  1754. 
In  his  boyhood  he  was  deeply  exercised  with 
religious  questions ;  about  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  joined  the  baptist  church  at  Soham.  He 
had  no  special  training  for  the  ministry,  but 
his  powers  of  exposition  and  exhortation 
commending  him  to  the  members  of  that 
church  during  a  vacancy,  he  was  called  to  be 
their  minister  in  the  spring  of  1775.  He 


Fuller 


3io 


Fuller 


remained  at  Soham  for  several  years,  till  re- 
ceiving an  earnest  call  from  the  church  at 
Kettering,  Northamptonshire,  he  decided, 
after  some  hesitation,  to  accept  it.  In  1782 
he  removed  to  Kettering,  where  he  remained 
till  his  death. 

Fuller  was  an  able  preacher  and  theological 
author.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Society,  its  first  secretary, 
and  the  unwearied  and  very  able  promoter  of 
its  interests.  His  controversial  activity  was 
always  great. 

Among  the  particular  baptists  there  was  a 
tendency  to  push  the  tenets  of  Calvinism  to 
an  extreme.  With  such  views  there  was 
associated  a  strong  tendency  to  antinomian- 
ism.  It  was  usually  alleged  by  Socinians 
that  the  necessary  tendency  of  the  doctrines 
of  free  grace  was  towards  a  relaxation  of  the 
sense  of  moral  obligation.  Fuller  wrote,  in 
opposition  to  such  views :  1.  '  The  Gospel 
worthy  of  all  acceptation,  or  the  Obligations 
of  Men  fully  to  credit  and  cordially  to  ap- 
prove whatever  God  makes  known.'  2. '  The 
Calvinistic  and  Socinian  Systems  examined 
and  compared  as  to  their  Moral  Tendency,' 
1794,  1796,  1802.  3.  'The  Gospel  its  own 
Witness,  or  the  Holy  Nature  and  Divine 
Harmony  of  the  Christian  Religion  contrasted 
with  the  Immorality  and  Absurdity  of  Deism,' 
1799-1800.  4.  'An  Apology  for  the  late 
Christian  Missions  to  India.  5.  '  Memoirs 
of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Pearce,  A.M.,  of  Birming- 
ham,' 1800.  6.  '  Expository  Discourses  on 
Genesis/  2  vols.  1806.  7.  'Expository  Dis- 
courses on  the  Apocalypse,'  1815.  8.  '  Ser- 
mons on  Various  Subjects,'  1814.  9.  '  The 
Backslider,'  1801,  1840,  1847.  Besides  these 
Fuller  wrote  many  separate  pamphlets,  ser- 
mons, and  essays.  He  contributed  likewise 
many  papers  to  De  Coetlogon's  '  Theological 
Miscellany,'  the  '  Evangelical  Magazine,'  the 
'  Missionary  Magazine,'  the '  Quarterly  Maga- 
zine,' the  '  Protestant  Dissenters'  Magazine,' 
and  the  '  Biblical  Magazine.'  Dr.  Rylands, 
in  his '  Life  of  Fuller,' enumerates  167  articles 
contributed  to  these  several  journals.  Edi- 
tions of  his  '  Complete  Works '  appeared  in 
1838, 1840,  1845,  1852,  and  1853.  Joseph 
Belcher  edited  an  edition  in  three  volumes 
for  the  Baptist  Publication  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  his  principal  publications  were 
issued  with  a  memoir  by  his  son  in  Bohn's 
Standard  Library,  1852. 

His  work  in  promoting  the  missionary  en- 
terprises of  the  baptist  church  began  about 
1784.  A  sermon  published  by  him  then,  en- 
titled '  The  Nature  and  Importance  of  Walk- 
ing by  Faith,'  with  an  appendix,  'A  Few 
Persuasives  to  a  General  Union  in  Prayer  for 
the  Revival  of  Religion,'  though  not  bearing 


expressly  on  foreign  missions,  helped  to  sti- 
mulate the  spirit  out  of  which  the  enterprise 
sprang.  The  Baptist  Missionary  Society  was 
formed  at  Kettering  in  1792.  William  Carey 
(1761-1834)  [q.  v.]  had  been  greatly  im- 
pressed by  Fuller's  work, '  The  Gospel  Worthy 
of  all  Acceptation.'  He  became  the  first 
missionary,  and  upon  Fuller  devolved  the 
labour  of  directing  and  maintaining  the  work 
at  home.  As  Fuller  put  it,  comparing  them 
to  miners,  Carey  said, '  I  will  go  down  if  you 
will  hold  the  rope.'  'But  before  he  went 
down  we  engaged  that  while  he  lived  we 
should  never  let  go  the  rope.'  The  care  and 
concerns  of  the  mission  lay  far  more  on  Fuller 
than  on  any  man  in  England,  and  till  his 
death  he  spared  no  labour  or  form  of  service 
by  which  he  might  advance  its  interests. 

Fuller  was  a  man  of  great  force  and  energy 
of  character.  His  turn  of  mind,  according 
to  one  of  his  biographers  (J.  W.  Morris),  led 
him  to  cultivate  the  intellectual  and  practical 
parts  of  religion  rather  than  the  devotional. 
His  want  of  fervour  and  unction  in  preach- 
ing and  in  prayer  was  remarked  on  by  several 
of  his  friends,  who  attributed  to  this  cause 
the  want  of  adequate  success  in  his  ministe- 
rial work.  A  friend  once  stopped  him  with 
the  remark,  '  Brother  Fuller,  you  can  never 
administer  a  reproof  to  a  mistaken  friend 
but  you  must  take  up  a  sledge-hammer  and 
knock  his  brains  out.'  A  missionary  in  India, 
whom  he  had  sharply  admonished,  thus  re- 
plied, '  Thank  you,  Brother  Fuller ;  your 
sledge-hammer  is  a  harmless  thing  at  this  dis- 
tance !  Samson,  too,  is  sometimes  as  meek 
as  other  men.'  Of  this  tendency  he  was 
aware,  and  he  sometimes  lamented  it ;  but 
when  he  tried  to  apologise  he  seemed  to  make 
things  worse.  To  his  sterling  integrity,  the 
nobility  of  the  objects  to  which  he  devoted 
his  life,  and  the  spirit  of  self-denial  in  which 
he  prosecuted  them,  all  who  knew  him  bore 
the  fullest  testimony.  He  has  been  com- 
pared to  John  Knox,  both  in  respect  to  his 
excellences  and  his  defects. 

Fuller  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Princeton  College  and  from  Yale  College, 
United  States,  but  he  never  used  it.  He 
died  7  May  1815,  at  the  age  of  sixty-one. 

[Life  and  Death  of  the  Eev.  Andrew  Fuller, 
late  Pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  at  Kettering, 
and  Secretary  to  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
by  John  Rylands,  D.D. ;  Memoir  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  the  Rev.  Andrew  Fuller,  by  J.  W. 
Morris,  1816  ;  A  Memoir  of  Thomas  Fuller,  by 
Thomas  Ekins  Fuller,  1863;  Herzogand  Schaff's 
Encyclopaedia.]  W.  G.  B. 

FULLER,  FRANCIS,  the  elder  (1637  P- 
1701),  nonconformist  divine,  born  in  or  about 
1637,  was  youngest  son  of  John  Fuller,  vicar 


Fuller 


Fuller 


of  Stebbing  and  minister  of  St.  Martin's, 
Ironmonger  Lane,  London.  He  was  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  in  1660,  and  was  incorporated  at 
Oxford  on  14  July  1G63.  He  found  himself, 
however,  unable  to  conform,  and  was  accord- 
ingly expelled  from  Warkworth,  Northamp- 
tonshire, when  acting  as  curate  to  Dr.  Temple, 
the  incumbent.  Shortly  afterwards  he  mi- 
grated to  the  west  of  England,  preaching 
occasionally  at  Bath  and  Bristol.  Finally 
he  settled  in  London  as  assistant  to  Timothy 
Cruso  [q.  v.]  at  the  English  presbyterian 
meeting-house  in  Poor  Jewry  Lane.  He 
continued  with  Cruso's  successor,  William 
Harris,  until  his  death  on  21  July  1701,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-four.  His  funeral  sermon 
was  preached  by  his  friend,  Jeremiah  White, 
and  published  at  London,  8vo,  1702.  By  his 
wife  Bridget,  who  survived  him,  Fuller  had 
two  sons,  born  in  Bristol,  Francis  [q.  v.]  and 
Samuel,  who  died  about  1682.  Calamy  de- 
scribes him  as  '  a  facetious  pleasant  man,' 
while  Samuel  Palmer  adds  that  he '  discovered 
great  sagacity  in  judging  of  some  future 
events.'  Besides  an  address  to  the  reader 
prefixed  to  Timothy  Cruso's  'Three  Last  Ser- 
mons,' &c.,  8vo,  London,  1698,  Fuller  wrote  : 
1.  '  Words  to  give  to  the  Young-man  Know- 
ledg  and  Discretion.  Or,  the  Law  of  Kind- 
ness in  the  Tongue  of  a  Father  to  his  Son,' 
8vo,  London,  1685.  2.  <  A  Treatise  of  Faith 
and  Repentance.  (A  Discourse  of  self-denial ; 
being  an  appendix  to  the  treatise  of  Faith '), 
8vo,  London,  1685.  3.  '  A  Treatise  of  Grace 
and  Duty,'  8vo,  London,  1689.  4.  'Peace 
in  War  by  Christ,  the  Prince  of  Peace.  A 
Sermon  [on  Micah  v.  5]  preached  ...  on  the 
last  Publick  Fast,  June  the  26th,  1696,'  4to, 
London,  1696.  6.  '  Some  Rules  how  to  use 
the  World,  so  as  not  to  abuse  either  That  or 
our  Selves,'  8vo,  London  [1695  ?]  6.  '  Of 
the  Shortness  of  Time1  [a  sermon  on  1  Cor. 
vii.  9],  8vo,  London,  1700.  Job  Orton  found 
some  of  his  works '  very  excellent,  entertain- 
ing, and  useful.' 

[Wood's Fasti  Oxon,  ed. Bliss,  ii.  269 ;  Calamy's 
Konconf.  Memorial,  ed.  Palmer,  1802-3,  i.  159- 
160,  iii.  46 ;  Walter  Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches, 
i.  56,  58,  64-6  ;  Cantabr.  Graduati,  1787,  p.  150 ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  ix.  419,  5th  ser. 
i.  209,  276.]  G.  G. 

^FULLER,  FRANCIS,  the  younger(1670- 
1706),  medical  writer,  second  son  of  Francis 
Fuller,  nonconformist  divine  [q.  v.],  and  his 
wife  Bridget,  was  born  at  Bristol,  and  entered 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1687. 
He  graduated  B.A.  at  Cambridge  in  1691, 
and  M.A.  in  1704.  He  had  severe  hypochon- 
driasis  following  his  too  vigorous  external 
treatment  of  an  attack  of  itch.  The  hypo- 


chondriasis  was  accompanied  by  dyspepsia, 
and  he  cured  himself  by  exercise  on  horse- 
back and  by  emetics.  This  led  him  to  write 
a  book  on  the  use  of  exercise  in  the  treat- 
ment of  disease,  called  '  Mediciua  Gymnas- 
tica,  or  a  Treatise  concerning  the  power  of 
Exercise  with  respect  to  the  Animal  O2co- 
nomy,  and  the  great  necessity  of  it  in  the  Cure 
of  several  Distempers,'  1704.  A  second  edi- 
:ion  was  published  in  the  same  year,  a  third 
n  1707,  a  fifth  in  1718,  a  sixth  in  1728,  and 
a  ninth  and  last  in  1777.  Sydenham  had 
been  an  advocate  for  fresh  air  and  exercise 
as  remedies  in  consumption  and  hypochon- 
driasis,  and  Fuller  enlarges  upon  his  sugges- 
tions. He  shows  but  little  knowledge  of 
disease ;  he  thought  highly  of  millipedes  in 
;he  treatment  of  rheumatism,  and  of  liquorice 
in  that  of  consumption,  but  has  the  merit  of 
recommending  the  regular  use  of  chafing,  or, 
as  it  is  now  called,  massage,  where  exercise 
by  locomotion  is  impossible.  He  died  in  June 
1706. 

[Rev.  T.  Fuller's  Words  to  give  to  the  Young 
Man  Knowledge,  London,  1685  ;  Munk's  Coll.  of 
Phys.  i.  401  ;  Fuller's  writings.]  N.  M. 

FULLER,  ISAAC  (1606-1672),  painter, 
born  in  1606,  is  stated  to  have  studied  first 
in  France  under  Francois  Perrier,  probably 
at  the  new  academy  in  Paris,  under  whom 
he  acquired  some  skill  and  robustness  of  style 
from  copying  the  antique.  Unluckily  he  was 
too  fond  of  the  tavern  to  become  a  great 
painter,  and  his  talents  were  dissipated  in 
ignoble  indulgences.  Still  he  produced  some 
works  which  were  not  without  merit.  He 
resided  for  some  time  at  Oxford,  and  painted 
an  altarpiece  for  Magdalen  College,  and  also 
one  for  Wadham  College ;  the  latter,  which 
represented  '  The  Last  Supper,'  between 
'  Abraham  and  Melchizedek '  and '  The  Israel- 
ites gathering  manna,'  was  executed  in  a  sin- 
gular method,  the  lights  and  shades  being 
just  brushed  over,  and  the  colours  melted  in 
with  a  hot  iron.  Fuller  perhaps  invented 
this  method  himself,  and  Addison  wrote  a 
poem  in  praise  of  it.  While  at  Oxford  he 
painted  numerous  portraits,  and  also  copied 
Dobson's  '  Decollation  of  St.  John,'  altering 
the  heads  to  portraits  of  his  own  immediate 
friends.  In  London  Fuller  was  much  em- 
ployed in  decorative  painting,  especially  in 
taverns,  no  doubt  earning  his  entertainment 
thereby.  The  Mitre  tavern  in  Fenchurch 
Street,  and  the  Sun  tavern  near  the  Royal 
Exchange  were  among  those  adorned  by  him 
with  suitable  paintings.  He  painted  the 
ceiling  on  the  staircase  of  a  house  in  Soho 
Square,  and  a  ceiling  at  Painter-Stainers' 
Hall.  As  a  portrait  painter  Fuller  had  some 


Fuller 


312 


Fuller 


real  power,  and  his  own  portrait,  now  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford,  is  skilfully, 
if  capriciously,  executed;  it  shows  him  in 
a  curious  head-dress  of  an  eastern  charac- 
ter, and  gives  a  good  idea  of  his  character. 
James  Elsum  [q.  v.]  wrote  an  epigram  on  it. 
There  is  an  original  drawing  for  it  in  the 
Dyce  Collection  at  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  and  Fuller  himself  made  a  small 
etching  of  it.  A  portrait  of  Fuller,  drawn 
by  G.  Vertue,  is  in  the  print  room  at  the  Bri- 
tish Museum.  Among  other  portraits  painted 
by  Fuller  were  Samuel  Butler,  the  poet, 
Pierce,  the  carver,  and  Ogilby,  the  author 
(these  two  were  in  the  Strawberry  Hill  Col- 
lection, and  the  latter  has  been  engraved  by 
W.  C.  Edwards),  Norris,  the  king's  frame- 
maker  (a  picture  much  praised  by  Sir  Peter 
Lely),  Cleveland,  the  poet,  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby,  and  Latham,  the  statuary.  Fuller 
painted  five  pictures  on  wood  of  some  size, 
representing  the  adventures  of  Charles  II 
after  the  battle  of  Worcester;  these  were 
presented  to  the  parliament  of  Ireland,  and 
subsequently  were  discovered  in  a  state  of 
neglect  by  Lord  Clanbrassil,  who  had  them 
repaired,  and  removed  them  to  Tullamore 
Park,  co.  Down. 

Isaac  Fuller  had  also  some  skill  as  an 
etcher;  he  etched  some  plates  of  Tritons  and 
mythological  subjects  in  the  style  of  Perrier. 
In  1654  he  published  a  set  of  etchings  en- 
titled '  Un  libro  di  designare,'  which  are  very 
rare.  He  executed,  with  H.  Cooke  [q.  v.] 
and  others,  the  etchings  in  '  Iconologia,  or 
Morall  Emblems,'  by  Caesar  Ripa  of  Perugia, 
published  by  Pierce  Tempest.  In  Dr.  Thomas 
Fuller's  [q.  v.]  ' Pisgah-sight  of  Palestine' 
(1650,  bk.  iv.  chap,  v.)  there  is  a  large  fold- 
ing plate  of  Jewish  costumes,  etched  by  Isaac 
Fuller.  He  perhaps  also  executed  the  plan 
of  Jerusalem  in  the  same  book,  on  which  the 
•words  '  Fuller's  Field '  occur  in  English.  He 
was  not  connected  by  family  with  the  author, 
and  the  costume  of  the  portrait  at  Oxford 
suggests  that  he  may  have  belonged  to  the 
Jewish  race.  Fuller  died  in  Bloomsbury 
Square,  London,  on  17  July  1672.  He  left 
a  son,  who,  according  to  Vertue,  '  principally 
was  imployed  in  torch-painting,  a  very  in- 
genious man,  but  living  irregularly  dyd 
young.'  Nothing  further  is  known  of  his 
achievements. 

[Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting  (ed.  Dalla- 
•way  and  Wornum) ;  Vertue's  MSS.  (Addit.  MSS. 
Brit.  Mus.  23068,  etc.) ;  De  Piles's  Lives  of  the 
Painters  ;  Dodd's  manuscript  History  of  English 
Engravers;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists;  Bailey's 
Life  of  Thomas  Fuller ;  Cunningham's  Handbook 
to  London ;  Catalogue  of  the  Dyce  Collection, 
South  Kens.  Mus.]  L.  C. 


FULLER,  JOHN  (d.  1558),  master  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  was  a  native  of 
Gloucester.  He  was  educated  at  All  Souls' 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  admitted  to- 
the  B.C.L.  degree  in  July  1533,  and  became  a. 
fellow  in  1536.  He  graduated  D.C.L.  in 
January  1546,  and  in  the  same  year  admitted 
himself  a  member  of  Doctors'  Commons.  In 
1547  he  was  rector  of  Hanwell,  Middlesex, 
but  resigned  the  charge  in  1551,  having  in 
1550  been  appointed  vicar-general  or  chan- 
cellor to  Thirlby,  bishop  of  Norwich.  At 
about  the  same  time  he  became  vicar  of 
Swaffham,  and  rector  of  East  Dereham  and 
North  Creake  in  Norfolk.  On  Thirlby's  trans- 
lation to  the  diocese  of  Ely,  Fuller  went  with 
him  as  chancellor,  and  on  24  Sept.  1554  was 
installed  his  proxy  in  Ely  Cathedral.  In 
November  following  he  was  collated  preben- 
dary of  the  fifth  stall.  As  chancellor  he  was 
also  examiner  of  heretics,  and  condemned 
several,  his  judgment  seldom  inclining  to  le- 
niency. He  was  proctor  for  the  clergy  of  the 
diocese  in  two  convocations,  and  held  other 
preferments,  being  rector  of  Wilbraham,  Fea 
Ditton,  and  Hildersham,  Cambridgeshire.  He 
resided  in  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  and 
when  in  London  had  rooms  in  Paternoster 
Row.  He  succeeded  Pierpoint  as  master  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  in  February  1557. 
I  In  the  following  May  he  was  elected  to  the 
prebend  of  Chamberlainwood  in  St.  Paul's, 
London.  He  died  30  July  1558,  and  was 
buried,  according  to  his  directions,  in  the 
choir  of  Jesus  College,  to  which  institution 
he  bequeathed  one-third  of  his  property,  be- 
sides founding  four  fellowships.  One-third 
he  left  to  the  poor  of  certain  parishes,  and 
the  remainder  to  his  cousins  William  and 
Margaret.  His  specific  legacies  included 
13/.  6s.  8d.  to  All  Souls'  College,  and  two 
of  his  best  geldings  to  the  Bishop  of  Ely. 

[Cole  MSS.  vii.  110,  203;  Bentham's  Hist,  of 
Ely,  p.  253 ;  Shermanni  Hist.  Coll.  Jes.  Cant,, 
ed.  Halliwell,  p.  37  ;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr. 
i.  188;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl.  Angl.  i.  358,  ii. 
375,  496  ;  Newcourt's  Repert.  Eccl.  Lond.  i.  136  ; 
Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments  (ed.  1847),  vii.  402, 
viii.  378 ;  Blomefield's  Norfolk,  iii.  633,  vi.  225, 
vii.  74,  x.  210  ;  Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambr.  ii.83; 
Strype's  Eccl.  Mem.  i.  pt.  i.  p.  544;  Lansdowne 
MS.  980,  fol.  233  b ;  Coote's  Civilians,  p.  37 ; 
Boase's  Reg.  of  Univ.  of  Oxford,  i.  169.]  A.  V. 

FULLER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (d.  1825),  histo- 
rian of  Berwick-on-Tweed,  was  some  years 
in  practice  as  a  surgeon  at  Ayton,  Berwick- 
shire. During  that  t  ime,  in  1 785,  he  published 
a  pamphlet  of '  New  Hints  relating  to  Persons 
Drowned  and  apparently  Dead '  (London, 
8vo),  in  which  he  proposed  transfusion  from 
the  carotid  artery  of  a  sheep  as  a  means  of 


Fuller 


313 


Fuller 


resuscitation.  It  does  not  appear  that  the 
method  was  tried.  On  21  Nov.  1789  Fuller, 
who  appears  to  have  had  no  previous  connec- 
tion with  the  university,  received  his  M.D. 
degree  at  St.  Andrews  upon  testimonials  from 
Messrs.  N.  and  T.  Spens,  physicians,  Edin- 
burgh, Alex.  Wood,  surgeon,  and  Andrew 
Wardrop,  physician  (Minutes  of  the  Univer- 
sity}. Afterwards  he  practised  at  Berwick. 
"While  there  in  1794,  soon  after  the  forma- 
tion of  the  board  of  agriculture,  he  addressed 
to  the  board  suggestions  for  the  collecting 
of  health  statistics  from  counties  periodi- 
cally, and  for  the  formation  of  a  central 
medical  institution  and  of  a  national  veteri- 
nary college.  At  the  request  of  Sir  John  Sin- 
clair, president  of  the  board,  he  prepared  in 
a  small  compass  the  account  of  Berwick  for 
the  '  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland ; '  but 
as  he  suggested  that  it  required  more  extended 
treatment  Sinclair  agreed  to  its  publication 
as  a  separate  work,  entitled  '  History  of  Ber- 
wick' (London,  1799),  4to,  with  plates. 
Fuller  afterwards  lived  in  Edinburgh.  Sykes, 
the  border  historian,  states  that  in  1824  Ful- 
ler issued  prospectuses  for  a  general  view  of 
the '  Border  History  of  England  and  Scotland/ 
but  that  '  the  work  was  not  published  during 
his  [Fuller's]  lifetime.'  Fuller  died  at  Edin- 
burgh 14  Dec.  1825. 

[Information  supplied  by  the  librarian,  St. 
Andrews  University;  also  Monthly  Rev.  Istser. 
Ixxii.  76;  Fuller's  Hist,  of  Berwick ;  Sykes'sLocal 
Recs.  Durham  and  Northumberland,  ii.  189 ; 
Scots  Mag.  1825,  p.  768."!  H.  M.  C. 

FULLER,  SIR  JOSEPH  (d.  1841),  gene- 
ral, was  appointed  ensign  Coldstream  guards 
August  1792.  He  seems  to  have  previously 
held  the  same  rank  in  some  foot  regiment 
from  29  Sept.  1790,  but  his  name  does  not 
appear  in  the  army  list.  He  became-lieute- 
nant  and  captain  Coldstream  guards  22  Jan. 
1794.  He  was  with  his  regiment  at  the 
sieges  of  Valenciennes  and  Dunkirk.  After- 
wards he  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Major- 
general  Samuel  Hulse  in  Ireland  in  1798,  in 
North  Holland  in  1799,  and  at  home  in  the 
southern  district  until  promoted  to  captain 
and  lieutenant-colonel  18  June  1801.  He 
accompanied  the  first  battalion  of  his  regi- 
ment to  Portugal,  with  the  expeditionary 
force  under  Major-general  J.  Coope  Sherbrooke 
in  December  1808  ;  commanded  a  light  bat- 
talion, formed  of  the  light  companies  of  the 
guards  and  some  60th  rifles,  in  the  operations 
on  the  Douro  and  advance  to  Oporto  in  1809 ; 
and  commanded  the  1st  battalion  Coldstream 
guards  at  the  battle  of  Talavera.  He  after- 
wards served  with  the  regiment  at  home 
until  promoted  to  major-general  4  June  1813. 


He  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  95th  (Derby- 
shire) foot  at  its  formation  in  January  1824; 
was  made  a  knight  bachelor  1826,  G.C.H. 
in  1827,  was  transferred  to  the  colonelcy  of  the 
75th  foot  1832,  and  became  general  1838. 
Fuller  was  for  many  years  president  of  the 
acting  committee  of  the  Consolidated  Board 
of  General  Officers,  formed  to  inspect  army- 
clothing,  investigate  claims  for  losses,  and 
execute  other  duties  previously  performed  by 
separate  boards  of  general  officers,  a  post  he 
ultimately  resigned  through  ill-health. 

Fuller  married,  in  181 5,  Mary,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  General  Sir  John  Floyd,  bart.,  by  whom 
he  had  a  family.  He  died  at  his  residence- 
in  Bryanston  Square  16  Oct.  1841,  and  was 
buried  at  Kensal  Green. 

[Phil ippart's  Royal  Mil.  Calendar,  1820;  Dod's 
Knightage,  1841  ;  Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  xvii. 
98.]  H.  M.  C. 

FULLER,  NICHOLAS  (1557 P-1626), 
hebraist  and  philologist,  the  son  of  Robert 
Fuller  by  his  wife  Catharine  Cresset,  was  a 
native  of  Hampshire,  and  was  born  about 
1557.  He  was  sent  successively  to  two 
schools  at  Southampton,  kept  by  John  Hor- 
lock  and  Dr.  Adrian  Saravia  respectively. 
He  entered,  in  the  capacity  of  secretary,  the 
household  of  Home,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
who,  by  discussing  points  of  theology  at  meal 
times,  inspired  him  with  an  earnest  desire  for 
study.  On  Home's  death  Fuller,  through 
the  influence  of  Dr.  William  Barlow,  the 
late  bishop's  brother-in-law,  was  allowed  to 
nil  the  same  office  to  Bishop  Watson.  His 
work  was  now  less  to  his  taste,  and,  on 
Watson's  death  in  1584,  he  determined  to 
have  no  more  to  do  with  civil  affairs,  of  which, 
as  he  afterwards  said,  he  was  thoroughly 
wearied,  and  to  live  a  scholar's  life.  His 
means  were  insufficient  for  his  purpose,  but 
he  obtained  an  appointment  as  tutor  to  Wil- 
liam and  Oliver  Wallop,  and,  accompanying 
them  to  Oxford,  instructed  them  by  day, 
while  he  pursued  his  own  studies  at  night. 
He  was  a  member  of  Hart  Hall,  and  gradu- 
ated B.A.  30  Jan.  1586,  and  M.A.  30  March 
1590.  He  found  a  warm  friend  and  adviser 
in  Robert  Abbot  [q.v.],  afterwards  bishop  of 
Salisbury.  He  took  orders,  and  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Allington,  Wiltshire, 
the  income  of  which  was  very  inadequate, 
'  ecclesiola '  rather  than  '  ecclesia '  he  called 
it.  The  duties,  however,  were  light,  and 
Fuller  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  lan- 
guages, especially  in  their  bearing  on  theology. 
He  corresponded  with  foreign  scholars,  and 
in  1612  he  published  at  Heidelberg,  at  Sir 
Henry  Wallop's  expense,  '  Miscellaneorum 
Theologicorum,  quibus  non  modo  scriptures 


Fuller 


314 


Fuller 


divinse  sed  et  aliorum  classicorum  auctorum  Willingale-Doe,  Essex,  received  holy  orders 
plurima  monumenta  explicantur  atque  illus-  before  the  Restoration  from  their  uncle,  Dr. 
trantur,  libri  tres.'  Fuller  was  disgusted  Thomas  Fuhvar  (called  Fuller  by  WOOD, 


with  the  number  of  printer's  errors  which 
disfigured  his  work  in  this  edition,  and  in 
1616  printed  another  at  Oxford  under  his 
own  supervision.  To  this  he  added  a  fourth 
book  and  a  preface,  partly  autobiographical. 
lie  had  in  the  meantime,  14  Oct.  1612,  be- 


Fasti  Oxon.  ii.  29),  successively  bishop  of 
Ardfert  1641,  and  archbishop  of  Cashel  1660- 
1661  [q.  v.].  The  third  brother,  Francis,  also 
ordained  by  his  uncle,  is  described  by  Kennett 
as  'an  uneasy  man,'  never  staying  long  in 
one  place,  and  died  a  presbyterian  minister. 


come  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury  Cathedral.  Samuel  Fuller  became  vicar  of  Elmdon,  Essex, 
Bishop  Cotton,  it  was  said,  had  heard  of  his  j  8  Aug.  1663,  and  resigned  the  charge  in  1668- 
learning,  and  visited  Fuller  with  the  object  1669  on  receiving  the  rectory  of  Tin  well,  Rut- 
of  testing  it;  he  was  so  satisfied  with  the  ;  landsh ire,  from  his  patron  the  Earl  of  Exeter. 


proofs  he  received  that  he  at  once  offered  him 
the  prebend's  stall.  A  third  edition  of  the 
'Miscellaneorum'  was  published  at  Ley  den 
in  1622,  with  the  addition  of  an  'Apologia,' 
a  good-humoured  reply  to  Drusius,  the  Bel- 


William  Fuller,  bishop  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.], 
appointed  him  one  of  his  chaplains,  Kennett 
says,  '  for  his  name's  sake,'  and  on  25  March 
1670  gave  him  the  chancellorship  of  his  ca- 
thedral. The  next  year,  26  June,  he  became 


gian  critic,  who  had  virulently  attacked  him  rector  of  Knaptoft,  Leicestershire,  and  on  the 
in  his  '  Notes  on  the  Pentateuch.'  Another  j  death  of  Dean  Brevint  [q.  v.]  _was  elected 
edition  issued  in  1650,  after  Fuller's  death, 
contained  two  more  books.  The  work  was 
also  reprinted  in  Pearson's  'Critici  Sacri.' 
Fuller  left  several  manuscripts,  some  of  which 
are  preserved  at  Oxford ;  his  '  Dissertatio  de 
nomine  mi"P  '  was  published  in  Reland's  '  De- 
cas  exercitationum  philologicarum'  (1707). 
He  also  compiled  a  lexicon,  which  may  not 
have  been  completed,  and  was  not  published. 
He  died  in  1626.  His  learning  was  remark- 
able even  among  his  fellow-students,  and  he  is 
spoken  of  in  high  terms  of  admiration  by 
Buxtorf  (Dissertatio  de  Nominibus  Hebrais) 
and  by  Pocock  (Nota  Miscellanea  in  Portam 
Mosis).  The  famous  Thomas  Fuller  [q.  v.] 
describes  him  as  '  happy  in  pitching  on  (not 
difficult  trifles,  but)  useful  difficulties  tending 
to  the  understanding  of  scripture,'  and  adds 
that  'he  was  most  eminent  for  humility' 
(  Worthies,  Hants,  p.  12,  ed.  1662).  Fuller 
was  married,  and  had  a  son  and  daughter 
named  Michael  and  Catharine. 

[Preface  to  2nd  ed.  of  Miscellaneorum  ;  Ful- 
ler's Worthies  of  England,  loc.  cit.  ;  "Wood's 
Fasti  Oxon.  ed  Bliss,  i.  236,  257 ;  Leigh's  Trea- 
tise of  Eeligion  and  Learning,  pp.  201-2.]  A.  V. 

FULLER  or  FULWAR,  SAMUEL, 
D.D.  (1635-1700),  dean  of  Lincoln,  second 
son  of  the  Rev.  John  Fuller,  vicar  of  Stebbing, 
Essex,  who  died  minister  of  St.  Martin's,  Iron- 
monger Lane,  in  the  city  of  London,  and 
Dorcas,  his  wife,  was  born  at  Stebbing,  and 
baptised  16  July  1635.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  taking  his  de- 
gree of  B. A.  in  1654,  M.A.  1658  (M.A.  Oxon. 
1663),  B.D.  1665,  D.D.  1679.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  St.  John's  25  March  1 656-7 .  Kennett 
tells  us  that  he,  together  with  his  elder  brother, 
Dr.  Thomas  Fuller,  fellow  of  Christ's  College 
and  rector  of  Navenby,  Lincolnshire,  and 


dean  of  Lincoln  6  Dec.  1695.     He  had  pre- 
viously been  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary 
to  the  king.    Kennett  informs  us  that  Fuller 
obtained  the  deanery  '  through  the  interest 
of  the  lay  lords,  who  loved  him  for  his  hos- 
pitality and  his  wit.'  The  king,  William  III, 
refused  for  a  time  to  appoint  one  whose  quali- 
fications were  rather  those  of  a  boon  com- 
panion than  of  an  ecclesiastic,  but  at  last 
yielded  to  importunity.     The  Exeter  family 
were  Fuller's  powerful  patrons,  he  having 
learnt  '  how  to  accommodate  himself  to  the 
genius  of  that  house.'   His  portrait  was  hung 
up  in  '  the  driuking-room '  at  Burley,  and  his 
rosy, jovial  face  was  painted  by  Verrio  on  the 
great  staircase  of  that  mansion  '  for  Bacchus 
astride  of  a  barrel.'     Fuller  had  expected 
to  be  appointed  to  the  mastership  of  his  col- 
lege (St.  John's),  and,  says  Kennett,  'seemed 
to  please  himself  with  a  prospect  of  that 
station.'     He  was  also  disappointed  of  the 
rectory  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  which  he  made 
no  doubt  his  interest  with  the  Exeter  family 
would  secure  for  him.   According  to  Kennett 
Fuller's  end  was  hastened  by  over-indulgence 
in  the  pleasures  of  the  table : '  He  was  a  plenti- 
ful feeder    and  at  times  a  liberal  drinker, 
though  in  small  glasses,  and  his  ill  habit  of 
body  was  imputed  to  Lincoln  ale.'   He  died 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  4  March  1699-1700, 
and  was  buried  in  his  cathedral,  where  a  mural 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory,  with 
a  portrait  bust  in  alto-relievo,  and  a  very 
laudatory  epitaph  in  latinity  of  remarkable 
excellence,  the  composition  of  the  Rev.  An- 
thony Reid,  minor  canon  of  the  cathedral 
and  master  of  the  grammar  school,  to  whom, 
writes  Kennett,  the  dean  had  been  '  a  special 
familiar  friend.'   He  is  described  as '  vir  pius, 
beneficus,  doctus,  suavis,  hospitalis,'  posses- 
sing '  mores  aureos,  lepores,  delicias,'  and  um- 


Fuller 


3^5 


Fuller 


versally  popular  with  men  of  the  highest  as 
well  as  of  the  lowest  rank,  the  epitaph  ending 
with  '  exoriantur  usque  qui  sic  ornent  hanc 
ecclesiam.'  During  his  short  tenure  of  office 
he  made  considerable  alterations  and  improve- 
ments in  the  deanery  house.  Fuller  printed 
a  few  separate  sermons,  among  which  was  one 
preached  before  King  William  III  at  White- 
hall, 25  June  1682,  on  Matt.  xxii.  21-2,  and 
published  by  royal  command.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  defence  of  Anglican  orders  under  the 
title '  Canonica  Successio  Ministerii  Ecclesiae 
Anglicanee  contra  Pontificos  et  Schismaticos 
Vindicata,'  Cambridge,  1690,  4to.  Baxter 
holds  Fuller  up  to  obloquy  as  '  impudent 
beyond  the  degree  of  human  pravity,'  for 
publishing  the  doctrine  that  the  bishop  is 
the  sole  pastor  of  his  diocese,  and  that '  the 
pastorate  of  parish  priests  was  never  heard 
of  before  the  madness  of  that  and  the  fore- 
going age '  (Baxter  on  National  Churches, 
c.  xiv.  §  20,  p.  65). 

[Kennett  Collections ;  Lansdcwne  MS.  987, 
No.  94,  p.  209;  Brydges's  Eestituta,  i.  162-4; 
Le  Neve's  Fasti.]  E.  V. 

FULLER,  THOMAS  (1608-1661),  di- 
vine, born  June  1608,  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Fuller,  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Aldwincle,  North- 
amptonshire. Thomas  Fuller  the  elder  was 
a  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  1587-8,  and  M.A.  1591. 
He  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's  in  Septem- 
ber 1602.  About  1607  he  married  Judith, 
daughter  of  John  Davenant,  a  London  citizen, 
sister  of  John  Davenant,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Salisbury  [q.  v.],  and  widow  of  Stephen 
Payne,  by  whom  he  had  Thomas  and  six 
younger  children.  He  appears  to  have  been 
a  steady  clergyman  of  moderate  principles. 
Thomas  Fuller  the  younger  was  for  four 
years  at  a  school  kept  by  Arthur  Smith,  in 
his  native  village,  where  he  learnt  little.  He 
was  afterwards  taught  more  successfully  by 
his  father.  Aubrey  (Letters,  1803,  vol.  ii. 
pt.  ii.  355)  says  that  he  was  a  boy  of '  pregnant 
wit,'  and  often  joined  in  the  talk  of  his  father 
and  his  uncle  Davenant.  When  just  thirteen 
years  old  he  was  entered  at  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge  (29  June  1621).  His  uncle,  who 
was  at  this  time  president  of  Queens'  College 
and  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  had 
also  just  been  nominated  to  the  bishopric  of 
Salisbury.  The  tutors  of  the  college  were 
Edward  Davenant,  the  bishop's  nephew,  and 
John  Thorpe,  whom  Fuller  calls  his  '  ever 
honoured  tutor.'  He  graduated  B.A.  1624- 
1625,  M.A.  1628. 

Bishop  Davenant  was  a  model  uncle.  He 
had  appointed  the  elder  Fuller  to  a  prebendal 
stall  at  Salisbury  in  1622,  and  had  obtained 


the  election  of  a  nephew  (Robert  Townson) 
to  a  fellowship  at  Queens'.  He  wrote  several 
letters  in  1626  and  1627  to  the  master  of 
Sidney  Sussex  (printed  in  BAILEY'S  Life  from 
Tanner  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian)  endeavouring 
to  obtain  a  fellowship  at  that  college  for 
Fuller.  Fuller,  in  spite  of  applications  from 
the  bishop,  had  been  passed  over  at  Queens'. 
According  to  his  anonymous  biographer,  he 
had  resigned  his  claim  in  favour  of  a  more 
needy  candidate  from  Northamptonshire,  be- 
cause two  men  from  one  county  could  not 
hold  fellowships  at  the  same  time.  He  en- 
tered Sidney  Sussex  afterwards  as  a  fellow- 
commoner,  but  he  never  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship. In  1630  he  was  appointed  by  Corpus 
Christi  College  to  the  perpetual  curacy  of 
St.  Benet's,  Cambridge,  taking  orders  at  the 
same  time.  Here  he  burie.d  the  carrier  Hob- 
son,  who  died  of  the  plague  in  the  winter  of 
1630-1.  He  contributed  to  a  collection  of 
Cambridge  verses  on  the  birth  of  the  Princess 
Mary  (4Nov.  1631);  and  in  the  same  yearpub- 
lished  his  first  book,  'David's  Hainous  Sinne, 
Heartie  Repentance,  Heavie  Punishment,'  in 
which  his  characteristic  conceits  supply  the 
place  of  poetry.  It  was  dedicated  to  the 
three  sons  of  Edward,  first  Lord  Montagu, 
at  Boughton,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ald- 
wincle, with  whose  family  he  had  many 
friendly  relations.  Edward,  the  eldest  son, 
was  at  Sidney  Sussex,  of  which  his  uncle, 
James  Montagu,  had  been  the  first  master. 
On  18  June  1631  Fuller  was  appointed  by 
his  uncle  to  the  prebend  of  Netherbury  in 
Ecclesia  in  Salisbury  (Appeal,  i.  286).  He 
calls  it  '  one  of  the  best  prebends  in  England.' 
His  father  died  intestate  about  this  time, 
administration  of  his  effects  being  granted 
to  the  son  10  April  1632.  On  5  July  1633 
Fuller  resigned  his  Cambridge  curacy,  and 
in  1634  was  presented  by  his  uncle  to  the 
rectory  of  Broadwindsor,  Dorsetshire,  then  in 
the  diocese  of  Bristol.  In  1635  he  took  the 
B.D.  degree  (11  June),  when  four  of  his  chief 
parishioners  showed  their  respect  by  accom- 
panying him  to  Cambridge  (Life,  p.  10). 
His  hospitality  on  the  occasion  cost  him 
1401.  He  twice  speaks  of  having  resided 
seventeen  years  in  Cambridge,  which  would 
imply  some  stay  there  until  1738  (Church 
History,  ed.  Brewer,  Ixiv.  §  43 ;  Appeal,  pt. 
i.  28).  Before  January  1638  he  was  married 
to  a  lady  whose  Christian  name  was  Ellen. 
Her  surname  is  unknown.  In  the  spring  of 
1639  he  published  the  first  of  his  historical 
writings,  the  '  History  of  the  Holy  Warre,' 
that  is  of  the  crusades.  It  shows  much  read- 
ing, and  more  wit,  and  was  very  popular 
until  the  Restoration. 

In  the  spring  of  1640  Fuller  was  elected 


Fuller 


316 


Fuller 


to  the  convocation  as  proctor  for  the  diocese 
of  Bristol.  He  gave  an  account  of  the  pro- 
ceedings in  his  '  Church  History '  and  his 
'  Appeal.'  Fuller's  sympathies  were  always 
in  favour  of  moderation.  He  objected  to  the 
severity  of  a  proposed '  Canon  for  the  restraint 
of  Sectaries.'  After  the  dissolution  of  parlia- 
ment, the  convocation  was  continued  as  a 
synod.  Fuller  says  that  it  was  only  by  an 
oversight  that  he  and  others  did  not  formally 
protest  against  the  prolongation  of  their 
sittings.  The  minority,  however,  submitted ; 
a  benevolence  was  voted,  and  canons  were 
passed.  Heylyn  states  that '  one  of  the  clerks 
for  the  diocese  of  Bristol '  (Life  of  Laud,  pp. 
405-6 ;  see  BAILEY,  p.  191),  probably  mean- 
ing Fuller,  proposed  in  committee  a  canon 
upon  enforcing  uniformity  in  ritual  drawn 
up  in  '  such  a  commanding  and  imperious 
style '  that  every  one  disliked  it  except  him- 
self. The  statement  was  made  after  Fuller's 
death.  Fuller  felt  bound  to  subscribe  the 
canons,  in  spite  of  his  disapproval  of  some 
parts  of  them,  and  they  received  the  royal 
assent. 

Fuller  was  probably  not  in  the  convocation 
which  met  with  the  Long  parliament  (3  Nov. 
1640).  The  House  of  Commons  passed  a  bill, 
which  fell  through  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
imposing  fines  upon  those  who  had  subscribed 
the  canons.  Fuller  was  set  down  for  200/. 
His  uncle,  the  bishop,  died  21  April  1641. 
A  son,  John,  who  survived  him,  was  baptised 
at  Broadwindsor  6  June  1641 ;  and  his  wife 
died  towards  the  end  of  the  year.  He  aban- 
doned both  his  living  and  his  prebend  about 
the  same  time.  He  says  that  he  was  '  never 
formally  sequestered,'  but  he  ceased  to  offi- 
ciate or  to  receive  the  income.  He  settled 
in  London,  where  he  preached  for  a  time  at 
the  Inns  of  Court,  and  soon  afterwards  be- 
came curate  of  the  Savoy.  He  had  finished 
the  'Holy  and  Profane  State' — the  most 
popular  and  characteristic  of  all  his  books — 
at  the  beginning  of  1641.  After  being  at 
press  for  a  year  it  appeared  in  1642.  It  was 
transcribed  by  the  members  of  the  commu- 
nity at  Little  Gidding  [see  FERRAB,  NICHO- 
LAS], The  discovery  of  one  such  copy  led 
Dr.  Peckard  to  attribute  the  authorship  to 
Ferrar  (see  BAILEY,  p.  229).  Fuller  was  ex- 
ceedingly popular  as  a  preacher.  His  bio- 
grapher says  that  he  had  two  congregations, 
one  in  the  church,  the  other  listening  through 
the  windows.  His  hearers  were  chiefly  royal- 
ists, and  he  fell  under  the  suspicion  of  the 
parliamentary  party.  His  position  is  indi- 
cated by  the  sermons  published  at  the  time. 
On  28  Dec.  1642,  one  of  the  fast-days  ap- 
pointed by  the  king  to  commemorate  the 
Irish  massacre,  Fuller  preached  a  sermon 


strongly  exhorting  both  sides  to  peace,  and 
proposed  petitions  to  the  king  and  to  par- 
liament. He  states  (Appeal,  pt.  ii.  p.  46) 
that  he  was  one  of  six  who  tried  to  carry  a 
petition  from  Westminster  to  the  king  at 
Oxford.  It  is  not  quite  certain  whether  this 
is  to  be  identified  with  a  petition  (printed  in 
BAILEY,  p.  267)  presented  to  the  king  at 
Oxford  by  a  '  Dr.  Fuller '  and  others  18  Jan. 
1643-4.  Fuller  was  not  then  '  doctor,'  and 
there  were  others  of  the  name.  On  27  March 
1643,  the  anniversary  of  the  king's  accession, 
Fuller  preached  another  sermon,  expressing 
hopes  of  peace  from  the  negotiations  then 
just  renewed.  On  17  June,  after  the  dis- 
covery of  Waller's  plot,  parliament  ordered 
that  an  oath  should  be  generally  tendered 
expressing  abhorrence  of  the  plot,  and  con- 
taining a  promise  not  to  join  the  royal  forces. 
Fuller  took  the  oath  with  certain  reserva- 
tions. On  another  fast-day,  at  the  end  of 
July,  he  preached  a  sermon  upon  '  Refor- 
mation,' condemning,  among  other  things, 
Milton's  tract  of  1641  on  the  same  topic  in 
the  '  Smectymnuus '  controversy.  He  suffi- 
ciently showed  his  discontent  with  the  zealots 
of  the  puritan  side,  and  it  was  possibly  at 
this  time  that  he  undertook  the  position 
above  mentioned.  He  incurred  fresh  suspi- 
cion, and  was  ordered  to  take  the  oath,  with- 
out reservation,  '  in  the  face  of  the  church/ 
whereupon  he  withdrew  to  Oxford  about 
August  1643. 

Fuller  settled  at  Lincoln  College.  He 
complains  that  '  seventeen  weeks '  at  Oxford 
cost  him  more  than  seventeen  years  at  Cam- 
bridge, even  all  that  he  had  (Church  History, 
bk.  iv.  §  43).  This,  though  it  has  been  dif- 
ferently understood,  seems  clearly  to  refer  to 
the  losses  consequent  upon  his  flight,  not  to 
the  actual  expense  of  living.  He  lost  many 
of  his  books,  and  was  deprived  of  his  income. 
He  was  welcomed  by  the  royalists,  and 
preached  before  the  king.  But  his  position 
was  not  agreeable.  His  sermons  on  refor- 
mation produced  a  smart  controversy  with 
John  Saltmarsh,  who  accused  him  of  popish 
tendencies.  Fuller  replied  in  '  Truth  Main- 
tained,' published  at  Oxford,  with  supple- 
mentary letters  to  several  persons,  and  to 
his  '  dear  parish,  St.  Mary  Savoy.'  Though 
Fuller  was  opposed  to  the  puritans,  he  was 
regarded  as  lukewarm  by  the  passionate 
loyalists  of  Oxford.  Isolated  and  impover- 
ished, he  accepted  (about  December  1643)  a 
chaplaincy  to  Sir  Ralph  Hopton,  one  of  the 
most  moderate  and  religious  of  the  king's 
generals.  Fuller  followed  the  general's  move- 
ments for  a  few  months,  amusing  himself,  it 
is  said,  even  in  the  midst  of  campaigning,  by 
antiquarian  researches;  but  he  was  at  Basing 


Fuller 


317 


Fuller 


House  early  in  1644,  and  his  biographer  states 
that  he  encouraged  the  garrison  in  their 
sallies  on  some  occasions.  The  dates,  how- 
ever, are  confused.  He  was  preaching  at 
Oxford  10  May  1644.  Later  in  the  year  he 
followed  Hop  ton  to  the  west.  By  the  au- 
tumn he  was  at  Exeter,  where  the  queen's 
fourth  child,  the  Princess  Henrietta,  was 
born  16  June  1644.  The  king  was  at  Exeter, 
after  the  surrender  of  Essex's  army  (1  Sept. 
1644),  and  appointed  Fuller  chaplain  to  the 
new-born  infant.  He  further  pressed  upon 
Fuller  a  presentation  to  a  living  in  Dorches- 
ter. Fuller,  however,  declined  an  offer  which 
could  hardly  have  been  carried  into  effect. 
He  gave  up  his  chaplaincy  to  Hopton  and 
stayed  quietly  at  Exeter  as  a  member  of  the 
princess's  household.  He  preached  and 
worked  at  his  'Worthies,'  and  wrote  his 
*  Good  Thoughts  in  Bad  Times,'  published  at 
Exeter  in  1645.  In  the  winter  of  1645-6  the 
town  was  invested  by  Fairfax.  On  21  March 
1645-6,  Fuller  was  appointed  to  a  lecture- 
ship founded  at  Exeter  by  Laurence  Bodley 
[q.  v.]  On  9  April  following  the  town  sur- 
rendered to  Fairfax  under  honourable  articles. 
Fuller  went  to  London,  and  on  1  June  sent 
in  a  petition  (facsimile  in  BAILEY,  p.  376), 
claiming  the  protection  granted  by  the  arti- 
cles upon  composition  for  his  estate.  He 
could  not  obtain  terms  which  would  permit 
of  his  being  '  restored  to  the  exercise  of  his 
profession.'  He  employed  himself  in  writing 
his 'Andronicus,' published  in  the  autumn.  He 
had  many  influential  friends  who  served  him 
during  the  troubled  times  following  so  as  to 
place  him  in  a  better  position  than  most  of  the 
ejected  clergy.  Edward,  lord  Montagu  (son 
of  the  first  lord,  who  died  1644),  had  taken  the 
parliamentary  side.  In  the  winter  of  1646-7 
he  hospitably  received  his  old  college  friend 
at  Boughton  House.  Montagu  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  who  in  February  1647  re- 
ceived the  king  at  Holmby  House.  Fuller 
about  the  same  period  became  intimate  with 
Sir  John  Danvers  [q.  v.],  in  whose  house  at 
Chelsea  he  was  a  frequent  guest.  The  inti- 
macy continued  until  Dan vers's  death  in  1655, 
although  Danvers  was  one  of  those  who  signed 
the  death-warrant  of  Charles.  Fuller,  it  is 
said  by  his  biographer,  was  so  affected  by  the 
king's  death  as  to  throw  aside  the  composi- 
tion of  the  '  Worthies ; '  he  preached  a  sermon 
on  '  The  Just  Man's  Funeral,'  evidently  re- 
ferring to  it ;  but  he  did  not  break  with  Dan- 
vers, one  of  the  most  regular  judges  at  the 
trial.  He  was  meanwhile  leading  an  unset- 
tled life,  finding  time  to  publish  a  few  sermons 
and  books  of  contemplation  and  occasionally 
preaching.  In  March  1647  he  was  lecturing 
in  St.  Clement's,  Eastcheap,  although  from 


the  preface  to  a  sermon  published  in  that  year 
it  appears  that  he  was  prohibited  from  preach- 
ing until  further  order.  In  1648  or  1649  he 
was  presented  to  the  perpetual  curacy  of 
Waltham  Abbey  by  the  second  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle, who  had  come  over  to  the  parliament 
in  March  1644  and  compounded  for  his  estate. 
Carlisle  also  made  Fuller  his  chaplain.  At 
Waltham,  Fuller  finished  his  '  Pisgah-sight 
of  Palestine,'  which  appeared  in  1650,  after 
much  delay  due  to  the  preparation  of  the 
plates.  Book  v.  of  Fuller's '  Church  History ' 
is  dedicated  to  the  third  Earl  of  Middlesex, 
who  lived  at  Copt  Hall,  near  Waltham.  The 
earl  presented  to  Fuller  '  what  remained ' 
of  the  library  of  his  father,  the  first  earl  [see 
CRANFIELD,  LIONEL].  Fuller  was  constantly 
at  Copt  Hall,  and  speaks  of  the  '  numerous 
and  choice  library '  {Appeal,  iii.  617).  He 
was  also  frequently  in  London  during  his 
curacy  at  Waltham.  He  had  access  to  the 
library  at  Sion  College,  where  he  had  a  cham- 
ber for  some  time ;  and  he  made  acquaintance 
with  merchants,  many  of  whom  are  mentioned 
among  the  numerous  recipients  of  his  dedi- 
cations. He  was  again  lecturer  at  St.  Cle- 
ment's, where  he  preached  every  Wednes- 
day, and  he  was  lecturer  at  St.  Bride's  in 
1655-6,  and,  it  is  said,  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn  (LLOYD,  Memoirs,  p.  524).  He  is 
mentioned  as  preaching  in  various  London 
churches  (BAILEY,  pp.  527-8)  during  the  fol- 
lowing years.  About  the  end  of  1651  he 
married  his  second  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Roper,  viscount  Baltinglasse,  and 
granddaughter  of  James  Pilkington,  bishop 
of  Durham.  In  March  1655  appeared  his 
'  Church  History,'  which  he  had  been  pre- 
paring for  many  years.  He  had  decided,  after 
some  hesitation,  to  bring  the  history  down  to 
his  own  time  ;  and  though  necessarily  written 
under  constraint,  the  passages  on  which  he 
speaks  as  a  contemporary  have  a  special 
value.  His  account  of  his  authorities  is  given 
in  the  '  Appeal.'  The  book  is  divided  into 
sections  dedicated  to  a  great  number  of 
patrons.  This  practice,  adopted  also  in  the 
'  Pisgah-sight,'  was  a  rude  form  of  the  later 
method  of  publishing  by  subscription.  It  was 
ridiculed  at  the  time  by  his  opponent  Hey- 
lyn,  and  by  South,  who  pronounced  the '  Terrse 
Filius '  oration  at  Oxford  in  1657  (printed  in 
his '  OperaPosthuma  Latina,'  by  Curll,  1717), 
where  Fuller  is  described  as  running  round 
London  with  his  big  book  under  one  arm, 
and  his  little  wife  under  the  other,  and  re- 
commending himself  as  a  dinner  guest  by  his 
facetious  talk.  This  spiteful  caricature  had 
probably  a  grain  of  likeness.  John  Barnard 
(d.  1683)  [q.  v.],  editor  of  Heylyn's  '  Tracts  ' 
(1681),  gives  a  similar  account,  which,  though 


Fuller 


318 


Fuller 


equally  coloured  by  spite,  gives  some  confir- 
mation. The  rising  under  Penruddock  in 
1655  caused  a  proclamation  from  Cromwell 
forbidding  the  exercise  of  their  ministry  to 
the  ejected  clergy.  Fuller  still  preached 
under  sufferance,  and  was  helpful  to  less 
fortunate  fellow-sufferers.  Some  time  after- 
wards he  was  summoned  before  the  '  triers,' 
when  he  succeeded  in  satisfying  them,  owing, 
as  it  seems,  to  the  judicious  management  of 
John  Howe  (CALAMY,  Memoirs  of  Howe, 
1724,  pp.  20,  21).  In  March  1658  he  was 

gesented  to  the  rectory  of  Cranford,  near 
ounslow,  by  George  Berkeley  (1628-1698) 
[q.  v.],  first  earl  Berkeley,  whose  chaplain 
he  also  became.  In  1659  Heylyn  published 
his  '  Examen  Historicum,'  the  first  part  of 
which  attacks  Fuller's  '  Church  History.'  He 
discovered  350  faults  in  Fuller's  book;  he 
condemned  the  '  scraps  of  trencher-jests  in- 
terlaced in  all  parts '  of  the  book ;  he  ridi- 
culed the  multitude  of  dedications,  and  he 
was  severe  upon  Fuller's  tolerance  of  sectaries. 
Fuller  replied  with  characteristic  candour  and 
good  temper,  though  not  without  some  smart 
retorts,  in  his  'Appeal  for  Injured  Innocence.' 
An  appended  letter  to  Heylyn  courteously 
proposes  an  amicable  agreement  to  differ. 
Heylyn  answered  in  the  appendix  to  his '  Cer- 
tamen  Epistolare,  or  The  Letter-combate.' 
They  had  afterwards  a  personal  interview  at 
Heylyn's  house  at  Abingdon  and  parted  on 
friendly  terms. 

In  February  1660  Fuller  published  a  pam- 
phlet by  '  a  lover  of  his  native  country '  in 
support  of  the  demand  for  a  free  parlia- 
ment, which  went  through  three  editions,  the 
third  with  Fuller's  name.  Soon  afterwards 
he  published  his  'Mixt  Contemplations  in 
Better  Times,'  dedicated  to  Lady  Monck, 
from  'Zion  College,  2  May  1660.'  Fuller 
appears  to  have  accompanied  Lord  Berkeley 
to  meet  Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  and  cele- 
brated 29  May  by  a  loyal '  Panegyrick '  in  verse 
(  Worthies,  Worcestershire,  i.  84).  He  ju- 
diciously promises  in  the  '  Worthies '  to  write 
no  more  poetry.  Fuller,  with  some  other 
divines,  was  created  D.D.  in  August  1660  by 
letter  from  the  king,  He  resumed  his  old 
lectureship  at  the  Savoy,  where  his  friend 
Pepys,  who  heard  him,  records  on  12  May 
1661  a  '  poor  dry  sermon.'  He  also  resumed 
his  possession  of  the  prebend  at  Salisbury, 
the  income  of  which  would,  as  he  hoped, 
enable  him  to  publish  his  '  Worthies.'  At 
Broadwindsor  he  found  one  John  Pinney  in 
possession.  Fuller,  having  heard  him  preach, 
allowed  him  to  remain  in  the  charge,  appa- 
rently as  curate.  Pinney,  however,  was  dis- 
missed before  January  1662.  Fuller  was  also 
appointed  '  chaplain  in  extraordinary '  to  the 


king,  and  further  preferment  was  anticipated. 
In  the  summer  of  1661  he  went  to  Salisbury, 
and,  soon  after  his  return,  was  attacked  by  a 
fever.  It  was  probably  typhus  (BAILEY,  p. 
689) ;  he  was  bled  profusely  ;  and  died  at  his 
lodgings  in  Covent  Garden  16  Aug.  1661, 
crying  out,  as  one  account  says,  '  for  his  pen 
and  ink  to  the  last.'  He  was  buried  next 
day  in  the  church  at  Cranford.  His  wife  was 
buried  in  the  same  church  19  May  1679. 

The  '  Worthies '  was  published  posthu- 
mously, with  a  dedication  to  Charles  by  John 
Fuller,  the  author's  son,  who  had  been  ad- 
mitted at  Sidney  Sussex  College  in  1657,  and 
became  a  fellow  in  1663. 

The  most  authentic  portrait  of  Fuller  was 
engraved  for  Mr.  Bailey's  work,  from  the 
original  in  possession  of  Lord  Fitzhardinge 
at  Cranford  House.  An  engraving  prefixed 
to  the '  Worthies,'  and  frequently  reproduced, 
is  apparently  from  another  original.  An 
engraving  (showing  a  very  different  face)  is 
in  a  few  copies  of  the  '  Abel  Redevivus.' 
Another  was  prefixed  to  the  anonymous 
'  Life.'  Fuller  is  described  as  tall  and  bulky, 
though  not  corpulent,  well  made,  almost  'ma- 
jestical,'  with  light  curly  hair,  rather  slovenly 
in  dress  and  often  absent-minded,  and  care- 
less '  to  seeming  inurbanity '  in  his  manners. 
He  was  sparing  in  diet  and  in  sleep.  He 
seldom  took  any  exercise  except  riding.  His 
powers  of  memory  were  astonishing,  and 
gave  occasion  for  many  anecdotes.  He  could, 
it  was  said,  repeat  five  hundred  strange 
names  after  two  or  three  hearings,  and  re- 
collect all  the  signs  after  walking  from  one 
end  of  London  to  the  other.  His  anonymous 
biographer  declares  that  he  used  to  write  the 
first  words  of  every  line  in  a  sheet  and  then 
fill  up  all  the  spaces,  which  Mr.  Bailey  thinks 
'  not  a  bad  method.' 

Fuller's  modern  critics  have  generally  con- 
fined themselves  to  simplifying  Coleridge's 
phrase, '  God  bless  thee,  dear  old  man  ! '  He 
has  been  called '  dear  Thomas,'  and '  quaint  old 
Tom  Fuller,'  with  a  rather  irritating  itera- 
tion. His  power  of  fascinating  posthumous 
as  well  as  contemporary  friends  is  easily  ex- 
plicable. His  unfailing  playfulness,  the  exu- 
berant wit,  often  extravagant,  rarely  ineffec- 
tive and  always  unforced,  is  combined  with 
a  kindliness  and  simplicity  which  never  fails 
to  charm.  If  not  profound,  he  is  invariably 
shrewd,  sound-hearted,  and  sensible.  He 
tells  a  story  admirably,  as  Lamb  observed, 
because  with  infectious  enjoyment.  His 
humour  is  childlike  in  its  freedom  from  bit- 
terness. His  quick  sense  of  the  ridiculous, 
combined  with  a  calm  and  cheerful  tempera- 
ment, made  fanaticism  impossible.  It  tem- 
pered his  zeal  instead  of  edging  his  animosi- 


Fuller 


319 


Fuller 


ties.  Moderation  was  therefore  his  favourite 
virtue,  or  '  the  silken  chain  running  through 
the  pearl-string  of  all  the  virtues'  {Holy 
State,  p.  201).  He  distinguishes  it  from 
'  lukewarmness,'  of  which  he  cannot  be  fairly 
accused.  But  it  can  hardly  be  said  that  he 
was  quite  free  from  the  weakness  of  the 
moderate  man.  It  is  intelligible  that  Heylyn 
accused  him  of  '  complying  with  the  times,' 
and  called  him  a '  trimmer.'  Moderate  men 
are  'commonly  crushed,'  he  says  himself, 
'between  extreme  parties  on  both  sides,' 
whereas  he  was  patronised  by  both  sides,  and 
beloved  both  by  Charles  I  and  by  a  regicide. 
The  truth  seems  to  be  that  his  perfectly 
genuine  moderation  enabled  him  to  accom- 
modate himself  rather  too  easily  to  men  of 
all  parties.  His  many  dedications  seem  to 
escape  flattery  by  their  witty  ingenuity,  and 
his  popularity  implies  a  certain  share  of  the 
•wisdom  of  the  serpent.  He  steered  rather 
too  skilful  a  course,  perhaps,  through  a  re- 
volutionary time  ;  but  he  really  succeeded 
in  avoiding  any  really  discreditable  conces- 
sions, and  never  disavowed  his  genuine  con- 
victions. Coleridge's  remarks  upon  Fuller 
are  in  his  '  Literary  Remains,'  1836,  ii.  381- 
390 ;  Lamb's  '  Selections/  with  comments, 
published  in  his  '  Essays,'  first  appeared  in 
Leigh  Hunt's  '  Reflector,'  No.  4  (1811) ;  the 
essay  by  James  Crossley  in  the '  Retrospective 
Review,'  iii.  50-71,  and  the  essay  by  Henry 
Rogers  (originally  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Re- 
view,'January  1842),  prefixed  to  a  volume  of 
selections  in  Longman's '  Travellers'  Library,' 
1856,  may  also  be  noticed. 

Fuller  was  apparently  one  of  the  first 
authors  to  make  an  income  by  their  pens. 
He  says  in  the  beginning  of  his  '  Worthies ' 
that  '  hitherto  no  stationer  hath  lost  by  me.' 
It  does  not  appear  how  much  he  made  by 
the  stationers.  His  works  are :  1.  '  David's 
\  Hainous  Sinne,  Heartie  Repentance,  Heavie 
Punishment,'  1631  (reprinted  in  1869,  and 
by  Dr.  Grosart  in  Fuller's  '  Poems  and  Trans- 
lations in  Verse,'  1868).  2.  'The  History 
of  the  Holy  Warre,'  1639,  2nd  edit.  1640, 
3rd  1647,  4th  1651  (besides  other  reprints), 
reprinted  1840.  3.  '  Joseph's  Party-coloured 
Coat,'  1640  (a  collection  of  sermons),  re- 
printed 1867  with  '  David's  Hainous  Sinne,' 
&c.  4.  'The  Holy  State  and  the  Profane 
State,'  1642,  also  1648,  1652,  1663  (reprinted 
in  1840  and  1841).  5.  '  Truth  Maintained, 
or  Positions  delivered  in  a  sermon  at  the 
Savoy,  .  .  .  asserted  for  safe  and  sound,' 
1643.  6.  'Good  Thoughts  in  Bad  Times,' 
1645  and  1646.  7.  '  Andronicus,  or  the  Un- 
fortunate Politician,'  1646  (three  editions) 
and  1649,  also  in  second  and  later  editions  of 
'  Holy  and  Profane  State.'  In  Dutch  1659. 


The  Cause  and  Cure  of  a  Wounded  Con- 
science/ 1647,  reprinted  in  1810, 1812, 1815. 
9.  '  Good  Thoughts  in  -Worse  Times/  1647, 
and  with  '  Good  Thoughts  in  Bad  Times T 
1649,  1652,  1657,  1659,  1665,  1669,  1680; 
reprinted  in  1810.     10.  '  A  Pisgah-sight  of 
Palestine/  1650,  1652,  1668;  reprinted  in 
1869.     11.  '  A  Comment  on  the  Eleven  First 
Verses  of  the  4th  Chapter  of  St.  Matthew's 
Gospel/  1652  (twelve  sermons).     12.  'The 
Infant's  Advocate/ 1652.     13.  'A Comment 
on  Ruth/ 1654.     14.  '  The  Triple  Recounter/ 
1654.     15.  '  The  Church  History  of  Britain/ 
also  the  '  History  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge since  the  Conquest '  and  the '  History 
of  Waltham  Abbey/ 1655 ;  reprinted  in  1837, 
edited  by  James  Nichols,  in  3  vols.,  and  again 
1840,  1842,  and  1868,  and  edited  by  J.  S. 
Brewer  for  the  Oxford  University  Press,  1845. 
The  '  Histories '  of  Cambridge  and  Waltham 
were   reprinted  in   1840,  edited  by  James 
Nichols,  with  the  '  Appeal  of  Injured  Inno- 
cence.'   16.  '  A  Collection  of  [four]  Sermons, 
together  with    Notes    upon   Jonah/   1656. 
17.    'The   Best  Name   on  Earth,  together 
with  several  other  [three]  sermons/  1657  and 
1659.     18.  'The  Appeal  of  Injured  Inno- 
cence/ 1659;    reprinted   in  1840  with  the 
'  Histories '  of  Cambridge  and  Waltham  Ab- 
bey.    19.  '  An  Alarum  to  the  Counties  of 
England  and  Wales  '  (three  editions),  1660. 
20.  '  Mixt  Contemplations  in  Better  Times/ 
1660  ;  reprinted  with  former  '  Contempla- 
tions'in  1830  and  1841.     21.  'APanegyrick 
to  His  Majesty/  1660.     22.  '  The  History  of 
the  Worthies  of  England/  1662 ;  reprinted 
in  1811  and  1840. 

Fuller  published  several  separate  sermons, 
including  '  A  Fast  Sermon  on  Innocents' 
Day/  1642 ;  '  A  Sermon  on  the  27th  March/ 
1643 ;  <  A  Sermon  of  Reformation/  1643 ; 
and  '  A  Sermon  of  Assurance/  1647.  He 
contributed  poems  to  Cambridge  collections 
of  verses  in  1631  and  1633 ;  a  preface  to  the 
'Valley  of  Vision/  1651  (a  collection  of 
sermons  attributed  to  Dr.  Holdsworth)  ;  an 
'  Epistle  to  the  Reader/  and  some  lives  to  the 
'  Abel  Redevivus/  1651 ;  a  preface  to  the 
'  Ephemeris  Parliamentaria/  1654 ;  and  a  life 
to  Henry  Smith's '  Sermons/ 1657.  A  minute 
and  most  careful  account  of  the  bibliography 
of  all  Fuller's  writings  is  given  by  Mr.  Bailey. 

[The  anonymous  life  of  Fuller,  first  published 
in  1661  (reprinted  with  Brewer's  edition  of  the 
'  Church  History ')  is  the  original  authority ; 
Oldys's  Life  in  the  Biog.  Brit.  (1750)  is  founded 
on  this,  with  a  painstaking  examination  of 
Fuller's  writings.  Memorials  of  the  Life  and 
Works  of  Thomas  Fuller,  by  Arthur  J.  Russell 
(1844),  adds  a  little ;  but  everything  discoverable 
was  first  brought  together  in  Mr.  John  Eglinton 


Fuller 


320 


Fuller 


Bailey's  Life  of  Thomas  Fuller,  \rith  Notices  of 
his  Books,  his  Kinsmen,  and  his  Friends  (1874). 
Life,  Times,  and  Writings,  by  the  Rev.  Morris 
Fuller,  2  vols.,  1884,  is  founded  upon  this.  See 
also  Lloyd's  Memoirs  (1677),  pp.  523-4.] 

L.  S. 

FULLER  or  FULWAR,  THOMAS, 
D.D.  (the  two  forms  of  surname  seem  to 
have  been  used  indifferently)  (1593-1667), 
archbishop  of  Cashel,  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Fuller,  vicar  of  Stebbing,  Essex, 
a  member  of  the  same  family  with  Fuller  the 
church  historian,wasborn  in  1593.  According 
to  Kennett  he  was  disinherited  by  his  father 
'  for  a  prodigal.'  This  drove  him  to  Ireland, 
'  with  the  happy  necessity  of  being  sober  and 
industrious'  (EJEXNETT,  Register,  p.  364). 
He  may  previously  have  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge. His  name  does  not  appear  in  the 
registry  of  the  university  of  Dublin,  but  he 
took  orders  in  the  Irish  church.  One  of  his 
name  is  found  as  prebendary  of  Cloyne,  and  in 
1639  chancellor  of  Cork.  In  1641  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Ardfert,  being  the  last 
prelate  who  held  that  see  as  an  independent 
diocese  before  it  was  united  to  the  see  of 
Limerick.  The  Irish  rebellion  soon  drove  him 
with  his  family  to  take  refuge  in  London, 
probably  in  the  parish  of  St.  Andrew's,  Hoi- 
born.  He  dedicated  a  sermon  on  Luke  ii. 
48,  preached  at  Gray's  Inn  2  Oct.  1642, '  on 
the  anniversary  of  the  Irish  rebellion,'  to  '  the 
worthy  gentlemen  and  inhabitants  of  that 
parish  who  had  been,'  he  says, '  the  chief  pre- 
servers of  me  and  mine  since  our  escape  out 
of  Ireland,  where  we  had  only  our  lives  for 
a  prey,  and  those  lives  your  bounty  hath 
cherished.'  The  ill-treatment  he  met  with 
from  the  presbyterian  party  then  dominant 
compelled  him  to  retire  to  Oxford,  where  he 
was  incorporated  D.D.  in  1645  (  WOOD,  Fasti, 
ii.  79).  He  seems  to  have  remained  in  Eng- 
land till  the  Restoration,  and  in  1656  he  or- 
dained William  Annand  [q.  v.],  afterwards 
dean  of  Edinburgh  ( WOOD,  Athence,  iv.  258). 
After  the  Restoration  he  returned  to  Ireland, 
and  was  translated  to  the  archiepiscopal  see 
of  Cashel  (1  Feb.  1660-1).  Kennett  gives 
a  somewhat  highly  coloured  account  of  the 
archbishop's  reception  at  Cashel,  not  only  by 
churchmen  but  by  others,  who  were  converted 
by  his  '  indefatigable  powers  and  exemplary  ]> 
piety '  (KEXXETT,  Register,  p.  312).  He  died  ; 
31  March  1667,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of 
his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of 
his  cathedral  of  St.  John's,  to  which  he  be- 
queathed a  silver  chalice,  paten,  and  flagon,  j 
still  in  use.  As  bishop  of  Ardfert  he  ordained 
his  three  nephews,  who  all  rose  to  some 
eminence,  the  sons  of  his  brother  John,  who 
succeeded  his  father  as  vicar  of  Stebbing : 


Thomas,  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, an  acquaintance  of  Pepys,  mentioned 
several  times  in  his  '  Diary,'  subsequently,  in 
1658,  chaplain  to  Colonel  Lockhart,  governor 
of  Dunkirk,  vicar  of  the  college  living  of 
Navenby,  near  Lincoln,  and  rector  of  Wil- 
lingale  Doe,  Essex,  1670,'  an  inveterate  prefer- 
ment hunter,'  who  died  at  Navenby  in  March 
1701 ;  Samuel,  afterwards  dean  of  Lincoln 
[q.v.],  and  Francis  the  elder  [q.v.]  Arch- 
bishop Fuller  is  not  mentioned  by  Ware 
among  the  Irish  writers.  He  published  a 
few  sermons,  of  which  the  only  one  known  to 
be  extant  is  that  upon  the  Irish  rebellion. 

[Kennett's  Eegister ;  Cotton's  Fasti  Hibern. ; 
Bailey's  Life  of  Thomas  Fuller.]  E.  V. 

FULLER,  THOMAS,  M.D.  (1654-1734), 
physician,  was  born  at  Rosehill,  a  country 
house  in  the  parish  of  Brightling,  Sussex, 
24  June  1654.  His  family  had  for  some  time 
been  seated  there,  and  are  believed  by  the 
parishioners  to  have  grown  rich  during  the 
period  of  iron-smelting  in  Sussex.  A  small 
inn  which  stands  near  the  remains  of  the 
village  stocks  at  the  foot  of  the  ascent  on 
the  top  of  which  is  Rosehill  has  for  its 
sign  the  arms  which  are  to  be  seen  in  some 
of  the  doctor's  books  (in  the  possession  of 
C.  J.  Tatham  of  Clare  CoUege,  Cambridge), 
argent,  three  bars  with  a  canton  in  chief 
gules,  and  which  are  supposed  to  allude  to 
the  forging  of  bars  and  ploughshares  by  the 
ancestors  of  the  family  of  Rosehill.  Fuller 
was  educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge. 
He  studied  Descartes  and  Willis,  and  re- 
tained till  old  age  a  liking  for  their  methods 
(Exantliemologia,  p.  xii).  In  1676  he  gra- 
duated M.B.,  and  in  1681  M.D.,  and  in  Fe- 
bruary 1679  was  admitted  an  extra-licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  London.  He 
commenced  practice  at  Sevenoaks,  Kent,  and 
there  continued  throughout  life,  attaining 
large  practice  and  great  popularity,  which 
was  increased  in  his  old  age  by  his  under- 
taking at  his  own  charge  the  proceedings  in 
chancery  necessary  for  a  reform  of  the  Senoke 
charity.  He  published  three  collections  of 
prescriptions,'  Pharmacopeia  Extemporanea,' 
1702  (3rd  edition,  1705 ;  4th,  1708 ;  6th, 
1731), '  Pharmacopoeia  Bateana,'  1718  (based 
on  the  prescriptions  of  Dr.  Bate  [q.  v.]), 
'  Pharmacopoeia  Do mestica,'  1723.  These  were 
issued  in  Latin,  but  an  advertisement  of  a 
pirated  edition  in  English  having  appeared 
in  the  'Postman,'  18  Sept,  1708,  he  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  the  first  in  1710,  of 
which  a  fifth  edition  appeared  in  1740.  In 
1730  appeared  his  '  Exanthemologia,  or  an  at- 
tempt to  give  a  Rational  Account  of  Eruptive 
Fevers,  especially  of  the  Measles  and  Small- 


Fuller 


321 


Fuller 


pox,'  the  most  interesting  of  his  works.  It 
contains  many  of  his  own  notes  of  cases  of 
small-pox,  of  measles,  and  of  other  fevers. 
He  is  the  first  English  writer  who  points 
out  clearly  how  to  distinguish  the  spots  pro- 
duced by  flea-bites  (p.  145)  from  the  spots 
seen  in  the  eruptive  fevers,  and  his  is  the 
first  English  book  by  a  physician  in  which 
the  qualifications  necessary  in  a  sick  nurse 
are  set  forth  in  detail  (p.  208).  He  narrates 
his  cases  with  precision,  and  those  illustra- 
ting the  progress  of  small-pox  after  inocula- 
tion, of  which  he  approved,  are  of  permanent 
interest.  He  suffered  from  gout,  and  in  1727 
he  was  threatened  with  blindness  from  cata- 
ract in  both  eyes  to  such  a  degree  that  he 
was  unable  to  read  the  minute  but  clear 
handwriting  of  his  youthful  notes.  He  was, 
however,  able  to  publish  three  collections  of 
precepts : — '  Introductio  ad  Prudentiam,  or 
Directions,  Counsels,  and  Cautions,  tending 
to  Prudent  Management  of  Affairs  in  Com- 
mon Life,'  2  vols.  1727  (2nd  edition,  1740); 
'  Introductio  ad  Prudentiam,  or  the  Art  of 
Eight  Thinking,'  1731 ;  '  Adagies,  Proverbs, 
Wise  Sentiments,  and  Witty  Sayings,  Ancient 
and  Modern,  Foreign  and  British,'  1732.  The 
first  contains  most  original  matter,  and  in- 
cludes 3,152  precepts  for  the  guidance 
through  life  of  his  son  John,  of  which  some 
are  copied  with  little  alteration  from  the 
psalms,  proverbs,  and  gospels,  while  none  of 
the  remainder  rise  above  the  level  of  the 
advice  of  Polonius,  to  which  they  have  a 
general  resemblance.  He  died  17  Sept.  1734, 
and  is  buried  in  Sevenoaks  Church.  He 
married  Mary  Plumer  on  23  Sept.  1703.  A 
portrait  is  prefixed  to  the  '  Pharmacopoeia 
Domestica,'  1739. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  i.  400  ;  Wadd's  Nugse 
Chirurgieae,  1824;  Works;  Index  Catalogue  of 
Library  of  Surgeon-General's  Office,  Washing- 
ton; Fuller's  copy  of  Brown's  Myographia,  1684.] 

N.  M. 

FULLER,  WILLIAM  (1580  P-1659), 
dean  of  Durham,  born  in  or  about  1580,  was 
the  son  of  Andrew  Fuller  of  Hadleigh,  Suf- 
folk. He  was  a  fellow  of  St.  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D. 
in  1625,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  good 
linguist  and  an  excellent  preacher.  These 
gifts  recommended  him  to  James  I,  who  made 
him  one  of  his  chaplains.  By  Sir  Gervase 
Clifton  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Weston,  Nottinghamshire.  In  the  next  reign 
he  was  continued  in  his  chaplaincy,  and  on 
3  July  1628  he  received  a  dispensation  to  hold 
the  vicarage  of  St.  Giles-without-Cripplegate, 
London,  in  addition  to  the  rectory  of  Weston 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1628-9,  p.  190). 

VOL.  xx. 


On  the  death  of  Henry  Caesar,  27  June  1636, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Ely  (Le 
NEVE,  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  i.  348).     In  October 
1641  some  of  the  parishioners  of  St.  Giles's 
petitioned  parliament  for  his  removal,  com- 
plaining that,  though  the  parish  was  very 
populous  and  the  living  worth  700/.  a  year, 
Fuller  had  '  pluralities  of  livings,  and  thereby 
was  a  non-resident,'  and  a  '  popish  innovator 
besides.'    Altogether  eight  articles  were  ex- 
hibited against  him.     They  alleged  further 
that  Fuller's  curate,  Timothy  Hutton, '  re- 
paired from  his  pulpit  to  the  taverne  on  the 
Lords   day,   and   there  drinking  uncivilly, 
danced  and  sung  most  profaine,  &  ungodly 
songs  &  dances,  to  the  shame  and  disgrace 
of  religion '  (  The  Petition  and  Articles  exhi- 
bited in  Parliament  against  Dr.  Fuller,  &c., 
4to,  London,  1641).   The  commons  evidently 
thought  it  more  dignified  to  summon  him  as 
a  '  delinquent,'  '  for  divers  dangerous  and 
scandalous  matters  delivered  by  him  in  seve- 
ral sermons.'     For  refusing  to  attend  he  was 
;  ordered  into  the  custody  of  the  serjeant-at- 
arms,  but  upon  giving  substantial  bail  he  was 
\  released  on  11  Nov.  1641,  and  nothing  appa- 
rently came  of  the  matter  (Commons'  Jour- 
|  nals,  ii.  299,  307,  309,  311).     In  July  1642 
Fuller  and  his  curate,  Hutton,  were  sent  for 
as  '  delinquents  '  on  a  charge  of  having  read 
the  king's  last  declaration  in  church.    Fuller 
denied  having  given  orders  for  it  to  be  read ; 
he  had  in  fact  enjoined  Hutton  not  to  read 
it  '  till  he  had  received  farther  direction.' 
He  was  thereupon  forthwith  discharged '  from 
any  farther  restraint  without  paying  fees ; ' 
but  the  unfortunate  curate,  who  confessed 
to  having  read  it  at  the  afternoon  service, 
was  committed  a  prisoner  to  the  king's  bench, 
|  where  he  remained  for  nearly  a  month  (ib. 
i  ii.  650,  669,  703).     Fuller's  money  was  or- 
j  dered  to  be  confiscated '  for  the  service  of  the 
j  commonwealth,'  18  Feb.  1642-3  (ib.  ii.  970). 
By  warrant  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  he  asserts, 
500/.  was  unjustly  taken  from  him  (  Will). 
In  1645  he  was  in  attendance  upon  the  king 
at  Oxford,  and  was  incorporated  in  his  doc- 
tor's degree  on  12  Aug.  of  that  year.  Charles, 
who  greatly  admired  his  preaching,  made 
him  dean  of  Durham,  in  which  he  was  in- 
stalled on  6  March  1645-6  (LE  NEVE,  iii.  300). 
Ultimately  he  retired  to  London,  and  died  in 
the  parish  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  on  13  May 
1659,  aged  79  (SMYTH,  Obituary,  Camden 
Soc.  p.  50 ;  Probate  Act  Book,  P.  C.  C.  1659, 
f.  245  b).    The  authorities  having  refused  his 
relatives'  request  that  he  might  be  buried  in 
the  church  of  St.  Giles,  he  was  interred  at 
the  upper  end  of  the  south  aisle  of  St.  Vedast, 
Foster  Lane.     By  his  wife  Katherine,  who 
survived  him,  Fuller  left  issue  three  sons, 


Fuller 


322 


Fuller 


William,  Robert,  and  Gervase,  and  two  daugh- 
ters, Jane,  married  to  Brian  Walton,  D.D., 
afterwards  bishop  of  Chester,  and  Mary.  Mrs. 
Walton,  soon  after  the  Restoration,  erected 
a  '  comely  monument '  over  her  father's  grave. 
In  his  will,  dated  14  Dec.  1658,  and  proved 
on  30  May  1659,  Fuller  requests  that  his 
'  written  book es  and  papers  shall  not  be  scene 
or  disposed  of  without  the  privity  and  con- 
sent '  of  his  son-in-law  Brian  Walton  (regis- 
tered in  P.  C.  C.  273,  Pell).  He  published : 
1.  'A  Sermon  [on  Ephes.  iv.  7]  preached 
before  his  Maiestie  at  Dover  Castle,'  4to,  Lon- 
don, 1625.  2.  'The  Movrning  of  Mount 
Libanon  ...  A  Sermon  [on  Zech.  xi.  2] 
preached  .  .  .  1627.  In  commemoration  of 
the  Lady  Frances  Clifton,'  &c.,  4to,  London, 
1628.  From  the  dedication  to  Sir  Gervase 
Clifton  we  learn  that  Fuller  had  preached 
the  funeral  sermon  of  the  first  Lady  Clifton, 
which,  however, '  went  out  in  written  copies.' 

[Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  79-80,  82  ; 
&ewcourt's  Repertorium,  i.  357  ;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  1638-9,  p.  298,  1640-1,  pp.  213, 
401,  1660-1,  p.  232.]  G.  G. 

FULLER,  WILLIAM,  D.D.  (1608-1675), 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  son  of  Thomas  Fuller, 
merchant  of  London,  by  his  wife,  Lucy, 
daughter  of  Simon  Cannon,  citizen  and  mer- 
chant taylor.  He  was  born  in  London,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  from 
which  he  removed  to  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
as  a  commoner,  about  1626,  migrating  to  Ed- 
mund Hall,  at  which  he  took  the  degree  of 
B.C.L,  about  1632.  After  admission  to  holy 
orders  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  chaplains 
or  petty  canons  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral. 
He  was  presented  by  the  king  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  Mary  Woolchurch  in  the  city  of  London 
on  30  June  1641,  and  resigned  it  on  16  Dec.  of 
the  same  year,  in  which  he  was  also  appointed 
to  the  rectory  of  Ewhurst,  Sussex.  When 
Charles  I  shut  himself  up  in  Oxford  in  1645, 
he  became  chaplain  to  Edward,lord  Lyttelton, 
lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  As  an  ardent 
loyalist  he  suffered  greatly  in  the  civil  wars, 
and  in  the  parliamentary  visitation  of  the 
university  lost  his  position  at  Christ  Church. 
During  the  protectorate  he  fell  into '  a  low  con- 
dition.' Pepys  tells  us  he  supported  himself  by 
keeping  a  school  at  Twickenham,  where  he  en- 
deavoured to  instil  principles  of  loyalty  and 
churchmanship  into  the  minds  of  his  scholars. 
While  at  Twickenham  he  had  for  his  assistant 
William  Wyatt,  who  had  acted  in  the  same 
capacity  to  Jeremy  Taylor  when  he  main-  > 
tained  himself  by  keeping  school  at  Llanfi- 
hangel  in  Carmarthenshire,  in  conjunction 
with  Nicholson,  afterwards  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester. Wyatt  was  rewarded  by  his  former 


principal  when  bishop  of  Lincoln  with  the 
precentorship  of  that  cathedral  (WooD,  Fasti, 
ii.  254). 

So  consistent  a  loyalist  naturally  obtained 
speedy  preferment  at  the  Restoration.  On 
3  July  1660,  little  more  than  a  month  after 
the  completion  of  the  Restoration,  Fuller 
was  appointed  to  the  deanery  of  St.  Patrick's 
Dublin,  and  received  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  at 
his  own  university  on  2  Aug.,  by  virtue  of  a 
letter  of  the  chancellor,  and  also  was  admitted 
D.D.  of  Cambridge  by  the  same  authority. 
Other  preferments  in  the  Irish  church  fol- 
lowed :  the  treasurership  of  Christ  Church, 
Dublin,  on  11  July  1661,  the  chancellorship 
of  Dromore  in  1662,  and  finally  the  bishopric 
of  Limerick,  to  which  he  was  consecrated  in 
Christ  Church  Cathedral  on  20  March  1663- 
1664,  with  permission  to  hold  his  deanery  in 
commendam  for  two  years.  Six  months  after 
he  became  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  27  Jan.  1660- 
1661,  twelve  bishops  were  consecrated  at  one 
time  for  as  many  vacant  sees  in  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  by  Archbishop  Bramhall,  the  pri- 
mate, Jeremy  Taylor  being  then  consecrated 
to  the  see  of  Down  and  Connor,  and  preaching 
the  sermon.  For  this  ceremonial  an  anthem 
was  composed  by  Fuller,  entitled  '  Quum 
denuo  exaltavit  Dominus  coronam.'  It  is 
evident  that  Fuller  regarded  his  Irish  dignities 
as  little  more  than  stepping-stones  to  some 
more  acceptable  English  preferment.  During 
the  time  he  was  dean  of  St.  Patrick's  we  are 
told  that  he  spent  the  greater  portion  of  his 
time  in  England,  leaving  the  sub-dean  to  pre- 
side at  chapter  meetings.  But  he  manifested 
a  warm  interest  in  the  repair  of  his  cathedral, 
•which  during  his  tenure  of  office  was  restored 
from  a  ruinous  condition  to  decency  and 
stability  (MASosr,  Hist,  of  St.  Patrick's  Ca- 
thedral, pp.  191-6).  At  last,  after  frequent 
disappointments,  the  long-looked-for  transla- 
tion to  an  English  see  took  place.  In  1667 
Laney  was  translated  from  the  -bishopric  of 
Lincoln  to  that  of  Ely.  The  see  of  St.  Asaph, 
which  had  previously  become  vacant,  had 
been  promised  by  the  king  to  Dr.  Glemham, 
dean  of  Bristol,  who  was,  however,  anxious 
to  exchange  St.  Asaph  for  Lincoln.  Dr.  Rain- 
bow, the  bishop  of  Carlisle,  was  not  unwilling 
to  accept  Asaph.  Dean  Glemham's  wishes 
were  opposed  in  influential  quarters,  and 
Fuller,  who  was  then  laid  up  with  the  gout 
at  Chester,  on  his  way  to  Ireland,  wrote  to 
Williamson,  Lord  Arlington's  secretary,  on 
25  May  1667,  that,  '  as  when  two  contend  for 
a  post  a  third  person  is  sometimes  chosen,  he 
hoped  that  Lord  Arlington  would  propose, 
and  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  approve  of, 
his  being  translated  from  Limerick  to  Lin- 
coln '  (Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Dom.)  His 


Fuller 


323 


Fuller 


application  proved  successful,  and  in  AVood's 
words  he  was  removed  to  Lincoln  '  after  he 
had  taken  great  pains  to  obtain  it'  (Wooo, 
Athena  Oxon.  iv.  351).  He  was  elected  on 
17  Sept.  1667.  His  episcopal  palace  at  Lin- 
coln having  been  hopelessly  ruined  during 
the  civil  wars,  and  Fuller  feeling  the  import- 
ance of  residing  in  his  episcopal  city  instead 
of  at  the  distant  manor-house  of  Buckden, 
near  Huntingdon,  an  arrangement  was  made 
with  the  dean  and  chapter  by  which  the  bishop 
had  the  occupancy  of  a  mansion-house  in  the 
cathedral  close  during  his  visits  to  Lincoln 
(Lincoln  Chapter  Acts).  Fuller  enjoyed  the 
friendship  both  of  Evelyn  and  of  Pepys.  The 
former  mentions  having  dined  with  him  at 
Knightsbridge  on  25  March  1674,  together 
with  the  bishops  of  Salisbury  (Seth  Ward)  and 
Chester  (Pearson).  Many  references  occur  in 
Pepys's  garrulous  diaries  to  his  'dear  friend' 
Dr.  Fuller,  with  whom  he  dined  on  his  ap- 
pointment to  St.  Patrick's,  and  was  '  much 
pleased  with  his  company  and  goodness.'  His 
elevation  to  the  sees  first  of  Limerick  and 
then  of  Lincoln  caused  Pepys  •'  great  joy,'  and 
more  especially  as  he  found  that  his  old  friend 

*  was  not  spoiled  by  his  elevation,  but  was 
the  same  good  man  as  ever ; '  '  one  of  the  come- 
liest  and  most  becoming  prelates  he  ever  saw ;' 

*  a  very  extraordinary,  good-natured  man.' 
He  records  the  satisfaction  with  which  he 
saw  the  bishop  for  the  first  time  occupying 
his  place  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  6  Nov. 
1667,  and  a  conversation  he  held  with  him 
on  the  probability  of  the  Act  of  Toleration 
being  carried,  23  Jan.  1668.    In  1669  Fuller 
offered  the  archdeaconry  of  Huntingdon  to 
Symon  Patrick,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ely, 
which  was  declined  by  Patrick,  '  thinking 
himself  unfit  for  that  government'  (PATRICK, 
'Autobiography,'  Works,  ix.  451).  During  his 
tenure  of  the  see  of  Lincoln  Fuller  did  much 
to  repair  the  damages  inflicted  on  his  cathe- 
dral church  by  the  puritans  during  the  great 
rebellion.     In  a  letter  to  Sancroft,  Fuller 
expressed  his  intention  of  presenting  the  ca- 
thedral with  '  a  paire  of  faire  brass  candle- 
sticks '  to  stand  on  the  altar  to  take  the  place 
of  '  a  pitiful  paire  of  ordinary  brasse  candle- 
sticks which,'  he  writes,  '  I  am  ashamed  to 
see,  and  can  indure  no  longer '  (GRANVILLE, 
Remains,  Surtees  Soc.  pt.  i.  p.  217  n.)     He 
restored  the  monuments  of  Remigius,  St. 
Hugh,  and  others,  supplying  appropriate  epi- 
taphs in  excellent  latinity,  and,  as  his  own 
epitaph  records,  he  was  intending  further 
works  of  the  same  kind  when  he  died  at 
Kensington,  near  London,  on  23  April  1675. 
His  end,  according  to  his  epitaph,  was  as 
peaceful  as  his  life  had  been :  '  mortem  obiit 
lenissima  vita  si  fieri  posset  leniorem.'    His 


body  was  conveyed  to  Lincoln  Cathedral,  and 
interred  there  under  an  altar  tomb  in  the 
retrochoir,  by  the  side  of  the  monument  he 
had  erected  over  the  supposed  grave  of  St. 
Hugh,  which  the  inscription  shows  he  had  in- 
tended to  be  his  own  monument  also :  '  Hugo- 
nis  Qui  condit  tumulum  condit  et  ipse  suum.' 
At  the  time  of  his  death  Fuller  was  engaged 
upon  a  life  of  Archbishop  Bramhall,  for  which 
he  had  collected  large  materials,  '  wherein/ 
writes  Wood,  '  as  in  many  things  he  did,  he 
would  without  doubt  have  quitted  himself 
as  much  to  the  instruction  of  the  living  as  to 
the  honour  of  the  dead'  (WooD,Athenes  Oxon. 
iv.  351).  Fuller  was  not  married.  One  of 
his  sisters,  Catherine,  married  John  Bligh, 
citizen  and  salter  of  London,  afterwards  of 
Rathmore,  co.  Meath,  M.P.  for  Athboy,  the 
founder  of  the  noble  family  of  Darnley. 
Another  sister,  Mary,  married  William  Far- 
mery of  Thavies  Inn.  He  bequeathed  to  the 
cathedral  library  of  Lincoln  the  best  of  his 
books,  and  to  Christ  Church  his  pictures, 
chest  of  viols,  and  his  organ.  His  will  speaks 
of  his  having  had  to  undertake  lawsuits  to 
protect  his  see  '  from  the  encroachments  of 
ungodly  men.' 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  iv.  351 ;  Brydges's  Re- 
stituta,  i.  163;  Mason's  Hist,  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  p.  192sq.;  Kennett'sBiog.  Notes  Lansd. 
MS.  986,  No.  85,  p.  188;  Collins's  Fasti  Eccl. 
Hibern.  i.  385,  &c. ;  Evelyn's  Diary ;  Pepys's 
Diary;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  sub  ann.  1667  ; 
information  from  J.  F.  Fuller,  esq. ;  Pegge's 
Anonymiana,  pp.  5,  49.]  E.  V. 

FULLER,  WILLIAM  (1670-1717  ?),  im- 
postor, was  born  on  20  Sept.  1670  at  Milton, 
Kent.  By  his  own  account  he  was  son  of 
Robert  Fuller,  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Fuller,  by 
the  eldest  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Charles  Her- 
bert of  Montgomeryshire.  His  enemies  de- 
clared that  his .  mother  was  the  dissolute 
daughter  of  a  farmer  named  Sandys,  and 
thought  him  very  like  his  so-called  guardian, 
Cornelius  Harflet.  In  any  case  Fuller  was 
apparently  able  to  rely  on  the  support  of 
Charles  Herbert,  his  alleged  uncle,  whose 
family  had  a  seat  at  his  birthplace.  He  was 
sent  to  school  at  Maidstone  and  Canterbury, 
and  his  putative  father,  Robert  Fuller,  having 
died  when  he  was  six  months  old,  he  was  ap- 
prenticed in  1686  by  Harflet  to  a  rabbit  furrier 
in  London.  From  this  position  he  was  re- 
moved by  William  Herbert,  first  marquis  of 
Powis,  in  May  1688,  and  shortly  afterwards 
became  page  to  the  Countess  of  Melfort. 
James  II's  queen,  Mary  of  Modena,  noticed 
him,  took  him  with  her  to  France  in  December, 
and  used  him  as  emissary  on  several  journeys 
to  Ireland  and  England.  He  was  at  last  re- 


Fuller 


324 


Fuller 


cognised  in  London  by  a  nephew  of  Harflet, 
and  was  placed  in  the  charge  of  Tillotson,  then 
dean  of  St.  Paul's.  In  eight  weeks  Tillotson 
convinced  him,  as  he  alleged,  of  his  political 
and  religious  errors.  He  thereupon  disclosed 
all  he  knew  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
was  formally  thanked  by  William  III,  in 
whose  presence  Fuller  cut  open  the  buttons 
of  his  coat,  and  disclosed  the  letters  he  was 
carrying  to  various  Jacobites.  He  continued 
to  carry  Jacobite  letters,  which  he  betrayed 
to  the  government,  till  exposed  by  his  be- 
trayal of  another  messenger,  Matthew  Crone. 
Crone's  trial  and  conviction  were  delayed 
three  weeks  in  consequence  of  an  alleged 
attempt  to  poison  Fuller,  the  principal  wit- 
ness, which  kept  him  too  ill  to  appear  in 
court.  Fuller  followed  William  III  to  Ire- 
land and  to  the  Hague,  living  sumptuously 
on  borrowed  money  and  by  the  wages  of  his 
treachery.  On  returning  to  London  he  was 
arrested  by  angry  creditors,  and  thrown  into 
sponging-houses.  Titus  Gates  assigned  him 
lodgings  in  his  house  in  Ax  Yard,  West- 
minster. Fuller  neglected  to  pay  the  stipu- 
lated rent,  or  to  repay  loans  from  Gates,  who 
at  length  put  the  law  in  motion.  He  was 
prevented  from  following  the  king  to  Holland 
in  May  1691  by  the  marshal  of  the  King's 
Bench,  but  shortly  afterwards  he  escaped  and 
crossed  to  Rotterdam.  He  stayed  some  weeks 
abroad,  assumed  various  titles,  and  spent 
money  lent  by  his  dupes,  or  raised  by  forged 
bills,  in  luxurious  living.  When  he  returned 
to  London  he  was  at  once  arrested  for  debt, 
and  wrote  from  prison  to  Tillotson  and  Lord 
Portland  professing  that  he  was  able  to  dis- 
close a  plot  against  the  throne.  No  notice 
being  taken,  Fuller  addressed  the  House  of 
Commons  to  the  same  effect,  alleging  that 
he  could  prove  a  Jacobite  conspiracy  against 
Halifax  and  other  prominent  noblemen.  He 
stated  at  the  bar  of  the  house  that  he  relied 
on  the  evidence  of  two  witnesses  named 
Delaval  and  Hayes.  He  received  passports 
from  the  house  and  a  blank  safe-conduct  from 
the  king  to  bring  these  men  from  abroad; 
but  on  the  day  when  he  was  to  produce  them 
he  sent  a  message  that  he  was  too  ill  to 
attend.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  visit 
his  bedside,  when  Fuller  gave  the  London 
addresses  of  his  witnesses.  They  could  not 
be  found,  and  on  24  Feb.  1692  the  house  re- 
solved that  Fuller  was  an  impostor,  cheat, 
and  false  accuser,  and  recommended  that  he 
should  be  put  on  his  trial.  His  story  had 
been  so  far  believed  that  in  December  1691 
he  had  been  granted  an  allowance  of  30s.  a 
day  from  the  crown,  and  in  January  20/.  by 
the  House  of  Commons.  His  trial  took  place 
on  21  Nov.  1692 ;  he  was  convicted  and  sen- 


tenced to  stand  in  the  pillory  at  Westminster 
and  the  Exchange,  and  to  be  imprisoned  till 
he  should  pay  two  hundred  marks  to  the  king. 
Fuller  remained  in  prison  till  June  1695, 
when  he  was  released  by  the  influence  of 
Charles  Herbert,  who  made  him  an  allowance. 
Fuller  formed  a  new  intimacy  with  Gates,. 
and  published '  A  Brief  Discovery  of  the  True 
Mother  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,'  1696.  Fuller 
repeated  the  old  story,  and  declared  that  as- 
a  page  in  St.  James's  Palace  he  had  witnessed 
on  10  June  1688  the  transference  of  a  warm- 
ing pan  from  the  chamber  of  a  pregnant  ladyr 
Mary  Grey,  to  that  of  the  queen,  and  that 
this  warming-pan  contained  the  child  of  Mary 
Grey.  The  revived  story  met  some  belief,, 
and  Fuller  quickly  followed  up  his  success. 
with  'A  Further  Confirmation  that  Mary 
Grey  was  the  true  Mother,'  &c.,  1696,  and 
'  Mr.  William  Fuller's  Third  Narrative  con- 
taining new  matters  of  Fact,  proving  the  pre- 
tended Prince  of  Wales  to  be  a  grand  Cheat 
upon  the  Nation,  with  an  Answer  to  som& 
Reflections  cast  upon  him,'  1696.  Fuller  sent 
copies  of  his  book  to  the  king  and  leading" 
statesmen.  His  petition  to  the  House  of 
Commons  to  be  allowed  to  prove  that  the 
Prince  of  Wales  was  an  impostor  was  re- 
ceived with  contempt.  After  a  fresh  impri- 
sonment for  debt,  he  made  an  expedition  into 
Hampshire,  pretending  to  be  on  the  track  of 
fugitive  Jacobites.  In  Southampton  he  again, 
tried  to  raise  loans  by  fraud,  and  remained 
there  a  year  in  prison.  He  made  an  unsuc- 
cessful journey  to  Flanders,  and  published 
'  A  Trip  to  Hampshire  and  Flanders,  disco- 
vering the  vile  Intrigues  of  the  Priests  and 
Jesuits,  and  the  Practice  of  Englad's  [sic] 
Bosom  Enemies'  (1701).  Fuller  had  been 
disappointed  at  being  cut  off  in  Charles  Her- 
bert's will  '  with  mourning  and  a  shilling'  in 
favour  of  his  own  half-sister,  who  received  the 
bulk  of  his  fortune.  This  sister,  who  had 
been  Fuller's  partner  in  at  least  one  of  his- 
earlier  frauds,  allowed  him  31.  a  week,  which 
Luttrell  says  (Diary,  iv.  261)  he  supplemented 
by  marrying  a  widow  with  1,500/.  In  1701 
he  published  '  The  Life  of  William  Fuller, 
gent.,  being  a  full  and  true  Account  of  his 
Birth,  Education,  Employs  and  Intrigues, 
both  of  Publick  and  Private  Concerns ;  hi& 
Reconciliation  to  the  Church  of  England, 
and  the  occasion  of  his  coming  into  service 
with  the  present  Government.'  In  the  same 
year  he  once  more  revived  his  story  of  Prince 
James's  illegitimacy  in  '  Twenty-six  Deposi- 
tions of  Persons  of  Quality  and  Worth,  with 
letters  of  the  late  Queen  .  .  .  and  others  by 
Mrs.  Mary  Grey,  proving  the  whole  manage- 
ment of  the  supposititious  Birth  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  that  Mrs.  Grey  was  barba- 


Fuller 


325 


Fullerton 


rously  murdered.'  The  book  contained  a 
•series  of  letters  signed  by  Mary  of  Modena, 
and  by  persons  about  her  court.  Fuller  pre- 
sented a  copy  of  his  book  to  the  king  in 
person,  and  was  for  some  time  a  hanger-on  of 
the  court.  He  then  further  published  '  Ori- 
ginal Letters  of  the  late  King  James,'  impli- 
cating many  leading  men  in  Jacobite  plots. 
The  new  parliament  on  meeting  (30  Dec.  1701) 
•ordered  him  to  prove  his  statements.  On  his 
failure  to  produce  an  imaginary  '  Jones,'  the 
House  of  Lords  voted,  on  19  Jan.  1702,  that 
Fuller's  last  two  books  were  false  and  mali- 
cious, and  ordered  that  he  should  be  impri- 
soned in  the  Fleet  till  formally  prosecuted 
by  the  attorney-general.  He  was  tried  in 
May  at  the  Guildhall,  convicted  of  misde- 
meanor, and  sentenced  to  go  to  all  the  courts 
in  Westminster  with  a  paper  pinned  on  his 
hat,  describing  his  crime,  to  stand  three  times 
in  the  pillory,  to  be  sent  to  Bridewell,  and 
there  be  whipped,  and  afterwards  to  be  kept 
at  hard  labour  till  the  second  day  of  the  fol- 
lowing term,  and  be  fined  one  thousand  marks. 
The  sentence  was  duly  carried  out,  the  treat- 
ment he  received  in  the  pillory  at  the  hands 
•of  the  mob  being  especially  severe  (ib.  v. 
189),  and  affording  him  material  for  '  Mr. 
William  Fuller's  Trip  to  Bridewell,  with  a 
full  Account  of  his  barbarous  usage  in  the 
Pillory'  (1703).  Not  being  able  to  pay  his 
fines,  Fuller  remained  in  prison.  He  pub- 
lished from  the  Queen's  Bench  prison  in  1703 
a  further  autobiography,  containing  the  story 
of  his  life,  and  representing  himself  as  the  tool 
of  Gates,  Tutchin  (whom  he  attacked  in  a  sepa- 
rate pamphlet),  and  others  who  had  really 
written  his  books.  In  the  following  year  ap- 
peared '  The  Sincere  and  Hearty  Confession 
of  Mr.  W.  Fuller,  .  .  .  written  by  himself 
-during  his  Confinement  in  the  Queen's  Bench,' 
admitting  his  fraud  and  avowing  repentance. 
Twelve  years  later  Fuller,  still  in  prison, 
issued  '  An  Humble  Appeal  to  the  Impartial 
Judgment  of  all  Parties  in  Great  Britain,'  in 
which  he  maintained  that  he  knew  nothing 
of  his  alleged  confession  till  he  saw  it  in 
print,  and  that  he  had  refused  his  liberty  and 
large  sums  rather  than  retract  his  statements. 
He  had,  he  said,  at  once  answered  the  '  Con- 
fession' in  '  The  Truth  at  Last,'  but  it  is  sig- 
nificant that  alone  among  Fuller's  works  this 
last  has  no  date  affixed.  The  '  Confession ' 
is  at  least  a  good  imitation  of  Fuller,  and  he 
probably  wrote  it  in  hope  of  a  pardon ;  he 
admitted  as  much  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
Earl  of  Nottingham  11  July  1704  (Addit. 
MS.  29589,  f.  429).  In  his  '  Humble  Appeal,' 
which  he  republished  in  1717  as  '  The  Truth 
brought  to  Light,'  he  states  that  he  had  been 
introduced  to  Queen  Anne,  who  believed  his 


story,  obtained  him  some  liberty,  and  supplied 
him  with  money.  The  Earl  of  Oxford,  how- 
ever, at  whose  suggestion  he  had  been  brought 
before  parliament  in  1701,  on  becoming  lord 
treasurer  directed  that  he  should  be  kept  a 
close  prisoner,  and  his  supplies  be  stopped. 
He  probably  died  in  prison.  A  large  number 
of  Fuller's  letters  are  preserved  in  the  Ellis 
correspondence  in  the  British  Museum. 

[The  chief  authority  for  Fuller's  life  consists 
in  his  very  detailed  autobiographical  remains. 
These  must  be  necessarily  received  with  caution, 
but  they  are,  at  any  rate,  fairly  consistent  with 
one  another,  and  better  supported  by  external 
evidence  than  the  extravagant  Lives  in  which  he 
was  attacked.  Of  these  the  most  important  are 
Life  of  William  Fuller,  the  late  Pretended  Evi- 
dence, 1692,  by  Abel  Eoper;  Life  of  William 
Fuller  alias  Fullee,  alias  Ellison,  &c.,  1701,  and 
Fuller  once  more  Fullerised,  1701.  Of  the  many 
occasional  publications  in  which  Fuller  was  held 
up  to  ridicule,  interest  attaches  only  to  The 
Scribbler's  Doom,  or  the  Pillory  in  Fashion,  being 
a  new  Dialogue  between  two  Loophole  Sufferers, 
William  Fuller  and  De  Fooe  (sic),  1703.  A 
woodcut  portrait  of  Fuller  at  page  32  is  prefixed 
to  several  of  his  publications.  See  also  Luttrell's 
Diary  (ed.  1857),  ii.  312,  333,  344,  370,  381, 
541,  613,  621,  626,  iv.  125,  261,  291,  v.  108, 
109,  126-7,  129,  132-3,  140-1,  176,  189;  Mac- 
aulay's  Hist,  of  England ;  Addit.  MSS.  28880, 
if.  278,  325,  334,  336,  28886  passim,  28892,  f. 
77,  28893,  ff.  80,  107.]  A.  V. 

FULLERTON,  LADY  GEORGIANA 
CHARLOTTE  (1812-1885),  novelist  and 
philanthropist,  born  on  23  Sept.  1812  at 
Tixall  Hall,  Staffordshire,  was  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Lord  Granville  Leveson  Gower 
[q.  v.]  (afterwards  first  Earl  Granville),  by 
his  wife,  Lady  Harriet  Elizabeth  Cavendish, 
second  daughter  of  William,  fifth  duke  of 
Devonshire.  A  great  part  of  her  early  life  was 
spent  in  Paris,  where  her  father  had  been  ap- 
pointed ambassador.  She  married  on  13  July 
1833,  at  Paris,  Alexander  George  Fullerton, 
esq.,  of  Ballintoy  Castle,  co.  Antrim,  then 
an  officer  in  the  guards,  and  after  a  visit  to 
England  she  returned  to  the  English  em- 
bassy, which  continued  to  be  her  home  for 
eight  years.  The  Fullertons  left  Paris  in 
1841,  when  Lord  Granville  finally  retired 
from  the  embassy.  They  went  first  to  Cannes, 
where  Lord  Brougham  lent  them  his  villa, 
and  subsequently  they  resided  with  Lady 
Georgiana's  brother  at  Rome,  in  the  Palazzo 
Simonetti  in  the  Corso.  Mr.  Fullerton  was 
received  into  the  catholic  church  at  Rome  in 
1843.  His  wife  began  her  literary  career  at 
the  age  of  thirty-two  by  the  publication  of 
'  Ellen  Middleton,'  a  novel  which  had  been 
previously  commended  by  Lord  Brougham 
and  Charles  Greville,  and  which  was  ably 


Fullerton 


326 


Fulman 


criticised  by  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  '  English 
Review.'  The  authoress  had  adopted  ex- 
treme '  Anglican  '  principles,  which  led  her 
to  follow  the  example  of  her  husband,  and 
to  join  the  Roman  catholic  church,  into  which 
she  was  admitted,  at  London,  on  Passion 
Sunday,  29  March  1846.  In  the  following 
year  she  published  her  second  story, '  Grantley 
Manor,'  displaying  an  advance  in  style  and 
character-drawing  upon  her  previous  work. 
It  was  followed  in  1852  by  '  Lady  Bird '  and 
by  '  Too  Strange  not  to  be  True,'  the  most 
popular  of  all  her  works,  describing-  the  life 
of  a  French  6migre  who,  reduced  almost  to 
poverty,  eked  out  a  bare  subsistence  in  the 
wilds  of  Canada. 

In  1854  the  death  of  her  only  son,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  overwhelmed  her  with 
grief,  and  she  now  devoted  herself  exclusively 
to  works  of  philanthropy  and  charity.  Neither 
she  nor  her  husband  ever  put  off  their  mourn- 
ing, and  Lady  Georgiana  adopted  for  the 
future  a  fixed  mode  of  dress  of  the  poorest 
description.  Two  years  after  her  son's  death 
she  enrolled  herself,  at  Rome,  in  the  third 
order  of  St.  Francis.  Eventually  she  and 
her  husband  settled  at  Slindon,  Sussex,  but 
the  house  No.  27  Chapel  Street  (now  Aid- 
ford  Street),  Park  Lane,  was  the  office  and 
centre  for  all  her  charitable  works.  She  was 
engaged  in  the  work  of  bringing  the  sisters 
of  St.  Vincent  of  Paul  to  England,  and  she 
founded,  in  conjunction  with  Miss  Taylor, 
a  new  religious  community,  which  has  taken 
the  name  of  the '  Poor  Servants  of  the  Mother 
of  God  Incarnate.'  In  1875  the  Fullertons 
left  Slindon,  and  thenceforward  spent  much 
of  their  time  at  Bournemouth,  where  they 
eventually  settled  in  the  house  called  Ayr- 
field,  in  which  Lady  Georgiana  died  on  19  Jan. 
1885.  Her  remains  were  interred  in  the  ceme- 
tery attached  to  the  convent  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,  Roehampton.  A  detailed  account  of 
her  labours  as  a  philanthropist  is  given  in 
the  work  entitled  '  Lady  Georgiana  Fuller- 
ton,  sa  Vie  et  ses  CEuvres.  Par  Mme.  Augus- 
tus Craven  (n6e  La  Ferronays),'  Paris,  1888 
(with  portrait).  Of  this  an  English  version 
by  Henry  James  Coleridge,  S.J.,  who  de- 
scribes his  book  as  '  not  either  a  faithful 
translation  or  an  original  work,'  appeared  at 
London  in  the  same  year. 

Her  principal  works  are :  1.  '  Ellen  Middle- 
ton.  A  Tale,'  3  vols.,  London,  1844,  1  vol. 
1884 ;  translated  into  French  by  M.  Villaret, 
Paris,  1873.  2.  ' Grantley  Manor.  A  Tale,' 
3  vols.,  London,  1847 ;  London,  1865,  8vo. 
3.  '  The  Old  Highlander,  the  Ruins  of  Strata 
Florida,  and  other  Verses,'  London  (privately 
printed),  1849.  4.  <  Lady  Bird.  A  Tale,' 
3  vols.,  London,  1852,  8vo.  5.  '  The  Life  of 


j  St.  Frances  of  Rome,'  London,  1855,  8vo. 
6.  'La  Comtesse  de  Bonneval,  histoire  du 
j  temps  de  Louis  XIV,'  Paris,  1857,  8vo.  This 
,  novel,  which  appeared  originally  in  the  '  Cor- 
,  respondant,'  was  translated  into  English  in 
1858.  7.  '  Rose  Leblanc,'  another  novel  in 
French,  Paris,  1861,  8vo.  8.  'Laurentia:  a 
j  Tale  of  Japan,'  London,  1861,  16mo;  1872, 
8vo.  9.  'Too  Strange  not  to  be  True,'  a 
novel,  London,  1864,  8vo.  10.  'Constance 
Sherwood.  An  Autobiography  of  the  16th 
Century,'  3  vols.,  London,  1865,  8vo ;  Lon- 
don, 1875,  8vo.  11.  '  Life  of  the  Marchesa 
G.  Falletti  di  Baroto,  translated  from  the 
Italian  of  Silvio  Pellico,'  London,  1866,  8vo. 
12.  '  A  Stormy  Life.  A  Novel,'  founded  on 
incidents  in  the  life  of  the  Princess  Margaret 
ofAnjou,3vols.,London,1867,8vo.  13.  'Mrs. 
Gerald's  Niece,' a  novel,  3  vols.,  London,  1869, 
8vo;  London,  1871,  8vo.  14.  'The  Gold 
Digger  and  other  Verses,'  London,  1872,  8vo. 
15.  'Life  of  Louisa  de  Carvajal,' London,  1873, 
8vo.  16.  'Seven  Stories,' London,  1873,  8vo. 
17.  '  A  Will  and  a  Way,'  a  novel,  3  vols., 
London,  1881.  18.  '  Life  of  Elizabeth  Lady 
Falkland,  1585-1639,'  London,  1883,  8vo. 

[Life  by  Mrs.  Craven ;  Dublin  Review,  3rd 
ser.  xx.  311  (by  Miss  Emily  Bowles) ;  Men  of 
the  Time,  1884;  Gillow's  Bibl.  Diet.  ;  Tablet, 
24  and  31  Jan.  1885 ;  Daily  News,  21  and  25  Jan. 
1885;  Daily  Telegraph,  21  Jan.  1885;  Weekly 
Register,  24  Jan.  1885;  Burke'sLanded Gentry.] 

T.  C. 


FULMAN,  WILLIAM  (1632-1088), 
antiquary, '  the  son  of  a  sufficient  carpenter/ 
was  born  at  Penshurst,  Kent,  in  November 
1632.  His  boyish  promise  is  said  to  have 
attracted  the  notice  of  Henry  Hammond 
[q.  v.],  then  rector  of  Penshurst,  who  took 
him  to  Oxford,  and  procured  him  a  place  in 
Magdalen  College  choir,  in  order  that  he 
might  be  under  the  tuition  of  William 
White,  master  of  the  school.  In  1647  he  was 
elected  to  a  scholarship  at  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  and  placed  with  an  '  excellent  tutor 
but  zealous  puritan '  named  Zachary  Bogan 
[q.  v.]  On  22  July  1648  he  was  ejected  by 
the  parliamentary  visitors.  Along  with  an- 
other scholar  of  Corpus,  one  Timothy  Parker, 
Fulman  had  deliberately '  blotted '  and '  torn 
out '  the  name  of  Edmund  Stanton,  the  par- 
liament's president,  which  the  visitors,  on 
11  July,  had  entered  in  the  buttery  book  in 
place  of  Robert  Newlin,  the  expelled  presi- 
dent (Register  of  Visitors  of  Univ.  of  Oxford, 
Camd.  Soc.  pp.  90,  146,  494).  Hammond, 
who  was  himself  expelled,  then  employed 
him  as  his  amanuensis.  On  this  account  he 
has  been  supposed,  absurdly  enough,  to  be  the 
author  of  the  '  Whole  Duty  of  Man,'  and  the 


Fulman 


327 


Fulwell 


'  Gentleman's  Calling.'  When  twenty-one 
years  old  he  became,  by  Hammond's  intro- 
duction, tutor  to  the  heir  of  the  Peto  family 
of  Chesterton,  Warwickshire,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  continued  until  the  Restoration. 
Then,  resuming  his  scholarship  at  Corpus,  he 
was  created  M.A.  23  Aug.  1660,  and  made 
fellow  of  that  house.  For  several  years  he 
stayed  in  college, '  a  severe  student  in  various 
sorts  of  learning.'  In  1669  he  accepted  the 
college  rectory  of  Meysey  Hampton,  Glouces- 
tershire. There  he  was  cut  off  by  fever  28  June 
1688,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  at  the 
east  end  of  the  chancel,  near  his  wife  Hester, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Man  waring,  son  of  Roger 
Manwaring,  bishop  of  St.  David's.  Wood,  who 
knew  him  well,  describes  Fulman  as  '  a  most 
zealous  son  of  the  church  of  England,  and  a 
grand  enemy  to  popery  and  fanaticism.  He 
was  a  most  excellent  theologist,  admirably 
well  vers'd  in  ecclesiastical  and  profane  his- 
tory and  chronology,  and  had  a  great  insight 
in  English  history  and  antiquities ;  but  being 
totally  averse  from  making  himself  known 
.  .  .  his  great  learning  did  in  a  manner  dye 
with  him  '  (Athence  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iv.  240). 
It  seems  that  he  was  not  sufficiently  compla- 
cent or  pushing  to  make  his  way  in  the  world. 
Fulman  was  the  author  of :  1 .  '  Academise 
OxoniensisNotitia'  [anon.],  4to,  Oxford,  1665, 
reissued  at  London  in  1675,  with  additions 
and  corrections  from  Wood's  '  Historia  et 
Antiquitates  Universitatis  Oxoniensis,'  pub- 
lished the  year  before,  the  sheets  of  which 
Wood  sent  to  Fulman  as  they  came  from 
the  press.  Fulman,  according  to  Hearne 
(Collections,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  213),  furnished 
the  preface  to  Wood's  '  Historia ; '  he  also 
gave  Wood  his  notes  and  corrections  for  the 
same  work,  which  are  now  preserved  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum,  No.  8540  (HUDDESFOKD, 
Cat.  of  A.  a  Wood's  MSS.  1761,  p.  64),  and 
a  copy  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  Rawlinson 
MS.  C.  866.  2.  'Appendix  to  the  Life  of 
Edmund  Stanton,  D.D.,  wherein  some  Pas- 
sages are  further  cleared  which  were  not  fully 
held  forth  by  the  former  Authors,'  s.  sh.  8vo, 
London,  1673,  a  satirical  attack  on  a  very 
partial  biography  by  the  nonconformist  Ri- 
chard Mayow.  He  collected  for  publication 
the  so-called  'Works'  of  Charles  I, to  which 
he  intended  prefixing  a  life  of  the  king,  but, 
being  seized  with-  the  small-pox,  the  book- 
seller, R.  Royston,  engaged  Richard  Perrin- 
chief  for  the  task.  It  was  printed  in  folio 
in  1662,  when  Perrinchief,  though  he  used 
Fulman's  work,  assumed  the  whole  credit  to 
himself.  He  had  carefully  studied  the  his- 
tory of  the  reformation  in  England,  and  at 
the  suggestion  of  Bishop  Fell  sent  to  Burnet 
some  corrections  and  additions  for  the  first 


part  of  the  latter's  '  History.'  He  also  read 
vol.  ii.  of  the  'History'  before  it  went  to 
press,  and  '  with  great  judgment  did  correct 
such  errors  that  he  found  in  it,'  assistance 
warmly  acknowledged  by  Burnet  (preface  to 
pt.  ii.  of  the  History,  ed.  Pocock,  ii.  2).  Bur- 
net,  however,  offended  him  by  printing  only 
an  abstract  of  his  notes  in  the  '  Appendix,' 
1681,  though  he  asserts  that  he  did  so  with 
Fulman's  approval.  Wood  reiterated  Ful- 
man's complaints  in  his  '  Atbenae.'  Burnet 
alludes  to  the  ill-bred  pair  at  pages  10-12  of 
his  '  Letter  writ  to  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Cov. 
and  Litchfield  [Lloyd],'  1693,  where  he  says 
'  that  I  might  make  as  much  advantage  from 
Mr.  Fulman  as  was  possible,  I  bore  with  an 
odd  strain  of  sourness  that  run  through  all 
his  letters.  Bishop  Fell  had  prepared  me 
for  that ;  and  I  took  everything  well  at  his 
hands  '  (cf.  his  introduction  to  pt.  iii.  of  the 
History,  ed.  Pocock,  iii.  21-2).  Fulman  edited 
'  Rerum  Anglicarum  Scriptorum  Veterum 
torn,  i.,'  fol.  Oxford,  1684,  with  greater  accu- 
racy than  Thomas  Gale,  who  was  responsible 
for  two  other  volumes  of  British  historians 
issued  in  1687  and  1691.  The  same  year  saw 
completedhis  edition  of 'The  Works  of  Henry 
Hammond,'  4  vols.  fol.  London,  1684,  the 
life  having  been  written  by  Bishop  Fell.  He 
also  collected  large  materials  for  the  life  of 
John  Hales  of  Eton  (cf.  WALKER,  Sufferings 
of  the  Clergy,  1714,  pt.  ii.  p.  94),  and  for  that 
of  Richard  Foxe  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Winchester, 
with  an  account  of  the  distinguished  mem- 
bers of  Corpus  Christ  i  College.  These  and 
many  other  imperfect  collections,  contained 
in  twenty  quarto  and  two  octavo  volumes,  he 
bequeathed  to  his  college.  Wood  was  re- 
fused access  to  them,  at  which  he  was  very 
indignant ;  but  his  editor,  Bliss,  laid  them 
under  constant  contribution  in  his  edition  of 
the '  Athense.'  Bliss,  in  appending  a '  general 
catalogue '  of  these  collections,  praises  Ful- 
man for  his  accuracy  and  judgment ;  they  are 
more  fully  described  in  H.  O.  Coxe's  '  Cata- 
logue of  Oxford  MSS.,'  pt.  ii.  There  are  also 
a  few  of  his  manuscripts  in  the  Rawlinson  col- 
lection in  the  Bodleian  Library  (CoxE,  Cata- 
logus  Cod.  MSS.  Bibl.  Bodl.  pars  v.  fasc.  ii.) 
[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  vol.  i.  'Life,' 
p.  cxiii,  'Vindication,' p.  clxix,  iii.  499,  838,  932, 
iv.  239-44,  and  passim;  Reliquiae  Hearnianae  (2nd 
edit.),  ii.  196-7;  Gough's  British  Topography, 
ii.  104 ;  Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet. ;  Nicolson's  His- 
torical Libraries,  1776,  pt.  ii.  p.  127;  Cambridge 
Univ.  Lib.  MSS.  Catal.  v.  443;  Notes  and 
Queries,  6th  ser.  x.  395.]  G.  G. 

FULWELL,  ULPIAN  (/.  1586),  poet,  <  a 
Somersetshire  man  born,  and  a  gentleman's 
son,'  says  of  himself:  'When  I  was  in  the 
flower  of  my  youth  I  was  well  regarded  of 


Fulwell 


328 


Fulwell 


many  men,  as  well  for  my  prompte  wit  in  of  English  Books  printed  before  MDCI.  in 
scoffing  and  taunting,  as  also  for  the  comly-  Trin.  Coll.  Cambr.,  pp.  199-200).  The  copy- 
nesse  of  my  personage,  beinge  of  very  tall  right  was  sold  by  William  Hoskins  to  Henry 
stature  and  active  in  many  thinges,  by  meanes  Bamford, 4  March  1576-7  ( AEBEE,  Stationers' 
wherof  I  became  a  servitour'  (Ars  Adulandi,  Registers,  ii.  309),  and  by  him  to  Richard 
8th  Dialogue).  His  first  known  publication  Jones,  3  March  1577-8  (tb.  ii.  325).  Jones 
was  a  moral  dramatic  piece,  written  wholly  issued  another  edition,  '  newly  corrected  and 
in  rhyme, '  An  Enterlude  Intituled  Like  wil  augmented,'  4to,  London,  1579,  and  a  third 
to  like,  quod  the  Deuel  to  the  Colier,  very  without  a  date,  but  probably  in  1580.  Collier 

is  of  opinion  that  a  book  called  '  Flatteries 
Displaie,'  licensed  to  Robert  Waldegrave  in 
December  1580,  was  the  same  work  under  a 
slightly  different  title.  This  book,  which  is 
inscribed  to  Lady  Burghley,  consists  of  several 
dialogues,  chiefly  in  prose,  with  the  exception 


godly  and  ful  of  plesant  mirth.  .  .  .  Made  by 
Ulpian  Fulwel.  Imprinted  at  London .  .  . 
by  John  Allde,'  1568,  4to ;  another  edition, 
'  London,  printed  by  Edward  Allde,'  1587, 
4to.  It  has  been  reprinted  in  Dodsley's 
'Select  Collection  of  Old  English  Plays' 
(vol.  iii.  edit.  1874,  &c.)  In  1570  Fulwell 
was  rector  of  Naunton,  Gloucestershire  (BiG- 
LAUD,  Gloucestershire,  ii.  236),  to  which  he 
had  presumably  been  presented  by  Queen 


of  the  sixth — between  Diogenes  and  Ulpian 
— which  is  in  verse,  of  the  fourteen-syllable 
metre.  In  the  first  dialogue,  between  the 
author  and  the  printer,  whom  he  calls  '  my 


Elizabeth.    His  next  work  was  '  The  Flower  j  olde  fellow  and  friend,  W[illiam]  H[oskinsl,' 
Containing  the  bright  Renowne    Fulwell  mentions  his  own  poverty  and  thread- 


of  Fame. 

&  moste  fortunate  raigne  of  King  Henry 
the  VIII.  Wherein  is  mentioned  of  matters, 
by  the  rest  of  our  Cronographers  ouerpassed. 
Compyled  by  Ulpian  Fulwell.  Hereunto  is 
annexed  (by  the  Aucthor)  a  short  treatice  of 
iii  noble  and  vertuous  Queenes.  And  a  dis- 
course of  the  worthie  seruice  that  was  done 
at  Haddington  in  Scotlande,  the  seconde  yere 
of  the  raigne  of  King  Edward  the  Sixt.  Im- 
printed at  London  by  William  Hoskins,'  1575, 
4to.  This  curious  and  highly  interesting 


bare  garments.  Fulwell's  attendanceat  court, 
as  he  sadly  confesses  to  'Diogenes'  in  the 
sixth  dialogue,  had  brought  him  no  hope  of 
further  preferment,  though  in  answer  to  the 
latter's  query  he  admits  he  had  found  one 
faithful  friend  in  the  world,  and  in  some  epi- 
grammatic lines  at  the  end  he  covertly  ex- 
presses the  name  of  his  friend,  Edmund  Har- 
man.  In  the  '  eyghth  Dialogue  betweene  Sir 
Symon  the  Parson  of  Poll  lobbam,  and  the 
Authour,'  Fulwell  endeavours  to  place  the 
character  of  Sir  Simon  the  Parson  in  the  most 
odious  light  he  can,  and  satirises  the  changes 
effected  by  the  Reformation,  though  profess- 
ing hopes  that  the  queen  will  suppress  the 
disorders.  Although  the  author  mentions  a 
second  part  as  intended,  it  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  ever  published.  Fulwell  be- 

Henry  VIII,  as  he  acknowledges  in  the  de-  !  came  a  commoner  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
dication   to   '  sir  William   Cecill,  baron  of    in  1578,  but  probably  did  not  take  a  degree. 


medley  was  written  somewhat  on  the  model 
of  the  then  popular  '  Mirrour  for  Magistrates,' 
partly  in  verse  and  partly  in  pi 
recorded  being  chiefly  taki 


arose ;  the  events 
jen  from   Hall's 

'  Chronicles.'  The  author  was  assisted  in  his 
labours  by  '  Master  Edmunde  Harman,'  for- 
merly a  groom  of  the  privy  chamber  to 


Burghleygh.'  On  fol.  39  there  commences  a 
sort  of  appendix  containing  commemorations 
in  verse,  and  '  Epitaphs'  on  three  of  Henry's 
wives,  Anne  Boleyn,  Jane  Seymour,  and  Ka- 
therine  Parr.  In  a  '  Preamble  to  this  parte 
of  the  Booke  following,'  he  states  that  he  will 
celebrate  Henry's  other  wives  if  the  present 
book  should  be  well  received.  It  has  been 
included  by  Thomas  Park  in  his  edition  of 
the  '  Harleian  Miscellany'  (ix.  337-75).  The 
following  year  Fulwell  published  a  humorous 
work  which  attained  considerable  popularity, 
entitled  '  Tee  [sic]  first  part  of  the  eight  libe- 
rall  science :  Entituled,  Ars  adulandi,  the  art 
of  Flattery,  with  the  confutation  thereof, 
both  verypleasant  and  profitable,  deuised  and 
compiled  by  Vlpian  Fulwell .  .  .  Imprinted 
at  London  by  William  Hoskins,'  1576,  4to 
(the  only  copy  known,  that  in  the  Capell  col- 
lection, is  fully  described  by  SINKEK,  Cat. 


In  1572  he  married  at  Naunton  a  lady  whose 
baptismal  name  was  Eleanor,  and  thencefor- 
ward for  some  years  his  signature  occurs  fre- 
quently in  the  register  of  that  parish,  chiefly 
in  reference  to  the  christening  of  his  various 
children.  In  1585  his  name  appears  in  con- 
nection with  the  burial  of  a  son  ;  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  Joseph  Hanxman  became  rector 
of  Naunton. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  540-2  ;  Cor- 
ser's  Collectanea  (Chetham  Soc.),  pt.  vi.  pp.  382- 
396  ;  Payne  Collier's  Bibliographical  Account  of 
Early  English  Literature,  i.  296-9  ;  Cat.  of  the 
Huth  Library,  ii.  566  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd 
ser.  xii.  183-4,  234  ;  Carew  Hazlitt's  Handbook 
to  the  Popular  Pof.tical  and  Dramatic  Literature 
of  Great  Britain,  p.  215  ;  Carew  Hazlitt's  Col- 
lections and  Notes,  1867-76,  p.  175;  Hartshorne's 
Book  Rarities  in  Univ.  of  Cambr.  p.  295 ;  in- 
formation from  the  rector  of  Naunton.]  G.  G. 


Fulwood 


329 


Fullwood 


FULWOOD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1590?- 
1643),  royalist,  probably  born  in  London 
about  1590,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  George 
Fulwood,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Middleton  by 
Youlgrave,  Derbyshire.  His  father,  who  died 
in  1624,  was  admitted  a  member  of  Gray's 
Inn  in  1589  (Harl.  MS.  1912,  f.  33),  and  ap- 
pears to  have  passed  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  London,  as 
in  1608  he  is  styled  of  Fulwood  Street,  Hoi- 
born  (cf.  his  will  registered  in  P.  C.  C.  55, 
Byrde).  In  1605  Christopher  was  also  en- 
tered at  Gray's  Inn,  of  which  society  he  was 
admitted  ancient  28  May  1622,  appointed 
autumn  reader  in  1628,  and  treasurer  3  Nov. 
1637  (Harl.  MS.  1912,  ff.  33,  183,  194,248). 
When  disengaged  from  his  professional  duties 
he  resided  at  Middleton.  His  strict  impar- 
tiality as  a  magistrate  is  commemorated  by 
the  '  apostle  of  the  Peak,'  William  Bagshaw 
{q.  v.]  In  1640,  at  the  Bakewell  sessions, 
the  curate  of  Taddington  was  charged  with 
puritanism.  Fulwood,  who  was  chairman, 
'  though  known  to  be  a  zealot  in  the  cause 
of  the  then  king  and  conformity,  released 
him,  and  gave  his  accusers  a  sharp  reprimand' 
(De  SpiritualibusPecci,  8vo,  1702,  p.  17).  Ful- 
wood's  influence  in  the  district  was  of  great 
value  to  the  royalist  cause.  He  was  specially 
employed  to  raise  the  Derbyshire  miners  as 
a  life-guard  for  his  majesty  in  1642,  when 
the  lord-lieutenant  of  the  county,  the  Earl 
of  Rutland,  declined  to  appear  in  the  service. 
He  was  soon  at  the  head  of  a  regiment  of 
eleven  hundred  men,  who  were  mustered  on 
Tideswell  Moor.  His  success  appears  to  have 
alarmed  the  leaders  of  the  parliamentarians 
in  the  neighbourhood,  who,  according  to  the 
local  tradition,  soon  found  an  opportunity  of 
seizing  Fulwood  while  at  his  house  at  Middle- 
ton.  The  chief  enemy  of  the  king  in  the 
district  was  Sir  John  Gell  of  Hopton,  and  it 
was  by  Gell's  emissaries  that  Fulwood  was 
captured.  It  is  said  that  while  in  his  house 
he  received  notice  of  the  near  approach  of 
the  hostile  detachment,  and  hid  himself  in 
a  fissure  separating  an  outlying  mass  of  rock 
from  its  parent  cliff,  in  the  dale  of  the  Brad- 
ford, a  few  hundred  yards  in  the  rear  of  the 
mansion.  His  pursuers  saw  him,  and  a  shot 
from  them  inflicted  a  mortal  wound.  He 
was  carried  off  towards  Lichfield,  a  garrison 
town  which  had  been  taken  by  Gell  on  the 
preceding  5  March,  but  died  on  the  way  at 
Calton  in  Staffordshire,  16  Nov.  1643.  The 
rock  is  still  pointed  out  at  Middleton.  Be- 
fore the  close  of  1644  the  property  had  passed 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  family.  Fulwood's 
two  daughters,  Elizabeth  and  Mary,  sought 
refuge  among  their  friends  in  London,  where 
they  died  in  obscurity.  The  mansion  at 


Middleton  began  to  be  demolished  about 
1720. 

[Dugdale's  Origines  Juridiciales  (1666),  pp. 
297,  299  ;  Jewitt's  Eeliquary,  i.  89-93  ;  Lysons's 
Magna  Britannia,  vol.  v. '  Derbyshire,' pp.  cxxix, 
304  ;  Cal.  S.  P.,  Dom.  1633-4,  p.  516.]  G.  G. 

FULLWOOD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1562), 
author,  was  a  member  of  the  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' Company.  His  first  effort  is  entitled '  An 
Admonition  to  Elderton  to  leave  the  Toyes 
by  hym  begonne.'  It  was  printed  by  John 
Aide,  and  begins : 

A  supplication  to  Elderton  for  Leaches  umWd- 

ness 

Desiring  him  to  pardon  his  manifest  unrudeness. 
In  1563  Fullwood  published  <  The  Castel  of 
Memorie :  wherein  is  conteyned  the  restoryng, 
augmentyng,  and  conservyng  of  the  Memorye 
and  Remembraunce ;  with  the  latest  remedy  es 
and  best  preceptes  thereunto  in  any  wise 
apperteyning :  Made  by  Gulielmus  Grata- 
rolus  Bergomatis,  Doctor  of  Artes  and  Phi- 
sike.  Englished  by  Willyam  Fulwod.'  This 
volume  contains  a  dedication  in  verse  to '  the 
Lord  Robert  Dudely,'  which  states  that  the 
king  of  Bohemia  has  approved  the  book  in 
its  Latin  form,  and  the  late  Edward  VI  in 
a  French  translation.  The  book  contains 
many  curious  receipts  for  aiding  the  memory. 
A  second  edition  appeared  in  1573.  In  1568 
Fullwood  published  the  work  by  which  he  is 
best  known ;  this  is  '  The  Enimie  of  Idle- 
nesse :  Teaching  the  maner  and  stile  how  to 
endite,  compose,  and  write  all  sorts  of  Epistles 
and  Letters :  as  well  by  answer,  as  otherwise. 
Set  forth  in  English  by  William  Fulwood, 
Marchant.'  The  volume  is  dedicated  in  verse 
to  the  '  Master,  Wardens,  and  Company  of 
Marchant  Tayllors,'  and  became  very  popu- 
lar, running  through  several  editions.  It  is 
divided  into  four  books.  The  first,  with  much 
original  matter,  contains  translations  from 
Cicero  and  the  ancients ;  in  the  second  the 
translations  are  from  Politian,  Ficino,  Me- 
rula,  Pico  della  Mirandola,  and  other  Italian 
scholars ;  the  third  contains  practical  and 
personal  letters,  mainly  original ;  and  in  the 
fourth  are  six  metrical  love  letters,  besides 
prose  specimens.  In  subsequent  editions 
seven  metrical  letters  are  found  and  other 
augmentations.  Fullwood's  verse  is  spirited 
and  vigorous. 

[Corser's  Collectanea  Anglo-Poetica,  vi.  397 
(but  Fullwood  could  scarcely  have  been  a  scholar 
of  Richard  Mulcaster  :  see  J.  C.  Robinson's 
Register  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School) ;  Nou- 
velle  Biographic  Universelle,  art.  '  Grataroli ; ' 
J.  P.  Collier's  Extracts  from  Reg.  of  Stationers' 
Company,  i.  50,  53,  62,  157;  Sir  S.  E.  Brydges's 
Censura  Literaria,  2nd  ed.  x.  4.]  R.  B. 


Fulwar 


33° 


Furneaux 


FULWAR,     [See  FULLER.] 

FURLONG,  THOMAS  (1794-1827), 
poet,  son  of  a  farmer,  was  born  in  1794  at 
Scarawalsh,  situated  between  Ferns  and  En- 
niscorthy,  co.  Wexford.  He  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  counting-house  of  an  exten- 
sive distillery  at  Dublin,  where  he  continued 
until  his  death.  His  first  work  was  a  poem, 
'  The  Misanthrope '  (Lond.  1819),  composed, 
he  stated,  with  the  object  of  reclaiming  a 
friend  who,  owing  to  early  disappointments, 
had  retired  from  society.  It  was  withdrawn 
by  the  author  on  account  of  numerous  typo- 
graphical errors.  He  issued  a  second  edition 
at  Dublin  in  1821,  with  other  poems.  A 
poem  entitled  '  The  Plagues  of  Ireland  :  an 
Epistle,'  appeared  at  Dublin  in  1824,  with  a 
view  to  promoting  catholic  emancipation. 
He  described  his  work  as '  a  little  sketch  and 
hasty  picturing '  of  the  more  prominent  evils 
and  grievances  which  should  be  removed  be- 
fore that  'harassed  land'  of  Ireland  could 
calculate  on  the  enjoyment  of  tranquillity. 
To  'The  Plagues  of  Ireland'  Furlong  ap- 
pended a  few  'occasional  poems.'  He  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  '  New  Monthly  Maga- 
zine,' as  well  as  to  other  periodicals,  and 
projected  a  literary  journal  at  Dublin.  Tho- 
mas Moore,  Charles  Maturin,  and  Lady  Mor- 
gan praised  his  work.  At  the  instance  of 
James  Hardiman,  author  of  the  '  History  of 
Gal  way,'  Furlong  undertook  to  produce  metri- 
cal versions  in  English  of  the  compositions  of 
Carolan  and  other  native  Irish  poets.  While 
engaged  on  this  work,  and  on  a  poem  en- 
titled '  The  Doom  of  Derenzie,'  Furlong  died 
on  25  July  1827  at  Dublin,  and  was  interred 
in  the  churchyard  of  Drumcondra.  Of  the 
'  Doom  of  Derenzie '  but  one  sheet  had  been 
revised  by  the  author.  It  appeared  pos- 
thumously (London,  1829).  The  poem  treated 
the  superstitions  of  the  peasantry  of  Wex- 
ford. Several  of  Furlong's  metrical  trans- 
lations, and  a  portrait  of  him,  appeared  in 
Hardiman's  work  on  Irish  minstrelsy  (Lon- 
don, 1831).  One  of  his  compositions  was,  in 
1845.  included  in  Duffy's  '  Ballad  Poetry  of 
Ireland.' 

[Prefaces  to  Furlong's  publications  ;  Dublin 
Penny  Journal.  1832 ;  Hardiman's  Irish  Min- 
strelsy, 1831.]  J.  T.  G. 

FURLY,  BENJAMIN  (1636-1714), 
quaker  and  friend  of  Locke,  born  at  Col- 
chester 13  April  1636,  began  life  as  a  mer- 
chant there,  and  joined  the  early  quakers. 
In  1659-60  he  assisted  John  Stubbs  in  the 
compilation  of  the  '  Battle-Door.'  George 
Fox  records  that  this  work  was  finished  in 
.1661,  and  that  Furly  took  great  pains  with  it. 
Some  time  previous  to  1677  he  went  to  reside 


at  Rotterdam,  where  he  set  up  as  a  merchant 
in  the  Scheepmaker's  Haven.  In  1677  George 
Fox  stayed  and  held  religious  meetings  at 
Furly's  house  in  Rotterdam,  and  Furly  then 
accompanied  Fox,  Keith,  and  others  through 
a  great  part  of  Holland  and  Germany,  acting 
as  an  interpreter.  Later  on  in  the  same  year 
he  made  a  ministerial  journey  with  William 
Penn.  His  house  became  the  rendezvous  of 
Leclerc,  Limborch,  and  other  learned  men, 
and  there  he  entertained  Algernon  Sydney, 
Locke  (1686-8),  and  Locke's  pupil,  the  third 
Lord  Shaftesbury  (1688-9).  Sydney  con- 
stantly wrote  to  him  from  1677  to  1679. 
Edward  Clarke  of  Chipley  seems  to  have  in- 
troduced Locke  to  him,  and  their  correspon- 
dence lasted  as  long  as  Locke  lived.  Locke 
delighted  in  playing  with  Furly's  children. 
Subsequently  Furly  renounced  quakerism, 
again  embraced  it,  but  is  supposed  finally  to 
have  left  it.  He  died  at  Rotterdam  in  1714. 
Furly's  chief  works  are:  1.  'A  Battle-Door 
for  Teachers  and  Professors  to  learn  Singular 
and  Plural,'  &c.  (in  thirty-five  languages), 
with  Stubbs  and  Fox,  1660.  2.  Preface  to 
Ames's  '  Die  Sache  Christi  und  seines  Volks,' 
1662.  3.  'The  World's  Honour  detected,  and, 
for  the  Unprofitableness  thereof,  rejected/ 
&c.,  1663.  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  pre- 
faces to  the  works  of  other  men,  assisted  Keith 
in  writing  '  The  Universal  Free  Grace  of  the 
Gospel  asserted,'  and  translated  several  works 
into  English  from  the  Dutch. 

Furly's  valuable  library  was  sold  by  auction, 
and  a  catalogue, '  Bibliotheca  Furleiana,'  was 
published  (1714).  He  was  twice  married. 
On  the  death  of  his  first  wife  in  1691,  Locke 
sent  a  letter  of  condolence.  By  her  he  had 
three  sons,  Benjohan  (6.  1681),  John,  and 
Arent.  The  two  eldest  were  merchants.  The 
youngest  was  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Peter- 
borough in  Spain,  and  died  there  in  1705. 
Benjohan's  daughter,  Dorothy,  married  Tho- 
mas Forster,  whose  sons,  Benjamin  and  Ed- 
ward, are  noticed  above.  Edward's  grandson, 
Thomas  Ignatius  Maria  Forster  [q.  v.],  in- 
herited much  of  Furly's  correspondence,  and 
printed  part  of  his  collection  as  '  Original 
Letters  of  Locke,  Shaftesbury,  and  Sydney ' 
in  1830,  reissuing  it  in  his  privately  printed 
'  Epistolarium '  in  1830,  2nd  edit.  1847. 
Much  of  Shaftesbury's  correspondence  with 
Furly  is  at  the  Record  Office. 

[Swarthmore  MSS. ;  Fox's  Journal,  ed.  1763, 
pp.  328-518;  Smith's  Cat.  of  Friends'  Books; 
Forster's  Orig.  Letters  of  Locke,  1830,  cxviii-xx  ; 
L.  Fox  Bourne's  Life  of  Locke,  ii.]  A.  C.  B. 

FURNEAUX,  PHILIP  (1726-1783), 
independent  minister,  was  born  in  December 
1726  at  Totnes,  Devonshire.  At  the  gram- 


Furneaux 


331 


Furneaux 


mar  school  of  that  town  he  formed  a  life- 
long friendship  with  Benjamin  Kennicott 
(1718-1770)  [q.  v.]  In  1742  or  1743  he 
came  to  London  to  study  for  the  dissenting 
ministry  under  David  Jennings,  D.D.,  at  the 
academy  in  Wellclose  Square.  He  appears 
to  have  remained  at  the  academy  till  1749, 
probably  assisting  Jennings,  whose  '  Hebrew 
Antiquities'  he  afterwards  ably  edited  (1766). 
After  ordination  he  became  (1749)  assistant 
to  Henry  Read,  minister  of  the  presbyterian 
congregation  at  St.  Thomas's,  Southwark. 
On  the  resignation  of  Roger  Pickering,  about 
1752,  he  became  in  addition  one  of  the  two 
preachers  of  the  Sunday  evening  lecture  at 
Salters'  Hall  (not  the  more  famous  'mer- 
chants' lecture '  at  Salters'  Hall  on  Tuesday 
mornings).  Retaining  this  lectureship,  in 
1753  he  succeeded  Moses  Lowman  in  the 
pastorate  of  the  independent  congregation 
at  Clapham.  His  discourses  were  weighty 
and  well  composed,  and  in  spite  of  an  uii- 
pleasing  delivery  and  a  habit  of '  poring  over 
his  notes,'  he  drew  a  large  congregation,  and 
kept  his  popularity  as  long  as  he  was  able  to 
preach.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  on 
3  Aug.  1767,  from  the  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen.  From  October  1769  to  January 
1775  he  was  relieved  of  the  afternoon  service 
on  his  lecture  evenings  by  Samuel  Morton 
Savage,  D.D.  As  a  leading  member  of  the 
Coward  Trust  he  had  much  to  do  with  the 
revised  plan  of  academical  education  adopted 
by  the  trustees  on  Doddridge's  death.  He 
was  also  from  1766  to  1778  a  trustee  of  Dr. 
Williams's  foundations. 

Furneaux  distinguished  himself  by  his  ex- 
ertions in  behalf  of  the  rights  of  noncon- 
formists. His  name  is  closely  associated  with 
the  progress  of  the  '  sheriff's  case,'  which  was 
before  the  courts  for  nearly  thirteen  years 
(1754-67).  It  arose  out  of  an  expedient 
adopted  in  1748  by  the  corporation  of  Lon- 
don to  raise  money  for  building  the  Mansion 
House  by  fining  nonconformists  who  declined 
to  qualify  for  the  office  of  sheriff  in  accordance 
with  the  Sacramental  Test  Act.  Some  1 5,000/. 
had  been  thus  obtained  when,  in  1754,  three 
nonconformists  resisted  the  imposition.  The 
case  reached  the  House  of  Lords  in  1767,  and 
in  February  of  that  year  was  decided  in  favour 
of  the  nonconformists.  It  was  on  this  occa- 
sion that  Lord  Mansfield  delivered  the  speech 
in  which  occurs  the  often-cited  remark  that 
the  '  dissenters'  way  of  worship '  is  not  only 
lawful  but  '  established.'  This  speech  was 
reported,  without  the  help  of  a  single  note,  by 
Furneaux,  who  possessed  an  extraordinary 
memory ;  he  had,  however,  the  assistance  of 
another  hearer  of  the  speech,  Samuel  Wilton, 
D.D.,  independent  minister  of  the  Weigh- 


house,  Eastcheap.  Mansfield,  who  revised 
the  report,  found  in  it  only  two  or  three 
trivial  errors. 

In  1769  appeared  the  fourth  volume  of 
Blackstone's '  Commentaries,'  in  which,  under 
the  head  of  '  Offences  against  God  and  Re- 
ligion,' nonconformity  is  treated  as  a  '  crime/ 
Priestley  was  the  first  to  animadvert  on  this 
opinion  ;  Blackstone  replied  in  a  small  pam- 
phlet (2  Sept.  1769).  In  the  following  year 
Furneaux  published  his  '  Letters  to  Mr.  Jus- 
tice Blackstone,'  in  which  the  moral  argu- 
ment against  enforcing  religious  truths  by 
civil  penalties  is  presented  with  remarkable 
power. 

Furneaux  was  present  on  6  Feb.  1772  in 
the  gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  with  Ed- 
ward Pickard,  presbyterian  minister  of  Carter 
Lane,  when  the  clerical  petition  for  relief  from 
subscription,  known  as  the  '  Feathers'  peti- 
tion,' was  under  discussion.  The  speeches  of 
Sir  William  Meredith  and  Sir  George  Savile 
in  favour  of  the  petition  were  reported  by 
Furneaux  from  memory.  In  the  course  of 
the  debate  the  remark  was  made  by  Lord 
North,  who  opposed  the  petition,  that  if 
similar  relief  were  asked  by  the  dissenting 
clergy  there  would  be  no  reasonable  objec- 
tion to  it.  Acting  on  this  hint  Furneaux 
and  Pickard  procured  a  meeting  of  noncon- 
formist ministers  of  the  three  denominations, 
who  adopted  an  application  to  parliament 
(prepared  by  Furneaux)  for  relief  from  doc- 
trinal subscription.  A  relief  bill  passed  the 
commons  on  3  April  1772  without  a  division  ; 
on  18  May  it  was  rejected  in  the  lords.  In 
support  of  a  second  bill  to  the  same  effect 
Furneaux  published  his '  Essay  on  Toleration ' 
(1773).  Relief  was  at  length  granted  (1779), 
but  not,  as  Furneaux  desired,  without  a  test. 
The  new  subscription,  in  which  the  Holy 
Scriptures  were  substituted  for  the  Anglican 
articles,  was  devised  by  Lord  North,  and 
carried  by  the  eloquence  of  Burke. 

By  this  time  Furneaux  was  incapable  of 
taking  any  part  in  affairs.  In  1777  he  was 
seized  with  hereditary  insanity,  and  remained 
under  this  affliction  till  his  death  on  27  Nov. 
1783.  He  was  unmarried,  and  no  portrait 
of  him  is  known.  On  the  outbreak  of  his 
malady  a  considerable  fund  was  raised  for  his 
support,  Lord  Mansfield  being  among  the 
contributors.  The  fund  accumulated  after 
his  death,  and  is  still  in  existence.  In  ac- 
cordance with  a  scheme  approved  by  the 
charity  commissioners  its  income  (the  prin- 
cipal being  over  10,000/.)  is  divided  between 
two  institutions  maintained  by  Unitarians, 
Manchester  New  College  and  the '  Ministers' 
Benevolent  Society.' 

He  published :  1.  '  Letters  to  the  Honour- 


Furneaux 


Furness 


able  Mr.  Justice  Blackstone  concerning  his 
Exposition  of  the  Act  of  Toleration,'  &c., 
1770, 8vo  ;  2nd  edition,  1771,  8vo,  has  addi- 
tions, and  Mansfield's  speech  as  appendix ; 
reprinted,  Philadelphia,  1773,  8vo.  2.  '  An 
Essay  on  Toleration,'  &c.,  1773,  8vo.  Also 
sermon  on  education  (1755),  a  fast  ser- 
mon (1758),  funeral  sermon  for  Henry  Miles, 
D.D.  (1763),  sermon  at  ordination  of  Samuel 
Wilton  (1766),  ordination  charge  to  George 
Waters  and  William  Youat  (1769),  and  ser- 
mon to  the  Society  for  Propagating  Christian 
Knowledge  in  the  Highlands  (1775).  In 
1771  Furneaux  was  engaged  in  transcribing 
and  editing  the  biblical  annotations  of  Samuel 
Chandler,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  but  the  work  was 
never  published. 

[Memoir  by  J.  T.  (Joshua  Toulmin)  in  Pro- 
testant Dissenters'  Magazine,  1798,  p.  128  sq. ; 
Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches,  1808,  i.  199,  323, 
ii.  5,  iv.315;  Belsham's Memoir  of  Lindsey,  1812, 
pp.  56,  57,  62  sq.  (needs  correction  of  dates) ; 
Chalmers's  Gen.  Biog.  Diet.,  1814,  xv.  183  sq. ; 


the  same  coast  on  his  third  voyage,  confirms 
in  his  narrative  (i.  103-4)  the  substantial 
accuracy  of  Furneaux's  survey  except  in  one 
point,  and  named  after  him  the  islands  dis- 
covered by  him  in  what  was  then  thought  to 
be  a  deep  bay,  but  is  now  known  as  Banks 
Strait,  opening  into  Bass  Strait. 

Cook  also  gave  the  name  of  Furneaux  to 
one  of  the  groups  of  coral  islets  in  what  is 
now  known  as  the  Low  Archipelago,  visited 
by  the  two  ships  together,  and  named  another 
group  after  the  Adventure.  The  ships  again 
became  separated  off  the  coast  of  New  Zea- 
land 22  Oct.  1773,  and  Furneaux,  after  cruis- 
ing about  some  time  in  a  vain  endeavour  to 
rejoin  the  Resolution,  was  ultimately  obliged 
to  return  home  alone,  and  reached  Spithead 
14  July  1774.  The  chief  event  occurring 
during  this  separation  was  the  loss  of  a  boat's 
crew  commanded  by  Mr.  Howe,  midshipman, 
with  nine  others,  who  were  all  killed  and 
eaten  by  the  natives  in  a  cove  of  Queen 
Charlotte's  Sound,  New  Zealand.  During  the 


Butt's  Memoir  of  Priestley,  1831,  i.  73, 137, 164,  I  whole  voyage  Furneaux  made  many  attempts, 
169,  170,  318  sq. ;  Bogue  and  Bennett's  Hist,  of    some  of  which  had  permanent  success,  to  in- 


Dissenters,  1833,  ii.  597  sq. ;  Jeremy's  Presby- 
terian Fund,  188.5,  p.  157  sq. ;  information  from 
the  Registrar  of  Aberdeen  University.]  A.  G. 

FURNEAUX,  TOBIAS  (1735-1781), 
circumnavigator,  was  born  at  Swilly,  near 
Plymouth,  21  Aug.  1735.  Various  letters 
show  him  to  have  been  employed  on  the 
French  coast,  coast  of  Africa,  and  West 
India  stations  during  war-time  in  1760- 
1763,  on  board  H.M.S.  Edinburgh,  Melampe 


troduce  into  the  islands  domestic  animals  and 
useful  vegetables,  especially  potatoes.  It  is 
also  noteworthy  that  he  brought  home  in 
the  Adventure,  Omai,  a  native  of  Ulaietea, 
who  remained  in  England  for  two  years, 
and  was  taken  back  in  Cook's  third  voyage. 
Omai,  as  the  first  South  Sea  islander  who  had 
ever  been  seen  in  England,  attracted  much 
attention. 

Furneaux  was  made  captain  10  Aug.  1775, 


and  Ferret.     He  was  second  lieutenant  of  j  and  in  that  rank  commanded  the  Syren  (28) 

H.M.S.  Dolphin,  Captain  Samuel  Wallis,  in    in  Sir  P.  Parker's  attack  on  New  Orleans 

Ms  voyage   of  discoverv  round  the  world 

(19  Aug.  1766-20  May  1768).     He  became  ' 

commander  in  November  1771,  and  was  soon 

afterwards  appointed  to  command  H.M.S. 

Adventure  in  company  with  Captain  Cook's 

ship  the  Resolution  in  his  second  voyage. 

The  Adventure  was  twice   separated  from 

the  Resolution,  and  Furneaux's  account  of 

events  during  those  periods  is  given  in  two 

chapters  in  Cook's  narrative  (vol.  i.  ch.  vii., 


vol.  ii.  ch.  viii.) 

During  the  first  separation  (8  Feb.- 
19  May  1773)  he  sailed  fourteen  hundred 
leagues  alone,  and  explored  in  great  part  the 
south  and  east  coast  of  Tasmania,  or  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  which  had  been  wholly  un- 
visited  since  its  first  discovery  by  Tasman  in 
1642.  The  chart  sketched  by  him  (page  115) 
appears  to  be  the  first  of  that  coast  on  re- 
cord, and  the  names  given  by  him  to  locali- 


m 

28  June  1777.  He  died  at  Swilly  19  Sept. 
1781,  aged  46.  Portraits  of  him  by  North- 
cote  are  preserved  in  the  family. 

[Hawkes  worth's  Narrative  of  Wallis's  Voyage; 
Cook's  Narrative  of  his  Second  Voyage ;  family 
papers.]  H.  F. 


FURNESS,  JOCELIX  OF.  [SeeJocELiN.] 

FURNESS,  RICHARD  (1791-1857), 
poet,  the  son  of  Samuel  Furness,  a  small  far- 
mer at  Eyam,  Derbyshire,  was  born  on  2  Aug. 
1791.  Leaving  school  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  currier  at  Chester- 
field, and  soon  displayed  a  taste  for  versify- 
ing and  an  ardour  for  learning.  From  some 
French  officers  on  parole  he  learned  French 
and  mathematics.  He  became  proficient  in 
music.  When  he  was  seventeen  years  old 
he  joined  the  Wesleyan  methodists,  and  un- 
dertook the  duties  of  local  preacher.  Four 

ties,  as  Mewstone,  Swilly,  Storm  Bay,  Fluted  '•  years  later  he  walked  to  London,  and  on  his 
Head,  Adventure  Bay,  Bay  of  Fires,  Eddy-  arrival  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  soldier.  He 
stone  Point,  are  retained  in  most  cases  in  did  not,  however,  give  up  preaching,  and  on 
modern  maps.  Cook,  who  himself  visited  |  one  occasion,  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Adam 


Fursa 


333 


Fursa 


Clarke,  lie  discoursed  from  the  pulpit  at  the 
City  Road  Chapel.  After  a  year  he  returned 
to  his  native  county.  He  separated  from 
the  methodists  about  this  time  through  re- 
sentment at  his  associates  in  calling  him  to 
account  for  writing  a  patriotic  song  which 
was  sung  at  a  meeting  in  a  public-house.  In 
1813  he  started  business  on  his  own  account 
at  Eyam  as  a  currier,  but  trade  was  neglected 
for  music,  poetry,  and  mathematics,  and  his 
prospects  were  not  improved  when  in  1816 
he  ran  away  with  and  married  Frances  Ib- 
botson  of  Hathersage.  In  1821  he  entered 
on  the  duties  of  schoolmaster  in  the  free 
school  of  the  small  village  of  Dore,  Derby- 
shire. He  also  acted  as  vestry  and  parish 
clerk,  but  showed  his  independence  of  mind 
and  action  by  invariably  closing  his  book  and 
resuming  his  seat  at  the  recitation  of  the 
Athanasian  Creed.  He  likewise  practised 
medicine  and  surgery,  and  when  the  ancient 
chapel  of  Dore  was  pulled  down,  his  plans 
for  a  new  one  were  adopted,  and  he  not  only 
superintended  the  erection  of  the  building,  but 
carved  the  ornamented  figures  which  adorn 
the  structure.  On  a  change  of  incumbent  at 
Dore  he  retired  from  his  office  of  schoolmaster 
on  a  pension  of  15/.  The  only  duties  he 
had  now  to  perform  were  those  of  district 
registrar,  which  yielded  him  12£  a  year.  In 
no  year  of  his  life  did  his  income  exceed  80/. 
His  first  publication  was  a  satirical  poem 
entitled  the  '  Rag  Bag,'  1832.  His  next  was 
'  Medicus-Magus,  a  poem,  in  three  cantos,' 
Sheffield,  1836,  12mo,  in  which  he  depicted 
the  manners,  habits,  and  limited  intelligence, 
in  the  more  remote  parts  of  Derbyshire,  the 
local  terms  being  elucidated  by  a  glossary. 
The  title  was  afterwards  altered  to '  The  As- 
trologer.' Many  of  his  miscellaneous  poems 
were  printed  in  the  '  Sheffield  Iris.'  After 
his  death  a  collected  edition  of  his  '  Poetica] 
Works,'  with  a  sketch  of  his  life  by  Dr.  G 
Calvert  Holland,  was  published  (Sheffield 
1858,  8vo).  His  verse  is  antiquated  bu1 
forcible.  One  of  his  short  pieces,  the  '  Olc 
Year's  Funeral/  was  thought  by  James  Mont- 

SDmery  to  be  worthy  of  comparison  with 
oleridge's  ode  '  On  the  Departing  Year.' 
His  wife  died  in  1844,  and  in  1850  he  took 
as  a  second  wife,  Mary,  widow  of  John  Lunn 
of  Staveley,  Derbyshire.    He  died  on  13  Dec 
1857,  and  was  buried  at  Eyam  church. 

[Holland's  Sketch;  Hall's  Biog.  Sketches 
1873,  p.  334 ;  Holland  and  Everett's  Memoir  of 
James  Montgomery,  vi.  232.]  C.  W.  S. 

FURSA,  SAINT  (d.  650),  of  Peronne  in 
France,  was  an  Irishman  of  noble  birth 
Two  pedigrees  of  him  are  given  in  the '  Bool 
of  Leinster,'  and  also  in  the  '  Lebor  Brecc. 


One  traces  his  descent  from  Rudraidhe  Mac- 
itri,  ancestor  of  the  Clanna  Rudraidhe,  of 
he  race  of  Ir;  the  other  from  Lugaidh  Laga, 
)rother  of  Olioll  Olum  of  the  race  of  Heber  ; 
)ut  they   evidently  refer  to  different  per- 
ons,  and  Colgan  has  shown  that  there  were- 
,wo  saints  named  Fursa,  the  first  of  whom 
lourished  about  550.     The  '  Martyrology  of 
Donegal,'  as  well  as  the '  Lebor  Brecc '  notes  to- 
,he  '  Calendar  of  O3ngus,'  clearly  regards  the 
irst  pedigree  as  that  of  Fursa  of  Peronne,  but 
Colgan  with  Keating  regards  the  Fursa  of  the 
second  as  the  saint  of  Peronne,  and  this  is 
learly  right,  as  Sigebert,  king  of  East  Anglia,. 
received  him  in  637.    His  father  was  Fintan, 
son  of  Finlogh,  a  chieftain  of  South  Munster ; 
lis  mother,  Gelges,  was  daughter  of  Aedh 
Finn  of  the  Hui  Briuin  of  Connaught.     He- 
was  probably  born  somewhere  among  the  Hui 
Briuin,  and  baptised  by  St.  Brendan.     His 
parents  having  returned  to  Munster,  the  child 
was  brought  up  there,  and  from  his  boyhood 
lie  '  gave  his  attention  to  the  reading  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  and  monastic  discipline.'  He 
retired  to  study  in  the  island  of  Inisquin  in 
Lough  Corrib,  under  the  abbot  St.  Meldanr 
called  his  '  soul-friend.'    He  afterwards  built 
a  monastery  for  himself  at  a  place  called  Rath- 
mat,  which  appears  to  be  Killursa  (Fursa's 
Church),  in  the  north-west  of  the  county  of 
Clare. 

After  this  he  set  out  for  Munster  to  visit 
his  relatives.  After  his  arrival  he  had  the 
first  of  several  remarkable  cataleptic  seizures, 
during  which  he  had  visions  of  bright  angels, 
who  raised  him  on  their  wings,  and  soothed 
him  by  hymns.  In  one  trance  famine  and 
plagues  were  foretold.  This  evidently  refers 
to  the  second  visitation  of  the  plague  known 
as  the  Buidhe  Connaill, '  the  yellow  or  straw- 
coloured  plague,'  which  visited  Ireland  about 
fourteen  years  after  Fursa's  death.  The  chief 
visions  appear  to  have  taken  place  in  627. 
Deeply  impressed  by  them,  Fursa  travelled 
through  Ireland,  proclaiming  what  he  had1 
heard.  At  Cork  he  had  a  vision  of  a  golden 
ladder  set  up  at  the  tomb  of  St.  Finn  Barr 
[q.  v.]  and  reaching  to  heaven,  by  which  souls 
were  ascending. 

For  ten  years,  in  accordance  with  angelic- 
directions,  he  continued  '  to  preach  the  word 
of  God  without  respect  of  persons.'  In  the 
notes  on  the  '  Calendar  of  O3ngus '  a  strange- 
story  is  told  of  his  exchanging  diseases  with 
St.  Maignen  of  Kilmainham.  To  avoid  ad- 
miring crowds  and  jealousy,  Fursa  went  away 
with  a  few  brethren  to  a  small  island  in  the 
sea,  and  shortly  after,  with  his  brothers  Foillan 
and  Ultan,  he  passed  through  Britain  (Wales), 
and  arrived  at  East  Anglia,  where  he  was 
hospitably  received  by  King  Sigebert.  Afteir 


Fursdon 


334 


Fuseli 


another  vision — twelve  years  since  his  last 
seizure — he  hastened  to  build  the  monastery 
Cnoberesburg  or  Burghcastle,  in  Suffolk,  on 
land  granted  by  the  king.  Then,  committing 
it  to  the  charge  of  Goban  and  Dichull,  he 
went  away  to  his  brother  Ultan,  with  whom 
he  lived  as  a  hermit  for  a  year. 

Owing  to  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country 
he  had  to  go  to  France  and  take  refuge  with 
Clovis,  king  of  Neustria.    The  king  being  a 
child,  the  government  was  in  the  hands  of 
Erchinoald,  mayor  of  the  palace,  who  gave 
him  land  at  Latiniacum,  now  Lagny,  on  the 
Marne,  six  leagues  from  Paris.  Here  he  erected 
a  monastery  in  644.  According  to  the  account 
in  the  '  Codex  Salmanticensis,'  it  was  when 
travelling-  with  Clovis  and  Erchinoald  that 
his  last  illness  came  on.    He  died  on  16  Jan.  j 
probably  in  650,  at  Macerias,  now  Mazeroeles.  ! 
He  was  buried  at  Peronne,  in  the  church 
built  by  Erchinoald,  and  with  this  place  his  •• 
name  has  since  been  associated.     He  was  re- 
puted to  have  performed  miracles  in  his  life-  ; 
time,  and  even  his  pastoral  staff,  if  sent  to  a  > 
sick  person,  was  supposed  to  have  a  healing 
power.     The  brethren  whom  he  took  with 
him  formed  the  nucleus  of  an  Irish  monas- 
tery, and  the  succession  appears  to  have  been 
kept  up  by  emissaries  from  Ireland,  as  we 
read  in  the  '  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters'  at 
774,  that  '  Moenan,  son  of  Corniac,  abbot  of  i 
Cathair  Fursa  (the  city  of  Fursa,  i.e.  Peronne) 
in  France,  died.' 

Fursa's  visions  were  placed  on  record  soon  i 
after  his  death  in  '  the  little  book '  to  which 
Bseda  refers,  and  which  Mabillon  considers 
to  be  the  life  published  by  Surius  at  16  Jan. 
Bseda  describes  the  agitation  of  a  monk  who, 
when  describing  what  he  heard  from  Fursa's 
lips,  though  it  was  the  severest  season  of  the 
year,  and  he  was  thinly  clad,  broke  out  into  a 
profuse  perspiration  from  mere  terror. 

[Codex  Salmanticensis,  p.  77  (London,  1883)  ; 
Bedae  Eccl.  Hist.  lib.  iii.  cap.  19  ;  Lanigan's  Eccl. 
Hist.  ii.  448-64 ;  Anuals  of  the  Four  Masters, 
A.D.  774 ;  Calendar  of  CEngus,  p.  xxxv ;  Dr. 
Todd's  St.  Patrick,  p.  406.]  T.  0. 

FURSDON,   JOHN,  in  religion  CUTH- 
HERT  (d.  1638),  Benedictine  monk,  the  eldest 
son  of  Philip  Fursdon  of  Fursdon  in  the  , 
parish  of  Cadbury,  Devonshire,  was  born  at 
Thorverton  in  that  county.     He  became  an 
enthusiastic  disciple   of  Father  Augustine  j 
Baker  [see  BAKER,  DAVID],  his  father's  chap-  i 
lain,  and  proceeded  to  the  Benedictine  con- 
vent of  St.  Gregory  at  Douay,  where,  after 
completing  the  year  of  probation,  he  took  the 
solemn  vows  as  a  professed  father  of  the  order, 
25  Nov.  1620  (WELDOX,  Chronicle,  Append. 
p.  8).     Returning  to  the  English  mission,  he 


laboured  chiefly  in  the  southern  counties,  and 
he  appears  to  have  often  resided  in  the  fa- 
milies of  Viscount  Montagu  and  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Falkland.  He  was  an  instrument  in  the 
conversion  of  Lady  Falkland's  four  daugh- 
ters, and  of  Hugh  Paulinus,  or  Serenus, 
Cressy  [q.  v.  j  Fursdon,  who  frequently  passed 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Breton,  died  in 
Lady  Falkland's  house  in  London  on  2  Feb. 
1637-8. 

His  works  are :  1.  '  The  Life  of  the  .  .  . 
Lady  Magdalen,  Viscountesse  Montague, 
written  in  Latin  ...  by  Richard  Smith 
[bishop  of  Chalcedon],  and  now  translated 
into  English  by  C.  F.,'  1627,  4to,  dedi- 
cated to  Antony  Maria,  viscount  Montague. 
2.  <  The  Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Benedict,' 
1638,  12mo,  with  plates.  3.  '  The  Rule  of 
St.  Bennet,  by  C.  F.,'  Douay,  1638, 4to,  dedi- 
cated to  '  Mrs.  Anne  Carie,  daughter  of  the 
Lord  Viscount  Faulkland.'  A  new  edition 
by  'one  of  the  Benedictine  Fathers  of  St. 
Michael's,  near  Hereford  [i.e.  Francis  Cuth- 
bert  Doyle],  was  published  at  London,  1875, 
8vo. 

[Oliver's  Catholic  Religion  in  Cornwall,  pp. 
9  n.,  310-11 ;  Snow's  Necrology,  p.  44;  Weldon's 
Chronicle,  pp.  178,  210;  Sweeney's  Life  of 
Augustine  Baker,  p.  40 ;  Gillow's  Bibl.  Diet. ; 
Fullerton's  Life  of  Lady  Falkland,  p.  148  seq.] 

T.  C. 

FUSELI,  HENRY  (JOHAXX  HEIXRICH 
FTJESSLI)  (1741-1825),  painter  and  author, 
born  at  Zurich  in  Switzerland,  7  Feb.  1741, 
was  the  second  son  of  Johann  Caspar  Fuessli, 
painter  and  lexicographer,  and  Elisabetha 
"Waser,  his  wife.  The  family  of  Fuessli,  still, 
as  for  many  generations,  resident  in  Zurich, 
has  produced  many  members  distinguished  in 
art,  literature,  and  science.  Melchior  Fuessli, 
an  ancestor,  had  distinguished  himself  for 
original  work.  Johann  Caspar  Fuessli,  a 
pupil  of  Kupetzky,  the  portrait-painter,  was 
himself  a  well-known  painter  of  portraits  and 
landscapes,  patronised  by  the  petty  royalty 
of  the  neighbouring  states,  and  the  author 
of  the 'Lives  of  the  Helvetic  Painters.'  His 
brothers,  Heinrich  and  Johann  Rudolf,  were 
also  artists,  and  the  latter  was  the  compiler 
of  the '  Allgemeines  Kiinstler-Lexicon ; '  each 
had  a  son  named  Heinrich,  whose  works 
should  be  carefully  distinguished  from  those 
of  John  Henry  Fuseli.  Of  Johann  Caspar's 
numerous  family  five  survived,  including 
Heinrich ;  the  eldest,  Johann  Rudolf,  became 
an  artist,  entered  the  imperial  service  at 
Vienna,  and  possessed  the  family  taste  for 
lexicography ;  the  youngest,  Johann  Caspar, 
was  most  noted  for  his  achievements  in 
entomology,  another  science  to  which  the 
family  was  addicted;  the  daughters,  Anna 


Fuseli 


335 


Fuseli 


and  Elisabetha,  were  noted  for  their  skill  in 
drawing  birds  and  insects.  This  art-loving 
family  was  on  intimate  terms  with  the  lite- 
rary circle  at  Zurich,  which  claims  to  have 
started  the  romantic  movement  in  general 
literature,  represented  by  J.  J.  Bodmer, 
J.  J.  Breitinger,  and  the  painter-poet,  Salo- 
mon Gessner,  who  stood  sponsor  to  the  infant 
Heinrich.  Fuessli  was  therefore  nursed  in  an 
atmosphere  of  romanticism  from  his  earliest 
days,  and  showed  an  early  predilection  for 
art.  He  received  some  instruction  from  his 
father  and  elder  brother,  but  the  father  was 
discouraged  by  his  own  experience  of  an 
artist's  career,  and,  distrustful  of  his  son's 
mechanical  powers,  intended  the  boy  for  the 
clerical  profession.  Fuseli,  however,  secretly 
pursued  his  studies,  and  his  habit  of  drawing 
with  his  left  hand,  while  his  father  or  tutor 
•was  reading  aloud,  caused  him  to  be  '  ambi- 
dexter,' a  faculty  which  he  retained  through  [ 
life.  He  studied  eagerly  his  father's  collec-  I 
tion  of  prints  after  Michelangelo  and  other 
artists,  and  his  childish  productions  all  showed 
the  love  of  weird  fantasy  characteristic  of 
his  later  works.  He  made  drawings  to  il- 
lustrate the  old  poem  of '  Howleglas,'  and 
subsequently  etched  them;  and  he  studied 
with  interest  the  works  of  Tobias  Stimmer, 
Jost  Amman,  and  other  old  Zurich  artists. 
When  about  twelve  his  family  removed 
into  the  country  for  his  mother's  health, 
and  art  for  a  time  made  way  among  the 
children  for  entomology.  When  he  was 
about  fifteen  his  father  placed  him  at  the 
Collegium  Carolinum  at  Zurich,  of  which 
Bodmer  and  Breitinger  were  professors,  j 
Here  he  quickly  attracted  attention  by  j 
his  hot  temper,  his  various  extravagances 
in  dress  and  behaviour,  and  his  immense 
capacities  for  mental  labour.  He  rapidly 
acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  the  English, 
French,  and  Italian  languages,  besides  Greek 
and  Latin,  and  was  an  ardent  student  of  the 
works  of  Shakespeare,  Richardson,  Milton, 
Dante,  and  Rousseau,  which,  with  the  Bible, 
gave  plenty  of  scope  to  his  ever-active  pencil. 
He  made  several  essays  in  composition,  both 
prose  and  verse,but  never  showed  any  aptitude 
for  mathematics  or  other  abstract  sciences. 
He  made  many  intimate  friends,  among  them 
Johann  Caspar  Lavater,  the  physiognomist, 
the  brothers  Johann  Jakob  and  Felix  Hess, 
Leonard  Usteri,  and  others  who  attained  dis- 
tinction in  after  life.  In  1761  Lavater  and 
Fuessli,  whose  kindred  characters  made  them 
the  closest  of  friends,  entered  into  holy  or- 
ders, and  at  once  made  their  mark  by  their 
attempts  to  raise  the  style  of  pulpit  oratory 
in  Zurich.  Before  they  could  accomplish 
much  they  became  involved  in  a  cause  which 


soon  agitated  the  whole  town.  One  Felix 
Grebel,  bailiff  of  Gruningen,  one  of  the  baili- 
wicks of  Zurich,  was  accused  of  gross  oppres- 
sion and  extortion.  The  young  friends,  in 
August  1762,  sent  an  anonymous  letter  to 
Grebel  threatening  exposure.  They  next 
published  a  pamphlet,  entitled  '  The  Under- 
Bailiff,  or  the  Complaints  of  a  Patriot,'  and 
sent  copies  to  the  various  members  of  the 
government.  The  authors  were  summoned 
to  appear ;  Lavater  and  Fuessli  came  for- 
ward accordingly  and  proved  their  charges. 
Grebel  was  disgraced,  but,  as  he  was  son-in- 
law  of  the  burgomaster,  and  had  powerful 
family  connections,  it  was  thought  advisable 
for  the  young  patriots  to  absent  themselves 
for  a  time  from  Zurich.  J.  G.  Sulzer,  the 
author  of  a  '  Theory  of  the  Fine  Arts,'  who 
was  about  to  return  to  Berlin,  where  he  was 
professor,  offered  to  take  them  with  him,  and 
in  March  1763  Lavater,  Fuessli,  and  the 
brothers  Hess  left  Zurich.  They  visited  Augs- 
burg,where  Fuessli  was  especially  struck  with 
Reichel's  colossal  statue  of  St.  Michael  at 
the  arsenal,  proceeded  to  Leipzig,  where  they 
met  Ernesti,  Gellert,  and  other  celebrities, 
and  reached  Berlin  to  find  that  their  fame 
had  preceded  them.  Fuessli  was  at  once  em- 
ployed to  assist  Rode  on  a  set  of  illustrations 
to  Bodmer's  '  Noachide,'  but  after  a  short 
stay  in  Berlin  visited  Professor  Spalding, 
the  theologian,  at  Barth  in  Pomerania.  At 
this  time  there  was  a  desire  to  establish  a 
channel  of  literary  communication  between 
Germany  and  England,  and  through  Sulzer's 
kind  agency  Fuessli  was  summoned  to  Ber- 
lin and  presented  to  the  British  minister, 
Sir  Andrew  Mitchell,  at  whose  house,  among 
others,  he  met  Dr.  John  Armstrong  [q.  v.J, 
afterwards  his  intimate  friend.  Mitchell  was 
impressed  by  the  young  man's  literary  and 
artistic  compositions,  and  offered  to  take  him 
to  England.  Lavater  and  his  other  friends 
accompanied  him  as  far  as  Gottingen,  where 
he  left  them,  and  reached  England  towards 
the  end  of  1763.  Thus  introduced-,  he  easily 
obtained  access  to  several  persons  of  im- 
portance, notably  Mr.  Coutts,  the  banker 
(who  remained  his  steadfast  friend  and  patron 
throughout),  Millar,  the  bookseller,  and  Ca- 
dell,  his  successor,  and  Joseph  Johnson,  the 
well-known  radical  publisher  in  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard.  At  Johnson's  dinner-table  he 
met  some  of  the  most  remarkable  persons  in 
art  and  literature  of  the  day.  At  first  he 
appears  to  have  thought  only  of  a  literary 
life,'  and  supported  life  by  translating  books, 
although  his  pencil  was  never  idle.  In  1765 
•Fusseli,  as  he  now  called  himself,  published 
a  translation  of  Wlnckelmann's  '  Reflections 
on  the  Painting  and  Sculpture  of  the  Greeks,' 


Fuseli 


336 


Fuseli 


which  provoked  an  animated  reply  from 
James  Barry  [q.  v.]  lie  also,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  his  friend,  John  Bonnycastle  [q.  v.], 
plunged  into  the  controversy  then  raging 
between  Voltaire  and  Rousseau,  with  a 
spirited  pamphlet  in  defence  of  Rousseau ; 
the  greater  part  of  this  impression  was  acci- 
dentally destroyed  by  fire  at  Johnson's  shop, 
and  not  much  regretted  by  the  author.  In 
1766  he  became  travelling  tutor  to  Viscount 
Chewton,  the  eldest  son  of  Earl  Waldegrave, 
but  his  impetuous  nature  was  not  suitable  to 
the  office,  and  in  1767  he  returned  to  London. 
Happening  to  obtain  an  introduction  to  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  he  produced  a  portfolio  of 
his  drawings;  Reynolds  was  surprised  to  find 
that  he  had  never  been  in  Italy,  and  also  that 
he  was  doubtful  of  his  artistic  abilities,  and 
urged  him  most  strongly  to  become  a  painter. 
Thus  encouraged  he  devoted  himself  entirely 
to  drawing,  and  tried  his  hand  at  oil-painting. 
His  first  picture,  'Joseph  interpreting  the 
dreams  of  the  butler  and  baker  of  Pharaoh,' 
was  purchased  by  his  friend  Johnson  ;  it  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  Hon.  Henry  Dudley 
Ryder.  In  1769  he  started  with  Armstrong 
for  a  tour  in  Italy.  They  sailed  for  Leghorn, 
quarrelled  during  a  tedious  voyage,  and 
parted  upon  their  arrival.  Fuseli  (or  Fuzely), 
as  the  artist  now  called  himself  to  suit  the 
Italian  pronunciation,  proceeded  alone  to 
Rome,  where  he  arrived  on  9  Feb.  1770.  Here 
he  remained  eight  years,  studying  most  ener- 
getically the  works  of  the  great  masters,  and 
above  all  Michelangelo,  by  whose  great 
genius  he  was  influenced  to  an  exaggerated 
degree,  much  as  Spranger  and  Goltzius  had 
been,  though  he  was  fully  aware  of  their 
mistakes.  His  abilities  gained  him  many 
friends  and  numerous  commissions.  In  177-4 
there  appeared  at  the  Royal  Academy  exhi- 
bition a  drawing  of  '  The  death  of  Cardinal 
Beaufort,'  by  —  Fuseli  at  Rome ;  in  1775, 
at  the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Artists  at  j 
Exeter  Change, '  Hubert  yielding  to  the  en-  ! 
treaties  of  Prince  Arthur,'  by  Mr.  Fuseli  at  ' 
Rome ;  and  in  1777,  at  the  Royal  Academy,  \ 
'  A  Scene  in  Macbeth,'  by  —  Fusole  at  Rome.  j 
A  book  of  drawings  made  by  him  in  Rome  ' 
(preserved  in  the  print  room  at  the  British 
Museum)  contains  numerous  sketches,  em- 
bodying many  of  the  ideas  from  Milton, 
Dante,  and  Shakespeare,  which  he  afterwards 
worked  up  into  his  more  famous  pictures.  • 
He  visited  Venice,  Naples,  and  Pompeii,  and 
on  leaving  Rome  in  1778  returned  through 
Lombardy  to  Switzerland ;  here  he  revisited 
his  family  and  friends  at  Zurich,  remained  | 
there  six  months,  fell  in  love  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  suit,  and  painted  a  picture  of 
'  The  Confederacy  of  the  Founders  of  Hel- 


vetian Liberty '  for  his  native  town.  In  1779 
he  was  back  in  London,  and  lodging  at  100 
St.  Martin's  Lane  with  John  Cartwright 
[q.  v.],  a  fellow  student  with  him  at  Rome. 
Fuseli  renewed  his  intimacy  with  his  old 
friends  (including  Armstrong,  who  paid  him 
a  handsome  compliment  in  his  '  Art  of  Pre- 
serving Health,'  ii.  236),  and  made  several 
new  ones,  notably  William  Lock  [q.  v.]  of 
Norbury  and  his  son,  and  Dr.  Moore  [q.  v.], 
author  of  'Zeluco,'  with  whose  family  he  be- 
came on  terms  of  special  intimacy.  In  1780 
he  again  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
sending  '  Ezzelin  Bracciaferro  musing  over 
Meduna,  slain  by  him  for  disloyalty  during 
his  absence  in  the  Holy  Land'  (a  subject  of 
his  own  invention,  formerly  in  the  Angerstein 
Collection),  '  Satan  starting  from  the  touch 
of  Ithuriel's  spear,'  and '  Jason  appearing  be- 
fore Pelias.'  These  pictures  excited  much 
attention,  and  obtained  a  prominent  place  by 
the  direction  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  In 
1781  he  painted,  and  in  1782  exhibited,  hia 
picture  of  'The  Nightmare,' which  at  once 
took  the  popular  fancy,  and  insured  his  future 
success ;  he  painted  several  versions  of  it  (one 
is  in*the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Harrowby), 
and  numerous  engravings  were  made  from, 
them.  A  large  drawing  of  this  subject  is  in 
the  print  room  at  the  British  Museum.  In 
1781  his  father  died  at  Zurich,  and  in  the 
same  year  Fuseli  painted  an  interview  be- 
tween himself  and  his  aged  tutor,  Bodmer,. 
which  he  sent  to  Zurich.  In  1786  Alderman 
Boydell  [q.  v.]  started  his  scheme  of  a  Shake- 
speare gallery,  and  invited  Fuseli  to  con- 
tribute ;  such  a  scheme  had  occupied  Fuseli's 
mind  at  Rome  when  musing  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  as  is  shown  by  the  sketch-book  men- 
tioned above.  He  contributed  one  small  pic- 
ture and  eight  large,  including  '  Titania  and 
Bottom '  (now  in  the  National  Gallery), '  Mac- 
beth and  the  Witches,'  and  '  Hamlet  and  his 
Father's  Ghost ;'  the  last  filled  with  awe  the 
minds  of  the  spectators,  and,  though  extrava- 
gant in  its  execution,  possessed  real  power.  He- 
also  painted  some  pictures  for  Woodmason's 
'  Shakespeare.'  On  30  June  1788  Fuseli  mar- 
ried Sophia  Rawlins  of  Bath  Eastern,  near 
Bath,  who  is  stated  to  have  been  one  of  his 
models,  and  often  sat  to  him  after  marriage ; 
she  proved  an  affectionate  and  patient,  if  not 
very  intelligent,  wife,  to  whom  he  was  sin- 
cerely attached.  He  now  removed  to  72  Queen 
Anne  Street  East  (now  Foley  Street),  and, 
in  consequence  of  his  marriage,  overcame  his 
reluctance  to  be  connected  with  any  asso- 
ciated body  of  artists,  and  became  a  candi- 
date for  the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  elected 
associate  3  Nov.  1788,  and  academician. 
10  Feb.  1790,  beating  Bonomi  [q.  v.]  on  the 


Fuseli 


337 


Fuseli 


latter  occasion,  to  the  great  umbrage  of  Sir 
Joshua   Reynolds.     In   1790  Johnson,  the 
publisher,  issued  proposals  for  an  edition  of 
Milton's  poems,  similar  to  Boydell's  '  Shake- 
speare ; '  Cowper,  the  poet,  was  to  edit  the 
poems,  and  Fuseli  to  paint  a  series  of  pictures, 
to  be  engraved  by  Sharp,  Bartolozzi,  Blake, 
and  other  eminent  engravers.     Cowper's  in- 
sanity and  Boydell's  hostility  prevented  the 
completion  of  the  work,  but  Fuseli's  mind 
was  fired  by  the  enterprise,  and  he  conceived 
his '  Milton  Gallery.'    He  devoted  all  his  time 
to  painting  pictures  for  it,  and  on  20  May 
1799  opened  a  gallery  of  forty  pictures,  taken 
from  Milton's  poems,  at  the  rooms  lately 
vacated  by  the  Royal  Academy  in  Pall  Mall. 
It  attracted  considerable  attention,  but  it 
was  evident  that  the  fantastic  extravagance 
in  which  Fuseli's  strength  lay  was  unsuited 
to  the  stateliness  of  Milton's  poems.     The 
results  grievously  belied  his  expectations,  and 
he  closed  the  gallery  after  two  months ;  in 
the  following  year  he  re- opened  it  with  the 
addition  of  seven  new  pictures,  but  neither 
his  own  efforts  nor  those  of  his  friends  pro- 
duced satisfactory  results.     Among  the  best 
known  of  these  pictures  were  'The  Lazar 
House  '  (now  in  the  possession  of  Lord  North 
at  Wroxton  Abbey),  'Satan  calling  up  his 
Legions,'  'The  Bridging  of  Chaos,'  'Satan, 
Sin,  and  Death,' '  The  Night  Hag '  (of  which 
there  is  a  large  drawing  in  the  print  room  at 
the  British  Museum),  '  The  Deluge,'  '  Lyci- 
das  '  (several  versions  of  this  exist), '  Milton 
•dictating  to  his  daughters,'  &c.     In  1799 
Fuseli  succeeded  James  Barry,  R.A.  [q.  v.], 
as  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  March  1801  delivered  his  first  lec- 
tures.     In  December   1804    he   succeeded 
Hichard  Wilson,  R.A.  [q.  v.],  as  keeper,  and 
moved  from  Berners  Street,  where  he  was 
then  residing,  to  Somerset  House.  He  thereby 
vacated  his  professorship,  but  in  1810,  on 
Tresham's  resignation,   he   volunteered    to 
supply  the  vacancy  until  a  suitable  candidate 
could  be  found ;  the  Academy  then  re-elected 
Mm  to  the  post,  and  he  continued  to  hold 
the  joint  offices  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.     In  1802  he  visited  Paris  in  order  to 
study  the  marvellous  collection  of  works  of 
art  brought  together  by  Napoleon,  in  which 
he  found  ample  material  for  his  future  lec- 
tures.    The  rest  of  Fuseli's  life  was  mainly 
occupied  in  his  duties  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
in  which  he  took  an  unfailing  interest.     In 
1815,  through  the  agency  of  Canova,  a  warm 
admirer,  he  received  the  diploma  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  St.  Luke  at  Rome.     He  remained 
in  full  possession  of  all  his  faculties  up  to  the 
«nd ;  delivered  his  last  course  of  lectures  in 
1825  in  his  eighty-fourth  year ;  exhibited  two 

VOL.   XX. 


pictures  that  year  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
left  another  unfinished  on  his  easel.  On  Sun- 
day, 10  April  1825,  while  on  a  visit  at  Putney 
Hill  to  his  friend  the  Countess  of  Guilford 
(daughter  of  Mr.  Ooutts),  with  whom  and  her 
daughters  he  was  on  terms  of  great  intimacy, 
Fuseli  was  taken  ill,  and  died  on  Saturday, 
16  April.  His  body  was  removed  to  Somerset 
House,  and  on  25  April  was  buried  in  the 
crypt  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  between  the 
graves  of  Reynolds  and  Opie.  His  widow 
survived  him  for  some  years.  He  left  no 
children. 

Fuseli  was  below  middle  stature,  but  well 
proportioned.  His  forehead  was  high,  his 
nose  prominent  and  inclined  to  be  aquiline, 
his  eyes  of  a  bright  and  penetrating  blue  ;  his 
hair  was  blanched  at  an  early  age  by  a  fever 
in  Italy,  and  his  eyebrows  were  broad  and 
bushy.  He  was  always  careful  of  his  dress 
and  person,  and  was  an  abstemious  and  frugal 
liver,  as  well  as  an  early  riser.  He  would 
often  rise  at  dawn  to  go  out  into  the  country 
on  some  favourite  entomological  pursuit. 
Lavater,  in  his  'Physiognomy'  (ed.  1789), 
inserts  two  portraits  of  Fuseli,  one  in  early  life 
and  one  from  a  drawing  by  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence ;  his  reading  of  Fuseli's  character  from 
his  features  proved  very  accurate.  Fuseli's 
countenance  was  remarkably  expressive,  and 
he  showed  in  every  feature  and  gesture  the 
rapid  and  varying  impressions  of  his  mind, 
and  the  intensity  of  his  emotions.  Among 
other  portraits  of  Fuseli  are  a  profile  done  at 
Rome  by  J.  Northcote,  R.A.  (in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  J.  Carrick  Moore) ;  a  portrait  by 
Williamson  done  at  Liverpool ;  a  portrait  by 
J.  Opie,  R.A.  (who  also  painted  Mrs.  Fuseli), 
now  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery;  a 
miniature  by  Moses  Haughton,  by  some  con- 
sidered the  best  likeness  of  him ;  the  well- 
known  portrait  by  G.  II.  Harlowe,  so  fa- 
miliar from  engravings  ;  a  drawing  by  G.  S. 
Newton,  R.A. ;  a  sketch  by  Sir  George  Hay- 
ter  in  January  1812,  now  in  the  print  room 
at  the  British  Museum ;  and  a  drawing  by 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrenca  done  shortly  before 
his  death.  A  bust  was  executed  in  Rome  in 
1778,  another  is  at  Wroxton  Abbey,  and  two 
were  done  later  by  E.  H.  Baily,  R.A.,  one 
taken  after  death. 

As  a  painter  Fuseli  can  only  be  judged  by 
posterity  from  the  wrecks  of  his  great  pic- 
tures. He  suffered  throughout  from  not 
having  adopted  the  profession  until  late  in 
life,  and  his  industry  and  anatomical  studies 
at  Rome  never  compensated  for  his  lack  of 
early  and  methodical  training.  His  natural 
impetuosity  of  temperament  rendered  him 
incapable  of  paying  laborious  attention  to  the 
ordinary  technical  details  of  painting.  His 


Fuseli 


338 


Fuseli 


method  of  colouring  was  faulty  to  an  extreme, 
and  his  colour,  though  often  fine,  was  strange, 
gloomy,  and  frequently  unpleasing.  In  many 
of  his  pictures  the  lividness  of  his  flesh-tints 
has  heen  enhanced  by  the  uniform  blackness 
to  which  time  has  reduced  the  shadows. 
"Were  it  not  for  the  graver  of  Moses  Haugh- 
ton  [q.v.],  who  lodged  with  Fuseli  at  Somer- 
set House,  and  worked  under  his  personal 
direction,  John  Raphael  Smith,  J.  P.  Simon, 
and  others,  he  would  be  little  known.  His 
numerous  sketches  afford  a  better  insight  into 
his  art  than  his  completed  pictures,  in  which 
the  great  power  of  his  imagination  is  some- 
times obscured.  He  sometimes  indulged  in 
considerable  freedom  of  subject,  but  most  of 
these  sketches  were  destroyed.  After  his 
death  a  collection  of  eight  hundred  drawings 
by  Fuseli  were  purchased  from  his  widow  by 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  and  subsequently 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Countess  of 
Guilford,  but  are  now  dispersed.  While  en- 
deavouring to  tread  in  the  '  terribil  via '  of 
Michelangelo,  he  followed  the  precepts  of 
Lavater  in  expressing  by  attitude,  gesture, 
or  other  movements  of  the  limbs  or  features, 
the  passions  or  emotions  which  he  wished  to 
delineate  in  his  characters.  The  artist  most 
akin  to  him  was  William  Blake,  who  en- 
graved some  of  his  drawings  ;  Blake  owed 
a  great  deal  to  the  friendship  of  Fuseli,  and 
both  entertained  a  mutual  esteem  and  affec- 
tion for  each  other,  with  undoubted  advan- 
tage on  both  sides.  Among  the  pictures 
painted  by  Fuseli,  in  addition  to  his '  Milton ' 
and  'Shakespeare'  productions,  were  'Per- 
ceval delivering  Belisane  from  the  enchant- 
ment of  Urma,'  '  OEdipus  and  his  daughters ' 
(now  in  the  Walker  Art  Gallery  at  Liver- 
pool), '  Paolo  and  Francesca  de  Rimini,' 
'  Ugolino  in  the  Torre  della  Fame,'  '  Dion 
seeing  a  Female  Spectre  overturn  his  Altars 
and  sweep  his  Hall,' '  Psyche  pursued  by  the 
Fates '  (at  Wroxton  Abbey),  '  Queen  Mab ' 
(in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Harrowby), 
'  Ariadne,  Theseus,  and  the  Minotaur,' '  Wil- 
liam Tell  leaping  ashore '  (notorious  for  its 
exaggerated  limbs),  '  Caractacus  at  Rome,' 
'  The  Spirit  of  Plato  appearing  to  a  Student,' 
'  Caesar's  Ghost  appearing  to  Brutus,'  '  Her- 
cules attacking  Pluto,' '  Christ  and  his  dis- 
ciples at  Emmaus'  (now  in  the  possession*  of 
Lord  North  at  Kirtling  Tower,  Newmarket), 
scenes  from  the  Nibelungenlied,  &c.  Most  of 
these  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
to  which  he  contributed  sixty-nine  pictures 
in  all ;  many  have  perished  from  natural 
decay  or  unmerited  neglect.  He  published 
a  few  etchings,  notably  one  of  'Fortune,'  of 
which  the  original  drawing  is  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  experimented  in  lithography. 


He  provided  numerous  illustrations  to  the 
small  editions  of  the  poets  and  classics,  Bell's 
'  Theatre,'  and  other  similar  works  then  in 
vogue.  The  title  of  '  Principal  Hobgoblin- 
Painter  to  the  Devil,'  humorously  conferred 
on  him,  was  neither  undeserved  nor  resented 
by  him. 

As  a  teacher  Fuseli  was  popular  among 
his  pupils,  in  spite  of  his  eccentricities;  he 
was  also  successful  in  his  method,  which 
seems  to  have  consisted  in  inspiring  his  pupils 
with  the  desire  to  learn,  rather  than  in  giving1 
them  actual  technical  instruction,  according 
to  a  favourite  precept  of  his,  that  time  and 
not  the  teacher  makes  an  artist.  Haydon, 
in  whom  Fuseli  took  great  interest,  Leslie, 
Etty,  Mulready,  and  others  have  testified  to 
his  beneficial  influence  (see  Builder,  1864,  p. 
4,  for  a  similar  tribute  from  a  lady  pupil). 
As  an  author  Fuseli  has  hardly  been  esteemed 
as  much  as  he  deserves  ;  he  was  a  large  con- 
tributor to  the  periodical  literature  of  his  day, 
especially  to  the  'Analytical  Review;'  he 
made  numerous  translations  of  works  for 
Johnson  and  other  publishers,  and  later  in  life 
few  works  on  art  of  any  importance  were 
issued  without  a  preliminary  '  imprimatur ' 
from  Fuseli's  pen,  e.g.  Blake's  illustrations  to 
Blair's '  Grave.'  He  revised  Dr.Hunter's  trans- 
lation of  Lavater's  '  Physiognomy  ; '  greatly 
assisted  Cowper  in  his  translation  of  Homer's 
'  Iliad  ; '  and  himself  translated  Lavater's 
'  Aphorisms  on  Man.'  He  also  made  a  col- 
lection of  '  Aphorisms  on  Art '  of  his  own. 
composition,  which  were  published  after  his 
death,  and  are  worth  perusing.  His  lectures, 
especially  the  first  three,  which  were  pub- 
lished separately  in  1801,  show  a  wealth  of 
learning  and  erudition  unusual  in  an  artist. 
His  style,  though  often  grandiose  to  absur- 
dity, was  in  the  fashion  of  the  time.  He  in- 
dulged the  family  passion  for  lexicography 
by  editing  and  re-editing  Pilkington's  '  Dic- 
tionary of  Painters,'  and  by  assisting  his 
cousin  in  completing  his  uncle  Rudolfs  'All- 
gemeines  Kiinstler-Lexicon.'  His  devotion, 
to  the  family  science  of  entomology  lasted 
through  life,  and  is  often  evident  in  his  pic- 
tures. Fuseli  became  one  of  the  leadir 
figures  in  London  society,  and  was  esteemed 
as  much  for  his  literary  as  for  his  artistic 
powers ;  he  was  an  indispensable  guest  at 
Johnson  the  publisher's  dinner-table,  the  re- 
sort of  the  leading  radical  celebrities  of  the 
day,  and  the  circle  was  not  complete  without 
Fuseli's  caustic  wit  and  brilliant  epigram. 
He  was  fearless  in  avowing  his  opinions,  and 
when  Johnson  was  imprisoned  by  the  govern- 
ment for  alleged  sedition,  he  continued  to 
visit  him  in  prison  as  before.  He  made  few 
enemies,  and  his  freedom  of  speech  and  criti- 


Fust 


339 


Fust 


cism,  like  other  failings,  became  almost  privi- 
leged. 

With  ladies  Fuseli  was  a  great  favourite, 
and  they  thoroughly  indulged  his  vanity  and 
worshipped  his  genius.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  they  ever  stirred  any  feelings  within 
him  other  than  those  of  deep  and  sincere 
friendship.  Of  female  beauty  he  had  little 
appreciation,  a  fault  conspicuous  in  his  pic- 
tures. In  early  life  he  had  a  passing  flir- 
tation with  Mary  Moser,  afterwards  Mrs. 
.Lloyd  [q.v.],  and  with  Angelica  Kauffmann, 
R.A.  [q.  v.],  for  whom  he  always  entertained 
feelings  of  respect  and  admiration.  Later  his 
domestic  happiness  was  endangered  by  the 
apparent  attempts  of  Mary  Wollstonecraft, 
afterwards  Mrs.  Godwin  [q.  v.],  to  win  his 
affections,  in  which  affair  Fuseli  seems  to  have 
been  not  wholly  free  from  blame,  although 
he  never  showed  or  entertained  any  genuine 
affection  for  her.  His  numerous  accomplish- 
ments and  personal  qualities  fully  entitled 
him  to  the  influential  position  which  he  occu- 
pied. Anecdotes  of  his  wit,  eccentricities, 
and  other  peculiarities  are  innumerable.  He 
was,  as  might  be  expected,  devoted  to  the 
theatre,  especially  when  Shakespeare  was 
being  played. 

[Knowles's  Life  and  Writings  of  Henry  Fuseli ; 
Allan  Cunningham's  Lives  of  British  Painters  ; 
Kedgraves'  Century  of  Painters;  Art  Journal, 
1860,  1861;  Portfolio,  iv.  50;  J.  T.  Smith's 
Nollekens  and  his  Times,  vol.  ii. ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1825,  xcv.  568 ;  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (9th 
ed.);  Nouvelle  Biographie  Gcnerale ;  Fuessli's 
AUgemeines  Kunstler-Lexicon;  Nagler's  Kunst- 
ler-Lexicon ;  Seubert's  AUgemeines  Kunstler- 
Lexicon  ;  Builder,  1864,  pp.  4,  22 ;  manuscript 
additions  by  J.  H.  Anderdon  to  illustrated  Royal 
Academy  Catalogues  in  the  print  room,  British 
Museum  ;  private  information.]  L.  C. 

FUST,  SIR  HERBERT  JENNER-(1778- 
1852),  dean  of  the  arches,  second  son  of 
Robert  Jenner  of  Doctors'  Commons,  proc- 
tor, and  of  Chislehurst,  Kent,  by  his  second 
wife,  Ann,  eldest  daughter  of  Peter  Birt  of 
Wenvoe  Castle,  Glamorganshire,  was  born 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Gregory,  near  St.  Paul's, 
in  the  city  of  London,  on  4  Feb.  1778.  He 
was  educated  under  Dr.  Valpy  at  Reading 
and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  LL.B.  in  1798,  and  LL.D.in  1803. 
Having  chosen  the  law  for  his  profession,  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn  27  Nov. 
1800,  admitted  an  advocate  in  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal and  admiralty  courts,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
College  of  Doctors  of  Law  8  July  1803.  On 
28  Feb.  1828  he  was  appointed  king's  advo- 
cate-general, and  knighted  on  the  same  day 
at  St.  James's  Palace  by  George  IV.  He 
became  vicar-general  to  the  Archbishop  of 


Canterbury  in  1832,  but  resigned  that  place 
and  the  office  of  advocate-general  21  Oct. 
1834,  on  his  appointment  as  official  principal 
of  the  arches  and  judge  of  prerogative  court 
of  Canterbury.  On  the  29th  of  the  same  month 
his  name  was  added  to  the  list  of  privy  coun- 
cillors. He  assumed  the  additional  surname 
of  Fust  14  Jan.  1842  on  succeeding  to  Hill 
Court,  Gloucestershire,  and  Capenor  Court, 
Somersetshire,  which  had  belonged  to  his  de- 
ceased cousin,  Sir  John  Fust.  The  fellows  of 
Trinity  Hall  elected  him  master  in  February 
1843  ;  but  he  never  resided  there,  although 
he  held  this  appointment,  in  conjunction 
with  the  deanery  of  the  arches,  to  his  decease. 
His  name  came  very  prominently  before  the 
public  in  the  case  of  Gorham  v.  the  Bishop  of 
Exeter.  In  this  case,  which  lasted  three  years, 
1847-50,  the  bishop,  charging  Gorham  with 
heresy,  refused  to  institute  him  to  the  vicarage 
of  Brampford  Speke,  Devonshire.  In  the  end 
Gorham  was  instituted  on  7  Aug.  1850,  under 
an  order  made  by  the  dean  of  the  arches. 
Fust'sdecree  of  2  Aug.  1849  in  this  matter  was 
the  subject  of  much  discussion,  and  led  to  the 
publication  of  upwards  of  eighty  pamphlets. 
In  his  latter  days  he  became  so  infirm  that 
he  had  to  be  carried  in  and  out  of  his  court 
by  two  footmen.  He  was  a  great  autho- 
rity on  international  law,  on  which  subject 
he  was  frequently  consulted  by  the  chief 
politicians  of  his  time. 

Jenner-Fust  died  at  1  Chesterfield  Street, 
Mayfair,  London,  20  Feb.  1852,  and  was 
buried  in  the  family  vault  at  St.  Nicholas, 
Chislehurst,  Kent,  on  26  Feb.  He  married 
14  Sept.  1803  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lieu- 
tenant-general Francis  Lascelles.  She  was 
born  30  March  1784,  and  died  at  Chislehurst 
29  July  1828.  The  names  of  Fust  and  of 
Jenner-Fust  are  found  in  print  in  connection 
with  the  following  cases :  1.  '  A  Letter  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  Refutation  of 
Opinions  delivered  in  the  case  of  Breeks  v. 
Woolfrey  respecting  Praying  for  the  Dead,' 
1839.  2.  '  The  Indeterminateness  of  Un- 
authorised Baptism  occasioned  by  the  De- 
cision in  the  case  of  Mastin  v.  Escott,'  1841. 
3.  '  Report  of  the  Trial  of  Doe  on  the  demise 
of  H.  F.  Bather,  plaintiff,  and  Brayne  and 
J.  Edwards,  defendants,  with  reference  to 
the  will  of  W.  Brayne,'  1848.  4.  « Notices 
of  the  late  Judgment  in  the  case  of  Gorham 
v.  the  Bishop  of  Exeter;  by  J.  King,'  1849. 
5.  '  The  Sacrament  of  Baptism  considered  in 
reference  to  the  Judgment  of  Sir  H.  Jenner- 
Fust  ;  by  H.  Phillpotts,  Bishop  of  Exeter,' 
1849.  6.  '  Gorham,  clerk,  against  the  Bishop 
of  Exeter;  the  Judgment  delivered  in  the 
Arches  Court,'  1849.  7.  '  Review  of  the 
Judgment  in  the  case  of  Gorham  v.  the 

z2 


Fych 


340 


Fyfe 


Bishop  of  Exeter;  by  the  Editor  of  the 
"Christian  Observer,"  i.e.  William  Goode, 
jun.,'1850.  8.  '  A  Medical  Man,  Dr.  S.  Ash- 
well,  obtains  a  Will  from  a  sick  Lady  during 
the  absence  of  her  Husband,  whom  he  deprives 
of  25,000/.  Judgment  of  Sir  H.  Jenner-Fust,' 
1850.  9.  '  Judgment  in  the  Prerogative 
Court  in  the  cause  Cursham  v.  Williams  and 
Chouler,'  1851.  Jenner-Fust's  portrait  by 
F.  Y.  Hurlstone  was  engraved  by  William 
Walker  in  1835. 

[Gent.  Mag.  April  1852,  p.  408;  Law  Times 
(1852),xviii.216;  Christian  Observer, December, 
1849,  pp.  809-56,  and  October,  1850,  pp.  698- 
713  ;  Thornbury's  Old  and  New  London,  i.  288, 
292.]  G.  C.  B. 

FYCH  or  FYCHE,  THOMAS  (d.  1517), 

ecclesiastic.     [See  FJCH.] 

FYFE,  ANDRE  W,  the  elder  (1754-1824), 
anatomist,  was  born  in  1754,  probably  at 
Corstorphine,  near  Edinburgh,  where  his 
father  lived.  He  was  appointed  '  dissector ' 
to  Monro  secundus,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  Edinburgh  University,  in  1777  (Medical 
Commentaries,  iv.  242),  having  two  years 
previously  been  awarded  '  the  annual  prize 
medal  given  by  the  commissioners  for  im- 
provements in  Scotland,  for  the  best  drawing 
in  the  academy  which  they  have  established 
at  Edinburgh.'  For  about  forty  years  he 
superintended  the  dissections  and  gave  de- 
monstrations in  the  anatomical  school  under 
the  second  and  third  Monros.  Sir  Astley 
Cooper,  who  attended  his  demonstrations  in 
1787-8,  says  (Life,  i.  172)  :  '  I  learned  much 
from  him.  He  was  a  horrid  lecturer,  but  an 
industrious,  worthy  man,  and  good  practical 
anatomist.  His  lecture  was,  "  I  say — eh,  eh, 
eh,  gentlemen ;  eh,  eh,  eh,  gentlemen — I  say, 
etc. ; "  whilst  the  tallow  from  a  naked  candle 
he  held  in  his  hand  ran  over  the  back  of  it 
and  over  his  clothes :  but  his  drawings  and 
depictions  were  well  made  and  very  useful.' 
Mr.  Bransby  Cooper,  who  attended  Fyfe  in 
1815-16,  says :  '  Mr.  Fyfe  was  a  tall  thin  man, 
and  one  of  the  most  ungainly  lecturers  I  ever 
knew.  He  had  been  assistant  to  Dr.  Monro,' 
implying  that  he  was  now  no  longer  assis- 
tant but  lectured  on  his  own  account.  It  is 
doubtful  when  his  assistancy  ceased,  but  it 
is  pretty  certain  that  he  lectured  and  taught 
anatomy  somewhere  in  the  Horse  Wynd. 
He  was  entered  as  fellow  of  the  Edinburgh 
College  of  Surgeons,  23  Oct.  1818,  a  few 
weeks  before  the  entry  of  his  son  Andrew. 
He  was  a  great  writer  of  text-books,  which 
are  as  dry  as  his  lectures,  but,  being  associated 
with  and  adapted  to  the  university  plan  of 
teaching,  they  had  a  large  sale.  To  the  last 
his  books  were  dated  from  the '  college,'  that 


is  the  university.  The  seventh  edition  of 
his  '  Compendium,'  1819,  bears  on  the  title- 
page  after  his  name  '  teacher  of  anatomy, 
and  many  years  assistant  in  the  anatomical 
theatre,  university  of  Edinburgh ; '  while  the 

I  fourth  edition  of  his  '  System,'  1820,  states 
that  he  was  '  still  conservator  to  the  museum 
of  the  university.'  It  appears  that  his  lec- 
tures at  last  failed  to  be  remunerative,  and 
that  in  his  latter  years  he  devoted  himself 
to  his  text-books  and  engravings.  He  died 
on  31  March  1824.  He  had  nine  children, 
of  whom  three  died  in  infancy.  Four  sons 
entered  the  medical  profession.  Fyfe's  works 
are:  1.  'A  System  of  Anatomy  from  Monro, 
Winslow,  Innes,'  &c.  2  vols.  1784,  2nd  edit. 
1787  (edited  by  A.  F.),  with  the  addition  of 

,  Physiology  based  on  Haller  and  others,  and 

i  the '  Comparative  Anatomy '  of  Monro  primus. 
2.  '  A  Compendium  of  the  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Body,'  2  vols.  1800 ;  8th  edit.  4  vols. 
1823,  entitled  'A  Compendium  of  Anatomy, 
Human  and  Comparative,' the  fourth  volume 
dealing  with  comparative  anatomy,  based 
chiefly  on  Cuvier  and  Blumenbach ;  9th  edit. 
1826  ;  a  3rd  American  edit,  in  2  vols.  was 
published  at  Philadelphia  in  1810.  3.  '  A 
System  of  Anatomy'  (first  edition  also  called 

I  '  Compendium'),  chiefly  consisting  of  plates 
and  explanatory  references,  Edinburgh,  1800, 

!  3  vols.  quarto,  containing  160  plates  and  700 
figures ;  4th  edit.  1820.  4.  '  Views  of  the 
Bones,  Muscles,  Viscera,  and  Organs  of  the 
Senses,'  copied  from  the  most  celebrated 

''  authors,  together  with  several  additions  from 
nature,  23  plates,  folio,  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don, 1800.  5.  '  Outlines  of  Comparative 
Anatomy,'  1813 ;  later  edit.  1823,  entitled 
'  A  Compendium  of  Comparative  Anatomv.' 
6.  '  On  Crural  Hernia,'  1818.  In  1830  the 
plates  to  illustrate  the  '  Anatomy  of  the  Hu- 
man Body'  (158  plates,  4to),  and  an  octavo 
volume  oif '  Descriptions  of  the  Plates,'  were 
posthumously  issued. 

Fyfe's  eldest  son,  ANDREW  FTFE  (1792- 
1861),  was  born  18  Jan.  1792,  graduated  M.D. 
at  Edinburgh  in  1814,  and  became  fellow  of 
the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons  in  1818, 
and  president  in  1842-3.  He  lectured  pri- 
vately on  chemistry  and  pharmacy  at  Edin- 
burgh for  many  years,  having  been  assistant 
to  Professor  Hope.  He  published  in  1827 
'  Elements  of  Chemistry,'  2  vols.,  a  full  and 
well-digested  work ;  3rd  edit.  1833.  He  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  in  1832  for  the 
chair  of  materia  medica  at  Edinburgh,  but  in 
1844  became  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  and  retained  his  pro- 
fessorship till  his  death  on  31  Dec.  1861  at 
Edinburgh,  though  for  some  years  his  lectures 
were  given  by  a  deputy.  His  knowledge  of 


Fyfe 


341 


Fynch 


inflammable  substances  was  great,  and  lie 
often  gave  evidence  in  official  inquiries  on 
such  subjects.  He  was  much  esteemed  both 
by  his  students  and  in  private  life.  He  was 
twice  married ;  his  son,  also  named  Andrew 
Fyfe,  is  a  London  physician. 

[Struthers's  Historical  Sketch  of  Edinburgh 
Anatomical  School,  1867,  pp.  74-6;  Life  of  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  i.  166, 172;  Life  of  Sir  E.  Christi- 
son,  i.  68 ;  Aberdeen  Journal,  8  Jan.  1862  ; 
information  from  Dr.  Andrew  Fyfe,  London.] 

Gr.  T.  B. 

FYFE,  WILLIAM  BAXTER  COL- 
LIER (1886P-1882),  painter,  was  born  at 
Dundee  about  1836,  and  brought  up  in  the 
neighbouring  village  of  Carnoustie.  Although 
the  Scottish  prejudices  of  his  father's  house- 
hold were  unpropitious  to  art,  friends  enabled 
him  to  become  a  student  of  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy  when  only  fifteen.  Here  his 
crayon  portraits  won  prizes,  and  were  highly 
praised.  He  afterwards  studied  at  Paris 
during  parts  of  1857  and  1858.  His  first  pic- 
ture of  importance,  '  Queen  Mary  resigning 
her  Crown  at  Loch  Leven  Castle,'  appeared 
at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1861.  In 
1863,  after  having  passed  a  year  among  the 
art  treasures  of  France,  Italy,  and  Belgium, 
he  settled  in  London  and  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  portraiture,  which  he  varied  with 
landscapes  and  fancy  subjects,  but  his  sum- 
mers were  often  spent  in  Scotland.  His  pic- 
tures of '  The  Death  of  John  Brown  of  Priest- 
hill  '  and  '  Jeanie  Deans  and  the  Laird  o' 
Dumbiedykes '  attracted  much  notice,  and  in 
1866  he  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy. In  1868  and  1869  he  painted  '  The 
Wood  Merchant,'  'The  "Scotsman,"  Sir?' 
'  The  Mower  Girl,' '  The  Orange  Girl,' '  Mar- 
keting,' and  'A  Girl  of  the  Period,'  the  last 
of  which  became  very  popular.  These  were 
followed  during  the  next  four  years  by  '  The 
Young  Cavalier,'  'The  Page,' '  On  Household 
Cares  intent,' '  The  Maid  of  Honour,'  '  Bide  a 
wee,'  and  '  What  can  a  young  Lassie  doe  wi' 
an  auld  Man?'  several  of  which  were  en- 
graved in  theillustratednewspapersofEurope 
and  America,  and  even  of  Asia.  About  1874 
Fyfe  again  visited  Italy,  and  painted  several 
Italian  subjects.  His  best-known  works  of 
later  date  were  'A  Good  Catholic,'  'Wan- 
dering Minstrels,"  The  Love  Letter,"  A  Quiet 
Christmas,'  'The  Fisherman's  Daughter,'  'A 
Chelsea  Pensioner,'  and  '  The  Raid  of  Ruth- 
ven,'  his  most  important  historical  picture, 
which  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1878,  and  afterwards  at  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy.  His  last  works  were  '  Hide  and 
Seek,'  'A  Fisher  Girl,' and  'Nellie.'  Among 
his  portraits  some  of  the  most  important  were 
those  of  the  Earl  and  Countess  of  DufFerin, 


Lord  Houghton,  Sir  David  and  Lady  Baxter, 
Alderman  Sir  William  M' Arthur,  and  Dr. 
Lorimer,  first  principal  of  the  London  Pres- 
byterian College.  His  own  portrait  was  one 
of  his  latest  works. 

Fyfe  died  suddenly  at  Abbey  Road,  St. 
John's  Wood,  London,  on  15  Sept.  1882,  in 
the  forty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  was 
buried  in  Willesden  cemetery. 

[Times,  18  Sept.  1882  ;  Architect,  23  Sept. 
1882  ;  Illustrated  London  News,  30  Sept.  1882, 
with  portrait ;  Koyal  Academy  Exhibition  Cata- 
logues, 1866-82.]  R.  E.  G. 

FYNCH  or  FINCH,  MARTIN  (1628  ?- 
1698),  ejected  minister,  was  born  about  1628, 
and  entered  the  ministry  about  1648.  His 
maiden  effort  as  an  author  was  a  criticism 
(1656)  of  the  mystical  theology  of  Sir  Henry 
Vane.  He  was  ejected  from  the  vicarage 
of  Tetney,  Lincolnshire,  by  the  uniformity 
act  of  1662.  In  1668  we  find  him  in  Nor- 
wich, where  he  acted  as  one  of  three  '  heads 
and  teachers '  of  a  congregation  of  three 
hundred  independents,  who  met  for  wor- 
ship in  the  house  of  John  Tofts,  a  grocer, 
in  St.  Clement's  parish.  On  the  issuing 
of  the  indulgence  of  1672,  Fynch  took  out 
a  license  to  preach  in  the  house  of  Nicho- 
las Withers,  in  St.  Clement's.  He  became 
pastor  of  the  independent  congregation  in 
succession  to  John  Cromwell  (d.  April  1685). 
Their  meeting-place  was  the  west  granary  in 
St.  Andrew's  parish.  Fynch  removed  his 
flock  to  a  brewhouse  in  St.  Edmund's  parish, 
which  he  fitted  up  as  a  meeting-house ;  and 
after  the  passing  of  the  Toleration  Act  (1689) 
he  secured  a  site  in  St.  Clement's  parish, being 
'  part  of  the  Friars'  great  garden,'  on  which 
a  handsome  building  was  erected  (finished 
1693),  originally  known  as  the  '  New  Meet- 
ing,' but  since  1756  called  the  '  Old  Meeting.' 
John  Stackhouse  was  Fynch's  colleague  from 
about  1691. 

With  the  presbyterian  minister  at  Nor- 
wich, John  Collinges,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  who  died 
18  Jan.  1691,  Fynch  was  in  close  relations, 
both  personal  and  ecclesiastical.  In  accord- 
ance with  the  terms  of  the  '  happy  union ' 
(mooted  in  1690),  these  divines  agreed  to 
discard  the  dividing  names  '  presbyterian ' 
and  '  independent '  and  co-operate  simply 
as  dissenters.  Fynch  preached  Collinges's 
funeral  sermon,  and  defended  his  memory  in 
reply  to  a  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Grantham 
(1634-1692)  [q.  v.l 

Fynch  suffered  from  failing  eyesight,  and 
was  a  victim  to  calculus,  a  malady  prevalent 
in  Norfolk.  He  died  on  13  Feb.  1697  (i.e. 
1698),  and  was  buried  in  the  graveyard  on 
the  north  side  of  his  meeting-house,  imme- 


Fynes-Clinton 


342 


Fyneux 


diately  behind  the  pulpit.  The  epitaph  on 
his  flat  tombstone  is  the  main  authority  for 
the  dates  of  his  biography.  After  his  death 
there  was  a  rupture  in  his  congregation,  which 
lasted  for  twenty  years. 

He  published :  1.  '  Animadversions  upon 
Sir  Henry  Vane's  .  .  .  The  Retired  Man's 
Meditations,'  &c.,  1656, 12mo.  2.  '  A  Manual 
of  Practical  Divinity,'  &c.,  1658,  8vo.  3.  « A 
Treatise  of  the  Conversion  of  Sinners,'  &c., 
1680,  8vo.  4.  '  An  Answer  to  Mr.  Thomas 
Grantham's  .  .  .  Dialogue  between  the  Bap- 
tist and  the  Presbyterian,'  &c.,  1691,  8vo. 
5.  '  A  Funeral  Sermon  for  ...  John  Col- 
linges,  D.D.,'  &c.,  1695,  4to. 

[Calamy's  Account,  1713,  p.  448;  Continua- 
tion, 1727,  ii.  601 ;  Palmer's  Nonconf.  Memorial, 
1802,  ii.  434  (a  note  by  J.  0.,  i.e.  Job  Orton, 
erroneously  connects  him  -with  Peter,  son  of 
Henry  Finch  (1633-1704)  [q.v.]) ;  Browne's  Hist. 
Congr.  Norf.  and  Suff.  1877,  pp.  260,  265  sq., 
557  sq. ;  Fynch's  Answer  to  Grantham.j  A.  Gr. 

FYNES-CLINTON.     [See  CLINTON.] 

FYNEUX  or  FINEUX,  SIB  JOHN 
(1441  P-1526),  judge,  was  the  son  of  William 
Fyneux  of  Swingfield,  Kent,  his  mother's 
name  being  Monyngs.  The  family  of  Fyneux 
or  Fineux  (sometimes  also  written  Finiox  or 
Fineaux)  was  of  great  antiquity  in  Kent. 
The  judge  is  said  by  Fuller,  on  the  authority 
of  one  of  his  descendants,  a  certain  Thomas 
Fyneux,  to  have  begun  the  study  of  law  at 
the  age  of  twenty-eight,  to  have  practised  at 
the  bar  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  to  have 
sat  on  the  bench  for  the  same  period.  As 
he  died  not  earlier  than  1526,  he  must,  if 
Fuller's  statements  are  correct,  have  been 
born  about  1441.  He  was  a  member  of  Gray's 
Inn  and  a  reader  there,  though  the  dates  of 
his  admission,  call,  and  reading  are  alike  un- 
certain (DouTHWAiTE,  Gray's  Inn,  p.  46). 
He  was  appointed  in  1474  one  of  the  com- 
missioners lor  administering  the  marsh  lands 
lying  between  Tenterden  and  Lydd,  and  in 
1476  seneschal  of  the  manors  of  the  prior  and 
chapter  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury.  This 
is  probably  the  origin  of  David  Lloyd's  state- 
ment that  he  '  was  steward  of  129  manors  at 
once '  (  Christ  Church  Letters,  Camden  Soc.  p. 
95).  On  20  Nov.  1485  he  was  caUed  to  the 
degree  of  serjeant-at-law,  his  motto  for  the 
occasion  being  '  Quisque  suae  fortunse  faber.' 
This  is  the  earliest  recorded  instance  of  a  m  otto 
being  assumed  by  a  serjeant  on  occasion  of  his 
call.  In  1486  he  was  sworn  of  the  council. 
On  18  May  1488  he  was  appointed  steward  of 
Dover  Castle,  on  10  May  1489  he  received 
a  commission  of  justice  of  assize  for  Norfolk, 
and  on  14  Aug.  following  he  was  appointed 
king's  serjeant  (DUGDALE,  Chron.  Ser.  p.  75; 


POLYDORE  VERGIL,  xxvi.  ad  init. ;  Materials 
.  .  .  Hen.  VII,  Rolls  Ser.  ii.  311,  448,  475). 
Lloyd  says  that  he  opposed  the  subsidy  of  a 
tithe  of  rents  and  goods  demanded  for  the 
expenses  of  the  war  in  Brittany.  This  must 
have  been  in  1488-9  (Rot.  Parl.  vi.  421; 
BACON,  Literary  Works,  ed.  Spedding,  i.  88). 
On  11  Feb.  1493-4  he  was  raised  to  the  bench 
as  a  puisne  j  udge  of  the  common  pleas,  whence 
on  24  Nov.  1495  he  was  transferred  to  the 
chief-justiceship  of  the  king's  bench.  He 
was  one  of  the  triers  of  petitions  in  the  par- 
liament of  1496,  and  the  same  year  was  joined 
with  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York 
and  certain  other  peers  as  feoffee  of  certain 
manors  in  Staffordshire,  Berkshire,  Wiltshire, 
Kent,  and  Leicestershire  to  the  use  of  the 
king.  He  was  one  of  the  executors  of  the 
will  of  Cardinal  Morton,  who  died  in  1500. 
In  1503  he  was  again  a  trier  of  petitions  in 
parliament,  and  was  enfeoffed  of  certain  other 
manors  to  the  uses  of  the  king's  will.  In  the 
act  of  parliament  declaring  the  feoffment  he 
is  for  the  first  time  designated  '  knight.'  In 
1509  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  executors 
of  the  king's  will  (DTJGDALE,  Chron.  Ser.  p. 
74 ;  Hot.  Parl.  vi.  509  b,  510,  521  a,  538  b ; 
NICOLAS,  Testamenta  Vetusta,  p.  35).  He 
was  also  a  trier  of  petitions  in  the  parliament 
of  1515.  In  1512  an  act  had  been  passed 
depriving  all  murderers  and  felons  not  in 
holy  orders  of  benefit  of  clergy.  This  act, 
though  its  duration  was  limited  to  a  single 
year,  was  vehemently  denounced  by  Richard 
Kidderminster,  abbot  of  Winchcombe,  in  a 
sermon  preached  at  Paul's  Cross  in  1505,  as 
altogether  contrary  to  the  law  of  God  and 
the  liberties  of  the  church.  The  defence  of 
the  act  was  undertaken  by  Standish,  warden 
of  the  Friars  Minors.  The  general  question 
of  the  amenability  of  the  clergy  to  the  tem- 
poral courts  was  thus  raised  and  hotly  de- 
bated, the  controversy  being  further  exas- 
perated by  a  murder  committed  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Bishop  of  London  on  one  Hunne, 
who  had  rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  the 
clergy.  The  ferment  of  the  public  mind 
being  general  and  extreme,  the  judges  and 
the  council  were  assembled  by  order  of  the 
king  first  at  Blackfriars  and  subsequently 
at  Baynard  Castle,  for  a  solemn  conference 
upon  the  entire  question.  On  the  latter  oc- 
casion a  very  dramatic  incident  occurred 
in  which  Fyneux  played  a  principal  part. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  debate  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  cited  the  authority 
of  '  divers  holy  fathers '  against  the  preten- 
sions of  the  temporal  courts  to  try  cleri- 
cal offenders  ;  to  which  Fyneux  replied  that 
'  the  arraignment  of  clerks  had  been  main- 
tained by  divers  holy  kings,  and  sundry  good 


Fyneux 


343 


Fyneux 


holy  fathers  of  the  church  had  been  obedi- 
ent and  content  with  the  practice  of  the  law 
on  this  point ;  which  it  was  not  to  be  pre- 
sumed they  would  have  been  if  they  had 
believed  or  supposed  that  it  was  altogether 
contrary  to  the  law  of  God ;  on  the  other 
hand  they  [the  clergy]  had  no  authority  by 
their  law  to  arraign  any  one  of  felony.'  The 
archbishop  having  interposed  that  they  had 
sufficient  authority,  but  without  sayingwhen 
or  whence  they  derived  it,  Fyneux  continued 
that  '  in  the  event  of  a  clerk  being  arrested 
by  the  secular  power  and  then  committed 
to  the  spiritual  court  at  the  instance  of  the 
clergy,  the  spiritual  court  had  no  jurisdic- 
tion to  decide  the  case,  but  had  only  power 
to  do  with  him  according  to  the  intention 
and  purpose  for  which  he  had  been  remitted 
to  them.'  To  this,  the  archbishop  making  no 
reply,  the  king  said :  '  By  the  ordinance  and 
sufferance  of  God  .  .  .  we  intend  to  maintain 
the  right  of  our  crown,  and  of  our  tem- 
poral jurisdiction,  as  well  in  this  point  as  in 
all  other  points,  in  as  ample  a  manner  as 
any  of  our  progenitors  have  done  before  our 
time ;  and  as  for  your  decrees,  we  are  well 
assured  that  you  of  the  spirituality  your- 
selves act  expressly  against  the  tenor  of  them, 
as  has  been  well  shown  to  you  by  some  of 
our  spiritual  council,  wherefore  we  will  not 
comply  with  your  desires  more  than  our  pro- 
genitors in  times  past  have  done.'  Shortly 
after  this  emphatic  declaration,  the  assembly 
was  dissolved.  Fyneux's  statement  of  the 
law  on  this  occasion  was  referred  to  by  Lord- 
chancellor  Ellesmere  in  the  case  of  the  post- 
nati  in  1608  as  a  precedent  in  favour  of  the 
authority  of  the  extra-judicial  opinions  of 
iudges  then  beginning  to  be  seriously  im- 
pugned (Letters  and  Papers  Henry  VIII,  For. 
and  Dom.  vol.  ii.  pt.  i.  42;  BtTRNET,  Refor- 
mation, i.  34 ;  KEILWAY,  Reports  (Croke), 
185 ;  COBBETT,  State  Trials,  ii.  666;  BREWER, 
Reign  of  Henry  VIII,  i.  250).  In  1522 
Fyneux  -was  elected  into  the  fraternity  of 
the  Augustinian  Eremites  of  Canterbury 
(Christ C%MrcAZetfe;-s,Camd.Soc.95).  There 
is  evidence  that  he  was  living  on  5  Feb. 
1526-7 ;  but  he  probably  died  or  retired  in 
that  year  (Proceedings  and  Ordinances  of  the 


Privy  Council,  vii.  338  ;  Letters  and  Papers 
Henry  VIII,  For.  and  Dom.  vol.  iv.  pt.  ii. 
1670,  pt.  iii.  App.  3096).  He  was  buried 
in  the  nave  of  Canterbury  Cathedral.  By 
his  will  he  was  a  donor  to  the  priory  of  Christ 
Church,  Canterbury,  and  to  Faversham  Ab- 
bey. He  died  possessed  of  various  estates 
in  Kent,  his  principal  seat  being  at  Herne. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  owned  the  house 
which  was  subsequently  known  as  New  Inn, 
and  to  have  leased  it  to  the  lawyers  at  a 
rent  of  61.  per  annum  (HASTED,  Kent,  iii. 
617;  DUGDALE,  On>.p.  230).  The  following 
maxims,  preserved  in  Sloane  MS.  1523,  are 
ascribed  to  him :  '  That  no  man  thrived  but 
he  that  lived  as  though  he  were  the  first 
man  in  the  world,  and  his  father  were  not 
before  him.  The  prince's  prerogative  and  the 
subject's  privileges  are  solid  felicities  together, 
but  empty  notions  asunder.  That  people  is 
beyond  precedent  free  and  beyond  compari- 
son happy  who  restraine  not  their  sovereign's 
power  to  do  them  harm  so  far  as  that  he  hath 
none  left  him  to  do  them  good.'  Fyneux 
married  twice :  first,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
William  Apulderfield;  secondly,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Paston,  and  grand- 
daughter of  William  Paston  [q.v.],  justice  of 
the  common  pleas  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
By  his  first  wife  he  had  issue  two  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  the  elder,  Jane,  married  John 
Roper,  prothonotary  of  the  king's  bench 
and  father  of  William  Roper,  the  son-in-law 
and  biographer  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  of 
Sir  John  Roper,  who  was  created  Baron 
Teynham  in  1616.  This  barony  is  still  in 
existence.  The  only  issue  of  Fyneux's  second 
marriage  was  one  son,  William  (d.  1557), 
whose  granddaughter,  Elizabeth,  married  Sir 
John  Smythe  of  Ostenhanger  or  Westen- 
hanger,  Kent,  father  of  Sir  Thomas  Smythe, 
who  was  created  Viscount  Strangford  in  the 
peerage  of  Ireland  in  1628.  A  later  de- 
scendant was  created  Baron  Penshurst  in 
the  peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1825. 
The  title  became  extinct  by  the  death  of  the 
eighth  viscount  on  9  Jan.  1869. 

[Leland's  Itinerary,  vi.  6  ;  Fuller's  Worthies 
(Kent) ;  Lloyd's  State  Worthies,  i.  91-6  ;  Foss's 
Lives  of  the  Judges.]  J.  M.  K. 


Gabell 


344 


Gace 


G 


GABELL,  HENRY  DISON,D.D.  (1764- 
1831),  head-master  of  Winchester,  was  son 
of  the  Rev.  Timothy  Gabell  of  Winchester. 
Gabell  was  born  at  Winchester  in  1764,  and 
was  elected  a  scholar  of  Winchester  College 
in  1779,  and  subsequently  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  matriculated  on  11  Oct. 
1782 ;  graduated  B.A.  on  8  July  1786 ;  and 
held  a  fellowship  from  1782  to  1790.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  master  of  War- 
minster  school,  where  he  had  twenty  boys 
to  teach,  with  a  salary  of  301.,  and  liberty 
to  take  private  pupils.  He  was  presented 
to  the  rectory  of  St.  Lawrence,  Winchester, 
in  1788,  and  was  appointed  second  master  of 
Winchester  College  in  1793.  He  graduated 
M.A.  at  Cambridge  in  1807  ;  succeeded  Dr. 
Goddard  as  head-master  of  Winchester  Col- 
lege in  1810 ;  was  presented  to  the  rectory 
of  Ashow,  Warwickshire,  in  1812,  and  that 
of  Binfield,  Berkshire,  in  1820 ;  resigned  the 
head-mastership  of  Winchester  College  in 
December  1823,  receiving  a  present  of  plate 
richly  engraved  from  the  scholars.  He  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  three  livings  of  Binfield,  ; 
Ashow,  and  St.  Lawrence  until  his  death,  I 
which  took  place  at  Binfield  on  18  April  1831 .  ! 
Gabell  married,  on  11  Jan.  1790,  Miss  Gage,  ' 
the  daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  Holton,  Ox-  I 
fordshire.  Their  third  daughter,  Maria,  mar- 
ried, on  18  July  1818,  Sir  Joseph  Scott,  bart., 
of  Great  BarrHall,  Staffordshire.  Gabell  was 
a  friend  and  correspondent  of  Dr.  Parr,  in 
the  seventh  volume  of  whose  works  some 
letters  of  his  on  points  of  classical  scholar- 
ship will  be  found.  He  published :  1.  A 
pamphlet  entitled  '  On  the  Expediency  of 
Altering  and  Amending  the  Regulations  re- 
commended by  Parliament  for  Reducing  the 
High  Price  of  Corn :  and  of  Extending  the 
Bounty  on  the  Importation  of  Wheat  and 
other  Articles  of  Provision,'  London,  1796, 
8vo.  2.  A  discourse  delivered  on  the  fast-day 
in  February  1799,  London,  1799,  8vo. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1790  pt.  i.  p.  83,  1818  pt.  ii. 
p.  178,  1823  pt.  ii.  p.  543,  1831  pt.  i.  p.  469; 
Kirby's  Winchester  Scholars,  pp.  272,  296  ; 
Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  p.  503 ;  Hoare's  South 
Wiltshire,  iii.  '  Warm.'  40 ;  Parr's  Works,  ed. 
Johnstone,  vii.  470-501 ;  Cat.  Oxford  Grad. ; 
Grad.  Cant. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  J.  M.  R. 

GABRIEL,  afterwards  MARCH,  MARY 
ANN  VIRGINIA  (1825-1 877),  musical  com- 
poser, the  daughter  of  Major-general  Gabriel, 
was  born  at  Banstead,  Surrey,  7  Feb.  1825. 


She  was  the  pupil  of  Pixis,  Dohler,  and  Thai- 
berg,  for  the  pianoforte,  and  of  Molique  and 
Mercadante  for  composition.  Miss  Gabriel 
married  George  E.  March  in  November  1874, 
and  died,  from  injuries  received  in  a  carriage 
accident,  on  7  Aug.  1877.  She  had  acquired 
great  facility  in  composition,  and  published 
several  hundred  songs.  Those  entitled '  AY  hen 
Sparrows  build,'  'Ruby,'  'Sacred  Vows,' 
'  Only,' '  The  Forsaken,' '  Under  the  Palms,' 
and  '  The  Skipper  and  his  Boy,'  became  ex- 
tremely popular.  These  drawing-room  bal- 
lads may  be  said  to  stand  midway  between 
the  bald  jingle  favoured  by  Miss  Gabriel's 
early  contemporaries  and  the  attempted  in- 
tensity of  expression  belonging  to  a  later 
date ;  a  music  which,  in  spite  of  the  com- 
poser's gifts  of  knowledge  and  imagination, 
does  not  attain  to  high  artistic  merit.  Her 
operetta  '  Widows  Bewitched '  was  per- 
formed by  the  Bijou  Operetta  Company  at 
St.  George's  Hall,  13  Nov.  1867,  and  held 
the  stage  for  several  weeks.  Other  similar 
works,  '  Shepherd  of  Cournouailles,' '  Who'a 
the  Heir  ? '  '  Lost  and  Found,'  '  A  Rainy 
Day,'  about  1873  and  1875,  were  favourites 
in  the  drawing-room.  The  cantata  '  Dream- 
land,' privately  printed,  was  given  in  London 
about  1870; '  Evangeline,'  produced  at  Kuhe's 
Brighton  festival,  13  Feb.  1873,  was  very 
successful,  and  was  heard  at  Riviere's  Covent 
Garden  Concerts  of  24  Nov.  and  1  Dec. 
Another  cantata, '  Graziella,'  closes  the  list  of 
Miss  Gabriel's  longer  compositions. 

[Grove's  Dictionary,  i.  571 ;  Musical  World, 
vols.  xlv.  and  Iv. ;  Musical  Times,  vol.  xviii.  ; 
The  Choir,  xv.  145,  xvi.  344,  xxii.  492  ;  Music 
in  Brit.  Mus.  Library.]  L.  M.  M. 

GACE,  WILLIAM  (fi.  1580),  translator, 
matriculated  as  a  sizar  of  Clare  Hall.  Cam- 
bridge, in  November  1568,  and  proceeded 
B.A.  in  1572-3.  He  was  author  of  the 
following  translations :  1.  'A  Learned  and 
Fruitefull  Commentarie  upon  the  Epistle  of 
James  the  Apostle.  .  .  .  Written  in  Latine 
by  the  learned  Clerke,  Nich.  Hemminge  .  .  . 
and  newly  translated  into  English  by  W.  G.,' 
4to,  London,  1577.  2.  '  Special  and  Chosen 
Sermons  of  D.  Martin  Luther  collected  out 
of  his  Writings.  .  .  .  Englished  by  W.  G.,* 
4to,  London,  1578;  another  edition,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1581.  3.  'A  Guide  unto  godliness,, 
moste  worthy  to  bee  followed  of  all  true 
Christians.  .  .  .  W7ritten  in  Latin  by  John 
Rivius ;  Englished  by  W.  G.,'  8vo,  London, 


Gad  bury 


345 


Gadbury 


1579.  4.  '  A  right  comfortable  Treatise 
conteining  sundrye  pointes  of  consolation 
for  them  that  labour  &  are  laden.  Written 
by  D.  Martin  Luther  to  Prince  Friderik,  Duke 
of  Saxonie ;  being  sore  sicke.  .  .  .  Englished 
by  W.  Gace,'  8vo,  London,  1580. 

[Cooper's  Athenae  Cantabr.  ii.  22-3;  Brit. 
Mus.  Cat.]  G.  G. 

GADBURY,  JOHN  (1627-1704),  as- 
trologer, born  at  Wheatley  in  Oxfordshire 
on  31  Dec.  1627,  was  son  of  William  Gad- 
bury,  farmer,  by  'his  stolen  wife'  (WooD, 
Bliss,  iv.  9),  a  Roman  catholic,  the  daughter  of 
Sir  John  Curson  of  Waterperry,  knt.  Curson 
seems  to  have  disinherited  his  daughter,  and 
the  boy  was  apprenticed  to  Thomas  Nicholls, 
an  Oxford  tailor,  but  left  him  in  1644.  A 
partial  reconciliation  with  his  grandfather, 
Sir  John  Curson,  enabled  John  Gadbury 
to  be  educated  at  Oxford.  He  joined  a 
merchant  adventurer  named  Thorn,  living 
near  Strand  bridge,  London,  and  married 
about  1648.  He  j  oined  successively  the  pres- 
byterians,  the  independents,  and  the  'family 
of  love,'  then  under  Abiezer  Coppe  [q.  v.] 
Gadbury  appears  to  have  left  him  in  1651,  by 
whichtime  he  was  intimate  with WilliamLilly 
[q.  v.],  Butler's  '  Sidrophel.'  In  1652  he  re- 
turned to  Oxfordshire  to  visit  his  grandfather, 
Sir  John,  and  settled  to  study  astrology  under 
Dr.  N.  Fiske.  He  answered  William  Brom- 
merton's  '  Confidence  Dismantled,'  &c.,  1652, 
in  '  Philastrogus'  Knavery  Epitomized,  with 
a  Vindication  of  Mr.  Culpepper,  Mr.  Lilly, 
and  the  rest  of  the  Students  in  that  noble 
Art,'  &c., '  written  by  J.  G[adbury],  a  lover 
of  all  ingenious  arts  and  artists,  Aprill  the  5, 
1651.'  In  1654  he  published  '  Animal  Cor- 
nutum,  or  the  Horn'd  Beast,  wherein  is  con- 
tained a  brief  method  of  the  grounds  of  As- 
trology.' In  1655  he  presented  to  Sir  John 
Curson  the  first  of  a  long  series  of  annual 
'  Ephemerides.'  In  1656  he  published  his 
'  Emendation '  of  Hartgil's  '  Astronomical 
Tables,'  and  also  his  own  '  Coelestis  Legatus, 
or  the  Celestial  Ambassadour,  astronomically 
predicting  the  grand  Catastrophe  that  is  pro- 
bable to  befall  the  most  of  the  kingdoms 
and  countries  of  Europe,'  two  parts,  1656, 
4to.  In  1658  he  published  '  Genethlialogia, 
or  the  Doctrine  of  Nativities,'  and  '  The  Doc- 
trine of  Horary  Questions,  Astrologically 
handled '  (with  his  portrait  engraved  by  T. 
Cross).  In  '  Nebulo  Anglicanus  '  Partridge 
asserts  that  he  meant  to  dedicate  the  '  Doc- 
trine of  Nativities' to  Cromwell,  and  accuses 
him  of  becoming  a  royalist  upon  the  Restora- 
tion. In  August  1659  he  published  'The 
Nativity  of  the  late  King  Charls  [sic],  As- 
trologically and  Faithfully  performed,  with 


Reasons  in  Art  of  the  various  success  and 
mis-fortune  of  His  whole  Life.  Being  (occa- 
sionally) a  brief  History  of  our  late  unhappy- 
Wars,'  still  worth  study .  In  1 659  he  also  p  ub- 
lished  '  The  King  of  Sweden's  Nativity,'  and 
probably  'Nuncius  Astrologicus'  and  'Britain's 
Royal  Star.'  In  1660  appeared  his  treatise 
on  the  'Nature  of  Prodigies,'  praising  Fiske 
and  mocking  Lilly  for  having  been  indicted! 
as  a  cheat  before  a  Hicks's  Hall  jury  in  1654.. 
By  22  Nov.  1661  had  appeared  'Britain's 
Royal  Star,  or  An  Astrological  Demonstration 
of  England's  future  Felicity,'  founded  on  the- 
position  of  the  stars  at  the  date  of  Charles  II's 
proclamation  as  king. 

In  1665  he  published  '  De  Cometis,  or  A 
Discourse  of  the  Natures  and  Effects  of 
Comets,  with  an  account  of  the  three  late 
Comets  in  1664  and  1665,' '  London's  Deliver- 
ance from  the  Plague  of  1665,'  and  'Vox 
Solis ;  or  A  Discourse  of  the  Sun's  Eclipse, 
22  June  1666'  (dedicated  to  Elias  Ashmole). 
Previous  to  1667  he  published  his '  Collection 
of  Nativities '  and '  Dies  Novisimus ;  or  Dooms- 
Day  not  so  near  as  dreaded.'  According  to 
John  Partridge  [q.  v.]  Gadbury  in  1666  had 
removed  from  Jewin  Street  to  Westminster,, 
where  he  attended  the  abbey  each  Sunday. 
Partridge  maliciously  accuses  him  of  de- 
bauchery in  1667,  and  of  complicity  in  the 
murder  of  one  Godden,  who  had  recently 
indicted  him  at  the  sessions.  He  published1 
little  except  '  A  brief  Relation  of  the  Life 
and  Death  of  Mr.  V.  Wing,'  1669,  1670,  his 
annual  '  Ephemerides,'  and  his  West  India, 
or  'Jamaica  Almanack 'for  1674,  until  1675, 
when  appeared  his  '  Obsequium  Rationabile; 
or  A  Reasonable  Service  performed  for  the 
Coelestial  sign  Scorpio,  in  20  remarkable  geni- 
tures  of  that  glorious  but  stigmatized  Horo- 
scope, against  the  malitious  and  false  at- 
tempts of  that  grand  (but  fortunate)  IM- 
POSTOR, Mr.  William  Lilly.'  In  1677  ap- 
peared '  The  Just  and  Pious  Scorpionist ;  or 
the  Nativity  of  that  thrice  excellent  man, 
Sir  Matthew  Hales,  born  under  the  Coelestial 
Scorpion.'  By  1678  he  had  possibly  been 
received  into  the  church  of  Rome,  but  this 
is  extremely  doubtful,  and  he  was  suspected 
of  participation  in  some  '  popish  plots.'  He 
was  the  accredited  author  of  the  clever  nar- 
rative ballad,  in  four  parts,  1679,  '  A  Ballad 
upon  the  Popish  Plot'  (Bagford  Ballads}. 
Thomas  Dangerfield  [q.  v.]  professed  to  have 
had  eight  meetings  with  Gadbury  in  Sep- 
tember 1679,  at  the  house  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Cellier  [q.  v.l  Gadbury  was  summoned  as 
a  witness  against  Cellier  at  her  trial  in  June 
1680,  and  testified  in  her  favour,  having- 
known  her  ten  or  twelve  years  {Case  of 
Thomas  Dangerfield,  #c.,  together  with  John 


Gadbury 


346 


Gadderar 


Gadbury  his  testimony,  with  all  his  evasions, 
1680,  p.  27).  Gadbury  had  been  taken  into 
custody  on  suspicion,  2  Nov.  1679.  He  de- 
nied connivance,  before  the  king  and  council, 
and  obtained  release  two  months  later.  His 
enemies  pretended  that  he  had  attempted 
ineffectually  to  bribe  Sir  Thomas  Danby 
with  a  present  of  plate,  and,  on  trebling 
the  value  of  the  present,  he  induced  another 
person  to  gain  for  him  a  pardon.  In  com- 
pensation for  '  wrongous  imprisonment '  he 
received  200/.  in  1681.  By  this  date  he  was 
a  widower.  In  1683  he  published  the  works 
of  his  friend  George  Hawarth,  alias  Wharton. 
In  1684  appeared  his  '  Cardines  Coeli,  or  An 
Appeal  to  the  learned  and  experienced  ob- 
servers of  Sublunars  and  their  vicissitudes. 
In  a  Reply  to  the  learned  author  of  "  Cometo- 
mantia." '  He  was  falsely  reported  to  have 
avowed  himself  a  papist  in  1685,  but  in  1686, 
in  his  '  Epistle  to  the  Almanack,'  indicated  a 
prophecy  for  '  an  eternal  settlement  in  Eng- 
land of  the  Romanists.'  In  1688-9  appeared 
1  Mene  Tekel ;  being  an  Astrological  j  udgment 
on  the  great  and  wonderful  year  1688.  Lon- 
don, printed  by  II.  H.  for  the  use  of  John 
Gadbury.'  The  misemployment  of  his  name 
was  satirical.  Gadbury  was  falsely  accused, 
on  the  strength  of  papers  intercepted  at  the 

?ost  office,  of  being  implicated  in  a  plot  (June 
690)  against  William  III.  He  was  detained 
in  custody  eight  or  ten  wreeks,  and  had  cer- 
tainly refused  as  a  nonjurorto  take  the  oaths 
of  allegiance.  In  1693  he  attended  St.  Mar- 
garet's Church,  Westminster,  as  a  protestant, 
and  was  then  living  in  Brick  Court,  College 
Street,  Westminster,  when  Partridge  re- 
proached him  for  ingratitude  to  Lilly,  and 
accused  him  of  being  the  author  of  the  vin- 
dication, '  Merlini  Liberati  Errata.'  He  was 
reputed  to  have  written  '  The  Scurrilous 
Scrib"bler  dissected ;  a  Word  in  William  Lilly's 
ear  concerning  his  Reputation,'  printed  on 
one  side  of  a  broadsheet,  undated,  of  near 
this  time  (Athence  Oxon.  i.  36).  Wood  at 
first  described  Gadbury  as  a  '  monster  of  in- 
gratitude'  to  Lilly  (Bliss,  iv.  748),  but,  after 
a  correspondence  with  Aubrey,  accepted  rec- 
tification of  his  statements,  20  Aug.  and 
November  1692  (TANNER,  Coll.  Bodl.  No. 
451,  and  MS.  Ballard,  Bodl.  xiv.  99).  In 
1693  appeared  '  Nebulo  Anglicanus ;  or  The 
First  Part  of  the  Black  Life  of  John  Gadbury,' 
&c.,  by  John  Partridge.  This  contains  a 
portrait  of  Gadbury  as  '  Merlinus  Yerax,' 
showing  a  round  large-featured  face,  with 
long  curling  hair,  fair-coloured,  in  the  broad 
flapping  hat  of  a  pilgrim,  with  rosary  and 
cross,  but  a  label  issuing  from  his  mouth  '  a 
special  Protestant.'  Partridge  declared  that 
Gadbury  wrote  '  Utrum  Horum ;  Rome  or 


Geneva,  Never  a  Barrel  better  herring,'  and 
that  it  was  'designed  against  all  religions, 
but  most  chiefly  against  the  Reformed  Pro- 
testant religion '  (Nebulo,  p.  24) ;  also  that 
Gadbury  announced  James  II  would  return 
in  1694.  Gadbury  died  near  the  end  of 
March  1704,  leaving  a  widow,  and  was  buried 
in  the  vault  .of  St.  Margaret's  Church,  West- 
minster, 28  March  1704  (Bliss,  iv.  9).  It  is 
extremely  probable,  judging  from  the  racy 
vigour  of  his  fourfold  '  Ballad  on  the  Popish 
Plot,'  1679,  that  many  others  of  the  fugitive 
broadsides  were  of  his  composition. 

[Gadbury's  •works  enumerated  above ;  Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  36,  ii.  col.  680,  1051, 
iv.  0,  381,  748  ;  John  Gorton's  General  Biog. 
Diet.,  ed.  H.  G.  Bohn,  1851,  ii.  sign.  *B  verso  ; 
Granger's  Biog.  Hist.  iii.  129,  slight  and  inaccu- 
rate; Animadversion  vpon  Mr.  John  Gadbury's 
Almanack  or  Diary  for  the  year  of  our  Lord 
1682,  by  Thomas  Dangerfield,  printed  for  the 
author,  &c.,  1682  ;  Case  of  Thomas  Dangerfield, 
1680;  Ho-well's  State  Trials ;  Bagford  and  Lut- 
trell  Coll.  Broadsides  in  British  Museum  ;  Loyal 
Songs,  1685;  Ballad  Society's  Bagford  Ballads, 
•wherein  are  given,  on  pp.  663-92,  Gadbury's 
Ballad  on  the  Popish  Plot,  assuming  to  have  been 
•written  by  a  lady  of  quality,  and  on  p.  1015  the 
libellous  description  of  him,  pseudo-autobiogra- 
phical, from  Partridge's  Nebulo  Anglicanus.] 

J.  W.  E. 

GADDERAR,  JAMES  (1655-1733), 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  was  a  younger  son  of 
William  Gadderar  of  Cowford,  Elginshire, 
and  Margaret  Marshall,  the  heiress  of  some 
lands  in  the  same  county.  He  graduated 
A.M.  at  Glasgow  in  1675,  having  probably 
gone  south  with  his  eldest  brother,  Alexander, 
who  from  1674  to  1688  was  minister  of 
Girvan,  Ayrshire.  Licensed  in  1681  by  the 
presbytery  of  Glasgow,  he  was  presented  the 
next  year  to  the  parish  of  Kilmalcolm,  Ren- 
frewshire (not  Kilmaurs  as  often  stated). 
In  1688,  prior  to  the  legal  overthrow  of 
prelacy,  he  and  his  brother  were  among  the 
'  curates '  '  rabbled '  out  of  their  parishes 
'  contra  jura  omnia  divina  humanaque  '  as  he 
says  in  the  epitaph  he  placed  on  his  brother's 
tomb)  '  tumultuantibus  in  apostolicum  re- 
gimen ecclesite  conjuratis.'  In  1703  he  pub- 
lished at  London  a  translation  from  the  Latin 
of  Sir  Thomas  Craig's  (unpublished)  work  on 
the  '  Right  of  Succession  to  the  Kingdom  of 
England,'  prefixing  a  '  Dedication '  to  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh,  and  a 
'  Preface '  in  which,  along  with  an  account  of 
Craig's  work,  he  insinuates  his  own  non- 
juringpolitics  and  dislike  of  thepresbyterians, 
;  In  1712  (24  Feb.),  '  at  the  express  desire  '  of 
Rose  [q.  v.J,  the  deprived  bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh, he  was  consecrated  in  London  a  bishop 


Gadderar 


347 


Gaddesden 


for  the  Scottish  episcopalians,  by  the  non- 
juring  bishop  Hickes  [q.  v.]  and  the  Scottish 
bishops  Falconer  and  Archibald  Campbell 
(d.  1744)  [q.  v.]  He  continued  to  reside  with 
the  last-mentioned  in  London,  took  part  in 
the  consecration  of  the  nonjuring  bishops 
Spinckes,  Collier,  and  Brett,  and  entered 
enthusiastically  into  the  negotiations  made 
(1716-23),  through  Arsenius,  metropolitan 
of  Thebais,  for  intercommunion  with  the 
Eastern  churches.  These  negotiations,  abor- 
tive for  their  immediate  purpose,  served,  says 
Bishop  Keith,  to  bring  about  a  more  intimate 
acquaintance  with  Eastern  tenets  and  usages 
than  was  then  generally  possessed  in  Britain. 
In  1721  Gadderar  came  to  Scotland  as  the 
representative  or  A^icar  of  Bishop  Campbell, 
whose  election  as  their  ordinary  by  the 
episcopal  clergy  of  Aberdeen  had  not  been 
ratified  by  '  the  college '  of  bishops.  Both 
he  and  Campbell  were  known  to  be  zealous 
supporters  of '  the  usages  '  at  the  Holy  Com- 
munion :  (1)  the  mixing  water  with  the  wine, 

(2)  commemoration  of  the  faithful  departed, 

(3)  invocation  of  the  Holy  Ghost  in  the 
consecration  prayer,  and  (4)  oblation  before 
administration,  which   had  already  caused 
division  among  the  English  nonjurors.  Lock- 
hart  of  Carnwath  [q.  v.],  the  agent  in  Scot- 
land of  the  exiled   king,  was   afraid  that 
if  the  controversy  spread  among  the  Scotch 
episcopalians     the    Jacobite    cause    would 
suffer;  and  at   a  meeting  of  the  Scottish 
bishops  at  Edinburgh,  which  Gadderar  at- 
tended on  his  way  to  Aberdeen,  an  effort  was 
made  to  have  '  the  usages '  condemned,  but 
Gadderar,  while  professing  his  loyalty  to 
James,  was  firm  in  his  refusal  to  surrender 
the  rights  and  interests  of  his  church  to  any 
external  authority.     In  Aberdeen  he  was 
cordially  received,  and  was  soon  so  strong 
that  (July  1724)  an  agreement  was  made 
and  signed  between  him  on  the  one  hand 
and  the  '  college '  bishops  on  the  other,  by 
which  three  of  '  the  usages '  were  virtually 
sanctioned  (in  the '  permission '  of  the  Scottish 
communion  office),  and  the  other,  the  mixed 
chalice,  was  allowed,  provided  the  mixture 
was  not  done  publicly ;  and  Gadderar  was 
confirmed  as  bishop  of  Aberdeen.     In  the 
same  year  he  published  at  Edinburgh  the 
first  of  the   '  wee  bookies,'  a  reprint  with 
certain  alterations  of  the  communion  office 
of  Charles  I's  ill-fated  Scottish  liturgy  of 
1637.     In  1725  Bishop  Campbell  formally 
yielded  to  him  the  see  of  Aberdeen,  and  the 
same  year  the   episcopal  clergy  of  Moray 
elected  him  to  that  see  also.  He  administered 
both  '  districts,'  where  the  episcopalians  were 
at  that  time  both  numerous  and  influential, 
with  great  vigour  and  acceptance  till  his 


death.  He  had  really  been  the  restorer  of 
the  liturgy  to  the  Scottish  episcopal  church ; 
and  it  had  been  his  influence  which  in  1727 
secured  at  the  synod  of  Edinburgh  the  restora- 
tion of  diocesan,  as  distinguished  from  '  the 
college 'episcopacy.  He  died  at  Aberdeen  in 
1733,  and  was  buried  in  the  grave  of  Bishop 
Scougall  [q.  v.]  within  the  parish  church  of 
Old  Machar.  Until  the  revolution  this  church 
had  been  the  cathedral  of  Aberdeen.  On  the 
Sunday  following  his  death  his  flock  made  a 
collection  from  which  his  little  debts  were 
paid,  and  the  charges  of  his  funeral  defrayed. 
Down  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  century 
his  name  continued  a  household  word  among 
the  episcopalian  peasants  of  Aberdeenshire. 

[Grub's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Scotland,  vols.  iii.  and 
iv. ;  Lockhart  Papers ;  Scott's  Fasti ;  Dowden's 
Annotated  Scottish  Communion  Office  ;  Blunt's 
Diet,  of  Sects ;  tombstone  of  Alex.  Gadderar.~| 

J.C. 

GADDESDEN,  JOHN  OF  (1280P-1361), 
physician,  was  born  about  1280,  and  wrote 
in  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
He  took  his  name  from  Gaddesden  on  the 
borders  of  Hertfordshire  and  Buckingham- 
shire, where  an  ancient  house,  opposite  that 
gate  of  Ashridge  Park  which  is  nearest  to  the 
church  of  Little  Gaddesden,  is  shown  as  his. 
He  was  a  member  of  Merton  College  (WoOD), 
and  a  doctor  of  physic  of  Oxford.  He  began 
to  study  medicine  about  1299,  and  soon  at- 
tained large  practice  in  London.  He  attended 
a  son  of  Edward  \  I,  probably  Thomas  of 
Brotherton,  in  the  small-pox,  wrapped  him  in 
scarlet  cloth  in  a  bed  and  room  with  scarlet 
hangings,  and  says  of  the  result :  '  et  est  bona 
cura  et  curavi  euin  in  sequenti  sine  vestigio 
variolarum'  (JRosa,  ed.  Venice,  1516,  p.  41  «). 
Between  1305  and  1307  he  wrote  a  treatise 
on  medicine,  which  soon  became  famous,  and 
which  he  entitled '  Rosa  Medicinse.'  He  chose 
the  name,  he  says,  because  as  the  rose  has 
five  sepals  (additamenta),  so  his  book  has 
five  parts,  and  adds  that  as  the  rose  excels 
all  flowers,  so  his  book  excels  all  treatises 
on  the  practice  of  medicine.  The  title  was 
probably  suggested  by  Bernard's  'Lilium 
Medicinse,'  which  appeared  at  Montpellier 
in  1303,  and  is  quoted  in  the  '  Rosa.'  Gad- 
desden's  book  is  often  spoken  of  as  '  Rosa 
Anglica.'  It  is  crammed  with  quotations 
from  Galen,  Dioscorides,  Rufus  of  Ephesus, 
Haliabbas,  Serapion,  Al  Rhazis,  Avicenna, 
Averrhoes,  John  of  Damascus,  Isaac,  Mesue, 
Gilbertus  Anglicus,  and  from  the '  Flos  Medi- 
cinse '  of  Salernum ;  but  also  contains  a  good 
many  original  remarks  which  illustrate  the 
character  of  the  author  more  than  his  medical 
knowledge.  The  book  begins  with  an  ac- 
count of  fevers  based  on  Galen's  arrangement, 


Gadsby 


348 


Gadsby 


then  goes  through  diseases  and  injuries  be- 
ginning with  the  head,  and  ends  with  an 
antidotarium  or  treatise  on  remedies.  It 
contains  some  remarks  on  cooking,  and  in- 
numerable prescriptions,  many  of  which  are 
superstitious,  while  others  prove  to  be  com- 
mon-sense remedies  when  carefully  con- 
sidered. Thus  the  sealskin  girdle  with  whale- 
bone buckle  which  he  recommends  for  colic  is 
no  more  than  the  modern  and  useful  cholera 
belt  of  flannel.  He  cared  for  his  gains,  and 
boasts  of  getting  a  large  price  from  the  Barber 
Surgeons  guild  for  a  prescription  of  which  the 
chief  ingredient  is  tree  frogs  {Rosa,  ed.  Pa  via, 
p.  120).  His  disposition,  his  peculiarities, 
and  his  reading  are  so  precisely  those  of  the 
'  Doctour  of  Phisik '  in  Chaucer's  prologue  that 
it  seems  possible  that  Gaddesden  is  the  con- 
temporary from  whom  Chaucer  drew  this 
character.  He  is  mentioned  in  line  434 : 

Bernard  and  Gatesden  and  Gilbertyn. 

Many  manuscripts  of  the  'Rosa  Medicinae' 
are  extant.  They  usually  begin  with  a 
calendar  (Sreviarium,  in  manuscript,  Pembr. 
Coll.,  Oxford),  which  is  absent  in  the  printed 
editions.  It  was  printed  at  Pavia  in  1492 
for  the  first  time,  again  at  Venice  in  1516, 
and  for  the  last  time  at  Vienna  in  1595  (two 
volumes).  It  was  translated  into  Irish,  and 
a  manuscript  written  by  Doctor  Cormac  Mac 
Duinntshleibhthe  in  1450  contains  part  of 
this  version  (British  Museum  MS.  Harleian 
546). 

Gaddesden  was  in  priest's  orders,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  stall  of  Wildland  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  London,  on  1  Aug.  1342.  He 
died  in  1361. 

The  best  account  of  his  writings  is  in 
Freind's  'History  of  Physick,'  1726,  ii.  277. 
This  account  contains  the  error,  repeated  by 
Aikin's  '  Biographical  Memoirs  of  Sledicine,' 
1780,  p.  11,  that  he  held  the  stall  of  Ealdland. 
The  John  de  Gatesdone  who  held  this  stall 
was  another  person,  and  died  before  1262. 

[Rosa  Medicinae,  ed.  1516,  Venice,  ed.  1492, 
Pavia,  Dr.  Mead's  copy  in  library  of  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society  of  London ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti 
Ecclesiae  Anglicanae,  ii.  382,  448 ;  Hist,  of  the 
Koyal  Family,  London,  1713;  Harl.  MS.  546, 
A.D.  1450;  British  Museum  Addit.  MS.  15582, 
A.D.  1563;  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  MS. 
Breviarium  Bartholomei,  circa  1380.]  N.  M. 

GADSBY,  WILLIAM  (1773-1844),  par- 
ticular baptist  minister,  the  son  of  a  labourer, 
was  born  at  Attleborough  in  the  parish  of 
Nuneaton,  Warwickshire,  in  January  1773. 
He  went  to  Nuneaton  Church  school  and  to 
another  school,  and  at  thirteen  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  ribbon  weaver.  As  a  lad  he  had 
the  gift  of  public  speaking,  and  often  ha- 


rangued his  fellow  workmen,  ending  with 
'  preaching  to  them  hell  and  damnation.'  In 
1793  he  met  with  a  baptist  minister  named 
Aston  from  Coventry,  and  on  29  Dec.  that 
year  was  formally  baptised  at  the  Cow  Lane 
chapel,  Coventry.  Until  he  was  twenty-two 
he  worked  as  a  ribbon  weaver,  and  then  went 
to  Hinckley,  Leicestershire,  as  a  stocking- 
weaver.  In  1796  hemarried  Elizabeth  Marvinr 
and  began  business  on  his  own  account.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  commenced  preaching 
regularly  at  Bedworth  and  Hinckley,  but  he 
continued  his  business,  and  used  to  carry  his 
wares  to  market  in  a  pack.  At  this  time  he 
was  referred  to  as  '  a  very  tried  man,  bearing 
very  blessed  marks  and  evidences  of  divine 
teaching  within,  though  clownish  and  illite- 
rate, almost  to  the  extreme.'  He  settled  at 
Manchester  in  1805  as  the  pastor  of  the  Back 
Lane  baptist  chapel,  situate  in  George's,  now 
Rochdale,  Road,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death.  At  first  he  met  with  considerable 
opposition,  but  gradually  his  sterling  qualities 
were  appreciated,  and  he  attained  great  popu- 
larity. He  had  ready  wit  and  quaint  humour, 
and  was  an  earnest  and  persuasive  speaker, 
though  he  would  often  startle  his  hearers 
with  some  eccentric  remark.  '  He  was  called 
an  antinomian,  and  probably  he  did  not  speak 
with  sufficient  discrimination  or  exactness  on 
the  nature  of  moral  obligation,  but  no  mi- 
nister in  Manchester  lived  a  more  moral  life, 
or  presented  to  his  hearers  a  more  beautiful 
example  of  Christian  discipline  or  self-con- 
trol' (HALLE  Y).  It  is  calculated  that  in  the 
exercise  of  his  ministry  he  travelled  sixty 
thousand  miles,  and  preached  nearly  twelve 
thousand  sermons. 

Between  1806  and  1843  he  wrote  frequently 
on  religious  subjects,  and  published  a  number 
of  pamphlets,  most  of  which  were  afterwards 
issued  in  a  collective  form  in  two  vols.  (1851) 
by  his  son,  John  Gadsby,  who  also  in  1884 
edited  and  published  a  volume  of  Gadsby's 
'  Sermons,  Fragments  of  Sermons,  and  Let- 
ters.' Gadsby  wrote  many  prosaic  hymns  and 
other  verses,  and  published  them  in  '  A  Se- 
lection of  Hymns,  1814,  in  '  The  Nazarene's 
Songs,'  1814,  and  elsewhere.  He  died  at  Man- 
chester on  27  Jan.  1844,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Rusholme  Road  cemetery.  There  is  a 
tablet  to  his  memory  in  his  chapel,  and  a  good 
portrait  of  him  was  engraved  by  W.  Barnard 
after  F.  Turner. 

[Memoir  by  his  son,  John  Gadsby,  1844,  new 
edit.  1870;  Halley's  Lancashire,  its  Puritanism 
and  Nonconformity,  1872,  p.  527  ;  Procter's  By- 
gone Manchester,  p.  144 ;  Manchester  City  News, 
24  and  31  March  1 888 ;  "Brit.Mus.  Cat.  of  Printed 
Books;  John  Dixon's  Autobiog.  1866,  contains 
reminiscences  of  Gadsby.]  C.  W.  S. 


Gage 


349 


Gage 


GAGE,  FRANCIS,  D.D.  (1621-1682), 
president  of  Douay  College,  born  1  Feb. 
1620-1,  was  son  of  John  Gage  of  Haling, 
Surrey,  by  his  second  wife,  Mrs.  Barnes,  a 
widow.  He  was  half-brother  of  Sir  Henry 
Gage  [q.  v.],  governor  of  Oxford,  of  George 
[q.  v.]  and  Thomas  Gage  [q.  v.],  missionary 
and  traveller.  He  was  a  student  in  the  Eng- 
lish College  at  Douay  from  1630  to  1641, 
when  he  went  to  Paris  to  pursue  his  theolo- 
gical studies  under  William  Clifford  [q.  v.] 
at  Tournay  College,  which  had  been  granted 
by  Cardinal  Richelieu  to  the  Bishop  of  Chal- 
cedon  for  the  education  of  the  English  clergy 
(Pref.  to  CLIFFORD,  Little  Manual,  ed.  1705). 
In  1646  he  was  ordained  priest,  and  in  1648 
appointed  tutor  to  Thomas  Arundel,  then 
residing  in  Paris.  He  graduated  B.D.  at 
the  Sorbonne  in  1649,  and  D.D.  in  1654. 
He  then  came  to  the  English  mission,  was 
appointed  archdeacon  of  Essex,  and  resided 
with  Lady  Herbert,  whom  he  afterwards  ac- 
companied to  France,  whence  he  proceeded 
to  Rome  in  1659  as  agent  to  the  English 
chapter  (PANZANT,  Memoirs,  pp.  298,  301, 
302).  He  remained  in  Rome  until  his  recall 
in  1661,  and  then  returned  to  the  English 
mission.  He  was  chaplain  to  Lady  Strang- 
ford  from  1663  to  1667,  and  afterwards  tutor 
to  Philip  Draycot  of  Paynsley,  Staffordshire, 
whom  he  accompanied  on  a  continental  tour. 
On  23  Jan.  1675-6  he  was  nominated  presi- 
dent of  Douay  College,  in  succession  to  Dr. 
George  Leyburn.  The  college  nourished 
greatly  under  his  management  until  1678, 
when  Oates's  plot  alarmed  the  English  catho- 
lics, and  made  them  very  cautious  in  sending 
their  children  to  the  colleges  abroad.  But 
after  the  storm  had  subsided  the  number  of 
students  increased,  being  attracted  to  Douay 
by  the  fame  of  Gage's  abilities.  He  died  on 
2  June  1682.  Dodd,  writing  in  1742,  says 
he  was  '  a  person  of  extraordinary  qualifica- 
tions, both  natural  and  acquired.  His  memory 
was  of  late  years  very  fresh  in  the  university 
•of  Paris,  where  upon  several  occasions  he 
had  distinguished  himself,  especially  by  his 
flowing  eloquence.  In  regard  of  his  brethren 
he  behaved  him -^lf  with  remarkable  discre- 
tion in  several  controversies  which  required 
management'  (Church  Hist.  iii.  296). 

He  wrote  'Journal  of  the  Chief  Events  of 
his  Life,  from  his  Birth  in  1621  to  1627,' 
autograph  manuscript,  in  the  archives  of  the 
Old  Chapter,  Spanish  Place,  Manchester 
Square,  London  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  5th 
Rep.  p.  463).  It  is  believed  he  was  the 
'  F.  G.'  who  edited  '  The  Spiritual  Exercises 
of  ...  Gertrude  More,  of  the  .  .  .  English 
Congregation  of  our  Ladies  of  Comfort  in 
Cambray,'  Paris,  1658,  12mo. 


[Gage's  Hengrave,  p.  235 ;  GilloVs  Bibl.  Diet. ; 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  5th  Kep.  pp.  465,  467-8 
472.]  T.  C. 

GAGE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1614-1640),  catho- 
lic political  agent,  born  after  1582,  seems  to 
have  been  son  of  John  Gage  of  Haling,  Surrey, 
and  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Gage  [q.  v.],  to 
whom  he  erected  a  monument  (COLLINS, 
Peerage,  ed.  Brydges,  viii.  256-7 ;  Cal.  Claren- 
don Papers,  i.  166,  169).  He  was  a  great 
friend  of  Sir  Toby  Matthew,  and  seems  to 
have  received  priest's  orders  with  him  from 
the  hands  of  Cardinal  Bellarmine  at  Rome 
on  20  May  1614  (OLIVER,  Jesuit  Collections, 
p.  140).  James  I  despatched  him  to  Rome 
towards  the  close  of  1621,  in  quality  of  agent 
to  the  papal  court,  to  solicit  a  dispensation 
for  the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  with 
the  Spanish  infanta.  The  Jesuits  strove  to 
retard  the  dispensation,  and  if  possible  to 
prevent  the  completion  of  the  match.  The 
negotiations  lasted  for  nearly  six  years,  and 
ultimately  came  to  nothing.  A  detailed  ac- 
count of  Gage's  part  in  them  is  given  in  '  The 
Narrative  of  the  Spanish  Marriage  Treaty ' 
(Camd.  Soc.  1869) ;  Tierney's  edition  of  Dodd's 
'  Church  History,' v.  119-64;  and  in  Mr.  S.  R. 
Gardiner's  '  History  of  England,  1603-42.' 
Gage  is  described  in  1627  as  '  a  prisoner  in 
the  Clink,'  being  the  agent  of  the  Bishop  of 
Chalcedon  and  of  the  seminary  of  Douay 
(Discovery  of  the  Jesuits'  College  at  Clerken- 
well,  Camd.  Soc.  Miscellany,  ii.)  He  is  re- 
ferred to  in  the  list  of  priests  and  recusants 
apprehended  and  indicted  by  Wadsworth  and 
his  fellow-pursuivants  between  1640  and 
1651.  It  is  there  stated  that  he  was  found 
guilty  '  and  since  is  dead,'  from  which  it  may 
be  inferred  that  he  died  in  prison  (LiKGARD, 
Hist,  of  England,  ed.  1849,  viii.  646). 

[Dodd's  Church  Hist.  ii.  426 ;  Gillow's  Bibl. 
Diet.  ii.  356,  and  additions  and  corrections, 
p.  xiv ;  Gage's  Hengrave  ;  Cal.  of  State  Papers, 
Dom.  (1650),  pp.  334,  370,  521,  559;  Gardiner's 
Hist,  of  England,  iv.  330,  350,  351,  372,  398, 
v.  69.]  T.  C. 

GAGE,SiRHENRY(1597-1645),royalist 
officer,  son  of  John  Gage  of  Haling,  Surrey, 
and  great-grandson  of  Sir  John  Gage  [q.  v.] 
(COLLINS,  Peerage,  ed.  Brydges,  viii.  256), 
was  born  about  1597,  and,  as  his  family  were 
strong  catholics,  sent  to  Flanders  at  the  age 
of  ten  to  be  educated.  Thence,  after  a  short 
residence  in  France,  he  went  to  Italy, '  where 
under  that  famous  scholar  Piccolomini  he 
heard  his  philosophy,  and  with  great  applause 
did  publicly  defend  it '  (WALSINGHAM,  Alter 
Sritannics  Heros,  p.  2).  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  Gage  entered  the  Spanish  service,  and 
for  twelve  months  '  trailed  a  pike '  in  the 


Gage 


35° 


Gage 


garrison  of  Antwerp.  He  was  then  offered  a 
company  in  the  regiment  raised  by  Archibald 
Campbell,  seventh  earl  of  Argyll,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  its  command  at  the  siege 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom  (1622)  and  Breda  (1624). 
The  reduction  of  the  English  regiments  in 
Spanish  service  after  the  fall  of  Breda,  and 
the  outbreak  of  war  between  England  and 
Spain,  obliged  him  in  the  following  year  to 
return  to  England  (ib.  p.  3).  Gage  devoted 
his  enforced  leisure  to  the  study  of  the  theory 
of  war,  which  was  throughout  his  life  his 
favourite  pursuit  (ib.  p.  27).  During  this 
period  he  also  translated  Hermannus  Hugo's 
account  of  the  siege  of  Breda  from  Latin  into 
English,  and  Vincent's '  Heraldry '  from  Eng- 
lish into  French  (ib.  p.  3).  In  1630  Sir  Ed- 
ward Parham  offered  Gage  the  post  of  cap- 
tain-commandant in  an  English  regiment 
which  was  being  raised  for  the  service  of 
Spain,  and  he  spent  the  next  twelve  years  in 
the  war  in  the  Netherlands.  He  obtained  a 
commission  to  raise  a  regiment  himself,  levied 
nine  hundred  men,  and,  on  the  death  of  Sir 
William  Tresham,  '  had  his  regiment  com- 
pleted by  the  addition  of  the  old  unto  it,which 
his  highness  the  prince-cardinal  bestowed 
upon  him '  (ib.  p.  5).  Gage's  chief  service 
during  this  period  was  the  defence  of  Saint- 
Omer  in  1638.  In  1639  he  suggested  to  the 
English  government  to  offer  the  privilege  of 
recruiting  the  English  and  Irish  regiments 
in  Spanish  service  to  the  number  of  ten  thou- 
sand men,  in  return  for  4,400  Spanish  vete- 
rans to  be  used  in  Scotland.  Secretary 
Windebanke  authorised  negotiations,  but  the 
Spanish  government  refused  to  hear  of  the 
proposed  exchange  (Clarendon  State  Papers, 
ii.  19-30, 50).  Gage  was  also  unsuccessfully 
employed  in  1639  to  negotiate  a  loan  of 
150,000/.  from  Spain  as  the  price  of  protect- 
ing the  Spanish  fleet  from  the  Dutch  (Cal. 
Clarendon  Papers,  i.  185,  197).  When  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  Gage  used  his  influence 
to  intercept  the  parliament's  supplies  from 
Flanders,  and  is  said  to  have  '  deprived  the 
rebels  of  thirty  thousand  arms,  and  afforded 
his  majesty  eight  thousand  of  those  that  were 
intended  to  be  borne  against  him '  (  WALSING- 
HAM,  p.  9).  He  returned  to  England  about 
the  spring  of  1644  to  enter  the  king's  service. 
When  the  king  left  Oxford  he  named  Gage 
one  of  the  military  council  appointed  to  assist 
the  governor  (3  June  1644 ;  WALKER,  His- 
torical Discourses,  p.  19).  In  spite  of  the 
opposition  of  the  governor,  he  speedily  in- 
fused a  new  spirit  into  the  defence  of  Oxford 
(CLARENDON,  Rebellion,  ed.  Macray,  viii.  122). 
On  11  June  he  captured  Borstall  House,  on 
11  Sept.  relieved  Basing  House,  and  on  25  Oct. 
helped  to  raise  the  siege  of  Banbury  (WALKER, 


pp.  26,  90,  109).  The  relief  of  Basing  was 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  exploits  of  the 
whole  war ;  Gage's  own  account  is  given  at 
length  by  Walker,  and  copied,  with  some 
additional  particulars,  by  Clarendon  (ib.  pp. 
90-5;  CLARENDON,  ed.  Macray,  viii.  123). 
On  19  Nov.  Gage  was  again  despatched  to 
relieve  Basing,  but  the  besiegers  retreated  at 
his  approach  (WALKER,  p.  119).  As  a  re- 
ward for  these  services  Gage  was  knighted 
on  1  Nov.  1644  (DTODALE,  Diary,  p.  74),  and 
on  the  dismissal  of  Sir  Arthur  Aston  [q.  v.] 
on  25  Dec.  1644  made  governor  of  Oxford  in 
his  place  (ib.  p.  76 ;  CLARENDON,  Rebellion, 
viii.  165).  '  It  is  incredible/  writes  his  bio- 
grapher, 'what  a  general  contentment  all 
men  took  in  his  promotion  and  how  few  re- 
pined at  his  advancement '  (WALSINGHAM, 
p.  19).  On  10  Jan.  1645  an  expedition  was 
sent  out  from  Oxford  to  break  down  Culham 
bridge,  and  in  a  skirmish  with  the  garrison 
of  Abingdon  Gage  was  mortally  wounded  on 
11  Jan.  (Accounts  of  this  fight  from  the  par- 
liamentary side  are  given  in  VICARS,  Burning 
Bush,  p.  93,  and  in  a  published  letter  by 
Colonel  Richard  Browne ;  for  royalist  ac- 
counts see  WALSINGHAM,  p.  21 ;  and  Mer- 
curius  Aulicus,  p.  1332.) 

Gage  was  buried  in  Christ  Church  Cathe- 
dral on  13  Jan.  1645.  His  epitaph  is  printed 
by  Wood  (Colleges  and  Halls,  ed.  Gutch, 
p.  479),  and  by  Le  Neve  (Monumenta  Angli- 
cana,  i.  217).  Elegies  on  him  are  to  be  found 
in  Walsingham's '  Life '  (p.  23),  and  in  *  Mer- 
curius  Belgicus,'  1685.  Clarendon  observes  : 
'  The  king  sustained  a  wonderful  loss  in  his 
death,  he  being  a  man  of  great  wisdom  and 
temper,  and  amongst  the  very  few  soldiers 
who  made  himself  to  be  universally  loved 
and  esteemed '  (Rebellion,  viii.  166).  Gage 
married,  between  1625  and  1630,  Mary  Daniel, 
and  left  two  sons  and  four  daughters  (WAL- 
SINGHAM, p.  4). 

[Edward  Walsingham's  Alter  Britanniae  He- 
ros,  or  the  Life  and  Death  of  the  most  honour- 
able knight  Sir  Henry  Gage,  late  governor  of 
Oxford,  epitomised,  Oxford,  1645 ;  Clarendon's 
Hist,  of  the  Kebellion,  ed.  Macray,  1888 ;  Cla- 
rendon State  Papers ;  Sir  Edward  Walker's  His- 
torical Discourses,  1707;  Manning  and  Bray's 
History  of  Surrey,  ii.  542.]  C.  H.  F. 

GAGE,  SIR  JOHN  (1479-1556),  states- 
man and  military  commander,  was  the  only 
son  of  William  Gage  of  Firle  Place,  Sus- 
sex, by  Agnes,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Bole- 
ney  of  Bolney,  Sussex,  and  a  cousin  of  Wil- 
liam of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester 
(History  of  Hengrave,  pp.  227-31).  Being 
under  age  at  his  father's  death  (1496)  he  was 
put  under  the  guardianship  of  Stafford,  duke 
of  Buckingham,  and  '  educated  for  court  and 


Gage 


351 


Gage 


camp  under  his  eye.'  Gage  accompanied 
Henry  VIII  on  the  French  campaign  of 
1513  (30  June  to  24  Nov.)  His  name  fre- 
quently occurs  between  1510  and  1522  as  a 
commissioner  of  peace  for  Sussex  (State 
Papers,  Dom.  Henry  VIII,  1509-14, 1515-16, 
1521-3).  He  was  also  appointed  governor  of 
Guisnes,  and  afterwards  of  Oye,  in  France. 
His  name  first  occurs  in  connection  with 
Guisnes  in  the  State  Papers  for  1522,  and 
in  August  of  that  year  he  received  the  ad- 
ditional post  of  comptroller  of  Calais  (ib. 
1521-3,  pp.  945, 1029,  &c.)  He  was  recalled 
to  England  to  take  his  seat  on  the  privy 
council,  and  in  1528  created  vice-chamber- 
lain to  the  king,  a  post  which  he  held  till 
1540,  being  also  made  captain  of  the  royal 
guard.  In  1529  he  entered  parliament  as 
member  for  his  own  county,  and  on  22  May 
1532  was  installed  K.G.  (Register  of  the 
Garter,  1724,  pp.  421,  423).  Gage  was 
constantly  employed  on  commissions  by  the 
king.  In  1532  he  went  over  to  survey  some 
lands  at  Calais,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
employed  in  the  north  of  England  from  De- 
cember till  the  spring.  On  his  return  to 
court  he  had  a  quarrel  with  Henry.  '  Master 
vice-chamberlain  departed  from  the  king,' 
writes  one  of  the  courtiers  to  Cromwell, 
10  April  1533,  '  in  such  sort  as  I  am  sorry  to 
hear ;  the  king  licensed  him  to  depart  hence, 
and  so  took  leave  of  him,  the  water  standing 
in  his  eyes.'  For  the  sake  of  the  long  friend- 
ship between  himself  and  Gage,  Cromwell  is 
requested  to  induce  the  vice-chamberlain  to 
return  to  court  '  within  a  fortnight,'  and  to 
be  a  means  for  obtaining  the  king's  favour. 
The  dispute  was  probably  connected  with 
Catherine  of  Arragon,  for  though  Gage  had 
signed  the  petition  to  the  pope  for  the  di- 
vorce (ib.  1530,  p.  2929),  he  was  in  May 
examined  'about  the  Lady  Catherine,'  and, 
being  a  man  '  more  ready  to  serve  God  than 
the  world,'  he  doubtless  had  spoken  on  her 
behalf  to  Henry  (ib.  1533,  pp.  418,  470). 
In  the  following  January  it  was  reported 
that  the  vice-chamberlain  had  '  renounced 
his  office  and  gone  to  a  charterhouse,  intend- 
ing, with  the  consent  of  his  wife,  to  become 
a  Carthusian '  (ib.  1534,  p.  8).  This  inten- 
tion was  not  carried  out,  and  Gage,  though 
a  zealous  catholic,  did  not  scruple  to  share 
in  the  spoils  of  the  church  (cf.  grant  of  priory 
of  Kelagh,  20  March  1540),  and  was  also  on 
the  commission  for  the  surrender  of  religious 
houses.  The  week  before  Easter  1540  he 
went  with  other  commissioners  to  report  on 
the  state  of  affairs  at  Calais  (State  Papers  and 
Letters,  Henry  VIII,  viii.  299,  303).  He 
was  back  at  court  before  Cromwell's  arrest, 
and  profited  greatly  by  his  friend's  disgrace, 


receiving  the  posts  of  constable  of  the  Tower, 
comptroller  of  the  household,  9  Oct.  1540, 
and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster. 
He  had  also  been  one  of  those  employed  to 
negotiate  Henry's  divorce  from  Anne  of  6leves 
in  July  (ib.  viii.  404). 

Gage  commanded  the  expedition  against 
Scotland  which  ended  in  the  defeat  and  death 
of  James  V  at  Solway  Moss  (1542),  and 
brought  his  Scotch  prisoners  back  with  him 
to  the  Tower  in  the  winter,  riding  before  them 
in  his  office  as  constable  when  they  were  taken 
for  trial  to  the  Star-chamber  (  WRIOTHESLEY, 
CA/wn'c/e,CamdenSoc.i.l39).  Heafterwards 
(1543)  went  again  to  Scotland  to  treat  of  the 
betrothal  of  Prince  Edward  to  the  infant  queen 
of  Scots.  At  the  siege  of  Boulogne,  where  he 
shared  the  command  with  Charles  Brandon, 
duke  of  Suffolk,  being  lieutenant  of  the  camp 
and  general  captain  of  the  cavalry,  he  was 
created  a  knight-banneret.  Gage  was  present 
at  the  funeral  of  Henry  VIII,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  executors  of  the  king's 
will  (BuRXET,  Hist,  of  Reformation,  i.  369), 
receiving  a  bequest  of  200Z.  Gage  was  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  but  diffe- 
rences soon  arose  between  him  and  Somer- 
set, who  when  he  became  protector  expelled 
him  from  the  council  and  from  his  post  of 
comptroller  of  the  royal  household,  where- 
upon Gage  joined  Southampton,  the  leader 
of  the  catholic  party,  and  was  one  of  those 
who  signed  the  declaration  against  the  pro- 
tector. Gage  and  Southampton  only  re- 
assumed  their  seats  on  the  council  to  resign 
them  upon  the  accession  to  power  of  Dudley, 
earl  of  Warwick.  Gage  had,  like  Dudley, 
married  into  the  Guilford  family  (Philippa, 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Guilford  or  Guide- 
ford,  first  cousin  to  Dudley's  wife,  being 
Gage's  wife),  but  had  no  sympathy  with  the 
plot  for  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  was  therefore 
suspended  from  his  post  as  constable  of  the 
Tower  a  few  days  before  she  was  there  pro- 
claimed queen.  Gage,  as  a  zealous  catholic, 
was  at  once  high  in  Mary's  favour.  He  received 
her  at  the  Tower  gates  on  her  arrival  in  Lon- 
don on  3  Aug.  1553(WRIOTHESLEY,  Chronicle, 
ii.  94),  and  was  restored  to  his  office  of  con- 
stable and  created  lord  chamberlain  of  her 
household.  He  bore  her  train  at  the  corona- 
tion (1  Oct.  1553),  and  helped  to  hold  the  pall 
over  her  (STRYPE,  Mem.  in.  i.  28,  55,  56). 
As  lord  chamberlain  Gage  carried  the  news  of 
AVyatt's  rebellion  to  the  lord  mayor,  25  Jan. 
1553,  and  shared  the  panic  raised  by  the 
march  of  Knevett  and  Cobham  into  London. 
Gage  was  stationed  at  the  outer  gate  of 
Whitehall  (Queen  Mary  and  Queen  Jane,  p. 
131),  and '  he  and  his  guard,  being  only  armed 
with  brigandines,  were  so  frightened,  and 


Gage 


352 


Gage 


fled  in  at  the  gate  so  fast,  that  he  fell  down 
in  the  dirt,  and  so  the  gate  was  shut'  (STRYPE, 
Mem.  m.  i.  138).  '  Old  Gage  fell  down 
In  the  dirt,  and  was  foul  arrayed  .  .  .  and 
.  .  .  came  in  to  us  so  frightened  that  he  could 
not  speak  '  (NiCHOLLS,  Narratives  of  the  Re- 
formation, Camden  Soc.,  pp.  165,  167).  At 
Mary's  marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain  the 
lord  chamberlain  was  again  one  of  her  train- 
"bearers  (25  July  1554).  On  Palm  Sunday, 
18  March  1555,  he  received  Elizabeth  under 
liis  charge  as  constable  at  the  Tower  gates 
(Queen  Mary  and  Queen  Jane,  pp.  70,  168). 
He  seems  to  have  treated  the  princess  severely, 
*  more  for  love  of  the  pope  than  for  hate  of  her 
person'  (HEYLYU,  Hist,  of  Reformation,  ii. 
259 ;  BURXET,  ii.  503),  and  on  her  release 
was,  with  Sir  Thomas  Pope  [q.  v.],  placed  as 
a  guard  over  her  at  her  own  house.  Gage 
died  at  his  house,  Firle,  Sussex,  on  18  April 
1556,  and  was  buried  on  25  April,  '  with  n 
Tierolds,  with  a  standard  of  arms,  and  four 
of  images,  and  with  a  hearse,  and  two  (white 
branches),  two  dozen  of  stuff's,  and  eight 
dozen  of  stockings  '  (MACHYX,  Diary,  p.  105), 
at  West  Firle  Church,  where  he  and  his  wife 
lie  under  a  fine  altar-tomb.  By  his  wife 
Philippa  he  had  eight  children,  four  of  whom 
-svere  sons.  His  portrait,  painted  by  Holbein, 
is  at  Hengrave. 

[Authorities  cited  above ;  Hist,  of  Hengrave ; 
Sharp's  Peerage,  vol.  ii. ;  Gillow's  Bibl.  Diet. ; 
Joxe's  Acts  and  Mon.  v.  514.]  E.  T.  B. 

GAGE,  JOSEPH  or  JOSEPH  EDWARD, 
COUNT  GAGE  or  DE  GAGES  (1678  P-1753  ?), 
grandee  of  Spain,  general  in  the  Spanish 
army,  was  second  son  of  Joseph  Gage  of 
Sherborne  Castle,  Dorsetshire,  and  grandson 
of  Sir  Thomas  Gage,  fourth  baronet,  of  Firle, 
Sussex.  Joseph  Gage  the  elder  (an  English 
Jesuit)  entered  the  English  College  at  Rome 
as  a  '  converter '  14  Oct.  1670.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  heiress  of  George  Pen- 
ruddock  of  Southampton,  who  brought  great 
estates  to  the  Gage  family,  and  by  her,  who 
died  5  Dec.  1693,  had,  besides  daughters,  two 
sons,  whereof  Thomas,  the  elder,  conformed  to 
the  church  of  England,  and  became  the  first 
Viscount  Gage  and  father  of  General  Thomas 
Gage  [q.  v.],  and  Joseph  or  Joseph  Edward, 
the  younger,  ultimately  became  Count  Gage. 
Of  the  early  years  of  the  latter  there  are  no 
details ;  but  he  appears  to  have  been  in  Paris, 
married,  in  1719,  when  he  is  said  to  have  ac- 
quired Mississippi  stock  representing  the 
value  of  13,000,000/.  Intoxicated  with  his 
success,  Gage,  whom  French  writers  call 
Mons.  Guiache,  sent  a  gentleman  to  Au- 
gustus, king  of  Poland,  to  offer  3,000,0007.  for 
the  crown,  which  was  declined.  He  next  seut 


an  agent  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  to  offer  a 
vast  sum  for  that  island,  which  proposal  was 
likewise  rejected.     Friends  advised  him  to 
invest  a  quarter  of  a  million  in  an  English 
'  estate,  to  fall  back  upon  in  event  of  the  failure 
i  of  the  Mississippi  scheme.  This  was  not  done, 
and  when  the  crash  came  he  was  ruined,  and 
I  with  his  wife  removed  to  Spain,  where  they 
were  well  received  at  Madrid.    Gage  at  first 
tried  gold-mining  in  the  Asturias,  it  is  said 
without  much  result.     A  patent  for  fishing 
wrecks  on  the  coasts  of  Spain  and  the  Indies 
probably  was  more  successful.     At  any  rate, 
|  in  1741  Gage  was  presented  by  the  king  of 
Spain  with  a  silver  mine  of  great  value,  and 
:  was  made  a  grandee  of  the  third  class.     In 
I  August  1742  Gage  was  appointed  to  com- 
|  mand  the  Spanish  army  in  Italy,  superseding 
,  the  Duke  de  Montemar.    The  queen  of  Spain 
[  at  this  time,  having  put  her  son  Don  Carlos 
I  on  the  throne  of  Naples,  was  striving  to  place 
his  brother  Don  Philip  on  the  throne   of 
Lombardy.     In  the  remarkable  campaigns 
which  ensued  in  1743-6  Gage  proved  him- 
self an  able,  although  an  unsuccessful  com- 
mander.    Gage  began  by  attempting  to  pene- 
trate intoTuscany,but,  foiled  by  the  Austrians 
under  Traun,  retired  to  winter  quarters  in 
Bologna  and  the  Romagna,  the  opposing  im- 
perialists wintering  in  the  duchies  of  Parma 
and  Modena.     While  in  the  Bolognese  Gage 
received  a  peremptory  order  from  the  queen 
of  Spain  to  fight  within  three  days,  under 
pain  of  dismissal  like  his  predecessor.     He 
displayed  much  address  in  obeying  the  man- 
date.    Knowing  that  the  Austrians  were 
!  weakened  in  numbers  and  not  expecting  an 
!  attack,  he  resolved  to  surprise  their  position 
at  Campo  Santo,  a  short  march  distant.     To 
i  divert  the  attention  of  the  people  of  Bologna 
j  he  gave  a  grand  ball,  whereat  the  Spanish 
,  officers  were  present,  but  withdrew  during 
the  night  to  join  their  men.     The  Austrians 
were,  however,  forewarned.     A  bloody  en- 
gagement followed,  begun  by  moonlight  be- 
fore dawn  and  continued   till   after  dark, 
4  Feb.  1743,  with  no  decisive  result.     Even- 
;  tually  the  Spaniards  retired  on  the  Neapoli- 
tan frontier.     A  '  Te  Deum '  was  celebrated 
at  Madrid  for  the  victory,  and  Gage  was 
made  a  grandee  of  the  first  class.     The  same 
year  Gage  was  surprised  by  the  Austrians 
under  Count  Brown  at  Villetri,  but  subdued 
the  resulting  panic,  and  by  his  masterly  ar- 
rangements compelled  Brown  to  retire.     In 
his  report  of  the  affair  to  the  king  of  Naples 
Gage  generously  admitted :    '  I  have  been 
surprised  in  my  camp,  which  has  been  forced. 
The  enemy  even  reached  the  headquarters, 
but  have   been   repulsed  with  loss.     Your 
majesty's  arms  are  victorious,  and  the  king- 


Gage 


353 


Gage 


dom  of  Naples  is  safe.  Nevertheless,  this 
has  been  entirely  the  action  of  your  majesty's 
troops,  and  I  cannot  hut  admit  that  their 
valour  has  repaired  my  fault,  which  would 
he  unpardonable  if  I  sought  to  diminish  it.' 
The  operations  of  1744  were  of  no  special 
importance,  but  those  of  1745  stand  almost 
without  parallel  for  boldness  of  conception 
and  rapidity  of  execution.  By  astonishing 
marches  the  army  under  Don  Philip,  and  a 
French  force  under  De  Maillebois,  effected  a 
junction  with  Gage  near  Genoa,  14  June  1745. 
By  October  all  the  territories  of  the  house  of 
Austria  in  Italy  had  been  conquered.  On 
20  Dec.  1745  Don  Philip  was  proclaimed 
king  of  Lombardy.  The  Austrians  still  held 
the  citadel  of  Milan  and  Mantua.  In  the 
spring  of  1746  Don  Philip  and  Gage  retired 
before  the  Austrians  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  Milan  to  Piacenza,  Gage's  policy  being  to 
compel  the  imperialists,  strengthened  by  their 
recent  peace  with  Prussia,  to  exhaust  them- 
selves by  useless  marches.  The  scheme  was 
foiled  by  the  meddlesomeness  of  the  queen 
of  Spain,  who  commanded  Gage  to  fight  at 
once  at  all  risks.  An  attack  followed  on 
the  Austrian  camp  at  San  Lazaro,  twenty- 
two  miles  from  Piacenza.  The  Austrians, 
again  forewarned,  continued  the  conflict  dur- 
ing the  night,  and  at  daybreak,  4  June  1746, 
came  out  of  their  entrenchments  and  charged 
with  such  fury  that  the  French  and  Spaniards 
were  broken,  and  retired  with  a  loss  of  six 
thousand  killed  and  nine  thousand  wounded. 
Gage  effected  his  retreat  to  Piacenza  in  good 
order.  After  this  disaster  Gage  was  super- 
seded by  the  Marquis  de  las  Minas.  His 
name  does  not  appear  again  as  a  military 
commander.  He  received  the  order  of  St. 
Januarius,  and  a  pension  of  four  thousand 
ducats  from  the  king  of  Naples,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services. 

Concerning  Gage  personally  much  confu- 
sion of  statement  and  some  uncertainty 
prevail.  Documents  among  the  Caryll  and 
Mackenzie  Papers  in  British  Museum  Add. 
MSS.  appear  to  show  that  he  was  married 
twice,  first  to  Catherine,  daughter  of  the 
fourth  John  Caryll  of  West  Harting,  secondly 
to  the  Lady  Mary  Herbert,  daughter  of  the 
second  Marquis  (titular  duke)  Powis,  who 
died  in  October  1745,  granddaughter  of  the 
first  Marquis  Powis,  who  was  created  a  duke 
by  James  II  when  in  exile,  and  sister  of  the 
third  marquis  (titular  duke),  who  died  in 
March  1747.  They  also  (British  Museum 
Add.  MS.  28238)  throw  doubt  on  the  date  of 
Gage's  death,  which  is  generally  stated  (as 
in  Gent.  Mag.  xxiii.  144)  to  have  occurred 
at  Pampeluna,  31  Jan.  1753,  in  the  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  his  age. 

VOL.  xx. 


[W.  Berry's  Sussex  Genealogies,  in  which  the 
Gage  pedigree  ends  with  the  fourth  baronet ; 
Collins's  Peerage  (1812  ed.),  in  which,  as  in  other 
peerages,  there  are  inaccuracies  in  respect  of 
both  the  Gage  and  Powis  family  histories  ;  Gil- 
low's  Bibliography  of  English  Catholics,  ii.  363- 
364,  and  references  there  given.  Gillow,  like 
most  biographers,  makes  the  erroneous  statement 
that  Gage  married  Lady  Lucy  Herbert,  sister  of 
the  Lady  Mary  Herbert,  wrongly  describing  her 
also  as  daughter  of  the  first  instead  of  the  second 
Marquis  Powis ;  J.  P.  Wood's  Life  of  John  Law 
(1824),  p.  141  ;  Allgemeine  Deutsche  Biog.  iii. 
369-73,  under  '  Brown,  Ulysses  Maximilian  ; ' 
Gent.  Mag.  xiii.  162,  xiv.  110,  230,  399,  455, 
xv.  54,  110,  223,  278,  335,  390,  446,  559,  671, 
xxiii.  144;  Add.  MSS.,  indexed  under  '  Caryll, 
Cath.,  daughter  of  fourth  John  Caryll,'  and 
'  Herbert,  Mary,  second  wife  of  Count  Joseph 
Gage.']  H.  M.  C. 

GAGE,  THOMAS  (d.  1656),  traveller, 
was  the  second  son  of  John  Gage  of  Haling, 
Surrey,  by  Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Copley  of  Gatton  in  that  county,  and  brother 
of  Sir  Henry  Gage  [q.  v.]  His  father  sent 
him  to  Spain  in  1612  to  study  among  the 
Jesuits,  hoping  that  he  would  enter  that  so- 
ciety, but  the  young  man  conceived  a  deadly 
aversion  for  them,  and  assumed  the  monastic 
habit  in  the  order  of  St.  Dominic  at  Valla- 
dolid,  taking  in  religion  the  name  of  Thomas 
de  Sancta  Maria.  In  1625  he  was  in  the 
monastery  at  Xeres  in  Andalusia,  when  a 
commissary  of  his  order  inspired  him  with  a 
desire  to  go  to  the  Philippine  Islands  as  a  mis- 
sionary. It  is  evident  from  his  own  narrative 
that  wealth  and  pleasure  supplied  him  with 
stronger  motives  than  religious  zeal.  His 
father,  who  would  rather  have  seen  him  a 
scullion  in  a  Jesuit  college  than  general  of 
the  whole  Dominican  order,  threatened  to 
disinherit  him,  and  to  stir  up  the  Jesuits 
against  him  if  he  again  set  foot  in  England. 
The  king  had  forbidden  any  Englishman  to 
go  to  the  Indies,  and  Gage  was  smuggled  on 
board  the  fleet  in  an  empty  biscuit  barrel. 
He  left  Cadiz  on  2  July  1625  with  twenty- 
seven  of  his  brethren.  In  a  skirmish  at 
Guadaloupe  the  Indians  killed  several  sailors, 
some  Jesuits,  and  a  Dominican.  The  mis- 
sionaries desired  to  return,  but  ultimately 
reached  Mexico  on  8  Oct.  Gage  remained 
till  February  1625-6  in  the  monastery  where 
missionaries  were  first  received. 

Gage  was  disgusted  by  what  he  learned  of 
the  Philippines,  and  determined  to  remain  in 
Central  America.  The  day  before  the  mis- 
sionaries were  to  start,  he  and  three  other 
Dominicans  gave  their  companions  the  slip, 
and  set  out  for  Chiapa.  Gage  was  kindly 
received  by  the  provincial  of  his  order,  was 
appointed  to  teach  Latin  to  the  children  of 

A  A 


Gage 


354 


Gage 


the  town,  and  obtained  the  goodwill  of  the 
bishop  and  the  governor.  At  the  end  of  six 
months  he  proceeded  to  Guatemala,  where 
he  was  made  M.A.  in  1627,  applied  himself 
to  preaching,  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
philosophy.  After  leaving  Guatemala  he 
lived  for  some  years  among  the  Indians,  and 
learned  the  Cacchiquel  and  Poconchi  lan- 

guages.  Trouble  about '  some  points  of  re- 
gion '  made  him '  desire  the  wings  of  a  dove ' 
to  fly  to  England  {The  English- American, 
p.  180).  Having  amassed  a  sum  of  nearly 
nine  thousand  pieces-of-eight,  he  resolved  to 
return  to  Europe,  though  his  superior  refused 
permission.  Accordingly  he  left  Amatitlan, 
where  he  was  parish  priest,  on  7  Jan.  1636-7. 
He  crossed  the  province  of  Nicaragua,  fol- 
lowing the  coast  of  the  Pacific.  A  Dutch 
corsair  took  a  coaster  in  which  he  sailed, 
and  robbed  him  of  seven  thousand  crowns. 
He  at  last  reached  Panama,  traversed  the 
isthmus,  and  sailed  from  Portobello  on  board 
the  Spanish  fleet,  which  arrived  at  San  Lucar 
28  Nov.  1637. 

Having  attired  himself  in  English  secular 
costume,  he  returned  to  London  after  an 
absence  of  twenty-four  years  from  his  native 
country.  Unable  to  satisfy  his  religious 
doubts,  he  resolved  to  visit  Italy.  At  Loreto, 
according  to  his  own  statement,  he  finally  re- 
nounced the  catholic  religion  on  convincing 
himself  that  the  miracles  attributed  to  the 
picture  of  our'Ladyatthat  shrine  were  fraudu- 
lent. He  immediately  returned  to  England, 
landing  at  Rye  on  29  Sept.  1641.  Without 
delay  he  made  himself  known  to  Dr.  Brown- 
rigg,  bishop  of  Exeter,  who  took  him  to  the 
Bishop  of  London,  from  whom  he  received 
an  order  to  preach  his  recantation  sermon  at 
St.  Paul's  on  28  Aug.  1642.  To  give  fuller 
proof  of  his  sincerity,  he  resolved  to  marry 
(ib.  p.  211).  After  a  year's  hesitation,  during 
which  he  spent  his  means  in  London,  he  was 
determined,  by  the  favour  shown  to  papists 
at  court,  to  join  the  parliamentary  side  (ib. 
p.  211).  He  was  rewarded  by  his  appoint- 
ment, in  1642,  to  the  rectory  of  Acrise,  Kent 
(HASTED,  Kent,  iii.  348).  About  1651  he  was 
appointed  rector  or  preacher  of  the  word  of 
God  at  Deal.  To  show  his  zeal  he  gave 
evidence  against  Father  Arthur  Bell,  a  near 
relation  of  Sir  Henry  Gage's  wife,  and  against 
Father  Peter  Wright,  his  brother's  chaplain, 
both  of  whom,  on  his  testimony,  were  con- 
demned to  death  as  priests  (cf.  Several  Pro- 
ceedings in  Parliament,  15-22  May  1651).  He 
also  attacked  Archbishop  Laud. 

The  appearance  of  his '  English- American ; 
or  New  Survey  of  the  West  India's,'  in  1648, 
caused  a  remarkable  sensation.  His  account 
of  the  wealth  and  defenceless  condition  of  the 


Spanish  possessions  in  South  America  excited 
the  cupidity  of  the  English,  and  it  is  said 
that  Gage  himself  laid  before  Cromwell  the 
first  regular  plan  for  mastering  the  Spanish 
territories  in  the  New  World  (BURNET,  Own 
Time,  ed.  1833,  i.  137 ;  LONG,  Hist,  of  Ja- 
maica, i.  221).  He  was  appointed  chaplain 
to  General  Venables's  expedition,  which  sailed 
under  Venables  and  Penn  for  Hispaniola.  On 
20  Dec.  1654  a  frigate  was  ordered  to  carry 
him  to  Portsmouth  (Cal.  of  State  Papers,Dora. 
1654,  p.  586).  The  fleet  failed  at  Hispaniola, 
but  took  Jamaica,  where  Gage  died  in  1656 
'  in  the  States'  service.'  On  18  July  in  that 
year  the  council  in  London  ordered  that  cer- 
tain arrears  of  pay  due  to  him  should  be 
given  to  his  widow,  Mary  Gage,  and  they  re- 
commended the  Jamaica  committee  at  Ely 
House  to  settle  upon  her  a  pension  of  6s.  8d. 
a  week  (ib.  1656-7,  p.  28).  His  daughter 
Mary  was  buried  at  .Deal  21  March  1652-3. 

His  works  are :  1.  '  The  Tyranny  of  Satan, 
discovered  by  the  teares  of  a  converted  sin- 
ner, in  a  sermon  preached  in  Paules  Church, 
on  the  28  of  August,  1642.  By  Thomas 
Gage,  formerly  a  Romish  Priest,  for  the  space 
of  38  yeares,  &  now  truly  reconciled  to  the 
Church  of  England,'  London,  1642,  4to. 
2,  '  The  English- American  his  Travail  by 
Sea  and  Land  ;  or  a  New  Survey  of  the  West 
India's,  containing  a  Journall  of  three  thou- 
sand and  three  hundred  miles  within  the 
main  Land  of  America,'  London,  1G48,  fol., 
dedicated  to  Thomas,  lord  Fairfax ;  2nd  edit. 
'  enlarged  by  the  author  and  beautified  with 
maps,'  London,  1655,  fol.  This  second  edi- 
tion is  entitled  '  A  New  Survey  of  the  West 
India's.'  The  third  edition  appeared  at  Lon- 
don in  1677,  and  the  fourth  in  1711,  8vo. 
Southey,  who  has  quoted  this  work  in  his 
notes  on  '  Madoc,'  says  that  Gage's  account 
of  Mexico  is  copied  verbatim  from  Nicholas's 
'  Conqueast  of  West-India,'  which  itself  is  a 
translation  from  Gomara.  But  though  Gage 
might  have  borrowed  some  historical  facts 
from  previous  writers,  his  book  contained 
most  interesting  information  derived  from  his 
personal  observations  and  experiences.  He 
was  the  first  person  to  give  to  the  world  a 
description  of  vast  regions  from  which  all 
foreigners  had  been  jealously  excluded  by  the 
Spanish  authorities.  Gage's  work  was,  at 
the  command  of  Colbert,  translated  into 
French,  with  some  retrenchments,  2  vols. 
Paris,  1676,  12mo,  Amsterdam,  1680,  1699, 
1721,  1722 ;  it  was  translated  also  into 
Dutch,  Utrecht,  1682, 4to,  and  into  German, 
Leipzig,  1693,  4to.  Selections  from  the 
French  translation  are  inserted  in  Thevenot's 
'  Relations  de  divers  Voyages  curieux,'  Paris, 
1672  and  1696,  fol.  In  1712  there  appeared 


Gage 


355 


Gage 


at  London  '  Some  Remarkable  Passages  re- 
lating to  Archbishop  Laud,  particularly  of 
his  affection  to  the  Church  of  Rome.  Being 
the  twenty-second  chapter  of  Gage's  Survey 
of  the  West  Indies,  as  'twas  printed  in  the 
Folio  Edition  before  the  Restoration,  but 
supprest  in  the  Octavo  since,'  8vo.  3.  '  Rules 
for  the  better  learning  of  the  Indian  tongue 
called  Poconchi,  or  Pocoman,  commonly  used 
about  Guatemala  and  some  other  parts  of 
Honduras.'  Printed  at  the  end  of  '  The 
English-American.'  4.  '  A  Duell  between  a 
lesuite  and  a  Dominican,  begun  at  Paris, 
gallantly  fought  at  Madrid,  and  victoriously 
ended  at  London,  upon  fryday,  16  May  1651.' 
This  tract  relates  to  the  evidence  he  gave 
against  Peter  Wright  and  Thomas  Dade,  a 
Dominican  friar. 

[Biog.  Universelle;  Brydges's  Censura  Lite- 
raria  (1807),  iv.  263,  v.  225;  Camus,  Memoire 
sur  In  Collection  des  Grands  et  Petits  Voyages, 
pp.  116, 291,  292;  Challoner's  Missionary  Priests 
(1843),  ii.  259,  336;  Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.; 
Dodd's  Church  Hist.  iii.  296  ;  Foley's  Kecords, 
ii.  520,  vii.  284 ;  Gage's  Hengrave,  p.  234 ; 
Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn),  p.  853  ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  1st  ser.  vi.  291,  vii.  609,  viii.  144; 
Nouvelle  Biog.  Generale;  Quetif  and  Echard's 
Scriptores  Ordinis  Prsedicatorum,  ii.  758.] 

T.  C. 

GAGE,  THOMAS  (1721-1787),  general, 
second  son  of  Thomas  Gage,  first  viscount 
Gage,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,  by  his  first 
wife  Benedicta  (or  Beata  Maria  Theresa), 
only  daughter  and  heiress  of  Benedict  Hall 
of  High  Meadow,  Gloucestershire,  was  born 
in  1721.  On  30  Jan.  1741  he  received  his 
first  commission  as  a  lieutenant  in  Colonel 
Cholmondeley's  newly  raised  regiment  (after- 
wards 48th  foot,  and  now  the  1st  North- 
ampton). His  name  occurs  in  the  Irish  lists 
(Quarters  of  the  Army  in  Ireland)  in  1745 
as  a  captain  in  Battereau's  foot,  the  old  62nd, 
an  Irish  corps  of  two  battalions,  which  fought 
at  Culloden  and  was  disbanded  in  1748,  and 
in  1748  as  major  in  what  then  was  the  55th 
foot.  He  appears  to  have  been  aide-de-camp 
to  Lord  Albemarle  in  Flanders  in  1747-8 
(MACLACHLAN,  Orders  of  William,  Duke  of 
Cumberland).  At  the  reductions  of  1748, 
the  5oth  foot,  of  which  Sir  Peter  Halket  was 
colonel,  was  renumbered  as  the  44th  foot 
(now  the  1st  Essex).  Gage  became  lieute- 
nant-colonel of  the  regiment  2  March  1751, 
and  went  with  it  to  America  under  General 
Braddock  [see  BRADDOCK,  EDAVARD]  in  1754. 
He  commanded  the  advanced  column  in  the 
march  from  the  Monagahela  to  Fort  Du- 
quesne  on  9  July  1755,  where  he  was  dis- 
tinguished by  his  gallantry  and  was  wounded. 
Subsequently  he  was  employed  with  the  44th 


at  Oswego.  In  May  1758  he  was  appointed 
to  raise  a  provincial  regiment,  which  was 
brought  into  the  line  as  the  80th  or  '  light- 
armed  '  foot.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  com- 
manded the  light  infantry  in  Abercromby's 
expedition  against  Ticonderoga.  After  the 
fall  of  Niagara  in  July  1759,  Gage,  as  briga- 
dier-general, was  detached  from  Crown  Point 
to  supersede  Sir  William  Johnson,  a  provin- 
cial officer  by  whom  the  command  had  been 
held  after  the  death  of  Colonel  Prideaux. 
He  was  directed  to  act  against  La  Gallette, 
a  French  post  on  Lake  Ontario,  which  he 
reported  to  be  impracticable.  He  commanded 
the  rear-guard  of  the  force  under  Amherst 
[see  AMHERST,  JEFFREY],  which  united  with 
Murray's  forces  from  Quebec,  before  Montreal 
on  6  Sept.  1760,  and  completed  the  conquest 
of  Canada.  Gage  was  appointed  governor 
of  Montreal,  where  his  mild  rule  contrasted 
with  the  severity  of  Murray  at  Quebec.  He 
became  a  major-general  in  1761,  and  in  1763 
was  appointed  to  act  as  commander-in-chief 
in  North  America,  with  his  head-quarters  at 
New  York,  during  the  absence  of  Amherst, 
who  returned  home  (Calendar  Some  Office 
Papers,  1760-5,  par.  967).  He  was  confirmed 
in  the  appointment  the  year  after  (ib.)  and 
retained  it  until  1772,  when  he  returned  to 
England  (ib.  1770-2,  par.  1573).  His  conduct 
received  the  approval  of  the  home  government 
(ib.  1766-9,  par.  619).  After  his  regiment, 
the  80th  foot,  was  disbanded,  Gage  held  the 
colonelcy  of  the  60th  royal  Americans  for 
two  months,  and  when  Amherst  was  rein- 
stated therein  was  transferred  to  the  colonelcy 
of  the  22nd  foot.  He  became  a  lieutenant- 
general  in  1770,  before  leaving  America. 

In  1774  Gage  was  appointed  governor-in- 
chief  and  captain-general  of  the  province  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  in  succession  to  Hutchin- 
son,  and  in  May  that  year,  pursuant  to  orders 
from  home,  took  up  his  quarters  in  Boston, 
where  he  was  well  received,  despite  the  un- 
popularity of  the  enactment  closing  the  port 
against  trading  vessels,  which  had  been  put 
in  force  before  his  arrival.  He  had  been 
employed  there  in  1768.  Gage,  a  brave, 
though  not  a  brilliant  soldier,  had  six  regi- 
ments with  him  in  Boston,  but  his  efforts  to 
bring  the  colonists  into  a  more  submissive 
attitude  towards  the  ministry  at  home  proved 
as  unavailing  as  thankless.  He  proclaimed 
the  solemn  league  and  covenant  as  a  traitorous 
assemblage,  and  bade  the  magistrates  arrest 
all  persons  aiding  and  abetting  it.  He  like- 
wise issued  a  proclamation  for  '  the  encourage- 
ment of  virtue  and  suppression  of  vice,'  in 
which,  according  to  an  American  historian, 
he  gave  great  offence  to  many  by  ranking 
hypocrisy  among  the  immoralities.  He  chose 

A  A  2 


Gage 


356 


Gage 


the  new  council  for  the  province,  and  forbade 
the  holding  of  town-meetings  without  special 
license.  He  also  seized  the  provincial  maga- 
zines at  Cambridge  and  elsewhere,  which  re- 
sulted in  some  rioting.  A  once  loyal  pro- 
vince had  been  alienated  to  the  verge  of 
rebellion  through  ministerial  blundering  at- 
home,  and  an  accident  sufficed  to  kindle  the 
smouldering  flame.  On  18  April  1775  Gage, 
hearing  that  the  colonists  were  collecting 
stores  at  Concord  Town,  twenty  miles  from 
Boston,  sent  a  detachment  of  eight  hundred 
men  under  Colonel  Smith,  10th  foot,  to  de- 
stroy them.  The  service  was  effected,  but  a 
collision  with  the  militia  occurred  on  the 
return  march  at  Lexington,  with  which  the 
war  of  independence  may  be  said  to  have 
commenced.  Gage's  report  of  the  affair  is 
printed  in  facsimile  in  the  '  Memorial  History 
of  Boston.'  By  a  resolution  of  the  provin- 
cial congress,  the  colonists  refused  longer  to 
obey  Gage  as  governor.  Gage  remained  in 
Boston,  where  at  the  end  of  March  he  was 
reinforced  by  additional  regiments  from  home. 
On  12  June  Gage  proclaimed  martial  law, 
and  offered  a  free  pardon  to  all  who  would 
avail  themselves  of  it,  except  Samuel  Adams 
and  John  Harvey.  On  the  16th  the  Ameri- 
cans took  up  a  position  on  what  was  properly 
Breed's  Hill,  on  Charleston  Heights,  opposite 
Boston,  where  on  the  morrow  (17  June  1775) 
•was  fought  the  battle  known  as  that  of 
Bunker's  Hill.  Howe,  with  part  of  Gage's 
command,  was  sent  to  dislodge  the  American 
forces.  Twice  the  position  was  assailed  with- 
out success.  The  third  time  the  slope  was 
carried,  and  the  Americans  driven  from  their 
entrenchments.  They  merely  retired  from 
Breed's  Hill  to  Bunker's  Hill,  whither  the 
British  did  not  follow  them.  Gage  shut 
himself  up  in  Boston,  where  great  scarcity 
prevailed,  and  where  he  was  blockaded  on  the 
land  side  by  Washington.  Gage  was  blamed 
at  home  and  abroad.  In  an  undated  letter  to 
Lord  Suffolk  about  this  time,  Germain,  the 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies,  laments  that 
'  General  Gage,  with  all  his  good  qualitys,  finds 
himself  in  a  position  of  too  great  importance 
for  his  talents'  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  9th  Rep. 
iii.  83  a)  ;  and  Burgoyne,  in  a  letter  from 
Boston  dated  20  Aug.  1775,  speaks  of  Gage 
as  '  an  officer  totally  unfitted  for  this  com- 
mand,' and  enters  into  a  detail  of  all  he  had 
left  undone  (ib.  81  b).  Despite  Germain's  mis- 
givings Gage  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  in  North  America  in  August  1775,  but 
soon  after  resigned.  He  embarked  at  Boston 
for  England  on  10  Oct.  1775,  leaving  the  com- 
mand to  Howe,  was  transferred  from  the 
colonelcy  of  the  22nd  foot  to  that  of  the  17th 
dragoons,  and  afterwards  of  the  llth  dragoons. 


He  became  a  full  general  in  April  1782.  He- 
died  2  April  1787  (Gent.  Mag.lvu.  (i.)  366). 
Gage  married  8  Dec.  1758,  at  Mount  Kem- 
bal,  North  America,  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Peter  Kembal,  president  of  the  council  of 
New  Jersey,  by  whom  he  had  six  sons  and  five 
daughters.  His  eldest  surviving  son,  Major- 
general  Henry  Gage,  succeeded  his  uncle,. 
William  Hall  Gage,  second  viscount,  as  third 
viscount,  and  died,  leaving  issue,  in  1808. 
The  youngest  son,  Admiral  Sir  William  Hall 
Gage,  is  separately  noticed. 

[For  genealogical  details  see  Archdall's  Peerage 
of  Ireland  under  '  Gage  ; '  also  Collins's  Peerage- 
(ed.  1812).  viii.  p.  267-8.  The  particulars  of 
Gage's  early  military  commissions  in  the  War 
Office  (Home  Office)  books  are  imperfect,  owing 
to  the  regiments  to  -which  he  belonged  being  on 
the  Irish  establishment.  The  services  of  the  44th 
foot  during  the  period  Gage  belonged  to  it  are 
given  in  T.  Carter's  Hist.  Records  44th  (East 
Essex)  Regiment  (London,  1865),  in  which  Gage- 
is  wrongly  described  as  a  '  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel'  in  the  affair  of  Fort  Duquesne.  The- 
best  account  of  the  campaigns  in  America  in 
which  Gage  was  engaged,  from  the  attempt  on. 
Fort  Duquesne  in  1755  to  the  fall  of  Montreal  in. 
1760,  will  be  found  in  F.  Parkman's  Montcalm 
and  "Wolfe  (London,  ed.  1884,  2  vols.)  Some- 
notices  of  Gage  in  America  from  1760  to  1772 
appear  in  Calendars  of  Home  Office  Papers, 
1760-6,  1766-9,  1770-2.  His  account  of  the 
affair  at  Fort  Duquesne  and  particulars  of  his- 
later  services  in  America,  in  his  own  words,  with 
queries  by  Geo.  Chalmers  and  Gage's  answers, 
are  given  in  vol.  xxxiv.  of  the  Collections  of  the 
Hist.  Soc.  of  Massachusetts.  For  his  doings  at 
Boston  reference  may  be  made  to  Letters  to  the- 
Ministry  (1769,  12mo) ;  Letters  to  the  Earl  of 
Hillsbo rough,  &c.  (1769,  8vo);  Letters  of  Gene- 
rals Gage  and  Washington  (New  York,  1775) ; 
Detail  and  Conduct  of  the  American  War  under 
General  Gage  (London,  1780) ;  also  to  Beatson's 
Nav.  and  Mil.  Memoirs,  vol.  iv.,  Stedman's  Hist. 
American  War,  Bancroft's  Hist.  United  States, 
vol.  iv.,  and  similar  works,  which  should  be  com- 
pared with  Gage's  order-books  and  letters. 
Gage's  Regimental  and  General  Orders,  com- 
plete from  1759  to  1777,  are  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, where  they  form  Addit.  MSS.  21656-7r 
21680,  21683.  His  orders  while  in  command  at 
Niagara,  and  his  correspondence  with  Colonel 
Bouquet,  General  Haldimand,  and  other  officers, 
of  note,  at  various  periods  of  his  services  in 
America,  will  also  be  found  in  Addit.  MSS.  In 
addition  to  materials  in  the  Home  and  Colonial 
series  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  whereof  those 
for  the  period  1760-72,  as  before  stated,  are 
noted  in  the  published  Calendars  of  Home  Office 
Papers,  a  large  number  of  letters  to  and  from 
Gage  in  America  are  preserved  among  the  Mar- 
quis of  Lansdowne's  papers,  and  are  catalogued 
in  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  5th  Rep.  Some  notices  of 
him  will  also  be  found  in  the  6th  Rep.  and  9th 


Gage 


357 


Gager 


Rep.  iii.     See  also  Appleton's  Enc.  Amer.  Biog. 
vol.  iii.,  and  Georgian  Era,  vol.  ii.]    H.  M.  C. 

GAGE,  SIR  WILLIAM  HALL  (1777- 
1864),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  sixth  and  youngest 
son  of  General  the  Hon.  Thomas  Gage  [q.  v.], 
•was  born  on  2  Oct.  1777,  and  entered  the 
navy  on  board  the  Bellona  guard-ship  at 
Plymouth,  in  1789.  After  serving  in  several 
ehips  on  the  home,  West  Indian,  and  Medi- 
terranean stations,  including  the  Princess 
Royal  flag-ship  of  Rear-admiral  Goodall  in 
the  actions  off  Toulon  on  13  March  and  13  July 
1795,  and  the  Bedford,  in  the  defence  of  the 
convoy  against  Richery  off  Cadiz,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Victory,  carrying  the  flag  of 
Sir  John  Jervis,  and  was  promoted  from  her 
to  be  lieutenant  of  the  Minerve  frigate,  in 
which  he  took  part  in  the  engagement  with 
the  Sabina  on  20  Dec.  1796  [see  NELSON, 
HORATIO,  VISCOUNT],  in  the  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent  on  14  Feb.,  and  in  the  cutting 
out  of  the  Mutine  brig  on  29  May  1797. 
On  13  June  1797  he  was  made  commander, 
and  on  26  July  was  posted  to  the  Terpsi- 
chore frigate,  which  for  the  next  three  years 
was  actively  employed  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  especially  in  the  blockade  of  Malta, 
and,  having  returned  to  England,  was  one 
of  the  frigates  which  detained  the  Danish 
ships  under  the  convoy  of  the  Freja,  an  affair 
which  proved  one  of  the  main  causes  of  the 
second  armed  neutrality  and  of  the  battle  of 
Copenhagen  (SCHOMBERG,  Nav.  Chron.  iii. 
373).  In  March  1801  Gage  was  appointed 
to  the  Uranie,  and  on  21  July  took  part  in 
the  cutting  out  of  the  French  20-gun  cor- 
vette Chevrette  from  under  the  batteries  in 
Camaret  Bay  (JAMES,  Nav.  Hist.,  ed.  1860, 
iii.  138).  From  1805  to  1808  he  commanded 
the  Thetis  frigate  in  the  North  Sea  and  Medi- 
terranean, and  in  1813-14  the  Indus  of  74 
funs  off  Toulon  under  Sir  Edward  Pellew. 
n  1821  he  became  a  rear-admiral.  From 
1825-30  he  was  commander-in-chief  in  the 
East  Indies;  and  in  the  Downs,  May  to  July 

1 833.  He  was  nominated  a  G.C.H.  on  19  April 

1834,  became  a  vice-admiral  on  10  Jan.  1837, 
was  commander-in-chief  at  Lisbon  from  April 
to  December  1837,  was  a  member  of  the  board 
of  admiralty  1842-6,  and  attained  the  rank 
of  admiral  on  9  Nov.  1846.     From  1848  to 
1851  he  was  commander-in-chief  atPlymouth. 
This  was  the  end  of  his  long  service,  though 
in  1853  he  was  appointed  rear-admiral  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  vice-admiral  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.     In  1860  he  was  nominated  a 
G.C.B.,  and  in  1862  was  advanced  to  be  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet.    During  his  later  years  he 
lived  at  Thurston  near  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
where  he  freely  contributed  both  time  and 


money  to  the  restoration  of  the  parish  church 
and  to  the  local  charities,  and  where  he  died 
on  4  Jan.  1864. 

[Marshall's  Koyal  Nav.  Biog.  i.  836  ;  O'Byrne's 
Naval  Biog.  Diet. ;  Gent.  Mag.  (1864,  vol.  i.), 
new  ser.  xvi.  388.]  J.  K.  L. 

GAGER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1580-1619), 
Latin  dramatist,  was  a  nephew  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Cordell,  master  of  the  rolls  [q.  v.]  He 
became  a  scholar  of  Westminster  School, 
whence  he  was  elected  to  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, in  1574.  He  proceeded  B.A.  4  Dec. 
1577,  M.A.  5  June  1580,  and  B.C.L.  and 
D.C.L.  30  June  1589  (Oxford  Univ.  Reg., 
Oxford  Hist.  Soc.,  u.  iii.  70).  Gager  soon 
proved  a  facile  Latin  verse  writer,  and  wrote 
a  series  of  Latin  plays,  which  were  performed 
in  the  university  with  great  success.  In  1581 
a  Latin  tragedy, '  Meleager,'  was  produced  in 
the  presence  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  other  distinguished  per- 
sons. In  June  1583.  when  Albert  Alasco, 
prince  palatine  of  Poland,  was  entertained 
by  the  university,  two  plays  by  Gager  were 
acted  at  Christ  Church,  and  the  distinguished 
visitor  expressed  much  satisfaction  with  them. 
The  first  was  '  a  pleasant  comedie  intituled 
"  Rivales,"  '  the  second  'a  verie  statelie  tra- 
gedie  named  "  Dido,"  wherein  the  Queenes 
banket  (with  Eneas  narrative  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  Troie)  was  livelie  described  in  a  march- 
paine  pattern,'  and  the  scenic  effects  were '  all 
strange,  marvellous,  and  abundant'  (HOLINS- 
HED,  iii.  1355).  The  second  and  third  acts  of 
the  '  Dido,'  with  prologue,  argument,  and 
epilogue,  are  extant  in  the  Brit.  Mus.  MS. 
Addit,  22583,  ff.  34-44.  Early  in  February 
1591-2  a  fourth  piece, '  Ulysses  Redux,'  was 
acted  at  Christchurch.  In  the  manuscript 
volume  already  mentioned,  which  was  for- 
merly in  Dr.  Bliss's  library,  are  extracts  from  a 
fifth  play  by  Gager  on  the  subject  of  Oedipus.' 
When  Queen  Elizabeth  visited  Oxford  in 
September  1592,  Gager  wrote  the  prologue 
and  epilogue  for  the  comedy  '  Bellum  Gram- 
maticale,'  which  was  performed  in  the  royal 
presence  at  Christ  Church.  Joseph  Hunter 
suggested  that  Gager  was  identical  with 
William  Wager,  the  author  of  some  morality- 
plays,  but  Wager's  pieces  were  written  before 
Gager  left  school:  the  theory  is  altogether 
untenable.  Meres  mentions  '  Dr.  Gager  of 
Oxford '  among '  the  best  poets  for  comedy  '— 
not  a  very  apt  description,  since  Gager's  chief 
works  were  tragedies — in  his '  Palladis  Tamia,' 
1598. 

Printed  copies  of  only  two  of  Gager's  plays 
are  now  known — the  '  Ulysses  Redux '  and 
'  Meleager ' — both  printedat  Oxford  by  Joseph 
Barnes  in  1592.  The  former,  '  Ulysses  Re- 


Gager 


358 


Gagnier 


dux,  tragoedia  publice  Academicis  recitata 
octavo  Idus  Februarii  1591,'  is  dedicated  to 
Lord  Buckhurst.  Copies  are  in  the  Douce 
collection  at  Oxford  and  at  Bridge-water 
House.  Commendatory  verse  by  Alberico 
Gentili,  Matthew  Gwinne,  Thomas  Holland, 
and  others  is  prefixed.  The  '  Meleager,  tra- 
goedia noua  bis  publice  acta  in  ^Ede  Christi 
Oxonife,'  copies  of  which  are  in  the  British 
Museum  and  Bodleian  libraries,  is  dedicated 
(1  Jan.  1592)  to  Robert,  earl  of  Essex.  Verses 
by  Richard  Edes  [q.  v.],  Alberico  Gentili 
[q.  v.],  and  J.  C.  are  prefixed.  There  is  an 
epilogue  addressed  to  the  Earls  of  Pembroke 
and  Leicester,  and  at  the  close  of  the  volume 
is  'Panniculus  Hippolyto  Senecse  Tragoedise 
assutus,  1591 ;'  an  address  to  Elizabeth,  dated 
1592,  with  the  prologue  and  epilogue  to  the 
'  Bellum  Grammaticale.' 

Gager  sent  a  copy  of  the  '  Meleager '  to  Dr. 
John  Rainolds,  then  of  Queen's  College,  after-  j 
wards  president  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  | 
and  with  it  he  forwarded  a  letter  defending 
the  performance  of  plays  at  Oxford.  Rainolds 
replied  by  denouncing  the  practice  and  by 
condemning  the  excess  to  which  it  had  lately 
been  carried  at  Christ  Church.  A  letter  of 
protest  from  Gager,  dated  31  July  1592,  is 
in  the  Corpus  Christi  College  Library  (MS. 
ccclii.  6),  and  copies  of  other  parts  of  Gager's 
share  in  the  correspondence  are  in  the  Uni- 
versity College  Library  (MS.  J.  18).  Finally 
Rainolds  wrote  a  detailed  and  spirited  answer 
to  Gager  (preface,  dated  30  May  1593),  which 
was  published  in  1599  under  the  title  of '  Th' 
overthrow  of  Stage-Playes  by  the  way  of  con- 
troversie  betwixt  D.  Gager  and  D.  Rainolds, 
wherein  all  the  reasons  that  can  be  made  for 
them  are  notably  refuted.'  Rainolds  attacked 
with  especial  vigour  the  appearance  on  the 
stage  of  youths  in  women's  clothes.  A  Latin 
defence  of  Gager  by  Alberico  Gentili,  and  a 
final  reply  by  Rainolds,  are  appended  to 
Rainolds's  volume.  A  reprint  of  this  volume 
and  the  manuscripts  dealing  with  the  con- 
troversy has  long  been  promised  by  the  New 
Shakspere  Society. 

Gager  was  a  voluminous  writer  of  Latin 
verse.  He  probably  edited  the  'Exequise 
D.  Philippi  Sidnaei,'  Oxford,  1587,  to  which 
he  largely  contributed.  He  also  wrote  in 
the  university  collection  issued  on  the  deaths 
of  Sir  Henry  Unton  in  1596  and  of  the  queen 
in  1603.  The  volume  in  the  British  Musuem 
(Addit.  MS.  22583)  which  contains  parts  of 
Gager's  tragedies  of  '  Dido '  and  '  CEdipus,' 
includes  Latin-verse  translations  by  him  of 
Homer's  '  Batrachomuomachia,'  '  Susanna,' 
'Preecepta  quaedam  Isocratis  ad  Demoni- 
cum,'  Musseus's  '  Hero  et  Leander,'  together 
with  numerous  verses  and  epigrams  addressed 


to  friends,  patrons,  and  relatives,  like  George 
Peele,  Martin  Heton,  Richard  Edes,  Toby 
Matthew,  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  Sir  William 
Cordwell,  Nicholas  Breton,  and  Richard 
Hakluyt.  Two  long  pieces,  'Musa  Australis' 
and  '  /Egloga,'  are  both  addressed  to  Toby 
Matthew.  Congratulatory  odes  on  the  queen's 
escape  from  the  Babington  plot,  a  few  trifling 
English  verses,  and  a  prose  '  Encomium  Elo- 
quentise,'  conclude  the  volume.  A  Latin 
heroic  poem, '  Piramus,'  dated  5  Nov.  1605,  is 
in  MS.  Royal,  12  A.  lix.  Latin  verses  by 
Gager  appear  before  Breton's  '  Pilgrimage  to 
Paradise '  (1592).  In  1608  Gager  seems  to 
have  publicly  defended  the  thesis  at  Oxford 
'  that  it  was  lawful  for  husbands  to  beat  their 
wives.'  William  Heale  of  Exeter  College 
replied  in  '  An  Apologie  for  Women,'  Oxford, 
1609.  On  the  death  of  Martin  Heton,  bishop 
of  Ely,  14  July  1609,  Gager  wrote  a  Latin 
elegy,  which  was  engraved  on  the  bishop's 
tomb  in  Ely  cathedral  (BESTHAM,  Ely,  p. 
197). 

In  1590  Gager  seems  to  have  been  dis- 
appointed of  a  fortune  which  he  expected 
from  an  uncle,  Edward  Cordell,  who  died  in 
that  year.  He  attributed  his  disappointment 
to  the  action  of  his  uncle's  wife.  In  1601  he 
became  surrogate  to  Dr.  Swale,  vicar-general 
of  Ely.  On  29  May  1606,  when  his  friend, 
Martin  Heton,  was  bishop  of  Ely,  Gager  was 
appointed  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Ely. 
He  was  delegate  and  commissary  to  Arch- 
bishop Bancroft  for  the  diocese  of  Ely  in 
1608,  and  custos  of  the  spiritualities  on  the 
vacancy  of  the  see  in  1609.  He  was  also 
vicar-general  and  official  principal  to  Bishop 
Andrewes  in  1613.  1616,  and  1618. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.,  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  87-9 ; 
Halliwell's  Dictionary  of  Plays ;  Stevenson's 
Supplement  to  Bentham's  History  of  Ely  (1817), 
10,  20,  28,  33  ;  Wood's  Annals  of  Oxford,  vol.ii. 
pt.  i.  pp.  216,  256;  Hunter's  MS.  Chorus  Vatum 
in  Addit.  MS.  24491,  f.  90;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.] 

S.  L.  L. 

GAGNIER,  JOHN  (1670?-!  740), 
orientalist,  was  born  in  Paris  about  1670, 
and  educated  at  the  College  of  Navarre.  His 
tutor,  Le  Bossu,  having  shown  him  a  copy  of 
Walton's  '  Polyglott  Bible,'  he  determined 
to  master  Hebrew  and  Arabic.  After  taking 
orders  he  was  made  a  canon  regular  of  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Genevieve,  but  finding  the  life 
irksome  he  retired  to  England,  and  ulti- 
mately became  an  Anglican  clergyman.  In 
1703  he  was  created  M.A.  at  Cambridge  by 
royal  mandate  (Cantabr.  Graduati,  1787, 
p.  152).  William  Lloyd,  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, appointed  him  his  domestic  chaplain 
and  introduced  him  at  Oxford.  Gagnier 
subsequently  settled  at  Oxford,  and  taught 


Gagnier 


359 


Gahagan 


Hebrew.     In  1706  he  was  enabled  through 
Lloyd's  liberality  to  publish  in  quarto  an 
edition  of  the  fictitious  Joseph  ben  Gorion's 
'  History  of  the  Jews/  in  the  original  He- 
brew, with  a  Latin  translation  and  notes 
(HEARNE,  Remarks,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.  i.,127) 
In  1707  he  published  at  the  Hague  'L'Eglise 
Romaine  convaincue  de  depravation,  d'ido- 
latrie,  et  d'antichristianisme,'  8vo.    In  1710, 
at  the  instance  of  Sharp,  archbishop  of  York, 
he  assisted  John  Ernest  Grabe  [q.  v.]  in  the 
perusal  of  the  Arabic  manuscripts  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  relating  to  the  Clementine 
constitutions,  on  which  Sharp  had  engaged 
Grabe  to  write  a  treatise  against  Whiston 
(ib.  iii.  239).     In  1717  he  was  appointed  by 
the  vice-chancellor  to  read  the  Arabic  lec- 
ture at  Oxford  in  the  absence  of  the  pro- 
fessor, John  Wallis.     In  1718  appeared  his 
'  Vindiciae  Kircherianae,  sive  Animadversiones 
in  novas  Abrahami  Trommii  Concordantias 
Graecas  versionis  vulgo  dictae  LXX.  Inter- 
pretum,'  8vo,  Oxford,  which,  though  vigor- 
ously written,  was  considered  an  unfair  at- 
tack on  Trommius,  then  an  aged  man.     In 
1723  he  issued  in  folio  Abu  Al-Fida's  '  Life 
of  Mahomet,'  in  Arabic,  with  a  Latin  trans- 
lation and  notes,  dedicated  to  an  early  pa- 
tron, Lord  Macclesfield.  The  lord  almoner's 
professorship  of  Arabic  at  Oxford  was  con- 
ferred on  Gagnier  in   1724.     He  had  pre- 
pared an  edition  of  Abu  Al-Fida's  '  Geo- 
graphy,' and  in  1726  or  1727  printed  as  a 
specimen  seventy-two  folio  leaves,  but  was 
unable  to  proceed  further  from  want  of  en- 
couragement.    The  fragment  was  noticed  in 
the  '  Journal  des  Savants  '  for  1727.     For 
the  benefit  of  those  who  were  unable  to  read 
his  Latin  translation  of  Abu  Al-Fida's  'Ma- 
homet,' he  compiled  a  '  Life '   in  French, 
which  was  published  by  Le  Clerc  at  Amster- 
dam in  1732  (2  vols.  8vo).     Of  this  work, 
which  is  quite  unworthy  of  Gagnier's  repu- 
tation, an  edition  in  three  volumes  appeared 
at  Amsterdam  in  1748;  and  a  German  trans- 
lation in  two  volumes  at  Kothen  in  1802-4. 
He  had  previously  furnished  an  anonymous 
continuation  to  Count  II.  de  Boulainvilliers's 
'  La  Vie  de  Mahomed,'  8vo,  London,  1730. 
Gagnier  died  on  2  March  1740.     He  left  a 
son,  John,  born  in  1721,  who  died  on  27  Jan. 
1796,  aged  75  (FOSTER,  Alumni  Oxon.  1715- 
1886,  ii.  504 ;  STJKTEES,  Durham,  iii.  124, 125). 
Gagnier's  other  publications  are :  1.  '  Lettre 
sur  les  Medailles  Samaritaines,'  printed  in 
'  Nouvelles  de  la  Republique  des  Lettres,'  in 
the  'Journal  de  Trevoux,'  1705,  and  a  Latin 
version  in  vol.  xxviii.  of  Ugolinus's  '  The- 
saurus Antiquitatum  '  (p.  1283).   2.  'Tabula 
nova  et  accurata  exhibens  paradigmata  om- 
nium   conjugationum    Hebraicarum,'    four 


large  leaves,  Oxford,  1710,  printed  for  the  use 
of  his  pupils.  3.  '  Carolina.  Ecloga  in  diem 
natalem  Willielminaj  Carolines,  serenissimae 
PrincipisWalliae,'4to,  London,  1719. 4.  'Liber 
Petra  Scandali  de  principio  et  causa  schis- 
matis  duarum  ecclesiarum  Orientalis  et  Oc- 
cidentalis,  ex  Graeco  Arabice  redditus,'  8vo, 
Oxford,  1721.  5.  '  Animadversiones  in  no- 
vam  Josephi  Gorionidis  editionem  a  Jo.  Frid. 
Breithaupto  publicatam,'  printed  in  vol.  v. 
of  Le  Clerc's  '  Bibliotheque  Choisie.'  He 
also  contributed  to  vol.  ii.  of  J.  A.  Fabric ius's 
edition  of  '  St.  Hippolytus  '  (1716), '  Frag- 
menta  ex  catena  in  Pentateuchum,"  &c., 
with  a  Latin  translation.  At  the  invitation 
of  Dr.  Mead  he  translated  from  the  Arabic 
the  treatise  of  Rhazes  on  the  small-pox.  '  In- 
structions sur  les  Nicodemites/  attributed 
to  Gagnier,  has  been  shown  by  Barbier  to 
have  been  written  by  J.  Graverol. 

[Hearne's  Remarks  and  Collections  (Oxf. 
Hist.  Soc.) ;  Biographie  Universelle  (Michaud), 
xv.  360-2  ;  Nouvelle  Biographie  Grenerale,  xix. 
166-7;  Oxford  Ten  Year  Book;  Oxford  Gra- 
duates.] G-.  G. 

GAHAGAN,  USHER  (d.  1749),  classical 
scholar,  belonged  to  a  good  family  of  West- 
meath,  Ireland ;  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  but  took  no  degree,  and 
then  proceeded  to  study  for  the  Irish  bar. 
His  parents  had  brought  him  up  as  a  pro- 
testant,  but  he  was  converted  in  youth  to 
Roman  Catholicism,  and  was  thus  prevented 
from  being  called  to  the  bar.  He  soon  mar- 
ried a  rich  heiress,  whom  he  treated  very 
ruelly.  and  a  separation  followed.  His  rela- 
tives were  alienated  by  his  conduct,  and  he 
:ame  to  London,  where  he  tried  to  make  a 
ivelihood  out  of  his  classical  scholarship. 
He  edited  in  Brindley's  beautiful  edition  of 
;he  classics  the  works  of  Horace,  Cornelius 
S"epos,  Sallust,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Virgil,  and 
Terence,  all  published  in  1744;  Quintus 
~urtius  in  1746 ;  Catullus,  Propertius,  and 
Tibullus,  issued  in  1749.  He  also  translated 
nto  good  Latin  verse  Pope's  '  Essay  on  Criti- 
;ism  '  ('Tentamen  de  recritica'),  which  ap- 
peared in  1747  with  a  Latin  dedication  to 
;he  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  and  a  poem  descrip- 
;ive  of  the  earl's  recent  reception  in  Dublin  as 
ord-lieutenant.  But  Gahagan  fell  into  very 
jad  company  in  London.  A  compatriot,  Hugh 
Coffey,  suggested  to  him  a  plan  for  making 
money  by  filing  coins  or '  diminishing  the  cur- 
rent coin  of  the  realm.'  Another  Irishman, 
of  some  education,  Terence  Connor,  who  is 
variously  described  as  Gahagan's  servant  or 
odger,  was  introduced  into  the  conspiracy. 
For  some  months  the  scheme  worked  well .  But 
the  suspicions  of  the  authorities  were  roused 


Gahan 


360 


Gaimar 


at  the  end  of  1748.     Coffey  turned  informer, 
and  Gahagan  and  Connor  were  arrested  in  a 
public-house  at  Chalk  Farm  early  in  January 
1748-9.     The  trial  took  place  at   the  Old 
Bailey  on  Monday,  16  Jan.  1748-9,  and  both 
were  convicted  on  Coffey's  evidence.    While 
awaiting  execution  in  Newgate,  Gahagan 
translated  Pope's  '  Messiah '  and  '  Temple  of 
Fame '  into  Latin  verse,  and  this  was  pub- 
lished immediately  (1749),  with  a  dedication 
to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  prime  minister, 
praying  for  pardon.  Gahagan  also  addressed 
Prince  George  to  the  same  effect  in  English 
verse,  while  Connor  wrote  a  poetic  appeal 
in  English  to  the  Duchess  of  Queensberry. 
These  effusions  are  printed  in  the  '  Newgate  ! 
Calendar.'     But   all  efforts  failed,  and  the  ; 
young  men  were  hanged  at  Tyburn  on  Mon-  ! 
day,  20  Feb.  1748-9.  Some  verses  lamenting 
Gahagan's  fate  are  quoted  in  the  '  Newgate 
Calendar.'     In  the  preface  to  the  collected  | 
edition  of  Christopher  Smart's  poems,  '  un-  | 
fortunate  Gahagan '  is  described  as  Smart's 
immediate  predecessor  in  the  successful  writ-  | 
ing  of  Latin  verse. 

[Knapp  and  Baldwin's  Newgate  Calendar,  ii. 
27-30;  Gent.  Mag.  1749,  pp.  43,  90;  London 
Mag.  xviii.  62,  99,  102 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th 
ser.  i.  482 ;  Southey's  Commonplace  Book,  iii.  71 ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

GAHAN,  WILLIAM  (1730-1804),  ec- 
clesiastic and  author,  born  in  Dublin  in  June 
1730,  was  of  a  Leinster  sept,  the  original  name 
of  which  was  O'Gaoithin,  anglicised  Gahan. 
He  was  educated  at  Dublin,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Augustinian  order  there,  and  in 
1747  entered  the  catholic  university  of  Lou- 
vain,  where  he  studied  for  eleven  years  and 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity.  I 
Gahan  returned  to   Ireland   in   September 
1761,  was  appointed  curate  of  the  parish  of  j 
St.  Paul,  Dublin,  and  subsequently  retired  to 
the  convent  of  his  order  in  that  city,  where  ] 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  composi-  j 
tion  of  works  for  the  use  of  Roman  catholics  | 
on  subjects  connected  with  religion  and  mo- 
rality. In  1786  he  travelled  through  England, 
France,  and  Italy,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his  | 
experiences  abroad,  which  has  not  been  pub-  | 
listed.     The  most  important  public  incident 
in  the  career  of  Gahan  was  in  connection  with 
John  Butler  (d.  1800)  [q.  v.],  Roman  catholic  • 
bishop  of  Cork,  with  whom  he  had  intimate 
and  confidential  relations  since  1783.  Butler, 
in  his  seventieth  year,  on  the  death  of  his 
nephew,  Pierce,  became  twelfth  Lord  Dun-  j 
boyne  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,  and  possessor  | 
of  the  ancestral  estates.   Anxious  to  prevent  , 
the  extinction  of  the  direct  line  of  his  family, 
he  resigned  the  bishopric  of  Cork,  and  sought 


a  papal  dispensation  to  enable  him  to  marry. 
The  application  having  been  rejected,  Dun- 
boy  ne  publicly  renounced  the  Roman  catholic 
religion,  and  became  a  member  of  the  esta- 
blished church.  When  suffering  from  illness 
in  1800,  Dunboyne  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
pope  requesting  readmission  to  the  Roman 
catholic  church.  He  also  executed  a  will  by 
which  he  bequeathed  one  of  his  estates  to 
the  Roman  catholic  college  of  Maynooth. 
The  letter  to  the  pope  was  transmitted  through 
Troy,  Roman  catholic  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
who  expressed  his  disapprobation  of  any  of 
the  Dunboyne  estates  being  alienated  from 
the  family.  Under  archiepiscopal  sanction 
Gahan,  in  company  with  a  friend  of  Dun- 
boyne, attended  on  his  lordship,  received  him 
into  the  catholic  church,  and  urged,  but  in 
vain,  the  revocation  of  the  will.  After  Dun- 
boyne's  death  in  1800  the  validity  of  the 
bequest  to  Maynooth  was  impugned  by  his 
sister  in  the  court  of  chancery,  and  Gahan 
underwent  several  examinations  there.  The 
case  came  to  trial  at  the  assizes  at  Trim,  in 
the  county  of  Meath,  in  August  1802,  before 
Viscount  Kil  warden,  the  chief  j  ustice.  Curran 
was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  college  of  May- 
nooth. In  the  course  of  the  trial  Gahan  was 
required  by  the  court,  under  penalty  of  impri- 
sonment, to  state  certain  details  of  his  rela- 
tions with  Lord  Dunboyne.  These  he  con- 
ceived tohave  been  confidential,  in  connection 
with  his  ministrations  as  a  priest,  and  he  firmly 
declined  to  disclose  them.  He  was,  for  con- 
tempt of  court,  condemned  by  the  judge  to  be 
imprisoned  for  a  week.  Gahan's  confinement 
was  of  short  duration,  as,  after  the  jury  had 
returned  their  verdict,  the  court  ordered  his 
discharge,  on  the  ground  that  the  plaintiff 
had  not  suffered  from  his  refusal  to  answer, 
and  that  he  had  acted  on  principle.  A  sub- 
sequent compromise  between  the  litigants 
led  to  the  endowment  of  a  department  of 
the  college  of  Maynooth,  designated  the '  Dun- 
boyne Establishment.'  Gahan  died  at  Dublin, 
in  the  convent  of  his  order,  on  6  Dec.  1804. 
His  published  works  consist  of  '  Sermons  and 
Moral  Discourses'  (6th  ed.  1847),  a  history 
of  the  Christian  church,  translations  from 
Bourdaloue,  and  several  devotional  books 
still  extensively  used. 

[Case  of  C.  Butler,  1802  ;  Brenan's  Ecclesias- 
tical Hist,  of  Ireland,  1840;  Case  of  Baron 
of  Dunboyne,  1858-9;  Episcopal  Succession, 
Home,  1876.]  J.  T.  G. 

GAIMAR,  GEOFFREY  (fi.  1140?), 
wrote  a  history  of  England  in  French  verse, 
extending  from  the  time  of  King  Arthur's 
successors  to  the  death  of  William  II.  His 
errors  in  interpreting  the  'Anglo-Saxon 


Gaimar 


361 


Gainsborough 


Chronicle,'  on  which  most  of  his  history  is 
based,  render  it  probable  that  he  was  a 
Norman  by  birth,  and  he  may  have  derived 
his  name  from  a  suburb  of  Caen,  anciently 
known  as  Gaimara,  and  now  Gemare.  As 
he  tells  us  in  the  concluding  lines  of  his  his- 
tory, he  wrote  at  the  request  of  Custance, 
wife  of  Ralf  Fitzgilbert,  who  was  a  friend  of 
Walter  Espec  [q.  v.]  It  is  likely  that  this 
Ralf  Fitzgilbert  is  the  person  to  whom  Gil- 
bert of  Ghent,  second  earl  of  Lincoln,  granted 
the  lordship  of  Scampton  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  it  is  quite  possible  that  he  was  an  ille- 
gitimate member  of  the  same  family.  Gaimar 
also  speaks,  as  if  from  personal  knowledge,  of 
Henry  I  and  his  queen,  Adelaide  of  Louvain, 
of  Robert,  earl  of  Gloucester,  the  king's  il- 
legitimate son,  and  of  Nicholas  de  Trailli,  a 
nephew  of  Walter  Espec. 

His  history  follows  the  '  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle  '  in  the  main,  many  of  the  differ- 
ences being  attributable  either  to  gratuitous 
expansion  or  mistranslation.  The  insertion 
of  the  legendary  story  of  Havelock,  the 
founder  of  a  Danish  kingdom  in  East  Anglia, 
is  no  doubt  owing  to  the  author's  residence 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  the  same  may  be  said 
of  his  version  of  the  exploits  of  the  more 
historic  Hereward,  which  differs  in  some  par- 
ticulars from  the  well-known  prose  life.  His 
account  of  the  reign  of  William  II,  of  which 
he  must  have  had  personal  knowledge,  is  of 
more  value,  but  is  not  chronologically  accu- 
rate. He  gives  an  amusing  description  of  the 
court  held  in  the  New  Hall  at  Westminster 
at  Whitsuntide  1099,  and,  in  narrating  the 
death  of  the  Red  King,  hints  that  AValter 
Tirel  was  moved  to  murder  his  master  in 
consequence  of  a  bragging  assertion  of  his 
intention  to  invade  France.  He  speaks  also 
of  the  grief  of  the  attendants  and  their  care- 
ful removal  of  the  corpse,  which  other  writers 
say  was  left  to  a  casual  woodman,  and  he 
praises  William  for  liberality  and  magnani- 
mity as  he  does  his  successor,  Henry  I.  There 
are  four  manuscripts  of '  Lestorie  des  Engles,' 
as  the  work  is  called ;  MS.  Bibl.  Reg.  13.  A. 
xxi.  (Brit.  Mus.) ;  Lincoln  Cathedral  MS. 
A.  4-12;  Durham  Cathedral  MS.  C.  iv.  27; 
and  Arundel  MS.  No.  14,  in  the  College  of 
Arms.  A  previously  written  history  of 
earlier  times  is  more  than  once  mentioned  in 
the  course  of  the  poem,  but  it  is  not  known 
to  be  extant. 

[Monumenta  Historica  Britannica,  pp.  91, 
764 ;  Michel's  Chroniques  Anglo-Normandes, 
vol.  i. ;  Publications  of  the  Caxton  Society,  vol. 
ii. ;  Church  Historians  of  England,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii. 
pp.  xxi,  729  ;  Lestorie  des  Engles  solum  la  trans- 
lacion  Maistre  Geffrei  Gaimar,  ed.  Sir  T.  D. 
Hardy  and  C.  T.  Martin  (Rolls  Ser.),  1888; 


Michel's  Rapports  sur  les  Anciens  Monumens  de 
la  Litterature  et  de  1'Histoire  de  la  France,  i.  44, 
194,  244 ;  Roquefort's  De  1'Etat  de  la  Poesie 
Fran^-oise,  pp.  68,  82-4 ;  Duval's  Histoire  Lit- 
teraire  de  la  France,  xiii.  63,  xviii.  731,  738; 
De  la  Rue's  Essais  Historiques  sur  les  Bardes, 
iii.  104,  120  ;  Frere's  Manuel  de  Bibliographie 
Normande ;  Pluquet's  M^moire  sur  les  Trouveres 
Normands,  in  Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Anti- 
quaires  de  Normandie,  i.  375  n.,  414-16;  Jahr- 
bucher  der  Literatur,  Vienna,  Ixxvi.  266 ;  Johann 
Vising's  Etude  sur  le  Dialecte  Anglo- Normand 
du  XHSiecle,  Romania,  ix.  480;  Kupferschmidt's 
Die  Havelok-Sage  bei  Gaimar  und  ihr  Verhalten 
zum  Lai  d'Havelok;  Gent.  Mag.  1857,  ii.  21; 
Archseologia,  xii.  307-12;  Freeman's  Norman 
Conquest,  iv.  485,  486,  806,  v.  99,  581,  824; 
Freeman's  William  II,  ii.  660;  Lappenberg's  Eng- 
land under  the  Anglo-Saxon  Kings;  Parker's 
Early  Hist,  of  Oxford  (Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.),  pp.  123, 
126,  161,  180,  325;  Woodward's  Hist,  of  Wales, 
pp.  200,  204 ;  H.  L.  D.  Ward's  Cat.  of  Romances 
in  MSS.  Department,  Brit,  Mus.  pp.  423,  496, 
940 ;  Sir  Frederick  Madden's  Havelock  the 
Dane  (Roxburghe  Club).]  C.  T.  M. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  EARL  OF  (d.  1750). 
[See  NOEL,  BAPTISTE.] 

GAINSBOROUGH,  THOMAS   (1727- 

1788),  painter,  was  born  in  1727  at  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  in  a  picturesque  old  house  which 
had  once  been  the  Black  Horse  Inn.  The  day 
of  his  birth  is  unknown,  but  he  was  baptised 
at  the  independent  meeting-house,  14  May 
1727.  His  father,  John  Gainsborough,  was 
a  dissenter,  engaged  in  the  wool  manufac- 
tures of  the  town.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  fine  man,  careful  of  his  personal  appearance, 
an  adroit  fencer,  kind  to  his  spinners  and  also 
to  his  debtors,  of  good  reputation,  but  not 
rigid  in  the  matter  of  smuggling,  enterprising 
and  active  in  business, '  travelling '  in  France 
and  Holland,  and  the  introducer  into  Sud- 
bury of  the  shroud  trade  from  Coventry. 
Mrs.  John  Gainsborough,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Burroughs,  was  the  sister  of  the  Rev. 
Humphrey  Burroughs,  curate  of  the  church 
of  St.  Gregory,  and  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Sudbury.  They  had  nine  children 
(five  sons  and  four  daughters),  of  whom 
Thomas  was  the  youngest.  The  daughters 
were  all  married :  Mary  to  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter of  Bath,  named  Gibbon ;  Susannah  to  Mr. 
Gardiner  of  the  same  city;  Sarah  married 
Mr.  Dupont,  and  Elizabeth  Mr.  Bird,  both 
of  Sudbury.  The  sons'  names  were  John, 
Humphry,  Mathias,  and  Robert.  Mathias 
died  of  an  accident  in  his  youth,  and  of 
Robert  little  is  known,  but  both  John  and 
Humphry  were  remarkable  for  their  me- 
chanical ingenuity.  John  was  well  known 
in  Sudbury  as '  Scheming  Jack.'  He  made  a 


Gainsborough 


362 


Gainsborough 


pair  of  copper  wings  and  essayed  in  vain  to 
fly,  and  among  his  other  inventions  were  '  a 
cradle  which  rocked  itself,  a  cuckoo  which 
would  sing  all  the  year  round,  and  a  wheel 
that  turned  in  a  still  bucket  of  water.'  He 
also  painted,  and  was  about  to  sail  to  the 
East  Indies  to  prove  an  invention  for  the 
discovery  of  longitude,  when  he  died  in 
London.  The  second  brother,  Humphry,  was 
a  dissenting  minister  at  Henley-on-Thames, 
•who  declined  to  take  orders  though  offered 
preferment  in  the  church  of  England.  His 
leisure  hours  were  given  to  mechanics,  and 
his  experiments  upon  the  steam  engine  are 
said  to  have  been  far  in  advance  of  his  time. 
According  to  Fulcher  his  friends  declared 
that  Watt  owed  to  him  the  plan  of  con- 
densing the  steam  in  a  separate  vessel.  He 
invented  a  fireproof  box,  the  utility  of  which 
was  proved  by  a  fire  in  a  friend's  house,  and 
for  a  tide-mill  of  his  invention  he  obtained  a 
premium  of  501.  from  the  Society  for  the 
Encouragement  of  Arts.  A  curious  sundial 
of  his  contrivance  is  in  the  British  Museum. 
Thomas  alone,  of  all  the  sons,  cost  his 
parents  little.  He  supported  himself  after  he 
was  eighteen.  From  the  first  his  bent  to- 
wards art  was  decided.  An  intense  love  of 
nature  and  a  facility  for  taking  likenesses 
seem  to  have  been  born  in  him.  His  only 
known  encouragement  from  without  came 
from  his  mother,  who  was  '  a  woman  of  well- 
cultured  mind,  and,  amongst  other  accom- 
plishments, excelled  in  flower-painting.'  He 
was  sent  to  his  uncle's  grammar  school,  but 
spent  all  his  holidays  in  sketching  rambles. 
He  told  Thicknesse  that  '  there  was  not  a 
picturesque  clump  of  trees,  nor  even  a  single 
tree  of  any  beauty,  no,  nor  hedgerow,  stem 
or  post,'  in  or  around  his  native  town,  which 
was  not  from  his  earliest  years  treasured  in 
his  memory.  On  one  occasion  he  successfully 
forged  his  father's  handwriting  to  a  strip  of 
paper  bearing  the  words '  Give  Tom  a  holiday.' 
When  the  fraud  was  discovered  his  father 
promptly  prophesied  that '  Tom  will  one  day 
be  hanged,'  and,  on  seeing  how  the  boy  had 
employed  the  stolen  time,  declared  that '  Tom 
will  be  a  genius.'  The  lad  one  morning 
sketched  the  face  of  a  man  peeping  over  the 
fence  of  his  father's  (or  a  friend's)  orchard. 
The  man  took  to  his  heels  when  Gainsborough 
interrupted  his  assault  upon  a  pear  tree,  but 
the  sketch  already  taken  was  sufficient  to 
identify  the  thief.  From  this  sketch  he  after- 
wards painted  a  picture  which  was  exhibited 
at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1885.  It  is  on 
a  board  cut  to  the  outline  of  the  head,  and 
when  he  went  to  Ipswich  he  set  it  up  on  the 
garden  palings,  to  the  deception  of  many,  in- 
cluding Philip  Thicknesse,  who  took  it  for  a 


real  man,  and  was  so  pleased  that  he  called 
on  the  artist. 

'  At  ten  years  old,'  says  Allan  Cunning- 
ham, 'Gainsborough  had  made  some  progress 
in  sketching,  and  at  twelve  was  a  confirmed 
painter,'  and  in  his  fifteenth  year  he  was  sent 
to  London  to  the  care  of  a  silversmith  '  of 
some  taste,'  to  whom,  according  to  a  writer 
in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  he  always 
acknowledged  great  obligations.  For  some 
time  he  studied  under  Gravelot,  the  French 
engraver,  at  his  house  in  James  Street,  Covent 
Garden,  where  he  met  Charles  Grignon,  who 
assisted  him  in  his  first  attempts  at  etching. 
Here  he  acquired  the  skill  which  enabled  him 
to  etch  the  few  plates  (about  eighteen)  and 
the  three  aquatints  which  are  mentioned  in 
Bryan's  '  Diet ionary'  (Graves).  Fifteen  of 
the  etchings  were  published  after  his  death 
by  Boydell.  He  was  employed  by  Gravelot 
in  designing  ornamental  borders  for  Hou- 
braken's  portraits,  and  also  by  Alderman 
Boydell,  but  after  entering  the  St.  Martin's 
Lane  Academy  he  left  Gravelot's  studio  for 
that  of  Frank  Hayman  [q.  v.l  After  three 
years  under  Hayman  he  hired  rooms  in  Hat- 
ton  Garden,  where  he  painted  landscapes  for 
dealers  at  low  prices,  and  portraits  for  three 
to  five  guineas.  He  also  practised  modelling 
of  animals.  After  a  year  thus  spent  without 
very  satisfactory  results  he  returned  to  Sud- 
bury  in  1746. 

He  now  continued  his  study  of  landscape 
and  fell  in  love  with  Miss  Margaret  Burr,  a 
beautiful  girl  with  an  annuity  of  200Z.  a  year, 
whom  he  soon  married,  being  at  that  time 
nineteen  years  old,  and  one  year  older  than 
his  bride.  According  to  the  earlier  bio- 
graphers of  the  artist  much  mystery  sur- 
rounded this  young  lady  and  the  source  of 
her  annuity.  It  was  said  that  she  was  the 
daughter  of  an  exiled  prince,  or  of  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  and  that  the  pair  met  accidentally 
'  in  one  of  Gainsborough's  pictorial  excur- 
sions,' but  even  according  to  Fulcher  her 
brother  was  a  commercial  traveller  in  the 
employ  of  Gainsborough's  father,  and  her 
father,  it  is  now  asserted,  was  a  partner  in 
the  business. 

The  newly  married  couple,  after  a  brief 
residence  in  Friar  Street,  Sudbury,  hired  a 
small  house  in  Brook  Street,  Ipswich,  at  a 
yearly  rent  of  61.  Here  the  artist  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Joshua  Kirby  [q.  v.],  who 
became  his  warm  friend,  and  placed  his  son 
William  with  him  when  he  went  to  London. 
He  also  appears  to  have  had  another  pupil 
here,  where  he  remained  till  1760,  gradually 
improving  in  skill  and  position.  It  was  in 
1754  that  he  met  Philip  Thicknesse,  his 
earliest  biographer,  then  lieutenant-governor 


Gainsborough 


363 


Gainsborough 


of  Landguard  Fort,  who  describes  his  por- 
traits at  this  time  as  '  truly  drawn,  perfectly 
like,  but  stiffly  painted,  and  worse  coloured.' 
Among  his  sitters  was  Admiral  Vernon.  For 
Thicknesse  he  painted  a  view  of  Landguard 
Fort  with  the  royal  yachts  passing  the  garri- 
son under  the  salute  of  guns,  which  was  en- 
graved by  Major.  To  this  Ipswich  period 
belong  his  more  carefully  drawn  and  detailed 
landscapes  in  the  Dutch  manner,  like  the 
wood  scene,  with  a  view  of  the  village  of 
Cornard  in  Suffolk  (No.  925  in  the  National 
Gallery),  and  known  as  'Gainsborough's 
Forest,'  under  which  name  a  print  of  it  was 
published  by  the  Boydells  in  1790.  Among 
his  friends  and  patrons  at  Ipswich  were  Mr. 
Kilderbee,  Mr.  Edgar,  a  lawyer  of  Colchester, 
and  the  Kev.  James  Hingeston,  vicar  of  Ray- 
don,  Suffolk  (portraits  of  members  of  the 
Edgar  and  Hingeston  families  and  other 
works  of  Gainsborough  belonging  to  the 
Edgar  family  were  exhibited  at  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery  in  the  winters  of  1885  and  1888). 
Mr.  Hingeston's  son,  in  a  letter  quoted  by 
Fulcher,  gives  a  very  pleasant  picture  of 
Gainsborough  in  these  days.  Gainsborough, 
he  says,  was  generally  beloved  for  his  affa- 
bility;  received  with  honour  by  the  country 
gentlemen,  and  winning  the  grateful  recol- 
lections of  the  peasantry.  The  panels  of 
several  of  the  rooms  in  Hingeston's  house 
were  '  adorned  with  the  productions  of  his 
genius.  In  one  is  a  picture  of  Gainsborough's 
two  daughters,  when  young ;  they  are  engaged 
in  chasing  a  butterfly.'  Music  at  this  time, 
as  afterwards,  was  the  principal  amusement 
of  his  leisure  hours.  Thicknesse  lent  him  a 
violin,  on  which  he  soon  learnt  to  play  better 
than  the  lender ;  and  he  belonged  to  a  musi- 
cal club  at  Ipswich,  and  painted  a  picture  of 
the  members. 

At  the  suggestion  of  Thicknesse,  who 
passed  his  winters  at  Bath,  Gainsborough  re- 
moved to  that  city  in  1760.  Much  to  the 
alarm  of  his  wife  he  took  lodgings  in  the 
newly  built  Circus,  at  the  rent  of  50/.  a  year. 
But  sitters  flocked  to  him  at  once,  and  the 
portrait  of  Thicknesse,  which  was  to  have 
been  painted  as  a  "kind  of  decoy-duck,  was 
put  aside  and  never  finished.  He  soon  raised 
his  price  for  a  head  from  five  to  eight  guineas, 
and  ultimately  fixed  it  at  forty  guineas  for  a 
half,  and  a  hundred  for  a  whole  length.  The 
Society  of  Artists,  founded  in  1759,  held  their 
first  exhibition  in  London  in  the  following 
year,  and  he  contributed  to  its  exhibitions 
from  1761  to  1768,  sending  eighteen  works 
in  all.  This  society  was  incorporated  by 
royal  charter  in  1765,  and  Gainsborough's 
name  appears  on  the  roll  of  members  in  1766. 
In  1768  he  was  elected  one  of  the  original 


members  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  con- 
tributed to  its  exhibitions  from  1769  to  1772, 
when,  in  consequence  of  some  misunderstand- 
ing with  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  he  withdrew 
his  contributions  for  four  years,  by  the  end 
of  which  time  he  was  settled  in  London. 
After  this  quarrel,  as  after  that  of  1783,  he 
sent,  a  picture  or  so  to  the  Free  Society. 
During  this  period  (1769-72)  he  exhibited 
several  landscapes,  large  and  small,  with  and 
without  figures,  but  then,  as  afterwards,  the 
majority  of  his  contributions  were  portraits. 
As  Gainsborough  never  signed  and  seldom 
dated  his  works,  and  as  in  the  catalogues  the 
landscapes  are  without  titles  and  the  por- 
traits unnamed,  except  in  the  case  of  persons 
of  importance,  it  is  difficult  to  identify  most 
of  the  pictures  as  exhibited  in  any  particular 
year,  but  the  following  portraits  are  duly 
named  :  1761,  Mr.  Nugent,  afterwards  Lord 
Clare;  1762,  Mr.  Poyntz;  1763,  Quin  the 
actor  and  Mr.  Medlicott ;  1 765,  General  Hony- 
wood  (on  horseback)  and  Colonel  Nugent ; 

1766,  Garrick  (for  the  corporation  of  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon,  said  by  Mrs.  Garrick  to  be  the 
best  portrait  ever  taken  of  '  her  Davy ') ; 

1767,  Lady  Grosvenor,  John,  duke  of  Argyll, 
and  Mr.  Vernon,  son  of  Lord  Vernon;  1768, 
Captain   Needham   and  Captain  Augustus 
Hervey  (afterwards  Earl  of  Bristol)  ;  1769, 
Isabella,  lady  Molyneux,   and  George  Pitt 
(eldest  son  of  the  first  Lord  Rivers) ;  1770, 
Garrick ;    1774,    Lady    Sussex,   Lord    and 
Lady  Ligonier  (2),  Mr.  Nuthall  and  Captain 
Wade.     All  of  these  were  whole  lengths, 
except  the  Garrick  of  1766,  which  was  three- 
quarters.     One  at  least  of  the  unnamed  por- 
traits added  greatly  to  his  reputation.    Writ- 
ing to  Fuseli  at  Rome,  Mary  Moser  [q.  v.] 
observes :  '  I  suppose  there  has  been  a  million 
of  letters  sent  to  Italy  with  an  account  of 
our  exhibition,  so  it  will  be  only  telling  you 
what  you  know  already  to  say  that  Gains- 
borough is  beyond  himself  in  a  portrait  of  a 
gentleman  in  a  Vandyke  habit.'    One  of  the 
pictures  of  this  year  is  described  in  the  cata- 
logue as  '  Portrait  of  a  Young  Gentleman,' 
and  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  picture 
referred  to  by  Miss  Moser  was  none  other 
than  the  famous  '  Blue  Boy.'     Some  of  the 
pictures  of  the  Bath  period  are  identified  by 
their  having  been  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
Wiltshire,  the  public  carrier  of  Bath,  who 
'  loved  Gainsborough  and  admired  his  works/ 
and  could  not  be  persuaded  to  accept  pay- 
ment for  taking  his  pictures  to  London.    To 
him  the  artist,with  his  accustomed  generosity, 
gave  some  of  his  finest  pictures,  including 
portraits  of  Quin  and  Foote  the  actors,  Or- 
pin, the  parish  clerk   of  Bradford-on-Avon 
(now  in  the  National  Gallery),  and  some 


Gainsborough 


landscapes,  of  which  one,  called  by  Fulcher 
•'  The  Keturn  from  Harvest,'  but  engraved  by 
Finden  as  '  The  Hay  Cart,'  contains  portraits 
of  Gainsborough's  two  daughters.  It  was 
sold  in  1867  for  3,147/.  10s.,  and  was  ex- 
hibited by  Lord  Tweedmouth  at  the  Gros- 
venor  Gallery  in  1885  under  the  title  of  'The 
Harvest  Waggon.'  Besides  those  already 
named,  Gainsborough  painted  while  at  Bath 
portraits  of  Lord  Kilmorey,  Mr.  Moysey 
(there  is  a  sketch  of  it  in  the  National 
Gallery),  Dr.  Charlton,  Mr.  Thicknesse,  the 
first  Lord  Camden,  Cramer,  the  metallurgist, 
Richardson,  the  novelist,  Sterne,  Chatterton, 
and  John  Henderson,  the  actor.  Of  the  last 
he  became  the  firm  friend  and  patron,  and 
.some  lively  letters  which  he  wrote  to  him 
have  been  preserved,  in  which  .he  praises 
Garrick  as  '  the  greatest  creature  living  in 
•every  respect,'  and  adds,  '  he  is  worth  study- 
ing in  every  action.  .  .  .  Look  upon  him, 
Henderson,with  your  imitative  eyes,  for  when 
he  drops  you'll  have  nothing  but  poor  old 
Nature's  book  to  look  in.  You'll  be  left  to 
grope  about  alone,  scratching  your  pate  in 
the  dark,  or  by  a  farthing  candle.  Now  is 
your  time,  my  lively  fellow.  And  do  you 
hear,  don't  eat  so  devilishly.  You'll  get  too 
fat  when  you  rest  from  playing,  or  get  a 
sudden  jog  by  illness  to  bring  you  down 
again.'  This  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  style 
•of  Gainsborough's  correspondence,  spirited, 
careless,  sometimes  too  free  in  expression,  but 
always  fresh  and  often  witty.  To  his  strong 
taste  for  music  he  added  a  passion  for  fine 
musical  instruments,  and  William  Jackson 
£q.  v.]  of  Exeter,  the  composer,  gives  a  hu- 
morous account  in  his  '  Four  Ages '  of  the 
manner  in  which  Gainsborough  acquired  in 
rapid  succession  Giardini's  violin,  Abel's  viol- 
di-gamba,  Fischer's  hautboy,  the  harp  of  a 
harper,  and  the  theorbo  of  a  German  pro- 
fessor. Without  accepting  Jackson's  theory 
that  Gainsborough  thought  he  could  acquire 
the  art  of  the  musician  by  purchasing  his 
instrument,  we  may  well  believe  him  when 
he  says  that  '  though  possessed  of  ear,  taste, 
and  genius,  he  never  had  application  enough 
to  learn  his  notes,'  and  that '  there  were  times 
when  music  seemed  to  be  Gainsborough's 
employment  and  painting  his  diversion.'  Both 
had  something  to  do  with  his  flight  to  London 
in  the  summer  of  1774,  the  immediate  cause 
being  a  quarrel  with  Thicknesse  about  that 
eccentric  gentleman's  unfinished  portrait  and 
his  wife's  viol-di-gamba. 

On  his  return  to  London  Gainsborough 
took  up  his  residence  in  the  west  part  of 
Schomberg  House,  Pall  Mall  (this  part  is  still 
standing),  for  which  he  paid  30CM.  a  year  to 
John  Astley  the  painter  [q.  v.],  who  occu- 


Gainsborough 

pied  the  remainder.  A  few  months  after  his 
arrival  the  king  summoned  him  to  the  palace, 
and  after  this  the  full  tide  of  prosperity 
flowed  till  his  death.  In  1777  he  began  again 
to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  sending 
a  large  landscape  and  six  portraits,  among 
which  were  those  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Cumberland,  Lord  Gage,  and  Abel.  The 
large  landscape  was  declared  by  Horace  Wai- 
pole,  in  his  notes  on  this  year's  catalogue,  to 
be  '  in  the  style  of  Rubens,  and  by  far  the 
finest  landscape  ever  painted  in  England, 
and  equal  to  the  great  masters.'  Among  the 
ten  works  he  exhibited  in  1778  were  a  por- 
trait of  Christie  the  auctioneer  (a  present  from 
the  artist)  and  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  dissatisfied  with  this 
portrait  of  the  lovely  duchess,  and  would  not 
send  it  to  Chatsworth.  '  Her  Grace  is  too 
hard  for  me,'  he  averred,  and  drew  his  pencil 
across  the  mouth.  He  exhibited  another 
picture  of  the  duchess  in  1783,  and  a  pic- 
ture in  the  Wynn  Ellis  collection  named 
'  The  Duchess  of  Devonshire '  was  sold  in 
1876,  and  was  bought  by  Messrs.  Agnew  for 
10,605/.,  a  price  higher  than  any  before  given 
for  a  picture  at  Christie's  [see  CAVENDISH, 
ELIZABETH],  A  few  days  afterwards  it  was 
stolen,  and  has  not  been  recovered  since. 
Early  in  1779  (says  Fulcher)  Gainsborough 
probably  painted  that  full-length  portrait  of 
the  son  of  Mr.  Buttall,  which  is  usually 
known  as  '  The  Blue  Boy,'  and  this  portrait 
is  said  to  have  been  painted  to  refute  the 
opinion  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  in  his  eighth 
discourse '  that  the  masses  of  light  in  a  picture 
should  be  always  of  a  warm,  mellow  colour,' 
and  the  cold  colours  '  used  only  to  support 
and  set  off"  these  warm  colours.'  This  dis- 
course was  delivered  in  December  1778,  so 
that  the  picture  of  1770  before  referred  to,  if 
it  really  were  a  '  Blue  Boy,'  could  not  have 
been  affected  by  it.  Gainsborough  probably 
painted  more  than  one '  Blue  Boy,'  and  there 
are  many  copies,  but  the  picture  belonging 
to  the  Duke  of  Westminster  is  the  most 
famous  of  those  to  which  the  name  has  been 
given.  There  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  authentic 
and  a  masterpiece,  and  the  questions  as  to 
when  it  was  painted,  whom  it  represents, 
whether  it  was  meant  to  refute  Sir  Joshua's 
dictum,  and  whether  it  does  refute  it,  or  only 
evades  it,  cannot  be  discussed  here.  (The 
notes  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Stephens  to  theGrosvenor 
Gallery  Winter  Catalogue  of  1885  contain 
information  and  references  which  will  be 
useful  to  any  one  who  wishes  to  study  these 
problems.) 

At  the  exhibition  of  1779  were  portraits 
of  the  Duchesses  of  Gloucester  and  Cumber- 
land, the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  Judge  Perryn. 


Gainsborough 


365 


Gainsborough 


At  that  of  1780  (the  first  exhibition  at 
Somerset  House),  among  his  sixteen  contri- 
butions were  six  landscapes,  and  portraits  of 
General  Conway  (governor  of  Jersey),  Ma- 
dame le  Brun,  the  vocalist,  Henderson,  and 
Mr.  Bate,  afterwards  Sir  Bate  Dudley,  and 
others.  The  last  is  now  in  the  National 
Gallery.  In  the  exhibition  of  1781  were 
portraits  of  the  king  and  queen  and  Bishop 
Hurd,  together  with '  A  Shepherd '  and '  three 
landscapes,'  which  included  two  described  by 
Walpole  as  '  pieces  of  land  and  sea  so  natural 
that  one  steps  back  for  fear  of  being  splashed.' 
The  most  celebrated  works  of  1782  were  the 
portraits  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  dis- 
sipated Colonel  St.  Leger,  which  were  painted 
to  be  exchanged  as  tokens  of  friendship  be- 
tween the  prince  and  the  colonel.  The  former 
is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  St.  Leger  family, 
the  latter  at  Hampton  Court.  This  was  also 
the  year  of  the  '  Girl  with  Pigs,'  which  was 
purchased  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  In  1783 
Gainsborough  sent  no  less  than  twenty-six 
pictures  to  the  Academy,  fifteen  of  which 
were  heads  only,  portraits  of  the  royal  family, 
a  complete  set  with  the  exception  of  Prince 
Frederick.  The  other  portraits  were  the 
Duchess  of  Devonshire,  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland, Lord  Cornwallis,  and  Lord  Sandwich 
(for  Greenwich  Hospital),  Sir  Harbord  Har- 
bord,  M.P.,  afterwards  Lord  Suffield  (for  St. 
Andrew's  Hall,  Norwich),  Sir  Charles  Gould, 
Mrs.  Sheridan,  and  Mr.  Ramus.  A  landscape, 
a  seapiece,  and  '  Two  Shepherd  Boys  with 
dogs  fighting,'  conclude  the  list  for  1783. 

Next  year,  1784,  in  consequence  of  a  dis- 
pute about  the  hanging  of  a  picture  contain- 
ing the  portraits  of  the  Princess  Royal,  Prin- 
cess Augusta,  and  Princess  Elizabeth,  he 
withdrew  all  his  pictures  (eighteen)  and  never 
exhibited  at  the  Academy  again,  and  shortly 
afterwards  opened  an  exhibition  of  his  own 
works  at  his  house  in  Pall  Mall,  which  had 
no  great  success.  Among  the  more  cele- 
brated pictures  painted  after  this  were  the 
lovely  portrait  of  Mrs.  Siddons,  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  the  '  View  in  the  Mall  of 
St.  James's  Park,'  now  belonging  to  Sir  John 
Neeld,  which  is  described  by  Hazlitt  as  '  all 
in  a  motion  and  nutter  like  a  lady's  fan — 
Watteau  is  not  half  so  airy,'  and  the '  Wood- 
man and  the  Storm,'  since  destroyed  by  fire, 
but  well  known  from  the  engraving.  Gains- 
borough had  difficulties  with  the  face  of  Mrs. 
Siddons,  as  with  that  of  the  Duchess  of  Devon- 
shire. The  tip  of  her  nose  baffled  his  draughts- 
manship, and  he  is  said  to  have  thrown 

down  his  brush,  exclaiming '  D the  nose, 

there  is  no  end  to  it.'  In  the  early  part  of 
1787,  according  to  Allan  Cunningham,  while 
dining  with  Sir  George  Beaumont  and  Sheri- 


dan, he  told  Sheridan  that  he  felt  he  should 
die  soon,  and  made  him  promise  to  come  to 
his  funeral.  In  February  of  the  next  year,, 
while  attending  the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings, 
'  he  suddenly  felt  something  inconceivably 
cold  touch  his  neck,'  and  on  his  return  home 
his  wife  and  niece  found  on  his  neck '  a  mark 
about  the  size  of  a  shilling,  which  was  harder 
to  the  touch  than  the  surrounding  skin,  and 
which,  he  said,  still  felt  cold.'  This  proved 
to  be  a  cancer,  of  which  he  died  '  about  two 
o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  2nd  of  August 
1788,  in  the  sixty-second  year  of  his  age.' 

Gainsborough's  life  in  London  seems  to 
have  differed  little  from  his  life  elsewhere, 
except  that  he  had  more  money  to  spend. 
In  1779  he  writes  to  his  sister  Mrs.  Gibbon 
that  he  lives  at  '  a  full  thousand  a  year  ex- 
pense.' He  set  up  a  coach,  but  only  for  a 
little  while.  He  had  lodgings  at  Richmond 
in  the  summer,  and  sometimes  at  Hampstead. 
There  is  a  record  of  a  short  visit  of  his  family 
to  the  Kilderbees  of  Ipswich  in  1777,  and 
after  the  close  of  the  exhibition  of  1783  he 
took  a  tour  with  Mr.  Kilderbee  to  the  Lake 
district,  but  as  a  rule  he  stayed  in  London, 
and  was  satisfied  with  his  home  circle  and  a 
few  friends,  among  whom  were  Sir  George 
Beaumont,  Burke,  and  Sheridan.  Though 
the  favourite  painter  of  the  court,  he  was  no. 
courtier,  and  though  the  aristocracy  and  many 
eminent  men,  such  as  Pennant  and  Hurd, 
Blackstone  and  Clive,  came  and  sat  to  him, 
he  seems  to  have  made  no  attempt  to  culti- 
vate their  society.  But  there  is  little  known 
about  his  life  in  London,  except  what  can  be 
gathered  from  a  few  letters,  a  few  anecdotes, 
and  the  names  of  his  sitters.  His  home  life- 
seems  to  have  been  a  happy  one.  Mrs.  Gains- 
borough has  been  described  as  the  kindest  as 
well  as  the  loveliest  of  wives,  and  he  is  said' 
to  have  liked  nothing  so  well  of  an  evening 
as  sitting  by  his  wife  making  one  rapid  sketch, 
after  another.  Though  the  quickness  of  his 
temper  or  other  cause  occasionally  provoked 
a  quarrel,  it  was  of  short  duration.  They 
exchanged  pretty  little  notes  of  reconciliation, 
in  the  names  of  their  pet  dogs,  who  carried 
them  in  their  mouths.  His  two  daughters 
were  beautiful,  but  the  marriage  of  Mary  to- 
Johann  Christian  Fischer  [q.  v.]  the  musician, 
was  not  agreeable  to  her  father,  and  both  she 
and  her  sister  Margaret  were  subject  to  mental 
aberration,  from  which  Mrs.  Gainsborough  in- 
her  later  years  is  said  not  to  have  been  free. 
With  his  own  family  he  seems  to  have  been; 
always  on  affectionate  terms.  He  acted  almost 
in  locoparentis  to  Gainsborough  Dupont  [q.v.], 
his  nephew,  and  made  him  an  excellent  artist. 
Dupont  helped  him  with  his  pictures,  en- 
graved them,  and  finished  those  which  he  left 


Gainsborough 


366 


Gainsborough 


uncompleted  at  his  death.  He  helped  his 
brother  '  Scheming  Jack  '  with  many  a  five- 
pound  note,  only  to  he  wasted  in  brass  for  me- 
chanical experiments.  He  has  left  behind  in  a 
fine  portrait  a  record  of  the  affection  which 
always  subsisted  between  him  and  his  brother 
Humphry.  Indeed,  in  spite  of  his  uneven- 
ness  of  temper  and  capriciousness,  he  appears 
to  have  been  of  so  genial  a  disposition  that 
he  never  had  a  downright  quarrel  with  any 
of  his  relations  or  friends,  if  we  except  that 
with  Philip  Thicknesse,  who  quarrelled  with 
everybody  from  his  fellow-officers  to  his  son. 
Before  he  died  there  took  place  that  meet- 
ing between  him  and  his  great  rival  Sir 
Joshua  which  is  one  of  the  most  pathetic 
episodes  in  the  history  of  art.  The  relations 
of  Gainsborough  and  Sir  Joshua,  of  Gains- 
borough and  the  Academy,  had  always  been 
somewhat  strained.  Gainsborough's  treat- 
ment of  both  was  cavalier,  to  say  the  least  of 
it,  and  he  was  unreasonable  in  the  matter  of 
the  hanging  of  his  pictures.  He  had  taken 
his  honours  as  an  academician  as  a  matter  of 
course,  but  discharged  none  of  the  duties  of 
his  position,  and  never  attended  to  his  col- 
leagues' invitations  '  whether  official  or  con- 
vivial.' They  had,  not  unnaturally,  resented 
this  neglect,  and  once  passed  a  resolution  to 
scratch  his  name  from  the  list  of  their  mem- 
bers, which  was  generously  rescinded,  with- 
out any  improvement  in  the  behaviour  of 
Gainsborough.  Sir  Joshua  had  called  upon 
him,  but  he  neglected  to  return  his  visit. 
Sir  Joshua  had  sat  to  him  at  his  request,  but 
Gainsborough  had  neglected  to  finish  his 
portrait.  On  the  other  hand  Reynolds  had 
behaved  well  and  even  handsomely  towards 
him,  had  bought  his '  Girl  with  Pigs,'  and  paid, 
or  obtained  for  him  from  M.  de  Calonne, 
forty  guineas  more  than  he  asked  for  it.  He 
now  declared  him,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Artists' 
Club,  to  be  '  the  first  landscape-painter  in 
Europe,'  thereby  drawing  upon  him  the  famous 
retort  of  Richard  Wilson,  that '  Gainsborough 
was  in  his  opinion  the  great  est  portrait-painter 
at  this  time  in  Europe.'  On  the  other  hand, 
Gainsborough  had  simply  ignored  Sir  Joshua, 
but  a  few  days  before  his  death  Reynolds 
tells  us  that  Gainsborough  wrote  to  him  '  to 
express  his  acknowledgments  for  the  good 
opinion  I  entertained  of  his  abilities,  and  the 
manner  in  which  (he  had  been  informed)  I 
had  always  spoke  of  him ;  and  desired  he 
might  see  me  once  more  before  he  died.'  The 
impression  left  by  the  interview  upon  Rey- 
nolds was  '  that  his  regret  at  leaving  life  was 
principally  the  regret  of  leaving  his  art ;  and 
more  especially  as  he  now  began,  he  said,  to 
see  what  his  deficiencies  were,  which  he  said 
he  flattered  himself  in  his  last  works  were 


in  some  measure  supplied.'  '  If  any  little 
jealousies  had  subsisted  between  us,'  his  old 
rival  says,  '  they  were  forgotten  in  those  mo- 
ments of  sincerity,  and  the  dying  painter 
whispered  to  Reynolds,  "  We  are  all  going  to 
heaven,  and  Vandyck  is  of  the  party." ' 

According  to  his  wishes  he  was  buried  near 
his  friend  Kirby  in  Kew  churchyard.  His 
pall-bearers  were  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Sir 
William  Chambers,Paul  Sandby, West  (after- 
wards Sir  Benjamin),  Bartolozzi,  and  Samuel 
Cotes.  Sheridan  was  there  as  he  had  pro- 
mised, and  his  nephew,  Gainsborough  Du- 
pont,  was  chief  mourner. 

In  the  December  after  Gainsborough's  death 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  delivered  his  fourteenth 
discourse  to  the  students  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, which  was  chiefly  devoted  to  the  genius 
of  Gainsborough.  It  is  a  noble  and  generous 
tribute  to  his  rival's  memory,  and,  if  we  make 
allowances  for  the  then  prevalent  views,  re- 
mains still  the  most  full  and  weighty  analysis 
of  his  work  which  has  ever  been  written. 

In  March  1789  an  exhibition  of  the  works 
remaining  in  his  possession  at  his  death  was 
opened  at  Schomberg  House,  which  was  full 
of  those  landscapes  and  rustic  pictures  which 
he  could  not  sell  during  his  life,  although 
they  (with  a  few  notable  exceptions)  have 
fetched  far  higher  prices  than  his  portraits 
since  his  death.  A  list  of  these  works  is  given 
by  Fulcher,  as  well  as  of  the  large  collection 
of  Gainsborough's  paintings  exhibited  at  the 
British  Institution  in  1814.  A  still  larger 
gathering  was  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in 
the  winter  of  1885. 

No  artist  was  ever  at  once  more  new, 
more  natural,  and  more  English.  Whether 
in  landscape  or  pastoral  or  portrait,  he  drew 
his  inspiration  entirely  from  his  subject,  and 
tinged  it  with  his  own  sentiment.  Some 
touch  of  Watteau's  grace  may  have  come  to 
him  through  Gravelot.  He  may  have  applied 
himself,  as  Reynolds  says,  to  the  Dutch  and 
Flemish  masters,  but  what  he  learned  from 
Rubens  and  Vandyck  '  he  applied,'  as  Rey- 
nolds also  says, '  to  the  originals  of  nature 
which  he  saw  with  his  own  eyes ;  and  imi- 
tated not  in  the  manner  of  those  masters,  but 
in  his  own.'  So  he  became  the  father  of 
modern  landscape,  and  of  modern  pastoral 
also,  breaking  away  from  the  '  classical '  tra- 
ditions of  Claude  on  the  one  hand,  and  the 
|  affected  pastorals  of  Boucher  and  his  school 
on  the  other.  In  portraits  he  was  scarcely 
less  original,  painting  his  ladies  and  gentle- 
men in  a  manner  entirely  pure  and  unaffected, 
yet  with  such  spirit,  grace,  and  dignity  as 
nature  had  endowed  them  with.  He  chose 
to  represent  them  in  their  most  quiet  and 
unconscious  moments,  with  the  '  mind  and 


Gainsborough 


367 


Gainsborough 


music  breathing  from  the  face.'  And  it  is 
perhaps  principally  because  he  painted  his 
sitters  so  that  he  became  the  rival  of  Reynolds, 
weak  where  he  was  strong,  and  strong  where 
he  was  weak,  and  yet  often  approaching  him 
so  nearly  that  the  distance  between  them  is 
scarcely  measurable. 

Gainsborough  is  well  represented  in  the 
National  Gallery  and  other  public  galleries 
in  England.  A  list  of  these  pictures  will  be 
found  in  Bryan's '  Dictionary.'  There  is  also 
a  fine  collection  of  his  drawings  in  the  British 
Museum. 

[Fuleher's  Life,  1856;  Thicknesse's  Sketch  of 
the  Life  and  Paintings  of  Thomas  Gainsborough, 
1788  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1788  ;  European  Mag.  1788; 
Edwards' s  Anecdotes  ;  Life  and  Time  of  Nolle- 
kens ;  Jackson's  Four  Ages  ;  Cunningham's 
Lives  (Heaton)  ;  Hazlitt's  Conversations  with 
Northcote;  Northcote's  Life  of  Reynolds ;  Leslie 
and  Tom  Taylor's  Life  of  Reynolds ;  Reminis- 
cences of  Henry  Angelo ;  Pilkington's  Diet. ;  Red- 
grave's Diet. ;  Redgrave's  Century  of  Painters ; 
Bryan's  Diet.  (Graves) ;  Graves's  Diet. ;  Gains- 
borough, by  Brock-Arnold  (Great  Artists  Ser.)  ; 
Peter  Pindar's  Works ;  Edgeworth's  Memoirs ; 
Sir  W.  Beechey's  Memoirs ;  Correspondence  of 
Garrick;  Lei  sure  Hour,  xxxi.  620,  718;  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds's  Discourses;  Waagen's  Art  Treasures; 
Walpole's  Anecdotes  (Dallaway) ;  Leslie's  Hand- 
book; Ruskin's  Modern  Painters ;  Charles  Blanc's 
Ecole  Anglaise  ;  Chesneau's  English  School  ; 
Temple  Bar  (T.  Gautier),  v.  324  ;  Works  of  Ed- 
ward Dayes  ;  Library  of  the  Fine  Arts,  vol.  iii. ; 
Cat.  of  Grosvenor  Gallery  Winter  Exhibition, 
1885,  by  F.  G.  Stephens;  Cook's  Handbook  to 
the  National  Gallery;  Portfolio  (Sidney  Colvin), 
1872,  pp.  169,  178;  Wedmore's  Studies  in  English 
Art.  1st  ser.,  1876;  Encycl.  Brit.]  C.  M. 

GAINSBOROUGH,     WILLIAM     (d. 


useful  person  for  abetting  his  system  of  in- 
terference in  the  affairs  of  national  churches. 
The  see  of  Worcester  became  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Godfrey  Giffard  in  1301,  and  Ed- 
ward I  gave  license  to  the  chapter  to  elect 
his  successor.  They  chose  one  of  their  own 
body,  John  of  St.  German,  but  on  some 
trivial  ground  Archbishop  W^inchelsey  re- 
fused to  confirm  his  election.  John  took  his 
case  on  appeal  to  Rome,  where  Boniface  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  resign  his  bishopric,  and  ap- 
pointed Gainsborough  by  provision  on  22  Oct. 
1302  (WADDING,  Annales  Minorum,  vi.  432). 
Gainsborough  came  to  England  early  in 
1303,  and  his  appointment  was  accepted  by 
Edward  I,  who,  however,  took  care  to  guard 
the  rights  of  the  crown.  The  pope's  provi- 
sion conferred  on  him  the  temporalities  and 
spiritualities  of  the  see ;  Edward  demanded 
that  he  should  renounce  this  grant,  and  from 
this  time  forward  an  oath  of  renunciation 
was  exacted  from  all  bishops  appointed  by 
provision.  Further  a  suit  was  brought 
against  him,  and  he  was  condemned  to  pay 
one  thousand  marks,  which  was,  however, 
remitted  in  1306.  Moreover,  as  the  king 
had  been  guardian  of  the  possession  of  the 
see  during  the  vacancy,  Gainsborough  was 
required  to  pay  five  hundred  marks  for  the 
seed  which  had  been  sown  on  his  lands. 
As  he  was  poor,  and  the  monks  of  Worcester 
refused  to  help  him  by  a  loan,  he  was  under 
great  straits  to  provide  for  his  enthronisa- 
tion,  which  took  place  in  May  1303  (an  inte- 
resting description  of  the  ceremony  is  given 
by  THOMAS,  Worcester  Cathedral,  Appendix 
No.  77).  He  walked  barefoot  through  the 
city  to  the  cathedral,  probably  with  a  view 
of  overcoming  by  a  display  of  humility  the 


1307),  bishop  of  Worcester,  was  a  Fran-  |  objection  naturally  felt  by  the  monks  to  his 


ciscan,  who  is  first  known  as  the  divinity 
lecturer  of  the  Franciscans  at  Oxford.  His 
position  seems  to  have  suggested  to  Edward  I 
that  he  should  be  employed  as  an  ambassador 
to  Philip  IV  of  France,  with  whom  the 
English  king  wished  to  be  at  peace.  ,  With 
Gainsborough  was  joined  Hugh  of  Man- 
chester, a  leading  Dominican,  the  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  two  laymen.  After  their 
negotiations  in  France  they  were  empowered 
to  proceed  to  Rome  and  enlist  the  good  offices 
of  Pope  Boniface  VIII  (RYMER,  Fcedera,  ii. 
866).  At  Rome  Gainsborough  commended 
himself  to  the  pope,  according  to  Bale,  by  his 
uncompromising  adherence  to  the  claims  of 
spiritual  suzerainty,  which  that  pontiff  was  en- 
gaged in  developing  (BALE,  Centuries,  Cent.  4, 
No.  91).  Gainsborough  remained  in  Rome, 
where  in  1300  he  was  made  reader  in  theology 
in  the  papal  palace  (Chronicle  of  Lanercost, 
sub  anno),  and  Boniface  VIII  found  him  a 


appointment.  Of  Gainsborough's  activity  in 
his  diocese  we  do  not  hear  much.  In  October 
1305  he  was  sent  by  Edward  I  to  Rome  as  one 
of  an  embassy  to  Clement  V,  ostensibly  for  the 
purpose  of  arranging  for  a  crusade,  really  to 
discuss  the  peace  of  Europe  (RYMEK,  Fcedera, 
On  his  return  he  was  present  at 


the  parliament  held  at  Carlisle  in  1306.  In 
1307  he  was  sent  to  France  to  arrange  for 
the  marriage  of  the  king's  son,  Edward,  with 
Isabella  of  France,  and  soon  after  his  return 
received  a  further  commission  for  an  embassy 
to  Rome.  The  commission  was  dated  just 
before  the  death  of  Edward  I,  5  July  1307 
(ib.  ii.  1058),  but  Gainsborough  did  not  long 
survive  his  master.  He  died  on  his  journey  at 
Beauvais  on  16  Sept.,  and  was  there  buried. 
Bale  mentions  that  Gainsborough  left  be- 
hind him  some  volumes  of  scholastic  theo- 
logy, '  Qusestiones/ '  Disceptationes,'  and '  Ser- 
mones.' 


Gainsford 


363 


Gairdner 


[Gainsborough's  manuscript  Register  in  the 
Worcester  Diocesan  Registry ;  Annales  Wigornen- 
ses  in  Annales  Monastic!  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  554-5; 
Wharton's  Anglia  Sacra,  i.  531-2  ;  Bale's  Cen- 
turiae,  iv.  91  ;  Thomas's  Survey  of  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  Worcester,  pp.  154-8  ;  Stubbs's  Con- 
stitutional Hist.  iii.  308.]  M.  C. 

GAINSFORD,  THOMAS  (d.  1624?), 
author,  belonged  to  the  Surrey  family  of 
Gainsford.  He  with  Edward  Stene  apparently 
purchased  of  the  crown  Alne  manor,  War- 
wickshire, and  a  cottage  in  Stutton,  York- 
shire, 27  Nov.  1599  (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1598-1601,  p.  347).  He  is  known  to  have 
served  in  Ireland  under  Richard  de  Burgh, 
fourth  earl  of  Clanricarde,  as  '  third  officer  ' 
of  the  '  earl's  regiment '  when  the  Spaniards 
were  dislodged  from  Kinsale  on  24  Dec.  1601 
(Hist.  .  .  .  of .  .  .  Tirone,  ded.)  He  was  also 
engaged  in  the  war  against  Tyrone  in  Ulster. 
As  captain,  Gainsford  undertook  to  occupy 
land  in  Ulster  at  the  plantation  of  1610 
(Irish  State  Papers,  1608-10,  p.  367).  On 
4  Sept.  1624  Chamberlain  wrote  to  Carleton 
that  the  deaths  of  the  week  in  London  in- 
cluded'Captain  Gainsford,  the  gazette  maker' 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1623-5,  p.  334). 
This  is  doubtless  a  reference  to  our  author. 
Gainsford  published  the  following  :  1.  'The 
Vision  and  Discourse  of  Henry  the  seventh 
concerning  the  unitie  of  Great  Britaine,  Lond., 
by  G.  Eld  for  Henry  Fetherstone,  1610,'  in 
verse  of  six-line  stanzas ;  dedicated  to  '  the 
truly  religious  and  resolute  gentlemen  of  Eng- 
land.' An  address  from  Henry  VII  to  James  I 
figures  in  the  poem.  Only  two  copies  are  now 
known,  one  at  Bridgewater  House,  the  other 
at  the  British  Museum  (COLLIER,  Bibliogr. 
Manual,  i.  300-1 ;  COKSER,  Collectanea,  vol. 
vi.)  2.  '  The  Historic  of  Trebizond  in  foure 
books,  by  Thomas  Gainsforde,  esquier,'  Lond., 
1616,  a  collection  of  romantic  stories.  The 
books  are  separately  dedicated  to  the  Countess 
Dowager  of  Derby,  the  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don, Lady  Frances  Egerton,  and  Lady  Chan- 
dos  respectively.  3.  '  The  Secretaries  Studie ; 
or  directions  for  the  .  .  .  judicious  inditing  of 
Letters,'  Lond.,  1616 ;  no  copy  is  in  the  Bri- 
tish Museum.  4.  '  The  True  and  Wonder- 
full  History  of  Perkin  Warbeck,'  Lond.,  1618, 
dedicated  to  the  Earl  of  Arundel ;  reprinted  in 
'  Harleian  Miscellany,'  vol.  iii.  5. '  The  Glory 
of  England,  or  a  true  Description  of  many 
excellent  Prerogatives  and  remarkable  Bless- 
ings whereby  she  triumpheth  over  all  the  Na- 
tions of  the  World,'  Lond.,  1618,  dedicated 
to  Buckingham.  All '  the  eminent  kingdoms 
of  the  earth '  are  here  compared  with  Eng- 
land to  their  disadvantage.  A  curious  ac- 
count of  Ireland  from  the  author's  own  ex- 
perience concludes  book  i.  Book  ii.  treats 


of  Russia,  and  compares  London  with  Paris, 
Venice,  and  Constantinople.  A  revised  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1619,  and  was  reissued  in 
1620.  6.  "The  True  Exemplary  and  Re- 
markable History  of  the  Earl  of  Tirone,' 
Lond.,  1619,  dedicated  to  the  Earl  of  Clanri- 
carde ;  of  no  great  value,  but  interesting  as 
a  nearly  contemporary  record. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Hazlittalso  conjecturally  assigns 
to  Gainsford  'The  Rich  Cabinet  furnished 
with  varietie  of  excellent  discriptions,  ex- 
quisite characters,  witty  discourses  and  de- 
lightfull  histories,  deuine  and  morrall,'  Lond., 
for  Roger  lackson,  1616.  An  appendix — 
'  an  epitome  of  good  manners  extracted  out 
of  the  treatise  of  M.  lohn  della  Casa  called 
Galatea ' — is  signed  T.  G.,  together  with  a 
Latin  motto.  This  signature  resembles  those 
in  Gainsford's  undoubted  books,  but  the  ques- 
tion of  authorship  is  very  doubtful.  Some 
hostile  remarks  on  players,  ff.  116-18,  are  in- 
teresting. The  book  was  popular ;  a  fourth 
edition  is  dated  1668,  and  a  sixth  1689. 
'  The  Friers  Chronicle,  or  the  True  Legend 
of  Priests  and  Monkes  Lives  '  (Lond.,  for 
Robert  Mylbourne,  1623),  has  a  dedication  to- 
the  Countess  of  Devonshire,  signed  T.  G.,  and 
has  been  attributed  to  Gainsford.  But  Thomas 
Goad  (1576-1638)  [q.  v.]  is  more  probably 
the  author. 

[Gainsford's  Works ;  Manning  and  Bray's 
Surrey,  iii.  174;  Hazlitt's  Bibliographical  Hand- 
book and  Miscellanies  ;  authorities  cited  above.} 

S.  L.  L. 

GAIRDNER,  JOHN,  M.D.  (1790-1876), 
eldest  son  of  Captain  Robert  Gairdner  of 
the  Bengal  artillery,  was  born  at  Mount 
Charles,  near  Ayr,  on  18  Sept.  1790.  When 
he  was  only  five  years  old  his  father  was 
killed  by  the  kick  of  a  horse,  and  the  care  of 
five  sons  and  a  daughter  fell  upon  his  widowed 
mother,  who  lived  to  see  them  all  grow  up, 
and  was  regarded  by  them  with  deep  and 
reverent  affection.  He  received  his  school 
education  at  Ayr  academy,  but,  he  and  his 
brother  William  [q.  v.]  having  chosen  a  pro- 
fessional career,  his  mother  removed  with  her 
family  to  Edinburgh  in  1808,  and  there  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  in  1811.  He  spent 
the  winter  of  1812  in  London,  studying  ana- 
tomy under  Mr.  (afterwards  the  celebrated  Sir 
Charles)  Bell,  and  in  1813  commenced  prac- 
tice in  Edinburgh  in  partnership  with  Dr. 
Farquharson,  one  of  the  leading  physicians 
there.  In  the  same  year  he  became  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  and 
four  years  later  began  to  act  as  examiner  for 
that  body,  a  duty  which  he  continued  to  dis- 
charge till  within  a  few  years  of  his  death. 
He  always  took  a  most  lively  interest  in  the 


Gairdner 


369 


Gairdner 


affairs  of  the  college,  of  which,  hesides  being 
for  many  years  treasurer,  he  was  president 
from  1830  to  1832.  This  appointment,  oc- 
curring at  that  particular  date,  brought  him 
into  connection  with  politics  more  than  he 
would  otherwise  have  been  drawn,  for  it  gave 
him  a  seat  in  the  unreformed  town  council  of 
Edinburgh  as '  deacon  of  the  chirurgeon  bar- 
bers.' The  election  for  the  parliament  of  1831 
was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  town  coun- 
cil, and  Gairdner,  being  a  staunch  reformer, 
seconded  the  nomination  of  the  popular  can- 
didate, Francis  Jeffrey  [q.  v.],  then  lord  ad- 
vocate under  Earl  Grey  s  government.  The 
majority  of  the  council,  however,  disregard- 
ing the  popular  fervour  and  a  monster  pe- 
tition presented  to  them  in  Jeffrey's  favour, 
elected  Mr.  Dundas,  and  had  immediately  to 
consult  their  own  personal  safety  by  escaping 
through  back  streets,  while  an  infuriated  mob 
attacked  the  lord  provost  and  threatened  to 
throw  him  over  the  North  Bridge.  It  required 
all  the  personal  influence  of  Jeffrey  himself 
and  his  supporters  to  keep  the  popular  excite- 
ment from  proceeding  to  worse  extremities. 
The  reforms,  however,  in  which  Gairdner 
took  a  most  efficient  part  were  those  con- 
nected with  his  profession.  With  the  zealous 
co-operation  of  Mr.  William  Wood,  a  life- 
long friend,  though  of  an  opposite  school  of 
politics,  he  powerfully  aided  a  movement  for 
obtaining  for  medical  students  for  the  degree 
at  Edinburgh  University  the  right  to  receive 
some  part  of  their  professional  training  from 
extra-academical  lectures,  a  change  which, 
instead  of  weakening  the  university,  as  was 
apprehended  by  some,  has  very  greatly 
strengthened  it  in  the  country  at  large,  as 
well  as  in  the  colonies.  He  also  gave  evi- 
dence before  parliamentary  committees  in 
London  on  behalf  of  the  Edinburgh  College 
of  Surgeons  in  regard  to  the  efforts  made  for 
many  years  to  secure  by  act  of  parliament  a 
legal  status  for  duly  licensed  practitioners  of 
medicine  and  surgery  extending  throughout 
the  three  kingdoms,  an  object  finally  attained 
by  the  Medical  Act  of  1859.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  literature  of  his  profession  by 
many  valuable  and  some  very  elaborate  me- 
moirs in  the  'Transactions  of  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society  of  Edinburgh/  and  in  the 
medical  journals,  extending  down  to  only  a 
year  or  two  before  his  death.  He  also  pub- 
lished independently  two  interesting  lectures, 
the  first  on  the  history  of  the  Edinburgh  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  the  second  on  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  medical  profession  in  Edinburgh. 
Historical  subjects  had  always  a  great  attrac- 
tion for  him,  and  as  an  aid  to  chronological 
research  he  published  in  his  later  years  a 
*  Calendar '  printed  on  cardboard,  with  a  card- 

VOL.   XX. 


board  slide,  for  the  verification  of  past  or 
future  dates  as  regards  the  correspondence  of 
days  of  the  week  and  month.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  some  letters  published  anony- 
mously at  the  time  in  the  '  Scotsman '  news- 
paper in  answer  to  certain  statements  that 
had  appeared  elsewhere  relative  to  the  poet 
Burns  and  the  society  in  which  he  moved. 
Gairdner's  family  ties  and  personal  recollec- 
tion of  Ayrshire  in  his  early  days  made  him 
an  important  witness  on  this  subject,  and  the 
letters  were  accordingly  reprinted  after  his 
death  and  privately  published,  though  still 
anonymously,  in  1883,  under  the  title  '  Burns 
and  the  Ayrshire  Moderates.' 

Gairdner's  independence  of  mind  and  deep 
religious  convictions  led  him  to  join  a  small 
body  of  Unitarians  at  a  time  when  that  sect 
was  very  unpopular,  especially  in  Scotland. 
There  is  no  doubt  that,  although  he  had  a 
fair  professional  practice,  this  step  was  a  con- 
siderable bar  to  his  progress,  yet  personally 
he  was  universally  respected.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  setting  up  of  a  new  unita- 
rian  chapel  in  Edinburgh;  but  after  many 
years,  failing  to  find  in  that  sect  what  he  con- 
sidered to  be  pure  Christianity  and  freedom, 
he  returned  once  more  to  the  church  of  Scot- 
land. His  revolt  against  the  established  re- 
ligion in  his  youth  had  been  mainly  owing 
to  the  prevalence  of  a  narrow  Calvinism ;  but 
in  his  later  years  he  was  more  inclined  to 
look  for  breadth  and  freedom  to  national 
churches  than  to  sects.  He  married  in  1817 
his  cousin  Susanna  Tennant,  a  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  William  Dalrymple  of  Ayrfq.  v.]; 
whom  he  survived  sixteen  years.  He  died 
on  12  Dec.  1876,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six,  sur- 
vived by  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  One 
of  the  former  writes  this  notice. 

[Scotsman  newspaper,  14  Dec.  1876;  Edin- 
burgh Courant  of  same  date ;  Caledonian  Mer- 
cury, May  1831 ;  personal  recollection.]  J.  G. 

GAIRDNER,  WILLIAM,  M.D.  (1793- 
1867),  physician,  son  of  Robert  Gairdner  of 
Mount  Charles,  Ayrshire,  was  born  at  Mount 
Charles  on  11  Nov.  1793.  After  an  education 
at  the  Ayr  academy,  he  went  in  1810  to  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated 
M.D.  13  Sept.  1813,  taking  dysentery  as  the 
subject  of  his  inaugural  dissertation.  After 
further  study  in  London  he  went  abroad  as 
physician  to  the  Earl  of  Bristol.  In  1822  he 
settled  in  London,  where  he  had  a  house  in 
Bolton  Street,  and  in  1823  he  was  admitted  a 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  In  the 
following  year  he  published  an '  Essay  on  the 
Effects  of  Iodine  on  the  Human  Constitution.' 
Dr.  Coindet  of  Geneva  had  in  1820  proposed 
to  treat  goitre  and  other  glandular  enlarge- 

B  B 


Gaisford 


370 


Gaisford 


ments  by  the  internal  administration  of  iodine, 
and  this  essay  is  written  in  support  of  Coin- 
det's  views.  While  advocating  the  use  of  iodine 
it  describes  more  minutely  than  any  previous 
English  book  the  ill  effects  of  large  doses. 
Gairdner's  practice  grew  slowly,  and  he  did 
not  attain  success  till  after  long  struggles. 
In  1849  he  published  '  On  Gout,  its  History, 
its  Causes,  and  its  Cure,'  a  work  which  had 
four  editions,  of  which  the  last  appeared  in 
1860.  It  is  a  lucid  exposition  of  the  main 
clinical  features  of  the  disease,  without  patho- 
logical information,  while  as  to  treatment  it 
advocates  bleeding,  moderate  purgation,  and 
the  administration  of  colchicum.  The  older 
he  grew,  the  author  says,  the  more  did  his 
confidence  in  drugs  abate.  He  married, 
12  Jan.  1822,  a  Genevese  lady  who  died  before 
him.  He  continued  his  practice  almost  to 
the  end  of  his  life,  and  died  at  Avignon,  after 
spending  a  winter  in  the  south  of  France, 
on  28  April  1867.  He  left  one  daughter.  He 
was  a  small  man  with  a  florid  complexion, 
and  his  hair  became  white  at  an  early  age. 
He  was  a  new  whig  in  politics,  and  had  an 
independent,  inflexible  spirit,  which,  if  it 
sometimes  increased  the  difficulties  of  his 
life,  also  enabled  him  to  conquer  them. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys. iii .  265 ;  Works ;  Lancet, 
1867;  information  from  family.]  N.  M. 

GAISFORD,  THOMAS  (1779-1855), 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  classical 
scholar,  born  22  Dec.  1779  at  Iford  in  Wilt- 
shire, was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Gaisford, 
esq.  He  was  educated  at  Hyde  Abbey 
School,  Winchester,  under  the  Rev.  Charles 
Richards,  was  entered  as  a  commoner  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  October  1797,  and 
elected  student  in  December  1800  by  the 
dean,  Dr.  Cyril  Jackson.  He  took  the  degrees 
of  B. A.  in  1801,  and  M.A.  in  1804.  After  act- 
ing for  some  time  as  tutor  of  his  college  and  as 
public  examiner  in  1809-11,  he  was  appointed 
on  29  Feb.  1812  to  the  regius  professorship 
of  Greek  by  the  crown,  when  his  predecessor, 
Dr.  W.  Jackson,  was  made  bishop  of  Oxford. 
In  1815  he  was  presented  by  his  college  to 
the  living  of  Westwell  in  Oxfordshire,  which 
he  held  till  1847.  His  other  preferments 
were,  a  prebend  of  Llandaff  in  1823,  of  St. 
Paul's  in  1823,  and  of  Worcester  in  1825. 
In  1829  he  was  offered  the  bishopric  of  Ox- 
ford on  the  death  of  Bishop  Lloyd,  but  re- 
fused it.  The  same  year  he  was  collated  to 
a  stall  at  Durham  by  Bishop  Van  Mildert, 
which  in  1831  he  exchanged  for  the  deanery 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  with  Dr.  Samuel 
Smith,  having  the  full  consent  of  the  two 
patrons,  the  Bishop  of  Durham  and  the  crown. 
Here  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  took 


the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.  by  diploma  in 
April  1831. 

During  the  twenty-four  years  in  which  he 
presided  over  Christ  Church,  his  attention 
was  by  no  means  only  given  to  the  superin- 
tendence of  that  great  foundation,  but  he  took 
a  leading  part  in  all  university  affairs.  As 
Greek  professor  he  was  an  official  curator  of 
the  Bodleian  Library,  and  always  had  its  in- 
terest at  heart ;  as  delegate  of  the  press  for 
nearly  fifty  years  he  never  wearied  in  his 
care.  It  is  said  that,  when  he  was  first  ap- 
pointed a  delegate,  the  press  did  not  pay  its 
expenses,  was  in  debt,  and  an  annual  loss 
to  the  university.  Through  his  management 
a  great  change  was  effected;  it  was  due  to 
him  that  foreign  scholars,  like  Bekker  and 
Dindorf,  were  employed  as  editors.  Nor  was 
it  only  in  his  own  department  of  classical 
literature  that  the  press  became  eminent  for 
its  publications ;  it  was  owing  to  his  recom- 
mendation that  the  series  of  works  on  Eng- 
lish history,  chiefly  of  the  period  of  the  great 
rebellion,  were  issued :  and  certainly  the  Ox- 
ford Press  has  been  at  no  time  more  fruitful 
in  the  production  of  valuable  works  than  in 
the  years  during  which  Gaisford  exercised 
so  marked  an  influence. 

But  it  is  as  a  scholar,  and  especially  as  a 
Greek  scholar,  second  to  scarcely  any  one 
of  his  time,  that  Gaisford  will  be  remem- 
bered. In  editing  many  of  the  chief  Greek 
classical  authors  and  several  of  the  Greek 
ecclesiastical  writers,  his  best  years,  indeed 
his  whole  life,  were  spent.  When  what  he 
I  actually  produced  is  compared  with  the  work 
!  of  others,  whether  English  or  foreign  scholars, 
it  seems  almost  marvellous  that  one  man, 
even  in  the  course  of  a  long  life  and  with 
ample  leisure,  could  have  done  so  much. 

His  first  work  was  an  edition  of  Cicero's 
'  Tusculan  Disputations,'  in  1805,  from  Da- 
vies's  edition,  with  additional  notes  of  Bent- 
ley  [see  DAVIES,  JOHN,  1679-1732].  He  super- 
intended the  reprint  of  Ernesti's  edition  of  the 
'  De  Oratore '  in  1809,  and  probably  of  Davies's 
editions  of  the  '  De  NaturaDeorum'  in  1807, 
and  the  '  De  Finibus '  in  1809.  In  March 
1806  he  reviewed  Walpole's  '  Comicorum 
Fragmenta '  in  the  '  Monthly  Review,'  his 
only  contribution  to  periodical  literature.' 
He  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  Greek 
drama,  on  which  Person  had  worked  success- 
fully at  Cambridge,  and  to  which  Elmsley 
was  devoting  himself  at  Oxford,  and  edited 
several  plays  of  Euripides.  In  1810  appeared 
his  edition  of '  Hephsestion  de  Metris,'  a  work 
which  at  once  made  his  name  known  as  one 
of  the  foremost  scholars  of  his  day  through- 
out Europe  ;  even  Reisig  in  his  foolish  attack 
on  English  scholarship  spoke  of  this  as '  bonum 


Gaisford 


371 


Gaisford 


opus,  ut  fertur.'  His  '  Poetse  Graeci  Minores,' 
the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  in  1814, 
is  described  in  the  'Museum  Criticum'  (i. 
569)  as  a  work  on  the  acquisition  of  which 
every  scholar  is  to  be  congratulated.  In  the 
course  of  the  next  few  years  appeared  his 
editions  of  Stobaeus,  of  Herodotus  (which  has 
formed  the  basis  of  all  subsequent  editions),  of 
Sophocles,  and  above  all  of  the  Lexicon  of 
Suidas  (in  which  for  the  first  time  the  manu- 
script in  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  was 
collated),  and  lastly  of  the  '  Etymologicon 
Magnum.'  His  first  work  on  the  ecclesiastical 
writers  was  an  edition  of  the  'Graecarum 
affectionum  curatio '  of  Theodoret,  which 
appeared  in  1839. 

As  a  scholar  he  must  be  described  as 
thoroughly  judicious  rather  than  brilliant. 
He  was  fonder  of  reprinting  the  notes  of 
others,  as  in  his  variorum  editions,  than  of 
producing  notes  of  his  own,  and  he  has  done 
little  towards  the  emendation  or  interpreta- 
tion of  his  authors  as  far  as  he  was  person- 
ally concerned.  But  his  skill  in  collation 
and  in  bringing  together  all  that  he  deemed 
valuable  for  the  illustration  of  the  authors 
he  is  editing  is  unrivalled,  and  perhaps  no 
editions  of  classical  works  that  this  country 
has  produced  are  so  useful  as  Gaisford's. 

Though  all  his  published  works  are  con- 
cerned with  classical  or  patristic  literature, 
his  own  studies  were  by  no  means  confined 
to  these.  He  was  well  read  in  history,  theo- 
logy, and  civil  law,  and  was  a  good  Shake- 
spearean scholar.  A  pleasing  sketch  of  his 
conversation  in  1815  is  given  in  the  '  Ex- 
tracts from  the  Portfolio  of  a  Man  of  the 
World  '  (Gent.  Mag.  October  1845,  pp.  336- 
338).  He  married  first,  Helen  Douglas,  niece 
of  the  wife  of  Bishop  Van  Mildert ;  and,  se- 
condly, Miss  Jenkyns,  sister  of  Dr.  Jenkyns 
of  Balliol  College.  By  his  first  wife  he  left 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  He  died  at 
Christ  Church,  2  June  1855,  and  was  buried 
in  the  nave  of  the  cathedral  on  9  June.  In 
1856  a  prize  was  founded  at  Oxford  to  com- 
memorate him,  called  the '  Gaisford  Prize,'  for 
composition  in  Greek  verse  and  Greek  prose. 

The  following   is   a  list  of  his  works : 

1.  '  Ciceronis  Tusculanse  Disputationes,'  from 
Davies's   edition,  with  additional  notes  of 
Bentley  from  two  Cambridge  MSS.,  1805. 

2.  '  Codices  Manuscript!  et  impressi  cum  notis 
MSS.  olim  D'Orvilliani  qui  in  Bibl.  Bodleiana 
apudOxoniensesadservantur,'1806.  3.  'Euri- 
pidis  Alcestis '  (for  the  use  of  Westminster 
School),  1806.    4.  '  Euripidis  Electra  ex  edi- 
tione  Musgravii'  (for  the  use  of  Westminster 
School),  1806.     5.  '  Euripidis  Andromache  ' 
(for  the  use  of  Westminster  School),  1807. 
6.    'Euripidis  Hecuba,  Orestes,  Phcenissse,' 


with  Musgrave's  notes,  and  various  readings 
from  a  manuscript  formerly  in  the  posses- 
sion of  W.  Hunter,  1809.  7.  'Cicero  de  Ora- 
tore  ex  editione  Ernesti  cum  notis  variorum,' 
1809.  8. '  Hephaestionis  Enchiridion  de  Me- 
tris,  with  Procli  Chrestomathia,'  1810.  This 
was  reprinted  in  two  vols.  after  his  death 
in  1855,  with  the  addition  of  the  work  of 
Terentianus  Maurus  de  Syllabis  et  Metris. 
9.  '  Euripidis  Supplices,  Iph.  in  Aul.,  Iph.  in 
Tauris,'  from  Maryland's  edition,  with  many 
notes  of  Porson,  some  tracts  of  Markland, 
and  his  correspondence  with  D'Orville,  1811. 
10. '  Catalogus  Manuscriptorum  qui  a  eel.  E.D. 
Clarke  comparati  in  Bibl.  Bodl.  adservantur,' 
1812.  This  is  the  first  part,  containing  the 
account  of  the  Greek  MSS.  Some  inedited 
scholia  on  Plato  and  St.  Gregory  Nazianzen 
are  inserted.  11.  'Poetse  Grseci  Minores,' 
4  vols.,  1814-20.  Besides  Hesiod  and  Theo- 
critus and  the  minor  poets,  this  contains  the 
scholia  on  Hesiod  and  Theocritus.  12.  '  Lec- 
tiones  Platonicae,'  1820.  This  is  a  collation 
of  the  Patmos  MS.  of  Plato,  brought  to 
England  by  Dr.  Clarke.  Person's  notes  on 
Pausauias  are  added.  13.  '  Aristotelis  Rhe- 
torica,  cum  versione  Latina  et  annott.  vario- 
rum,' 2  vols.,  1820.  14.  'Scapula?  Lexi- 
con,' 1820.  This  was  edited  by  Dr.  H.  Cot- 
ton, but  Dr.  Gaisford  gave  considerable  as- 
sistance. 15.  '  Stobaei  Florilegium,'  4  vols., 
1822.  16.  '  Herodotus  cum  notis  variorum,' 
4  vols.,  1824.  The  text  has  been  reprinted 
separate  from  the  notes.  17.  '  Scholia  in. 
Sophoclem  Elmsleii,'  1825.  This  was  edited 
by  Gaisford  soon  after  Elmsley's  death,  who 
had  transcribed  the  Laurentian  MS.  at  Flo- 
rence, but  had  printed  only  as  far  as  p.  64. 

18.  '  Sophocles,'  2  vols.,  1826.    This  is   a 
variorum  edition,  giving  the  whole  of  the 
notes  of  Brunck  and  Schsefer.     It  is  espe- 
cially valuable  for  the  extracts  from  Suidas, 
and  the  collation  of  the  two  Laurentian  MSS. 

19.  Index  to  Wyttenbach's '  Plutarch,'  which 
he  had  left  unfinished,  1830.     20.  'Suidje 
Lexicon,'  3  vols.,  1834.    21.  'Parcemiographi 
Graeci,' 1836.    22.  '  Scriptores  Latini  rei  me- 
tricse,'   1837.     23.    'Theodoreti   Graecarum 
affectionum  curatio,'  1839.   24.  '  Chaerobosci 
Dictata  in  Theodosii  canones  necnon  Epi- 
merismi  in  Psalmos,'  1842.    25.  '  Eusebii  Ec- 
logoe  Propheticae,'  1842.     This  is  the  first 
edition,  printed  from  a  Vienna  manuscript. 
26.  '  Eusebii  Praeparatio  Evangelica,'  2  vols., 
1843.     27.  '  Pearsoni  Adversaria  Hesychi- 
ana,'  2  vols.,  1844,  from  the  manuscript  in 
Trinity  College  Library,  Cambridge.  28.  'Ety- 
mologicon Magnum,'  1848.   29.  '  Vetus  Tes- 
tamentum    ex  versione    Ixx.   interpretum,' 
3  vols.,  1848.    30.  '  Stobaei  Eclogae  Physicse 
et  Ethicae,'  2  vols.,  1850.    To  the  second 

B  B  2 


Galbraith 


372 


Galdric 


volume  is  added  the  Commentary  of  Hiero- 
cles  on  the  golden  verses  of  Pythagoras. 
This  contains  the  whole  of  Ashton's  notes 
from  the  edition  puhlished  by  R.  W[arren] 
in  1742.  31.  '  Eusebii  contra  Hieroclem  et 
Marcellum  Libri,'  1852.  32. ' Eusebii Demon- 
stratio  Evangelica,'  2  vols.,  1852.  33.  '  Theo- 
doreti  Historia  Ecclesiastica,'  1854. 

Gaisford's  portrait,  by  Pickersgill,  has  been 
engraved  by  Atkinson. 

[G-ent.  Mag.  July  1855, p.  98;  Literary  Church- 
man, Oxford,  16  June  1855,  an  article  (by  Dr. 
Barrow),  reprinted  in  the  Cambridge  Journal  of 
Classical  and  Sacred  Philology,  ii.  343;  Classi- 
cal Journal,  xxiv.  121  ;  The  Crypt,  ii.  169, 
iii.  201.]  H.  E.  L. 

GALBRAITH,  ROBERT  (d.  1543), 
iudge,  was  a  priest  and  treasurer  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  at  Stirling,  in  which  capacity  he  re- 
ceived a  charter  of  the  lands  of  Mydwyn 
Schelis,  near  Berwick,  dated  5  July  1528. 
He  was  advocate  to  Queen  Margaret  Tudor, 
wife  of  James  IV  of  Scotland,  and  as  such 
made  his  protest  on  1  Sept.  1528  in  parlia- 
ment against  any  prejudice  to  her  claim  for 
debt  against  the  Earl  of  Angus  being  occa- 
sioned by  his  forfeiture.  He  was  one  of  the 
advocates  appointed  when  first  the  College 
of  Senators  was  instituted,  and  was  admitted 
an  ordinary  lord  on  7  Nov.  1537.  In  1543  he 
was  murdered  by  John  Carkettle,  a  burgess  of 
Edinburgh,  and  others,  on  account  of  favour 
which  he  was  alleged  to  have  shown  to  Sir 
William  Sinclair  of  Hermanston  in  a  suit 
before  him.  The  murderers  were  cited  before 
parliament,but  nothing  is  known  of  their  fate. 
He  left  some  reports  of  cases,  which  are  cited 
as  the  '  Book  of  Galbraith '  by  the  compiler  of 
Balfour's  '  Practicks.' 

[Acts  Scots  Parl. ;  Acts  of  Sederunt,  1811,  p.  5  ; 
Act  Dom.  Con.  et  Sess. ;  Diplomata  Eegia,  pp.  5, 
467;  Tytler's  Craig,  p.  114;  Arnot's  Criminal 
Trials,  p.  174;  Brunton  and  Haig's  Senators  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Justice.]  J.  A.  H. 

GALDRIC,  GIJALDRIC,  or  WAL- 
DRIC  {d.  1112),  bishop  of  Laon  and  chan- 
cellor to  Henry  I,  is  probably  the  '  Waldri- 
cus  cancellarius  '  who  signs  a  charter  to  An- 
dover  Priory,  Hampshire,  towards  the  middle 
of  William  IPs  reign  (DUGDALE,  vi.  992). 
Galdric  was  also  chancellor  under  Henry  I, 
and  in  this  capacity  signs  at  Salisbury  (3  Jan. 
1103)  about  three  months  after  his  prede- 
cessor, Roger,  had  been  made  bishop  of  this 
see  (ib.  vi.  1083,  cf.  pp.  1083, 1106, 1273,  and 
v.  149,  where  he  seems  to  appear — February 
1106? — as  '  Walterus  cancellarius';  SYM.  OF 
DURHAM,  p.  235 ;  FLORENCE  OP  WORCESTER, 
ii,  51).  By  August  1107  he  seems  to  have 
been  supplanted  by  Rannulf  (EriON,  Itin.  of 


Henry  /),  who  was  certainly  chancellor  in 
April  1109  (DUGDALE,  vi.  1180 ;  cf.  SYM.  OF 
DURHAM,  ii.  239,  241 ;  BOUQUET,  xv.  66-7). 

At  the  battle  of  Tenchebrai  (28  Sept.  1 106) 
a  '  Gualdricus  regis  capellanus '  took  Duke 
Robert  prisoner  and  was  rewarded  with  the 
bishopric  of  Laon  (ORD.  VITALIS,  iv.  230). 
This  identifies  the  chancellor  Waldric  with 
the  famous  Galdric  '  referendarius  regis  An- 
glorum  '  who  bought  this  see  in  1107  (GUT- 
BERT  OF  NOGENT,  iii.  cc.  1-4).  At  this  time, 
adds  Guibert,  Galdric  was  a  simple  clerk; 
but  now,  through  Henry  I's  influence,  '  al- 
though he  had  hitherto  acted  as  a  warrior,' 
he  was  hastily  made  a  sub-deacon  and  canon 
of  Rouen.  Anselm  o  f  Laon,  the  greatest  theo- 
logical teacher  in  Western  Europe,  headed  the 
opposition  to  the  new  appointment ;  and 
Galdric  had  to  appear  in  person  before  Pas- 
chal II.  Finally,  Galdric,  who  had  engaged 
Guibert  of  Nogent  to  defend  his  cause  before 
the  pope  at  Langres  (c.  24  Feb.  1107),  was 
confirmed  by  that  prelate  (ib. ;  for  date  cf. 
BOUQUET,  xv.  36). 

Nearly  three  years  later  Guibert  accused 
Galdric  of  having  planned  the  murder  of 
Gerard  of  Kiersy,  castellan  of  Laon,  who  was 
slain  by  Rorigo,  the  bishop's  brother,  at  early 
dawn,  31  Dec.  1109,  while  praying  at  the 
cathedral  altar.  The  royal  provost  drove  the 
murderers  from  the  city,  with  Galdric's  arch- 
deacons, Walter  and  Guy,  at  their  head. 
Galdric,  however,  who  had  started  for  Rome 
before  the  murder,  protested  his  innocence 
and  bought  the  pope's  pardon.  On  his  return 
he  summoned  Guibert,  who  had  excommu- 
nicated the  murderers,  into  his  presence  at 
Conci ;  and  there,  openly  surrounded  by 
avowed  accomplices  in  the  crime,  forced  the 
abbot  to  promise  to  assist  him  in  regaining 
Laon.  When  an  attack  upon  the  city  failed  he 
bribed  Louis  VI  to  effect  his  restoration,  and 
immediately  excommunicated  all  those  who 
had  helped  to  expel  the  murderers  (GuiBERT, 
iii.  cc.  5,  6). 

Lack  of  money  with  which  to  pay  the 
king's  courtiers  now  drove  him  to '  his  friend' 
King  Henry.  Duringhisabsence  Archdeacon 
Walter  and  the  nobles  whom  he  had  left  as 
his  deputies  sold  the  people  of  Laon  the  right 
to  establish  a  '  commune.'  Galdric  on  his 
return  was  not  allowed  to  enter  the  city  till 
he  had  sworn  to  uphold  the  new  constitution. 
But  though  King  Louis  had  confirmed  the 
new  charter,  the  bishop  and  his  nobles  were 
bent  on  its  abolition, '  striving,'  says  Guibert, 
'  in  Norman  or  English  fashion  to  drive  out 
French  liberty '  (ib.  iii.  c.  7).  Galdric  now, 
in  defiance  of  the  canon  law,  caused  his 
negro  slave,  John,  to  blind  another  slave — 
Gerard,  a  leader  of  the  commune.  For  this 


Galdric 


373 


Gale 


the  pope  suspended  him,  till  a  second  visit  to 
Home  procured  the  restoration  of  his  au- 
thority. From  Rome  Galdric  returned,  deter- 
mined to  destroy  the  commune.  The  French 
king  slept  in  Galdric's  palace  on  the  night  pre- 
ceding Good  Friday  1112  (18  April) ;  and 
as  the  commune  could  only  offer  40CM.  against 
the  bishop's  700/.,  he  quashed  the  old  charter. 
Next  morning  the  city  was  in  open  revolt. 
Louis  had  to  leave  early  (April  19),  and 
Galdric  at  once  began  to  levy  for  his  own 
use  the  contribution  each  citizen  had  made 
to  the  '  commune.'  In  spite  of  warnings 
from  Anselm,  he  continued  to  enforce  the 
impost,  till  on  the  following  Thursday  the 
burgesses,  raising  the  cry  of  '  Commune,' 
burst  into  the  bishop's  court.  Galdric  fled 
to  the  cellars  beneath  the  cathedral.  One  of 
his  own  serfs,  Tendegald,  whom  he  had  of- 
fended by  nicknaming  him  '  Isingrinus,'  after 
the  fox  in  the  popular  fabliau  '  Reynard  the 
Fox,'  pointed  out  the  bolted  coffer  in  which 
he  was  hidden.  He  was  dragged  out  by  the 
hair  and  massacred  (25  April  1112).  Tende- 
gald cut  his  finger  off  to  secure  the  episcopal 
ring.  The  naked  corpse  was  then  cast  into  a 
corner  where  it  remained  a  mark  for  stones 
and  insults  from  the  passers-by  till  the  next 
day,  when  Anselm  had  it  buried  in  St. 
Vincent's  Church,  outside  the  city  walls 
(GxriBEET,  iii.  cc.  7-9).  D'Achery  has  printed 
the  fragments  of  his  epitaph  (col.  1192). 

Galdric  was  a  typical  secular  bishop,  '  un- 
stable in  word  and  bearing.'  He  loved  to 
talk  of  war  and  of  the  dogs  and  horses  which 
he  had  learned  to  prize  in  England  (GuiBERT, 
iii.  c.  4,  &c.)  He  was  recklessly  extravagant. 
Anselm,  who  visited  England  in  his  com- 
pany, heard  a  universal  outcry  against  his 
ill-gotten  gains.  He  retained  for  his  own 
use  the  gift  which  the  English  queen  sent 
for  another  church.  He  was  a  fierce  hater 
and  returned  Guibert's  '  History  of  the  Cru- 
sade '  unread  because  it  was  dedicated  to  his 
enemy,  Bishop  Lissard  of  Soissons.  He 
scorned  the  '  commune,'  declaring  '  he  could 
never  perish  by  such  hands ; '  and  on  the 
day  before  his  death  boasted  that  the  'com- 
mune'leader  would  not  dare  to  'grunt'  'if  I 
sent  my  blackman  John  to  tweak  his  nose.' 

[Dugdale's  Monasticon,  ed.  1817,  vols.  i.  vi. 
&c. ;  Orderic  Vitalis,  ed.  Le  Prevost,  iv.  230 
(bk.  xi.  c.  20);  Guibert  of  Nogent  ap.  Migne, 
vol.  clvi.  cols.  911-12,  &c. ;  Hermann  of  Laon 
ap.  Migne,  vol.  clvi.;  Sigebert's  Chronicon  Auct. 
Laud.  ap.  Pertz,  vi.  445 ;  Chron.  Besuense  ap. 
Pertz,  ii.  250,  and  ap.  D'Achery's  Spicilegium, 
ed.  1665,  i.  639;  Jaffe's  Eegesta  Paparum.p.  493 . 
Bouquet,  xii.  42,  174,  276,  &c.,  xiii.  266,  xiv; 
66-7 ;  Thierry's  Lettres  sur  1'Histoirede  France.] 

T.  A.  A. 


GALE,  DUNSTAN  (fi.  1596),  poet,  was 
the  author  of  a  poem  entitled  '  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,'  supposed  to  have  been  printed  for 
the  first  time  in  1597,  as  the  dedication  is  ad- 
dressed '  To  the  Worshipful  his  verie  friend 
D.  B.  II.  Nov.  25th,  1596.'  It  was  published 
with  Greene's  '  History  of  Arbasto  '  in  1617, 
in  the  title  of  which  it  is  spoken  of  as '  a  lovely 
poem.'  No  earlier  edition  is  known.  Another 
edition  was  published  in  1626.  A  poem  called 
'  Perymus  and  Thesbye '  was  entered  to  Wil- 
liam Griffith  in  1562,  and  according  to  War- 
ton  printed  in  quarto  for  T.  Hackett;  but 
this  was  probably  an  earlier  and  quite  dif- 
ferent work. 

[Collier's  Bibl.  and  Critical  Account,  1865; 
Eitson's  Bibliographia  Poetica.]  K.  M.  B. 

GALE,  GEORGE  (1797P-1850),  aeronaut, 
was,  according  to  the  register  of  his  burial, 
born  about  1797.  He  was  originally  an  actor 
in  small  parts  in  London  minor  theatres.  He 
became  a  great  favourite  of  Andrew  Ducrow 
[q.  v.]  In  1 831  he  went  to  America,  and  played 
Mazeppa  for  two  hundred  nights  at  the  Bowery 
Theatre  in  New  York.  He  afterwards  tra- 
velled in  the  west  and  joined  a  tribe  of  Indians. 
He  brought  six  of  them,  with  their  chief, '  Ma 
Caust,'  to  London,  and  was  scarcely  distin- 
guishable from  his  companions.  They  were 
exhibited  at  the  Victoria  Theatre  till  their 
popularity  declined.  Sir  Augustus  Frederick 
D'Este  [q.  v.]  had  become  interested  in  them, 
and  procured  Gale  an  appointment  as  coast 
blockade  inspector  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  On 
the  strength  of  this  appointment,  which  he 
held  for  seven  years,  he  afterwards  assumed 
the  title  of  lieutenant.  Tiring  of  this  he  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  return  to  the  Lon- 
don stage,  and  then  took  to  ballooning.  He 
had  a  balloon  manufactured  at  the  old  Mont- 
pelier  Gardens  in  Walworth,  and  made  his 
first  ascent  with  success  from  the  Rosemary 
Branch  tavern  at  Peckham  in  1848.  He  made 
many  ascents,  the  114th  of  which  was  from 
the  hippodrome  of  Vincennes  at  Bordeaux, 
with  the  Royal  Cremorne  balloon,  on  8  Sept. 
1850.  He  was  seated  on  the  back  of  a  pony 
suspended  from  the  car.  Gale  descended  at 
Auguilles.  When  the  pony  had  been  re- 
leased from  its  slings,  the  peasants  holding 
the  balloon  ropes,  not  understanding  his  di- 
rections, relaxed  their  hold,  and  Gale  was 
carried  up  by  the  only  partially  exhausted 
machine.  The  car  overturned,  but  he  clung 
to  the  tackling  for  a  time,  and  was  borne 
out  of  sight.  Next  morning  his  body  was 
found  in  a  wood  several  miles  away.  He  was 
buried  at  the  protestant  cemetery  at  Bor- 
deaux on  11  Sept.  Gale  was  a  man  of  much 
courage  and  very  sanguine.  For  some  time 


Gale 


374 


Gale 


after  Ms  death  his  widow,  who  had  frequently 
made  ascents  in  his  company,  continued  to 
gain  a  livelihood  by  ballooning. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1850,  pt.  ii.  668;  Annual  Ke- 
gister,  1850;  extract  from  burial  register  at 
Bordeaux  kindly  communicated  by  M.  Paul 
Stapfer.]  J.  B-Y. 

GALE,  JOHN  (1680-1721),  general  bap- 
tist minister,  was  born  in  London  on  26  May 
1680.  His  father,  Nathaniel  Gale,  is  de- 
scribed as '  an  eminent  citizen '  who  had  pro- 
perty in  the  West  Indies.  John  was  well 
educated.  When  sent  to  study  at  Leyden 
University,  which  he  entered  7  Dec.  1697 
(PEACOCK,  Index,  p.  39),  he  was  already  a 
proficient  in  classics  and  Hebrew.  On  3  July 
1699  he  received  the  degrees  of  M.A.  and 
Ph.D.;  the  latter,  which  had  not  been  con- 
ferred within  living  memory,  was  specially 
revived  in  his  favour.  He  printed  his  gradua- 
tion thesis '  De  Ente  ejusque  conceptu,'  dedi- 
cated to  his  uncles  Sir  John  and  Sir  Joseph 
Wolf.  From  Leyden  he  went  to  Amsterdam, 
where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Limborch 
and  of  Le  Clerc,  who  became  his  correspon- 
dent. Returning  home ,  he  pursued  his  studies 
in  private,  especially  in  the  departments  of 
biblical  and  patristic  learning.  The  univer- 
sity of  Leyden  offered  him  (1703)  the  degree 
of  D.D.,  but  this  he  declined,  being  unwilling 
to  subscribe  the  articles  of  Dort.  Before  he 
was  twenty-seven  he  had  written  (1706)  his 
examination  of  Wall,  a  work  (published  1711) 
which  is  said  to  have  attracted,  while  yet  in 
manuscript,  the  attention  of  Whiston,  and 
to  have  first  influenced  him  in  the  direction 
of  baptist  views.  It  was  at  Whiston's  house 
in  Cross  Street,  Hatton  Garden,  that  Wil- 
liam Wall  (vicar  of  Shoreham,  Kent)  met 
Gale  for  a  discussion. 

Gale  preached  his  first  sermon  in  February 
1706  at  Paul's  Alley,  Barbican.  His  services 
were  very  acceptable,  but  owing  to  a  '  heavy 
burden  of  domestick  affairs '  (BURROUGHS) 
he  was  not  in  a  position  to  enter  on  a  stated 
ministry.  His  residence  was  at  Blackheath. 
In  1715  he  took  some  part  in  assisting  Joseph 
Burroughs  [q.  v.]  at  Paul's  Alley,  became 
alternate  morning  preacher  in  July  1718,  con- 
stant morning  preacher  in  November  1719, 
and  again  alternate  morning  preacher  in  April 
1721.  He  was  never  in  a  pastoral  charge, 
and  hence  was  never  ordained :  but,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  engagements  at  Paul's  Alley,  he 
undertook  preaching  duty  at  Virginia  Street, 
Ratcliff  Highway,  and  at  Deptford. 

Gale  was  a  member  of  Whiston's  little '  so- 
ciety for  promoting  primitive  Christianity ; ' 
he  acted  as  its  chairman  from  3  July  1715 
(the  first  meeting)  till  1Q  Feb.  1716.  He 


did  not,  however,  understand '  primitive  Chris- 
tianity '  in  Whiston's  sense ;  he  was  a  trini- 
tarian  by  conviction,  but  a  non-subscriber  on 
principle.  Accordingly,  in  the  famous  dis- 
pute at  Salters'  Hall  in  1719  [see  BRADBTTRY, 
THOMAS]  he  took  the  liberal  side,  as  did  all 
the  general  baptists.  Barrington  Shute's 
'  Account '  of  the  proceedings  was  published 
(1719)  in  the  form  of  an  anonymous  letter 
to  Gale.  To  Shute,  afterwards  Viscount 
Barrington  [q.  v.],  he  probably  owed  his  in- 
troduction to  Lord-chancellor  King  and  the 
whig  bishops.  Hoadly  esteemed  him ;  Brad- 
ford, bishop  of  Rochester,  commends  his 
'  learning,  candour,  and  largeness  of  mind.' 

In  spite  of  a  good  constitution  Gale  died 
in  his  prime.  In  December  1721  he  was  at- 
tacked by  a  fever,  which  carried  him  off"  in 
three  weeks ;  the  exact  date  of  his  death  is 
not  stated.  Funeral  sermons  were  preached 
by  Joseph  Burroughs  (24  Dec.)  and  John 
Kinch,  LL.D.  (31  Dec.)  He  left  little  to 
his  family;  a  subscription  enabled  his  widow 
to  open  a  coffee-house  in  Finch  Lane.  Gale 
was  tall  in  stature  and  had  a  striking  coun- 
tenance. Of  two  original  portraits  of  him 
the  best  is  by  Joseph  Highmore  [q.  v.],  one 
of  his  hearers  ;  this  is  engraved  by  Vertue. 

He  published:  1.  ' Inquisitio Philosophica 
Inauguralis  de  Lapide  Solis,'  &c.,  Leyden, 
1699,  4to.  2.  'Reflections  on  Mr.  Wall's 
History  of  Infant  Baptism,'  &c.,  1711,  8vo; 
new  editions,  1820, 8vo,  and  1836, 8vo  (Wall 
wrote  a  '  Defence,'  1720,  and  other  answers 
were  published  by  Samuel  Chandler  [q.  v.], 
1719;  Caleb  Fleming  [q.v.],  1745;  and  V. 
Perronet,  1749).  Posthumous  was  3.  'Ser- 
mons,' &c.,  1726,  8vo,  4  vols.  He  had  pub- 
lished separate  sermons  in  1713,  1717,  and 
1718.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  en- 
gaged on  an  answer  to  Wall's  '  Defence,'  an 
English  translation  of  the  Septuagint,  and  a 
'  history  of  the  notion  of  original  sin.' 

[Funeral  sermons  by  Burroughs  and  Kinch, 
1722  ;  Life,  prefixed  to  Sermons,  1726;  Crosby's 
Hist.  English  Baptists,  1740,  iv.  371 ;  Whiston's 
Memoirs  of  Clarke,  1748,  p.  58  ;  Nichols's  Atter- 
bury's  Correspondence,  1784-,  iii.  538;  Protestant 
Dissenter's  Magazine,  1796,  p.  41  sq.  (sketch  by 
J.  T.,  i.e.  Joshua  Toulmin) ;  Universal  Theolo- 
gical Magazine,  1803,  i.  6sq.  (account  of  Barbi- 
can congregation  by  John  Evans);  Wilson's  Dis- 
senting Churches  in  London,  1810,  iii.  242  sq. ; 
Monthly  Eepository,  1824,  p.  712  sq.]  A.  Gr. 

GALE,  MILES  (1647-1721),  antiquary, 
eldest  son  of  John  Gale.  His  father,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Gales  of  Scruton  andMasham 
in  Yorkshire,  served  under  Count  Mansfeld  in 
the  Low  Countries  (1622-5),  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate  at 
Farnley,  near  Leeds,  refusing  a  commission 


Gale 


375 


Gale 


from  the  parliament  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war.  His  mother  was  Joanna,  daughter 
of  Miles  Dodson  of  Kirkby  Overblow,  York- 
shire. Miles  was  born  at  Farnley  Hall  on 
19  June  1647.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduatedB.A. 
in  1666  and  M.A.  in  1670.  Having  taken 
holy  orders  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Keighley  (1680),  which  he  continued  to  hold 
until  his  death  in  the  night  of  2-3  Jan.  1720-1. 
Gale  was  a  friend  of  Gyles,  the  eminent  glass- 
painter  of  York,  and  was  rmich  interested 
in  antiquarian  research.  He  compiled  and 
presented  to  Thoresby's  Museum,  Leeds 
(1)  '  Memoirs  of  the  Family  of  Gale,  particu- 
larly of  the  learned  Dr.  Thomas  Gale,  Dean 
of  York,  and  Christopher  Gale,  Esq.,  Her  Ma- 
jesty's Attorney-general  in  North  Carolina,' 
1703 ;  (2)  '  A  Description  of  the  Parish  of 
Keighley.'  He  married  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Christopher  Stones,  D.D.,  chancellor  of 
York  (1660-87),  by  whom  he  had  issue  four 
sons  and  one  daughter.  Of  his  sons  the  eldest, 
Christopher,  was  attorney-general  of  North 
Carolina  in  1703,  judge  of  the  admiralty  of 
that  province  in  1712,  and  chief  justice  of 
Providence  and  the  Bahama  Islands  in  1721. 
Several  of  his  letters  are  printed  in  Nichols's 
'  Illustrations,'  iv.  489-92.  He  married  Sarah, 
relict  of  Harvey,  governor  of  North  Carolina. 
[Thoresby's  Diary,  ii.  308,  312;  Nichols's 
Lit.  Anecd.  iv.  5  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustr.  iv.  490  ; 
Taylor's  Biog.  Leod.  p.  575.]  J.  M.  E. 

GALE,  KOGER  (1672-1744),  antiquary, 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Gale,  dean  of  York 
[q.  v.],  by  his  wife  Barbara,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Pepys,  esq.,  was  born  in  1672,  and 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London, 
where  his  father  was  at  the  time  high-master. 
He  proceeded,  with  a  Campden  exhibition 
from  the  school,  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1691,  obtaining  a  scholarship  there 
in  1693  and  a  fellowship  in  1697.  He  gra- 
duated B.A.  in  1694,  and  M.A.  in  1698.  The 
family  estate  of  Scruton,  Yorkshire,  came  into 
his  possession  on  his  father's  death  in  1702. 
Mrs.  Alice  Rogers  bequeathed  him  the  manor 
of  Cottenham,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Gale 
erected  a  monument  in  the  church  to  the 
memory  of  his  benefactress,  but  he  soon  sold 
the  estate  and  chiefly  divided  his  time  be- 
tween London  and  Scruton.  He  represented 
Northallerton  in  the  parliaments  of  1705, 
1707,  1708,  and  1710.  He  became  a  com- 
missioner of  stamp  duties  20  Dec.  1714,  and 
was  reappointed  4  May  1715.  From  24  Dec. 
1715  he  was  a  commissioner  of  excise,  and 
was  displaced  in  1735  by  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole,  who  wanted  the  post  for  one  of  his 
friends.  Indignant  letters  on  the  subject 


from  Gale  to  his  friend  Dr.  Stukeley  appear 
in  Stukeley's  '  Memoirs,'  i.  281,  321-4. 

Gale  was  an  enthusiastic  antiquary.  From 
his  father  he  inherited  a  valuable  collection, 
of  printed  books  and  manuscripts,  to  which 
he  made  many  additions.  British  archaeo- 
logy was  his  chief  study,  but  he  was  also 
a  skilled  numismatist.  He  was  liberal  in 
assisting  fellow-antiquaries.  Browne  Willis, 
a  lifelong  acquaintance,  received  from  him 
a  manuscript  history  of  Northallerton,  in- 
tended for,  but  never  included  in,  Willis's 
'Notitia  Parliamentarian  The  manuscript 
passed  to  William  Cole,  and  its  substance 
was  given  by  Gale  in  his  work  on  Richmond. 
He  helped  Francis  Drake  in  his  '  History  of 
York,'  and  prepared  a  discourse  on  the  four 
Roman  ways  from  his  father's  notes  for 
Hearne's  edition  of  Leland's  '  Itinerary,' 
vol.  vi.  (HEAKNE,  Coll.,  Oxford  Hist.  Soc., 
iii.  220).  Hearne,  writing  to  Rawlinson  on 
8  Oct.  1712,  describes  Gale  as  'my  good 
and  kind  friend '  (ib.  p.  457).  In  August 

1738  he  presented  some  manuscripts  toTrinity 
College,  Cambridge.     Dr.  Stukeley  was  a 
friend  as  early  as  1707  (STUKELEY,  Memoirs, 
i.  33),  and  from  1717  onwards  they  were 
constantly  in  each  other's  society.     In  1725 
they  made  an  antiquarian  tour  together.  In 

1739  Gale's  sister  Elizabeth  became  Dr. 
Stukeley's  second  wife.     Sir  John  Clerk  of 
Pennicuik  [q.  v.]  was  another  intimate  friend 
and  fellow-student.    Gale  was  the  first  vice- 
president  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and        . 

was  treasurer  of  the  Royal  SocietyJf-He  was^S  UcT*« 
a  member  of  the  Spalding  and  Brazennose 
Societies. 

Gale  published,  with  notes  of  his  own, 
his  father's  edition  of  '  Antonini  Iter  Bri- 
tanniarum,'  London,  1709,  and  in  the  pre- 
face distinguishes  between  his  own  and  his 
father's  contributions.  Gough  had  a  copy  of 
the  book,  with  manuscript  annotations  by 
Gale  and  others.  Hearne  notes  (30  May 
1709)  that  the  inscriptions  '  are  very  faultily 
printed,  and  that  the  book  is  full  of  errors ' 
(HEAKNE,  Coll.,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.,  ii.  203).  In 
1697  Gale  translated  for  anonymous  publica- 
tion, from  the  French  of  F.  Jobert,  '  The 
Knowledge  of  Medals  :  or  Instructions  for 
those  who  apply  themselves  to  the  study  of 
Medals  both  Antient  and  Modern.'  A  second 
edition  appeared  in  1715.  In  1722  he  issued 
by  subscription,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries, '  Registrum  Honoris 
de  Richmond,' with  valuable  appendices.  Gale 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  'Philosophi- 
cal Transactions,'  one,  in  1744,  being  a  letter 
to  Peter  Collinson  [q.  v.]  on  a  fossil  skeleton 
of  a  man  found  near  Bakewell,  Derbyshire. 
A  paper  on  a  Roman  altar  found  at  Castle 


Gale 


376 


Steeds,  Cumberland,  is  in  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  1742,  p.  135,  and  another  on  a 
Roman  inscription  at  Chichester  is  in  Hors- 
ley's  '  Britannia  Romania,'  pp.  332  et  seq. 
The  '  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britannica ' 
for  1781  (ii.)  contains,  besides  many  letters 
to  antiquarian  friends  and  papers  by  his 
brother  Samuel,  Gale's  accounts  of  North- 
allerton,  of  Scruton,  of  the  Rollerich  Stones, 
Warwickshire,  of  the  Earls  of  Richmond,  and 
a  tour  in  Scotland.  These  papers,  entitled 
'  Reliquiae  Galeanse,'  were  edited  by  George 
Allan  of  Darlington,  to  whom  they  had  been 
presented  by  Gale's  grandson.  Pennant^ 
William  Norris,  and  other  fellows  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  took  a  keen  interest  in 
the  publication,  the  expense  of  which  was 
borne  by  Nichols  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd.  vi. 
126,  &c.  viii.  passim). 

Gale  married  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Henry 
Roper,  esq.,  of  Cowling,  Kent.  She  died  in 
1720,  and  by  her  Gale  had  one  son,  Roger 
Henry.  The  antiquary  died  at  Scruton  on 
25  June  1744,  aged  72,  and  was  buried  there. 
He  had  some  foreboding  of  his  death,  and  a 
fortnight  before  selected  oak  planks  to  be 
employed  in  making  his  grave.  He  left  direc- 
tions that  a  flat  stone  should  be  placed  above 
the  vault  containing  the  coffin,  and  should 
be  so  covered  with  earth  '  that  no  one  should 
know  where  the  grave  was '  (STUKELEY,  ii. 
352,  356). 

Gale  left  many  of  his  manuscripts  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  his  collec- 
tion of  coins  to  the  Cambridge  University 
Library,  together  with  a  catalogue  prepared 
by  himself.  The  chief  papers  remaining  at 
Scruton  appear  in  the  '  Reliquiae  Galeanse.' 
His  library  was  purchased  by  Osborn  the 
bookseller  and  dispersed  in  1756  and  1758. 
A  portrait  by  Vanderbanck,  painted  in  1722, 
was  at  Scruton. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iv.  543-50  (for  life), 
and  passim  for  various  references  to  his  inter- 
course with  antiquaries  of  the  time ;  Hearne's 
Collections  (Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.),  vols.  ii.  and  iii. ; 
Dr.  Stukeley's  Memoirs  (Surtees  Soc.) ;  Gough's 
British  Topography  ;  Reliquiae  Galeanae  in  Bibl. 
Top.  Brit.  vol.  ii.]  S.  L.  L. 

GALE,  SAMUEL  (1682-1754),  anti- 
quary, youngest  son  of  Thomas  Gale,  dean 
of  York  [q.  v.],  and  brother  of  Roger  Gale 
[q.  v.],  was  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  Faith's, 
London,  on  17  Dec.  1682.  He  was  baptised 
on  20  Dec.,  Samuel  Pepys  being  one  of  his 
godfathers.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School,  where  his  father  was  master,  but  did 
not  proceed  to  the  university.  About  1702 
he  obtained  a  post  in  the  custom  house,  Lon- 
don. At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  one 
of  the  land  surveyors  of  the  customs,  and 


searcher  of  the  books  and  curiosities  imported 
into  England  (Gent.  Mag.  xxiv.  47).  Gale 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  revived  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries,  and  was  elected  its  first 
treasurer  in  January  1717-18  (Archceoloyia, 
vol.  i.  pp.  xxviii,  xxxiii).  On  resigning  the 
treasurership  in  1739-40,  he  was  presented 
by  the  society  with  an  inscribed  silver  cup. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Spalding  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  Brazennose  Literary  Society 
at  Stamford  (founded  1745).  Gale  delighted 
in  archaeological  excursions  through  England. 
For  many  years  he  and  his  friend  Dr.  Ducarel 
[q.  v.]  used  in  August  to  travel  incognito, 
journeying  about  fifteen  miles  a  day.  They 
took  up  their  quarters  at  an  inn,  '  penetrating 
into  the  country  for  three  or  four  miles  round." 
They  had  with  them  Camden's  '  Britannia  * 
and  a  set  of  maps  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd. 
vi.  402).  In  1705  Gale  visited  Oxford,  Bath, 
and  Stonehenge,  and  wrote  descriptive  ac- 
counts. On  29  Aug.  1744  he  made  a  pilgrim- 
age with  Dr.  Stukeley  to  Croyland  Abbey. 
On  16  May  1747  he  visited  Canons,  the 
splendid  mansion  of  the  Duke  of  Chandos, 
and,  lamenting  its  approaching  demolition, 
went  into  the  chapel,  and  preached  an  appro- 
priate sermon,  while  his  two  companions  sang- 
an  anthem  and  psalms  (Surtees  Soc.  Publ. 
Ixxiii.  389-90).  Gale  died  of  a  fever  on  10  Jan. 
1754  at  his  lodgings,  the  Chicken-house, 
Hampstead.  He  was  buried  by  Dr.  Stukeley  on 
14  Jan.  in  the  burial-ground  of  St.  George's, 
Queen  Square,  London,  near  the  Found- 
ling Hospital.  He  was  unmarried.  A  por- 
trait of  him  was  painted  by  his  intimate  friend, 
Isaac  Whood,  and  is  described  by  Nichols  as- 
being  '  still  at  Scruton'  (Roger  Gale's  estate). 
His  collection  of  prints  by  Hollar,  Callot,  &c. 
was  sold  by  auction  in  1754  by  Langford. 
Most  of  his  books  were  sold  to  Osborn.  The 
unpublished  manuscripts  of  his  own  writings 
became  the  property  of  his  only  sister  Eliza- 
beth, and  thus  came  into  the  hands  of  her  hus- 
band, Dr.  Stukeley,  from  whom  they  passed 
to  Dr.  Ducarel,  and  were  then  bought  by 
Gough.  Nichols  printed  many  of  them  in  the 
'Reliquiae  Galeanae'  (1781,  &c.),  including 
the  'Tour  through  several  parts  of  England' 
in  1705  (revised  by  Gale,  1730);  'A  Dis- 
sertation on  Celts ; '  '  Account  of  some  Anti- 
quities at  Glastonbury,'  1711 ;  '  Observations 
on  Kingsbury,  Middlesex,'  1751 .  (For  others, 
see  Reliq.  Gal.)  The  only  writings  published 
by  Gale  himself  were,  '  A  History  of  Win- 
chester Cathedral,'  London,  1715, 8vo  (begun 
by  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon),  and  two  papers 
('  Ulphus'  Horn  at  York,'  '  Caesar's  passage 
over  the  Thames)  in  the  '  Ar«haeologia,'  vol.  i. 
Gale  gave  some  valuable  material  to  Drake 
for  his  '  Eboracum,'  and  probably  furnished 


Gale 


377 


Gale 


Hearne  with  various  readings  of  Leland's 
'  Itinerary.'  Vertue's  prints  of  the  old  chapel 
under  London  Bridge  were  designed  under 
his  patronage.  Some  of  Gale's  letters  and  a 
correspondence  with  Stukeley  (who  some- 
times addresses  him  as  '  Dear  Mr.  Samuel ') 
are  printed  in  Stukeley's  '  Memoirs'  (Surtees 
Soc.)  Gale  is  described  by  Ducarel  as  a 
'worthy  and  amiable'  man,  and  by  Nichols 
as  being  of  '  uncommon  abilities,  and  well 
versed  in  the  antiquities  of  England.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iv.  550-5,  and  other  re- 
ferences in  Lit.  Anecd.  and  Lit.  lllustr. ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1754,  xxiv.  47  ;  Reliquiae  Galeanae  in  vol. 
ii.  of  Nichols's  Bibl.  Topogr.  Britannica ;  Family 
Memoirs  of  William  Stukeley,  &c.  (Surtees  Soc. 
3  vols.  1882-7).]  W.  W. 

GALE,  THEOPHILUS  (1628-1678), 
nonconformist  tutor,  son  of  Theophilus  Gale, 
D.D.,  vicar  of  Kingsteignton,  Devonshire, 
and  prebend  of  Exeter,  was  born  at  King's- 
teignton  in  1628.  He  was  educated  under 
a  private  tutor  and  at  a  neighbouring  gram- 
mar school,  and  in  1647  was  entered  a  com- 
moner at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  At  the 
visitation  of  1648  he  was  made  a  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  and  on  17  Dec.  1649  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  B.A.,  a  year  earlier  than 
usual,  on  the  ground  of  his  age  and  parts.  In 
1650  he  was  put  into  the  place  of  one  of  the 
ejected  fellows ;  he  graduated  M.  A.  on  18  June 
1652.  He  was  a  successful  tutor,  among  his 
pupils  being  Ezekiel  Hopkins  [q.  v.],  after- 
wards bishop  of  Derry.  A  hint  in  Grotius's 
'  De  Veritate'  (i.  16)  gave  him  the  idea  of 
the  derivation  of  all  ancient  learning  and 
philosophy  from  the  Hebrew  scriptures,  and 
to  the  elaboration  of  this  theory  he  devoted 
the  studies  of  his  life.  In  ecclesiastical  po- 
lity he  was  an  independent,  and  a  member  of 
the  church  of  this  order  formed  by  Thomas 
Goodwin,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  when  president  of 
Magdalen.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
university  preacher.  At  the  end  of  1657  he 
accepted  an  appointment  as  preacher  in  Win- 
chester Cathedral,  still  retaining  his  fellow- 
ship. On  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy 
(1660)  his  preferments  went  back  to  their 
former  owners. 

Unable  to  conform,  Gale  became  tutor  in 
the  family  of  Philip,  fourth  baron  Whar- 
ton.  In  September  1662  he  accompanied  his 
patron's  two  sons,  Thomas  (afterwards  the 
first  marquis)  and  Godwin,  to  the  protes- 
tant  college  at  Caen  in  Normandy.  Here 
for  two  years  he  enjoyed  the  friendship  of 
Bochart.  Leaving  his  pupils  at  Caen,  he 
seems  to  have  spent  a  year  in  travel,  re- 
turning in  the  autumn  of  1665  to  Whar- 
ton's  seat  at  Quainton,  Buckinghamshire. 


Next  year,  his  tutorial  engagement  being- 
over,  he  proceeded  to  London,  where,  on 
his  way  to  France,  he  had  deposited  his 
papers  in  the  counting-house  of  a  friend. 
He  reached  the  city  while  the  great  fire  was 
raging ;  by  a  mere  chance  his  manuscripts, 
had  been  saved.  He  settled  at  Newington. 
Green  and  took  pupils ;  acting  also  as  as- 
sistant to  John  K,owe,  minister  of  an  inde- 
Sendent  congregation  which  met  in  St.  An- 
rew's  parish,  Holborn,  in  defiance  of  the  first 
conventicle  act,  not  very  operative  in  the 
dearth  of  ministrations  caused  by  the  great 
fire. 

Gale  now  resumed  the  preparation  of  his, 
great  work.  The  first  part  of  'The  Court 
of  the  Gentiles '  was  ready  for  the  press  in 
1669 ;  John  Fell,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  then  vice- 
chancellor,  readily  granted  his  license  for 
printing  it  at  Oxford.  It  was  applauded  as 
a  marvel  of  erudition.  Gale  traces  every 
European  language  to  the  Hebrew,  and  all 
the  theologies,  sciences,  politics,  and  litera- 
ture of  pagan  antiquity  to  a  Hebrew  tradi- 
tion. A  second  part  deals  in  a  similar  way 
with  the  origin  of  all  philosophies.  A  third 
accounts  for  the  errors  of  pagan  philosophy 
and  popish  divinity  on  the  theory  of  corrup- 
tion by  successive  apostasies  from  a  divine 
original.  The  fourth  and  largest  part  (in 
three  books)  is  constructive,  a  reformed  Pla- 
tonism,  ending  with  a  powerful  endeavour 
to  rescue  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  of  pre- 
determination from  moral  difficulties.  Ex- 
cepting an  essay  on  Jansenism,  and  a  few 
learned  sermons,  Gale's  other  writings  are 
mainly  reproductions  of  his  system  in  a  Latin 
dress. 

On  the  death  of  Rowe  (12  Oct.  1677),  Gale 
succeeded  him  as  pastor,  having  Samuel  Lee 
as  a  colleague.  It  would  appear  that  he  was 
now  training  students  for  the  ministry ;  Wil- 
son's manuscript  list  enumerates  three,  John- 
Ashwood  of  Peckham,  and  the  two  sons  of 
John  Howe,  Thomas  (who  succeeded  Gale) 
and  Benoni.  After  the  beginning  of  1678 
he  printed  proposals  for  publishing  a  '  Lexi- 
con Grseci  Testament!,'  &c.,  which  was  ready 
for  the  press  as  far  as  the  letter  iota.  His 
plans  were  cut  short  by  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred at  the  end  of  February  or  beginning 
of  March  1678.  He  was  buried  at  Bunhill 
Fields.  All  his  real  and  personal  estate  he 
left  for  the  education  of  poor  nonconformist 
scholars.  His  library  he  bequeathed  to 
Harvard  College,  New  England,  reserving- 
the  philosophical  portion  of  it  for  the  use 
of  students  at  home. 

He  published :  1.  '  The  Court  of  the  Gen- 
tiles, or  a  Discourse  touching  the  Original 
of  Humane  Literature,'  &c.,  pt.  i.  Oxford, 


Gale 


378 


Gale 


1669,  4to  ;  2nd  edit.  Oxford,  1672,  4to  ;  pt. 
ii.  Oxford,  1071, 4to;  2nd  edit.  London,  1676, 
4to  ;  pts.  iii.  and  iv.  London,  1677,  4to  (bk. 
iii.  of  pt.  iv.  London,  1678,  4to)  ;  2nd  edit. 
London,  1682. 4to.  2.  'A  True  Idea  of  Jansen- 
isme,'  &c.,  1669,  8vo  (preface  by  John  Owen, 
D.D.)  3.  '  The  Life  and  Death  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Tregosse,'  &c.,  1671,  8vo  (who  was  'con- 
verted '  by  one  of  his  own  sermons).  4. '  Theo- 
philie  .  .  .  the  Saints  Amitie  with  God,'  &c., 
1671,  8vo.  5.  'The  Anatomie  of  Infidelitie,' 
&c.,  1672,  8vo.  6.  'Idea  Theologise,'  &c., 
1673,  8vo.  7.  '  A  Discourse  of  Christ's  com- 
ing,' &c.,  1673,  8vo.  8.  '  Philosophia  Gene- 
ralis,'  &c.,  1676, 8vo.  Alsoa sermon  (1  John 
ii.  15),  1674,  8vo  (reprinted  in  supplement 
to  '  Morning  Exercise  at  Cripplegate,'  1676, 
4to) ;  a  preface  to  the  '  Life  of  Howe,'  1673, 
12mo ;  and  a  summary  prefixed  to  William 
Strong's  '  Discourse  of  the  Two  Covenants,' 
1678,  fol.  Wood  (followed  by  Watt)  as- 
signs to  him '  Ars  Sciendi,'  &c.,  1681,  12mo ; 
1682,  8vo,  by  T.  G.,  but  this  is  the  work  of 
Thomas  Gowan  [q.  v.] 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.,  1692,  ii.  451,  750, 
778  ;  Reynolds's  Funeral  Sermon  for  Ashwood, 
1706;  Calamy's  Account,  1713,  p.  64  sq. ;  Con- 
tinuation, 1727,  i.  97  sq. ;  Palmer's  Noncon- 
formist's Memorial,  1802,  i.  239  ;  Wilson's  Dis- 
senting Churches  in  London,  1810,  iii.  161  sq. ; 
Wilson's  manuscripts  in  Dr.  Williams's  Library 
(Dissenting  Records,  D*,  p.  69)  ;  Gale's  works.] 

A.  G. 

GALE,  THOMAS  (1507-1587),  surgeon, 
•was  born  in  London  in  1507,  and  was  ap- 
prenticed with  John  Field,  also  a  well-known 
surgeon,  to  Richard  Ferris,  one  of  the  chief 
barber-surgeons  of  the  time.  After  practis- 
ing for  some  time  in  London,  he  served  in 
the  army  of  Henry  VI II  at  Muttrell  in  France 
in  1544  (Treatise  of  Gunshot,  p.  74  5),  and 
there  had  the  good  sense  to  refuse  to  imperil 
the  lives  of  eleven  soldiers  by  removing  bul- 
lets the  lodgments  of  which  were  uncertain. 
In  1557  he  served  under  Philip  II  of  Spain 
at  the  siege  of  St.  Quentin,  and  two  years 
later  was  established  in  practice  in  London 
(Institution,  p.  8  b}.  He  was  master  of  the 
Barber-Surgeons'  Company  in  1561,  and  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  surgery  in  1563,  dedi- 
cated to  Lord  Robert  Dudley.  It  contains 
four  separate  treatises.  '  The  Institution  of 
Chirurgerie,'  the  first,  is  a  sort  of  catechism 
of  surgery,  in  which  Gale  and  his  friend  Field 
answer  the  questions  of  a  surgical  student 
named  John  Yates.  The  second  is  '  The 
Enchiridion  of  Surgery,'  a  compilation  on 
general  surgery,  which  contains  the  prescrip- 
tion for  Gale's  styptic  powder  oft  en  mentioned 
in  contemporary  works.  Its  chief  ingredients 
.were  alum,  turpentine,  arsenic,  and  quick- 


lime. The  third  is  a  treatise  on  gunshot 
wounds,  in  which  he  shows  that  gunpowder 
is  not  a  poison,  and  the  fourth  is  an  antido- 
tary  or  collection  of  prescriptions.  A  second 
volume  appeared  in  1566  containing  some 
translations  from  Latin  versions  of  Galen, 
'  A  brief  Declaration  of  the  Worthy  Art  of 
Medicine,'  and  '  The  Office  of  a  Chirurgeon.' 
Gale  knew  but  little  Latin,  and  the  transla- 
tions are  the  work  of  his  friend  Dr.  Cuning- 
ham.  The  writings  of  Gale  are  mainly  com- 
pilations, and  contain  few  cases  from  his  own 
practice.  They  show  him  to  have  had  less 
mother  wit  than  his  contemporary  William 
Clowes  the  elder  [q.  v.],  and  less  reading  than 
John  Banister  (1540-1610)  [q.  v.]  He  died 
in  1587,  and  left  a  son,  Thomas,  also  a  surgeon, 
admitted  to  the  guild  18  Jan.  1597. 

[Works ;  MS.  Transcript  of  Records  at  Bar- 
bers' Hall  by  Sidney  Young.]  N.  M. 

GALE,  THOMAS  (1635  P-1702),  dean  of 
York,  born  at  Scruton  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire  in  1635  or  1636,  was  the  only 
surviving  child  of  Christopher  Gale  of  Scru- 
ton, by  his  wife  Frances  Conyers  of  Holtby 
in  the  same  county  (FOSTER,  Yorkshire  Pedi- 
grees, vol.  ii.)  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  under  Busby,  and  being  ad- 
mitted king's  scholar  was  elected  in  1655  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1659,  M.A. 
1662).  He  contributed  verses  to  the  '  Luctus 
et  Gratulatio,'  published  by  the  university  of 
Cambridge  in  1658,  on  the  death  of  Oliver 
Cromwell ;  to  the  '  Threni  Cantabrigienses ' 
on  the  deaths  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  and 
the  Princess  of  Orange  in  1661,  and  to  the 
'  Epicedia  Cantabrigiensis  '  in  1671.  He  be- 
came a  fellow  of  his  college,  and  was  in- 
corporated M.A.  at  Oxford  the  day  after  the 
opening  of  the  Sheldonian  Theatre,  13  July 
1669  (WOOD,  Fasti  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  312). 
He  was  appointed  senior  taxor  in  1670. 
His  eminence  as  a  scholar  obtained  for  him 
in  1666  the  regius  professorship  of  Greek  at 
Cambridge,  an  office  which  he  resigned  in 
1672  to  become  high  master  of  St.  Paul's 
School.  On  that  occasion  James  Duport 
[q.  v.]  addressed  to  him  a  copy  of  verses 
which  are  printed  at  page  16  of  the  '  Musae 
Subsecivse,'  1676.  He  accumulated  the  de- 
grees in  divinity  in  1675,  and  on  7  June 
1676  was  made  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's.  On 
6  Dec.  1677  he  was  elected  into  the  Royal 
Society  (THOMSON,  Hist.  Hoy.  Soc.  App.  iv. 
p.  xxvii),  of  which  he  became  a  very  active 
member.  He  frequently  sat  on  the  council, 
and  presented  many  curiosities  to  the  museum. 
In  1679  he  wrote  at  the  request  of  the  society 
the  inscription  for  the  Bibliotheca  Norfol- 
ciana.  In  Januarv  1685-6  Gale  and  Sir 


Gale 


379 


Gale 


John  Hoskyns  were  chosen  honorary  secre- 
taries, and  appointed  for  their  clerk  Edmund 
Halley  [q.  v.],  one  of  Gale's  pupils  at  St. 
Paul's  (WELD,  Hist.  Roy.  Soc.  i.  266,  305). 
Gale's  only  contribution  to  the '  Philosophical 
Transactions'  was  some   notes   on    Ralph 
Thoresby's  'Letter'  to    Martin    Lister   of 
10  July  1697,  concerning  two  Roman  altars 
found  at  Collerton  and  Blenkinsop  Castle  in 
Northumberland  (xix.  663).    Gale  continued 
at  the  head  of  St.  Paul's  School  with  increas- 
ing reputation  until  1697,  when  he  was  pre- 
ferred to  the  deanery  of  York,  being  admitted 
on  16  Sept.  of  that  year.     On  leaving  London 
he  presented  to  his  college  a  curious  collec- 
tion of  Arabic  manuscripts.     At  York  Gale 
was  noted  for  his  hospitality,  and  for  his 
admirable  government,  as  well  as  for  his  care 
in  restoring  and  embellishing  the  cathedral. 
He  was  further  a  benefactor  to  the  deanery 
by  obtaining  in  1699  letters  patent  settling 
the  dean's  right  to  be  a  canon  residentiary 
(DRAKE,  Eboracum,  pp.  480,  527,  565,  572). 
He  died  at  York  on  7  or  8  April  1702,  in  the 
sixty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried 
on  the  15th  in  the  middle  of  the  cathedral 
choir.     He   married  Barbara,   daughter  of 
Thomas  Pepys  of  Impington,  Cambridgeshire, 
who  was  buried  in  St.  Faith's  Church,  Lon- 
don, 5  June  1689.     By  her  he  left  issue  four 
sons :  Roger  (d.  1744)  [q.  v.]  ;  Charles  (d. 
1738),   rector  of  Scruton;  Samuel  (1682- 
1754)  [q.  v.] ;  and  Thomas,  and  one  daughter, 
Elizabeth  (1687),  who  in  1739  became  the 
second  wife  of  William  Stukeley,M.D.  [q.  v.] 
He  had  many  eminent  correspondents.    Ma- 
billon  gave  him  the  manuscript  of  Alcuin's 
'DePontificibus  Eboracensibus,'  published  in 
Ms  '  Historise  Britannicse  Scriptores  XV,' 
1691,  and  Huet  declared  that  Gale  exceeded 
all  men  he  ever  knew  both  for  modesty  and 
versatility  of  learning  (  Commentarius  de  Re- 
bus ad  eum pertinentibus,  1718,  bk.  v.  p.  315). 
To  his  eldest  son  Roger  he  left  a  noble  library 
of  books  and  manuscripts ;  the  latter  are  cata- 
logued in  '  Catalogus  Librorum  Manuscrip- 
torum  Anglise  et  Hibemise,'  fol.  Oxford,  1697 
(iii.  185).     By  Roger  Gale  the  manuscripts 
were  bequeathed  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, as  was  also  a  fine  portrait  of  his  father. 
There  is  another  portrait  of  Gale  (by  Kneller) 
at  Scruton.     A  drawing  of  him  in  the  Pepy- 
sian  collection  at  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, was  engraved  by  S.  Harding.     Gale 
edited:  1.  '  Opuscula  mythologica,  ethica  et 
physica,'  Greek  and  Latin  (anon.),  10  pts. 
8vo,  Cambridge,  1671-70  (another  edition 
8vo,  Amsterdam,  1688).  2.  'Historisepoeticae 
Scriptores  antiqui.     Accessere  breves  notae,' 
&c.  (anon.)  8vo,  Paris,  1675.     His  annota- 
tions on  '  Antonini  Liberalis  Transformatio- 


num  Congeries '  were  incorporated  by  G.  A. 
Koch  in  his  edition,  8vo,  1832.  3.  'Rhe- 
tores  selecti.  Demetrius  Phalereus,  Tiberius 
Rhetor,  Anonymus  Sophista,  Severus  Alex- 
andrinus.  Greece  et  Latine.  (Demetrium 
emendavit,  reliquos  e  MSS.  edidit  et  Latine 
vertit  T.  Gale),'  8vo,  Oxford,  1676  (another 
edition,  by  J.  P.  Fischer,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1773). 
4.  '  'la/i/SAi^ou  XaAKiSews  ivepi  MvarTrjpicav 
Aoyoy'  (with  Latin  version  and  notes),  fol. 
Oxford,  1678.  5.  ( ^ra\T^piov.  Psalterium. 
Juxta  exemplar  Alexaudrinum  editio  nova, 
Graece  et  Latine'  (anon.),  8vo,  Oxford,  1678. 
6.  '  Herodoti  .  .  .  hisforiarum  libri  ix.  Ex- 
cerpta  e  Ctesiae  libris  de  rebus  Persicis  et 
Indicis,'  &c.  (anon.),  Greek  and  Latin,  fol. 
London,  1679  (another  edition,  fol.  London, 
1763).  His  '  Chronologia '  was  included  in 
G.  C.  Becelli's  Italian  version  of 'Herodotus,' 
2  pts.  4to,  Verona,  1733.  7.  '  Historise  An- 
glicanse  Scriptores  Quinque  ex  vetustis  Codi- 
cibus  MSS.  nunc  primum  in  lucem  editi. 
Vol.  ii.'  (anon.),  fol.  Oxford,  1687,  including 
Walterus  de  Hemingford's  '  Chronica '  from 
1066  to  1273.  The  first  volume  of  this  col- 
lection had  appeared  in  1684  under  the  anony- 
mous editorship  of  William  Fulman  [q.  v.] 
8.  '  Histories  Britannicse,  Saxonicse,  Anglo- 
Danicse  Scriptores  XV.  ex  vetustis  Codd. 
MSS.  editi  opera  Thomse  Gale,'  &c.  fol.  Ox- 
ford, 1691.  9.  '  Antonini  Iter  Britanniarum 
commentariis  illustratum  Thomge  Gale  .  .  . 
Opus  posthumum  revisit,  auxit,  edidit 
R[ogerus]  G[ale].  Accessit  anonymi  Raven- 
natis  Britanniae  chorographia/  &c.  4to,  Lon- 
don, 1709.  Roger  Gale  also  published  his 
father's  'Sermons  preached  upon  several  Holy- 
days  observed  in  the  Church  of  England/ 
8vo,  London,  1704.  Gale  translated  anony- 
mously Huet's  '  Traite  de  la  Situation  du 
Paradis  Terrestre,'  12mo,  London,  1694.  He 
communicated  various  readings  from  two 
manuscripts  to  the  edition  of  '  Diogenes 
Laertius,'  published  at  Amsterdam  in  two 
volumes,  4to,  1692 ;  critical  notes  to  Paulus 
Bauldri's  edition  of  '  Lactantii  de  Mortibus 
Persecutorum,'8vo,  Utrecht,  1692;  and  notes 
to  William  Worth's  edition  of '  Tatiani  Oratio 
ad  Grsecos,'  8vo,  Oxford,  1700.  J.  C.  Orelli 
included  Gale's  annotations  in  his  edition  of 
'  Sallust  the  Philosopher,'  8vo,  1821 ;  and  F. 
Oehler  used  his  notes  upon '  Maximus  the  Con- 
fessor' (Anecdota  Grceca,  torn.  i.  8vo,  1857). 
His  manuscript  notes  on  '  Herodotus '  and 
'Dion  Cassius'  are  in  the  library  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  (Catalogue,  vi.  73).  He 
left  too  in  manuscript  editions  of  '  Origenis 
Philocalia '  and  of  '  lamblichus  de  Vita  Py- 
thagorse.'  From  Ballard's  Collection  of  MS. 
Letters  in  the  Bodleian  Library  (xv.  32)  it 
appears  that  Gale  had  an  intention  of  con- 


Galeon 


38o 


Galignani 


tinuing  Archbishop  Parker's  'Antiquitates 
Britannicse.'  Gale,  by  the  king's  command, 
composed  the  obnoxious  inscription  for  the 
monument  of  London,  for  which  he  received 
a  testimonial  from  the  city  in  the  shape  of  a 
present  of  plate. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iv.  536-55;  Welch's 
Alumni  Westmon.  (1852)  pp.  143,  144;  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica ;  Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.  xv. 
221-5;  Cole  MSS.  vol.  xlv.  ff.  242,  268,  462; 
Knight's  Life  of  Colet,  p.  282 ;  Willis's  Survey 
of  Cathedrals,  i.  70-2;  Newcourt's  Repertorium, 
i.  144;  Evelyn's  Diary ;  Noble's  Continuation  of 
Granger's  Biog.  Hist.  i.  94-5 ;  Evans's  Cat.  of 
Engraved  Portraits,  i.  132;  Nicholson's  Histori- 
cal Libraries  (1776),  pts.  i.  and  ii. ;  Stukeley's 
Diaries  and  Letters  (Surtees  Soc.) ;  Hearne's  Pre- 
face to  Walterus  de  Hemingford,  p.  xxiii ;  Le 
Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy),  iii.  639.]  G.  G. 

GALEON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1507),  learned 
Augustinian,  was  born  in  Norfolk,  and  be- 
came a  friar  eremite  in  the  Augustinian 
monastery  of  Lynn  Regis.  Bale  says  that 
he  was  already  of  '  mature  years  '  when  he 
went  to  Oxford,  where  he  studied  for  several 
years  among  the  brethren  of  his  order  in  their 
college.  He  was  chiefly  renowned  for  his 
minute  knowledge  of  theology,  and  took  a 
D.D.  degree  probably  before  he  left  the  uni- 
versity. He  was  much  esteemed  by  his 
contemporaries,  and  '  having  moved  through 
several  honourable  stations,  was  chosen  pro- 
vincial of  his  order  in  England.  He  died  at 
Lynn  in  1507  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  his  order  there. 
Galeon  was  looked  upon  as  a  great  orna- 
ment to  his  society,  which  he  is  said  to  have 
roused  from  slothfulness.  Bale  says  that  he 
gave  many  of  his  writings  in  his  lifetime  to 
his  own  religious  house  at  Lynn.  Bishop 
Pamphilus  is  incorrect  in  his  statement  that 
Galeon  died  in  1500,  aged  90.  The  works 
ascribed  to  him  are :  '  Lectiones  in  Theologia,' 
'Disputationes  Varise/  'Conciones  per  An- 
num.' 

[Bale,  viii.  iii.  60;  Pits,  p.  687;  Lansdowne 
MS.  978,  f.  80 ;  Wood's  Athenas  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss, 
i.  11;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  p.  304;  Stevens's 
Hist,  of  Abbeys  and  Monasteries,  ii.  220;  Dodd's 
Church  History,  i.  238.]  E.  T.  B. 

GALFRIDUS.    [See  GEOFFKEY.] 

GALGACUS,  or  (according  to  the  best 
readings)  CALGACUS  (fl.  circa  A.D.  84), 
Caledonian  chieftain,  held  the  command  of 
the  native  tribes  when  Agricola,  the  Roman 
governor  of  Britain,  invaded  Caledonia  in 
his  last  campaign.  Agricola  found  him  en- 
camped near  Mons  Graupius  (TACITUS,  Agric. 
xxix. ;  so  in  the  editions  of  Wex,  Kritz,  and 
Orelli,  2nd  edit. ;  Church  and  Brodribb  read 


'  Grampius ; '  SKENE,  Celt.  Scotl.  i.  52, '  Gran- 
pius'),  and  a  great  battle  ensued  in  which 
the  Romans  were  victorious.  The  scene  of 
this  engagement  has  been  variously  identified 
with  Dealgan  Ross  near  Comrie,  Ardoch, 
Fife,  and  Urie  in  Kincardineshire.  Skene 
(Celt.  Scotl.  i.  54)  supposes  that  previous  to 
the  battle  the  Romans  occupied  the  peninsula 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Isla  with  the 
Tay,  being  protected  by  the  rampart  of  the 
Cleaven  Dyke,  and  that  Galgacus  was  en- 
camped at  Buzzard  Dykes.  The  date  of  the 
battle  is  usually  given  as  A.D.  84.  (SKENE, 
'  A.D.  86 ; '  on  the  chronological  difficulty,  see 
Celt.  Scotl.  i.  51  note ;  MEKIVALE,  Hist,  of 
the  Romans,  vii.  329).  Before  the  fight  Gal- 
gacus is  represented  by  Tacitus  (Agric.  xxx- 
xxxii.)  as  delivering  an  harangue,  denouncing 
the  Roman  plunderers  of  the  world.  ('  Rap- 
tores  orbis .  .  .  ubi  solitudinem  faciunt,  pacem 
appellant,'  &c.)  His  personal  fortunes  in  the 
battle  are  not  stated,  nor  is  his  name  sub- 
sequently mentioned.  Tacitus  speaks  of 
him  as  'inter  plures  duces  virtute  et  genere 
preestans.' 

[Tacitus,  Agricola,  xxix-xxxii.  &c.  ;  Skene'5 
Celtic  Scotland,  i.  52-6.]  W.  W. 

GALIGNANI,      JOHN      ANTHONY 

(1796-1873),  and  WILLIAM  (1798-1882), 
publishers  of  Paris,  were  the  sons  of  Giovanni 
Antonio  Galignani  (1757-1821),  by  Anne 
Parsons  (1776-1822).  The  name  is  pro- 
bably derived  from  the  village  of  Gallignano, 
near  Cremona,  and  Giovanni  was  a  native  of 
Brescia.  There  is  a  tradition  that  the  father 
was  originally  a  courier.  In  1793  he  taught 
Italian,  German,  and  English  at  Paris.  He 
thence  removed  to  London,  where  in  1796- 
he  published  twenty-four  lectures  on  a  new 
method  of  learning  Italian  without  grammar 
or  dictionary.  A  second  edition  of  this  Avork 
was  issued  by  Montucci  in  1806.  Galignani 
apparently  married  in  London,  and  his  two- 
sons  were  born  there,  the  elder  on  13  Oct. 
1796,  the  younger  on  10  March  1798.  Shortly 
after  William's  birth  he  returned  to  Paris, 
where  he  and  his  wife  offered  linguistic  break- 
fasts and  teas  to  persons  desirous  of  master- 
ing English  or  Italian,  but  for  the  latter 
language  there  appears  to  have  been  little 
demand,  and  '  Mrs.  Parsons-Galignani '  esta- 
blished an  English  bookshop  and  circulating- 
library.  In  1801  the  Galignanis  started  a 
monthly  (in  1817  it  became  a  weekly)  '  Re- 
pertory of  English  Literature.'  A  third  son, 
Charles  Alphonse,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1811 ;  he  died  at  Geneva  in  1829.  On  the 
fall  of  Napoleon  in  1814  the  father  commenced 
issuing  guide-books  and  founded  '  Galignani's 
Messenger,'  which  was  at  first  a  tri-weekly 


•Galignani 


381 


Gall 


but  speedily  became  a  daily  paper,  and  cir- 
culated  among   English  residents  all  over 
Europe,  as  the  stamp  duty  and  postage  ren- 
dered London  journals  expensive.     In  1815 
he  published  a  Paris  guide  in  English  and 
German,  on  opposite  pages,  for  the  use  of 
officers  of  the  allied  troops.     The  elder  son, 
while  still  under  age,  opened  a  bookshop  at 
Cambrai,  but  returned  to  Paris  at  or  before 
his  father's  death,  when  he  became  the  chief 
partner.     The  two  brothers  issued  reprints 
of  many  English  books,  sometimes  paying 
authors  for  advance-sheets.  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
for  instance,  on  visiting  what  he  calls  the 
'old  pirate's  den'  in  1826,  was,  'after  some 
palaver,'  offered  a  hundred  guineas  for  sheets 
of  his  '  Life  of  Napoleon.'    The  '  den '  was  at 
the  bottom  of  a  court,  18  rue  Vivienne,  and 
though  so  central,  a  garden  with  large  trees 
was  attached  to  it.     It  served  as  a  club  for 
English  residents  and  visitors,  who  paid  six 
francs  a  month,  the  reading-room  containing 
English  and  continental  newspapers  and  eigh- 
teen thousand  books.  Both  brothers  obtained 
denizenship  in  December  1830,  and  in  1832 
William  was  naturalised,  Anthony  (he  had 
dropped  his  first  name)  remaining  a  British 
subject.     In  1838  Thackeray,  then  in  Paris, 
wrote  for  the  '  Messenger.'  In  1852  the  copy- 
right treaty  put  a  stop  to   Galignani's  re- 
prints, and  in  1855  the  establishment  was 
removed  to  the  rue  de  Rivoli.   A  flourishing 
business  and  investments  in  house  property 
brought  the  brothers  a  large  fortune,  of  which 
they  made  a  munificent  use.  Having  a  country 
house  at  Etiolles,  of  which  parish  William 
was  for  more  than  twenty  years  mayor,  they 
presented  the  adjoining  town  of  Corbeil  with 
a  hospital  and  extensive  grounds.   They  were 
also  liberal  contributors  to  British  charities  in 
Paris,  and  erected  at  Neuilly  a  hospital  for 
indigent  English   (now  converted  into  an 
orphanage).   In  1866  the  British  government 
presented  them  with  a  silver  epergne  in  recog- 
nition of  their  benevolent  efforts.    Anthony, 
who  was  unmarried,  died  29  Dec.  1873,  and 
William,  a  widower  since  1862,  without  issue, 
died  11  Dec.  1882.   The  elder  was  knight  and 
the  younger  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
The  latter  bequeathed  a  site  and  funds  for  the 
erection  at  Neuilly  of  the' Retraite  Galignani 
freres '  for  a  hundred  inmates,  fifty  of  them 
to  pay  five  hundred  francs  yearly  for  their 
maintenance,  the  other  fifty  to  be  admitted 
gratuitously  and  to  comprise  ten  booksellers 
or  printers,  twenty  savants,  and  ten  authors 
or  artists,  or  parents,  widows,  or  daughters 
of  such.     The  aggregate  benefactions  of  the 
brothers  amount  to  between  five  and  six  mil- 
lion francs.     A  fine  sculpture  of  them,  by 
Chapu,  has  been  erected  at  Corbeil. 


[Information  from  M.  Jeanccrart-Galignani, 
nephew  of  Madame  W.  Galignani ;  tombstone  at 
Pere-Lachaise,  Paris ;  advertisements  in  Petites 
Affiches,  1793-8,  and  in  Paris  Argus,  1802-4; 
Lockhart's  Life  of  Scott ;  Journal  des  Debats, 
4  Jan.  1874  ;  Bulletin  des  Lois,  1830-2;  will  of 
William  Galignani.]  J.  G.  A. 

GALL,  SAINT  (550P-645?),  originally 
named  CELLACH  or  CAILLECH,  abbot  and  the 
apostle  of  the  Suevi  and  the  Alemanni,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  son  of  Cethernach, 
an  Irishman  of  noble  lineage,  of  the  sept 
of  Hy-Cennsealach,  his  mother  being,  it  is 
asserted,  a  queen  of  Hungary.  He  was  uterine 
brother  to  St.  Deicola  [q.  v.]  He  was  brought 
up  in  St.  Comgall's  monastery  of  Bangor, 
near  the  bay  of  Carrickfergus,  by  St.  Colum- 
ban  [q.  v.],  was  well  instructed  in  grammar, 
learning  both  Latin  and  Greek,  in  poetry, 
and  in  the  scriptures,  was  ordained  priest  on 
reaching  the  canonical  age,  and  was  distin- 
guished by  his  holiness  of  life.  When  Colum- 
ban went  to  Gaul,  probably  in  585,  Gall  ac- 
companied him,  and  followed  him  when  he 
was  driven  from  Luxeuil.  During  his  mas- 
ter's stay  at  Arbon  and  Bregenz  Gall  took 
an  especially  prominent  part  in  the  mission, 
and  his  ability  to  preach  to  the  people  in 
their  own  tongue  seems  to  have  made  him 
the  spokesman  of  the  party.  He  burnt  a 
place  of  idolatrous  worship,  and  threw  the 
offerings  of  the  worshippers  into  the  lake;  and 
at  Bregenz  publicly  destroyed  their  images, 
which  were  held  in  much  veneration.  The 
mission  was  chiefly  supplied  with  food  by 
his  labour,  for  he  made  nets  and  caught  much 
fish.  One  night  while  he  was  fishing  he 
heard  in  the  stillness  the  voice  of  the  demon 
of  the  mountains  crying  from  the  heights  to 
the  demon  of  the  lakes,  and  bidding  him 
arise  and  help  to  turn  out  the  strangers  who 
were  casting  down  their  altars.  The  lake 
demon  answered  that  one  of  them  was  even 
then  troubling  him,  but  he  had  no  power  to 
break  his  nets  or  do  him  harm,  because  he 
was  for  ever  crying  on  a  divine  name.  When 
Gall  heard  these  voices  he  adjured  the  demons 
by  the  name  of  the  Lord,  and  hastened  to 
tell  the  abbot,  who  at  once  summoned  the 
brethren  to  the  church.  Before  they  began 
to  chant  they  heard  the  terrific  sound  of 
the  voices  of  demons  wailing  on  the  moun- 
tain tops  (WALAFRID  STRABO,  i.  7).  When 
Columban  left  Bregenz  in  612  Gall  remained 
behind,  for  he  was  sick  of  a  fever.  The  story 
that  Columban  believed  his  sickness  to  be 
feigned,  and  as  a  mark  of  displeasure  ordered 
him  not  to  celebrate  mass  until  Columban's 
death,  is  not  mentioned  by  Jonas,  Colum- 
ban's almost  contemporary  biographer.  After 
Gall's  recovery  he  went  to  stay  with  his 


Gall 


382 


Gallagher 


friend  the  priest  Willimar  at  Arbon,  and 
there  continued  his  preaching  to  the  Suevi 
and  Alemanni.  Desiring  probably  to  esta- 
blish a  separate  centre  for  mission  work,  he 
retired  to  the  forest  and  built  a  cell  on  the 
river  Steinach.  There  he  was  soon  joined 
by  twelve  others,  and  their  little  cluster  of 
huts  was  the  origin  of  the  famous  monastery 
of  St.  Gall.  The  story  of  his  casting  out  an 
evil  spirit  from  the  only  daughter  of  Gunzo, 
duke  of  the  Suevi,  who  was  betrothed  to 
Sigebert,  king  of  the  Australians,  must  be 
rejected  with  all  the  incidents  consequent 
on  it,  for  it  is  impossible  to  find  a  Sigebert 
to  whom  it  can  refer  (PAGius,  an.  614,  No. 
30).  When  Columban  was  dying  in  615  he 
sent  Gall  his  pastoral  staff,  probably  as  a 
token  of  affection,  not  as  a  sign  that  any 
prohibition  was  removed.  Gall  was  sum- 
moned to  Constance  in  616  to  take  part  in 
the  election  of  a  bishop,  and  went  thither 
with  his  two  deacons,  John  and  Magnoald. 
He  was  unanimously  elected  to  the  bishop- 
ric, but  declined  it,  and  persuaded  the  as- 
sembly to  accept  John.  The  sermon  which 
he  preached  at  John's  consecration  is  still 
extant.  On  the  death  of  Eustace,  abbot  of 
Luxeuil,  in  625,  Gall  was  elected  to  succeed 
him,  but  refused  the  office.  In  645  he  was  per- 
suaded by  Willibald  to  visit  Arbon,  and  while 
there  fell  sick  of  a  fever,  of  which  he  died 
after  fourteen  days'  illness  on  16  Oct.  He  was 
buried  at  Arbon.  The  day  of  his  death  is 
usually  the  day  of  his  commemoration,  but 
20  Feb.  has  also  been  appropriated  to  his 
memory.  Although  no  materials  exist  for 
an  exact  estimate  of  the  results  of  his  work, 
it  would  not  be  too  much  to  refer  to  him 
the  evangelisation  of  the  country  between 
the  Alps,  the  Aar,  and  the  Lech.  The  new 
Bollandists  propose  as  the  chronology  of  his 
life  that  he  was  born  in  554,  ordained  priest 
584,  followed  Columban  590,  built  his  cell 
614,  and  died  627  (Acta  SS.  7  Oct.  ii.  881). 
The  sermon  preached  at  John's  consecration 
is  his  only  extant  work.  It  is  in  Latin,  and 
is  printed  by  Canisius  (Lect.  Antiq.  i.  785  sq., 
ed.  Basnage).  Dempster,  who  makes  St. 
Gall  a  native  of  Albanic  Scotland,  attributes 
various  works  to  him  (Hist.  Eccl.  Gent.  Scot. 
i.  299-301).  The  letter  to  Desiderius  attri- 
buted to  him  by  Tanner  (Bibl.  Brit.  p.  307) 
appears  to  belong  to  Gallus,  bishop  of  Cler- 
mont,  consecrated  650  (LANIGAN,  ii.  439). 

[Vita  S.  Columbani,  Jonas,  Acta  SS.  0.  S.  B. 
saec.  ii.  2  sq. ;  Vita  S.  Deicoli,  Acta  SS.  Bolland. 
Jan.  18,  ii.  563  ;  Vita  S.  Galli  ap.  Pertz,  Mon. 
Germ.  Hist.  i.  1,  and  Acta  SS.  Bolland.  with  com- 
mentary. This  life  is  supposed  to  be  by  Weten 
(fl.  771),  master  of  Walafrid  Strabo,  \vho  wrote 
his  Vita  S.  Galli,  Acta  SS.  0.  S.  B.  saec.  ii.  215, 


about  833,  see  Hist.  Lit.  de  la  France,  iv.  479; 
Vita  S.  Magni,  Canisins  Lect.  Antiq.  i.  655,  not 
valuable ;  Lanigan's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Ireland,  ii. 
287,  432,  438;  Ozanam's  Etudes  Germ.  ii.  122; 
Montalembert's  Monks  of  the  West,  ii.  429  ;  art. 
in  Diet.  Christ.  Biog.,  by  the  Rev.  J.  Gammack.] 

W.  H. 

GALL,  RICHARD  (1776-1801),  Scot- 
tish poet,  the  son  of  a  notary,  was  born  at 
Linkhouse,  near  Dunbar,  in  December  1776. 
Having  attended  the  parish  school  of  Had- 
dington,  he  was  apprenticed  at  the  age  of 
eleven  to  his  maternal  uncle,  a  carpenter 
and  builder.  He  afterwards  became  a  printer's 
apprentice  in  Edinburgh,  and  there  he  gave 
his  leisure  to  study.  He  then  became  tra- 
velling clerk  to  a  Mr.  Ramsay,  in  whose  em- 
ployment he  remained  till  his  death,  10  May 
1801.  His  powers  attracted  considerable  at- 
tention during  his  lifetime,  and  he  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  Burns  and  Thomas  Camp- 
bell. Several  of  his  songs  were  set  to  music, 
and  became  popular.  Two  of  these,  'The 
Farewell  to  Ayrshire,'  and  '  Now  bank  and 
brae  are  clad  in  green,'  were  falsely  assigned 
to  Burns;  the  former  was  sent  by  Gall  to 
Johnson's  '  Scots  Poetical  Museum,'  with 
Burns's  name  prefixed,  and  the  latter  appeared 
in  Cromek's  '  Reliques  of  Burns.'  An  edition 
of  Gall's  '  Poems  and  Songs  '  was  published 
at  Edinburgh  in  1819. 

[Roger's  Scottish  Minstrel;  Allan  Cunning- 
ham's Songs  of  Scotland.]  W.  B-E. 

GALLAGHER,  JAMES  (d.  1751), 
bishop,  was  a  member  of  the  Ulster  sept  of 
O'Galchobhair,  anglicised  Gallagher.  He 
entered  the  priesthood  of  the  Roman  catholic 
church,  and  was,  at  Drogheda,  in  November 
1725  consecrated  bishop  of  Raphoe,  Donegal. 
In  1735  he  published  at  Dublin  seventeen 
'  Irish  Sermons,  in  an  easy  and  familiar  style, 
on  useful  and  necessary  subjects,  in  English 
characters,  as  being  the  more  familiar  to  the 
generality  of  our  Irish  clergy.'  In  his  preface 
the  author  mentioned  that  he  had  composed 
those  discourses  principally  for  the  use  of  his 
fellow-labourers,  to  be  preached  to  their  re- 
spective flocks,  as  his  repeated  troubles  de- 
barred him '  of  the  comfort  of  delivering  them 
in  person.'  He  added  :  '  I  have  made  them 
in  an  easy  and  familiar  style,  and  of  purpose 
omitted  cramp  expressions  which  be  obscure 
to  both  the  preacher  and  hearer.  Nay,  in- 
stead of  such,  I  have  sometimes  made  use 
of  words  borrowed  from  the  English  which 
practice  and  daily  conversation  have  inter- 
mixed with  our  language.'  By  propaganda 
in  May  1737  Gallagher  was  translated  from 
the  bishopric  of  Raphoe  to  that  of  Kildare, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  ad- 
ministrator of  the  diocese  of  Leighlin.  In 


Galliard 


383 


Galliard 


April  1741  Gallagher,  then  at  Paris,  gave  a 
certificate  in  commendation  of  a  treatise,  in 
Irish  and  English,  on  the  Christian  doctrine, 
composed  by  Andrew  Donlevy,  D.D.,  director 
of  an  Irish  community  in  that  city.  This 
work,  with  Gallagher's  certificate  prefixed, 
was  printed  in  the  following  year  at  Paris 
by  James  Guerin.  Gallagher  succeeded  in 
evading  the  penal  laws  against  Roman  catho- 
lic ecclesiastics,  and  died  in  May  1751. 
Several  editions  of  his  sermons  were  pub- 
lished, the  latest  of  which  was  that  issued  at 
Dublin  in  1877,  with  an  English  translation. 

[Works  of  Sir  J.  Ware,  1746;  Hibernia  Do- 
minicana,  1762;  Transactions  of  Iberno-Celtic 
Society,  1820;  Brady's  Episcopal  Succession, 
1876;  Comerford's  Collections  on  Kildare  and 
Leighlin,  1883.]  J.  T.  G-. 

GALLAN,  SAINT  (d.  624).    [See  GREL- 

LAN.] 

GALLIARD,  JOHN  ERNEST  (1687  ?- 
1749) ,  musical  composer,  was  the  son  of  a  hair- 
dresser at  Zell,  where  he  was  born  about  1687. 
The  name  and  the  father's  trade  support  Wal- 
ther's  statement  (Mus.  Lex.~)  that  he  was  of 
French  extraction.  His  first  teacher  in  music 
was  oneMarschall ;  he  afterwards  learnt  com- 
position from  Farinelli,  the  director  of  con- 
certs at  Hanover  (uncle  to  the  celebrated 
sopranist),  and  Steffani.  The  evidence  for 
this  rests  upon  a  printed  catalogue  of  music 
in  StefFani's  possession,  in  which  is  entered 
'  Mr.  Galliard's  first  lessons  for  composition 
under  the  tuition  of  Sig.  Farinelli  and  Abbate 
Steffani,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  or  sixteen,  in 
1702' (HAWKINS).  He  adopted  the  oboe  as 
his  instrument,  and  wrote  in  1704  a  sonata 
for  oboe  and  two  bassoons,  on  the  manuscript 
of  which  is  the  following  note  in  his  own 
handwriting :  '  Jaij  fait  cet  air  a  Hannover, 
que  Jaij  Jou§  a  la  Serenade  de  Monsieur 
Farinelli  ce  22me  Juin,  1704'  (ib.~)  He  is 
said  to  have  come  to  England  in  1706,  and 
to  have  been  appointed  chamber  musician  to 
Prince  George  of  Denmark.  Hawkins  says 
that  it  was  on  the  death  of  Draghi  that  Gal- 
liard received  the  sinecure  appointment  of 
organist  at  Somerset  House,  but  it  is  pro- 
bable that  Draghi  [q.  v.]  left  the  country  long 
before  Galliard's  arrival.  In  the  early  part 
of  his  residence  in  England  he  composed  va- 
rious 'occasional'  anthems,  &c.,  for  thanks- 
givings after  victories ;  a  Te  Deum  and  Jubi- 
late, and  three  anthems,  '  I  will  magnify  thee, 
O  Lord,'  '  O  Lord  God  of  Hosts,'  and  '  I  am 
well  pleased,'  are  mentioned.  His  connection 
with  the  stage,  which  lasted  till  1736,  began 
in  1712,  with  his  setting  of  Hughes's  opera 
'  Calypso  and  Telemachus,'  performed  at  the 
Queen's  Theatre  in  the  Haymarket.  This 


work,  sung  by  somewhat  inferior  singers,  sur- 
vived only  five  representations.  Nicolini  was 
on  the  point  of  leaving  England  at  the  time, 
and  was  not  cast  for  a  part  in  it ;  he  encou- 
raged and  applauded  it,  and  for  this  is  praised 
in  the  '  Spectator '  of  14  June  1712  (No.  405). 
Its  failure  was  partly  due  to  the  serious  cha- 
racter of  its  sentiments  (BURNEY),  and  partly 
to  the  schemes  of  the  friends  of  Italian  opera 
(HAWKINS).  It  was  afterwards  revived  with 
considerable  success.  In  the  following  year  he 
played  in  the  orchestra  of  the  Queen's  Theatre, 
having  an  oboe  solo  in  the  accompaniment  of 
the  last  air  of  the  first  act  of  Handel's  '  Teseo.' 
From  1717  onwards  he  was  constantly  em- 
ployed by  Rich  to  provide  music  for  the  pan- 
tomimes, &c.,  that  were  given  at  Covent  Gar- 
den and  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  His  '  Pan  and 
Syrinx,'  to  words  by  Lewis  Theobald,  was 
performed  at  the  latter  theatre  in  1717.  The 
list  of  works  written  for  Rich  is  as  follows : 
'  Jupiter  and  Europa,'  and '  The  Necromancer, 
or  Harlequin  Dr.  Faustus/pantomimes,  1723 ; 
'  Harlequin  Sorcerer,  with  the  Loves  of  Pluto 
and  Proserpine,'  pantomime,  1725 ;  '  Apollo 
and  Daphne ;  or  the  Burgomaster  tricked,' 
pantomime,  1726 ;  '  The  Rape  of  Proserpine ' 
(farce  by  Theobald),  1727;  'Circe'  (also  by 
Theobald)  ;  and  '  The  Royal  Chace ;  or  Mer- 
lin's Cave,'  1736.  Music  to  Lee's  'OZdipus' 
was  written,  but  not  printed ;  the  manuscript 
was  in  the  library  of  the  Academy  of  Ancient 
Music.  'The  Royal  Chace'  contained  the 
song  '  With  early  Horn,'  by  the  singing  of 
which  Beard  won  immense  popularity.  Gal- 
liard's other  works  comprise  six  English  can- 
tatas, set  to  words  by  J.  Hughes,  Congreve, 
and  Prior ;  a  sonata  for  flute,  published  at 
Amsterdam  as  op.  1 ;  six  sonatas  for  bassoon, 
or  violoncello,  and  six  for  flute  or  violin.  In 
1728  he  wrote  a  two-part  setting,  in  the  style 
of  his  master  Steffani,  of  the  Morning  Hymn 
of  Adam  and  Eve,  from  '  Paradise  Lost.' 
This  was  improved  by  Dr.  Cooke,  by  the  ad- 
dition of  orchestral  parts  and  the  rearrange- 
ment of  certain  numbers  as  choruses,  and  was 
published  in  this  form  in  1773.  In  his  later 
years  Galliard  led  a  retired  life.  In  1742 
he  brought  out  a  translation  of  Pier  Fran- 
cesco Tosi's  'Opinioni  di  Cantori  Antichi  e 
Moderni,'  under  the  title  of  'Observations 
on  the  Florid  Song;  or  Sentiments  on  the 
Ancient  and  Modern  Singers.'  From  the 
similarity  of  certain  turns  of  expression,  &c., 
with  those  employed  by  the  anonymous  trans- 
lator (1709)  of  Abbe  Raguenet's  '  Parallele,' 
Hawkins  conjectured  that  translation  to  be 
by  Galliard.  'The  interest  attaching  to  the 
discovery  of  the  translator's  identity  is  on 
account  of  a  very  outspoken  '  Critical  Dis- 
course upon  Operas  in  England,'  &c.,  printed 


Gallini 


384 


Galloway 


at  the  end  of  the  translation.  Burney  points 
out  that  it  would  hardly  be  possible  for  Gal- 
liard  to  have  obtained  so  thorough  a  com- 
mand of  English  by  this  time.  On  the  other 
hand  the  fearlessness  of  the  criticism  would 
seem  to  imply  that  the  author  was  new  to  the 
ways  of  London  musicians,  and  the  question 
can  hardly  be  considered  as  settled  either 
way.  In  1745  Galliard  had  a  benefit  per- 
formance at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre,  at 
"which  was  performed  his  music  to  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham's  '  Julius  Caesar,'  and  a  com- 
position for  twenty-four  bassoons  and  four 
double  basses.  Hawkins  says  that  music  by 
Galliard  to  the  same  author's  'Brutus'  was 
also  performed  at  this  concert ;  but  in  the 
Rev.  J.  Buncombe's '  Letters  by  Several  Emi- 
nent Persons,'  &c.,  1773,  ii.  63,  it  is  stated 
that  '  Brutus'  was  written  not  by  Galliard, 
but  by  Buononcini.  His  last  appearance  as 
an  oboist  was  probably,  according  to  Burney, 
in  1722,  on  the  occasion  of  his  benefit,  when 
he  accompanied  Mrs.  Barbier  in  a  song.  He 
died  early  in  1749,  and  his  collection  of  music 
•was  sold  by  auction  soon  afterwards.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  upon 
an  opera,  '  Oreste  e  Pilade.'  He  was  a  pro- 
minent member  of  the  Academy  of  Vocal 
Music  (see  Add.  MS.  11732). 

[Hawkins's  Hist.  ed.  1853,  pp.  805,  828,  &c. ; 
Burney's  Hist.  iv.  639;  Grove's  Diet.  i.  578; 
Metis's  Biographie  Univ.  des  Musiciens ;  Com- 
panion to  the  Playhouse,  1764,  vol.  ii.;  Walther's 
Musicalisches  Lexikon ;  works  in  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.,  &c.]  J.  A.  F.  M. 

GALLINI,  GIOVANNI  ANDREA 
BATTISTA,  called  SIB  JOHN  (1728-1805), 
dancing-master,  born  at  Florence  on  7  Jan. 
1728,  emigrated  to  England  in  an  almost 
destitute  condition  about  1753,  in  which 
year  he  made  his  debut  at  the  Opera  House, 
Haymarket,  as  a  ballet-dancer,  and  achieved 
a  remarkable  and  rapid  success,  so  that 
the  next  season  he  was  appointed  principal 
dancer,  and  soon  afterwards  director  of  the 
dances,  and  finally  stage-manager  of  that 
theatre.  He  also  acquired  great  vogue  as 
a  dancing-master,  and  in  that  capacity  was 
admitted  into  the  house  of  the  third  Earl 
of  Abingdon,  where  he  won  the  heart  of 
the  earl's  eldest  daughter,  Lady  Elizabeth 
Peregrine  Bertie,  whom  he  married,  though 
when  or  where  remains  uncertain.  She  had, 
however,  assumed  the  name  of  Gallini  in 
1766,  when  (13  Oct.)  she  gave  birth  to  two 
sons  (Gent.  Mag.  1766,  p.  494).  She  lived 
for  some  years  with  Gallini  on  terms  of  aifec- 
tion,  but  they  afterwards  agreed  to  live  se- 
parate. She  died  on  17  Aug.  1804.  During 
a  tour  in  Italy  Gallini  so  delighted  the  pope 
by  his  dancing  that  he  was  honoured  with 


the  knighthood  of  the  Golden  Spur,  on  the 
strength  of  which,  though  it  conferred  no 
right  to  the  prefix,  Gallini,  on  his  return  to 
England,  assumed  and  was  popularly  con- 
ceded to  have  the  title  of  Sir.  By  a  fire  which, 
on  the  night  of  27  June  1789,  destroyed  the 
London  Opera  House,  Gallini  lost  400,OOOJ. 
He  is  said  to  have  advanced  300,000^.  towards 
the  rebuilding  of  it  in  the  Italian  style.  Soon 
after  the  completion  of  the  edifice  he  retired 
from  the  management,  and  the  remainder  of 
his  life  he  spent  in  teaching  dancing.  He 
built  the  Hanover  Square  concert  rooms,  in 
part  of  which  he  resided  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  suddenly  in  the  morning  of 
5  Jan.  1805.  Through  his  wife  he  acquired 
the  manors  of  Hampstead  Norris  and  Yat- 
tendon  in  Berkshire.  There  is  a  mural  tablet 
in  Yattendon  church  to  his  memory  and  that 
of  his  wife. 

Gallini  published :  1.  '  A  Treatise  on  the 
Art  of  Dancing,'  London,  1762,  1765,  1772, 
2  vols.  8vo  (largely  borrowed,  with  scant  ac- 
knowledgment, from  Louis  de  Cahusac's  '  La 
Danse  Ancienne  et  Moderne,'  3  torn.,  The 
Hague,  1754,  12mo).  2.  '  Critical  Observa- 
tions on  the  Art  of  Dancing ;  to  which  is 
added  a  Collection  of  Cotillons,  or  French 
Dances,'  London,  1770  ?  8vo. 

[Collins's  Peerage  (Brydges),  iii.  634  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1804  p.  795,  1805  p.  90  ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  2nd  ser.  ix.  147,  290;  Doran's  Knights 
and  their  Days.  p.  472  ;  Hist,  of  Newbury,  1839, 
p.  228 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.]  J.  M.  E. 

GALLOWAY,  EARL  OF.  [See  STEWART.] 

GALLOWAY,      SIR      ARCHIBALD 

(1780  P-1850),  major-general  and  Indian 
writer,  was  the  son  of  James  Galloway  of 
Perth.  He  obtained  a  cadetship  in  1799, 
and  on  29  Oct.  1800  was  appointed  ensign 
in  the  14th  Bengal  native  infantry.  He 
afterwards  served  in  the  29th,  10th,  and  2nd 
Bengal  native  infantry  regiments,  and  was 
gazetted  colonel  of  the  58th  Bengal  native 
infantry  on  22  Sept.  1836.  Galloway  took 
part  in  the  defence  of  Delhi,  and  distinguished 
himself  greatly  by  his  gallantry  at  the  siege 
of  Bhurtpore.  He  was  appointed  by  Lord 
William  Bentinck  a  member  of  the  military 
board,  and  was  nominated  a  companion  of 
the  Bath  on  20  July  1838  (London  Gazette, 
1838,  ii.  1661).  On  24  Sept.  1840  he  was 
elected  a  director  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  on  23  Nov.  1841  received  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  wascreated  a  K.C.B.  on 
25  Aug.  1848  (ib.  1848,  iii.  3157),  and  in  the 
following  year  became  chairman  of  the  East 
India  Company.  He  died  in  Upper  Harley 
Street  on  6  April  1 850,  aged  70.  Galloway  was 
thanked  for  his  many  and  varied  services  to 


Galloway 


385 


Galloway 


the  Indian  government  by  '  commanders-in- 
chief  in  India  on  nine  different  occasions, 
and  by  the  supreme  government  of  India,  or 
the  court  of  directors,  and  superior  authori- 
ties in  England  on  upwards  of  thirty  occa- 
sions' (  Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  xxxiii.  660).  By 
his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Adelaide 
Campbell,  and  to  whom  he  was  married  on 
28  Nov.  1815,  he  left  three  sons  and  six 
daughters.  An  engraved  portrait  of  Gal- 
loway was  published  by  Dickinson  of  New 
Bond  Street  in  August  1850.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  following  works :  1 . '  A  Commen- 
tary on  the  Moohummuddan  Law.'  2. '  Notes 
on  the  Siege  of  Delhi  in  1804,  with  Obser- 
vations on  the  position  of  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment under  the  Marquess  of  Wellesley,'  8vo. 
3.  '  On  Sieges  of  India.'  This  work  is  said 
to  have  been  reprinted,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  General  Mudge,  by  the  court  of  di- 
rectors, and  used  at  their  military  college, 
and  to  have  been  distributed  to  the  army  for 
general  instruction  by  the  orders  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hastings  (ib.  p.  661).  4.  '  Treatise 
on  the  Manufacture  of  Gunpowder.'  5.  '  Ob- 
servations on  the  Law  and  Constitution  and 
present  Government  of  India,'  &c.,  second 
edition,  with  additions,  London,  1832,  8vo. 
[Chambers's  Biog.  Diet,  of  Eminent  Scotsmen, 
1869,  ii.  75-6;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation, 
1863,  ii.  276;  Gent.  Mag.  1816  vol.  Ixxxvi. 
pt.  i.  p.  562,  1850  new  ser.  xxxiii.  660-2;  An- 
nualEegister,  18>50, App.  to  Chron.  p. 218;  Dod's 
Peerage,  &c.  1850,  p.  222  ;  East  India  Registers 
and  Army  Lists;  Dodwell  and  Miles's  Indian 
Army  List,  1838,  pp.  116-17;  Notes  and  Queries, 
6th  ser.  xii.  288,  435.]  G.  F.  E.  B. 

GALLOWAY,  JOSEPH  (1730-1803), 
lawyer,  was  born  near  West  River,  Anne 
Arundel,  in  Maryland,  America,  in  1730. 
Early  in  life  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he  speedily  rose  to  eminence  as  a  lawyer  and 
politician,  becoming  speaker  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  Pennsylvania.  In  the  disputes 
between  the  proprietary  interest  and  the 
assembly  he  took  part  with  Franklin  on  the 
popular  side.  In  May  1764  he  supported  a 
petition  in  favour  of  having  the  governors 
nominated  by  the  king  instead  of  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  province,  which  was  under 
discussion  in  the  assembly.  His  speech,  with 
a  long  preface  by  Franklin,  was  published  in 
Philadelphia,  and  reprinted  in  London.  John 
Dickinson,  who  had  taken  the  other  side, 
challenged  him,  and  wrote  a  pamphlet  against 
him.  At  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion  Gal- 
loway was  elected  a  member  of  the  first  con- 
gress in  1774,  and  submitted  a  plan  for  esta- 
blishing a  political  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  colonies.  The  scheme  found 
little  favour,  but  was  published,  with  copi- 

VOL.   XX. 


ous  explanatory  notes,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
'  A  Candid  Examination  of  the  Mutual  Claims 
of  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies,'  New  York 
and  London,  1775. 

In  December  1776  the  Howes  issued  a 
proclamation  of  indemnity,  of  which  Gallo- 
way took  advantage,  and  joined  the  British 
army  under  Sir  William  Howe.  His  acces- 
sion was  regarded  as  so  important  that  he 
was  allowed  200/.  a  year  from  the  date  when 
he  joined  the  army  till  some  other  provision 
could  be  made.  When  Philadelphia  was 
taken  in  1777  he  was  appointed  a  magis- 
trate of  police  for  that  city,  with  a  salary 
made  up  to  300/.  a  year,  and  6*.  a  day  more 
for  a  clerk.  He  was  likewise  appointed  super- 
intendent of  the  port,  with  a  salary  of  20s. 
a  day,  making  in  all  upwards  of  7701.  a  year. 
When  Philadelphia  was  evacuated  in  June 
1778,  he  left  for  England.  The  insults  to 
which  he  was  subjected  by  the  opposite  party 
upon  his  departure  are  mentioned  in  a  pas- 
sage of  John  Trumbull's  Hudibrastic  poem 
'  MacFingal : ' 

Did  you  not  in  as  vile  and  shallow  way 
Fright  our  poor  Philadelphian  Galloway  ? 
Your  Congress,  when  the  daring  ribald 
Belied,  berated,  and  bescribbled : 
What  ropes  and  halters  you  did  send, 
Terrific  emblems  of  his  end, 
Till,  lest  he'd  hang  in  more  than  effigy, 
Fled  in  a  fog  the  trembling  refugee. 
In  1779  he  was  examined  before  the  House 
of  Commons,  when  he  said  that  he  had  left 
estates  and  property  worth  more  than  40,000/. 
This  evidence  was  published  in  one  volume 
8vo,  London,  1779,  and  in  1855  was  reprinted 
at  Philadelphia  by  the  council  of  the  Seventy- 
six  Society.    He  likewise  published  in  1779 
'  Letters  to  a  Nobleman  on  the  Conduct  of  the 
War  in  the  Middle  Colonies,'  accusing  Gene- 
ral Howe  of  gambling  and  gross  neglect  of 
duty.    A  rejoinder  by  Sir  William  Howe 
was  speedily  followed  by  '  A  Letter  to  Lord 
Howe  on  his  Naval  Conduct,'  in  which  both 
brothers  were  charged  with  misconduct.  He 
afterwards  published  '  Cool  Thoughts  on  the 
Consequences  of  the  American  Rebellion,'  and 
'  Historical  and  Political  Reflections  on  the 
American  Rebellion'  (early  in  1780). 

Galloway's  remaining  years  were  devoted 
to  a  study  of  the  prophecies.  In  1802  and 
1803  he  published  in  two  elaborate  volumes : 

1.  'Brief  Commentaries  upon  such  parts  of 
the  Revelations  and  other  prophecies  as  im- 
mediately refer  to    the   present  times,'  &c. 

2.  '  The  Prophetic  or  Anticipated  History  of 
the  Church  of  Rome,  written  and  published 
six  hundred  years  before  the  rise  of  that 
Church ;  in  which  the  prophetic  Figures  and 
Allegories  are  literally  explained,  and  her 

CO 


Galloway 


386 


Galloway 


Tricks,Frauds,Blasplieinies,  and  dreadful  Per- 
secutions of  the  Church  of  Christ  are  fore- 
told and  described ;  prefaced  by  an  Address, 
dedicatory,  expostulatory,  and  critical,  to  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Whitaker,  Dean  of  Canterbury;'  to 
which  is  added  '  A  Pill  for  the  Infidel  and 
Atheist,'  &c.  He  died  at  Watford,  Hert- 
fordshire, on  29  Aug.  1803.  One  daughter 
survived  him. 

[London  Monthly  Review,  vols.  xxxii.  1.  lii., 
&c. ;  Gent.  Mag.  1780, 1803;  Letter  and  Statement 
by  General  Howe,  1779  ;  Trumbull's  MacFingal, 
a  satirical  poem  in  four  cantos,  Hartford,  1782 ; 
Franklin's  Life  and  "Works,  London,  1806  ; 
Duycknick's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature, 
vol.  i.]  J.  T. 

GALLOWAY,  PATRICK  (1551  ?- 
1626?),  Scottish  divine,  was  born  about  1551. 
In  1576  he  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
parishes  of  Foulis  Easter  and  Longforgan, 
Perthshire.  On  14  Nov.  1580  he  was  called 
to  the  Middle  Church  at  Perth,  and  admitted 
on  24  April  1581.  In  June  1582  James  VI 
came  to  Perth  with  his  favourite,  Esme  Stuart, 
first  duke  of  Lennox.  Lennox  had  possessed 
himself  of  the  revenues  of  the  see  of  Glasgow, 
having  prevailed  on  Robert  Montgomery,  min- 
ister of  Stirling,  to  become  a '  tulchan  bishop,' 
with  a  pension  of  eight  hundred  marks.  Gal- 
loway preached  about  this  transaction ;  the 
privy  council  sustained  his  right  to  do  so  ; 
yet  Lennox  obtained  an  order  forbidding 
Galloway  to  preach  so  long  as  the  king  stayed 
in  Perth.  He  went  to  Kinnoul  and  preached 
there,  and  again  preached  before  the  king  at 
Stirling,  after  the  raid  of  Ruthven,  on  22  Aug. 
1582.  He  was  suspected  of  being  privy  to 
the  plot  of  this  famous  raid,  which  issued  in 
the  banishment  of  Lennox.  The  king's  other 
favourite,  James  Stewart,  earl  of  Arran,  kept 
his  eye  on  Galloway,  and  at  length,  in  April 
1584,  got  an  order  for  his  apprehension.  He 
kept  out  of  the  way,  hiding  for  some  time  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Dundee.  Hearing  that 
his  house  in  Perth  had  been  searched,  he  fled 
to  England  in  May.  Here  he  preached  in 
London,  and  afterwards  in  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  In  November  1585  he  was  permitted 
to  return  to  his  charge  in  Perth.  The  general 
assembly  appointed  him  in  1586  visitor  for 
Perthshire,  and  in  1588  visitor  for  Dunkeld 
and  Perth. 

Galloway,  though  no  courtier,  was  a  mode- 
rate man  in  church  matters,  and  on  this 
account  found  favour  with  the  king,  who 
employed  him  in  editing  some  religious  writ- 
ings from  his  royal  pen,  sent  for  him  to  Edin- 
burgh in  1590,  and  made  him  on  18  March 
minister  in  the  royal  household.  On  4  Aug. 
of  the  same  year  he  was  e^cted  moderator 
of  the  general  assembly.  He  openly  rebuked 


the  king  on  3  Dec.  1592  for  bringing  back 
Arran  to  his  counsels.  He  refused  to  sub- 
scribe the  '  band,'  or  engagement,  by  which 
James  sought  on  20  Dec.  1596  to  bind  all 
ministers  not  to  preach  against  the  royal 
1  authority  ,objecting  that  their  existing  pledges 
of  loyalty  were  sufficient.  After  the  Gowrie 
conspiracy  in  August  1600,  he  twice  preached 
before  the  king,  at  the  cross  of  Edinburgh  on 

11  Aug ,  and  at  Glasgow  on  31  Aug.,  main- 
taining the  reality  of  the  danger  which  the 
king  had   escaped.     Calderwood  says  that 
his  first  '  harangue '  did  not  persuade  many, 
'  partly  becaus  he  was  a  flattering  preacher,' 
and  partly  because  he  named  '  Andro  Ilen- 
dersoune'  as  the  armed  man  in  the  study, 
and  the  king  denied  this.     On  10  Nov.  1602 
Galloway  was  again  chosen  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly. 

In  January  1604  he  was  in  attendance  on 
James  at  Hampton  Court,  and  acted  as  the 
medium  of  a  communication  from  the  Edin- 
burgh presbytery  to  the  king,  in  reference  to 
the  conference  held  in  that  month  between 
the  hierarchy  and  the  representatives  of  the 
'  millenary'  petitioners.  Galloway  was  pre- 
sent during  the  actual  conference.  Of  the 
preliminary  proceedings  on  12  Jan.,  when  the 
king  and  privy  council  met  the  bishops  and 
deans  in  private,  he  gives  a  hearsay  account, 
which,  brief  as  it  is,  throws  more  light  on  the 
attitude  of  the  hierarchy  than  is  shed  by  the 
official  narrative  of  William  Barlow  (d.  1613) 
[q.  v.]  Galloway  represents  the  bishops  as 
arguing  with  great  earnestness  that  to  make 
any  alterations  in  the  prayer-book  would  be 
tantamount  to  admitting  that  popish  recu- 
sants and  deprived  puritans  had  suffered  for 
refusing  submission  to  what  '  now  was  con- 
fessed to  be  erroneous.'  His  statement  of 
the  '  great  fervency '  with  which  James  urged 
instances  of  'corruptions'  in  the  Anglican 
church  is  confirmed  by  the  remark,  ascribed 
to  Lancelot  Andrewes  [q.  v.],  that  the  king 
'  did  wonderfully  play  the  puritan  for  five 
hours,'  though  of  this  Barlow  gives  no  hint. 

Galloway  was  popular  as  a  preacher,  and 
his  services  were  sought  in  1606  as  one  of 
the  ministers  of  St.  Giles's,  Edinburgh ;  first 
on  3  June  by  the  town  council,  then  on 

12  Sept.  by  the  sessions  of  the  four  congre- 
gations which  met  in  different  parts  of  the 
edifice.    He  was  not,  however,  appointed  till 
the  end  of  June  1607.     In  1610,  and  again 
in  1615  and  1619,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
high  commission  court.     On  27  June  1617 
he  signed  the  protestation  for  the  liberties  of 
the  kirk,  directed  against  the  legislative  mea- 
sures by  which  James  sought  to  override  the 
authority  of  the  general  assembly.    The  most 
obnoxious  of  these  measures  having  been  with- 


Galloway 


387 


Galloway 


drawn,  Galloway  withdrew  his  protest.  He 
gave  a  warm  support  to  the  five  articles  of 
Perth  in  August  1618,  and  did  his  hest  to 
carry  out  at  St.  Giles's  in  1620  the  article 
which  enjoined  kneeling  at  the  communion. 
Of  his  last  years  little  is  known,  and  the 
exact  date  of  his  death  is  uncertain.  It  oc- 
curred before  10  Feb.  1626,  and  probably  in 
January  of  that  year,  though  it  has  been 
placed  as  early  as  1624.  He  is  described  as 
*  a  man  of  manie  pensions,'  some  of  which 
came  from  the  abbey  revenues  of  Scone,  Perth- 
shire. He  was  twice  married :  first  in  May 
1583  to  Matillo  Guthrie  (d.  1592)  ;  secondly, 
to  Mary,  daughter  of  James  Lawson,  minister 
at  Edinburgh.  He  left  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  His  eldest  son,  Sir  James  Gallo- 
way of  Carnbee,  Fifeshire,  was  created  Baron 
Dunkeld  in  1645.  His  grandson,  the  third 
baron,  was  outlawed  in  1689  after  Killiecran- 
kie,  and  the  title  forfeited ;  he  became  a  field 
officer  in  the  French  army,  an  example  fol- 
lowed by  his  only  son,  with  whom  the  line 
expired. 

Gallo  way  published :  1. '  Catechisme,'  Lon- 
don, 1588, 8vo  (WATT)  .  2. '  A  Short  Discourse 
of  the  .  .  .  late  attempts  at  his  Majesty's 
person,'  Edinburgh,  1600, 12mo.  Posthumous 
were :  3.  '  The  Apology  .  .  .  when  he  fled  to 
England '  (1584) ;  4  and  5,  the  substance  of 
his  two  sermons  before  James  in  1600 ;  and 
6,  his  letter  (10  Feb.  1604)  to  the  Edinburgh 
presbytery,  describing  the  Hampton  Court 
conference ;  all  first  printed  in  Calderwood 
(1678).  For  James  VI  he  edited  <  A  Fruite- 
full  Meditation,'  &c.  (on  Rev.  xx.),  1588, 4to, 
and  '  A  Meditation,'  &c.  (on  1  Chron.  xv.), 
1589,  4to. 

[Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccles.  Scotic. ;  Neal's  Hist. 
Puritans,  1822,  ii.  10  sq. ;  Bannatyne  Miscell. 
1827,  i.  139  sq. ;  Cardwell's  Hist,  of  Conferences, 
1841,  p.  212  sq.;  Calderwood's  Hist.  Kirk  of 
Scotland,  1842-9,  iv.  110,  v.  118,  521,  vi.  50,  77, 
241,  vii.  436,  &c. ;  Grub's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Scotland, 
1861,  ii.  226  sq. ;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation, 
1870,  ii.  105.]  A.  G. 

GALLOWAY,  THOMAS  (1796-1851), 
mathematician,  son  of  William  Galloway  and 
his  wife,  Janet  Watson,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  Symington,  Lanarkshire,  on  26  Feb. 
1796.  William  Galloway  occupied  Syming- 
ton mill.  His  father  was  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer, in  high  favour  with  John  Carmichael, 
third  earl  of  Hyndford  [q.  v.]  After  attend- 
ing the  parish  schools  of  Symington  and  Big- 
gar,  and  the  New  Academy,  Lanark,  Thomas 
Galloway  became  a  student  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh  in  November  1812.  He  was 
intended  for  the  ministry.  In  1811  some 
French  prisoners  came  to  live  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood. Two  of  them  were  good  mathe- 


maticians, and  from  them  he  acquired  a  know- 
ledge of  the  French  mathematical  methods. 
In  1815-16  he  gained  a  prize  for  the  solution  of 
some  mathematical  problems,  and  was  thence- 
forth Professor  Wallace's  favourite  pupil.  In 
1820  he  had  completed  the  usual  course  and 
taken  the  degree  of  M.A.,  but  did  not  apply 
for  license,  having  now  become  satisfied  that 
his  vocation  was  the  teaching  of  science.  Pro- 
fessor Wallace  assisted  him  in  obtaining  teach- 
ing and  literary  work,  and  thus  two  years  were 
spent  in  Edinburgh.  In  1823  he  was  elected 
a  teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary College,  Sandhurst,where '  his  accuracy  of 
knowledge  and  business-like  habits  rendered 
him  both  efficient  and  popular '  (memoir  in 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society).  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Professor  Wallace  in  1831. 
On  the  death  of  Sir  John  Leslie  in  November 

1832  he  was  one  of  three  selected  candidates 
for  the  chair  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.     Towards  the  close  of 

1833  he  might  have  been  appointed  professor 
of  astronomy  in  the   same  university,  but 
meanwhile  he  had  accepted  the  office  of  re- 
gistrar or  actuary  to  the  Amicable  Life  As- 
surance Company  of  London,  an  office  which 
he  filled  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  died  from  spasm  of  the  heart,  after  some 
months  of  illness,  at  his  residence,  Torrington 
Square,  London,  on  1  Nov.  1851,  and  was 
buried  at  Kensal  Green. 

On  13  Feb.  1829  Galloway  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Astronomical  Society,  and  soon 
afterwards  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
From  1843  he  was  on  the  council  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  contributed  to  the  '  Transac- 
tions '  (part  i.)  for  1847  a  memoir  on  '  The 
Proper  Movement  of  the  Solar  System,'  for 
which  the  royal  medal  was  presented  to  him 
on  30  Nov.  1848.  His  conclusion  was  that 
the  data  for  a  solution  of  the  problem  are 
as  yet  insufficient.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  council  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety in  1834,  one  of  the  vice-presidents  in 
1837  and  1848,  foreign  secretary  in  1842,  one 
of  the  two  secretaries  in  1847,  and  a  member 
of  council  in  1851.  The  'Memoirs'  of  the 
society  for  1846  contain  a  paper  by  him  upon 
the  '  Ordnance  Survey  of  England,'  and  among 
the  '  Monthly  Notices,'  in  the  fifth  volume,  a 
paper  on  '  The  Present  State  of  our  Know- 
ledge in  relation  to  Shooting  Stars.'  An 
account  of  him  was  read  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  society  on  13  Feb.  1852.  He  had 
on  his  deathbed  enjoined  the  biographer '  that 
neither  strength  nor  length  of  eulogy  should 
be  inserted  in  the  report,'  but  his  accuracy, 
mathematical  ability,  and  knowledge  of  scien- 
tific history  are  adequately  estimated.  Gallo- 
way wrote  the  article  '  Pendulum '  for  the 

CC2 


Gaily 


388 


Gait 


*  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia'  (1830)  and  con- 
tributed to  the  seventh  edition  of  the  '  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica '  articles  on  '  Astro- 
nomy/ '  Balance/  '  Calendar/  '  Chronology/ 
'  Comet/  '  Figure  of  the  Earth/  '  Precession 
of  the  Equinoxes/  and  '  Probability.'  The 
last  paper  was  also  issued  in  a  separate  volume. 
He  wrote  also  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Review/ 
his  first  contribution  (No.  101,  year  1830) 
being  on  '  The  Recent  History  of  Astronomi- 
cal Science.'  He  also  wrote  for  the  '  Philo- 
sophical Magazine.'  Among  his  later  papers 
are  some  on  '  Double  Stars  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere/  '  The  Dodo  and  its  Kindred/ 
'  The  Numeral  Expression  of  the  apparent 
Magnitude  of  the  Stars/  and  an  article  of 
eight  pages  on  '  The  Statistics  of  Coal.' 

[Register  of  Births  in  Symington  parish,  1796; 
Survey  of  Lanarkshire,  1796  ;  Matriculation  Roll 
of  Edinburgh  University,  1812;  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1829,  &c. ; 
obituary  notice  at  annual  meeting,  13  Feb.  1852; 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  including 
obituary  notice  read  on  1  Dec.  1851-;  Edinburgh 
Encyclopaedia,  vol.  xvi. ;  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica, 7th  edit.,  and  information  from  the  pub- 
lishers;  Edinburgh  Review,  li.  81-114;  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,  xxxii.  318-26,  xxxiii.  145- 
154,  407-77.1  J.  T. 

GALLY,  HENRY,  D.D.  (1696-1769), 
divine  and  classical  scholar,  son  of  the  Rev. 
Peter  Gaily,  a  French  protestant  refugee,  was 
born  at  Beckenham,  Kent,  in  August  1696. 
He  was  admitted  a  pensioner  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  under  the  tuition  of  Mr. 
Fawcett,  8  May  1714,  and  became  a  scholar 
of  that  house  in  the  following  July.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1717,  M.A.  m  1721,  and 
was  upon  the  king's  list  for  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  to  which  he  was  admitted  25  April 
1728,  when  George  II  visited  Cambridge. 
In  1721  he  was  chosen  lecturer  of  St.  Paul's, 
Co  vent  Garden,  and  on  23  Nov.  in  the  same 
year  was  instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Waven- 
don  or  Wandon,  Buckinghamshire,  on  the 
presentation  of  his  father  (LipscoMBE,  Buck- 
inghamshire, iv.  396).  Lord-chancellor  King 
appointed  him  his  domestic  chaplain  in  1725, 
and  preferred  him  to  a  prebend  in  the  church 
of  Gloucester,  15  May  1728,  and  to  another 
in  the  church  of  Norwich  in  1731  (L.E  NEVE, 
Fasti,  i.  450,  ii.  498).  He  also  presented  him 
to  the  rectory  of  Ashney  or  Ashton,  North- 
amptonshire, in  1730,  and  to  that  of  St.  Giles- 
in-the-Fields  in  1732.  Gaily  now  resigned 
the  rectory  of  Wavendon,  in  which  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  father.'  The  king  made  him 
one  of  his  chaplains  in  ordinary  in  October 
1735.  Gaily  died  on  7  Aug.  1769. 

He  was  author  of:  1.  'The  Misery  of 
Man/  1723  ;  being  the  substance  of  two  ser- 


mons preached  at  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden. 
2.  <•  The  Moral  Characters  of  Theophrastus, 
translated  from  the  Greek  with  notes.  To 
which  is  prefixed  a  critical  essay  on  Charac- 
teristic-Writings/ London,  1725, 8vo;  dedi- 
cated to  Lord  Carteret,  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland.  3.  '  The  Reasonableness  of  Church 
and  College  Fines  asserted,  and  the  Rights 
which  Churches  and  Colleges  have  in  their 
Estates  defended/  1731,  when  a  bill  was 
!  introduced  into  the  House  of  Commons  to 
alter  the  tenure  of  their  estates,  and  to  as- 
!  certain  the  fines  payable  on  the  renewal  of 
t  their  leases.  It  was  written  in  answer  to  a 
treatise  by  '  Everard  Fleetwood/  i.  e.  S.  Bur- 
roughs, to  which  replies  were  also  written  by 
Dr.  Roger  Long  and  Dr.  William  Derham 
[q.v.]  4.  'A  Sermon  preached  before  the 
House  of  Commons  on  June  11,  1739,  being 
the  anniversary  of  his  majesty's  accession/ 
5.  '  Some  Considerations  upon  Clandestine 
Marriages/  1750,  8vo  (two  editions).  This 
pamphlet  was  noticed  in  parliament  in  the 
debates  on  the  Marriage  Act  (EARL  OF  OR- 
FORD,  Works,  v.  37).  6.  'A  Dissertation 
against  pronouncing  the  Greek  Language 
according  to  accents/  1754,  8vo  (anon.) 
7.  'A  second  Dissertation  against  pronounc- 
ing the  Greek  Language  according  to  ac- 
cents, in  answer  to  Mr.  [John]  Foster's  Es- 
say/ 1763, 8vo  (anon.)  These  two  essays  were 
reprinted  with  Foster's  '  Essay  on  the  dif- 
ferent nature  of  Accent  and  Quantity/  1820. 
He  edited  '  Some  Thoughts  concerning  the 
proper  method  of  Studying  Divinitv/  by  AV. 
Wotton,  DD. 

[Addit.  MS.  5870,  f.  128;  Cantabrigienses 
Graduati  (1787),  p.  152;  Gent.  Ma?,  xxxix. 
414;  Lamb's  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  p.  469  ;  Mas- 
ters's  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  p.  291  ;  Nichols's  Lit, 
Anecd.  ii.  274.]  T.  C. 

GALMOY,  VISCOUNT  (1652-1740).   [See 

BUTLER,  PlERCE.l 

GALPINE,  JOHN  (d.  1806),  author  of 
'  Synoptical  Compend  of  the  British  Flora/ 
was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Linnean  So- 
ciety 20  Feb.  1798  ;  the  preface  to  his  work 
above  cited  was  dated  Blandford,  1  Jan.  1806, 
and  he  died  before  24  May  of  the  same  year. 
After  his  death  three  enlarged  editions  were 
printed  by  a  London  bookseller,  dated  re- 
spectively 1819,  1829,  1834. 

[Archives,  Linnean  Society.]  B.  D.  J. 

GALT,  JOHN  (1779-1839),  novelist,  was 
born  2  May  1779  at  Irvine  in  Ayrshire.  His 
father  commanded  a  West-Indiaman.  His 
mother  was  a  woman  of  much  character, 
shrewd,  full  of  humour,  and  quaintly  original 
in  conversation.  Gait  as  a  child  was  deli- 


Gait 


389 


Gait 


cate  and  sensitive,  fond  of  ballads  and  story- 
books. At  the  age  of  ten  his  family  removed 
to  Greenock,  and  Gait  completed  at  various 
schools  the  desultory  education  begun  at  home 
and  at  the  grammar  school  of  Irvine.  He  was 
then  placed  in  the  Greenock  custom-house  to 
acquire  some  clerkly  experience,  whence  he 
was  transferred  to  a  desk  in  a  mercantile  house 
in  Greenock.  He  read  in  the  public  library  and 
joined  a  literary  society.  He  wrote  a  tragedy 
on  the  story  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  which 
•was  followed  by  a  poem  on  the  '  Battle  of 
Largs.'  He  contributed  verses  to  local  news- 
papers and  to  an  Edinburgh  magazine,  and 
wrote  a  memoir  of  John  Wilson,  author  of 
*  The  Clyde,'  for  Leyden's  '  Scottish  Descrip- 
tive Poems'  (1803).  In  the  period  of  revolu- 
tionary excitement  Gait  already  displayed 
his  toryism.  He  contributed  to  newspapers 
quasi-Tyrtean  verse  and  helped  in  forming 
two  companies  of  riflemen,  which  he  avers 
(Autobiography,  i.  41)  were  '  the  first  of  the 
kind  raised  in  the  volunteer  force  of  the  king- 
dom.' Though  happy  enough  at  Greenock 
as  a  clerk,  he  felt  restless.  An  insulting  let- 
ter was  addressed  to  his  firm  by  a  Glasgow 
merchant  about  1803.  Gait,  apparently  un- 
authorised, followed  the  writer  to  Edinburgh, 
where  he  forced  him  to  write  a  formal  apo- 
logy. Instead  of  returning  triumphant  to 
Greenock,  Gait  threw  up  his  situation  and 
migrated  to  London.  While  looking  about 
him  there  he  published  his  poem  in  octo- 
syllabics on  the  '  Battle  of  Largs.'  He  sup- 
pressed it  immediately  after  publication  (ex- 
tracts from  it  are  printed  in  the  '  Scots  Maga- 
zine '  for  1803  and  1804),  apparently  because 
poetry  might  clash  with  business,  and  entered 
into  a  commercial  partnership  with  a  young 
Scotchman.  In  its  third  year  the  concern 
came  to  grief  through  the  misconduct  of  one 
of  its  correspondents. 

Gait  now  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn  (but 
was  never  called  to  the  bar),  and  began  a  life 
of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  suggested  during  a  visit 
to  Oxford,  where  he  found  materials  in  the 
library  of  Jesus  College.  His  composition  was 
suspended  on  obtaining  employment  which 
took  him  to  the  continent  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain how  far  British  goods  could  be  exported 
in  defiance  of  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees. 
From  Gibraltar  to  Malta  he  was  a  fellow- 
traveller  with  Lord  Byron,  whom  he  also  met 
at  Athens.  After  visiting  Greece  and  Con- 
stantinople and  Asia  Minor  he  took  a  house 
at  Mycone  in  the  Greek  Archipelago  suitable 
for  the  purpose  of  introducing  English  mer- 
chandise. He  afterwards  formed  a  connection 
with  the  Glasgow  firm  of  Kirkman  Finlay 
(d.  1828)  [q.  v.],  who  had  formed  a  similar 
scheme.  The  plan  collapsed  after  some 


further  travel,  and  ultimately  Gait  returned 
to  London.  There  he  was  engaged  by  Kirk- 
man Finlay  to  proceed  to  Gibraltar,  apparently 
with  a  view  to  a  scheme  for  smuggling  English 
goods  into  Spain.  The  victories  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington  gave,  Gait  says,  a  death-blow 
to  his  hopes.  He  would  have  lingered  on  at 
Gibraltar,  but  a  painful  disease  forced  him  to 
return  to  England  for  surgical  advice.  About 
this  time  he  made  a  happy  marriage  with  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Tilloch,  the  editor  of  the 
'Philosophical  Magazine,'  to  which  he  was 
an  occasional  contributor.  With  the  first  re- 
storation of  Louis  XVI  in  1814,  Gait  paid  a 
visit  to  France  and  Holland  to  promote  '  an 
abortive  scheme,'  and  then  he  returned  once 
more  to  London. 

Gait  had  already  published  in  1812  (1) 
'Voyages  and  Travels  in  the  Years  1809, 1810, 
and  1811,  containing  .  .  .  Statistical,  Com- 
mercial, and  Miscellaneous  Observations  on 
Gibraltar,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Malta,  Serigo  [sic], 
and  Turkey; '  (2)  '  The  Life  and  Adminis- 
tration of  Cardinal  Wolsey  ; '  (3)  <  The  Tra- 
gedies of  Maddalon,  Agamemnon,  Lady  Mac- 
beth, Antonia  and  Clytemnestra.'  The 
'  Voyages  and  Travels,'  containing  some  in- 
teresting matter,  are  disfigured  by  grave  faults 
of  style  and  by  rash  judgments.  He  proposed 
that  England  should  seize  and  hold  for  the 
benefit  of  her  trade  all  islands  anywhere  ac- 
cessible. He  attacked  continental  aristocracies 
and  priesthoods,  and  was  contemptuously 
noticed  in  the  '  Quarterly  Review '  for  June 
1812  ;  while  his  ignorance  and  faults  of 
judgment  and  style  were  pointed  out  in  a 
bitter  article  on  his  '  Life  of  Wolsey '  in  the 
same  review  for  September  1812.  The  latter 
work  contained  some  curious  and  previ- 
ously unpublished  matter  relating  to  Scot- 
land. A  second  edition  appeared  in  1817 ; 
a  third,  1846,  'with  additional  illustrations,' 
formed  vol.  i.  of  the  '  European  Library,' 
edited  by  William  Hazlitt  the  younger.  Gait's 
tragedies  were  praised  with  bitter  irony  in  the 
'  Quarterly  Review '  for  April  1814,  and  pro- 
nounced by  Scott  to  be '  the  worst  ever  seen.'  In 
1812  he  also  edited  for  a  short  time  the  '  Poli- 
tical Review,'  and  to  Stevenson's  edition  of 
Campbell's '  Lives  of  the  Admirals,'  published 
in  that  year,  he  contributed  the  biographies 
of  Hawke,  Byron,  and  Rodney,  that  of  Ad- 
miral Byron  being  revised  by  Lord  Byron. 
In  1813  appeared  his  '  Letters  from  the  Le- 
vant.' In  1814  he  persuaded  Colburn  to 
commence  a  monthlypublication,  '  The  Re- 
jected Theatre,'  containing  dramas  which  had 
been  refused  by  London  managers,  and  other 
unacted  dramas.  It  appeared  in  1814-15  as 
the  '  New  British  Theatre'  (4  vols.),  edited 
by  Gait,  who  in  the  preface  assailed  the  mo- 


Gait 


39° 


Gait 


nopoly  of  the  London  patent  theatres.  It 
contained  several  dramas  of  his  own,  with 
his  translation  of  two  of  Goldoni's  pieces. 
One  of  Gait's  plays,  published  in  it,  '  The 
Witness,'  attracted  the  favourable  notice  of 
"Walter  Scott's  friend,  "William  Erskine, 
through  whose  influence  it  was  some  years 
afterwards  performed  at  the  Edinburgh 
Theatre  as  '  The  Appeal,'  with  a  prologue 
ostensibly  written  by  Professor  Wilson,  but 
which  Gait  believed  to  be  the  joint  product 
of  Lockhart  and  Captain  Hamilton,  the  author 
of  '  Cyril  Thornton ; '  Scott  himself,  he  as- 
serts, composed  for  it  a  comic  epilogue,  but 
did  not  acknowledge  it.  In  1816  appeared 
anonymously  Gait's  first  known  fiction,  '  The 
Majolo,'  founded  on  a  Sicilian  superstition. 
It  had  become  imperative  to  write  for  money. 
He  was  introduced  to  Sir  Richard  Phillips, 
to  whose  magazine  he  contributed,  and  for 
whom  he  executed  sundry  compilations.  In 
1816  appeared  part  i.  of  Gait's  '  Life  and 
Studies  of  Benjamin  West  .  .  .  prior  to  his 
Arrival  in  England,  compiled  from  materials 
furnished  by  himself.'  Part  ii.,  continued 
to  West's  death  in  1817,  did  not  appear  until 
1820.  He  also  published  his  poem,  '  The 
Crusade,'  another  failure.  In  1818  he  re- 
moved from  London  to  Finnart,  near  Gree- 
nock,  to  carry  out  a  commercial  scheme,  on 
the  failure  of  which  he  returned  to  London 
to  aid  the  passing  through  parliament  of  a 
bill  promoted  by  the  Union  Canal  Company 
of  Scotland.  This  effected,  he  issued,  as  '  col- 
lected by  Samuel  Prior'  (1820),  'All  the 
Voyages  round  the  World ; '  '  A  Tour  of  Asia, 
abridged  from  the  most  popular  Voyages  and 
Travels,  by  the  Rev.  T.  Clark '  (1820  ?),  a 
pseudonym  which,  on  account,  he  says,  of 
his  borrowings  in  it  from  his  own  '  Letters 
from  the  Levant,'  he  also  used  on  the  title- 
page  of  '  The  Wandering  Jew,  or  the  Travels 
and  Observations  of  Harreach  the  prolonged,' 
a  conglomerate  of  history,  biography,  travel, 
and  descriptive  geography ; '  The  Earthquake,' 
founded  on  the  Messina  earthquake  of  1783; 
and  '  Pictures,  Historical  and  Biographical,' 
drawn  from  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish  his- 
tory (1821).  In  1822  he  edited,  with  a  pre- 
face, Alexander  Graydon's  '  Memoirs  of  a 
Life  chiefly  passed  in  Pennsylvania,'  pub- 
lished at  Harrisburg,  1811  (see  Quarterly 
Review,  xxvi.  364). 

In  1820  Blackwood  accepted  for  his  new 
magazine  'The  Ayrshire  Legatees,'  Gait's  first 
literary  success.  Itfollows  the  lines  of 'Hum- 
phry Clinker.'  A  completely  original  work, 
<  The  Annals  of  the  Parish,'  was  published 
separately  in  1821.  It  had  been  begun  in 
1813,  and  its  completion  and  publication  was 
prompted  by  the  success  of  '  The  Ayrshire 


Legatees.'  It  is  an  admirable  picture  of  rural 
Scotland,  and  the  shrewdness,  simplicity,  and 
piety  of  the  supposed  narrator  are  masterly. 
Its  value  as  a  contribution  to  the  social  his- 
tory of  the  west  of  Scotland  is  considerable. 
Scott  pronounced  it  to  be  '  excellent,'  and  it 
was  highly  praised  by  the  venerable  Henry 
Mackenzie  in  '  Blackwood's  Magazine '  and 
by  Jeffrey  in  the  '  Edinburgh  Review.'  John 
Stuart  Mill  (  Utilitarianism,  edition  of  1864, 
p.  9  ra.)  says  that  he  adopted  the  word  '  utili- 
tarian '  from  Gait's  '  Annals  of  the  Parish  ' 
(ch.  xxxvi.)  The  word  had  been  used  by 
Bentham  himself  long  previously  (  Works, 
x.  390).  In  1822  Gait  published  the '  Steam- 
boat,' a  collection  of  travellers'  tales,  and 
'  The  Provost,'  a  picture  of  Scottish  character, 
in  'Blackwood,'  and  'Sir  Andrew  Wylie,' 
the  most  popular  of  his  novels  in  England. 
It  includes  a  portrait  of  his  patron,  Lord 
Blessington,  to  whom  the  second  edition  was 
inscribed.  In  1823  appeared  '  The  Gathering 
of  the  West,'  a  jeu  d'esprit  on  George  IV's 
visit  to  Scotland,  and,  separately,  '  The  En- 
tail,' which  both  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  Lord 
Byron  are  said  to  have  read  thrice.  Gait 
was  now  so  elated  by  success  as  to  boast 
(GILLIES,  iii.  69)  that  his  literary  resources, 
were  superior  to  those  of  Scott,  with  whom 
he  resolved  to  compete  in  historical  fiction. 
Three  forgotten  novels  were  the  result : 
(1)  'Ringhan  Gilhaize'  (1823),  (2)  'The 
Spaewife'(1823),  and  (3)  'Rothelan'  (1824). 
In  1824  appeared  his  compilation  '  The  Ba- 
chelor's Wife.' 

In  1823  Gait  went  to  reside  at  Esk  Grove, 
near  Musselburgh,  where  he  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  D.  M.  Moir  [q.  v.]  He  was  ap- 
pointed agent  for  the  claims  of  some  Cana- 
dians for  losses  incurred  during  the  war  of 
1814.  A  scheme  for  the  purchase  of  crown 
land  in  the  colony  by  a  company,  the  pro- 
ceeds to  be  applied  in  satisfying  the  claims 
of  his  clients,  was  suggested  by  him.  The 
home  government  would  not  consent  to  the 
plan,  but  the  Canada  Company,  as  it  was 
ultimately  called,  resolved  to  go  on  with  the 
purchase  on  its  own  account,  and  appointed 
Gait  to  the  post  of  secretary.  Gait  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  the  interests  of  his 
new  employers,  having  done  his  best,  though 
unsuccessfully,  for  his  former  clients.  The 
home  government  appointed  a  commission, 
with  Gait  as  one  of  its  members,  to  investi- 
gate the  matter  in  Upper  Canada.  On  its 
return  discussions  took  place,  during  which 
Gait  wrote  'The  Omen'  (1825),  praised  by 
Scott  in  '  Blackwood's  Magazine,'  and  the 
« Last  of  the  Lairds '  (1826).  Towards  the 
close  of  1826  he  returned  to  Canada  to  or- 
ganise a  system  of  operations.  At  the  end  of 


Gait 


391 


Gait 


eight  months  he  became  the  company's  Cana- 
dian superintendent,  and  directed  the  execu- 
tion of  his  plans  for  the  settlement  of  its 
lands.  He  threw  himself  into  his  task  with 
great  energy  and  success.  One  of  his  first 
labours  was  to  found  the  town  of  Guelph  in 
what  is  now  the  province  of  Ontario.  In 
1872  the  township  contained  a  population  of 
fifty  thousand.  The  company,  however,  did 
not  obtain  an  immediate  profit;  its  stock 
fell ;  Gait  quarrelled  with  the  lieutenant- 
governor,  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland,  and  was 
at  last  superseded. 

Bitterly  disappointed,  Gait  returned  in 
1829  to  England,  and  had  to  meet  heavy 
claims.  He  was  unable  to  pay  80/.  due  to 
Dr.  Valpy,  a  'friend'  of  long  standing,  for 
the  education  of  his  sons.  According  to 
Gillies  (iii.  60-1),  he  was  not  only  arrested, 
but  suffered  a  long  detention  which  contri- 
buted to  the  subsequent  breakdown  of  his 
health.  He  was  now  entirely  dependent  on 
his  pen  for  the  support  of  himself  and  his 
family,  and,  still  sanguine,  he  calculated  that 
he  could  make  1,00(W.  a  year  by  it.  His  first 
work  after  his  return  was  'Lawrie  Todd,  or 
the  Settlers  in  the  Woods  '  (1830,  reissued  in 
1831  as  No.  21  of '  Standard  Novels'),  which 
contains  some  graphic  sketches  of  settler  life 
in  America.  In  the  same  year  appeared 
'  Southennan '  and  a '  Life  of  Lord  Byron '  (is- 
sued as  No.  1  of  G.  R.  Gleig's  'National  Li- 
brary'),which,  though  valueless,went  through 
four  editions,  and  was  translated  into  French 
and  German.  It  involved  Gait  in  a  contro- 
versy with  Hobhouse.  For  a  few  months  in 
1830,  at  the  instance  of  Lockhart  and  John 
Murray,  Gait  edited  the  tory  evening  news- 
paper the  '  Courier.'  In  1831  Gait  went  to 
live  at  Barnes  Cottage,  Old  Brompton,  where 
he  was  visited  by  the  Countess  of  Blessington 
(see  THOMSON,  ii.  110-11).  In  the  same  year 
appeared  his  readable  compilation  '  The  Lives 
of  the  Players'  (reprinted  in  1886),  and  a 
novel,  'Bogle  Corbet,  or  the  Emigrants.' 
Among  the  periodicals  to  which  he  contri- 
buted was  the  recently  founded  'Eraser's 
Magazine.'  Carlyle,  who  met  him  at  a  din- 
ner party  given  by  its  proprietor,  says  in  his 
journal  (21  Jan.  1832)  :  '  Gait  looks  old,  is 
deafish,  has  the  air  of  a  sedate  Greenock 
burgher ;  mouth  indicating  sly  humour  and 
self-satisfaction ;  the  eyes,  old  and  without 
lashes,  gave  me  a  sort  of  wae  interest  for 
him.  He  wears  spectacles,  and  is  hard  of 
hearing ;  a  very  large  man,  and  eats  and 
drinks  with  a  certain  west-country  gusto  and 
research.  Said  little,  but  that  little  peace- 
able, clear,  and  yutmiithig.  Wish  to  see  him 
again.'  In  a  letter  of  the  following  February 
Carlyle  speaks  of  him  as  '  a  broad  gawsie 


Greenock  man,  old-growing,  loveable  with 
pity.'  In  1832  appeared  (1)  « The  Member,'  a 
satire  on  borough-mongering  and  political 
jobbery ;  (2) '  The  Radical ; '  and  (3)  '  Stanley 
Buxton,  or  the  Schoolfellows,'  a  novel.  In 
this  year  he  had  the  first  of  a  long  series  of 
attacks '  analogous  to  paralysis.'  It  destroyed 
his  hopes  of  an  active  connection  with  the 
British  North  American  Land  Company,  of 
which  a  board  of  directors  had  been  appointed 
with  himself  for  its  provisional  secretary. 

In  1833  Gait  issued  a  volume  of  '  Poems,' 
'  Stories  of  the  Study,'  2  vols.,  a  novel,  '  Eben 
Erskine,'  and  supplied  the  letterpress  for 
the  first  and  only  instalment  of  '  Ourano- 
logos,  or  the  Celestial  Volume,'  in  which  the 
effects  of  line-engraving  were  to  be  combined 
with  those  of  mezzotint,  John  Martin  design- 
ing and  engraving  for  it  '  The  Eve  of  the 
Deluge.'  In  the  same  year  appeared  his 
'  Autobiography,'  remarkable  for  the  absence 
of  querulousness  and  for  self-complacency. 
This  was  followed  in  1834  by  his  '  Literary 
Life  and  Miscellanies,'  3  vols.  The  volumes 
were  dedicated  by  permission  to  William  IV, 
who  sent  him  200/.  Mrs.  Thomson  (ii.  115) 
speaks  of  one  donation  to  him  of  50/.  from 
the  Literary  Fund.  His  three  sons  had  now 
received  appointments  in  Canada,  where  one 
of  them,  the  present  Sir  Alexander  Gait, 
rose  to  be  finance  minister  of  the  Dominion. 
Gait,  poor  and  paralysed,  found,  towards 
the  close  of  1834,  a  home  at  Greenock  with 
an  affectionate  sister.  He  bore  his  suffer- 
ings with  great  fortitude  and  cheerfulness.. 
In  1836  he  edited,  with  an  introduction, 
'Forty  Years'  Residence  in  America  exem- 
plified in  the  Life  of  Grant  Thorburn  [the 
original  Lawrie  Todd],  Seedsman, New  York, 
written  by  himself,'  and,  when  nearing  the 
grave,  he  edited  vols.  iii.  and  iv.  of '  Lady  Char- 
lotte Bury's  Diary,  illustrative  of  the  Times  of" 
George  IV,'  with  a  preface  and  an  appendix 
of  personal  reminiscences.  They  were  pub- 
lished in  1839,  on  11  April  of  which  year  he 
died  at  Greenock,  and  was  buried  in  the 
family  grave.  When  he  died  he  was  seeing 
through  the  press  '  The  Demon  of  Destiny, 
and  Other  Poems,'  which,  edited  by  his  friend, 
Harriett  Pigott,was  issued  (privately  printed) 
in  1840.  In  Blackwood's '  Standard  Novels,' 
vols.  i.  ii.  iv.  and  vi.,  are  reprints  of  his  best 
fictions,  'The  Annals  of  the  Parish,'  'The 
Ayrshire  Legatees,"  Sir  AndrewWy lie," The 
Entail,'  with  some  of  his  minor  pieces.  He 
printed  at' the  end  of  the  'Autobiography'  a 
list  of  his  writings,  not  including  his  nume- 
rous contributions  to  periodicals.  It  is  re- 
produced, with  insignificant  additions,  at  the 
end  of  the  volume  of '  Poems.'  In  not  a  single 
case  has  he  given  the  date  of  publication. 


Galton 


392 


Gam 


There  is  a  portrait  of  Gait  with  a  value- 
less notice  of  him  in  '  Fraser's  Magazine'  for 
December  1831,  both  of  which  are  reproduced 
in  Bates's  reprint  from  that  periodical  of  its 
'  Gallery  of  Illustrious  Literary  Characters  ' 
(1873).  Moir  describes  him  in  his  forty- 
fourth  year,  when  in  the  full  vigour  of  health, 
as  of  '  herculean  frame.'  He  was  more  than 
six  foot  in  height.  '  His  hair  was  thin,  jet 
black  ;  his  eyes  small,  but  piercing  ;  his  nose 
almost  straight  ;  long  upper  lip,  and  finely 
rounded  chin.'  In  society  '  his  manner  was 
somewhat  measured  and  solemn,  and  cha- 
racterised by  a  peculiar  benignity  and  sweet- 
ness.' Mrs.  Thomson  (ii.  103-4),  referring 
to  his  conversation,  dwells  on  his  remarkable 
'  gift  of  narrative.'  '  He  spoke  in  a  low  mo- 
notonous voice,  with  much  of  the  Greenock 
accent  marring  its  sweetness,  but  adding  to 
its  effect,'  what  he  said  being  '  simple,  suc- 
cinct, unambitious  in  phrase.' 

[The  chief  authorities  for  Gait's  career  are  his 
Autobiography  and  Literary  Life.  But  both 
•works,  though  diffuse,  are  provokingly  deficient 
in  dates  and  definiteness  of  detail,  imperfections 
•which  are  to  some  extent  rectified  in  D.M.  Moir's 
excellent  and  sympathetic  memoir  prefixed  to 
vol.  i.  of  Blackwood's  Standard  Novels.  There 
are  interesting  personal  reminiscences  of  Gait  in 
vol.  ii.  of  Mrs.  Thomson's  Eecollections  of  Lite- 
rary Characters  (1854),  '  John  Gait,'  and  a  few 
of  less  value  in  R.  P.  Gillies's  Memoirs  of  a  Lite- 
rary Veteran,  1851.]  F.  E. 

GALTON,  Miss  MARY  ANN   (1778- 

1856).    [See  S 


GAL  WAY,  EAEL  OF  (d.  1720).  [See 
MASSUE  DE  RTJVIGJTY,  HEXBY  DE.] 

GAM,  DAVID  (d.  1415),  Welsh  warrior, 
is  more  properly  styledDAVTDD  AB  LLEWELY  jr. 
'  Gam  '  is  a  nickname  meaning  '  squinting,' 
which,  like  other  Welsh  nicknames,  became 
equivalent  to  a  surname.  David's  father  was 
Llewelyn,  the  son  of  Hywel,  the  son  of  Eineon 
Sais.  Llewelyn  possessed  fair  estates  in  the 
parishes  of  Garthbrengy  and  Llanddew,which 
lay  within  the  honour  or  lordship  of  Brecon, 
a  dependency  of  the  earldom  of  Hereford,  and 
after  1399  lapsed  to  the  crown  by  the  acces- 
sion of  Henry  IV,  who  had  long  enjoyed  that 
earldom.  Pey  tyn  was  the  name  of  Llewelyn's 
chief  residence.  David  is  described  in  a  verse 
attributed  to  Owain  Glyndwr  as  a  short  red- 
haired  man  with  a  squint.  He  was  faithful 
to  his  lord,  Henry  IV,  even  during  the  revolt 
of  Owain  [see  GLENDOWER,  OWEN].  He  was 
rewarded  for  his  services  by  a  large  share  in 
the  South  Welsh  lands  confiscated  from 
rebels  in  1401  (WYLIE,  Hist,  of  Henry  IV, 
p.  245).  There  is  a  story  that  David  plotted 
against  the  life  of  Owain  when  attending  the 


Welsh  parliament  at  Machynlleth.  But  it 
rests  on  no  early  authority,  misdates  the  year 
of  the  Machynlleth  parliament,  and  wrongly 
makes  David  a  brother-in-law  of  Owain. 
There  seems  nothing  to  show  that  David  ever 
wavered  in  his  allegiance. 

David  was  taken  prisoner  by  Owain,  pro- 
bably at  a  time  when  Owain's  successes  were 
very  few.  On  14  June  1412  David's  father, 
Llewelyn  ab  Hywel,  and  the  seneschal  and 
receiver  of  Brecon  were  empowered  to  treat 
with  Owain,  and  by  ransom  or  by  capturing 
rebel  prisoners  to  extricate  David  from  his 
rigorous  imprisonment  (Fasdera,  viii.  753). 

It  is  said  that  David  soon  after  got  into 
trouble  by  killing  a  kinsman  in  an  affray  in 
Brecon  town.  In  1415  David,  accompanied 
by  three  foot  archers  only,  followed  Henry  V 
on  his  invasion  of  France  (NICOLAS,  Battle 
of  Agincourt,  p.  379).  It  is  reported  that 
when,  on  the  eve  of  the  battle  of  Agincourt, 
he  was  questioned  by  the  king  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  enemy,  he  replied  '  that  there  were 
enough  to  be  slain,  enough  to  be  taken  pri- 
soners, and  enough  to  run  away.'  The  story, 
however,  first  appears  in  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's 
'  History  of  the  World '  (p.  451).  David  was 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  which  was 
fought  on  25  Oct.  1415.  The  contemporary 
chroniclers  who  notice  his  death  simply  de- 
scribe him  as  an  esquire  (WALSINGHAM,  ii. 
313 ;  cf.  '  Chronicles  of  London,'  quoted  in 
NICOLAS,  pp.  279-80).  There  is  a  tradition 
that  he  was  knighted  for  his  valour  when 
dying  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  the  fact  that 
one  chronicler  says  that  two  recently  dubbed 
knights  were  slain  (Gesta  Henrid  Quintt,-p. 
58,  Engl.  Hist.  Soc.)  is  thought  to  bear  out  the 
story.  But  one  writer  at  least  mentions  both 
the  two  knights  and  David  Gam  (NlCOLAS, 
p.  280).  Lewis  Glyn  Cothi,  a  Welsh  poet 
of  the  next  generation,  who  celebrated  the 
praises  of  David's  children  and  grandchildren, 
regularly  speaks  of  him,  however,  as  '  Syr 
Davydd'Gam'  (Gwaith,  pp.  1,  8).  It  has 
been  suggested  that  David  is  the  original  of 
Shakespeare's  Fluellen.  This  is  not  at  all 
an  improbable  conjecture,  as  Fluellen  is 
plainly  a  corruption  of  Llewelyn,  and  David 
was  generally  called  David  Llewelyn,  or  ab 
Llewelyn.  The  reference  to  him  in  Raleigh 
shows  also  that  his  name  was  familiar  to  the 
age  of  Elizabeth. 

David  is  said  to  have  married  Gwenllian, 
daughter  of  Gwilym,  son  of  Hywel  Grach. 
He  left  a  family.  His  son  Morgan  became 
the  ancestor  of  the  Games  of  Breconshire. 
His  daughter  Gwladus  was  by  her  second 
husband,  Sir  William  ab  Thomas  of  Raglan, 
the  mother  of  William,  the  first  Herbert  earl 
of  Pembroke. 


Gambler 


393 


Gambler 


[Besides  authorities  quoted  in  the  text  the 
biography  of  Gam  in  Theophilus  Jones's  Hist, 
of  Breconshire,  i.  160-1,  ii.  156-69,  with  pedi- 
grees ;  the  pedigrees  in  Lewys  Dwnn's  Heraldic 
Visitation  of  Wales  (Welsh  MSS.Society);  Gwaith 
Lewis  Glyn  Cothi ;  Sir  Harris  Nicolas's  Battle 
of  Agincourt ;  Tyler's  Hist,  of  Henry  V.] 

T.  F.  T. 

GAMBIER,    SIR    EDWARD    JOHN 

(1794-1879),  chief  justice  of  Madras,  third 
son  of  Samuel  Gambier,  first  commissioner 
of  the  navy  (1752-1813),  by  Jane,  youngest 
daughter  of  Daniel  Mathew  of  Felix  Hall, 
Essex,  and  nephew  of  Admiral  James,  baron 
Gambier  [q.  v.],  was  born  in  1794  and  entered 
at  Eton  in  1808.  He  afterwards  proceeded 
to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  in  1817.  He  was  ninth 
senior  optime,  and  junior  chancellor's  medal- 
list; he  proceeded  M.A.  in  1820,  and  became 
a  fellow  of  his  college.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  7  Feb.  1822,  and 
acted  as  one  of  the  municipal  corporation 
commissioners  in  1833.  The  recordership  of 
Prince  of  Wales  Island  was  conferred  on  him 
in  1834,  and  he  was  knighted  by  William  IV 
at  St.  James's  Palace  on  6  Aug.  in  that  year. 
He  was  removed  to  Madras  28  Nov.  1836  as 
a  puisne  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
raised  to  the  chief  justiceship  there  11  March 
1842,  being  sworn  in  on  22  May.  The  duties 
of  this  high  post  he  discharged  with  ability 
and  efficiency  until  his  retirement  in  1849, 
when  he  received  from  the  Hindu  commu- 
nity of  Madras  a  testimonial  consisting  of 
a  silver  centre-piece  weighing  550  ounces, 
and  Lady  Gambier  was  at  the  same  time 
presented  with  a  handsome  tripod  centre- 
piece by  the  European  ladies  of  Madras 
{Illustrated  London  News,  1  Feb.  1851,  p.  77, 
with  views  of  the  testimonials).  '  A  Treatise 
on  Parochial  Settlement,'  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1828,  went  to  a  second  edition  under 
the  editorship  of  J.  Greenwood  in  1835.  He 
died  at  22  Hyde  Park  Gate,  Kensington, 
London,  31  May  1879,  in  his  eighty-sixth 
year.  He  married  in  1828  Emilia  Ora, 
daughter  of  C.  Morgell,  M.P. :  she  died  on 
25  Feb.  1877. 

[Times,  4  June  1879,  p.  11;  Law  Times, 
7  June  1879,  p.  105.]  G.  C.  B. 

GAMBIER,  JAMES  (1723-1789),  vice- 
admiral,  was  the  grandson  of  a  Norman 
Huguenot  who  left  France  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  brother  of  John  Gam- 
bier, lieutenant-governor  of  the  Bahamas,  and 
uncle  of  James,  lord  Gambier  [q.  v.l  He  was 
made  a  lieutenant  by  Admiral  Mathews  in 
the  Mediterranean  in  1743,  and,  after  serving 
in  the  Buckingham  and  Marlborough,  was  in 


April  1746  promoted  to  the  command  of  the 
Speedwell  sloop,  employed  in  the  North  Sea. 
In  December  1747  he  was  posted  to  the  Flam- 
borough,  and  after  commanding  many  dif- 
ferent ships  was  in  February  1758  appointed 
to  the  Burford,  in  which  he  assisted  at  the 
reduction  of  Louisbourg,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  at  the  capture  of  Guadeloupe  and 
the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Martinique,coming 
home  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  battle  of 
Quiberon  Bay.  While  at  Halifax  in  1758, 
acting  under  orders  from  Boscawen,  he  de- 
stroyed a  number  of  pestilent  liquor  sheds, 
and  pressed  the  sutlers — a  piece  of  good  ser- 
vice which  afterwards  caused  him  much  an- 
noyance, some  of  the  sutlers  prosecuting  him 
at  common  law,  against  which  he  was  still, 
two  years  later,  claiming  the  protection  of 
the  admiralty.  After  the  battle  of  Quiberon 
Bay,  the  Burford  continued  attached  to  the 
grand  fleet  till  the  peace.  From  1766  to  1770 
he  commanded  the  Yarmouth  guardship  at 
Chatham,  and  from  1770  to  1773  was  com- 
mander-in-chief  on  the  North  American  sta- 
tion, with  his  broad  pennant  in  the  Salisbury. 
In  July  1773  he  was  appointed  comptroller 
of  victualling,  but  was  almost  immediately 
afterwards  advanced  to  be  resident  commis- 
sioner of  the  navy  at  Portsmouth,  a  post 
which  he  held  till  his  promotion  to  be  rear- 
admiral  on  23  Jan.  1778.  He  was  then  sent 
out  to  New  York  as  second  in  command  under 
Lord  Howe,  and  was  left  for  short  intervals 
as  commander-in-chief,  first,  on  Howe's  de- 
parture from  the  station,  and,  secondly,  on 
Byron's  leaving  for  the  West  Indies.  On 
26  Sept.  1780  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of 
vice-admiral,  and  in  1783-4  was  commander- 
in-chief  at  Jamaica,  with  his  flag  on  board 
the  Europa.  His  failing  health  compelled 
his  early  return  to  England,  and  he  died  at 
Bath  on  8  Jan.  1789.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  left  issue  by  his  first  wife. 

[Charnock's  Biog.  Nav.  vi.  42 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
lix.  pt.  i.  182;  Official  Correspondence  in  the 
Public  Eecord  Office.]  J.  K.  L. 

GAMBIER,  JAMES,  LORD  GAMBIER 
(1756-1833),  admiral  of  the  fleet,  son  of  John 
Gambier,  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Bahamas, 
and  nephew  of  Vice-admiral  James  Gambier 
(1723-1789)  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  New  Provi- 
dence on  13  Oct.  1756,  and  at  the  age  of  eleven 
was  entered  on  the  books  of  the  Yarmouth, 
guard-ship  at  Chatham,  then  commanded  by 
his  uncle.  He  was  made  lieutenant  on  12  Feb. 
1777,  while  serving  on  the  North  American 
station,  and  a  year  afterwards  was  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  Thunder  bomb,  which 
a  few  months  later  was  picked  up  by  the 
French  fleet  under  D'Estaing.  Gambier  was 


Gambier 


394 


Gambier 


soon  exchanged,  and  on  9  Oct.  1778  was 
posted  to  the  Raleigh  frigate,  in  which,  in 
May  1779,  he  took  part  in  the  relief  of  Jersey, 
and  in  May  1780  in  the  capture  of  Charles- 
town  by  Arbuthnot.  He  had  no  further 
employment  afloat  till  April  1793,  when  he 
commissioned  the  Defence  of  74  guns  for 
service  in  the  Channel.  Gambier's  notions 
of  religion  and  morality  were  much  stricter 
than  those  in  vogue  at  that  time ;  the  De- 
fence was  spoken  of  as  '  a  praying  ship,'  and 
it  was  freely  questioned  whether  it  was  pos- 
sible for  her  to  be  '  a  fighting  ship '  as  well. 
The  doubt,  if  it  really  existed,  was  set  at 
rest  on  1  June  1794,  when  the  Defence  was 
the  first  ship  to  break  through  the  enemy's 
line.  She  was  then  closely  engaged  by  two 
or  three  French  ships,  and  sustained  heavy 
loss.  All  her  masts  were  shot  away.  The 
story  is  told  that  towards  the  close  of  the 
battle,  as  she  was  lying  a  helpless  log  on  the 
water,  Captain  Pakenham  of  the  Invincible, 
passing  within  hail,  called  to  Gambier  in 
friendly  banter :  '  I  see  you've  been  knocked 
about  a  good  deal:  never  mind,  Jimmy,  whom 
the  Lord  loveth  he  chasteneth.'  Gambier's 
conduct  had,  however,  attracted  Howe's  no- 
tice, and  he  was  one  of  those  specially  recom- 
mended for  the  gold  medal.  In  the  following 
winter  he  was  appointed  to  the  Prince  George 
of  98  guns,  but  did  not  go  to  sea  in  her, 
being  nominated  as  one  of  the  lords  of  the  ad- 
miralty ;  and  though  he  was  promoted  to  be 
rear-admiral  on  1  June  1799,  and  again,  on 
14  Feb.  1799,  to  be  vice-admiral,  he  remained 
at  the  admiralty  till  February  1801,  when 
he  hoisted  his  flag  in  the  Neptune,  as  third 
in  command  of  the  Channel  fleet.  In  the 
spring  of  1802  he  went  out  to  Newfoundland 
as  governor  and  commander-in-chief  on  that 
station,  and  on  his  return  after  two  years 
was  reappointed  to  the  admiralty,  where  he 
continued  till  the  change  of  ministry  in  Fe- 
bruary 1806,  during  which  time  he,  in  con- 
cert with  Sir  Roger  Curtis  [q.  v.],  was  mainly 
responsible  for  the  omission  from  the  revised 
'  King's  Regulations  and  Admiralty  Instruc- 
tions '  (1  Jan.  1806)  of  the  order  to  enforce 
the  salute  to  the  king's  flag  from  all  foreign 
ships  within  the  king's  seas,  an  order  that 
had  been  maintained  since  the  time  of  King 
John,  if  not  from  the  time  of  "William  the 
Conqueror. 

Gambier  seems  to  have  been  as  ignorant 
of  naval  history  as  careless  of  naval  prestige, 
and  must  be  considered  as  one  of  the  chief  of 
the  perpetrators  of  the  official  blunder  which, 
in  the  warrant  of  9  Nov.  1805,  appointing  ad- 
mirals of  the  red,  spoke  of  the  rank  as  restored 
to  the  navy,  whereas,  in  point  of  fact,  it  had 
never  previously  existed.  By  the  extensive 


promotion  accompanying  this  warrant  Gam- 
bier became  an  admiral.  He  was  recalled 
to  the  admiralty  in  April  1807,  but  hoisted 
his  flag  in  July  on  board  the  Prince  of  Wales 
in  command  of  the  fleet  which  proceeded  to 
the  Baltic,  and,  in  concert  with  the  army, 
under  Lord  Cathcart  [see  CATHCART,  SIR 
WILLIAM  Sen  AW,  first  EARL  CATHCART], 
bombarded  Copenhagen  on  2-5  Sept.  On 
the  6th  negotiations  were  concluded,  and  the 
surrender  of  the  town  and  ships  of  war  for- 
mally agreed  to  on  the  7th.  The  ships,  as  many 
as  were  seaworthy,  were  hastily  equipped, 
and  on  21  Oct.  the  fleet,  the  transports,  and 
the  Danish  navy  sailed  for  England.  The 
achievement  was  not  one  from  which  much 
glory  accrued  to  either  navy  or  army,  for  the 
British  force  was,  both  afloat  and  ashore, 
overpoweringly  superior  to  the  Danish.  The 
strategical  and  political  advantages  were, 
however,  very  great,  and  the  government 
bestowed  rewards  as  though  for  a  brilliant 
victory.  Gambier  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Lord  Gambier  ;  Cathcart  was  made  a  vis- 
count ;  and  the  other  flag  or  general  officers 
were  made  baronets.  Gambier  resumed  his 
seat  at  the  admiralty,  but  vacated  it  in  the 
following  spring  to  take  command  of  the 
Channel  fleet.  The  period  of  his  command, 
otherwise  uneventful,  was  marked  by  the 
blockade  of  the  French  fleet  in  Basque  Roads 
in  the  spring  of  1809,  and  the  attempt  to 
destroy  it  by  a  flotilla  of  fireships  and  in- 
fernals,  under  the  immediate  orders  of  Lord 
Cochrane  [see  COCHRANE,  THOMAS,  tenth 
EARL  OF  DUNDONA.LD],  who  had  been  sent 
out  by  the  admiralty  for  the  special  purpose. 
Gambier  had  already  expressed  his  horror  of 
that  mode  of  warfare,  and  had  pronounced 
the  attempt  to  be  hazardous,  if  not  dangerous. 
It  may  well  be  that  he  was  annoyed  at  this 
slight  to  his  sentimental  and  professional 
opinions,  and  at  being  virtually  superseded 
by  a  junior  officer ;  it  may  well  be  also  that 
Cochrane's  manner  was  not  calculated  to 
remove  Gambier's  prejudice.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  they  disliked  each  other;  that 
Cochrane  considered  Gambier  as  a  canting 
and  hypocritical  methodist,  while  Gambier 
looked  on  Cochrane  as  a  rash  and  inso- 
lent youngster,  and  though  obliged,  by  the 
orders  of  tlie  admiralty,  to  give  him  nominal 
support,  steadily  refused  to  make  that  sup- 
port effective.  The  success  was,  therefore, 
very  partial,  and  Gambier,  on  learning  from 
the  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  that  Cochrane 
would  oppose  the  vote  of  thanks  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  French  ships,  at  once  applied 
for  a  court-martial.  The  admiralty  was  un- 
willing to  grant  it,  but,  finding  that  it  could 
not  be  withheld,  resolved  that  at  any  rate  the 


Gamble 


395 


Gamble 


board  and  Gambler,  as  the  board's  nominee, 
should  be  held  blameless.  Care  was  taken 
to  assemble  a  friendly  court ;  the  president, 
Sir  Roger  Curtis,  was  a  personal  friend  of 
Gambier's  ;  as  many  inconvenient  witnesses 
as  possible  were  sent  out  of  the  way ;  and 
thus,  after  a  grossly  partial  trial,  Gambler 
was '  most  honourably  acquitted,'  9  Aug.  1809. 
He  retained  the  command  of  the  Channel 
fleet  till  1811,  after  which  he  had  no  naval 
service,  though  in  1814  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  negotiating  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  the  United  States.  On  7  June 
1815  he  was  nominated  a  G.C.B.,  and  on 
22  July  1830  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
admiral  of  the  fleet.  He  died  on  19  April 
1833.  His  portrait,  by  Sir  William  Beechey 
(Royal  Academy,  1809),  was  exhibited  at 
South  Kensington  in  1868,  lent  by  the  family. 
He  married  in  1788,  but  left  no  issue. 

Gambier's  long  connection  with  the  board 
of  admiralty,  his  command  at  Copenhagen, 
and  the  scandal  of  Basque  Roads  have  given 
his  name  a  distinction  not  altogether  glorious. 
His  conduct  on  1  June  1794  prevents  any 
imputation  of  personal  cowardice,  but  em- 
phasises the  miserable  failure  in  April  1809, 
which  certainly  suggests  that  he  was  out  of 
place  in  command  of  a  fleet.  He  seems, 
indeed,  to  have  had  a  very  distinct  preference 
for  life  on  shore,  and  one  of  the  most  notice- 
able features  in  his  career  is  the  shortness 
of  the  time  he  spent  at  sea,  which  between 
his  promotions  to  lieutenant  and  to  rear- 
admiral  amounted  in  all  to  five  and  a  half 
years.  His  experience  was  thus  extremely 
limited,  nor  have  we  any  reason  to  suppose 
that  his  ability  in  any  one  point  had  a  wider 
range.  His  kinship  with  the  Pitts  and  Lord 
Barham  stood  him  in  good  stead. 

[The  Memorials,  Personal  and  Historical,  of 
Admiral  Lord  Gambier,  by  Henrietta  Georgina. 
Lady  Chatterton  [q.  v.],  a  daughter  of  Gambier's 
sister,  is,  for  the  most  part,  a  crude  collection 
of  correspondence  which  has  no  reference  to 
Gambier;  its  general  interest  is  slight,  and  it  has 
no  naval  or  biographical  value  whatever.  See 
also  Ealfe's  Naval  Biography,  ii.  82;  Marshall's 
Roy.  Nav.  Biog.  i.  74 ;  Lord  Dundonald's  Auto- 
biography of  a  Seaman ;  Minutes  of  the  Court- 
martial,  1809;  James's  Naval  Hist.  1860,  iv.  201, 
395.]  J.  K.  L. 

GAMBLE,  JOHN  (d.  1687),  musician 
and  composer,  was  apprenticed  (Wooo)  to 
Beyland,  one  of  Charles  I's  violinists,  and 
afterwards  played  at  a  London  theatre.  In 
1656  (according  to  the  title-page)  he  pub- 
lished '  Ayres  and  Dialogues  to  be  sung  to 
the  theorbo,  lute,  or  base  violl,'  many  of  the 
verses  for  which  were  by  Thomas  Stanley. 
This  music  won  Gamble  renown  at  Oxford, 


and  Anthony  a  Wood  in  July  1658  was 
proud  to  entertain  him  and  another  eminent 
musician  after  their  performance  at  "Will 
Ellis's  meeting-house.  A  second  book  of 
'Ayres  and  Dialogues,  for  one,  two,  and  three 
voyces,'  was  published  in  1659  (GROVE)  ;  a 
manuscript  commonplace  book,  formerly  in 
the  possession  of  Dr.  Rimbault,  but  now  in 
America,  containing  songs  by  Wilson  for 
the  '  Northern  Lass,'  and  many  composi- 
tions by  H.  and  W.  Lawes,  as  well  as  com- 
mon songs  and  ballads,  bears  the  same  date 
(CHAPPELL).  Gamble's  admission  to  the 
king's  household  dated  from  the  Restoration ; 
his  services  as'musitian  on  the  cornet' were 
available  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  where  in  1660 
the  want  of  trained  boys'  voices  was  supplied 
by  wind  instruments  and  men's  falsetto,  and 
where  at  a  later  date  cornets  and  sackbuts 
were  employed  on  Sundays,  holy  days,  and 
collar-days  to  heighten  the  effect  of  the 
music.  Docquet-warrants  of  1661  and  1663 
record  Gamble's  claim  to  wages  of  twenty 
pence  per  diem  and  16/.  2s.  6d.  per  annum 
for  livery,  from  the  midsummer  of  1660 ;  a 
petition  in  1666  represents  Gamble  as  having 
lost  all  his  property  in  the  fire  of  London ; 
his  name  also  appears  in  an  exchequer  docu- 
ment of  1674  (RiMBAFLT,  Roger  North,  99) 
as  one  of  the  musicians  in  ordinary,  with  a 
salary  of  46/.  Gamble  is  said  (WooD,  MS. 
Notes)  to  have  played  the  violin  in  the  king's 
band,  and  to  have  been  composer  of  lessons, 
for  the  king's  playhouse.  He  signed  a  will 
in  1680,  leaving  his  books  of  music  and  20/. 
due  to  him  out  of  the  exchequer  to  his 
grandson,  John  Gamble,  'now  servant  to 
Mr.  Strong,'  cutting  off  other  relatives  with 
a  shilling,  and  bequeathing  the  residue  to 
his  widow.  Gamble  died  in  1687,  advanced 
in  years.  His  portrait,  engraved  by  T.  Cross, 
is  prefixed  to  the  volume  of '  Ayres '  of  1656. 

[Wood's  manuscript  lives  of  English  Musicians, 
Bodleian  ;  Wood's  Fasti,  vol.  i.  col.  517;  Wood's 
Life,  p.  32;  Locke's  Practice  of  Music,  1673, p.  19; 
State  Papers,  Charles  II,  Dom.,  communicated  by. 
Mr.  W.  B.  Squire;  Rimbault's  Memoirs  of  Roger 
North,  p.  99  ;  Chappell's  Popular  Music,  i.  378; 
Chamberlayne's  Anglise  Notitia,  iii.  227 ;  P.  C.  C. 
Registers  of  Wills;  Grove's  Dictionary,  i.  580; 
Musical  Times,  xviii.  428.]  L.  M.  M. 

GAMBLE,  JOHN  (d.  1811),  writer  on 
telegraphy,  was  a  member  of  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  graduated  B.A.  1784,  M.A. 
1787,  became  a  fellow  of  his  college,  was 
chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  chaplain- 
general  of  the  forces.  He  published  (London, 
1795)  a  quarto  pamphlet  of  twenty  pages  en- 
titled '  Observations  on  Telegraphic  Experi- 
ments, or  the  different  Modes  which  have 
been  or  may  be  adopted  for  the  purpose  of 


Gambold 


396 


Gambold 


Distant  Communication.'  This  made  some 
stir  in  the  scientific  world,  and  encouraged 
the  writer  to  produce  a  more  ambitious '  Essay 
on  the  different  Modes  of  Communication  by 
Signals '  in  1797.  This  contained  a  number 
of  elaborate  and  ingenious  illustrative  plates. 
The  book  gave  a  concise  history  of  the  pro- 
gressive movements  in  the  art  of  communi- 
cation from  the  first  beacon  light  to  the 
telegraphy  of  the  writer's  day,  with  many 
valuable  suggestions.  Gamble,  who  was 
much  esteemed  in  scientific  circles,  civil  as 
well  as  military,  died  at  Knightsbridge  on 
27  July  1811.  He  held  the  rectory  of  Al- 
phamstone,  and  also  that  of  Bradwell-juxta- 
mare,  Essex.  The  latter  was  a  most  valuable 
living. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1811,  ii.  193;  Sabine's  Hist,  and 
Progress  of  the  Electric  Telegraph.]  J.  B-Y. 

GAMBOLD,  JOHN  (1711-1771),  bishop 
of  the  Unitas  Fratrum,  was  born  on  10  April 
1711  at  Puncheston,  Pembrokeshire.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  from  his  father, 
William  Gambold,  a  clergyman,  and  in  1726 
entered  as  a  servitor  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
His  taste  was  for  poetry  and  the  drama,  but 
his  father's  death  in  1728  preyed  upon  his 
spirits,  and  for  a  couple  of  years  he  abandoned 
himself  to  religious  melancholy.  In  March 
1730  he  introduced  himself  to  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Charles  Wesley,  his  junior  by  two 
years,  who  had  entered  at  Christ  Church  in 
the  same  year.  Charles  brought  him  under 
the  influence  of  John  Wesley,  who  admitted 
him  to  the  society  of  the  Oxford  methodists, 
the  '  Holy  Club,'  as  it  was  called.  Gambold's 
account  (written  in  1736)  of  the  customs  and 
pursuits  of  this  society  is  of  considerable  his- 
torical value.  He  was  much  indebted  to  Wes- 
ley, but  was '  slow  in  coming  into  his  measures,' 
his  turn  being  towards  quietism  rather  than 
evangelistic  activity.  He  shut  himself  up  to 
the  study  of  the  earlier  Greek  fathers,  and 
was  captivated  by  their  mysticism. 

In  September  1733  he  was  ordained  by 
John  Potter,  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  in  1735 
was  instituted  to  the  vicarage  of  Stanton- 
Harcourt,  Oxfordshire.  Here  his  sister  kept 
house  for  him,  and  for  about  two  years 
(1736-8)  Keziah  Wesley  (youngest  surviving 
sister  of  his  friend)  was  a  member  of  his 
household.  Gambold  attended  to  the  duties 
of  his  small  parish,  but  spent  much  time  in 
retirement.  He  was  working  his  way  out  of 
mysticism ;  John  Wesley,  on  his  return  from 
Georgia  (February  1738),  found  him  '  con- 
vinced that  St.  Paul  was  a  better  writer  than 
either  Tauler  or  Jacob  Behmen.'  Wesley  in- 
troduced him  to  the  Moravian  missionary, 
Peter  Boehler,  who  gave  addresses  at  Oxford 


in  Latin,  Gambold  acting  as  interpreter. 
Next  year  he  met  Count  Zinzendorf,  and  was 
much  impressed  by  him ;  at  a  later  date  he 
was  the  interpreter  of  Zinzendorf  s  German 
addresses.  His  religious  musings  found  ex- 
pression in  a  dramatic  piece,  the  most  im- 
portant of  his  poems,  written  in  1740.  In 
December  of  that  year  he  had  a  visit  from  his 
younger  brother,  who  gave  him  an  account 
of  the  London  Moravians ;  he  was  attracted 
by  the  homely  warmth  of  their  fellowship. 
Accompanying  his  brother  to  London  (1741) 
he  came  under  the  influence  of  Philip  Henry 
Molther.  On  2  July  1741  he  broke  with 
Wesley.  He  preached  before  the  university 
of  Oxford  on  27  Dec.  1741  a  sermon  of  rather 
high  church  tinge.  In  October  1742  he  re- 
signed his  living,  having  been  for  some  little 
time  with  the  Moravians  in  London.  He 
was  admitted  a  member  of  their  society  in 
November,  while  teacher  in  a  boarding-school 
at  Broadoaks,  Essex.  On  14  May  1743  he 
married  Elizabeth,  (b.  7  Dec.  1719,  d.  13  Nov. 
1803),  daughter  of  Joseph  Walker  of  Little- 
town,  Yorkshire,  and  went  to  live  in  Wales, 
keeping  a  school  at  Haverfordwest,  Pem- 
brokeshire. 

In  November  1744  Gambold  returned  to 
London  and  became  a  stated  preacher  at 
Fetter  Lane.  In  December  1745  Wesley 
found  him  unwilling  to  renew  their  former 
intercourse;  they  met  again  in  1763,  but 
Gambold  was  still  shy,  yet  Wesley  spoke  of 
him  to  the  last  (1770)  as  one  of  the  most 
'  sensible  men  in  England.'  Gambold  took 
part,  in  March  1747,  in  a  synod  of  the  brethren 
at  Herrnhaag  in  the  Rhine  provinces.  In 
1749  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Zinzendorf,  pro- 
posing the  formation  of  an '  Anglican  tropus,' 
a  plan  for  the  admission,  as  Moravian  brethren, 
of  persons  who  should  still  remain  members 
of  the  church  of  England.  Gambold  was 
willing  to  concede  that  an  Anglican  prelate 
should  exercise  some  supervision  in  Moravian 
affairs,  and  assist  at  their  ordinations ;  also 
that  the  common  prayer-book  should  be 
adopted  in  their  assemblies.  The  latter  pro- 
vision was  not  carried  out ;  but,  at  a  synod 
in  London  in  September  1749,  Wilson,  the 
aged  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  was  chosen 
'  antistes  '  of  the  '  reformed  tropus '  (with 
",  liberty  to  employ  his  son  as  substitute),  and 
accepted  the  office. 

In  1753  the  Moravian  community  was 
weakened  by  the  secession  of  Benjamin 
Ingham  [q.  v.]  and  his  following.  Gambold 
exerted  himself  to  repair  the  loss.  At  a  synod 
held  at  Lindsey  House,  Chelsea,  he  was  con- 
secrated a '  chorepiscopus  '  in  November  1754 
by  Bishops  Johannes  de  Watteville,  John 
Nitschmann,  and  David  Nitschmann  the 


Gambold 


397 


Gameline 


younger.  Till  1768  his  home  was  in  London,  ! 
but  his  duties  often  took  him  on  his  travels. 
He  had  much  to  do  with  the  reorganisation 
of  Moravianism  at  the  synod  of  Marienborn 
in  July  and  August  1764,  four  years  after 
Zinzendorf  s  death.  In  1765  he  founded  the 
community  at  Cootehill,  co.  Cavan.  His 
health  failed  in  1768,  owing  to  a  '  dropsical 
asthma,'  and  he  retired  in  the  autumn  to 
Haverfordwest.  There  he  continued  his  mi- 
nistrations until  five  days  before  his  death, 
which  occurred  on  13  Sept.  1771.  He  left  a 
son  and  daughter.  His  portrait  was  painted 
by  Abraham  Louis  Brandt,  a  Moravian  mini- 
ster; from  this  there  is  a  fine  mezzotint  (1771) 
by  Spilsbury,  a  reduced  and  inferior  copy 
drawn  by  Hibbart  (1789),  and  a  small  en- 
graving by  Topham  (1816).  His  contempo- 
raries were  struck  by  his  likeness  '  in  person 
and  in  mien'  to  Dr.  Johnson  (Gentleman's 
Magazine,  1784,  p.  353). 

Gambold  never  had  an  enemy,  but  he  made 
few  friends.  The  hesitations  of  his  career  are 
in  part  to  be  explained  by  the  underlying 
scepticism  of  his  intellectual  temperament, 
from  which  he  found  refuge  in  an  anxious 
and  reclusive  piety.  This  appears  in  his 
poems,  e.g. '  The  Mystery  of  Life,'  his  epitaph 
for  himself,  in  which  occurs  the  line,  '  He 
suffered  human  life — and  died,'  and  still  more 
in  his  letters.  His  very  remarkable  '  Letter 
to  a  Studious  Young  Lady,'  1737,  contains 
a  curious  argument  to  show  that  any  absorb- 
ing pursuits  will  elevate  the  mind  equally 
well.  In  an  unpublished  letter  (15  April 
1740)  to  Wesley  he  writes :  '  I  hang  upon  the 
Gospel  by  a  mere  thread,  this  small  unac- 
countable inclination  towards  Christ.'  He 
draws  his  own  picture  in  the  character  of 
Claudius,  the  Roman  soldier  of  his  drama. 
His  verse  is  often  striking,  and  never  con- 
ventional ;  many  of  his  hymns  have  become 
widely  known. 

He  published  :  1.  '  Christianity,  Tidings  of 
Joy,'  &c.,  Oxford  [1741],  8vo  (university  ser- 
mon). 2.  ''HKaii>r)8iadr]Kr],' &C.,  Oxford,  1742, 
12mo  (Mill's  text,  Bengel's  divisions ;  Gam- 
bold's  name  does  not  appear).  3.  '  Maxims 
...  of  Count  Zinzendorf,'  &c.,  1751,  8vo. 
4.  '  A  Modest  Plea,'  &c.,  1754,  8vo.  5.  '  A 
Collection  of  Hymns,'  &c.,  1754, 8vo,  2  vols. 
(to  this  collection,  edited  by  Gambold,  he  con- 
tributed eleven  translations  and  twenty-eight 
original  hymns;  he  had  previously  contri- 
buted to  collections  of  Moravian  hymns, 
printed  in  1748,  1749,  and  1752 ;  a  hymn- 
book  for  children  is  said  to  have  been  printed 
by  his  own  hand  at  Lindsey  House).  6.  '  The 
Reasonableness  and  Extent  of  Religious  Re- 
verence,'&c.,  1756,  8vo.  7.  'A Short  Sum- 
mary of  Christian  Doctrine,'  &c.,  1765, 12mo ; 


2nd  edit.  1767,  12mo  (catechism,  in  which 
the  answers  are  entirely  in  the  language  of 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer).  Posthumous 
was  8.  '  The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Ignatius,'  &c., 
1773, 8vo  (written  1740  ;  edited  by  Benjamin 
La  Trobe).  He  assisted  in  editing  the  '  Acta 
Fratrum  Unitatis  in  Anglia,'  &c.,  1749,  8vo; 
edited  an  edition  of  Lord  Bacon's  '  Works/ 
1765,  4to,  5  vols. ;  revised  the  translation  of 
Cranz's  'History  of  Greenland,'  1767,  8vo, 
2  vols.,  and  contributed  prefaces,  &c.,to  many- 
Moravian  publications  from  1752  onward. 
He  is  said  to  have  translated  Rees  Pritchard's- 
'  Divine  Poems '  from  Welsh  into  English. 
His  works  were  first  published  at  Bath  in 
1789,  8vo,  with  anonymous  'Life'  by  La 
Trobe.  Thomas  Erskine  of  Linlathen  (1788- 
1870)  [q.  v.]  re-edited  them,  Glasgow,  1822r 
12mo;  2nd  edit.  1823,  12mo.  His  '  Poetical 
Works '  (not  including  the  hymns)  were  pub- 
lished in  1816,  12mo  (preface  dated  'Dar- 
lington, 17  April'). 

[Life  by  La  Trobe,  ]  789  ;  Cranz's  Hist,  of  the 
Brethren  (trans,  by  La  Trobe),  1780;  Nichols's 
Anecdotes  of  W.  Bowyer,  1782 ;  Klinesmith's 
Hist.  Records  relative  to  the  Moravian  Church, 
1831;  Tyerman's  Oxford  Methodists,  1873; 
Gambold's  Works  ;  his  manuscript  letters  among 
the  large  collection  of  unpublished  documents- 
formerly  in  the  hands  of  Henry  Moore,  one  of 
John  Wesley's  literary  executors,  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  J.  J.  Colman,  esq.,  M.P. ;  information 
from  Rev.  S.  Kershaw.]  A.  G. 

GAMELINE  (d.  1271),  lord-chancellor 
of  Scotland  and  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  was 
one  of  the  '  Clerici  Regis  Alexandri  II '  and! 
archdeacon  of  St.  Andrews.  He  was  made 
lord-chancellor  in  1250,  and  in  1254  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  chaplains  of  Pope  Inno- 
cent IV.  In  December  1255  he  was  elected 
to  the  see  of  St.  Andrews  by  the  prior  and" 
the  convent  of  St.  Andrews,  the  Culdees  hav- 
ing been  excluded  from  voting  in  the  elec- 
tion. The  appointment  was  confirmed  by 
the  king  and  council.  He  was  consecrated 
the  same  year  upon  a  warrant  from  the  pope 
to  Bishop  Bondington  of  Glasgow.  Pope 
Alexander  IV  commanded  Gameline,  Decem- 
ber 1259,  to  prohibit  King  Alexander  III 
from  seizing  the  property  of  the  church.  This 
command  was  repeated  by  the  same  pope  four 
years  after,  dated  and  sent  to  Gameline  from 
Avignon.  The  bishop  got  into  disfavour  at 
court,  and  was  banished  from  Scotland.  He 
went  to  Rome  to  lay  his  case  before  the  poper 
who  decided  in  his  favour,  excommunicated 
his  adversaries,  and  ordered  the  sentence  to> 
be  proclaimed  throughout  Scotland.  A  com- 
plaint was  made  by  the  pope  to  the  king  of 
England  against  the  king  of  Scotland  for 
encroaching  upon  the  rights  of  the  church 


Gamgee 


398 


Gamgee 


and  churchmen.  Henry  III  of  England  or- 
dered the  baillies  of  the  Cinque  Ports  to 
arrest  Gameline  should  he  enter  England, 
saying  :  '  Whereas  Master  Gameline,  Bishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  has  obtained,  not  without 
great  scandal,  certain  requests  at  the  court 
of  Rome  to  the  prejudice  of  our  beloved  and 
faithful  son,  Alexander,  king  of  Scotland, 
who  is  married  to  our  daughter,  on  which 
account  we  are  unwilling  to  allow  him  to 
enter  our  dominions.  .  .  .  Given  at  Windsor 
January  1258.'  Gameline  baptised  in  1263 
the  son  of  Alexander  III,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  twenty.  He  himself  died  in  1271, 
and  was  buried  at  the  north  side  of  the  high 
altar  of  his  cathedral. 

[Chronicle  of  Melrose,  Keith,  Fordun.Wyn  ton, 
Kymer  ;  Gordon's  Eccles.  Chronicle,  i.  162-9.] 

.T.  G.  F. 

GAMGEE,  JOSEPH  SAMPSON  (1828- 
1886),  surgeon,  eldest  son  of  Joseph  Gamgee, 
veterinary  surgeon,  now  of  Edinburgh,  was 
born  on  17  April  1828  at  Leghorn,  where 
his  father  was  then  residing.  In  1829  the 
family  removed  to  Florence,  where  young 
Gamgee  was  educated  first  at  a  private  school, 
and  afterwards  at  the  public  school.  In  1847 
he  went  to  London,  and  entered  as  a  student 
at  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  his  father 
desiring  him  to  follow  his  own  profession. 
An  introduction  to  Moncreiff  Arnott,  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  at  University  College,  who 
gave  him  admission  to  his  classes,  followed 
by  admission  in  1848-9  to  Professor  Sharpey's 
and  Dr.  C.  J.  B.  Williams's  lectures,  led  the 
latter,  who  was  pleased  with  his  work,  to 
suggest  his  joining  the  medical  profession. 
This  he  did,  first  obtaining  a  veterinary  di- 
ploma. In  the  University  College  medical 
school  Gamgee  was  a  most  successful  student, 
gaining  several  gold  medals,  and  the  Liston 
prize  for  surgery  in  1853.  In  1854  he  became 
M.R.C.S.  Engl.,  and  early  in  1855  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  the  British  Italian  Legion 
and  had  charge  of  the  hospital  at  Malta 
during  the  Crimean  war. 

In  1857  Gamgee  was  appointed  surgeon  to 
the  Queen's  Hospital,  Birmingham,  and  his 
services  to  the  hospital  and  the  medical  school 
connected  with  it  were  of  the  highest  value 
for  many  years.  The  structural  arrangements 
of  the  hospital  were  largely  improved  and  its 
funds  benefited  by  his  exertions.  In  1873 
he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  starting  the 
*  Hospital  Saturday'  collections  in  Birming- 
ham, especially  in  factories  and  workshops, 
and  his  services  were  recognised  by  a  pre- 
sentation of  four  hundred  guineas  and  an 
address  by  residents  of  Birmingham.  This 
was  but  a  sample  of  his  services  in  matters 


of  public  health  and  medical  reform.  He  was 
at  various  times  president  of  the  Birmingham 
and  Midland  branch  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  and  of  the  Birmingham  Medical 
Institute.  He  was  strongly  opposed  to  in- 
discriminate hospital  relief,  and  advocated 
thorough  reorganisation  of  hospital  out-pa- 
tient departments.  He  vigorously  supported 
the  claims  of  the  members  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  to  direct  representation  on 
its  council,  and  of  the  members  of  the  pro- 
fession to  direct  representation  on  the  general 
medical  council.  During  the  Franco-German 
war  (1870-1)  he  was  secretary  of  the  Bir- 
mingham Society  for  Aid  to  the  Wounded, 
and  turned  his  surgery  into  an  ambulance 
depot.  In  1881,  after  a  severe  attack  of 
hsematuria,  he  retired  from  active  hospital 
work,  and  was  appointed  consulting  surgeon ; 
but  he  continued  to  carry  on  a  considerable 
practice.  About  the  end  of  September  1886, 
while  staying  at  Dartmouth,  he  slipped  and 
fell,  fracturing  the  neck  of  the  femur.  Later 
this  injury  was  followed  by  ursemic  poison- 
ing, of  which  he  died  on  18  Sept.,  in  his 
fifty-ninth  year.  He  married  in  1860  Miss 
Marion  Parker,  by  whom  he  had  seven  chil- 
dren, of  whom  two  sons  and  two  daughters 
survived  him.  Mrs.  Gamgee  wrote  all  his 
works  from  his  dictation,  and  materially 
aided  in  his  literary  work. 

Gamgee  was  a  surgeon  of  great  practical  skill 
and  marked  individuality.  He  was  a  stre- 
nuous advocate  of  the  treatment  of  wounds 
by  dry  and  infrequent  dressing,  and  by  rest 
and  immobility,  and  he  was  an  opponent  of 
the  extremes  of  Listerism.  In  1853,  at  Flo- 
rence, he  had  met  the  eminent  Belgian  sur- 
geon, Baron  Sentin,  who  had  introduced  the 
treatment  of  fractures  by  starched  apparatus 
and  bandages,  and  this  treatment  was  the 
subject  of  his  Liston  prize  essay  and  of  his 
lifelong  teaching.  Several  of  his  surgical  ap- 
pliances were  largely  adopted,  especially  by 
the  army  medical  department,  and  his  cotton 
wool  absorbent  pads,  gauze  tissue,  and  his 
millboard  and  paper  splints  are  very  widely 
used.  The  use  of  cotton  wool  was  first  sug- 
gested to  him  by  reading  Mathias  Mayor's 
'La  Chirurgie  Simplifiee,'  Brussels,  1842; 
but  its  improved  manufacture  in  an  antiseptic 
condition  was  largely  due  to  his  suggestions. 
He  was  a  brilliant  operator,  an  excellent 
teacher,  and  a  thoughtful  and  acute  surgical 
attendant.  His  command  of  several  conti- 
nental languages  gave  him  an  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  continental  medical  men 
and  literature.  For  many  years  he  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  the  '  Lancet.'  A 
dramatic,  fluent,  and  enthusiastic  speaker,  he 
had  great  influence  on  general  and  profes- 


Gammage 


399 


Gamon 


sional  audiences.  A  conservative  and  church- 
man, he  was  tolerant  and  liberal-minded,  and 
•was  much  valued  as  a  friend.  He  was  most 
helpful  to  younger  practitioners,  and  a  great 
benefactor  to  the  poor. 

Gamgee  wrote,  besides  several  pamphlets : 
1.  '  On  the  Advantages  of  the  Starched  Ap- 
paratus in  the  Treatment  of  Fractures  and 
Diseases  of  the  Joints,' 1853.  2.  'Reflections 
on  Petit's  Operation,  and  on  Purgatives  after 
Herniotomy,'  1855.  3.  '  Researches  in  Pa- 
thological Anatomy  and  Clinical  Surgery,' 
1856.  4. '  Medical  Reform,  a  Social  Question,' 
two  letters  to  Viscount  Palmerston,  1857. 
5.  '  History  of  a  successful  case  of  Amputa- 
tion at  the  Hip  Joint,'  1865.  6.  '  Hospital 
Reform,'  a  speech,  1868.  7.  'Medical  Re- 
form,' 1870.  8.  'Lecture  on  Ovariotomy,' 
1871.  9.  '  On  the  Treatment  of  Fractures  of 
the  Limbs,'  1871.  10.  '  On  the  Treatment  of 
Wounds;  Clinical  Lectures,' 1878.  A  second 
edition  of  his  works  on  fractures  and  wounds, 
consolidated  and  improved,  appeared  in  1883, 
entitled  '  On  the  Treatment  of  Wounds  and 
Fractures.'  11.  'On  Absorbent  and  Anti- 
septic Surgical  Dressings,'  1880.  12.  '  The 
Influence  of  Vivisection  on  Human  Surgerv,' 
1882. 

[Birmingham  Daily  Gazette  and  Daily  Post, 
20  and  23  Sept.  1886;  Lancet,  25  Sept.  1886, 
pp.590,  607,  2  Oct.  1886,  p.  658;  Brit.  Medical 
Journal,  25  Sept.  1886;  information  'from  Mr. 
Joseph  Gamgee  and  Mrs.  J.  S.  Gamgee.] 

G.  T.  B. 

GAMMAGE,  ROBERT  G (d.  1888), 

chartist  leader  and  historian,  a  native  of 
Northampton,  was  apprenticed 'to  a  coach- 
builder,  and  began  his  political  career  at  the 
early  age  of  seventeen,  when  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Working  Men's  Association. 
He  was  a  deputy  to  the  national  convention 
of  1838,  convened  to  discuss  the  revolutionary 
programme,  and  in  1842  devoted  himself  to 
the  work  of  lecturing  on  behalf  of  chartist 
principles  in  order  to  revive  the  spirit  of  the 
country.  After  two  years  of  this  work  he 
settled  at  Northampton,  and  became  chartist 
secretary  for  the  district.  In  this  capacity 
he  was  brought  into  frequent  contact  with 
Feargus  O'Connor,  whom  he  opposed.  At 
this  time  he  was  by  trade  a  shoemaker.  In 
1848,  losing  his  employment  at  Northamp- 
ton on  account  of  his  political  propagandism, 
he  removed  to  Birmingham.  In  1852  he  was 
the  '  nominated '  chartist  parliamentary  can- 
didate at  Cheltenham,  but  did  not  go  to  the 
poll.  In  1853  he  was  elected  into  the  paid 
executive  of  the  National  Charter  Associa- 
tion, but  next  year  failed  to  secure  re-elec- 
tion. In  1854  he  published  his  '  History  of 
the  Chartist  Movement/  a  work  of  no  ability, 


but  moderate  in  tone  and  of  considerable 
interest.  After  some  years  of  study  he  quali- 
fied as  a  medical  man,  in  which  capacity  he 
practised,  first  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Heath  of 
Newcastle,  and  then  alone  at  Sunderland. 
He  died  at  Northampton  7  Jan.  1888. 

[Gammage's  Hist,  of  the  Chartist  Movement  • 
Place  MSS. ;  Newcastle  Weekly  Chronicle,  1 4  Jan. 
1888  ;  private  information.]  E.  C.  K.  G. 

GAMMON,  JAMES  (fl.  1660-1670),  en- 
graver, is  known  by  a  few  works,  which, 
though  they  possess  little  merit  as  engrav- 
ings, are  valued  for  their  rarity.  They  are 
for  the  most  part  poor  copies  of  better  known 
engravings.  Gammon  resided  in  London, 
and  was  employed  by  the  booksellers.  Among 
his  engravings  were  portraits  of  James  I, 
Charles  I,  Charles  II,  Catherine  of  Braganza, 
James,  duke  of  York,  Henry,  duke  of  Glouces- 
ter, Mary,  princess  of  Orange,  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Monmouth,  Richard  Cromwell, 
George  Monck,  Duke  of  Albemarle  (a  copy 
from  Loggan's  print),  Sir  Tobias  Mathew 
(prefixed  to  his  'Letters,'  1660),  Edward 
Mascall  the  painter,  and  others.  A  portrait 
of  Ann,  duchess  of  Albemarle,  was  engraved 
by  a  Richard  Gammon '  against  Exeter  House 
in  ye  Strand,'  probably  a  relative  of  James. 

[Strutt's  Diet,  of  Engravers;  Dodd's  MS. 
History  of  Engravers  (Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS. 
33401) ;  Catalogue  of  the  Sutherland  Collection  ; 
Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  Dalla-way 
and  Wornum.]  L.  C. 

GAMON  or  GAMMON,  HANNIBAL 

(fl.  1642),  puritan  divine,  descended  from 
a  family  originally  resident  at  Padstow  in 
Cornwall,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Hannibal 
Gamon,  who  married  Frances  Galis  of  Wind- 
sor, and  settled  as  a  goldsmith  in  London. 
He  matriculated  from  Broadgates  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, on  12  Oct.  1599,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, when  he  was  described  as  the  son  of  a 
gentleman,  and  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.  A. 
on  12  May  1603  and  M.A.  on  27  Feb.  1607. 
He  was  instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Mawgan- 
in-Pyder,  on  the  north  coast  of  Cornwall,  on 
11  Feb.  1619,  on  presentation  of  Elizabeth 
Peter,  the  patroness  for  that  turn  on  the  as- 
signment of  Sir  John  Arundel,  knight,  the 
owner  of  the  advowson.  He  was  also  nomi- 
nated a  chaplain  to  the  first  Lord  Robartes, 
whom  he  aided  in  collecting  the  quaint  li- 
brary, mainly  of  divinity  and  philosophy, 
still  preserved  at  Lanhydrock,  near  Bodmin. 
Many  of  the  books  have  Gamon's  autograph 
on  the  title.  The  collection  includes  several 
manuscript  volumes  in  his  handwriting,  con- 
taining theological  and  medical  notes  and 
prescriptions.  A  letter  at  Lanhydrock  from 


Gandell 


400 


Gandolphy 


[Burgon's  Lives  of  Twelve  Good  Men,  vol.  i 
preface.]  D.  S.  M. 

GANDOLPHY,  PETER   (1779-1821), 


J.  Beauford  of  St.  Columb  Major,  written  in  ;  niah  to  the  '  Speaker's  Commentary.'     He 
1645,  makes  mention  of  his  sons,  Hannibal  I  died  in  October  1887. 
and  Philip,  and  of  his  daughters.     His  mi- 
nistry, says  Wood,  was  '  much  frequented  by 
the  puritanical  party  for  his  edifying  and 

practical  way  of  preaching.'     On  20  April ,  .    x /7 

1642  he  was  designated,  with  Gaspar  Hickes  Jesuit,  born  in  London  on  26  July  1779, 
of  Landrake,  as  the  representative  of  Corn-  j  was  son  of  John  Vincent  Gandolphi  or  Gan- 
wall  in  the  Westminster  Assembly  of  divines,  dolphy  of  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  by  Anna  Maria, 
Gamon  does  not  seem  to  have  taken  his  place  daughter  of  Benedict  Hinde  of  Worlaby,. 
in  the  assembly,  possibly  on  account  of  the  Lincolnshire.  He  was  educated  under  the 
remoteness  of  his  residence,  and  his  absence  Jesuits  of  the  English  province,  partly  at 
from  its  proceedings  appears  to  have  given  Liege  academy  and  partly  at  Stonyhurst  Col- 
offence.  Walker,  in  his  '  Sufferings  of  the  j  lege,  where  on  4  Oct.  1801  he  was  appointed 
Clergy '  (ii.  249),  professes  to  have  been  in-  j  to  teach  humanities.  He  left  Stonyhurst  in 
formed  that  Gamon  was'  so  miserably  harass'd 
that  it  broke  his  heart.'  There  is  a  gap  in  the 
parish  registers  from  1646  to  1660,  and  the 
date  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  signed  the 
herald's  visitation  of  Cornwall  in  1620,  and  is 
stated  therein  to  have  married  Eliza,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  James  Rilston  of  St.  Breock.  His 
son  and  heir,  also  called  Hannibal,  was  then 
'  three  quarters  old,'  and  matriculated  from 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  on  9  March  1638. 
Gamon  was  the  author  of  a  funeral  sermon 


1804,  and  after  receiving  holy  orders  was 
appointed  to  the  mission  at  Newport,  Isle  of 
Wight.  Subsequently  he  was  attached  to 
the  Spanish  Chapel,  Manchester  Square,  Lon- 
don, where  he  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a 
preacher.  By  the  publication  of  his  '  Li- 
turgy '  and  his  sermons  '  in  defence  of  the 
ancient  faith '  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
his  ecclesiastical  superior,  Bishop  Poynter, 
who  suspended  him  and  denounced  his  works. 
Gandolphy  proceeded  to  Rome  in  order  to 
appeal  against  the  bishop's  decision.  There 
he  obtained  in  1816  official  approbations  of 
the  two  censured  works  from  Stephen  Peter 


upon '  Ladie  Frances  Roberts '  (London,! 627), 
and  two  assize  sermons  at  Launceston  in  1621 
(London,  1622) and  1628 (London,  1629).  A 

long  letter  from  Degory  Wheare  to  him,  dated  ,  Damiani,  master  of  sacred  theology  and  apo- 

April  1626,  is  in  Wheare's  '  Epistolse  Eucha-  stolic  penitentiary  at  St.  Peter's,  and  from 

ristica?,'  1628  (pp.  85-93),  and  a  short  epistle  Francis  Joseph  O'Finan,  prior  of  the  Domi- 

is    printed  in  Wheare's    '  Charisteria '   (p.  nican  convent  of  St.  Sixtus  and  St.  Clement. 

133),  both  of  which  works  are  included  in  The  Sacred    Congregation   of  Propaganda, 

Wheare's  volume  with  the  general  title  of  wishing  to  terminate  the  controversy,  by  let- 


'  Pietas,  erga  benefactores.' 


ters  dated  1  March  1817,  required  that  Gan- 


[Wood's  Athene  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  103-4;    dolphy  should  be  restored  to  the  possession 


Fasti,  pt.  i.  pp.  299,  306 ;  Commons'  Journals, 
ii.  535;  Visit,  of  Cornwall  (Harl.  Soc.),  ix.  74, 
77 ;  Boase  and  Courtney's  Bibl.  Cornub.  vols.  i. 
and  iii. ;  Arber's  Stationers'  Registers,  iv.  64, 
170,  212  ;  Edwards's  Libraries,  ii.  154 ;  Hether- 


of  his  former  missionary  faculties  on  apolo- 
gising to  Bishop  Poynter  for  whatever  might 
have  been  disrespectfully  stated  by  him  in 
an  address  to  the  public  hastily  printed  some 
months  previously,  and  of  which  the  bishop 


ington's  Westm.  Assembly,  ed.  1878,  p.  104 ;  Dio-    had  complained  to  the  holv  see.     Gandolphy 
cesan  Registers  at  Exeter.]  W.  P.  C.      |  accordingly  drew  up  and  subscribed  an  apc- 

GANDELL,  ROBERT  (1818-1887),pro-  j  logy  on  15  April  (Orthodox  Journal,  v.  172). 
fessor  of  Arabic  at  Oxford,  youngest  son  of  j  In  a  pastoral  letter  dated  24  April  the  bishop 
Thomas  Gandell,  was  born  in  London  in  181 8,  !  declared  the  apology  to  be  insufficient.  On 
and  educated  at  the  Mill  Hill  school  and  |  8  July  Gandolphy  made  a  full  and  uncon- 
King's  College,  London.  He  graduated  in  I  ditional  apology  in  obedience  to  the  bishop's 
1843  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  j  demands. 

was  Michel  fellow  from  1845  to  1850.     In        From  this  humiliation  he  never  recovered. 
1861  he  was  appointed  Laudian  professor  of  ,'  In  1818  he  resigned  his  chaplaincy  at  Spanish 


Arabic,  in  1874  prebendary  of  Ashill  in 
Wells  Cathedral,  and  in  1880  canon  of 
Wells  Cathedral.  He  lectured  on  Hebrew 
for  Dr.  Pusey  for  many  years.  In  1859  he 
edited  for  the  Oxford  University  Press  a  re- 
print of  Lightfoot's '  Horae  Hebraicse '  with 
great  care  and  accuracy.  He  further  contri- 
buted a  commentary  (on  conservative  lines) 
upon  the  books  of  Amos,  Xahum,  and  Zepha- 


Place,  and  retiring  to  the  residence  of  hi* 
relatives  at  East  Sheen,  died  there  on  9  July 
1821. 

Dr.  Oliver  says  that  Gandolphy  'wrote 
too  rapidly  not  to  err  against  theological  pre- 
cision,' but  Bishop  Milner  remarks  that  there 
was  '  no  heterodox  or  dangerous  principle  in 
his  mind.' 

His  works  are :  1.  '  A  Defence  of  the  An- 


Gandon 


401 


Gandon 


cient  Faith ;  or  five  sermons  in  Proof  of 
the  Christian  Religion,'  London,  1811,  8vo. 
2.  '  Congratulatory  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Her- 
bert Marsh,  D.D.  ...  on  his  judicious  In- 
quiry into  the  consequences  of  neglecting 
to  give  the  Prayer-Book  with  the  Bible. 
Together  with  a  Sermon  on  the  inadequacy 
of  the  Bible  to  be  an  exclusive  Rule  of  Faith, 
inscribed  to  the  same/  London,  1812,  8vo, 
reprinted  in  'The  Pamphleteer'  (1813),  i.413. 
This  elicited  a  reply  from  Marsh,  and  several 
controversial  pamphlets.  3.  'A  Second  Letter 
to  the  Rev.  Herbert  Marsh  confirming  the 
opinion  that  the  vital  principle  of  the  Refor- 
mation has  been  conceded  by  him  to  the 
Church  of  Rome,'  London,  1813,  8vo,  re- 
printed in  'The  Pamphleteer,'  ii.  397.  4.  'Li- 
turgy, or  a  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  ad- 
ministration of  Sacraments,  with  other  Rites 
and  Ceremonies  of  the  Church.  For  the  use  of 
all  Christians  in  the  United  Kingdom,'  Lon- 
don, 1812,  12mo  ;  Birmingham,  1815, 12mo. 
5.  A  sermon  on  the  text '  Render  to  Csesar  the 
things  which  are  Caesar's,'  &c.,  London,  1813, 
Svo.  6.  'A  Defence  of  the  Ancient  Faith,  or 
a  full  Exposition  of  the  Christian  Religion 
in  a  series  of  controversial  sermons,'  4  vols., 
London,  1813-15,  Svo.  7.  '  Letters  addressed 
to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  the 
Protestant  Clergy  of  England  ...  or  a  Re- 
ply to  the  Calumnies  and  Slanders  advanced 
against  the  Catholic  Petitioners,'  London, 
1813  and  1817,  Svo.  8.  '  Vetoism  illustrated 
to  future  generations ;  or  a  letter  to  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Ami  de  la  Religion  et  du  Roi," 
in  answer  to  an  article  in  the  same  journal,' 
London,  1819,  Svo.  9.  'Letter  to  a  noble 
Lord  on  the  conduct  of  Sir  J.  Cox  Hip- 
pisley  at  Rome,' London,  1819,  Svo.  10.  'Les- 
sons of  Morality  and  Piety ;  extracted  from 
the  Sapiential  Books  of  Holy  Scripture,' 
London,  1822,  Svo. 

[Baker's  Hist,  of  St.  John's  (Mayor),  ii.  834- 
841 ;  Biog.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  pp.  125, 
431  ;  Bodleian  Cat. ;  De  Backer's  Bibl.  des  Ecri- 
vains  de  la  Compagnie  de  Jesus  (1869),  i.  2029; 
Foley's  Records,  vii.  286 ;  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixxxiii. 
pt.  ii.  p.  362,  vol.  Ixxxiv.  pt.  i.  p.  470,  vol.  xci. 
pt.  ii.  pp.  185,  200;  Gillow's  Bibl.  Diet.;  London 
and  Dublin  Orthodox  Journal  (1842),  xv.  103  ; 
Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn),  p.  861 ;  Oliver's 
Jesuit  Collections,  p.  98 ;  Orthodox  Journal,  iv. 
317,350,  396,  405,  v.  80,  163,  172,  176,  177, 
203,  205,  232,  269,  378,  vii.  428 ;  Watt's  Bibl. 
Brit.]  T.  C. 

GANDON,  JAMES  (1743-1823),  archi- 
tect, born  in  New  Bond  Street,  London,  on 
29  Feb.  1742-3  at  the  house  of  his  grand- 
father, a  Huguenot  refugee,  was  the  only 
son  of  Peter  Gandon,  by  his  marriage  with 
a  Welsh  lady  named  Wynne.  He  received 

VOL.  xx. 


a  good  classical  and  mathematical  education 
and  developed  an  early  taste  for  drawing. 
His  father  having  nearly  ruined  himself 
by  a  passion  for  alchemy,  Gandon  entered 
Shipley's  drawing  academy  in  St.  Martin's 
Lane.  In  1757  he  was  awarded  a  premium 
by  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  on  the  arrival 
of  Sir  William  Chambers  in  London  he  be- 
came first  a  general  assistant  in  his  office, 
but  afterwards  his  articled  pupil.  About 
1765  he  commenced  business  for  himself, 
contributed  to  the  Spring  Gardens  exhibi- 
tions in  that  and  the  succeeding  years,  and 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Free  Society  of 
Artists.  In  conjunction  with  John  Woolfe, 
architect  to  the  board  of  works,  Gandon 
published  a  continuation  of  Colin  Campbell's 
'  Vitruvius  Britannicus,'  2  vols.  fol.  London, 
1767-71,  which  contains  (ii.  77-80)  his  de- 
sign, obtained  in  competition,  for  the  county 
hall  and  prison  at  Nottingham,  erected  in 
1769-70,  at  a  cost  of  2,500^.  In  1767  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists 
'  a  mausoleum  to  the  memory  of  Handel, 
erected  in  the  demesne  of  Sir  Samuel  Hillier 
in  Staffordshire.'  On  the  foundation  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1768  he  became  a  stu- 
dent, and  won  the  first  gold  medal  awarded 
in  architecture  (1769).  In  1769  he  obtained 
the  third  premium  of  thirty  guineas  for  a 
design  for  the  Royal  Exchange,  now  the  City 
Hall,  Dublin  (erected  by  T.  Cooley)  ;  and 
in  1776  that  of  one  hundred  guineas  for  the 
New  Bethlehem  Hospital,  London  (erected 
by  J.  Lewis).  Between  1774  and  1780  he 
exhibited  drawings  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
After  refusing  a  somewhat  uncertain  offer 
of  court  employment  in  Russia,  he  went  to 
Dublin  in  1781  to  superintend  the  construc- 
tion of  the  new  docks,  stores,  and  custom- 
house, the  plans  of  which  he  had  made  in 
1780  at  the  instance  of  Lord  Carlow  (after- 
wards Lord  Portarlington).  The  building 
was  completed  in  1791.  Gandon  had  to 
struggle  against  the  nature  of  the  ground  and 
the  armed  opposition  of  the  residents  near 
the  old  custom-house.  In  1784  he  designed 
the  united  court-house  and  gaol  for  the 
city  and  county  of  Waterford,  in  1785  the 
east  portico  and  ornamented  circular  screen 
wall  to  the  Parliament  House  in  Dublin 
(since  altered  for  the  bank).  Shortly  after- 
wards the  western  screen  and  the  Foster 
Place  portico  were  added  from  his  designs  of 
1786,  under  the  superintendence  of  a  Mr. 
Parke.  On  3  March  1786  were  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  Four  Courts,  Dublin,  also 
from  his  designs.  Part  had  been  erected  by 
T.  Cooley  in  1776-84.  The  courts  were  first 
used  on  8  Nov.  1796;  in  1798  the  east  wing 
of  the  offices  was  commenced  j  and  in  1802 

IJ  D 


Gandy 


402 


Gandy 


the  screen,  arcade,  and  wings  of  the  offices 
were  also  completed  by  him.  He  was  still 
harassed  by  an  opposition  which  was  car- 
ried into  the  Irish  Parliament.  He  presented 
drawings  for  the  Military  Hospital  in  Phoenix 
Park  (carried  out  under  W.  Gibson) ;  in 
1791-4  erected  Carlisle  Bridge ;  and  onl  Aug. 
1795  laid  the  first  stone  of  the  King's  Inns, 
Henrietta  Street.  In  anticipation  of  the  re- 
bellion he  removed  to  London  in  1797,  but 
returned  in  1799  to  finish  the  Inns  of  Court. 
About  1806  he  defended  himself  in  a  vigor- 
ous letter  against  Lord-chancellor  Redesdale, 
who  had  expressed  dissatisfaction  at  the  pro- 
gress of  the  work.  Resigning  the  control  of 
the  Inns  of  Court  to  his  pupil,  H.  A.  Baker,  he 
retired  in  1808  to  Lucan,  near  Dublin,  where 
he  had  bought,  in  1805,  an  estate  called  Canon  j 
Brook.  The  improvements  which  he  effected  | 
in  planting  are  eulogised  by  contemporary  I 
writers  (cf.  CARLISLE,  Topographical  Diet,  of 
Ireland,  s.v.  '  Canon  Brook').  He  prepared 
plans  for  private  residences  and  further  im- 
provements in  Dublin  architecture.  None 
of  the  latter  were  carried  out.  The  small 
library  at  Charlemont  House,  Dublin,  is 
perhaps  a  work  of  1782 ;  the  excise  office  in 
London,  pulled  down  in  1854,  sometimes 
attributed  to  him,  is  a  work  of  W.  Robinson. 
After  many  years'  torture  from  gout  he  died 
on  24  Dec.  1823,  and  three  days  later  was 
buried  by  his  own  desire  in  the  same  vault 
with  his  friend  Francis  Grose  [q.  v.]  in  the 
private  chapel  of  Drumcondra,  near  Dublin. 
He  was  elected  in  1791  an  original  honorary 
member  of  the  Architects'  Club  in  London, 
and  in  1797  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. He  was  also  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  He 
etched  several  plates  after  landscapes  by 
Richard  Wilson,  R.  A.  His  essays  '  On  the 
Progress  of  Architecture  in  Ireland,'  and 
'  Hints  for  erecting  Testimonials '  are  printed 
in  Thomas  J.  Mulvany's  '  Life  of  James 
Gandon,'  8vo,  Dublin,  1846,  which  was  ar- 
ranged by  his  only  son,  James  Gandon,  and 
gives  his  portrait. 

[Mulvany's  Life  ;  Diet,  of  Architecture  (Arch. 
Publ.  Soc.),  iii.  10-11  ;  Webb's  Compendium  of 
Irish  Biography,  pp.  217,  584  ;  Redgrave's  Diet, 
of  Artists,  1878,  pp.  165-6;  Gent.  Mag.  xciv. 
pt.  i.  464;  Builder,  1847,  v.  1.]  G.  G. 

GANDY,  JAMES  (1619-1689),  portrait- 
painter,  born  in  1619,  was  probably  a  native  of 
Exeter.  He  is  stated  to  have  been  a  pupil 
of  Vandyck,  and  to  have  acquired  to  some 
degree  the  style  of  that  master.  He  has 
even  been  supposed  to  have  assisted  Van- 
dyck by  painting  the  drapery  in  his  pictures. 
In  1661  he  was  taken  to  Ireland  by  his  patron, 
the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  and  remained  there 


until  his  death  in  1689.  He  executed  a 
number  of  copies  of  portraits  by  Vandyck 
for  the  duke's  collection  at  Kilkenny,  some 
of  which  were  sold  at  the  dispersal  of  that 
collection  as  original  works.  His  principal 
portraits  were  done  in  Ireland,  and  remain 
there.  One  of  the  Duke  of  Ormonde  was  in 
the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester.  Gandy 
is  worthy  of  notice  as  one  of  the  earliest  native 
English  painters.  He  was  father  of  William 
Gandy  [q.  v.] 

[Pilkington's  Diet,  of  Painters,  ed.  1805  ; 
Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  Dallaway 
and  Wornum;  Cotton's  Life  of  Eeynolds;  North- 
cote's  Life  of  Reynolds  (Appendix).]  L.  C. 

GANDY,  JOHN  PETER  (1787-1850). 
[See  DEERING.] 

GANDY,  JOSEPH  MICHAEL  (1771- 
1843),  architect,  elder  brother  of  John  Peter 
Gandy-Deering  [see  DEERING],  and  also  of 
Michael  Gandy  [q.  v.],  was  a  pupil  of  James 
Wyatt,  and  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
where  in  1790  he  obtained  the  gold  medal 
for  his  design  for  a  triumphal  arch.  From 
1793-9  he  travelled,  and  in  1794  was  at 
Rome,  where  in  1795  he  received  the  pope's 
medal  in  the  first  class  for  architecture.  He 
first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1789  as  Wyatt's  pupil,  sending  a  '  design  for 
a  casino,'  and  was  from  that  time  a  frequent 
exhibitor  up  to  1838  ;  he  was  elected  an  as- 
sociate in  1803.  In  1811  Gandy  became 
connected  with  Sir  John  Soane  [q.  v.],  and 
executed  numerous  drawings  for  him.  His 
imagination  and  genius,  which  were  of  the 
first  order,  were  now  chiefly  employed  on 
works  for  which  Soane  got  the  chief  credit. 
Certain  drawings  of  great  excellence  exhi- 
bited at  the  Academy  in  Soane's  name  after 
he  had  become  blind  were  no  doubt  the  work 
of  Gandy  alone.  Gandy,  though  an  excellent 
draughtsman,  seems  to  have  been  of  too  odd 
and  impracticable  a  nature  to  insure  prospe- 
rity, and  it  is  said  that  his  life  was  one  of 
poverty  and  disappointment,  ending,  accord- 
ing to  some  accounts,  in  insanity.  He  died  in 
December  1843,  leaving  a  son,  Thomas  Gandy, 
who  practised  portrait-painting.  Gandy  was 
an  excellent  architect  of  the  neo-classical 
school.  Perhaps  his  best  known  work  is 
shown  in  the  Phoenix  and  Pelican  Insurance 
offices  at  Charing  Cross.  He  was  largely 
employed  on  domestic  architecture.  Among 
his  designs  may  be  noted  a  'Design  for  a 
National  Institution  appropriated  to  the  Fine 
Arts,  the  Sciences,  and  Literature  of  our 
Kingdom  ; '  this  was  embellished  with  busts 
and  figures  by  Thomas  Baxter,  and  engraved 
by  John  Le  Keux.  Gandy  published  in 
1805  '  Designs  for  Cottages,  Cottage  Farms, 


Gandy 


403 


Garbet 


and  other  Rural  Buildings,  including  en- 
trance Gates  and  Lodges,'  and  '  The  Rural 
Architect,  consisting  of  various  designs  for 
Country  Buildings,  &c.,  with  ground  plans, 
estimates,  and  descriptions,  &c.'  A  number 
of  his  drawings  remain  in  the  Soane  Museum, 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Some  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  Britton's  'Architectural  Antiquities ' 
are  by  him. 

[Diet,  of  Architecture;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of 
Artists ;  Leslie  and  Taylor's  Life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  ii.  589 ;  Sandby's  Hist,  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  i.  400.]  L.  C. 

GANDY,  MICHAEL  (1778-1862),  archi- 
tect, younger  brother  of  Joseph  Michael 
Gandy  [q.  v.]  and  of  John  Peter  Gandy- 
Deering  [see  DECKING],  was  a  pupil  of  James 
Wyatt,  whose  office  he  left  on  receiving  an 
appointment  in  the  Indian  naval  service. 
He  was  thus  employed  for  some  years,  and 
served  in  India  and  China.  In  1812  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy '  The  Burning 
of  Onrust  and  Kupers  Island,  Batavia,  in 
1800,  drawn  on  the  spot.'  On  his  return  he 
was  employed  for  some  time  in  the  drawing- 
office  of  Mr.  Holl,  civil  architect  to  the 
navy,  afterwards  by  Francis  Goodwin  [q.  v.l, 
and  eventually  by  Sir  Jeffrey  Wyatville  [q.v.J, 
with  whom  he  remained  for  thirty-three  years, 
until  Wyatville's  death  in  1840.  In  1842 
he  published  with  Benjamin  Bond  'Archi- 
tectural Illustrations  of  Windsor  Castle  (text 
by  J.  Britton).'  He  died  in  April  1862. 

[Diet,  of  Architecture ;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of 
Artists.]  L.  C. 

GANDY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1729),  portrait- 
painter,  son  of  James  Gandy  [q.  v.],  was 
probably  born  in  Ireland.  He  was  for  some 
years  an  itinerant  painter  in  Devonshire 
and  the  west  of  England,  went  to  Plymouth 
in  1714,  and  eventually  settled  in  Exeter. 
According  to  Northcote,  whose  grandfather 
and  father  knew  and  befriended  Gandy,  the 
painter  was  a  man  of  most  intractable  dis- 
position, very  resentful,  of  unbounded  pride, 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  both  idle 
and  luxurious ;  he  was  at  all  times  totally 
careless  of  his  reputation  as  a  painter,  though 
he  might  have  been  the  greatest  painter  of  his 
time.  He  liked  people  to  think  that  he  was  a 
natural  son  of  his  father's  patron,  the  Duke 
of  Ormonde,  and  that  he  was  so  much  con- 
cerned in  the  duke's  affairs  that  he  was  not 
able  to  make  a  public  appearance  in  London. 
His  portraits,  though  sometimes  slight  and 
sketchy,  showed  real  genius,  and  have  been 
frequently  admired  by  great  artists.  The 
portrait  of  the  Rev.  Tobias  Langdon  in  the 
college  hall  at  Exeter  excited  the  admiration 
of  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller.  Gandy  may  also 


be  credited  with  having  directed  and  stimu- 
lated the  rising  genius  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds. Reynolds  saw  Gandy's  pictures  early 
in  life,  and  they  made  a  great  impression  on 
his  mind;  he,  like  Northcote,  often  borrowed 
one  of  Gandy's  portraits,  probably  the  Lang- 
don portrait,  to  study.  His  portraits  are 
seldom  found  out  of  the  west  of  England. 
He  painted  Northcote's  grandmother,  the 
Rev.  Nathaniel  Harding  of  Plymouth,  the 
Rev.  John  Gilbert,  vicar  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Plymouth  (engraved  by  Vertue  as  a  fronti- 
spiece to  Gilbert's  '  Sermons  '),  John  Patch, 
surgeon  in  the  Exeter  Hospital,  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Musgrave  (engraved  by  Michael  van 
der  Gucht),  Sir  Edward  Seaward  in  the 
chapel  of  the  poorhouse  at  Exeter,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Elwill,  bart.,  and  others.  From  his 
idleness  and  want  of  ambition  Gandy  fre- 
quently left  his  pictures  to  be  finished  by 
others.  He  died  in  Exeter,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Church  on  14  July  1729. 

[Northcote's  notice  of  Gandy  in  Appendix  to 
Life  of  Reynolds ;  Cotton's  Life  of  Reynolds  ; 
Leslie  and  Taylor's  Life  and  Times  of  Reynolds; 
Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists.]  L.  C. 

GARBET,  SAMUEL  (d.  1751  ?),  topo- 
grapher, born  at  Norton,  in  the  parish  of 
Wroxeter,  Shropshire,  was  educated  at  Don- 
nington  School  and  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  entered  12  June  1700,  and  gra- 
duated B.A.  23  May  1704,  and  M.A.  5  July 
1707.  He  was  ordained  deacon  22  Sept. 
1706,  and  became  curate  of  Great  Nesse.  On 
11  March  1712  he  was  elected  second  mas- 
ter of  the  free  school  at  Wem,  in  Shropshire. 
In  1713  he  also  became  curate  of  Edstaston. 
In  1724  he  was  offered,  but  declined,  the 
headmastership  .of  the  Wem  school.  In 
1742, '  having  [as  he  says]  kept  up  the  credit 
of  the  school  lor  thirty  years,  and  being  in 
easy  circumstances,  he  thought  fit  to  retire,' 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  compilation  of  his 
'  History  of  Wem,  and  the  following  Villages 
and  Townships,'  which  was  published  pos- 
thumously in  1818  (Wem,  8vo).  In  1715 
he  had  published  a  translation  of  Phaedrus, 
bks.  i.  and  ii.  In  1751  he  was  still  curate  of 
Edstaston  (Hist,  of  Wem,  p.  280),  and  his 
death  may  have  taken  place  in  or  after  that 
year. 

He  married  Anna,  daughter  of  John  Ed- 
wards of  Great  Nesse,  by  whom  he  had 
one  son,  Samuel,  who  .graduated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  B.A.  1737,  M.A.  1743,  be- 
came curate  of  Wem  and  afterwards  of  New- 
town,  Shropshire,  and  died  in  1768,  being 
buried  at  Stoulton,  near  Worcester.  Ac- 
cording to  Gough  (Brit.  Topogr.  ii.  389)  the 
younger  Garbet  had  the  principal  hand  in 

DD  2 


Garbett 


404 


Garbett 


drawing  up  Valentine  Green's  '  Survey  of 
the  City  of  Worcester '  (1764),  and  was  '  a 
great  historian,  chronologist,  and  linguist,' 
though  he  published  nothing  in  his  own 
name, 

[Garbet's  History  of  Wem,  especially  pp.  208, 
209  ;  Cat.  Oxford  Grad. ;  Gough's  Brit.  Topogr.; 
Nash's  Worcestershire,  ii.  25.]  W.  W. 

GARBETT,  EDWARD  (181 7-1887),  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Hereford  on  10  Dec.  1817, 
being  the  sixth  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Garbett 
(1775-1857),  custos  and  prebendary  of  the 
cathedral.  His  first  and  only  school  was 
Hereford  College,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  (19  May  1837). 
He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1841,  coming  out  with 
second-class  honours  '  in  litt.  human.,'  and 
M.A.  in  1847.  In  early  years  he  had  wished 
to  be  a  doctor,  but  afterwards  showed  a  de- 
cided preference  for  the  work  of  the  ministry. 
Garbett  was  accordingly  ordained  deacon  by 
the  Bishop  of  Hereford  in  1841  and  licensed 
to  the  curacy  of  Upton  Bishop,  of  which  his 
father  was  then  vicar.  In  the  following  year 
he  removed  to  Birmingham  as  curate  of  St. 
George's,  under  his  cousin,  the  Rev.  John 
Garbett.  At  Birmingham  he  obtained  his  first 
preferment,  the  vicarage  of  St.  Stephen's.  An 
opportunity  of  removing  to  London  was  ac- 
cepted, and  in  1854  Garbett  became  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  Gray's  Inn  Road. 
He  had  already  shown  some  capacity  for  jour- 
nalistic work,  and  was  in  the  same  year  ap- 
pointed to  the  editorship  of  the  '  Record,'  a 
position  he  filled  with  marked  ability  until  his 
resignation  in  1867.  During  this  period  there 
were  few  subjects  of  ecclesiastical  importance 
upon  which  he  did  not  write  with  force  and 
discernment.  He  was  for  some  time  also 
editor  of  the '  Christian  Advocate.'  But  jour- 
nalism did  not  disqualify  him  for  successful 
work  either  in  the  pulpit  or  the  parish.  In 
1860  he  accepted  the  Boyle  lectureship  on 
the  nomination  of  Bishop  Tait,  and  in  1861 
was  appointed  a  select  preacher  at  Oxford. 
In  1863  came  a  removal  to  the  living  of 
Christ  Church,  Surbiton,  and  in  1867  his  ap- 
pointment as  Bampton  lecturer  at  Oxford. 
In  the  same  year  he  resigned  the  editorship 
of  the  '  Record,'  but  continued  for  some  time 
to  write  with  more  or  less  regularity  in  its 
columns.  In  1875  Garbett  was  appointed 
an  honorary  canon  of  Winchester,  and  in 
1877  he  accepted  from  the  lord  chancellor 
the  living  of  Barcombe,  Lewes.  He  had  pre- 
viously declined  invitations  to  succeed  Dr. 
Miller  at  St.  Martin's,  Birmingham,  and  to 
fill  the  fashionable  pulpit  of  St .  Paul's ,  Onslo  w 
Square,  London.  During  the  earlier  gather- 
ings of  the  Church  Congress  Garbett's  aid 


was  often  asked.  He  read  a  paper  at  York  in 
1866,  and  again  at  the  meetings  of  1869, 1870, 
1871, 1872,  1873,  1874,  and  1879.  Garbett's 
health  was  much  broken  by  his  work  at  Bar- 
combe,  and  on  11  Oct.  1886  he  was  stricken 
with  paralysis.  He  never  recovered,  but  the 
end  was  deferred  until  11  Oct.  1887.  In  his 
ecclesiastical  views  Garbett  moved  with  the 
evangelical  party,  whose  cause  he  championed 
with  unfailing  vigour.  A  clever  but  candid 
controversialist,  widely  esteemed  in  his  own 
circle,  he  was  one  of  the  many  men  whose 
friends  have  anticipated  for  them  honours 
they  never  attained. 

His  works  were:  1.  'The  Soul's  Life,' 1852. 
2.  « Sermons  for  Children,'  1854.  3.  '  The 
Bible  and  its  Critics '  (Boyle  Lectures),  1860. 
4.  «  The  Divine  Plan  of  Revelation'  (Boyle 
Lectures),  1863.  5.  '  The  Family  of  God,' 
1863.  6. « God's  Word  Written,'  1864.  7. '  Re- 
ligion in  Daily  Life,'  1865.  8.  '  Dogmatic 
Truth'  (Bampton  Lectures),  1867.  9.  'Ob- 
ligations of  Truth,'  1874. 

[Kecord,  14 and  21  Oct.  1887;  Foster's  Alumni 
Oxon.  ii.  505 ;  information  supplied  by  Mrs.  Gar- 
bett.] A.  E.  B. 

GARBETT,  JAMES  (1802-1879),  arch- 
deacon of  Chichester  and  professor  of  poetry 
at  Oxford,  born  at  Hereford  in  1802,  was 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Garbett  (1775- 
1857),  prebendary  of  Hereford.  He  passed 
from  the  Hereford  Cathedral  School  to  Brase- 
nose College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  elected 
to  a  scholarship,  15  May  1819.  He  obtained 
a  first  class  in  classics  in  1822,  along  with 
Lord  Shaftesbury  and  Sotheron  Estcourt, 
and  bore  through  life  a  high  reputation  as  a 
classical  scholar.  He  proceeded  B.A.  1822 
and  M.A.  1825 ;  was  fellow  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, 1824-5 ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  College, 
1825-36 ;  tutor,  1827 ;  Hulmeian  lecturer  in 
divinity,  1828  ;  junior  dean,  1832  ;  and  Latin 
lecturer,  1834.  The  college  living  of  Clay- 
ton-cum-Keymer,  Sussex,  was  conferred  on 
him  in  1835,  and  he  held  it  till  his  death. 
Garbett  was  a  representative  evangelical,  and 
strongly  opposed  the  tractarian  movement  at 
Oxford.  In  1842  he  was  Bampton  lecturer, 
and  tried  to  show  the  needlessness  of  trac- 
tarian changes.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  professor  of  poetry,  in  opposition  to 
Isaac  Williams,  the  tractarian  candidate.  He 
was  re-elected  professor  in  1847,  and  held  the 
post  till  1852.  Some  of  his  lectures,  all  deli- 
vered in  Latin,  were  published,  and  illustrate 
his  finished  scholarship.  He  is  said  to  have 
declined  the  Ireland  professorship  of  exe- 
gesis in  1847.  He  certainly  refused  a  seat 
on  the  university  commission  in  1853.  He 
explained  in  a  published  letter  to  B.  P.  Sy- 


Garbrand 


405 


Garbrand 


mons,  warden  of  Wadham  (London,  1853), 
that  he  took  the  latter  step,  not  because  he 
was  unfriendly  to  the  commission,  but  be- 
cause he  objected  to  the  mode  of  its  appoint- 
ment. He  became  a  prebendary  of  Chiches- 
ter  in  1843,  and  archdeacon  of  the  diocese,  in 
succession  to  the  present  Cardinal  Manning, 
in  1851.  He  died  at  Brighton  on  26  March 
1879. 

Besides  numerous  sermons,  archidiaconal 
charges,  and  controversial  letters,  issued  sepa- 
rately, Garbett  was  author  of  the  follow- 
ing :  1.  '  An  Essay  on  Warburton's  "  Divine 
Legation,"  a  fellowship  probationary  exer- 
cise,' Hereford,  1828.  2.  '  Christ  as  Prophet, 
Priest,  and  King,  being  a  Vindication  of  the 
Church  of  England  from  Theological  Novel- 
ties,' Garbett's  Bampton  lectures,  1842, 
2  vols.  3.  '  De  Rei  Poeticse  Idea,'  1843— 
lectures  delivered  as  professor  of  poetry. 

4.  '  Parochial    Sermons,'   1843-4,    2    vols. 

5.  '  Christ  on  Earth,  in  Heaven,  and  on  the 
Judgment  Seat,'  London,  1847.     6.  '  Beati- 
tudes of  the  Mount  in  17  Sermons,'  London, 
1854. 

[Foster's  Alumni  Oxon.  ii.  506 ;  Guardian  for 
1879,  i.  452,  456,  501,  564;  Times,  27  and 
28  March  1879  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

GARBRAND,  or  HEEKS,  JOHN  (1542- 
1589),  prebendary  of  Salisbury  and  friend  of 
Bishop  Jewel,  was  born  at  Oxford  in  1542. 
Before  that  date  his  father,  Garbrand  Herks 
or  HEEKS  GAEBEAND,  a  Dutch  protestant, 
fled  from  religious  persecution  in  his  native 
country,  and  settled  as  a  bookseller  at  Bulke- 
ley  Hall,  in  St.  Mary's  parish,  Oxford.  In 
1546  he  was  licensed  to  add  wine  to  his  com- 
modities. At  the  beginning  of  Edward  VI's 
reign  he  purchased  many  libraries  from  the 
suppressed  monasteries,  some  of  which  sub- 
sequently entered  the  Bodleian  Library.  As 
early  as  1551  he  regularly  supplied  books  to 
Magdalen  College  (BLOXAM,  Reg.  ii.  273). 
In  1556  his  house  was  '  a  receptacle  for  the 
chiefest  protestants,'  who  worshipped  in  a 
cellar  there  (WooD,  Annals,  ed.  Gutch,  ii. 
107).  The  refugee  had  many  sons,  some  of 
whom  carried  on  the  bookselling  business  in 
the  later  years  of  the  century.  Richard 
Garbrand  was  admitted  a  bookseller  at  Ox- 
ford 5  Dec.  1573,  and  was  alive  in  1590  (Oxf. 
Univ.  Reg.  n.  i.  321).  Thomas,  born  in  1539, 
was  probationary  fellow  of  Magdalen  College 
from  1557  to  1570  (B.A.  1558,  M.A.  1562), 
and  was  senior  proctor  1565-6  (BLOXAM,  iv. 
145).  William,  born  in  1549,  was  also  fel- 
low of  Magdalen  from  1570  to  1577  (B.A. 
1570,  M.A.  1574),  when  he  seems  to  have 
been  suspended  for  insubordination  (ib.  iv. 
165).  Four  members  of  the  third  generation 


of  the  same  family  are  often  met  with.  Am- 
brose, born  at  Oxford  in  1584,  received  the 
privileges  of  an  Oxford  citizen  in  1601  (Oaf. 
Univ.  Reg.  n.  i.  398),  and  in  1616  was  a  chief 
officer  of  the  London  Stationers'  Company 
(ARBEK,  Transcript,  vol.  iii.)  John,  born  in 
1585,  was  a  scholar  of  Winchester  in  1596, 
fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  from  1606  to 
1608  (B.A.  in  1603-4,  M.A.  in  1608),  and 
pursued  the  bookseller's  trade  at  Oxford, 
dying  about  1618,  whenhis  widow  Martha  re- 
married Christopher  Rogers,  principal  of  New 
Inn  Hall  (KiRBY,  Winchester  Scholars,  p.  157; 
Oxf.  Univ.  Reg.  n.  i.  323,  ii.  269,  iii.  279). 
Tobias,  born  in  1579  [see  under  GARBRAND, 
JOHN,./?.  1695],  and  Nicholas,  born  in  1600, 
were  both  of  Magdalen.  The  latter  was 
demy  1614-19,  fellow  from  1619  to  1639 
(B.A.  1618,  M.A.  1621,  B.D.  1631);  vicar  of 
Washington,  Sussex,  2  Sept.  1638  to  1671, 
vicar  of  Patching,  Sussex,  1660-71,  preben- 
dary of  Chichester  1660-9  (BLOXAM,  v.  43). 
As  late  as  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century 
the  family  name  was  often  written  Garbrand, 
alias  Herks. 

John,  one  of  the  younger  sons  of  Herks 
Garbrand,  entered  Winchester  College  in 
1556,  was  admitted  probationary  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  24  March  1560,  and 
perpetual  fellow  in  1562,  proceeding  B.A. 
22  April  1563,  and  M.A.  25  Feb.  1566-7. 
In  1565  Bishop  Jewel,  who  was  friendly  with 
Garbrand's  father,  presented  him  to  a  pre- 
bendal  stall  in  Salisbury  Cathedral,  where  he 
subsequently  held  two  other  prebends.  In 
1567  he  left  Oxford  to  become  rector  of  North 
Crawley,  Buckinghamshire.  In  1568  he  was 
incorporated  M.A.  at  Cambridge,  and  on  5  July 
1582  proceeded  B.D.  and  D.D.  at  Oxford. 
Until  1578  he  was  a  prebendary  of  W7ells, 
and  for  some  time  he  was  rector  of  Farthing- 
stone,  Northamptonshire,  to  the  poor  of  which 
parish  he  gave  51.  (BRIDGES,  Northampton- 
shire, i.  64)  He  died  at  North  Crawley  on 
17  Nov.  1589,  and  was  buried  in  the  church. 
An  inscription  describes  him  as '  a  benefactor 
to  the  poor.'  Like  his  father  and  patron  Jewel 
Garbrand  was  a  puritan.  When  Jewel  died 
in  1571  he  bequeathed  his  papers  to  Garbrand, 
who  by  will  devised  them  to  Dr.  Robert 
Chaloner  and  Dr.  John  Rainolds.  Gar- 
brand  edited  from  Jewel's  manuscripts  three 
volumes  of  works  by  the  bishop :  1 . '  A  View  of 
a  Seditious  Bui '  and  'A  short  Treatise  of  the 
Holie  Scriptures,'  London,  1582,  with  preface 
by  Garbrand.  2. '  Certaine  Sermons  preached 
...  at  Paules  Crosse'  and  'A  Treatise  of  the 
Sacraments,'  London,  1583,  with  dedication 
by  the  editor  to  Lords  Burghleyand  Leicester, 
and  Latin  verses  before  the  treatise.  3. '  Ex- 
position upon  Paul's  two  epistles  to  the  Thes- 


Garbrand 


406 


Garden 


salonians,'  London,  1583,  with  dedication  by 
Garbrand  to  Sir  Francis  Walsingham.  Gar- 
brand  wrote  prefatory  Latin  verses  for  Wil- 
son's 'Discourse  upon  Usurie,'  1572.  Six 
letters  in  Dutch,  dated  in  1586,  from  J.  Gar- 
bront  to  Herle,  concerning  naval  affairs,  are 
in  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  Cotton.  MS.  Galba  C.  ix. 
ff.  253, 265, 283.  Garbrand  bequeathed  some 
books  to  New  College,  Oxford. 

[Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  ii.  64,  544;  Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  556  ;  Jewel's  Works, 
ed.  Ayre  (Parker  Soc.);  Oxford  Univ.  Keg.  (Oxf. 
Hist.  Soc.)  i.  ii.  passim ;  Wood's  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss, 
vol.  i.  passim ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti.]  S.  L.  L. 

GARBRAND,  JOHN  (fi.  1695),  politi- 
cal writer,  was  born  at  Abingdon,  Berkshire. 
His  father,  TOBIAS  GARBRAUD,  M.D.,  of  Ox- 
ford, was  principal  of  Gloucester  Hall  (after- 
wards Worcester  College),  Oxford,  under  the 
parliamentary  regime  from  1648  to  1660, when 
he  was  expelled.  He  retired  to  Abingdon, 
practised  medicine,  and  died  7  April  1689 
(WooD,  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  115).  Another 
Tobias  (1579-1 638),  probably  the  grandfather 
of  the  subject  of  this  memoir,  was  demy  of 
Magdalen  (1591-1605),  B.A.  1602,  M.A. 
1605,  fellow  1605-19,  vice-president  1618, 
vicar  of  Finden,  Sussex,  5  March  1618-19, 
till  his  death  in  1638  (BLOXAM,  Reg.  Magdalen 
College,  iv.  232).  This  Tobias  was  grandson 
of  Garbrand  Herks,  a  Dutch  bookseller  of 
Oxford  [see  under  GARBRAITD,  JOHN,  1542- 
1589] .  John  became  a  commoner  of  New  Inn 
Hall,  Oxford,  in  Midsummer  term  1664,  and 
proceeded  B.A.  on  28  Jan.  1667.  He  was  after- 
wards called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple. 
He  wrote :  1 . '  The  grand  Inquest ;  or  a  full  and 
perfect  Answer  to  several  Reasons  by  which  it 
is  pretended  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
York  may  be  proved  to  be  a  Roman  Catholic,' 
4to,  London  [1682?]  2.  'The  Royal  Favourite 
cleared,'  &c.,  4to,  London,  1682.  3. '  Clarior 
e  Tenebris ;  or  a  Justification  of  two  Books, 
the  one  printed  under  the  Title  of  "  The  grand 
Inquest,"  &c. ;  the  other  under  the  Title  of 
"The  Royal  Favourite  cleared,'"  &c.,  4to, 
London,  1683.  'By  the  writing  of  which 
books,'  says  Wood,  '  and  his  endeavours  in 
them  to  clear  the  Duke  of  York  from  being 
a  papist,  he  lost  his  practice,  and  could  get 
nothing  by  it.' 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iv.  786-7  ; 
Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  298 ;  Will  of 
Tobias  Garbrand,  April  1689  (P.  C.  C.  oO.Ent).] 

G.  G. 

GARDELLE,  THEODORE  (1721-1761), 
limner  and  murderer,  born  in  Geneva  in  1721, 
•  was  son  of  Giovino  Gardelle  of  Ravenna,  who 
was  settled  at  Geneva.     Gardelle  was  edu- 
cated at  Turretine's  charity  school,  and  ap- 


prenticed to  M.  Bousquet,a  limner  and  print- 
seller.  He  ran  away  to  Paris,  but  eventually 
returned  to  Geneva,  paying  renewed  visits  to 
Paris.  He  left  Geneva  finally  in  1756,  taking 
with  him  a  woman  whom  he  passed  off  as 
his  wife,  and  whom  he  seems  to  have  deserted 
in  Paris,  and  then  went  to  Brussels,  and  even- 
tually to  England.  A  life  of  Gardelle  (pub- 
lished in  1761)  narrates  that  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Voltaire  at  Geneva,  drew  his 
portrait  and  enamelled  it  on  a  snuff-box, 
went  to  Paris  with  a  recommendation  from 
Voltaire  to  Surugue,  the  chief  engraver  to  the 
king,  and  was  advised  by  the  Due  de  Choiseul 
to  try  his  fortune  in  London.  The  sordid 
circumstances  of  Gardelle's  life  render  this 
account  very  doubtful.  He  arrived  in  Lon- 
don in  1760  and  soon  found  employment  as 
a  miniature-painter.  He  lodged  in  Leicester 
Square  in  a  house  kept  by  a  Mrs.  Anne  King, 
a  woman  of  light  character.  On  19  Feb. 
1761,  when,  according  to  his  own  account, 
they  were  alone  in  the  house  together  they 
had  an  altercation  over  her  portrait,  which 
Gardelle  had  painted  ;  this  ended  in  blows, 
Mrs.  King  eventually  falling  against  a  bed- 
stead and  striking  her  head.  To  silence  her 
screams  he  in  terror  cut  her  throat  with  a 
penknife.  The  more  probable  account  is  that 
Gardelle,  having  sent  the  servant  out  on 
some  excuse,  attempted  violence,  and  that 
his  victim's  resistance  frightened  him  to  the 
murder.  Having  concealed  the  body  he  was 
unable  to  dispose  of  it  for  some  days,  but 
eventually  cut  it  up  and  dispersed  it  under 
very  revolting  circumstances.  Discovery 
soon  ensued,  and  Gardelle  was  arrested  on 
27  Feb.  He  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
at  suicide  with  laudanum,  but  was  convicted 
and  executed  at  the  corner  of  Panton  Street, 
Haymarket,  on  4  April  1761.  His  body  was 
hung  in  chains  on  Hounslow  Heath.  Ho- 
garth drew  his  portrait  at  his  execution, 
which  was  engraved  by  Samuel  Ireland  in 
his  '  Graphic  Illustrations  of  Hogarth.' 

[Life  of  Theodore  Gardelle,  London,  1761; 
Gent.  Mag.  1761,  xxxi.  171;  Kedgrave's  Diet, 
of  Artists.]  L.  C. 

GARDEN,     ALEXANDER     (1730?- 

1791),  botanist,  was  born  at  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  about  1730.  His  father, 
Alexander  Garden,  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
1685,  and  went  out  to  Charleston  in  1719  as  a 
clergyman  of  the  church  of  England,  becom- 
ing rector  of  St.  Philip's  Church,  and  being 
chiefly  remembered  for  a  controversy  in  1740 
with  the  Rev.  George  Whitefield.  He  died 
in  1756.  Garden  was  sent  home  to  Scotland 
for  his  education,  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  graduated  M.D.,  and  was  a 


Garden 


407 


Garden 


pupil  in  botany  of  Alston.  He  returned  to 
Charleston  in  1752  (SMITH,  Correspondence  of 
Linnceus,  i.  287),  and  went  in  1754  for  a  time 
as  professor  to  King's  (afterwards  Columbia) 
College,  New  York,  but  in  1755  married  and 
established  himself  as  a  medical  practitioner 
in  his  native  town.  Though  having  a  large 
practice  and  a  delicate  constitution,  he  ma- 
naged to  devote  considerable  time  to  the 
study  of  botany  and  zoology.  He.  corre- 
sponded with  John  Bartram,  Peter  Collinson, 
Gronovius,  John  Ellis,  and,  after  1755,  with 
Linnseus.  In  his  letters  he  expresses  '  disgust 
and  indignation '  at  the  inaccuracy  of  Catesby's 
'  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  and  shows 
himself,  as  Sir  J.  E.  Smith  says, '  a  thorough- 
going Linnean.'  In  the  twelfth  edition  of 
Linnaeus's  '  Systema  Naturae '  his  name  is 
subjoined  to  many  new  or  little  known  species 
of  lish  and  reptiles,  and  he  also  studied  the 
more  obscure  classes  of  animals.  He  sent 
many  new  plants  to  Europe,  including  several 
magnolias  and  the  Gordonia,  which  was,  at 
his  request,  to  have  been  named  after  him. 
Ellis  having,  however,  already  named  it, 
chose  the  Cape  Jessamine,  introduced  by 
Richard  Warner  [q.  v.],  to  bear  the  name 
Gardenia.  In  1761  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
.ber  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Upsala,  and  in 
1773  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  though 
not  admitted  until  1783.  In  1764  he  pub- 
lished an  essay  on  the  medicinal  properties 
of  the  Virginia  pink-root,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  described  the  genera  Stillingia 
and  Fothergilla,  dedicated  to  Benjamin  Stil- 
lingfleet  and  John  Fothergill;  and  he  also 
contributed  to  the  '  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions '  in  1775.  In  the  war  of  independence 
he  sided  with  England,  sending  a  congratu- 
latory address  to  Cornwallis  on  his  success 
at  Camden  in  1780,  and  in  1783  he  came  to 
England  with  his  wife  and  two  daughters. 

On  his  arrival  in  England  he  settled  in 
Cecil  Street,  Strand,  became  generally  re- 
spected for  his  benevolence,  cheerfulness,  and 
pleasing  manners,  and  was  made  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society.  He  died  in  Cecil 
Street,  15  April  1791,  in  his  sixty-second 
year. 

His  son  ALEXANDER  GARDEN  (1757-1829), 
though  educated  at  Westminster  and  Glas- 
gow, joined  the  United  States  army,  and  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  his  father's  estates,  which 
had  been  confiscated.  He  afterwards  pub- 
lished '  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,' 
1822. 

[Appleton's  Cyclop.  American  Biog.  p.  594 ; 
Kamsiiy's  Hist,  of  South  Carolina,  vol.  ii. ;  Kees's 
Cyclop. ;  Smith's  Correspondence  of  Linnaeus,  i. 
282-60o ;  Loudou's  Arboretum  .  .  .  Britann. 
p.  70.]  '  G.  S.  B. 


GARDEN,  FRANCIS,  LORD  GARDEN- 
STONE  (1721-1793),  the  second  son  of  Alex- 
ander Garden  of  Troup,  Banffshire,  by  Jean, 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Grant  [q.  v.], 
lord  Cullen,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  on 
24  June  1721.  He  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh University,  and  was  admitted  an  advo- 
cate on  14  July  1744.  In  the  following  year, 
while  serving  as  a  volunteer  under  Sir  John 
Cope,  he  narrowly  escaped  being  hanged  as  a 
spy  at  Musselburgh  Bridge.  In  1748  he  was 
appointed  sheriff  depute  of  Kincardineshire, 
and  on  22  Aug.  1759  was  elected  one  of  the 
assessors  to  the  magistrates  of  Edinburgh. 
On  30  April  1760  Garden  was  appointed  with 
Ja  mes  Mont  gomery  j  oint  solicitor-general,  but 
to  neither  of  them  was  conceded  the  privi- 
lege of  sitting  within  the  bar  (Cat.  of  Home 
Office  Papers,  1760-5,  pp.  54, 55-6).  Garden 
was  employed  in  the  Douglas  cause,  and  ap- 
peared before  the  chambre  criminelle  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  where  he  was  opposed 
by  Wedderburn,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself  by  his  legal  knowledge  and  the  fluency 
of  his  French.  He  was  appointed  an  ordinary 
lord  of  session  in  the  place  of  George  Sinclair, 
lord  Woodhall,  and  took  his  seat  on  the  bench 
on  3  July  1764  with  the  title  of  Lord  Gar- 
denstone.  On  the  resignation  of  James  Fer- 
guson, lord  Pitfour,  in  April  1776,  Garden 
also  became  a  lord  of  justiciary,  a  post  from 
which  he  retired  in  1787,  with  a  pension  of 
200/.  a  year.  Upon  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  Alexander  in  1785,  Garden  succeeded 
to  the  family  estates  in  Banffshire  and  Aber- 
deenshire,  as  well  as  to  a  large  fortune.  In 
September  1786  he  went  abroad  for  the  sake 
of  his  health,  returning  in  the  summer  of 
1788.  He  continued  to  hold  the  post  of  an 
ordinary  lord  of  session  until  his  death  at 
Morningside,  near  Edinburgh,  on  22  Julyl793. 
He  was  buried  in  Greyfriars  churchyard  on 
24  July,  '  one  and  a  half  double  paces  north 
of  the  corner  of  Henderson's  tomb,'  but  there 
is  no  stone  to  mark  the  exact  spot.  Garden 
was  a  man  of  many  peculiarities,  one  of  which 
was  an  extreme  fondness  for  pigs.  It  is  re- 
lated that  a  visitor  one  morning  called  on 
Garden,  but  he  was  not  yet  out  of  bed.  He 
was  shown  into  his  bedroom,  and  in  the  dark 
he  stumbled  over  something  which  gave  a 
terrible  grunt.  Upon  which  Lord  Garden- 
stone  said,  '  It  is  just  a  bit  sow,  poor  beast, 
and  I  laid  my  breeches  on  it  to  keep  it  warm 
all  night'  (Original  Portraits,  i.  24).  His 
convivial  habits  during  his  early  career  at  the 
bar  have  formed  the  subject  of  many  charac- 
teristic anecdotes.  Tytler  says  that  Garden 
was  '  an  acute  and  able  lawyer,  of  great  na- 
tural eloquence,  and  with  much  wit  and 
humour,  had  a  considerable  acquaintance  with 


Garden 


408 


Garden 


classical  and  elegant  literature'  (Memoirs  of 
Lord  Kames,  iii.  293  note).  In  1762  Garden 
purchased  the  estate  of  Johnson  at  Laurence- 
kirk,  Kincardineshire,  and  in  1765  began  to 
build  a  new  village,  which  so  rapidly  in- 
creased in  the  number  of  its  inhabitants,  that 
in  1779  it  was  erected  into  a  burgh  of  barony. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  the  village  contained 
five  hundred  houses,  with  a  population  of 
twelve  thousand.  To  encourage  strangers  to 
settle  in  it  he  offered  land  on  very  easy  terms, 
and  built  an  inn.  He  also  founded  a  library 
and  a  museum  for  the  use  of  the  villagers, 
and  did  his  best  to  establish  in  the  district 
manufactures  of  various  kinds.  His  '  Memo- 
randums concerning  the  Village  of  Lawrence 
Kirk '  will  be  found  in  the  appendix  to  Knox's 
'  Tour  through  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,' 
1787,  pp.  85-91.  In  May  1789  he  erected  at 
his  own  expense  a  Doric  temple  over  St.  Ber- 
nard's Well,  near  Edinburgh,  having  derived 
great  benefit  from  the  use  of  the  waters.  He 
never  married.  There  are  two  portraits  of 
him  at  Troup  House,  BanfFshire,  in  the  pos- 
session of  Colonel  Francis  William  Garden- 
Campbell,  and  a  characteristic  etching  of  him 
on  horseback  by  Kay  will  be  found  in  '  Ori- 
ginal Portraits '  (i.  opp.  p.  22,  No.  vii.) 

Garden's  works  are:  1.  'Letter  to  the 
Inhabitants  of  Lawrence  Kirk,'  1780,  8vo. 
2. '  Travelling  Memorandums,  made  in  a  Tour 
upon  the  Continent  of  Europe  in  the  Years 
1786,  1787,  and  1788.'  Vol.  i.,  Edinburgh, 

1791,  8vo  and   12mo;  vol.   ii.,  Edinburgh, 
1792, 8vo  and  12mo.     Vol.  iii.  was  published 
after  his  death,  and  contains  a  short  memoir 
of  the  author,  Edinburgh,   1795,  8vo  and 
12mo.     A  second  edition  of  vols.  i.  and  ii. 
appeared  at  Edinburgh  in  1792,  8vo.     Gar- 
den also  had  a  hand  in '  Miscellanies  in  Prose 
and  Verse,'  Edinburgh,  1791,  12mo;  second 
edit.,   corrected  and   enlarged,   Edinburgh, 

1792,  12mo. 

[Travelling  Memorandums,  iii.  (1795),  3-31 ; 
Gleig's  Suppl.  to  the  third  edit,  of  the  Encycl. 
Brit.  (1801),  i.  694-6;  Brunton  and  Haig's  Se- 
nators of  the  College  of  Justice  (1832),  pp.  526, 
527-8  ;  Kay's  Original  Portraits  (1877),  i.  22-5, 
61,  350,  419,  ii.  8,  71,  163  ;  Tytler's  Memoirs  of 
Lord  Kames  (1814),  iii.  293-304;  Allardyce's 
Scotland  and  Scotsmen  (1888),  i.  126,  369-80; 
Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet,  of  Eminent  Scotsmen 
(1869),  ii.  80-2;  Anderson's  Scottish  Nation 
(1863).  ii.  281-2  ;  Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.  (1814). 
xv.  270-2 ;  Sir  John  Sinclair's  Statistical  Ac- 
count of  Scotland,  i.  475-7,  v.  176-8 ;  Burke's 
Landed  Gentry  (1879),  i.  618  ;  Gent.Mrtg.  (1793), 
Ixiii.  pt.  ii.  769,  803  ;  Scots  Mag.  (1748)  x.  155, 
(1759)  xxi.  446,  (1789)  Ii.  653-4,  (1793)  Iv.  362 ; 
Edinburgh  Mag.  (1793),  ii.  252;  Notes  and 
Queries,  3rd  ser.  r.  95 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

G.  F.  B.  B. 


GARDEN,  FRANCIS  (1810-1884), 
theologian,  son  of  Alexander  Garden,  a 
Glasgow  merchant,  and  Rebecca, daughter  of 
Robert  Menteith,  esq.,of  Carstairs,  N.B.,  was 
educated  partly  at  home  and  partly  at  the  col- 
lege at  Glasgow,  whence  he  passed  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  B.A.  in  1833  and  M.A.  in  1836.  In  1833 
he  obtained  the  Hulsean  prize  for  an  essay 
on  the  '  Advantages  accruing  from  Chris- 
tianity.' At  Cambridge  he  belonged  to  the  set 
of  which  R.  Chenevix  Trench,  F.  D.  Maurice, 
and  John  Sterling  were  among  the  leaders, 
whose  intimate  friendship,  together  with  that 
of  Edmund  Lushington  and  G.  Stovin  Ven- 
ables,  he  enjoyed.  His  name  occurs  fre- 
quently in  Trench's  early  letters  (Memorials, 
i.  118, 182, 186, 236,  &c.),and  he  was  Trench's 
companion  in  Rome  and  its  environs  in  Ja- 
nuary 1835.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in 
1836,  as  curate  to  Sir  Herbert  Oakeley  at 
Booking  in  Essex.  In  1838-9  he  was  curate 
to  Julius  Charles  Hare  at  Hurstmonceaux  in 
Sussex,  succeeding  after  an  interval  his  friend 
Sterling.  There  was  hardly  sufficient  sym- 
pathy between  Garden  and  Hare  for  him  to 
stay  long  as  his  curate,  and  he  removed  in 
1839  to  the  curacy  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly, 
from  which  he  became  successively  the  in- 
cumbent of  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Black- 
heath  Hill  (1840-4),  junior  incumbent  of 
St.  Paul's,  Edinburgh  (1845-9),  curate  of  St. 
Stephen's,  Westminster,  assistant  minister  of 
the  English  chapel  at  Rome  (1851-2),  and 
finally,  in  1859,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Wesley  as 
sub-dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  an  appoint- 
ment which  he  held  till  his  death  in  1884. 
In  1841  he  undertook  the  editorship  of  the 
'Christian  Remembrancer,' which  he  retained 
for  some  years.  In  his  earlier  years  Garden 
attached  himself  to  the  Oxford  school,  which 
was  then  exercising  a  powerful  attraction 
over  thoughtful  minds.  Trench  describes 
a  sermon  he  heard  him  preach  in  1839  on 
'  the  anger  of  God,'  as  '  Newmanite  and  in 
parts  very  unpleasant.'  He  subsequently 
became  somewhat  of  a  broad  churchman, 
adopting  the  teaching  of  F.  D.  Maurice  on 
the  incarnation,  the  atonement,  and  other 
chief  Christian  doctrines,  and  contributing 
several  thoughtful  essays  to  the  series  of 
'Tracts  for  Priests  and  People,'  a  literary 
organ  of  that  school.  The  bent  of  his  mind 
was  essentially  philosophical,  disinclined  to 
rest  in  any  bare  dogmatic  statements  with- 
out probing  them  to  the  bottom  to  discover 
the  intellectual  basis  on  which  they  rested. 
In  1848  he  published '  Discourses  on  Heavenly 
Knowledge  and  Heavenly  Love,'  followed 
in  1853  by '  Lectures  on  the  Beatitudes.'  A 
pamphlet  on  the  renunciation  of  holy  orders^ 


Garden 


409 


Garden 


then  beginning  to  be  debated,  appeared  in 
1870  under  the  title  '  Can  an  Ordained  Man 
become  a  Layman  ?  '  '  An  Outline  of  Logic ' 
was  issued,  which  came  to  a  second  edition 
in  1871.  He  was  also  the  author  of 'A  Dic- 
tionary of  EnglishPhilosophicalTerms/1878; 
'  The  Nature  and  Benefits  of  Holy  Baptism ; ' 
'  The  Atonement  as  a  Fact  and  as  a  Theory.' 
He  was  a  contributor  to  Smith's '  Dictionary 
of  the  Bible,'  the '  Christian  Remembrancer,'  ; 
'  Contemporary  Review,'  and  other  periodi-  i 
cals.  In  1837  he  married  Virginia,  the 
daughter  of  Admiral  Dobbie,  who  died  early, 
leaving  one  daughter.  The  maiden  name  of 
his  second  wife  was  Boucher. 


[Private  information.] 


E.  V. 


GARDEN,  GEORGE  (1649-1733),  Scot- 
tish divine,  a  younger  son  of  Alexander  Gar- 
den, minister  of  Forgue  in  Aberdeenshire,  and 
Isobell  Middleton,  was  born  at  Forgue,  and 
educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  where 
in  1673,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  he  was 
already  a  regent  or  professor.  In  1677  he 
was  ordained  by  Bishop  Scougall,  and  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  his  father  in  the  church  of 
Forgue,  the  bishop's  son,  Henry  Scougall 

tq.  v.],  preaching  at  his  induction.  Two  years 
ater  Garden  was  promoted  to  Old  Machar 
(the  church  of  which  was  the  cathedral  of 
Aberdeen).  In  June  1678  he  preached  in 
the  chapel  of  King's  College  the  '  funeral 
sermon '  on  his  friend,  the  admirable  Henry 
Scougall.  It  is  printed  in  many  editions  of 
Scougall's  works,  and  throws  light  on  the 
ideas  of  ministerial  duty  entertained  among 
the  clergy  of  the  '  second  episcopacy '  (1662- 
1690).  In  1683  Garden,  already  a  D.D.,  be- 
came one  of  the  ministers  of  St.  Nicholas,  the 
town  parish  of  Aberdeen,  where  he  continued 
till  he  was  '  laid  aside '  by  the  privy  council 
in  1692  for  '  not  praying  for  their  majesties,' 
William  and  Mary.  The  commission  of  the 
general  assembly  of  1700  had  him  before  them 
in  connection  with  '  An  Apology  for  M.  An- 
tonia  Bourignon '  (1699,  8vo),  attributed  to 
him.  Garden,  who  issued  translations  of 
several  of  Madame  Bourignon's  works  with 
prefaces  of  his  own,  refused  to  disavow  the 
authorship,  asserted  that '  the  said  "Apology  " 
as  to  the  bulk  of  the  book  did  represent  the 
great  end  of  Christianity,  which  is  to  bring 
us  back  to  the  love  of  God  and  charity,  and 
further  declared  that  the  essentials  of  Chris- 
tianity are  set  down  in  the  said  book,  and  that 
the  accessories  contained  therein  are  not  con- 
trary thereto  ; '  whereupon  the  commission 
suspended  him  from  the  office  of  the  ministry, 
and  cited  him  to  the  assembly  of  1701.  He 
did  not  appear,  and  the  assembly  deposed 
him  and  '  prohibited  him  from  exercising  the 


ministry  or  any  part  thereof  in  all  time 
coming.'  Garden  paid  no  regard  to  the  sen- 
tence, and  continued  to  officiate  as  before  to 
the  members  of  his  former  congregation  who 
adhered  to  episcopacy.  In  1703  he  dedicated 
to  Queen  Anne,  in  terms  of  fervent  loyalty 
to  her,  but  with  outspoken  censure  of  the  new 
presbyterian  establishment,  his  magnificent 
edition  of  the  works  of  Dr.  John  Forbes  (1593- 
1648)  [q.  v.]  ('Joannis  Forbesii  a  Corse  Opera 
Omnia'),  which  was  published  at  Amsterdam. 
Though  he  had  refused  to  take  the  oaths  toWil- 
liam  and  Mary,  Garden  had  never  approved 
the  arbitrary  policy  of  James  II ;  he  accepted 
the  conditions  of  the  Toleration  Act  (1712); 
and  when  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht  the  episco- 
pal clergy  of  Aberdeen  drew  up  an  address  of 
congratulation  to  the  queen,  he  and  his  brother 
James  were  chosen  to  present  it.  Introduced 
by  the  Earl  of  Mar,  then  secretary  of  state 
for  Scotland,  they  were  received  with  marked 
graciousness,  and  poured  into  her  majesty's 
not  unwilling  ear  (along  with  their  thanks 
for  the  freedom  they  now  enjoyed,  '  not  only 
in  their  exercise  of  the  pastoral  care  over  a 
willing  people,  but  also  in  their  use  of  the 
liturgy  of  the  church  of  England  ' — then  a 
new  thing  among  the  Scotch  episcopalians) 
their  complaints  of  the  persecution  they  had 
lately  suffered,  and  their  entreaties  for  a  fur- 
ther measure  of  relief.  The  queen's  death 
made  Garden  and  his  brother  Jacobites  again ; 
the  insurrection  of  1715  restored  George  for  a 
brief  period  to  the  pulpit  of  St.  Nicholas,  and 
the  brothers  were  among  those  who  presented 
to  the  Pretender  at  Earl  Marischal's  house  at 
Fetteresso,  Kincardineshire,  the  address  of 
the  episcopal  clergy  of  Aberdeen.  On  the 
suppression  of  the  rising,  Garden  was  thrown 
into  prison  ;  he  managed  shortly  afterwards 
to  escape  to  the  continent,  but  returned  to 
Aberdeen  before  1720,  when  he  was  talked  of 
for  election  as  their  bishop  by  the  Aberdeen 
clergy.  The  support  he  had  given  to  Bourig- 
nianism  was  held  by  the  Scottish  bishops,  and 
by  Lockhart  [q.  v.],  the  agent  of  the  exiled 
prince,  sufficient  to  disqualify  him  for  such 
promotion.  He  died  on  31  Jan.  1733  (SCOTT'S 
Fasti  has  wrongly  1723).  It  illustrates  the 
spread  of  '  high  church '  doctrine  since  the 
revolution  among  the  Scottish  episcopalians 
that  he  is  called  in  his  epitaph  '  sacerdos/ 
He  had  fairly  earned  the  praise  awarded  him 
of  being  '  literis  et  pietate  insignis.'  Besides 
his  great  edition  of  Forbes  he  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  '  Queries  and  Protestation  of  the 
Scots  Episcopal  Clergy  given  in  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  General  Assembly  at  Aberdeen 
June  1694,'  4to,  London,  1694 ;  '  The  Case 
of  the  Episcopal  Clergy,'  pts.  i.  and  ii.  4to, 
Edinburgh,  1703;  and  he  is  probably  the 


Gardiner 


410 


Gardiner 


George  Garden  of  Aberdeen  who  contri- 
buted to  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions ' 
of  1677  and  1693.  His  Bourignianism,  says 
Grub  doubtfully,  was  probably  due  to  sheer 
Aveariness  of  the  controversies  wherewith  his 
country  had  been  so  long  distracted ;  more- 
over, his  friend  Henry  Scougall  had  been  in 
the  habit  of  going  to  France  as  well  as  to 
Flanders  for  spiritual  improvement.  They 
may  be  called  the  Scottish  Quietists.  Gar- 
den's sermon  preached  at  Scougall's  funeral 
was  printed  first  in  1726.  His  elder  brother, 
JAMES  (1647-1726),  minister  successively  of 
Carnbee  (1678-81),  New  Machar  in  Aber- 
deenshire,  Maryculter  inKincardineshire,  and 
of  Balmerino  in  Fife,  became  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  and  was 
deprived  in  1696  for  refusing  to  sign  the 
Westminster  Confession  of  Faith.  '  He  seems 
to  have  shared  his  brother's  love  of  mystical 
theology,  without  falling  into  errors  of  doc- 
trine '  (GRUB)  ;  he  shared  also  his  brother's 
fortunes,  and  lies  beside  him  in  the  church- 
yard of  Old  Machar.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
little  treatise  entitled '  Comparative  Theology, 
or  the  True  and  Solid  Grounds  of  a  Pure  and 
Peaceable  Theology.' 

[Records  of  the  University  and  King's  College, 
Aberdeen  ;  Session  Records ;  Acts  of  the  General 
Assembly;  tombstones;  Lockhart  Papers  (where 
the  name  is  spelled,  as  in  Scotland  it  was  often 
pronounced,  Gairns) ;  Scott's  Fasti  ;  Joseph  Ro- 
bertson's Book  of  Bon-Accord ;  Grub's  Eccl.  Hist. ; 
Cunningham's  Church  Hist,  of  Scotland;  Ray's 
Hist,  of  the  Rebellion.]  J.  C. 

GARDENSTONE,  LOKD.  [See  GABDEX, 
FBAXCIS,  1721-1793.] 

GARDINER.    [See  also  GARDXEK.] 

GARDINER,      ALLEN      FRANCIS 

(1794-1851),  missionary  to  Patagonia,  fifth 
son  of  Samuel  Gardiner  of  Coombe  Lodge, 
Oxfordshire,  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Charles 
Boddani  of  Capel  House,  Bull's  Cross,  Enfield, 
Middlesex,  was  born  on  28  Jan.  1794  in  the 
parsonage  house  at  Basildon,  Berkshire, where 
his  parents  were  temporarily  residing.  He 
was  religiously  educated,  and  in  May  1808  en- 
tered the  Royal  Xaval  College,  Portsmouth. 
On  20  June  1810  he  went  to  sea  as  a  volun- 
teer on  board  H.M.S.  Fortune,  and  after  a 
time  removing  to  the  Phoebe,  he  served  in 
that  ship  as  midshipman  until  August  1814, 
when,  having  distinguished  himself  in  the 
capture  of  the  American  frigate  Essex,  he 
was  sent  to  England  as  acting  lieutenant  of 
that  prize.  Being  confirmed  as  lieutenant 
13  Dec.  he  afterwards  served  in  the  Gany- 
mede, the  Leander,  and  the  Dauntless  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  and  returned  in- 


valided to  Portsmouth  31  Oct.  1822.  On 
1  July  in  the  following  year  he  married 
Julia  Susanna,  second  daughter  of  John 
Reade  of  Ipsden  House,  Oxfordshire ;  she  died 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight  on  23  May  1834.  As 
second  lieutenant  of  the  Jupiter  he  was  at 
Newfoundland  in  1824,  and  in  1825  came 
back  to  England  in  charge  of  the  Clinker, 
when  he  obtained  his  promotion  as  com- 
mander 13  Sept.  1826,  after  which  period, 
although  he  often  applied  for  employment, 
he  never  succeeded  in  obtaining  any  other 
appointment.  Long  before  this  his  atten- 
tion had  been  much  directed  to  the  unre- 
claimed state  of  the  heathen  nations,  and  he 
now  resolved  that  he  would  devote  his  life 
to  the  work  of  a  missionary  pioneer.  With 
this  view  he  went  to  Africa  in  1834,  and, 
exploring  the  Zulu  country,  started  the  first 
missionary  station  at  Port  Natal.  From 
1834  to  1 838  he  was  engaged  in  earnest 
endeavours  to  establish  Christian  churches 
in  Zululand,  but  political  events  and  native 
wars  combined  to  prevent  any  permanent 
success.  From  1838  to  1843  he  laboured 
among  the  Indians  of  Chili,  and  went  from 
island  to  island  in  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
but  his  efforts  were  foiled  by  the  opposition 
of  the  various  governments. 

His  first  visit  toTierradel  Fuego  tookplace 
22  March  1842,  when,  coming  from  the  Falk- 
land Islands  in  the  schooner  Montgomery, 
he  landed  in  Oazy  harbour.  The  Church 
Missionary  Society  was  now  pressed  to  send 
out  missionaries  to  Patagonia,  but  declined 
on  the  ground  of  want  of  funds.  Similar 
proposals  were  unsuccessfully  made  to  the 
Wesleyan  and  London  Missionary  Societies. 
At  length  in  1844  a  special  society  was 
formed  for  South  America,  which  took  the 
name  of  the  Patagonian  Missionary  Society, 
and  Robert  Hunt,  a  schoolmaster,  was  sent 
out  as  the  first  missionary,  being  accompanied 
•  by  Gardiner.  This  attempt  to  establish  a 
!  mission,  however,  failed,  and  they  returned 
!  to  England  in  June  1845.  Gardiner,  not  dis- 
couraged, left  England  again  23  Sept.  1845, 
and,  in  company  with  Federico  Gonzales, 
a  Spanish  protestant,  from  whom  he  learnt 
Spanish,  went  to  Bolivia,  where  he  distri- 
buted bibles  to  the  Indian  population,  but 
not  without  much  opposition  from  the  Roman 
catholics.  Having  established  Gonzales  as 
a  missionary  at  Potosi,  he  himself  came 
back  to  England,  landing  at  Southampton 
8  Feb.  1847.  He  spent  1848  in  making  a 
survey  of  Tierra  del  Fuego  with  a  view  to  a 
mission,  and  suffered  great  hardships.  He 
then  endeavoured  to  interest  the  Moravian 
Brethren  and  the  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
Church  of  Scotland  in  this  enterprise,  but 


Gardiner 


411 


Gardiner 


neither  of  them  was  in  a  position  to  render 
any  aid.  At  last,  a  lady  at  Cheltenham  having 
given  700/.,  the  mission  was  determined  on. 
Accompanied  by  Richard  Williams,  surgeon, 
Joseph  Erwin,  ship-carpenter,  John  Maid- 
ment,  catechist,  and  three  Cornish  fishermen, 
Pearce,  Badcock,  and  Bryant,  he  sailed  from 
Liverpool  7  Sept.  1850  in  the  Ocean  Queen, 
and  was  landed  at  Picton  Island  5  Dec.  He 
had  with  him  two  launches,  each  twenty-six 
feet  long,  in  which  had  been  stowed  provi- 
sions to  last  for  six  months.  The  Fuegians 
were  hostile  and  great  thieves ;  the  climate 
was  severe  and  the  country  barren.  Six 
months  elapsed  without  the  arrival  of  further 
supplies,  which  were  detained  at  the  Falk- 
land Islands  for  want  of  a  vessel.  The  un- 
fortunate men  gradually  died  of  starvation, 
Gardiner,  himself  the  last  survivor,  expiring, 
as  it  is  believed,  6  Sept.  1851.  On  21  Oct. 
the  John  Davison,  sent  for  their  succour,  ar- 
rived, and  on  6  Jan.  1852  H.M.S.  Dido 
visited  the  place,  but  all  they  could  do  was 
to  bury  the  bodies  and  bring  away  Gardiner's 
journal.  Two  years  later,  in  1854,  the  Allen 
Gardiner  was  sent  out  to  Patagonia  as  a 
missionary  ship,  and  in  1856  Captain  Gar- 
diner's only  son,  Allen  W.  Gardiner,  went 
to  that  country  as  a  missionary.  Gardiner 
married  secondly,  7  Oct.  1836,  Elizabeth 
Lydia,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Garrard  Marsh,  vicar  of  Aylesford,  Kent. 
He  wrote  and  published:  1.  'Outlines  of  a 
Plan  for  Exploring  the  Interior  of  Australia,' 
1833.  2.  '  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  the 
Zoolu  Country  in  South  Africa,  undertaken 
in  1835,  1836.'  3.  <  A  Visit  to  the  Indians 
on  the  Frontiers  of  Chili,'  1840.  4.  '  A  Voice 
from  South  America,'  1847. 

[Gent.  Mag.  July  1852,  pp.  92-4;  Annual 
Register,  1852,  pp.  473-8  ;  The  Martyrs  of  the 
South  (1852) ;  Marsh's  Memoir  of  A.  F.  Gardi- 
ner (1857),  "with  portrait;  Marsh  and  Stirling's 
Story  of  Commander  A.  Gardiner  (1867),  with 
portrait ;  Marsh's  First  Fruits  of  South  American 
Mission  (1873);  Garratt's  Missionaries'  Grave 
(1852) ;  Bullock's  Corn  of  Wheat  dying  (1870) ; 
W.  J.  B.Moore's  They  have  done  what  they  could 
(1866)  ;  O'Byrne's  Naval  Biog.  Diet.  p.  387  ; 
Illustrated  London  News,  1  May  1852,  p.  331, 
and  8  May,  pp.  380-1 ,  with  three  views  on  Picton 
Island.]  G.  C.  B. 

GARDINER,  ARTHUR  (1716  P-1768), 

captain  in  the  navy,  is  described  in  his  pass- 
ing certificate,  dated  3  Nov.  1737,  as  more 
than  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  as  having 
been  at  sea  upwards  of  six  years,  chiefly  in 
the  Falmouth,  with  Captain  John  Byng  [q.  v.] 
On  4  July  1738  he  was  promoted  to  be  lieu- 
tenant, and  after  serving  in  the  Sutherland, 
and  in  the  Captain  with  Captain  Thomas 


Griffin  [q.  v.],  he  was  promoted  on  6  June 
1744  to  the  command  of  the  Lightning  bomb, 
from  which  on  27  May  1745  he  was  posted  to 
the  Neptune  as  flag-captain  to  Vice-admiral 
Rowley.  On  1  Oct.  he  was  moved  into  the 
Feversham,  which  he  commanded  for  three 
years  in  the  Mediterranean.  From  1749  to 
1754  he  commanded  the  Amazon  on  the  coast 
of  Ireland,  and,  on  paying  her  off,  applied  on 
15  May  1754  for  leave  to  go  to  France  for 
eight  or  ten  months.  In  May  1755  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Colchester,  but  left  her  in 
the  following  September  to  join  the  Ramillies 
as  flag-captain  to  his  old  commander,  now 
Admiral  Byng.  In  this  capacity  he  accom- 
panied Byng  to  the  Mediterranean ;  and  when, 
after  the  action  off  Minorca,  Byng  was  re- 
called, Gardiner  too  was  superseded  from  his 
command.  At  Byng's  trial  several  points  in 
Gardiner's  evidence  bore  heavily  on  the  ac- 
cused, especially  as  he  was  a  personal  friend 
and  an  unwilling  witness.  In  February  1757 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Monmouth  of  64 
guns,  and  again  sent  to  the  Mediterranean. 
In  February  1758  he  was  with  the  squadron 
under  Admiral  Osborn,  shutting  up  M.  de  la 
Clue  in  Cartagena,  when  on  the  28th  the  Mar- 
quis Duquesne,  with  three  ships,  attempted 
to  raise  the  blockade.  The  ships  were  imme- 
diately chased,  and  took  different  courses. 
The  Foudroyant,  carrying  Duquesne's  broad 
pennant,  was  the  ship  in  which  M.  de  Gal- 
lissonniere  had  hoisted  his  flag  in  the  battle 
of  Minorca,  and,  notwithstanding  her  enor- 
mous size,  Gardiner  had  been  heard  to  say 
that  if  he  fell  in  with  her,  in  the  Mon- 
mouth, he  would  take  her  or  perish  in  the 
attempt.  It  is,  perhaps,  more  probable  that 
the  story  was  invented  afterwards ;  for  it  was 
by  the  mere  accident  of  position  that  the  Fou- 
droyant was  chased  by  the  Monmouth,  the 
Swiftsure  and  Hampton  Court,  each  of  70 
guns,  following.  As  night  closed  in,  however, 
the  Monmouth  ran  the  chase  out  of  sight  of 
the  other  two  ships,  and,  having  partially  dis- 
abled her  rigging,  brought  her  to  close  action 
about  seven  o'clock.  In  the  very  beginning 
of  the  fight  Gardiner  was  wounded  in  the  arm 
by  a  musket  bullet,  though  not  so  seriously 
as  to  compel  him  to  leave  the  deck.  About 
nine  o'clock,  however,  he  fell,  shot  through 
the  head,  and  died  a  few  hours  afterwards. 
The  fight  was  gallantly  continued  by  the  first 
lieutenant,  Robert  Carkett  [q.  v.],  and  on  the 
Swiftsure  coming  up  about  one  o'clock,  the 
Foudroyant  hauled  down  her  colours.  The 
great  disproportion  between  the  combatants, 
the  Foudroyant  being  an  unusually  large  and 
heavily  armed  ship  of  80  guns,  and  the  fact 
that  the  Monmouth  alone  had  beaten  her 
gigantic  adversary  almost  to  a  standstill  be- 


Gardiner 


412 


Gardiner 


fore  the  Swift  sure  came  up,  as  well  as  the 
circumstances  of  Gardiner's  death,  have  all 
combined  to  render  the  action  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  in  our  naval  annals ;  and  that  this 
distinction  should  have  been  achieved  by  a 
pupil  of  Byng  and  Griffin  is  perhaps  not  its 
least  remarkable  feature. 

[Charnock's  Biog.  Nav.  v.  383  ;  Beatson's  Nav. 
and  Mil.  Mem.  ii.  153  ;  Minutes  of  the  Court 
Martial  on  Admiral  John  Byng ;  Official  letters 
and  other  documents  in  the  Public  Record  Office.] 

J.  K.  L. 

GARDINER,  BERNARD  (1668-1726), 
warden  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  was 
younger  son  of  Sir  William  Gardiner  of  Roche 
Court,  first  baronet  and  K.C.B.,  by  his  wife, 
Jane  Brocas,  heiress  of  Beaurepaire  and  Roche 
Court  in  Hampshire.  He  was  born  in  1668, 
became  a  demy  of  Magdalen  College  (whence 
he  was  temporarily  ejected  during  the  struggle 
with  James  II),  and  was  elected  fellow  of  All 
Souls  in  1689,  proceeding  B.A.  "26  Oct.  1688, 
B.C.L.  21  June  1693,  and  D.C.L.  9  June 
1698.  He  was  elected  warden  of  All  Souls  in 
1702,  on  the  nomination  of  Archbishop  Teni- 
son ;  became  custos  archivorum  in  1705-6, 
and  was  vice-chancellor  from  1712  to  1715. 
Both  as  warden  and  vice-chancellor  he  was  a 
prominent  figure  in  his  time,  a  conscientious, 
indomitable,  stern,  uncompromising  man.  In 
the  former  capacity  he  was  engaged  in  a  con- 
tinuous struggle  with  his  fellows  in  order  to 
put  an  end  to  the  abuses  of  non-residence,  , 
illusory  dispensations  from  taking  holy  orders,  | 
and  others  of  the  same  sort,  the  college  during  | 
the  process  being  subjected  to  two  visitations 
from  Archbishops  Tenison  and  Wake  respec- 
tively. The  result  was  not,  as  he  wished,  to 
restore  the  college  to  the  condition  contem- 
plated by  the  founder,  but  to  establish  it  on 
the  secular  and  non-resident  basis  which  the 
lawyers  and  statesmen  who  were  prominent 
among  the  fellows  desired,  and  which,  free 
from  the  undergraduate  element,  it  has  ever 
since  retained.  Gardiner's  efforts  to  enlarge, 
rebuild,  and  beautify  his  college  in  the  style 
of  his  age,  as  we  now  see  it,  were  crowned 
with  a  success  denied  to  his  constitutional 
reforms.  As  vice-chancellor  Gardiner  was, 
along  with  Wake,  the  chief  means  of  saving 
his  university  from  the  consequences  of  its 
pronounced  and  prevalent  Jacobitism.  He 
governed  with  a  strong  hand  and  made  many 
enemies,  especially  Hearne  the  antiquary,  to 
whom  as  a  Hanoverian  tory,  manager  of  the 
university  press,  andkeeper  of  the  archives,  the 
vice-chancellor  was  exceedingly  obnoxious. 
Hearne  described  Gardiner  as  '  a  person  of 
very  little  learning  and  less  honesty,  standing 
for  all  places  that  he  can  make  any  interest 
to  procure '  (HEAKNE,  Collections,  ed.  Doble, 


i.  85) ;  but  they  had  some  amicable  inter- 
course on  antiquarian  topics  (cf.  ib.  iii.  397, 
419,  &c.)  It  was  Gardiner's  chief  distinction 
that  in  the  pursuit  of  the  line  of  duty  which 
he  had  prescribed  for  himself  he  put  an  end 
to  the  intolerable  abuse  of  the  'terrse  films' 
or  elected  undergraduate,  who  by  ancient 
custom  had  been  permitted  unlimited  free- 
dom of  scurrilous  speech  at  the  annual  act. 
At  the  critical  periods  of  1714  and  1715 
these  performances,  which  on  such  occasions 
always  took  a  violent  political  direction,would 
probably  have  turned  the  scale  against  the 
permanent  independence  of  the  university, 
already  temporarily  menaced  by  the  presence 
of  the  '  troop  of  horse '  familiarly  known  to 
posterity  by  means  of  the  famous  epigram. 
He  died  on  22  April  1726  (Hist.  Reg.  1726, 
p.  17).  While  warden  of  All  Souls  he  mar- 
ried (29  Feb.  1711-12)  Grace,  daughter  of  Sir 
Sebastian  Sinythe  of  Tackley  Park  and  Cud- 
desdon,  Oxfordshire,  and  through  their  daugh- 
ter Grace,  wife  of  Dr.  Whalley  of  Clerk  Hill, 
Lancashire,  part  of  the  Brocas  estates  have 
been  transmitted  to  the  Gardiners  of  Roche- 
Court. 

[Montagu  Burrows's  Worthies  of  All  Souls, 
349  et  seq. ;  Historical  Family  of  Brocas  of  Beau- 
repaire and  Roche  Court,  by  the  same  author ; 
Bloxam's  Reg.  Magdalen  College,  iii.  45.] 

M.  B. 

GARDINER,  GEORGE  (1535  ?-l 589), 
dean  of  Norwich,  son  of  George  Gardiner, 
was  born  at  Berwick-on-Tweed  about  1535. 
He  was  a  scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  proceeded  B.A.  in  1554. 
He  took  the  M.A.  degree  in  1558,  having  in 
the  meantime  become  a  fellow  of  Queen's 
College,  an  appointment  of  which  he  was  de- 
prived on  6  Aug.  1561  by  reason  of  his  con- 
tinued absence  from  Cambridge.  In  December 
1560,  at  the  instigation  of  Leicester,  who 
was  always  a  firm  friend,  he  was  presented 
by  the  queen  to  the  living  of  Chatton,  North- 
umberland. In  or  about  1562  he  became  a 
minor  canon  of  Norwich  Cathedral,  and  was 
appointed  minister  to  the  church  of  St.  An- 
drew in  the  same  city.  He  was  promoted  to 
be  prebendary  in  1565,  and  in  1570  was  one 
of  those  who  entered  the  choir  of  the  cathe- 
dral and,  among  other  outrages,  broke  down 
the  organ.  In  the  previous  year,  at  a  metro- 
politan visitation,  articles  had  been  lodged 
against  him  charging  him  with  having  been 
'  a  man  very  unquiet,  troublesome,  and  dis- 
senting, setting  debate  between  man  and 
man.'  It  was  also  said  that  in  Queen  Mary's 
time  he  had  persecuted  persons  supposed  to 
favour  the  gospel  at  the  universities.  In 
1571  Gardiner  gave  up  his  Norwich  living 
on  being  instituted  by  the  Merchant  Taylors' 


Gardiner 


413 


Gardiner 


Company  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Martin  Out- 
wich,  London,  which  he  resigned  in  1574, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  collated  to  the 
living  of  Morley,  Norfolk.  In  1573  he  be- 
came archdeacon  of  Norwich.  He  had  repre- 
sented to  Leicester  that  the  appointment  had 
lapsed  to  the  crown  in  consequence  of  a  pro- 
longed lawsuit  between  two  candidates.  The 
Bishop  of  Norwich  (Parkhurst),  whose  own 
candidate  was  one  of  the  disputants,  refused 
to  recognise  Gardiner  as  archdeacon ;  but 
in  October  1573  the  bishop  promised  to  sup- 
port him  for  the  deanery,  then  vacant,  if  he 
would  give  up  the  archdeaconry.  But  Gar- 
diner had  already  had  resort  to  Leicester  and 
Burghley,  and  was  nominated  dean  uncon- 
ditionally, in  spite  of  his  bishop's  opposition. 
Both  Leicester  and  the  queen  ordered  the 
bishop  to  desist,  and  ultimately  Parkhurst 
and  Gardiner  became  good  friends.  Gardiner 
erected  a  monument  to  Parkhurst's  memory 
m  the  cathedral.  In  1573  Gardiner  was  also 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  queen,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  in  attendance  at  court. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  on  a  commission  of 
oyer  and  terminer  for  the  county  of  Norfolk 
to  examine  into  offences  against  the  Act  of 
Uniformity.  In  1578  he  was  vicar-general 
of  Norwich,  apparently  for  only  a  short  period. 
In  1575  he  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Swaff- 
ham  by  gift  of  the  queen,  in  1579  the  rectory 
of  Haylesden,  in  1580that  of  Blofield,  in  1583 
that  of  Ashill,  and  in  1584  that  of  Forncett, 
all  in  Norfolk.  He  held  as  well  the  rectory 
of  West  Stow,  Suffolk.  He  had  also  duties 
in  London,  and  in  February  1587  a  formal 
complaint  was  made  against  him,  among 
others,  for  neglecting  to  preach  at  St.  Paul's 
Cross  according  to  a  monition.  As  dean  of 
Norwich  he  greatly  benefited  the  revenues  of 
the  cathedral.  Part  of  the  church  lands  had 
been  annexed  by  Sir  Thomas  Shirley  and 
others  in  a  less  degree  on  various  pretexts. 
Gardiner,  by  dint  of  his  influence  at  court 
and  many  lawsuits,  finally,  in  1588,  obtained 
a  royal  warrant  ordering  the  patentees  to 
surrender  the  church  lands,  though  not  with- 
out some  compensation.  In  the  later  years 
of  his  life  Gardiner  was  much  invalided  by 
gout.  He  died  about  June  1589,  and  was 
buried  in  the  south  aisle  of  his  cathedral, 
where  his  tomb,  with  its  Latin  inscription, 
still  remains.  He  is  described  by  Strype  as 
'  a  man  of  learning  and  merit  and  a  hearty 
professor  of  the  gospel.'  Many  of  his  letters 
are  extant,  and  a  number  of  them  are  printed 
in  Strype's  'Annals.'  Gardiner  was  married, 
and  in  1573  was  the  father  of  four  children. 
[Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  ii.  55 ;  Strype's 
Annals  of  the  Reformation,  ii.  443-50,  485,  497, 
533-7,  iii.  57-62 ;  Strype's  Life  of  Parker,  ii.  36, 


87,  137,  154;  Strype's  Life  of  Aylmer,  p.  201  ; 
Blomefield's  Norfolk,  ii.  350,  iii.  620,  640,  668, 
iv.  301,  v.  261,  vi.  225,  vii.  211,  x.  432;  New- 
court's  Repert.  Eccl.  Lond.  i.  420 ;  Le  Neve's 
Fasti,  ii.  476, 481,  496, 500;  Rymer's  Foedera,  xv. 
584,  725,  727;  Lansdowne  MS.  18,  art.  15982, 
f.  116.]  A.V. 

GARDINER,  JAMES,  D.D.  (1637- 
1705),  bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  the  son,  by  his 
second  wife,  of  Adrian  Gardiner,  apothecary, 
of  Nottingham, '  who  brought  up  many  sons 
very  well'  (THOKOTON,  Nottinghamshire,  p. 
498,  ed.  1677).  He  entered  at  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1649,  taking  the  degrees 
of  B.A.  1652-3,  M.A.  1656,  and  D.D.  1669. 
On  the  Restoration  he  obtained  favour  at 
court,  became  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth,  chaplain  to  the  guards,  and  received 
the  crown  living  of  Epworth,  Lincolnshire, 
and  the  stall  of  Stow-in-Lindsey  in  Lincoln 
Cathedral,  4  March  1660-1.  He  was  also 
presented  by  Charles  II  (sede  vacante)  to  the 
prebendal  stall  of  Stratton  in  the  cathedral  of 
Salisbury,  3  Feb.  1665-6.  In  1671  he  received 
the  sub-deanery  of  Lincoln  from  Bishop  Tho- 
mas Fuller,  in  the  room  of  Robert  Mapletoft 
[q.  vj  While  holding  this  office  he  rebuilt 
his  official  residence,  which  had  been  reduced 
to  ruins  by  the  parliamentary  forces  on  the 
storming  of  the  castle  and  close  in  1644.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  Honywood  [q.  v.]  in  1681, 
he  was  recommended  for  the  deanery  of  Lin- 
coln by  Archbishop  Sancroft,  but  unsuccess- 
fully, the  dignity  having  been  promised  to 
Dr.  Brevint  [q.  v.]  On  the  serious  illness  of 
the  latter  in  1685,  Gardiner  applied  to  the 
archbishop  for  his  interest  for  the  anticipated 
vacancy,  which,  however,  did  not  occur  till 
1695.  Meanwhile,  on  the  translation  of  Teni- 
son  from  the  see  of  Lincoln  to  that  of  Canter- 
bury, Tenison  successfully  recommended  his 
friend  Gardiner  as  his  successor,  and  Gardi- 
ner's was  the  first  consecration  performed  by 
the  new  archbishop,  10  March  1694-5,  being 
the  first  episcopal  consecration  since  Tenison's 
own  in  1691-2.  Gardiner  had  permission  to 
retain  the  stall  of  Stow-in-Lindsey  in  com- 
mendam  for  three  years.  Gardiner's  ten  years' 
episcopate  was  quiet  and  uneventful,  and  de- 
voted to  the  conscientious  discharge  of  his 
duty.  He  was  a  whig  and  a  low  churchman, 
and  voted  steadily  with  his  party.  He  desired 
to  be  excused  giving  his  opinion  either  way 
when,  22  Feb.  1699-1700,  the  case  of  Bishop 
Watson's  deprivation  came  before  the  court 
of  delegates.  His  colleagues  were  unani- 
mous in  confirming  the  sentence  of  the  in- 
ferior court.  Gardiner's  conduct  illustrates 
his  irresolute  character  (LTTTTRELL,  Diary, 
iv.  616).  When  the  bill  against  occasional 
conformity  was  thrown  out  by  the  House  of 


Gardiner 


414 


Gardiner 


Lords,  7  Dec.  1703,  he  was  one  of  the  majority, 
ranging  himself  with  Tenison,  Burnet,  Lloyd 
of  Worcester,  &c.,  against  Compton  of  Lon- 
don, Mews  of  Winchester,  and  Sprat.  Gar- 
diner's charge  at  his  primary  visitation  (2nd 
edit.  1697)  shows  an  earnest  desire  for  rais- 
ing the  tone  of  his  clergy  and  promoting  the 
spiritual  good  of  his  diocese  in  what  he  terms 
an '  atheistical  and  deluded  age.'  Many  of  his 
clergy  he  describes  as  unaccountably  negli- 
gent, some  grossly  immoral ;  they  indulged 
in  the  immoderate  pursuit  of  pluralities,  and 
were  hard  to  reconcile  to  residence,  cheapen- 
ing their  curates  and  calling  201.  or  30/.  a  year 
a  competency.  Catechising  was  disused,  the 
fasts  and  festivals  were  unobserved;  private 
baptism  was  too  usual ;  for  the  sake  of  fees 
clandestine  marriages  were  winked  at :  chan- 
cels were  disused  and  left  '  in  a  more  nasty 
condition  than  the  meanest  cottage,'  while  the 
holy  table  was  brought  down  into  the  mid- 
aisle,  and  the  elements  administered  to  per- 
sons in  their  seats.  His  faithfulness  in  the 
discharge  of  his  duties  and  the  gentleness  of 
his  character  are  set  forth  in  a  very  admirable 
set  of  six  sapphic  stanzas  on  his  monument 
in  the  retrochoir  of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  He 
died  at  his  house  in  Dean's  Yard,  West- 
minster, 1  March  1704-5,  his  end  being 
hastened  by  grief  at  the  sudden  death  of  his 
wife  under  peculiarly  painful  circumstances. 
He  left  three  sons,  James  [q.  v.],  William, 
and  Charles,  and  two  daughters.  He  was 
an  antiquary  of  some  note,  and  assisted 
Simon  Patrick  [q.  v.],  afterwards  bishop  of 
Ely,  when  dean  of  Peterborough,  in  de- 
ciphering and  transcribing  the  charters  and 
muniments  of  the  abbey.  Besides  his  charge 
of  1697,  his  only  published  work  is  a  ser- 
mon preached  before  the  House  of  Lords  on 
Psalm  Lxxix.  9,  on  the  fast  day,  11  Dec.  1695. 
He  also  published  twenty  sermons  left  in 
manuscript  by  the  learned  Dr.  W.  Outram, 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  of  which  a  second  I 
edition  was  printed  in  1797.  A  portrait  of 
him  exists  at  Emmanuel,  and  it  has  been 
engraved. 

[Willis's  Cathedrals,  i.  72  ;  MSS.  Tanner,  No. 
88,  170;  Kennett,  Lansdowne  MS.  987,  No. 
126.]  E.  V. 

GARDINER,  JAMES,  the  younger  (d. 
1732),  sub-dean  of  Lincoln,  son  of  James 
Gardiner,  bishop  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.],  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  in  1695.  He 
proceeded  B.  A.  as  sixteenth  wrangler  in  1699, 
and  was  elected  fellow  of  Jesus  College  in  1700. 
He  became  M.  A.  in  1702.  On  20  April  1704 
he  was  presented  by  his  father  to  the  master- 
ship of  St.  John's  Hospital,  Peterborough, 
and  29  April  of  the  same  year  was  installed 


sub-dean  of  Lincoln  Cathedral  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Knighton,  and  at  the  same  time  became 
prebendary  of  Asgarby.  He  is  described  by 
Browne  Willi  s  as '  an  ext  raordinary  benefactor 
to  the  church  of  Lincoln,  having  improved  the 
house  belonging  to  his  dignity,  rebuilt  by  his 
father,  so  very^much  that  it  may  be  esteemed 
the  best  house  belonging  to  the  minster ' 
(WiLLis,  Cathedrals,  i.  99).  He  died  at 
Lincoln,  24  March  1731-2,  and  was  buried  in 
the  retrochoir  of  the  cathedral,  by  the  side  of 
his  father.  His  only  daughter,  Susanna,  who 
had  nursed  him  assiduously,  followed  him 
to  the  grave  in  little  more  than  a  month, 
27  April,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  grave 
in  which  his  wife,  Dinah,  was  also  buried, 
4  Sept.  1734.  His  monument  bears  a  very 
lengthy  epitaph,  from  which  we  may  gather 
that  he  was  a  man  of  great  suavity  of  dispo- 
sition and  beneficence,  a  cultured  and  popular 
preacher,  and  of  some  success  as  an  author. 
He  published :  1. '  The  Duty  of  Peace  amongst 
Members  of  the  same  State.  A  Sermon  on 
Rom.  xiv.  19,'  London,  1713.  2.  '  Practical 
Exposition  of  the  Beatitudes,'  1713  (this,  as 
well  as  the  sermon,  went  to  a  second  edition). 
He  also  translated  'Rapin  of  Gardens,'  1718, 
and  contributed  to  the  'Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge Miscellany  Poems,'  Lintot,  1709. 

[Browne  Willis's  Cathedrals,  i.  99 ;  Le  Neve's 
Fasti.]  E.  V. 

GARDINER,  JAMES  (1688-1745), 
colonel  of  dragoons,  eldest  son  of  Captain 
Patrick  Gardiner,  of  the  family  of  Torwood- 
head,  by  his  wife,  Mary  Hodge  of  Gladsmuir, 
was  born  11  Jan.  1687-8,  at  Carriden,  Lin- 
lithgowshire.  He  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  of  Linlithgow,  and  having  served 
very  early  as  a  cadet  became  ensign,  at  the 
age  of  fourteen,  in  a  Scotch  regiment  in  the 
service  of  Holland.  In  1702  he  exchanged 
into  the  service  of  Queen  Anne,  and  he  took 
part  with  distinction  in  the  campaigns  of 
Marlborough.  At  the  battle  of  Ramillies, 
23  May  1706,  he  was  one  of  a  forlorn  hope 
sent  to  dispossess  the  French  of  the  church- 
yard, and  after  planting  the  colours  was  dis- 
abled by  a  shot  in  the  mouth.  While  lying 
helpless,  after  the  battle,  he  saved  himself 
from  death  by  stating  that  he  was  a  nephew 
of  the  governor  of  the  neutral  town  of  Huy. 
He  was  conveyed  to  a  neighbouring  convent, 
and  on  his  recovery  was  exchanged.  On 
31  Jan.  1714-15  he  was  made  lieutenant  in 
Colonel  Kerr's  dragoons,  now  the  1st  hussars ; 
and  on  22  July  following  captain  in  Colonel 
Stanhope's  dragoons,  disbanded  in  1718. 
He  was  in  this  regiment  at  the  battle  of 
Preston,  Lancashire,  heading  a  small  storm- 
ing party,  who  in  the  midst  of  a  hail  of 


Gardiner 


415 


Gardiner 


musketry,  by  which  the  majority  of  them 
were  killed,  advanced  to  the  barricades  and 
set  them  on  fire.  On  14  Jan.  1717-18  he  was 
promoted  major.  His  skill  as  a  horseman 
attracted  the  attention  of  John  Dalrymple, 
second  earl  of  Stair  [q.v.],  to  whom  he  became 
aide-de-camp.  Stair's  grand  ceremonial  entry 
intoParis  as  ambassador,  in  1719, was  arranged 
under  the  direction  of  Gardiner,  who  acted 
as  master  of  the  horse.  On  20  July  1724  he 
was  made  major  of  the  Earl  of  Stair's  dra- 
goons, now  the  6th  Inniskillings.  Wodrow's 
statement,  that  he  was  made  major  of  Stair's 
grey  horse  (Analecta,  iii.  198),  now  called 
the  Scots  Greys,  arose  from  the  fact  that 
Stair  was  colonel  of  the  Greys  both  pre- 
viously and  subsequently  (24  April  1706  to 
20  April  1714,  and  28  May  1745  to  27  May 
1747) ;  but  from  March  1715  to  March  1734 
he  was  colonel  of  the  6th  dragoons,  and  it 
was  only  while  he  was  colonel  of  this  regi- 
ment that  Gardiner  served  under  him  (infor- 
mation kindly  supplied  by  Lieutenant-colonel 
Fergusson  of  Edinburgh  from  the  war  office). 
On  24  Jan.  1729-30  Gardiner  was  made 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Inniskillings.  Ac- 
cording to  his  own  statement,  Gardiner  in 
his  early  years  was  noted,  even  in  Paris,  for 
his  dissolute  life.  While  waiting  for  an  as- 
signation he  happened  to  take  up  a  book,  ac- 
cording to  Doddridge,  Watson's '  The  Christian 
Soldier,'  or,  according  to  Alexander  Carlyle, 
Gurnall's  '  Christian  Armour.'  Looking  up 
during  its  perusal  he  saw  what  he  ever  after- 
wards regarded  as  a  vision  of  Jesus  Christ, 
and  was  immediately  and  permanently  '  con- 
verted.' Alexander  Carlyle,  who  states  that 
he  was  '  very  ostentatious '  in  his  references 
to  his  conversion,  describes  him  as  '  a  noted 
enthusiast,  a  very  weak,  honest,  and  brave 
man  '  (Autobiography,  p.  16). 

On  19  April  1743  Gardiner  succeeded 
General  Humphry  Bland  [q.  v.]  as  colonel 
of  the  regiment  of  light  dragoons  now  known 
as  the  13th  hussars,  then  quartered  in  East 
Lothian,  in  which  district  Gardiner  had  lately 
purchased  a  residence  at  Bankton,  near  Pres- 
tonpans.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  in 
1745  Gardiner's  and  Hamilton's  dragoons  were 
retained  in  the  low  country,  while  Cope  set 
out  to  oppose  the  Pretender  in  the  highlands. 
On  14  Aug.  four  troops  of  Gardiner's  dra- 
goons marched  to  Perth  by  the  ford  of  Dal- 
reoch  (KiNGTOir,  Lairds  of  Gask,  p.  104). 
He  evacuated  Perth  on  the  approach  of  the 
Pretender's  forces,  and  concentrated  his  dra- 
goons in  Stirling.  He  was  confident  that  if 
they  came  to  Stirling  he  would  be  able  to 
'  give  them  a  warm  reception '  ('  Letters  on 
the  Suppression  of  the  Rebellion,'  in  JESSE, 
Pretenders  and  their  Adherents,  ii.  345),  but 


asked  in  vain  to  be  reinforced  by  Hamilton's- 
dragoons  from  Edinburgh.  The  insurgents, 
learning  that  Stirling  was  held  by  Gardiner, 
resolved  to  cross  the  Forth  by  the  fords  of 
Frew,  eight  miles  to  the  west.  Gardiner  set 
out  to  dispute  the  passage  ;  but  his  numbers- 
were  much  inferior  to  those  of  the  enemy,  and 
he  could  not  depend  on  the  temper  of  his  men. 
He  therefore,  after  making  a  reconnaissance, 
retreated  on  Edinburgh.  Partly  infected  by 
the  supineness  and  irresolution  of  Cope," and 
partly  influenced  by  the  tales  of  highland 
prowess  at  Killiecrankie  in  1689,  the  dragoons 
both  of  Gardiner  and  Hamilton,  when  the  Pre- 
tender's forces  began  to  approach  Edinburgh, 
left  the  city,  and,  notwithstanding  the  remon- 
strances of  Gardiner  and  other  officers,  gal- 
loped eastwards  in  wild  panic.  They  halted 
for  the  night  in  a  field  at  Prestonpans,  and 
Gardiner,  'quite  worn  out,' went  to  bed  in  his 
own  house.  Next  morning  they  continued 
their  march  to  Dunbar,  where  Cope  was 
making  his  debarkation.  Alexander  Carlyle, 
then  a  young  man,  visited  the  camp  and  dined 
with  Gardiner.  On  Carlyle  referring  to  the 
retreat  from  Edinburgh — '  A  foul  flight,'  said 
he,  '  Sandie,  and  they  have  not  recovered 
from  their  panic ;  and  I'll  tell  you,  in  confi- 
dence, that  I  have  not  above  ten  men  in  my 
regiment  whom  I  am  certain  will  follow  me. 
But  we  must  give  them  battle  now,  and 
God's  will  be  done'  (Autobiog.  p.  132).  On 
20  Sept.  the  two  armies  came  in  sight  of  each 
other  at  Prestonpans,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Gardiner's  own  residence.  When  Cope 
took  up  his  final  position  for  the  night,  he  had 
his  rear  to  the  high  enclosing  walls  of  Gar- 
diner's residence  and  the  Preston  pleasure- 
grounds.  Carlyle  had  another  and  his  last 
interview  with  Gardiner  in  the  evening.  He 
found  him  '  grave,  but  serene  and  resigned ; 
and  he  concluded  by  praying  God  to  bless 
me,  and  that  he  could  not  wish  for  a  better 
night  to  lie  on  the  field.'  He  added  that  he 
expected  they  would  be '  awaked  early  enough 
in  the  morning'  (ib.  p.  140).  Gardiner's 
dragoons  were  posted  on  Cope's  right  wing, 
and  after  the  discomfiture  of  Whitney's  dra- 
goons were  ordered  to  charge  the  enemy, 
but  after  a  faint  fire  only  eleven,  including 
Cornet  Kerr  (ib.  p.  143),  obeyed  the  word  of 
command,  the  others  wheeling  round  and 
galloping  from  the  field.  The  battle  was  ir- 
retrievably lost,  but  Gardiner  would  not 
leave  the  infantry  in  the  desperate  plight  in 
which  they  were  now  placed.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  action  he  had  received  a  bullet 
wound  in  his  right  breast,  and  soon  after- 
wards a  shot  struck  his  right  thigh.  The 
officer  in  command  of  the  foot  was  struck 
down,  when '  the  colonel  immediately  quitted 


Gardiner 


416 


Gardiner 


his  horse  and  snatched  up  the  half-pike ;  and 
took  upon  him  the  command  of  the  foot,  at 
whose  head  he  fought  till  he  was  brought 
down  by  three  wounds,  one  in  his  shoulder 
by  a  ball,  another  in  his  forearm  by  a  broad 
sword,  and  the  third,  which  was  the  mortal 
stroke,  in  the  hinder  part  of  his  head  by  a 
Lochaber  axe.  This  wound  was  given  him 
by  a  highlander,  who  came  behind  him  while 
he  was  reaching  a  stroke  at  an  officer  with 
whom  he  was  engaged '  (  Gent .  Mag.  xv.  530). 
He  was  carried,  in  a  very  weak  condition,  to 
the  manse  of  Tranent,  but  lived  till  the  fore- 
noon of  the  following  day.  On  the  24th  he 
was  buried  in  the  north-west  corner  of  Tra- 
nent Church,  which  he  had  been  in  the  habit 
of  attending.  The  mansion-house  of  Gar- 
diner was  destroyed  by  fire  27  Nov.  1852. 
By  his  wife,  Lady  Frances  Erskine,  daughter 
of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Buchan,  whom  he  mar- 
ried 11  July  1726,  he  had  thirteen  children, 
only  five  of  whom,  two  sons  and  three 
daughters,  survived  him.  Gardiner's  daugh- 
ter Richmond  was  the  '  Fanny  Fair  '  of  the 
song  '  'T  was  at  the  Hour  of  Dark  Midnight,' 
written  in  commemoration  of  Gardiner  by  Sir 
Gilbert  Elliot  [q.  v.],  third  baronet  (1722- 
1777). 

[Doddridge's  Life  of  Colonel  Gardiner,  fre- 
quently printed ;  Doddridge's  Sermon  on  the 
Death  of  Colonel  Gardiner,  1745;  Poem  on  the 
Death  of  Colonel  Gardiner,  1746  ;  Gent.  Mag. 
xv.  530 ;  Chambers's  Biog.  Diet,  of  Eminent 
Scotsmen ;  Cannon's  Historical  Records,  1 3th 
dragoons  ;  Alexander  Carlyle's  Autobiography ; 
Chambers's  Hist,  of  the  Rebellion ;  Burton's 
Hist,  of  Scotland ;  information  kindly  supplied 
by  Lieutenant-colonel  Fergusson  of  Edinburgh.] 

T.  F.  H. 

GARDINER,  MARGUERITE,  COUN- 
TESS OF  BLESSINGTON.  [See  BLESSINGTON.] 

GARDINER,  RICHARD,  D.D.  (1591- 
1670),  divine,  was  born  in  1591  at  or  near 
Hereford,  and  went  to  the  grammar  school  of 
that  town.  In  1 607  he  entered  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  as  a  poor  scholar,  taking  the  degree 
of  B.A.  in  1611,  M.A.  in  1614,  and  D.D.  in 
1630.  About  this  time  he  took  holy  orders, 
and,  though  he  seems  to  have  held  no  pre- 
ferment, became  known  as  a  brilliant  and 
quaint  preacher.  As  deputy-orator  to  the  uni- 
versity, some  time  previous  to  1620,  he  de- 
livered an  'eloquent  oration'  upon  James  I's 
gift  of  his  own  works  to  the  library.  James  I, 
according  to  Wood,  gave  to  Gardiner  the 
reversion  of  the  next  vacant  canonry  at 
Christ  Church  in  reward  for  a  speech  made 
before  the  king  '  in  the  Scottish  tone.'  He 
was  accordingly  installed  in  1629.  In  1630 
lie  was  appointed  one  of  the  chaplains  in  or- 


dinary to  Charles  I.  He  continued  deputy- 
orator,  and  in  this  capacity  made  the  univer- 
sity oration  to  the  king  on  his  return  from 
Edgehill.  In  1647  he  was  examined  several 
times  before  the  parliamentary  visitors,  and 
deprived  of  his  prebend.  He  lived  obscurely 
at  Oxford,  befriending  poor  royalists,  until 
the  Restoration,  when  he  was  reinstated 
(July  1660).  From  this  time  he  devoted  all 
his  means  to  charitable  purposes  and  to  the 
enrichment  of  the  college.  Among  other 
benefactions  in  1662-5  he  gave  510/.  towards 
rebuilding  parts  of  Christ  Church,  and  in 
1663  he  gave  lands  at  Bo urton-on- the- Water, 
Gloucestershire,  to  the  support  of  two  servi- 
tors on  that  foundation.  He  also  erected  a 
fountain  in  the  quadrangle.  He  died  at  Oxford 
in  1670,  aged  79,  and  was  buried  in  the  north 
choir  aisle  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  where 
a  monument  to  his  memory  was  erected, 
bearing  a  ludicrously  laudatory  inscription 
by  South,  who  succeeded  him  in  his  prebend. 
Gardiner  was  a  man  of  keen  intellect,  and  his 
sermons  are  still  worth  reading. 

His  writings  are :  1.  '  Sermon  at  St.  Paul's 
Ch.  on  his  Majesty's  day  of  Inauguration, 
27  March  1642.  2.  '  Specimen  Oratorium,'  a 
collection  of  his  official  speeches,  published 
in  London  in  1653,  and  again  in  1657.  In 
1662  it  was  reprinted  with  additions,  and  re- 
published  in  1668  and  1675.  3.  'Sixteen 
Sermons  preached  in  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford and  at  Court,'  1659;  besides  several 
separate  sermons. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  iii.  921 ; 
Wood's  Hist,  of  Oxford ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Eccl. 
Angl.  ii.  521 ;  Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy, 
ed.  1714,  ii.  104 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.]  A.  C.  B. 

GARDINER,  RICHARD  (1723-1781), 
called  DICK  MERRYFELLOW,  author,  born  at 
Saffron  Walden,  Essex,  4  Oct.  1723,  was  the 
son  of  the  Rev.  John  Gardiner,  LL.D.,  rector 
of  Great  Massingham,  Norfolk,  by  a  daughter 
of  John  Turner  of  Saffron  Walden.  After 
being  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  Catharine's 
Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  no  degree, 
he  went  abroad  for  some  years,  and  while  re- 
turning to  England  was  taken  prisoner  at  sea 
by  a  French  privateer  and  imprisoned  at  Dun- 
kerque.  On  his  release  in  1748  he  went  to 
Norwich,  and  was  persuaded  by  his  relations 
to  enter  holy  orders.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  successful  preacher,  but  in  1751,  while  still 
a  deacon,  he  retired  from  the  church.  His 
unsuccessful  suit  to  a  young  lady  led  him  to 
publish  in  1754  '  The  History  of  Pudica,  a 
Lady  of  N-rf-lk,  with  an  account  of  her  five 
lovers,  by  William  Honeycomb.'  One  of  the 
lovers,  named  '  Dick  Merryfellow,'  was  in- 
tended for  himself.  The  satire  is  dull  and 


Gardiner 


417 


Gardiner 


acrimonious.  Gardiner  next  took  up  the  pro- 
fession of  arms,  and  in  March  1757  he  was 
promoted  from  being  a  lieutenant  in  the  12th 
regiment  of  foot  to  the  command  of  a  com- 
pany of  marines.  In  1759  he  commanded  a 
detachment  of  marines  in  an  engagement  at 
St.  Pierre,  Martinique,  and  again  at  the  siege 
of  Guadeloupe  on  board  the  Rippon.  On  his 
return  to  England  in  the  same  year  he  pub- 
lished an  unembellished  diary  of  the  experi- 
ences of  the  fleet,  called  '  An  Account  of  the 
Expedition  to  the  West  Indies  against  Mar- 
tinico,  Guadeloupe,  and  other  the  Leeward 
Islands  subject  to  the  French  King.'  The 
work  was  originally  dedicated  toLord  Temple, 
who  had  procured  Gardiner  his  commis- 
sion. A  third  edition,  which  was  published 
in  1762,  together  with  a  French  translation, 
both  beautifully  printed  by  Baskerville,  is 
dedicated  to  the  queen.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Spanish  war  in  1762  Gardiner  raised  a 
company  of  foot  at  his  own  expense,  but  was 
not  permitted  to  sell  his  company  of  marines, 
which,  after  the  siege  of  Paris,  was  reduced. 
Its  commander  being  put  upon  half-pay,  Gar- 
diner retired  to  Swafi'ham,  and  amused  him- 
self by  writing  a  large  number  of  election 
squibs  in  verse  and  prose  which,  though  poor 
even  of  their  kind,  were  extensively  circulated 
and  well  paid  for.  In  1773  Gardiner  again 
obtained  a  commission,  and  was  appointed 
captain  in  the  16th  light  dragoons  with  brevet 
rank  of  major;  but  he  saw  no  more  service, 
and  shortly  afterwards  retired  on  half-pay. 
He  then  settled  at  Ingoldisthorpe,  Norfolk, 
and  finding  his  means  insufficient  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  growing  family  he  persuaded  T.  W. 
Coke  [q.  v.]  to  make  him  'auditor-general' 
of  his  Holkham  estates,  with  a  salary  of  600/. 
a  year.  The  place  was  intended  as  a  sinecure, 
but  Gardiner  recklessly  altered  existing  ar- 
rangements, increased  the  rents,  drove  out 
tenants,  and  even  endeavoured  to  choose 

f  nests  and  order  dinner  for  his  employer.  In 
ebruary  1777  he  was  dismissed  with  a  gra- 
tuity of  200/.  after  a  six  months'  tenure  of 
his  office.  Early  in  1778  he  published  an 
absurd '  Letter  to  Sir  Harbord  Harbord,  with 
observations  on  Thomas  William  Coke,'  as- 
suming that  Harbord  had  procured  his  dis- 
missal. The  insinuation  was  denied  by  Coke 
in  the  Norfolk  newspapers,  and  similar  pub- 
licity having  been  refused  to  Gardiner's  re- 
joinder, he  produced  a '  Letter  to  T.  W.  Coke, 
Esq.,  of  Holkham,'  a  long,  tangled,  and  bitter 
tirade.  He  again  took  up  the  quarrel  in  the 
following  year,  when  Harbord  and  Coke  were 
candidates  at  parliamentary  elections  for  Nor- 
wich and  Norfolk  county  respectively ;  but 
each  of  his  enemies  was  returned  at  the  head 
of  the  poll.  He  died  on  14  Sept.  1781,  and 
VOL.  xx. 


was  buried  in  Ingoldisthorpe  Church.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  preparing  an  elabo- 
rate '  Naval  Register  from  1739  to  1781,'  which 
was  never  completed.  A  large  number  of  his 
compositions  were  printed,  chiefly  consisting 
of  prologues  and  epilogues  to  plays,  elegies 
and  epitaphs  on  friends  and  political  skits  ; 
he  was  also  mainly  responsible  for  an  ephe- 
meral '  Lynn  Magazine,'  and  prepared  some 
articles  for  a  projected  county  history  of  Nor- 
folk. None  of  his  work  possesses  any  lasting 
merit.  He  married  Ann,  only  daughter  of 
Benjamin  Bromhead  of  Thirlby,  near  Lincoln, 
and  left  a  son,  who  became  an  officer  in  the 
army,  and  two  daughters. 

[Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  (Prose  and 
Verse)  of  K-ch-d  G-rd-n-r,  Esq..  alias  Dick  Merry- 
fellow  of  Serious  and  Facetious  Memory.]  A.  V. 

GARDINER,  SIR  ROBERT  WILLIAM 

(1781-1864),  general,  colonel-commandant 
royal  horse  artillery,  second  son  of  Captain 
John  Gardiner,  senior,  3rd  buffs,  by  his  wife 
Mary,  daughter  of  J.  Allison  of  Durham,  was 
born  2  May  1781,  entered  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich,  as  a  cadet,  13  July 
1795,  and  passed  out  as  a  second  lieutenant 
royal  artillery  7  April  1797.  His  subsequent 
military  commissions  were  dated  as  follows : 
first  lieutenant  16  July  1799,  second  captain 
12  Oct.  1804,  first  captain  18  Nov.  1811,  bre- 
vet-major 27  April  1812,  brevet-lieutenant- 
colonel  8  March  1814,  brevet-colonel  22  July 
1831,  regimental  colonel  24Nov.  1839,  major- 
general  23  Nov.  1841,  lieutenant-general 
11  Oct.  1851,  general  28  Nov.  1854,  and 
colonel-commandant  23  March  1853.  In  Octo- 
ber 1797  Gardiner  embarked  for  Gibraltar, 
then  partially  blockaded  by  the  French  and 
Spanish  fleets,  and  the  year  after  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Minorca.  He  commanded 
a  detachment  of  twelve  guns  with  the  force 
under  General  Don  sent  to  Stade  and  Cux- 
haven  in  November  1805,  as  the  advance  of 
the  army  proceeding  to  Hanover  under  com- 
mand of  Lord  Cathcart.  The  troops  having 
returned  to  England  in  January  1806,  Gardi- 
ner effected  an  exchange  to  Sicily,  which  he 
reached  just  after  the  battle  of  Maida.  He 
served  in  Sicily,  part  of  the  time  as  aide-de- 
camp to  General  Fox  and  afterwards  to  Sir 
John  Moore,  returning  with  Moore  to  Eng- 
land from  Gibraltar  in  December  1807.  As 
the  regulations  prevented  him  from  serving 
on  Moore's  staff  on  the  expedition  to  Sweden, 
he  exchanged  in  order  to  accompany  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley  to  Portugal.  He  was  pre- 
sent at  Rolica  and  Vimeiro.  He  was  brigade- 
major  of  the  artillery  in  the  Corunna  retreat. 
In  the  Walcheren  expedition  he  was  present 
at  the  siege  of  Middleburg  and  Flushing, 


Gardiner 


418 


Gardiner 


and  was  invalided  for  fever.  On  his  recovery 
he  proceeded  to  Cadiz,  and  his  battery  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Barossa.  He 
joined  Lord  Wellington's  army  in  February 
1812,  and  received  a  brevet  majority  for  his 
services  at  the  siege  and  capture  of  Badajoz 
(GiTRWOOD,  Wellington  Despatches,  v.  580). 
He  commanded  a  field  battery  at  the  battle 
of  Salamanca,  the  capture  of  Madrid,  the 
siege  of  Burgos  (where  he  volunteered  to 
serve  in  the  siege  batteries),  and  in  the  Bur- 
gos retreat.  Early  in  1813  Gardiner  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  E  (afterwards  D) 
troop  royal  horse  artillery,  then  attached  to 
the  7th  division,  with  which  he  fought  at 
Vittoria  in  the  Pyrenees,  at  Orthez,  Tarbes, 
and  Toulouse.  He  was  made  K.C.B.  in  1814. 
In  1815  his  troop  was  stationed  in  front  of 
Carlton  House  during  the  corn  riots,  and 
subsequently  proceeded  to  Belgium,  where  he 
commanded  it  through  the  Waterloo  cam- 
paign and  entered  Paris.  Gardiner  was.  ap- 
pointed principal  equerry  to  Prince  Leopold 
of  Saxe-Coburg  on  the  prince's  marriage  with 
the  Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales,  and  held 
the  post  until  Prince  Leopold  became  king  of 
the  Belgians,  after  which  Gardiner  continued 
to  reside  at  Claremont.  He  was  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  at  Gibraltar  from  1848 
to  1855. 

In  1844  Gardiner  published  a  brief  memoir 
of  Admiral  Sir  Graham  Moore,  brother  of 
Sir  John  Moore.  Between  1848  and  1860 
he  published  a  number  of  pamphlets  on  mili- 
tary organisation,  especially  as  regards  artil- 
lery and  national  defence.  In  1854  the 
committee  of  merchants  at  Gibraltar  memo- 
rialised Lord  Aberdeen's  government  against 
Gardiner's  interference  with  the  Gibraltar 
trade,  which  he  described  as  contraband,  and 
sought  to  render  more  reputable.  The  cor- 
respondence, together  with  a  long  report  by 
Gardiner  on  '  Gibraltar  as  a  Fortress  and  a 
Colony,'  is  printed  in  '  Parl.  Papers,'  1854, 
vol.  xliii.  A  scurrilous  pamphlet,  purporting 
to  be  a  reply  to  the  report,  was  distributed 
gratis,  without  any  printer's  name,  by  the 
committee  of  merchants  in  1856.  Gardiner 
was  the  author  of  many  valuable  reports  on 
professional  subjects,  which  are  said  to  have 
contributed  largely  to  the  improvement  in 
the  artillery  service  which  began  after  1848 
(DuxCAX,  Hist.  Royal  Artillery,  vol.  ii.) 
Gardiner  was  a  G.C.B.  and  K.C.H.,  and 
had  the  decoration  of  St.  Anne  of  Russia  for 
his  services  in  Belgium  and  France.  The 
Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales  appears  to  have 
written  personally,  but  unsuccessfully,  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  asking  him  to  recom- 
mend Gardiner  for  Portuguese  and  Spanish 
decorations  {Well.  Suppl.  Desp.  xi.  515). 


When  governor  of  Gibraltar,  the  queen  of 
Spain  sent  him  the  Cross  of  Charles  III, 
which  the  regulations  of  the  service  forbade 
his  wearing. 

Gardiner  married,  on  11  Oct.  1816,  Caro- 
line Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  John  Mac- 
leod,  adjutant-general  royal  artillery,  and 
granddaughter  on  the  maternal  side  of  the 
fourth  Marquis  of  Lothian,  by  whom  he  had 
one  son,  the  present  lieutenant-general  and 
honorary  general,  Henry  Lynedoch  Gardiner, 
C.B.,  retired  royal  artillery,  equerry  in  ordi- 
nary to  the  queen,  and  one  daughter.  Gar- 
diner died  at  Melbourne  Lodge,  Claremont, 
26  June  1864,  aged  83. 

[Kane's  List  of  Officers  Eoyal  Artillery  (re- 
vised ed.  1869) ;  Duncan's  Hist.  Koyal  Art. ;  Gent. 
Mag.  3rd  ser.  xvii.  383-5.]  H.  M.  C. 

GARDINER,  SAMUEL  (Jl.  1606),  was 
author  of  '  A  Booke  of  Angling  or  Fishing. 
Wherein  is  shewed  by  conference  with  Scrip- 
tures the  agreement  betweene  the  Fishermen, 
Fishes,  Fishing,  of  both  natures,  Temporal! 
and  Spirituall,  Math.  iv.  19.  Printed  by 
Thomas  Purfoot,'  1606,  8vo.  All  that  is 
known  of  him  is  that  he  was  D.D.  and  chap- 
lain to  Archbishop  Abbot.  Only  two  copies 
of  his  book  are  known.  One  is  in  the  Bod- 
leian, the  other  in  the  Huth  Library,  whither 
it  came  from  the  library  of  Mr.  Cotton,  late 
ordinary  of  Newgate.  It  is  dedicated  to  Sir 
H.  Gaudie,  Sir  Miles  Corbet,  Sir  Hammond 
Le-Strang,  and  Sir  H.  Spellman.  An  analysis 
is  given  of  the  book  in  '  Bibliotheca  Pisca- 
toria  '  (p.  103),  by  Hone,  and  by  the  writer 
in  '  The  Angler's  Note-Book '  (2nd  ser.  No.  1, 
p.  5).  Other  instances  of  moralised  angling 
are  given  in '  Bibl.  Pise.,'  p.  41,  and  in  Boyle's 
'  Reflections '  (  Works,  6  vols.,  London,  1772, 
passim,  and  especially  ii.  399). 

The  following  works  were  also  written  by 
Gardiner:  1.  'The  Cognisance  of  a  True 
Christian,'  1597.  2.  'A  Pearle  of  Price,' 
1600,  dedicated  to  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  T. 
Egerton,  lord  keeper ;  Gardiner  speaks  of  his 
having  relieved '  my  poore  person  and  afflicted 
condition.'  3.  '  Doomes  Day  Book  or  Alarum 
for  Atheistes,'  1600.  4.  '  A  Dialogue  between 
Irenseus  and  Antimachus  about  the  Rites  and 
Ceremonies  of  the  Church  of  England,'  1605. 

5.  '  The  Foundation  of  the  Faythfull,'  1610. 

6.  '  The  Scourge  of  Sacriledge,' 1611.   Gardi- 
ner's favourite  sport  of  angling  furnishes  him 
in  both  these  latter  sermons  with  curious  op- 
portunities to  moralise ;  he  tells  in  the  latter 
how  Satan  plays  an  old  sinner  for  a  time, 
'  dallieth  and  giveth  him  length  enough  of 
line  to  scudde  up  and  downe  and  to  swallow 
up  the  baite,  thereby  to  make  him  sure.     So 
when  he  had  goten  a  Pharisee  by  the  gilles 


Gardiner 


419 


Gardiner 


he  made  good  sport  with  him,'  &c.  7.  '  The 
Way  to  Heaven,'  1611. 

[Gardiner's  Works ;  Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq. 
(Herbert),  pp.  1281,  1291,  1342;  Hone's  Year 
Book.]  M.  G.  W. 

GARDINER,  STEPHEN  (1483P-1555), 

bishop  of  Winchester,  was  the  reputed  son 
of  John  Grardiner,  a  clothworker  of  Bury 
.St.  Edmunds,  where  he  was  horn  between 
1483  and  1490.  In  Betham's  'Genealogi- 
cal Tables'  (tab.  DCX.)  he  appears  as  the 
•son  of  one  William  Gardener  and  Helen, 
sister  of  Henry  VII.  The  story  that  he  was 
•a  natural  son  of  Lionel  Woodville,  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  the  younger  son  of  Richard  Wood- 
ville, earl  Rivers,  first  appears  in  the  pages  of 
the  '  Sceletos  Cantab.'  of  Richard  Parker, 
who  wrote  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  fact  that  no  reference  is  made 
to  the  story  by  his  personal  enemies  during 
his  lifetime  would  seem  sufficiently  to  dis- 
credit the  assertion,  which  rests  mainly  on 
his  being  frequently  called  'Mister  Stevens' 
during  the  earlier  part  of  his  official  career. 
This  Parker  supposed  to  be  his  mother's 
name,  but  it  is  really  his  Christian  name 
(from  Stephanus),  and  secretaries  in  those 
days  were  frequently  designated  by  their 
Christian  name  only,  as  '  Master  Peter '  for 
Peter  Vannes. 

Gardiner  was  educated  at  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  and  was  subsequently  elected  a 
fellow  of  that  society.  He  proceeded  doctor 
of  the  civil  law  in  1520,  and  of  the  canon  law 
in  the  following  year.  In  both  these  branches 
of  the  legal  profession  he  attained  rapidly  to 
eminence.  In  1524  he  was  appointed  one  of 
Sir  Robert  Rede's  lecturers  in  the  university, 
and  about  the  same  year  was  made  tutor  to 
a  son  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  to  whose  family 
he  remained  firmly  attached  throughout 
his  life.  Through  Norfolk's  good  offices  he 
was  introduced  to  Wolsey,  to  whom  he  be- 
came private  secretary.  In  this  capacity  we 
find  him  as  early  as  1526  taking  part  in  pro- 
ceedings against  heretics.  In  1525  he  was 
elected  master  of  Trinity  Hall,  an  office  which 
he  continued  to  hold  until  his  ejectment  in 
1549.  In  the  months  of  July  and  August 
1527  he  was  with  Wolsey  in  France,  and  the 
latter  in  a  letter  dated  from  Amiens  proposes 
to  King  Henry  to  send  Gardiner  to  him  to 
receive  his  secret  instructions,  '  he  being,' 
says  the  writer,  '  the  only  instrument  I  have 
for  the  purpose.'  Either  in  this  year,  or  at 
some  earlier  time,  he  was  in  Paris,  and  there 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Erasmus,  whom 
we  find  writing  to  him  on  3  Sept.  1527,  and 
recalling  their  pleasant  meeting  and  also 
expressing  his  gratification  at  learning  that 


Gardiner  stands  so  high  in  the  favour  of  their 
common  patron,  Wolsey.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  sent,  together  with  Edward  Fox, 
as  ambassador  to  the  pope,  with  instructions 
to  visit  France  on  their  way.  In  a  letter  to 
Sir  Gregory  Casale,  Wolsey  says  that  the  two 
ambassadors  will  show  that  the '  king's  cause' 
(i.e.  the  proposed  divorce)  is  founded  both '  on 
human  and  divine  law.'  Wolsey  himself 
suggested  that  in  their  official  capacity  Fox, 
as  the  royal  councillor  and  first  named  in 
the  king's  letters,  should  have  the  precedence, 
and  Gardiner  '  the  speech  and  utterance.'  It 
was,  however,  agreed  between  the  two  that 
the  latter  should  have  the  pre-eminence '  both 
of  place,  speech,  and  utterance without  al- 
tercation or  varyaunce,  as  our  old  amity  and 
fast  friendship  doth  require '  (PocoCK,  Records 
of  the  Reformation,  i.  74).  Their  joint  de- 
cision was  justified  by  the  sequel,  for  the 
tact  and  boldness  of  Gardiner  working  upon 
the  fears  and  hesitating  temperament  of 
Clement  VII  ultimately  wrung  from  the 
pontiff  his  consent  to  a  second  commission ; 
on  their  return  to  England  Henry  expressed 
himself  as  highly  pleased  with  the  manner  in 
which  Gardiner  had  discharged  his  errand. 

In  July  1528  he  appears  as  one  of  a  com- 
mission appointed  by  Wolsey  to  revise  the 
statutes  which  he  had  given  for  his  colleges 
at  Ipswich  and  Oxford,  and  in  the  following 
January  on  a  royal  commission  designed  to 
arrange,  in  conjunction  with  Francis  I,  a 
peace  '  for  the  tranquillity  of  Italy  and  the 
defence  of  the  pope's  person.'  On  1  March 
1528-9  he  was  admitted  archdeacon  of  Nor- 
folk. In  the  following  April  Anne  Boleyn 
writes  to  thank  him  for  his  '  willing  and 
faithful  mind.'  Gardiner  was  at  this  time 
again  in  Italy,  whither  he  had  gone  in  January 
on  the  divorce  business ;  but  on  4  May  he 
writes  to  Henry  to  say  that  though  they  have 
done  their  best  to  obtain  from  the  pope  the 
accomplishment  of  the  royal  desires  they  have 
not  prevailed.  A  few  days  after  he  was  re- 
called, and  left  Rome  on  1  June,  arriving  in 
London  with  Sir  Francis  Bryan  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  22nd.  On  28  July  1529,  writ- 
ing to  Vannes,  he  says  that  he  is  going  to 
court  that  day  to  enter  upon  his  duties  as 
secretary  for  the  first  time.  From  this  date 
he  is  frequently  referred  to  in  the  official 
correspondence  as  '  Mr.  Stevens.'  His  in- 
fluence with  the  king  now  began  to  in- 
crease rapidly.  In  the  following  year  his 
former  patron,  Wolsey,  was  fain  again  and 
again  to  entreat  his  intercession  with  the 
|  king  to  procure  some  alleviation  of  his  own 
j  lot.  At  a  later  period  Gardiner  professed  to 
J  consider  that  Wolsey  merited  his  fate  (Har- 
1  leian  MS.  417),  but  he  appears  at  this  time 
1  EE2 


Gardiner 


420 


Gardiner 


really  to  have  done  his  best  in  his  behalf.  He 
pleaded  also  warmly,  though  unsuccessfully, 
that  the  foundation  at  Ipswich  might  be 
spared,  while  Christ  Church  probably  owes 
its  existence  to  his  efforts.  In  February  1530 
he  visited  Cambridge,  and  took  a  leading- 
part  in  the  endeavours  that  were  being  made 
to  win  over  the  university  to  conclusions 
favourable  to  the  divorce.  His  efforts,  how- 
ever, were  strongly  opposed  by  a  large  sec- 
tion of  the  academic  body,  and  his  servant 
Christopher  was  maltreated.  The  royal  ap- 
preciation of  his  services  was  shown  in  the 
following  July  by  a  grant  of  the  arable  lands 
and  rents  of  the  honour  of  Hanworth.  In 
1531  he  was  collated  to  the  archdeaconry  of 
Leicester,  and  in  October  of  the  same  year 
was  incorporated  LL.D.  of  Oxford.  Al- 
though in  relation  to  the  divorce  he  still 
advocated  '  a  middle  course,'  he  appears  by 
this  time  to  have  altogether  lost  Catherine's 
confidence,  and  he  was  the  compiler  of  the 
reply  to  the  allegations  made  by  her  counsel 
in  Rome.  Henry  now  again  evinced  his  sense 
of  his  desert  by  urging  Clement  to  promote 
him  to  the  see  of  Winchester.  Gardiner  was 
consecrated  to  the  office  on  27  Nov.  1531. 
Although,  according  to  his  own  statement,  he 
received  1,300/.  less  from  the  bishopric  than 
his  predecessor,  Richard  Fox,  had  done,  he 
paid  a  fine  of  3G6/.  13*.  4<Z.  for  his  temporali- 
ties (Letters  and  Papers  Henry  VIII,  v.  507). 
On  29  Dec.  he  again  proceeded  as  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  France.  He  had  now  become 
so  useful  to  his  royal  employer  that  Henry 
declared  that  in  his  secretary's  absence  he 
felt  as  though  he  had  lost  his  right  hand. 
Gardiner's  conduct  of  the  business  entrusted 
to  him  gave  entire  satisfaction  to  Henry, 
and  on  7  March  1531-2  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land. Shortly  after  his  return  his  skill  as  a 
canonist  led  to  his  services  being  again  called 
into  requisition  in  the  preparation  of  the 
notable  reply  of  the  ordinaries  to  the  address 
of  the  House  of  Commons  to  King  Henry. 
Gardiner  took  up,  as  he  generally  did  through- 
out his  career,  very  high  ground  in  defence  of 
the  privileges  of  his  order,  and  maintained  the 
right  claimed  by  the  bishops  to  make  such 
laws  as  they  might  deem  fit  for  '  the  weal  of 
men's  souls.'  Even  Henry  appears  to  have 
shown  his  displeasure  at  the  tone  of  the  docu- 
ment. Gardiner  was  present  at  Greenwich 
when,  on  5  June,  Henry  transferred  the  great 
seal  from  Sir  Thomas  More  to  Sir  Thomas 
Audley.  There  is  some  ground  for  supposing 
that  he  was  at  this  time  contemplating  a  less 
subservient  line  of  action.  He  displayed  re- 
markable assiduity  in  preaching  in  his  dio- 
cese, and  Volusenus,  the  Scottish  scholar, 
who  in  1532  dedicated  to  him  his  commentarv 


on  Psalm  1.,  takes  occasion  to  praise  in  glow- 
ing terms  the  energy  he  thus  exhibited  and 
the  example   he  was   setting  to  the  other 
bishops.     In  September  of  the   same  year 
Clement  told   the  imperial   ambassador  in 
Rome  that  Gardiner  had  changed  his  mind 
on  the  whole  question  of  the  divorce,  and  had 
consequently  left  the  English  court  (ib.  v. 
561).   It  is,  however,  in  perfect  keeping  with 
that  reputation  for  double  dealing  which  he- 
bore  throughout  his  career,  that  in  the  same- 
month  he  accompanied  Henry  to  Calais  with 
a  personal  following  of  twenty-four  men ;. 
that  in  the  following  April  Fisher  on  being 
placed  under  confinement  was  confided  to  his 
\  custody;  that  he  was  one  of  the  assessors  in» 
j  the  court  which  in  the  following  month  pro- 
j  nounced  Catherine's  marriage  null  and  void  -r 
•  and  that  at  the  coronation  of  Anne  Boleyn. 
!  (8  June)  he,  along  with  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
j  don, '  bore  up  the  laps  of  her  robe '  (Harl.  MS^ 
I  41,  fol.  2).   He  was  one  of  those  before  whom 
I  Frith,  the  martyr,  was  summoned  to  appear 
'  at  St.  Paul's  (20  June  1533) ;  Frith  had  once 
been  Gardiner's  pupil  at  Cambridge,  and  the 
latter  seems  to  have  done  his  best  to  save  him 
from  his  fate  (Grenville  MS.  11990;  Letters 
and  Papers,  vi.  600). 

On  3  Sept.  he  was  again  sent  into  France 
on  the  divorce  business,  proceeding  first  to 
Nice  and  then  to  Marseilles,  and  returning- 
before  the  close  of  the  year.  In  April  1534 
he  acted  as  one  of  the  adjudicators  to  settle 
a  dispute  between  the  clergy  and  the  pa- 
rishioners of  London  respecting  tithes.  In 
the  same  month  he  resigned  his  post  as  secre- 
tary to  King  Henry,  and  was  permitted  to 
retire  to  his  diocese.  He  was,  however,  shortly 
after  again  summoned  to  court,  and  the  re- 
port was  prevalent  in  London  that  his  com- 
mittal to  the  Tower  was  imminent.  There 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  his  position  at  this 
time  was  oneof  considerable  difficulty.  Henry 
regarded  him  with  suspicion,  imputing  to  him 
a  '  colored  doubleness '  in  his  conduct  with 
respect  to  the  visitation  of  the  monasteries, 
while  he  appears  to  have  become  obnoxious 
both  to  Cromwell  and  to  Cranmer.  At  length, 
on  10  Feb.  1534-5,  Gardiner  took  the  deci- 
sive step  and  signed  his  renunciation  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  see  of  Rome  (WILKIKS, 
Concilia,  iii.  780)  ;  and  shortly  after  (not  in 
1534,  as  Strype  and  others)  published  his 
famous  oration, '  De  vera  Obedientia.'  To  the 
policy  therein  indicated  he  adhered  with  con- 
sistency almost  to  the  close  of  his  career.  His 
arguments  were  devoted  to  establishing  the 
following  three  main  conclusions:  (1)  'That 
human  tradition  ought  to  be  regarded  as  in- 
ferior to  divine  precept.  (2)  That  the  Roman 
pontiff  has  no  legitimate  power  or  jurisdic- 


Gardiner 


421 


Gardiner 


tion  over  other  churches.  (3)  That  kings, 
princes,  and  Christian  magistrates  are  each 
entitled  to  supremacy  in  their  respective 
churches,  and  are  bound  to  make  religion 
their  first  care.'  Although  Reginald  Pole  de- 
clared that  the  treatise  contained  nothing 
•which  a  man  of  average  intelligence  would 
not  be  able  to  refute,  it  was  generally  ac- 
cepted as  a  very  able  statement  of  the  argu- 
ment in  the  royal  defence.  Cromwell  caused 
copies  to  be  circulated  on  the  continent, 
where  it  was  hailed  with  delight  by  the  pro- 
test ant  party,  and  in  1537  the  Swiss  reformers, 
Capito,  Hedio,  and  Bucer,  reprinted  it  at 
Strasburg,  with  a  preface  in  which  they 
strongly  recommended  the  volume  as  an  ex- 
position of  the  true  theory  of  the  privileges 
and  duties  of  the  primitive  bishop.  Appre- 
hensive, however,  of  the  displeasure  of  the 
pope,  Gardiner  (or  his  friends)  caused  the  re- 
port to  be  circulated  among  the  Roman  party 
that  he  had  written  the  treatise  under  com- 
pulsion and  in  fear  of  death  in  case  of  refusal 
{Calendar  of  State  Papers,  x.  No.  570). 

It  is  certain  that  Gardiner's  manifesto 
"brought  about  no  better  understanding  be- 
tween himself  and  Cranmer,  whom  he  con- 
tinued to  do  his  best  to  thwart  and  counter- 
act. When  the  latter  visited,  as  metropolitan, 
the  diocese  of  Winchester,  the  bishop  chal- 
lenged his  jurisdiction,  maintaining  that  in- 
asmuch as  the  archbishop  had  relinquished 
the  title  of  legate  of  the  holy  see,  he  could  no 
longer  justly  claim  that  of  'Primas  totius 
Angliae,'  this  being  derogatory  to  the  king's 
authority  as  '  head  of  the  church '  (Cleopatra, 
F.  i.  260).  In  common  with  the  majority  of 
the  bishops,  however,  Gardiner  seems  to  have 
faithfully  performed  his  share  in  the  new 
translation  of  the  New  Testament  which 
Cranmer  had  projected  in  1533,  for  we  find 
him  writing  (10  June  1535)  to  Cromwell,  and 
stating  that  having  finished  the  translation 
of  SS.  Luke  and  John,  and  being  much  ex- 
hausted by  his  severe  labours,  he  intends  to 
abstain  altogether  for  a  time  from  books  and 
-writing  (State  Papers  Henry  VIII,  i.  430). 

In  the  meantime  the  signal  service  which 
he  had  rendered  to  the  royal  cause  had  com- 
pletely regained  for  him  Henry's  favour.  In 
September  1535  the  king's  '  experience  of  his 
wisdom  and  moderation '  induced  him  again 
to  appoint  him  ambassador  to  the  French 
court,  with  instructions  '  to  negotiate  such 
articles  in  the  treaty  as  shall  be  for  the  in- 
terest of  the  two  crowns.'  Gardiner  arrived 
in  Paris  on  3  Nov.,  and  his  general  conduct 
of  the  business  gave  Henry  so  much  satisfac- 
tion that  he  directed  Cromwell  to  intimate 
to  him  that,  whatever  might  be  the  result  of 
the  negotiations,  he  might  be  assured  that  the 


royal  favour  towards  him  would  remain  un- 
affected. In  his  answer  to  the  petition  of  the 
rebels  in  1536  Henry  names  Gardiner,  along 
with  Fox  of  Hereford  and  Bishop  Sampson, 
as  the  three  spiritual  advisers  whom  he  con- 
siders deserving  of  being  called  '  noble.'  Dur- 
ing Gardiner's  stay  in  Paris  he  was  consulted 
by  Henry  with  respect  to  the  proposals  put 
forward  by  the  protestants  of  Germany  for  the 
formation  of  a  protestant  league  with  Eng- 
land ;  and  in  February  1535-6  he  forwarded 
a  paper  to  Cromwell  giving  it  as  his  opinion 
that  Henry  in  his  realm  was  '  emperor  and 
head  of  the  church  of  England,'  but  that, 
should  he  enter  into  the  proposed  league,  he 
would  become  '  bound  to  the  church  of  Ger- 
many, and  would  be  able  to  do  nothing  with- 
out their  consent '  (STRTPE,  Mem.  i.  i.  236). 
His  policy  continued,  however,  to  be  cha- 
racterised by  a  certain  disingenuousness ;  for 
while  Campeggio,  when  contemplating  his 
journey  to  England,  mentions  Gardiner  as 
one  of  those  on  whose  support  he  chiefly 
relies,  the  latter  in  the  same  year  (1536) 
drew  up  a  scheme  whereby  Henry  might  be 
enabled  for  the  future  altogether  to  ignore 
the  bishop  of  Rome,  suggesting  that  the  sub- 
stance of  any  bulls  which  the  king  might  de- 
sire to  retain  in  force  should  be  reissued  in  the 
royal  name  without  mention  of  the  Roman 
pontiff. 

But  notwithstanding  his  compliant  spirit  and 
undoubted  ability,  Gardiner  appears  shortly 
after  this  again  to  have  incurred  Henry's  sus- 
picion. He  was  suspected  of  favouring  the 
imperial  interests,  and  Cromwell  regarded  him 
both  with  mistrust  and  dislike.  In  1538  he 
was  accordingly  superseded  as  ambassador 
in  Paris  by  Bonner.  He  retired  to  his  dio- 
cese in  a  dejected  and  resentful  frame  of  mind. 
In  November  of  the  same  year  he  took  part, 
however,  in  the  trial  of  John  Lambert  for 
heresy  at  Westminster.  His  qualifications, 
both  as  a  canonist  and  a  diplomatist,  were 
indeed  too  valuable  to  permit  of  his  long  re- 
maining unemployed  by  the  state.  In  1539 
he  was  again  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Germany. 
His  intercourse  with  the  protestant  divines 
brought  about  no  modification  of  his  doc- 
trinal views  ;  and  the  six  articles,  which 
were  promulgated  soon  after  his  return,  were 
generally  believed  to  have  been  mainly  his 
work.  Their  reactionary  character  completed 
the  breach  between  himself  and  Cromwell, 
and  each  felt  that  the  overthrow  of  his  ad- 
versary was  now  essential  to  his  own  safety. 
In  the  privy  council  Gardiner  challenged  the 
appointment  by  Cromwell  of  Barnes  ( '  de- 
famed for  heresy ' )  as  commissioner  to  Ger- 
many. Cromwell's  influence  was  still  suf- 
ficiently powerful  to  procure  Gardiner's  dis- 


Gardiner 


422 


Gardiner 


missal  from  the  council.  But  it  was  his  last 
triumph,  and  in  the  following  year  his  own 
fall  and  execution  left  his  rival  in  almost  un- 
disputed possession  of  the  royal  favour  and 
of  supreme  political  influence.  In  the  univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  Gardiner  was  also  elected 
as  his  former  opponent's  successor  in  the 
chancellorship.  Apart  from  his  power  to  aid 
and  protect  the  academic  community,  his 
election  was  recommended  by  his  high  attain- 
ments as  a  scholar  and  the  discernment  which 
he  had  already  evinced  as  a  judicious  patron 
of  rising  merit  among  men  of  letters.  He 
was,  however,  alarmed  at  the  progress  which 
the  Reformation  doctrines  were  making  in 
the  university,  and  his  policy  was  chiefly  re- 
trograde. In  May  1542  he  issued  an  arbitrary 
edict  forbidding  the  continuance  of  the  new 
method  of  pronouncing  Greek  which  had 
been  introduced  by  Thomas  Smith  and  Cheke. 
As  regards  the  abstract  merits  of  the  ques- 
tion his  view  was  probably  the  right  one ;  but 
the  measure  had  a  disastrous  effect  in  the 
manner  in  which  it  chilled  the  enthusiasm 
which  those  two  eminent  scholars  had  suc- 
ceeded in  arousing  in  connection  with  the 
revived  study  of  the  language. 

In  1541  he  was  once  more  sent  on  an  em- 
bassy to  Germany.  On  his  way  he  stayed  at 
Louvain,  and  was  hospitably  entertained  by 
the  university,  but  these  feelings  of  cordiality 
were  soon  changed  when  his  hosts  found 
leisure  to  make  themselves  acquainted  with 
the  drift  of  his  treatise, '  De  vera  Obedientia' 
(copies  of  which  he  appears  to  have  distri- 
buted among  them),  and  he  was  not  permitted 
to  celebrate  mass  in  the  city. 

In  March  1542  the  project  of  a  new  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament  was  again 
brought  forward,  at  Cranmer's  suggestion  and 
with  the  royal  sanction,  in  convocation,  and 
the  several  books  were  once  more  portioned 
out  to  the  different  translators.  Various 
writers,  misled  chiefly  by  Burnet,  have  re- 
presented the  failure  of  the  undertaking  as 
arising  partly  from  Gardiner's  jealousy  of 
Cranmer  and  partly  from  his  real  dislike  to 
the  project.  '  His  design,'  says  Burnet, '  was 
that  if  a  translation  must  be  made  it  should 
be  so  daubed  all  through  with  Latin  words 
that  the  people  should  not  understand  it 
much  the  better  for  its  being  in  English' 
(SUBSET,  ed.  Pocock,  i.  455,  498).  But  al- 
though it  is  true  that  Gardiner  drew  up  a 
list  of  Latin  words  which  he  considered  it 
would  be  safer  to  retain  in  their  Latin  form, 
it  seems  more  just  to  interpret  his  anxiety  in 
this  respect  as  dictated  by  nothing  more  than 
those  considerations  which  would  naturally 
suggest  themselves  to  the  classical  scholar 
and  well-read  theologian.  He  perceived  the 


difficulty,  not  to  say  the  danger,  of  attempt- 
ing to  supply  exact  English  equivalents  for 
words  which  learned  divines  had  found  it 
necessary  to  define  with  laborious  and  pain- 
ful precision,  and  to  whose  definitions  the  de- 
cisions of  the  church  had  given  the  highest 
doctrinal  importance.  That  Gardiner,  by 
merely  exhibiting  the  above  list,  should  have 
alarmed  Cranmer  and  brought  the  whole  en- 
terprise to  an  untimely  end,  would  seem,  to 
say  the  least,  highly  improbable.  Mr.  Dixon 
more  reasonably  represents  Henry's  interfer- 
ence, and  the  proposal  to  relegate  the  whole 
task  to  the  two  universities,  as  the  result 
simply  of  the  royal  caprice  (Hist,  of  the  Ch  urck 
of  England,  ii.  285-9). 

In  September  1542  Gardiner,  in  conjunc- 
tion withTunstal,  conducted  the  negotiations- 
with  the  imperial  ambassador  in  London.   In. 
the  following  year  an  event  of  a  peculiarly 
painful  character  inspired  his  enemies  with 
fresh  hope.  His  private  secretary  was  his  own 
nephew,  a  young  priest   named  Germayne 
Gardiner.     He  was  now,  along  with  three 
other  clerics,  brought  to  trial  on  the  charge 
of  denying  the  royal  supremacy.     The  other 
three  were  acquitted,  but  Gardiner's  nephew 
suffered  the  death  of  a  traitor  (BrRNET,  ed. 
Pocock,  i.  567).     That  the  event  afforded  an 
opportunity  for  aspersions  on  Gardiner's  own 
loyalty  is  sufficiently  probable.  But  the  asser- 
tion of  Strype  that '  after  this  he  never  had 
favour  or  regard  of  the  king  more,'  is  alto- 
gether at  variance  with  the  evidence.     ^Not 
less  so  is  the  story  which  exhibits  Gardiner 
as  the  chief  actor  in  a  plot  designed  to  bring 
about  the  disgrace  of  Catherine  Parr,  and 
falling  himself  under  the  royal  displeasure  in 
consequence.    This  rests  on  no  contemporary 
authority,  and  is  probably  a  protestant  inven- 
tion.   It  is  discredited  chiefly  by  the  fact  that 
at  no  subsequent  period  of  his  life,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  proceedings  at  his  deprivation, 
is  any  reference  made  to  any  such  conduct 
on  his  part  by  his  enemies  (see  MAITLAXD, 
Essays  on  theReformation,^os.  xv.  and  xvii. ; 
FnorDE,  Hist,  of  England,  c.  xxvii.)     The 
evidence  which  convicts  him  of  having  been 
accessory  to  the  plot  of  the  prebendaries  in 
1543  for  Cranmer's  overthrow  is  tetter  at- 
tested, but  it  is  remarkable  that,  although 
somewhat  under  a  cloud  in  1546  for  resisting 
an  exchange  of  lands  with  the  king,  he  ap- 
pears to  have  retained  the  royal  favour  to 
the  last.     It  is,  however,  undeniable  that  by 
I  the  doctrinal  reformers  he  was  at  this  time 
i  looked  upon  as  their  chief  enemy  in  England, 
although  the  complaint  of  Latimer  that  Gar- 
diner had  sought  to  deprive  him  of  his  bishop- 
ric was  repudiated  by  the  latter  with  consider- 
|  able  warmth,  and  apparently  with  truth. 


Gardiner 


423 


Gardiner 


In  the  funeral  obsequies  at  Henry's  inter- 
ment Gardiner  assumed  the  leading  part,  and 
was  the  chief  celebrant  at  the  mass.     It  ap- 
peared, however,  that  in  the  royal  will — a 
document  to  which  considerable  suspicion 
attaches — he  was  unnamed.     According  to 
Fuller  (Church  Hist.  bk.  v.  254)  Henry  had 
made  the  omission  purposely,  and  when  his 
attention  was  drawn  to  it  replied  that '  he  : 
knew  Gardiner's  temper  well  enough,  and 
though  he  could  govern  him,  yet  none  of  i 
them  would  be  able  to  do  it.'    On  Edward's 
accession  Gardiner  was  excluded  from  the  ' 
council  of  state,  and  also  removed  from  the 
chancellorship  of  the  university  of  Cambridge. 

To  the  innovations  in  matters  of  religious 
doctrine  and  practice  which  followed  on  the 
assumption  of  the  supreme  authority  by  the 
council,  Gardiner  offered  a  consistent  and  un-  < 
compromising  resistance ;  and  on  25  Sept. 
1547  was  committed  to  the  Fleet  on  the  ! 
charge  of  having  'spoken  to  others  imper- 
tinent things  of  the  King's  Majesty's  Visita- 
tions, and  refused  to  set  forth  and  receive  the  , 
Injunctions  and  Homilies '  (MS.  Privy  Coun- 
cil JBook,  p.  229).  After  a  fortnight  Cranmer 
sent  for  him  and  endeavoured  to  prevail  upon  j 
him  to  accept  the  homilies,  hinting  at  the  < 
same  time  that  if  conformable  in  this  respect  • 
he  might  hope  again  to  become  a  privy  coun- 
cillor. Gardiner,  however,  continued  contu- 
macious. He  was  notwithstanding  treated  j 
with  considerable  leniency,  and  after  the  pro- 
clamation of  the  general  amnesty  (24  Dec.) 
was  permitted  to  return  to  his  diocese.  Amid 
the  numerous  changes  which  Somerset  was 
now  seeking  to  carry  into  effect  he  was  especi- 
ally anxious  to  have  the  formal  concurrence 
of  the  episcopal  order,  and  especially  of  Gar- 
diner. The  latter,  although  he  alleged  ill- 
health,  was  accordingly  summoned  to  London 
(May  1548),  and  called  upon  to  satisfy  the 
council  with  respect  to  his  views  by  the  de- 
livery of  a  public  sermon.  With  this  com- 
mand he  complied  in  a  sermon  preached  at 
Paul's  Cross  (29  June),  in  which,  however, 
while  professing  his  readiness  to  yield  a  gene- 
ral obedience  to  the  new  legislation,  he  stoutly 
maintained  the  doctrine  of  the  real  presence, 
and  omitted  altogether  to  recognise  the  au- 
thority of  the  council.  He  was  thereupon  sent 
to  the  Tower,  where  he  was  detained  in  close 
confinement  for  a  year. 

On  the  fall  of  Somerset  his  hopes  of  regain- 
ing his  freedom  were  destined  to  cruel  dis- 
appointment. His  repeated  protests  to  the 
council  against  the  illegality  of  his  confine- 
ment were  disregarded,  and  a  petition  to  par- 
liament which  he  drew  up  was  not  suffered  to 
reach  its  destination.  But  at  length  the  lords 
intimated  a  willingness  to  consider  his  case. 


Commissioners  were  sent  to  interrogate  him 
and  to  procure  his  signature  to  certain  articles. 
As,  however,  these  involved  not  only  a  re- 
cognition of  the  ecclesiastical  supremacy  of 
the  council,  but  also  a  repudiation  of  the  six 
articles,  together  with  an  admission  of  the 
justice  of  his  own  punishment,  Gardiner  re- 
fused to  make  so  humiliating  a  submission. 
The  council  accordingly  proceeded  to  seques- 
trate the  fruits  of  his  bishopric,  while  the  con- 
ditions of  his  confinement  were  made  still 
more  rigorous.  Burnet  himself  admits  that 
Gardiner's  treatment  was  now  '  much  cen- 
sured, as  being  contrary  to  the  liberties  of 
Englishmen  and  the  forms  of  all  legal  pro- 
ceedings.' In  December  1551  he  was  brought 
to  Lambeth  for  formal  trial  by  a  court  pre- 
sided over  by  Cranmer.  Among  the  charges 
brought  against  him  was  that  of  having  armed 
his  household  when  resident  in  his  diocese,  a 
measure  which  he  fully  justified  by  pointing 
out  that  it  was  a  precaution  warranted  by  the 
disordered  state  of  the  neighbourhood  at  that 
time.  From  the  other  charges  he  vindicated 
himself  by  a  general  oath  of  compurgation, 
and  it  is  deserving  of  special  note  that  he 
expressly  attributed  the  omission  of  his  name 
from  the  late  king's  will  to  the  machinations 
of  his  enemies.  On  18  April  1552,  however, 
he  was  deprived  of  his  bishopric  and  sent 
back  to  the  Tower,  where  he  remained  until 
the  following  reign.  His  successor  in  his  see 
was  Poynet,  with  Bale  for  his  secretary.  He 
had  already  (about  February  1549)  been  de- 
prived of  the  mastership  of  Trinity  Hall. 

On  Mary's  accession  he  was  among  the 
prisoners  who  knelt  before  her  on  her  visit 
to  the  Tower,  and  was  at  once  set  at  liberty. 
On  23  Aug.  1553  he  was  made  lord  high 
chancellor  of  the  realm,  and  in  this  capacity 
placed  the  crown  on  her  head  at  her  corona- 
tion (1  Oct.),  and  presided  at  the  opening  of 
parliament  (5  Oct.)  In  the  same  year  he  was 
re-elected  to  the  chancellorship  at  Cambridge 
and  to  the  mastership  of  Trinity  Hall.  For  the 
severities  put  in  force  against  the  protestants 
in  the  earlier  part  of  Mary's  reign,  Gardiner^ 
in  conjunction  with  Bonner,  has  generally 
been  represented  as  mainly  responsible.  But 
it  is  certain  that  he  sought  (whatever  may 
have  been  his  motives)  to  save  Cranmer's- 
life,  and  also  that  of  one  with  far  less  claims 
to  mercy,  Northumberland.  Thomas  Smith, 
who  had  been  secretary  to  King  Edward,  was 
shielded  by  him  from  persecution,  and  even 
allowed  1001.  per  annum  for  his  support; 
while  Roger  Ascham  was  continued  in  office 
as  secretary  and  his  salary  increased.  Gar- 
diner also  honourably  interposed  to  prevent 
the  committal  of  Peter  Martyr  to  prison,  and 
furnished  him  with  the  funds  necessary  to 


Gardiner 


424 


Gardiner 


enable  him  to  return  in  safety  to  his  own 
country.  The  attitude  which  he  assumed  in 
relation  to  the  question  of  Mary's  marriage, 
advocating  the  selection  of  a  British  subject, 
was  also  both  statesmanlike  and  patriotic. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
bringing  back  the  country  to  that  Roman 
allegiance  against  which  he  had  written  so 
forcibly  and  which  he  had  so  long  repudiated; 
while  his  advocacy  of  the  enactment  of  a  de- 
claration by  parliament  of  the  validity  of 
Henry's  first  marriage  and  Elizabeth's  con- 
sequent illegitimacy  was  an  act  of  singular 
effrontery.  His  whole  treatment  of  Eliza- 
beth [see  ELIZABETH]  remains,  indeed,  one  of 
the  most  sinister  features  in  his  later  career, 
and  it  is  asserted  that  after  Wyatt's  con- 
spiracy he  meditated  her  removal  by  foul 
means.  His  policy  during  the  last  two  years 
of  his  life  was  partly  determined  by  his 
jealousy  of  Reginald  Pole,  by  whose  acces- 
sion to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury  he 
foresaw  that  his  own  power  in  matters  ec- 
clesiastical would  be  rendered  no  longer  para- 
mount. He  aimed  at  the  restoration  of  the 
ecclesiastical  courts  and  of  episcopal  juris- 
diction with  all  their  former,  and  even  with 
augmented,  powers  ;  he  procured  in  Decem- 
ber 1554  the  re-enactment  of  the  statute 
'  De  Haeretico  Comburendo ; '  and  he  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  proceedings  which  re- 
sulted in  the  burning  of  John  Bradford  and 
Rogers.  He  died  of  the  gout  at  Whitehall 
on  12  Nov.  1555.  On  the  account  of  the 
passion  of  our  Lord  being  read  to  him  in 
his  last  hours  he  exclaimed,  when  the  reader 
reached  the  passage  recording  Peter's  denial 
of  his  master,  '  Negavi  cum  Petro,  exivi 
cum  Petro,  sed  nondum  flevi  cum  Petro,' 
an  ejaculation  which  can  be  interpreted  only 
as  an  expression  of  his  dying  remorse  for  his 
repudiation  of  the  Roman  supremacy. 

His  bowels  were  buried  before  the  high 
altar  of  St.  Mary  Overies  in  Southwark,  where 
his  exequies  were  celebrated  on  21  Nov.  His 
body  was  afterwards  interred  in  his  cathedral 
at  Winchester,  where  his  chantry  chapel,  a 
notable  specimen  of  the  Renaissance  style, 
still  exists. 

There  are  portraits  of  him  at  Trinity  Hall 
and  in  the  picture  gallery  at  Oxford.  A  pic- 
ture alleged  to  be  by  Jan  Matsys  and  to  re- 
present Gardiner  was  sold  at  the  sale  of  the 
Secretan  collection  in  Paris  (July  1889)  for 
thirty  thousand  francs,  and  passed  to  the 
museum  at  Berlin.  But  there  is  no  good 
evidence  that  it  is  a  portrait  of  Gardiner. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  Gardiner's  printed 
works  :  1.  'De  vera  Obedientia  Oratio,'  of 
which  there  are  the  following  editions  : 
(i)  that  of  1535,  small  quarto,  36  pp.,  Roman 


type,  with  the  colophon  '  Londini  in  ^Edibus 
Tho.  Bertheleti  Regii  Impressoris  excusa.  An. 
M.D.XXX V.  cum  Privilegio '  (this  is  probably 
the  first  edition) ;  (ii) '  Stephani  Wintoniensis 
Episcopi  de  vera  Obedientia  Oratio.  Una  cum 
Prsefatione  Edmundi  Boneri  Archidiaconi 
Leycestrensis  sereniss.  Regiae  ma.  Angliae  in 
Dania  legati,  capita  notabiliora  dictae  ora- 
tionis  complectente.  In  qua  etiam  ostenditur 
caussam  controversiae  quse  inter  ipsam  sere- 
niss. Regiam  Maiestatem  &  Episcopum  Ro- 
manum  existit,  longe  aliter  ac  diversius  se 
habere,  q;  hactenus  a  vulgo  putatum  sit. 

i  Hamburg!  ex  officina  Francisci  Rhodi.  Mense 
lanuario  1536.'  The  treatise  was  reprinted 
in  1612  by  Goldastus  in  his  '  Monarchia  S. 

|  Rom.  Imp.,'  i.  716,  and  by  Brown  (Edw.), 
1690,  in  his  '  Fasciculus  Rerum  expetend.' 

|  ii.  800,  this  latter  with  Bonner's  preface. 

•  In  1553  there  appeared  the  following :  '  De 
vera  Obediencia.  An  oration  made  in  Latine 
by  the  ryghte  Reuerend  father  in  God  Stephan, 
B.  of  Winchestre,  nowe  lord  Chancellour  of 
england,  with  the  preface  of  Edmunde  Boner, 
sometime  Archedeacon  of  Leicestre,  and  the 
Kinges  maiesties  embassadour  in  Denmarke, 

<  &  sithence  B.  of  London,  touchinge  true 

!  Obedience.  Printed  at  Hamburgh  in  La- 
tine.  In  officina  Francisci  Rhodi.  Mense  la. 

!  M.D.xxxvi.  And  nowe  translated  into  english 
and  printed  by  Michal  Wood :  with  the  Pre- 
face and  conclusion  of  the  traunslator.  From 

j  Roane,  xxvi.  of  Octobre  M.D.liii.'  A  second 
edition  of  this  English  version  followed  in 
the  same  year,  purporting  to  be  '  printed 

;  eftsones,  in  Rome,  before  the  castle  of  S. 

'  Angel,  at  the  signe  of  S.  Peter.  In  novembre, 
Anno  do.  M.D.Liii.'  Of  this  second  (?)  edi- 

'  tion  a  scandalously  inaccurate  reprint  was 
given  in  1832  by  Mr.  William  Stevens  in  an 
appendix  to  his  '  Life  of  Bradford.'  The 
original  translation  is  characterised  by  Dr. 
Maitland  as  '  one  of  the  most  barbarous  ver- 
sions of  Latin  into  a  sort  of  English  that  was 
ever  perpetrated.'  2.  'Conquestio  ad  M.  Bu- 
cerum  de  impudent!  ejusdem  pseudologia. 
Lovanii,  1544.'  3.  'A  Detection  of  the  Devil's 
Sophistrie,  wherewith  he  robbeth  the  un- 
learned people  of  the  true  byleef  in  the  most 
blessed  sacrament  of  the  Aulter,'  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1546.  4. '  Epistola  ad  M.  Bucerum,  qua 
cessantem  hactenus  &  cunctantem,  ac  frus- 
tratoria  responsionis  pollicitatione,orbis  de  se 
judicia  callide  sustinentem,  urget  ad  respon- 
dendum  de  impudentissima  ejusdem  pseudo- 
logia justissimee  conquestioni  ante  annum 
aeditae.  Louanii.  Ex  officina  SeruatiiZasseni. 
Anno  M.D.XLYI.  Men.  Martio.  Cum  Privi- 
legio Caesareo.'  5.  '  A  Declaration  of  those 
Articles  G.  Joy  hath  gone  about  to  confute/ 
London,  4to,  1546.  6. '  An  Explanation  and 


Gardiner 


425 


Gardiner 


Assertion  of  the  true  Catholick  Faith,  touch- 
ing the  most  blessed  Sacrament  of  the  Aulter ; 
with  a  Confutation  of  a  Book  written  against 
the  same,'  Rouen,  12mo,  1551 ;  also,  with 
Archbishop  Cranmer's  answer,  fol.  London, 
1551.  7.  'PalinodiaLibride  VeraObedientia; 
Confutatio  cavillationum  quibus  Eucharistise 
sacramentum  ab  impiis  Capharnaitis  impeti 
solet,'  Paris,  4to,  1552 ;  also  Lovanii,  1554. 
S. '  Contra  Convitia  Martini  Buceri,'  Lovanii, 

1554.  9.  '  Exetasis  Testimoniorum  quse  M. 
Bucerus  minus  genuine  e  S.  patribus  non 
sancte  edidit  de  Coslibatus  dono,'  4to,  Lo- 
vanii, 1554.     10.  '  Epistolse  ad  J.  Checum 
de  Pronun  tiatione  Linguae  Graecse,'  8vo,Basel, 

1555.  11.   Sermon  preached    before   Ed- 
ward VI,  29  June  1548.      In  English  in 
Foxe's  '  Acts  and  Monuments.' 

The  library  of  Corpus  Christi  College  in 
Cambridge  also  contains  the  following  manu- 
scripts (in  the  Parker  collection),  most  of 
which  are  still  unprinted :  Vol.  cxiii.  No.  34, 
tractate  against  Bucer,  maintaining  the  asser- 
tion '  Contemptum  humanae  legis  justa  autori- 
tate  latae  gravius  et  severius  vindicandum 
quam  divinse  legis  qualemcunque  transgres- 
sionem.'  Vol.  cxxvii.  (entitled  '  Quse  con- 
cernunt  Gardinerum  ')  contains  (No.  5)  his 
sermon  before  King  Edward  (29  June  1548), 
giving  his  opinion  on  the  state  of  religion 
in  England,  maintaining  the  doctrines  of 
the  real  presence  and  clerical  celibacy,  but 
approving  the  renunciation  of  the  papal 
power  and  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries; 
(9)  examination  of  witnesses  in  articles  ex- 
hibited against  him  ;  (11)  articles  exhibited 
by  him  in  his  own  defence  before  the  judges 
delegate ;  (12)  his  '  Protestatio '  against  the 
authority  of  the  same  judges ;  (16,  pp.  167- 
249)  his  '  Exercitationes,'  or  metrical  Latin 
compositions,  with  which  he  is  said  to  have 
beguiled  the  tedium  of  his  confinement  in 
the  Tower.  In  Lambeth  Library  there  is 
a  manuscript  in  his  hand,  '  Annotationes  in 
dialogum  Johannis  (Ecolampadii  cum  suo 
Nathanaele  de  Mysterio  Eucharistico  dis- 
ceptantis.' 

[State  Papers  ;  Calendars  of  Letters  and 
Papers,  Foreign  and  Domestic,  of  the  Reign  of 
Henry  VIII,  ed.  Brewer  and  Gairdner,  with  pre- 
faces to  same;  J.S.  Brewer's  Reign  of  Henry  VIII 
to  the  Death  of  Wolsey,  2  vols.,  1884  ;  Dr.  S.  R. 
Maitland's  Essays  on  the  Reformation  in  Eng- 
land, 1849 ;  N.  Pocock's  Records  of  the  Refor- 
mation, 2  vols.,  1870;  Foxe's  Acts  and  Monu- 
ments of  the  Christian  Martyrs,  ed.  Cattley, 
8  vols.;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantabr.  i.  139-40; 
J.  B.  Mullinger's  Hist,  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, ii.  58-63 ;  R.  W.  Dixon's  Hist,  of  the 
Church  of  England  from  the  Abolition  of  the 
Eoman  Jurisdiction,  3  vols.,  1878-84;  Burnet, 
Lingard,  Froude,  &c.]  J.  B.  M. 


GARDINER,  THOMAS  (ft.  1516),  a 
monk  of  Westminster,  probably  died  before 
the  dissolution  of  the  monastery,  as  his  name 
is  not  among  the  signatures  of  the  deed  of  re- 
nunciation (1540).  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
English  history  from  Brutus  to  the  seventh 
year  of  Henry  VIII,  entitled  <  The  Flowers  of 
England,' but  the  manuscript,  which  is  among 
the  Cotton  MSS.  (Otho  C.  vi.),  has  been  so  in- 
jured by  fire  as  to  be  illegible. 

[Holinshed,  iii.  1590  ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  p. 
309.]  E.  T.  B. 

GARDINER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1591- 
1652),  recorder  of  London  and  royalist,  born 
in  1591,  was  third  son  of  Michael  Gardiner, 
rector  of  Littlebury,  Essex,  and  Greenford, 
Middlesex,  by  Margaret,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Brown,  a  merchant  tailor  of  London  (  Visita- 
tion of  London,  1633-5,  Harl.  Soc.,  i.  299). 
He  was  at  one  time  '  of  Clifford's  Inn  ; '  was 
(15  May  1610)  admitted  a  student  of  the  Inner 
Temple ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1618,  and 
on  18  Sept.  1621  was  granted  permission  to 
read  as  a  visitor  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
Oxford  (O.rf.  Univ.  Reg.,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.,n. 
i.  282).  He  became  a  bencher  of  his  inn  in 
1635,  and  was  both  autumn  reader  and  trea- 
surer in  1639.  On  25  Jan.  1635-6  he  was 
sworn  recorder  of  the  city  of  London.  In  1638 
he  recommended  the  collection  of  ship-money, 
and  showed  himself  henceforth  a  warm  adhe- 
rent of  the  court  party.  A  certificate  of  his 
return  to  the  Short  parliament,  dated  28  April 
1640,  as  member  for  Callington,  Cornwall,  is 
extant  among  the  House  of  Lords  MSS.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  4th  Rep.  25).  He  was  a  candidate 
for  the  representation  of  the  city  of  London 
in  the  Long  parliament,  but  was  defeated  at 
the  poll.  Had  he  been  elected,  the  court 
party,  according  to  Clarendon,  had  resolved 
to  nominate  him  for  the  speakership.  Claren- 
don (Hist,  of  Rebellion,  iii.  1)  describes  him 
at  the  period  as  'a  man  of  gravity  and  quick- 
ness that  had  somewhat  of  authority  and 
gracefulness  in  his  person  and  presence,  and 
in  all  respects  equal  to  the  service.'  In  spite 
of  the  growing  divergence  between  Gardiner's 
political  views  and  those  of  his  city  friends 
he  was  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  the  city 
(6  Oct.  1640).  When  Charles  I  visited  the 
city  on  25  Nov.  1641,  Gardiner  was  knighted, 
and  his  speech  specially  commended  by  the 
king.  In  the  following  month,  acting  in  al- 
liance with  the  lord  mayor,  Sir  Richard  Gur- 
ney,  he  angrily  denounced  as  illegal  a  petition 
circulated  for  signature  in  the  court  of  com- 
mon council  against  the  right  of  the  bishops 
and  catholic  lords  to  vote  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  When  the  attorney-general,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Herbert,  was  impeached  (January  1641- 


Gardiner 


426 


Gardiner 


1642)  Gardiner  was  appointed  his  leading 
counsel.  On  9  March  1641-2  the  lords  di- 
rected him  to  open  the  defence,  but  he  de- 
clined, and  was  committed  to  the  Tower 
(Lords'  Journal,  iv.  639  b).  On  12  March  he 
petitioned  for  his  release.  A  few  days  later 
the  House  of  Commons  resolved  to  impeach 
him  on  account  of  his  support  of  the  ship- 
money  edict,  and  of  his  frequent  avowals 
of  sympathy  with  Charles  I.  The  articles, 
seven  in  number,  were  sent  up  to  the  House 
of  Lords  18  May,  and  were  published  five 
days  later  (cf.  RUSHWOKTH,  Hist.  Coll.  iv. 
780-2).  Shortly  afterwards  Gardiner  wrote 
to  the  king  at  York,  reasserting  his  loyalty  (cf. 
Edward  Littleton . . . His  Flight  to  . ..  York, 
1642).  On  29  June  1643  his  goods  were 
ordered  to  be  sold  (Commons'  Journal,  iii. 
149).  Meanwhile  he  had  joined  the  king  at 
Oxford,  and  on  30  Oct.  1643  was  nominated 
his  solicitor-general.  In  1644  he  drew  up  a 
royal  pardon  for  Laud  (CLARENDON,  viii. 
213).  In  October  1644  he  was  apparently 
again  a  prisoner  at  the  hands  of  the  parlia- 
ment (Commons1  Journal,  iii.  658),  but  in 
January  1644-5  he  was  one  of  the  royalist 
commissioners  at  the  futile  Uxbridge  nego- 
tiations, and  on  3  Nov.  1645  was  appointed 
by  the  king  attorney-general.  On  23  Sept. 
1647  he  paid  to  parliament  a  fine  of  942/. 
13s.  4<Z.,  and  his  delinquency  was  pardoned  ! 
(ib.  v.  347).  Thereupon  he  retired  to  Cud- 
desdon,  near  Oxford.  On  12  Nov.  1650  the 
council  of  state  issued  an  order  permitting 
him  to  come  to  London  for  nine  days  on 
taking  the  engagement  (Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  1650).  He  died  at  Cuddesdon,  where 
he  was  buried  15  Oct.  1652. 

Gardiner  married  Rebecca  Child,  by  whom 
he  had  many  children.  Two  of  his  sous  were 
slain  in  the  civil  wars  within  a  few  weeks  of 
each  other.  The  elder,  Thomas,  a  captain  of 
horse  in  the  royalist  army,  was  knighted  by 
the  king  at  Oxford  as  he  sat  at  dinner  on  his 
reporting  Prince  Rupert's  success  at  Newark, 
March  1643,  and  lost  his  life  near  Oxford  at 
the  end  of  July  1645.  Henry,  the  younger 
son  (b.  1625),  also  a  royalist  captain,  was 
shot  dead  on  7  Sept.  1645  at  Thame  during 
a  successful  reconnaissance  made  by  the 
royalists.  Both  were  buried  in  Christ  Church 
Cathedral  in  one  grave  amid'  universal  sorrow 
and  affection.'  Wood  praises  the  two  young 
men  very  highly,  and  speaks  of  the  younger's 
'  high  incomparable  courage,  mixed  with 
much  modesty  and  sweetness '  (WooD,  Auto- 
biog.,  ed.  Bliss,  x.)  The  fourth  daughter, 
Mary  (1627-1664),  was  second  wife  of  Sir 
Henry  "Wood,  and  was  mother  of  Mary 
Fitzroy,  first  duchess  of  Southampton  (d. 
1680). 


[Information  kindly  supplied  by  Joseph  Foster, 
esq. ;  Wood's  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  404  ;  Masters  of 
the  Bench  of  the  Inner  Temple,  p.  3 1 ;  Lloj'd's 
Memoirs  of  Excellent  Personages,  1668,  p.  587; 
Gent.  Mag.  1821,  i.  577-9 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
4th  ser.  iii.  531,  560,  iv.  20;  Overall's  Remem- 
brancia,  p.  304  ;  Lysons's  Environs,  ii.  440 ; 
Thurloe  State  Papers,  i.  56  ;  Commons'  Journal, 
vols.  ii.  iii.  v. ;  Verney's  Notes  on  Long  Parlia- 
ment (Camd.  Soc.),  pp.  167-9  ;  Clarendon's  Re- 
bellion ;  Chester's  Westminster  Abbey  Registers, 
p.  161.]  S.  L.  L. 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  or  WILLIAM 
NEVILLE  (1748-1806),  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary at  Warsaw,  second  son  of  Charles 
Gardiner  (d.  1765),  and  brother  of  Luke 
Gardiner,  viscount  Mountjoy  was  born  on 
23  April  1748,  and  on  31  Dec.  1767  was 
gazetted  cornet  in  the  old  18th  light  dragoons 
or  Drogheda  light  horse.    On  31  March  1770 
he  was  promoted  to  a  company  in  the  45thfoot, 
then  in  Ireland.  He  went  to  America  with  his 
regiment,  made  the  campaigns  of  1775-6,  part 
of  the  time  as  aide-de-camp  to  the  command  er- 
in-chief,  Sir  William  Howe:   and  brought 
home  the  despatches  after  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  for  which  he  received  a  majority  in  the 
10th  foot.   He  served  with  the  10th  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1777,  and  was  wounded  at  Free- 
hold during  the  operations  in  New  Jersev,  on 
28  June  1778  (CANNOX,  Hist.  Rec.  IQth  Foot). 
On  29  Junel778  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  45th  foot.     Joining  his  old  corps  in 
England,  he  commanded  it  for  three  and  a 
half  years,  during  which  time,  in  accordance 
with  resolutions  passed  at  a  general  county 
meeting  of    the    Nottinghamshire    gentry 
(August  1779),  the  45th  foot  (now  Sherwood 
Foresters)  was  ordered  to  assume  the  title  of 
the  '  Nottinghamshire  Regiment,'  so  soon  as 
three  hundred  men  should  have  been  recruited 
in  the  county.      An  extra  bounty  of  six 
guineas  per  man  was  paid  out  of  the  county 
subscriptions.      The  title  was  given  three 
years  before  county  titles  were  bestowed  on 
other  line  regiments  (LAWSON  LOWE,  Hist. 
Nottingham  Regt.  of  Marksmen).   In  January 
1782   Gardiner   was   appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  commandant  of  the  88th  foot,  and  in 
February  1783  colonel  of  the  99th  or  Jamaica 
regiment  of  foot,  a  corps  raised  in  England 
at  the  cost  of  the  Jamaica  planters,  and  the 
second  of  the  six  regiments  which  have  suc- 
cessively borne  that  numerical  rank.      He 
appears  never  to  have  joined  the  corps,  being 
employed  in  Ireland  as  aide-de-camp  to  the 
lord-lieutenant.     The  99th  was  disbanded  at 
the  peace  of  1 783,  and  Gardiner,  who  was  then 
put  on  half-pay,  had  no  government  employ- 
ment until  December  1789  (see  memorial  in 
For.  Office  Recs.  in  Public  Record  Office  under 


Gardiner 


427 


Gardiner 


'Poland,'  vol.  cxxviii.),  when  the  revolution 
occurred  in  the  Austrian  Netherlands  (Au- 
SON,  Hist,  of  Europe,  ii.  383-5 ;  Ann.  Keg. 
xxxiii.  1-35).  He  was  then  sent  to  report 
on  the  condition  of  the  fortress  of  Luxem- 
burg, which  he  describes  as  '  a  most  dan- 
gerous service '  (For.  Off.  Recs.  l  Flanders,' 
vol.  ccxvi.)  He  was  subsequently  stationed 
at  Brussels  as  a  special  envoy  until  1792. 
His  despatches  from  Ostend  and  Brussels 
during  this  period  are  among  the  Foreign 
Office  Records  in  the  Public  Record  Office, 
enrolled  under 'Flanders,' 216,  217,  218,219, 
220  (1790-2),  and  his  private  letters  during 
the  same  period  addressed  to  the  secretary  of 
state  are  in  Brit,  Mus.  Addit.  MSS.  28064, 
28065,  and  28066.  On  5  Jan.  1792  he  was 
transferred  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Warsaw,  with  an  expression  of  approval  for 
his  '  zeal  and  assiduity.'  Leaving  his  family 
as  before  in  England,  he  reached  Warsaw  on 
13  Oct.  1792.  He  was  surprised  to  learn  that 
there  were  already  a  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  Russian  troops  in  the  country.  He 
had  simply  to  watch  and  report  the  events, 
which  followed  in  quick  succession,  and  of 
which  his  weekly  despatches  (Public  Rec. 
Off.,  Foreign  Off.  Recs.,  <  Poland,'  128, 132, 133, 
134, 135)  supply  many  interesting  details.  The 
second  partition  of  Poland  in  1793  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  insurrection,  the  success  and 
speedy  fall  of  Kosciusko,  and  the  sack  of 
Praga  on  4  Nov.  1794  {Ann.  Reg.  xxxiv.  1- 
48 ;  xxxv.  1-42).  Gardiner  speaks  of  the 
fine  appearance  and  good  order  of  the  Russian 
troops  which  entered  Warsaw  at  the  invita- 
tion of  King  Stanislaus  Augustus  a  few  days 
later,  but  states  that  great  atrocities  were 
committed  by  the  Cossacks  at  the  storming 
of  Praga.  He  was  informed  by  the  Russian 
authorities,  without  much  courtesy,  that  his 
mission  was  at  an  end. 

On  6  March  1795  Gardiner,  who  had  at- 
tained the  rank  in  1793,  was  appointed 
major-general  on  the  staff  in  Corsica,  and  on 
21  March  was  appointed  colonel  of  a  new 
99th  foot,  the  third  regiment  bearing  that 
number.  The  regiment  was  broken  up  in 
Demerara  in  1796,  and  Corsica  was  abandoned 
the  same  year;  but  Gardiner  was  still  de- 
tained in  Warsaw  by  inability  to  pay  his  debts. 
His  military  emoluments  Avere  stopped,  except 
1701.  for  the  governorship  of  Hurst  Castle, 
during  his  employment  under  the  foreign 
office.  His  salary  was  insufficient  to  keep 
his  family  at  home,  and  during  the  sack 
of  Praga  he  had  to  maintain  three  hundred 
persons  at  the  embassy.  It  was  not  until 
April  1797  that,  apparently  through  the 
urgent  representations  of  Coutts,  the  banker, 
Gardiner  was  enabled  to  quit  Warsaw.  In 


March  1799  he  was  in  Dublin,  where  the  com- 
mander-in-chief,  Lord  Cornwallis,  strongly 
but  unsuccessfully  recommended  him  fo'r 
military  employment.  '  He  is  like  Lake  in 
manner,  but  graver,'  wrote  Cornwallis 
(Corresp.  iii.  77,  81).  Gardiner  sat  in  the 
last  Irish  parliament  for  Thomastown,  King's 
County  (Off.  List  Members  of  Parl.  vol.  ii.) 
In  1799  he  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general,  and  was  appointed  colonel  command- 
ant of  the  newly  raised  6th  battalion  60th 
foot.  He  was  subsequently  transferred  to  the 
governorship  of  Kinsale  Irom  Hurst  Castle. 
During  the  invasion  alarms  of  1803-5  Gar- 
diner commanded  the  north  inland  district, 
oneof  the  twelve  military  districts  into  which 
England  was  then  divided.  In  1805  he  wa& 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick.  He  died  7  Feb.  1806. 

Gardiner  married  in  1777  Harriet,  youngest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Sir  Richard  Wrottesley, 
baronet  of  Wrottesley,  and  sister  of  the 
Duchess  of  Grafton,  and  by  her  left  a  son, 
Charles,  major  60th  foot,  and  four  daughters. 

[Debrett's  Peerage,  1625,  under  'Earl  of  Bless- 
ington;'  Gent.  Mag.  Ixxvi.  pt.  ii.  682, and  correc- 
tion at  p.  771 ;  Army  Lists  ;  Regimental  Muster 
Rolls  in  Public  Record  Office  and  Foreign  Office 
Recs.  and  Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MSS.  ut  supra  ;  informa- 
tion from  Sir  W.  A.  White,  K.C.M.G.,  H.B.M. 
ambassador  in  Turkey.]  H.  M.  C. 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  (1770-1853), 
musical  composer,  the  son  of  a  Leicester 
manufacturer,  was  born  15  March  1770.  The- 
elder  Gardiner  was  an  amateur  of  music,  and 
composed  at  least  one  hymn  tune,  preserved 
in  the  first  volume  of '  Sacred  Melodies,'  yet 
he  did  little  to  encourage  William's  preco- 
cious talents,  and  judged  that  the  smallest 
possible  amount  of  general  knowledge  would 
suffice  to  fit  him  for  the  hosiery  trade.  The 
youth's  inquiring  mind  found  scope, however, 
in  the  meetings  of  the  Adelphi  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  formed  in  Leicester  by  Phillips 
(afterwards  Sir  Richard  Phillips).  For  this- 
society  Gardiner  wrote  some  striking  papers 
— 'Whether  all  the  Celestial  Bodies  naturally 
attract  each  other?'  'What  are  those  Bodies 
called  Comets  ? '  'On  Matter  and  its  Pro- 
perties,' &c.  In  1790,  the  second  year  of  the 
society's  existence,  this  gathering  of  philoso- 
phical infants  (fourteen  out  of  the  seventeen 
members  were  under  age)  was  pronounced 
by  the  authorities  dangerous  in  its  tendency, 
and  dissolved.  Henceforward  musical  matters 
chiefly  claimed  Gardiner's  attention  during 
his  leisure  hours.  Direction  was  given  to 
his  artistic  taste  by  the  arrival  in  Leicester 
of  the  Abbe  Dobler  with  the  last  works  of 
Haydn  and  Beethoven  in  his  portmanteau. 
The  consequent  early  performance  (1794) 


Gardiner 


428 


Gardiner 


there  of  Beethoven's  E  flat  trio  was  referred 
to  with  gratitude  by  enthusiasts  whom  Gar- 
diner met  at  the  inauguration  of  the  Bonn 
monument  in  1848.     Gardiner  was  shrewd 
enough  to  recognise  without  revering  the 
genius  of  the  great  masters,     lie  was  re- 
sponsible for  such  barbarous  compilations 
as  '  Sacred  Melodies  from  Haydn,  Mozart, 
Beethoven,  and  other  composers,  adapted  to 
the  best  English  poets  and  appropriated  for 
the  use  of  the  British  Church'  (1812-15),  and 
*  Judah,  an  Oratorio  written,  composed,  and 
adapted  to  the  Works  of  Haydn,  Mozart,  and 
Beethoven,  by  W.  Gardiner '  (1821).     Gar- 
bled fragments  out  of  masses,  symphonies, 
quartets,  and  even  operas,  were  here  patched 
up  with  original  matter  by  the  compiler. 
Minuets  and  some  less  stately  dances  are  dis- 
guised as  heartrending  slow  movements ;  the 
first  subject  of  the  andante  in  Beethoven's 
seventh  symphony  does  duty  as  a  march  of 
the  Philistines,  and  confusion  is  increased  by 
arbitrary  changes  of  rhythm  in  well-known 
airs.    Indulgence  was  sought  for  the  experi- 
ment on  the  ground  of  the  extreme  dryness  of 
the  church  music  of  the  day.   The  popularity 
of  the  volumes,  especially  in  the  midland 
counties,  for  many  years,  may  be  supposed  to 
have  justified  their  production.     Gardiner's 
independent  compositions,  such  as  the  anthem 
'One  thing  have  I  desired   (1843),  the  part- 
song  '  At  Evening  when  my  work  is  done,' 
and  a  few  songs  are  of  greater  merit.    In  the 
meantime  he  had  edited,  with  notes,  the 
'  Life  of  Hay dn,'  translated  from  the  French  of 
Bombet  by  the  Rev.  C.  Berry,  and  the '  Life  of 
Mozart,'  from  the  German  of  Schlichtergroll, 
by  R.  Brewin  (1817).  The  '  Music  of  Nature, 
an  attempt  to  prove  that  what  is  passionate 
and  pleasing  in  the  art  of  singing,  speaking, 
and  performing  upon  musical  instruments 
is  derived  from  the  sounds  of  the  animated 
world,  with  illustrations '  ( 1 832),  is  a  pleasant 
book  of  opinions,  anecdotes,  and  historical 
scraps,  but  hardly  successful  in  proving  by 
illustration  the  conscious  or  unconscious  re- 
ference by  great  composers  to  natural  cries. 
As  a  precursor  of  modern  attempts  to  com- 
bine the  scientific  with  the  artistic  spirit, 
it  has  its  place  in  musical  history.    After 
Gardiner's  retirement  from  commercial  life, 
he  wrote  and  published  (1838)  '  Music  and 
Friends,  or  Pleasant  Recollections  of  a  Dilet- 
tante,' furnishing  a  lively  and  good-natured 
account  of  his  career,  of  life  in  his  native 
town,  and  of  its  more  or  less  eminent  men. 
Gardiner's  travels  and  correspondence,  ex- 
tending over  a  long  period,  had  also  brought 
him  into  contact  with  many  celebrities,  in- 
cluding Moore,  Godwin,  Peter  Pindar,  Bow- 
ling, Cobbett,  Neukomm,  Paganini,  Weber, 


Schroeder-Devrient,  Malibran,  Landseer, 
Mrs.  Jordan,  Kean,  Elliston,  Helen  Maria 
Williams,  Soult,  &c.  A  last  work,  '  Sights 
in  Italy,  with  some  Account  of  the  Present 
State  of  Music  and  the  Sister  Arts  in  that 
country  '  (1847),  was  the  outcome  of  a  tour 
made  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven,  yet  writ- 
ten with  a  wonderful  freshness  of  interest 
in  pictures,  persons,  and  performances.  Gar- 
diner was  a  foreign  member  of  the  Acca- 
demia  di  Santa  Cecilia  and  attended  one  of 
its  meetings  in  Rome;  he  was  also  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Institut  historique 
de  France.  His  popularity  among  all  classes 
was  due  to  his  exuberant  high  spirits,  kind- 
ness, and  brilliant  conversational  powers.  At 
the  age  of  eighty-three  he  was  still  in  vigor- 
ous bodily  health,  with  bright,  unclouded 
intellect.  He  died  after  a  week's  illness  at 
Leicester,  16  Nov.  1853,  and  was  buried  in 
the  new  cemetery.  His  portrait  by  Miss 
M.  A.  Hull  was  published  by  Messrs.  Allen 
of  Leicester. 

[Gardiner's  works  as  above ;  Gent.  Mag.  new 
ser.  xli.  92  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.  x.  169, 
6th  ser.  iv.  374 ;  Musical  World,  xxxi.  765, 784  ; 
Russell's  Memoirs  of  Moore,  vols.  i.  ii.  and  vii. ; 
Brown's  Diet,  of  Musicians.]  L.  M.  M. 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  NELSON 
(1766-1814),  engraver  and  bookseller,  born 
at  Dublin  on  11  June  1766,  was  son  of  John 
Gardiner, '  crier  and  factotum '  to  Judge  Scott, 
and  Margaret  Nelson,  his  wife,  a  pastrycook. 
He  had  an  early  taste  for  drawing.  He  was 
educated  at  Mr.  Sisson  Darling's  academy, 
and  later  was,  with  his  father,  attached  to 
the  suite  of  Sir  James  Nugent  of  Donore, 
Westmeath.  Showing  some  proficiency  in 
various  accomplishments,  he  was  helped  to 
pursue  his  artistic  studies  and  to  study  for 
three  years  at  the  Dublin  Academy,  where  he 
obtained  a  silver  medal.  He  then  came  to 
London  to  try  his  fortune,  and  was  at  first 
employed  by  a  Mr.  Jones,  a  maker  of  profile 
shadow-portraits.  Gardiner  also  supported 
himself  by  portrait-painting,  but  gave  it  up 
for  the  stage,  both  as  scene-painter  and  actor. 
According  to  his  own  account,  he  attained 
some  success  in  this  line,  but  it  did  not  last 
long,  and  he  was  eventually  reduced  to  work 
for  a  Mrs.  Beetham,  who  also  made  profile 
shadow-portraits.  Being  fortunate  enough 
to  make  acquaintance  with  Captain  Francis 
Grose  [q.  v.],  the  antiquary,  he  was  placed 
by  him  with  R.  Godfrey,  the  engraver  of  the 
'  Antiquarian  Repertory.'  He  acquired  some 
considerable  skill  as  an  engraver  in  the  chalk 
or  stipple  manner.  Having  taken  an  original 
engraving  of  his  own  to  Messrs.  Sylvester  & 
Edward  Harding,  the  publishers  in  Fleet 


Gardiner 


429 


Gardner 


Street,  he  was  employed   by  them   in  en- 
graving plates  for  their  publications  in  com- 
pany with  Bartolozzi  and  others.    For  them 
he  worked  on  their '  Shakespeare  Illustrated/ 
'  The  (Economy  of  Human  Life/  '  The  Bio- 
graphical Mirror/ '  The  Memoirs  of  Count  de 
Grammont/  Lady  Diana  Beauclerk's  illus- 
trations   of  Dryden's    '  Fables '   and   other 
works.     His  style  was   similar  to  that  of 
Bartolozzi,  and  Gardiner  claimed  some  of  the 
plates  bearing  Bartolozzi's  name  as  his  own 
work.     He  subsequently  worked  for  Barto- 
lozzi.   He  occasionally  painted,  and  in  1787, 
1792,  and  1793   exhibited  pictures  at  the 
Royal  Academy.     He  quitted  his  profession 
as  an  engraver,  in  which  he  might  have  suc- 
ceeded, and  returned  to  Dublin,  where  he 
did  little  more  than  spend  all  the  money 
that  he  had  earned.   He  returned  to  England 
with  the  intention  of  entering  the  church, 
and  was  entered  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge.   Finding  that  as  an  Irishman  he  had 
no  chance  there  of  a  fellowship,  he  removed 
to  Benet  (i.e.  Corpus  Christi)  College,  and 
took  his  degree  in  1797  as  sixth  senior  optime. 
He  remained  at  Cambridge  for  some  time 
in  the  hopes  of  obtaining  a  fellowship,  but, 
being  unsuccessful,  he  relinquished  all  idea 
of  taking  holy  orders  and  returned  to  London, 
where  he  obtained  employment  in  copying 
portraits  for  his  former  patron,  E.  Harding. 
Subsequently  he  set  up  as  a  bookseller  and 
publisher  in  Pall  Mall.     From  his  eccentri- 
cities of  dress,  behaviour,  and  conversation, 
he  became  a  well-known  figure  at  sales,  and 
his  shop  was  often  visited  by  people  out  of 
curiosity.     He  avowed  his  political  views  as 
a  whig  with  great  freedom.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Frognall  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  introduced  him  in  his 
'  Bibliomania '  under  the  character  of  '  Mus- 
tapha/  and  an  engraved  portrait  of  him  exists 
in  that  character.     Gardiner  resented  this 
keenly,  and  retaliated  with  stinging  sarcasm 
in  his  published  catalogues.     Dibdin,  in  his 
'  Bibliographical  Decameron/  refers  again  to 
this  controversy.      Gardiner  did  not  meet 
with  great  success  in  his  new  profession,  and 
became  very  dirty  and  slovenly  in  his  habits, 
being  a  great  snuff-taker.     On  8  May  1814 
he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  a  deliberate  act, 
in  consequence,  as  he  described  it,  of  unbear- 
able misery.     He  left  a  brief  autobiography, 
printed  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine  '  for 
June  1814.     He  married  a  Miss  Seckerson. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1814,  Ixxxiv.  pt.  i.  622 ;  Dodd's  MS. 
Hist,  of  English  Engravers  (Brit.  Mus.  Acldit. 
MSS.  33400);  Dibdin's  works  cited  above;  Pas- 
quin's  Artists  of  Ireland;  Eedgrave's  Diet,  of 
Artists.]  L.  C. 

GARDNER.     [See  also  GARDINER.] 


GARDNER,  MRS.  (Jl.  1763-1782),  dra- 
natist  and  actress,  appeared  at  Drury  Lane- 
Theatre  as  Miss  Cheney  1  Oct.  1763,  playing 
Miss  Prue  in  Congreve's  'Love  for  Love.' 
On  13  Jan.  1764  she  was  Rose  in  the  '  Re- 
Tuiting  Officer.'  She  played  Miss  Prue  once 
more  20  Oct.  1764,  and  in  June  1765  was 
the  original  Mrs.  Mechlin  in  Foote's  comedy 
of  the  '  Commissary/  with  which  the  Hay- 
market  reopened.  On  19  Nov.  1765,  at 
Covent  Garden,  as  Mrs.  Gardner,  late  Miss 
Cheney,  she  acted  her  favourite  character  of 
Miss  Prue;  15  March  1766,  at  the  same  house, 
she  was  Belinda  in  the  '  Man  of  the  Mode,r 
and  on  26  April  was  the  original  Fanny 
in  'All  in  the  Right,'  an  unprinted  farce 
from  Destouches,  attributed  to  Hull.  When 
Foote  [q.  v.],  after  his  recovery  from  his  acci- 
dent, reopened  the  Haymarket,  Mrs.  Gardner 
appeared  there  in  many  of  the  pieces.  She 
was  the  original  Margaret  in  the  '  Devil 
upon  Two  Sticks/  1768 ;  Mrs.  Circuit  in  the 
'  Lame  Lover/  1770 ;  Mrs.  Matchem  in  the 
'  Nabob/  29  June  1772 ;  and  Mrs.  Simony 
in  the '  Cozeners/ 1774.  At  the  Haymarket,. 
under  Foote,  her  reputation  was  made.  She 
played,  however,  at  the  other  houses  cha- 
racters chiefly  belonging  to  broad  comedy. 
In  1777,  the  year  of  Foote's  death,  she  went 
to  Jamaica.  Returning  thence  she  appeared  in 
Dublin  at  the  Capel  Street  Theatre,  but  quar- 
relled with  the  managers  about  a  piece  of  hers 
which,  in  violation  of  their  promise,  they  failed 
to  bring  out.  On  13  Aug.  1782  she  reappeared 
at  the  Haymarket,  as  Mrs.  Cadwallader  in 
the  '  Author.'  After  this  her  name  is  not 
found  in  the  bills.  The '  Biographia  Dramatica' 
says  she  played  occasionally,  and  attempted 
(sola)  an  entertainment  of  her  own  compo- 
sition. 

Mrs.  Gardner  wrote  *  Advertisement,  or  a 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband/  a  comedy  acted 
at  the  Haymarket  once,  9  Aug.  1777,  for  her 
benefit.  Egerton  (  Theatrical  Remembrancer} 
ascribes  to  her  the  '  Female  Dramatist/  a 
musical  farce  acted  at  the  Haymarket  16  Aug. 
1782,  the  authorship  of  which  has  also  been 
imputed  to  the  younger  Colman.  Neither 
piece  has  been  printed.  She  had  an  agreeable 
face  and  figure,  and  would  have  made  a  high 
reputation  had  she  not  fallen  under  the 
influence  and  copied  the  manner  of  Foote. 
She  was  the  best  actress  in  his  company. 
Her  husband,  an  insignificant  member  of  the 
Covent  Garden  company,  by  whom  she  had 
a  family,  neglected  her,  and  was  treated  by 
her  with  exemplary  patience  and  constancy. 
He  appears  to  have  survived  her. 

[Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage  ;  Bio- 
graphia Dramatica;  Theatrical  Biography,  1772.} 

J.  K. 


Gardner 


430 


Gardner 


GARDNER,  ALAN,  LOKD  GARDNER 
(1742-1809),  admiral,  son  of  Lieutenant- 
•colonel  Gardner  of  the  llth  dragoon  guards, 
was  born  at  Uttoxeter  in  Staffordshire,  on 
12  April  1742.  In  his  passing  certificate, 
dated  15  Feb.  1760,  he  is  described  as  more 
than  twenty  years  of  age,  and  as  having  been 
upwards  of  six  years  at  sea, '  part  whereof  in 
the  merchants'  service.'  The  two  statements 
seem  equally  incorrect,  but  what  appears  cer- 
tain is  that  he  joined  the  Medway,  under  the 
•command  of  Captain  Denis  [see  DENIS,  SIR 
PETER],  in  May  1755,  and  in  January  1758 
-was  moved  into  the  Dorsetshire,  also  com- 
manded by  Denis,  in  which  he  was  present 
in  the  battle  of  Quiberon  Bay.  On  7  March 
1760  he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  of  the 
Bellona,  again  with  Denis,  but  remained  in 
the  ship  on  Denis  being  superseded  by  Cap- 
tain Faulknor,  and  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  the  Courageux  on  14  Aug.  1761.  On 
12  April  1762  he  was  promoted  to  be  com- 
mander of  the  Raven  fireship,  and  on  17  May 
1766  was  advanced  to  post  rank,  and  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Preston,  going  out  to 
Jamaica  as  flag-ship  of  Rear-admiral  Parry. 
In  1768  he  was  removed  into  the  Levant 
frigate,  which  he  commanded  on  the  same  sta- 
tion till  1771.  In  1775  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Maidstone  of  28  guns,  also  sent  out  to 
the  West  Indies,  from  which  in  1778  he  was 
sent  to  join  Lord  Howe  on  the  coast  of  North 
America,  and  was  able  to  carry  to  Howe  the 
first  intelligence  of  the  approach  of  the  French 
fleet  [see  HOWE,  RICHARD,  EARL].  On  3  Nov. 
1778  he  captured  a  large  and  heavily  armed 
French  merchant  ship,  which  he  carried  with 
him  to  Antigua,  when  he  was  appointed  by 
Byron  [see  BYRON,  HON.  JOHN]  to  the  Sultan 
of  74  guns.  In  her  he  had  an  important  share 
in  the  battle  of  Grenada,  6  July  1779,  as  one 
of  the  seconds  of  the  admiral;  and  in  the 
following  year  was  sent  to  England  in  charge 
of  convoy.  Towards  the  end  of  1781  he 
commissioned  the  Duke  of  98  guns,  and  ac- 
companied Sir  George  Rodney  to  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  shared  in  the  glories  of 
12  April  1782.  He  returned  to  England  at 
the  peace,  and  in  1786  was  sent  out  to  Jamaica 
as  commander-in-chief,  with  a  broad  pennant 
in  the  Europa.  After  holding  the  command 
for  three  years  he  returned  to  England,  and 
in  January  1790  he  was  appointed  to  a  seat 
at  the  board  of  admiralty,  which  he  held  till 
March  1795.  He  was  also  returned  to  par- 
liament as  member  for  Plymouth,  which  he 
continued  to  represent  till  1796,  when  he 
was  returned  for  Westminster.  During  the 
Spanish  armament  in  1790  he  commanded 
the  Courageux  for  a  few  months ;  and 
in  February  1793,  being  advanced  to  flag- 


rank,  he  went  out  to  the  West  Indies,  with 
his  flag  in  the  Queen,  and  in  command  of  a 
considerable  squadron ;  but  for  want  of  troops 
little  was  effected  against  the  French  colo- 
nies. On  his  return  to  England  he  was 
attached  to  the  grand  fleet  under  Lord  Howe, 
and  took  part  in  the  action  of  1  June  1794, 
when  the  loss  of  the  Queen  was  exceptionally 
severe.  For  his  services  on  this  occasion 
Gardner  was  created  a  baronet,  and  on  4  July 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral. 
He  was  again  with  the  fleet,  under  Lord 
Bridport  off  Lorient,  on  23  June  1795,  but 
had  little  share  in  the  action.  In  April  1797, 
at  the  time  of  the  mutiny  at  Spithead,  he  had 
his  flag  in  the  Royal  Sovereign,  and  in  a 
conference  with  the  delegates  on  board  the 
Queen  Charlotte  is  described  as  having  lost 
his  temper  and  seized  one  of  the  delegates 
by  the  collar,  threatening  to  have  him  and 
his  fellows  hanged.  This  led  to  a  violent 
outburst,  from  which  Gardner  with  difficulty 
escaped.  On  14  Feb.  1799  he  was  promoted 
to  be  admiral  of  the  blue;  in  August  1800  he 
was  appointed  commander-in-chief  on  the 
coast  of  Ireland,  and  in  the  following  De- 
cember was  created  a  peer  of  Ireland,  by  the 
title  of  Baron  Gardner.  He  continued,  how- 
ever, to  represent  Westminster  in  parliament 
till,  in  1806,  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom,  by  the  title 
of  Baron  Gardner  of  Uttoxeter.  In  1807  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Channel 
fleet,  but  the  state  of  his  health  compelled 
him  to  resign  it  in  the  following  year,  and 
he  died  a  few  months  afterwards,  on  1  Jan. 
1809.  There  is  a  pleasing  portrait  of  him  in 
the  Painted  Hall  at  Greenwich.  He  married 
at  Jamaica,  in  1769,  Susanna  Hyde,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Mr.  Francis  Gale,  and  widow 
of  Mr.  Sabine  Turner.  By  her  he  had  several 
children,  the  eldest  of  whom,  Allan  Hyde, 
succeeded  to  his  titles. 

[Charnock'sBiog.  Nav.  vi.  583  ;  Kalfe's  Nav. 
Biog.  i.  407 ;  Foster's  Peerage;  Jordan's  National 
Portrait  Gallery.]  J.  K.  L. 

GARDNER,  DANIEL  (1750  P-1805), 
portrait,  painter,  born  at  Kendal  about  1750, 
came  to  London  as  a  boy,  and  became  a  stu- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  attracted 
the  notice  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  for  a 
time  became  fashionable  for  his  small  portraits 
done  in  oil  or  crayons.  They  showed  great 
elegance  in  composition,  and  a  delicate  per- 
ception of  beauty ;  Hayley  in  his  poems  pays 
tribute  to  his  taste  and  ease.  Thomas  Watson 
engraved  several  of  his  portraits  in  mezzo- 
tint, among  them  being  '  Frances,  Countess 
of  Jersey/  '  Sir  William  Meredith,  Bart.,' '  the 
children  of  Grey  Cooper,  Esq.,'  'Rebecca, 


Gardner 


431 


Gardner 


Lady  Rushout,  and  her  children;'  also  'Abe- 
lard'  and  'Heloise'  (companion  engravings), 
'  Circe,' '  Maria,'  &c.  Among  other  engravings 
from  Gardner's  pictures  were  '  Mrs.  Gwyn 
and  Mrs.  Bunbury  (the  Horneck  sisters)  as 
the  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor '  by  W.  Dickin- 
son, '  Mrs.  Swinburne '  by  W.  Doughty, 
*  George  Simon  Harcourt,  Visct.  Nuneham,' 
by  V.  Green, '  Charles,  Marquess  Cornwallis,' 
by  J.  Jones,  and  others.  Gardner  only  ex- 
hibited once  at  the  Royal  Academy,  in  1771. 
Having  realised  some  property  by  his  art  he 
retired  from  practice.  He  died  in  Warwick 
Street,  Golden  Square,  8  July  1805,  aged  55. 
Two  portraits  and  a  family  group  were  ex- 
hibited at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  in  1888-9 
by  Mr.  A.  Anderdon  Weston.  Gardner  also 
etched  in  1778  a  plate  from  a  portrait  by 
Hoppner  of  Philip  Egerton,  esq.,  of  Oulton. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  Grosvenor  Gal- 
lery Catalogue,  1888-9;  Chaloner  Smith's  British 
Mezzotinto  Portraits.]  L.  C. 

GARDNER,  GEORGE  (1812-1849), 
botanist,  was  born  in  Glasgow  in  May  1812. 
He  studied  medicine  in  the  university  of  his 
native  town ;  but  when  he  had  qualified  as 
a  surgeon  he  conceived  a  strong  desire  for 
botanical  travel,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
his  teacher,  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  obtained  the 
support  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  and  others 
as  subscribers  for  the  plants  that  he  might 
collect.  In  May  1836  he  accordingly  sailed 
for  Brazil.  Before  starting  he  issued  a  pocket 
herbarium  of  250  species  of  British  mosses. 
In  Brazil  he  first  explored  the  Organ  Moun- 
tains, and  subsequently  Pernambuco,  the  Rio, 
San  Francisco,  Aracaty,  Ceara,  and  Piauhy, 
returning  to  Rio  towards  the  end  of  1840. 
He  sent  home  sixty  thousand  specimens,  re- 
presenting three  thousand  species,  and  his  en- 
tire collection  comprised  twice  that  number 
of  species  of  flowering  plants  alone.  He 
reached  Liverpool,  on  his  return,  in  July  1841, 
bringing  with  him  six  large  Wardian  cases  of 
living  plants.  He  described  several  new 
genera  in  a  series  of  papers  in  Hooker's '  Lon- 
don Journal  of  Botany,'  and  in  1842  began 
in  its  pages  an  enumeration  of  Brazilian 
plants,  and  in  those  of  the  '  Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society ' '  Contributions  to  the 
History  of  the  Connection  of  Climate  and 
Vegetation.'  In  the  same  year  he  became  a 
fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  in  1843 
assisted  H.  B.  Fielding  in  the  preparation  of 
an  illustrated  descriptive  work  entitled '  Ser- 
tum  Plantarum,'  London,  1844,  8vo.  Being 
then  appointed  superintendent  of  the  botani- 
cal garden  of  Ceylon,  he  devoted  the  voyage 
out  to  the  preparation  of  the  journal  of  his 
Brazilian  travels,  some  accounts  of  which  had 


already  appeared,  in  letters  to  Sir  W.  J. 
Hooker,  in  the '  Companion  to  the  Botanical 
Magazine,'  and  in  the  'Annals  of  Natural 
History.'  The  detailed  journal,  the  proof- 
sheets  of  which  were  revised  by  John  Miers 
and  Robert  He  ward,  appeared  in  1846  as 
'  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Brazil,  principally 
through  the  Northern  Provinces  and  the  Gold 
and  Diamond  Districts,  during  the  years  1836- 
1841.'  In  1845  he  visited  Madras,  and  bota- 
nised  in  the  Neilgherry  Hills  with  Dr.  Wight, 
with  whom  and  Dr.  M'Clelland  he  became 
associated  as  part  editor  of  the  '  Calcutta 
Journal  of  Natural  History.'  During  1846, 
1847,  and  1848  he  published  in  that  journal 
a  monograph  of  the  Podostemacece  and  '  Con- 
tributions towards  a  Flora  of  Ceylon ; '  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  fully  pre- 
pared for  publication  a  manual  of  Indian 
botany,  which,  however,  seems  never  to  have 
been  issued.  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  Neura 
Ellia,  Ceylon,  10  March  1849.  His  herba- 
rium, comprising  fourteen  thousand  speci- 
mens, was  mostly  purchased  for  the  British 
Museum. 

[Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  40;  Hooker's  Companion 
to  the  Eot.  Mag.  (1836),  ii.  1,  344;  London 
Journ.  Bot.  (1849),  i.  154,  (1851)  iii.  188  ;  Cot- 
tage Gardener,  ii.  74 ;  Gardener's  Chronicle 
(1849),  p.  263,  (1851)  p.  343.]  G.  S.  B. 

GARDNER,  JOHN  (1804-1880),  medical 
writer  and  practitioner,  was  born  in  1804  at 
Great  Coggeshall  in  Essex.  After  complet- 
ing his  medical  education  (partly  under  the 
old  system  of  apprenticeship)  in  1829,  he 
settled  as  licentiate  of  the  Apothecaries'  So- 
ciety in  London,where  he  continued  to  the  end 
of  his  life.  In  1843  he  translated  and  edited 
Liebig's  '  Familiar  Letters  on  Chemistry  in 
its  relations  to  Physiology,  Dietetics,  Agri- 
culture, and  Political  Economy,' which  passed 
through  several  editions,  and  of  which  a  second 
series  was  published  a  few  years  later.  This 
led  to  his  making  Liebig's  personal  acquaint- 
ance at  Giessen  (of  which  university  he  was 
made  M.D.  in  1847),  and  to  his  being  instru- 
mental in  establishing  in  1844  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Chemistry  in  Hanover  Square,  London, 
of  which  institution  he  was  secretary  till  1846. 
He  also  was  the  means  of  securing  the  ser- 
vices of  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann  as  the  first  pro- 
fessor there.  He  was  an  active-minded  man, 
and  took  part  in  various  useful  projects.  He 
was  for  a  time  professor  of  chemistry  and 
materia  medica  to  the  General  Apothecaries' 
Company,  which  he  had  assisted  in  founding 
for  the  preparation  and  sale  of  pure  drugs 
under  the  supervision  of  scientific  chemists 
and  physicians.  While  connected  with  this 
company  he  was  the  means  of  introducing 


Gardner 


432 


Gardner 


to  the  notice  of  the  practitioners  of  this 
country  many  valuable  drugs  from  America, 
among  which  may  especially  be  mentioned 
podophyllin  (see  Lancet,  1862,  i.  209,  286, 
418).  He  wrote  in  various  medical  periodi- 
cals, belonged  to  the  Chemical  and  Ethnolo- 
gical Societies  of  London,  and  in  1860  became, 
by  examination,  licentiate  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  Edinburgh.  He  died  in 
Lansdowne  Crescent,  Notting  Hill,  London, 
14  Nov.  1880.  He  was  a  truly  religious 
man,  as  appears  from  his  principal  work,  en- 
titled '  The  Great  Physician ;  the  Connexion 
of  Diseases  and  Remedies  with  the  Truths  of 
Revelation,'  London,  8vo,  1843.  With  the 
exception  of  the  last  chapter,  which  contains 
a  brief  history  of  epidemic  diseases  or  pesti- 
lences, the  subject-matter  of  the  volume  is 
entirely  theological,  written  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  well-known  '  Bridge  water  Trea- 
tises.' It  was  favourably  noticed  in  some 
of  the  religious  journals  of  the  day,  but  the 
sale  was  not  sufficient  to  encourage  him  to 
publish  the  second  part  of  the  work,  which 
was  to  have  consisted  of  medical  matters. 
Among  his  other  works  may  be  mentioned : 

1.  '  Household  Medicine,'  9th  edition,  1878. 

2.  '  Longevity ;   the  Means  of  Prolonging 
Life  after  Middle  Age,'  5th  edition,  1878. 

3.  '  Hymns  for  the  Sick  and  Convalescent,' 
2nd  edition,  1879.  In  1832  Gardner  married 
Miss  Julia  Emily  Moss,  who  survived  him, 
and  in  1881  wrote  a  little  book  on  'Marriage 
and  Maternity.'     By  her  he  had   a  large 
family. 

[Medical  Directory,  &c. ;  personal  knowledge  ; 
information  from  his  son,  the  Eev.  Dr.  D.  M. 
Gardner.]  W.  A.  G. 

GARDNER,  THOMAS  (1690  P-1769), 
historian  of  Dunwich,  was  '  salt  officer '  and 
deputy  comptroller  of  the  port  of  South  wold, 
Suffolk.  He  was  an  intelligent  antiquary, 
made  numerous  local  discoveries,  and  died 
possessed  of  large  collections,  of  which  the 
coins  formed  the  most  valuable  portion.  In 
1745  he  exhibited  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries '  A  true  and  exact  platt,  containing 
the  boundaries  of  the  town  of  Dunwich,  and 
the  entries  of  certain  records  and  evidences, 
and  some  things  now  in  variance  made  the 
14th  of  March  1589,  by  Ralph  Agas '  [q.  v.] 
(GotrGH,  British  Topography,  ii.  249).  After 
much  difficulty,  occasioned  by  the  loss  of  most 
of  the  town's  records,  Gardner  published  by 
subscription  'An  Historical  Account  of  Dun- 
wich, antiently  a  city,  now  a  borough ;  Blith- 
burgh,  formerly  a  town  of  note,  now  a  village ; 
Southwold,  once  a  village,  now  a  Town-cor- 
porate ;  with  remarks  on  some  places  con- 
tiguous thereto.  .  .  .  Illustrated  with  copper- 


plates,' 4to,  London,  1754.  Prefixed  to  some 
copies  is  a  modernised  version  of  Agas's  plan 
by  Joshua  Kirby.  Agas's  report  of  the  state 
of  the  town  and  harbour  referred  to  above  is 
printed  from  the  original  manuscript  then  in 
Gardner's  possession  at  pp.  20-2.  Gardner 
died  30  March  1769,  aged  79  (Gent.  May. 
xxxix.  215),  and  was  buried  in  Southwold 
churchyard  near  the  south  aisle,  between  his 
two  wives  Rachel  and  Mary,  with  the  follow- 
ing inscription  : — 

Betwixt  honour  and  virtue  here  doth  lie 
The  remains  of  old  antiquity. 

(Addit.  MS.  19082,  f.  305).  Mackenzie  Wal- 
cott  erroneously  says  '  his  quaint  epitaph 
records  thus  the  names  of  his  two  wives  ' 
(East  Coast  of  England,  p.  47  ;  cf.  Notes  and 
Queries,  3rd  ser.  iv.  265-6).  It  refers  to  the 
lines  on  their  tombs. 

[Authorities  as  above.]  G.  G. 

GARDNER,  WILLIAM  (1844-1887), 
inventor  of  the  Gardner  gun,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  U.S.A.,  afterwards  resided  in  England, 
where  most  of  his  inventions  were  developed. 
Possessing  a  strong  mechanical  bent  he  early 
abandoned  the  study  of  the  law  to  carry  out 
|  certain  improvements  in  firearms.  About  1870 
j  he  submitted  to  theBritish  military  authorities 
j  a  magazine  pistol,  which  was  not  approved. 
In  1876  he  perfected  the  machine  gun  which 
bears  his  name,  and  which  after  long  com- 
petitive trials  was  introduced  into  the  British 
service  five  years  later.  Various  improve- 
ments in  firearms,  &c.,  patented  by  him  in 
the  United  Kingdom  appear  in  the  Patent 
Lists  for  1882-4.  Shortly  before  his  death 
'  Captain '  Gardner,  as  he  was  called,  had 
perfected  an  improved  quick-firing  cannon. 
He  died  suddenly  at  Henley  Lodge,  St. 
Leonards-on-Sea,  20  Jan.  1887,  aged  43. 

[Information  furnished  by  the  general  agent, 
Gardner  Gun  Co.  (Lim.),  London.]     H.  M.  C. 

GARDNER,    WILLIAM    LINN^US 

(1770-1835),  Indian  officer,  was  eldest  son 
of  Major  Valentine  Gardner,  16th  foot.  The 
father  was  elder  brother  of  Alan,  first  lord 
Gardner  [q.  v.],  and  was  with  the  16th  foot 
during  its  service  in  America  from  1767  to- 
1782).  Gardner's  mother  was  his  father's 
first  wife,  Alicia,  third  daughter  of  Colonel 
Livingstone  of  Livingstone  Manor,  New  York. 
He  was  brought  up  in  France,  and  when  a 
boy  was  gazetted  ensign  in  the  old  89th  foot, 
7  March  1783,  and  placed  on  half-pay  of  the 
regiment  on  its  disbandment  some  weeks  later. 
He  was  brought  on  full-pay  as  ensign  in  the 
74th  highlanders  in  India,  6  March  1789,  and 
promoted  to  a  lieutenancy  in  the  52nd  foot 
in  India  in  October  the  same  year.  The  regi- 


Gardner 


433 


Gardner 


mental  muster-rolls,  which  are  incomplete, 
show  him  on  the  strength  of  the  depot-com- 
pany at  home  in  1791-3.  He  became  captain 
30th  foot  in  1794,  and  at  once  exchanged  to 
half-pay  of  a  disbanded  independent  company. 
Of  the  circumstances  under  which  he  retired 
various  stories  were  told.  All  that  is  known 
is  that  he  appeared  afterwards  as  a  military  ad- 
venturer in  the  chaotic  field  of  central  Indian 
discord.  For  some  time  he  was  in  the  service 
of  JeswuntRao  Holkar,  the  famous  Mahratta 
ruler  of  Indore.  Holkar  sent  him  on  a  mis- 
sion to  the  independent  princes  of  Cambay, 
where  he  married  his  only  wife,  a  native 
princess,  on  whose  ancestors  the  emperors  of 
Delhi,  in  days  gone  by,  had  conferred  the 
highest  hereditary  honours.  Holkar  after- 
wards sent  Gardner  to  treat  with  Lord  Lake, 
and,  suspecting  treachery,  grossly  insulted 
him  on  his  return.  Gardner  replied  by  at- 
tempting to  cut  down  the  maharajah.  Failing, 
he  escaped  in  the  confusion,  and  went  through 
a  succession  of  the  wildest  adventures.  At 
one  time,  when  a  prisoner  of  Emurt  Rao,  he 
was  strapped  to  a  gun  under  threat  of  death 
unless  he  promised  to  fight  against  the  Eng- 
lish. At  another  he  jumped  down  a  preci- 
pice fifty  feet  deep  into  a  stream  to  escape 
his  guards.  Eventually  he  made  his  way 
into  Lake's  camp  in  the  guise  of  a  grass-cutter 
(1804).  His  wife  and  her  attendants  were 
allowed  to  depart  unmolested  from  Holkar's 
camp  through  her  family  influence.  Gardner 
served  as  a  leader  of  irregular  horse  (captain) 
under  Lake,  and  in  the  same  capacity  (lieu- 
tenant-colonel) performed  important  services 
under  Sir  David  Ochterlony  in  Nepaul  in 
1814-15.  In  the  latter  connection  Gardner 
(whose  name,  like  that  of  his  father,  is  spelt 
'  Gardiner '  in  many  army  lists)  has  been  con- 
founded by  some  writers  with  the  first  Bri- 
tish resident  in  Nepaul,  the  Hon.  Edward 
Gardiner,  Bengal  civil  service  (for  whom  see 
DEBKETT,  Peerage,  1825,  under '  Blessington,' 
and  DODWELL  and  MILES,  Lists  of  Bengal 
Civil  Servants'}.  He  also  rendered  valuable 
service  under  Ochterlony  in  the  settlement 
of  Rajpootana  in  1817-18.  He  was  rewarded 
in  1822  with  an  unattached  majority  in  the 
king's  service  antedated  to  25  Sept.  1803. 

The  name  of  William  Linnaeus  Gardner 
first  appears  in  the  East  India  Company 
irmy  lists  in  January  1819,  as  a  local  lieu- 
:enant-colonel  commanding  a  corps  of  irregu- 
ar  cavalry,  afterwards  described  as  Gardner's 
:orps,  as  Gardner's  local  horse,  and  as  the  2nd 
ocal  horse,  with  which  he  was  stationed  at 
Oiassgunge  in  1819,  at  Saugor  in  1821,  at 
3areilly  in  1821-3,  in  Arracan  in  1825,  and 
t  Khassgunge  again  in  1826-7.  In  January 
828,  when  the  2nd  local  horse  was  again  at 

VOL.   XX. 


Bareilly,  Gardner  is  described  as  on  leave, 
and  his  name  does  not  again  appear  in  either 
the  British  or  Indian  army  list.  No  further 
record  of  him  exists  at  the  India  Office.  He 
resided  at  Khassgunge,  now  the  chief  town 
of  the  Etah  district,  North  West  Provinces, 
which  was  his  private  property  (HuNTEK, 
Gazetteer  of  India,  under  '  Kasganj  '),  and 
there  died  on  29  July  1835,  aged  65.  His 
begum  died  a  month  after  him  (PARKS,  vol.  i.) 

Gardner,  a  skilled  rider  and  swordsman  in 
his  prime,  is  described  in  his  latter  years  as 
a  tall,  soldierlike  old  man,  of  very  courteous 
and  dignified  manners,  and  very  kind  to  his 
ailing  wife. 

Gardner's  or  the  2nd  local  horse  became 
the  2nd  irregular  cavalry,  and  since  the  Ben- 

1  mutiny,  during  which  it  was  conspicuous 
by  its  loyalty,  has  become  the  2nd  Bengal 
cavalry. 

[Foster's  Peerage,  under  '  Gardner  ; '  British 
and  Indian  army  lists  ;  information  supplied  by 
the  India  office  ;  the  incidental  notices  of  Gard- 
ner in  Mill's  Hist,  of  India,  vols.  vii.  and  viii., 
and  in  Hunter's  Gazetteer  of  India  are  inaccurate. 
Much  information  respecting  Gardner  will  be 
found  in  Mrs.  Fanny  Parks's  Pilgrimage  in 
Search  of  the  Picturesque  (London,  1850,  2  vols.) 
Mrs.  Parks,  the  wife  of  a  Bengal  civilian  of  rank, 
was  personally  acquainted  with  Gardner,  and  her 
book  contains  an  account  of  him  reprinted  from 
the  Asiatic  Journal,  Oct.  1834,  and  a  letter  from 
Gardner  correcting  misstatements  therein.] 

H.  M.  C. 

GARDNOR,  JOHN  (1729-1808),painter, 
began  life  as  a  drawing-master,  teaching 
drawing,  painting,  and  calligraphy.  As  such 
he  had  an  academy  in  Kensington  Square. 
In  1763  he  exhibited  with  the  Free  Society 
of  Artists,  sending  two  drawings  with  a  speci- 
men of  penmanship.  He  exhibited  with  the 
same  society  in  the  following  years  up  to 
1767;  in  1766  and  1767  contributions  were  also 
sent  by  '  Mr.  Gardner's  pupils.'  In  1767  he 
received  a  premium  of  twenty-five  guineas 
from  the  Society  of  Arts.  Gardnor  seems 
now  to  have  quitted  the  profession  of  draw- 
ing for  the  church,  and  took  orders.  In 
1778  he  was  instituted  to  the  vicarage  of 
Battersea,  which  he  continued  to  hold  up 
to  his  death,  which  occurred  on  6  Jan.  1808 
at  the  age  of  79 ;  he  was  buried  in  Battersea 
Church.  In  1782  Gardnor  exhibited  again, 
this  time  at  the  Royal  Academy,  sending 
two  landscapes,  and  continued  to  be  a  fre- 
quent contributor  of  landscapes  and  views 
up  to  1796.  On  16  May  1787  Gardnor  started 
with  his  nephew  Richard  on  a  tour  to  Paris, 
Geneva,  Lausanne,  Basle,  Strasburg,  and  back 
down  the  Rhine.  He  made  numerous  draw- 
ings of  the  scenery  on  the  Rhine,  which  he 

F  F 


Gardyne 


434 


Garencieres 


published  in  folio  parts,  the  first  of  which 
appeared  in  1788  entitled  '  Views  taken  on 
and  near  the  River  Rhine,  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and  on  the  River  Maese.'  These  views  were 
engraved  in  aquatint  by  Gardner  himself, 
William  and  Elizabeth  Ellis,  Robert  Dodd, 
Samuel  Alken,  and  J.  S.  Robinson.  A 
smaller  edition  was  published  in  1792,  in 
which  the  aquatints  were  executed  by  Gard- 
nor  and  his  nephew.  Gardner  also  executed 
a  series  of  views  in  Monmouthshire  for  D. 
Williams's  'History'  of  that  county,  pub- 
lished in  1796;  they  were  engraved  in  aqua- 
tint by  Gardner  himself  and  J.  Hill.  As  vicar 
of  Battersea  Gardner  officiated  on  18  Aug. 
1782  at  the  wedding  of  William  Blake  [q.  v.  J, 
the  painter.  In  1798  a  sermon  was  printed 
which  he  preached  before  the  armed  associa- 
tion of  Battersea. 

GA.KDNOB,  RICHAKD  (Jl.  1766-1793),  draw- 
ing-master, nephew  of  the  above,  was  appa- 
rently his  pupil.  In  1766  he  exhibited  with 
the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  and  from  1786 
to  1793  at  the  Royal  Academy.  His  con- 
tributions were  landscapes  and  views.  He 
accompanied  his  uncle  during  his  tour  on 
the  Rhine,  and  assisted  him  to  engrave  the 
plates  in  aquatint  for  the  published  work.  ^ 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists ;  G-raves's  Diet. 
of  Artists,  1760-1880  ;  Manning  and  Bray's  His- 
tory of  Surrey,  iii.  341 ;  Gardner's  Views  on  the 
River  Rhine ;  Gilchrist's  Life  of  Blake ;  Cata- 
logues of  the  Free  Society  of  Artists  and  Royal 
Academy.]  L.  C.^ 

GARDYNE,  ALEXANDER  (1585?- 
1634  ?),  Scotch  poet,  an  advocate  in  Aber- 
deen, was  probably  born  about  1585,  as  he 
was  master  of  arts  before  1609,  when  he 
produced  his  '  Garden  of  Grave  and  Godlie 
Flowers.'  This  is  a  series  of  sonnets,  elegies, 
and  epitaphs,  replete  with  fantastic  conceits 
of  thought  and  style,  and  including  tributes 
to  royalty  and  various  friends,  as  well  as 
reflective  studies  on  such  themes  as  fickle 
fortune,  the  wickedness  of  the  world,  and 
'  Scotland's  Grief  on  His  Majesties  going  into 
England.'  Between  1612  and  1625  Gardyne 
wrote '  The  Theatre  of  Scotish  Kings,'  based 
on  Johnston's  '  Reges  Scoti,'  and  treating 
seriatim  of  the  monarchs  from  Fergus  to 
James  VI.  His  next  work, '  The  Theatre  of 
Scotish  Worthies,'  has  not  been  preserved. 
In  1619  appeared  a  metrical  version  of  Boece's 
Latin  biography  of  Bishop  Elphinstone.  Gar- 
dyne's  other  writings  consist  mainlv  of 
commendatory  verses  prefixed  to  forgotten 
authors  like  Patrick  Gordon  and  Abbakuk 
Bisset.  In  1633  Gardyne  and  others  were 
sworn  before  the  sheriff  principal  of  Aber- 
deen '  to  continue  as  members  and  ordinar 


adrocats  and  procurators  of  this  seat.'  An- 
other Alexander  Gardyne  (or  Garden,  as  the 
names  of  both  are  sometimes  given)  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Aberdeen  for  some 
time  after  this,  but  he  was  probably  the  ad- 
vocate's son.  The  death  of  Alexander  Gar- 
dyne,  the  poet,  is  approximately  assigned  to 
1634. 

The '  Garden '  was  printed  in  small  quarto 
in  1609,  by  Thomas  Finlason,  Edinburgh. 
The  '  Theatre '  was  transcribed  in  1625,  and 
the  copy,  now  in  the  Advocates'  Library, 
Edinburgh,  was  printed  in  1709  by  James 
Watson,  Edinburgh.  The  two  works  were 
edited  in  1845  by  W.  Turnbull  for  the  Ab- 
botsford  Club,  and  printed  in  a  royal  quarto 
volume,  together  with  poems  by  John  Lundie, 
an  Aberdeen  professor  of  Latin  in  Gardyne's 
time.  The  introduction  includes  a  biographi- 
cal disquisition  by  David  Laing. 

[Abbotsford  Club  volume  as  above ;  Kennedy's 
Annals  of  Aberdeen,  ii.  166;  Irving's  Hist,  of 
Scotish  Poetry.]  T.  B. 

GARENCIERES,  THEOPHILUS,  M.D. 
(1610-1680),  physician,  was  born  in  Paris  in 
1610.  After  mastering  the  primer  he  was 
made  to  read  '  The  Prophecies  of  Nostra- 
damus,' and  retained  throughout  life  a  love 
for  them.  He  graduated  M.D.  at  Caen  in 
Normandy  in  1636,  came  to  England  with  the 
French  ambassador,  was  incorporated  M.D.  at 
Oxford  10  March  1657  (  WOOD,  Fasti  Oxon.  ii. 
791),  and  admitted  a  candidate  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  London  23  March  in  the  same 
year.  While  in  England  he  left  the  Roman 
church.  In  1647  he  published  '  Anglise  Fla- 
gellum  seu  Tabes  Anglica,'  a  work  which  is 
now  very  rare,  and  which  owes  its  reputation 
to  the  error  deduced  from  its  title-page,  that 
it  is  a  treatise  on  rickets,  three  years  earlier 
than  that  of  Glisson.  The  '  Tabes  Anglica ' 
of  Garencieres  is  pulmonary  phthisis ;  the  187 
pages  of  his  duodecimo  volume  contain  little 
of  value,  and  not  one  word  about  rickets. 
In  1665  he  published  '  A  Mite  cast  into  the 
Treasury  of  the  Famous  City  of  London, 
being  a  Brief  and  Methodical  Discourse  of  the 
Nature,  Causes,  Symptoms,  Remedies,  and 
Preservation  from  the  Plague  in  this  calami- 
tous year  1665,  digested  into  Aphorisms.'  The 
book  is  dedicated  to  the  lord  mayor,  contains 
thirty-five  aphorisms,  and  recommends  Venice 
treacle  taken  early  as  the  best  internal  re- 
medy for  the  plague,  while  poultices  are  to 
be  applied  externally  to  the  glandular  swel- 
lings. The  preface  is  dated  14  Sept.  1665, 
from  the  author's  house  near  the  church  in 
Clerkenwell  Close.  A  second  edition,  en- 
larged to  sixty  aphorisms,  appeared  in  the 
same  year,  and  a  third,  containing  sixty-one 


Gargrave 


435 


Gargrave 


aphorisms,  in  1666.  In  1672  he  published 
'  The  True  Prophecies  or  Prognostications  of 
Michael  Nostradamus,  translated,'  and  in 
1676  'The  Admirable  Virtues  and  Wonderful 
Effects  of  the  True  and  Genuine  Tincture  of 
Coral  in  Physick.'  Ten  authors  are  quoted 
as  praising  coral,  and  it  is  stated  to  cure  more 
than  thirty  separate  diseases,  but  no  cases  or 
personal  experience  are  given.  Garencieres 
lived  for  more  than  ten  years  (prefaces)  in 
Clerkenwell,  and  was  on  friendly  terms  with 
Francis  Bernard  [q.  v.],  the  learned  apothe- 
cary, and  afterwards  physician  to  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's Hospital.  He  died  poor  about  1680. 
His  portrait  as  a  medallion  is  engraved  in 
his  edition  of '  Nostradamus.' 

[Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  ii.  791 ;  Hunk's  Coll.  of 
Phys.  i.  276  ;  Works.]  N.  M. 

GARGRAVE,  GEORGE  (1710-1785), 
mathematician,  born  at  Leyburn,  Yorkshire, 
in  1710,  was  educated  by  his  uncle,  John 
Crow,  a  schoolmaster  in  that  place.  Under 
him  he  acquired  a  considerable  knowledge  of 
the  classics  and  mathematics.  His  natural 
bent  was  towards  astronomy,  and  in  after 
life  he  was  reputed  one  of  the  best  proficients 
in  the  less  recondite  branches  of  that  science 
in  the  north  of  England.  In  1745  he  be- 
came associated  with  Joseph  Randall  in  the 
management  of  the  academy  at  Heath,  near 
Wakefield.  The  academy,  though  of  good 
repute,  did  not  pay,  and  was  given  up  in 
1754.  Gargrave  then  started  at  Wakefield 
a  mathematical  school,  with  such  success  that 
in  1768  he  retired  on  a  handsome  competency. 
He  died  on  7  Dec.  1785,  and  was  buried  in 
the  churchyard  at  Wensley.  Gargrave  was 
a  musician  of  some  skill,  and  his  handwriting 
was  remarkably  clear  and  fine.  He  possessed 
a  large  and  well-selected  library,  and  a  fine 
collection  of  astronomical  and  other  scientific 
apparatus.  He  contributed  to  the '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine '  a  translation  of  Dr.  Halley's 
'  Dissertation  on  the  Transit  of  Venus'  (1760, 
p.  265) ;  '  Observations  on  the  Transit  of 
Venus'  (1761,  p.  296) ;  on  the  same  subject 
(1769,  pp.  278-9) ; '  Observations  of  an  Eclipse 
of  the  Moon  '  (1776,  p.  357)  ;  and  'Memoirs 
of  Mr.  Abraham  Sharp,  mathematician,  me- 
chanic, and  astronomer '  (1781,  p.  461).  He 
also  left  a  manuscript  treatise  on  the  doctrine 
of  the  sphere. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1841,  pt.  ii.  p.  36.]     J.  M.  E. 

GARGRAVE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1495- 
1579),  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
vice-president  of  the  council  of  the  North,  son 
of  Thomas  Gargrave  of  Wakefield  and  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  William  Levett  of  Norman- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  was  born  in  1495  at  a  house  in 


the  Pear  Tree  Acres  at  Wakefield.  In  1539  he 
was  one  of  the  learned  members  of  the  newly 
instituted  council  of  the  North.  In  1547 
he  accompanied  the  Earl  of  Warwick  into 
Scotland,  acting  as  treasurer  to  the  expedi- 
tion. For  these  services  he  received  there 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  After  his  return 
he  purchased  a  considerable  amount  of  land 
in  Wakefield  and  its  neighbourhood,  includ- 
ing Kinsley  Hall,  where  he  resided  for  some 
years,  and  eventually  the  beautiful  seat  of 
Nostell  Priory.  In  the  first  parliament  of 
Edward  VI  in  1547  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
the  city  of  York,  and  again  in  1553,  and  in 
1555  was  chosen  to  represent  the  county. 
During  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  he  was  very 
active  as  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
North,  an  arduous  post  owing  to  the  constant 
inroads  of  the  Scots  and  the  unpopularity  of 
the  home  government.  On  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth  he  was  again  elected  to  represent 
the  county,  and  on  25  Jan.  1558-9  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  this  capacity  he  presented  and  read  an 
address  to  the  queen,  praying  her  to  take  a 
husband.  So  far  did  he  obtain  the  confidence 
of  the  queen  that  when  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
was  sent  on  an  expedition  to  the  north  he 
was  ordered  to  take  no  steps  without  pre- 
viously consulting  Gargrave.  On  17  Jan. 
1559-60  he  was  made  vice-president  of  the 
council  of  the  North,  and  from  this  time  he 
was  almost  entirely  occupied  in  the  duties  of 
this  post.  He  was  trusted  implicitly  by  the 
queen  and  by  Burghley.  In  January  1568-9, 
by  command  of  the  queen,  he  assisted  Sir 
Francis  Knollys  to  conduct  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  from  Bolton  to  Tutbury.  Being  again 
chosen  vice-president  during  the  presidency 
of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  he  took  an  active  part 
in  defeating  the  rebellion  of  the  north  under 
the  Earls  of  Northumberland  and  Westmor- 
land (1569).  He  held  Pontefract  Castle  and 
the  neighbouring  bridges,  and  was  thanked  by 
the  queen  for  his  services.  In  1570  he  enter- 
tained Archbishop  Grindal  on  his  way  to 
York.  In  1574  he  continued  to  act  as  vice- 
president  under  the  Earl  of  Huntingdon. 
Gargrave's  services  in  the  north  were  very 
important.  He  was  aonsidered  'a  great  stay 
for  the  good  order  of  those  parts/  and  in  his 
own  person  was  considered  'active,  useful, 
benevolent,  and  religious.'  He  received  from 
the  queen  at  his  request  a  grant  of  the 
Old  Park  of  Wakefield.  He  died  28  March 
1579,  and  was  buried  at  Wragby.  Gargrave 
was  twice  married,  first  to  Anne,  daughter 
of  William  Cotton,  by  whom  he  left  an  only 
surviving  son,  Sir  Cotton  Gargrave ;  and 
secondly  to  Jane,  daughter  of  Roger  Apple- 
ton,  widow  of  John  Wentworth  of  North 

P  F  2 


Garland 


436 


Garland 


Elmsall.  A  portrait  of  him,  formerly  in  the 
possession  of  Sir  Thomas  Levett  Hanson 
[q.  v.]  of  Normanton,  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  G.  Milner-Gibson-Cullum  at  Hardwicke, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds.  A  similar  portrait  is 
said  to  be  in  the  possession  of  Viscount  Gal- 
way  at  Serlby,  Nottinghamshire. 

[Cart  wright's  Chapters  in  the  History  of  York- 
shire; Hunter's  South  Yorkshire,  ii.  211 ;  Banks's 
Wakefield  and  its  Neighbourhood;    Manning's 
Lives  of  the  Speakers ;  Miscellanea  Genealogica  j 
et  Heraldica,  i.  226 ;  Calendar  State  Papers,  Dom.  ! 
Ser.,  1539-1574,  passim,]  L.  C. 

GARLAND,  AUGUSTINE  (ft.  1660), 
.  regicide,  son  of  Augustine  Garland,  attorney, 
of  Coleman  Street,  London,  by  his  first  wife, 
Ellen,  daughter  of  Jasper  Whitteridge  of 
London,  was  baptised  13  Jan.  1602(  Visitation 
of  London,  1633-5,  i.  301 ;  Register  of  St.  An- 
tholirfs,  Budge  Row,  London,  p.  41 ;  SMYTH, 
Obituary,  p.  14).  In  1618  Garland  was  ad- 
mitted apensioner  of  Emmanuel  College,Cam- 
bridge  (Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS.,  Cole,  5870, 
f.  168),  and  on  leaving  the  university  became 
a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  By  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  1637,  he  succeeded  to  some 
property  in  Essex  at  Hornchurch  and  Walt- 
ham-holy-Cross,  and  at  Queenborough  in  the 
island  of  Sheppey  (will  of  Augustine  Garland 
the  Elder,  P.  C.  C.  9,  Lee).  In  his  recount  of 
himself  at  his  trial  Garland  says :  '  I  lived 
in  Essex  at  the  beginning  of  these  troubles, 
and  I  was  enforced  to  forsake  my  habitation. 
I  came  from  thence  to  London,  where  I  be- 
haved myself  fairly  in  my  way'  (  Trials  of  the 
Regicides,  ed.  1660,  p.  *264).  On  26  May 
1648  Garland  was  elected  member  for  Queen- 
borough  in  place  of  Sir  E.  Hales,  expelled 
(Return  of  Names  of  Members  of  Parliament, 
p.  490).  He  signed  the  protest  against  the  ] 
acceptance  of  the  king's  concessions  (20  Dec.  j 
1648),  was  appointed  one  of  his  judges,  and 
acted  as  chairman  of  the  committee  selected 
to  consider  the  method  of  the  king's  trial 
(WALKER,  Hist,  of  Independency,  ed.  1661,  ii. 
48;  NALSON,  Trial of  Charles 7, pp.  10,14).  'I 
could  not  shrink  for  fear  of  my  own  destruc- 
tion,' pleaded  Garland  on  his  own  trial.  '  I  did 
not  know  which  way  to  be  safe  in  anything — 
without  doors  was  misery,  within  doors  was 
mischief  (Trial  of  the  Regicides,  p.  265). 
He  attended  twelve  out  of  the  sixteen  meet- 
ings of  the  court,  was  present  when  sentence 
was  given,  and  signed  the  death-warrant. 
Garland  continued  to  sit  in  the  Long  parlia- 
ment until  its  expulsion  by  Cromwell,  took1 
Xno  part  in  publio  affoipo  undo  the  p?otcc 
^\  tnrnto,  and  was  recalled  to  his  place  in  parlia- 
ment in  May  1659  (Old  Parliamentary  Hist. 
xxi.  375).  On  9  May  1660  he  appeared  be-  j 
fore  the  lord  mayor  of  London  »nd  claimed  ' 

T?   Garland   sat   for 

Queenborough  in  the  parliament  of  1654, 
and  in  December  of  that  year  is  said  to  have 


the  benefit  of  the  king's  declaration.  Never- 
theless he  was  put  on  his  trial,  and  on  16  Oct. 
1660  condemned  to  death.  Besides  his  share 
in  the  trial  he  was  accused  of  spitting  in  the 
king's  face  as  Charles  was  led  away  from 
Westminster  Hall  after  being  sentenced. 
Garland  strenuously  denied  the  charge,  say- 
ing, '  If  I  was  guilty  of  this  inhumanity  I 
desire  no  favour  from  God  Almighty '  (Trial, 
p.  264).  The  death  sentence  was  not  put 
into  execution,  but  Garland's  property  was 
confiscated,  and  he  was  kept  prisoner  in  the 
Tower.  A  warrant  for  his  conveyance  to 
Tangiers  was  issued  on  31  March  1664,  but 
whether  he  was  actually  transported  is  un- 
certain (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1633-4,  p. 
536). 

[Nalson's  Trial  of  Charles  I,  1684;  Noble's 
Lives  of  the  Regicides,  1 798 ;  Trials  of  the 
Kegicides,  ed.  1660.]  C.  H.  F. 

GARLAND,  JOHN  (ft.  1230),  gram- 
marian and  alchemist,  was  assigned  by  Bale 
and  Pits  to  the  eleventh  century,  and  Dom 
Rivet,  accepting  this  date,  argued  that  he 
was  also  a  native  of  France.  They  were  not 
acquainted,  however,  with  Garland's  poem, 
'  De  Triumphis  Ecclesise.'  Garland  there  de- 
scribes himself  as  one  whose  mother  was 
England  and  his  nurse  Gaul,  and  says  that  he 
had  studied  at  Oxford  under  one  John  of  Lon- 
don, a  philosopher.  From  Oxford  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  since  he  there  studied  under  Alain 
de  Lille  [q.  v.],  who  died  in  1202,  we  may 
assume  that  he  was  born  about  1180.  When, 
at  the  close  of  the  Albigensian  crusade  in 
1229,  Count  Raymond  VII  had  to  consent  to 
the  establishment  of  a  university  at  Toulouse, 
Garland  was  one  of  the  professors  selected  by 
the  legate  to  assist.  In  his '  Dictionarius  Sco- 
lasticus '  he  says  that  he  saw  at  Toulouse, 
'  nondum  sedato  tumultu  belli,'  the  engine 
by  which  Simon  de  Montfort  was  killed. 
Wright  infers  that  he  had  already  been  at 
Toulouse  some  time  between  1218  and  1229, 
but  the  expression  would  not  be  inappro- 
priate to  the  latter  year.  At  Toulouse  Gar- 
land remained  teaching  and  writing  for  three 
years ;  but  after  the  death  of  Bishop  Fulk,  in 
1231,  he  says  that  the  university  began  to  de- 
cline, perhaps  owing  to  the  natural  enmity 
of  Fulk's  Dominican  successor  Raymond  for 
Parisian  scholars.  In  any  case  Garland  was 
among  the  first  to  leave,  and  after  a  variety  of 
adventures  made  his  way  back  toParis  in  1232 
or  1233,  and  there  he  would  appear  to  have 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  The  last 
event  which  he  notices  in  the '  De  Triumphis ' 
is  the  preparation  for  the  crusade  by  Ferdi- 
nand of  Castile,  which  was  prevented  by  his 
death  in  May  1252.  Garland  must  have  been 


Garland 


437 


Garland 


now  an  old  man,  and  as  he  does  not  mention 
Ferdinand's  death  we  may  conclude  that  he 
himself  died  in  1252  or  shortly  after. 

Apparently  Garland  enjoyed  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  teacher.  Roger  Bacon  says  that 
he  had  heard  him  discourse  on  the  ortho- 
graphy of '  orichalcum'  (Opus  Minus,  c.  vii., 
so  Tanner ;  but  the  reference  to  Garland  is 
not  printed  in  Brewer's  edition).  His  gram- 
matical writings  were  much  used  in  Eng- 
land, and  were  frequently  printed  at  the  end 
of  the  fifteenth  century.  Erasmus  refers  to 
him  with  some  scorn  as  the  chief  source  of 
instruction  in  an  unenlightened  age  (Op., 
ed.  1703,  i.  514  F.,  892  F.)  He  was  in  turn  a 
theologian,  a  chronologist,  and  an  alchemist — 
above  all  a  grammarian ;  but  though  a  per- 
sistent versifier,  not  a  poet  (M.  LB  CLERC). 
He  has  been  the  subject  of  much  confu- 
sion, and  some  have  supposed  that  there  was 
more  than  one  writer  of  the  name.  He  has 
certainly  been  confused  with  Gerlandus,  a 
French  writer  early  in  the  twelfth  century, 
whence  probably  the  mistake  as  to  his  date. 
John  the  grammarian,  who  is  assigned  by 
Warton  (Hist.  Engl.  Poetry,  i.  216)  to  the 
eleventh,  and  by  Bale  and  Pits  to  the  thir- 
teenth century,  is  probably  only  Garland 
without  his  surname,  and  confused  with  John 
Philoponus  and  John  Walleys  (Guallensis), 
the  latter  of  whom  was  also  an  Englishman 
(see  WEIGHT,  Biog.  Brit.  Lit.  ii.  48). 

Garland's  name  is  variously  given  as  De 
Garlandia,  Garlandius,  Garlandus,  or  Gal- 
landus.  M.  Le  Clerc  suggests  that  it  was 
due  not  to  any  connection  with  the  noble 
French  family  of  that  name,  but  to  his  hav- 
ing taught  in  the  ;  Clos  de  Garlande '  or 
'  Gallande,'  where  was  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient schools  of  the  university  of  Paris. 
Prince,  however,  claims  him  for  his' Worthies 
of  Devon '  (ed.  1810,  p.  400),  on  the  ground 
that  there  was  a  family  of  the  name  resident 
at  Garland  at  Chulmleigh  in  North  Devon  in 
the  time  of  Henry  III. 

Garland's  works  are — I.  Poetry:  1.  'DeTri- 
umphis  Ecclesiae,'  his  most  important  poem, 
and  the  source  of  nearly  all  we  know  as  to 
his  life,  consists  of  4,614  elegiac  lines,  di- 
vided into  eight  books.  It  has  for  its  main 
theme  the  celebration  of  the  crusades.  The 
first  books  begin  from  the  passage  of  the  Red 
Sea,  and  treat  of  early  British  legends,  French 
Merovingian  history,  the  third  crusade,  and 
the  wars  of  John.  Books  iv.  v.  and  vi.  con- 
tain an  account  of  the  Albigensian  crusade, 
valuable  on  account  of  the  author's  pecu- 
liar opportunities  for  obtaining  information. 
There  are  some  useful  details  as  to  mediaeval 
siege  operations.  Book  viii.,  called  by  the 
author  the  ninth,  something  having  perhaps 


been  lost,  treats  of  the  crusade  of  Louis  IX. 
The  poem  is  ambitious,  pedantic,  and  dis- 
cursive. It  is  full  of  conceits,  leonine  verses, 
retrograde  verses,  and  the  like,  but  has  the 
merit  of  frequently  giving  dates.  There  is 
only  one  known  manuscript,  viz.  Cott.  Claud. 
A.  x.  in  British  Museum.  It  has  been  edited 
by  Thomas  Wright  for  the  Roxburghe  Club. 
A  full  analysis  will  be  found  in  '  Hist.  Lit. 
de  la  France,'  xxi  i .  2.  '  Epithalamium  Beatse 
Marias  Virginis.'  In  the '  DeTriumphis '  Gar- 
land says  that  at  Toulouse  he  had  written  a 
poem  upon  this  subject.  In  MS.  Cott.  Claud. 
A.  x.  there  is  a  poem  under  the  same  title 
ascribed  to  Garland.  The  same  poem  is  con- 
tained in  Bodleian  MS.  Digby  65,  where  it 
has  not  previously  been  identified  with  Gar- 
land. The  latter  manuscript  contains  a  prose 
prologue  wanting  in  the  Cotton.  MS.,  which 
clearly  connects  the  writer  with  the  univer- 
sity of  Paris,  and  thus  corroborates  Garland's 
claim  to  be  the  author.  This  poem  contains 
about  six  thousand  lines,  divided  into  ten 
books.  3.  'DeMiraculisVirginis'(Brit.  Mus. 
MS.  Bibl.  Reg.  8  C.  iv.  3).  It  contains  nearly 
a  thousand  lines  in  a  short  rhyming  metre, 
and  is  accompanied  by  a  commentary.  On 
f.  22  the  author  refers  to  himself  as  Johannes 
de  Garlandia.  4.  '  De  Mysteriis  Ecclesiae,'  or 
'  Libellus  Mysteriorum,'  a  mystical  explana- 
tion, in  659  hexameter  lines,  of  the  rites  and 
vestments  of  the  church.  Written  at  the 
request  of  Fulk  Basset,  bishop  of  London 
[q.  v.],  in  1245,  shortly  after  the  death  of 
Alexander  of  Hales,  as  is  stated  by  the  author. 
Printed  in  '  Comment.  Grit.  Codd.  Biblioth. 
Gessensis,'  pp.  86,  131-51,  by  F.  Otto,  who 
describes  it  as  most  useful  for  a  knowledge 
of  mediaeval  theology.  Unfortunately,  Otto 
used  only  two  manuscripts,  and  those  not  of 
the  best.  There  are  many  manuscripts,  e.g. 
Cott.  Claud.  A.  viii.,  Caius  Coll.  Cambr.  385, 
Bodl.  Auct.  F.  5,  6  f.  150  (incomplete,  only 
lines  1-366  and  417-63).  The  last  two 
contain  commentaries  in  later  and  various 
hands.  5.  '  Tractatus  de  Penitencia.'  Fre- 
quently printed :  Antoine  Caillaut,  Paris,  n.  d.; 
H.  Quentell,  Cologne,  1491, 1492, 1493, 1495. 
Other  editions  in  sixteenth  century.  Biblio- 
theque  MS.  8259,  Bodl.MS.  Digby  100,  f.  171. 
6.  '  Facetus,'  a  poem  on  the  duties  of  man  to 
God,  his  neighbour,  and  himself.  Ascribed 
to  Garland  in  MS.  Bibliotheque  de  S.  Victor 
(MoNTFATicoif ,  p.  1372),  and  accepted  byDom 
Rivet.  But  if,  as  he  says  (Hist.  Lit.  viii.  p. 
xvi),  it  was  used  by  Uguitio  of  Pisa,  who 
wrote  about  1194,  it  can  scarcely  be  by  Gar- 
land. 7.  '  De  Contemptu  Mundi.'  Usually, 
though  wrongly,  ascribed  to  St.  Bernard,  and 
printed  in  Mabillon's  edition  of  his  works  (ii. 
894-6)  as '  Carmen  Parasneticum.'  The  other 


Garland 


438 


Garland 


printed  copies  are  longer.  Ascribed  to  Gar- 
land in  Leyden  MS.  360  (see  Hist.  Lit.  viii. 
89).  8.  '  Floretus,'  1,166  leonine  verses  on 
the  catholic  faith  and  Christian  morality.  A 
scholiast,  followed  by  Dom  Rivet,  ascribes  it 
to  the  same  author  as  the  preceding.  These 
last  three  poems  are  printed  in  the  collection 
known  as '  Auctores  Octo,'  Angouleme,  1491, 
Lyons,  1488,  1489,  1490.  They  were  also 
frequently  printed  separately  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  centuries.  9.  '  Satyricum 
Opus.'  The  first  words  are  given  by  Pits, 
but  nothing  further  is  known.  10.  '  Versus 
Proverbiales.'  In  Bodl.  MS.  Rawl.  C.  496, 
along  with  12,  15,  17,  and  '  Expositiones 
Vocabulorum,'  which  are  perhaps  by  Gar- 
land. See  also  Bodl.  MS.  Laud.  Misc.  707. 
11.  '  Aurea  Gemma'  (PITS).  Perhaps  iden- 
tical with  one  of  the  former. 

II.  Grammatical :  12.  '  Dictionarius  Sco- 
lasticus.'  A  dictionary  of  phrases  necessary 
for  scholars.  The  author  reviews  the  trades 
of  Paris,  and  makes  many  allusions  to  that 
city.  According  to  a  note  in  MS.  Biblio- 
theque  Suppl.  294,  it  was  printed  at  Caen  in 
1508  by  L.  Hastingue,  but  no  copy  is  known 
to  exist.  Printed  by  Wright  in  '  Library 
of  National  Antiquities,'  vol.  i.,  and  M.  Ge- 
raud  in  '  Documents  Inedits  sur  1'Histoire 
de  France — Paris  sous  Philippe  le  Bel,'  p. 
580.  13.  '  Dictionarius  cum  Commento.' 
Treats  chiefly  of  sacred  vestments  and  orna- 
ments, MS.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  385. 
14.  '  Dictionarius  ad  res  explicandas '  (Pus). 
Probably  identical  with  '  Commentarius  Cu- 
rialium,  which  is  contained  in  Caius  Col- 
lege MS.  385,  together  with  other  works  by 
John  Garland,  in  whose  style  and  manner  it 
is  written.  At  the  end  it  is  stated  to  have 
been  written  at  Paris  in  1240.  15.  'Cor- 
nutus '  or '  Distigium '  or '  Scolarium  Morale.' 
Verses  of  advice  to  young  students.  Several 
of  the  numerous  manuscripts  give  Garland 
as  the  author  of  the  verses,  not  of  the  ac- 
companying commentary.  Printed  Zwoll, 
1481,  Haguenau,  1489,  and  is  the  first  part 
of  the  vocabulary  printed  by  Wright  in  '  Li- 
brary of  National  Antiquities,'  i.  175.  See 
Caius  MS.  136.  Dom  Rivet  suggests  that 
the  title  of  this  work  points  to  Garland  as 
the  scholiast  on  Juvenal  and  Persius  who  is 
called  Cornutus ;  but  this  is  only  a  conjec- 
ture. 16.  '  Compendium  Grammatice,'  as- 
cribed to  Garland,  Caius  MS.  385.  In  verse, 
printed  without  date  or  place,  and  at  Deventer, 
1489.  There  is  a  key  to  this  compendium  in 
Caius  Coll.  MS.  136.  17.  '  Accentarius  sive 
de  Accentibus,'  ascribed  to  Garland,  Caius 
MS.  385.  Also  in  MS.  Rawlinson,  C.  496, 
as  '  Ars  lectoria  Ecclesie.'  In  verse  and 
with  a  commentary.  18.  '  Synonyma '  and 


19.  '  Equivoca,'  both  in  hexameter  verse. 
These  two  works  were  frequently  printed 
with  the  commentary  of  Geoffrey  the  Gram- 
marian [q.  v.]  by  R.  Pynson  and  W.  de  Worde, 
also  by  Hopyl,  Paris,  1494,  &c.  The  '  Sy- 
nonyma '  and  a  few  lines  of  the  '  Equivoca ' 
were  printed  by  Leyser  and  in  Migne,  cl. 
No  doubt  they  were  revised  from  time  to 
time  by  teachers,  and  in  their  existing  form 
may  be  by  Matthew  of  Vendome,  to  whom 
they  are  ascribed  in  some  manuscripts.  But 
see  '  Hist.  Lit.'  xxii.  948-950.  20.  '  Liber 
de  Orthographia,'  MS.  Wolfenbiittel.  Open- 
ing verses  in  Leyser  and  Migne,  cl.  21.'  Liber 
Metricus  de  Verbis  Deponentialibus,'  printed 
Antwerp,  1486,  Deventer,  R.  Paffroed,  1498, 
&c.  22.  '  Merarius,'  a  short  tract  in  Caius 
Coll.  MSS.  136  and  385.  Perhaps  by  Gar- 
land ;  used  in  '  Promptorium  Parvulorum.' 
See  Mr.  Way's  preface,  p.  xxxi.  23.  '  Nomina 
et  Verba  Defectiva  '  printed.  24.  '  Duo- 
decim  Decades,'  printed  as  Garland's  with 
'  Synonyma  Britonis,'  Paris,  F.  Baligault, 
1496,  (see  HAIN,  i.  554).  25.  '  LibeUus  de 
Verborum  Compositis,'  Rouen,  L.  Hastingue, 
n.  d.  SeeBrunet.  26. 'Unum  Omnium,' Pits. 
M.  Gatien  Arnault  shows  some  reasons  for 
supposing  that  this  was  a  work  on  logic. 
Pits  and  others  ascribe  to  John  the  Gram- 
marian, along  with  the '  Compendium  Gram- 
matice,' (27)  '  Super  Ovidii  Metamorphosin,' 
Bodl.  MS.  Digby  104— probably  by  John 
Walleys,  under  whose  name  it  was  printed, 
Paris,  1569— and  (28)  'De  Arte  Metrica.' 
In  Cambridge  MS.  More  121,  as  '  Poetria 
Magna  Johannis  Anglici.'  Begins  with  pa- 
negyric on  the  university  of  Paris.  In  prose 
and  verse. 

III.  Alchemical :  29.  '  Compendium  Al- 
chymiae  cum  Dictionario  ejusdem  Artis,' 
printed,  Bale  1560  and  1571,  Strasburg 
1566.  According  to  Dom  Rivet  there  are 
two  distinct  works — a  compendium  printed 
1571,  and  an  abridgment  printed  1560;  he 
also  adds  (30)  '  A  Key  to  the  Abridgment 
and  the  Mysteries  which  it  contains,'  extant 
only  in  manuscript  at  abbey  of  Dunes. 
31.  'Liber  de  Mineralibus,'  printed,  Bale, 
1560,  after  an  edition  of  the  'Synonyma,' 
and  along  with  (32)  '  Libellus  de  Praepara- 
tione  Elixir.'  Fabricius  suggests  that  the 
alchemist  Joannes  Garlandius  should  be  dis- 
tinguished from  Joannes  de  Garlandia  the 
grammarian  and  poet.  Mansi,  however,  dis- 
sents. The  commentary  of  Arnold  de  Ville- 
neuve,  which  accompanies  the  1560  edition, 
proves  the  celebrity  of  these  writings.  Pits 
ascribes  to  Garland  a  work  entitled  '  Hortu- 
lanus ; '  but  this  seems  to  be  only  a  name 
used  by  him  as  an  alchemist.  In  Ashmolean 
MS.  1478,  iv.  1,  which  contains  a  transla- 


Garland 


439 


Garneau 


tion  of  all  these  works  and  of  Villeneuve's 
commentary,  the  author  is  called  '  Jhone 
Garland  or  Hortulanus.'  See  also  Bodl. 
MSS.  Ashmolean  1416  and  1487,  and  Digby 
119. 

IV.  Mathematical.     In  numerous  manu- 
scripts the  two  following  chronological  works 
are  ascribed  to  John  de   Garlandia :  (33) 
'  Computum '  and  (34)  '  Tabula  Principalis, 
contra  Tabula  de  Festis  Mobilibus  et  Tabula 
terminorum  Paschalium.'     But  Gerlandus, 
canon  of  Besanfon  in  the  twelfth  century, 
certainly  wrote  such  works,  and  twelfth  cen- 
tury manuscripts  of  them  are  extant  (see 
Analecta  Juris  Pontificii,  p.  xii).   There  may 
also  have  been  another  Gerland  in  the  eleventh 
century.     See  MSS.  Digby,  40,  and  Ashmo- 
lean, 341.     Garland  may  possibly  have  writ- 
ten such  works.     In  the  '  De  Triumphis '  he 
says  that  he  gave  the  people  of  Toulouse 
rules  how  to  find  Easter,  and  there  are  also 
astronomical  allusions  in  various  works  of 
his. 

V.  Musical :  35.  '  De  Musica  Mensurabili 
Positio.'    Jerome  of  Moravia,  who  wrote 
about  1265,  used  such  a  treatise,  which  he 
ascribes  to  Johannes  de  Garlandia,  and  this 
same  treatise,  though  without  any  ascription, 
and  with  considerable  variations,  exists  in 
a  Vatican  manuscript.     Printed  by  Cousse- 
maker,  i.  175.     36.  The  author  of  the  fore- 
going says  that  he  had  written  '  Tractatus  de 
Cantu  Piano.'     37.  '  Optima  Introductio  in 
Contrapunctum.'     Assigned  to  Garland  in 
manuscripts  at  Pisa  and  Einsiedeln,  and  in 
both  he  is  described  as  a  Parisian  scholar. 
Printed  by  Coussemaker,  iii.  12.    38.  '  Intro- 
ductio Musicee  Planse  et  etiam  Musicse  Men- 
surabilis.'    Assigned  to  Garland  in  manu- 
script in  Public  Library  at  S.  Die.     Printed 
as  before,  i.  157.     39.  Robert  Handlo  and 
John  Hanboys,  English  writers  on  music 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  give  some  excerpts 
from  a  work  of  Garland.     Here  also  there  is 
possibly  some  confusion  with  Gerland  the 
canon ;  M.  Coussemaker,  however,  holds  that 
some  at  least  of  these  works  belong  to  our 
writer,  although  he  considers  that  Nos.  37 
and  39  are  of  later  date  than  Philip  de  Vitry 
(ob.  1361),  who  himself  quotes  John  Garland. 

This  list  is  possibly  incomplete.  Some  of 
the  short  tracts  in  such  manuscripts  as 
Caius  Coll.  136  and  385,  and  Digby  100 
may  be  by  Garland ;  and  he  himself  says 
that  he  wrote  poems  at  Toulouse  on  Faith 
and  Hope,  on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  &c. 
Whether  or  not  he  is  the  author  of  all  that 
is  extant  under  his  name,  the  allusions  in  his 
undoubted  works  show  that  he  might  quite 
possibly  have  written  on  any  of  the  subjects 
assigned  to  him. 


[Bale,  ii.  48;  Pits,  p.  184;  Tanner,  p.  309; 
Hist.  Lit.  de  la  France,  viii.  pp.  xvi,  83-98,  xxi. 
369-72,  xxii.  11-13,  77-103,  948-950  (the  ar- 
ticles in  vols.  xxi.  and  xxii.  are  by  M.  Le  Clerc) ; 
P.  Leyser,  Hist.  Poetarum  Medii  JEvi ;  Mr.  T. 
Wright's  prefaces  to  De  Triumphis  and  Library 
of  National  Antiquities  ;  M.  Geraud's  preface  to 
Dictionary ;  Mr.  Way's  Preface  to  Promptorium 
Paryulorum,  vol.  iii.  (Camden  Soc.)  for  gram- 
matical works ;  Prof.  Mayor's  Latin-English  and 
English-Latin  Lexicography  in  Journal  of  Classi- 
cal and  Sacred  Philology,  vol.  iv. ;  Coussemaker, 
Script,  de  Musica  Medii  JEvi,  vols.  i.  and  iii. ; 
article  by  M.  Gatien  Arnault  in  Eevue  de  Tou- 
louse, xxiii.  117;  Catalogues  of  Bodl.  MSS.; 
Rev.  J.  J.  Smith's  Cat.  of  MSS.  in  Caius  College 
Library.  For  fuller  information  as  to  the  biblio- 
graphy see  the  works  of  Fabricius  (ed.  1858), 
Hain,  Panzer,  Graesse,  JBrunet's  Manuel  du  Li- 
braire  (ed.  1860),  Chevalier's  Kepertoire  des 
Sources  Historiques  du  Moyen  Age,  Bibliogra- 
phie,  and  Dibdin's  Typ.  Ant.]  C.  L.  K. 

GARNEATJ,     FRANgOIS     XAVIER 

(1809-1866),historian of  Canada,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  an  old  French  family  from  the  diocese 
of  Poitiers.  His  grandfather  was  a  farmer 
at  St.  Augustin,  and  his  father,  by  trade  a 
saddler,  took  part  in  speculations  which  se- 
riously hampered  the  education  of  his  chil- 
dren. In  1808  he  married  Gertrude  Amiot, 
and  on  15  June  1809  his  son  Francois  Xavier 
was  born  in  Quebec.  Francois'  early  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  a  small  town  school  kept 
by  a  Mr.  Parent,  but  in  a  short  time  he  came 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Perrault,  who  was  an 
advocate  of  the  system  of  Lancaster.  Thence 
he  passed  at  an  early  age  into  Mr.  Perrault's 
office,  having  declined  to  take  orders  in  the 
Roman  church  ('  je  ne  me  sens  pas  appele  au 
sacerdoce').  Leaving  Mr.  Perrault  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  he  entered  the  office  of  Archi- 
bald Campbell,  a  notary,  from  whom  he 
received  great  encouragement  in  the  pur- 
suit of  his  private  studies.  While  he  was  in 
the  office  his  patriotic  ardour  was  often  out- 
raged by  the  view  which  the  ordinary  his- 
tories and  his  fellow-clerks  took  of  the  re- 
spective positions  of  the  English  and  French 
settlers.  He  made  up  his  mind  to  write  a 
history  which  should  give  an  impartial  and 
accurate  account  (CASGKAIN,  p.  26).  A  long 
time  elapsed  before  his  design  was  fulfilled. 
In  1828  he  made  a  tour  through  the  United 
States,  in  1830  he  was  admitted  a  notary, 
and  in  1831  (20  June)  he  started  on  a 
voyage  to  Europe,  where  he  made  a  pro- 
longed stay.  After  visiting  London  he  went 
for  a  short  time  to  Paris.  On  his  return  to 
London  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  secretary  to  Mr.  Vigors,  then  agent  for 
Lower  Canada,  a  connection  which  doubtless 
helped  to  bring  him  into  contact  with  the 


Garnau 


440 


Garner 


radical  party,  with  whom,  indeed,  he  chiefly 
associated.  On  10  May  1833  he  started  for 
home  once  more.  In  1835  he  became  clerk 
at  the  hank  of  Quebec,  having  done  but  little 
notarial  work.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
appointed  translator  to  the  Chamber  of  As- 
sembly, and  in  1844  obtained  the  office  of 
greffier  (town  clerk)  of  Quebec,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  till  May  1864,  when  he  retired 
on  a  pension.  In  1841  he  undertook  with 
Mr.  Roy  the  publication  of  a  literary  and 
scientific  journal,  entitled  '  L'Institut.'  Im- 
portant though  this  publication  was,  from  its 
connection  with  the  educational  movement 
in  Lower  Canada,  its  period  of  issue  extended 
only  from  7  March  to  22  May.  Till  1845 
his  literary  reputation  was  that  of  a  patriotic 
poet,  whose  productions  appeared  in  '  Le  Re- 
pertoire  National ; '  but  he  began  the  compila- 
tion of  his  history  as  far  back  as  1840-1. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  publication  of  his 
history  its  merits  were  abundantly  recog- 
nised, and  general  appreciation  of  his  talents 
was  shown,  in  1855,  by  his  election  as  pre- 
sident of  the  Canadian  Institute  of  Quebec, 
and  by  his  appointment  in  1857  on  the  council 
of  public  instruction.  He  died  at  Quebec 
3  Feb.  1866,  after  a  long  illness.  He  was 
married,  25  Aug.  1835,  to  Esther  Bilodeau, 
by  whom  he  had  nine  children,  five  dying 
young. 

His  principal  writings  were  :  1.  '  Histoire 
du  Canada  depuis  sa  decouverte  jusqu'a  nos 
jours'  1845-6  (2nd  edit,  1852).  2.  '  AbregS 
de  1'histoire  du  Canada  depuis  sa  decouverte 
jusqu'a  1840.'  3.  '  Voyage  en  Angleterre  et 
en  France,  dans  les  annees  1831, 1832, 1833.' 
This  was  originally  published  in  the  'Journal 


de  Quebec,'  1854-5 ;  then  reprinted  as  a  whole, 
1855,  but  suppressed.  Copious  extracts  ap- 
pear in  '  La  Litterature  Canadienne.' 

[Casgrain's  Un  Contemporain ;  Memoir  in  4th 
edition  of  History,  by  M.  Chauveau ;  Voyage ; 
Quebec  Daily  Mercury,  February  1866.] 

E.  C.  K.  G. 

GARNER,  THOMAS  (1789-1868),  en- 
graver, born  at  Birmingham  in  1789,  re- 
ceived instruction  in  the  art  of  engraving 
from  Samuel  Lines  [q.  v.]  He  resided  in 
Birmingham  nearly  all  his  life,  and  was  an. 
active  promoter  of  the  study  of  art  in  that 
town.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Antique  Academy  there,  subsequently  known 
as  the*  Royal  Birmingham  Society  of  Artists/ 
As  an  engraver  he  did  some  of  his  best  work 
for  the  annuals  then  in  vogue,  and  also  in 
subjects  of  local  interest  and  portraits  of 
local  celebrities.  He  was  employed  to  en- 
grave several  plates  for  the  '  Art  Journal,'" 
and  it  is  by  these  that  he  is  best  known* 
They  included  the  '  Mountaineer '  after  P.  F. 
Poole,  R.A. ;  the  '  Grecian  Vintage  '  after 
T.  Stothard,  R.A. ;  '  L' Allegro  '  after  W.  E. 
Frost,  R.A. ; '  II  Penseroso '  after  J.  C.  Hors- 
ley,  R.  A. ; « Chastity '  after,W.  E.  Frost,  R.A. ;. 
'  H.R.H.  Princess  Charlotte'  after  Sir  Tho- 
mas Lawrence,  P.R.A.;  and  the  'Village 
Diorama'  after  T.  Webster,  R.A.  Garner 
was  of  a  modest  and  unassuming  disposition^ 
and  so  was  little  known,  but  he  was  very 
much  esteemed  for  his  cultivated  knowledge 
and  artistic  skill.  He  died  at  Birmingham, 
14  July  1868. 

[Art  Journal,  1868;  Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Ar- 
tists.] L.  C. 


INDEX 


TO 


THE     TWENTIETH     VOLUME. 


Forrest,  Arthur  (d.  1770)                                  »  1 

Forrest,  Ebenezer  (  fl.  1774)  ....  2 
Forrest  or  Forres,  Henry  (d.  1533  ?)  .  .2 
Forrest,  John  (1474  P-1538).  See  Forest. 

Forrest,  Robert  (1789  P-1852)         ...  2 

Forrest,  Theodosius  (1728-1784)  ...  2 
Forrest,  Thomas  (d.  1540).  See  Forret. 

Forrest,  Thomas  (fl.  1580)       ....  3 

Forrest,  Thomas  (1729  P-1802?)     ...  3 

Forrest,  William  (fl.  1581)  ....  4 
Forrester,  Alfred  Henry,  artist,  best  known 

under  the  name  of  Alfred  Crowquill  (1804- 

1872) 5 

Forrester,  Charles  Robert  (1803-1850)     .        .  7 

Forrester,  David  (1588-1633)  ....  7 
Forrester,  Joseph  James,  Baron  de  Forrester 

in  Portugal  (1809-1861)       ....  8 

Forrester,  Thomas  (1588  P-1642)     ...  9 

Forrester,  Thomas  (1635  P-1706)     ...  9 

Forret,  Thomas  (d.  1540)         ....  9 

Forsett,  Edward  (d.  1630?)  ....  10 
Forshall,  Josiah  (1795-1863)  .  .  .  .11 
Forster,  Benjamin  (1736-1805)  .  .  .11 

Forster,  Benjamin  Meggot  (1764-1829)  .        .  12 

Forster,  Edward,  the  elder  (1730-1812)  .        .  12 

Forster,  Edward  (1769-1828)  ....  13 

Forster,  Edward,  the  younger  (1765-1849)     .  14 

Forster,  George  (d.  1792)         ....  14 

Forster,  Henry  Pitts  (1766  P-1815)         .        .  14 

Forster,  Johann  Georg  Adam  (1754-1794)     .  15 

Forster,  John  (1812-1876)        ....  16 

Forster,  John  Cooper  (1823-1886)  ...  19 

Forster,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (1718-1757)      .        .  19 

Forster,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (1726  ?-1790)    .        .  20 

Forster,  Richard,  M.D.  (1546  P-1616)      .        .  21 
Forster,  Sir  Robert  (1589-1663).    See  Foster. 
Forster,    Simon    Andrew   (1801-1870).    See 

under  Forster,  William  (1739-1808). 

Forster,  Thomas  (fl.  1695-1712)      ...  21 

Forster,  Thomas  (1675  P-1738)        ...  21 

Forster,  Thomas  Furly  (1761-1825)  .  .  22 
Forster,  Thomas  Ignatius  Maria,  M.D.  (1789- 

1860) .  22 

Forster,  William  (fl.  1632)  ....  24 
Forster,  William  (1739-1808) .  .  .  .24 
Forster,  William  (1764-1824).  See  under 

Forster,  William  (1739-1808). 
Forster,    William    (1788-1824).     See    under 

Forster,  William  (1739-1808). 


Forster,  William  (1784-1854)  . 
Forster,  William  Edward  (1818-1886) 
Forsyth,  Alexander  John,  LL.D.  (1769- 


1843) 


PAGE. 
24 

25 
31 
31 
32 
33 
33 
34 
35 
35 
36. 
37 
38 
39 
41 
42 
42 
42 
45 


Forsyth,  James  (1838-1871) 
Forsyth,  Joseph  (1763-1815) 
Forsyth,  Robert  (1766-1846) 
Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas  (1827-1886) 
Forsyth,  William  (1722-1800) 
Forsyth,  William  (1737-1804) . 
Forsyth,  William  (1818-1879) 
Fortescue,  Sir  Adrian  (1476  P-1539) 
Fortescue,  Sir  Anthony  (b.  1535  ?)  . 
Fortescue,  Sir  Edmund  (1610-1647) 
Fortescue,  Sir  Faithful  (1581  P-1666) 
Fortescue,  George  (1578  P-1659)      . 
Fortescue,  Sir  Henry  (/.  1426) 
Fortescue,  James,  D.D.  (1716-1777) 
Fortescue,  Sir  John  (1394  P-1476  ?) 
Fortescue,  Sir  John  (1531  P-1607)    . 
Fortescue,  Lord  (1670-1746).    See  Aland. 
Fortescue,    Sir  Nicholas,  the  elder  (1575  ?- 

1633) 47 

Fortescue,  Sir  Nicholas,  the  younger  (1605  ?- 

1644) 48 

Fortescue,  Thomas  (1784-1872)       .  48 

Fortescue,  William  (1687-1749)      .  49 

Forth,  Earl  of.    See  Ruthven,  Patrick  (1572- 

1651). 

Fortrey,  Samuel  (1622-1681)  .        .  50- 

Fortune,  Robert  (1813-1880)    .        .  50- 

Fosbroke,  Thomas  Dudley  (1770-1842)  51 

Foss,  Edward  (1787-1870)       .        .  51 

Foster,  Sir  Augustus  John  (1780-1848)  52 

Foster,  Henry  (1796-1831)      .        .  52 

Foster,  James  (1697-1753)       .        .  54 

Foster,  John  (1731-1774)         .        .  55 

Foster,  John,  Lord  Oriel  (1740-1828)  56 

Foster,  John  (1770-1843)        .        .  57 

Foster,  John  (1787  P-1846)      .        .  59 

Foster,  John  Leslie  (d.  1842)  .        .  59 

Foster,  Sir  Michael  (1689-1763)      .  60 

Foster,  Peter  Le  Neve  (1809-1879)  61 

Foster,  Sir  Robert  (1589-1663)        .  61 

Foster,  Samuel  (d.  1652)  ...  62 

Foster,  Thomas  (1798-1826)    .        .  63 

Foster,  Thomas  Campbell  (1813-1882)  63 

Foster,  Walter  (fl.  1652)         .        .  63 

Foster,  William  (1591-1643)  .        .  64 

Fotherby,  Martin  (1549  P-1619)       .  64 


442 


Index  to  Volume  XX. 


PAGE 
64 

85 
66 
86 

68 

G8 


Fothergill,  Anthony  (1685  P-1761) . 
Fothergill,  Anthony  (1732  P-1813)  . 
Fothergill,  George,  D.D.  (1705-1760)      . 
Fothergill,  John,  M.D.  (1712-1780) 
Fothergill,  John  Milner,  M.D.  (1841-1888) 
Fothergill,  Samuel  (1715-1772)       . 
Foulis,    Andrew    (1712-1775).      See    under 

Foulis,  Robert. 
Foulis,  Andrew,  the  younger  (d.  1829).    See 

under  Foulis,  Robert. 

Foulis,  Sir  David  (<L  1642)      .... 
Foulis,  Henry  (1638-1669)       .... 
Foulis,  Sir  James  (d.  1549)      .... 
Foulis,  Sir  James,  Lord  Colington  (d.  1688)    . 
Foulis,  James,  Lord  Reidfurd  (1645  P-1711)    . 
Foulis,  Sir  James  (1714-1791) 
Foulis,  Sir  James  (1770-1842) 
Foulis,  Robert  (1707-1776)     .... 
Foulkes,  Peter,  D.D.  (1676-1747)   . 
Foulkes,  Robert  (d.  1679)         .... 
Fountaine,  Sir  Andrew  (1676-1753) 
Fountaine,  John  (1600-1671)  .... 
Fountainhall,  Lord  (1646-1722).  See  Lauder, 

Sir  John. 

Fountayne,  John,  D.D.  (1714-1802) 
Fourdrinier,  Henry  (1766-1854)  . 
Fourdrinier,  Paul  (d.  1758).  See  under 

Fourdrinier.  Peter. 
Fourdrinier,  Peter  (fl.  1720-1750)  . 
Fourdrinier,    Sealy    (d.    1847).      See    under 

Fourdrinier,  Henry. 
Fournier.  Daniel  (d.  1766  ?)     . 
Fowke,  Francis  (1823-1865)  .... 

Fowke,  John  (d.  1662) 

Fowke,  Phineas,  M.D.  (1638-1710) 
Fowler,  Abraham  (fl.  1577)    .... 
Fowler,  Christopher  (1610  P-1678). 
Fowler,  Edward,  D.D.  (1632-1714) 
Fowler,  Henry  (1779-1838)     .... 
Fowler,  John  (1537-1579)         .... 
Fowler,  John  (1826-1864)        .... 
Fowler,  Richard  (1765-1863)  .... 
Fowler,  Robert  (1726  P-1801)  .... 
Fowler,  William  (ft.  1603)       .... 
Fowler,  William  (1761-1832)  .... 
Fownes,  George  (1815-1849)    .... 
Fownes,  Richard  (1560  P-1625) 
Fox,  Caroline  (1819-1871)       .... 
Fox,  Charles  (1749-1809)         .... 
Fox,  Charles  (1794-1849)        .... 
Fox,  Sir  Charles  (1810-1874)  .... 
Fox,  Charles  (1797-1878)         .... 
Fox,  Charles  James  (1749-1806)      . 
Fox,  Charles  Richard  (1796-1873)  . 

Fox,  Ebenezer  (d.  1886) 

Fox,  Edward  (1496  P-1538)     .... 
Fox,  Elizabeth  Vassall,  Lady  Holland  (1770- 

1845) 115 

Fox,  Francis  (1675-1738)         .        .        .        .117 
Fox,  George,    the    younger  (d.  1661).     See 

under  Fox,  George  (1624-1691). 
Fox,  George  (1624-1691)  .  .  .  .117 
Fox,  George  (1802  P-1871)  .  .  .  .122 
Fox,  Henry,  first  Baron  Holland  (1705-1774)  122 
Fox,  Henry  Edward  (1755-1811)  .  .  .125 
Fox,  Henry  Richard  VassaU.third  Lord  Holland, 

Baron  Holland  of  Holland  in  the  county  of 

Lincoln,  and  Baron  Holland  of  Foxley  in 

the  county  of  Wilts  (1773-1840).  .  .126 
Fox,  Henry  Stephen  (1791-1846)  .  .  .128 
Fox,  Henry  Watson  (1817-1848)  .  .  .129 
Fox,  John  (1516-1587).  See  Foxe. 


78 


78 


89 

89 

90 

91 

91 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

112 

113 

113 


P1QK 

Fox,  John  (fl.  1676) 129 

Fox,  John  (1693-1763) 130 

Fox,  Luke  (1586-1635) 131 

Fox,  Richard  (1448  ?-1528).    See  Foxe. 
Fox,  Robert  (1798  P-1843)       .        .        .        .132 
Fox,  Robert  Were  (1789-1877)        .        .        .133 
Fox,  Samuel  (1560-1630).    See  Foxe. 
Fox,  Simeon,  M.D.  (1568-1642).    See  Foxe. 
Fox,  Sir  Stephen  (1627-1716).        .        .        .133 
Fox,  Timothy  (1628-1710)       .        .        .        .136 
Fox,  William  (1736-1826)       .        .        .        .136 
Fox,  William  Johnson  (1786-1864)         .        .  137 
Fox,  William  Tilbury  (1836-1879).        .        .139 
Fox,  Wilson  (1831-1887)         .        .        .        .140 

Foxe,  John  (1516-1587) 141 

Foxe  or  Fox,  Richard  (1448  P-1528)  .  .  150 
Foxe,  Samuel  (1560-1630)  .  .  .  .156 
Foxe,  Simeon,  M.D.  (1568-1642)  .  .  .156 
Foxe,  Thomas  (1591-1652).  See  under  Foxe, 

Samuel. 

Foy,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  (d.  1707)  .  .  .157 
Fradelle,  Henry  Joseph  (1778-1865)  .  .  158 
Fraigneau,  William  (1717-1788)  .  .  .158 
Fraizer,  Sir  Alexander  (1610  P-1681)  .  .  158 
Frampton,  John  (/.  1577-1596)  .  .  .159 
Frampton,  Mary  (1773-1846) .  .  .  .159 
Frampton,  Robert  (1622-1708)  .  .  .159 
Frampton,  Tregonwell  (1641-1727)  .  .  161 
Framyngham,  William  (1512-1537)  .  .  163 
Francatelli,  Charles  Elme'  (1805-1876)  .  .  163 
France,  Abraham  (/.  1587-1633).  See 

Fraunce. 
Francia,    Fra^ois    Louis     Thomas     (1772- 

1839) 163 

Francillon,  James  (1802-1866)         .        .        .164 

Francis,  Alban  (d.  1715) 164 

Francis,  Anne  (1738-18QO)  ....  165 
Francis,  Enoch  (1688-lf  40)  .  .  .  .165 
Francis,  Francis  (1822-1886)  ....  165 
Francis,  George  Grant  (1814-1882)  .  .  .166 
Francis,  George  William  (1800-1865)  .  .  167 
Francis,  James  Goodall  (1819-1884)  .  .  167 
Francis,  John  (1780-1861)  .  .  .  .168 
Francis,  John  (1811-1882)  .  .  .  .168 
Francis,  Philip  (1708  P-1773)  .  .  .  .169 
Francis,  Sir  Philip  (1740-1818)  .  .  .171 
Francis,  Thomas,  M.D.  (d.  1574)  .  .  .180 
Franciscus,  a  Sancta  Clara,  See  Davenport, 

Christopher. 

Franck,  Richard  (1624  P-1708)  .  .  .181 
Francklin,  Thomas  (1721-1784)  .  .  .182 
Francklin,  William  (1763-1839)  .  .  .184 
Frank,  Mark,  D.D.  (1613-1664)  .  .  .185 
Frankland,  Jocosa  or  Joyce  (1531-1587)  .  185 
Frankland,  Richard  (1630-1698)  .  .  .186 
Frankland,  Thomas  (1633-1690)  .  .  .189 
Frankland,  Sir  Thomas  (1717  P-1784)  .  .  189 
Franklin,  Eleanor  Anne  (1797  P-1825)  .  .  190 
Franklin,  Jane,  Lady  (1792-1875)  .  .  .191 
Franklin,  Sir  John  (1786-1847)  .  .  .191 
Franklin,  Robert  (1630-1684)  .  .  .  .196 
Franklyn,  William  (1480  P-1556)  .  .  .197 
Franks,  Sir  John  (1770-1852)  .  .  .  .198 
Franks,  Sir  Thomas  Harte  (1808-1862)  .  .  198 
Fransham,  John  (1730-1810)  .  .  .  .199 
Fransham,  John  (d.  1753).  See  under  Frans- 
ham, John. 

Fraser.  Sir  Alexander  (d.  1332)  .  .  .202 
Fraser,  Sir  Alexander  (1537  P-1623)  .  .202 
Fraser,  Sir  Alexander  ( 1610  P-1681).  See 

Fraizer. 
Fraser,  Alexander  (1786-1865)        .        .        .203 


Index  to  Volume  XX. 


443 


i 
Fraser,   Alexander    George,    sixteenth  Lord 

Saltoun  (1785-1853) 203 

Eraser,  Alexander  Mackenzie  (1756-1809)      .  204 
Fraser,  Andrew  (d.  1792).     See  Frazer. 
Fraser,  Archibald  Campbell  (1736-1815) 
Fraser,  James  (1639-1699)       .... 
Fraser,  James  (1700-1769)       .... 

Fraser,  James  (d.  1841) 

Fraser,  James  £1818-1885)       .... 
Fraser,  James  Baillie  (1783-1856)  . 
Fraser,  James  Stuart  (1783-1869)    . 

Fraser,  John  (d.  1605) 

Fraser,  John  (d.  1711).    See  under  Fraser, 

James  (1700-1769). 

Fraser,  John  (1750-1811)  .... 
Fraser,  Sir  John  (1760-1843)  .... 
Fraser  or  Frazer,  John  (d.  1849)  . 

Fraser,  Louis  (./?.  1866) 

Fraser,  Patrick,  Lord  Fraser  (1819-1889) 
Fraser,  Robert  (1798-1839)      , 
Fraser,  Robert  William  (1810-1876)       . 
Fraser,  Simon,  twelfth  Lord  Lovat  (1667  ?- 

1747) . 

Fraser,  Simon  (d.  1777) 

Fraser,'  Simon  (1726-1782)  .... 
Fraser,  Simon  (1765-1803).  See  under  Fraser, 

Archibald  Campbell. 

Fraser,  Simon  (1738-1813)  .... 
Fraser,  William  (d.  1297)  .... 
Fraser,  William,  eleventh  Lord  Saltoun 

(1654-1715)  

Fraser,  William  (1784  P-1835) 
Fraser,  William,  LL.D.  (1817-1879) 
Fraunce,  Abraham  (fl.  1587-1633)  . 
Frazer,  Andrew  (d.  1792)         .... 
Frazer,  Sir  Augustus  Simon  (1776-1835) 
Frazer,  William  (d.  1297).     See  Fraser. 
Freake,  Edmund  (1516  P-1591) 
Freake,  John  (1688-1756).    See  Freke. 
Frederica,  Charlotte  Ulrica  Catherina  (1767- 

1820).    See  under  Frederick  Augustus. 
Frederick,  Saint  (d.  838).    See  Cridipdunus, 

Fridericus. 

Frederick,  Colonel  (1725  P-1797)     .        .        .232 
Frederick    Augustus,    Duke    of    York     and 

Albany  (1763-1827) 233 

Frederick  Louis,  Prince  of  Wales  (1707-1751)  235 

Freebairn,  Alfred  Robert  (1794-1846) 

Freebairn,  Robert  (1765-1808) 

Freeburn,  James  (1808-1876) 

Freeke,  William  (1662-1744).    See  Freke. 


206 
207 
208 
'208 
'209 
211 
212 
213 


213 
214 
214 
215 
215 
216 
216 

216 
222 
223 


224 
225 

226 
226 
226 
227 
229 
229 

230 


238 
238 
238 

239 


Freeling,  Sir  Francis  (1764-1836)    . 

Freeling,  Sir  George  Henry  (1789-1841).  See 

under  Freeling,  Sir  Francis. 

Freeman,  John  (fi.  1611)          .        .        .  .239 

Freeman,  John  (ft.  1670-1720)        .        .  .239 

Freeman,  Philip  (1818-1875)  .        .        .  .240 

Freeman,  Sir  Ralph  (/.  1610-1655)        .  .  240 

Freeman.  Samuel  (1773-1857)          .        .  .241 

Freeman,  Thomas  (fi.  1614)    .        .         .  .241 
Freeman, William  PeereWilliams  (1742-1832). 

See  Williams-Freeman. 
Freind.  Sir  John  (d.  1696).    See  Friend 

Freind.  John,  M.D.  (1675-1728)       .  .  241 

Freind,  Robert  (1667-1751)      .  .243 

Freind,  William  (1669-1745)  .        .  .245 

Freind.  William  (1715-1766)  .  .245 

Freke.  John  (1688-1756)  ...  .  24(5 

Freke,  William  (1662-1744)    .        .  .247 

Fremantle,  Sir  Thomas  Francis  (1765-1819)  .  248 

Fremantle,  Sir  William  Henry  (1766-1850)  .  249 

French,  George  Russell  ( 1803-1 881)        .  .250 


PAGE 

French,  Gilbert  James  (1804-1866)  .  .  251 
French,  John,  M.D.  (1616  ?-1657)  .  .  .251 
French,  Nicholas  (1604-1678)  ....  252 

French,  Peter  (d.  1693) 253 

French,  William,  D.D.  (1786-1849)  .  .  254 
Frend,  William  (1757-1841)  .  .  .  .254 
Frendraught,  Viscount  (1600-1650).  See 

Crichton,  James. 

Frere,  Bartholomew  (1778-1851)  .  .  .256 
Frere,  Sir  Henry  Bartle  Edward  (1815-1884).  257 
Frere,  James  Hatley  (1779-1866)  .  .  .  266 

Frere,  John  (1740-1807) 267 

Frere,  John  Hookham  (1769-1846) .  .  .268 
Frere,  Philip  Howard  (1813-1868)  .  .  .270 
Frere,  William  (1775-1836)  .  .  .  .270 
Freston,  Anthony  (1757-1819)  .  .  .270 
Freville,  George  (d.  1579)  .  .  .  .271 
Frewen,  Accepted  (1588-1664)  .  .  .271 
Frewen,  John  (1558-1628)  .  .  .  .273 
Frewen,  Thomas,  M.D.  (1704-1791)  .  .274 
Frewin,  Richard,  M.D.  (1681  P-1761)  .  .  275 
Fridegode  (  fl.  950) .  See  Frithegode. 
Frideswide,  Fritheswith,  or  Fredeswitha, 

Saint  (d.  735  ?) 275 

Friend,  Sir  John  (d.  1696)  .  .  .  .276 
Frisell,  Fraser  (1774-1846)  .  .  .  .277 
Friswell,  James  Hain  (1825-1878)  .  .  .277 

Frith,  John  (1503-1533) 278 

Frith,  Mary  (1584  P-1659)  .  .  .  .280 
Frithegode  or  Fridegode  (fl.  950)  .  .  .281 
Frobisher,  Sir  Martin  (1535  P-1594)  .  .  281 
Frodsham,  Bridge  (1734-1768)  .  .  .284 
Frost,  Charles  (1781 P-1862)  .  .  .  .285 
Frost,  George  (1754-1821)  .  .  .  .285 
Frost,  John  (1626  P-1656)  .  .  .  .286 

Frost,  John  (1803-1840) 286 

Frost,  John  (1750-1842) 287 

Frost,  John  (d.  1877) 288 

Frost,  William  Edward  (1810-1877)  .  .  289 
Froucester,  Walter  (d.  1412)  .  .  .290 

Froude,  Richard  Hurrell  ( 1803-1836)  .  .290 
Froude,  William  (1810-1879)  .  .  .  .291 

Frowde,Philip(d.  1738) 292 

Frowyk,  Sir  Thomas  (d.  1506).  .  .  .293 
Fry,  Edmund,  M.D.  (1754-1835)  .  .  .293 
Fry,  Elizabeth  (1780-1845)  .  .  .  .294 
Fry,  Francis  (1803-1886)  .  .  .  .296 

Fry,  John  (1609-1657) 297 

Fry,  John  (1792-1822) 298 

Fry,  Joseph  (1728-1787) 298 

Fry,  William  Thomas  (1789-1843)  .  .  299 
Frye,  Thomas  (1710-1762)  .  .  .  .300 
Fryer,  Edward,  M.D.  (1761-1826)  .  .  .300 
Fryer,  John,  M.D.  (d.  1563)  .  .  .  .301 
Fryer,  John,  M.D.  (ft.  1571)  .  .  .  .301 
Fryer,  John,  M.D.  (d.  1672)  ....  302 
Fryer,  John,  M.D.  (d.  1733)  .  .  .  .302 
Fryer,  Leonard  (d.  1605?)  .  .  .  .303 
Fryth.  See  Frith. 

Fryton,  John  de.  See  Barton,  John  de. 
Fulbeck,  William  (1560-1 603?)  . 
Fulcher,  George  Williams  (1795-1855)  .  .  304 
Fulford,  Francis,  D.D.  (1803-1868)  .  .304 
Fulke,  William,  D.D.  (1538-1589)  .  .  .305 
Fullarton,  John  (1780  ?-1849)  .  .  .308 
Fullarton,  William  (1754-1808)  .  .  .308 
Fuller,  Andrew  (1754-1815)  .  .  .  .309 
Fuller,  Francis,  the  elder  (1637  P-1701)  .  .  310 
Fuller,  Francis,  the  younger  (1670-1706)  .  311 
Fuller,  Isaac  (1606-1672)  .  .  .  .311 

Fuller,  John  (d.  1558) 312 

Fuller,  John,  M.D.  (d.  1825)   .        .        .        .312 


.  303 


444 


Index  to  Volume  XX. 


PAGE 

Fuller,  Sir  Joseph  (d.  1841)  .  .  .  .313 
Fuller,  Nicholas  (1557  P-1626)  .  .  .313 
Fuller  or  Fulwar,  Samuel,  D.D.  (1635-1700)  .  314 
Fuller,  Thomas  (1608-1661)  .  .  .  .315 
Fuller  or  Fulwar,  Thomas,  D.D.  (1593-1667)  .  320, 
Fuller,  Thomas,  M.D.  (1654-1734)  .  .  .  320 
Fuller,  William  (1580  P-1659)  .  .  .321 
Fuller,  William,  D.D.  (1608-1675)  .  .  .322 
Fuller,  William  (1670-1717  ?)  323 

Fullerton,  Ladv  Georgiana  Charlotte   (1812- 

1885)     .        , 325 

Fulman,  William  (1632-1688)          .        .        .326 
Fulwar.    See  Fuller. 

Fulwell,  Ulpian  (/.  1586) 327 

Fulwood,  Christopher  (1590  ?-1643)  .  .329 
Fulwood,  William  (fl.  1562)  .  .  .  .329 
Furlong,  Thomas  (1794-1827)  .  .  .330 
Furly,  Benjamin  (1636-1714)  .  .  .  330 
Furneaux,  Philip  (1726-1783)  .  .  .330 
Furneaux,  Tobias  (1735-1781)  .  .  .332 
Furness,  Jocelin  of.  See  Jocelin. 
Furness,  Richard  (1791-1857)  .  .  .332 

Fursa,  Saint  (d.  650) 333 

Fursdon,  John,  in  religion  Cuthbert  (d.  1638)  334 
Fuseli,    Henry    (Johann   Heinrich    Fuessli) 

(1741-1825) 334 

Fust,  Sir  Herbert  Jenner-  (1778-1852)  .        .  339 
Fvch  or  Fyche,  Thomas  (d.  1517).     See  Fich. 
Fyfe,  Andrew,  the  elder  (1754-1824)       .        .  340 
Fyfe,  Andrew,  the  younger  (1792-1861).    See 

under  Fyfe,  Andrew. 

Fyfe,  William  Baxter  Collier  (1836  P-1882)    .  341 
Fynch  or  Finch,  Martin  (1628  P-1698)     .        .  341 
Fynes-Clinton.     See  Clinton. 
Fyneux  or  Fineux,  Sir  John  (1441  P-1526)    .  342 


Gabell,  Henry  Dison,  D.D.  (1764-1831)  .        .  344 
Gabriel,  afterwards  March,  Mary  Ann  Virginia 

(1825-1877)  ...  .344 

Gace,  William  (/.  1580)          .  .344 

Gadbury,  John  (1627-1704)     .  .345 

Gadderar,  James  (1655-1733)  .  .  346 

Gaddesden,  John  of  (1280  P-1361)  .  347 

Gadsby,  William  (1773-1844)  .  348 

Gage,  Francis,  D.D.  (1621-1682)  .  349 

Gage,  George  (fl.  1614-1640)  .  .  349 

Gage,  Sir  Henry  (1597-1645)  .  .  349 

Gage,  Sir  John  (1479-1556)     .  .350 

Gage,  Joseph  or  Joseph  Edward,  Count  Gage 

or  De  Gages  (1678?-! 753  ?) 
Gage,  Thomas  (d.  1656)  . 
Gage,  Thomas  (1721-1787)      . 
Gage,  Sir  William  Hall  (1777-1864 
Gager,  William  (fi.  1580-1619) 
Gagnier,  John  (1670  P-1740)   .' 
Gahagan,  Usher  (d.  1749) 
Gahan,  William  (1730-1804) 


Gaimar,  Geoffrey  (fl.  1140  ?)  . 
Gainsborough,  Earl  of  (d.  1750).    See  Noel, 

Baptiste. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas  (1727-1788)  .  361 

Gainsborough,  William  (d.  1307)     .  .  367 

Gainsford,  Thomas  (d.  1624  ?)         .  .  368 

Gairdner,  John,  M.D.  (1790-1876)  .  .  368 

Gairdner,  William,  M.D.  (1793-1867)  .369 

Gaisford,  Thomas  (1779-1855)         .  .  370 

Galbraith,  Robert  (d.  1543)      .        .  .  372 

Galdric,  Gualdric,  or  Waldric  (d.  1112)  .  372 

Gale,  Dunstan  (fi.  1596)          .  .373 

Gale,  George  (1797?-!  850)     .  .373 

Gale,  John  (1680-1721) 374 


352 
353 
355 
357 
357 
358 
359 
360 
300 


376 
377 
378 
378 
380 

380- 


382 
382 

ssa 


384 
385 
386 
387 
388 


Gale,  Miles  (1647-1721) 374 

Gale,  Roger  (1672-1744)  .  ...  375 

Gale,  Samuel  (1682-1754) 

Gale,  Theophilus  (1628-1678) 

Gale,  Thomas  (1507-1587) 

Gale,  Thomas  (1635  P-1702) 

Galeon,  William  (d.  1507) 

Galfridus.    See  Geoffrey. 

Galgacus  or  Calgacus  ( fl.  circa  A.D.  84) 

Galignani,  John  Anthony  (1796-1873),  and 

William  (1798-1882) 380 

Gall,  Saint  (550  P-645?)          .        .        .        .381 

Gall,  Richard  (1776-1801) 

Gallagher,  James  (d.  1751) 

Gallan,  Saint  (d.  624).    See  Grellan. 

Galliard,  John  Ernest  (1687  P-1749) 

Gallini,  Giovanni  Andrea  Battista,  called  Sir 

John  (1728-1805) 381 

Galloway,  Earl  of.    See  Stewart. 
Galloway,  Sir  Archibald  (1780P-1850)  , 
Galloway,  Joseph  (1730-1803) 
Galloway,  Patrick  (1551  P-1626?)  . 
Galloway,  Thomas  (1796-1851)      . 
Gaily,  Henry,  D.D.  (1696-1769)      . 
Galmoy,  Viscount  (1652-1740).    See  Butler, 
Pierce. 

Galpine,  John  (d.  1806) 388 

Gait,  John  (1779-1839) 388- 

Galton,  Miss  Mary  Ann  (1778-1856).     See 

Schimmelpenninck. 
Galway,  Earl  of  (d.  1720).    See  Massue  de 

Ruvigny,  Henry  De. 
Gam,  David  (d.  1415)       .... 
Gambier,  Sir  Edward  John  (1794-1879) 
Gambier,  James  (1723-1789)  . 
Gambier,  James,  Lord  Gambier  (1756-1833) 
Gamble,  John  (d.  1687)  .... 
Gamble,  John  (d.  1811)  .... 
Gambold,  John  (1711-1771)     . 

Gameline  (d.  1271) 397 

Gamgee,  Joseph  Sampson  (1828-1886)     .        .398 

Gammage.  Robert  G (d.  1888)  .        .         .  399" 

Gammon,  James  (fl.  1660-1670)  .  .  .399 
Gamon  or  Gammon,  Hannibal  (fl.  1642)  .  399 
GandeU, Robert  (1818-1887)  .  .  .  .400 
Gandolphy,  Peter  (1779-1821)  .  .  .400 
Gandon,  James  (1742-1823)  .  .  .  .401 
Gandy,  James  (1619-1689)  .  .  .  .402 
Gandy,  John  Peter  (1787-1850).  See  Deering. 
Gandy,  Joseph  Michael  (1771-1843)  .  .  402 
Gandy,  Michael  (1778-1862)  .  .  .  .403 
Gandy,  William  (d.  1729)  .  .  .  .  4u3 
Garbet,  Samuel  (d.  1751  ?)  .  .  .  .  40a 
Garbett,  Edward  (1817-1887)  .  .  .  .404 
Garbett,  James  (1802-1879)  .  .  .  .404 
Garbrand,  Herks  (fl.  1556).  See  under  Gar- 
brand  or  Herks,  John. 

Garbrand  or  Herks,  John  (1542-1589)     .        .  405 
Garbrand,  John  (/.  1695)        ....  406 
Garbrand,  Tobias  (d.  1689).    See  under  Gar- 
brand,  John. 

Gardelle,  Theodore  (1721-1761)  .  .  .406 
Garden,  Alexander  (1730  P-1791)  .  .  .406 
Garden,  Alexander  (1757-1829).  See  under 

Garden,  Alexander. 

Garden, Francis, LordGardenstone(1721-1793)  407 
Garden,  Francis  (1810-1884)  .  .  .  .408 
Garden,  George  (1649-1733)  .  .  .  .409 
Garden,  James  (1647-1726).  See  under 

Garden,  George. 

Gardenstone,     Lord.     See    Garden,     Francis 
(1721-1793). 


392 
393 
393 
393 
395 
395 
396 


Index  to  Volume  XX. 


445 


PAGE 

Gardiner.    See  also  Gardner. 

Gardiner,  Allen  Francis  (1794-1851)        .  .410 

Gardiner,  Arthur  (1716?-!  758)        .        .  .411 

Gardiner,  Bernard  (1668-1726)        .        .  .412 

Gardiner,  George  (1535  P-1589)       .        .  .412 

Gardiner,  James,  D.D.  (1637-1705)          .  .  413 

Gardiner,  James,  the  younger  (d.  1732)  .  .  414 

Gardiner,  James  (1688-1745)    .        .        .  .414 
Gardiner,  Marguerite,  Countess  of  Blessing- 
ton.    See  Blessington. 

Gardiner,  Richard,  D.D.  (1591-1670)      .  .  416 

Gardiner,  Richard  (1723-1781)         .        .  .416 

Gardiner,  Sir  Robert  William  (1781-1864)  .  417 

Gardiner,  Samuel  (fl.  1606)     .        .        .  .418 

Gardiner,  Stephen  (1483  P-1555)     .        .  .419 

Gardiner,  Thomas  (fl.  1516)    .        .        .  .425 

Gardiner,  Sir  Thomas  (1591-1652)  .        .  .425 
Gardiner,  William  or  William  Neville  (1748- 

1806) 426 

Gardiner,  William  (1770-1853)       .        .  .427 

Gardiner,  William  Nelson  (1766-1814)    .  .428 


Gardner.    See  also  Gardiner. 

Gardner,  Mrs.  (fl.  1763-1782) 

Gardner,  Alan,  Lord  Gardner  (1742-1809) 

Gardner,  Daniel  (1750  P-1805) 

Gardner,  George  (1812-1849)  . 

Gardner,  John  (1804-1880)     . 

Gardner,  Thomas  (1690  P-1769) 

Gardner,  William  (1844-1887) 

Gardner,  William  Linnaeus  (1770-1835) 

Gardner,  John  (1729-1808)      . 

Gardner,  Richard  (fl.  1766-1793).    See  unde 

Gardner,  John. 

Gardyne,  Alexander  (1585  P-1634  ?  ) 
Garencieres,  Theophilus,  M.D.  (1610-1680) 
Gargrave,  George  (1710-1785) 
Gargrave,  Sir  Thomas  (1495-1579) 
Garland,  Augustine  (  fl.  1660) 
Garland,  John  (fl.  1230) 
Garneau,  Fra^ois  Xavier  (1809-1866)    . 
Garner,  Thomas  (1789-1868)  . 


PAGE 


429 
430 
430 
431 
431 
432 
432 
432 
433 


434 
434 
435 
435 
436 
436 
439 
440 


END     OF    THE    TWENTIETH    VOLUME. 


DA   Dictionary  of  national  biography 

/~\f*\ 


28 

D4 

1885 

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